LIBRARY 
 
 OF THF. 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 IFT OF 
 
 THE BANCROFT LIBRARY - 
 
THE 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY: 
 
 CONTAINING AN ACCOUNT OF THE 
 
 LIVES, CHARACTERS, AND WRITINGS 
 
 OF THE 
 
 tost Eminent &tttm mastfc m 
 
 FROM ITS FIKST SETTLEMENT. 
 
 BY 
 
 WILLIAM ALLEN, D. D., 
 
 LATE PRESIDENT OF BOWDOIN COLLEGE, FELLOW OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF ARTS AND SCIENCES, 
 
 MEMBER OF THE AMERICAN ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETY, AND OF THE HISTORICAL SOCIETIES OF 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS, MAINE, NEW HAMPSHIRE, NEW YORK, AND NEW JERSEY; AUTHOR 
 
 OF "ADDRESSES," AND OF THE "VALE OF HOOSATUNNUK." 
 
 QUIQUE SUI MEMORES ALIOS FECERE MERENDO.-YmGlL. 
 
 THIBD EDITION. 
 
 BOSTON: 
 
 PUBLISHED BY JOHN P. JEWETT AND COMPANY. 
 
 CLEVELAND, OHIO : 
 
 HENRY P. B. JEWETT. 
 
 M.DCCC.LVII. 
 
 ?$"? 
 
 / 
 

 Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1857, by 
 
 JOHN P. JEWETT AND COMPANY, 
 In the Clerk s office of the District Court for the District of Massachusetts, 
 
 LITIIOTYPED BY THE AMERICAN STEREOTYPE COMPANY, 
 P1ICENIX BUILDING, BOSTON. 
 
PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. 
 
 THE following work presents itself to the public with no claims to attention, but such as 
 are founded upon the interest which may be felt in the lives of Americans. Finding 
 himself, a few years ago, in a literary retirement, with no important duties which pressed 
 immediately upon him, the author conceived the plan of this Dictionary. He was desirous 
 of bringing to the citizens of the United States more information than was generally 
 possessed, respecting the illustrious men of former times, the benefactors and ornaments of 
 this country, who have passed away. He persuaded himself that, if he could collect the 
 fragments of biography, which were buried in the mass of American history, or scattered 
 amidst a multitude of tracts of various kinds, and could fashion these materials into a 
 regular form, so as to place before the eye our great and good men, if not in their full 
 dimensions, yet in their true sliape, he should render an acceptable service to his country 
 men. This work, with no little labor, he has now completed ; and the inexperienced artist, 
 in his first essay, can hope only that his design will be commended. He wishes chiefly, 
 that, as the images of departed excellence are surveyed, the spirit which animated them 
 may be caught by the beholder. 
 
 As an apology, however, for the deficiencies and errors of various kinds which may be 
 found in the work, a full exposition of his plan, and some representation of the difficulty of 
 executing it, seem to be necessary. 
 
 It was proposed to give some account of the persons who first discovered the new world; 
 of those who had a principal agency in laying the foundations of the several colonies ; of 
 those who have held important offices and discharged the duties of them with ability and 
 integrity ; of those who have been conspicuous in the learned professions ; of those who 
 have been remarkable for genius and knowledge, or who have written anything deserving 
 of remembrance ; of the distinguished friends of literature and science ; of the statesmen, 
 the patriots, and heroes, who have contended for American liberty, or aided in the estab 
 lishment of our civil institutions ; and of all, whose lives, bright with Christian virtue, 
 might furnish examples which should be worthy of imitation. It was determined to enlarge 
 this wide field by giving as complete a list as could be made of the writings of each 
 person, and by introducing the first ministers of the principal towns, for the purpose of 
 illustrating the history of this country. The design included, also, a very compendious 
 history of the United States, as well as of each separate colony and State, for the satisfac 
 tion of the reader who might wish to view the subjects of the biographical sketches in 
 connection with the most prominent facts relating to the country in which they lived. In 
 addition to all this, it was intended to annex such references as would point out the 
 sources from which information should be derived, and as might direct to more copious 
 intelligence than could be contained in this work. 
 
 Such were the objects which the author had in view, when he commenced an enterprise, 
 of whose magnitude and difficulty he was not sufficiently sensible, before he had advanced 
 too far to be able to retreat. The modern compilers of similar works in Europe have 
 little else to do but to combine or abridge the labors of their predecessors, and employ the 
 
 229532 (iii) 
 
IV PEEFACE. 
 
 materials previously collected to their hands. But in the compilation of this work a new 
 and untrodden field was to be explored. It became necessary, not only to examine the 
 whole of American history, in order to know who have taken a conspicuous part in the 
 transactions of this country, but to supply, from other sources, the imperfect accounts of 
 general historical writers. By a recurrence to the references, it will be seen that much 
 toil has been encountered. But, although the authorities may seem to be unnecessarily 
 multiplied, there has been some moderation in introducing them, for in many instances they 
 do not, by any means, exhibit the extent of the researches which have been made. It 
 could not be expected, or wished, that newspapers, pamphlets, and other productions should 
 be referred to for undisputed dates and single facts which they have afforded, and which 
 have been embodied with regular accounts. The labor, however, of searching for inform 
 ation has frequently been less than that of comparing different statements, endeavoring to 
 reconcile them when they disagreed, adjusting the chronology, combining the independent 
 facts, and forming a consistent whole of what existed only in disjointed parts* Sometimes 
 the mind has been overwhelmed by the variety and abundance of intelligence ; and some 
 times the author has prosecuted his inquiries in every direction, and found only a barren 
 waste. 
 
 For the large space which is sometimes occupied in describing the last hours of the 
 persons of whom a sketch is given, the following reasons are assigned. In the lives of our 
 fellow-men, there is no period so important to them, and so interesting to us, as the period 
 which immediately precedes their dissolution. To see one of our brethren at a point of 
 his existence, beyond which the next step will either plunge him down a precipice into an 
 abyss from which he will never rise, or will elevate him to everlasting glory, is a spectacle 
 which attracts us, not merely by its sublimity, but because we know that the flight of time 
 is rapidly hastening us to the same crisis. We wish to see men in the terrible situation 
 which inevitably awaits us; to learn what it is that can support them, and can secure them. 
 The gratification of this desire to behold what is great and awful, and the communication 
 of the aids which may be derived from the conduct of dying men, have accordingly been 
 combined in the objects of this work. After recounting the vicissitudes attending the 
 affairs of men, the author was irresistibly inclined to turn from the fluctuations of human 
 life, and to dwell, when his subject would give him an opportunity, upon the calm and firm 
 hopes of the Christian, and the sure prospects of eternity. While he thus soothed his 
 own mind, he also believed that he should afford a resting-place to the minds of others, 
 fatigued with following their brethren amidst their transient occupations, their successes, 
 their disappointments, and their afflictions. 
 
 Some terms are used which relate to local circumstances, and which require those 
 circumstances to be pointed out. In several of the New England States, when the annual 
 election of the several branches of the legislature is completed, and the government is 
 organized, it has been an ancient practice to have a sermon preached in the audience of 
 the newly-elected rulers, which is called the election sermon. This phrase would not need 
 an explanation to an inhabitant of New England. The names of pastor and teacher, as 
 distinct officers in the church, frequently occur. Soon after the first settlement of this 
 country, when some societies enjoyed the labors of two ministers, they bore the titles of 
 teacher and pastor, of which it was the duty of the former to attend particularly to doctrine, 
 and of the latter to exhortation ; the one was to instruct, and the other to persuade. But 
 the boundary between these two offices was not well defined, and was in fact very little 
 regarded. The distinction of the name itself did not exist long. 
 
 Great care has been taken to render the dates accurate, and to avoid the mistakes which 
 have been made from inattention to the former method of reckoning time, when March was 
 
PREFACE. V 
 
 the first month of the year. If any one, ignorant of this circumstance, should look into 
 Dr. Mather s Magnalia, or ecclesiastical history of New England, he would sometimes 
 wonder at the absurdity of the writer. He would read, for instance, in the life of President 
 Chauncy, that he died in February, 1671, and will find it previously said that he attended 
 the commencement in the same year, which was in July. Thus, too, Peter Hobart is said 
 to have died in January, and yet to have been infirm in the summer of 1 G78. When it is 
 remembered that March was the first month, these accounts are easy to be reconciled. 
 There seems not, however, to have been any uniformity in disposing of the days between 
 the first and the twenty-fifth of March, for sometimes they are considered as belonging to 
 the antecedent, and sometimes to the subsequent year. American writers, it is believed, 
 have generally, if not always, applied them to the latter. When the figures for two years 
 are written, as in dates before the adoption of the new style in 1752 is found frequently to 
 be the case, not only for the days above mentioned, but for the days in January and 
 February, it is the latter year which corresponds with our present mode of reckoning. 
 Thus, March 1, 1689, was sometimes written March 1, 1688-9, or with the figures placed 
 one above the other. The months were designated usually by the names of the first, the 
 second, etc. ; so that February was the twelfth month. 
 
 No apology is necessary for the free use which has been made of the labors of others, for 
 the plan of this book is so essentially different from that of any which has preceded it, that 
 the author has not encroached upon the objects which others had in view. He has had no 
 hesitation in using their very language, whenever it suited him. Compilers seem to be 
 licensed pillagers. Like the youth of Sparta, they may lay their hands upon plunder 
 without a crime, if they will but seize it with adroitness. The list of American literary 
 productions, which has been rendered as complete as possible, is, for the sake of method, 
 placed at the close of each article ; and, in giving the titles of them, it will be perceived 
 that there has frequently been an economy of words, as far as was consistent with distinct 
 ness of representation. 
 
 The author is aware that he lives in times which are like all other times, when the sym 
 pathies of parties of different kinds are very strong ; and he believes that he has sought 
 less to conciliate them than to follow truth, though she might not lead him into any of the 
 paths along which the many are pressing. Without resolving to be impartial,, it would 
 indicate no common destitution of upright and honorable principles to attempt a delineation 
 of the characters of men. He may have- misapprehended, and he may have done what is 
 worse. All are liable to errors, and he knows enough of the windings of the heart to 
 remember that errors may proceed from prejudice, or indolence of attention, and be crimi 
 nal, while they are cherished as honest and well-founded convictions, the result of impartial 
 inquiry. He trusts, however, that nothing will be found in this book to counteract the 
 influence of genuine religion, evincing itself in piety and good works, or to weaken the 
 attachment of Americans to their well-balanced republic, which equally abhors the tyranny 
 of irresponsible authority, the absurdity of hereditary wisdom, and the anarchy of lawless 
 liberty. 
 
 CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS, August 2, 1809. 
 
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION. 
 
 AFTER a long interval since the first edition of this work, the author now offers this 
 second edition to the public. During twenty years past he has been repeatedly urged to 
 accomplish what he has not found leisure to accomplish till the present time. But the 
 delay, as the death-harvest among the eminent men of our country has been gathered in, 
 has swelled the catalogue of those who ought to be commemorated in a biography of " the 
 mighty dead " of America. The first edition was the first general collection of American 
 biography ever published ; and it is still the largest work of the kind which has appeared. 
 In the prospectus of this second edition it was proposed to print seven hundred and fifty 
 pages, and it was thought that the separate biographical notices would amount to about twelve 
 hundred, being about five hundred more than are contained in the first edition. But the 
 book has reached the unwieldly size of eight hundred and eight pages, and the biographical 
 articles exceed eighteen hundred, presenting an account of more than one thousand indi 
 viduals not mentioned in Lord s edition of Lempriere, and of about sixteen hundred not 
 found in the first ten volumes of the Encyclopedia Americana. Yet the author has been 
 obliged to exclude accounts of many persons of whom he would willingly have said some 
 thing. If he has at times misjudged in his exclusions and admissions, yet for some 
 omissions an apology will be found in the difficulty of obtaining intelligence, as well as in 
 oversight, which could hardly fail to occur in a work of such extent, embracing such a 
 multitude of facts, and requiring, while in the press, such incessant attention and labor, 
 he can only promise, should he live to publish an additional volume, or to prepare another 
 edition, an earnest effort to render the work more complete, and more free from error. In 
 the mean time he solicits the communication of intelligence respecting individuals worthy 
 of being remembered, who have escaped, or who are likely to escape, his unassisted 
 researches. 
 
 To those gentlemen in different parts of our country, who have favored him with notices 
 of their friends, or of others, he returns his acknowledgments. He has been particularly 
 indebted to the biographical collections of Mr. Samuel Jennison, Jun., of Worcester, 
 Mass., and to the accurate antiquarian researches of Mr. John Farmer, of Concord, N. II., 
 whose New England Genealogical Register will enable most of the sons of the Pilgrims 
 of New England to trace their descent from their worthy ancestry. The authorities 
 referred to, though abridged from the first edition, will show to what books he has been 
 chiefly indebted. 
 
 America is reproached in Europe for deficiency in literature and science ; but if one will 
 consider that it is not two hundred years since the first press was set up in this country, 
 and will then look at the list of publications annexed to the articles in this Biography, he 
 will be astonished at the multitude of works which have been printed. New England was 
 founded by men of learning, whose first care was to establish schools ; and the descendants 
 of the fathers have inherited their love of knowledge and mental energy. No race of men 
 on the face of the earth, it may be safely asserted, are so rational, so intelligent, so 
 
 (vi) 
 
PREFACE. Vll 
 
 enlightened, and of such intellectual power, as the descendants of the New England Pil 
 grims, and the inhabitants generally of our extensive country. 
 
 Although the wide diffusion of knowledge is preferable to its convergence into a few 
 points of splendor, yet America can boast of names of eminence in the arts and in various 
 departments of science, and can speak of her sons of inventive power, of metaphysical 
 acuteness, of philosophical discovery, of profound learning, and thrilling eloquence, and 
 especially of a multitude skilled in the knowledge and the maintenance of the rights of 
 man. Happy will it be for our country, if ancient wisdom, and patriotism, and piety shall 
 not, in a future race, dwindle down into the hunger for office, and the violence of party, 
 and the cheerlessness of infidelity. 
 
 This body of American Biography will be found to comprise the first SETTLERS and 
 FATHERS of our country ; early NAVIGATORS, and adventurous TRAVELLERS ; the 
 STATESMEN, PATRIOTS, and HEROES, who have contended for American liberty, or 
 assisted in laying the foundations of our republican iustitutions ; all the SIGNERS of the 
 Declaration of Independence ; brave and skilful MILITARY and NAVAL COMMANDERS ; 
 many of the GOVERNORS of the several States, and the deceased PRESIDENTS of our 
 country ; profound LAWYERS, and skilful PHYSICIANS ; men of GENIUS, LEARNING, and 
 SCIENCE, and the distinguished FRIENDS and PATRONS of LEARNING; THEOLOGIANS 
 and HISTORIANS, POETS and ORATORS ; ingenious ARTISTS, and men celebrated for their 
 INVENTIONS ; together with many eminent PHILANTHROPISTS and CHRISTIANS, whose 
 examples have diffused a cheering radiance around them. 
 
 The author, in conclusion, cannot avoid expressing the wish that, as the reader surveys 
 the lives of such men, the commendable zeal which animated them may come upon his 
 own soul, and that he may help to bear up the honors of a country which has been the 
 abode of a race of enlightened, noble-minded, disinterested, and virtuous men. 
 
 BRUNSWICK, MAINE, July 17, 1832. 
 
PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION. 
 
 THE reprint of the Prefaces to the two former editions the first dated forty-eight 
 years ago, and the second twenty-five years renders unnecessary any new remarks on 
 the design and importance of such a collection of general American biography, as is fur 
 nished by this book ; which was, in fact, the first work of the kind ever published, and is 
 now the only general and exclusively American biography to which the inquirer has access. 
 The only change in the plan is the omission of the brief histories of the several States, 
 which histories might have been useful and convenient many years ago, but "which, at the 
 present day, with the great increase of the number of the States, and the rapid growth of 
 the various interests of the country, should give way to fuller and more copious and satis 
 factory historical accounts. This work is therefore now purely biography ; and, instead of 
 " An American Biographical and Historical Dictionary," the title is now " The American 
 Biographical Dictionary." 
 
 This book of American biography has not been superseded nor approached in value by 
 any book of the kind which has been published. Without referring again to such books as 
 were mentioned in the second preface, I may allude to two general biographies which have 
 been recently printed, namely : Appletons Cyclopaedia of Biography, and Blake s General 
 Biography. They each include in one volume both foreign and American, chiefly foreign, 
 and only in small part American, biography. While they may have each ten or twelve thou 
 sand foreign names, the former has only about one thousand, and the latter about two 
 thousand, American names; but my book has, of the distinguished men of our country, the 
 great number of six thousand seven hundred seventy-five, exceeding the largest of these 
 two books by about four thousand seven hundred American names. And my whole book 
 of nine hundred pages, in two columns, royal octavo, is made up, not chiefly of foreigners, 
 but of ALL AMERICANS. Moreover, I may be permitted to add, my articles are not shallow 
 abridgments of my second edition, but full and ample accounts, including a list of the 
 writings of each person. If the Appletons book gives one page of letter type to Wash 
 ington, my own book gives to our greatest man twelve pages ; if that book gives to Rev. 
 Dr. John M. Mason, of New York, eight lines, mine gives to him a page and a half; if 
 that book gives to John Adams half a page, mine gives to him six pages. Such will often 
 be found the proportion in the articles, without referring to such a case as Rev. Dr. Morse, 
 the father of American geography, who has one line, while in my book he has nearly half 
 a page ; such the abridgment to which my book has been subjected. 
 
 I can truly say of my book, that it is my own labor of half a century, during which 
 period I have been gleaning from the wide field of American history, and from an immense 
 multitude of journals, papers, and memorials of the dead, aided also by the contribution of 
 facts from the friends of the deceased. I have introduced many anecdotes, for they often 
 combine useful and important instruction with amusement. I have attempted truly to 
 describe all characters ; and, in following the pathway of truth, I have not invested men 
 with excellencies which do not belong to them, nor regarded with equal favor contradictory 
 systems of faith and irreconcilable principles of conduct. As an honest man, not deprived 
 
 (viii) 
 
PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION. IX 
 
 of intelligence nor void of benevolence, I have, as I think, known how to censure as well 
 as to praise. 
 
 The first edition contained an account of more than seven hundred deceased Americans, 
 the second of more than eighteen hundred, which large number, in the present edition, 
 brought down to the present time, is more than trebled ; so that in this book may be 
 found an account of nearly seven thousand Americans, of some note and worthiness of 
 being remembered. And how vast must be the number of American citizens, spread 
 over our wide country, who may find here recorded the names of their own ancestors, 
 which, elsewhere, they may not be able to find ? 
 
 If, as a reviewer regarded this book, when, many years ago, the second edition was pub 
 lished, it was " one of that class of books which may be reckoned as among the necessaries 
 of literary life, the implements of study," and if " this work should be in the hands, or at 
 least within the reach, of every literary and professional man throughout the country ; " 
 then, at the present time, after the lapse of a quarter of a century, this greatly enlarged 
 book cannot be less necessary and important. 
 
 It must be wanted, if I mistake not, by our statesmen ; it must be wanted by every 
 minister of the gospel, of whatever denomination ; it must be wanted in every school and 
 town library. That the print is fair and easy to the eye, every reader will perceive ; and 
 I rejoice that my publishers present this work to the lovers of American biography in a 
 form which must be satisfactory to their wishes, associating nothing of meanness or nar 
 rowness with this memorial of the mighty dead of our country. 
 
 Intelligent, patriotic inquirers concerning the lives of their predecessors may here obtain 
 the information which, unaided by this book, it might be impossible for them to procure ; 
 and which they certainly will not find in the books, whether called dictionaries or cyclo 
 paedias, containing abridgments of my condensed biography. The author of one of them had 
 indeed the grace to ask of me permission to abridge my second edition for his own purposes, 
 a request which I could not grant. The use which, without my consent, has been actually 
 made of my book, by way of abridgment or abstracts, will, I hope, create a thirst for the 
 more copious biography, to be found in this book. It may be added, that this biographical 
 book will not like many other works which have only a temporary interest be liable 
 to become antiquated by years ; for the memory of the worthy dead, the memory of the 
 fathers, will ever be cherished and fresh in the American heart. The Pilgrims who landed 
 on the rock of Plymouth were never so reverenced as they are now. 
 
 It is rare that an author is permitted to superintend the publication of a book, the first 
 edition of which he published nearly half a century before. To the kind Providence 
 which has preserved my life, I offer my grateful acknowledgments ; and, as my age and 
 my labors in this book of record, which speaks of the dead, have rendered my thoughts 
 familiar with death, I may be allowed, lastly, to utter the prayer for the readers of this 
 work, that God will give us, at the moment of our departure from the earth, the peace and 
 triumph often given, as here recorded, to his Christian servants ; and that, when we shall 
 meet in a great company of hundreds of millions of revivified men of all countries, He will 
 grant that we may meet as fellow-sharers in the unutterable blessings revealed in the 
 gospel of his Son, whose death has made atonement for our sins, and by whose teach 
 ing and resurrection " life and immortality have been brought to light." 
 
 NORTHAMPTON, MASSACHUSETTS, May 1, 1857. 
 
THE AMERICAN 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 
 
 ABBOT, HULL, a respectable minister of 
 Charlestown, Mass., was graduated at Harvard 
 College in the year 1720, and ordained Feb. 5, 
 1724, as colleague with Mr. Bradstreet. After 
 continuing fifty years in the ministry, he died 
 April 19, 1774, aged 80 years. He published 
 the following sermons : on the artillery election, 
 1735; on the rebellion in Scotland, 1746; against 
 cm-sing and swearing, 1747. 
 
 ABBOT, SAMUEL, one of the founders of the 
 Theological Seminary at Andover, died in that 
 town, of which he was a native, April 30, 1812, 
 aged 80. He had been a merchant in Boston. 
 His donation for establishing the Seminary, August 
 31, 1807, was 20,000 dollars; he also bequeathed 
 to it more than 100,000 dollars. He was a 
 humble, conscientious, and pious man, remark 
 able for prudence, sincerity, and uprightness; 
 charitable to the poor, and zealous for the inter 
 ests of religion. He bestowed several thousands 
 of dollars for the relief of ministers of the gospel 
 and for other charitable objects. It was a 
 maxim with him, " to praise no one in his 
 presence and to dispraise no one in his absence." 
 In his last sickness he enjoyed a peace, which the 
 world cannot give. " I desire to live," he said, 
 " if God has any thing more for me to do or to 
 suffer." When near his end he said, "there is 
 enough in God; I want nothing but God." He 
 left a widow, with whom he had lived more than 
 fifty years, and one son. Woods 1 Funeral Ser 
 mon ; Panoplist, Till. 337. 
 
 ABBOT, ABIEL, D. 1)., a minister in Beverly, 
 Mass., was born at Andover Aug. 17, 1770, and 
 graduated at Harvard College in 1787, having an 
 unstained character and a high rank as a scholar. 
 After being an assistant teacher in the Academy 
 at Andover, and studying theology with Mr. 
 French, he was settled about 1794 as the minister 
 of Ilaverhill, where he continued eight years. 
 An inadequate support for his family induced him 
 to ask a dismission, though with great reluctance. 
 He was soon afterwards, about 1802, settled in 
 Beverly, as the successor of Mr. McKecu, who had 
 
 been chosen president of Bowdoin College. The 
 remainder of his life, about twenty-four years, was 
 passed in Beverly in his ministerial office, except 
 Avhen his labors were interrupted by sickness. 
 He passed the winter of 1827-1828 in and near 
 Charleston, S. C., for the recovery of his health. 
 Early in Feb., 1828, he embarked for Cuba, 
 where he continued three months, exploring 
 different parts of the island, and making a dili 
 gent record of Ms observations in letters to his 
 family and friends. On his return, he sailed from 
 the pestilential city of Havana, with his health 
 almost restored. He preached at Charleston, 
 June 1, and the next day sailed for New York. 
 But, although able to go on deck in the morning, 
 he died at noon, June 7th, just as the vessel came 
 to anchor at the quarantine ground near the city 
 of New York, and was buried on Statcn Island. 
 It is probable, that he was a victim to the yellow 
 fever, the contagion of which he received at Ha 
 vana. Dr. Abbot was. very courteous and inter 
 esting in social intercourse, and was eloquent in 
 preaching. His religious sentiments are not 
 particularly explained by his biographer, who 
 says, that he belonged " to no sect but that of 
 good men." Happy are all they, who belong to 
 that sect. He seems to have been, in his last 
 days, extremely solicitous on the subject of reli 
 gious controversy. In the love of peace all good 
 men will agree with him, and doubtless there has 
 been much controversy concerning unimportant 
 points, conducted too in an unchristian spirit ; but, 
 in this world of error, it is not easy to imagine 
 how controversy is to be avoided. If the truth 
 is assailed, it would seem, that those who love it, 
 should engage in its vindication ; for men always 
 defend against unjust assault what they deem 
 valuable. Besides, if an intelligent and benevo 
 lent man thinks his neighbor has fallen into a 
 dangerous mistake, why should he not, in a 
 friendly debate, endeavor to set him right ? Es 
 pecially ought the preachers of truth to recom 
 mend it to others, with meekness indeed and in 
 love, but with all the energy which its relation to 
 
 (1) 
 
ABBOT. 
 
 ABERNETHEY. 
 
 human happiness demands. When this is done, 
 the enemies of the truth, by resisting it, will pre 
 sent to the world the form of religious dissension. 
 If infidels endeavor to subvert the foundations 
 of Christianity ; if corrupt heretics deny the plain 
 doctrines of the gospel ; if bewildered enthusiasts 
 bring forward their whims and fancies as doc 
 trines revealed from heaven ; shall the dread of 
 controversy prevent the exposure of their false 
 reasonings, their presumptuous comments, and 
 their delusive and perilous imaginations ? Since 
 the death of Dr. Abbot and the settlement of his 
 Unitarian successor, many of the congregation 
 have withdrawn and connected themselves with 
 the Second Church and Society. His interesting 
 and valuable letters from Cuba were published 
 after his death, Svo., Boston, 1829. lie published 
 also artillery election sermon, 1802; sermons to 
 mariners, 1812; address on intemperance, 1815; 
 sermon before the Salem Missionary Society, 1816 ; 
 before the Bible Society of Salem, 1817; conven 
 tion sermon, 1827. Flint s Sermon; Sketch in 
 Letters from Cuba. 
 
 ABBOT, Jonx, died at Andover, the place of 
 his birth, July 2, 1843, aged 84. He graduated 
 at Harvard in 1754, was the first professor of 
 languages at Bowdoin College, and for many years 
 its librarian and treasurer. 
 
 ABBOT, BENJAMIN, LL. I)., brother of the 
 preceding, graduated at Harvard in 1788, and 
 died in Exeter Oct. 25, 1849, aged 87. From 
 1788 to 1838 he was the highly respected prin 
 cipal of Phillips Exeter Academy. Many emi 
 nent men were his pupils ; and, on his retire 
 ment in 1838, they united in a testimonial to his 
 merits. 
 
 ABBOT, JACOB, died at Farmington, Me., Jan. 
 25, 1847, aged 70 a worthy and useful man, the 
 father of distinguished sons, Jacob, John, Gor- 
 ham, and Charles. He was a native of Andover : 
 for many years he lived in Brunswick. His sons 
 write the family name, Abbott. 
 
 ABBOT, SAMUEL, was born in Wilton, X. II., 
 in 178G, graduated at Harvard in 1808, and died 
 in 1839. He invented the process of extracting 
 and clarifying strach from the potato. 
 
 ABBOT, JOHN EMERY, a minister in Salem ; 
 died in 1819, aged 26. He was a graduate of 
 Bowdoin in 1810. His sermons, with a memoir 
 by II. Ware, were published in 1829. 
 
 ABEEL, JOHN NELSON, I). IX, an eloquent 
 preacher, graduated at Princeton College in 1787. 
 He relinquished the study of the law, Avhich he 
 had commenced under Judge Patterson, and pur 
 sued the study of divinity with Dr. Livingston. 
 He was licensed to preach in April, 1793. After 
 being for a short time a minister of a Presby 
 terian church in Philadelphia, he was in 1795 
 installed as pastor of the Reformed Dutch Church 
 in the city of New York. He died Jan. 20, 1812, 
 
 in the 43d year of his age, deeply lamented on 
 account of his unassuming, amiable manners, and 
 his eloquence as a preacher of the gospel. With 
 a discriminating mind, and a sweet and melo 
 dious voice, and his soul inflamed with pious zeal, 
 he was pre-eminent among extemporaneous ora 
 tors. In performing his various pastoral duties 
 he was indefatigable. Gunn s Funeral Sermon. 
 
 ABEEL, DAVID, missionary to China, died at 
 Albany, Sept. 4, 1846, aged about 40. He em 
 barked at New York, and arrived at Canton Feb. 
 19, 1830, and at Bankok in 1831. From 1833 to 
 1839 he was from ill health in the United States, 
 but returned to Canton in 1839. In 1842 he 
 commenced a mission at Amoy. Ill health com 
 pelled his return to America in 1845. He was 
 first a preacher to seamen at Canton ; then a 
 useful, respected, and important missionary. 
 
 ABEPcCIlOMBIE, JAMES, a British major-gen 
 eral, took the command of the troops assembled 
 at Albany in June, 1756, bringing over with him 
 two regiments. It was proposed to attack Crown 
 Point, Niagara, and Fort Du Quesne. But some 
 difficulty as to the rank of the provincial troops 
 occasioned delay, and in August the Earl of 
 Loudoun took the command. The capture of 
 Oswego by Montcalm disarranged the projected 
 campaign. In 1757 Montcalm took Fort Wil 
 liam Henry ; and thus the French commanded 
 all the lakes. The British spirit was now roused. 
 Mr. Pitt in 1758 placed 50,000 troops under the 
 command of Abercrombie, determined to recover 
 the places which had been captured by the 
 French, and also to capture Louisbourg. Aber 
 crombie, at the head of 15,000 men, proceeded 
 against Ticonderoga, which he assaulted injudi 
 ciously and unsuccessfully, July 8th, with the loss 
 of nearly 2,000 men, killed, wounded, and missing. 
 He then retired to his intrenched camp on the 
 south side of Lake George. An expedition which 
 he sent out against Fort Frontenac, under Col. 
 Bradstrect, was successful. He was soon super 
 seded by Amherst, who the next year recovered 
 Ticonderoga and Crown Point, and captured 
 Quebec. Marshall, I. 4 C 2-3 6 ; Holmes, II. 82. 
 Manic, 59, 107, 144, 161. 
 
 ABEKCKOMBIE, JAMES, I). D., died at Phil 
 adelphia, June 26, 1841, aged 83, the oldest Epis 
 copal minister in the city. He had been a teacher 
 of youth, and was a venerable divine. 
 
 ABE11NETIIEY, HOBF.RT, M. D., died in 
 Woodbury, Conn., Sept. 24, 1851, aged 77. He 
 was the son of Dr. William A., of Harwinton, 
 and practised physic in Woodbury for 25 vears. 
 He was a man of distinction, and the delight of 
 his friends ; also a man of religion, a worthy pro 
 fessor for 46 years, loving the house of God and 
 the assembly of Christians for conference and 
 prayer. His son, John J. A., is a surgeon in the 
 navv. 
 
ACKLAXD. 
 
 ADAMS. 
 
 ACKLAXD, Jonx D., major, a British offi 
 cer, was at the head of the grenadiers on the 
 left, in the action near Stillwater, Oct. 7, 1777. 
 lie bravely sustained the attack ; but, overpow 
 ered by numbers, the British were obliged to 
 retreat to their camp, which was instantly stormed 
 by Arnold. In this action, Major Ackland was 
 shot through the legs, and taken prisoner. He 
 was discovered and protected by Wilkinson. His 
 devoted wife, in the utmost distress, sought him 
 in the American cam]), favored with a letter from 
 Burgoync to Gates. After his return to England, 
 Major Ackland, in a dispute with Lieut. Lloyd, 
 defended the Americans against the charge of 
 cowardice, and gave him the lie direct. A duel 
 followed, in which Ackland was shot through the 
 head. Lady Harriet, his wife, in consequence 
 lost her senses for two years ; but she afterwards 
 married Mr. Brudenell, who accompanied her 
 from the camp at Saratoga in her perilous pursuit 
 of her husband. When will there cease to be 
 victims to private combat and public war ? It 
 will be, when the meek and benevolent spirit of 
 the gospel shall universally reign in the hearts 
 of men. Remembrancer for 1777, p. 461, 465; 
 Wilkinson s Memoirs, 269, 376. 
 
 ADAIIl, JAMES, a trader with the Indians of 
 the Southern States, resided in their country forty 
 years. From 1735, he lived almost exclusively in 
 intercourse with the Indians, cut off from the 
 society of his civilized brethren, chiefly among 
 the Chickasaws, with whom he first traded in 
 1744. His friends persuaded him to publish a 
 work, which he had prepared with much labor, 
 entitled, " The History of the American Indians ; 
 particularly those nations adjoining the Missis 
 sippi, East and West; Florida, Georgia, South 
 and North Carolina, and Virginia. London, 4to, 
 177,3." In this book he points out various cus 
 toms of the Indians, having a striking resemblance 
 to those of the Jews. His arguments to prove 
 them descended from the Jews are founded on 
 their division into tribes ; their worship of Je 
 hovah ; their festivals, fasts, and religious rites ; 
 their daily sacrifice ; their prophets and high 
 priests ; their cities of refuge ; their marriages 
 and divorces ; their burial of the dead, and 
 mourning for them ; their language and choice 
 of names adapted to circumstances ; their manner 
 of reckoning time ; and various other particulars. 
 Some distrust seems to have fallen upon his 
 statements, although he says that his account is 
 "neither disfigured by fable nor prejudice." Dr. 
 Boudinot, in his " Star in the West," has adopted 
 the opinions of Aclair. 
 
 AD AIR, JOHN, general, died May 19, 1840, 
 aged ,82, at Harrodsburg, Ky. He was a soldier in 
 the early north-western wars, and commanded the 
 Kentucky troops at Xew Orleans in 1814. He 
 was a senator in 180,3, and a representative in 
 congress in 1831. 
 
 ADAMS, WILLIAM, the second minister of 
 Dedham, was the son of W. A., and born in 
 16*30, at Ipswich : he died Aug. 17, 1685, aged 
 35. He graduated in 1671, and was ordained as 
 Mr. Allen s successor, Dec. 3, 1673. By his first 
 wife, Mary Manning of Cambridge, he had three 
 children, one of whom was Rev. Eliphalet A. 
 His second wife was Alice Bradford, daughter of 
 William B., and grand-daughter of Gov. Brad 
 ford, of Plymouth ; by her he had Elizabeth, 
 who married, at the age of fifteen, Rev. S. 
 Whiting, of Windham, afterwards Rev. S. Niles ; 
 Alice, who married Rev. N. Collins, of Enfield ; 
 William ; and Abial, born after his death, who 
 married Rev. J. Metcalf, of Falmouth. His 
 widow married James Fitch. He published a 
 fast sermon, 1679; an election sermon, 1685. 
 
 ADAMS, ELIHIALET, son of the preceding, 
 an eminent minister of New London, Conn., was 
 graduated at Harvard College in 1694. He was 
 ordained Feb. 9, 1709, and died Oct. 4, 1753, 
 aged 76. Dr. Chauncey speaks of him as a great 
 Hebrician. His son William, graduated at Yale 
 in 1730, and died in 1798, having been a preacher 
 sixty years, but never settled nor married ; he 
 published a thanksgiving sermon, 1760. He pub 
 lished a sermon, 1706, on the death of Rev. James 
 Noyes of Stonington ; election sermons, 1710 and 
 1783 ; a discourse occasioned by a storm, March 
 3, 1717; a thanksgiving sermon, 1721; a sermon 
 on the death of Gov. Saltonstall, 1724; at the 
 ordination of William Gager, Lebanon. May 27, 
 1725; of Thomas Clap, Windham, 1726; and a 
 discourse before young men, 1727. 
 
 ADAMS, JOHN, a poet, was the only son of 
 John Adams, of Nova Scotia, and was graduated 
 at Harvard College in 1721. He was settled in 
 the ministry at Newport, R. I., April 11, 1728, in 
 opposition to the wishes of Mr. Clap, who was 
 pastor. Mr. Clap s friends formed a new society, 
 and Mr. Adams was dismissed in about two 
 years. He died at Cambridge in Jan., 1740, 
 at the age of 36, deeply lamented by his ac 
 quaintance. He was much distinguished for his 
 learning, genius, and piety. As a preacher he 
 was much esteemed. His uncle, Matthew Ad 
 ams, describes him as " master of nine languages," 
 and conversant with the most famous Greek, 
 Latin, Italian, French, and Spanish authors, as 
 well as with the noblest English writers. He 
 also speaks of Ms " great and undissembled piety, 
 which ran, like a vein of gold, through all his 
 life and performances." He published a sermon 
 on his ordination, 1728, and a poem on the love 
 of money. A small volume of his poems was 
 I published at Boston, in 1745, which contains imi- 
 I tations and paraphrases of several portions of 
 Scripture, translations from Horace, and the 
 whole book of Revelation in heroic verse, to 
 gether with original piece s. The versification is 
 
ADAMS. 
 
 ADAMS. 
 
 remarkably harmonious for the period and the 
 country. Mr. Adams productions evince a lively 
 fancy, and breathe a pious strain. The following 
 is an extract from his poem on Cotton Mather : 
 
 " What numerous volumes scattered from his hand, 
 Lightened his own, and warmed each foreign land? 
 What pious breathings of a glowing soul 
 Live in each page, and animate the whole? 
 The breath of heaven the savory pages show, 
 As we Arabia from its spices know. 
 Ambitious, active, towering was his soul, 
 But flaming piety inspired the whole." 
 
 Mass. Magazine for April, 1789; Backus 
 Hist. Abridged, 158; Preface to his Poems; 
 Specimens of American Poetry, I. 67. 
 
 ADAMS, MATTHEW, a distinguished writer in 
 Boston, though a mechanic or " tradesman," yet 
 had a handsome collection of books, and culti 
 vated literature. Dr. Franklin acknowledges his 
 obligations for access to his library. He was one 
 of the writers of the Essays in the New England 
 Journal. He died poor, but with a reputation 
 more durable than an estate, in 1733. His son, 
 Her. John Adams, a graduate of 1745, was the 
 minister of Durham, N. II., from 1748 to 1778. 
 By a grant of 400 acres of land, he was induced 
 to remove to the small plantation of Washington, 
 or Xewfield, county of York, Me., having only 
 five families, in Feb., 1781. Here he passed 
 the remainder of his life, preaching and prac 
 tising physic in Newfield, Limington, Parsons- 
 field, and Limerick, till his death, June 4, 1792, 
 aged GO. He was .subject, occasionally, to a deep 
 depression of feeling ; and, at other times, was 
 borne away by a sudden excitement, which gave 
 animation to his preaching. A fine letter from 
 Durham to the town of Boston in 1774, with a 
 donation, was written by him. Eliot : Green- 
 Icuf s Ecclesiastical History of Maine, 113. 
 
 ADAMS, AMOS, minister of Itoxbury, Mass., 
 was graduated at Harvard College, in 1752. He 
 was ordained as successor to Mr. Peabody, Sept. 
 12, 1753, and died at Dorchester, Oct. 5, 1775, aged 
 47, of the dysentery, which prevailed in the camp 
 at Cambridge and Roxbury. His son, Thomas 
 Adams, was ordained in Boston as minister for 
 Camdcn, S. C., where, after a residence of eight 
 years, he died Aug. 16, 1797. 
 
 Mr. Adams, in early life, devoted himself to 
 the service of his Redeemer ; and he continued 
 his benevolent labors as a preacher of the gospel 
 with unabated vigor till his death. He was fer 
 vent in devotion ; and his discourses, always ani 
 mated by a lively and expressive action, were 
 remarkably calculated to warm the heart. He 
 was steadfast in his principles, and umvearied in 
 industry. 
 
 lie published the following sermons : On the 
 death of Lucy Dudley, 1756; at the artillery 
 election, 1759; on a thanksgiving for the reduc 
 tion of Quebec, 1759; at the ordination of S. 
 
 Kingsbury, Edgartown, Xov. 25, 1761 ; at the 
 ordination of John "\Vyeth, Gloucester, Feb. 5, 
 1766; the only hope and refuge of sinners, 1767 ; 
 two discourses on religious liberty, 1767 ; a view 
 of New England, in two discourses on the fast, 
 April 6, 1769; sermons at the ordination of Jon 
 athan Moore, Rochester, Sept. 25, 1768, and of 
 Caleb Prentice, Reading, Oct. 25, 1769. He 
 preached the Dudleian lecture of Harvard Col 
 lege in 1770, entitled, " Diocesan Episcopacy, as 
 founded on the supposed Episcopacy of Timothy 
 and Titus, subverted." This work is a specimen 
 of the learning of the writer. It is lodged in 
 manuscript in the library of the college. 
 
 ADAMS, JOSEPH, minister of Newington, N. 
 H., was graduated at Harvard College in 1710, 
 was ordained in 1715, and died in 1783, aged 
 almost 95, a descendant of Henry A., of Quincy. 
 He preached till just before his death. He pub 
 lished a sermon on the death of John Fabian, 
 1757; and a sermon on the necessity of rulers 
 exerting themselves against the growth of im 
 piety, 1760. 
 
 ADAMS, ZABDIEL, minister of Lunenburg, 
 Mass., was born in Braintree, now Quincy, Nov. 5, 
 1739. His father was the uncle of John Adams. 
 He was graduated at Harvard College in 1759, 
 having made while in that seminary great profi 
 ciency in learning, and much improved the vigor 
 ous powers of mind with which he was endued. 
 He was ordained Sept. 5, 1764, and died March 
 1, 1801, in the 62d year of his age, and 37th 
 of his ministry. 
 
 Mr. Adams was eminent as a preacher of the 
 gospel, often explaining the most important doc 
 trines in a rational and scriptural manner, and 
 enforcing them with plainness and pungency. 
 His language was nervous ; and, while in his 
 public performances he gave instruction, he also 
 imparted pleasure. In his addresses to the throne 
 of grace he was remarkable for pertinency of 
 thought and readiness of utterance. Though by 
 bodily constitution he was liable to irritation, yet 
 he treasured no ill will in his bosom. His heart 
 was easily touched by the afflictions of others, and 
 his sympathy and benevolence prompted him to 
 administer relief, when in his power. About the 
 year 1774 he wrote a pamphlet, maintaining, 
 without authority from the platform of 1648, that 
 a pastor has a negative upon the proceedings of 
 the Church. Some ministers, who embraced his 
 principles, lost by consequence their parishes. 
 He preached the Dudleian lecture on Presbyterian 
 ordination in 1794. He published a sermon on 
 church music, 1771; on Christian unity, 1772; 
 the election sermon, 1782; on the 19th of April, 
 1783 ; at the ordination of Enoch Whipplc, 1788. 
 Whitney s Funeral Sermon. 
 
 ADAMS, ANDREW, LL. D., chief justice of 
 Connecticut, was appointed to that place in 1793, 
 
ADAMS. 
 
 ADAMS. 
 
 having been upon the bench with reputation as a 
 judge from 1789. He was a native of Stratford, 
 a graduate of Yale College in 1760, and a mem 
 ber of Congress about the year 1782. He re 
 sided at Litclificld, and died Nov. 26, 1797, aged 
 61 years. 
 
 ADAMS, SAMUEL, governor of Massachusetts, 
 and a most distinguished patriot in the American 
 Revolution, was born in Boston Sept. 16, O. S., 
 1722. His father, Samuel, the son of John and 
 Hannah A., was born in 1689, and died in 1747, 
 whose wife was Mary Fifield. Mr. S. A. married 
 in 1749 Elizabeth, daughter of Ilev. S. Checkley ; 
 and his second wife in 1764, Elizabeth, daughter of 
 Francis Wells. He was graduated at Harvard 
 College in 1740. When he commenced master of 
 arts in 1743, he proposed the following question 
 for discussion : " Whether it be lawful to resist the 
 supreme magistrate, if the Commonwealth cannot 
 otherwise be preserved ? " He maintained the 
 affirmative, and thus early showed his attachment 
 to the liberties of the people. 
 
 Early distinguished by talents as a writer, his 
 first attempts were proofs of his filial piety. By 
 his efforts he preserved the estate of his father, 
 which had been attached on account of an engage 
 ment in the land bank bubble. He was known 
 as a political writer during the administration of 
 Shirley, to which he was opposed, as he thought 
 the union of so much civil and military power in 
 one man was dangerous. His ingenuity, wit, and 
 profound argument are spoken of with the high 
 est respect by those, who were contemporary with 
 him. Ac this early period he laid the founda 
 tion of public confidence and esteem. His first 
 office of tax-gatherer made him acquainted with 
 every shipwright and mechanic in Boston, and 
 over their minds he ever retained a powerful in 
 fluence. From this employment the enemies of 
 liberty styled him Samuel, the Publican. 
 
 In 176.5 he was elected a member of the Gen 
 eral Assembly of Massachusetts, in the place of 
 Oxenbridge Thachcr, deceased. He was soon 
 chosen clerk, and he gradually acquired influence 
 in the Legislature. This was an eventful time. 
 But Mr. Adams possessed a courage, which no 
 dangers could shake. He was undismayed by 
 the prospect, which struck terror into the hearts 
 of many. He was a member of the Legislature 
 nearly ten years, and he was the soul, which ani 
 mated it to the most important resolutions. No 
 man did so much. He pressed his measures with 
 ardor; yet he was prudent; he knew how to 
 bend the passions of others to his purpose. Gov. 
 Hutchinsou relates that, at a town meeting in 
 1769, an objection having been made to a motion 
 because it implied an independency of parlia 
 ment, Mr. Adams, then a representative, con 
 cluded his speech with these words : " Independ 
 ent we arc, and independent we will be." He 
 
 represents, too, that Mr. Adams, by a defalcation 
 as collector, had injured his character ; but he 
 adds : " The benefit to the town from his defence 
 of their liberties he supposed an equivalent to 
 his arrears as their collector." As a political 
 writer he deemed him the most artful and insin 
 uating of all men, whom he ever knew, and the 
 most successful in " robbing men of their char 
 acters," or "calumniating governors, and other 
 servants of the crown." 
 
 When the charter was dissolved, he was chosen 
 a member of the Provincial Convention. In 1774 
 he was elected a member of the General Con 
 gress. In this station, in which he remained a 
 number of years, he rendered the most impor 
 tant services to his country. His eloquence was 
 adapted to the times, in which he lived. The 
 energy of his language corresponded with the 
 firmness and vigor of his mind. His heart 
 glowed with the feeh ngs of a patriot, and his 
 eloquence was simple, majestic, and persuasive. 
 He was one of the most efficient members of 
 Congress. He possessed keen penetration, un 
 shaken fortitude, and permanent decision. Gor 
 don speaks of him in 1774 as having for a long 
 time whispered to his confidential friends, that 
 this country must be independent. Walking in 
 the fields, the day after the battle of Lexing 
 ton, he said to a friend : " It is a fine day, I 
 mean, this day is a glorious day for America." 
 He deemed the blow to be struck, which would 
 lead to independence. In the last official act 
 of the British government in Massachusetts he 
 was proscribed with John Hancock, when a gen 
 eral pardon was offered to all who had rebelled. 
 This act Avas dated June 12, 1775, and it teaches 
 Americans what they owe to the denounced 
 patriot. 
 
 In 1776 he united with Franklin, J. Adams, 
 Hancock, Jefferson, and a host of worthies in 
 declaring the United States no longer an ap 
 pendage to a monarchy, but free and independent. 
 
 When the constitution of Massachusetts was 
 adopted, he was chosen a member of the Senate, 
 of which body he was elected president. He 
 was soon sent to the western counties to quiet a 
 disturbance, which was rising, and he was suc 
 cessful in his mission. He was a member of the 
 convention for examining the constitution of the 
 United States. He made objections to several 
 of its provisions; but his principal objection was 
 to that article, which rendered the several States 
 amenable to the courts of the nation. He thought 
 this reduced them to mere corporations ; that the 
 sovereignty of each would be dissolved ; and that 
 a consolidated government, supported by an 
 army, would be the consequence. The consti 
 tution was afterwards altered in this point, and 
 in most other respects according to his wishes. 
 
 In 1789 he was chosen lieutenant-governor, 
 
6 
 
 ADAMS. 
 
 and was continued in this office till 1794, when 
 he was elected governor, as successor to Mr. 
 Hancock. He was annually replaced in the chair 
 of the first magistrate of Massachusetts till 1797, 
 when his age and infirmities induced him to retire 
 from public life. He died Oct. 2, 1803, in the 
 8l2d year of his age. His only son, of the same 
 name, was born in 1751, graduated at Harvard 
 College in 1770, and, after studying under Dr. 
 Joseph Warren, served his country as a surgeon 
 during the war. lleturning home with a broken 
 constitution, he at length died Jan. 17, 1788. 
 The avails of his claims for services in the army 
 gave his father a competency in liis declining 
 years. 
 
 The leading traits in the character of Mr. Ad 
 ams were an unconquerable love of liberty, in 
 tegrity, firmness, and decision. Some acts of his 
 administration as chief magistrate were censured, 
 though all allowed, that his motives were pure. 
 A division in political sentiments at that time 
 existed, and afterwards increased. When he dif 
 fered from the majority, he acted with great inde 
 pendence. At the close of the Avar he opposed 
 peace with Great Britain, unless the Northern 
 States retained their full privileges in the fisheries. 
 In 1787 he advised the execution of the condign 
 punishment, to which the leaders of the rebellion 
 in 1786 had been sentenced. It was his settled 
 judgment, that in a republic, depending for its 
 existence upon the intelligence and virtue of the 
 people, the law should be rigidly enforced. At 
 tached to the old confederation, he often gave as 
 a toast " The States united, and the States 
 separated." He was opposed to the treaty with 
 Great Britain, made by Mr. Jay in 1794, and he 
 put his election to hazard by avowing his dislike 
 of it. The three topics, on which lie delighted to 
 dwell, were British thraldom, the manners, laws, 
 and customs of New England, and the impor 
 tance of common schools. 
 
 Mr. Adams was a man of incorruptible integ 
 rity. Gov. Hutchinson, in answer to the inquiry 
 " Why Mr. Adams was not taken off from his 
 opposition by an office ? " writes to a friend in 
 1 .,!"! -uid, "Such is the obstinacy and inflexible 
 disposition of the man, that he never can be con 
 ciliated by any office or gift whatever." 
 
 He was poor. While occupied abroad in the 
 most important and responsible public duties, the 
 partner of his cares supported the family at home 
 by her industry. Though his resources were very 
 small, yet, such were the economy and dignity of 
 his house, that those, who visited him, found 
 nothing mean or unbecoming his station. His 
 country, to whose interests he devoted his life, 
 permitted him to remain poor ; but there were 
 not wanting a few friends, who showed him their 
 regard. In this honorable poverty he continued 
 to a. very late period of his life; and had not a 
 
 ADAMS. 
 
 decent competency fallen into his hands by the 
 very afflicting event of the death of an only son, 
 he must have depended for subsistence upon the 
 kindness of his friends, or the charity of the 
 public. 
 
 To a majestic countenance and dignified man 
 ners there was added a suavity of temper, which 
 conciliated the affection of his acquaintance. Some, 
 Avho disapproved of his political conduct, loved 
 and revered him as a neighbor and friend. He 
 could readily relax from severer cares and studies 
 to enjoy the pleasures of private conversation. 
 Though somewhat reserved among strangers, yet 
 with his friends he was cheerful and compan 
 ionable, a lover of chaste wit, and remarkably 
 fond of anecdote. He faithfully discharged the 
 duties arising from the relations of social life. 
 His house was the seat of domestic peace, regu 
 larity, and method. 
 
 Mr. Adams was a Christian. His mind was 
 early imbued with piety, as well as cultivated by 
 science. He early approached the table of the 
 Lord Jesus, and the purity of his life witnessed 
 the sincerity of his profession. On the Christian 
 Sabbath he constantly went to the temple ; and 
 the morning and evening devotions in his family 
 proved, that his religion attended him in his sea 
 sons of retirement from the world. His senti 
 ments were strictly Calvinistic. The platform of 
 the New England churches he deemed an ample 
 guide in all matters of ecclesiastical discipline 
 and order. The last production of his pen was 
 in favor of Christian truth. He died in the faith 
 | of the gospel. 
 
 He was a sage and a patriot. The independ 
 ence of the United States of America is perhaps 
 to be attributed as much to his exertions, as to 
 the exertions of any one man. Though he was 
 called to struggle with adversity, he was never 
 discouraged. He was consistent and firm under 
 the cruel neglect of a friend and the malignant 
 rancor of an enemy; comforting himself in the 
 darkest seasons with reflections upon the wisdom 
 and goodness of God. 
 
 Mr. John Adams speaks of him in the follow 
 ing terms : " The talents and virtues of that great 
 man were of the most exalted, though not of the 
 most showy land. His love of his country, his 
 exertions in her service through a long course of 
 years, through the administrations of the gov 
 ernors Shirley, Pownall, Bernard, Ilutchinson, 
 and Gage, under the royal government and 
 through the whole of the subsequent revolution, 
 and always in support of the same principles ; 
 his inflexible integrity, his disinterestedness, his 
 invariable resolution, his sagacity, his patience, 
 perseverance, and pure public virtue were not 
 exceeded by any man s in America. A collection 
 of his writings would be as curious as voluminous. 
 It would throw light upon American history for 
 
ADAMS. 
 
 ADAMS. 
 
 fifty years. In it would be found specimens of a 
 nervous simplicity of reasoning and eloquence, 
 that have never been rivalled in America." 
 
 His writings exist only in the perishable col 
 umns of a newspaper or pamphlet. In his more 
 advanced life, in the year 1790, a few letters 
 passed between him and John Adams, in which 
 the principles of government are discussed ; and 
 there seems to have been some difference of sen 
 timent between those eminent patriots and states 
 men, who had toiled together through the Revo- 
 lution. Tlus correspondence was published in 
 1800. An oration, which Mr. Adams delivered 
 at the State House in Philadelphia Aug. 1, 177G, 
 was published. The object is to support Ameri 
 can Independence, the declaration of which by 
 Congress had been made a short time before. 
 He opposes kingly government and hereditary 
 succession with warmth and energy. Not long 
 before liis death he addressed a letter to Paine, 
 expressing his disapprobation of that unbeliever s 
 attempts to injure the cause of Christianity. 
 Thachcr s Sermon; Sullivan s character of him 
 in public papers ; Polyanthos, in. 73-82 ; Gor 
 don, I. 347, 410; BYissot, Nouv. Voy., I. 151; 
 Thacker s Medical Biography ; Ilutchinson s 
 Last History, 265 ; Eliot s Biographical Dic 
 tionary ; Encyclopaedia Americana, and liees. 
 
 ADAMS, Joiix, president of the United States, 
 was born at Braintrec, Mass., Oct. 19, 1735, O.S., 
 or Oct. 30th, present style. His father, John, 
 was a deacon of the church, a farmer, and a 
 mechanic, and died May 25, 1761, aged 69; his 
 grandfather, Joseph, died Feb. 12, 1737, aged 
 82 ; his great-grandfather, Joseph, was born in 
 England, and died at Braintrce Dec. 6, 1697, 
 aged 03 ; the father of this ancestor was Henry, 
 who, as the inscription on his monument, erected 
 by John Adams, says, " took his flight from the 
 Dragon Persecution, in Devonshire, England, and 
 alighted with eight sons near Mount Wollaston." 
 Of these sons four removed to Medfield and the 
 neighboring towns, and two to Chclmsford. The 
 year of Henry s arrival at Braintree, now Quincy, 
 is not known, but is supposed to be 1632 ; he 
 died Oct. 8, 1646. His ancestry has been traced 
 up six or seven hundred years to John Ap Adam, 
 of the Marches of Wales. 
 
 John Adams, while a member of Harvard Col 
 lege, where he was graduated in 1755, Avas dis 
 tinguished by diligence in his studies, by boldness 
 of thought, and by the powers of his mind. 
 While he studied law at Worcester with Col. 
 James Putnam, an able lawyer in extensive prac 
 tice, from 1755 to 1758, he instructed pupils in 
 Latin and Greek, as a means of subsistence. 
 At this early period he had imbibed a prejudice 
 against the prevailing religious opinions of New 
 England, and became attached to speculations 
 hostile to those opinions. Nor were his views 
 
 afterwards changed. Perhaps the religious sen 
 timents of most men become settled at as early a 
 period of their lives. If therefore the cherished 
 views of Christianity have any relation to prac 
 tice and to one s destiny hereafter; with what 
 sobriety, candor, and diligence, and with what 
 earnestness of prayer for light and guidance from 
 above ought every young man to investigate re 
 vealed truth ? In April, 1756, he was deliberating 
 as to his profession. Some friends advised him 
 to study theology. In a few months afterwards 
 he fixed upon the profession of law. He had 
 not " the highest opinion of what is called Or 
 thodoxy." He had known a young man, worthy 
 of the best parish, despised for being suspected 
 of Arminianism. He was more desirous of being 
 an eminent, honorable lawyer, than of " heading 
 the whole army of Orthodox preachers." In a 
 letter to Dr. Morse in 1815 he says : " Sixty-five 
 years ago my own minister, Rev. Lemuel Bryant ; 
 Dr. Mayhew, of the West Church in Boston ; 
 Rev. Mr. Shute, of Hingham ; Rev. John Brown, 
 of Cohasset ; and perhaps equal to all, if not 
 above all, Rev. Mr. Gay, of Hingham, were Uni 
 tarians. Among the laity how many could I 
 name, lawyers, physicians, tradesmen, and farmers ? 
 More than fifty-six years ago I read Dr. S. 
 Clarke, Emlyn, etc." 
 
 In Oct., 1758, Mr. Adams presented himself 
 a stranger, poor and friendless to Jeremy 
 Gridley, of Boston, attorney-general of the 
 crown, to ask of him the favor to offer him to 
 the Superior Court of the province, then sitting, 
 for admission to the bar. Mr. Gridley examined 
 him in his office, and recommended him to the 
 court ; and at the same time gave him excellent 
 paternal advice. For his kindness Mr. Adams 
 was ever grateful, and was afterwards his intimate 
 personal and professional friend. As Mr. Gridley 
 was grand master of the Massachusetts Grand 
 Lodge of Free Masons, Mr. Adams once asked 
 his advice, whether it was worth his while to be 
 come a member of the society ; the reply of the 
 grand master was, " No " ; adding, that he did 
 not need the artificial support of the society, and 
 that there was " nothing in the Masonic Institu 
 tion worthy of his seeking to be associated with 
 it." In consequence of this advice he never 
 sought admission to the lodge. 
 
 Mr. Adams commenced the practice of the law 
 at Quincy, then in the county of Suffolk, and 
 soon had a sufficiency of lucrative business. In 
 1761 he was admitted to the degree of barrister- 
 at-law. In this year a small estate became his 
 by the decease of his father. At this period his 
 zeal for the rights of his country was inflamed by 
 the attempt of the British cabinet to introduce in 
 Massachusetts writs of assistance a kind of 
 general search-^ arrant for the discovery of goods 
 not discharged from the parliamentary taxes. 
 
8 ADAMS. 
 
 The affair was argued in Boston by Mr. Otis. 
 Mr. Adams says, " Every man of an immense, 
 crowded audience appeared to me to go away, as 
 I did, ready to take arms against writs of as 
 sistance." "Then and there the child Inde 
 pendence was bom." 
 
 In 1764, he married Abigail Smith, daughter 
 of Rev. William Smith of Weymouth, and grand 
 daughter of Colonel Quincy, a lady of uncommon 
 endowments and excellent education. In the 
 next year he published an essay on Canon and 
 Feudal Law, reprinted at London in 1768, and at 
 Philadelphia in 1783. His object was to show 
 the conspiracy between Church and State for the 
 purpose of oppressing the people. He wished to 
 enlighten his fellow-citizens, that they might prize 
 their liberty, and be ready, if necessary, to assert 
 their rights by force. 
 
 He removed to Boston in 1765, and there had 
 extensive legal practice. In 1768 Gov. Bernard 
 offered him, through his friend Mr. Sewall, the 
 place of advocate-general in the Court of Ad 
 miralty, a lucrative post; but he decidedly de 
 clined the offer. He was not a man thus to be 
 bribed to desert the cause of his country. The 
 office was the same which Mr. Otis had resigned, 
 in 1761 in order to oppose the writs of assistance. 
 Yet Mr. Hutchinson states, that he was at a loss 
 which side to take, and that the neglect of Ber 
 nard to make him a justice of the peace roused 
 his patriotism ! He adds : " His ambition was 
 without bounds ; and he has acknowledged to his 
 acquaintance, that he could not look with com 
 placency upon any man, who was in possession 
 of move wealth, more honor, or more knowledge 
 than himself." In 1769, he was chairman of the 
 committee of the town of Boston for drawing up 
 instructions to their representatives to resist the 
 British encroachments. His colleagues were R. 
 Dana and Joseph Warren. These instructions 
 were important links in the chain of revolutionary 
 events. In consequence of the affray with the 
 British garrison March 5, 1770, in which several 
 of the people of Boston were killed, the soldiers 
 were arraigned before the civil authority. Not 
 withstanding the strong excitement against them, 
 Mr. Adams, with J. Quincy and S. S. Blowers, 
 defended them, and procured the acquittal of all 
 except two, who were convicted of manslaughter, 
 and branded in punishment. This triumph of 
 justice, for the soldiers were first attacked, was 
 honorable to the cause of America. In May, 
 1770, he was chosen a member of the Legisla 
 ture, in which he took a prominent part. 
 
 In 1773 he wrote ably in the Boston Gazette 
 against the regulation, making judges dependent 
 for their salaries upon the crown. In 1773 and 
 1774 he was chosen into the council by the as 
 sembly, but negatived by the governor. To the 
 struggle, at tin s period, betAvcen the house and 
 
 ADAMS. 
 
 the governor in respect to the council, his friend 
 Sewall, pleasantly alludes thus : " We have some 
 times seen half-a-dozen sail of tory navigation 
 unable, on an election day, to pass the bar, formed 
 by the flux and reflux of the tides at the entrance 
 of the harbor, and as many whiggish ones stranded 
 the next morning on Governor s Island." June 
 17, 1774, he was chosen by the assembly, to 
 gether with T. Cashing, *S. Adams, and II. T. 
 Paine, to the first Continental Congress. To 
 Sewall, who, while they were attending the court 
 at Portland, endeavored to dissuade him, in a 
 morning walk on " the great hill," from accepting 
 this appointment, he said : " The die is now cast ; 
 I have passed the Rubicon ; swim or sink, live or 
 die, survive or perish with my country is my un 
 alterable determination." Thus he parted with 
 his tory friend, nor did he converse with him 
 again till 1788. 
 
 He took his seat in Congress Sept. 5, 1774, and 
 was on the committee, which drew up the state 
 ment of the rights of the colonies, and on that, 
 which prepared the address to the king. At this 
 period the members of Congress generally were 
 not determined on independence. It was thought, 
 the British would relinquish their claims. He 
 returned to Boston in November, and soon wrote 
 the papers, with the signature of Novanglus, in 
 answer to those of his friend Sewall, with the 
 signature of Massachusettensis. The latter are 
 dated from Dec. 12, 1774, to April 3, 177o; the 
 former from Jan. 23 to April 17, l"o. These 
 papers were reprinted in 1819, with a preface by 
 Mr. Adams, with the addition of letters to W. 
 Tudor. 
 
 A short review of them may be interesting, as 
 they relate to a period immediately preceding the 
 commencement of hostilities. In this controversy 
 Mr. Sewall said : " I saw the small seed of sedi 
 tion, when it was implanted ; it was as a grain of 
 mustard. I have watched the plant, until it has 
 become a great tree ; the vilest reptiles, that 
 crawl upon the earth, arc concealed at the root ; 
 the foulest birds of the air rest on its branches. 
 I now would induce you to go to work immedi 
 ately with axes and hatchets, and cut it down, for 
 a twofold reason because it is a pest to society, 
 and lest it be felled suddenly by a stronger arm, 
 and crush its thousands in the fall." In the first 
 place, he maintained, that resistance to Great 
 Britain would be unavailing. The militia he con 
 sidered undisciplined and ungovernable, each man 
 being a politician, puffed up with his own opinion. 
 " An experienced British officer would rather take 
 his chance with five thousand British troops, than 
 fifty thousand such militia." The sea coast he 
 regarded as totally unprotected. Our trade, 
 fishery, navigation, and maritime towns were 
 liable to be lost in a moment. The back settle- 
 j ments would fall a prey to the Canadians and 
 
ADAMS. 
 
 ADAMS. 
 
 Indians. The British army would sweep all be 
 fore it like a wliirlwind. Besides, New England 
 would probably be alone, unsupported by the 
 other. States, llebellion, therefore, would be the 
 height of madness. In considering the reasons 
 for resistance he maintained, that the parliament 
 had a right to pass a stamp act, in order that the 
 colonies should bear a part of the national burden. 
 Similar acts had been before passed. We had 
 paid postage agreeably to act of parliament, du 
 ties imposed for regulating trade, and even for 
 raising a revenue to the crown, without question 
 ing the right. This right, he says, Avas first 
 denied by the resolves of the house of burgesses 
 in Virginia. " We read them with wonder ; they 
 savored of independence." The three-penny duty 
 on tea, he thought, should not be regarded as 
 burdensome ; for the duty of a shilling, laid upon 
 it for regulating trade, and therefore allowed to 
 be constitutional, was taken ofl ; so that we were 
 gainers ninepence in the pound by the new regu 
 lation, which was designed to prevent smuggling, 
 and not to raise a revenue. The act declaratory 
 of the right to tax was of no consequence, so long 
 as there was no grievous exercise of it, especially 
 as we had protested against it, and our assemblies 
 had ten times resolved, that no such right ex 
 isted. But demagogues were interested in in 
 flaming the minds of the people. The pulpit 
 also was a powerful engine in promoting discon 
 tent. Though the small duty of three pence 
 was to be paid by the East India company, or 
 their factors, on landing the tea, for the purpose 
 of selling it at auction, and no one was obliged to 
 purchase ; yet the mob of Boston, in disguise, 
 forcibly entered the three ships of tea, split open 
 the chests, and emptied the whole, 10,000 pounds 
 sterling in value, into the dock, " and perfumed 
 the town with its fragrance." Yet zealous rebel 
 merchants were every day importing teas, subject 
 to the same duty. The act interfered with their 
 interest, not with the welfare of the people. The 
 blockade act against Boston was a just retaliatory 
 measure, because the body-meeting, contrived 
 merely as a screen to the town, consisting of 
 thousands, had resolved, that the tea should not pay 
 the duty. Now sprung up from the brain of a 
 partizan the " committee of correspondence " 
 " the foulest, subtlest, and most venomous ser 
 pent, that ever issued from the eggs of sedition." 
 A new doctrine had been advanced, that, as the 
 Americans are not represented in parliament, they 
 are exempt from acts of parh ament. But, if the 
 colonies are not subject to the authority of par 
 liament, Great Britain and the colonies must be 
 distinct States. Two independent authorities can 
 not co-exist. The colonies have only power to 
 regulate their internal police, but are necessarily 
 subject to the control of the supreme power of 
 the State. Had any person denied, fifteen years 
 
 ago, that the colonies were subject to the authority 
 of parh ament, he would have been deemed a 
 fool or a madman. It was curious to trace the 
 history of rebellion. When the stamp act was 
 passed, the right of parliament to impose internal 
 taxes was denied ; but the right to impose ex 
 ternal ones, to lay duties on goods and mer 
 chandize, was admitted. On the passage of the 
 tea act a new distinction was set up ; duties could 
 be laid for the regulation of trade, but not for 
 raising a revenue ; parliament could lay the for 
 mer duty of a shilling a pound, but not the 
 present duty of three pence. There was but one 
 more step to independence the denial of the 
 right in parliament to make any laws whatever, 
 which should bind the colonies ; and this step the 
 pretended patriots had taken. Mr. Otis, the 
 oracle of the whigs, in 1764 never thought of 
 this. On the contrary, he maintained in respect 
 to the colonies, that " the parliament has an un 
 doubted power and lawful authority to make acts 
 for the general good." Obedience, in his view, 
 was a solemn duty. The original charter of the 
 colony exempted it from taxes for a definite pe 
 riod, implying the right to tax afterwards. The 
 grant of all the liberties of natural subjects within 
 the realm of England affords no immunity from 
 taxes. If a person, born in England, should 
 remove to Ireland, or to Jersey, or Guernsey, 
 whence no member is sent to parliament, he 
 would be in the same predicament with an emi 
 grant to America, all having the rights of natural 
 born subjects. In the charter by King William 
 the powers of legislation were restricted, so that 
 nothing should be done contrary to the laws of 
 the realm of England. Even Dr. Eranklin in 
 176o admitted, that the British had " a natural 
 and equitable right to some toll or duty upon 
 merchandizes," carried through the American 
 seas. Mr. Otis also, in the same year, admitted 
 the same equitable right of parliament " to im 
 pose taxes on the colonies, internal and external, 
 on lands as well as on trade." Indeed, for more 
 than a century parliament had exercised the now 
 controverted right of legislation and taxation. 
 
 On the whole, Mr. Sewall was convinced, that 
 the avarice and ambition of the leading whigs 
 were the causes of the troubles of America : 
 " they call themselves the people ; and, when 
 their own measures are censured, cry out the 
 people, the people are abused and insulted ! " 
 He deplored the condition of the dupes of the 
 republican party the men who, every morning, 
 " swallowed a chimera for breakfast." By the in 
 famous methods resorted to, " many of the an 
 cient, trusty, and skilful pilots, who had steered 
 the community safely in the most perilous times, 
 were driven from the helm, and their places occu 
 pied by different persons, some of whom, bank 
 rupts in fortune, business, and fame, are now 
 
10 
 
 ADAMS. 
 
 striving to run the ship on the rocks, that they 
 may have an opportunity of plundering the 
 Vi reck ! " 
 
 To this Mr. Adams replied, that parliament 
 had authority over America by no law : not by 
 the law of nature and nations ; nor by common 
 law, which never extended beyond the four seas ; 
 nor by statute law, for none existed before the 
 settlement of the colonies; and that we were 
 under no religious, moral, or political obligations 
 to submit to parliament as a supreme executive. 
 He asked, " Is the three pence upon tea our only 
 grievance ? Are we not deprived of the privilege 
 of paying our governors, judges, etc. ? Are not 
 trials by jury taken from us ? Are we not sent to 
 England for trial ? Is not a military government 
 put over us ? Is not our constitution demolished 
 to the foundation ? " " Xip the shoots of ar 
 bitrary power in the bud is the only maxim, 
 winch can ever preserve the liberties of any 
 people." He maintained, that the pretence to 
 tax for revenue, and not merely for the regula 
 tion of trade, had never been advanced till re 
 cently; that, in 1754, Dr. Franklin denied such a 
 right; that, more than a century before, both 
 Massachusetts and Virginia had protested against 
 the act of navigation, and refused obedience, be 
 cause not represented in parliament. He denied, 
 that there was a whig in the province, who wished 
 to set up an independent republic. But resistance 
 to lawless violence, he said, is not rebellion by 
 the law of God or of the land. And, as to ina 
 bility to cope with Great Britain, he maintained, 
 that, " in a land war this continent might defend 
 itself against all the world." As to old charters, 
 that of Virginia in 1609 exempted the company 
 forever from taxes on goods and merchandizes. 
 The same exemption was given to Maryland in 
 1 633. The Plymouth colony was settled without 
 a charter, on the simple principle of nature, and 
 thus continued an independent government sixty- 
 eight years. The same was the case with the 
 colonies in Connecticut. In Massachusetts, the 
 general court in 1677 declared, that the laws of 
 England were bounded within the four seas, and 
 did not reach America. The only power of par 
 liament, which he would allow, was that arising 
 from our voluntary cession of regulating trade. 
 The first charter erected a corporation within the 
 realm of England ; there the governor and com 
 pany were to reside, and their agents only were 
 1 ) come to America. But they came themselves, 
 and brought their charter with them, and thus, 
 being out of the realm, were not subject to par 
 liament. The king of England could by law 
 grant nothing out of England, or the realm. 
 The great seal had no authority out of the realm, 
 except to mandatory or prcccptory writs; and 
 such was not the charter. In case of the for 
 feiture of a charter, the people born here could 
 
 ADAMS. 
 
 be under no allegiance to the king. Such 
 briefly were the opposite views of these distin 
 guished men. These writings of Mr. Adams, 
 with those of Otis, Thachcr, and others,, con 
 tributed much to the emancipation of America 
 from British thraldom. 
 
 Mr. Adams attended the next Congress in 
 
 1775. On hearing of the battle of Lexington, 
 war was determined on. At his suggestion, Gov. 
 Johnstone nominated Washington as commander- 
 in-chief, and he was unanimously chosen. "When 
 he returned to Massachusetts, he declined the 
 office of chief justice, to which he had been in 
 vited. In Congress he was among the foremost, 
 who were in favor of independence. He moved, 
 May 6, 1776, to recommend to the colonies "to 
 adopt such a government, as would, in the opinion 
 of the representatives of the people, best con 
 duce to the happiness and safety of their con 
 stituents and of America." This passed, after 
 earnest debate, on the 15th. H. II. Lee moved, 
 on the 7th June, and the motion was seconded 
 by Mr. Adams, " that these united colonies are, 
 and of right ought to be, free and independent 
 States." The debate continued to the 10th, and 
 was then postponed to the 1st of July. A com 
 mittee of five, consisting of Jefferson, Adams, 
 Franklin, Sherman, and R. R. Livingston, was 
 appointed to draw up a declaration of independ 
 ence. The two first were the sub-committee. 
 The instrument, at the request of Mr. Adams, 
 was written by Jefferson. The resolution of Lee 
 was debated again July 1st, and adopted on the 
 2d. Then the Declaration was considered and 
 passed, with a few omissions and changes, July 
 4th ; but not without vigorous opposition, particu 
 larly from John Dickinson, one of the ablest men 
 and finest writers in Congress. The opposing 
 arguments were met by Mr. Adams in a speech 
 of unrivalled power. Of him Mr. Jefferson said, 
 " the great pillar of support to the declaration of 
 independence and its ablest advocate and cham 
 pion on the floor of the house was John Ad 
 ams." "He was the colossus of that Congress: 
 not graceful, not eloquent, not always fluent in 
 his public addresses, he yet came out with a 
 power both of thought and expression, which 
 moved his hearers from their seats." 
 
 On the next day Mr. Adams wrote the follow 
 ing letter to his wife, dated Philadelphia, July 5, 
 1776: 
 
 " Yesterday the greatest question was decided, 
 which was ever debated in America, and a 
 greater, perhaps, never was, or will be, decided 
 among men. A resolution has passed without 
 one dissenting colony, That these colonies are, 
 and of rigid ought to be, Free and Independent 
 States. 
 
 " The day is passed. The fourth day of July, 
 
 1776, will be a memorable cpocli in the history 
 
ADAMS. 
 
 of America. I am apt to believe, it will be cele 
 brated by succeeding generations as the great 
 anniversary festival. It ought to be commem 
 orated, as the day of deliverance, by solemn acts 
 of devotion to Almighty God. It ought to be 
 solemnized with pomp, shows, games, sports, 
 guns, bells, bonfires, and illuminations from one 
 end of the continent to the other, from this time 
 forward, forever. You will think me transported 
 with enthusiasm ; but I am not. I am well aware 
 of the toil and blood and treasure, that it will 
 cost us to maintain this declaration, and support 
 and defend these States ; yet through all the 
 gloom I can see the rays of light and glory. I 
 can see, that the end is more than worth all the 
 means, and that posterity will triumph, although 
 you and I may rue, which I hope we shall not." 
 
 Mr. Silas Deane, commissioner with Franklin 
 and A. Lee at the French court, having been 
 recalled, Mr. Adams was appointed in his place 
 Nov. 28, 1777. lie was thus released from his 
 duties as chairman of the board of war, in which 
 he had been engaged since June 13, 1776. It is 
 said, that he had been a member of ninety com 
 mittees, and chairman of twenty-five. Embark 
 ing in about two months in the Boston frigate, he 
 arrived safely ; but the treaties of commerce and 
 alliance had been signed before his arrival. 
 Soon after his return he assisted, in the autumn 
 of 1779, as a member of the convention, and as 
 one of the sub-committee in preparing a form of 
 government for the State of Massachusetts. He 
 wrote the clause in regard to the patronage of 
 literature. Sept. 29, 1779, he was appointed min 
 ister plenipotentiary to negotiate a peace, and 
 had authority to form a commercial treaty with 
 Great Britain. He sailed in the French frigate 
 Sensible, Nov. 17, landed at Ferrol, and after a 
 toilsome journey arrived at Paris in Feb., 1780. 
 He was accompanied by Francis Dana as secre 
 tary of legation, and by John Thaxtcr as private 
 secretary. Deeming a residence in Holland more 
 favorable to his country than in Paris, he deter 
 mined to proceed to Amsterdam as soon as per 
 mission could be obtained from the French min 
 ister, Count de Vergcnncs, who was displeased 
 by the refusal of Mr. Adams to communicate to 
 him his instructions in regard to the treaty of 
 commerce. In August he repaired to Amster 
 dam, having previously been instructed to procure 
 loans in Holland, and soon afterwards receiving 
 power to negotiate a treaty of amity and com 
 merce. Amidst great difficulties, arising from 
 the hostility of England and the intrigues of 
 France herself, he toiled incessantly for the in 
 terest of his country. In a series of twenty-six 
 letters to Mr. Kalkoen, he gave an account of 
 the controversy with Great Britain, and of the 
 resources, determination, and prospects of America. 
 These papers were reprinted in the Boston Patriot, 
 
 ADAMS. 
 
 11 
 
 and in a pamphlet form in 1809. They had 
 much effect in enlightening the people of Hol 
 land. Yet he could not persuade the States 
 General to acknowledge him as ambassador of 
 the United States until April, 1782. Associated 
 with Franklin, Jay, and Laurens, he formed the 
 definitive treaty of peace, which was ratified Jar. 
 14, 1784. After assisting in other treaties, Mr. 
 Adams was in 1785 appointed the first minister 
 to London. In that city he published his " De 
 fence of the American constitutions" in 1787. 
 At this time the constitution of the United States 
 had not been formed. The object of the work 
 was to oppose the theories of Turgot, the Abbe 
 de Mably, and Dr. Price in favor of a single 
 legislative assembly and the consolidation into 
 one tribunal of the powers of government. He 
 maintained the necessity of keeping distinct the 
 legislative, executive, and judicial departments ; 
 and, to prevent encroachment by the legislative 
 branch, he proposed a division of it into two 
 chambers, each as a check upon the other. He 
 carried his views into effect in drafting the con 
 stitution of Massachusetts, which form has been 
 copied in its chief features by most of the other 
 States. After an absence of nine years, he re 
 turned to America, and landed at Boston June 
 17, 1788. Congress had passed a resolution of 
 thanks for his able and faithful discharge of vari 
 ous important commissions. His " Discourses on 
 Davila" were written in 1790. 
 
 After his return he was elected the first vice- 
 president of the United States under the new 
 constitution, wliich went into operation in March, 
 1789. Having been re-elected to that office, he 
 held it, and of course presided in the Senate 
 during the whole of the administration of Wash 
 ington, whose confidence he enjoyed in an emi 
 nent degree. The Senate being nearly balanced 
 between the two parties of the day, his casting 
 vote decided some important questions ; in this 
 way Clarke s resolution to prohibit all intercourse 
 with Great Britain on account of the capture of 
 several American vessels was rejected. On the 
 resignation of Washington Mr. Adams became 
 president of the United States March 4, 1797. 
 He was succeeded by Mr. Jefferson in 1801, who 
 was elected by a majority of one vote. 
 
 After March, 1801, Mr. Adams lived in retire 
 ment at Quincy, occupied in agricultural pursuits, 
 though occasionally addressing various communi 
 cations to the public. In a letter to the founder 
 of the peace society of Massachusetts in 1816 he 
 says : " I have read, almost all the days of my 
 life, the solemn reasonings and pathetic declama 
 tions of Erasmus, of Fenelon, of St. Pierre, and 
 many others, against war and in favor of peace. 
 My understanding and my heart accorded witli 
 them at first blush. But, alas ! a longer and 
 more extensive experience has convinced mo, that 
 
12 
 
 ADAMS. 
 
 wars are necessary, and as inevitable in our sys 
 tem as hurricanes, earthquakes, and volcanoes. 
 Universal and perpetual peace appears to me no 
 more nor less than everlasting passive obedience 
 and non-resistance. The human flock would soon 
 be fleeced and butchered by one or a few. I 
 cannot therefore, sir, be a subscriber or a member 
 of your society. I do, sir, most humbly suppli 
 cate the theologians, the philosophers, and the 
 politicians to let me die in peace. I seek only 
 repose." Mr. Jefferson expressed his opinions 
 more calmly on the subject. 
 
 In 1816 he was chosen a member of the elec 
 toral college, which voted for Mr. Monroe as 
 president. In 1818 he sustained his severest 
 affliction in the loss, in October, of his wife, with 
 whom he had lived more than half a century. 
 His only daughter, Mrs. Smith, died in 1813. In 
 1820, at the age of eighty-five, he was a member 
 of the convention for revising the constitution of 
 Massachusetts. In the last years of his life he 
 had a friendly correspondence with Mr. Jefferson. 
 He enjoyed the singular happiness in 182<3 of see 
 ing his son, John Quincy Adams, elevated to the 
 office of president of the United States. In this 
 year he was the only survivor of the first Con 
 gress, lie died July 4, 1826. 
 
 On the morning of the jubilee he was roused 
 by the ringing of bells and the firing of cannon, 
 and, when asked by his servant if he knew what 
 day it was, he replied, " O yes ! it is the glorious 
 4th of July God bless it God bless you all." 
 In the forenoon the orator of the day, his parish 
 minister, called to see him, and found him seated 
 in an arm-chair, and asked him for a sentiment, 
 to be given at the public table. He replied, " I 
 will give you Independence forever ! " In the 
 course of the day he said, " It is a great and glo 
 rious day;" and just before he expired, exclaimed, 
 " Jefferson survives," shewing that his thoughts 
 were dwelling on the scenes of 17~6. But 
 Jefferson was then dead, having expired at one 
 o clock. He liimself died at twenty minutes be 
 fore six P. M. 
 
 That two such men as Jefferson and Adams, 
 both of whom had been presidents of the United 
 States, the two last survivors of those, who had 
 voted for the Declaration of Independence, the 
 former having drawn it up, and the latter having 
 been its most powerful advocate on the floor of 
 Congress, should have died on the 4th of July, 
 just fifty years after the "glorious day" of the 
 Declaration of American Independence, presented 
 such an extraordinary concurrence of events as to 
 overwhelm the mind with astonishment. Some 
 of the eulogists of these illustrious men seemed 
 to regard the circumstances of their removal from 
 the earth as a signal proof of the favor of God, 
 and spoke of their spirits as beyond doubt thus 
 wonderfully, on the day of their glory, translated 
 
 ADAMS. 
 
 to heaven. But surely these circumstances ought, 
 not to be regarded as indications of the eternal 
 destiny of these men of political eminence. Like 
 others, they must appear at the bar of Jesus 
 Christ, to be judged agreeably to the settled prin 
 ciples of the Divine government, according to 
 their works and characters. If they believed in 
 the name of the Son of God and were his follow 
 ers, they will doubtless, if the Scriptures are true, 
 be saved ; otherwise they will be lost. It is not 
 always easy to ascertain the design of Providence. 
 If some imagine, that the extraordinary deaths 
 of these men indicate the Divine approbation of 
 their patriotism ; others may imagine, that their 
 deaths on the day, in which a kind of idolatry had 
 often been offered them, and in which the Ameri 
 can people had been often elated with the emotions 
 of vanity and pride, instead of rendering due 
 thanksgivings to the Almighty, were designed to 
 frown upon the erring people and to teach them, 
 that their boasted patriots and statesmen, their 
 incensed demi-gods, were but frail worms of the 
 dust. A new and similar wonder occurred in 
 the decease of another president, Monroe, on the 
 4th day of July, 1830. 
 
 Mr. Adams was somewhat irritable in his 
 temper, and at times was frank in the utterance 
 of his indignant feelings. In reply to a birth-day 
 address in 1802, the year after the termination of 
 his presidency, he said : " Under the continual 
 provocations, breaking and pouring in upon me, 
 from unexpected as well as expected quarters, 
 during the last two years of my administration, he 
 must have been more of a modern epicurian 
 philosopher, than ever I was- or ever will be, to 
 have borne them all without some incautious ex 
 pressions, at times, of an unutterable indignation.. 
 I have no other apology to make to individuals or 
 the public." This confession may teach the am 
 bitious, that the high station of president may be 
 a bed of thorns. Mr. Adams added the senti 
 ment, which is worthy of perpetual remembrance 
 by our statesmen and citizens : "The union is our 
 rock of safety, as well as our pledge of grandeur." 
 Mr. Adams, it is believed, was a professor of 
 religion in the church at Quincy. In his views he 
 accorded with Dr. Bancroft, an Unitarian minister 
 of Worcester, of whose printed sermons he ex 
 pressed his high approbation. 
 
 In his person, Mr. Adams was of middling 
 stature. With passions somewhat impetuous, his 
 manners were courteous. Industry carried him 
 honorably through his immense public labors ; 
 temperance procured him the blessing of a 
 healthful old age. He lived to see but one name 
 before his imstarrcd in the catalogue of Harvard 
 College : excepting the venerable Dr. Holyoke, 
 all before him were numbered with the dead. He 
 was a scholar, versed in the ancient languages. 
 In his writings he was perspicuous and energetic. 
 
ADAMS. 
 
 ADAMS. 
 
 13 
 
 To his native town he gave his whole library, and 
 made bequests for the endowment of an academy 
 and the building of a stone church. 
 
 His chief writings are History of the dispute 
 with America, 1774; twenty-six letters on the 
 American llcvolution, written in Holland in 1780; 
 memorial to the States general, 1782; essay on 
 canon and feudal law, 1783; defence of the 
 American Constitution, 3 vols., 1788; answers to 
 patriotic addresses, 1798; letters on government, 
 to Sam. Adams, 1802 ; discourses on Davila, 
 1805; correspondence, 1809; Novanglus, re-pub 
 lished, 1819; correspondence with W. Cunning 
 ham, 1823; letters to Jefferson. Encyclopedia 
 Amer. ; Amer. Ann. Reg. I. 225-240; Boston 
 Weekly Messenger, vi. 306 ; /. Q. Adams letters 
 in Boston Patriot, Sept. 3, 1831; Holmes, II. 
 499. 
 
 ADAMS, Jonx QONCY, president of the United 
 States, died at Washington Feb. 23, 1848, aged 
 80 years, being born, the son of John A., July 11, 
 1767. At the age of ten he accompanied his 
 father to France ; at the age of fifteen he was private 
 secretary of Mr. Dana, minister to Russia. At 
 Harvard college he was graduated in 1787, and 
 then studied law with Mr. Parsons at Ncwbury- 
 port. Living in Boston, he published in 1791 
 the papers, signed Publicolu, remarking on 
 Paine s Rights of Man, distrusting the issue of 
 the French Revolution. From 1794 to 1801 he 
 was minister in Holland, Fngland, and Prussia. 
 From 1803 to 1808 he was a senator of the U. S. ; 
 but resigned from disagreement with lu s own 
 State Legislature. He was a professor of rhetoric 
 at Harvard from 1806 to 1809. He assisted in 
 negotiating the treaty of Ghent in Dec., 1814, 
 and afterwards assisted in the convention of com 
 merce with Great Britain. In 1817 he was sec 
 retary of state in the cabinet of Monroe. In 1825 
 he was chosen president of the U. S. The elec 
 toral votes were 99 for Jackson, 84 for Adams, 
 41 for Crawford, 37 for Clay. The votes of thir 
 teen States, represented in the house, elected him 
 president. He served for four years. In Decem 
 ber, 1831, he became a member of Congress, 
 and was continued in that post till his death. 
 While in his seat in the House of Rep 
 resentatives, Feb. 21st, he fell over on one side, 
 and was removed to Mr. Speaker Winthrop s 
 apartment, in which he died. He was only able 
 to say: "This is the last of earth; I am con 
 tent." His wife, Louisa, daughter of Joshua 
 Johnson of Maryland, whom he married in 1797, 
 survived him ; but died at Washington May 
 15, 1852, aged 76. 
 
 As a member of Congress he in his old age 
 gained imperishable honor by watching the move 
 ments and withstanding the progress of the slave- 
 holding power, which threatened to gain the as 
 cendency in our general government, over all the 
 
 interests of justice and human freedom, and to 
 render this land of liberty the scorn of the des 
 potisms of Europe. At the present day the battle 
 between slavery and freedom rages with increased 
 vehemence; and, had "the old man eloquent" 
 lived to see the border-ruffianism of Missouri 
 tolerated by our rulers, and allowed to create a 
 government and bear sway in the Territory of 
 Kansas, and also to see a Southern ruffian striking 
 down a Massachusetts senator in his seat, and 
 supported in the act by the whole South, his voice 
 would have rung like a clarion through the hall 
 of Congress and through our land. 
 
 He published letters on Silesia, 1804; lectures 
 on rhetoric and oratory, 2 vols., 1810; Dermot 
 MacMorrogh, a poetic historical tale, 1832 ; poems 
 of religion and society, and various occasional 
 addresses. 
 
 ADAMS, HANNAH, died Dec. 15, 1831, aged 
 74, and was the first tenant of the burying-ground 
 at Mount Auburn. She was born in Medfield, 
 Mass. ; her father kept a store ; her mother died 
 when she was ten years old. She was perhaps 
 the first American lady who devoted her life to 
 literature ; but the profits of her labors were in 
 considerable. She was under the middle stature, 
 very deaf, a great rappee snuff-taker, and very 
 fond of strong tea. A few noble-minded friends 
 bestowed upon her the comforts of life. A jour 
 ney to Chelmsford was the farthest she had been 
 by land, and a trip from Boston to Nahant, only 
 ten miles, her only voyage by water. She pub 
 lished a history of New England, 1799; a view 
 of religions, 1801; history of the Jews, 1812; 
 controversy with Dr. Morse, 1814; letters on 
 the Gospels, 2d ed., 1826. A memoir, written by 
 herself, with additions by a friend, 1832. 
 
 ADAMS, EBENEZER, professor of languages 
 and of mathematics at Dartmouth college, died 
 Aug. 15, 1841, aged 77. He was born at Xew 
 Ipswich, and graduated in 1791 at Dartmouth. 
 His daughter married Professor Young of the 
 same college. 
 
 ADAMS, BENJAMIN, died at Uxbridge March 
 28, 1837, aged 72. A graduate of Brown univer 
 sity in 1788, he was a lawyer, and a member of 
 Congress from 1816 to 1821; a man of integrity 
 and worth, and much respected. 
 
 ADAMS, JOHN W., presbyterian minister, died 
 at Syracuse March 4, 1850, aged 54. He was 
 the son of Rev. Roger A., of Conn., and Avas 
 settled over the first church Dec. 14, 1824. The 
 church members were three hundred and sixty- 
 five in number. 
 
 ADAMS, NEWTON, M. D., missionary among 
 the Zulus in S. Africa, died Sept. 16, 1851, aged 
 47. Born in East Bloomfield, X. Y., he decided 
 to become a missionary in 1834, and went out as 
 a physician ; but was ordained in 1844. He was 
 one of the six men, who with their wives sailed 
 
14 
 
 ADAMS. 
 
 from Boston in Dec., 1834, to lay the foundation 
 of the Zulu mission. 
 
 ADAMS, CHARLES BAKER, died at St. Thomas 
 of the fever Jan. 19, 1853, aged 38. He was 
 professor at Amhcrst college of zoology and as 
 tronomy from 1847, and had been professor of 
 chemistry and natural history at Middlcbury. 
 He published Ileports as State geologist of Ver 
 mont, and a work with Prof. Gray on geology. 
 Some of his writings on zoology are in the annals 
 of the Lyceum of Natural History of Xew York. 
 
 ADAMS, ZABDIEL BOYLSTON, M. D., died in 
 Boston Jan. 25, 185-5, aged 62. Born in Rox- 
 bury, he graduated in 1813, and was a skilful and 
 beloved physician. 
 
 ADDLXGTOX, ISAAC, secretary of the proA-- 
 incc of Massachusetts, died at Boston March 19, 
 1715, aged 70 years. His father was Isaac ; his 
 mother was Anne, daughter of elder Thomas 
 Leverett, sister of Gov. L. ; his sister Rebecca 
 married Capt. E. Davenport; his sister Sarah 
 married Col. Penn Townscnd. He sustained a 
 high character for talents and learning, and for 
 integrity and diligence in his public services. He 
 was secretary more than twenty years, and for 
 many years a magistrate and member of the 
 council, elected by the people ; and was also some 
 times "useful in practicing physic and chirurgery." 
 lie was singularly meek and humble and disinter 
 ested. In his family he was a daily worshipper 
 of God. The religion, which he professed, gave 
 him peace, as he went down to the dead. 
 Wadswortlis Funeral Serm. ; Hutchinson,!. 414; 
 II. 212. 
 
 ADDIS, ASA, chief justice of Vt., died at St. 
 Albans Oct. 15, 1847, aged 77. He was a grad 
 uate of Brown university. 
 
 ADDISOX, ALEXANDER, a distinguished lawyer, 
 died at Pittsburg, Pcnn., Nov. 24, 1807, aged 48. \ 
 In the office of a judge for twelve years he was a 
 luminous expounder of the law, prompt and im 
 partial, and never was there an appeal from his j 
 judgment. His various powerful talents and ex 
 tensive learning were displayed in numerous writ 
 ings, which evinced not only a cogency in reason 
 ing, but a classic purity of style, and a uniform 
 regard to the interests of virtue. He was dis 
 interested, generous, beneficent. He published 
 observations on Gallatin s speech, 1798; analysis 
 of report of committee of Virginia Assembly, 
 1800; reports in Pcnns. 1800. 
 
 ADRAIX, ROBERT, LL. I)., died at Xew | 
 Brunswick, X. J., Aug. 10, 1843, aged 68. A ! 
 native of Ireland, he came to this country with j 
 Emmet. He was professor of mathematics at j 
 Rutgers college, also at Columbia college. 
 
 AGATE, FREDERICK S., died at Xew York in 
 May, 1844, aged 37; an historical painter of con 
 siderable reputation among American artists. 
 
 AHvEX, DANIEL, died at Wcxford, Canada 
 
 ALDEX. 
 
 West, in Jan., 1847, aged 120. He was seven 
 times married : his grandchildren Avere 370 boys 
 and 200 girls. 
 
 AITKEX, ROBERT, a printer in Philadelphia, 
 came to this country in 1769, and died July, 1802, 
 aged 68. For his attachment to American liberty, 
 he was thrown into prison by the British. Among 
 his publications were a magazine, an edition of the 
 Bible, and the transactions of the Amer. Phil. 
 Soc. He was the author, it is believed, of an 
 inquiry concerning the principles of a commercial 
 system for the United States, 1787. Jane Aitken, 
 his daughter, continued the business ; she printed 
 Thompson s Septuagint. Thomas, II. 77. 
 
 AKERLY, SAMUEL, M. D., died at Staten 
 Island July 6, 1845, aged 60. He studied with his 
 brother-in-law, Mitchell, and contributed largely 
 to medical and scientific journals. He was one 
 of the founders of the institutions for the deaf 
 and dumb, and the blind. 
 
 ALBERT, PIERRE ANTONIE, rector of the 
 French Protestant Episcopal Church in Xew 
 York, was the descendant of a highly respectable 
 family in Lausanne, Switzerland. Being invited 
 to take the charge of the church in the city 
 of Xew York, which was founded by the perse 
 cuted Huguenots after the revocation of the edict 
 of Xantes, he commenced his labors July 26, 
 1797, and died July 12, 1806, aged 40. He was 
 an accomplished gentleman, an erudite scholar, a 
 profound theologian, and a most eloquent preacher. 
 A stranger, of unobtrusive manners and invincible 
 modesty, he led a very retired life. His worth, 
 however, could not be concealed. He was es 
 teemed and beloved by all his acquaintance. 
 Massachusetts Missionary Magazine, iv. 78. 
 
 ALDEX, JOHN, a magistrate of Plymouth 
 colony, was one of the first company which settled 
 Xew England. He arrived in 16CO, and his life 
 was prolonged till Sept. 12, 1687, when he died, 
 aged about 89 years. When sent by his friend, 
 Capt. Standish, to make for him proposals of 
 marriage to Priscilla Mullins, the lady said to 
 him, "Prithee, John, why do you not speak for 
 yourself ? " This intimation of preference from 
 the lips of one of the Pilgrim beauties was not 
 to be overlooked. Priscilla became his wife. He 
 was a very worthy and useful man, of great hu 
 mility and eminent piety. He was an assistant 
 in the administration of every governor for many 
 years. A professed disciple of Jesus Christ, he 
 lived in accordance with his profession. In his 
 last illness he was patient and resigned, fully be 
 lieving that God, who had imparted to him the 
 love of excellence, would perfect the work, which 
 he had begun, and would render him completely 
 holy in heaven. 
 
 ALDEX, JOHN, died at Middlcborough, in 
 1821, aged 102; the great grandson of J. A., of 
 the Mavflower. 
 
ALDEN. 
 
 ALEXANDER 
 
 15 
 
 ALDEX, JUDAII, died at Duxbury March 2, 
 1845, aged 94. He was a patriot and officer of 
 the Revolution, and president of the Cincinnati. 
 
 ALDEX, SETH, died at Titicut Feb. 22, 1855, 
 aged 83 ; a descendant of John Alden, the young 
 est of nineteen children. 
 
 ALDEX, TIMOTHY, a descendant of John Al 
 den, was graduated at Harvard college in 1762, 
 and settled Dec. 13, 17G9, at Yarmouth, Mass., 
 where he died Nov. 13, 1828, aged 91 years. 
 For more than half a century he was a faithful 
 laborer in the cause of religion. His people, in 
 their affection to him, gave him a comfortable 
 support for years after he had ceased to teach 
 them. He published a dedication sermon, 1795. 
 
 ALDEX, TIMOTHY, I). D., son of the pre 
 ceding, died at Pittsburg July 5, 1839, aged G8. 
 He was a graduate of Harvard in 1794, a minis 
 ter in Portsmouth, and president of Allcghany 
 college at Meadville. lie published a sermon on 
 the death of Washington, 1800; account of socie 
 ties in Portsmouth, 1808 ; a century sermon, 1811 ; 
 Xcw Jersey Register, 1811 ; collection of epitaphs, 
 5 vols., 1814; Alleghany Magazine, 1816. 
 
 ALDEX, ICHABOD, colonel, was killed by the 
 Indians at Cherry Valley in Xov., 1778. He 
 commanded a Massachusetts regiment in the war. 
 He was the descendant of John Alden ; and a son 
 of Samuel, of Duxbury, who died in 1780, aged 93. 
 
 ALDEX, ROGER, major, an officer of the Revo 
 lution, died at West Point Xov. 5, 1836, aged 88. 
 
 ALEXAXDER, an Indian, was the son and 
 successor of Massassoit, and brother of King 
 Philip. His Indian name was Wamsutta. He 
 received his English name in 1656. Being sus 
 pected of conspiring with the Xarragansetts 
 against the English, he was captured by surprise, 
 by Major Winslowin 1662, and carried to Marsh- 
 field. The indignant sachem fell sick of a fever ,- 
 and was allowed to return, under a pledge of ap 
 pearing at the next court ; but he died on his 
 way. Judge Davis gives a minute account of 
 this affair. Dr. Holmes places the occurrence in 
 1657. Davis Morton, 287; Holmes, I. 308. 
 
 ALEXAXDER, JAMES, secretary of the prov 
 ince of Xew York, and many years one of the 
 council, arrived in the colony in 1715. He was a 
 Scotch gentleman, who was bred to the law. 
 Gov. Burnett was particularly attached to him. 
 Though not distinguished for his talents as a 
 public speaker, he was at the head of his pro 
 fession for sagacity and penetration. Eminent 
 for Iris knowledge, he was also communicative 
 and easy of access. By honest practice and un 
 wearied application to business, he acquired a 
 great estate. He died in the beginning of 
 1756. Smith s New York, 152. 
 
 ALEXAXDER, WILLIAM, commonly called 
 Lord Stirling, a major-general in the American 
 army, was a native of the city of New York, the 
 
 son of the secretary, James Alexander, but spent 
 a considerable part of his life in Xew Jersey. 
 He was considered by many as the rightful heir 
 to the title and estate of an earldom in Scotland, 
 of which country his father was a native ; and 
 although, when he went to Xorth Britain in pur 
 suit of this inheritance, he failed of obtaining an 
 acknowledgment of his claim by government, yet 
 among his friends and acquaintances he received 
 by courtesy the title of Lord Stirling. He dis 
 covered an early fondness for the study of mathe 
 matics and astronomy, and attained great emi 
 nence in these sciences. 
 
 In the battle on Long Island Aug. 27, 1776, 
 he was taken prisoner, after having secured to a 
 large part of the detachment an opportunity to 
 escape by a bold attack with four hundred men 
 upon a corps under Lord Cornwallis. His at 
 tachment to Washington was proved in the latter 
 part of 1777, by transmitting to him an account 
 of the disaffection of Gen. Conway to the com- 
 mander-in-chief. In the letter he said : " Such 
 wicked duplicity of conduct I shall always think 
 it my duty to detect." He died at Albany Jan. 
 15, 1783, aged 57 years. He was a brave, dis 
 cerning, and intrepid officer. He married Sarah, 
 daughter of Philip Livingston. His eldest daugh 
 ter, Mary, married John Watts, of a wealthy 
 family in Xew York. He published a pamphlet, 
 "The conduct of Maj.-Gen. Shirley briefly stated." 
 Miller, II. 390; Holmes, II. 247; Marshall, 
 in. Note No v. 
 
 ALEXAXDER, NATHANIEL, governor of 
 Xorth Carolina, was graduated at Princeton in 
 
 1776, and after studying medicine entered the 
 army. At the close of the war he resided at the 
 High Hills of Santee, pursuing his profession, 
 and afterwards at Mecklenburg. While he held 
 a seat in Congress, the Legislature elected him 
 governor in 1806. He died at Salisbury March 
 8, 1808, aged 52. In all his public stations he 
 discharged his duty with ability and firmness. 
 Charleston Courier, March 23. 
 
 ALEXAXDER, CALEB, I). D., a native of 
 Xorthfield, Mass., and a graduate of Yale in 
 
 1777, was ordained at Xew Marlborough, Mass., 
 in 1781, and dismissed in 1782. He was again 
 settled at Mendon,and dismissed in 1803. After 
 an ineffectual attempt to establish a college at 
 Fairfield, State of Xew York, he took the charge 
 of the academy at Onondaga Hollow, where he 
 died in April, 1828. He published an essay on 
 the deity of Jesus Christ, with strictures on Em- 
 lyn, 1791; a Latin grammar, 1794; an English 
 grammar, and grammar elements. History of 
 Berkshire, 293. 
 
 ALEXAXDER, ARCHIBALD, D. D., professor 
 of theology at Princeton, was the descendant of a 
 Scotch-Irish family, which came over about 1736 
 and settled in the great valley of Virginia; and 
 
16 
 
 ALFOHD. 
 
 was the son of William A. lie died Oct. 22, 
 1851, aged 79. About 1801 lie was president of 
 Hampdcn Sidney college, and married Janetta, 
 daughter of Rev." Dr. Waddel, of LotuVa county, 
 Va. In 1806 he succeeded Dr. Milledoler in Tine 
 street church in Phila. In 1812 he became the 
 professor of theology in the new seminary at 
 Princeton. Dr. Miller came in Dec., 1813. He 
 remained with honor in this important station 
 until his death. He left six sons and a daughter; 
 three were ministers, two lawyers, one a physician. 
 His brother, Maj. John A., who served in the war 
 of 1812, died at Lexington in 1853. 
 
 He published a sermon at Philadelphia, 1808; 
 on the burning of the theatre, 1811; missionary, 
 1813; inaugural; Christian evidences, 1825; canon 
 of Bible; to young men, 1826; on Sunday schools, 
 1829; growth in grace; before Amer. Board, 
 1829; hymns, selected, 1831; on pastoral office; 
 lives of patriarchs; history of Israel; house of 
 God; the people of God led, 1842; at Washing 
 ton college, 1843; sketches in regard to the log 
 college, 1845; history of colonization ; outlines of 
 moral science ; introd. to Henry, Bates, Jay, and 
 Watcrbury; practical sermons; letters to the 
 aged ; counsels to the young ; against Universal- 
 ism; compend of Bible truth; on experience; 
 life of Baxter ; of Melville ; of Knox ; way of 
 salvation, with various other tracts, as on justifica 
 tion by faith; the day of judgment; and the 
 misery of the lost. His life by his son, Dr. J. 
 W. A., was published in 1854 by C. Scribner, N. 
 York. 
 
 ALFORD, ABIGAIL, died at Northampton Aug. 
 26, 1756, aged 102. 
 
 ALICE, a slave, died in Bristol, Penn., in 1802, 
 aged 116. She was born in Philadelphia, which 
 place she remembered as chiefly a wilderness 
 inhabited by Indians. For forty years she was 
 employed in ferrying. She retained her hearing, 
 but was blind at the age of one hundred ; though 
 her sight was gradually restored. Her hair be 
 came white. Unable to read, she loved to have 
 the Bible read to her. A worthy member of the 
 Episcopal church, she anticipated the happiness of 
 dwelling in the presence of her Saviour. 
 
 ALFORD, JOHN, founder of the professorship 
 of natural religion, moral philosophy, and civil 
 polity in Harvard college, died at Charlestown 
 Sept. 29, 1761, aged 75. He had been a member 
 of the council. His executors determined the 
 particular objects, to which his bequest for charit 
 able uses should be applied, and divided it 
 equally between Harvard college, Princeton col 
 lege, and the society for the propagation of the 
 Gospel among the Indians. To the latter 10,6 
 dollars were paid in 1787. Levi Frisbie was the 
 first Alford professor. 
 
 ALLEN, Jonx, first minister of Dcdham, 
 Mass., was born in England in 1596, and was 
 
 ALLEN. 
 
 driven from his native land during the persecution 
 of the Puritans. He had been for a number of 
 years a faithful preacher of the Gospel. Soon 
 after he arrived in New England, he was settled 
 pastor of the church in Dedham April 24, 1639. 
 Here he continued till his death Aug. 26, 1671, 
 aged 74. He was a man of great meekness and 
 humility, and of considerable distinction in his 
 day. Mr. Cotton speaks of him with respect in 
 his preface to Norton s answer to Apollonius. 
 He published a defence of the nine positions, in 
 which, with Mr. Shepard of Cambridge, he dis 
 cusses the .points of church discipline ; and a 
 defence of the Synod of 1662, against Mr. 
 Chauncy, under the title of Animadversions upon 
 the Antisynodalia, 4to, 1664. This work is pre 
 served in the New England library. The last 
 two sermons, which he preached, were printed 
 after his death. Magnolia, in. 132; Prenliss 
 Funeral Sermon on Haven. 
 
 ALLEN, THOMAS, minister of Charlestown, was 
 born at Norwich in England, in 1608, and was 
 educated at Cambridge. He was afterwards min 
 ister of St. Edmond s in Norwich, but was 
 silenced by bishop Wren, about the year 1636, for 
 refusing to read the book of sports and conform 
 to other impositions. In 1638 he fled to New 
 England, and was the same year installed in 
 Charlestown, where he was a faithful preacher of 
 the Gospel till about 1651, when he returned to 
 Norwich, and continued the exercise of his minis 
 try till 1662. He afterwards preached to his 
 church on all occasions, that offered, till his death, 
 Sept. 21, 1673, aged 65. He was a very pious 
 man, greatly beloved, and an able, practical 
 preacher. 
 
 He published an imitation to thirsty sinners to 
 come to their Saviour ; the way of the Spirit in 
 bringing souls to Christ ; the glory of Christ set 
 forth, with the necessity of faith, in several ser 
 mons ; a chain of Scripture chronology from the 
 creation to the death of Christ, in seven periods. 
 This was printed in 1658, and was regarded as a 
 very learned and useful work. It is preserved in 
 the New England library, established by Mr. 
 Prince, by whom the authors quoted in the book 
 arc written in the beginning of it in his own 
 hand. Mr. Allen wrote also, with Mr. Shepard, in 
 1645, a preface to a treatise on liturgies, &c. com 
 posed by the latter. He contends, that only 
 visible saints and believers should be received to 
 communion. Magnal. III. 215 ; Nonconformists 
 Memorial,!. 254; in. 11, 12. 
 
 ALLEN, MATTHEW, one of the first settlers of 
 Connecticut, came to this country with Mr. Hooker 
 in 1632, and become a landholder in Cambridge, 
 in the records of which town his lands and houses 
 are described. He accompanied Mr. Hooker to 
 Hartford in 1636, and was a magistrate. In the 
 charter of 1662 he is named as one of the com- 
 
ALLEN. 
 
 ALLEN. 
 
 17 
 
 pany. His public services were various. In 1664 
 he is called Mr. Allen, senior. He might have 
 been the father of John. There was, however, a 
 Mr. Matthew Allen, a magistrate, in 1710 ; another 
 of the same name in Windsor, in 1732. Trum- 
 bell gives the name Allen; but Mather wrote 
 Allyn. 
 
 ALLEN, JOIEV, secretary of the colony of 
 Connecticut, was chosen a magistrate under the 
 charter in 1662 and treasurer in 1663. He was 
 on the committee, with Matthew Allen and John 
 Talcott, respecting the union with New Haven in 
 1663. He appears to have been secretary as 
 early as Dec., 1664 ; Joseph Allen had been sec 
 retary before him. He was also secretary in 1683 
 and on the committee respecting the boundary of 
 New York. The time of his death is not known. 
 One of his name was magistrate as late as 1709. 
 The history of the Pequot war, given by Increase 
 Mather in his Relation in 1677, w 7 as not written 
 by Mr. Allen, as Judge Davis erroneously sup 
 poses, but merely communicated by him to Mr. 
 Mather. Davis Morton, 196; Prince s Introd. 
 to Mason s Hist. 
 
 ALLEN, JAMES, minister in Boston, came to 
 this country in 1662, recommended by Mr. Good 
 win. He had been a fellow of New college, 
 Oxford. He was at this time a young man, and 
 possessed considerable talents. He was very 
 pleasing to many of the church in Boston, and an 
 attempt was made to settle him as assistant to 
 Mr. Wilson and Mr. Norton. He was ordained 
 teacher of the first church Dec. 9, 1668, as 
 colleague with Mr. Davenport, who was at the 
 same time ordained pastor. After the death of 
 Mr. Davenport, he had for his colleague Mr. 
 Oxcnbridge, and after his decease Mr. Wadsworth. 
 
 In 1669 seventeen ministers published their 
 testimony against the conduct of Mr. Allen and 
 Mr. Davenport in relation to the settlement of 
 the latter. They were charged with communica 
 ting parts only of letters from the church of New 
 Haven to the church of Boston, by which means, 
 it was said, the church was deceived ; but they in 
 defence asserted, that the letters retained did not 
 represent things differently from what had been 
 stated. The whole colony was interested in the 
 controversy between the first and the new, or third 
 church. At length the General Court, in 1670, 
 declared the conduct of those churches and elders, 
 who assisted in establishing the third church, to 
 be illegal and disorderly. At the next session, 
 however, as there was a change of the members 
 of the General Court, the censure was taken off. 
 It seems, the act of censure was expressed in lan 
 guage very intemperate, and invasion of the rights 
 of churches and assumption of prelatical power 
 were declared in it to be among the prevailing 
 evils of the day. The charge was so general, and 
 it threatened to operate so unfavorably on religion, 
 
 that a number of the very ministers, who had 
 published their testimony against the elders of 
 the first church, wrote an address to the court, 
 representing the intemperate nature of the vote ; 
 and it was in consequence revoked, and the new 
 church was exculpated. Mr. Allen died Sept. 
 22, 1710, aged 78 years. His sons were James, 
 John, and Jeremiah, born in 1670, 1672, and 
 1673. The last was chosen treasurer of the prov 
 ince in 1715. 
 
 He published healthful diet, a sermon ; New 
 England s choicest blessings, an election sermon, 
 1679 ; serious advice to delivered ones ; man s 
 self-reflection a means to further his recovery 
 from his apostasy from God ; and two practical 
 discourses. Hutchinson s Hist, of Mass. I. 173, 
 222, 225, 270 ; Collections of the Hist. Society, 
 IX. 173 ; Calami/. 
 
 ALLEN, SAMUEL, a merchant of London, pro 
 prietor of a part of New Hampshire, made the 
 purchase of the heirs of Mason in 1691. The 
 territory included Portsmouth and Dover, and 
 extended sixty miles from the sea. The settlers 
 resisting his claims, a perplexing litigation fol 
 lowed. In the midst of it Mr. Allen died at 
 Newcastle May 5, 1705, aged 69. He sustained 
 an excellent character. Though attached to the 
 church of England, he attended the Congregational 
 meeting. His son, Thomas Allen of London, 
 continued the suit. The final verdict was against 
 him, in 1707, in the case, Allen vs. Waldron; 
 he appealed, yet his death in 1715, before the 
 appeal was heard, put an end to the suit. The 
 principal reliance of the defendant w as on the 
 Indian deed to Wheelright of 1629. This Mr. 
 Savage has satisfactorily show r n to be a forgery of 
 a later date. If so, it would seem, that the 
 Aliens were wrongfully dispossessed of a valuable 
 province. Belknap s N. II. I. ; Savage s Win- 
 tlirop, I. 405 ; N. H. Coll. II. 137. 
 
 ALLEN, JAMES, first minister of Brookline, 
 Mass., was a native of Roxbury, and was gradua 
 ted at Harvard college in 1710. He was ordained 
 Nov. 5, 1718, and after a ministry of twenty-eight 
 years died of a lingering consumption Feb. 18, 
 1747, aged 55 years, with the reputation of a 
 pious and judicious divine. His successors were 
 Cotton Brown from 1748 to 1751; Nathaniel 
 Potter from 1755 to 1759; Joseph Jackson from 
 1760 to 1796 ; and John Pierce from 1797 to 1849. 
 In July, 1743, he gave his attestation to the revival 
 of religion, which took place throughout the 
 country, and made known the success, which had 
 attended his own exertions in Brookline. Almost 
 every person in his congregation was impressed 
 in some degree with the important concerns of 
 another world, and he could no more doubt, he 
 said, that there was a remarkable work of God, 
 than he could, that there was a sun in the 
 heavens. Afterwards, from peculiar circumstances, 
 
18 
 
 ALLEN. 
 
 ALLEN. 
 
 perhaps from the apostasy of some, who had ap 
 peared strong in the faith, he was led to speak 
 of this revival " unadvisedly with his lips." This 
 produced an alienation among some of his former 
 friends. In his last hours he had a hope, which 
 he would not part with, as he said, for a thousand 
 worlds. 
 
 He published a thanksgiving sermon, 1722 ; a 
 discourse on Providence, 1727 ; the doctrine of 
 merit exploded, and humility recommended, 1727 ; 
 a fast sermon, on the earthquake, 1727 ; a sermon 
 to young men, 1731 ; a sermon on the death of 
 S. Aspinwall, 1733; an election sermon, 1744. 
 Pierce s Cent. Discourse; Christian Hist. I. 
 394. 
 
 ALLEN, JAMES, member of the House of 
 Representatives of Massachusetts a number of 
 years, and a councillor, was graduated at Harvard 
 college in 1717, and died Jan. 8, 1755, aged 57. 
 
 In the beginning of 1749 he made a speech in 
 the House, censuring the conduct of the governor, 
 for which he was required to make an acknowl 
 edgment. As he declined doing this, the House 
 issued a precept for the choice of a new repre 
 sentative. When re-elected, he was not permitted 
 to take his seat ; but next year he took it, and 
 retained it till his death. Minofs Hist. Mass. 
 I. 104-107. 
 
 ALL EX, WILLIAM, the first minister of Green 
 land, N. II., died in 1760, aged 84. A graduate 
 of Harvard in 1703, and settled in 1707, he had 
 been a minister fifty-three years. Mr.JNIacClin- 
 tock became his colleague in 17,36. Before his 
 settlement the people of G., then a part of 
 Portsmouth, were accustomed to walk six or 
 eight miles to P. to meeting. 
 
 ALLEN, "WILLIAM, chief justice of Pennsyl 
 vania, was the son of William Allen, an eminent 
 merchant of Philadelphia, who died in 1725. 
 On the approach of the Revolution he retired to 
 England, where he died Sept., 1780. His wife 
 was a daughter of Andrew Hamilton, whom he 
 succeeded as recorder of Philadelphia in 1741. 
 He was much distinguished as a friend to litera 
 ture. He patronized Sir Benjamin West, the 
 painter. By his counsels and exertions Dr. 
 Franklin was much assisted in establishing the 
 college in Philadelphia. He published the 
 American crisis, London, 1774, in which he sug 
 gests a plan "for restoring the dependence of 
 America to a state of perfection." His principles 
 seem to have been not a little arbitrary. On his 
 resignation of the office of chief justice, to which 
 he had been appointed in 1750, he was succeeded, 
 till the Revolution, by Mr. Chew, attorney-general, 
 and Mr. Chew by his son, Andrew Allen. This 
 son died in London March 7, 1825, aged 85. At 
 the close of 177G he put himself under the 
 protection of Gen. Howe at Trenton, with his 
 brothers John and William. He had been a 
 
 member of Congress and of the Committee of 
 Safety; and William a lieutenant-colonel in the 
 continental service, but in 1778 he attempted to 
 raise a regiment of tories. Miller s Retrospect, 
 n. 352; Proud s Hist. of-Pcnnsylvania,ll. 188; 
 Amer. Remembrancer, 1777, p. 56. 
 
 ALLEN, HEXRY, a preacher in Nova Scotia, 
 was born at Newport, R. I., June 14, 1748, and 
 began to propagate some very singular sentiments, 
 about the year 1778. He was a man of good 
 capacity, though his mind had not been much 
 cultivated, and though he possessed a warm 
 imagination. He believed, that the souls of all 
 men arc emanations or parts of the one great 
 Spirit, and that they were present Avith our first 
 parents in Eden and participated in the first 
 transgression ; that our first parents in innocency 
 were pure spirits without material bodies ; that 
 the body will not be raised from the grave ; and 
 that the ordinances of the Gospel are matters of 
 indifference. The Scriptures, he contended, have 
 a spiritual meaning, and are not to be understood 
 in a literal sense. He died at the house of Rev. 
 I). M Clurc, Northampton, N. II., Eel). 2, 1784, 
 aud since his death his party has much declined. 
 He published a volume of hymns; and several 
 treatises and sermons. Adams View of Re 
 ligions , Benedict,!.. 282. 
 
 ALLEN, ETHAN, brigadier-general, was born 
 in 173.8, in Woodbury, Conn. His ancestor, 
 Nehcmiah, was a brother of Samuel, of North 
 ampton. His parents removed to Salisbury ; at 
 an early age he himself emigrated to Vermont. 
 At the commencement of the disturbances in this 
 territory about the year 1770 he took a most 
 active part in favor of the " Green Mountain Boys," 
 as the settlers were then called, in opposition to 
 the government of New York. An act of out 
 lawry against him was passed by this State, and 
 50 pounds were offered for his apprehension ; but 
 his party was too numerous and faithful to permit 
 him to be disturbed by any apprehensions for his 
 safety ; in all the struggles of the day he was 
 successful; and he not only proved a valuable 
 friend to thore, whose cause he had espoused, but 
 he was humane and generous towards those, with 
 whom he had to contend. When called to take 
 the field, he showed himself an able leader and 
 an intrepid soldier. 
 
 The news of the battle of Lexington deter 
 mined Col. Allen to engage on the side of his 
 country, and inspired him with the desire of 
 demonstrating his attachment to liberty by some 
 bold exploit. While his mind was in this state, a 
 plan for taking Ticonderoga and Crown Point by 
 surprise was formed by Capts. Edward Mott and 
 Noah Phelps, of Hartford, Conn. They marched 
 privately April 29th, with sixteen unarmed men. 
 Arriving at Pittsfield, the residence of Col. James 
 Easton and John Brown, Esq., they communicated 
 
ALLEN. 
 
 ALLEN. 
 
 19 
 
 the project to them and to Col. Ethan Allen, then 
 at Pittsfield. These gentlemen immediately en 
 gaged to co-operate and to raise men for the pur 
 pose. Of the Berkshire men and the " Green Moun 
 tain Boys " two hundred and thirty were collected, 
 under the command of Allen, and proceeded to 
 Castleton. Here he was unexpectedly joined 
 by Col. Arnold, who had been commissioned by 
 the Massachusetts committee to raise four hundred 
 men and effect the same object, which was now 
 about to be accomplished. As he had not raised 
 the men, he was admitted to act as an assistant to 
 Col. Allen. They reached the lake opposite 
 Ticonderoga Tuesday evening, May 9, 1775. 
 With the utmost difficulty boats were procured, 
 and eighty-three men were landed near the gar 
 rison. The approach of day rendering it danger 
 ous to wait for the rear, it was determined imme 
 diately to proceed. The commander-in-chief now 
 addressed his men, representing, that they had 
 been for a number of years a scourge to arbitrary 
 power, and famed for their valor, and concluded 
 with saying, " I now propose to advance before 
 you, and in person conduct you through the 
 wicket gate, and you, that will go with me volun 
 tarily in this desperate attempt, poise your fire 
 locks." At the head of the centre file he marched 
 instantly to the gate, where a sentry snapped his 
 gun at him and retreated through the covered 
 way ; he pressed forward into the fort, and formed 
 his men on the parade in such a manner as to 
 face two opposite barracks. Three huzzas awoke 
 the garrison. A sentry, who asked quarter, 
 pointed oat the apartments of the commanding 
 officer ; and Allen, with a drawn sword over the 
 head of Capt. De la Place, who was undressed, 
 demanded the surrender of the fort. " By what 
 authority do you demand it?" inquired the 
 astonished commander. " I demand it," said 
 Allen, " in the name of the great Jehovah and of 
 the Continental Congress." The summons could 
 not be disobeyed, and the fort, with its very 
 valuable stores and forty-nine prisoners, was im 
 mediately surrendered on May 10th. There 
 were from 112 to 120 iron cannon from 6 to 24 
 pounders, 2 brass cannon, 50 swivels, 2 mortars, 
 10 tons of musket balls, 3 cartloads of flints, 10 
 casks of powder, 30 new carriages, 100 stand of 
 small arms, 30 barrels of flour, and 18 barrels of 
 pork. Crown Point was taken the same day, and 
 the capture of a sloop of war soon afterwards 
 made Allen and his brave party complete masters 
 of Lake Champlain. May 18th, Arnold with 
 thirty-five men surprised the fort of St. John s in 
 Canada, taking fourteen prisoners, a sloop, and 
 two brass cannon. Allen, arriving the same day 
 with ninety men, resolved, against the advice of 
 Arnold, to attempt to hold the place. But he was 
 attacked the next day by a larger force from 
 Montreal, and compelled to retreat. In the fall 
 
 of 1775 lie was sent twice into Canada, to observe 
 the dispositions of the people, and attach them, 
 if possible, to the American cause. During tin s 
 last tour Col. Brown met him, and proposed an 
 attack on Montreal in concert. The proposal was 
 eagerly embraced, and Col. Allen, with one hun 
 dred and ten men, nearly eighty of whom were 
 Canadians, crossed the river in the night of Sept. 
 24. In the morning he waited with impatience 
 for the signal from Col. Brown, who agreed to co 
 operate with him ; but he waited in vain. He 
 made a resolute defence against an attack of five- 
 hundred men, and it was not till his own party 
 was reduced by desertions to the number of 
 thirty-one, and he had retreated near a mile, that 
 he surrendered. A moment afterwards a furious 
 savage rushed towards him, and presented his 
 firelock with the intent of killing him. It was 
 only by making use of the body of the officer, to 
 whom he had given his sword, as a shield, that he 
 escaped destruction. This rash attempt was made 
 without authority from Gen. Schuyler. He was 
 kept for some time in irons, and then sent to 
 England as a prisoner, being assured that the 
 halter would be the reward of his rebellion, when 
 he arrived there. On his passage, handcuffed 
 and fettered, he was shut up with his fellow 
 prisoners in the cable tier, a space twelve feet by 
 ten. After his arrival, about the middle of Decem 
 ber, he was lodged for a short time in Pcndennis 
 castle, near Falmouth. On the 8th of Jan., 1776, 
 he was put on board a frigate and by a circuitous 
 route carried to Halifax. Here he remained 
 confined in the gaol from June to October, when 
 he was removed to New York. During the pas 
 sage to tin s place, Capt. Burke, a daring prisoner, 
 proposed to kill the British captain and seize the 
 frigate ; but Col. Allen refused to engage in the 
 plot, and was probably the means of preserving 
 the life of Capt. Smith, who had treated him 
 very politely. He was kept at New York about a 
 year and a half, sometimes imprisoned, and some 
 times permitted to be on parole. While here, he 
 had an opportunity to observe the inhuman man 
 ner, in which the American prisoners were treated. 
 In one of the churches, in which they were 
 crowded, he saw seven lying dead at one time, and 
 others biting pieces of chips from hunger. He 
 calculated, that of the prisoners, taken at Long 
 Island and Fort Washington, near two thousand 
 perished by hunger and cold, or in consequence 
 of diseases occasioned by the impurity of their 
 prisons. 
 
 Col. Allen was exchanged for Col. Campbell 
 May 6, 1778, and after having repaired to head 
 quarters and offered his services to Gen. Wash 
 ington in case his health should be restored, he 
 returned to Vermont. His arrival, on the evening 
 of the last of May, gave his friends great joy, and 
 it was announced by the discharge of cannon. 
 
20 
 
 ALLEN. 
 
 As an expression of confidence in his patriotism 
 and military talents, he was very soon appointed 
 to the command of the State militia. It does not 
 appear, however, that his intrepidity was ever 
 again brought to the test, though his patriotism 
 was tried by an unsuccessful attempt of the 
 British to bribe him to effect a union of Vermont 
 with Canada. Sir II. Clinton wrote to Lord 
 Germaine, Feb., 1781, "There is every reason to 
 suppose, that Ethan Allen has quitted the rebel 
 cause." He died of apoplexy at his estate in 
 Colchester Feb. 13, 1789, aged 51. His first wife 
 was Mary Brownson of Itoxbury ; his second wife 
 was Frances, daughter of Col. Brush of the 
 British army, whom he met in Boston on his 
 return from his captivity in England. Her 
 mother was the daughter of James Calcraft, a 
 soldier and a schoolmaster, whose name is now 
 changed to Schoolcraft. After his death she 
 married Dr. Pcnniman of Colchester. The 
 names of the other children of Joseph, Ethan s 
 father, were Ileman, Lydia, Hebcr, Levi, Lucy, 
 Zimri, and Ira ; their mother s name was Remem 
 brance Baker. His daughter Pamela married E. 
 W. Keyes, Esq., in 1803. Another daughter 
 entered a nunnery in Canada. He had lived for 
 a time in Sunderland. It was his project to make 
 a* city, Vergennes, a mile square. His son, Capt. 
 Ethan A. Allen, formerly of the army, died at 
 Norfolk Jan. 6, 1855 ; his grandson, Col. Hitch 
 cock of the army, is said to resemble him. From 
 this likeness Kinncy s statue of him was framed. 
 
 Gen. Allen possessed strong powers of mind, 
 but they never felt the influence of education. 
 Though he was brave, humane, and generous, yet 
 his conduct does not seem to have been much 
 influenced by considerations respecting that holy 
 and merciful Being, whose character and whose 
 commands arc disclosed to us in the Scriptures. 
 His notions with regard to religion Avere such, as 
 to prove that they, who rather confide m their 
 own wisdom than seek instruction from heaven, 
 may embrace absurdities, which would disgrace the 
 understanding of a child. He believed, with 
 Pythagoras, that men after death would trans 
 migrate into beasts, birds, fishes, reptiles, etc., and 
 often informed his friends, that he himself ex 
 pected to live again in the form of a large white 
 horse. 
 
 Besides a number of pamphlets in the contro 
 versy with New York, he published in 1779 a 
 narrative of his observations during his captivity, 
 which was afterwards reprinted ; a vindication of 
 the opposition of the inhabitants of Vermont to 
 the government of New York, and their right to 
 form an independent State, 1779; and Allen s 
 theology, or the oracles of reason, 1786. Tin s 
 last work was intended to ridicule the doctrine of 
 Moses and the prophets. It would be unjust to 
 bring against it the charge of having effected 
 
 ALLEN. 
 
 great mischief in the Avorld, for few have had the 
 patience to read it. Allen s Narrative; Boston 
 Weekly Magazine, II. ; Holmes Annals, n. 207; 
 Williams Vermont; Chronicle, March 5, 1789; 
 Marshall s Wash., II. 203-; III. 24; Gordon, II. 
 13, 160; Graham s Vermont; Encyc. Amer. ; 
 Du ight s Travels, II. 409, 421 ; Amer. Eemenib., 
 1778, p. 50. 
 
 ALLEN, IRA, first secretary of Vermont, the 
 brother of Ethan, was born at Cornwall, Conn, 
 about 1752, and in early life co-operated with his 
 brother in the controversy between Vermont and 
 New York, being a lieutenant under him. He 
 also took an active part on the lakes in the war 
 of 1775. Being a member of the Legislature in 
 1776 and 1777, he was zealous in asserting the 
 independence of Vermont. In Dec., 1777, he 
 assisted in forming the constitution of Vermont; 
 and soon afterwards was nominated surveyor- 
 general and treasurer. He and Bradley and Fay 
 were commissioners to Congress for Vermont in 
 1780 and 1781. In the politic negotiations with 
 Canada in 1781, designed to protect the people 
 of the " New Hampshire grants " from invasion, 
 Mr. Allen and Jonas Fay were the principal 
 agents. In 1789 he drew up a memorial in favor 
 of the establishment of a college at Burlington. 
 Having risen to the rank of eldest major-general 
 of the militia, he proceeded to Europe in 
 Dec., 1795, to purchase arms, by the advice of the 
 governor, for the supply of the State, but as a 
 private speculation by the sale of his lands, of 
 which he asserted, that he and the heirs of Ethan 
 held nearly three hundred thousand acres. He 
 went to France and purchased of the French re 
 public twenty-four brass cannon and twenty 
 thousand muskets at twenty-five livres, expecting 
 to sell them at fifty, a part of which he shipped 
 at Ostend in the Olive Branch ; but he was cap 
 tured Nov. 9, 1796, and carried into England. A 
 litigation of eight years in the court of admiralty 
 followed. He Avas charged Avith the purpose of 
 supplying the Irish rebels Avith arms. In 1798 
 he Avas imprisoned in France. He returned to 
 America in 1801. At length he procured a 
 decision in his favor. His residence, when in 
 Vermont, was at Colchester; but he died at 
 Philadelphia Jan. 7, 1814, aged 62, leaving seA eral 
 children. He published the natural and political 
 history of Vermont, 1798, and statements appli 
 cable to the Olive Branch, Phila. 1807. Pub. 
 Char., 1802, p. 234-248; Holmes, II. 472; Amer. 
 Eememb., 1782, p. 351, Part II. 74. 
 
 ALLEN, TIMOTHY, died at Chesterfield Jan. 
 12, 1806, aged 91. He Avas a minister of note in 
 his day. A graduate of Yale in 1736, he Avas 
 ordained at West IlaA en in 1738, and dismissed 
 in 1742. In the time of Mr. "Whitfield he was a 
 zealous preacher, as mentioned by Trumbull. 
 His second settlement was at Ashford ; his last at 
 
ALLEN. 
 
 Chesterfield. He published a sermon at his in 
 stallation, Ashford, 1761; answer to Pilate s ques 
 tion; the main point, 1166. 
 
 ALLEN, MOSES, minister of Midway, Ga., and 
 a distinguished friend of his country, was born in 
 Northampton, Mass., Sept. 14, 1748. He was 
 educated at the college in New Jersey, where he 
 was graduated in 1772 ; and was licensed by the 
 Presbytery of New Brunswick Feb. 1, 1774, and 
 recommended by them as an ingenious, prudent, 
 pious man. In his journal of this year he speaks 
 of passing a few days in December, at his earnest 
 request, with his friend, James Madison, in Vir 
 ginia, at the house of his father, Col. Madison, 
 and of preaching repeatedly at the court house, 
 and of being solicited to pass the winter there. 
 In March following he preached first at Christ s 
 church parish, about twenty miles from Charleston, 
 in South Carolina. Here he was ordained 
 March 16, 1775, by Mr. Zubly, Mr. Edmonds, and 
 William Tcnnent. He preached his farewell ser 
 mon in this place June 8, 1777, and was soon 
 afterwards established at Midway, to which place 
 he had been earnestly solicited to remove. 
 
 The British army from Florida under Gen. 
 Prevost dispersed his society in 1778, and burned 
 the meeting house, almost every dwelling house, 
 and the crops of rice then in stacks. In Decem 
 ber, when Savannah was reduced by the British 
 troops, he was taken prisoner. The continental 
 officers were sent to Sunbury on parole, but Mr. 
 Allen, who was chaplain to the Georgia brigade, 
 was denied that privilege. His warm exhorta 
 tions from the pulpit and his animated exertions 
 in the field exposed him to the particular resent 
 ment of the British. They sent him on board the 
 prison ships. Wearied with a confinement of a 
 number of weeks in a loathsome place, and seeing 
 no prospect of relief, he determined to attempt 
 the recovery of his liberty by throwing himself 
 into the river and swimming to an adjacent 
 point ; but he was drowned in the attempt on the 
 evening of Feb. 8, 1779, aged 30. His body was 
 washed on a neighboring island, and was found 
 by some of his friends. They requested of the 
 captain of a British vessel some boards to make 
 a coffin, but could not procure them. 
 
 Mr. Allen, notwithstanding his clerical function, 
 appeared among the foremost in the day of battle, 
 and on all occasions sought the post of danger as 
 the post of honor. The friends of independence 
 admired him for his popular talents, his courage, 
 and his many virtues. The enemies of indepen 
 dence could accuse him of nothing more, than a 
 vigorous exertion of all his powers in defending 
 the rights of his injured country. He Avas 
 eminently a pious man. Ramsay, II. 6; Hist. 
 Coll. IX. 157 ; Allen s Ser. on M. Allen ; Hart. 
 
 ALLEN, THOMAS, brother of the preceding 
 and first minister of Pittsfield, Mass., was born 
 
 ALLEN. 
 
 21 
 
 Jan. 17, 1743, at Northampton, of which town 
 his great-grandfather, Samuel, was one of the first 
 settlers, receiving a grant of land from the town 
 Dec. 17, 1657. In the records of the town the 
 name is written variously, Allen, Allin, Allyn, and 
 Alyn. His grandfather, Samuel, who died in 
 1739, was a deacon of the church, of which 
 Jonathan Edwards was pastor. His father, 
 Joseph, who died Dec. 30, 1779, and his mother, 
 Elizabeth Parsons,, who died Jan. 10, 1800, both 
 eminent for piety, were the steady friends of Mr. 
 Edwards during the popular commotion, which 
 caused the removal of that excellent minister. 
 The church records commend her character, and 
 say, she assisted at the birth of three thousand 
 children. 
 
 Through the bequest of an uncle of his father, 
 Mr. Thomas Allen, who died in 1754, Mr. 
 Allen was educated at Harvard college, where he 
 was graduated in 1762, being ranked among the 
 best classical scholars of the day. 
 
 After studying theology under the direction of 
 Mr. Hooker of Northampton, Mr. Allen was 
 ordained April 18, 17G4, the first minister of Pitts- 
 field, so named in honor of William Pitt, then 
 a frontier town, in which a garrison had been 
 kept during the French war. The Indian name 
 of the place was Pontoosuc. At the time of his 
 settlement there were in Pittsfield but half a 
 dozen houses not made of logs. He lived to see 
 it a rich and beautiful town, containing nearly 
 three thousand inhabitants. During a ministry 
 of forty-six years he was unwearied in dispensing 
 the glorious Gospel. Besides his stated labors on 
 the Sabbath, he frequently delivered lectures, and 
 in the course of his life preached six or seven 
 hundred funeral sermons. In the early part of 
 his ministry he also occasionally preached in the 
 neighboring towns, not then supplied with settled 
 ministers. 
 
 The same benevolence, which awakened his 
 zeal in guiding men in the way to heaven, made 
 him desirous of rendering them happy also in 
 this world. His charities to the poor excited 
 their gratitude and rendered his religious instruc 
 tions the more effectual. His house was the seat 
 of hospitality. Towards other denominations of 
 Christians, though strict in his own principles, he 
 was yet exemplarily candid, neither believing that 
 true piety was confined to his own sect, nor that 
 gentleness and forbearance were useless in the 
 attempt to reclaim men from error. At the com 
 mencement of the American Revolution, like 
 most of his brethren, he engaged warmly in the 
 support of the rights and independence of his 
 country, for he believed, that the security and per 
 manence of the best of earthly enjoyments, as 
 well as the progress of genuine religion, were in 
 timately connected with public liberty. Twice he 
 went out as a volunteer chaplain for a short 
 
22 
 
 ALLEN. 
 
 time; from Oct. 3 to Nov. 23, 1776, ho was 
 absent from home, with the army at White 
 Plains, near New York, and in June and July, 
 1777, he was at Ticonderoga. On the retreat of 
 St. Clair before Burgoyne he returned home. 
 But the next month, when a detachment from 
 Burgoyne s troops under the command of Col. 
 Baum had penetrated to the neighborhood of 
 Bennington, and threatened to desolate the coun 
 try, he accompanied the volunteer militia of 
 rittsficld, who marched to repel the invasion. 
 Previously to the assault of a particular intrench- 
 ment, which was filled with refugees, he deemed 
 it his duty to advance towards the enemy and 
 exhort them to surrender, assuring them of good 
 treatment, in a voice distinctly heard by them ; 
 but being fired upon, he rejoined the militia, and 
 was among the foremost, who entered the breast 
 work. His exertions and example contributed 
 somewhat to the triumph of that day, August 
 16th, which checked the progress of the British 
 and led to the capture of Burgoyne. After the 
 battle he found a Hessian surgeon s horse, loaded 
 with panniers of bottles of wine. The wine he 
 administered to the wounded and the weary ; but 
 two large square white glass bottles he carried 
 home with him, as trophies of his campaign of 
 three or four days. During the rebellion of 
 Shays, which extended to the county of Berk 
 shire, Mr. Allen supported the authority of the 
 established government of Massachusetts. The 
 insurgents at one period threatened to seize him 
 and carry him as a hostage into the State of New 
 York. But in his intrepidity he was not to be 
 shaken from his purpose and his duty. He slept 
 with arms in his bedroom, ready to defend him 
 self against the violence of lawless men. In the 
 new political controversy, which sprung up after 
 the adoption of the federal constitution, Mr. Al 
 len s principles attached him to what was called 
 the Democratic or Republican party. Among his 
 parishioners were some, who were tories in the 
 revolutionary war and who remembered with no 
 good will the zeal of their whig minister ; others 
 were furious politicians, partaking fully of the 
 malevolent spirit of the times, intent on accom 
 plishing their object, though with the weapons 
 of obloquy and outrage. " During the presidency 
 of Mr. Jefferson," says the history of Berkshire, 
 " that spirit of political rancor, that infected every 
 class of citizens in this country, arraying fathers, 
 brothers, sons, and neighbors against each other, 
 entered even the sanctuary of the church. A 
 number of Mr. Allen s church and congregation 
 withdrew, and were incorporated by the legisla 
 ture into a separate parish in 1808 ; thus present 
 ing to the world the ridiculous spectacle of a church 
 divided on party politics and known by the party 
 names of the day." This division was, however, 
 healed in a few years ; though not until after the 
 
 ALLEN. 
 
 death of him, whose last days were thus em 
 bittered, as well as by domestic afflictions in the 
 loss of his eldest son and daughter. 
 
 In Mr. Allen the strength of those affections, 
 which constitute the charm of domestic and social 
 life, was remarkable ; giving indeed peculiar 
 poignancy to the arrows of affliction, but also 
 swelling in a high degree the amount of good, 
 found in the pilgrimage of the earth. 
 
 After the death of his brother Moses Allen in 
 1779, he took a journey on horseback to Savan 
 nah, out of regard to the welfare of the widow and 
 her infant son, whom, while the war was raging at 
 the south, he placed for a time in a happy refuge 
 at his house. Mr. Allen s first-born daughter, 
 who married William P. White of Boston, died 
 in London, leaving an infant, unprotected by any 
 relatives, her husband being then in the East 
 Indies. Though the child was left under the care 
 of a very respectable gentleman, who was con 
 nected with its father in large mercantile busi 
 ness, yet such was his solicitude for its welfare, 
 that in the year 1799 he encountered the dangers 
 of a voyage across the Atlantic and brought his 
 grandchild home to his own family. 
 
 He sailed in the ship Argo, Capt. Rich. On 
 the voyage many fears were awakened by a vessel 
 of force, which pursued the Argo, and was sup 
 posed to be a French ship. The idea of a prison 
 in France was by no means welcome. In the 
 expectation of a fight Mr. Allen obtained the 
 captain s consent to offer a prayer with the men 
 and to make an encouraging speech to them 
 before the action. The frigate proved to be 
 British ; and the deliverance was acknowledged in 
 a thanksgiving prayer. On his arrival at London 
 he was received with great kindness by his 
 friends, Mr. liobert Cowic and Mr. llobert Steel, 
 and was made acquainted with several of the dis 
 tinguished evangelical ministers of England ; 
 with Newton, and Ilawcis, and Rowland Hill, and 
 Bogue, and others, from whom he caught a pious 
 zeal for the promotion of foreign missions, which 
 on his return he diffused around him. He 
 regarded the London missionary society as the 
 most wonderful work of Divine Providence in 
 modern times. It appears from his journal, that 
 he was absent from Pittsfiekl from July 3d to 
 Dec. 30, 1799. His return passage was boisterous 
 and extended to the great length of eighty-five 
 days. Among other objects of curiosity, which 
 attracted his attention in London, he went to .see 
 the king, as he passed from St. James to the 
 parliament house in a coach, drawn by six cream- 
 colored horses. On this sight he recorded the 
 following reflections : " This is he, who desolated 
 my country ; who ravaged the American coasts ; 
 annihilated our trade ; burned our towns ; plun 
 dered our cities ; sent forth his Indian allies to 
 scalp our wives and children ; starved our youth 
 
ALLEN. 
 
 in his prison ships ; and caused the expenditure 
 of a hundred millions of money and a hundred 
 thousand of precious lives. Instead of being the 
 father of his people, he has been their destroyer. 
 May God forgive him so great guilt ! And yet he 
 is the idol of the people, who think, they cannot 
 live without him." In this journal he also re 
 corded with much confidence the following pre 
 diction : " This country will work the subversion 
 and ruin of the freedom and government of my 
 country, or my country will work the melioration 
 if not the renovation of this country." Late 
 events seem to prove, that the example of Ameri 
 can liberty has not been without a beneficial effect 
 in Great Britain. 
 
 His health had been declining for several years 
 before his death, and more than once he was 
 brought to the brink of the grave. For several 
 months he was unable to preach. He was fully 
 aware of his approaching dissolution, and the 
 prospects of eternity brightened, as he drew near 
 the close of life. Those precious promises, which 
 with peculiar tenderness he had often announced 
 to the sick and dying, were now his support. The 
 all-sufficient Saviour was his only hope ; and he 
 rested on him with perfect confidence. He was 
 desirous of departing, and was chiefly anxious, 
 lest he should be impatient, 
 
 KnoAving his dependence upon God, he contin 
 ually besought those, who were around his bed, 
 to pray for him. He took an affecting leave of 
 lu s family, repeating his pious counsels and be 
 stowing upon each one his valedictory blessing. 
 "When he was. reminded by a friend of his great 
 labors in the ministry, he disclaimed all merit for 
 what he had done, though he expressed his 
 belief, that he had plainly and faithfully preached 
 the Gospel. He forgave and prayed for his 
 enemies. When one of his children, a day or 
 two before his death, pressed him to take some 
 nourishment, or it would be impossible for him to 
 live, he replied, "Live? I am going to live 
 forever ! " He frequently exclaimed, " Come, 
 Lord Jesus ; come quickly." In the morning of 
 the Lord s day, Feb. 11, 1810, he fell asleep in 
 Jesus, in the GSth year of his age and the 46th 
 of his ministry. Among his children, who have 
 deceased since his departure, was one son, who 
 was a captain in service during the Avar of 1812. 
 Another, ])r. Elisha Lee Allen, officiated as sur 
 geon in the same Avar on the Niagara frontier, and 
 was retained on the peace establishment May, 
 1815. His account of the battle of ChippeAva 
 was published in the Boston Centinel Aug. 10, 
 1814. He died of the yclloAV fever at Pas 
 Christian, near New Orleans, Sept. 5, 1817. 
 Another son, Prof. Solomon M. Allen, died a feAv 
 days afterwards, Sept, 23, 1817. And Mrs. 
 Piiplcy, the wife of Maj.-Gcn. llipley, died at the 
 Bay of St. Louis of the yellow fever Sept. 11, 
 
 ALLEN. 
 
 23 
 
 1820. Mr. Allen s Avidow, Elizabeth, died March 
 31, 1830, aged 82 years. She Avas the daughter 
 of RCA-. J. Lee of Salisbury, and a descendant 
 from GOA T . Bradford. 
 
 He published a sermon on the death of his 
 daughter, Elizabeth White, 1798; on the death 
 of Moses Allen, son of Hcv. Moses Allen, 1801 ; 
 on the death of Anna Collins, 1803 ; on the death 
 of his son Thomas Allen, Jr., 180G ; election ser 
 mon, 1808. Several of his letters on the sickness 
 and death of his daughter Avere published in the" 
 Edinburgh Missionary Magazine for Oct. Nov. and 
 Dec., 1199. Panoplist,- March, 1810; Hist, of 
 Berkshire, 377; Pittsfidd Sun, Feb. 21. 
 
 ALLEN, SOLOMON, a useful minister of the 
 Gospel, brother of the preceding, Avas born at 
 Northampton Feb. 23, 1701. He and four of his 
 brothers entered the army in the ReA - olutionary 
 Avar. Of these, tAvo, Moses and Thomas, Avhose 
 lives are here recorded, Avcrc chaplains. Another, 
 Maj. Jonathan Allen, after escaping the perils of 
 the sendee, Avas shot by his companion, Mr. Seth 
 Lyman, Avhile hunting deer in a deep snoAv in the 
 neighborhood of Northampton, in January, 1780, 
 aged 42 years. To such families of daring, self- 
 denying, zealous patriots and soldiers America is 
 indebted, through the blessing of God on their 
 sacrifices and toils, for her freedom and inde 
 pendence. 
 
 Mr. Solomon Allen, in the course of the war, 
 rose to the rank of major. At the time of the 
 capture of Andre he Avas a lieutenant and adju 
 tant, on serA ice near the lines not far from NCAV 
 York. His account of the removal of Andre to 
 West Point, received from his OAATI lips, will cor 
 rect the errors of the other accounts, Avliich have 
 been given to the world. When the British spy 
 was brought to the American post, Col. Jameson 
 ordered Lieut. Allen to select a guard of nine 
 men out of three hundred, who were detached 
 from West Point as a covering party to Col. Weld s 
 (or Sheldon s) light horse on the hues sixty miles 
 from West Point, and to carry the prisoner to Gen. 
 Arnold, the commanding officer at West Point, 
 with a letter from Jameson to Arnold. Just at 
 night, Sept, 23, 1780, he set out Avith his prisoner, 
 Avho wore an old, torn crimson coat, nankeen A est, 
 and small clothes, old boots and flapped hat. 
 Andre s arms being bound behind him, one of the 
 soldiers held the strap, which was around his 
 arm, and the guard on each side as well as before 
 and behind Avcre ordered to run him through, if 
 he attempted to escape. Lieut, Allen, riding 
 behind, assured Andre of good treatment, and 
 offered, if he should be tired, to dismount and 
 give him his horse. HaA ing thus proceeded 
 seven miles, AAith much cheerfulness on the part 
 of the prisoner, an express overtook them Avith a 
 letter from Jameson of this import, that as the 
 enemy might have parties landed between them 
 
24 
 
 ALLEN. 
 
 and West Point, Lieut. Allen was ordered to leave 
 the river road and take the prisoner immediately 
 over east to lower Salem and deliver him to Capt. 
 Hoogland, commanding there a company of light 
 horse ; then to take one of the guard and proceed 
 with Jameson s letter to Arnold at West Point, 
 sending the eight men back under the command 
 of the sergeant. The guard were unwilling to 
 comply, for they wished to get back to West 
 Point. They said, there was no danger, and it 
 would be best to proceed ; and Andre seconded 
 the proposal. lie thought, the fear of a rescue 
 was very idle. But Lieut. Allen replied, like a 
 soldier, I must obey orders. From this moment 
 Andre appeared downcast. The same night 
 Allen delivered him to Hoogland, having travelled 
 twenty miles. In the morning of Sept. 24th he 
 proceeded with one of the guard to West Point, 
 it being arranged, that Andre should soon follow 
 him ; but the man being on foot, and the distance 
 forty or fifty miles, they did not arrive till the 
 forenoon of the 25th, at llobinson s house, the 
 east side of the river, opposite West Point, the 
 residence of Arnold and the quarters of the 
 general officers. Arnold was in the buttery 
 eating, it being 10 or 11 o clock ; on receiving the 
 letter from Jameson he was thrown into great 
 confusion; he, however, in a short time asked 
 Lieut. Allen up stairs to sit with Mrs. Arnold, 
 probably to keep him from an interview with the 
 other officers, and precipitately left the house and 
 fled. Such was Mr. Allen s statement. Wash 
 ington soon arrived, at 12 o clock on the same 
 day, from Hartford, and in the afternoon the 
 treason was discovered by the arrival of the 
 packet from Jameson for Washington ; Andre 
 was brought to head-quarters the next day. On 
 the same day Adj. Allen was invited to dine at 
 head-quarters ; and at dinner he heard Gen. 
 Knox remark, "What a \eryfoTtunatc discovery 
 this was! Without it we should all have been 
 cut up." To which Gen. Washington very 
 gravely and emphatically replied, " I do not call 
 this a fortunate occurrence; but a remarkable 
 Providence! " 
 
 After the war Maj. Allen was a conspicuous 
 officer in quelling the insurrection of Shays. At 
 the age of forty his soul was conquered by the 
 power of the Gospel, which till then he had 
 resisted ; in a few years afterwards he was chosen 
 a deacon of the church of Northampton. As his 
 personal piety increased, he became solicitous to 
 preach the Gospel to his perishing brethren. 
 But, at the age of fifty, with no advantages of 
 education, there were formidable obstacles in his 
 way. The ministers around him suggested dis 
 couragements, as he could hardly acquire the 
 necessary qualifications. But his pious zeal was 
 irrepressible. There were various branches of 
 learning, which he could not hope to gain ; but 
 
 ALLEN. 
 
 " one thing he could do ; he could bend all the 
 force of a naturally robust intellect to the work 
 of searching the Scriptures. This he did, and 
 while in this way he enriched his understanding 
 from their abundant treasures, his faith was 
 strengthened, his hope brightened, and all the 
 Christian graces were refreshed from that fountain 
 of living waters." He read also HOAVC S and 
 Baxter s works. The former was in his view the 
 greatest of uninspired writers. From these 
 sources he drew his theology. He wrote out a 
 few sermons, and thus commenced the labor of 
 preaching, at first in a few small towns in 
 Hampshire county, but for the last years of his 
 life in the western part of the State of New York, 
 in Middletown at the head of Canandaigua Lake, 
 in Puga, Pittsford, Brighton, and other towns near 
 the Genesee lliver. Without property himself, 
 he preached the Gospel to the poor, and was per 
 fectly content with food and clothing, demanding 
 and receiving no other compensation for his ser 
 vices. He rejoiced in fatigues and privations in 
 the service of his blessed Master. Sometimes in 
 his journeys he reposed himself with nothing but 
 a blanket to protect him from the inclemency of 
 the weather. But, though poor, he was the means 
 of enriching many with the inestimable riches of 
 religion. Four churches were established by 
 him, and he numbered about two hundred souls, 
 as by his preaching reclaimed from perdition. 
 Though poor himself, there were those connected 
 with him, who were rich, and by Avhose liberality 
 he was enabled to accomplish his benevolent pur 
 poses. When one of his sons presented him 
 with a hundred dollars, he begged him to receive 
 again the money, as he had no unsupplicd wants 
 and knew not what to do with it ; but, as he was 
 not allowed to return it, he purchased with it 
 books for the children of his flock, and gave every 
 child a book. From such sources he expended 
 about a thousand dollars in books and clothing 
 for the people in the wilderness, while at the 
 same time he toiled incessantly in teaching them 
 the w r ay to heaven. Such an example of dis 
 interestedness drew forth from an enemy of the 
 Gospel the following remark : " This is a thing I 
 cannot get along with : this old gentleman, who 
 can be as rich as he pleases, comes here and does 
 all these things for nothing ; there must be some 
 thing in his religion." 
 
 In the autumn of 1820, after having been nearly 
 twenty years a preacher in the new settlements 
 of the west, his- declining health induced him to 
 bid adieu to his people, in order to visit once 
 more, before his death, his children and friends 
 in Massachusetts and in the cities of New York 
 and Philadelphia. His parting with his church at 
 Brighton was like the parting of Paul with the 
 elders of the church of Ephesus. Many of the 
 members of the church accompanied him to the 
 
ALLEN. 
 
 ALLEX. 
 
 25 
 
 boat, and tears were shed and prayers offered on 
 the shore of Lake Ontario, as on the seacoast of 
 Asia Minor. Even the passengers in the boat 
 could not refrain from weeping at the solemnity 
 and tenderness of the scene. It was, as it was 
 apprehended to be, the last interview between the 
 beloved pastor and his people, until they meet 
 again in the morning of the resurrection of the 
 just. The attachment of children to Mr. Allen 
 was indeed remarkable. Wherever he went, 
 children, while they venerated his white locks, 
 would cling around his knees to listen to the 
 interesting anecdotes, which he would relate, and 
 to his warnings and instructions. 
 
 Mr. Allen revisited his friends, with a presenti 
 ment, that it was his last visit. lie had come, he 
 said, " to set his house in order," alluding to his 
 numerous children and grandchildren, living in 
 different places. It was his custom to address 
 them first individually, then collectively, and while 
 a heavenly serenity beamed upon his countenance, 
 he pressed upon them the concerns of another 
 world with plainness and simplicity, with pathos 
 and energy. He had the happiness to be per 
 suaded, that all his children, excepting one, were 
 truly pious ; and concerning that one he had the 
 strongest faith, that God would have mercy upon 
 him. After ten years that son espoused a cause, 
 which he never before loved, and manifested 
 much pious zeal. 
 
 At Pittsfield, where some of his relatives lived 
 and where his brother had been the minister, Mr. 
 Allen went through the streets, and, entering each 
 house, read a chapter in the Bible, exhorting all 
 the members of the family to serve God, and 
 praying fervently for their salvation. In like 
 manner he visited other towns. He felt, that the 
 time was short, and he was constrained to do all 
 the good in his power. With his white locks and 
 the strong impressive tones of his voice, and 
 having a known character of sanctity, all were 
 awed at the presence of the man of God. He 
 went about with the holy zeal and authority of an 
 apostle. In prayer Mr. Allen displayed a sub 
 limity and pathos, which good judges have 
 considered as unequalled by any ministers, whom 
 they have known. It was the energy of true 
 faith and strong feeling. In November he arrived 
 at New York, and there, after a few weeks, he 
 expired in the arms of his children Jan. 20, 1821, 
 aged 70 years. At his funeral his pall was borne 
 by eight clergymen of the city. 
 
 As he went down to the grave he enjoyed an 
 unbroken serenity of soul, and rejoiced and 
 exulted in the assured hope of eternal life in the 
 presence of his Redeemer in heaven. Some of 
 his last memorable sayings have been preserved 
 by Rev. Mr. Danforth in his sketch of his last 
 hours. If there are any worldly-minded ministers, 
 who neglect the sheep and lambs of the flock, 
 
 any, who repose themselves in learned indolence, 
 
 any, who are not bold to reprove and diligent 
 to instruct, any, who are not burning with holy 
 zeal, nor strong in faith, nor fervent and mighty 
 in prayer ; to them the history of the ministry 
 and faithfulness of Mr. Allen might show to what 
 a height of excellence and honor they might 
 reach, did they but possess his spirit. 
 
 Mr. Allen published no writings to keep alive 
 his name on earth. He did not, like some learned 
 men, spend his life in laboriously doing nothing. 
 But he has a record on high ; and his benevolent, 
 pious, zealous toils have doubtless gained for him 
 that honor, which cometh from God, and which 
 will be green and flourishing, when the honors of 
 science and of heroic exploits and all the honors 
 of earth shall wither away. In his life there is 
 presented to the world a memorable example of 
 the power in doing good, which may be wielded 
 by one mind, even under the most unfavorable 
 circumstances, \vhen its energies are wholly 
 controlled by a spirit of piety. Though found in 
 deep poverty, such a pious zeal may mould the 
 characters of those, who by their industry and 
 enterprise acquire great wealth ; and thus may be 
 the remote cause of all their extensive charities. 
 One lesson especially should come home to the 
 hearts of parents ; teaching them to hope that by 
 their faithfulness and the constancy and impor 
 tunity of prayer all their offspring and a multitude 
 of their descendants will be rendered through the 
 faithfulness and mercy of God rich in faith, and be 
 made wise unto salvation. Sketch of his last 
 hours, by J. N. Danfortli ; Sparks Letters of 
 Washington, VII. 
 
 ALLEN, JONATHAN, minister of Bradford, died 
 in 1827, aged 77. He published a sermon at the 
 ordination of B. Thurston, 1786. 
 
 ALLEN, J:IES, a poet, was born at Boston 
 July 24, 1739. It was his misfortune to be the 
 son of a merchant of considerable wealth. 
 From youth he was averse to study. He early 
 adopted free notions on religion. After remaining 
 three years at college, he afterwards lived at his 
 ease in Boston, without business and without a 
 family, displaying much eccentricity, till his death 
 , Oct., 1808, aged G9 years. Had he been without 
 property, he might have been impelled to some 
 useful exertion of his powers. He wrote a few 
 pieces of poetry lines on the Boston massacre, 
 at the request of Dr. Warren, the Retrospect, &c. 
 
 Spec, of Amer. Poetry, I. 160. 
 
 ALLEN, WILLIAM HENRY, a naval officer, was 
 born at Providence, R. I., Oct. 21, 1784. His 
 father, William Allen, was a major in the Revolu 
 tionary army, and in 1799 appointed brigadier- 
 general of the militia of the State. His mother 
 was the sister of Gov. Jones. Notwithstanding 
 the remonstrances of his father, who wished him 
 ! to cultivate the arts of peace, he entered the navy 
 
26 
 
 ALLEN. 
 
 as a midshipman in 1800 and sailed under Bain- 
 bridge to Algiers. After his return he again 
 sailed for the Mediterranean under Barren in the 
 Philadelphia; the third time, in 1802, under 
 Rodgers in the frigate John Adams; and the 
 fourth time, in 1804, as sailing master of the Con 
 gress. In his voyage, while the ship was lying to 
 in a gale, he fell from the fore yard into the sea, 
 and must have been lost, had he not risen close 
 by the mizzen chains, on which he caught hold. 
 Thus was he by a kind Providence preserved. 
 As lieutenant he repaired on board the Constitu 
 tion, commanded by Ilodgers, in Oct., 1805. 
 During the cruise he visited the mountains ^Etna 
 and Vesuvius and the cities Herculaneum and 
 Pompeii. Returning in 1806, he was the next 
 year on board the Chesapeake, when, without 
 fighting, she struck her colors to the British 
 frigate Leopard, an event, which filled him with 
 indignation. He, in consequence, drew up the 
 letter of the officers to the secretary of the navy, 
 urging the arrest and trial of Com. Barron for 
 neglect of duty. During the embargo of 1808 
 he cruised off Block Island for the enforcement 
 of the law, but in his delicacy got excused from 
 boarding in person any vessel from his native 
 State. In 1809 he joined the frigate United States 
 as first lieutenant under Decatur. Soon after the 
 declaration of Avar in 1812 he was distinguished 
 in the action, Oct. 25th, which issued in the capture 
 of the Macedonian. The superior skill of the 
 United States in gunnery was ascribed to the 
 diligent training and discipline of Lieut. Allen. 
 lie carried the prize safely into the harbor of 
 New York amidst the gratulations of thousands. 
 Promoted to be master commandant, in 1813 he 
 conveyed Mr. Crawford, the minister, to France 
 in the brig Argus, and afterwards proceeded to 
 the Irish Channel, agreeably to orders, for the 
 purpose of destroying the English commerce. 
 His success was so great, that the injury inflicted 
 by him upon the enemy in the capture of twenty 
 vessels was estimated at 2,000,000 dollars. In 
 his generosity he never allowed the baggage of 
 passengers to be molested. On the 14th of Aug. 
 he fell in with the British brig Pelican, cruising 
 in the channel for the purpose of capturing the 
 Argus. Soon after the action commenced, Capt. 
 Allen was mortally wounded, and carried below ; 
 Lieut. Watson being also wounded, the command 
 for a time devolved on Lieut. W. H. Allen, Jr. 
 After a vigorous resistance of nearly an hour, the 
 Argus was captured, with the loss of six killed 
 and seventeen wounded. Capt. Allen was carried 
 into Plymouth the next day, his leg having been 
 amputated at sea. He died Aug. 15, 1813, aged 
 28 years, and was buried with military honors. 
 Capt. Allen was highly respected and esteemed in 
 private life, exhibiting a uniform courtesy and 
 amenity of manners. With great care he 
 
 ALLEN. 
 
 abstained from all irritating and insulting language. 
 ile united the milder graces with the stern and 
 masculine character of tLe sailor. The eager 
 desire of fame, called " the last infirmity of noble 
 minds," seemed to reign in his heart. Against 
 the wishes of all his friends he entered the naval 
 service, thirsting for honor and distinction, of 
 which he had his share ; but in early manhood he 
 died a prisoner in a foreign land. If there must 
 be victims to war, we could wish the defenders of 
 their country s rights a higher reward than fame. 
 Bailey s Naval Biography, 205-226. 
 
 ALLEN, SOLOMON METCALF, professor of lan 
 guages in Micldlebury college, Vermont, was the 
 son of Rev. T. Allen of Pittsfield, and was born 
 Feb. 18, 1789. lie received his second name on 
 account of his being a descendant on his mother s 
 side of Rev. Joseph Metcalf, first minister of 
 Falmouth. His father destined him to be a 
 farmer, as he was athletic and fond of active life ; 
 but, after he became pious, his friends being 
 desirous that he should receive a collegial edu 
 cation, he commenced the study of Latin at the 
 age of twenty. In 1813 he graduated at Middle- 
 bury with high reputation as a scholar. During 
 a year spent at Andover, besides attending to the 
 customary studies, he read a part of the New 
 Testament in the Syriac language. After officiat 
 ing for two years as a tutor, he was chosen in 
 1816 professor of the ancient languages, having 
 risen to this honor in seven years after commencing 
 the study of Latin. He lived to accomplish but 
 little, but long enough to show what the energy 
 of pious zeal is capable of accomplishing. 
 Respected and beloved by all his associates and 
 acquaintance, his sudden and awful death over 
 whelmed them with sorrow. Being induced, on 
 account of a defect in the chimney, to go 
 imprudently upon the roof of the college building, 
 he fell from it Sept. 23, 1817, and in consequence 
 died the same evening, aged 28 years. In his 
 last hours his numerous friends crowded around 
 him, " watching with trembling anxiety the flight 
 of his immortal soul to the kindred spirits of a 
 better world." Under the extreme anguish of his 
 dying moments, resigning the loveliness, which he 
 had hoped would be shortly his own, and all the 
 fair prospects of this world, he exclaimed : " The 
 Lord reigneth, let the earth rejoice ! O Father, 
 thy will be done! So seemcth it good in thy 
 sight, O Lord." Professor Frederic Hall has 
 described his frank and noble character and his 
 many virtues, the tenderness of his heart and his 
 energy of mind. Another writer speaks of his 
 unwearied perseverance and unconquerable reso 
 lution, and says : " His march to eminence was 
 steady, rapid, and sure. Whether he turned his 
 attention to the abstruse and profound branches 
 of mathematical science or to the stores of ancient 
 classical learning, he solved every problem and 
 
ALLEN. 
 
 overcame every obstacle with equal facility and 
 triumph." Mr. Allen was at Andover one of 
 " the group of stars," the friends of Carlos Wilcox, 
 alluded to by him in the following lines. The 
 others were Sylvester Lamed, Alexander M. 
 Fisher, Levi Parsons, Pliny Fisk, and Joseph R. 
 Andrus ; all recorded in this volume. These, 
 with Mr. Allen and Mr. Wilcox, all young men, 
 no longer shine on the earth ; but, it is believed, 
 they make a constellation of seven stars, like the 
 Pleiades, resplendent in heaven. May there be 
 in future many such groups in our theological 
 schools. 
 
 " Ye were a group of stars collected here, 
 Some mildly glowing, others sparkling bright ; 
 Here, rising in a region calm and clear, 
 Ye shone awhile with intermingled light ; 
 Then, parting, each pursuing his own flight 
 O er the wide hemisphere, ye singly shone; 
 But, ere ye climbed to half your promised height, 
 Ye sunk again with brightening glory round you thrown, 
 Each left a brilliant track, as each expired alone." 
 
 HalVs Eulogy; Wilcox s Remains, 90; Na 
 tional Standard, Oct. 1, 1817. 
 
 ALLEN, PAUL, a poet, was born at Providence, 
 R. I., Feb. 15, 1775 ; his father, Paul Allen, being 
 a representative in the legislature, and his mother 
 the daughter of Gov. Cook. He was graduated 
 at Brown university in 1796 and afterwards 
 studied, but never practised, law. Devoted to 
 literature, he removed to Philadelphia and was 
 engaged as a writer in the Port-Folio and in the 
 United States Gazette, and was also employed to 
 prepare for the press the travels of Lewis and 
 Clark. After this he was for some time one of the 
 editors of the Federal Republican at Baltimore ; 
 but on quitting this employment he found him 
 self in impaired health and extreme indigence, 
 with a widowed mother dependent on him for 
 support. In his mental disorder, he believed 
 that he was to be waylaid and murdered. To 
 the disgrace of our laws he was thrown into jail 
 for a debt of 30 dollars. About this time he 
 wrote for the Portico, a magazine, associated with 
 Pierpont and Neal. His friends procured for 
 him the establishment of the Journal of the 
 Times, and afterwards of the Morning Chronicle, 
 which was widely circulated. Having long and 
 frequently advertised a history of the American 
 Revolution, of which he had written nothing, it 
 was now determined to publish it, an unequalled 
 subscription having been obtained. The work 
 appeared in two vols. in his name, but was written 
 by Mr. John Neal and Mr. Watkins ; Neal writing 
 the first vol., beginning with the Declaration of 
 Independence. His principal poem, called Noah 
 which has simplicity and feeling, was also sub 
 mitted to Mr. Neal, and reduced to one-fifth of 
 its original size, lie died at Baltimore in Aug. 
 1826, aged 51 years. He published origina 
 poems, serious and enter taining, 1801. A long 
 
 ALLEN. 
 
 27 
 
 extract from Noah is in Specimens of American 
 Poetry. Spec. American Poetry, II. 185. 
 
 ALLEN, RICHARD, first bishop of the Afri- 
 an Methodist Episcopal church, died at Philadel 
 phia March 26, 1831, aged 71. 
 
 ALLEN, BEXJAMIX, Rector of St. Paul s church, 
 Philadelphia, died at sea in the brig Edward on 
 his return from Europe Jan. 27, 1829. He had 
 been the editor of the Christian Magazine, and 
 was a disinterested, zealous servant of God. 
 
 ALLEN, JEXXIXGS, died in Fail-field district, 
 S. C., Jan., 1835, aged 114; a soldier of the rev 
 olutionary army. 
 
 ALLEN, EPHRAEVI, died in Salem, N. Y., in 
 1816; a graduate of Harvard in 1789, and re 
 spected as a physician. His wife was a daughter 
 of Gen. Newhall. 
 
 ALLEN, HARRISOX, missionary among the 
 Choctaws, died at Eliot Aug. 19, 1831, aged 39. 
 Born in Chilmark, he graduated at Bowdoin in 
 1824, at Andover seminary in 1828. He arrived 
 at Eliot Jan., 1830. 
 
 ALLEN, BEXJAMIX, LL. D., died at Hyde 
 Park, N. Y., July 22, 1836, aged 65 ; once pro 
 fessor of mathematics at Union College, and long 
 the eminent head of a classical school at Hyde 
 Park. 
 
 ALLEN, MYRA, wife of D. O. Allen, mission 
 ary at Bombay, died suddenly, Feb. 5, 1831, aged 
 30. She was the daughter of Col. Abel Wood 
 of Westminster, Mass. ; a devoted and useful mis 
 sionary for the short period of three years. Her 
 character is described in the Miss. Herald for 
 1831 and 1832. 
 
 ALLEN, ORPAH, missionary, wife of 1). O. 
 Allen, died at Bombay June 5, 1842. Her name 
 was Graves, of Rupert, Vt. She went to Bombay 
 in 1834 and was married in 1838. 
 
 ALLEN, AZUBA, wife of D. O. Allen, mission 
 ary at Bombay, died June 11, 1843. Her name 
 was Condit. She left New York with her sister, 
 Mrs. Nevins, in 1836, and lived some time in 
 Batavia and Borneo before her marriage in Dec., 
 1842. She died in peace and triumph. 
 
 ALLEN, SARAH Jonxsox, wife of William 
 Allen, died at Northampton Feb. 25, 1848, aged 
 57 ; a daughter of John M. Breed, a merchant 
 of Norwich, Conn. While unmarried, she and 
 Sarah L. Iluntington, afterwards married to Dr. 
 Eli Smith, established and conducted a Sabbath 
 school among the Mohegan Indians near Nor 
 wich. In the result a church was built at their 
 residence in Montville, at which Gen. William 
 Williams was accustomed, last year, to visit them 
 every Sabbath as their teacher. 
 
 ALLEN, JOSEPH, died at Worcester Sept. 2, 
 1827, aged 78. Born in Boston, his mother was 
 a sister of Samuel Adams. He was a merchant 
 in Leicester, a benefactor and treasurer of the 
 academy. In 1776 he removed to Worcester, and 
 
28 
 
 ALLEN. 
 
 ALLISON. 
 
 sustained various public offices, was clerk of the 
 courts, a councillor, a member of congress, twice 
 one of the electors of president. His sons were 
 Charles and George Allen. 
 
 ALLEN, HEMAN, died in Burlington, Vt, Dec. 
 11, 1844, a brother of Ethan A., and a member 
 of congress. He was also minister to Chili. 
 
 ALLEN, JONATHAN, died at Pittsfield, May 26, 
 1845, aged 72. He was the son of Ilev. T. Allen, 
 and had been a senator of Massachusetts. He 
 greatly promoted the interests of agriculture by 
 introducing into Berkshire an excellent flock of 
 Spanish merino sheep, for which sole object he 
 crossed the ocean. 
 
 ALLEN, SAMUEL C., died at Northfield Feb. 
 8, 1845. A graduate of Dartmouth in 1794, he 
 was the minister of N. in 1795; but withdrew 
 from the pulpit and studied law. For twelve 
 years he was a member of congress. He pub 
 lished an oration July 4, 180G ; eulogy on 
 President John Whcelock, delivered at Hanover 
 Aug. 17, 1817. 
 
 ALLERTON, ISAAC, one of the first settlers 
 of Plymouth, came over in the first ship, the May 
 flower. His name appears the fifth in the agree 
 ment of the company, signed at Cape Cod, Nov. 
 11, 1620. There were six persons in his family. 
 Mary, his wife, died Feb. 25, 1621. His daugh 
 ter, Mary, married Elder T. Cushman, son of 
 Robert C., and died in 1699, aged about 90, 
 the last survivor of those, who came over in the 
 Mayflower. Sarah married Moses Maverick of 
 Marblehead. In the summer or autumn of 1626 
 he went to England as agent for the colony ; and 
 he returned in the spring of 1627, having condi 
 tionally purchased for his associates the rights of 
 the adventurers for 1800 pounds, the agreement 
 being signed Nov. 15, 1626, and also hired for 
 them 200 pounds, at 30 per cent, interest, and ex 
 pended it in goods. He took a second voyage as 
 agent in 1627 and concluded the bargain with the 
 company at London Nov. 6, accomplishing also 
 other objects, particularly obtaining a patent for 
 a trading place in the Kennebec. Judge Davis 
 erroneously represents, that Mr. Prince dates the 
 departure of Mr. Allerton in the autumn ; but Mr. 
 Prince speaks only of his going " with the return 
 of the ships," probably June or July. The voyage 
 of the preceding year he regards as made " in the 
 fall ; " also the third voyage in 1628, for the pur 
 pose of enlarging the Kennebec patent. After 
 his return in August, 1629, he proceeded again 
 to England and with great difficulty obtained the 
 patent Jan. 29, 1630. A fifth voyage was made 
 in 1630, and he returned the following year in 
 the ship White Angel. He was an enterprising 
 trader at Penobscot and elsewhere. In 1633 he 
 was engaged in " a trading wigwam," which was 
 lost at Machias. A bark of his was lost on Cape 
 Ann in 1635, and twenty-one persons perished, 
 
 among whom were John Avery, a minister, his 
 wife, and six children. The rock is called " Avery s 
 fall." From 1643 to 1659 he lived at New Haven, 
 and probably traded with the Dutch at New York. 
 In 1653 he received mackerel from Boston to sell 
 for half profits, and is called J. Allerton, senior. 
 Point Alderton in Boston harbor is supposed to 
 be named from him. His second wife, whom he 
 married before 1627, and who died of " the pest 
 ilent fever " in 1634, was Fear Brcwster, daughter 
 of Elder Brewster, who had another daughter, 
 Love, and a son, Wrestling. It seems, that he 
 was married again ; for coming from New Haven 
 in 1644, he was cast away with his wife Johanna 
 at Scituate, but was saved. He died in 1659 ; his 
 widow in 1684. His son Isaac was graduated in 
 1650 : Elizabeth, his daughter, married B. Starr 
 and S. Eyre. Davis 1 Morton, 38, 221, 389, 391 ; 
 Mass. His. Coll. III. 46 ; Prince, 242 ; Savage s 
 Winthr. I. 25; II. 210; /. Mathers Rem. Prov. 
 
 ALLISON, FRANCIS, D. D., assistant minister 
 of the first Presbyterian church in Philadelphia, 
 was born in Ireland in 1705. After an early 
 classical education at an academy he completed 
 his studies at the university of Glasgow. He 
 came to this country in 1735, and was soon ap 
 pointed pastor of a Presbyterian church at New 
 London in Chester county, Penn. Here, about 
 the year 1741, his solicitude for the interests of 
 the Redeemer s kingdom and his desire of en 
 gaging young men in the work of the ministry 
 and of promoting public happiness by the diffu 
 sion of religious liberty and learning induced him 
 to open a public school. There was at this time 
 scarcely a particle of learning in the middle 
 States, and he generally instructed all, that came 
 to him, without fee or reward. About the year 
 1747 he was invited to take the charge of an 
 academy in Philadelphia; in 1755 he was elected 
 vice provost of the college, which had just been 
 established, and professor of moral philosophy. 
 He was also minister in the first Presbyterian 
 church. In the discharge of the laborious duties, 
 which devolved upon him, he continued till his 
 death Nov. 28, 1777, aged 72. 
 
 Besides an unusually accurate and profound 
 acquaintance with the Latin and Greek classics, 
 he was well informed in moral philosophy, history, 
 and general literature. To his zeal for the diffu 
 sion of knowledge Pennsylvania owes much of 
 that taste for solid learning and classical literature, 
 for which many of her principal characters have 
 been so distinguished. The private virtues of Dr. 
 Allison conciliated the esteem of all that knew 
 him, and his public usefulness has erected a last 
 ing monument to his praise. For more than 
 forty years he supported the ministerial character 
 with dignity and reputation. In his public ser 
 vices he was plain, practical, and argumentative ; 
 warm, animated, and pathetic. He was greatly 
 
ALLISON. 
 
 honored by the gracious Redeemer in being 
 made instrumental, as it is believed, in the salva 
 tion of many, who heard him. lie was frank and 
 ingenuous in his natural temper ; warm and zeal 
 ous in his friendships ; catholic in his sentiments ; 
 a friend to civil and religious liberty. His benev 
 olence led him to spare no pains nor trouble in 
 assisting the poor and distressed by his advice 
 and influence, or by his own private liberality. It 
 was he, who planned and was the means of estab 
 lishing the widows fund, which was remarkably 
 useful. He often expressed his hopes in the 
 mercy of God unto eternal life, and but a few 
 days before his death said to Dr. Ewing, that he 
 had no doubt, but that according to the gospel 
 covenant he should obtain the pardon of his sins 
 through the great Redeemer of mankind, and 
 enjoy an eternity of rest and glory in the presence 
 of God. He published a sermon delivered be 
 fore the synods of New York and Pennsylvania 
 May 24, 1758, entitled, peace and unity recom 
 mended. Assembly s Miss. Mag. 1. 457 361; 
 Miller s Retrospect, II. 342; Holmes Life of 
 Stiles, 98, 99. 
 
 ALLISON, PATRICK, D. D., first minister of the 
 Presbyterian church in Baltimore, was born in 
 Lancaster county in 1740, educated at the college 
 of Philadelphia, and installed in 17G2 at Balti 
 more, where he remained in eminent usefulness 
 till his death Aug. 21, 1802, aged 61. His few 
 publications were in favor of civil and religious 
 liberty. 
 
 ALLSTON, JOSEPH, general, was elected gov 
 ernor of South Carolina in 1812. He died at 
 Charleston Sept. 10, 1816, aged 38. His wife, 
 the daughter of Col. Aaron Burr, was lost at sea 
 on her passage from Charleston to New York in 
 1812. 
 
 ALLSTON, WILLIAM, colonel, senator in the 
 first congress, died at Charleston June 26, 1839, 
 aged 82. One of the largest owners of his fellow 
 men in the State, his slaves cultivated his paternal 
 estate near Georgetown. He was an officer 
 under Marion ; and the father of Gov. A. 
 
 ALLSTON, WASHINGTON, a very distinguished 
 painter, died at Cambridge July 9, 1843, aged 63. 
 He was born of a respected family in Charleston, 
 S. C., Nov. 5, 1779. After being in the school 
 of R. Rogers, Newport, he graduated at Harvard 
 in 1800. He was early fond of music, painting, 
 and poetry. In order to cultivate his taste for 
 painting he sold his patrimonial estate, and 
 entered in 1801 the Royal Academy in London, 
 of which Benjamin West, an American, was the 
 president. In 1804 he passed over to Paris and 
 thence to Italy. Thus he was eight years in 
 Europe, studying the works of the great masters, 
 and enjoying the friendship of poets and painters 
 in England and Italy. Among his friends were 
 the poets Wordsworth, Southey, and Coleridge ; 
 
 ALSOP. 
 
 29 
 
 and among the painters Reynolds, West, and 
 Fuseli. 
 
 In 1809 he returned to America, and the next 
 year delivered a poem at Cambridge at the annual 
 meeting of the Phi Beta Kappa society, when the 
 writer of this had the honor of being his literary 
 associate, and of delivering the prose address on 
 that occasion; and after the lapse of forty-six 
 years I remember well his ample locks, and fine, 
 interesting, animated, spiritual countenance. At 
 this period he married the sister of Dr. Channing. 
 The years from 1811 to 1818 he also spent in 
 England, where he published in 1813 the sylphs 
 of the seasons and other poems. God afflicted 
 him by bereaving him of his wife ; but led him to 
 seek earnestly the permanent consolations of re 
 ligion. His faith was strong in the incarnation 
 of the Son of God ; and he had recourse to the 
 sacraments of the church. 
 
 On his return in 1818 he made Boston his 
 home ; but soon built him a house and studio in 
 Cambridge, where he married a daughter of Judge 
 Dana in 1830. His principal works as a painter 
 were, " the dead man restored to life by Elijah," 
 " the angel liberating Peter from prison," " Jacob s 
 dream," " Elijah in the desert," " the angel Uriel 
 in the sun," " Saul and the witch of Endor," 
 " Spalatro s vision of the bloody hand," " Gabriel 
 setting the guard of the heavenly host," " Anna 
 Page and Slender," " Beatrice," and " Belshazzar s 
 Feast," his last work. He died suddenly. He 
 possessed a powerful and brilliant imagination ; 
 and as a colorist he was called the American 
 Titian. His brother, William Moore A., died at 
 New r port in 1844, aged 62. Receiving by the will 
 of his father a young slave, named Diana, he 
 emancipated her, and she became the mother of 
 freemen in Charleston. His faith in the atone 
 ment and his Christian character were commended 
 in a sermon by Mr. Albro of Cambridge. Besides 
 his poems, he also published Monaldi, a prose 
 tale ; lectures on art and poems, with a preface 
 by Mr. Dana, N. Y., 1850. 
 
 ALLYN, MATTHEW, judge, died at Windsor, 
 Conn., in 1758, aged 97. He was a colonel, a 
 councillor, a judge of the supreme court. 
 
 ALLYN, JOHN, D. D., the minister of Duxbury, 
 died July 19, 1833, aged 66. He was born in 
 Barnstable, and was a graduate of 1785 ; ordained 
 in 1788. Benj. Kent was his colleague in 1826. 
 A memoir by C. Francis, his son-in-law, is in 
 Hist. Coll. III., vol. 5. 
 
 He published a sermon at the ordination of 
 A. Bradford, 1793; at thanksgiving, 1798; at 
 Hanover, 1799; at Plymouth, 1801; at election, 
 1805 ; at New Year s, 1806 ; Christian Monitor, 
 1806, being prayers, &c. ; at Sandwich, 1808 ; also 
 two charges, and obituary notices of Drs. West 
 and Barnes. 
 
 ALSOP, GEORGE, published "a character of 
 
30 
 
 ALSOP. 
 
 the province of Maryland," describing the laws, 
 customs, commodities, usage of slaves, &c. ; also 
 " a small treatise of the wild and native Indians, 
 &c." London, 1GG6, pp. 118. 
 
 ALSOP, RICHARD, a poet, the son of Richard 
 A. and Mary Wright, was born in Middletown, 
 Conn., in 1759, and was a merchant, as was his 
 father. He died at Flatbush, L. I., Aug. 20, 
 1815, aged 56 years, with a character of correct 
 morality. Several of his poetical compositions 
 are preserved in the volume entitled " American 
 Poetry." In 1800 he published a monody, in 
 heroic verse, on the death of Washington, and 
 in 1808 a translation from the Italian of a part 
 of Berni s Orlando Inamorato, under the title of 
 the Fairy of the Enchanted Lake. He published 
 also several prose translations from the French 
 and Italian, among which is Molini s history of 
 Chili, with notes, 4 vols. 8 vo., 1808. This was 
 republished in London without acknowledgment 
 of its being an American translation. In 1815 he 
 published the narrative of the captivity of J. R. 
 Jewitt at Nootka Sound. The Universal Receipt 
 Book was compiled also by him. Among numer 
 ous unpublished works, left by him, is the poem 
 called The Charms of Fancy. He wrote for 
 amusement, and made but little effort for literary 
 distinction ; yet his powers were above the com 
 mon level. With a luxuriant fancy he had a 
 facility of expression. In 1791 the Echo was 
 commenced at Hartford, being a series of bur 
 lesque, poetic pieces, designed at first to ridicule 
 the inflated style of Boston editors. The plan 
 was soon extended, so as to include politics. The 
 writers were Alsop, Theodore Dwight, Hopkins, 
 Trumbull, and others, called the "Hartford wits." 
 This was republished with other poems in 1807. 
 Alsop wrote more of the Echo than any other 
 contributor ; also the Political Greenhouse in the 
 same volume. His mother, who had been a 
 widow about fifty years, died in Oct., 1829, aged 
 90. Mr. A. s widow married Samuel W. Dana, 
 a member of Congress ; one sister married 
 Theodore Dwight, and another married Mr. 
 Ililey of New York. Spec. Amcr.Poet. n. 
 
 AMERICUS VESPUCIUS, or more properly 
 Amerigo Vespucci, a Florentine gentleman, from 
 whom America derives its name, was born March 
 9, 1451, of an ancient family. His father, who 
 was an Italian merchant, brought him up in this 
 business, and his profession led him to visit Spain 
 and other countries. Being eminently skilful in 
 all the sciences subservient to navigation, and 
 possessing an enterprising spirit, he became 
 desirous of seeing the new world, which Columbus 
 had discovered in 1492. He accordingly entered 
 as a merchant on board the small fleet of four 
 ships, equipped by the merchants of Seville and 
 sent out under the command of Ojeda. The 
 enterprise was sanctioned by a royal license. 
 
 AMERICUS. 
 
 According to Amerigo s own account he sailed 
 from Cadiz May 20, 1497, and returned to the 
 same port October 15, 1498, having discovered 
 the coast of Paria and ,passed as far as the Gulf 
 of Mexico. If this statement is correct, he saw 
 the continent before Columbus ; but its correct 
 ness has been disproved ; and the voyage of 
 Ojeda was not made until 1499, which Amerigo 
 calls his second voyage, falsely representing that 
 he himself had the command of six vessels. He 
 sailed May 20, 1499, under the command of 
 Ojeda, and proceeded to the Antilla Islands, and 
 thence to the coast of Guiana and Venezuela, and 
 returned to Cadiz in Nov., 1500. After his 
 return Emanuel, king of Portugal, who was 
 jealous of the success and glory of Spain, invited 
 him to his kingdom, and gave him the command 
 of three ships to make a third voyage of discovery. 
 He sailed from Lisbon May 10, 1501, and ran 
 down the coasts of Africa as far as Sierra Leone 
 and the coast of Angola, and then passed over to 
 Brazil in South America, and continued his dis 
 coveries to the south as far as Patagonia. He 
 then returned to Sierra Leone and the coast of 
 Guinea, and entered again the port of Lisbon 
 Sept, 7, 1502. 
 
 King Emanuel, highly gratified by his success, 
 equipped for him six ships, with which he sailed 
 on his fourth and last voyage May 10, 1503. It 
 was his object to discover a western passage to 
 the Molucca Islands. He passed the coasts of 
 Africa, and entered the Bay of All Saints in 
 Brazil. Having provision for only twenty months, 
 and being detained on the coast of Brazil by bad 
 weather and contrary winds five months, he 
 formed the resolution of returning to Portugal, 
 where he arrived June 14, 1504. As he carried 
 home with him considerable quantities of the 
 Brazil wood, and other articles of value, he was 
 received with joy. It was soon after this period, 
 that he wrote an account of his four voyages. 
 The work was dedicated to Rene II., duke of Lor 
 raine, who took the title of king of Sicily, and 
 Avho died Dec. 10, 1508. It was probably pub 
 lished about the year 1507, for in that year he 
 went from Lisbon to Seville, and King Ferdinand 
 appointed him to draw sea charts, with the title 
 of chief pilot. He died at the island of Tercera 
 in 1514, aged about 63 years, or, agreeably to 
 another account, at Seville, in 1512. 
 
 As he published the first book and chart 
 describing the new world, and as he claimed the 
 honor of first discovering the continent, the new 
 world has received from him the name of 
 America. His pretensions, however, to this first 
 discovery do not seem to be well supported against 
 the claims of Columbus, to whom the honor is 
 uniformly ascribed by the Spanish historians, and 
 who first saw the continent in 1498. Ilerrera, 
 who compiled his general history of America 
 
AMES. 
 
 AMES. 
 
 31 
 
 from the most authentic records, says, that 
 Amerigo never made but two voyages, and those 
 were with Ojeda in 1499 and 1501, and that his 
 relation of his other voyages was proved to be a 
 mere imposition. This charge needs to be con 
 firmed by strong proof, for Amerigo s book was 
 published within ten years of the period assigned 
 for his first voyage, when the facts must have been 
 fresh in the memories of thousands. Besides the 
 improbability of his being guilty of falsifying 
 dates, as he was accused, which arises from this 
 circumstance, it is very possible, that the Spanish 
 writers might have felt a national resentment 
 against him for having deserted the service of 
 Spain. But the evidence against the honesty of 
 Amerigo is very convincing. Neither Martyr nor 
 Bcnzoni, who were Italians, natives of the same 
 country, and the former of whom was a contem 
 porary, attribute to him the first discovery of the 
 continent. Martyr published the first general 
 history of the new world, and his epistles contain 
 an account of all the remarkable events of his 
 time. All the Spanish historians are against 
 Amerigo. Herrera brings against him the testi 
 mony of Ojeda as given in a judicial inquiry. 
 Fonseca, who gave Ojeda the license for his 
 voyage, was not reinstated in the direction of 
 Indian affairs until after the time, which Amerigo 
 assigns for the commencement of his first voyage. 
 Other circumstances might be mentioned; and 
 the whole mass of evidence it is difficult to resist. 
 The book of Amerigo was probably published 
 about a year after the death of Columbus, when 
 his pretensions could be advanced without the 
 fear of refutation from that illustrious navigator. 
 But however this controversy may be decided, it 
 is well known, that the honor of first discovering 
 the continent belongs neither to Columbus nor 
 to Vespucci, even admitting the relation of the 
 latter; but to the Cabots, who sailed from 
 England. A life of Vespucci was published at 
 Florence by Bandini, 174,3, in which an attempt 
 is made to support his pretensions. 
 
 The relation of his four voyages, which was 
 first published about the year 1507, was re- 
 published in the Novus Orbis, fol. 1555. His 
 letters were published after his death at Florence. 
 Moreri, Did. Historique; New and Gen. 
 Biog. Diet. ; Robertson s 8. America I. Note 22 ; 
 Holmes Annals, I. 16; Herrera, I. 221; Prince, 
 Introd. 80-82 ; Irving s Columbus, III. App. 9. 
 
 AMES, NATHANIEL, a physician, died at Ded- 
 ham, Mass., in 1765, aged 57. He had published 
 for about forty years an almanac, which was in 
 high repute. His taste for astronomy he acquired 
 from his father, Nathaniel Ames, of Bridgewater, 
 who died in 1736, and who was not, as Dr. Eliot 
 supposed, a descendant of the famous William 
 Ames, lie married two wives, each of the name 
 of Fisher. His most distinguished sou bore that 
 
 1 name. His son, Dr. Nathaniel Ames, a graduate 
 of 1761, died at Dedham in 1822, aged 82 ; an 
 other son, Dr. Seth Ames, a graduate of 1764, 
 settled at Amherst, N. II., but removed to Ded 
 ham, where he died in 1776. His widow, who 
 married Mr. Woodward, died in 1818, aged 95. 
 Mass. Hist. Coll. N. S. vn. 154; Hist. Coll. N. 
 H. n. 79. 
 
 AMES, FISHER, LL. D., a distinguished states 
 man and eloquent orator, was the son of the pre 
 ceding, and Avas born at Dedham April 9, 1758. 
 He was graduated at Harvard college in 1774, 
 I and after a few years commenced the study of the 
 I law in Boston. lie began the practice of his pro 
 fession in his native village ; but his expansive mind 
 could not be confined to the investigation of the 
 law. Rising into life about the period of the 
 American Revolution, and taking a most affection 
 ate interest in the concerns of his country, he felt 
 himself strongly attracted to politics. His re 
 searches into the sciences of government were 
 extensive and profound, and he began to be known 
 by political discussions, published in the newspa 
 pers. A theatre soon presented for the display 
 of his extraordinary talents. He was elected a 
 member of the convention of his native state, 
 which considered and ratified the federal consti 
 tution ; and his speeches in this convention were 
 indications of his future eminence. The splendor 
 of his talents burst forth at once upon his coun 
 try. 
 
 When the general government of the United 
 States commenced its operations in 1789, he ap 
 peared in the national legislature as the first rep 
 resentative of his district, and for eight successive 
 years he took a distinguished part in the national 
 councils. He was a principal speaker in the de 
 bates on every important question. Towards the 
 close of this period his health began to fail, but 
 his indisposition could not prevent him from en 
 gaging in the discussion relating to the appropri 
 ations necessary for carrying into effect the British 
 treaty. Such was the effect of his speech of 
 April 28, 1796, that one of the members of the 
 legislature, who was opposed to Mr. Ames, rose 
 and objected to taking a vote at that time, as they 
 had been carried away by the impulse of oratory. 
 After his return to his family, frail in health and 
 fond of retirement, he remained a private citizen. 
 For a few years however he was persuaded to be 
 come a member of the council. But, though he 
 continued chiefly in retirement, he operated far 
 around him by his writings in the public papers. 
 A few years before his death he was chosen pres 
 ident of Harvard college, but the infirm state of 
 his health induced him to decline the appoint 
 ment. He died on the morning of July 4, 1808. 
 His wife, Frances Worthington, was the daughter 
 of John Worthington, of Springfield. He left 
 seven children ; his only daughter died in 1829. 
 
32 
 
 AMES. 
 
 Mr. Ames possessed a mind of a great and ex 
 traordinary character. He reasoned, but he did 
 not reason in the form of logic. By striking allu 
 sions, more than by regular deductions, he com 
 pelled assent. The richness of his fancy, the 
 fertility of his invention, and the abundance of 
 his thoughts were as remarkable as the justness 
 and strength of his understanding. His political 
 character may be known from his writings, and 
 speeches, and measures. He was not only a man 
 of distinguished talents, whose public career was 
 splendid, but he was amiable in private life and 
 endeared to his acquaintance. To a few friends 
 he unveiled himself without reserve. They found 
 him modest and unassuming, untainted with am 
 bition, simple in manners, correct in morals, and 
 a model of every social and personal virtue. The 
 charms of his conversation were unequalled. 
 
 He entertained a firm belief in Christianity, and 
 his belief was founded upon a thorough investi 
 gation of the subject. He read most of the best 
 writings in defence of the Christian religion, but 
 he was satisfied by a view rather of its internal 
 than its external evidences. He thought it im 
 possible, that any man of a fair mind could read 
 the Old Testament and meditate on its contents 
 without a conviction of its truth and inspiration. 
 The sublime and correct ideas, which the Jewish 
 scriptures convey of God, connected with the fact 
 that all other nations, many of whom were supe 
 rior to the Jews in civilization and general im 
 provement, remained in darkness and error on 
 this great subject, formed in his new a conclusive 
 argument. After reading the book of Deuter 
 onomy he expressed his astonishment, that any 
 man versed in antiquities could have the hardi 
 hood to say, that it was the production of human 
 ingenuity. Marks of Divinity, he said, were 
 stamped upon it. His views of the doctrines of 
 religion were generally Calvinistic. An enemy 
 to the metaphysical and controversial theology, 
 he disliked the use of technical and sectarian 
 phrases. The term trinity however he frequently 
 used with reverence, and in a manner, which im 
 plied his belief of the doctrine. His persuasion 
 of the divinity of Christ he often declared, and 
 his belief of this truth seems to have resulted 
 from a particular investigation of the subject, for 
 he remarked to a friend, that he once read the 
 evangelists with the sole purpose of learning what 
 Christ had said of himself. 
 
 He was an admirer of the common translation 
 of the Bible. He said it was a specimen of pure 
 English; and though he acknowledged, that a 
 few phrases had grown obsolete, and that a few 
 passages might be obscurely translated, yet he 
 should consider the adoption of any new translation 
 as an incalculable evil. He lamented the prevail 
 ing disuse of the Bible in our schools. lie thought, 
 that children should early be made acquainted 
 
 AMES. 
 
 with the important truths, which it contains, and 
 he considered it as a principal instrument of mak 
 ing them acquainted with their own language in 
 its purity. He said, " I will hazard the assertion, 
 that no man ever did or ever will become truly 
 eloquent, without being a constant reader of the 
 Bible, and an admirer of the purity and sublim 
 ity of its language." He recommended the teach 
 ing of the Assembly s Catechism ; not perhaps 
 because he was perfectly satisfied with every ex 
 pression, but because, as he remarked, it was a 
 good thing on the whole, because it had become 
 venerable by age, because our pious ancestors 
 taught it to their children with happy effect, and 
 because he was opposed to innovation, unwilling 
 to leave an old, experienced path for one new 
 and uncertain. On the same ground he approved 
 the use of Watts version of the Psalms and 
 Hymns. No uninspired man, in his judgment, 
 had succeeded so well as Watts in uniting with the 
 sentiments of piety the embellishments of poetry. 
 
 Mr. Ames made a public profession of religion 
 in the first congregational church in Dedham. 
 With this church he regularly communed, till pre 
 cluded by indisposition from attending public 
 worship. His practice corresponded with his 
 profession. His life was regular and irreproacha 
 ble. Pew, who have been placed in similar cir 
 cumstances, have been less contaminated by inter 
 course with the world. It is doubted, whether 
 any one ever heard him utter an expression cal 
 culated to excite an impious or impure idea. The 
 most scrutinizing eye discovered in him no dis 
 guise or hypocrisy. His views of himself however 
 were humble and abased. He was often observed 
 to shed tears, while speaking of his closet devo 
 tions and experiences. He lamented the cold 
 ness of his heart and the wanderings of his 
 thoughts while addressing his Maker, or medi 
 tating on the precious truths, which he had re 
 vealed. In his last sickness, when near his end, 
 and when he had just expressed his belief of his 
 approaching dissolution, he exhibited submission 
 to the Divine will and the hope of the Divine fa 
 vor. " I have peace of mind," said he. " It may 
 arise from stupidity ; but I think it is founded on 
 a belief of the Gospel." At the same time he 
 disclaimed every idea of meriting salvation. " My 
 hope," said he, " is in the mercy of God, through 
 Jesus Christ." 
 
 Mr. Ames speech in relation to the British 
 treaty, which was delivered April 28, 179G, is a 
 fine specimen of eloquence. He published an 
 oration on the death of Washington in 1800, and 
 he wrote much for the newspapers. His political 
 writings Avere published in 1809, in one volume, 
 8vo., with a notice of his life and character by- 
 President Kirkland. Panoplist, July, 1800; 
 Dexter s Funeral Eulogy; Marshall s Washing 
 ton, v. 203 ; Ames 1 Works. 
 
AMES. 
 
 ANDERSON. 
 
 33 
 
 AMES, NATHANIEL, son of Fisher Ames, died 
 Jan. 18, 1835; author of mariner s sketches; 
 nautical reminiscences ; and old sailors yarns. 
 
 AMES, N. P., died at Cabotville April 23, 
 1847, aged 44 ; a large manufacturer of firearms, 
 and a man of sound judgment and practical skill. 
 
 AMHERST, JEFFREY, lord, commander-in- 
 chief of the British army at the conquest of Canada 
 in 1760, was born in Kent, England, Jan. 29, 
 1717. Having early discovered a predilection for 
 the military life, he received his first commission 
 in the army in 1731, and was aid-de-camp to 
 Gen. Ligonier in 1741, in which character he was 
 present at the battles of Dettingen, Fontenoy, 
 and Rocoux. He was afterward aid-de-camp to 
 his royal highness, the duke of Cumberland, at 
 the battle of Laffeldt. In 1758 he received orders 
 to return to England, being appointed for the 
 American service. He sailed from Portsmouth 
 March 16th as major-general, having the command 
 of the troops destined for the siege of Louisbourg, 
 On the 26th of July following he captured that 
 place, and without farther difficulty took entire 
 possession of the island of Cape Breton. After 
 this event he succeeded Abercrombie in the com 
 mand of the army in North America. In 1759 
 the vast design of the entire conquest of Canada 
 was formed. Three armies were to attack at 
 nearly the same time all the strongholds of the 
 French in that country. They were commanded 
 by Wolfe, Amherst, and Prideaux. Gen. Am- 
 herst in the spring transferred his head-quarters 
 from New York to Albany ; but it was not till 
 the 22d of July, that h<5 reached Ticonderoga, 
 against which place he was to act. On the 27th 
 this place fell into his hands, the enemy having 
 deserted it. He next took Crown Point, and put 
 his troops in winter quarters about the last of Oc 
 tober. In the year 1760 he advanced against 
 Canada, embarking on lake Ontario and proceed 
 ing down the St. Lawrence. On the 8th of Sep 
 tember M. de Vaudreuil capitulated, surrendering 
 Montreal and all other places within the govern 
 ment of Canada. 
 
 He continued in the command in America till 
 the latter end of 1763, when he returned to Eng 
 land. The author of the letters of Junius was 
 his friend, and in Sept., 1768, wrote in his favor. 
 In 1771 he was made governor of Guernsey, and 
 in 1776 he was created Baron Amherst of Holms- 
 dale in the county of Kent. In 1778 he com 
 manded the army in England. At this period 
 Lord Sackville, to whom the letters of Junius 
 have been ascribed, was one of the king s minis 
 ters ; and he had been intimate with Amherst 
 from early life. In 1782 he received the gold 
 stick from the king ; but on the change of the 
 administration the command of the army and the 
 lieutenant-generalship of the ordnance were put 
 into other hands. In 1787 he received another 
 
 patent of peerage, as Baron Amherst of Mont 
 real. In January, 1793, he was again appointed 
 to the command of the army in Great Britain ; 
 but in 1795 this veteran and very deserving offi 
 cer was superseded by his royal highness, the 
 Duke of York, the second son of the king, who 
 was only in the thirty-first year of his age, and 
 had never seen any actual service. The govern 
 ment upon this occasion, with a view to soothe the 
 feelings of the old general, offered him an earldom 
 and the rank of field marshal, both of which he 
 at that time rejected. The office of field marshal 
 however he accepted in July, 1796. He died 
 without children at his seat in Kent August 3, 
 1797, aged eighty years. Watkins; Holmes 
 Annals, II. 226-246, 498; Marshall, I. 442-470; 
 Minot, II. 36. 
 
 AMY, a slave, died at Charleston in 1826, said 
 to be aged 140, and that she came to C. when 
 there were but six small buildings there. 
 
 ANDERSON, RUFUS, minister of Wenhnm, 
 Mass., was born in Londonderry Mai ch 5, 1765, 
 and graduated at Dartmouth college in 1791. In 
 consequence of a religious education his mind was 
 early imbued with the truths of the gospel. He 
 was ordained pastor of the second church in 
 North Yarmouth Oct. 22, 1794. After a ministry 
 of ten years he was dismissed, and installed July 
 10, 1805, at Wenham, where he died Feb., 1814. 
 Dr. Worcester has described his excellent charac 
 ter, and spoken of his useful labors and peaceful 
 death. He published two discourses on the fast, 
 1802; and seven letters against the close com 
 munion of the Baptists, 1805. Worcester s Fu 
 neral Sermon ; Panoplist, x. 307. 
 
 ANDERSON, JAMES, the first Presbyterian 
 minister in the city of New York, began his 
 labors in Oct., 1717. He was born in Scotland in 
 1678; came to Philadelphia in 1710, and became 
 the pastor of Newcastle. His high notions of 
 church authority occasioned a division of his 
 church in N. Y. To the seceders Jonathan 
 Edwards was the preacher for some months. Mr. 
 A. accepted in 1727 a call to Donegal, in Penn., 
 and was succeeded in N. Y. by Mr. Pemberton. 
 
 ANDERSON, JAMKS, M. D.", an eminent phy 
 sician of Maryland, died at his seat near Chestcr- 
 town Dec. 8, 1820, in the 69th year of his age. 
 He studied at Philadelphia and at Edinburgh. 
 His father was a physician from Scotland. Dr. 
 Anderson was learned and skilful, and highly 
 respected in all the relations of life. As a Chris 
 tian he was distinguished, in his peculiar views 
 being a disciple of AVcsley. With exemplary 
 patience and meekness he submitted to painful 
 illness, and died in peace. T/tacher s Msd. 
 Biography. 
 
 ANDERSON, RICHARD, minister of the United 
 States to Colombia, was a native of Kentucky, and 
 for some years a member of Congress. Being 
 
34 
 
 ANDRE. 
 
 appointed envoy extraordinary to the assembly 
 of American nations at Panama, while on his way 
 to that place he died at Carthagena July 24, 1826. 
 On his former visit to Colombia he lost his excel 
 lent -wife. His father, Richard C. Anderson, died 
 Nov. 6. Mr. Anderson was a very amiable man, 
 of a discriminating mind, and very discreet and 
 conciliatory as a politician. 
 
 ANDERSON, JOHN WALLACE, M. D., physi 
 cian to the colony in Liberia, was the son of Col. 
 Richard Anderson, and born in Ilagerstown, Mary 
 land, in 1802. His medical education was at 
 Philadelphia, where he took his degree in 1828, 
 and afterwards settled as a physician at Hagers- 
 town. Here, at his home, amidst all the happi 
 ness of the family circle and of religious institu 
 tions, he formed the purpose of devoting his life 
 to the colonists of Liberia. He hoped to benefit 
 them by his medical skill, and was particularly 
 anxious to promote the cause of temperance in 
 Africa. He sailed Jan. 17, 1830, and arrived at 
 the colony Feb. 17. Dr. Mechlin, the agent, now 
 returning, the affairs of the colony were commit 
 ted to Dr. Anderson ; but he died of the African 
 fever April 12, aged 27 years. In his illness he 
 was resigned and joyful in the hope of salvation. 
 He requested, that the following sentence might 
 be inscribed on his tombstone : " Jesus, for thee 
 I live, for thee I die ! " Afric. Repos. vi. 189 
 191. 
 
 ANDRE, JOHN, aid-dc-camp to Sir Henry 
 Clinton, and adjutant-general of the British army 
 in the Revolutionary war, was born in England in 
 1749. His father was a native of Geneva, and a 
 considerable merchantman the Levant trade ; he 
 died in 1769. Young Andre was destined to 
 mercantile business, and attended his father s 
 counting-house, after having spent some years 
 for his education at Geneva. He first entered 
 the army in Jan., 1771. At this time he had a 
 strong attachment to Honoria Sneyd, who after 
 wards married Mr. Edgcworth. In 1772 he vis 
 ited the courts of Germany, and returned to 
 England in 1773. He landed at Philadelphia in 
 Sept., 1774, as lieutenant of the Royal English 
 Fusileers ; and soon proceeded, by way of Boston, 
 to Canada, to join his regiment. In 1775 he was 
 taken prisoner by Montgomery at St. John s ; 
 but was afterwards exchanged, and appointed 
 captain. In the summer of 1777 he was ap 
 pointed aid to Gen. Grey and was present at the 
 engagements in New Jersey and Pennsylvania in 
 1777 and 1778. On the return of Gen. Grey, he 
 was appointed aid to Gen. Clinton. In 1780 he 
 was promoted to the rank of major, and made 
 adjutant-general of the British army. 
 
 After Arnold had intimated to the British in 
 1780 his intention of delivering up West Point to 
 them, Maj. Andre was selected as the person, to 
 whom the maturing of Arnold s treason and the 
 
 ANDRE. 
 
 arrangements for its execution should be commit 
 ted. A correspondence was for some time car 
 ried on betAvecn them under a mercantile disguise 
 and the feigned names of Gustavus and Ander 
 son ; and at length to facilitate their communica 
 tions the Vulture sloop-of-war moved up the North 
 river and took a station convenient for the pur 
 pose, but not so near as to excite suspicion. An 
 interview was agreed on, and in the night of Sep 
 tember 21, 1780, he was taken in a boat, which 
 was dispatched for the purpose, and carried to 
 the beach, without the posts of both armies, under 
 a pass for John Anderson. He met Gen. Arnold 
 at the house of a Mr. Smith. While the confer 
 ence was yet unfinished, daylight approached ; 
 and to avoid the danger of discovery it was pro 
 posed, that he should remain concealed till the 
 succeeding night. He is understood to have re 
 fused to be carried within the American posts, but 
 the promise made him by Arnold to respect this 
 objection was not observed. He was carried 
 I within them contrary to his wishes and against 
 | his knowledge. He continued with Arnold the 
 1 succeeding day, and when on the following night 
 he proposed to return to the Vulture, the boat 
 man refused to carry him, because she had dur 
 ing the day shifted her station, in consequence of 
 a gun having been moved to the shore and 
 brought to bear upon her. This embarrassing 
 circumstance reduced him to the necessity of en 
 deavoring to reach New York by land. Yielding 
 with reluctance to the urgent representations of 
 Arnold, he laid aside his regimentals, Avhich he 
 had hitherto worn under a surtout, and put on a 
 plain suit of clothes ; and receiving a pass from 
 the American general, authorizing him, under the 
 feigned name of John Anderson, to proceed on 
 the public service to the White Plains, or lower if 
 he thought proper, he set out on his return in the 
 evening of the 22d, accompanied by Joshua 
 Smith, and passed the night at Crompond. The 
 next morning he crossed the Hudson to King s 
 ferry on the east side. A little beyond the Cro- 
 ton, Smith, deeming him safe, bid him adieu. He 
 had passed all the guards and posts on the road 
 without suspicion, and was proceeding to New 
 York in perfect security, when, September 23d, 
 one of the three militia-men, who were employed 
 with others in scouting parties between the lines 
 of the two armies, springing suddenly from his 
 covert into the road, seized the reins of his bridle 
 and stopped his horse. Instead of producing his 
 pass, Andre, with a want of self-possession, which 
 can be attributed only to a kind Providence, 
 asked the man hastily where he belonged, and 
 being answered, " to below," replied immediately, 
 " and so do I." He then declared himself to be 
 a British officer, on urgent business, and begged 
 that he might not be detained. The other two 
 militia men coming up at this moment, he discov- 
 
ANDRE. 
 
 ANDRE. 
 
 35 
 
 ered his mistake ; but it was too late to repair it. 
 He offered them his purse and a valuable watch, 
 to winch he added the most tempting promises 
 of ample reward and permanent provision from 
 the government, if they would permit him to 
 escape ; but his offers were rejected without hesi 
 tation. 
 
 The militia-men, whose names were John Paul- 
 ding, ] )avid Williams, and Isaac Van Wart, pro 
 ceeded to search him. They found concealed in 
 his boots exact returns, in Arnold s handwriting, 
 of the state of the forces, ordnance, and defences 
 at West Point and its dependencies, critical re 
 marks on the works, and an estimate of the men 
 ordinarily employed in them, with other interest 
 ing papers. Andre was carried before Lieut.-Col. 
 Jameson, the officer commanding the scouting 
 parties on the lines, and regardless of himself and 
 only anxious for the safety of Arnold, he still 
 maintained the character, which he had assumed, 
 and requested Jameson to inform his commanding 
 officer, that Anderson was taken. A letter was 
 accordingly sent to Arnold, and the traitor, thus 
 becoming acquainted with his danger, escaped. 
 The narrative of the bearer of this letter, Salomon 
 Allen, is given in the sketch of his life : it differs 
 in several respects from the account of the affair 
 in the Encyclopaedia Americana, and throws light 
 upon circumstances, which have been heretofore 
 obscure. 
 
 A board of general officers, of which Maj. 
 Gen. Greene was president, and the two foreign 
 generals, Lafayette and Steuben, were members, 
 was called to report a precise state of the case of 
 Andre, who had acknowledged himself Adjutant- 
 General of the British army, and to determine in 
 what character he was to be considered, and to 
 what punishment he was liable. He received 
 from the board every mark of indulgent atten 
 tion ; and from a sense of justice, as well as of 
 delicacy, he was informed on the first opening of 
 the examination, that he was at perfect liberty 
 not to answer any interrogatory, which might em 
 barrass his own feelings. But he disdained every 
 evasion, and frankly acknowledged every thing, 
 which was material to his condemnation. The 
 board, which met Sept. 29th, did not examine a 
 single witness, but, founding their report entirely 
 upon his own confession, reported that he came 
 within the description of a spy and ought to suf 
 fer death. The execution of this sentence was 
 ordered on the day succeeding that on which it 
 was rendered. 
 
 The greatest exertions were made by Sir Henry 
 Clinton, to whom Andre was particularly dear, to 
 rescue him from his fate. It was first represented, 
 that he came on shore under the sanction of a 
 flag; but Washington returned an answer to 
 Clinton, in which he stated, that Andre had him 
 self disclaimed the pretext. An interview was 
 
 next proposed between Lieut.-Gen. Robertson 
 and Gen. Greene ; but no facts, which had not 
 before been considered, Avere made known. When 
 every other exertion failed, a letter from Arnold, 
 filled with threats, was presented. 
 
 Andre was deeply affected by the mode of 
 dying, which the laws of war had decreed to per 
 sons in his situation. He wished to die as a sol 
 dier, and not as a criminal. To obtain a mitigation 
 of his sentence in this respect he addressed a let 
 ter to Gen. Washington, replete with all the feel 
 ings of a man of sentiment and honor. The 
 commander-in-chief consulted his officers on the 
 subject ; but as Andre unquestionably came under 
 the description of a spy, it was thought, that the 
 public good required his punishment to be in the 
 usual way. The decision, however, from tender 
 ness to Andre, was not divulged. He encoun 
 tered his fate, Oct. 2d, at Tappan, with a compo 
 sure and fortitude, which excited the admiration 
 and interested the feelings of all who were pres 
 ent. He exhibited some emotion, when he first 
 beheld the preparations at the fatal spot, and in 
 quired, " must I die in this manner ? " He soon 
 afterwards added, " it will be but a momentary 
 pang ; " and being asked, if he had any request 
 to make before he left the world, he answered, 
 " none but that you will witness to the world, that 
 I die like a brave man." While one weeps at the 
 ignominious death of a man so much esteemed 
 and beloved, it would have given some relief to 
 the pained mind, if he had died more like a 
 Christian and less like a soldier. The sympathy, 
 excited among the American officers by his fate, 
 was as universal, as it is unusual on such occa 
 sions ; and proclaims the merit of him, who suf 
 fered, and the humanity of those, who inflicted 
 the punishment. In 1821 the bones of Andre 
 were dug up and carried to his native land by 
 royal mandate. Major Andre wrote the Cow 
 Chase, in three cantos, 1781. This poem was 
 originally published in Rivington s Royal Gazette, 
 New York, in the morning of the day, on which 
 Andre was taken prisoner. The last stanza, in 
 tended to ridicule Gen. Wayne for his failure in 
 an attempt to collect cattle for the army, is this : 
 
 " And now I ve closed my epic strain, 
 I tremble, as I show it, 
 Lest this same Warrior-Drover, Wayne, 
 Should ever catch the Poet . " 
 
 He wrote also letters to Miss Seward, New 
 York, 1772. Miss Seward wrote a monody on 
 Andre, in which she predicted, that Washington 
 would die miserably for executing the spy. 
 Annual Register for 1781, 39-46 ; Marshall, iv. 
 277-286; Gordon, m. 481-490; Stedman, n. 
 249-2,33 ; Ramsay, II. 196-201 ; Political May. 
 II. 171 ; Amer. fiememb. 1781, 1., p. 101 ; Smit/Vs 
 Narrative ; Thacher s Military Journal. 
 
3G 
 
 ANDREWS. 
 
 ANDROS. 
 
 ANDREW, SAMUEL, the second rector of 
 Yale college, was the son of Samuel Andrew, of 
 Cambridge, Mass., born 1656, graduated 1675, 
 and ordained the minister of Milford, Conn., 
 Nov. 18, 1685. Being appointed, after the death 
 of Mr. Pierson, temporary rector of the college in 
 1707, he officiated till 1719, occasionally repair 
 ing to the college at Saybrook and New Haven, 
 but residing at Milford. He died Jan. 24, 1738, 
 aged 82, leaving an excellent reputation. His 
 predecessors in the ministry were Prudden and 
 Newton ; Whittlesey succeeded him. 
 
 ANDREWS, ROBERT, professor of mathematics 
 in William and Mary college, Virginia, died in 
 Jan., 1804, at Williamsburg. In 1779 he was a 
 commissioner with Dr. Madison to settle the 
 boundary line with Pennsylvania, Bryan, Ewing, 
 and Rittenhouse being the commissioners of Penn. 
 The talents of Mr. Andrews were actively em 
 ployed and regulated by reason and religion. 
 His wife and children were taught by him those 
 divine principles, which bear the afflicted above 
 the evils of life. 
 
 ANDREWS, JOHN, D. ])., provost of the 
 university of Penn., was born in Cecil county, 
 Md., April 4, 1746, and educated at Philadelphia. 
 After receiving Episcopal ordination in London 
 Feb., 1767, he was three years a missionary at 
 Lewiston, Md., and then a missionary at York- 
 town, and a rector in Queen Ann s county, Md. 
 Not partaking of the patriotic spirit of the times, 
 he was induced to quit Maryland for many years. 
 In 1785 he was placed at the head of the Episco 
 pal academy in Philadelphia, and in 1789 ap 
 pointed professor of moral philosophy in the 
 college. In 1810 he succeeded Dr. M Dowell as 
 provost. He died March 29, 1813, aged 67. As 
 a scholar he was very distinguished. He published 
 a sermon on the parable of the unjust steward, 
 1789; and elements of logic. 
 
 ANDREWS, LORING, a distinguished editor, 
 died at Charleston Oct. 19, 1805. He was the 
 brother of Rev. John Andrews, of Newburyport. 
 He first published, in Boston, the Herald of 
 Freedom ; then, at Stockbridge, the Western Star ; 
 and in 1803 he established the Charleston Courier, 
 a political paper of high reputation. 
 
 ANDREWS, JOIIN, D. D., died in Newbury 
 port in Aug., 1845, aged 81. A graduate of 1786, 
 he was settled as a colleague with Mr. Cary in 
 1788. He published a thanksgiving sermon, 
 1795; at a dedication, 1801 ; on the death of T. 
 Cary, 1808; before a humane society, 1812. 
 
 ANDREWS, PARNELLY, wife of Dr. S. L. 
 Andrews, missionary at the Sandwich Islands, 
 died at Kailua Sept. 29, 1846, aged 39. Her 
 name was Pierce, of Woodbury, Conn. She em 
 barked in 1836. 
 
 ANDREWS, JOANNA, Mrs., died at Gloucester 
 Jan. 20, 1847, aged 102. 
 
 ANDREWS, EBENEZER T., an extensive printer, 
 died in Boston Oct. 9, 1851, aged 84. He was 
 of the firm of Thomas & Andrews. 
 
 ANDREWS, ASA, the survivor of all the pre 
 ceding graduates of Harvard, died at Ipswich 
 Jan. 13, 1856, aged 93. He was born in Boylston ; 
 his mother, whose name was Bradstreet, was a 
 descendant of Gov. B. He graduated in 1783, 
 and studied law with C. Strong, Northampton. 
 From 1796 to 1829 he was collector of the port 
 of Ipswich. He was a man of ability, highly 
 respected. 
 
 ANDROS, EDMUND, governor of New England, 
 had some command in New York in 1672, and in 
 1674 was appointed governor of that province. 
 He continued in this office till 1682, exhibiting in 
 this government but little of that tyrannical dis 
 position, which he afterwards displayed. He 
 arrived at Boston Dec. 20, 1686, with a commis 
 sion from King James for the government of 
 New England. He made high professions of 
 regard to the public good, directed the judges to 
 administer justice according to the custom of the 
 place, ordered the established rules with respect 
 to rates and taxes to be observed, and declared, 
 that all the colony laws, not inconsistent with his 
 commission, should remain in full force. By 
 these professions he calmed the apprehensions, 
 which had agitated the minds of many; but it 
 was not long before the monster stood forth in 
 his proper shape. 
 
 His administration was most oppressive and 
 tyrannical. The press was restrained, exorbitant 
 taxes were levied, and the Congregational minis 
 ters were threatened to be deprived of their sup 
 port for nonconformity. Sir Edmund, knowing 
 that his royal master was making great progress 
 towards despotism in England, was very 
 willing to keep equal pace in his less important 
 government. It was pretended, that all titles to 
 land were destroyed; and the farmers were 
 obliged to take new patents, for which they paid 
 large fees. He prohibited marriage, unless the 
 parties entered into bonds with sureties to be 
 forfeited in case there should afterwards appear 
 to have been any lawful impediment. There was 
 at this time but one Episcopal clergyman in the 
 country ; but Andros wrote to the bishop of Lon 
 don, intimating, for the encouragement of those 
 who might be persuaded to come to this country, 
 that in future no marriage should be deemed 
 lawful, unless celebrated by ministers of the 
 church of England. With four or five of his 
 council he laid what taxes he thought proper. 
 The fees of office were raised to a most exorbitant 
 height. In Oct., 1687, he went with troops to 
 Hartford, and demanded the surrender of the 
 charter of Connecticut, which was placed in the 
 evening upon the table of the Assembly, but 
 instantly the lights were extinguished, and the 
 
ANDROS. 
 
 ANDRUS. 
 
 37 
 
 charter disappeared, having been carried off by 
 Capt. Wadsworth and secreted in a hollow oak, 
 near the house of Samuel "\Vyllys. 
 
 In the spring of 1688 Andros proceeded in the 
 Rose frigate to Penobscot and plundered the 
 house and fort of Castine, and thus by his base 
 rapacity excited an Indian war. In November he 
 marched against the eastern Indians at the head 
 of seven or eight hundred men ; but not an 
 Indian was seen. They had retired to the woods 
 for hunting. He built two forts, one at Sheepscot, 
 the other at Pegypscot Falls or Brunswick, and 
 left garrisons in them. If the old name of 
 Amarascoggin, on which river he built Pegypscot 
 Fort, received at this time, in honor of him, the 
 name of Androscoggin, he was not worthy of 
 such remembrance. The ancient name is to be 
 preferred. 
 
 At length the capricious and arbitrary proceed 
 ings of Andros roused the determined spirit of 
 the people. 
 
 Having sought in the wilds of America the 
 secure enjoyment of that civil and religious 
 liberty, of which they had been unjustly deprived 
 in England, they were not disposed to see their 
 dearest rights wrested from them without a 
 struggle to retain them. Animated with the love 
 of liberty, they v/ere also resolute and courageous 
 in its defence. They had for several years 
 suffered the impositions of a tyrannical adminis 
 tration, and the dissatisfaction and indignation, 
 which had been gathering during this period, 
 were blown into a flame by the report of an 
 intended massacre by the governor s guards. On 
 the morning of April 18, 1689, the inhabitants of 
 Boston took up arms, the people poured in from 
 the country, and the governor, with such of the 
 council as had been most active, and other 
 obnoxious persons, about fifty in number, were 
 seized and confined. The old magistrates were 
 restored, and the next month the joyful news of 
 the Revolution in England reached this country, 
 and quieted all apprehension of the consequences 
 of what had been done. After having been kept 
 at the castle till February following, Andros was 
 sent to England for trial. The General Court 
 about the same time despatched a committee of 
 several gentlemen to substantiate the charges 
 against him. 
 
 The government was reduced to a most per 
 plexing dilemma. If they condemned Andros 
 administration, the sentence might be drawn into 
 a precedent, and they might seem to encourage 
 insurrection and rebellion in future periods, when 
 circumstances did not render so desperate an ex 
 pedient necessary. On the other hand, if they 
 should approve of the administration of Andros 
 and censure the proceedings of the colonists, it 
 would imply a reprobation of the very measure, 
 which had been pursued in bringing about the 
 
 Revolution in England. It was therefore deemed 
 prudent to dismiss the business without coming to 
 a final decision. The people were accordingly 
 left to the full enjoyment of their freedom ; and 
 Andros, in public estimation guilty, escaped with 
 out censure. 
 
 In 1692 he was appointed the governor of 
 Virginia, in which office his conduct was for the 
 most part prudent and unimpeached. He was 
 succeeded by Nicholson in 1698. He died in 
 London Feb. 24, 1714, at a very advanced age. 
 His narrative of his proceedings in New England 
 was published in 1691, and republished in 1773. 
 HutcUnson, Douglass, II. 247, 272, 369; 
 Holmes, I. 421, 425; Bdknap, I. 244; Eliot; 
 Beverly. 
 
 ANDROS, THOMAS, minister of Berkley, was 
 born in Norwich, Conn., May 1, 1759, the son of 
 a merchant. His widowed mother removed to 
 Plainfield, where her friends resided. At the age 
 of sixteen he joined the army as a soldier at 
 Cambridge in 1775. Afterwards he was in the 
 battles of Long Island and White Plains, and 
 served elsewhere. In 1781 he enlisted in a private 
 armed vessel at New London ; but, captured in a 
 prize vessel, he was thrown into prison in the old 
 Jersey prison-ship at New York, in which, it is 
 said, eleven thousand died. In a few months he, 
 by a remarkable Providence, escaped ; and his 
 lost health was restored. Having studied theology 
 with Dr. Benedict of Plainfield, he was ordained 
 at Berkley March 19, 1788, on a salary of 80 
 pounds. He was dismissed at his request June 
 15, 1834, having labored with his people forty- 
 six years. His last sermon he preached October 
 5, 1845, walking two miles to church, and speaking 
 with animation and force. He died of apo 
 plexy Dec. 30, 1845, aged 86. His first wife 
 Avas Abigail Cutter, of Killingly ; his second, 
 Sophia Sanford, of Berkley, in 1799. His son, 
 R. S. S. Andros, wrote an account of him for 
 Emery s Ministry of Taunton. 
 
 He published a sermon on the death of J. 
 Crane, 1795; of Mrs. Andros, 1798; at thanks 
 giving, 1808 and 1812; on restraining prayer; 
 Bible news, &c., against N. "Worcester s book, 
 1813; on human creeds, 1814; at the ordination 
 of B. Whittcmore, 1815; against philosophical 
 mixtures, 1819; an essay against a positive 
 efficiency in the production of sin, 1820 ; six dis 
 courses ; on the death of S. Tobey, 1823; a ser 
 mon vindicating the temperance society, 1830; a 
 narrative of his imprisonment and escape from 
 the Jersey prison-ship. 
 
 ANDRUS, JOSEHI R., agent of the colonization 
 society, was graduated at Middlebury college in 
 1812, and after studying theology at New Haven 
 and Andover, and also under Bishop Gri.swold at 
 Bristol, R. L, received Episcopal ordination. It 
 had been for years his purpose to devote himself 
 
38 
 
 ANGE. 
 
 to promote the welfare of the degraded and 
 oppressed race of Africans. Being appointed the 
 agent of the colonization society, he sailed early 
 in 1821, and proceeded, with his associate, 
 Ephraim Bacon, in April from Sierra Leone to 
 the Bassa country to negotiate with King Ben for 
 a place of settlement. It was well for the pro 
 posed colony, that the attempt was unsuccessful, 
 for a more healthful and eligible territory was 
 afterwards purchased by Dr. Apes at Montserado. 
 Mr. Andrus died at Sierra Leone, and \vas 
 buried July 29, 1821. He was the friend of 
 Carlos Wilcox, and by him honored in his lines, 
 "The Group of Stars"." Panoplist, XVIII. ; 25, 
 400 ; Remains of Wilcox, 90. 
 
 ANGE, FRANCIS, a planter of Pennsylvania, 
 died in 1767, aged 134 years. He remembered 
 the death of Charles I. ; at the age of 130 was in 
 good health ; and at the time of his death his 
 memory was strong, his faculties perfect. He 
 had lived on simple food. His residence was 
 between Broad creek and the head of Wicomoco 
 river. Mem. of Historical Society, Philad., I. 
 320. 
 
 ANGIER, SAMUEL, minister of Rehoboth, died 
 in 1719, aged about 66. He was a graduate of 
 1673, in a class of four, of whom one was John 
 "Wise. He was ordained in May, 1679, and dis 
 missed in 1693 ; after which he was the pastor of 
 Watertown, yet living at Cambridge, where his 
 house was burnt, with the records of Rehoboth. 
 His mother was the daughter of the famous Win. 
 Ames : his wife was the only child of President 
 Oakes, and he had by her fifteen children. 
 
 AXGLIX, HENRY, a soldier of the Revolution 
 ary army in North Carolina, died at Athens in 
 Georgia in 1853, aged 105. 
 
 ANTES, JOHN, a Moravian missionary, was 
 born March 4, 1740, and sent from America to 
 Herrnhut in Germany in 1764. In 1769 he pro 
 ceeded to Cairo on a proposed mission to Abys 
 sinia ; but meeting Mr. Bruce, he was induced to 
 abandon the undertaking. He returned to Ger 
 many in 1781 ; and in 1808 risked England, and 
 died at Bristol Dec. 17, 1811. He published a 
 reply to Lord Valencia, vindicating Bruce s ve 
 racity ; observations on the manners of the Egyp 
 tians ; and wrote a memoir of his own life. 
 
 ANTHONY, SUSANNA, an eminently pious 
 woman of Rhode Island, was born in 1726, and 
 died at Newport June 23, 1791, aged 64 years. 
 Her parents were Quakers. Dr. Hopkins pub 
 lished the memoirs of her life, consisting chiefly 
 of extracts from her writings, of which there was 
 a second edition in 1810. She devoted herself 
 chiefly to prayer. 
 
 AP PLETON, NATHANIEL, D. D., minister of 
 Cambridge, was born at Ipswich Dec. 9, 1693. 
 His father was John Appleton, one of the king s 
 council and for twenty years judge of probate 
 
 APPLETON. 
 
 ! in the county of Essex, and his mother was 
 the eldest daughter of President Rogers. He 
 was graduated at Harvard college in 1712. 
 After completing his education, an opportunity 
 ! presented of entering into commercial business 
 | on very advantageous terms with an uncle in 
 Boston, who was an opulent merchant ; but 
 I he resolved to forego every worldly advantage, 
 | that he might promote the interest of the 
 i Redeemer s kingdom. Soon after he began to 
 ! preach, he was invited to succeed Mr. Brattle in 
 the ministry at Cambridge, and was ordained 
 Oct. 9, 1717. On this occasion Dr. Increase 
 Mather preached the sermon and gave the charge, 
 and Dr. Cotton Mather gave the right hand of 
 fellowship. He was the same year elected a 
 fellow of Harvard college, which office he sus 
 tained above sixty years, faithfully consulting and 
 essentially promoting the interests of the insti 
 tution. In 1771 the university conferred on him 
 the degree of doctor of divinity, an honor, which 
 had been conferred upon but one person, In 
 crease Mather, about eighty years before. De 
 grees have since become more frequent and less 
 honorable. The usefulness of Dr. Appleton was 
 diminished for a few of his last years through the 
 infirmities of age, but did not entirely cease ex 
 cept with his life. He received Mr. Hilliard as 
 his colleague in 1783. After a ministry of more 
 than sixty-six years, he died Feb. 9, 1784, in the 
 91st year of his age. This country can furnish 
 few instances of more useful talents, and more 
 exemplary piety, exhibited for so long a time and 
 with such great success. During his ministry two 
 thousand one hundred and thirty-eight persons 
 were baptized, and seven hundred and eighty-four 
 admitted members of the church. 
 
 Dr. Appleton was as venerable for his piety as 
 for his years. His whole character was patri 
 archal. In his dress, in his manners, in his con- 
 | versation, in his ministry he resembled the Pu 
 ritan ministers, who first settled New England. 
 ! He lived from the close of one century to near 
 j the close of another, and he brought down with 
 j him the habits of former times. His natural 
 temper was cheerful, but his habitual deportment 
 was grave. Early consecrated to God, and hav 
 ing a fixed predilection for the ministry, by the 
 union of good sense with deep seriousness, of 
 enlightened zeal with consummate prudence, he 
 was happily fitted for the pastoral office. 
 
 He preached with great plainness and with 
 primitive simplicity. In order to accommodate 
 his discourses to the meanest capacity, he fre 
 quently borrowed similitudes from familiar, some 
 times from vulgar objects ; but his application of 
 them was so pertinent and his utterance so sol 
 emn, as to suppress levity and silence criticism. 
 Deeply sensible of the fallen state of man, he ad 
 mired the wisdom, holiness, and mercy, which are 
 
APPLETOX. 
 
 APPLETOX. 
 
 39 
 
 displayed in the plan of redemption through a 
 glorious Saviour. From the abundance of his 
 heart, filled with the love of God, he spake with 
 such fervor, as was fitted to inspire his hearers 
 with pious sentiments and affections. 
 
 He possessed the learning of his time. The 
 scriptures he read in the originals. His exposi 
 tion, preached in course on the Sabbath, com- 1 
 prchended the whole Xew Testament, the pro 
 phecy of Isaiah, and some of the other prophets, j 
 It was chiefly designed to promote practical 
 piety ; but on the prophetical parts he discovered 
 a continued attention, extent of reading, and a 
 depth of research, which come to the share of j 
 but very few. In his preaching he carefully 
 availed himself of special occurrences, and his i 
 discourses on such occasions were peculiarly sol- j 
 emn and impressive. With the fidelity and j 
 plainness of a Christian minister he administered 
 reproofs and admonitions, and maintained with 
 parental tenderness and pastoral authority the 
 discipline of the church. By his desire a com 
 mittee was appointed, and "continued for many 
 years, for inspecting the manners of professing 
 Christians. So great was the ascendency, which 
 he gained over his people by his discretion and j 
 moderation, by his condescension and benevo- j 
 lence, by his fidelity and piety, that they regarded 
 his counsels as oracular. 
 
 In controversial and difficult cases he was often 
 applied to for advice at ecclesiastical councils. 
 Impartial yet pacific, firm yet conciliatory, he was 
 peculiarly qualified for a counsellor, and in that 
 character he materially contributed to the unity, 
 flic peace, an-1 order of the churches. With the 
 wisdom of the serpent he happily united the 
 innocence of the dove. In his religious princi 
 ples he was a Calvinist, as were all his predeces 
 sors in the ministry, Hooker, Stone, Shqjard, 
 Mitchel, Oakes, Gookin, and Brattle. But towards 
 those of different principles he was candid and 
 catholic. 
 
 His own example enforced the duties, which he 
 enjoined upon others. He was humble, meek, 
 and benevolent. He was ready at all times to 
 relieve the distressed, and through life he de 
 voted a tenth part of lu s whole income to pious 
 and charitable uses. He was ever a firm friend 
 to the civil and religious liberties of mankind, 
 and was happy in living to see the establishment 
 of peace and independence in his native land, 
 lie deserves honorable remembrance for his ex 
 ertions to send the gospel to the Indians. Under 
 his many heavy trials he was submissive and pa 
 tient. When his infirmities had in a great 
 measure terminated his usefulness, he expressed 
 his desire to depart and be with Christ. He at 
 length calmly resigned his spirit into the hands 
 of its Redeemer. His son, Xathaniel, a mer 
 chant in Boston, who died in 1798, wrote, with 
 
 James Swan and others, against the slave trade 
 and slavery from 1766 to 1770. 
 
 His publications are the following : the wisdom 
 of God in the redemption of man, 1728 ; a ser 
 mon at the artillery election, 1733 ; on evan 
 gelical repentance, 1741 ; discourses on llomans 
 VIII. 14, 1743; funeral sermons on the death of 
 President Leverett, 1724; of Francis Foxcroft, 
 1728; of President Wadsworth, 1737; of Han 
 cock, 1752; of Spencer Phips, 1757; of Henry 
 Flynt, 1760; of Dr. Wigglesworth, 1765; of 
 President Holyoke, 1769; sermons at the or 
 dination of Josiah Cotton, 1728 ; of John Ser 
 geant, 1735 ; of John Sparhawk, 1736 ; of 
 Matthew Bridge, 1746; of O. Peabody, Jr., 
 1750 ; of Stephen Badger, 1753 ; a sermon at the 
 general election, 1742; at the convention, 1743; 
 two discourses on a fast, 1 748 ; on the difference 
 between a legal and evangelical righteousness, 
 1749; Dudleian lecture, 1758; at the Boston lec 
 ture, 1763; against profane swearing, 1765; a 
 thanksgiving sermon for the conquest of Can 
 ada, 1760; for the repeal of the stamp act, 1766; 
 two discourses on a fast, 1770. Holmes History 
 of Cambridge ; Collections of Historical Society, 
 vii. 37,9-63; x. 158; American Herald, Feb. 
 23, 1784. 
 
 APPLETOX, JESSE, D. D., the second president 
 of Bowdoin college, was born at Xew Ipswich 
 Xov. 17, 1772. He descended from John Apple- 
 ton of Great Waldingfield, Suffolk, England, who 
 died in 1436. Samuel, a descendant of John, 
 came to this country in 1635, and settled at 
 Ipswich, Mass. Francis, his father, a man of 
 piety and vigorous intellect, died in 1816, aged 83. 
 
 President Appleton was graduated at Dart 
 mouth college in 1792. It was during his resi 
 dence at that seminary, that he experienced deep 
 religious impressions ; yet of any precise period, 
 when his heart was regenerated by the Spirit of 
 God, he was not accustomed to speak. The only 
 safe evidence of piety, he believed, was " the 
 perception in himself of those qualities, which the 
 Gospel requires." Having spent two years in the 
 instruction of youth at Dover and Aniherst, he 
 studied theology under Dr. Lathrop of West 
 Springfield. In Feb., 1797, he was ordained as 
 the pastor of a church at Hampton. His 
 religious sentiments at this period were Arminian. 
 Much of his time during his ten years residence 
 in that town was devoted to systematic, earnest 
 study, in consequence of which liis sentiments 
 assumed a new form. By his faithful, affectionate 
 services he was very much endeared to his people. 
 At his suggestion the Piscataqua Evangelical 
 Magazine was published, to which he contributed 
 valuable essays, with the signature of Lc ^hton. 
 Such was his public estimation, that in 1803 he 
 was one of the two principal candidates for the 
 professorsliip of theology at Harvard college ; but 
 
40 
 
 APPLETOX. 
 
 Dr. Ware was elected. In 1807 he was chosen 
 president of Bowdoin college, into which office 
 he was inducted Dec. 23. After the toils of ten 
 years in this station, his health hecame much im 
 paired in consequence of a severe cold, in October, 
 1817. In May, 1819, his illness became more 
 alarming, his complaints being a cough, hoarse 
 ness, and debility. A journey proved of no 
 essential benefit. A profuse hemorrhage in 
 October extinguished all hope of recovery. As 
 the day of his dissolution approached, he re 
 marked, " Of this I am sure, that salvation is all 
 of grace. I would make no mention of any 
 thing, which I have ever thought, or said, or done ; 
 but only of this, that God so loved the world, as 
 to give his only begotten Son, that whosoever be- 
 licvefh on Him should not perish, but have ever 
 lasting life. The atonement is the only ground 
 of hope." In health he was sometimes anxious, 
 in a high degree, in regard to the college ; but in 
 his sickness he said in cheerful confidence, " God 
 has taken care of the college, and God will take 
 care of it." Among his last expressions were 
 heard the words, " Glory to God in the highest : 
 the whole earth shall be filled with his glory." 
 lie died Xov. 12, 1,819, at the age of 47, having 
 been president nearly twelve years. A discourse 
 was published, which was delivered at his funeral 
 by Benjamin Tappan of Augusta, describing the 
 excellences of his character and his peculiar 
 qualifications for the station, which he occupied. 
 His widow, Elizabeth, died in Boston in 1844. 
 
 He published a dedication sermon at Hampton, 
 1797 ; sermons at the ordination of Asa Rand 
 of Gorham, 1809, and Jonathan Cogswell of Saco, 
 and Reuben Xason of Freeport, 1810; of Ben 
 jamin Tappan of Augusta, 1811; discourse on 
 the death of Frederic Southgate, 1813 ; Massa 
 chusetts election sermon, 1814 ; a sermon on the 
 perpetuity of the Sabbath, 1814 ; thanksgiving 
 sermon, 1815 ; sermon at the ordination of Enos 
 Merrill, of Freeport; sermon before the Bath 
 society for the suppression of public vices ; address 
 before the Mass, society for the suppression of in 
 temperance, 1816 ; sermon before the American 
 commissioners for foreign missions, 1817; sermon 
 at the formation of the Maine education society, 
 1818 ; also a sermon on the death of Mrs. Buck- 
 minster ; a sermon before the Portsmouth female 
 asylum ; and a sermon relating to Dr. Emmons on 
 unity. 
 
 In 1820 a volume of his addresses was pub 
 lished, containing his inaugural address and 
 eleven annual addresses, with a sketch of his 
 character by Dr. Xichols of Portland. In 1822 
 his lectures and occasional sermons were published 
 in one volume, witli a memoir of his life by 
 Benjamin Tappan of Augusta. The subjects of 
 those lectures, twenty-seven in number, are the ne 
 cessity of revelation, human depravity, the atone- 
 
 APTIIORP. 
 
 ment, regeneration, the eternity of future punish 
 ment, the resurrection of the body, and the 
 demoniacs of the Xew Testament. 
 
 The sermons are on the immortality of the soul, 
 the influence of religion on the condition of 
 man, the evils of war and the probability of 
 universal peace, the truth of Christianity from its 
 moral effects, conscience, and consequences of 
 neglecting the great salvation. His works, with 
 a memoir, were published in two vols., 1837. 
 
 APPLETOX, SAMUEL, a distinguished mer 
 chant, died July 12, 1853, aged 87. He was born 
 in Xew Ipswich, X. H., June 22, 1766, one of a 
 family of twelve brothers and sisters. He early 
 became a country merchant; in 1794 he 1 es 
 tablished himself in business in Boston, in which 
 his career was one of great honor, success, and 
 usefulness. His brother, Xathan, became his 
 partner. He married in 1819 Mrs. Mary Gore. 
 As early as 1823 he determined to spend 
 annually the amount of his income. Having no 
 children, much of his beneficence had respect to 
 the children of his brothers and sisters ; and 
 much of his charity went to the poor. He was 
 accustomed to give away 25,000 dollars a year. 
 To all great objects of charity he Avas a large con 
 tributor. He deemed the day lost, in which he 
 had not done some good. To Dartmouth college 
 he gave 10,000 dollars. A print of him is in the 
 Historical Register. His life by E. Peabody may 
 be found in the lives of American merchants. 
 
 APPLETOX, LYDIA, sister of X. Dane, died 
 in Beverly Aug. 23, 1845, aged 103 years and 8 
 months. She was married at thirty and was a 
 widow at ninety. 
 
 APTHORP, EAST, an Episcopal minister, was 
 the son of Charles Apthorp, a merchant of 
 Boston, Avho died in 1758, aged 61. He was born 
 in 1733, and studied at Jesus college, Cambridge, 
 England. Having taken orders, he was appointed 
 in 1761 by the society for propagating the Gospel 
 in foreign parts a missionary at Cambridge, in 
 which place he continued four or five years. He 
 engaged in a warm controversy with Dr. Mayhcw 
 concerning the design and conduct of the society, 
 of which he was a missionary. The political 
 feelings of the people were mingled with their 
 religious attachments ; the cause, which Mr. Ap 
 thorp espoused, was unpopular, and he returned 
 to England. He was made vicar of Croydon in 
 1765, and in 1778 rector of Bow church, London, 
 to which he was presented by his friend and 
 fellow collegian, bishop Porteus. In 1790, having 
 lost his sight, he exchanged these livings for the 
 prebend of Finsbury, and having an adequate 
 income, he retired to spend the evening of his 
 days among the scenes and friends of his youth, 
 at the university, in a house provided for him by 
 his patron, Bishop Watson. He died at Cam 
 bridge, England, April 16, 1816, aged 83 years. 
 
APTHORP. 
 
 His wife was the daughter of Foster Hutchinson, 
 a brother of the governor. His only son was a 
 clergyman ; of three daughters, one was married 
 to Dr. Cary and one to Dr. Butler, both heads of 
 colleges ; the third married a son of Dr. Palcy. 
 Dr. Thomas Bulfinch of Boston married one of 
 his sisters, and Robert Bayard of New York 
 another. He was eminent as a writer. He 
 published a sermon at the opening of the church 
 at Cambridge, 17G1; on the peace, 1763; con 
 siderations respecting the society for the propaga 
 tion, etc., 1763 ; on the death of Ann Wheelwright, 
 1764 ; review of Mayhew s remarks on the answer 
 to his observations, etc., 1765; discourses on 
 prophecy, at the Warburton lecture, Lincoln s 
 Inn chapel, 2 vols; and an answer to Gibbon s 
 statement of the causes of the spread of Christ 
 ianity. Jcnnison, MS. ; Holmes, n. 120,481. 
 
 APTHORP, GEORGE H., missionary to Ceylon, 
 died June 8, 1844, aged 46. Born in Quincy, he 
 graduated at Yale in 1829, and studied theology 
 at Princeton. He sailed from Boston in 1833. 
 He lived chiefly at Varany. He said in his sick 
 ness, " My faith rests firmly on the rock." 
 Among his last words were, " Precious Saviour, 
 come, come quickly." His last prayers, both in 
 English and Tamul, for all descriptions of men, 
 were most earnest. His wife, Mary Robertson, 
 of Albemarle county, Va., died in peace Sept. 3, 
 1849, aged 41, and was buried by the side of her 
 husband. 
 
 ARBUCKLE, MATTHEW, brigadier-general, 
 died at Fort Smith, Ark., June 11, 1851, aged 75. 
 He commanded at New Orleans, Fort Gibson, and 
 Fort Smith. Thoroughly acquainted with the 
 Indians, he always preserved their confidence. 
 
 ARCH, JOHN, a Cherokee Indian and an 
 interpreter, died at Brainerd June 8, 1825, aged 
 27. When taken sick, he was engaged in trans 
 lating John s Gospel into Cherokee, using the 
 ingenious alphabet invented by Mr. Guess. He 
 had been a Christian convert several years ; and 
 he died in peace, saying, " God is good, and will 
 do right!" He was buried by the side of Dr. 
 Worcester. 
 
 ARCHDALE, JOHN, governor of Carolina, was 
 appointed to this office by the proprietors, after 
 Lord Ashley had declined accepting it. He was 
 a Quaker and a proprietor, and arrived in the 
 summer of 1695. The settlers received him with 
 universal joy. The colony had been in much con 
 fusion, but order was now restored. The As 
 sembly was called, and the governor by the 
 discreet use of his extensive powers settled almost 
 every public concern to the satisfaction of the 
 people. The price of lands and the form of con 
 veyances were settled by law. Magistrates were 
 appointed for hearing all causes, and determining 
 all differences between the settlers and the 
 Indians. Public roads were ordered to be made 
 G 
 
 ARGALL. 
 
 41 
 
 and water passages cut. The planting of rice, 
 which has since become the great source of the 
 opulence of Carolina, was introduced. A captain 
 of a vessel from Madagascar on his way to Great 
 Britain anchored off Sullivan s Island and made a 
 present to the governor of a bag of seed rice, 
 which he had brought from the east. This rice 
 the governor divided among some of his friends, 
 who agreed to make an experiment. The success 
 equalled their expectation, and from this small 
 beginning arose the staple commodity of Carolina. 
 
 He continued one year in his government. 
 After his return to London, he published a work 
 entitled, a new description of that fertile and 
 pleasant province of Carolina, with a brief ac 
 count of its discovery, settling, and the govern 
 ment thereof to this time, with several remark 
 able passages during my time, 1707. Holmes; 
 Ilewatt, I. 119, 129-131 ; Ramsay, I. 47-50. 
 
 ARCHER, STEVENSON, chief judge of the court 
 of appeals in Maryland, died Jan. 25, 1848. 
 
 ARGALL, SAMUEL, deputy governor of Vir 
 ginia, came to that colony in 1609 to trade and 
 to fish for sturgeon. The trade v\ - as in violation 
 of the laws; but as the wine and provisions, 
 which he brought, were much wanted, his con 
 duct was connived at, and he continued to make 
 voyages for Ins OAvn advantage and in the service 
 of the colony. In 1612 he carried off Pocahon- 
 tas to James Town. In 1613 he arrived at the 
 Island, now called Mount Desert, in Maine, for 
 the purpose of fishing, and having discovered a 
 settlement of the French, which was made two 
 years before, he immediately attacked it, and 
 took most of the settlers prisoners. Gilbert de 
 Thet, a Jesuit father, was killed in the engage 
 ment. This was the commencement of hostili 
 ties between the French and English colonists in 
 America. Capt. Argall soon afterwards sailed 
 from Virginia to Acadie and destroyed the French 
 settlements of St. Croix and Port Royal. The 
 pretext for this hostile expedition in time of 
 peace was the encroachment of -the French on 
 the rights of the English, which were founded on 
 the prior discovery of the Cabots. Argall on his 
 return subdued the Dutch settlement at Hudson s 
 river. In 1614 he went to England, and returned 
 in 1617 as deputy governor. On his arrival he 
 found the public buildings at James Town fallen 
 to decay, the market place and streets planted 
 with tobacco, and the people of the colony dis 
 persed in places, which they thought best adapted 
 for cultivating that pernicious weed. To restore 
 prosperity to the colony Capt. Argall introduced 
 some severe regulations. He prohibited all trade 
 or familiarity with the Indians. Teaching them 
 the use of arms Was a crime to be punished by 
 death. He ordered, that all goods should be 
 sold at an advance of twenty-five per cent., and 
 fixed the price of tobacco at three shillings per 
 
42 
 
 ARMISTEAD. 
 
 pound. None could sell or buy at a different 
 price under the penalty of three years imprison 
 ment. No man was permitted to fire a gun, be 
 fore a new supply of ammunition, except in self- 
 defence, on pain of a year s slavery. Absence 
 from church on Sundays or holidays was punished 
 by confinement for the night, and one week s 
 slavery to the colony, and on a repetition of the 
 offence the punishment was increased. 
 
 The rigorous execution of these laws rendered 
 him odious in the colony, and the report of his 
 tyranny and his depredations upon the revenues 
 of the company reaching England, it was deter 
 mined to recall him. Lord Delaware was di 
 rected to send him home to answer the charges 
 brought against him ; but as his lordship did not 
 reach Virginia, being summoned away from life 
 while on his passage, the letter to him fell into 
 the hands of Argall. Perceiving from it that 
 the fine harvest, which now occupied him, would 
 be soon ended, he redoubled his industry. He 
 multiplied his acts of injustice, and before the 
 arrival of a new governor in 1619 set sail in a 
 vessel, loaded with his effects. He was the 
 partner in trade of the Earl of Warwick, and by 
 this connection was enabled to defraud the com 
 pany of the restitution, which they had a right to 
 expect. In 1620 he commanded a ship of war 
 in an expedition against the Algerines ; in 1623 
 he was knighted by King James ; in 1625 he 
 was engaged in the expedition against the Span 
 ish under Cecil. 
 
 His character, like that of most, who were con 
 cerned in the government of Virginia, is differ 
 ently drawn ; by some he is represented as a 
 good mariner, a man of public spirit, active, in 
 dustrious, careful to provide for the people, and 
 to keep them constantly employed ; and by others 
 he is described as negligent of the public busi 
 ness, selfish, rapacious, passionate, arbitrary, and 
 cruel, pushing his unrighteous gains in every way 
 of extortion and oppression. He was, without 
 question, a man of talents and art, for he so 
 foiled and perplexed the company, that they were 
 never able to bring him to any account or pun 
 ishment. An account of his voyage from James 
 Town, beginning June 19, 1610, in which, missing 
 Bermuda, he " put over towards Sagadahoc and 
 Cape Cod," and his letter respecting his voyage 
 to Virginia in 1613, are preserved in Purchas. 
 Belknap s Biography, II. 51-63; Holmes, 144, 
 155 ; I. Smith : Stith ; Marshall, I. 56, 107 ; 
 Beverly. 
 
 AllMISTEAD, Gen. W. K., died at Upper- 
 ville, Va., Oct. 13, 1845, aged about 60. He 
 was in the army forty years, of correct moral 
 deportment : for many years he was chief of the 
 corps of engineers. He commanded in 1840 in 
 the war against the Florida Indians. 
 
 ARMSTRONG, WILLIAM J., D. D., secretary 
 
 ARMSTRONG. 
 
 of the American Board of Missions, died in the 
 wreck of the steamer Atlantic Nov. 27, 1846, 
 aged 50. He was born in 1796 at Mendham, 
 N. J., where his father, Dr. A. Armstrong, was 
 the minister. He graduated at Princeton in 
 1816. When he first began to preach, he sought 
 an untried field of labor at Charlottesville, in 
 central Virginia, where there was no church, but 
 where he gathered one. In 1821 he returned to 
 New Jersey, and became for three years the 
 pastor of the church in Trenton. He then was 
 for ten years pastor of a church in Richmond, 
 Va., as the successor of Dr. Rice; and here he 
 faithfully toiled with remarkable success. In 
 1834 he was chosen a secretary of the American 
 Board of Missions as successor of Dr. Wisncr, 
 and removed to Boston ; but in 1838 it was 
 thought best, that he should reside in New York, 
 retaining his connection with the Board. Almost 
 every Sabbath he preached, far and wide, on the 
 claims of the heathen. 
 
 He made his monthly visit to Boston on 
 Monday Nov. 23, 1846, to attend the meeting of 
 the Prudential Committee of the Board. A 
 storm set in on Wednesday, when he proposed 
 to return to New York : in vain did his associates 
 advise him not to venture upon the water in such 
 a tempest ; but he was desirous to reach home, 
 as the next day was thanksgiving. At five o clock 
 he left Boston by railroad for Norwich, and pro 
 ceeded from Allyn s Point in the steamer Atlantic 
 to New London ; but when about nine miles out 
 of the harbor the steam-pipe burst, leaving the 
 vessel to the north-west wind. The anchors 
 dragged, and during the whole day and night 
 of Thursday the vessel was at the mercy of the 
 storm. As a minister of Christ Dr. A. was busily 
 employed in teaching, in exhortation, and prayer, 
 that he might aid others in preparing to die. 
 About fifty met in the cabin in the afternoon to 
 read the Bible and to pray. He was calm and 
 resigned. After four o clock in the morning of 
 Friday the 27th the vessel went to pieces, as it 
 struck the reef, and he and many others died. 
 His body was recovered, and his funeral was at 
 tended at New York. N. Y. Observer, Dec. 5. 
 
 ARMSTRONG, ROBERT, general, died at Wash 
 ington in Feb., 1854, aged about 65. Born in 
 East Tennessee, he was a general in the Florida 
 war of 1836; afterwards consul at Liverpool. 
 Gen. Jackson bequeathed to him his sword. 
 
 ARMSTRONG, JOHN, general, died at Red 
 Hook, N. Y., April 1, 1855, aged 84. He served 
 as an officer with much credit during the Revolu 
 tionary war, at the close of which he published 
 the celebrated Newburgh Letters, written with 
 great vigor and eloquence. The prudence of 
 AVashington gave triumph to milder counsels. 
 After the war he was adjutant-general of Penn 
 sylvania : he conducted the vigorous movement 
 
ARMSTRONG. 
 
 ARNOLD. 
 
 43 
 
 against the settlers at Wyoming. From New 
 York he was sent to the Senate of the United 
 States : he was also minister in France, after 
 Chancellor Livingston. Mr. Madison placed him 
 at the head of the war department. After the 
 capture of Washington by the British in 1814 he 
 was dismissed from office and afterwards lived in 
 retirement. He published a brief history of the 
 war with England. 
 
 ARMSTRONG, SAMUEL T., died in Boston 
 March 26, 1850, aged 66. He was a bookseller, 
 in which profession he made a fortune ; mayor 
 of the city ; and lieutenant-governor. Among 
 the books he published was a stereotype edition 
 of Scott s family Bible, which was widely circu 
 lated. He was a member of the Prudential 
 Committee of the American Board. It is said, 
 that it was his purpose, as he had a fortune of 
 100 or 150,000 dollars and no children, to 
 leave a liberal charitable bequest; but he died 
 suddenly in his chair. His wife, a descendant 
 of Edward Johnson, survived him. 
 
 ARMSTRONG, JOHN, general, resided in 
 Pennsylvania and was distinguished in the Indian 
 wars. In 1 7 76, being appointed brigadier-general, 
 he assisted in the defence of Fort Moultrie and 
 in the battle of Germantown. He left the army 
 in 1777 through dissatisfaction as to rank, and 
 was afterwards .a member of Congress. He died 
 at Carlisle March 9, 1795. He was a professor 
 of religion. Lempriere. 
 
 ARNOLD, BENEDICT, governor of Rhode 
 Island, succeeded Roger Williams in that office 
 in 1657 and continued till 1660 ; he was also 
 governor from 1662 to 1666, from 1669 to 1672, 
 and from 1677 to 1678, in which last year 
 he died. lie had lived in Providence as early 
 as 1639. Winthrop speaks of him, " as a great 
 friend of Massachusetts, especially in negotiations 
 with the Indians." In 1657 he and Coddington 
 purchased of the Indian sachems the island of 
 Quononoquot, afterwards called James Town. 
 Massachusetts Historical Collections, \. 217; 
 Savage s V/inthrop ; Farmer. 
 
 ARNOLD, BENEDICT, a major-general in the 
 American army, and infamous for deserting the 
 cause of his country, died in England June 14, 
 1801. He was bred an apothecary with a Dr. 
 Lathrop, who was so pleased with him, as to give 
 him 500 pounds sterling. From 1763 to 1767 
 he combined the business of a druggist with that 
 of a bookseller, at New Haven, Conn. Being 
 captain of a volunteer company, after hearing of 
 the battle of Lexington he immediately marched 
 with his company 1 or the American head-quar 
 ters, and reached Cambridge April 29, 1775. He 
 waited on the Massachusetts committee of safety 
 and informed them of the defenceless state of 
 Ticondcroga. The committee appointed him a 
 colonel, and commissioned him to raise four hun 
 
 dred men, and to take that fortress. He pro 
 ceeded directly to Vermont, and when he arrived 
 at Castleton was attended by one servant only. 
 Here he joined Col. Allen, and on May 10th the 
 fortress was taken. 
 
 In the fall of 1775 he was sent by the com- 
 mander-in-chief to penetrate through the wilder 
 ness of the District of Maine into Canada. He 
 commenced his march Sept. 16, with about one 
 thousand men, consisting of New England in 
 fantry, some volunteers, a company of artillerv, 
 and three companies of riflemen. One division, 
 that of Col. Enos, was obliged to return from 
 Dead river from the want of provisions ; had it 
 proceeded, the whole army might have perished. 
 The greatest hardships were endured and the 
 most appalling difficulties surmounted in this ex 
 pedition, of which Ma j. Mcigs kept a journal, and 
 Mr. Henry also published an account. The army 
 was in the wilderness, between Fort W estern at 
 Augusta and the first settlements on the Chaudiere 
 in Canada, about five weeks. In the want of 
 provisions Capt. Dearborn s dog was killed, and 
 eaten, even the feet and skin, with good appe 
 tite. As the army arrived at the first settle 
 ments Nov. 4th, the intelligence necessarily 
 reached Quebec in one or two days ; but a week 
 or fortnight before this Gov. Cramahe had been 
 apprized of the approach of this army. Arnold 
 had imprudently sent a letter to Schuyler, en 
 closed to a friend in Quebec, by an Indian, dated 
 Oct. 13, and he was himself convinced, from the 
 preparations made for his reception, that the In 
 dian had betrayed him. Nov. 5th the troops 
 arrived at St. Mary s, ten or twelve miles from 
 Quebec, and remained there three or four davs. 
 Nov. 9th or 10th they advanced to Point Levi, 
 opposite Quebec. Forty birch canoes having 
 been collected, it was still found necessary to 
 delay crossing the river for three nights on ac 
 count of a high wind. On the 14th the wind 
 moderated ; but this delay was very favorable to 
 the city, for on the 13th Col. M Lean, an active 
 officer, arrived with eighty men to strengthen the 
 garrison, which already consisted of more than a 
 thousand men, so as to render an assault hope 
 less. Indeed Arnold himself placed his chief 
 dependence on the co-operation of Montgomery. 
 
 On the 14th of Nov. he crossed the St. Law 
 rence in the night ; and, ascending the precipice, 
 which Wolfe had climbed before him, formed his 
 small corps on the height near the plains of 
 Abraham. With only about seven hundred men, 
 one third of whose muskets had been rendered 
 useless in the march through the wilderness, 
 success could not be expected. It is surprising, 
 that the garrison, consisting Nov. 14th of one 
 thousand one hundred and twenty-six men, did 
 not march out and destroy the small force of 
 Arnold. After parading some days on the 
 
ARNOLD. 
 
 ARNOLD. 
 
 heights near the town, and sending two flags to 
 summon the inhabitants, he retired to Point aux 
 Trembles, twenty miles above Quebec, and there 
 awaited the arrival of Montgomery, who joined 
 him on the first of December. The city was im 
 mediately besieged, but the best measures had 
 been taken for its defence. The able Gen. Carle- 
 ton had entered the city with sixty men Nov. 
 20th. On the morning of the last day of the 
 year an assault was made on the one side of the 
 lower town by Montgomery, who was killed. At 
 the same time Col. Arnold, at the head of about 
 three hundred and fifty men, made a desperate 
 attack on the opposite side. Advancing with the 
 utmost intrepidity along the St. Charles through 
 a narrow path, exposed to an incessant fire of 
 grape-shot and musketry, as he approached the 
 first barrier he received a musket ball in the left 
 leg, which shattered the bone. He was com 
 pelled to retire, on foot, dragging " one leg after 
 him" near a mile to the hospital, having lost 
 sixty men killed and wounded, and three hun 
 dred prisoners. Although the attack was unsuc 
 cessful, the blockade of Quebec was continued 
 till Mav, 1776, when the army, which was in no 
 condition to risk an assault, was removed to a 
 more defensible position. Arnold was compelled 
 to relinquish one post after another, till the 18th 
 of June, when he quitted Canada. After this 
 period he exhibited great bravery in the com 
 mand of the American fleet on Lake Champlain. 
 In August, 1777, he relieved Fort Schuyler 
 under the command of Col. Gansevoort, which 
 was invested by Col. St. Leger with an army of 
 from fifteen to eighteen hundred men. In the 
 battle near Stillwater, Sept. 19th, he was engaged 
 incessantly for four hours. In the action of Oct. 
 7th, after the British had been driven into the 
 lines, Arnold pressed forward and under a tre 
 mendous fire assaulted the works throughout 
 their whole extent from right to left. The in- 
 trenchments were at length forced, and with a 
 few men he actually entered the works ; but his 
 horse being killed, and he himself badly wounded 
 in the leg, he found it necessary to withdraw, 
 and, as it was now almost dark, to desist from the 
 attack. Being rendered unfit for active service 
 in consequence of his wound, after the recovery 
 of Philadelphia he was appointed to the com 
 mand of the American garrison. When he en 
 tered the city, he made the house of Gov. Penn, 
 the best house in the city, his head-quarters. 
 This he furnished in a very costly manner, and 
 lived far beyond his income. He had wasted the 
 plunder, which he had seized at Montreal in his 
 retreat from Canada ; and at Philadelphia he was 
 determined to make new acquisitions. He laid 
 his hands on every thing in the city, which could 
 be considered as the property of those, who were 
 unfriendly to the cause of his country. He was 
 
 charged with oppression, extortion, and enormous 
 charges upon the public in his accounts, and with 
 I applying the public money and property to his 
 I own private use. Such was his conduct, that he 
 drew upon himself the odium of the inhabitants, 
 not only of the city, but of the province in gen 
 eral. He was engaged in trading speculations, 
 and had shares in several privateers, but was un 
 successful. From the judgment of the commis 
 sioners appointed to inspect his accounts, who 
 had rejected above half the amount of his de 
 mands, he appealed to Congress ; and they ap 
 pointed a committee of their own body to settle 
 the business. The committee confirmed the re 
 port of the commissioners, and thought they had 
 allowed him more than he had any right to ex 
 pect. By these disappointments he became irri 
 tated, and he gave full scope to his resentment. 
 His invectives against Congress were not less 
 violent, than those, which he had before thrown 
 out against the commissioners. He was, however, 
 soon obliged to abide the judgment of a court 
 martial upon the charges exhibited against him 
 by the executive of Pennsylvania; and he was 
 subjected to the mortification of receiving a repri 
 mand from Washington. His trial commenced 
 in June, 1778, but such were the delays occa 
 sioned by the movements of the army, that it was 
 not concluded until Jan. 26, 1779. The sentence 
 of a reprimand was approved by Congress, and 
 was soon afterwards carried into execution. 
 
 Such was the humiliation, to which Gen. Ar 
 nold was reduced in consequence of yielding to 
 the temptations of pride and vanity, and indulging 
 himself in the pleasures of a sumptuous table 
 and expensive equipage. From this time his 
 proud spirit revolted from the cause of America. 
 He turned his eyes to West Point as an acquisi 
 tion, which would give value to treason, while its 
 loss would inflict a mortal wound on his former 
 friends. He addressed himself to the delegation 
 of New York, in which state his reputation was 
 peculiarly high, and a member of Congress from 
 this state recommended him to Washington for 
 the service, which he desired. The same appli 
 cation to the commander-in-chief was made not 
 long afterwards through Gen. Schuyler. Wash 
 ington observed, that as there was a prospect of 
 an active campaign he should be gratified with 
 the aid of Arnold in the field ; but intimated at 
 the same time, that he should receive the ap 
 pointment requested, if it should be more pleas 
 ing to him. Arnold, without discovering much 
 solicitude, repaired to camp in the beginning of 
 August, and renewed in person the solicitations, 
 which had been before indirectly made. He was 
 now offered the command of the left wing of the 
 army, which was advancing against New York ; 
 but he declined it under the pretext, that in con 
 sequence of his wounds, he was unable to perform 
 
ARNOLD. 
 
 ARNOLD. 
 
 45 
 
 the active duties of the field. Without a sus 
 picion of his patriotism he was invested with the 
 command of \Ycst Point. Previously to his so 
 liciting this station, he had in a letter to Col. 
 Beverlcy Robinson signified his change of prin 
 ciples and his wish to restore himself to the favor 
 of his prince by some signal proof of his repent 
 ance. This letter opened to him a correspond 
 ence with Sir Henry Clinton, the object of which 
 was to concert the means of putting the im 
 portant post, which he commanded, into the pos 
 session of the British general. His plan, it is 
 believed, was to have drawn the greater part of 
 his army without the works under the pretext 
 of fighting the enemy in the defiles, and to have 
 left unguarded a designated pass, through which 
 the assailants might securely approach and sur 
 prise the fortress. His troops he intended to 
 place, so that they Avould be compelled to sur 
 render, or be cut in pieces. But just as his 
 scheme was ripe for execution the wise Disposer 
 of events, who so often and so remarkably inter 
 posed in favor of the American cause, blasted his 
 designs. 
 
 Maj. Andre, after his detection, apprized Arnold 
 of his danger, and the traitor found opportunity 
 to escape on board the Vulture, Sept. 25, 1780, a 
 few hours before the return of Washington, who 
 had been absent on a journey to Hartford, On 
 the very day of his escape Arnold wrote a letter 
 to Washington, declaring that the love of his 
 country had governed him in his late conduct, 
 and requesting him to protect Mrs. Arnold. She 
 was conveyed to her husband at New York, and 
 his clothes and baggage, for which he had 
 written, were transmitted to him. During the 
 exertions, which were made to rescue Andre from 
 the destruction, which threatened him, Arnold 
 had the hardihood to interpose. He appealed to 
 the humanity of the commander-in-clu ef, and 
 then sought to intimidate him by stating the situ 
 ation of many of the principal characters of 
 South Carolina, who had forfeited their lives, but 
 had hitherto been spared through the clemency 
 of the British general. This clemency, he said, 
 could no longer in justice be extended to them, 
 should Maj. Andre suffer. 
 
 Arnold was made a brigadier-general in the 
 British service ; which rank he preserved through 
 out the war. Yet he must have been held in 
 contempt and detestation by the generous and 
 honorable. It was impossible for men of this 
 description, even when acting with him, to forget 
 that he was a traitor : first the slave of his rage, 
 then purchased with gold, and finally secured by 
 the blood of one of the most accomplished officers 
 in the British army. One would suppose, that 
 his mind could not have been much at ease ; but 
 he had proceeded so far in vice, that perhaps his 
 reflections gave him but little trouble. "I am 
 
 mistaken," says Washington in a private letter, 
 "if at this time Arnold is not undergoing the 
 torments of a mental hell. He wants feeling. 
 From some traits of his character, which have 
 lately come to my knowledge, he seems to have 
 been so hackneyed in crime, so lost to all sense of 
 honor and shame, that while his faculties still 
 enable him to continue his sordid pursuits, there 
 will be no time for remorse." 
 
 Arnold found it necessary to make some exer 
 tions to secure the attachment of his new friends. 
 With the hope of alluring many of the discon 
 tented to his standard, he published an address 
 to the inhabitants of America, in which he en 
 deavored to justify his conduct. He had encoun 
 tered the dangers of the field, he said, from ap 
 prehension that the rights of his country were in 
 danger. He had acquiesced in the Declaration 
 of Independence, though he thought it precipitate. 
 But the rejection of the overtures made by Great 
 Britain in 1778, and the French alliance, had 
 opened his eyes to the ambitious views of those, 
 who would sacrifice the happiness of their country 
 to their own aggrandizement, and had made him 
 a confirmed loyalist. He artfully mingled asser 
 tions, that the principal members of Congress 
 held the people in sovereign contempt. This 
 was followed in about a fortnight by a proclama 
 tion, addressed " to the officers and soldiers of the 
 continental army, who have the real interest of 
 their country at heart, and who are determined 
 to be no longer the tools and dupes of Congress 
 or of France." To induce the American officers 
 and soldiers to desert the cause, which they had 
 embraced, he represented, that the corps of 
 cavalry and infantry, -which he Avas authorized to 
 raise, would be upon the same footing Avith other 
 troops in the British senice ; that he should Avith 
 pleasure adA r ance those, Avhose valor he might 
 Avitness ; that the priA ate men, who joined him, 
 should receive a bounty of three guineas each, be 
 sides payment at the full value for horses, arms, 
 and accoutrements. His object was the peace, 
 liberty, and safety of America. " You are 
 promised liberty," he exclaims, " but is there an 
 indiAidual in the enjoyment of it, saving your op 
 pressors ? Who among you dare speak or Avrite 
 Avhat he thinks against the tyranny, which has 
 robbed you of your property, imprisons your 
 persons, drags you to the field of battle, and is 
 daily deluging your country with your blood ? " 
 " What," he exclaims again, " is America now, 
 but a land of AvidoAvs, orphans, and beggars ? As 
 to you, Avho have been soldiers in the continental 
 army, can you at this day Avant evidence, that the 
 funds of your country arc exhausted, or that the 
 managers have applied them to their private 
 uses ? In either case you surely can no longer 
 continue in their sen-ice Avith honor or advantage. 
 Yet you have hitherto been their supporters in 
 
46 
 
 ARNOLD. 
 
 that cruelty, which with equal indifference to 
 yours as well as to the labor and blood of others, 
 is devouring a country, that from the moment you 
 quit their colors will be redeemed from their 
 tyranny." These proclamations did not produce 
 the effect designed ; and in all the hardships, 
 sufferings, and irritations of the war Arnold 
 remains the solitary instance of an American 
 officer, who abandoned the side first embraced in 
 the contest, and turned his sword upon his former 
 companions in arms. 
 
 He was soon dispatched by Sir Henry Clinton 
 to make a diversion in Virginia. With about 
 seventeen hundred men he arrived in the 
 Chesapeake in Jan., 1781, and being supported by 
 such a naval force as was suited to the nature of 
 the service, he committed extensive ravages on 
 the rivers and along the unprotected coasts. It 
 is said that, while on this expedition Arnold 
 inquired of an American captain, whom he had 
 taken prisoner, what the Americans would do 
 with him, if he should fall into their hands. The 
 officer replied, that they would cut off his lame 
 leg and bury it with the honors of war, and hang 
 the remainder of his body in gibbets. After his 
 recall from Virginia he conducted an expedition 
 against his native state, Connecticut. He took 
 Fort Trumbull Sept. 6th, with inconsiderable loss. 
 On the other side of the harbor Lieut-Col. Eyre, 
 who commanded another detachment, made an 
 assault on Fort Griswold, and with the greatest 
 difficulty entered the works. An officer of the 
 conquering troops asked, Avho commanded? "I 
 did," answered Col. Ledyard, " but you do now," 
 and presented him his sword, which was in 
 stantly plunged into his own bosom. A merci 
 less slaughter commenced upon the brave garrison, 
 who had ceased to resist, until the greater part 
 were either killed or wounded. After burning 
 the town and the stores, which Avere in it, and 
 thus thickening the laurels, with which his brow 
 was adorned, Arnold returned to New York in 
 eight days. 
 
 From the conclusion of the war till his death 
 Gen. Arnold resided chiefly in England. In 
 1786 he was at St. John s, New Brunswick, 
 engaged in trade and navigation, and again in 
 1790. For some cause he became very unpopular 
 in 1792 or 1793, was hung in effigy, and the j 
 mayor found it necessary to read the riot act, and j 
 a company of troops was called to quell the mob. 
 Repairing to the West Indies in 1794, a French 
 fleet anchored at the same island ; he became 
 alarmed lest he should be detained by the Ameri 
 can allies, and passed the fleet concealed on a : 
 raft of lumber. He died in Gloucester place, 
 London. He married Margaret, the daughter of 
 Edward Shippen of Philadelphia, chief justice, 
 and a loyalist. Gen. Greene, it is said, was his 
 rival. She combined fascinating manners with 
 
 ASBURY. 
 
 strength of mind. She died at London Aug. 24, 
 1804, aged 43. His sons were men of property 
 in Canada in 1829. He fought bravely for his 
 country and he bled in her cause ; but his counti-y 
 owed him no returns of gratitude, for his sub 
 sequent conduct proved, that he had no honest 
 regard to her interests, but was governed by 
 selfish considerations. His progress from self- 
 indulgence to treason was easy and rapid. He 
 was vain and luxurious, and to gratify his giddy 
 desires he must resort to meanness, dishonesty, 
 and extortion. These vices brought with them 
 disgrace ; and the contempt, into which he fell, 
 awakened a spirit of revenge, and left him to the 
 unrestrained influence of his cupidity and passion. 
 Thus from the high fame, to which his bravery 
 had elevated him, he descended into infamy. 
 Thus too he furnished new evidence of the infatu 
 ation of the human mind in attaching such value 
 to the reputation of a soldier, which may be 
 obtained, while the heart is unsound and every 
 moral sentiment is entirely depraved. Marshall s 
 Washington, IV. 271-290; Warren s Hist. War; 
 Holmes ; Stedman, I. 138, 336 ; n. 247 ; Smith s 
 Narrative of the Death of Andre ; Maine Hist. 
 Coll. I.; Amer. Rememb., 1776, part II. ; 1778, 
 part n. 
 
 ARNOLD, PELEG, chief justice of Rhode 
 Island, was a delegate to Congress under the 
 confederation, and then was appointed judge. He 
 died at Smithfield Feb. 13, 1820, aged 68. 
 
 ARNOLD, THOMAS, appointed chief justice in 
 1809, died at Warwick, It. I., Oct. 8, 1820. 
 
 ARNOLD, JOSIAH LYNDON, a poet, was born 
 at Providence and was graduated at Dartmouth 
 college in 1788. After superintending for some 
 time the academy at Plainfield, Conn., he studied 
 law at Providence and was admitted to the bar; 
 but he did not pursue the profession, being ap 
 pointed a tutor in the college. On the death, 
 March, 1793, of his father, Dr. Jonathan Arnold, 
 formerly a member of Congress, he settled at St. 
 Johnsbury, Vt., the place of his father s residence, 
 where he died June 7, 1796, aged 28 years. His 
 few hasty effusions in verse were published after 
 his death. Specimens of Amer. Poetry, II. 77. 
 
 ARNOLD, SETH, died at Westminster, Vt., 
 Aug. 6, 1849, aged 101 years, 10 months, a 
 Revolutionary, pensioner. 
 
 ARNOLD, LKMUEL H., governor, died in 
 Kingston, R. I., June 27, 18u2, aged 59. Born 
 in St. Johnsbury, he graduated at Dartmouth 
 in 1811, and left the bar for mercantile pursuits. 
 He was governor of Rhode Island in 1831 and 
 1832, and afterwards a member of Congress. 
 His father, Jonathan, was of the Continental 
 Congress from Rhode Island. 
 
 ASBURY, FIIANCIS, senior bishop of the 
 Methodist Episcopal church in the Uniled States, 
 came to this country in 1771 as a preacher, at the 
 
ASH. 
 
 ASIIMUN. 
 
 47 
 
 age of twenty-six. In 1773 the first annual con 
 ference of the Methodists was held at Philadelphia, 
 when it consisted of ten preachers and about 
 eleven hundred members. He was consecrated 
 bishop by Dr. Coke in 1784. From this time he 
 travelled yearly through the United States, 
 probably ordaining three thousand preachers and 
 preaching seventeen thousand sermons. He died 
 suddenly while on a journey, at Spotsylvania, Va., 
 March 31, 1S1G, aged 70 years. A letter from J. 
 W. Bond to Bishop M Kendree gives an account 
 of his death. 
 
 ASH, JOHN, an agent of Carolina, was sent by 
 that colony to England to seek redress of 
 grievances, in 1703. In the same year he pub 
 lished an account of the affairs in Carolina. 
 
 ASHE, THOMAS, published in 1682 a description 
 of Carolina. 
 
 ASHE, SAMUEL, governor of North Carolina, 
 was appointed chief justice in 1777, and was 
 governor from 1796 to 1799. He died Jan., 1813, 
 aged 88 years. 
 
 ASHLEY, JONATHAN, minister of Deerfield, 
 Mass., was graduated at Yale college in 1730, and 
 was ordained in 1738. He died in 1780, aged 
 67. He possessed a strong and discerning mind 
 and lively imagination, and was a pungent and 
 energetic preacher. He proclaimed the doctrines 
 of grace with a pathos, which was the effect, not 
 merely of his assent to their Divine authority, but 
 of a deep sense of their importance and excellency. 
 He published a sermon on visible saints, vindicating 
 Mr. Stoddarcl s sentiments respecting church 
 membership ; a sermon at the ordination of John 
 Norton, Deerfield, 1741 ; the great duty of 
 charity, 1742; a letter to W. Cooper, 174*5. 
 
 ASHLEY, JOHN, major-general, was the son 
 of Col. John Ashley, one of the settlers in 1732 
 of Iloussatonnoc, afterwards Sheffield, died Nov. 
 5, 1799, aged 60. He descended from Robert 
 A. of Springfield, 1630, and was graduated at 
 Yale college in 17o8. In the Shays insurrection 
 he commanded the force, which dispersed the in 
 surgents at Sheffield Feb. 26, 1787. His daughter 
 Lydia, married to II. II. Hinman, died in 18<53, 
 aged 65. Hint. Berkshire, 213. 
 
 ASHLEY, EDWARD, died at Groton, Conn., 
 Jan., 1767, aged 108. 
 
 ASHLEY, WILLIAM II., general, of St. Louis, 
 died March 26, 1838. Born in Powhatan county, 
 Va., at the age of thirty he emigrated to Missouri, 
 then upper Louisiana, and settled near the lead 
 mines. He was lieutenant-governor of Missouri, 
 and a member of Congress 1831-33. He was 
 respected for his talents, enterprise, and integrity. 
 In 1822 he projected the "mountain expedition," 
 uniting the Indian trade in the Itocky Mountains 
 with hunting and trapping, and enlisted in the 
 scheme three hundred men. After losses by 
 
 Indian robbery and river disasters he and his as 
 sociates acquired a handsome fortune. 
 
 ASIIMUN,- ELI P., died at Northampton May 
 10, 1819, aged 48. Born in Blandford, he studied 
 law with Judge Sedgwick, and practised in his 
 native town until 1807. In 1816 he was a Senator 
 of the U. S. A man once asked him for a writ 
 against his neighbor, saying, " I will sue him, for 
 he has sued me. I can prove he had the property." 
 But Mr. A. pushed his inquiries, and asked, if 
 the purchaser had paid for the property, and 
 extorted the answer, " There was nobody present, 
 when he paid me, and he can t prove it." The 
 man was sent away from the office with a scorching 
 rebuke. 
 
 ASIIMUN, JOHN HOOKER, son of the preceding, 
 professor of law in Harvard university, died April 
 1, 1833, aged 32. He was born July 3, 1800, was 
 graduated at Cambridge in 1818, and appointed 
 professor in 1829. Dying early, " he had gathered 
 about him," said Judge Story, " all the honors, 
 which are usually the harvest of the ripest life." 
 
 ASIIMUN, JEHUDI, agent of the American 
 Colonization Society, died Aug. 25, 1828, aged 
 34. He was born of pious parents in Champlain, 
 on the western shore of the lake of the same 
 name, New York, in April, 1794. In early life he 
 was an unbeliever ; but it pleased God to disclose 
 to him the iniquity of his heart and his need of 
 mercy and the value and glory of the Gospel. 
 He graduated at Burlington college in 1816, and 
 after preparing for the ministry was elected a 
 professor in the theological seminary at Bangor, 
 Maine, in which place, however, he continued but 
 a short time. Removing to the District of Co 
 lumbia, he became a member of the Episcopal 
 church, edited the Theological Repertory and 
 published his memoirs of Samuel Bacon. He 
 also projected a monthly journal for the American 
 Colonization Society, and published one number ; 
 but the work failed for want of patronage. 
 Being appointed to take charge of a reinforcement 
 to the colony at Liberia, he embarked for Africa 
 June 19, 1822, and arrived at Cape Montserado 
 Aug. 8. He had authority, in case he should 
 find no agent there, to act as such for the society, 
 and also for the navy department. In the absence 
 of the agents, it was at a period of great difficulty, 
 that he assumed the agency. The settlers were 
 few and surrounded with numerous enemies. It 
 was necessary for him to act as a legislator and 
 also as a soldier and engineer, to lay out the 
 fortifications, superintending the construction, and 
 this too in the time of affliction from the loss of 
 his wife and while suffering himself under a fever, 
 and to animate the emigrants to the resolute pur 
 pose of self-defence. About three months after 
 his arrival, just as he was beginning to recover 
 strength, and while his whole force was thirty-five 
 
48 
 
 ASPINWALL. 
 
 men and boys, he was attacked at the dawn of 
 day, Nov. 11, by eight hundred armed savages; 
 but by the energy and desperate" valor of the 
 agent the assailants were repulsed, with the loss 
 of four colonists killed and four wounded, and 
 again in a few days, when they returned with 
 redoubled numbers, were utterly defeated. Here 
 was a memorable display of heroism. The same 
 energy, diligence, and courage were displayed in 
 all his labors for the benefit of the colony. When 
 ill health compelled him to take a voyage to 
 America, he was escorted to the place of embarka 
 tion, March 26, 1828, by three companies of the 
 militia, and the men, women, and children of 
 Monrovia parted with him with tears. He left a 
 community of twelve hundred freemen. The 
 vessel touched and landed him at St. Bartholo 
 mew s in very ill health. He arrived at New 
 Haven Aug. 10th, a fortnight before his death. 
 In his sickness he was very humble and patient. 
 He said : " I have come here to die. It is hard to 
 be broken down by the slow progress of disease. 
 I wish to be submissive. My sins, my sins ; they 
 seem to shut me out from that comfort, which I 
 wish to enjoy. I have been praying for light; 
 and a little light has come, cheering and refresh 
 ing beyond expression." An eloquent discourse 
 was preached by Leonard Bacon at his funeral, 
 describing his remarkable character, the important 
 influence on the tribes of Africa of his piety and 
 regard to justice, and his great services for the 
 colonists. He was, as Mrs. Sigourney represents, 
 
 " Their leader, -when the blast 
 Of ruthless war swept b}- ; 
 Their teacher, when the storm was past, 
 Their guide to worlds on high." 
 
 Mr. Gurlcy, the editor of the African Repository, 
 is preparing an account of his life. In the Re 
 pository various communications, written by Mr. 
 Ashmun, were published ; his memoirs of S. 
 Bacon have been already mentioned. African 
 Repository, IV. 214-224, 286; Christian Spec- 
 tator, II. 528 ; N. Y. Mercury, I. 13. 
 
 ASPINWALL, WILLIAM, M. D., an eminent 
 physician, was born in Brookline, Mass., in June, 
 1743, and graduated at Cambridge in 1764. His 
 ancestor, Peter, was the first settler in Brookline 
 in 1650. Dr. Aspinwall studied his profession 
 with Dr. B. Gale of Connecticut, and at Philadel 
 phia, where he received his medical degree in 
 1768. In the war of the Revolution he acted as 
 a surgeon in the army. In the battle of Lexing 
 ton he served as a volunteer, and bore from the 
 field the corpse of his townsman, Isaac Gardner, 
 Esq., whose daughter he afterwards married. 
 After the death of Dr. Boylston he engaged in 
 the business of inoculating for the small pox, and 
 erected hospitals for the purpose. Perhaps no 
 man in America ever inoculated so many, or had 
 
 ATHERTON. 
 
 such reputation for skill in that disease. Yet, 
 when the vaccine inoculation was introduced, 
 after a proper trial he acknowledged its efficacy 
 and relinquished his own profitable establishment. 
 For forty-five years he had extensive practice, 
 frequently riding on horseback forty miles a day. 
 In his youth he lost the use of one eye ; in his 
 old age a cataract deprived him of the other. 
 He died April 16, 1823, in his 80th year, in the 
 peace of one, who had long professed the religion 
 of Jesus Christ and practised its duties. At the 
 bed of sickness he was accustomed to give re 
 ligious counsel. His testimony in favor of the 
 gospel he regarded as his best legacy to his chil 
 dren. In his political views he was decidedly 
 democratic or republican ; yet he was not a per 
 secutor, and when in the council, he resisted the 
 measures of the violent. He was anxious, that 
 wise and good men should bear sway, and that 
 all benevolent and religious institutions should be 
 perpetuated. His son of the same name suc 
 ceeded him in his profession. Another son, Col. 
 Thomas Aspinwall, lost an arm in the war of 
 1812 and was afterwards appointed consul at 
 London. Tliaclier s Medical Biography. 
 
 ASPLUND, JOHN, died in Maryland in 1807. 
 Born a Swede, he was a Baptist minister in Caro 
 lina in 1782. He was drowned from a canoe in 
 Maryland. With great labor he prepared the 
 Register of the Baptist churches in 1791 and 
 1794. 
 
 ASTOR, JOHN JACOB, died in New York March 
 29, 1848, aged 84. He was born in Waldrop, 
 near Heidelberg, of humble parents, and came to 
 Baltimore in 1784, commencing business as a 
 fur-trader. He made frequent voyages up the 
 Mohawk to trade with the Indians, and exte ndcd 
 his business to the Columbia river, founding As 
 toria. W. Irving has recorded the over-land 
 journeys projected by him to the Pacific. Pre 
 vious to the war of 1812 he had ships in the 
 Canton trade : their safe arrival during the war 
 gave him enormous wealth. He purchased Amer 
 ican stocks at sixty to seventy cents, which after 
 the Avar were worth twenty per cent, above par. 
 His chief wealth was from the purchase of real 
 estate. 
 
 ATHERTON, HUMPHREY, major-general, came 
 to this country about the year 1636, succeeded 
 Robert Sedgwick in his military office in 1654, 
 and was much employed in negotiations with the 
 Indians. He died in consequence of a fall from 
 his horse Sept. 17, 1661. His residence was at 
 Dorchester. Among his children are the names 
 of Rest, Increase, Thankful, Hope, Consider, 
 Watching, and Patience. Hope, a graduate of 
 1665, was the first minister of Hatfield. As 
 chaplain he was at the Indian battle in Montague, 
 i May 18, 1676. Farmer s Genealogical Ueyis- 
 \ ter ; Savage s Wintlirop, II. 137. 
 
ATHERTON. 
 
 AUDUBON. 
 
 49 
 
 ATHERTdN, CHARLES II., an eminent law 
 yer, died at Amherst, N. H., Jan. 8, 1853, aged 
 79, a graduate of Harvard in 1794. He was a 
 member of Congress 1815-1817, and register of 
 probate thirty-nine years. 
 
 ATHERTON, CHARLES G., son of the pre 
 ceding, died in Nashua Nov. 15, 1853, aged 53, a 
 graduate of Harvard in 1822. He was a repre 
 sentative in Congress 1837-1843, and a senator 
 from 1843 till his death. lie left a widow, but 
 no children to inherit an estate of 200,000 or 
 300.000 dollars. 
 
 ATKINS, HEXRY, a navigator, sailed from 
 Boston in the ship Whale, on a voyage to Davis 
 Straits, in 1729. In this and in subsequent voy 
 ages for the purpose of trade with the Indians, 
 the last of which was made in 1758, he explored 
 much of the coast of Labrador. A short account 
 of his observations was published in the first vol 
 ume of Mass. Historical Collections. 
 
 ATKINS, ELISHA, minister of Killingly, died 
 June 11, 1839, aged 89, formerly a chaplain in the 
 army. 
 
 ATKINSON, THEODORE, chief justice of New 
 Hampshire, was born at New Castle, son of Col. 
 Theodore Atkinson, and graduated at Harvard 
 college in 1718. He sustained many public offi 
 ces, civil and military; was secretary in 1741; a 
 delegate to the congress at Albany in 1754, and 
 chief justice in the same year. The Revolution 
 deprived him of the offices of judge and secre 
 tary. He died in 1779, bequeathing 200 pounds 
 to the Episcopal church, the interest to be ex 
 pended in bread for the poor, distributed on the 
 Sabbath. Adams Annals of Portsmouth, 269. 
 
 ATKINSON, ISRAEL, an eminent physician, 
 was a native of Harvard, Mass., and graduated at 
 Cambridge in 1762. He settled in 1765, at Lan 
 caster, where he died July 20, 1822, aged 82. 
 For some years he was the only physician in the 
 county of Worcester, who had been well edu 
 cated. Thaclier s Medical Bioc/rapJty. 
 
 ATKINSON, HEXRY, brigadier-general, died 
 near St. Louis June 20, 1842, aged 60. He en 
 tered the army in 1808. 
 
 ATLEE, SAMUEL JOHN, colonel, commanded 
 a Pennsylvania company in the French war and a 
 regiment in the war of the Revolution, and ac 
 quired great honor in the battle on Long Island, 
 though taken prisoner and subject to a long cap 
 tivity. Afterwards he acted as commissioner to 
 treat with the Indians. In 1780 he was elected 
 to Congress and was on the committee concern 
 ing the mutiny of the Pennsylvania troops in 
 1781. His usual residence was at Lancaster. 
 He died at Philadelphia in Nov., 1786, aged 48. 
 
 ATLEE, WILLIAM AUGUSTUS, a judge of the 
 supreme court and president of the common pleas 
 for Lancaster and other counties, died at his scat 
 on the Susquehanna Sept. 9, 1793. Jcnnison. 
 
 ATWELL, LUCRETIA, Mrs., died at Montville, 
 Conn., Nov. 1, 1851, aged 102; retaining all her 
 faculties to the day of her death. 
 
 ATWELL, ZACIIARIAH, captain, died at Lynn 
 in 1847, aged 67. Crossing the Atlantic seventy 
 times, he never lost a man. 
 
 AT WOOD, MARY, the mother of Harriet Newell, 
 died in Boston July 4, 1853, aged 84. She was 
 the daughter of Thomas Tenney of East Brad 
 ford, of an eminent family, and married in 1788 
 Moses Atwood, a merchant of Haverhill, who 
 died in 1808. The whole care of her family 
 now rested upon her ; but she was diligent, pru 
 dent, prayerful. When her daughter asked her 
 consent to quit her country in the cause of Christ, 
 she resigned the beloved one to her work. In 
 the course of her life her home was with her 
 children in Medford, Newton, Pittsburg, Granby, 
 and Philadelphia ; and widely apart did she bury 
 most of them, to be gathered together in glory 
 eternal. The Journal of Missions for Sept., 1853, 
 has a beautiful piece of poetry on her death. 
 
 AUCHMUTY, ROBERT, an eminent lawyer, 
 died in 1750. He was of Scottish descent, and 
 after his education at Dublin studied law at the 
 Temple. He came to Boston in early life ; and 
 on the death of Mr. Menzies was appointed judge 
 of the court of admiralty in 1703, but held the 
 place only a few months. In 1740 he was one 
 of the directors of the Land Bank bubble, or 
 Manufacturing Company, in which the father of 
 Samuel Adams was involved. When sent to 
 England as agent for the colony on the boundary 
 question with Rhode Island, he projected the 
 expedition to Cape Breton, publishing a pam 
 phlet, entitled, " the importance of Cape Breton to 
 the British nation, and a plan for taking the 
 place." On the death of Byfield he was again 
 appointed judge of admiralty in 1733. His daugh 
 ter married Mr. Pratt. His son Samuel gradu 
 ated at Harvard college in 1742, was an Episcopal 
 minister in New York, and received the degree 
 of doctor in divinity from Oxford. He died 
 March 3, 1777 ; and his son, Sir Samuel, licut.- 
 general in the British army, died in 1822. His 
 name is introduced in the versification of Hugh 
 Gaine s petition, Jan. 1, 1783. He is alluded to 
 also in Trumbull s M Fingal. His other son, 
 Robert, a most interesting, persuasive pleader, 
 defended, with John Adams, Capt. Preston. He 
 had previously been appointed judge of admiralty 
 in 1768. His letters, with Ilutchinson s, were 
 sent to America by Franklin in 1773. Like his 
 brother, he was a zealous royalist, and left Amer 
 ica in 1776. He died in England. Jennison, 
 Manuscripts ; Thomas, II. 488 ; Hutchinson s Last 
 History, 401 ; Eliot. 
 
 AUDUBON, JOHN JAMES, died at Minniesland, 
 near New York, Jan. 27, 1851, aged 71. Born 
 of French parents at New Orleans, he was edu- 
 
50 
 
 AUSTIN. 
 
 cated at Paris. As early as 1810 he went down 
 the Ohio in an open boat in search of a forest 
 home. His life was a life of adventure and ro 
 mantic interest, hardly a region of the United 
 States being unvisited by him in his ornithological 
 pursuits, lie published a splendid work, Birds 
 of America, from original drawings, folio ; also 
 Ornithological biography, 8vo. 1831. 
 
 AUSTIN, BENJAMIN, a political writer, died in 
 Boston May 4, 1820, aged 68. He early espoused 
 the democratic or republican side in the political 
 controversy, which raged during the administra 
 tion of John Adams. He was bold, unflinching, 
 uncompromising. He assailed others for their 
 political errors; and he was himself traduced 
 with the utmost virulence. Perhaps no man ever 
 met such a tide of obloquy. Yet many, who once 
 detested his party, have since united themselves 
 to it. After the triumph of Mr. Jefferson, he 
 was appointed, without soliciting the place, com 
 missioner of loans for Mass. In 1806 his son, 
 Charles Austin, when attempting to chastise Mr. 
 Selfridge for abuse of his father, was by him shot 
 and killed in the streets of Boston. Mr. S. was 
 tried and acquitted. His political writings, with 
 the signature of " Old South," published in the 
 Chronicle, were collected into a volume, entitled 
 " Constitutional Republicanism/ 8vo. 1803. 
 
 AUSTIN, JONATHAN LOIUXG, died in Boston 
 May 10, 1826, aged 78. He rendered important 
 services in the Revolution. Born in Boston Jan. 
 2, 1748, he was graduated in 1766 ; was a mer 
 chant and secretary of the board of war in Mas 
 sachusetts. He was sent to Paris in 1777 with 
 news to our commissioners of the capture of Bur- 
 goyne : presenting a note to Dr. Chauncy s church 
 for a safe voyage, the Doctor, who was somewhat 
 unskilful, prayed, that whatever might become of 
 the young man, the packet might be safe. For 
 two years in Paris he was Franklin s secretary. 
 A large cake was once sent to the apartment of 
 the commissioners, inscribed " Le digne Frank 
 lin," the worthy Franklin. F. immediately re 
 marked " The present is for all of us these 
 French people cannot write English : they mean 
 Lee, Deane, Franklin." 
 
 As the agent of Franklin he spent two years 
 in London in the family of the Earl of Shel- 
 burnc. On his return in May, 1779, he was lib 
 erally rewarded by Congress. In 1780 in going 
 to Spain as an agent of the state he was cap 
 tured and carried to England. lie was secretary 
 and treasurer of the state, and an exemplary 
 member of the church. His son, James T. Austin, 
 was attorney-general in 1832. 
 
 AUSTIN, MOSES, an enterprising settler in 
 upper Louisiana, was a native of Durham, Conn., 
 and after residing in Philadelphia and Richmond 
 emigrated to the west with his family in 1798, 
 having obtained a considerable grant of land 
 
 AUSTIN. 
 
 from the Spanish governor. He commenced the 
 business of mining at Mine au Breton, and cre 
 ated there a town ; but becoming embarrassed by 
 his speculations, he sold his estate and purchased 
 a large tract near the mouth of the river Colorado, 
 in Mexico. Ere his arrangements for removal 
 were completed, he died in 1821. Believing the 
 gospel, he placed his hopes of future happiness 
 on the atonement of the Saviour. Schoolcraft s 
 Travels, 1821, p. 239-250. 
 
 AUSTIN, SAMUEL, D. D., president of the uni 
 versity of Vermont, was born at New Haven, 
 graduated at Yale college in 1783, and ordained, 
 as the successor of Allyn Mather, at Fairhaven, 
 Conn., Nov. 9, 1786, but was dismissed Jan. 19, 
 1790. He was afterwards for many years pastor 
 of a church in Worcester, Mass. He was but a 
 few years at the head of the college in Burling 
 ton. After his resignation of that place he was 
 not resettled in the ministry. He died at Glas- 
 tenbury, Conn., Dec. 4, 1830, aged 70 years. 
 His wife was a daughter of Dr. Hopkins of Had- 
 ley. He Avas eminently pious and distinguished 
 as a minister. With three other ministers he 
 was the projector of the Massachusetts mission 
 ary society, and was active in originating the 
 Mass, general association. Much might be said 
 of his high intellectual character, of his zeal and 
 eloquence, his charity, influence, and usefulness. 
 But for the last three years it pleased God to 
 cast a thick cloud over his mind, so that he was 
 in a state of despondence and sometimes in 
 paroxysms of horror. His last words in prayer 
 were, " Blessed Jesus ! sanctify me wholly." 
 
 He published two important works ; a view of 
 the church, and theological essays : also letters 
 on baptism, examining Merrill s seven sermons, 
 1805 ; reply to Merrill s twelve letters, 1806; and 
 the following sermons, on disinterested love, 
 1790; ordination and installation of S.Worces 
 ter; on the death of Mrs. Blair, 1792; Mass, 
 missionary, 1 803 ; dedication at Hadley ; ordina 
 tion of W. Fay, J. M. Whiton, N. Nelson, G. S. 
 Olds; at a fast, 1811 : at two fasts, 1812 ; view of 
 the economy of the church. 
 
 AUSTIN, DAYID, died in Norwich, Conn., Feb. 
 5, 1831, aged 71. His father was collector of the 
 customs and a merchant in New Haven. He 
 graduated in 1779. After travelling abroad he 
 was ordained at Elizabethtown, N. J., in 1788. 
 His wife, Lydia Lathrop of Norwich, was the 
 daughter of a man of wealth. An illness of the 
 scarlet fever in 1795, it is supposed, affected his 
 reason. He predicted the second coming of 
 Christ on the fourth Sunday of May, 1796. As 
 the event did not cure him of his delusion, the 
 presbytery dismissed him in 1797. By building 
 houses for the Jews, who, he thought, were 
 coming to New Haven, he incurred debts, for 
 which he was imprisoned. Recovering his reason, 
 
AVERY. 
 
 BACKUS. 
 
 51 
 
 he was the minister of Bozrah from 1815 till his 
 death. He published in four vols. the "American 
 Preacher," by various ministers, and the " Down 
 fall of Babylon." Observer, Aug. 11, 1844. 
 
 AVERY, JOHX, a minister, came to this coun 
 try in 1635. While sailing from Xewbury towards 
 Marblehead, where he proposed to settle, he was 
 shipwrecked in a violent storm Aug. 14, 1635, on 
 a rocky island, called Thacher s woe and Avery s 
 fall, and died with his wife and six children. 
 Mr. A. Thacher escaped. His last words were : 
 " I can lay no claim to deliverance from this 
 danger, but through the satisfaction of Christ I 
 can lay claim to heaven : this, Lord, I entreat of 
 thee." Magnal. in. 77 ; Savage, I. 165 ; Eliot. 
 
 AVERY, WILLIAM, Dr., died in Dedham about 
 1687, having lived there as early as 1653. Of 
 his grandchildren, Joseph was the first minister 
 of Norton from 1714 to 1770, and John the first 
 minister of Truro, dying in 1754, aged about 70. 
 Rev. David A. of Holden and Rev. Daniel A. of 
 Wrentham were also his descendants. 
 
 AXTELL, HENRY, D. D., minister of Geneva, 
 X. Y., was born at Mendham, X. J., in 1773, and 
 graduated at Princeton in 1796. He went to 
 Geneva soon after the settlement of that part of 
 the state, and was very useful. At the time of 
 his ordination in 1812 his church consisted of 
 seventy members : at the time of his death of 
 about 400. In two revivals his labors had been 
 particularly blessed. He died Feb. 11, 1829, 
 aged 55. His eldest daughter was placed in the 
 same grave. 
 
 BACHE, RICHARD, postmaster-general of the 
 United States, was appointed in the place of Dr. 
 Franklin in Xov. 1776, and was succeeded by 
 Mr. Hazard in 1782. A native of England, he 
 came in early life to this country, and was at the 
 beginning of the Revolution chairman of the re 
 publican society in Philadelphia. He married in 
 1767 Sally, the only daughter of Dr. Franklin, 
 who died in Oct., 1808; he died at Settle in the 
 county of Berks, Penn., July 29, 1811, aged 74. 
 
 BACHE, BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, a printer, died 
 in 1799. He was the son of the preceding, and 
 accompanied Dr. Franklin to Paris, where he 
 completed his education as a printer and founder 
 in the printing house of the celebrated Didot. 
 After his return in 1785 he pursued with honor 
 his studies at the college of Philadelphia. In 
 Oct., 1790, he commenced the publication of the 
 General Advertiser, the name of which was after 
 wards changed to that of the Aurora, a paper, 
 which under the direction of Mr. Bache and his 
 successor, Mr. I Hume, exerted a powerful influ 
 ence on the politics of the country in hostility to 
 the two first administrations. His widow married 
 Mr. Duanc. Jennison s Manuscripts. 
 
 BACHE, GEORGE M., a lieutenant in the navy, 
 was swept from the deck of his ship off Cape Ilat- 
 
 teras in a hurricane Sept. 8, 1846. He had toiled 
 for eight years in a scientific coast-survey, being 
 chief of a hydrographic party. He was a native 
 of Philadelphia. 
 
 BACHI, PIETRO, died in Boston Aug. 22, 1853, 
 aged 66. Born in Sicily, he came to this country 
 in 1825 and was teacher of Italian at Harvard 
 from 1826 to 1846. 
 
 BACKUS, ISAAC, a distinguished Baptist min 
 ister of Massachusetts, died Xov. 20, 1806, aged 
 82. He was born at Xorwich in Connecticut, in 
 1724. In 1741, a year memorable for the revival 
 of religion through this country, his attention 
 was first arrested by the concerns of another 
 world, and he was brought, as he believed, to the 
 knowledge of the truth, as it is in Jesus. In 
 1746 he commenced preaching the gospel; and 
 April 13, 1748, he was ordained first minister of 
 a Congregational church in Titicut precinct, in the 
 town of Middlcborough, Mass. This society was 
 formed in Feb., 1743, in consequence of disputes 
 with regard to the settlement of a minister. The 
 members of it wished for a minister of different 
 sentiments from the man, who was settled, and, 
 as they could not obtain a dismission from the 
 church by an ecclesiastical council, at the end 
 of five years they withdrew without this sanction, 
 and formed a church by themselves in Feb., 1748. 
 The society, however, was not permitted now to 
 rest in peace, for they were taxed with the other 
 inhabitants of the town for the purpose of build 
 ing a new meeting-house for the first church. 
 
 In 1749 a number of the members of Mr. 
 Backus church altered their sentiments with re 
 gard to baptism, and obtained an exemption from 
 the congregational tax ; and he at length united 
 with them in opinion. He was baptized by im 
 mersion in August, 1751. For some years after 
 wards he held communion with those, who were 
 baptized in infancy, but he withdrew from this 
 intercourse with Christians of other denomina 
 tions. A Baptist church was formed Jan. 16, 
 1756, and he was installed its pastor June 23 of 
 the same year by ministers from Boston and Re- 
 hoboth. In this relation he continued through 
 the remainder of his life. He had been enabled 
 to preach nearly sixty years until the spring before 
 his death, when he experienced a paralytic stroke, 
 which deprived him of speech, and of the use of 
 his limbs. 
 
 Mr. Backus was a plain, evangelical preacher, 
 without any pretensions to eloquence. It may be 
 ascribed to his natural diffidence that, when 
 preaching or conversing on important subjects, 
 he was in the habit of shutting his eyes. To his 
 exertions the Baptist churches in America owe 
 not a little of their present flourishing condition. 
 He was ever a zealous friend to the equal rights 
 of Christians. When the Congress met at Phil 
 adelphia in 1774, he was sent as an agent from 
 
52 
 
 BACKUS. 
 
 the Baptist churches of the Warren association 
 to support their claims to the same equal liber 
 ties, wlu ch ought to be given to every denomina 
 tion. In October he had a conference with the 
 Massachusetts delegation and others, at which he 
 contended only for the same privileges, which 
 were given to the churches in Boston; and he 
 received the promise, that the rights of the 
 Baptists should be regarded. On his return, as a 
 report had preceded him, that he had been at 
 tempting to break up the union of the colonies, 
 he addressed himself to the convention of Mass. 
 Dec. 9, and a vote was passed, declaring his con 
 duct to have been correct. When the convention 
 in 1779 took into consideration the constitution 
 of the state, the subject of the extent of the civil 
 power in regard to religion naturally presented 
 itself, and in the course of debate the perfect 
 correctness of the Baptist memorial, which was 
 read at Philadelphia, was called in question. In 
 consequence of which Mr. Backus published in 
 the Chronicle of Dec. 2d a narrative of his pro 
 ceedings as Baptist agent, and brought arguments 
 against an article in the bill of rights of the con 
 stitution of Massachusetts. He believed, that the 
 civil authority had no right to require men to 
 support a teacher of piety, morality, and religion, 
 or to attend public worship ; that the church 
 ought to have no connection with the state ; that 
 the kingdom of the Lord Jesus was not of this 
 world, and was not dependent on the kingdoms 
 of this world; and that the subject of religion 
 should be left entirely to the consciences of 
 men. 
 
 The publications of Mr. Backus are more 
 numerous, than those of any other Baptist writer 
 in America. An abridgement of the whole work 
 was published in one volume, when the author 
 was 80 years of age. 
 
 Little can be said in commendation of his 
 three volumes of the history of the Baptists, of 
 which he published an abridgment, brought 
 down to 1804. It contains indeed many facts, 
 for which the public is indebted to the patient in 
 dustry of the writer, and it must be a very valu 
 able work to the Baptists, as it presents a minute 
 account of almost every church of that denom 
 ination in New England. But these facts are 
 combined without much attention to the connec 
 tion, which ought to subsist between them, and 
 the author shows himself too much under the in 
 fluence of the zeal of party. Backus Church 
 History, III. 139-141 ; Benedict, n. 267-274. 
 
 BACKUS, CHARLES, D. D., an eminent minister, 
 was born in Norwich, Conn., in 1749. He lost 
 his parents in his childhood, but, as he early dis 
 covered a love of science, his friends assisted him 
 to a liberal education. He was graduated at 
 Yale college in 1769. His theological education 
 was directed by Dr. Hart of Preston. In 1774 
 
 BACKUS. 
 
 he was ordained to the pastoral charge of the 
 church in Somers, in which town he remained till 
 his death Dec. 30, 1803, after a faithful ministry 
 of more than twenty-nine years. In the last 
 year of his residence at college the mind of Dr. 
 Backus was impressed by Divine truth, and, 
 although his conduct had not been immoral, he 
 was deeply convinced of his sinfulncss in the 
 sight of God. He was for a time opposed to the 
 doctrines of the gospel, particularly to the doc 
 trine of the atonement, and of the dependence 
 of man upon the special influences of the Holy 
 Spirit to renew his heart. But at last his pride 
 was humbled, and he was brought to an acquaint 
 ance with the way of salvation by a crucified Re 
 deemer. From this time he indulged the hope 
 that he was reconciled unto God. A humble and 
 an exemplary Christian, under the afflictions of 
 life he quietly submitted to the will of his Father 
 in heaven. He was a plain, evangelical, impressive 
 preacher. Knowing the worth of immortal souls, 
 he taught with the greatest clearness the way of 
 salvation through faith in the Redeemer, and 
 enforced upon his hearers that holiness, without 
 which no man can see the Lord. During his 
 ministry there were four seasons of peculiar atten 
 tion to religion among his people. Dr. Backus 
 was eminent as a theologian. His retired situa 
 tion and his eminence as an instructor drew 
 around him many, who were designed for the 
 Christian ministry. Nearly fifty young men were 
 members of his theological school, among whom 
 were Drs. Woods, Church, Hyde, Moore, Davis, 
 Lovell, and Cooley. He refused invitations to the 
 theological chair in Dartmouth and Yale. His 
 only child, a son, a member of college, died in 
 1794. He was a very fervent, eloquent, extempo 
 raneous preacher. In his last sickness he had 
 much of the Divine presence. The last words, 
 which he was heard to whisper, were, " Glory to 
 God in the highest, and on earth peace, good 
 will towards men." He published the following 
 sermons: at the ordination of A. Backus, 1791; 
 of F. Reynolds, 1795 ; of J. Russell, Princeton, 
 and T. M. Cooley, 1796 ; of J. H. Church and T. 
 Snell, 1798; of Z. S. Moore and V. Gould; on 
 death of J. Howard, 1785; of M. Chapin, 1794; 
 of Mrs. Prudden ; of six young persons, drowned 
 at Wilbraham, 1799; to free masons, 1795; five 
 on the truth of the Bible, 1797 ; century sermon, 
 1801; a volume on regeneration. 
 
 BACKUS, AZEL, D. D., president of Ham 
 ilton college, died Dec. 28, 1816, aged 51. 
 He was the son of Jabez Backus of Norwich, 
 Conn. His father bequeathed to him a farm in 
 Franklin, which, he says, " I wisely exchanged for 
 an education in college." He was graduated at 
 Yale in 1787. While in college he was a deist; 
 but his uncle and friend, Charles Backus of 
 Somers, won him from infidelity through the 
 
BACOS. 
 
 BACON. 
 
 53 
 
 Divine blessing, and reared him up for the minis 
 try. From the time that he believed the gospel, 
 he gloried in the cross. In early life he was or 
 dained as the successor of Dr. Bellamy at Beth- 
 lorn, where he not only labored faithfully in the 
 ministry, but also instituted and conducted a school 
 of considerable celebrity. After the establishment 
 of Hamilton college, near Utica, he was chosen 
 the first president, and was succeeded by President 
 Davis of Middlebury college. He was a man of 
 an original cast of thought, distinguished by sus 
 ceptibility and ardor of feeling and by vigorous 
 and active piety. Of his benevolence and good 
 ness no one could doubt. In his sermons, though 
 familiar and not perhaps sufficiently correct and 
 elevated in style, he was earnest, affectionate, and 
 faithful. He published a sermon on the death of 
 Gov. Wolcott, 1797; at the election, 1798; at the 
 ordination of John Frost, Whitesborough, 1813. 
 Belig. Intel. I. 527, 592; Panoplist, XIII. 43. 
 BACON, NATHANIEL, general, a Virginia rebel, 
 died Oct. 1, 1G76. He was educated at the Inns 
 of court in England, and after his arrival in this 
 country was chosen a member of the council. 
 He was a young man of fine accomplishments, of 
 an interesting countenance, and of impressive 
 eloquence. The treachery of the English in the 
 murder of six Woerowances or Indian chiefs, who 
 came out of a beseiged fort in order to negotiate 
 a treaty, induced the savages to take terrible 
 vengeance, inhumanly slaughtering sixty for the 
 six, for they thought that ten for one was a just 
 atonement for the loss of their great men. Their 
 incursions caused the frontier plantations to be 
 abandoned. Thus did the crime of the Virginians, 
 as is always the case with public crime, draw after 
 it punishment. The governor, Berkeley, resorted 
 to the wretched policy of building a few forts on 
 the frontiers, which could have no effect in pre 
 venting the incursions of the savages, who quickly 
 found out, as an old history of the affair expresses 
 it, " where the mouse-traps were set!" The people, 
 in their indignation, determined on wiser and 
 more active measures. Having chosen Bacon as 
 their general, he sent to their governor for a 
 commission, but being refused, he marched with 
 out one at the head of eighty or ninety men, and 
 in a battle defeated the Indians and destroyed 
 their magazine. In the mean time the governor, 
 at the instigation of men who were envious of the 
 rising popularity of Bacon, proclaimed him a 
 rebel May 29, 1G7G, and marched a force against 
 him to " the middle plantation," or Williamsburg, 
 but in a few days returned to meet the assembly. 
 Bacon himself soon proceeded in a sloop with 
 thirty men to Jamestown ; but was taken by sur 
 prise and put in irons. At his trial before the 
 governor and council June 10, he was acquitted 
 and restored to the council, and promised also in 
 two days a commission as general for the Indian 
 
 war, agreeably to the passionate wishes of the 
 people. Their regard to him will account for his 
 acquittance. As the governor refused to sign the 
 promised commission, Bacon soon appeared at the 
 head of five hundred men and obtained it by 
 force. Thus was he " crowned the darling of the 
 people s hopes and desires." Nor did the people 
 misjudge as to his capacity to serve them. By 
 sending companies under select officers into the 
 different counties to scour the thickets, swamps, 
 and forests, where the Indians might be sheltered, 
 he restored the dispersed people to their planta 
 tions. While he was thus honorably employed, 
 the governor again proclaimed him a rebel. This 
 measure induced him to countermarch to Wil 
 liamsburg, whence he issued, Aug. 6, his declara 
 tion against the governor and soon drove him 
 across the bay to Accomac. He also exacted of 
 the people an oath to support him against the 
 forces employed by the governor. He then 
 prosecuted the Indian war. In September he 
 again put the governor to flight and burned 
 Jamestown, consisting of sixteen or eighteen 
 houses and a brick church, the first that was built 
 in Virginia. At this period he adopted a singular 
 expedient to prevent an attack by the governor, 
 beseiged by him. He seized the wives of several 
 of the governor s adherents and brought them 
 into camp; then sent word to their husbands, 
 that they would be placed in the fore front of his 
 men. Entirely successful on the western shore, 
 Bacon was about to cross the bay to attack the 
 governor at Accomac, when he was called to sur 
 render up his life " into the hands of that grim 
 and all conquering captain, Death." In his sick 
 ness he implored the assistance of Mr. Wading, a 
 minister, in preparing for the future world. 
 
 After the death of Bacon one Ingram, a Aveak 
 man, assumed his commission, but was soon won 
 over by the governor. Among his followers, who 
 were executed, was Col. Hansford, who, with the 
 feelings of Maj. Andre, had no favor to ask, but 
 that " he might be shot like a soldier, and not be 
 hanged like a dog ; " also Capt. Carver, and Far- 
 low, and Wilford. Maj. Cheisman died in prison. 
 Drummond also, formerly governor of Carolina, 
 and Col. llichard Lawrence were \ictims of this 
 civil war, which, besides the loss of valuable lives, 
 cost the colony 100,000 pounds. After reading 
 ; the history of this rebellion, one is ready to per 
 suade himself, that its existence might have been 
 prevented, had the governor consulted the wishes 
 of the people by giving Bacon the command in 
 the Indian war ; had he been faithful to his own 
 promise ; had he not yielded to the envious or 
 malignant counsels of others. Had Bacon lived 
 and been triumphant, he would probably have 
 been remembered, not as an insurgent, but as the 
 deliverer of his country. Yet it is very obvious, 
 that under an organized government he did not 
 
BACON. 
 
 BADGER. 
 
 prove himself a good citizen, but was an artful 
 demagogue, and borne away by a reprehensible 
 and rash ambition. Death of Bacon; Keith s 
 Hist, of Virginia, 156-162; Chalmers, I. 332- 
 335; Beverly, 105; Wynne, II. 222, 223; Mar 
 shall, I. 198-201. 
 
 BACON, THOMAS, an Episcopal minister at 
 Frederictown, Md., died May 24, 1768. He 
 compiled " a complete system of the revenue of 
 Ireland," published in 1737 ; also a complete body 
 of the laws of Maryland, fol., 1765. He also 
 wrote other valuable pieces. Jenn. 
 
 BACON, JACOB, first minister of Keene, N. II., 
 died at Rowley in 1787, aged 81. A graduate of 
 Harvard in 1731, he was ordained in 1738. The 
 settlement was broken up by the Indians in 
 April, 1747. He afterwards was settled in Ply 
 mouth. His successors at K. were Carpenter, 
 Sumner, Hall, Oliphant, and Barstow. The last 
 was ordained July 1, 1818. 
 
 BACON, JOHN, minister, of Boston, died Oct. 
 25, 1820. He was a native of Canterbury, 
 Conn., and was graduated at the college of 
 New Jersey in 1765. After preaching for a time 
 in Somerset county, Maryland, he and John Hunt 
 were settled as colleague pastors over the old 
 south church in Boston, as successors to Mr. 
 Blair, Sept. 25, 1771. His style of preaching 
 was argumentative ; his manner approaching the 
 severe. Difficulties soon sprung up in regard to 
 the doctrines of the atonement and of imputation 
 and the administration of baptism on the half 
 way covenant, which led to the dismission of Mr. 
 Bacon Feb. 8, 1775. His views seem to have 
 been such as now prevail in New England, while 
 his church advocated limited atonement and the 
 notion of the actual transference of the sins of 
 believers to Christ and of his obedience to them. 
 Probably the more popular talents of Mr. Hunt 
 had some influence in creating the difficulty. Mr. 
 Bacon removed to Stockbridge, Berkshire county, 
 where he died. He was a magistrate ; a repre 
 sentative ; associate and presiding judge of the 
 common pleas ; a member and president of the 
 state senate ; and a member of Congress. In his 
 political views he accorded with the party of Mr. 
 Jefferson. He married the widow of his prede 
 cessor, Mr. Gumming. She was the daughter of 
 Ezekiel Goldthwait, register of deeds. His son, 
 Ezekiel Bacon, was a distinguished member of 
 Congress just before the war of 1812. He pub 
 lished a sermon after his installation, 1772 ; an 
 answer to Huntington on a case of discipline, 
 1781 ; a speech on the courts of U. S., 1802 ; con 
 jectures on the prophecies, 1805. Wisner s Hist. 
 0. 8. Church, 33; Hint, of Berkshire, 104, 201. 
 
 BACON, MARY, died at Providence July 3, 
 1848, aged 108 ; born June 10, 1740, the daughter 
 of John Matthewson. 
 
 BACON, SAMUEL, agent of the American gov- 
 
 ernment for establishing a colony in Africa, was an 
 Episcopal clergyman. He proceeded in the 
 Elizabeth to Sierra Leone with eighty-two colored 
 people, accompanied by Mr. Bankson, also agent, 
 and Dr. Crozer ; and arrived March 9, 1820. The 
 Augusta schooner was purchased and the people 
 and stores were transhipped, and carried to 
 Campelar in Sherbro river March 20th. Dr. 
 Crozer and Mr. Bankson died in a few weeks, and 
 Mr. Bacon being taken ill on the 17th April 
 proceeded to Kent, at Cape Shilling, but died two 
 days after his arrival, on the 3d of May. Many 
 others died. The circular of the colonization 
 society, signed by E. B. Caldwell, Oct. 26, 
 describes this disastrous expedition. Memoirs 
 by Ashmun. 
 
 BADGER, STEPHEN, minister of Natick, Mass., 
 was born in Charlestown in 1725 of humble 
 parentage, and graduated at Harvard college in 
 1747, his name being last in the catalogue, when 
 the names were arranged according to parental 
 dignity. Employed by the commissioners for 
 propagating the Gospel in New England, he was 
 ordained as missionary over the Indians at Natick, 
 as successor of Mr. Peabody, March 27, 1753, 
 and died Aug. 28, 1803, aged 78 years. Mr. 
 Biglow represents him as in reality a Unitarian, 
 although not avowedly such. He published a 
 letter from a pastor against the demand of a con 
 fession of particular sins in order to church fellow 
 ship ; a letter concerning the Indians in the Mass. 
 hist, collections, dated 1797 ; and two discourses 
 on drunkenness, 1774, recently reprinted. In 
 his letter concerning the Indians he states, that 
 Deacon Ephraim, a good Christian Indian of his 
 church, on being asked how it was to be accounted 
 for, that Indian youths, virtuously educated in 
 English families, were apt, when losing the re 
 straints under which they had been brought up, 
 to become indolent and intemperate like others, 
 replied : " Ducks will be ducks, notwithstanding 
 they are hatched by the hen," or in his own 
 imperfect English "Tucks will be tucks, for all 
 ole hen he hatchum." Another Indian of Natick 
 once purchased a dram at a shop in Boston, and 
 the next spring, after drinking rum at the same 
 shop, found that the price of the poison was 
 doubled. On inquiring the reason, the dealer 
 replied, that he had kept the cask over winter, 
 and it was as expensive as to keep a horse. 
 " Hah," replied the Indian, " he no eat so much 
 hay ; but I believe he drink as much water ! " 
 Of the strength of rum the Naticks were un 
 happily too good judges. It is deplorable, that in 
 1797 there were among the Natick Indians, for 
 whom the apostolic Eliot labored, only two or 
 three church-members, and not one who could 
 speak their language, into which he translated the 
 Bible. Among the many causes of their degene 
 racy may be mentioned the sale of their lands, 
 
BADGER. 
 
 DAILY. 
 
 55 
 
 their intermixture with blacks and whites, leaving 
 only about twenty clear-blooded Indians, their 
 unconquerable indolence and propensity to excess, 
 and perhaps the want of zeal on the part of their 
 religious teachers. In 1670 there were forty or 
 fifty church-members. The number of Indians 
 in 1749 was one hundred and sixty; in 1703 only 
 thirty-seven. The war of 1759 and a putrid fever 
 had destroyed many of them. Si glow s Hist. 
 Natick, 59^-69, 77 ; Col. Hist. Soc. \. 32-45. 
 
 BADGER, WILLIAM, governor of N. H., died 
 at Gilmanton Sept. 21, 1852, aged 73. He was 
 governor in 1834 and 1835 and had sustained 
 many offices. 
 
 BADGER, RACHEL, Mrs., died at Lynde- 
 borough, X. II., 1834, aged 100. 
 
 BADGER, JOSEPH, died at Perrysburgh May 
 5, 184G, aged 87, a soldier of the Revolution, and 
 chaplain under Harrison at Fort Meigs ; an ex 
 emplary Christian. 
 
 BADLAM, STEPHEN, brigadier-general of the 
 militia, died in Aug., 1815. He was born in Can 
 ton, Mass., and joined the American army in 
 1775. In the next year, as major of artillery, he 
 took possession, July 4th, of the mount, which 
 from that circumstance was called Mount Inde 
 pendence. He did good service with his fieklpiece 
 in the action at Fort Stanwix, under Willett, in 
 Aug., 1777. His residence was at Dorchester, 
 where he was an eminently useful citizen, acting 
 as a magistrate and a deacon of the church. 
 Codman s Funeral Sermon ; Panoplist, XI. 572. 
 
 BAILEY, MOUNTJOY, general, died at Wash 
 ington March 22, 1836, aged 81 ; an officer of the 
 Revolution. 
 
 BAILEY, EBENEZER, died at Lynn Mineral 
 Springs Aug., 1839, long an eminent teacher of 
 youth in Boston. A lock-jaw was occasioned by 
 running a nail into his foot. 
 
 BAILEY, MOSES, died in Andover, Mass., 
 March 14, 1842, aged 98, leaving one hundred 
 and thirty-five descendants. 
 
 BAILEY, JACOB, a graduate of Harvard in 
 1755, died in 1808, an Episcopal preacher in 
 Pownalborough and Xova Scotia. His journal 
 was published in 1853, with a biography by W. J. 
 Bartlet. 
 
 BAILY, JOHN, an excellent minister in Boston, 
 died in 1697, aged 53. He was born in 1644 in 
 Lancashire, England. From his earliest years 
 his mind seems to have been impressed by the 
 truths of religion. While he was yet very young, 
 his mother one day persuaded him to lead the 
 devotions of the family. When his father, who 
 was a very dissolute man, heard of it, his heart 
 was touched with a sense of his sin in the neglect 
 of this duty, and he became afterwards an 
 eminent Christian. After having been carefully 
 instructed in classical learning, he commenced 
 preaching the gospel about the age of twenty-two. 
 
 He soon went to Ireland, where by frequent 
 labors he much injured his health, which was 
 never perfectly restored. He spent about fourteen 
 years of his life at Limerick, and was exceedingly 
 blessed in his exertions to turn men from dark 
 ness to light. Yet while in this place as well as 
 previously, he was persecuted by men, who were 
 contending for form and ceremony in violation of 
 the precepts and the spirit of the gospel. While 
 he was a young man, he often travelled far by 
 night to enjoy the ordinances of the gospel, 
 privately administered in dissenting congregations, 
 and for this presumptuous offence he was some 
 times thrown into Lancashire jail. As soon as he 
 began to preach, his fidelity was tried, and he 
 suffered imprisonment because in his conscience 
 he could not conform to the established church. 
 While at Limerick a deanery was offered him, if 
 he would conform, with the promise of a bishopric 
 upon the first vacancy. But disdaining worldly 
 things, when they came in competition with duty 
 to his Saviour and the purity of Divine worship, 
 he rejected the offer in true disinterestedness and 
 elevation of spirit. But neither this proof, that 
 he was intent on higher objects, than this world 
 presents, nor the blamelessness of his life, nor the 
 strong hold, which he had in the affections of his 
 acquaintance, could preserve him from again 
 suffering the hardships of imprisonment, while 
 the papists in the neighborhood enjoyed liberty 
 and countenance. When he was before the 
 judges he said to them, "If I had been drinking, 
 and gaming, and carousing at a tavern with my 
 company, my lords, I presume, that would not 
 have procured my being thus treated as an 
 offender. Must praying to God, and preaching 
 of Christ with a company of Christians, who are 
 peaceable and inoffensive and as serviceable to his 
 majesty and the government as any of his sub 
 jects; must this be a greater crime?" The 
 recorder answered, " We will have you to know 
 it is a greater crime." His flock often fasted and 
 prayed for his release ; but he was discharged on 
 this condition only, that he should depart from 
 the country within a limited time. 
 
 He came to New England in 1684, and was 
 ordained the minister of Watertown, Oct. 6, 1686, 
 with his brother, Thomas Bailey, as his assistant ; 
 he removed to Boston in 1692, and became as 
 sistant minister of the first church July 17, 1693, 
 succeeding Mr. Moody. In 1696 Mr. Wadsworth 
 was settled. His brother, Thomas, who died in 
 Watertown in Jan., 1689, wrote Latin odes at 
 Lindsay in 1668, which are in manuscript in the 
 library of the Mass. Historical Society. 
 
 He was a man eminent for piety, of great sen 
 sibility of conscience, and very exemplary in his 
 life. It was his constant desire to be patient and 
 resigned under the calamities, which were ap 
 pointed him, and to fix his heart more upon 
 
56 
 
 BAINBRIDGE. 
 
 things above. His ministry was very acceptable 
 in different places, and he was a warm and ani 
 mated preacher. Dunton says, " I heard him 
 upon these words Looking unto Jesus and 
 I thought he spake like an angel." But with all 
 his faithfulness he saw many disconsolate hours. 
 He was distressed with doubts respecting him 
 self; but his apprehensions only attached him 
 the more closely to his Redeemer. 
 
 In his last sickness he suffered under a com 
 plication of disorders ; but he did not complain. 
 His mind was soothed in dwelling upon the suf 
 ferings of his Saviour. At times he was agitated 
 with fears, though they had not respect, as he 
 said, so much to the end, as to what he might 
 meet in the way. His last words were, speaking 
 of Christ, " O, what shall I say ? He is altogether 
 lovely. His glorious angels are come for me ! " 
 He then closed his eyes, and his spirit passed 
 into eternity. He published an address to the 
 people of Limerick ; and man s chief end to 
 glorify God, a sermon preached at Watertown, 
 1089. Middleton s Evang, Biography, iv. 
 101-105; Nonconformist Memorial, i. 331-335; 
 Mather s Funeral Sermon ; Magnalia, in. 224- 
 238; Eliot. 
 
 BAIXBRIDGE, WILLIAM, commodore, died at 
 Philadelphia July 27, 1833, aged 59. He was 
 born at Princeton, N. J., the son of Dr. Absalom 
 B. : in 1798 he was a lieutenant in the navy ; in 
 1800 he commanded a frigate and sailed for 
 Algiers. In consequence of his vessel s grounding 
 before Tripoli, he was captured in the Philadel 
 phia in 1800. In the Constitution he captured 
 the British frigate Java, Dec. 29, 1812. After the 
 war he had the command at several naval sta 
 tions : for several years he was commissioner of 
 the navy board. 
 
 BAIRD, THOMAS D., editor of the Pittsburgh 
 Christian Herald, died Jan. 7, 1839, aged 65. 
 
 BALCH, WILLIAM, minister of Bradford, Mass., 
 was born at Beverly in 1704 and graduated in 
 1724. He was a descendant of John Balch, 
 who came to this country about 1625 and died at 
 Salem in 1648. Ordained in 1728 over the sec 
 ond church in Bradford, he there passed lu s 
 days, and died Jan. 12, 1792, aged 87 years. 
 
 About the year 1742 or 1743 several members, 
 a minority of his church, dissatisfied with his 
 preaching, applied to a neighboring church to 
 admonish their pastor, agreeably to the Platform. 
 A council was convened, which censured the con 
 duct of the complainants. But in 1746 Mr. Wig- 
 glesworth and Mr. Chipman, ministers of Ipswich 
 and Beverly, accused Mr. Balch of propagating 
 Arminian tenets. He wrote a reply, mingling 
 keen satire with solid argument. After this, they, 
 who were dissatisfied with Mr. Balch, built a 
 meeting-house for themselves. In his old age he 
 received a colleague. He lived in. retirement, 
 
 BALDWIN. 
 
 occupied in agriculture, and raising the best 
 apples in Essex. His mental powers retained 
 their vigor in old age. New writings delighted 
 him; and he engaged freely in theological dis 
 cussion. He published the following discourses: 
 on reconciliation, 1740; faith and Avorks, 1743; 
 at the election, 1749; at the convention, 1760; 
 account of the proceedings of the 2d church; 
 reply to Wigglesworth and Chipman, 1746. 
 Eliot ; Mass. Historical Collections, rv. s. s. 145. 
 
 BALCH, THOMAS, first minister of the 2d parish 
 of Dedham, died in 1774, aged about 60. He 
 graduated in 1733, and was ordained in 1736. 
 He published a sermon at the ordination of J. 
 Newman, Edgartown, 1747 ; Christ present, 1748 ; 
 at election, 1749; ordination of W. Patten, 1757; 
 at artillery election, 1763. 
 
 BALCH, STEPHEN B., D. D., died at George 
 town, D. C., Sept, 22, 1833, aged 86. 
 
 BALCH, JOSEPH, died in Johnstown, N. Y., 
 Dec. 5, 1855, aged 95, a soldier of the Revolu 
 tion, then of Wethcrsfield. At the age of about 
 80 he made a Christian profession. On the day 
 of his death he was attending a public fast : the 
 Bible fell from his hands, and he died. 
 
 BALDWIN, EBENEZER, minister of Danbury, 
 Conn., was graduated at Yale college in 1763, and 
 was tutor in that seminary from 1766 to 1770. 
 He was ordained as successor of Mr. Warner and 
 Mr. White, Sept. 19, 1770, and died Oct. 1, 1776, 
 aged 31 years. He was a man of great talents 
 and learning, an unwearied student, grave in 
 manners, and an able supporter of the sound 
 doctrines of the gospel. He left a legacy of 
 about 300 pounds to his society, which is appro 
 priated to the support of religion. Bobbins 
 Centennial Sermon. 
 
 BALDWIN, JONATHAN, died at Brookficld in 
 1788, aged 57. He was a captain in the French 
 war ; and was a prominent member of the Mass, 
 congress in 1774 : a colonel in the Revolutionary 
 struggle. A soldier, a patriot, a Christian, he was 
 also a friend of literature, leaving a bequest to 
 Leicester academy. 
 
 BALDWIN, ABRAHAM, a distinguished states 
 man, was born in Connecticut in 1754 and grad 
 uated at Yale college in 1772. From 1775 to 
 1779 he was a tutor in that seminary, being an 
 eminent classical and mathematical scholar. Hav 
 ing studied law, he removed to Savannah and was 
 admitted a counsellor at the Georgia bar, and in 
 three months was elected a member of the state 
 legislature. At the first session he originated 
 the plan of the university of Georgia, drew up 
 the charter, by which it was endowed with forty 
 thousand acres of land, and, vanquishing many 
 prejudices, by the aid of John Milledge persuaded 
 the assembly to adopt the project. The college 
 was located at Athens, and Josiah Meigs was ap 
 pointed its first president. Being elected a dele- 
 
BALDWIN. 
 
 BALDWIN. 
 
 57 
 
 gate to congress- in 1786, he was an active mem 
 ber of the convention, which formed the present 
 constitution of the United States, during its ses 
 sion from May 25 to Sept. 17, 1787. After its 
 adoption he was continued a member of congress 
 until 1799, when he was appointed as colleague 
 with Mr. Millcdge a senator, in which station he 
 remained until his death, at Washington city, 
 March 4, 1807, aged 53 years. His remains were 
 placed by the side of his friend and former col 
 league, Gen. J. Jackson, whom he had followed to 
 the grave just one year before. He was the 
 brother-in-law of Joel Barlow. Having never 
 been married, his economy put it in his power to 
 assist many young men in their education. His 
 father dying in 1787 with little property, six 
 orphan children, his half brothers and sisters, 
 were protected and educated by him, and owed 
 every tiling to his care and affection. In public 
 life he was industrious and faithful. Though firm 
 in his own republican principles during the con 
 tests of the last ten years of his life, he was yet 
 moderate, and indulgent towards his opponents. 
 Until a week before his death his public sen-ices 
 for twenty-two years had been uninterrupted by 
 sickness. National Intelligencer. 
 
 BALDWIN, THOMAS, D. D., a Baptist minister 
 in Boston, was born in Norwich, Conn., Dec. 23, 
 1753. After he had removed to Canaan, in New 
 Hampshire, he became pious, and joined the 
 Baptist church in 1781. It was with pain, that 
 he thus forsook his connections and early friends, 
 for he had been educated a pedo-Baptist and his 
 venerable minister at Norwich was his grand 
 uncle. Having for some time conducted the re 
 ligious exercises at public meetings, in Aug., 1782, 
 he ventured for the first time to take a text and 
 preach doctrinally and methodically. His ad 
 vantages for intellectual culture had been few. 
 At the request of the church he was ordained 
 June 11, 1783, as an evangelist, and he performed 
 the duties of pastor for seven years, besides 
 preaching often during each week in the towns 
 within a circle of fifty miles, " chiefly at his own 
 charges," sometimes receiving small presents, but 
 never having a public contribution. In these jour 
 neys he was obliged to climb rocky steeps and to 
 pass through dismal swamps; and as the poor 
 people had no silver, and the continental cur 
 rency was good for nothing, sometimes the trav 
 elling preacher was obliged either to beg or to 
 starve. For several years he was chosen a mem 
 ber of the legislature. 
 
 In 1790 he was invited to Boston, as the pastor 
 of the second Baptist church. He now success 
 fully pursued a course of study, and by his un 
 wearied exertions acquired a high rank as a 
 preacher. His church, though small in 1790, be 
 came under his care numerous and flourishing. 
 Of his own denomination in New England he 
 8 
 
 was the head, and to him all his brethren looked 
 for advice. Besides being connected with most 
 of the benevolent institutions of Boston, he was a 
 member of the convention for revising the con 
 stitution of the state, and just before his death 
 was fixed upon, by one party among the people, 
 as a candidate for an elector of president of the 
 United States. He died very suddenly at Water- 
 ville, Me., whither he had gone to attend the 
 commencement, Aug. 29, 1825, aged 71 years. 
 The following stanza on his death will apply to a 
 multitude of others, recorded in this work. 
 
 " He was a goorl man. Yet amid onr tears 
 Sweet, grateful thoughts within our bosoms rise ; 
 We trace his spirit up to brighter spheres, 
 And think with what pure, rapturous surprise 
 He found himself translated to the skies : 
 From night at once awoke to endless noon. 
 Oh ! with what transport did his eager eyes 
 Behold his Lord ia glory ? T was the boon 
 His heart had longed for ! Why deem we it came to soon ? " 
 
 He published the following discourses : at the 
 thanksgiving, 1795 ; quarterly sermon ; at the 
 concert of prayer ; account of revival of religion, 
 1799 ; on the death of Lieut-Gov. Phillips ; elec 
 tion sermon, 1802 ; on the eternal purpose of 
 God ; at thanksgiving ; before a missionary soci 
 ety, 1804; at the ordination of D. Merrill, 1805; 
 installation of J. Winchell, 1814 ; before the fe 
 male asylum, 1806; on the death of Dr. Still- 
 man ; at the artillery election, 1807 ; and the bap 
 tism of believers only, and particular communion 
 vindicated, 12mo. 1806. Of this work the first 
 and second parts were originally published in 
 1789 and 1794. 
 
 BALDWIN, CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS, libra 
 rian of the Antiquarian Society at Worcester, w r as 
 killed by the upsetting of a stage, in which he 
 was travelling, at Norwich, Ohio, Aug. 20, 1835, 
 aged 35. He was riding with the driver, and 
 leaped from the stage for security, but fell back 
 from the bank. 
 
 BALDWIN, LOAMMI, died at Charlestown, 
 June 30, 1838, of paralysis. He was graduated 
 in 1800, and educated for the law, but became 
 one of the most distinguished civil engineers of 
 our country. The dry docks at the navy yards at 
 Charlestown and near Norfolk and other public 
 works attested his skill. He was lamented by 
 many friends. 
 
 BALDWIN, ELILTU W., D. D., president of 
 Wabash college, Crawfordsville, Ind., died Oct. 
 15, 1840, aged 50. Born at Durham, N. Y., he 
 graduated at Yale in 1812, studied at Andover, 
 and was a minister in New York from 1820 to 
 1835. He died in peace and joyful hope. 
 
 BALDAVIN, ELI, D. D., of the Reformed 
 Dutch Church at New Brunswick, N. J., died in 
 1839. 
 
 BALDWLN, ASIIBEL, died at Rochester, New 
 York, Feb. 8, 1846, aged 89. A graduate of 
 
58 
 
 BALDWIN. 
 
 BANISTER. 
 
 Yale, he served in the army, and \vas ordained by 
 Bishop Seabury in 1785 the first Episcopal or 
 dination in the U. S. He was secretary of the 
 general Episcopal convention many years. 
 
 BALDWIN, HENRY, Judge, died in Philadel 
 phia Apr. 21, 1844, aged Go. A native of New 
 Haven, he graduated in 1797, and settled in 
 Pennsylvania. lie was a member of Congress 
 and judge of the Supreme Court of the U. S. ; 
 and was highly respected. 
 
 BALDWIN, SIMEON, judge, died in New Ha 
 ven May 26, 1851, aged 89. He was born in 
 Norwich and graduated 1781. After being a 
 tutor for several years he commenced the practice 
 of the law in 1786. He was in congress from 
 1803 to 1805 ; a judge of the superior court in 
 1806; in 1822 president of the Farmington canal 
 board ; and mayor of the city in 1826. 
 
 BALDWIN, METHUSELAH, minister of Scotch- 
 town, N. Y., died in 1847, aged 84. 
 
 BALDWIN, CYRUS, Dr., died in Goodrich, 
 Mich., Aug., 1855, aged 81. Born in Worcester, 
 he assisted as an earnest Christian in founding 
 churches in Baldwinsviile, N. Y., and elsewhere. 
 He lived in Hebron, and in Home, Mich., in 
 Grand Blanc, in Atlas, and Goodrich. 
 
 BALFOUR, WALTER, died in Charlestown, 
 Jan. 3, 1852, aged 74; a Scotchman, who came 
 early to this country as a Presbyterian preacher. 
 After ten years he became a Baptist, and in a few 
 years more a Universalist. He published inqui 
 ries, essays, reply and letters to Mr. Stuart, and 
 letters to Mr. Hudson. He had also a contro 
 versy with Sabinc and Whitman. 
 
 BALL, HEMAN, 1). D., died at Rutland, Vt, 
 Dec. 17, 1821, aged 57, highly respected and of 
 extensive influence. He was a native of West 
 Springfield, and a graduate of Dartmouth in 1791. 
 He published a sermon on the death of Washing 
 ton. 
 
 BALL, LUCY, missionary to China, died June 
 6, 1844, aged 37. Her name was Mills of New 
 Haven ; her husband was Dyer Ball, who em 
 barked in 1838. Her oldest daughter made a 
 profession of religion in the presence of all the 
 missionaries at Hong Kong a few weeks before 
 her mother s death. 
 
 BALLANTLNE, JOHN, minister of Wcstfield, 
 was the son of John B. of Boston, clerk of court 
 and register of deeds, and of Mary Winthrop, 
 daughter of Adam W. ; was graduated in 1735 
 and was ordained June 17, 1741. He died Feb. 
 12, 1776, aged 59. His wife was Mary, daughter 
 of Luther Gay and sister of Dr. Gay of Suflield. 
 His son, Wm. G., a graduate of 1771, died in 
 1854 ; he was the minister of Washington, Mass., 
 ancestor of Rev. Henry B., missionary to India. 
 His daughter, Mary, married Gen. Ashley. He 
 published a sermon on the march of a company 
 to Crown Point June 2, 1756. 
 
 BALLARD, JOHN B., died in New York Jan. 
 29, 185G, aged 60. A native of Dudley, Mass., 
 he was the pastor of several Baptist churches, 
 then a dozen years the agent of the Sunday 
 school union in N. C. and Ky. ; last a useful tract 
 missionary six years in N. Y. 
 
 BALLOU, HOSEA, died June 7, 1851, aged 80. 
 Born in Richmond, N. II., the son of a Baptist 
 minister, he was a member of the Baptist church ; 
 but on becoming a Universalist he was excluded 
 from the church. He was settled in Dana, Barn 
 ard, Vt., Portsmouth, Salem ; and in the School 
 street church in Boston from 1817 till his death. 
 He published two orations ; a dedication and or 
 dination sermon ; orthodoxy unmasked ; reply to 
 T. Merritt ; divine benevolence, 1815 ; strictures 
 on Channing s sermon ; series of lecture sermons, 
 1818; series of letters; on the atonement, 1828. 
 
 BANCROFT, AARON, D. D., died at Worces 
 ter Aug. 19, 1839, aged 84. Born at Reading in 
 1735, he graduated at Cambridge in 1778, and 
 was the minister of a Unitarian church from 1786 
 till his death. He was the father of Mr. Bancroft, 
 the historian. 
 
 He published eulogy on Washington, 1800; 
 life of Washington, 1807 ; election sermon, 1801 ; 
 on conversion, 1818; convention sermon, 1820; 
 sermons on the doctrines of the gospel, 1822 ; on 
 the death of John Adams; at the end of fifty 
 years of his ministry ; and about twenty-five other 
 single sermons and controversial pieces. 
 
 BANISTER, JOHN, an eminent botanist, was 
 a native of England. After passing some time 
 in the West Indies he came to Virginia and set 
 tled on James River, near James Town. Rees 
 I speaks of him as a clergyman. In 1680 he trans 
 mitted to Mr. Ray a catalogue of plants, observed 
 by him in Virginia, which was published by Ray 
 in the second volume of his history of plants, in 
 the preface to the supplement of which work, 
 published in 1704, he speaks of Banister as an 
 illustrious man, who had long resided in Virginia, 
 devoted to botanical pursuits, and as drawing with 
 his own hand the figures of the rarer species. He 
 mentions a!ro, thnt he had fallen a victim to his 
 favorite pursuit before he had completed a work, 
 in which he was engaged, on the natural history 
 of Virginia. In one of his botanical excursions, 
 while clambering the rocks, Banister fell and was 
 killed. This event occurred after 1687 and prob 
 ably before the end of the century. Many of his 
 descendants arc living in Virginia and are very 
 respectable. In honor of him Dr. Houston 
 named a plant Banisteria, of which twenty-four 
 species are enumerated. Lawson says, he " was 
 the greatest virtuoso we ever had on the conti 
 nent." Besides his " catalogue of plants," his prin 
 cipal work in the philosophical transactions 1693, 
 other communications on natural history were 
 published ; observations on the natural produc- 
 
BANNEKER. 
 
 BARD. 
 
 59 
 
 tions of Jamaica; the insects of Virginia, 1700; 
 curiosities in Virginia ; observations on the musca 
 lupus ; on several sorts of snails ; a description 
 of the pistolochia or serpentaria Virginiana, the 
 snake root. Barton s Med. Jour. II. 134-139 ; 
 Hay s Sup.; Lau son, 136. 
 
 BANNEKER, BENJAMIN, a negro astronomer, 
 died in Baltimore county, Md., in Oct., 1806, aged 
 70. His parents obtained their freedom, and sent 
 him to a common school, where he acquired a 
 great readiness in calculation. He assisted Ellicott 
 in laying out the city of Washington. Procuring 
 Mayer s tables, Ferguson s astronomy, and some 
 instruments, he made sets of observations for an 
 almanac for the years 1792 and 1793. He pub 
 lished a letter to the secretary of state, 1792. 
 
 BANNISTER, WILLIAM B., died at Newbury- 
 port July 1, 1853, aged 79. Born in Brookfield, 
 he was a graduate of Dartmouth in 1797 ; he was 
 a man of wealth, pious, and benevolent. In his 
 age he married Miss Grant, the eminent teacher 
 at Ipswich, \vho survived him. For some years 
 he was a member of the senate, and a trustee of 
 Amherst college and a visitor of the theological 
 seminary at Andover, and a worthy member of 
 various charitable institutions, to which he be 
 queathed about 40,000 dollars, most of his prop 
 erty. 
 
 BARBOUR, THOMAS, colonel, was a whig of 
 the Revolution and in 1769 was a member of the 
 house of burgesses of Virginia, which made the 
 first protest against the stamp act. He died at 
 Barboursville May 16, 1825, aged 90. For 60 
 years he had discharged the duties of a civil mag 
 istrate, and was many years the sheriff of the 
 county, enjoying in a high degree the confidence 
 of his fellow citizens. He was the father of 
 James Barbour, the secretary of war. 
 
 BARBOUR, PHILIP P., a judge of the Su 
 preme court, and a member of congress 1814-25, 
 and speaker, died at Washington Feb. 25, 1841, 
 aged about 60. He was a man of talents and 
 eloquence, and successful. His disease was ossi 
 fication of the heart. 
 
 BARBOUR, JOHN S., died in Ciilpepper co., 
 Va., Jan. 12, 1855, aged 65 ; from 1823 to 1833 a 
 member of Congress, a man of ability and influ 
 ence. 
 
 BARCLAY, ROBERT, governor of East Jer 
 sey, the author of the " Apology for the Quakers," 
 died in 1690, aged 41. lie was born in 1648 in 
 Scotland, and receiving his education at Paris he 
 at first imbibed the Catholic tenets, but afterwards 
 with his father embraced the principles of the 
 Quakers. His book was published in Latin in 
 1676, and translated by himself. He travelled 
 with William Penn in England and on the conti 
 nent. In 1682, when East Jersey was transferred 
 to Penn and eleven associates, he was appointed 
 the governor, though he never came to this coun 
 
 try; in which office lord Neil Campbell succeeded 
 him in 1685. His brother, John, a useful citizen 
 of Jersey, died at Amboy in 1731, leaving two 
 sons. His grandson, Alexander, was comptroller 
 of the customs in Philadelphia, and died in 1771. 
 Jennison. 
 
 BARCLAY, HENRY, D. D., an Episcopal cler 
 gyman in New York, was a native of Albany, 
 and graduated at Yale college in 1734. In 
 England he received orders in the church, and 
 was appointed missionary to the Mohawk Indians. 
 Having served in this capacity for some years 
 with but little success, he was called to the city of 
 New York and appointed rector of Trinity church. 
 In this respectable station he continued till his 
 death, in 1765. The translation of the liturgy 
 into the Mohawk language, made under his di 
 rection and that of Rev. W. Andrews and J. 
 Ogilvic, was printed in 1769. Mr. Ogilvie suc 
 ceeded him both among the Indians and at New 
 York. Life of Ritten. 245 ; Miller s Retros 
 pect, n. 356. 
 
 BARD, JOHN, a learned physician, died March 
 30, 1799, aged 83. He was born in Burlington, 
 N. J., Feb. 1, 1716. His father, Peter Bard, an 
 exile from France in consequence of the revoca 
 tion of the edict of Nantes, came to this country 
 in 1703 as a merchant ; he soon married the 
 daughter of Dr. Marmion, and was for many 
 years a member of the council and a judge of the 
 supreme court. 
 
 Mr. Bard received his early education under 
 the care of Mr. Annan of Philadelphia, a very 
 eminent teacher. About the age of fifteen he 
 was bound an apprentice for seven years to Dr. 
 Kearsly, a surgeon of unhappy temper and rigor 
 ous in the treatment of his pupils. Under his 
 thraldom the kindness of Mrs. Kearsly and the 
 friendship of Dr. Franklin beguiled his sorrows. 
 He engaged in business in 1737 and soon ac 
 quired a large share of practice and became much 
 respected. In 1743 he was induced by urgent ap 
 plications from New York to remove to that city 
 to supply the loss of several eminent physicians. 
 Here he continued till within a few months of his 
 death. In the year 1795, when the yellow fever 
 had put to flight a number of physicians, who 
 were in the meridian of life, the veteran Dr. Bard, 
 though verging towards his eightieth year, re 
 mained at his post. In May, 1798, he removed 
 to his estate at Hyde Park, near Poughkecpsie. 
 Here he continued in the enjoyment of perfect 
 health, till he felt a paralytic stroke, which in a 
 few days occasioned his death. He was a firm be 
 liever in the truth and excellency of the Christian 
 religion. In a letter to his son, Dr. Samuel Bard, 
 he said, " above all things suffer not yourself by 
 any company or example to depart, either in your 
 conversation or practice, from the highest rever 
 ence to God and your religion." In liis old age 
 
60 
 
 BAUD. 
 
 BARD. 
 
 he was cheerful and remarkable for his gratitude 
 to his heavenly Father. 
 
 Dr. Bard was eminent in his profession, and his 
 practice was very extensive. Soon after the close 
 of the war with Great Britain, on the re-establish 
 ment of the medical society of the state of NCAV 
 York, he was elected its president, and he was 
 placed in the chair for six or seven successive 
 years. He possessed a singular ingenuity and 
 quickness in discriminating diseases ; yet he did 
 not presumptuously confide in his penetration, 
 but was remarkably particular in his inquiries into 
 the circumstances of the sick. Ever desirous of 
 removing the disorders, to which the human frame 
 is subject, his anxiety and attention were not 
 diminished, when called to visit the indigent, from 
 whom he could not expect compensation. His 
 conduct through his whole life was marked by the 
 strictest honor and integrity. In conversation he 
 was polite, affable, cheerful, and entertaining. To 
 his pupils he was not only an instructor, but a 
 father. In the early part of his life he devoted 
 much attention to polite learning, in which he 
 made great proficiency. He possessed a correct 
 and elegant taste, and wrote with uncommon ac 
 curacy and precision. He drew up an essay on 
 the pleurisy of Long Island in 1749, which paper 
 was not published ; a paper, inserted in the Lon 
 don Medical Observations; and several. papers on 
 the yellow fever and the evidence of its importa 
 tion, inserted in the American Medical Register. 
 In 1750 he assisted Dr. Middleton in the first re 
 corded dissection in America, that of Hcrmannus 
 Carroll, executed for murder. Thacher s Med. 
 Biog. 96-103 ; M Vickar s life of S. Sard. 
 
 BAUD, SAMUEL, M. D., son of the preceding, 
 died May 24, 1821, aged 79. He was born in 
 Philadelphia April 1, 1742. When a boy, in order 
 to screen a servant, who had broken his father s 
 cane, he falsely took the blame to himself. His 
 father praised his generosity, but severely pun 
 ished his falsehood, thus giving him a lesson on 
 the value of truth, which he was careful to trans 
 mit to his children. From his mother he received 
 early impressions in favor of religion. Residing 
 one summer, on account of ill health, in the fam 
 ily of Lieut.-Gov. Golden, his father s friend, he 
 acquired a taste for botany under the teaching of 
 Miss Golden. His skill in painting enabled him 
 to perpetuate the beauty of plants. While a stu 
 dent at Columbia college he formed the habit of 
 early rising, at daylight in summer and an hour 
 previous to it in winter, which he continued 
 through life. In Sept., 1761, he embarked for 
 England in order to obtain a thorough medical 
 education, and was absent, in France, England, 
 and Scotland, five years. His professional studies 
 were pursued with undiminished zeal, and espe 
 cially under the illustrious teachers in the school 
 of Edinburgh. Such was his skill in botany, that 
 
 he obtained the annual medal, given by Dr. Hope, 
 the professor, for the best collection of plants. 
 He received his degree at Edinburgh in May, 
 1765. On his return he found his father in debt 
 for his education, which had cost more than a 
 thousand pounds; he entered into partnership 
 with him and for three years drew notliing beyond 
 his expenses from the profits of the business, 
 amounting to 1500 a year. Having thus hon 
 orably discharged this debt, he married liis cousin 
 Mary Bard, a lady of beauty and accomplish 
 ments, to whom he had long been attached. He 
 formed this connection on a stock of 100, ob 
 serving, that " his wife s economy would double his 
 earnings." 
 
 Dr. Bard formed the plan of the medical school 
 of New York, which was established within a year 
 after his return. He was appointed professor of 
 the practice of physic. Medical degrees were 
 first conferred in 1769. In the same year the 
 hospital was founded by his exertions ; but the 
 building was burnt, causing a delay of the estab 
 lishment until 1791. In 1774 he delivered a 
 course of chemical lectures. In the time of the 
 war he left the city, placing his family in the 
 house of his father at Hyde Park ; but, anxious to 
 provide for his wife and children, and to secure 
 his property, he the next year by permission 
 returned to New York, while the enemy had 
 possession of it, and engaged anew in his pro 
 fessional business, after being a considerable time 
 without a call and reduced to his last guinea. 
 After the return of peace Washington selected 
 him as his family physician. At this period he 
 lost four out of his six children by the scarlatina, 
 which prevailed in a virulent form, attended with 
 delirium. In consequence of the illness of Mrs. 
 Bard he withdrew from business for a year, 
 devoting himself to her. A prayer for her 
 recovery was found among his papers. In 1784 
 he returned to the city. At this period he devoted 
 5000 guineas to enable his father to free himself 
 from debt. At another time, when he had ac 
 cumulated 1500 guineas, he sent that sum to 
 England, but lost it by the failure of the banker. 
 On receiving the intelligence, he said to his wife, 
 " We are ruined ; " but she replied, " Never mind 
 the loss, we will soon make it up again." Having 
 formed the purpose to retire from business, he in 
 1795 took Dr. Hosack into partnership, and in 
 1798 removed to his seat in the neighborhood of 
 his father at Hyde Park. But, when the yellow 
 fever appeared, he resolutely returned to his post. 
 By his fearless exposure of himself he took the 
 disease, but nursed by his faithful wife he recovered. 
 The remaining twenty-three years of his life were 
 spent in happy retirement, surrounded by his 
 children and grandchildren, delighted with their 
 society, and finding much enjoyment also in 
 agricultural improvements, in contemplating the 
 
BARKER. 
 
 BARLOW. 
 
 61 
 
 beauties of nature, and in the gratification of his 
 continued thirst for knowledge. For the benefit 
 of those, who with himself had engaged in rearing 
 merino sheep, he published "The Shepherd s 
 Guide." In 1813 he was appointed president of 
 the college of physicians and surgeons. His 
 discourses, on conferring degrees, were very im 
 pressive. He died of the pleurisy, and his wife 
 of the same disorder the preceding day; they 
 were buried in one grave. It had long been 
 their wish to be thus united in death, and a re 
 markable dream of Mrs. Bard to tin s effect was 
 remembered. 
 
 Dr. Bard was attached to the Episcopal mode 
 of religious worship. The church at Hyde Park 
 was chiefly founded by him in 1811, and to 
 provide for the absence of its rector he procured 
 a license to act as lay reader at the age of seventy. 
 He regularly devoted a part of the morning to 
 religious reading and reflection. Of religion he 
 said to his son, William Bard, Esq., " This is our 
 stronghold, our castle and rock of defence, our 
 refuge in times of adversity, our comforter under 
 misfortune, our cheerful companion and friendly 
 monitor in the hours of gladness and prosperity." 
 The following is an extract from the form of 
 dailv devotion, used by himself and wife : " O 
 God! enlighten our understanding, that we may 
 comprehend thy will, strengthen our resolution to 
 obey thy commands, endow us with resignation 
 under thy dispensations, and fill our hearts with 
 love and gratitude for all thy benefits. Give unto 
 us, O Lord, whose lives thou hast continued to so 
 late a day, sincere and true repentance, and grant, 
 that as age advances upon us, our minds may be 
 more and more enlightened by the knowledge of 
 thy will, more resigned to thy dispensations, and 
 more invigorated with the resolution to obey thy 
 commands. Calm all our thoughts and fears; 
 give peace and quiet to our latter days ; and so 
 support us by thy grace through the weakness 
 and infirmities of age, that we may die in humble 
 hope and confidence of thy merciful pardon 
 through the merits of our Redeemer." He pub 
 lished a treatise de viribus opii, 17 Go; on angina 
 sufiocativa, repub. in vol. I. Amer. Phil. Soc. ; on 
 the use of cold in hemorrhage ; compendium of 
 midwifery, 1807, and subsequent editions; many 
 occasional addresses to public bodies ; and anni 
 versary discourses to medical students. Life by 
 McVickar; Thaclier s Med. Diog. 103-143. 
 
 BARKER, JOHN, general, an officer of the 
 Revolution, died at Philadelphia April 3, 1818, 
 aged 72; he was sheriff, mayor, and a popular 
 orator. 
 
 BARLOW, JOEL, an eminent statesman and 
 poet, died in Poland Dec. 22, 1812, aged 08. He 
 was born at Reading, Conn., March 24, 1754, 
 and was the youngest of ten children. His 
 father, Samuel, a respectable fanner, died while he 
 
 was yet at school, leaving him property sufficient 
 only to defray the expenses of his education. In 
 1775 he was placed at Dartmouth college ; but he 
 very soon removed to Yale college, where he was 
 graduated in 1778, being ranked among the first 
 cf his class, for talents and learning, and particu 
 larly conspicuous for his skill in poetry. During 
 the vacations of the college he more than once 
 seized his musket, and repaired as a volunteer to 
 the camp, where four of his brothers were on duty. 
 He was present at several skirmishes, and is said 
 to have fought bravely in the battle of the Wlu te 
 Plains. 
 
 After leaving college he engaged for a short 
 time in the study of the law ; but, being urged to 
 qualify himself for the office of chaplain, he 
 applied himself diligently to the study of theology, 
 and at the end of six weeks was licensed to 
 preach. He immediately joined the army and 
 discharged the duties of his new station until the 
 return of peace. As a preacher he was much 
 respected. But in the camp he continued to 
 cultivate his taste for poetry, writing patriotic 
 songs, and composing, in part, his Vision of Co 
 lumbus. He also published in 1780 an elegy on 
 the death of his early friend and patron, Titus 
 Hosmcr, and in 1781 a poem entitled "The 
 Prospect of Peace," which he had pronounced at 
 Commencement. About this time he married 
 Ruth Baldwin of New Haven, sister of Abraham 
 Baldwin. 
 
 In 1783, after the army was disbanded, he 
 returned to the study of the law at Hartford, 
 where for his immediate support he established a 
 weekly newspaper. The original articles, which 
 he inserted, gave it celebrity and a wide circula 
 tion. In 17 80 he was admitted to the bar and 
 in the same year published a corrected and 
 enlarged edition of Watts version of the Psalms 
 with a collection of hymns. It was printed at 
 Hartford by "Barlow & Babcock." This work 
 was undertaken at the request of the General 
 .Association of the ministers of Connecticut, and 
 published by their recommendation. Many of 
 the psalms were altered so as to be adapted to 
 the American churches, several were Avritten 
 almost anew, and several, which had been 
 omitted by Dr. Watts, were supplied. Barlow 
 inserted also some original hymns. In 1787 he 
 published the Vision of Columbus, a large poem, 
 with flattering success. It was dedicated to Louis 
 XVI. Some of its interesting passages are said 
 to be imitations or copies of descriptions in the 
 Incas of Marmontel. 
 
 About this time he gave up his concern in the 
 weekly paper, and opened a book-shop, chiefly 
 with a view to the sale of his poem and of the 
 new edition of the psalms.. Having accomplished 
 these objects, he quitted the business and engaged 
 in the practice of the law. But in this profession 
 
62 
 
 BARLOW. 
 
 BARLOW. 
 
 he was not successful. lie was concerned in 
 several occasional publications at Hartford, par 
 ticularly in the Anarchiad, a very singular poem, 
 which was projected by Dr. Hopkins, and which 
 had considerable political influence. In an oration 
 July 4, 1787, he earnestly recommended an 
 efficient general government, the new Constitution 
 being then under consideration of the convention 
 at Philadelphia. Urged by the necessity of pro 
 viding for his subsistence, he went to Europe in 
 1788 as the agent of the Scioto land company, 
 but ignorant of their fraudulent designs. From 
 England he crossed over to France, where he 
 made sale of some of the lands ; but in the 
 result he was left without any resource for his 
 maintenance, excepting his own talents and repu 
 tation. At this period his zeal for republicanism 
 induced him to take an active part in the French 
 Revolution, being particularly connected with the 
 Girondists, or the moderate party. In 1791 he 
 went to England, where he published the first 
 part of his " Advice to the Privileged Orders," a 
 work in which he reprobates the feudal system, 
 the national church establishments, the military 
 system, the administration of justice, and the 
 system of revenue and finance, as they exist in 
 the royal and aristocratical governments of Eu 
 rope. In Feb., 1792, he published the " Conspiracy 
 of Kings," a poem of about four hundred lines, 
 occasioned by the first coalition of the continental 
 sovereigns against France ; and in the autumn of 
 the same year a letter to the national convention 
 of France, in which he recommends among other 
 measures the abolition of the connection between 
 the government and the national church. These 
 publications brought him some profit as well as 
 fame. At the close of this year he was deputed 
 by the London constitutional society to present 
 their address to the French national convention, 
 which conferred upon him the rights of a French 
 citizen. Feari ul of the resentment of the English 
 government, he now fixed his residence in France. 
 A deputation being soon sent to Savoy to organize 
 it as a department of the Republic, he accompanied 
 it with his friend, Gregoire, to Chamberry, the 
 capital, where he resided several months, and at 
 the request of his legislative friends wrote an 
 address to the people of Piedmont, inciting them 
 to throw off their allegiance to their king. At 
 this time he also composed " Hasty Pudding," a 
 mock didactic poem, the most popular of his 
 poetical productions. After his return to Paris he 
 translated Volney s Ruins, but his time was prin 
 cipally occupied by commercial speculations, in 
 which he acquired a large property. Shocked by 
 the atrocities of the Revolution, he took little 
 part in politics. 
 
 About the year 179o he went to the north of 
 Europe to accomplish some private business, 
 entrusted to him, and on lus return was appointed 
 
 by President Washington as consul at Algiers, 
 with powers to negotiate a treaty of peace with 
 the l)ey and redeem the American captives on the 
 coast of Barbary. He immediately left Paris, and 
 passing through Spain crossed over to Algiers. 
 He soon concluded a treaty and negotiated also a 
 treaty with Tripoli, rescuing many American 
 citizens from slavery. His humane exertions were 
 attended with great danger. In 1797 he resigned 
 his consulship and returned to Paris, where he 
 purchased the splendid hotel of the Count Cler- 
 mont de Tonnerc, in which he lived for some years 
 in a sumptuous manner. 
 
 On the occurrence of the rupture between his 
 native country and France, he published a letter 
 to the people of the United States on the meas 
 ures of Mr. Adams administration. Tin s was 
 soon followed by a second part, containing specu 
 lations on various political subjects. At this 
 period he presented a memoir to the French 
 government, denouncing the whole system of 
 privateering, and contending for the right of 
 neutrals to trade in articles contraband of war. 
 
 In the spring of 180.3, having sold his real 
 estate in France, he returned to America after an 
 absence of nearly seventeen years. He purchased 
 a beautiful situation and house near Georgetown, 
 but within the limits of the city of Washington. 
 This place he called " Kalorama." He printed in 
 180G a prospectus of a national institution at 
 Washington, which should combine a university 
 with a learned society, together with a military 
 and naval academy and a school of fine arts. In 
 compliance with this project a bill was introduced 
 into the Senate, but it was not passed into a law. 
 
 In 1808 he published the Columbiad, a poem, 
 which had been the labor of half his life, in the 
 most splendid volume, which had ever issued from 
 the American press. It was adorned by excellent 
 engravings, executed in London, and was inscribed 
 to Robert Fulton, with whom he had long lived in 
 friendship and whom he regarded as his adopted 
 son. This work, though soon published in a 
 cheaper form, has never acquired much popularity. 
 As an epic poem it has great faults both in the 
 plan and the execution. It is justly exposed to 
 severe criticism for some extravagant and absurd 
 flights of fancy and for the many new-coined and 
 uncouth words which it contains. Its sentiments 
 also have been thought hostile to Christianity. 
 Gregoire addressed a letter to the author, re 
 proving him for placing the cross among the 
 symbols of fraud, folly, and error. Mr. Barlow in 
 his reply declared, that he was not an unbeliever, 
 or that he had not renounced Christianity, and 
 justified the description, which had offended 
 Gregoire, on the ground that he had been ac 
 customed to regard the cross not as the emblem 
 of Christianity itself but of its corruptions by 
 popery. 
 
BARNARD. 
 
 BARNARD. 
 
 63 
 
 In 1811 he was nominated a minister plenipo 
 tentiary to the French government, but in his 
 attempt to negotiate a treaty of commerce and 
 indemnification for spoliations he was not success 
 ful. At length, in October, 1812, he was invited 
 to a conference with the emperor at Wilna. He 
 immediately set off, travelling day and night. 
 Overcome by fatigue, and exposed to sudden 
 changes from extreme cold to the excessive heat 
 
 o 
 
 of the small cottages of the Jews, which are the 
 only taverns in Poland, he was seized by a violent 
 inflammation of the lungs, which terminated his 
 life at Zarnowica, or Zarnowitch, an obscure 
 village near Cracow. His widow died in Wash 
 ington May 30, 1818, aged 62. 
 
 He was of an amiable disposition and domestic 
 habits, generally silent in mixed company, and 
 often absent in mind. His manners were grave 
 and dignified. If, as there is reason to conclude, 
 though once a preacher of the gospel he had 
 ceased to regard it as of Divine authority, and 
 died without the support of its glorious promises ; 
 there is no wise man, who will envy him the 
 possession of his worldly prosperity and distinc 
 tion acquired at the price of the abandonment 
 of the religion, which he once preached. As a 
 poet Mr. Barlow will hardly live in the memory 
 of future ages. His vision of Columbus, replete 
 with the scenes of the Revolution, acquired, not 
 withstanding its imperfections, great popularity as 
 a national, patriotic poem. But, when cast anew 
 into an epic form, with the attempt to give, by 
 means of a vision, an epic unity to a long scries of 
 unconnected actions, presenting philosophical spec 
 ulation rather than interesting narrative, the Co- 
 lumbiad sunk into neglect. Besides intellectual 
 power a poet must have a rich fancy, a refined 
 taste, and a heart of feeling. Mr. Barlow had 
 meditated a general history of the United States, 
 and made large collections of the necessary docu 
 ments. 
 
 He published several pieces in American Poems ; 
 prospect of peace, 1781 ; vision of Columbus, 1787 ; 
 the conspiracy of kings, London, 1796; advice to 
 privileged orders, in tw o parts ; a letter to the 
 national convention ; address to the people of 
 Piedmont; hasty pudding, a poem, 12mo. 1796; 
 the Columbiad, 4to. 1808, and 12mo. 1809; ora 
 tion on the fourth July, 1809. London Monthly 
 Mag. 1798; Public Characters, 1806, p. 152- 
 180; Monthly Mag. and American Revieiv, I. 
 465-468; Analectic Mag. IV. 130-158; Speci 
 mens of American Poetry, II. 1-13. 
 
 BARNARD, JOHN, minister of Marblchead, 
 died Jan. 24, 1770, aged 88 years. He was born 
 in Boston Nov. 6, 1681. His parents were re 
 markable for their piety, and they took particular 
 care of his education. He was graduated at Har 
 vard college in 1700. In the former part of his 
 collemal course the sudden death of two of his 
 
 acquaintance impressed his mind and led him to 
 think of his own departure from this world; but 
 the impression was soon effaced. However, be 
 fore he left that institution he was brought to 
 repentance, and he resolved to yield himself to 
 the commands of God. In 1702 he united him 
 self to the north church in Boston under the 
 pastoral care of the Mathers. In 1705 he was 
 invited to settle at Yarmouth, but he declined 
 accepting the invitation. He was employed for 
 some time as an assistant to Dr. Colman. Being 
 fond of active life, he was appointed by Gov. 
 Dudley one of the chaplains, who accompanied 
 the army to Port Royal in 1707 to reduce that 
 fortress. In an attempt to take a plan of the 
 fort, a cannon ball was fired at him, that covered 
 him with dirt without doing him any injury. At 
 the solicitation of Capt. John Wentworth, he 
 sailed with him to Barbadoes and London. While 
 he was in this city the affair of Dr. Sachcverel 
 took place, of which he would often speak. He 
 became acquainted with some of the famous dis 
 senting ministers, and received some advantageous 
 offers of settlement if he would remain in Eng 
 land. He might have accompanied Lord Whar- 
 ton to Ireland as his chaplain, but he refused to 
 conform to the articles of the national church. 
 Soon after this he returned to seek a settlement 
 in his own country. The north church in Boston 
 was built for him and he preached the dedication 
 sermon May 23, 1714, expecting soon to be or 
 dained according to mutual agreement; but a 
 more popular candidate, a Mr. Webb, being in 
 vited at the request of Dr. Cotton Mather, the 
 people chose him for their pastor. Of this trans 
 action he could not speak with calmness to the 
 day of his. death. He was ordained minister of 
 Marblehead July 18, 1716, as colleague with Mr. 
 Cheever. In 1762 he received Mr. Whitwell as 
 his assistant. The last sermon, which he preached, 
 was delivered Jan. 8, 1769. 
 
 Mr. Barnard was eminent for his learning and 
 piety, and was famous among the divines of 
 America. During the latter part of his life, Avhen 
 he retained a vigor of mind and zeal uncommon 
 at so advanced an age, he was regarded as the 
 father of the churches. His form was remark 
 ably erect, and he never bent under the infirmi 
 ties of years. His countenance was grand, his 
 mien majestic, and there was a dignity in his 
 whole deportment. His presence restrained the 
 imprudence and folly of youth, and when the 
 aged saw him, they arose and stood up. He 
 added a knowledge of the Hebrew to his other 
 theological attainments ; he was well acquainted 
 Avith the mathematics; and he excelled in skill 
 for naval architecture. Several draughts of his, 
 the amusement of leisure hours, were commended 
 by master ship-builders. When he first went to 
 Marblehead and for some years afterwards, there 
 
BARNARD. 
 
 BARNARD. 
 
 was not one trading vessel belonging to the town. 
 It was through his exertions, that a commercial 
 improvement soon took place. Having taken 
 great pains to learn " the mystery of the fish 
 trade," he directed the people to the best use, 
 which they could make of the advantages of their 
 situation. A young man was first persuaded to 
 send a small cargo to Barbadoes, and his success 
 was so encouraging, that the people were soon 
 able in their own vessels to transport their fish to 
 the West Indies and Europe. In 1767 there 
 were thirty or forty vessels, belonging to the 
 town, employed in the foreign trade. When Mr. 
 Barnard first went to Marblehead, there was not 
 in the place so much as one proper carpenter, 
 nor mason, nor tailor, nor butcher. 
 
 By prudence in the management of his affairs 
 he acquired considerable property; but he gave 
 tithes of all he possessed. His charity was of a 
 kind, which is Avorthy of imitation. He was not 
 disposed to give much encouragement to common 
 beggars, but he sought out those objects of be 
 nevolent attention, who modestly hid their wants. 
 The poor were often fed by him, and the widow s 
 heart was gladdened, while they knew not where 
 to return thanks, except to the merciful Father 
 of the wretched. In one kind of charity he was 
 somewhat peculiar. He generally supported at 
 school two boys, whose parents were unable to 
 meet this expense. By his last will he gave 200 
 pounds to Harvard college. He left no children. 
 In his sickness, which terminated in his death, he 
 said with tears flowing from his eyes, " My very 
 soul bleeds, when I remember my sins ; but 1 
 trust I have sincerely repented, and that God will 
 accept me for Christ s sake. His righteousness is 
 my only dependence." 
 
 The publications of Mr. Barnard are numerous 
 and valuable. They show his theological knowl 
 edge, and his talents as a writer. His style is 
 plain, warm, and energetic. The doctrines, which 
 he enforces, are the same, which were embraced 
 by the fathers of New England. His autobiog 
 raphy is in Historical Collections, in. vol. v. He 
 published a sermon on the death of G. Cur- 
 win of Salem, 1717; on the death of his col 
 league, S. Cheever, 1724; history of the strange 
 adventures of Philip Ashton, 1725 ; two discourses 
 addressed to young persons, with one on the 
 earthquake, 1727 ; a volume of sermons on the 
 confirmation of the Christian religion, on com 
 pelling men to come in, and the saints victory 
 and rewards, 1727 ; judgment, mercy, and faith, 
 1729; on the certainty of the birth of Christ, 
 1731 ; election sermon, 1734; call to parents and 
 children, 1737 ; convention sermon, 1738 ; zeal 
 for good works, 1742; election sermon, 174G; 
 the imperfection of the creature and the excel 
 lency of the divine commandment, in nine ser 
 mons, 1747; the mystery of the gospel in the 
 
 salvation of a sinner, in several discourses, 1750; 
 a version of the psalms, 1752 ; a proof of Jesus 
 Christ s being the Messiah, a Dudleian lecture, 
 the first that was published, 1756; the true di 
 vinity of Jesus Christ, 1761; a discourse at the 
 ordination of Mr. Whitwcll, a charge, and an ad 
 dress to the people, annexed to Mr. T. Barnard s 
 ordination sermon, 1762. A letter from Mr. Bar 
 nard to President Stiles, written in 1767, giving a 
 sketch of the eminent ministers of New England, 
 is published in the Mass. Hist. Coll. WhitvielVs 
 Funeral Sermon ; Collections of Historical So 
 ciety, VIII. 66-69; X. 157, 167 ; Holmes, II. 525. 
 
 BARNARD, JOHN, minister of Andover, Mass., 
 was the grandson of P rancis Barnard of Hadley, 
 and the son of Thomas Barnard, the third min 
 ister of Andover, who was ordained colleague 
 with Francis Dane in 1682 and died Oct. 13, 1718. 
 The first minister of Andover was J. Woodbridge. 
 Mr. Barnard was graduated in 1709 and suc 
 ceeding his father in the ministry died June 14, 
 1758, aged 68. During liis ministry Mr. Phillips 
 was the minister of the south parish. He was 
 succeeded by Mr. Symmes. His sons were min 
 isters of Salem and Haverhill. He published a 
 discourse on the earthquake ; to a society of 
 young men; on sinful mirth, 1728; on death of 
 A. Abbot, 1739 ; at ordination of T. Walker, 
 1731 ; election sermon, 1746. 
 
 BARNAHI), THOMAS, minister of Salem, the 
 son of the preceding, died Aug. 15, 1776, aged 62. 
 He was graduated at Harvard college in 1732 
 and ordained at Newbury Jan. 31, 1739. Dis 
 turbed by those, who called in question the cor 
 rectness of his sentiments, he was dismissed at his 
 own request, and afterwards studied law. He was 
 installed Sept. 17, 1755, as the minister of the 
 first church at Salem, and received Asa Dunbar 
 as his colleague in 1772 ; Dr. Prince succeeded 
 Mr. Dunbar in 1779. A paralytic affection im 
 paired his mental powers. He was regarded as a 
 semi-arian of Dr. Clarke s school, and as rather an 
 Arminian, than a Calvinist. As a preacher he 
 was destitute of animation and he was deficient 
 in perspicuity of style. He published discourses 
 at the ordination of E. Barnard, 1743; of Mr. 
 Bailey of Portsmouth, 1757; of W. Whitvell, 
 1762; before the society for encouraging industry, 
 1757 ; at the artillery election, 1758; at the elec 
 tion, 1763; Dudleian lecture, 1768; at the funeral 
 of P. Clarke, 1768. Muss. Historical Collec 
 tions, vi. 273. 
 
 BARNARD, EDWARD, minister of Haverhill, 
 the brother of the preceding, was graduated in 
 1736, and ordained April 27, 1743, as the suc 
 cessor of John Brown. He died Jan. 26, 1774, 
 aged 53, and was succeeded by John Shaw. In 
 his last days a division sprung up in his society. 
 There were those, who accused him of not preach 
 ing the gospel. He was regarded as an Ar- 
 
BARNARD. 
 
 BARNEY. 
 
 65 
 
 minian. Yet he was accustomed to preach, as he 
 said, " the fallen state of man, which gave rise to 
 the gospel dispensation, the fulness and freeness 
 of divine grace in Christ as the foundation of all 
 our hopes, the influence of the Spirit, the necessity 
 of regeneration, implying repentance towards 
 God and faith towards onr Lord Jesus Christ, the 
 necessity of practical religion, originating from 
 evangelical principles." He was an excellent 
 scholar and a highly esteemed preacher and min 
 ister. He published a poem on the death of 
 Abiel Abbot ; sermon at the ordination of II. 
 True, 1754; of G. Merrill, 1765; of T. Cary; at 
 the fast, 1764; at the election, 1766; at the con 
 vention, 1773. SaltonstalVs Sketch of Haver- 
 hill in Historical Collections, n. s. IV. 143-146. 
 
 BARNARD, THOMAS, D. D., minister in Salem, 
 the son of T. Barnard, graduated at Harvard col 
 lege in 1766, and was ordained over the north 
 church Jan. 13, 1773. He died of the apoplexy 
 Oct. 1, 1814, aged 66. He published the follow 
 ing discourses : at the ordination of A. Bancroft, 
 1786; of I. Nichols, 1809; at the election, 1789; 
 at the convention, 1793 ; before the humane so 
 ciety, 1794; at the thanksgiving; Dudleian lec 
 ture, 1795; at thanksgiving, 1796; before a char 
 itable society, 1803 ; before the society for propa 
 gating the gospel among the Indians, 1806 ; be 
 fore the Bible society of Salem, 1814. 
 
 BARNARD, JEREMIAH, minister of Amherst, 
 N. H., died Jan. 15, 1834, aged 84. 
 
 BARNES, DAVID, D. D., minister of Scituate, 
 Mass., was born at Marlborough, graduated in 
 1752, and ordained Dec. 4, 1754. His predeces 
 sors in the second society since 1645 were Weth- 
 erell, Mighill, Lawson, Eelles, and Dorby. He 
 died April 27, 1811, aged 80 years. His wife was 
 the daughter of Col. G. Leonard. David L. 
 Barnes, a lawyer of Providence, appointed dis 
 trict judge of Rhode Island in 1801, and who 
 died Nov. 3, 1812, was lu s only son. Dr. Barnes 
 is represented as remarkable for meekness. A 
 volume of his sermons was published with a bio 
 graphical sketch. He published an ordination 
 sermon, 1756 ; on the love of life and fear of 
 death, 1795 ; on the death of "Washington, 1800; 
 on the death of James Hawley, 1801 ; ordination 
 sermon, 1802; discourse on education, 1803. 
 Mass. Historical Collections, s. s. iv. 237. 
 
 BARNES, DANIEL II., a distinguished con- 
 chologist, died in the meridian of life Oct. 27, 
 1818. He and Dr. Grificom originated and con 
 ducted with great reputation the high school of 
 New York. He was also a Baptist preacher. 
 Invited by Gen. Van Rcnsselacr to attend the 
 first public examination of the school established 
 by him at Troy, he proceeded to New Lebanon 
 and there preached on Sunday, the day before his 
 death, from the text, " Ye know not what shall 
 be on the morrow. For what is your life," &c. 
 
 9 
 
 On Monday, while riding between Nassau and 
 Troy, the driver being thrown from his seat as 
 the stage was rapidly descending a hill, Mr. 
 Barnes in his alarm jumped from the carriage and 
 fractured his skull. He died in a short time 
 after. Of the New York Lyceum of natural lu s- 
 tory he was an active member. He was a clas 
 sical scholar of high attainments, and of a most 
 estimable character as a man. He had presided 
 over several seminaries, and refused the presi 
 dency of the college at Washington city. He 
 was probably the first conchologist in the United 
 States. His learned communications on con- 
 chology were published in Silliman s journal, with 
 explanatory plates. Of his writings in that jour 
 nal the following is a catalogue : geological sec 
 tion of the Canaan mountain, v. 8-21 ; memoir 
 on the genera unio and alasmodonta, with nu 
 merous figures, VI. 107-127, 258-280 ; five species 
 of chiton, with figures, VII. 69-72 ; memoir on 
 batrachian animals and doubtful reptiles, XI. 269- 
 297, XIII. 66-70 ; on magnetic polarity, XIII. 70- 
 73 ; reclamation of unios, XIII. 358-364. Silli 
 man s Journal, XV. 401. 
 
 BARNES, JOHN, died in Dudley in 1813, aged 
 92, a Revolutionary soldier. 
 
 BARNES, JOHN, a distinguished engineer, died 
 at Marseilles Sept, 24, 1852. 
 
 BARNES, LEWIS, a worthy, respected citizen 
 of Portsmouth, died June 27, 1856, aged 79. A 
 native of Gottenburg, with ancestors of rank, his 
 name was Ludwig Baarnhiclm. On coming to 
 this country at the age of 14, he lived at Salem 
 under the patronage of Hasket Derby, and changed 
 his name to Barnes. For more than fifty years 
 he lived in Portsmouth. At first he commanded 
 a ship, and then became a merchant ; and was 
 intelligent, charitable, and a blessing to the com 
 munity. His last hours were peaceful, full of 
 faith and hope. His daughter married C. S. 
 Franklin of New York. 
 
 BARNEY, JOSHUA, commodore, a distinguished 
 commander, died Dec. 1, 1818, aged 59. He was 
 born in Baltimore July 6, 1759. In early life he 
 made several voyages. At the beginning of the 
 war he entered as master s mate in the sloop-of- 
 war Hornet, in which vessel he accompanied the 
 fleet of Commodore Hopkins, who in 1775 cap 
 tured New Providence. Promoted to the rank 
 of lieutenant for his bravery, he was captured in 
 the Sachem, but was soon exchanged. He was 
 twice afterwards captured. But in Oct., 1779, he 
 and his friend Capt. Robinson brought a valuable 
 prize into Philadelphia. In 1780 he married the 
 daughter of Alderman Bedford. In a lew weeks 
 afterwards, having all his fortune with him in 
 paper money, he was robbed of it, wliilc going to 
 Baltimore. Without mentioning his loss he soon 
 went to sea, but was captured and sent to Ply 
 mouth, England. From the Mill prison he es- 
 
G6 
 
 BARON. 
 
 capcd, and returning to Pennsylvania, the state in 
 March, 1782, gave him the command of the 
 Ilyder Ally, a small ship of sixteen guns. In 
 this vessel, carrying four nine and twelve six 
 pounders, he captured, April 26th, after an action 
 of twenty-six minutes, the Gen. Monk of eighteen 
 guns, nine pounders, with the loss of four killed 
 and eleven wounded. The Gen. Monk lost thirty 
 killed and fifty-three wounded. In Sept., 1782, 
 he sailed in the command of the Gen. Monk, 
 which was bought by the United States, with 
 dispatches for Dr. Franklin at Paris ; he brought 
 back a valuable loan from the king of France in 
 chests of gold and barrels of silver. In 17% he 
 went to France with Mr. Monroe, deputed the 
 bearer of the American flag to the national con 
 vention, lie was induced to take the command 
 of a squadron in the French service, but resigned 
 in 1800 and returned to America. In 1813 he 
 was appointed to the command of the flotilla for 
 the defence of the Chesapeake. He participated 
 in the battle of Bladensburg Aug. 24, 1814, and 
 was wounded in the thigh by a ball, which was 
 never extracted. In May, 1815, he was sent on 
 a mission to Europe, and returned in Oct., and 
 resided on his farm at Elkridge. He visited the 
 western country in 1817. Having resolved to em 
 igrate to Kentucky, while on his journey he was 
 taken ill at Fittsburg and died there. He had 
 been forty-one years in public service and engaged 
 in twenty-six battles and one duel. He fought 
 with Lemuel Tailor in private combat Sept. 3, 
 1813, observing the laws of honor but con 
 temning the laws of liis country and of God. 
 The want of moral courage, the courage to do 
 right in disregard of the opinion of those, who 
 judge wrong, the want of fixed virtuous principle, 
 is a great deficiency in any character. Encyclo 
 paedia Americana. 
 
 BARON, ALEXANDER, M. D., was born in 
 Scotland in 1745, and received his medical educa 
 tion at Edinburgh. He arrived at Charleston, 
 S. C., and soon obtained extensive practice in part 
 nership successively with Drs. Milligan, Oliphant, 
 and S. and R. Wilson. He died Jan. 9, 1819, 
 aged 74. He had great reputation as a physi 
 cian. Possessing extensive knowledge and en 
 dowed with almost every attribute of genius, he 
 was a most agreeable and instructive companion. 
 His affability and kindness made him a favorite 
 with the younger members of the profession. 
 Thaclier s Med. Biog. 144-146. 
 
 BARRES, JOSEPH FREDERIC WALLET, DES, 
 had the title of colonel, and was lieut.-gov. of 
 Cape Breton, and afterwards of Prince Edward 
 Island. He died at Halifax, Nova Scotia, Oct. 22, 
 1804, aged 102 years. During the revolutionary 
 war he published in 1780, by order of Admiral 
 Howe, for the use of the British navy, valuable 
 charts of the coasts and harbors in the gulf of 
 
 BARRY. 
 
 St. Lawrence, of Nova Scotia, of New England, 
 of New York and southerly, compiled from sur 
 veys by Maj. Samuel Holland, surveyor-general. 
 These charts of DCS Barres were authentic and 
 useful surveys of these extensive coasts. All 
 the numerous islands in Casco bay and along the 
 whole coast of Maine are here described. A copy, 
 with the title of Atlantic Neptune, Vol. IL, is in 
 the library of Bowdoin college and another in 
 that of the American philosophical society at 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 BARRON, SAMUEL, a commodore in the navy, 
 commanded about the year 1798 the brig Au 
 gusta, equipped by the citizens of Norfolk in con 
 sequence of aggressions by the French. When a 
 fleet was sent to the Mediterranean in 1805 to 
 co-operate with Gen. Eaton in his operations 
 against Tripoli, Com. Barron had the command 
 of it ; but ill health induced him to transfer the 
 command to Capt. Rodgers. Eaton was indig 
 nant at the negotiation for peace conmmcnced by 
 Barron. On his return Barron felt keenly the 
 neglect of the government in not continuing him 
 in service. A few months before his death he 
 was made superintendent of the naval arsenal at 
 Gosport. He died of the apoplexy at Hampton, 
 Va., Oct. 29, 1810. In the private walks of life 
 he was greatly esteemed. Norfolk Ledger; 
 Life of Eaton, 368. 
 
 BARRON, JAMES, commodore, died in Norfolk, 
 Apr. 21, 1851, aged 82. His father was commo 
 dore of the vessels of Virginia. He was lieuten 
 ant in 1798; in 1799 he went to the Mediterra 
 nean under the command of his brother Samuel. 
 In the ship Chesapeake he was compelled to 
 strike to the British frigate Leopard, after winch 
 he was not on sea duty. 
 
 BARRY, JOHN, first commodore in the Amer 
 ican navy, died Sept. 13, 1803, aged 58. He was 
 born in the county of Wcxford, Ireland, in 1745. 
 With an education adapted to his proposed ac 
 tive life upon the sea, he came to this country 
 about 1760, and was for years employed by the 
 most respectable merchants in the command of 
 vessels, having their unreserved confidence. In 
 Feb., 1776, congress appointed him to the com 
 mand of the brig Lexington of sixteen guns, and 
 he sailed on a successful cruise from Philadelphia. 
 From this vessel he was transferred to the Effing- 
 ham, a large frigate. Shut up by the ice in the 
 winter he joined the army as aid to Gen. Cadwal- 
 lader in the operations near Trenton. When 
 Philadelphia was in the hands of the enemy and 
 the American frigates were up the river, at White- 
 hill, Barry formed and executed the project of de 
 scending the river in boats to cut off the supplies of 
 the enemy. For this enterprise he received the 
 thanks of Washington. After his vessel was de 
 stroyed, he was appointed to the command of 
 the Raleigh of thirty-two guns, which a British 
 
BARRY. 
 
 squadron compelled him to run on shore at Fox s 
 island in Penobscot bay. He next made several 
 voyages to the West Indies. In Feb., 1781, he 
 sailed in the frigate Alliance of thirty-six guns 
 from Boston for L Orient, carrying Col. Laurens 
 on an embassy to the French court. On his re 
 turn, May 29, 1781, he fought the ship of war 
 Atlanta, of between twenty and thirty guns, and 
 her consort the brig Trepasa. After a severe ac 
 tion both struck their colors. Com. Barry was 
 dangerously wounded in the shoulder by a grape- 
 shot. He sailed again from Boston in the Alli 
 ance, and carried La Fayette and Count de 
 Noailles to France, and proceeded on a cruise. 
 Returning from Havana he fought a vessel of the 
 enemy of equal size, which escaped only by the 
 aid of her consorts. It is related, that Gen. 
 Howe at one period attempted to bribe him to 
 desert the cause of America by the promise of 
 fifteen thousand guineas and the command of a 
 British frigate, and that the offer was rejected 
 with disdain. Under the administration of Mr. 
 Adams he superintended the building at Philadel 
 phia of the frigate United States, of which he 
 retained the command, until she was laid up in 
 ordinary after the accession of Mr. Jefferson to 
 the executive chair. He died at Philadelphia of 
 an asthmatic affection. His person, above the 
 ordinary stature, was graceful and commanding. 
 His strongly marked countenance expressed the 
 qualities of his mind and virtues of lu s heart. 
 He possessed all the important qualities, requisite 
 in a naval commander. Though a rigid discipli 
 narian, his kindness and generosity secured the 
 attachment of his men. There was no desertion 
 from his ship. To the moral deportment of his 
 crew he scrupulously attended, and he enforced on 
 board a strict observance of divine worship. Ed 
 ucated in the habits of religion, he experienced 
 its comforts ; and he died in the faith of the gos 
 pel. Portfolio ; American Naval Biography, 
 156-106. 
 
 BARRY, WILLIAM T., died at Liverpool, Aug. 
 30, 1835. A native of Kentucky, he had been a 
 senator, and postmaster-general, and minister to 
 Spain. 
 
 BARSTOW, JOHN, deacon, died in Canterbury, 
 Conn., Dec. 9, 1838, aged 85. A soldier, he -was 
 present at the surrender of Burgoync. In the 
 army he kept a journal. His services to the town 
 and church were very great. Many years super 
 intendent of the Sabbath school, in lu s old age he 
 taught the aged. In his sickness he sent word to 
 his friends to prepare to meet him in heaven. lie 
 was the father of Rev. Dr. B. of Keene. 
 
 BARTLETT, Josun, M. D., governor of New 
 Hampshire, died suddenly of a paralytic affection, 
 May 19, 1795, aged 65. He was the son of Ste 
 phen Bartlctt, and born in Amcsbury, Mass., in 
 
 BARTLETT. 
 
 67 
 
 Nov., 1729. After an imperfect medical education 
 he commenced the practice of physic at Kings 
 ton in 1750. During the prevalence of the angi 
 na maligna in 1754, lu s successful antiseptic prac 
 tice in the use of the Peruvian bark established 
 lu s fame. He also acted as a magistrate, and 
 Gov. W r entworth gave him the command of a reg 
 iment, but at last deprived him of his commis 
 sions in Feb., 1775, in consequence of his being a 
 zealous whig. Being appointed a delegate to con 
 gress, his name was first called as representing 
 the most easterly province, on the vote of the de 
 claration of independence, and he boldly an 
 swered in the affirmative. In 1777, as medical 
 agent, he accompanied Stark to Bennington. In 
 1778 he withdrew from congress. He was ap 
 pointed chief justice of the court of common 
 pleas in 1779, a justice of the superior court in 
 1784, and chief justice in 1788. In 1790 he was 
 President of New Hampshire, chosen by the leg 
 islature, though Pickering and Joshua Wentwor th 
 received each many more of the votes of the peo 
 ple. In 1791 and 1792 he was chosen by the 
 people. He had nominated his rival, J. Picker 
 ing, chief justice. In 1793 he was elected the 
 first governor under the new form of government. 
 Of the medical society, established by his efforts 
 in 1791, he was the president. The duties of his 
 various offices were faithfully discharged. He 
 was a good physician, devoting most of his time 
 to his profession. His patriotism induced him to 
 make great sacrifices for the public good. By the 
 force of his talents, without much education, he 
 rose to his various high offices. His mind was 
 discriminating, his judgment sound, and in all 
 his dealings he was scrupulously just. In his last 
 years his health was impaired and after the loss 
 of his wife in 1789 his spirits greatly depressed. 
 His son, Dr. Ezra B., died at Ilaverhill, N. II., 
 Dec. 6, 1848, aged 78. ThacJier s Med. Biog., 
 147-150 ; Eliot ; Goodrich s Lives. 
 
 BARTLETT, Josun, M. I)., was born in 
 jCharlestown in 1759, and studied physic with Dr. 
 I. Foster, who was chief surgeon of the military 
 hospital in the war of 1775, under whom he served 
 as surgeon s mate till 1780. He then went two 
 voyages as surgeon to ships of war. He settled 
 in Charlestown, where for many years he had 
 extensive practice. At length misfortune broke 
 down liis spirits and health, and life ceased to be 
 desired. After two years the apoplexy terminated 
 his life March 5, 1820. He had been a represen 
 tative, senator, and councillor. He delivered 
 many orations, medical, political and literary ; and 
 published various papers in the works of the 
 medical society and in the N. E. medical journal ; 
 address to free masons, 1797; discourse before 
 the Middlesex medical association ; progress of 
 medical science in Mass., 1810; history of 
 
G8 
 
 BARTLETT. 
 
 BAKTON. 
 
 Charlestown, 1814; oration on the death of Dr. 
 John Warren, 1815. Thacher s Med. Biog., 150, 
 151. 
 
 BARTLETT, JOSIAH, M. D., died at Stratham 
 April 14, 1838, aged 70. The son of Governor 
 Josiah B., he Avas a member of Congress in 1811- 
 13. 
 
 BARTLETT, JOHN, died at Marblehead in 
 Feb., 1840, aged GO, having been the pastor of the 
 Unitarian church thirty-seven years. He published 
 two discourses. 
 
 BARTLETT, ELISHA, M. D., died in Smith- 
 field, R. I., July 19, 1855, aged about 40. For 
 some years he had been unable to practice. 
 When residing at Lowell, he was its first mayor; 
 afterwards he was at the head of a medical college 
 at the West, whence in failing health he went back 
 to the old homestead in R. I. 
 
 BARTLETT, SHUBAEL, minister of Scantic, 
 descended from the little company, which landed 
 at Plymouth in 1620, and his character corres 
 ponded with that of his puritan ancestry. At the 
 age of twenty-two he entered Yale college, in 
 which he and one other were the only professors 
 of religion. lie graduated in 1800, and having 
 studied theology with Dr. Dwight was ordained at 
 East Windsor Feb. 12, 1804; and there he died 
 June 6, 1854, aged 76. A half-century sermon, 
 which he prepared, was read to his people by his 
 son-in-law, Rev. S. B. Brown, late a missionary to 
 Cliina. He was a faithful preacher, endowed 
 with a spirit of prayer. During his ministry five 
 hundred and twenty-four members were added to 
 his church. His descent was from several of the 
 Pilgrims at Plymouth. 
 
 BARTLETT, WILLIAM, a generous benefactor 
 of theological literature, was born in Newbury 
 Jan. 31, 1748, and died Feb. 8, 1841, aged 93. 
 He was one of the founders of the theological 
 seminary in Andover. He gave 25,000 dollars to 
 endow a professorship of sacred rhetoric; built 
 two professors houses, one of the large halls, and 
 the chapel; paid the president s salary for five or 
 six years ; contributed largely to another professor 
 ship ; and bequeathed 50,000 dollars in his Mill. 
 
 BARTLETT, ZACCIIEUS, M. D., died at Ply 
 mouth in Dec., 1835, aged 70. A graduate of 
 Harvard in 1780, he was a member of the state 
 convention in 1820, and president of the pilgrim 
 society. 
 
 BARTLETT, ICIIABOD, a lawyer of distinction 
 in N. II., died at Portsmouth Oct. 19, 1853, aged 
 67. Born in Salisbury, he graduated at Dart 
 mouth in 1808, and lived first in Durham, then in 
 P. He Avas a member of Congress from 1823 to 
 1829. 
 
 BARTLETT, RICILUID, secretary of state of 
 IS T . II., died at New York Oct. 23, 1837, aged 45. 
 
 BARTLETT, ELISIIA, died in Georgia, Vt., in 
 1855, aged 100, a soldier of the Revolution. His 
 
 father was Moses B., the minister of Chatham, 
 Conn., who graduated in 1730, and died in 1766. 
 
 BARTON, THOMAS, an Episcopal minister, M as 
 a native of Ireland and educated at the university 
 of Dublin. In 1753 he married at Philadelphia 
 the sister of Mr. Rittenhouse, and the next year 
 Avas ordained in England. His talents and learn 
 ing M ere of great service to his friend Mr. Ritten 
 house, who enjoyed few advantages of early edu 
 cation. From 1755 to 1759 he M as a missionary 
 of a society in England and resided in Redding 
 township, York county. In 1758 he M as a chap 
 lain in the expedition against Fort Du Qucsne, 
 and became acquainted M ith Washington and 
 Mercer and other distinguished officers. He 
 resided in Lancaster as rector nearly twenty years. 
 Adhering to the royal government in the Revolu 
 tion and refusing to take a required oath, he M cnt 
 in 1778 to New York, M here he died May 25, 
 1780, aged 50 years. His eldest son, William 
 Barton of Lancaster, M-rote the memoirs of Ritten 
 house and a tract on free commerce ; he left seven 
 other children, one of M hom was Prof. Barton. 
 His M idow passed her last years in the house of 
 her nephew and niece, Dr. Samuel Bard and -wife. 
 Within a few days of their decease she also died, 
 aged 90. He published a sermon on Braddock s 
 defeat, 1755. Mem. of Rittenhouse, 100, 112, 
 287, 441 ; Thacher s Med. Biog., 139. 
 
 BARTON, BENJAMIN SMITH, M. D., professor 
 in the university of Pennsylvania, died Dec. 19, 
 1815, aged 49. lie was the son of the Rev. 
 Mr. Barton of Lancaster, Penn., and was born 
 Feb. 10, 1766. His mother was the sister of 
 Rittenhouse, M hose life M as written by his brother, 
 William Barton. After spending several years in 
 study in Philadelphia, he went to Edinburgh and 
 London in 1786 to pursue his medical studies. 
 His medical degree he obtained at Gottingen. In 
 1789 he returned to Pliiladelphia and commenced 
 the practice of physic. In the same year he was 
 appointed professor of natural history and botany 
 in the college. He succeeded Dr. Griffiths as 
 professor of materia medica and Dr. Rush as 
 professor of the theory and practice of medicine. 
 
 Dr. Barton was distinguished by his talents and 
 professional attainments. He contributed much 
 to the progress of natural science, and his various 
 works evince a closeness of observation, an extent 
 of learning, and a comprehensiveness of mind, 
 honorable to his character. He was the first 
 American M ho gave to his country an elementary 
 M ork on botany. His publications are the folloAV- 
 ing: On the fascinating quality ascribed to the 
 rattlesnake, 1796; new vieAvs of the origin of the 
 tribes of America, 1797 ; collections toM-ards a 
 materia medica of the U. S., 1798; remarks on 
 the speech attributed by Jefferson to Logan, 1798; 
 medical physical journal, begun 1804, continued 
 several years ; eulogy on Dr. Priestley ; elements 
 
BARTON. 
 
 of botany with thirty plates, 1804; also in two 
 vols. 40 plates, 1812; flora Virginica, 1812; an 
 tdition of Cullen s materia medica, 1808 ; account 
 of the Syren laccrtina ; observations on the oppos- 
 sum, 1813; collections on extinct animals, &c., 
 1814; fragments of the natural history of Penn. ; 
 remedy for the bite of the rattlesnake ; on the 
 honey bee ; on the native country of the potato, 
 and other papers in the Am. Philos. Transactions. 
 W. P. C. Barton s Biog. Sketch; Thacher s 
 Med. Biog., 151-153. 
 
 BARTON, WILLIAM, lieutenant-colonel, a patriot 
 of the Revolution, planned the capture of Maj.- 
 Gen. Prescott on Rhode Island, and executed the 
 project July 10, 1777. Information had been 
 received at Providence, that the general was to 
 sleep at Overing s house, four miles from Newport. 
 Barton went with a party of forty men, including 
 Capts. Adams and Phillips, in four whale-boats 
 from Warwick neck ten miles by water, landed 
 about half way from Newport to Bristol ferry, then 
 marched one mile to the general s quarters. On 
 reaching the chamber, at midnight, the sentry was 
 secured ; then a negro, called Prince, who accom 
 panied Barton, and who died at Plymouth 1821, 
 aged 78, dashed his head against the door and 
 knocked out a panel, so that Col. Barton rushed 
 in and surprised Prescott in bed, and carried him 
 off with his aid, Maj. William Barrington, who 
 jumped from the window in his shirt. He escaped 
 the guard boats and no alarm was given to the 
 enemy, until the party on their return had nearly 
 reached the main, when the firing of rockets was 
 in vain. For this exploit Congress presented him 
 with a sword and with a grant of land in Ver 
 mont. By the transfer of some of this land he 
 became entangled in the toils of the law and was 
 imprisoned in Vermont for years, until the visit to 
 this country in 1825 of La Fayette, who in his 
 munificence liberated his fellow soldier and re 
 stored the hoary veteran to his family. Col. Bar 
 ton was wounded in an action at Bristol ferry in 
 May, 1778. He died at Providence in Oct., 1831, 
 aged 84 years. Amer. Rememb., 1777, 271, 361; 
 Mass. Hist. Coll., n., 107, 138; Heath, 122. 
 
 BARTON, CYRUS, editor of the Concord Re 
 porter, died Feb. 17, 1855. At the close of a 
 political speech near C. he fell and expired. He 
 was an associate with Isaac Hill in business. 
 
 BARTON, ROGER, died in Mississippi March 
 4, 1855, aged about 55; for fifteen years a Senator 
 of the U. S. 
 
 BARTRAM, Jonx, an eminent botanist, died 
 in Sept., 1777, aged 75. He was born at Marpole, 
 Chester county, Penn., in the year 1701. His 
 grandfather, Richard, accompanied William Penn 
 to this country in 1682. His father, John, re 
 moved to North Carolina and was killed by the 
 Whitoc Indians. He himself inherited the estate 
 
 BARTRAM. 
 
 69 
 
 of his uncle, Isaac, at Derby, a few miles from 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 This self-taught genius early discovered an 
 ardent desire for the acquisition of knowledge, 
 especially of botanical knowledge ; but the infant 
 state of the colony placed great obstacles in his 
 way. He however surmounted them by intense 
 application and the resources of his own mind. 
 By the assistance of respectable characters he 
 obtained the rudiments of the learned languages, 
 Avhich he studied with extraordinary success. So 
 earnest was he in the pursuit of learning, that he 
 could hardly spare time to eat ; and he might 
 often have been found with his victuals in one 
 hand and his book in the other. He acquired so 
 much knowledge of medicine and surgery, as to 
 administer great assistance to the indigent and 
 distressed in his neighborhood. He cultivated 
 the ground as the means of supporting a large 
 family ; but while ploughing or sowing his fields, 
 or mowing his meadows, he was still puslmig his 
 inquiries into the operations of nature. 
 
 He was the first American who conceived and 
 carried into effect the design of a botanic garden, 
 for the cultivation of American plants, as well as 
 of exotics. He purchased a fine situation on the 
 west bank of the Schuylkill about four miles below 
 Philadelphia, where he laid out with his own 
 hands a garden of five or six acres. He furnished 
 it with a variety of the most curious and beautiful 
 vegetables, collected in his excursions from Canada 
 to Florida. These excursions were made princi 
 pally in autumn, when his presence at home was 
 least demanded by his agricultural avocations. 
 His ardor in these pursuits was such, that at the 
 age of seventy he made a journey into East 
 Florida to explore its natural productions. His 
 travels among the Indians were frequently at 
 tended with danger and difficulty. By his means 
 the gardens of Europe were enriched with elegant 
 flowering shrubs, with plants and trees, collected 
 in different parts of our country from the shore 
 of Lake Ontario to the source of the River St. 
 Juan. He made such proficiency in his favorite 
 pursuit, that Linnaeus pronounced him " the 
 greatest natural botanist in the world." His 
 eminence in natural history attracted the esteem 
 of the most distinguished men in America and 
 Europe, and he corresponded with many of them. 
 He was a fellow of the Royal Society. By means 
 of the friendship of Sir Hans Sloane, Mr. Catesby, 
 Dr. Hill, Linnccus, and others, he was furnished 
 with books and apparatus, which he much needed, 
 and which greatly lessened the difficulties of his 
 situation. He in return sent them what was new 
 and curious in the productions of America. He 
 was elected a member of several of the most 
 eminent societies and academies abroad, and was 
 at length appointed American botanist to his 
 
70 
 
 BAETRAM. 
 
 BASCOM. 
 
 Britannic majesty, George III., in which appoint 
 ment he continued till his death. 
 
 Mr. Bartram was an ingenious mechanic. The 
 stone house in which he lived, he built himself, 
 and several monuments of his skill remain in it. 
 He was often his own mason, carpenter, and black 
 smith, and generally made his own farming uten 
 sils. His stature was rather above the middle 
 size ; his body was erect and slender ; his com 
 plexion was sandy ; his countenance was cheerful, 
 though there was a solemnity in his air. His gen 
 tle manners corresponded with his amiable dispo 
 sition. He was modest and charitable ; a friend 
 to social order ; and an advocate for the abolition 
 of slavery. He gave freedom to a young African, 
 whom he had brought up ; but he in gratitude to 
 his master continued in his service. Though tem 
 perate, he kept a plentiful table ; and annually on 
 new year s day he made an entertainment, conse 
 crated to friendship and philosophy. Born and 
 educated in the society of Quakers, he professed 
 to be a worshipper of " God alone, the Almighty 
 Lord." He often read the scriptures, particularly 
 on Sundays. Of his children, John, his youngest 
 son, who succeeded him in his botanic garden, 
 died at Philadelphia Nov., 1812. In addition to 
 his other attainments he acquired some knowledge 
 of medicine and surgery, which rendered him use 
 ful to his neighbors. In his first efforts to make 
 a collection of American plants he was aided by 
 a liberal subscription of some scientific gentlemen 
 in Pliiladclphia. In 1737, Mr. Collinson wrote to 
 Col. Custis of Virginia, that Bartram was em 
 ployed by " a set of noblemen" at his recommen 
 dation ; and he added, " Be so kind as to give him 
 a little entertainment, and recommendation to a 
 friend or two of yours in the country, for he does 
 not value riding 50 or 100 miles to see a new 
 plant." 
 
 Mr. Bartram s communications in the British 
 Philosophical Transactions, vols. 41, 43, 46, 62, 
 are these : on the teeth of a rattlesnake ; on the 
 muscles and oyster banks of Perm. ; on clay wasp 
 nests ; on the great black wasp ; on the libella ; 
 account of an aurora borealis, observed Nov. 12, 
 1757. He published also observations on the 
 inhabitants, climate, soil, &c., in his travels to 
 lake Ontario, 4lh cd. 4to. Loud. 1751; descrip 
 tion of East Florida, with a journal, 4to. 1774. 
 Miller, I. 515 ; II. 367 ; Life of Eittenlwuse, 
 375 ; Mem. Penns. Hist. Soc. I. 134 ; Barton s 
 Med. and Phys. Jour. I. 115-124. 
 
 BARTRAM, WILLIAM, a botanist, son of the 
 preceding, died July 22, 1823, aged 84. He was 
 born at the Botanic Garden, Kingsessing, Penns., 
 in 1739. After living with a merchant in Phila 
 delphia six years, he went to North Carolina, en 
 gaged in mercantile pursuits ; but, attached to 
 the study of botany, he accompanied his father in 
 his journey to E. Florida. After residing for a 
 
 time on the river St. John s in Florida, he re 
 turned to Ins father s residence in 177 1. In April, 
 1773, at the request of Dr. Fothergill he pro 
 ceeded to Charleston in order to examine the nat 
 ural productions of Carolina, Georgia, and the 
 Floridas, and was thus employed nearly five years. 
 His collections and drawings were forwarded to 
 Dr. Fothergill. His account of his travels was 
 published in 1791. It is a delightful specimen of 
 the enthusiasm with which the lover of nature, 
 and particularly the botanist, surveys the beautiful 
 and wonderful productions which are scattered 
 over the face of the earth. Of himself Mr. Bar- 
 tram said, " continually impelled by a restless 
 spirit of curiosity in pursuit of new productions 
 of nature, my chief happiness consisted in tracing 
 and admiring the infinite power, majesty, and per 
 fection of the great Almighty Creator, and in the 
 contemplation, that through divine aid and per 
 mission I might be instrumental in discovering 
 and introducing into my native country some orig 
 inal productions of nature, which might be useful 
 to society." Ilcposing in a grove of oranges, 
 palms, live oaks, and magnolias, in the midst of 
 beautiful flowers and singing birds, he cried out, 
 " ye vigilant and most faithful servants of the 
 Most High ; ye, who worship the Creator morning, 
 noon, and eve, in simplicity of heart ! I haste to 
 join the universal anthem. My voice and heart 
 unite with yours in sincere homage to the great 
 Creator, the universal sovereign." 
 
 In 1782 he was elected professor of botany in 
 the university of Penns., but from ill health de 
 clined the appointment. Besides his discoveries 
 in botany, he prepared the most complete table of 
 American ornithology before the appearance of 
 the book of Wilson, whom he assisted in the com 
 mencement of that work. Such was his continued 
 love for botany, that he wrote a description of a 
 plant a few minutes before his death, which oc 
 curred suddenly by the rupture of a blood-vessel 
 in the lungs. He published Travels through N. 
 and S. Carolina, Georgia, East and West Florida, 
 the Cherokee country, with observations on the 
 manners of the Indians, with plates, 8vo. Phil., 
 1731; the same, London, 1792; and translated 
 into French by Benoist, entitled Voyage, &c., 2 
 vols.; Paris, 1801; an account of J. Bartram ; 
 anecdotes of a crow ; description of Ccrthia ; on 
 the site of Bristol. Enc. Amer. ; Barton s Med. 
 Jour. I. i. 89-95 ; I. ii. 103. 
 
 BASCOM, II. B., D. I)., bishop of the Meth 
 odist church, died in Louisville on liis return from 
 St. Louis to Kentucky Sept. 9, 1850, aged about 
 56. He was born in Western New York ; in 
 1828 was president of Madison college, the sec 
 ond Methodist college in the U. S. In 1842, he 
 was chosen president of Transylvania university, 
 Ky. In 1849 he was elected bishop. He was a 
 pulpit orator of great power, though not of good 
 
BASS. 
 
 taste. He delighted in strong epithets and high 
 flown metaphors. A volume of his sermons was 
 published in 1849. He published inaugural ad 
 dress, 1828. 
 
 BASS, EDWARD, D. D., first bishop of Massa 
 chusetts, was born at Dorchester Nov. 23, 172G, 
 and graduated at Harvard college in 1744. For 
 several years he was the teacher of a school. 
 From 1747 to 17*51 he resided at Cambridge, pur 
 suing In s theological studies, and occasionally 
 preaching. In 1752, at the request of the Episco 
 pal society in Newburyport, he went to England 
 for orders, and was ordained May 24, by bishop 
 Sherlock. In 1796 he was elected by the conven 
 tion of the Protestant Episcopal Church of Mas 
 sachusetts to the office of bishop, and was conse 
 crated May 7, 1797, by the bishops of Pennsylva 
 nia, New York, and Maryland. Afterwards the 
 Episcopal churches in Rhode Island elected him 
 their bishop, and in 1803 a convention of the 
 churches in NCAV Hampshire put themselves under 
 his jurisdiction. He died Sept. 10, 1803, humble 
 and resigned. He was a sound divine, a critical 
 scholar, an accomplished gentleman, and an exem 
 plary Christian. Mass. Hist. Coll., IX. 188. 
 
 BASSETT, RICHARD, governor of Delaware, 
 was a member of the old congress in 1787, and 
 was appointed a senator under the new constitu 
 tion. He was governor, after Mr. Bedford, from 
 1798 to 1801, when he was placed by Mr. Adams 
 on the bench of the federal judiciary. The repeal 
 of the act, constituting the courts, displaced him 
 from his office in 1802. He had practised law 
 for many years with reputation and was a gentle 
 man of fortune. His daughter married Mr. Bay 
 ard. He died in Sept., 1815. 
 
 BASSETT, AMOS, D. D., died in Cornwall in 
 1828, aged 44. A native of Derby, he graduated 
 in 1784, and was the minister of Hebron from 
 about 1793 to 1820, and was then the head of the 
 Mission school at Cornwall. His voice and man 
 ner in preaching were extremely solemn. He 
 was perhaps gloom}- and hypochondriacal ; some 
 times keen and severe. Seeing some men of in 
 fluence, whom he deemed anti-patriotic and anti- 
 christian, following in the funeral procession of a 
 very wicked man, he said, "if it had been the 
 devil liimsclf, they would have followed him, only 
 they would have chosen to follow him alive." He 
 published election sermon, 1807 ; and before a 
 missionary society ; he wrote a reply of the con 
 sociation to A. Abbot. 
 
 BATES, BARNABAS, died at Boston Oct. 11, 
 1853, aged 66. A native of England, he was a 
 Baptist minister in R. I., then a Unitarian. He 
 was collector of Bristol, and connected with the 
 post office. As a zealous advocate of cheap post 
 age he deserves public remembrance. 
 
 BATES, ISAAC C., died in Washington, a sen 
 ator, March 10, 1845, aged 65. Born in Cran- 
 
 BAXTER. 
 
 71 
 
 villc, he graduated at Yale in 1802, and settled as 
 a lawyer in Northampton. For eight years he 
 was a member of the house of representatives, 
 and afterwards of the senate, rendering important 
 public services. At his funeral in Washington, 
 Mr. Tuston delivered an eloquent sermon on the 
 happiness of heaven, described as " light." He 
 delivered an able speech, costing much effort, 
 against the admission of Texas into the Union ; 
 and in a few days afterwards died. His printed 
 addresses and speeches are specimens of logical 
 and beautiful writing. 
 
 BATES, JOSHUA, D. D., president of Middle- 
 bury college, died in Dudley Jan. 14, 1854, aged 
 77. Born at Cohasset, he graduated at Cam 
 bridge in 1800 ; was settled as a minister in Ded- 
 ham in 1803; was chosen president in 1818 and 
 continued at Middlebury twenty-one years, till 
 1840, when he resigned. In 1843 he was settled 
 at Dudley, where he toiled during ten years of a 
 green old age. He was distinguished as a scholar, 
 was open-hearted and of a manly character, 
 highly esteemed and useful. Dr. Sprague preached 
 a sermon on his death. 
 
 He published Reminiscences of Rev. John Cod- 
 man, making a volume with W. Allen s life of 
 J. C. ; two sermons on intemperance, 1813 ; a 
 volume of sermons ; on the death of T. Prentiss, 
 1814 ; at ordination of J. Thompson, 1804 ; R. 
 Hurlburt and F. Burt, 1817 ; Ira Ingraham, 1821; 
 J. Steel, 1828 ; inaugural address, 1818 ; two 
 sermons to missionary societies. 
 
 BATTELL, SARAII, the widow of Joseph B., 
 died at Norfolk, Conn., Sept. 23, 1854, aged 75, 
 the daughter of Rev. A. Robbins. She was one 
 of the women of excellent Christian character 
 and well-known benevolence, who by their virtues 
 adorn our community. 
 
 BAXTER, JOSEPH, minister of Medford, Mass., 
 was the son of Lieut. John Baxter, of Braintrce, 
 who died in 1719, aged 80, and grandson of 
 Gregory Baxter, a settler of B. in 1632, who was 
 a, relative of Richard Baxter, of England. lie 
 was born in 1676, graduated in 1693, and or 
 dained April 21, 1697. When Gov. Shute had a 
 conference with the Indians at Georgetown, on 
 Arrousic Island, in Aug., 1717, he presented to 
 them a Mr. Baxter as a protestant missionary, 
 who was probably Mr. Joseph B. ; but through 
 the influence of the Jesuit Halle he was rejected. 
 He had a correspondence in Latin with Ralle, and 
 the Jesuit accused him of the want of scholarship. 
 Gov. Shute in his letter replied, that the main 
 qualification in a missionary to the barbarous In 
 dians was not " to be an exact scholar as to the 
 Latin tongue," but to bring them from darkness 
 to the light of the gospel, and, " under the influ 
 ence of the divine Spirit to translate them from 
 the power of Satan, who has had an usurped pos 
 session of these parts of the world for so many 
 
72 
 
 BAXTER. 
 
 ages, to the kingdom of the Son of God." Mr. 
 Baxter died May 2, 1745. His son, Joseph, a 
 physician, died of the small pox. He published 
 the election sermon, 1727 ; sermons to two socie 
 ties of young men ; and sermons on the danger 
 of security, 1729. Mass. Hist. Coll. v. 115; 
 Coll. N. II. Hist. Soc. II. 245 ; Farmer. 
 
 BAXTER, GEORGE A., 1). I)., died in Vir 
 ginia March 16, 1841, aged 77; professor of the 
 ology in Union theological seminary, Prince 
 Edward county. He was previously president of 
 Washington college, Lexington. He was one of 
 the most eminent and respected of the Presbyte 
 rian ministers of Virginia. 
 
 BAY, ELIHU H., died at Charleston in 1839, 
 aged 85. He published law reports. 
 
 BAYARD, JOHN, a friend to his country, and 
 an eminent Christian, was born Aug. 11, 1738, on 
 Bohemia manor in Cecil county, Maryland. His 
 father died without a will, and being the eldest 
 son, he became entitled by the laws of Maryland 
 to the whole real estate. Such, however, was his 
 affection for his twin brother, younger than him 
 self, that no sooner had he reached the age of 
 manhood, than he conveyed to him half the estate. 
 After receiving an academical education under Dr. 
 Fin ley, he was put into the counting-house of 
 Mr. John Rhea, a merchant of Philadelphia. It 
 was here, that the seeds of grace began first to 
 take root, and to give promise of those fruits of 
 righteousness, which afterwards abounded. He 
 early became a communicant of the Presbyterian 
 church under the charge of Gilbert Tennent. 
 Some years after his marriage he was chosen a 
 ruling elder, and he filled this place with zeal and 
 reputation. Mr. Whitfield, while on his visits 
 to America, became intimately acquainted with 
 Mr. Bayard, and was much attached to him. 
 They made several tours together. In 1770, Mr. 
 Bayard lost his only brother, Dr. James A. Bay 
 ard, a man of promising talents, of prudence and 
 skill, of a most amiable disposition and growing 
 reputation. The violence of his sorrow at first 
 produced an illness, which confined him to his bed 
 for several days. By degrees it subsided into a 
 tender melancholy, which for years after would 
 steal across his mind, and tinge his hours of do 
 mestic intercourse and solitary devotion with 
 pensive sadness. When his brother s widow died, 
 he adopted the children, and educated them as his 
 own. One of them was an eminent statesman. 
 
 At the commencement of the Revolutionary 
 war he took a decided part in favor of his country. 
 At the head of the second battalion of the Phila 
 delphia militia he marched to the assistance of 
 Washington, and was present at the battle of 
 Trenton. He was a member of the council of 
 safety, and for many years speaker of the legisla 
 ture. In 1777, when there was a report that 
 
 BAYARD. 
 
 Col. Bayard s house had been destroyed by the 
 British army, and that his servant, who had been 
 intrusted with his personal property, had gone off 
 with it to the enemy, Mr. William Bell, who had 
 served his apprenticeship with Col. Bayard, and 
 accumulated several thousand pounds, insisted 
 that his patron should receive one half of his 
 estate. This generous offer was not accepted, as 
 the report was without foundation. Reiterated 
 afflictions induced a deep depression of mind, 
 and for some time he was no longer relieved by 
 the avocations of business. In 1785, however, he 
 was appointed a member of the old congress, then 
 sitting in New York, but in the following year he 
 was left out of the delegation. In 1788 he re 
 moved to New Brunswick, where he was mayor 
 of the city, judge of the court of common pleas, 
 and a ruling elder of the church. Here he died 
 Jan. 7, 1807, aged 68. 
 
 At his last hour he was not left in darkness. 
 That Redeemer, whom he had served with zeal, 
 was with him to support him and give him the 
 victory. During his last illness he spoke much 
 of his brother, and one night, awaking from sleep, 
 exclaimed, "My dear brother, I shall soon be 
 with you." He addressed his two sons, " My dear 
 children, you see me just at the close of life. 
 Death has no terrors to me. What now is all 
 the world to me ? I would not exchange my hope 
 in Christ for ten thousand worlds. I once enter 
 tained some doubts of his Divinity ; but, blessed 
 be God, these doubts were soon removed by in 
 quiry and reflection. From that time my hope 
 of acceptance with God has rested on his merits 
 and atonement. Out of Christ, God is a consum 
 ing fire." As he approached nearer the grave, 
 he said, " I shall soon be at rest ; I shall soon be 
 with my God. O glorious hope ! Blessed rest ! 
 HOAV precious are the promises of the gospel ! It 
 is the support of my soul in my last moments." 
 While sitting up, supported by his two daughters, 
 holding one of his sons by the hand, and looking 
 intently in his face, he said, " My Christian brother ! 
 Then turning to his daughters he continued, " You 
 are my Christian sisters. Soon will our present 
 
 ties be dissolved, but more glorious bonds 
 
 lie could say no more, but his looks and arms, 
 directed towards heaven, expressed everything. 
 He frequently commended himself to the blessed 
 Redeemer, confident of his love; and the last 
 words, which escaped from his dying lips, were, 
 " Lord Jesus, Lord Jesus, Lord Jesus ! " Evang. 
 Litclliyencer, I. 1-7, 49-57. 
 
 BAYARD, JAMES A., a distinguished states 
 man, died Aug. 6, 1815, aged 48. lie was the 
 son of Dr. J. A. Bayard, and was born in Phila 
 delphia in 1767. On the death of his father he 
 was received into the family of his uncle, John 
 Bayard, and was graduated at Princeton college 
 
BAYARD. 
 
 BAYLEY. 
 
 73 
 
 in 1784. After studying law at Philadelphia with 
 Gen. Reed and Mr. Ingcrsoll, he commenced the 
 practice in Delaware. In Oct., 1796, he was 
 elected a member, of Congress. In the party con 
 tests of the day he was a distinguished supporter 
 of the federal administration. In the memorable 
 contest in the house concerning the election of 
 president in 1801, Jefferson and Burr having an 
 equal number of the electoral votes, he directed 
 the course, which issued in the election of Mr. 
 Jefferson. Among the debaters on the repeal of 
 the judiciary bill in March, 1802, he was the 
 ablest advocate of the system, which was over 
 thrown. From the house he was transferred to 
 the senate in 1804, and was again elected for six 
 years from March, 1805, and also from March, 
 
 1811. He opposed the declaration of war in 
 
 1812. After the commencement of the war, the 
 mediation of Russia being offered, he was selected 
 by Mr. Madison as a commissioner with Mr. Gal- 
 latin to negotiate a peace with Great Britain, and 
 sailed from Philadelphia for St. Petersburg May 
 9, 1813. The absence of the emperor preventing 
 the transaction of any business, he proceeded to 
 Holland by land in Jan., 1814. He lent his able 
 assistance in the negotiation of the peace at 
 Ghent in this year, and afterwards made a jour 
 ney to Paris, where he was apprized of his ap 
 pointment as envoy to the court of St. Petersburg. 
 This he declined, stating, " that he had no wish 
 to serve the administration, except when his ser 
 vices were necessary for the good of his country." 
 Yet he proposed to co-operate in forming a com 
 mercial treaty with Great Britain. An alarming 
 illness, however, constrained him to return to the 
 United States. He arrived in June and died at 
 Wilmington. His wife, the daughter of Gov. 
 Basset, and several children, survived him. Mr. 
 Bavard was an ingenious reasoner and an accom 
 plished orator. His fine countenance and manly 
 person recommended his eloquent words. There 
 were few of his contemporaries of higher political 
 distinction. But his race of worldly eminence 
 was soon run. His speech on the foreign inter 
 course bill was published 1798; and his speech 
 on the repeal of the judiciary in a vol. of the 
 speeches, 1802. Biog Amer. 50; Encyc.Amer. 
 
 BAYARD, SAMUEL, judge, died at Princeton 
 N. J., May 12, 1840, aged 75. He was a judge 
 of the common pleas, a most upright, respected, 
 and esteemed man. 
 
 BAYLEY, MATTHIAS, died about the year 1789 
 at Jones creek, a branch of the Pedee, in North 
 Carolina, aged 136 years. He was baptized at 
 the age of 134. His eyesight remained good, 
 and his strength was very remarkable, till his 
 death. American Museum, vil. 206. 
 
 BAYLEY, RICHARD, an eminent physician of 
 New York, died Aug. 17, 1801, aged 56. He 
 was bom at Fairfield, Conn., in the year 1745. 
 
 10 
 
 From his mother s being of French descent and 
 his parents residence among the French Protes 
 tant emigrants at New Rochclle, N. Y., he became 
 early familiar with the French language. He 
 studied physic with Dr. Charlton, whose sister he 
 married. In 1769 or 1770 he attended the Lon 
 don lectures and hospitals. Returning in 1772 
 he commenced practice with Dr. Charlton in New 
 York. His attention in 1774 was drawn to the 
 croup, which prevailed, and which men of high 
 character, as Dr. Bard, had fatally treated as the 
 putrid sore throat. He had seen a child perish 
 in thirty-six hours under the use of stimulants and 
 antiseptics. His dissections confirmed him in his 
 views ; and they were adopted afterwards by his 
 friend, Michaelis, the chief of the Hessian medical 
 staff in New York, the author of a treatise " De 
 angina polyposa." 
 
 In the autumn of 1775 he revisited England in 
 order to make further improvement under Hunter, 
 and spent the winter in dissections and study. In 
 the spring of 1776 he returned in the capacity of 
 surgeon in the English army under Howe. This 
 was a measure of mistaken prudence, in order to 
 provide for his wife and children. In the fall he 
 proceeded with the fleet to Newport ; but incapable 
 of enduring this separation from his wife, he 
 resigned and returned to New York in the spring 
 of 1777 just before her death. His influence was 
 now beneficially exerted in saving the property of 
 Ms absent fellow-citizens. In 1781 his letter to 
 Hunter on the croup was published, in which he 
 recommended bleeding, blisters to the throat, 
 antimony, calomel, and enemata. He said, there 
 was no fear of putresccncy, unless there were 
 ulcers. To Baylcy the public is indebted for the 
 present active treatment of the croup. In 1787 
 he delivered lectures on surgery, and his son-in-law, 
 Dr. Wright Post, lectured on anatomy, in the 
 edifice since converted into the New York hospital. 
 In 1788 " the doctors mob," in consequence of 
 the imprudence of some students, broke into the 
 building and destroyed Bayley s valuable anatomi- 
 "cal cabinet. In 1792 he was elected professor of 
 anatomy at Columbia college; but in 1793 he 
 took the department of surgery, in which he was 
 very skilful. About 1795 he was appointed health 
 officer to the port. During the prevalence of the 
 yellow fever he fearlessly attended upon the sick 
 and investigated the disease. In 1797 he pub 
 lished his essay on that fever, maintaining that it 
 had a local origin and was not contagious, lie 
 also published in 1798 a series of letters on the 
 subject. By contagion he meant a specific poison, 
 as in small pox. He allowed, that the fever in 
 certain circumstances was infectious. No nurse 
 or attendant in the hospitals had t alien the 
 disease, yet it might be conveyed in clothing and 
 in other ways. Hence the importance of cleanli 
 ness and ventilation. The state quarantine laws 
 
74 
 
 BAYLIES. 
 
 originated with him; the total interdiction of 
 commerce with the West Indies had by some been 
 contemplated. In Aug., 1821, an Irish emigrant 
 ship, with ship fever, arrived. lie found the crew 
 and passengers and baggage huddled in one un- 
 ventilated apartment, contrary to his orders. 
 Entering it only a moment, a deadly sickness at 
 the stomach and intense pain in the head seized 
 him, and on the seventh day he expired. He is 
 represented as in temper fiery, invincible in his 
 dislikes, inflexible in attachment, of perfect integ 
 rity, gentlemanly, and chivalrously honorable. 
 He married in 1778 Charlotte Amelia, daughter 
 of Andrew Barclay, a merchant of New York. 
 His writings have been mentioned : on the croup, 
 1781; essay on the yellow fever, 1797; letters on 
 the same, 1798. Thacher s Med. Biog., 156- 
 168. 
 
 BAYLIES, WILLIAM, M. D., died at Dighton, 
 Mass., June 17, 1826, aged 82. lie was gradu 
 ated at Harvard college in 1760, and was a member 
 of the provincial congress in 1775, and often a 
 member of the council of the State. 
 
 BAYLIES, HODIJAII, judge, died at Dighton 
 April 26, 1843, aged 86. A graduate of Harvard 
 in 1777, he was aid to Gen. Lincoln, also to 
 Washington. He was collector of customs, and 
 judge of probate from 1810 until he was 81. He 
 possessed a Christian character, and shared largely 
 in the public confidence. 
 
 BAYLIES, FREDERIC, died in Edgartown Oct., 
 1836, for twenty years a useful teacher of the 
 Ladians on Martha s Vineyard and in 11. I. ; an 
 exemplary, worthy man, doing much for Sunday 
 schools and the cause of temperance. 
 
 BAYLIES, NICHOLAS, judge, died at Lyndon, 
 Vt, Aug. 17, 1847, aged 75. He was a graduate 
 of Dartmouth in 1794, and practised law in 
 Woodstock and Montpelier. His wife was Mary 
 Itipley, daughter of Prof. Riplcy and grand 
 daughter of President E. Whcclock. He pub 
 lished some law books. 
 
 BAYLIES, FRANCIS, died at Taunton, Oct. 28, 
 1852, aged 68. For several terms he was a mem 
 ber of congress. The only electoral vote for Jack 
 son as president, from New England, Avas given 
 by him. Soon afterwards he was appointed min 
 ister to Brazil, but was quickly recalled. He 
 published a history of the old colony of Plymouth 
 in 2 vols., 1828. 
 
 BAYNAM, WILLIAM, a surgeon, the son of 
 Dr. John Baynham of Caroline county, Va., was 
 born in 1749, and after studying with Dr. Walker 
 was sent to London in 1769, where he made great 
 proficiency in anatomy and surgery. He was for 
 years an assistant demonstrator to Mr. Else, 
 professor in St. Thomas hospital. After residing 
 sixteen years in England, he returned to this coun 
 try, and settled in Essex about 1785. He died 
 Dec. 8, 1814, aged 66 years. He performed 
 
 BEACH. 
 
 many remarkable surgical operations. As an 
 anatomist he had no superior. The best prepara 
 tions in the museum of Clinc and Cooper at Lon 
 don were made by him. Various papers by Mr. 
 B. were published in the medical journals. 
 TJiacJier s Mcd. Biog., 168-173; JV. Y. Med. 
 Journal, I.; Phil. Journal, IV. 
 
 BEACH, JOHN, an Episcopal clergyman and 
 writer, was probably a descendant of Ilichard 
 Beach, who lived in New Haven and had a son, 
 John, born in 1639. He was graduated at Yale 
 college in 1721, and was for several years a Con 
 gregational minister at Newtown. Through his 
 acquaintance with Dr. Johnson, he was induced to 
 embrace the Episcopal form of worship. In 1732 
 he went to England for orders, and on his return 
 was employed as an Episcopalian missionary at 
 Heading and Newtown. After the Declaration of 
 Independence, Congress ordered the ministers to 
 pray for the commonwealth and not for the king. 
 Mr. Beach, who retained his loyalty, chose to pray 
 as usual for his majesty, and was in consequence 
 handled roughly by the wliigs. He died March 
 19, 1782. 
 
 He published an appeal to the unprejudiced, in 
 answer to a sermon of Dickinson, 1737 ; also, 
 about the year 1745, a sermon on Itomans 6 : 23, 
 entitled, a sermon shewing that eternal life is 
 God s free gift, bestowed upon men according to 
 their moral behavior. In this he opposed with 
 much zeal some of the Calvinistic doctrines, 
 contained in the articles of the church which he 
 had joined. Jonathan Dickinson wrote remarks 
 upon it the following year, in his vindication of 
 God s sovereignty and His universal love to the 
 souls of men reconciled, in the form of a dialogue, 
 1747. He wrote also a reply to Dickinson s 
 second vindication. Mr. Beach was a bold and 
 distinguished advocate of those doctrines, which 
 are denominated Arminian. Whatever may be 
 said of his argument in his dispute with Dickinson, 
 he evidently yields to his antagonist in gentleness 
 and civility of manner. Another controversy, in 
 which he engaged, had respect to Episcopacy. 
 He published in 17-19, in answer to Hobart s first 
 address, a calm and dispassionate vindication of 
 the professors of the church of England, to which 
 Dr. Johnson wrote a preface and Mr. Caner an 
 appendix. He seems to have had high notions 
 of the necessity of Episcopal ordination. His 
 other publications are, the duty of loving our 
 enemies, 1738; an inquiry into the state of the 
 dead, 1755; a continuation of the vindication of 
 the professors, &c., 1756 ; the inquiry of the young 
 man in the gospel ; a sermon on the death of 
 Dr. Johnson, 1772. Chandler s Life of John 
 son, 62, 126. 
 
 BEACH, ABRAHAM, D. D., an Episcopal min 
 ister, was born at Cheshire, Conn., Sept. 9, 1740, 
 and graduated at Yale college in 1757. The 
 
BEACH. 
 
 bishop of London ordained him in June, 1767, as 
 a priest for New Jersey. During seventeen years, 
 including the period of the Revolution, he tran 
 quilly discharged the duties of his office at Xe\v 
 Brunswick. Alter the peace, he was called to 
 New York as an assistant minister of Trinity 
 church, where he remained about thirty years, 
 and then retired in 1813 to his farm on the Rari- 
 tan to pass the evening of his life. He died Sept. 
 11, 1828, aged 88 years. His daughter, Maria, 
 and his son-in-law, Abiel Carter, an Episcopal 
 minister, died at Savannah, Oct. 28, and Nov. 1, 
 1827. His dignified person, expressive counte 
 nance, and lively feelings rendered his old age 
 interesting to his acquaintance. He was respected 
 and honored in his failing years. A sermon of 
 his, on the hearing of the word, is in American 
 Preacher, in. He published a funeral sermon on 
 Dr. Chandler, 1790. Episcopal Watchman. 
 
 BEACH, EBEXEZER S., died at Rochester, N. Y., 
 March 14, 1850, aged 65. He was educated and 
 very successful in business. In furnishing stores 
 for the army he made much money ; for his flour 
 milling operations he was extensively known. 
 
 BEACH, SAMUEL, M. D., of Bridgeport, died, 
 killed by the railroad disaster at Norwalk bridge 
 May 6, 1853. He was among the forty-five per 
 sons killed. He received his medical degree at 
 Yale in 1826; besides being an eminent physi 
 cian he was an excellent Christian. 
 
 BEADLE, WILLIAM, a deist, was born near 
 London, and came to this country with a small 
 quantity of goods. After residing at New York, 
 Stratford, and Derby, he removed to Fairfield, 
 where he married a Miss Lathrop of Plymouth, 
 Mass. In 1772 he transplanted himself to 
 Wethersfield, where he sustained the character of 
 a fair dealer. In the depreciation of the paper 
 currency, he, through some error of judgment, 
 thought he was still bound to sell his goods at 
 the old prices, as though the continental money 
 had retained its nominal value. In the decay of 
 his property he became melancholy. For years 
 he meditated the destruction of his family. At 
 last, Dec. 11, 1782, he murdered with an axe and 
 a knife his wife and children and then shot him 
 self with a pistol. He was aged 52 ; his wife 32 ; 
 and the eldest child 15 years. The jury of in 
 quest pronounced him to be of a sound mind ; 
 and the indignant inhabitants dragged his body, 
 uncollined, with the bloody knife tied to it, on a 
 sled to the river, and " buried it, as they would 
 have buried the carcase of a beast," and as the 
 masonic oaths speak of burying a mason, mur 
 dered for his faithlessness to masonry, " between 
 high and low water mark." He was a man of 
 good sense, of gentlemanly conduct, and a hospi 
 table disposition. His wife was very pleasing in 
 person, mind, and manners. It appears from his 
 writings, that he was a deist, and that pride was 
 
 BEAN. 
 
 75 
 
 the cause of his crimes. He was unwilling to 
 submit to the evils of poverty or to receive aid 
 from others, and unwilling to leave his family 
 without the means of distinction. Yet was he 
 worth 300 pounds sterling. He endeavored to 
 convince himself, that he had a right to kill his 
 children, because they were his ; as for his wife, 
 he relied on the authority of a dream for a right 
 to murder her. His wife, in consequence of his 
 carrying the implements of death into his bed 
 chamber, had dreamed, that she and the children 
 were exposed in cofiins in the street. This solved 
 his doubts. As to killing himself he had no 
 qualms. From such horrible crimes what is there 
 to restrain that class of men, who reject the 
 scriptures, or who, while professing to believe 
 them, deny that there will be a future judgment, 
 and maintain, that death will translate the blood 
 stained wretch to heaven? Dwiylifs Travels, 
 I. 229. 
 
 BEAN, JOSEPH, minister of Wrentham, died 
 Dec. 12, 1784, aged 66. He was born in Boston 
 March 7, 1718, of pious parents, who devoted him 
 to God. Having learned a trade, he commenced 
 business at Cambridge ; but in 1741 the preach 
 ing of Whitefield and Tennent and of his own 
 minister, Appleton, was the means of subduing 
 his love of the world and of rendering him wise 
 unto salvation. He now made a profession of 
 religion and commenced a consistent course of 
 piety and beneficence, in which he continued 
 through life. He joined a religious society of 
 young men, who met once a week ; and seized 
 every opportunity for conversing with others, es 
 pecially with the young on their spiritual concerns. 
 In 1742 he deemed it his duty to abandon his 
 trade and to seek an education, that he might 
 preach the gospel. The study of the languages 
 was wearisome ; but he persevered, and was 
 gi aduated at Harvard College in 1748, and or 
 dained the third minister of Wrentham Nov. 24, 
 1750. Mr. Bean was an eminently pious and 
 faithful minister, and is worthy of honorable re 
 membrance. From his diary it appears, that he 
 usually spent one or two hours, morning and 
 evening, in reading the Bible and secret devotion ; 
 also the afternoons of Saturday, when his dis 
 courses were prepared for the Sabbath ; and the 
 days of the birth of himself and children, as well 
 as other days. He was truly humble, and watch 
 ful against all the excitements of pride. His 
 conscience was peculiarly susceptible. His heart 
 w r as tender and benevolent. Such was his con 
 stant intercourse with heaven, that hundreds of 
 times, when riding in the performance of paro 
 chial duty, he had dismounted in a retired place 
 to pour out his heart to God. When he had pre 
 pared a sermon, he would take it in his hand and 
 kneel down to implore a blessing on it. Nothing 
 was permitted to divert him from preaching faith- 
 
76 
 
 BEASLEY. 
 
 BEECHER. 
 
 fully the solemn truths of the gospel. He loved 
 his work and his people, and they loved and 
 honored him. Such a life will doubtless obtain 
 the honor, which cometh from God ; and in the 
 day of judgment many such obscure men, whom 
 the world knew not, will be exalted far above a 
 multitude of learned doctors in divinity, and cele 
 brated orators, and lofty dignitaries, whose names 
 once resounded through the earth. He published 
 a century sermon Oct. 26, 1773. Panoplist, v. 
 481-188. 
 
 BEASLEY, NATHANIEL, general, died in Knox 
 co., Ohio, in 1835, aged 84. He was an early 
 settler, intelligent and useful. 
 
 BEASLEY, FREDERICK, D. D., died in Eliza- 
 bethtown, N. J., Nov. 2, 1845, aged 68, formerly 
 provost of the university of Pennsylvania. lie 
 wrote on Episcopacy and on moral and meta 
 physical subjects. 
 
 BEATTY, CHARLES, a missionary for many 
 years at Neshaminy, Penns., was appointed about 
 1761 an agent to procure contributions to a fund 
 for the benefit of the Presbyterian clergy, their 
 widows, and children. He died at Barbadoes, 
 whither he had gone to obtain benefactions for 
 the college of New Jersey, Aug. 13, 1772. He 
 was highly respected for his private virtues and 
 for his public toils in the cause of learning, charity, 
 and religion. He was a missionary from the 
 Presbvterian church to the Indians, from about 
 1740 to 1765. In one of his tours Mr. Duffield 
 accompanied him. He published a journal of a 
 tour of two months to promote religion among 
 the frontier inhabitants of Pennsylvania, 8vo. 
 London, 1768. Jennison ; Brainerd s Life, 
 149-155. 
 
 BEATTY, JOHN, M. D., general, the son of 
 the preceding, was a native of Bucks county, 
 Penn., and was graduated at Princeton in 1769. 
 After studying medicine with Dr. Rush, he en 
 tered the army as a soldier. Reaching the rank 
 of Lieut.-Col. he in 1776 fell into the hands of 
 the enemy at the capture of fort Washington, and 
 suffered a long and rigorous imprisonment. In 
 1779 he succeeded Elias Boudinot as commissary 
 general of prisoners. After the war he settled at 
 Princeton as a physician, and was also a member 
 of the State legislature, and in 1793 of congress. 
 For ten years he was secretary of the state of 
 New Jersey, succeeding in 1795 Samuel W. Stock 
 ton. For eleven years he was president of the 
 bank of Trenton, where he died April 30, 1826, 
 aged 77. For many years he was a ruling elder 
 in the church. Thacher s Med. Biog. 173,174. 
 
 BEAUMONT, WILLIAM, doctor, died in St. 
 Louis April 25, 1853, aged 57. His account of 
 experiments with St. Martin, the Canadian, were 
 published in 1833 and 1847. 
 
 BECK, GEORGE, a painter, was a native of Eng 
 land, and appointed professor of mathematics hi 
 
 the royal academy at Woolwich in 1776, but 
 missed the office by his neglect. After coming 
 to this country in 1795, he was employed in paint 
 ing by Mr. Hamilton of the Woodlands, near 
 Philadelphia. His last days were spent in Lex 
 ington, Ky., where he died Dec. 14, 1812, aged 
 63. Besides his skill in mathematics and paint 
 ing, he had a taste for poetry, and wrote original 
 pieces, besides translating Anacrcon, and much 
 of Homer, Virgil, and Horace. He published 
 observations on the comet, 1812. Jennison. 
 
 BECK, JOHN BRODHEAD, M. D., died at 
 Rhinebeck, April 9, 1851, aged 57. He was em 
 inent as a physician in New York ; professor of 
 materia medica and botany in 1826, and then of 
 medical jurisprudence. 
 
 BECK, T. ROMEYN, M. D., died at Albany 
 Nov., 1855, aged 64. He was born at Schenec- 
 tady Aug. 11, 1791, the grandson of Rev. Derick 
 Romeyn, a professor of theology in the Dutch 
 church ; graduated at Union in 1807, and received 
 the degree of M. D. from the New York college 
 of physicians in 1811, delivering a dissertation on 
 insanity, which was published. He practised 
 physic in Albany; in 1815 he was professor of 
 the institutes and lecturer on medical jurispru 
 dence in the western district. In 1817 he was 
 appointed principal of the Albany academy ; in 
 1829 president of the medical society, his ad 
 dresses in which station were published in the 
 society s transactions. In 1854 he was president 
 of the lunatic asylum. For many years he 
 edited the American journal of insanity. He 
 published in 1853 his medical jurisprudence, a 
 work unequalled in that branch. 
 
 BECK, LEWIS C., professor, died in Albany 
 April 21, 1853, aged 53. lie was born and edu 
 cated at Schencctady. For many years he was 
 the professor of chemistry and natural science at 
 Rutgers college, and subsequently professor of 
 chemistry in the Albany medical college. He 
 published an account of the salt springs at Salina, 
 1826; manual of chemistry, 1831. 
 
 BEDELL, GREGORY T., D. D., an Episcopal 
 minister, died at Philadelphia Aug. 30, 1834; a 
 man of learning. He published Cause of the 
 Greeks, 1827. 
 
 BEDFORD, GUNNING, governor of Delaware, 
 was a patriot of the Revolution. He was chosen 
 governor in 1796. He was afterwards appointed 
 the district judge of the court of the United 
 States; and died at Wilmington, in March, 1812. 
 
 BEECIIER, PHILEMON, general, an early set 
 tler of Ohio, emigrated from Litchficld, Conn., 
 and died at Lancaster, Ohio, Nov. 30, 1839, aged 
 63. He was a member of congress in 1817-1821 
 and in 1823-1829; in his politics a federalist. 
 He was an able lawyer and advocate, respected 
 for his talents and his exemplary Christian virtues. 
 
 BEECIIER, GEORGE, died July 1, 1843, aged 
 
BEEKMAN. 
 
 about 3~), a graduate of Yale in 1828. He was a 
 son of Dr. L. Beecher, and a minister, first at 
 Batavia, and then three years at Chillicothe. He 
 went into his garden with a double-barrelled gun 
 to shoot birds : after one shot he put his mouth 
 to the barrel, to blow into it, as was supposed, 
 and the gun went off and killed him. 
 
 BEEKMAN, CORNELIA, an admirable woman, 
 a patriot of the Ilcvolution, died in Christian peace 
 near Tarrytown March 14, 1847, aged 94 : her 
 husband, Gerard G. B., died in 1822, aged 7G. 
 She was the daughter of Pierre Van Cortlandt 
 and Joanna Livingston. Married at 17, she lived 
 in Bcekman street, N. Y. ; then, during the war, 
 at Peekskill ; afterwards at the manor house of 
 Philipsburgh, or castle Philipse, near Tarrytown, 
 watered by the Pocanteco or Mill river. Her 
 brother, Gen. P. Van Cortlandt, and her sister, 
 Mrs. Van llensselaer, survived her ; also her 
 daughter, Mrs. De Peyster, and her son, Dr. S. D. 
 Bcekman. 
 
 BEERS, NATHAN, died at New Haven Feb. 10, 
 1849, aged 96. After serving in the Ilevolutionary 
 war, he engaged in mercantile business, and was 
 long the steward of Yale college. He was a 
 deacon of the north church, distinguished for 
 courtesy, integrity, and piety. 
 
 BELCHER, SAMUEL, first minister of that 
 parish in Xcwbury, Mass., which is called New- 
 bury Xewtown, was graduated at Harvard college 
 in 16.39. After preaching some time at the Isle 
 of Shoals, he was ordained at Ncwbury Nov. 30, 
 1698; and died at Ipswich, in 1714, aged 74. 
 He was a good scholar, a judicious divine, and a 
 holy and humble man. lie published an election 
 sermon, 1707. Coll. Hist. Soc. x. 168 ; Farmer. 
 
 BELCHER, JONATHAN, governor of Massachu 
 setts and New Jersey, was the son of Andrew 
 Belcher of Cambridge, one of the council of the 
 province, and a gentleman of large estate, who 
 died in 1717, and grandson of Andrew B., who 
 lived in Cambridge in 1646, and who received in 
 1652 a license for an inn, granting him liberty 
 " to sell beer and bread for entertainment of 
 strangers and the good of the town." He was 
 born in Jan., 1681. As the hopes of the family 
 rested on him, his father carefully superintended 
 his education. He was graduated at Harvard 
 college in 1699. While a member of this insti 
 tution his open and pleasant conversation, joined 
 with his manly and generous conduct, conciliated 
 the esteem of all his acquaintance. Not long 
 after the termination of his collegiate course he 
 visited Europe, that he might enrich his mind 
 by his observations upon the various manners and 
 characters of men, and might return, furnished 
 with that useful knowledge, which is gained by 
 intercourse with the world. 
 
 During an absence of six years from his native 
 country, he was preserved from those follies into 
 
 BELCHER. 
 
 77 
 
 which inexperienced youth are frequently drawn, 
 and he even maintained a constant regard to that 
 holy religion, of which he had early made a pro 
 fession. He was every where treated with the 
 greatest respect. The acquaintance, which he 
 formed with the princess Sophia and her son, af 
 terwards king George II., laid the foundation of 
 his future honors. After his return from his 
 travels, he lived in Boston as a merchant with 
 great reputation. He was chosen a member of 
 the council, and the general assembly sent him as 
 an agent of the province to the British court in 
 the year 1729. Hutchinson relates, that just be 
 fore he obtained tlu s appointment, he suddenly 
 abandoned the party of Gov. Shute and his meas 
 ures, to which he had been attached, and went 
 over to the other side. This sudden change of 
 sides is no rare occurrence among politicians. 
 
 After the death of Gov. Burnet, he was ap 
 pointed by his majesty to the government of Mas 
 sachusetts and New Hampshire, in 1730. In this 
 station he continued eleven years. His style of 
 living was elegant and splendid, and he was dis 
 tinguished for hospitality. By the depreciation of 
 the currency his salary was much diminished in 
 value, but he disdained any unwarrantable means 
 of enriching himself, though apparently just and 
 sanctioned by his predecessors in office. He had 
 been one of the principal merchants of New Eng 
 land ; but he quitted his business on his accession 
 to the chair of the first magistrate. Having a 
 high sense of the digniiy of his commission, he 
 was determined to support it even at the expense 
 of his private fortune. Frank and sincere, he 
 was extremely liberal in his censures, both in con 
 versation and letters. This imprudence in a pub 
 lic officer gained him enemies, who were deter 
 mined on revenge. He also assumed some 
 authority, which had not been exercised before, 
 though he did not exceed his commission. These 
 causes of complaint, together with a controversy 
 respecting a fixed salary, which had been trans 
 mitted to him from his predecessors, and his 
 opposition to the land bank company, finally occa 
 sioned his removal. His enemies were so inveter 
 ate, and so regardless of justice and truth, that, 
 as they were unable to find real grounds for im 
 peaching his integrity, they forged letters for the 
 purpose of his ruin. They accused him of being 
 a friend of the land bank, when he was its deter 
 mined enemy. The leading men of New Hamp 
 shire, who wished for a distinct government, were 
 hostile to him ; and his resistance to a proposed 
 new emission of paper bills also created him ene 
 mies. On being superseded, he repaired to court, 
 where he vindicated his character and conduct, 
 and exposed the base designs of his enemies. He 
 was restored to the royal favor, and was prom 
 ised the first vacant government in America. 
 This vacancy occurred in the province of New 
 
78 
 
 BELCIIER. 
 
 BELDEX. 
 
 Jersey, where he arrived in 1747, and where he 
 spent the remaining years of his life. In this 
 province his memory has been held in deserved 
 respect. 
 
 When he first arrived in this province, he found 
 it in the utmost confusion by tumults and riotous 
 disorders, which had for some time prevailed. 
 This circumstance, joined to the unhappy contro 
 versy between the two branches of the legislature, 
 rendered the first part of his administration pe 
 culiarly difficult ; but l;y bis firm and prudent j 
 measures he surmounted the difficulties of his sit 
 uation, lie steadily pursued the interest of the 
 province, endeavoring to distinguish and promote 
 men of worth without partiality. lie enlarged 
 the charter of Princeton college, and was its 
 chief patron and benefactor. Even under the 
 growing infirmities of age, he applied himself 
 with his accustomed assiduity and diligence to the 
 high duties of his office. lie died at Elizabeth- 
 town, Aug. 31, 1757, aged 70 years; His body 
 was brought to Cambridge, Mass., where it was 
 entombed. His eldest son, Andrew, a member of 
 the council, died at Milton before the Revolution. 
 In the opinion of Dr. Elliot he did not inherit the 
 spirit of his father. 
 
 Gov. Belcher possessed uncommon gracefulness 
 of person and dignity of deportment. He obeyed 
 the royal instructions on the one hand and exhib 
 ited a real regard to the liberties and happiness 
 of the people on the other. He was distin 
 guished by his unshaken, integrity, by his zeal for 
 justice, and care to have it equally distributed. 
 Neither the claims of interest nor the solicitations 
 of friends could move him from what appeared to 
 be lu s duty. He seems to have possessed, in ad 
 dition to his other accomplishments, that piety, 
 whose lustre is eternal. His religion was not a 
 mere formal thing, which he received from tra 
 dition, or professed in conformity to the custom 
 of the country, in which he lived; but it im 
 pressed his heart, and governed his life. He had 
 such views of the majesty and holiness of God, 
 of the strictness and purity of the divine law, and 
 of his own unworthiness and iniquity, as made 
 him disclaim all dependence on his own right 
 eousness, and led him to place his whole hope for 
 salvation on the merits of the Lord Jesus Christ, 
 who appeared to liim an all-sufficient and glori 
 ous Saviour. He expressed the humblest sense 
 of his own character and the most exalted views 
 of the rich, free, and glorious grace offered in the 
 gospel to sinners. His faith worked by love, and 
 produced the genuine fruits of obedience. It ex 
 hibited itself in a life of piety and devotion, of 
 meekness and humility, of justice, .ruth, and be 
 nevolence. He searched the holy scriptures with 
 the greatest diligence and delight. In his family 
 he maintained the worship of God, liimself read 
 
 ing the volume of truth, and addressing in prayer 
 the Majesty of heaven and of earth, as long as 
 his health and strength would possibly admit. 
 In the hours of retirement he held intercourse 
 with heaven, carefully redeeming time from the 
 business of this world to attend to the more im 
 portant concerns of another. Though there was 
 nothing ostentatious in his religion, yet he was 
 not ashamed to avow his attachment to the gospel 
 of Christ, even when he exposed himself to 
 ridicule and censure. When Mr. Whitfield was 
 at Boston in the year 1740, he treated that elo 
 quent itinerant with the greatest respect. He 
 even followed him as far as Worcester, and re 
 quested him to continue his faithful instructions 
 and pungent addresses to the conscience, desiring 
 him to spare neither ministers nor rulers. He 
 was indeed deeply interested in the progress of 
 holiness and religion. As he approached the 
 termination of his life, he often expressed his 
 desire to depart and to enter the world of glory. 
 Burr s Funeral Sermon; Hutchinson, II. 367- 
 397; Holmes, II. 78; Smith s N. J., 437-438; 
 Belknap s N. H.; Whitfield s Jour, for 1743; 
 Marshall, I. 299; Minot, I. 61; Elliot. 
 
 BELCIIER, JONATHAN, chief justice of Xova 
 Scotia, was the second son of the preceding, and 
 was graduated at Harvard college in 1728. He 
 studied law at the temple in London and gained 
 some distinction at the bar in England. At the 
 settlement of Chebucto, afterwards called Hali 
 fax, in honor of one of the king s ministers, he 
 proceeded to that place, and being in 1760 senior 
 councillor, on the death of Gov. Lawrence he 
 was appointed lieutenant-governor, in which office 
 he was succeeded by Col. Wilmot in 1763. In 
 1761 he received his appointment of chief justice ; 
 in the same year, as commander in chief, he made 
 a treaty with the Mirhnichi, Jcdiuk, and I ogi- 
 nouch, Mickmack tribes of Indians. He died at 
 Halifax March, 1776, aged 60. He was a man 
 of prudence and integrity, and a friend of New 
 England. In 17^6 he married at Boston the sis 
 ter of Jcrem. Allen, sheriff of Suffolk ; on her 
 death in 1771 Mr. Secomb published a discourse, 
 and her kinsman, Dr. Byles, a monody. Andrew 
 Belcher, his son, was a distinguished citizen of 
 Halifax and a member of the council in 1801. 
 A daughter married Dr. Timothy L. Jennison of 
 Cambridge, Mass. Mass. Hist. Coll. V. 102 ; 
 Jennison ; Eliot. 
 
 BELDEX, JOSHUA, physician of Weathersfield, 
 was the son of Rev. Joshua Belden of that town, 
 who reached the age of 90 years. After graduating 
 at Yale college in 1787, he studied physic with 
 Dr. L. Hopkins. Besides his useful toils as a 
 physician, he was employed in various offices of 
 public trust. He was a zealous supporter of all 
 charitable and religious institutions. At the acre 
 
BELKXAP. 
 
 of 50 lie fell a victim suddenly to the spotted 
 fever, June 6,1818. Thacher s Medical Bioy- 
 raphy, 
 
 BELKXAP, JEREMY, 1). D., minister in Bos 
 ton, and eminent as a writer, died June 20, 1798, 
 a ir ed 54. He was born June 4, 1744, and was a 
 descendant of Joseph Belknap, who lived in Bos 
 ton in 10,38. He received the rudiments of learn 
 ing in the grammar school of the celebrated Mr. 
 Lovel, and was graduated at Harvard college in 
 1762. He exhibited, at this early period, such 
 marks of genius and taste, and such talents in 
 writing and conversation, as to excite the most 
 pleasing hopes of his future usefulness and dis 
 tinction. Having upon his mind deep impressions 
 of the truths of religion, he now applied himself 
 to the study of theology, and he was ordained 
 pastor of the church in Dover, N. H., Feb. 18. 
 1707. Here he passed near twenty years of his 
 life, with the esteem and affection of his flock, and 
 respected by the first characters of the state. He 
 was persuaded by them to compile his history of 
 New Hampshire, which gained liim a high repu 
 tation. In 1786 he Avas dismissed from his peo 
 ple. The Presbyterian church in Boston becom 
 ing vacant by the removal of Mr. Annan, and 
 having changed its establishment from the Pres- 
 bvterian to the Congregational form, soon invited 
 him to become its pastor. He was accordingly 
 installed April 4, 1787. Here he passed the re 
 mainder of his days, discharging the duties of 
 his pastoral office, exploring various fields of liter 
 ature, and giving his efficient support to every 
 useful and benevolent institution. After being 
 subject to frequent returns of ill health he was 
 suddenly seized by a fatal paralytic affection. 
 
 Dr. Belknap in his preaching did not possess 
 the graces of elocution, nor did he aim at splen 
 did diction ; but presented his thoughts in plain 
 and perspicuous language, that all might under 
 stand him. While he lived in Boston, he avoided 
 controversial subjects, dwelling chiefly upon the 
 practical views of the gospel. His sermons were 
 filled with a rich variety of observations on human 
 life and manners, lie was peculiarly careful in 
 giving religious instruction to young children, that 
 their feet might be early guided in the way of 
 Hie. In the afternoon preceding his death, he 
 was engaged in catechizing the youth of his soci 
 ety. In the various relations of life his conduct 
 was exemplary. He was a member of many lit 
 erary and humane societies, whose interests he 
 essentially promoted. Wherever he could be of 
 any service, he freely devoted his time and talents. 
 He was one of the founders of the Massachusetts 
 historical society. He had been taught the value 
 of an association, whose duty it should be to col 
 lect and preserve manuscripts and bring together 
 the materials for illustrating the history of our 
 
 BELKXAP. 
 
 79 
 
 country; and he had the happiness of seeing 
 such an institution incorporated in 1794. 
 
 Dr. Belknap gained a high reputation as a wri 
 ter ; but he is more remarkable for the patience 
 and accuracy of his historical researches, than for 
 elegance of style. His deficiency in natural sci 
 ence, as manifested in his history of New Hamp 
 shire, is rendered more prominent by the rapid 
 progress of natural history since his death. His 
 Foresters is not only a description of American 
 manners, but a work of humor and wit, which 
 went into a second edition. Before the llevolu- 
 tion he wrote much in lavor of freedom and his 
 country, and he afterwards gave to the public 
 many fruits of his labors and researches. His 
 last and most interesting work, his American Biog 
 raphy, he did not live to complete. He was a 
 decided advocate of our republican forms of gov 
 ernment, and ever was a warm friend of the con 
 stitution of the United States, which he consid 
 ered the bulwark of our national security and 
 happiness. He was earnest in his wishes and 
 prayers for the government of his country, and in 
 critical periods took an open and unequivocal, 
 and, as far as professional and private duties al 
 lowed, an active part. 
 
 The following extract from some lines, found 
 among his papers, expresses his choice with regard 
 to the manner of his death ; and the event corre 
 sponded with his wishes. 
 
 When faith and patience, hope and love 
 Have made us meet for heaveu above, 
 How blest the privilege to rise, 
 Snatched in a moment to the skies ! 
 Unconscious, to resign our breath. 
 Nor taste the bitterness of death. 
 
 Dr. Belknap published a sermon on military 
 duty, 1772 ; a serious address to a parishioner 
 upon the neglect of public worship ; a sermon on 
 Jesus Christ, the only foundation ; election ser 
 mon, 1784; history of New Hampshire, the first 
 volume in 1784, the second in 1791, and the third 
 in 1792 ; a sermon at the ordination of Jedediah 
 Morse, 1789; a discourse in 1792, on the com 
 pletion of the third century from Columbus dis 
 covery of America ; dissertations upon the char 
 acter and resurrection of Christ, 12mo. ; collec 
 tion of psalms and hymns, 1795; convention 
 sermon, 1796 ; a sermon on the national fast, 
 May 9, 1793 ; American biography, first volume 
 in 1794, the second in 1798; the foresters, an 
 American tale, being a sequel to the history of 
 John Bull, the clothier, 12mo. He published 
 also several essays upon the African trade, upon 
 civil and religious liberty, upon the state and set 
 tlement of this country, in periodical papers ; in 
 the Columbian magazine printed in Philadelphia ; 
 in the Boston magazine, 1784; in the historical 
 collections; and in newspapers. Two of his 
 
80 
 
 BELKNAP. 
 
 BELLAMY. 
 
 sermons on the institution and observation of the 
 Sabbath were published in 1801. Mass. Hist. 
 Coll. VI. X.-XVlll. ; Columbian Cent., June 25, 
 1798; Polyantlws,l. 1-13. 
 
 BELKNAP, EZEKIEL, died in Atkinson, N. II., 
 Jan. 5, 1836, aged 100 years and 40 days; an 
 officer in the Revolutionary army. He was the 
 son of Moses, who died in 1813, aged 99, and 
 grandson of Hannah B., who died aged 107. 
 
 BELL, JOHN, a distinguished citizen of New 
 Hampshire, of great judgment, decision, and in 
 tegrity, died at Londonderry, Nov. 30, 1825, aged 
 95 years. His father, John, was an early settler 
 of that town. During the llevolutionary war he 
 was a leading member of the senate. From an 
 early age he was a professor of religion. Two of 
 his sons, Samuel and John, were governors of 
 New Hampshire ; the former was a senator of 
 the United States. His grandson, John Bell, son 
 of Samuel, a physician of great promise, died at 
 Grand Caillon, La., Nov. 27, 1830 aged 30. 
 
 BELL, SAMUEL, governor, died in Chester, 
 N. II., Dec. 23, 1850, aged 81 ; a graduate of Dart 
 mouth, a judge of the superior court from 1816 
 to 1819, governor from 1819 to 1823, and a sen 
 ator in congress from 1823 to 1835. 
 
 BELL, JOHN, governor of N. II. in 1828, died 
 at Chester, March 22, 1836. 
 
 BELLAMONT, RICHARD, earl of, governor 
 of New York, Massachusetts, and New Hamp 
 shire, was appointed to these offices early in May, 
 1095, but did not arrive at New York until May, 
 1698. He had to struggle with many difficulties, 
 for the people were divided, the treasury was un- 
 supplicd, and the fortifications were out of repair. 
 Notwithstanding the care of government, the 
 pirates, who in time of peace made great depre 
 dations upon Spanish ships and settlements in 
 America, were frequently in the sound, and were 
 supplied with provisions by the inhabitants of 
 Long Island. The belief, that large quantities of 
 money were hid by these pirates along the coast, 
 led to many a fruitless search ; and thus the nat 
 ural credulity of the human mind and the desire 
 of sudden wealth were suitably punished. The 
 Earl of Bellamont remained in the province of 
 New York about a year. He arrived at Boston 
 May 26, 1699, and in Massachusetts he was re 
 ceived with the greatest respect, as it was a new 
 thing to sec a nobleman at the head of the gov 
 ernment. Twenty companies of soldiers and a 
 vast concourse of people met " his lordship and 
 countess " on his arrival. " There were all man 
 ner of expressions of joy, and, to end all, firework 
 and good drink at night." He in return took ev 
 ery method to ingratiate himself with the people. 
 He was condescending, affable, and courteous 
 upon all occasions. Though a churchman, he at 
 tended the weekly lecUre in Boston with the gen 
 eral court, who always adjourned for the purpose. 
 
 For the preachers he professed the greatest 
 regard. By his wise conduct he obtained a lar 
 ger sum as a salary and as a gratuity, than any of 
 his predecessors or successors. Though he re 
 mained but fourteen months, the grants made to 
 him were one thousand eight hundred and sev 
 enty-five pounds sterling. His time was much 
 taken up in securing the pirates and their effects, 
 to accomplish which was a principal reason of his 
 appointment. During his administration Capt. 
 Kidd was seized, and sent to England for trial. 
 Soon after the session of the general court in 
 May, 1700, he returned to New York, where he 
 died March 5, 1701. He had made himself very 
 popular in his governments. He was a nobleman 
 of polite manners, a friend to the revolution, 
 which excited so much joy in New England, and 
 a favorite of king William. Hutchinson, who 
 was himself not unskilled in the arts of popu 
 larity, seems to consider his regard to religion as 
 pretended, and represents him as preferring for 
 his associates in private the less precise part of 
 the country. As the earl was once going from 
 the lecture to his house with a great crowd around 
 him, he passed by one Bullivant, an apothecary, 
 and a man of the liberal cast, who was standing 
 at his shop-door loitering. " Doctor," said the 
 earl with an audible voice, " you have lost a pre 
 cious sermon to-day." Bullivant whispered to one 
 of his companions, who stood by him, " if I could 
 have got as much by being there, as his lordship 
 will, I would have been there too." However, 
 there seems to be no reason to distrust the sin 
 cerity of Bellamont. The dissipation of his early 
 years caused afterwards a deep regret. It is said, 
 that while residing at fort George, N. Y., he 
 once a week retired privately to the chapel to 
 meditate humbly upon his juvenile folly. Such 
 a man might deem a sermon on the method of 
 salvation " precious," without meriting from the 
 scoffer the charge of hypocrisy. Hutchinson, II. 
 87, 108, 112-16, 121. 
 
 BELLAMY, JOSEPH, D. D., an eminent min 
 ister, died March 6, 1790, aged 71, in the fiftieth 
 year of his ministry. lie was born at New Che 
 shire in 1719, and was graduated at Yale college 
 in 1735. It was not long after his removal from 
 New Haven, that he became the subject of those 
 serious impressions, which, it is believed, issued 
 in renovation of heart. From this period he 
 consecrated his talents to the evangelical ministry. 
 At the age of eighteen he began to preach with 
 acceptance and success. An uncommon blessing 
 attended his ministry at Bethlem in the town of 
 Woodbury ; a large proportion of the society ap 
 peared to be awakened to a sense of religion, and 
 they were unwilling to part with the man, by 
 whose ministry they had been conducted to a 
 knowledge of the truth. He was ordained to the 
 pastoral office over this church in 1740. In this 
 
BELLAMY. 
 
 BELLAMY. 
 
 81 
 
 retirement he devoted himself with uncommon 
 ardor to his studies and the duties of his office 
 till the memorable revival, which was most con 
 spicuous in 1742. His spirit of piety was then 
 blown into a flame ; he could not be contented to 
 confine his labors to his small society. Taking 
 care that his own pulpit should be vacant as little 
 as possible, he devoted a considerable part of his 
 time for several years to itinerating in different 
 parts of Connecticut and the neighboring colonies, 
 preaching the gospel daily to multitudes, who 
 flocked to hear him. He was instrumental in the 
 conversion of many. When the awakening de 
 clined, he returned to a more constant attention 
 to his own charge. He now began the task of 
 writing an excellent treatise, entitled true religion 
 delineated, which was published in 1750. His 
 abilities, his ardent piety, his theological knowl 
 edge, his acquaintance with persons under all 
 kinds of religious impressions qualified him pecu 
 liarly for a work of this kind. From this time 
 he became more conspicuous, and young men, 
 who were preparing for the gospel ministry, ap 
 plied to him as a teacher. In tliis branch of his 
 work he was eminently useful till the decline of 
 life, when he relinquished it. His method of in 
 struction was the following. After ascertaining the 
 abilities and genius of those, who applied to him, 
 he gave them a number of questions on the lead 
 ing and most essential subjects of religion, in the 
 form of a system. He then directed them to 
 such books as treat these subjects with the great 
 est perspicuity and force of argument, and usually 
 spent his evenings in inquiring into their improve 
 ments and solving difficulties, till they had ob 
 tained a good degree of understanding in the 
 general system. After this, he directed them to 
 write on each of the questions before given 
 them, reviewing those parts of the authors which 
 treated on the subject proposed. These disserta 
 tions were submitted to his examination. As they 
 advanced in ability to make proper distinctions, he 
 led them to read the most learned and acute op- 
 posers of the truth, the deistical, arian, and socin- 
 ian writers, and laid open the fallacy of their 
 most specious reasonings. When the system 
 was completed, he directed them to write on sev 
 eral of the most important points systematicallv, 
 in the form of sermons. He next led them to 
 peruse the best experimental and practical dis 
 courses, and to compose sermons on Hive subjects. 
 He revised and corrected their compositions, in 
 culcating the necessity of a heart truly devoted 
 to Christ, and a life of watching and prayer ; dis 
 coursing occasionally on the various duties, trials, 
 comforts, and motives of the evangelical work ; 
 that his pupils might be, as far as possible, 
 " scribes well instructed in the kingdom of God." 
 In 1786 Dr. Bellamy was seized by a paralytic 
 affection, from which he never recovered. His 
 11 
 
 first wife, Frances Sherman of New Haven, whom 
 he married about 1744, died in 1785, the mother 
 of seven children. Of these Jonathan Bellamy, 
 a lawyer, took an active part in the war, and died 
 of the small pox in 1777 ; and Rebecca married 
 Rev. Mr. Hart. His eldest son, David, died at 
 Bethlem May, 1826, aged 75. His second wife 
 was the relict of Rev. Andrew Storrs of Water- 
 town. 
 
 Dr. Bellamy " was a large and well-built man, 
 of a commanding appearance." As a preacher, 
 he had perhaps no superior, and very few equals. 
 His voice was manly, his manner engaging and 
 most impressive. He had a peculiar faculty of 
 arresting the attention ; he was master of his 
 subject and could adapt himself to the meanest 
 capacity. When the law was his theme, he was 
 awful and terrifying; on the contrary, in the 
 most melting strains would he describe the suffer 
 ings of Christ and his love to sinners, and with 
 most persuasive eloquence invite them to be rec 
 onciled to God. 
 
 He was a man of wit and humor. He and 
 Mr. Sanford married sisters. B. said to S. in 
 reference to their different manner of preaching, 
 " When I go a fishing, I have a suitable pole, 
 and black line, and, creeping along, keeping my 
 self out of sight, throw my hook gently into the 
 water ; but you, with a white-peeled pole, and 
 white line, march up boldly to the bank, and 
 splash in your hook and line, crying out, Bite, 
 you dogs ! " 
 
 In his declining years he did not retain his pop 
 ularity as a preacher. As a pastor he was dili 
 gent and faithful. He taught not only publicly 
 but from house to house. He was particularly 
 attentive to the rising generation. Besides the 
 stated labors of the Lord s day, he frequently 
 spent an hour in the intervals of public worship 
 in catechising the children of the congregation. 
 In a variety of respects Dr. Bellamy shone with 
 distinguished lustre. Extensive science and ease 
 of communicating his ideas rendered him one of 
 the best of instructors. His writings procured 
 him the esteem of the pious and learned at home 
 and abroad, with many of whom he maintained an 
 epistolary correspondence. In his preaching, a 
 mind rich in thought, a great command of lan 
 guage, and a powerful voice rendered his extem 
 porary discourses peculiarly acceptable. He was 
 one of the most able divines of this country. In 
 his sentiments he accorded mainly with President 
 Edwards, with whom he was intimately acquainted. 
 From comparing the first chapter of John with 
 the first of Genesis he was led to believe, and he 
 maintained, that the God, mentioned in the latter 
 as the Creator, was Jesus Christ. 
 
 He published a sermon entitled, early piety 
 recommended; true religion delineated, 1750; 
 sermons on the Divinity of Christ, the millennium, 
 
82 
 
 BELLAMY. 
 
 BENEDICT. 
 
 and the wisdom of God in the permission of sin, 
 1758 ; letters and dialogues on the nature of love 
 to God, faith in Christ, and assurance, 1759 ; essay 
 on the glory of the gospel ; a vindication of his 
 sermon on the wisdom of God in the permission 
 of sin ; the law a schoolmaster ; the great evil of 
 sin ; election sermon, 1762. Besides these, he 
 published several small pieces on creeds and con 
 fessions ; on the covenant of grace ; on church 
 covenanting; and in answer to objections made 
 against his writings. The following are the titles 
 of some of these : the half-way covenant, 1768 ; 
 the inconsistency of renouncing the half-way 
 covenant and retaining the halt-way practice ; that 
 there is but one covenant, against Moses Mather. 
 His works, in 2 vols., with memoir by Dr. T. 
 Edwards, were published by Doct. Tract. Soc., 
 Boston, 1830. Brainerd s Life, 22, 41, 43, 55; 
 Trumbull, II. 159; Theol. Mag., I. 5. 
 
 BELLAMY, SAMUEL, a noted pirate, in his 
 ship, the "VVhidah, of twenty-three guns and one 
 hundred and thirty men, captured several vessels 
 on the coast of New England; but in April, 1717, 
 he was wrecked on Cape Cod. The inhabitants 
 of Wellfleet still point out the place of the 
 disaster. More than one hundred bodies were 
 found on the shore. Only one Englishman and 
 one Indian escaped. A few days before, the 
 master of a captured vessel, while seven pirates on 
 board were drunk, ran her on shore on the back 
 of the cape. Six of the pirates were executed at 
 Boston in November. 
 
 BELLINGIIAM, RICHARD, governor of Massa 
 chusetts, was a native of England, where he was 
 bred a lawyer. He came to this country in 1634, 
 and August 3d was received into the church, with 
 his wife Elizabeth, and in the following year was 
 chosen deputy governor. In 1641 he was elected 
 governor, in opposition to Mr. Winthrop, by a 
 majority of six votes; but the election did not 
 seem to be agreeable to the general court. He 
 was re-chosen to this office in 1654, and after the 
 death of Gov. Endicot was again elected in May, 
 1665. He continued chief magistrate of Massa 
 chusetts during the remainder of his life. He 
 was deputy governor thirteen years, and governor 
 ten. In 1664 he was chosen major-general. In 
 this year the king scut four commissioners, Nich 
 ols, Cartwright, Carr, and Maverick, to regulate 
 the affairs of the colonies. A long account of 
 their transactions is given by Hutchinson. Bell- 
 ingham and others, obnoxious to the king, were 
 required to go to England to answer for them 
 selves ; but the general court, by the advice of 
 the ministers, refused compliance and maintained 
 the charter rights. But they appeased his majesty 
 by sending lu m "a ship load of masts." He 
 died Dec. 7, 1672, aged 80 years, leaving several 
 children. Of his singular second marriage in 
 
 1641 the following is a brief history: A young 
 gentlewoman was about to be contracted to a 
 friend of his, with his consent, "when on the 
 sudden the governor treated with her and 
 obtained her for himself." He failed to publish 
 the contract where he dwelt, and he performed 
 the marriage ceremony himself. The great in 
 quest presented him for breach of the order of 
 court; but at the appointed time of trial, not 
 choosing to go off from the bench and answer as 
 an offender, and but few magistrates being present, 
 he escaped any censure. 
 
 His excuse for this marriage was " the strength 
 of his affection." In his last will he gave certain 
 farms, after his wife s decease, and his whole 
 estate at Winisimet, after the decease of his son 
 and his son s daughter, for the annual encourage 
 ment of " godly ministers and preachers," at 
 tached to the principles of the first church, " a 
 main o ne whereof is, that all ecclesiastical juris 
 diction is committed by Christ to each particular 
 organical church, from which there is no appeal." 
 The general court, thinking the rights of his 
 family were impaired, set aside the will. His 
 sister, Anne Hibbins, widow of William Hibbins, 
 an assistant, was executed as a witch in June, 
 1656. Hubbard speaks of Bellingham as " a very 
 ancient gentleman, having spun a long thread of 
 above eighty years;" "he was a great justiciary, a 
 notable hater of bribes, firm and fixed in any 
 resolution he entertained, of larger comprehension 
 than expression, like a vessel, whose vent holdeth 
 no good proportion with its capacity to contain, a 
 disadvantage to a public person." He did not 
 harmonize with the other assistants ; yet they 
 respected his character and motives. 
 
 Gov. Bellingham lived to be the only surviving 
 patentee named in the charter. He was severe 
 against those who were called sectaries ; but he 
 was a man of incorruptible integrity, and of ac 
 knowledged piety. In the ecclesiastical contro 
 versy, which was occasioned in Boston by the 
 settlement of Mr. Davenport, he was an advocate 
 of the first church. Hutchinson, I. 41, 43, 97, 
 211, 269 ; Neal s Hist., I. 390 ; Mather s Mag., n. 
 18; Holmes, I. 414; Savaye s Winthrop, n. 43. 
 
 BENEDICT, NOAII, minister of Woodbury, 
 Conn., was graduated at Princeton college in 
 1757, and was ordained as the successor of 
 Anthony Stoddard, Oct. 22, 1760. He died in 
 Sept., 1813, aged 75. He published a sermon on 
 the death of Dr. Bellamy, 1790, and memoirs of 
 B., 1811. 
 
 BENEDICT, JOEL, D. I)., minister of Plain- 
 field, Conn., was graduated at Princeton college 
 in 1765, settled at Plainfield in 1782, and died in 
 1816, aged 71. He was a distinguished Hebrew 
 scholar; and for his excellent character he was 
 held in high respect. One of his daughters 
 
BENEZET. 
 
 married Dr. Nott, president of Union college. 
 He published a sermon on the death of Dr. Hart, 
 1809. 
 
 BENEZET, ANTHONT, a philanthropist of 
 Philadelphia, died May 3, 1784, aged 71. He 
 was born at St. Quintals, a town in the province 
 of Picardy, France, Jan. 31, 1713. About the 
 time of lu s birth the persecution against the 
 Protestants was carried on with relentless se 
 verity, in consequence of which many thousands 
 found it necessary to leave their native country, 
 and seek a shelter in a foreign land. Among 
 these were his parents, who removed to London 
 in Feb., 1715, and, after remaining there upwards of 
 sixteen years, came to Philadelphia in Nov., 1731. 
 During their residence in Great Britain they had 
 imbibed the religious opinions of the Quakers, 
 and were received into that body immediately 
 after their arrival in this country. 
 
 In the early part of his life Benezet was put an 
 apprentice to a merchant ; but soon after his mar 
 riage in 1722, when his affairs were in a prosperous 
 situation, he left the mercantile business, that he 
 might engage in some pursuit, which would afford 
 him more leisure for the duties of religion and for 
 the exercise of that benevolent spirit, for which 
 during the course of a long life he was so con 
 spicuous. But no employment, which accorded 
 perfectly with his inclination, presented itself till 
 the year 1742, when he accepted the appointment 
 of instructor in the Friends English school of 
 Philadelphia. The duties of the honorable, though 
 not very lucrative, office of a teacher of youth he 
 from this period continued to fulfil with unremit 
 ting assiduity and delight and with very little 
 intermission till his death. During the two last 
 years of his life his zeal to do good induced him 
 to resign the school, which he had long super 
 intended, and to engage in the instruction of the 
 blacks. In doing this he did not consult his 
 worldly interest, but was influenced by a regard 
 to the welfare of men, whose minds had been 
 debased by servitude. He wished to contribute 
 something towards rendering them fit for the 
 enjoyment of that freedom, to which many of 
 them had been restored. So great was his 
 sympathy with every being capable of feeling 
 pain, that he resolved towards the close of his life 
 to eat no animal food. His active mind did not 
 yield to the debility of his body. He persevered 
 in his attendance upon his school till within a few 
 days of his decease. 
 
 Such was the general esteem in which he was 
 held, that his funeral was attended by persons of 
 all religious denominations. Many hundred ne 
 groes followed their friend and benefactor to the 
 grave, and by their tears they proved that they 
 possessed the sensibilities of men. An officer, 
 who had served in the army during the war with 
 Britain, observed at this time, " I would rather 
 
 BENEZET. 
 
 83 
 
 be Anthony Benezet in that coffin, than George 
 Washington with all his fame." He exhibited 
 uncommon activity and industry in every thing 
 which he undertook. He used to say, that the 
 highest act of charity was to bear with the un 
 reasonableness of mankind. He generally wore 
 plush clothes, and gave as a reason for it, that, 
 after he had worn them for two or three years, 
 they made comfortable and decent garments for 
 the poor. So disposed was he to malic himself 
 contented in every situation, that when his mem 
 ory began to fail him, instead of lamenting the 
 decay of his powers, he said to a young friend, 
 "This gives me one great advantage over you, for 
 you can find entertainment in reading a good 
 book only once ; but I enjoy that pleasure as often 
 as I read it, for it is always new to me." Few 
 men, since the days of the apostles, ever lived a 
 more disinterested life ; yet upon his death-bed 
 he expressed a desire to live a little longer, " that 
 he might bring down self." The last time he ever 
 walked across his room was to take from his desk 
 six dollars, which he gave to a poor widow, whom 
 he had long assisted to maintain. In his conver 
 sation he was affable and unreserved ; in his 
 manners gentle and conciliating. For the acqui 
 sition of wealth he wanted neither abilities nor 
 opportunity; but he made himself contented with 
 a little ; and with a competency he was liberal be 
 yond most of those, whom a bountiful Providence 
 had encumbered with riches. By his will he de 
 vised lu s estate, after the decease of his wife, to 
 certain trustees for the use of the African school. 
 While the British army was in possession of Phila 
 delphia, he was indefatigable in his endeavors to 
 render the situation of the persons who suffered 
 from captivity, as easy as possible. He knew no 
 fear in the presence of a fellow man, however 
 dignified by titles or station ; and such was the 
 propriety and gentleness of his manners in his 
 intercourse with the gentlemen, who commanded 
 the British and German troops, that, when he 
 could not obtain the object of his requests, he 
 never failed to secure their civilities and esteem. 
 Although the life of Mr. Benezet was passed in 
 the instruction of youth, yet his expansive benevo 
 lence extended itself to a wider sphere of useful 
 ness. Giving but a small portion of his time to 
 sleep, he employed his pen both day and night in 
 writing books on religious subjects, composed 
 chiefly with a view to inculcate the peaceable 
 temper and doctrines of the gospel, in opposition 
 to the spirit of war, and to expose the flagrant 
 injustice of slavery, and fix the stamp of infamy 
 on the traffic in human blood. His writings con 
 tributed much towards meliorating the condition 
 of slaves, and undoubtedly had influence on the 
 public mind in effecting the complete prohibition 
 of that trade, which until the year 1808 was a 
 blot on the American national character. In order 
 
84 
 
 BENJAMIN. 
 
 BERKELEY. 
 
 to disseminate his publications and increase his 
 usefulness, he held a correspondence with such 
 persons in various parts of Europe and America, 
 as united with him in the same benevolent design, 
 or would be likely to promote the objects, which 
 he was pursuing. No ambitious or covetous views 
 impelled liim to his exertions. Regarding all 
 mankind as children of one common Father and 
 members of one great family, he was anxious, that 
 oppression and tyranny should cease, and that 
 men should live together in mutual kindness and 
 affection, lie himself respected and he wished 
 others to respect the sacred injunction of doing 
 unto others as they would that others should do 
 unto them. On the return of peace in 1783, ap 
 prehending that the revival of commerce would be 
 likely to renew the African slave trade, which 
 during the war had been in some measure ob 
 structed, he addressed a letter to the queen of 
 Great Britain, to solicit her influence on the side 
 of humanity. At the close of this letter he says, 
 " I hope thou wilt kindly excuse the freedom used 
 on this occasion by an ancient man, whose mind 
 for more than forty years past has been much 
 separated from the common course of the world, 
 long painfully exercised in the consideration of 
 the miseries under which so large a part of man 
 kind, equally with us the objects of redeeming 
 love, are suffering the most unjust and grievous 
 oppression, and who sincerely desires the tem 
 poral and eternal felicity of the queen and her 
 royal consort." lie published, among other tracts, 
 an account of that part of Africa inhabited by 
 negroes, 1762 ; a caution to Great Britain and 
 her colonies, in a short representation of the ca 
 lamitous state of the enslaved negroes in the 
 British dominions, 1707 ; some historical account 
 of Guinea, with an inquiry into the slave trade, 
 1771; a short account of the society of Friends, 
 1780; a dissertation on the Christian religion, 
 1782; tracts against the use of ardent spirits; 
 observations on the Indian natives, 1784. Rusk s 
 Essays, 311-314; Vaux s Memoir; New and 
 Gen. Biog. Diet. ; Am. Museum, ix. 192-194. 
 
 BENJAMIN, NATHAN, missionary, died at Con 
 stantinople Jan. 27, 1855, aged 43 ; one month 
 after the death of Mrs. Grant. Born in Catskill, 
 he lived in Williamstown, where he graduated in 
 1831, and at Andover in 1834. He married Mary 
 G. Wheeler of New York, and proceeded to 
 Argos in 1836, and to Athens in 1838, where he 
 labored six years, chiefly in connection with the 
 press. In 1844 he entered upon the Armenian 
 mission at Trebizond ; but the ill health of his 
 wife brought him to America in 1845. 
 
 Being summoned to a new mission, he arrived 
 at Smyrna Dec. 7, 1847 ; and there he toiled in 
 the printing of the Bible and tracts in the Arme 
 nian. The printing operations were transferred 
 
 to Constantinople in 1852 ; and there he also 
 preached statedly in Greek and English. Living 
 at Pera, and being the treasurer of the mission, 
 a great amount of business fell upon him. He 
 died of the typhus fever ; his last words were, 
 "Come, Lord Jesus; come quickly." Mr. B. 
 had a large share of common sense, a sound 
 judgment, a knowledge of books and of men. 
 By printed truth he will preach for ages to thou 
 sands of Armenians. 
 
 BENNET, DAVID, a physician, was born in 
 England Dec. 1, 1615, and died at Rowley, Mass., 
 Feb. 4, 1719, aged 103 years. He never lost a 
 tooth. His senses were good to the last. His 
 wife was the sister of William Phipps. His son, 
 Spencer, who took the name of Phipps, was 
 graduated in 1703, was lieut. governor of Mass., 
 and died April 4, 1757, aged 72. Farmer. 
 
 BENNETT, BARTLETT, a Baptist minister, died 
 at Cincinnati Oct. 12, 1842, aged 99. He was 
 born in Albemarle county, Va., in 1743 ; was a 
 preacher at the age of 25, a pioneer of Kentucky. 
 
 BENSON, EGBERT, LL. I)., judge, died at 
 Jamaica, N. Y., in Aug., 1833, aged 86 ; a man 
 of learning and eminent virtues. He was a grad 
 uate of Columbia college in 1765, a member of 
 congress, a judge of the supreme court of New 
 York, and of the circuit court of the United States. 
 He wrote remarks on " The Wife " of Irving. 
 
 BENTLEY, WILLIAM, D. D., born in Bos 
 ton, graduated at Harvard in 1777, and was 
 ordained over the second church of Salem Sept., 
 1783. He died suddenly Dec. 29, 1819, aged 
 61. In his theological notions he was regarded 
 as a Socinian. Some of his sermons were re 
 markably deficient in perspicuity of style. For 
 nearly twenty years he edited the Essex Register, 
 a newspaper, which espoused the democratic side 
 in politics. He was a great collector of books, 
 and much conversant with ancient branches of 
 learning, admitting of little practical application. 
 His valuable library and cabinet he bequeathed 
 cliiefly to the college at Meadville, Pennsylvania, 
 and to the American Antiquarian society at Wor 
 cester. An eulogy was pronounced by Prof. E. 
 Everett. He published a sermon on Matt. 7: 
 21, 1790; on the death of J. Gardiner, 1791 ; of 
 Gen. Fiske, 1797 ; of B. Hodges, 1804 ; collec 
 tion of psalms and hymns, 1795 ; three masonic 
 addresses and a masonic charge, 1797-1799; at 
 the artillery election, 1796 ; at ordination of J. 
 Richardson, 1806 ; before the female charitable 
 society ; at the election, 1807 ; a history of Salem 
 in Historical Collections, vol. vn. 
 
 BENTLEY, WILLIAM, an eminent Baptist 
 minister, died at Weathersfield in Jan., 1856, aged 
 81. 
 
 BERKELEY, CARTER, M. D., died in Hano 
 ver, Va., Nov. 3, 1739, aged 71, while feeling 
 
BERKELEY. 
 
 BERKELEY. 
 
 85 
 
 the pulse of a dying patient. He was a descend 
 ant of Sir William B. ; a distinguished physician, 
 a benevolent man and a Christian. 
 
 BERKELEY, AVlLLlAM, governor of Virginia, 
 was born of an ancient family near London and 
 was educated at Merton college, in Oxford, of 
 which he was afterwards a fellow. He was ad 
 mitted master of arts in 1629. In 1630 he 
 travelled in different parts of Europe. He is 
 described as being in early life the perfect model 
 of an elegant courtier and a high-minded cavalier. 
 He succeeded Sir Francis Wyatt in the govern 
 ment of Virginia in 1641. Some years after his 
 arrival the Indians, irritated by encroachments 
 on their territory, massacred about five hundred 
 of the colonists. This massacre occurred about 
 April 18, 1644, soon after, as Winthrop says, an 
 act of persecution. Sir William with a company 
 of horse surprised the aged Oppecancanough, and 
 brought him prisoner to Jamestown. The Indian 
 emperor was a man of dignified sentiments. One 
 day, when there was a large crowd in his room 
 gazing at him, he called for the governor, and 
 said to him, " If it had been my fortune to have 
 taken Sir William Berkeley prisoner, I should 
 have disdained to have made a show of him to 
 my people." About a fortnight after he was taken, 
 a brutal soldier shot him through the back, of 
 which wound the old man soon died. A firm 
 peace was soon afterwards made with the Indians. 
 
 During the civil Avar in England Gov. Berkeley 
 took the side of the king, and Virginia was the 
 last of the possessions of England, which ac 
 knowledged the authority of Cromwell. Severe 
 laws were made against the Puritans, though there 
 were none in the colony; commerce was inter 
 rupted; and the people were unable to supply 
 themselves even with tools for agriculture. It 
 was not till 1651, that Virginia was subdued. 
 The parliament had sent a fleet to reduce Barba- 
 does, and from this place a small squadron was 
 detached under the command of Capt. Denm s. 
 The Virginians, by the help of some Dutch vessels 
 which were then in the port, made such resistance, 
 that he was obliged to have recourse to other 
 means besides force. He sent word to two of the 
 members of the council, that he had on board a 
 valuable cargo belonging to them, which they must 
 lose, if the protector s authority was not imme 
 diately acknowledged. Such dissensions now 
 took place in the colony, that Sir William and his 
 friends were obliged to submit on the terms of a 
 general pardon. He however remained in the 
 country, passing his time in retirement at his own 
 plantation, and observing with satisfaction, that the 
 parliament made a moderate use of its success, 
 and that none of the Virginia royalists were per 
 secuted for their resistance. 
 
 After the death of Gov. Matthews, who was 
 appointed by Cromwell, the people applied to Sir 
 
 William to resume the government ; but he de 
 clined complying with their request, unless they 
 would submit themselves again to the authority 
 of the king. Upon their consenting to do this, 
 he resumed his former authority in January, 1659 ; 
 i and King Charles II. was proclaimed in Virginia 
 before his restoration to the throne of England. 
 I The death of Cromwell, in the mean time, 
 dissipated from the minds of the colonists the fear 
 of the consequences of their boldness. After the 
 restoration Gov. Berkeley received a new com 
 mission and was permitted to go to England to 
 pay his respects to his majesty. During his 
 absence the deputy governor, whom he had ap 
 pointed, in obedience to his orders collected the 
 laws into one body. The church of England was 
 made the established religion, parishes were regu 
 lated, and, besides a parsonage house and glebe, a 
 , yearly stipend in tobacco, to the value of eighty 
 I pounds, was settled on the minister. In 1662 
 ! Gov. Berkeley returned to Virginia, and in the 
 following year the laws were enforced against the 
 dissenters from the establishment, by which a 
 number of them were driven from the colony. 
 In 1667, in consequence of his attempt to extend 
 the influence of the council over certain measures 
 of the assembly, he awakened the fears and in 
 dignation of the latter body. From this period 
 the governor s popularity declined. A change 
 also was observed in his deportment, which lost 
 its accustomed urbanity. His faithlessness and 
 obstinacy may be regarded as the causes of 
 Bacon s rebellion in 1076. The people earnestly 
 desired, that Bacon might be appointed general in 
 the Indian war ; and the governor promised to 
 give him a commission, but broke his promise, 
 and thus occasioned the rebellion. As his obsti 
 nacy caused the rebellion, so his revengeful spirit, 
 after it was suppressed, aggravated the evils of it 
 by the severity of the punishments inflicted on 
 Bacon s adherents. Though he had promised 
 pardon and indemnity, " nothing was heard of 
 but fines, executions, and confiscations." When 
 the juries refused to aid his projects of vengeance, 
 he resorted to the summary proceedings of 
 martial law. The assembly at length restrained 
 him by their remonstrances. Charles II. is said 
 to have remarked concerning him, "The old fool 
 has taken away more lives in that naked country, 
 than I have taken for the murder of my father." 
 After the rebellion, peace was preserved not so 
 much by the removal of the grievances, which 
 i awakened discontent, as by the arrival of a regi 
 ment from England, which remained a long time 
 in the country. 
 
 In 1677 Sir William was induced, on account 
 of his ill state of health, to return to England, 
 leaving Col. Jeffreys deputy governor. He died 
 soon after his arrival, and before he had seen the 
 lung, after an administration of nearly forty 
 
86 
 
 BERKELEY. 
 
 BERKELEY. 
 
 years. He was buried at Twickenham July 13, 
 1677. The following extract from his answer in 
 June, 1671, to inquiries of the committee for the 
 colonies, is a curious specimen of his loyalty : 
 " We have forty-eight parishes and our ministers 
 are well paid, and by my consent should be 
 better, if they would pray oftener and preach less ; 
 but, as of all other commodities, so of this, the 
 worst are sent us, and we have few, that we can 
 boast of, since the persecution in Cromwell s 
 tyranny drove divers worthy men hither. Yet I 
 thank God, there are no free schools, nor printing ; 
 and I hope we shall not have these hundred 
 years. For learning has brought disobedience, 
 and heresy, and sects into the world, and printing 
 has divulged them and libels against the best 
 government." Thus Sir William, of a very differ 
 ent spirit from the early governors of New Eng 
 land, seems to have had much the same notion of 
 education as the African governor, mentioned by 
 Robert Southey in his colloquies. The black 
 prince said, he would send his son to England, 
 that he might learn " to read book and be rogue. 
 More recently Mr. Giles of Virginia expressed 
 his belief, that learning was become too general. 
 
 He published the lost lady, a tragi-comedy, 
 1639; a discourse and view of Virginia, pp. 12. 
 1663. Keith s Hist. Virginia, 144-162 ; Wynne, 
 II. 216-224; Holmes, I. 293, 311; Chalmers, I. 
 336, 337; Wood s Athence Oxonienses, II. 5865 
 Sav. Wintlirop, n. 159, 165. 
 
 BERKELEY, GEOIIGE, bishop of Cloyne in 
 Ireland, and a distinguished benefactor of Yale 
 College, was born March 12, 1684, at Kilcrin in 
 the county of Kilkenny, and was educated at 
 Trinity college, Dublin. After publishing a num 
 ber of his works, which gained him a high reputa 
 tion, particularly liis theory of vision, he travelled 
 four or five years upon the continent. He re 
 turned in 1721, and a fortune was soon bequeathed 
 him by Mrs. Vanhomrigh, a lady of Dublin, the 
 "Vanessa" of Swift. In 1724 he was promoted 
 to the deanery of Derry, worth 1 100 pounds per 
 annum. Having for some time conceived the 
 benevolent project of converting the savages of 
 America to Christianity by means of a college to 
 be erected in one of the isles of Bermuda, he 
 published a proposal for this purpose at London 
 in 1725. and offered to resign his own opulent 
 preferment, and to dedicate the remainder of his 
 life to the instruction of youth in America on the 
 subsistence of 100 pounds a year. He obtained 
 a grant of 10,000 pounds from the government 
 of Great Britain, and immediately set sail for the 
 field of his labors. He arrived at Newport, R. I., 
 in Feb., 1729, with a view of settling a correspon 
 dence there for supplying his college with such 
 provisions as might be wanted from the northern 
 colonies. Here he purchased a country seat and 
 farm in the neighborhood of Newport, and 
 
 resided about two years and a half. His house, 
 which he called Whitehall, still remains, situated 
 half a mile north-east from the state house. To 
 the Episcopal church he gave an organ and a 
 small library. His usual place of study was a 
 cliff or crag near his dwelling. His residence in 
 this country had some influence on the progress 
 of Literature, particularly in Rhode Island and 
 Connecticut. The presence and conversation of a 
 man so illustrious for talents, learning, virtue, 
 and social attractions could not fail of giving a 
 spring to the literary diligence and ambition of 
 many, who enjoyed his acquaintance. Finding, 
 at length, that the promised aid of the ministry 
 towards his new college would fail him, Dean 
 Berkeley returned to England. At his departure 
 he distributed the books, which he had brought 
 with him, among the clergy of Rhode Island. 
 He embarked at Boston in Sept., 1731. In the 
 following year he published his minute philosopher, 
 a work of great ingenuity and merit, which he 
 wrote while at Newport. It was not long before 
 he sent, as a gift to Yale college, a deed of the 
 farm, which he held in Rhode Island ; the rents 
 of which he directed to be appropriated to the 
 maintenance of the three best classical scholars, 
 who should reside at college at least nine months 
 in a year in each of three years between their 
 first and second degrees. All surplusages of 
 money, arising from accidental vacancies, were to 
 be distributed in Greek and Latin books to such 
 undergraduates, as should make the best compo 
 sition in the Latin tongue upon such a moral 
 theme as should be given them. lie also made 
 a present to the library of Yale college of nearly 
 one thousand volumes. AVhcn it is considered, 
 that he was warmly attached to the Episcopal 
 church, and that he came to America for the 
 express purpose of founding an Episcopal college, 
 his munificence to an institution, under the exclu 
 sive direction of a different denomination, must 
 be thought worthy of high praise. It was in the 
 year 1733 that he was made bishop of Cloyne ; 
 and from this period he discharged with exemplary 
 faithfulness the episcopal duties, and prosecuted 
 his studies with unabating diligence. On the 
 14th of January, 1753, he was suddenly seized at 
 Oxford, whither he had removed in 1752, by a 
 disorder called the palsy of the heart, and 
 instantly expired, being nearly sixty-nine years of 
 age. Pope ascribes 
 
 " To Berkeley every virtue under heaven." 
 
 His fine portrait by Smibert, with his family and 
 the artist himself, will be contemplated with de 
 light by all, who visit Yale college. Bishop 
 Berkeley, while at Cloyne, constantly rose between 
 three and four in the morning. His favorite 
 author was Plato. His character, though marked 
 by enthusiasm, was singularly excellent and amia- 
 
BERKELEY. 
 
 ble. lie was held by his acquaintance in the 
 highest estimation. Bishop Atterbury, after be 
 ing introduced to him, exclaimed, " so much un 
 derstanding, so much knowledge, so much inno 
 cence, and such humility I did not think had been 
 the portion of any but angels, till I saw this gen 
 tleman." It is well known, that Bishop Berkeley 
 rejected the commonly received notion of the ex 
 istence of matter, and contended, that what arc 
 called sensible material objects are not external 
 but exist in the mind, and are merely impressions 
 made upon our mind by the immediate act of 
 God. These peculiar sentiments he supported in 
 his work, entitled, the principles of human knowl 
 edge, 1710, and in the dialogues between Ily- 
 las and Philonous, 1713. Besides these works, 
 and the minute philosopher, in which he attacks 
 the free thinker with great ingenuity and effect, 
 he published, also, arithmetica absque algebra 
 aut Euclide demonstrata, 1707; theory of vision, 
 1709; de motu, 1721; an essay towards prevent 
 ing the ruin of Great Britain, 1721 ; the analyst, 
 1734 ; a defence of free thinking in mathematics, 
 1735 ; the querist, 1735 ; discourse addressed to 
 magistrates, 1736; on the virtues of tar water, 
 1741; maxims concerning patriotism, 1750. 
 Chandler s Life of Johnson, 47-60 ; Miller, II. 
 349 ; fiees Cycl. ; Holmes, n. 53. 
 
 BERKLEY, ALEXANDER, died at Lynchburg, 
 Va., Oct. 25, 1825, aged 114: his wife died Jan. 
 9, 1825, aged 111. 
 
 BERKLEY, NORBORNE, baron de Botetourt, 
 one of the last governors of Virginia while a 
 British colony, obtained the peerage of Botetourt 
 in 1764. In July, 1768, he was appointed gov 
 ernor of Virginia in the place of Gen. Amherst. 
 He died at Williamsburg Oct 15, 1770, aged 52. 
 At his death the government, in consequence of 
 tire resignation of John Blair, devolved upon 
 William Nelson, until the appointment in Decem 
 ber of Lord Dunmore, then governor of New 
 York. Lord Botetourt seems to have been highly 
 respected in Virginia. His exertions to promote 
 the interests of William and Mary college were 
 zealous and unremittcd. He instituted an annual 
 contest among the students for two golden med- \ 
 als of the value of five guineas ; one for the best 
 Latin oration on a given subject, and the other for 
 superiority in mathematical science. For a long 
 time he sanctioned by his presence morning and 
 evening prayers in the college. No company 
 nor avocation prevented his attendance on this 
 service. He was extremely fond of literary char 
 acters. No one of this class, who had the least 
 claims to respect, was ever presented to him 
 without receiving his encouragement. Miller, 
 II. 378; Boston Gazette, Nov. 12, 1770; Mar 
 shall, IT. 130. 
 
 BERNARD, FRANCIS, governor of Massachu 
 setts, was the governor of New Jersey, after Gov. 
 
 BERNARD. 
 
 87 
 
 Belcher, in 1758. He succeeded Gov. Fownall 
 of Massachusetts, in 1760. Arriving at Boston 
 Aug. 2d, he continued at the head of the govern 
 ment nine years. His administration was during 
 one of the most interesting periods in American 
 history. He had governed New Jersey two years 
 in a manner very acceptable to that province, and 
 the first part of his administration in Massachu 
 setts was very agreeable to the general court. 
 Soon after his arrival Canada was surrendered to 
 Amherst. Besides voting a salary of 1300 pounds, 
 they made to him at the first session a grant of Mt. 
 Desert Island, which was confirmed by the king. 
 Much harmony prevailed for two or three years ; 
 but this prosperous and happy commencement 
 did not continue. There had long been two par 
 ties in the State, the advocates for the crown, and 
 the defenders of the rights of the people. Gov. 
 Bernard was soon classed with those, who were 
 desirous of strengthening the royal authority in 
 America ; the sons of liberty therefore stood 
 forth uniformly in opposition to him. His indis 
 cretion in appointing Mr. Ilutchinson chief jus 
 tice, instead of giving that office to Col. Otis of 
 Barnstable, to whom it had been promised by 
 Shirley, proved very injurious to his cause. In 
 consequence of this appointment he lost the influ 
 ence of Col. Otis, and by yielding himself to Mr. 
 Ilutchinson he drew upon him the hostility of 
 James Otis, the son, a man of great talents, who 
 soon became the leader on the popular side. The 
 laws for the regulation of trade and the severities 
 of the officers of customs were the first things 
 which greatly agitated the public mind ; and af 
 terwards the stamp act increased the energy of 
 resistance to the schemes of tyranny. Gov. Ber 
 nard possessed no talent for conciliating ; he was 
 for accomplishing ministerial purposes by force ; 
 and the spirit of freedom gathered strength from 
 the open manner in which he attempted to crush 
 it. His speech to the general court after the re 
 peal of the stamp act was by no means calculated 
 to assuage the angry passions which had lately 
 been excited. He was the principal means of 
 bringing the troops to Boston, that he might 
 overawe the people ; and it was owing to him, 
 that they were continued in the town. This 
 measure had been proposed by him and Mr. 
 Ilutchinson long before it was executed. While 
 he professed himself a friend to the province, he 
 was endeavoring to undermine its constitution, 
 and to obtain an essential alteration in the char 
 ter, by transferring from the general court to the 
 crown the right of electing the council. His 
 conduct, though it drew upon him the indigna 
 tion of the province, was so pleasing to the min 
 istry, that he was created a baronet March 20, 
 1769. Sir Francis had too little command of his 
 temper. He could not conceal his resentments, 
 and he could not restrain his censures. One of 
 
88 
 
 BERNARD. 
 
 BEVERLY. 
 
 his last public measures was to prorogue the gen 
 eral court in July, in consequence of their refusing 
 to make provision for the support of the troops. 
 The general court, however, before they were pro 
 rogued, embraced the opportunity of drawing up 
 a petition to his majesty for the removal of the 
 governor. It was found necessary to recall him, 
 and he embarked Aug. 1, 1769, leaving Mr. 
 Hutchinson, the lieutenant-governor, commander 
 in chief. There were few who lamented his de 
 parture. He died in England in June, 1779. 
 His second son, Sir John B., who held public offi 
 ces in Barbadoes and St. Vincent s, died in 1809; 
 his third son, Sir Thomas B., was graduated at 
 Harvard college in 1767, and marrying in Eng 
 land a lady of fortune, the daughter of Patrick 
 Adair, devoted much of his time to various benev 
 olent institutions in London, so as to gain the 
 reputation of a philanthropist ; he died July 1, 
 1818 : his publications, chiefly designed to im 
 prove the common people, were numerous. 
 
 The newspapers were very free in the ridicule 
 of the parsimony and domestic habits of Bernard. 
 But he was temperate, a friend to literature, and 
 a benefactor of Harvard college, exerting himself 
 for its relief after the destruction of the library 
 by fire. He was himself a man of erudition, be 
 ing conversant with books, and retaining the 
 striking passages in his strong memory. He 
 said, that he could repeat the whole of Shak- 
 speare. Believing the Christian religion, he 
 attended habitually public worship. Though 
 attached to the English church, when he resided 
 at Roxbury, he often repaired to the nearest Con 
 gregational meeting, that of Brookline. 
 
 If a man of great address and wisdom had 
 occupied the place of Sir Francis, it is very prob 
 able, that the American Revolution would not 
 have occurred so soon. But his arbitrary princi 
 ples and his zeal for the authority of the crown 
 enkindled the spirit of the people, while his rep 
 resentations to the ministry excited them to those 
 measures, which hastened the separation of the 
 colonies from the mother country. 
 
 From the letters of Gov. Bernard, which were 
 obtained and transmitted to this country by Mr. 
 Bollan, it appears, that he had very little regard 
 to the interests of liberty. His select letters on 
 the trade and government of America, written in 
 Boston from 1763 to 1768, were published in 
 London in 1774. His other letters, written home 
 in confidence, were published in 1768 and 1769. 
 He wrote several pieces in Greek and Latin in 
 the collection made at Cambridge, styled, " Pietas 
 et Gratulatio," 1761. Minofs Hist. Mass. i. 73- 
 222; Gordon, I. 139, 272-274; Marshall, II. 
 96, 114; Eliot. 
 
 BERRIEN, JOHN MACTHERSON, attorney-gen 
 eral of U. S., died at Savannah Jan. 1, 1856 : he 
 
 had been a senator. A speech of his is in Willis- 
 ton s " Eloquence." 
 
 BERRY, JOHN, died on Peterson s Creek, Va., 
 in 1845, aged 101 : he was a soldier in various 
 battles. 
 
 BETHUXE, DIVIE, an eminent philanthropist 
 and Christian, was born at Dingwall, Rosshire, 
 Scotland, in 1771. In early life he resided at 
 Tobago, where his only brother was a physician. 
 At the command of his pious mother he left the 
 irreligious island and removed to the United 
 States in 1792, and settled as a merchant in New 
 York. He soon joined the church of Dr. Mason ; 
 in 1802 became one of its elders. He died Sept. 
 18, 1824. His wife was the daughter of Isabella 
 Graham. Before a tract society was formed in 
 this country Mr. Bethune printed ten thousand 
 tracts at his own expense, and himself distributed 
 many of them. He also imported Bibles for dis 
 tribution. From 1803 to 1816 he was at the sole 
 expense of one or more Sunday schools. The 
 tenth of his gains he devoted to the service of 
 his heavenly Master. In his last sickness he said : 
 " I wish my friends to help me through the val 
 ley by reading to me the word of God. I have 
 not read much lately but the Bible : the Bible ! 
 the Bible ! I want nothing but the Bible ! O, 
 the light, that has shined into my soul through 
 the Bible !" His end was peace. Such a bene 
 factor of the human family is incomparably more 
 worthy of remembrance, than the selfish philoso 
 phers and the great warriors of the earth. 
 N. Y. Observer ; Boston Recorder, Oct. 16. 
 
 BETTS, THADDEUS, died at Norwalk, Conn., 
 April 7, 1840. He was a graduate of Yale of 
 1807, a lawyer of eminence, lieutenant-governor, 
 and senator of the U. S. 
 
 BEVERIDGE, JOHN, a poet, was a native of 
 Scotland. In 1758 he was appointed professor of 
 languages in the college and academy of Phila 
 delphia. He published in 1765 a volume of 
 Latin poems, entitled, " Epistokc familiares et 
 alia quaedam miscellanea." In an address to John 
 Pcnn he suggests, that a conveyance to him of 
 some few acres of good land would be a proper 
 return for the poetic mention of the Pcnn family. 
 The Latin hint was lost upon the Englishman. 
 The unrewarded poet continued to ply the birch 
 in the vain attempt to govern seventy or eighty 
 ungovernable boys. Mem. Hist. Soc. of Penn., 
 I. 145. 
 
 BEVERLY, ROBERT, a native of Virginia, 
 died in 1716. He was clerk of the council about 
 1697, when Andros was governor, with a salary of 
 50 pounds and perquisites. Intimately associated 
 with the government, his views of public measures 
 were influenced by his situation. His book was 
 written by a man in office. Peter Beverly was at 
 the same time clerk of the house of burgesses. 
 
BEVERLY. 
 
 BIDDLE. 
 
 89 
 
 Mr. Beverly published a history of that colony, 
 London, 1705, in .four parts, embracing the first 
 settlement of Virginia and the government there 
 of to the time when it was written ; the natural 
 productions and conveniences of the country, 
 suited to trade and improvement ; the native In 
 dians, their religion, laws, and customs ; and the 
 state of the country as to the policy of the gov 
 ernment and the improvements of the land. 
 Another edition was published with Gnbelin a 
 cuts, Svo. 1722 ; and a French translation, with 
 plates, Amsterd., 1707. This work in the histor 
 ical narration is as concise and unsatisfactory, as 
 the history of Stith is prolix and tedious. 
 
 BEVERLY, CARTER, a distinguished Virgin 
 ian, died at Fredericksburg Feb. 10, 1844, aged 
 72. 
 
 BIART, PIERRE, a Jesuit missionary, came 
 from France to Port 1 loyal in June, 1611. Of 
 his voyage and events at Acadia he made a rela 
 tion, in which Charlcvoix confides more than in 
 the memoirs used by De Laet to decry the 
 Jesuits. Biart gave the name of Souriquois to 
 the Indians afterwards called Micmacks. In 1G12 
 he ascended the Kim bequi or Kennebec, and was 
 well received by the Canibas, formerly called the 
 Canibequi, a nation of the Abenaquis, from whom 
 the name of the river is derived. This visit was 
 soon after the attempted establishment of the 
 English under Popham at the mouth of the Ken 
 nebec. He was followed by Dreuillettes in 1640. 
 Biart obtained provisions for Port Royal. In 
 1613 he repaired to the Penobscot, to the settle 
 ment called S. Sauveur. According to Charlcvoix 
 he performed a miracle in healing by baptism a 
 sick Malecite Indian child. But the miraculous 
 powers of the Jesuit failed him on the arrival of 
 Argall, who took him prisoner and carried him 
 to Virginia and England. Ckarlec. l. 131; 
 Maine Hist. Coll., I. 325. 
 
 BIBB, WILLIAM W., governor of Alabama, 
 was a representative from Georgia from 1813 to 
 1815. He was appointed in 1817 governor of 
 the territory of Alabama, and under the consti 
 tution of the State was elected the first governor 
 in 1819. He died at his residence near fort 
 Jackson July 9, 1820, aged 39 years, and was suc 
 ceeded by Israel Pickens. He was highly re 
 spected for his talents and dignity as a states 
 man ; and in private life was condescending, affa 
 ble and kind. 
 
 BIDDLE, NICHOLAS, a naval commander, was 
 born in Philadelphia Sept. 10, 1750. In sailing 
 to the West Indies in 1765 he was cast away. 
 The long boat being lost and the yawl not being 
 large enough to carry away all the crew, he and 
 three others were left by lot two months in mis 
 ery on an island, which was uninhabited. His 
 many voyages made him a thorough seaman. In 
 1770 he went to London and entered the British 
 12 
 
 navy. When Capt. Phipps, afterwards Lord Mul- 
 grave, was about to sail on his exploring expedi 
 tion, Biddle, then a midshipman, absconded from 
 his own ship and entered on board the Carcass 
 before the mast. Horatio Nelson was on board 
 the same vessel. After the commencement of the 
 Revolution he returned to Philadelphia. Being 
 appointed commander of the Andrew Doria, a 
 brig of 14 guns and 130 men, he sailed under 
 Com. Hopkins in the successful expedition against 
 Xew Providence. After refitting at New London, 
 he was ordered to proceed off the banks of New 
 foundland. He captured in 1776, among other 
 prizes, two ships from Scotland with four hundred 
 Highland troops. Being appointed to the com 
 mand of the Randolph, a frigate of thirty-two 
 guns, he sailed from Philadelphia in Feb., 1777. 
 lie soon carried into Charleston four valuable pri 
 zes, one of them the True Briton of twenty guns. 
 A little fleet was now fitted out under his com 
 mand, with which he cruised in the West Indies. 
 In an action with the British ship Yarmouth of 
 sixty-four guns March 7, 1778, Capt. Biddle was 
 wounded, and a few minutes afterwards, while he 
 was under the hands of the surgeon, the Ran 
 dolph with a crew of three hundred and fifteen 
 blew up, and he and all his men, but four, per 
 ished. The four men were tossed about four 
 days on a piece of the wreck, before they were 
 taken up. The other vessels escaped, from the 
 disabled condition of the Yarmouth. Capt. Bid- 
 die was but 27 years of age. He had displayed the 
 qualities requisite for a naval commander, 
 skill, coolness, self-possession, courage, together 
 with humanity and magnanimity. His temper 
 was cheerful. Believing the gospel, his religious 
 impressions had a powerful influence upon his con 
 duct. He was a brother of the late Judge Biddle. 
 Rogers ; Biog. Americana. 
 
 BIDDLE, THOMAS, was a captain of artillery 
 in the campaigns on the Niagara in 1813 and 1814. 
 He served under Gen. Scott at the capture of 
 Fort George. In the battle of Lundy s lane he 
 brought off a piece of the enemy s artillery. 
 After the Avar, with the brevet rank of major, he 
 removed to St. Louis, Missouri, and was paymas 
 ter in the army. He was shot in a duel with 
 Spencer Pettis, a member of congress, and died 
 Aug. 29, 1831, at the age of 41. The history of 
 this affair is the history of consummate folly, dis 
 creditable pusillanimity, and hardened depravity. 
 Political controversy was the origin of the duel. 
 Biddle had anonymously abused Pettis in the 
 newspapers ; tin s led to a retort of hard words. 
 Next, Biddle assaulted Pettis when he was asleep, 
 with a cowskiii. Bonds were imposed on Biddle 
 for the preservation of the peace. At last the 
 friends of Mr. Pettis urged him and constrained 
 him to challenge his chastiser and to hazard his 
 life and soul in the attempt of mutual murder. 
 
90 
 
 BIDDLE. 
 
 The distance chosen by Biddle, who was near 
 sighted, was five feet, so that the pistols would 
 overlap each other, making death apparently cer 
 tain to both : accordingly both fell, Friday, Aug. 
 26th, and soon their spirits went into eternity 
 with the guilt of blood. Pettis died on Saturday 
 and Biddle on [Monday. The promoters of this 
 duel must be regarded as sharers in the guilt. 
 Dean Swift remarked, "None but fools fight 
 duels, and the sooner the world is rid of such 
 folks, the better." It will be well for those, who 
 call themselves men of honor, and well for their 
 miserable families, if they shall learn to fear the 
 judgment of God rather than the sneers of un 
 principled men, and if they shall learn to abstain 
 from calumny, to forgive injuries, and to love a 
 brother. N. Y. Mercury, iv. 9. 
 
 BIDDLE, NICHOLAS, died at Andalusia, near 
 Philadelphia, Feb. 27, 1844, aged 58. He was 
 the son of Charles Biddle of Philadelphia, a whig 
 of the Revolution. At the age of 19 he was 
 secretary to Armstrong in his mission to Paris. 
 On his return he studied law and devoted himself 
 much to literature, for a time editing the Port- 
 Folio. In 1819 he was one of the directors of 
 the bank of the United States, and in 1823 suc 
 ceeded Mr. Cheves as president, a post which 
 he filled sixteen years. Under his management 
 and the hostility of Gen. Jackson the bank broke 
 down. He wrote the commercial digest. 
 
 BIDDLE, WILLIAM P., died at Newbern, 
 N. C., Aug. 8, 1853, after a ministry cf nearly 
 hah a century. Born in Virginia, he was a pion 
 eer of the Baptists in North Carolina. 
 
 BIDDLE, JAMES, commodore, died at Phila 
 delphia Oct. 1, 1848, aged 65. Educated at the 
 Pennsylvania university, he entered the navy in 
 1800, and was engaged in various actions. He 
 captured the Penguin. He signed the commer 
 cial treaty with Turkey in 1832, and commanded 
 a squadron in China in 1847. 
 
 BIENVILLE, LE MOYNE De, governor of Lou 
 isiana and founder of New Orleans, took the name 
 of his brother, who was killed by the Iroquois in 
 1691. While in command at Mobile, he mani 
 fested his humanity by liberating the prisoners, 
 which were brought from Carolina by the Indians, 
 in the Indian war of 1715. In 17 14 he constructed 
 a fort at Natchez, and in 1717, on a visit to the 
 governor of Mobile, he obtained permission to 
 lay the foundation of the city of New Orleans. 
 In 1726, M. Perrier being nominated commandant 
 of Louisiana in his place, he went to France; 
 but in 1733 he returned with a new commission 
 as governor. In 1740, with a large army of 
 French, Indians, and negroes, he made a second 
 expedition against the Chickasaws ; proceeding 
 up the Mississippi, he encamped near their towns, 
 and brought them to terms of peace. Ckarle- 
 voix ; Holmes, I. 513; II. 16. 
 
 BIGELOW. 
 
 BIGELOW, TIMOTHY, colonel, died at Wor 
 cester March 31, 1790, aged 50. He was the son 
 of Daniel ; and he had an eminent son of his own 
 name. A blacksmith, he was the associate of the 
 leading patriots of his day. On hearing of the 
 battle of Lexington he marched at the head of 
 minute-men ; he marched up the Kennebcc against 
 Quebec, and was taken prisoner ; at the head of 
 the fifteenth Mass, regiment he was at Saratoga, 
 Rhode Island, Valley Forge, and West Point. 
 He was an original grantor of Montpclier. As 
 a benefactor of Leicester academy he is honored 
 by its friends. With an ardent temperament he 
 was dignified and graceful. Lincoln s Hist. 
 Worcester. 
 
 BIGELOW, TIMOTHY, a lawyer, was born at 
 Worcester, Ms., April 30, 1767, the son of Col. 
 Timothy B., who served in Arnold s expedition to 
 Quebec, and commanded the 16th regiment in 
 the Revolutionary Avar, and probably a descendant 
 of John Bigelow, who lived in Watertown in 
 1642. After graduating at Harvard college in 
 1786, he studied law, and in 1789 commenced 
 the practice at Groton. For more than twenty 
 years from 1790 he was a distinguished member 
 of the legislature ; for eleven years he was the 
 speaker of the house of representatives. In his 
 politics he was ardently attached to the federal 
 party. Of the Hartford convention in 1814 he 
 was a member ; and grand master of masons. In 
 1807 he removed to Mcdford and kept an office 
 in Boston. He died May 18, 1821, aged 54. 
 His wife was the daughter of Oliver Prescott ; 
 one of his daughters married Abbott Lawrence. 
 Mr. Bigelow was a learned, eloquent, and popular 
 lawyer. It has been computed, that during a 
 practice of thirty-two years he argued not less 
 than fifteen thousand causes. His usual antag 
 onist was Samuel Dana. Over the multitudinous 
 assembly of six or seven hundred legislators of 
 Massachusetts he presided with great dignity and 
 energy. Of many literary and benevolent socie 
 ties he was an active member ; and in private Hie 
 was respected and beloved. He published an 
 oraiion before the Phi Beta Kappa society, 1797. 
 An extract of his eulogy on S. Dana is in the 
 historical collections. Jennison; Maine Hist. 
 Coll. I. 363, 388, 409 ; Mass. Hist. Coll S. S. II. 
 235, 252. 
 
 BIGELOW, LEWIS, died in Peoria, Illinois, 
 Oct. 3, 1838, aged 53. He was a member of 
 congress from Massachusetts in 1821, and the 
 author of Digest of twelve vols. of Massachusetts 
 Reports. 
 
 BIGELOW, JONATHAN, died Jan. 26, 1854, 
 aged 90. Born in Boylston, he graduated at 
 Brown university in 1816, and was successively a 
 minister at Lubec in 1821; at Rochester, Mass., 
 for twenty years from 1828 ; at Euclid, Oliio, in 
 1850, where his labors were greatly blessed. He 
 
BIGELOW. 
 
 BINGHAM. 
 
 91 
 
 was regarded as a scholar, and a faithful min 
 ister. 
 
 BIGELOW, WILLIAM, died in Boston, Jan. 
 12, 1844, aged 70, a graduate of Harvard in 
 1794. He was a teacher, a wit, writer of po 
 etry, editor of several periodicals, and author of a 
 history of his native town, Natick, and of Sher- 
 burne. Unhappily he did not hold the mastery 
 over the appetites, which lead to a disregard of 
 the laws of temperance. 
 
 BIGOT, VINCENT, a Jesuit missionary, was em 
 ployed in 1697 by Gen. De Denonville to collect 
 a village of the Penobscot Indians, who had been 
 dispersed, in order to counteract the designs of 
 Gov. Andros. It would seem, that he had been 
 a missionary among these Indians near Penta- 
 goet, or Penobscot, for some years before, but 
 had been driven off by the disputes with a com 
 pany of fishermen. Bigot returned, says Den 
 onville, " at my request, in order to keep the 
 savages in our interest, which they had aban 
 doned." Such was the worldly policy, which 
 produced the Jesuit missions in Maine ; and the 
 Jesuits, by their vows of obedience being subject 
 to their superiors, were convenient instruments 
 of politic governors and adventurous generals. 
 Denonville, in a memoir which he prepared after 
 his return to France, ascribes much of the good 
 understanding which had been preserved with 
 the Abenaki Indians, to the influence of the two 
 father Bigots : the name of the younger was 
 James. Vincent chiefly resided at St. Francois, 
 among the Indians there assembled by the 
 governor of Canada. In an expedition of the 
 Abenakis against New England, Bigot accompa 
 nied them, as is related by Charlevoix under the 
 year 1721, from the lips of the missionary him 
 self, and witnessed their heroism in a battle, in 
 which at the odds of twenty English for one In 
 dian they fought a whole day, and without the 
 loss of a man strewed the field of battle with the 
 dead and put the English to flight. In this 
 story there is as much truth, as in father Biart s 
 miracle on the Penobscot. There was no such 
 battle in 1721, nor in any other year; though it 
 is true, that in 1724 many Indians with father 
 Rallc fell in battle at Norridgewock, Avithout the 
 loss of one of the English. Mr. Southey says : 
 " Let any person compare the relations of our Pro 
 testant missionaries with those of the Jesuits, Dom- 
 incians, Franciscans, or any other Ilomish order, 
 and the difference, which he cannot fail to per 
 ceive, between the plain truth of the one and the 
 audacious and elaborate mendacity of the other, 
 may lead him to a just inference concerning the 
 two churches." Charlevoix, I. 531, 559; ill. 308; 
 Southey s Coll. II. 374 ; Maine Hist. Col. I. 328. 
 
 BIG WARRIOR, the principal chief of the 
 Creek nation, died Feb. 9, 1825. With a colos 
 sal body, he had a mind of great power. In 
 
 November, 1824, he and Little Prince and other 
 chiefs, signed the declaration of a council of the 
 tribe, asserting their reluctance to sell any more 
 land, and their claims to justice, and describing 
 the progress made in the arts of civil life. They, 
 who think the Indians incapable of civilization, 
 may be surprised to learn, that the upper Creeks 
 alone had manufactured thirty thousand yards of 
 homespun. He had always been a friend of the 
 whites, and fought for them in many a battle. 
 
 BILLINGS, ASAIIEL, died at Hardwick July 
 16, 1838, aged 100 ; an officer at the capture of 
 Burgoyne. 
 
 BILLINGS, BENJAMIN, M. D., died at Mans 
 field, Mass., Oct. 9, 1842, aged 82. He was a 
 surgeon in the Revolutionary army. 
 
 BINGHAM, WILLIAM, a senator of the United 
 States, was graduated at the college of Philadel 
 phia in 1768 ; he was agent for his country at 
 Martinique in the period of the Revolution ; in 
 1786 he was a delegate to congress from Pennsyl 
 vania; in 1795 he succeeded Mr. Morris as sena 
 tor. Of the measures of Mr. Adams adminis 
 tration, he was a decided advocate. He died at 
 Bath, England, Feb. 7, 1804, aged 52. He mar 
 ried in 1780 Miss Willing of Philadelphia ; his 
 son, William, married in Montreal in 1822 ; a 
 daughter was married to a son of Sir Francis 
 Baring. He purchased about the year 1793 more 
 than two millions of acres of land in Maine, at an 
 eighth of a dollar per acre, or for more than 
 $250,000. In 1715 Mr. Greenleaf calculated the 
 cost to have amounted to forty-nine cents per 
 acre, when perhaps the average value might not 
 exceed seventeen cents. Mr. B. published " a 
 letter from an American on the subject of the re 
 straining proclamation," with strictures on Lord 
 Sheffield s pamphlets, 1784; description of cer 
 tain tracts of land in the district of Maine, 1793. 
 
 BINGHAM, CALEB, a bookseller of Boston, 
 died April 6, 1817, aged 60. A native of Salis 
 bury, Conn., he was the son of Daniel, and a de 
 scendant of Thomas of Norwich. By his mother 
 lie descended from R. Conant. He was gradu 
 ated at Dartmouth in 1782. He was the preceptor 
 of Moor s academy and afterwards for many years 
 a teacher in one of the principal schools of Boston. 
 Quitting the toils of instruction, he kept a large 
 book shop in Cornhill, Boston, and compiled for 
 the benefit of youth various books, some of which 
 went through many editions. For several years 
 he was a director of the State prison, in which 
 capacity he made great efforts for the mental im 
 provement of the younger criminals. In his pol 
 itics he belonged to the school of Mr. Jefferson. 
 He had a character of strict integrity and up 
 rightness, and he was an exemplary professor of 
 religion. A daughter, Sophia, married Col. Tow- 
 son of the army. He published an interesting 
 narrative, entitled, " the hunters ; " young lady s 
 
92 
 
 BIXGIIAM. 
 
 BISSELL. 
 
 accidence, 1789; epistolary correspondence; the 
 Columbian Orator, 1797; Atala, a translation from 
 Chateaubriand. The sale of his school books in 
 editions and copies was as follows : young lady s 
 accidence, 20 eds., 100,000 : child s companion, 
 20 eds., 180,000; American preceptor, 04 eds., 
 640,000 ; Geographical catechism, 22 eds., 100,000 ; 
 Columbian orator, 23 eds., 190,000 ; Juvenile let 
 ters, 7 eds., 25,000. 
 
 BIXGIIAM, JEREMIAH, died in Cornwall, Vt, 
 in 1842, aged 94. Born in Norwich, Conn., he 
 was a useful schoolmaster in Mass, and X. II. lie 
 was the first settler in C. : through his efforts a 
 church of eight persons was formed in 1785. 
 
 BIXGIIAM, SIBYL M., wife of Rev. Hiram 
 Bingham, died at Easthampton, Mass., in March, 
 1848, aged 55. She was a missionary at the 
 Sandwich Islands twenty years. 
 
 BLXKLEY, ADAM, colonel, died in David 
 son co., Tenn., Eeb. 28, 1837, aged 136. He 
 served during the Revolutionary war ; then mar 
 ried and had eleven children. 
 
 BIXXEY, AMOS, colonel, died in Boston Jan. 
 10, 1833, aged 60. Born at Hull, he never went 
 to school one day ; yet was intelligent and capa 
 ble. He was navy agent in Boston ; a Methodist, 
 and a man of charity. 
 
 BIKDSEYE, NATHAN, died Jan. 28, 1818, 
 aged 103. He graduated at Yale college in 1736, 
 and was ordained the fourth pastor of West Ha 
 ven, Oct., 1742. His predecessors were Samuel 
 Johnson, Jonathan Arnold, and Timothy Allen ; 
 his successor was Xoah "VVilliston. After being 
 in the ministry sixteen years, he was dismissed in 
 June, 1758, and retired to his patrimonial estate 
 at Oronoake in Stratford, where he resided sixty 
 years, till his death. About a hundred of his pos 
 terity were present at his funeral. The whole 
 number of his descendants \vas two hundred and 
 fifty-eight, of whom two hundred and six were 
 living. His wife, with whom he had lived sixty- 
 nine years, died at the age of 88. By her he had 
 twelve children, alternately a boy and a girl ; he 
 had seventy-six grandchildren ; one hundred and 
 sixty-three great-grandchildren ; and seven of the 
 fifth generation. Of all the branches of his numer 
 ous family, scattered into various parts of the United 
 States, not one of them had been reduced to 
 want. Most of them were in prosperous, all in 
 comfortable circumstances. In his last years he 
 occasionally preached, and once at Stratford to 
 great acceptance, after he was one hundred years 
 old. At last he became blind and deaf; yet his 
 retentive memory and sound judgment and excel 
 lent temper gave an interest to liis conversation 
 with his friends. He died without an enemy, in 
 the hope of a happy immortality. According to 
 his account of the Indians near Stratford, about 
 the year 1700 there were sixty or eighty fighting 
 men; in 1761 but three or four men were left. 
 
 However, the race was not exterminated ; for of 
 the emigrants there lived at Kent on the " Ous- 
 tonnoc river" one hundred and twenty-seven souls. 
 Mass. Hist. Coll. x. 111. 
 
 BIRCH, THOMAS, died in Philadelphia Jan. 
 14, 1851, aged 72 ; an artist. He was distin 
 guished for landscape and marine painting, de 
 lighting in coast and river scenes. 
 
 BHICHARD, SOLOMON, M. D., an eminent 
 physician, died at Baltimore Xov. 30, 1836, aged 
 77. 
 
 BIRD, ROBERT M., M. D., died at Philadel 
 phia Jan. 23, 1854, aged 50. He was one of the 
 editors and proprietors of the North American ; 
 also a novel writer, author of Nick of the Woods 
 and Peter Pilgrim. 
 
 BISHOP, GEORGE, a Quaker, published " New 
 England judged, not by man s but by the Spirit 
 of the Lord, and the summe sealed up of New 
 England s persecutions, being a brief relation of 
 the sufferings of the Quakers in that part of 
 America from the beginning of the 5th m. 1656, 
 to the end of the 10th m. 1660 : wherein the 
 cruel whippings and scourgings, bonds and im 
 prisonments, &c., burning in the hand and cutting 
 off of ears, banishment upon pain of death, and 
 putting to death, &c., are shortly touched, 1661." 
 He gives an account of the execution of Wm. 
 Robinson, Marmaduke Stephcnson, Mary Dyer, 
 and William Ledea, for returning after being 
 banished as Quakers ; such was the bloody spirit 
 of persecution in men, who sought liberty of con 
 science in a wilderness. Among the banished 
 was Mary Fisher, who travelled as far as Adrian- 
 ople, and in the camp of the grand vizier delivered 
 her message " from the great God to the great 
 Turk." Ilutchinson remarks, " she fared better 
 among the Turks, than among the Christians." 
 Hutch, i. 180. 
 
 BISHOP, ABRAHAM, died at New Haven April 
 28, 1844, aged 81. He graduated in 1778. He 
 was a zealous political writer on the democratic or 
 republican side, and for twenty years collector of 
 the port of New Haven. He published an oration, 
 1800 ; proofs of a conspiracy, 1802. 
 
 BISHOP, ROBERT II., D. D., died at College 
 Hill, Ohio, April 29, 1855, aged 78. Boru in 
 Scotland, he graduated at Edinburgh in 1794. 
 Coming to this country in 1801, he was a teacher 
 and professor in various seminaries, and president 
 of Miami university. At his death he was a pro 
 fessor in Farmer s college. 
 
 BISSELL, JOSIAII, a generous philanthropist, 
 died in April, 1831, aged 40. He was the son of 
 Deacon Josiah Bissell. About the year 1814 or 
 1815 he was one of a number of young men, who 
 removed from Pittsfield, Mass., to the new town 
 of Rochester, N. Y. The increase in the value of 
 the land, which he had purchased, made him rich ; 
 but his wealth he very liberally employed in pro- 
 
BISSELL, 
 
 BLACKSTOXE. 
 
 93 
 
 moting the various benevolent operations of the 
 day. He expended many thousands of dollars. 
 Were his example followed by the rich, the face 
 of the world would soon be renewed. At great 
 expense he was the principal promoter of the 
 " Pioneer " line of stages, so called, which did not 
 run on Sunday, and which was established for the 
 sole purpose of preventing the desecration of the 
 holy day. His piety was ardent ; his courage un 
 shaken by the calumnies and rcvilings of men 
 who preferred gain to godliness. As he had lived 
 for Christ, he died in the triumphs of faith. 
 When told that he would soon die, he said, " Why 
 should I be afraid to die ? The Lord knows I 
 have loved lu s cause more than all things eke ; I 
 have wronged no man ; I possess no man s goods ; 
 I am at peace with all men ; I have peace, and 
 trust, and confidence ; I am ready, willing, yea 
 anxious to depart." When told the next day that 
 he was better, he said, " I desire to go : my face 
 is set." " Tell my children to choose the Lord 
 Jesus Christ for their portion, and to serve him 
 better than I have done. Say to the church, go 
 on gloriously. Say to impenitent sinners, if 
 they wish to know the value of religion, look at a 
 dying bed." 
 
 BISSELL, EMERY, Dr., died in Xorwalk in 
 1849, aged GO ; a highly respectable physician. 
 
 BIXBY, SUSAX, the wife of M. II. Bixby, a 
 Baptist missionary in Maulmain, Burmah, died at 
 Burlington, Vt,, Aug. 18, 18,30, aged 26. She 
 went out to Burmah in 1833. She believed, that 
 more than one soul was won by her to God s ser 
 vice. 
 
 BLACK, JOHN, D. D., died in Pittsburgh, 
 Xov., 1849, aged 82 ; one of the early settlers of P. 
 
 BLACKBU11X, SAMUEL, general, died in Bath 
 county, Va., March 2, 1835, aged 77 ; an eminent 
 lawyer and legislator. By his Mill he liberated 
 forty-six slaves and provided for their transporta 
 tion to Liberia. Did he misjudge in thinking it 
 an act, required by humanity and justice, to re 
 store freedom to his slaves ? 
 
 BLACKBUHX, GIDEOX, D. D., died at Car- 
 linvllle, 111., Aug. 23, 1838, an eloquent preacher 
 for forty years. He organized some of the first 
 churches in the west. From 1803 to 1809 he 
 was for part of each year a missionary to the 
 Cherokces, establishing a school at Ilywassee, un 
 der the general assembly. He also set up a 
 school in Tennessee in 1806. 
 
 BLACK DOG, chief of the Osages,died March 
 24, 1848. 
 
 BLACK HAWK, an Indian chief, died Oct. 
 3, 1838, at his camp on the river DCS Moincs, 
 aged 73. His Indian name was Muck-ker-ta-me- 
 scheck-ker-kcrk. 
 
 BLACK HOOF, a chief of the Shawanese 
 tribe of Indians, died at Wapaghkonnetta in Sept., 
 1831, aged 114 years. In war he had been a 
 
 formidable enemy, though the latter part of his 
 warfaring life had been devoted to the American 
 cause. He was at St. Clair s, Harmer s, and 
 Crawford s defeats, and perhaps was the last sur 
 vivor of those who were concerned in Braddock s 
 defeat. 
 
 BLACKMAX, ADAM, first minister of Strat 
 ford, Conn., was a preacher in Liecestershire and 
 Derbyshire, England. Mr. Goodwin writes the 
 name Blakeman. After he came to this country, 
 he preached a short time at Scituate, and then at 
 Guilford ; in 1640 he was settled at Stratford, 
 where he died in 1665. His successors were 
 Israel Chauncey, Timothy Cutler, Ilczekiah Gould, 
 Israliiah Wetmore, and Mr. Dutton, afterwards 
 professor at Yale. Xotwithstanding his name, 
 Mather represents him as for his holiness " purer 
 than snow, whiter than milk." With almost the 
 same name as Melancthon, he was a Melancthon 
 among the reformers of Xew Haven, but with less 
 occasion than the German, to complain, that " old 
 Adam was too hard for his young namesake." 
 Mr. Hooker so much admired the plainness and 
 simplicity of his preaching, that he said, if he 
 could have his choice, he should choose to live 
 and die under his ministry. His son, Benjamin, 
 a graduate of Harvard college in 1663, preached 
 for a time at Maiden, but left that place in 1678; 
 and afterwards at Scarborough : in 1683 he was a 
 representative of Saco, in which town he was a 
 large landholder, and owner of all the mill privi 
 leges on the east side of the river. His wife died 
 in 1715, in Boston. Magnalia, in. 94; Fol- 
 sorri s Hist. Saco, 164. 
 
 BLACKMAX, ELEAZER, died at Hanover, Pa., 
 Xov. 4, 1845, aged 85 ; a respected citizen, the 
 last survivor of the massacre of Wyoming. 
 
 BLACKSTOXE, WILLIAM, an Episcopal min 
 ister, and the first inhabitant of Boston, settled 
 there as early as 1625 or 1626 ; and there he 
 lived, when Gov. Winthrop arrived in the summer 
 of 1630 at Charlestown, the records of which 
 place say : " Mr. Blackstone, dwelling on the 
 other side of Charles river, alone, at a place by 
 the Indians called Shawmut, where he only had 
 a cottage, at or not far off the place, called Black- 
 stone s point, he came and acquainted the gover 
 nor of an excellent spring there, withal inviting 
 him and soliciting him thither ; whereupon, after 
 the death of Mr. Johnson and divers others, the 
 governor, with Mr. Wilson, and the greatest part 
 of the church, removed thither." Though Mr. 
 Blackstone had first occupied the peninsula, or 
 Trimountain ; yet all the right of soil, which the 
 charter could give, was held by the governor and 
 company. In their regard to equity they at a 
 court, April 1, 1633, agreed to give him fifty acres 
 near his house in Boston to enjoy forever. In 
 1634 he sold the company this estate, probably 
 for thirty pounds, which was raised by an assess- 
 
94: 
 
 BLAIR. 
 
 ment of six shillings or more on each inhabitant. 
 With the proceeds he purchased cattle, and re 
 moved, probably in 1635, to Pawtucket river, now 
 bearing his name, Blackstone river, a few miles 
 north of Providence, near the southern part of 
 the town of Cumberland. He was married July 
 4, 1659, to widow Sarah Stephenson, who died 
 June, 1673. He died May 26, 1675, having lived 
 in New England fifty years. His residence was 
 about two miles north of Pawtucket, on the east 
 ern bank of the Blackstone river, and within a 
 few rods of Whipple s bridge. From his house 
 a long extent of the river could be seen to the 
 south. The cellar and well are at this day recog 
 nized. A small round eminence west of his house 
 is called Study Hill, from its being his place of re 
 tirement for study. His grave near his house was 
 marked by a large round white stone. Holmes, 
 I. 377; 2 Coll. Hist. Soc., x. 171; ix. 174; 
 Savage s Winthrop, I. 44; Everett s Address, 
 Second Cent., 29. 
 
 BLAIR, JAMES, first president of William and 
 Mary college, Virginia, and a learned divine, died 
 Aug. 1, 1743, in a good old age. He was born 
 and educated in Scotland, where he obtained a 
 benefice in the Episcopal church. On account of 
 the unsettled state of religion, which then existed 
 in that kingdom, he quitted his preferments and 
 went into England near the end of the reign of 
 Charles II. The bishop of London prevailed on 
 him to go to Virginia, as a missionary, about the 
 year 1685 ; and in that colony by his exemplary 
 conduct and unwearied labors in the work of the 
 ministry he much promoted religion, and gained 
 to himself esteem and reputation. In 1689 he 
 was appointed by the bishop, ecclesiastical commis 
 sary, the lu ghest office in the church which could 
 be given him in the province. This appointment, 
 however, did not induce him to relinquish the pas 
 toral office, for it was his delight to preach the 
 gospel of salvation. 
 
 Perceiving that the want of schools and semi 
 naries for literary and religious instruction would 
 in a great degree defeat the exertions, which were 
 making in order to propagate the gospel, he 
 formed the design of establishing a college at 
 Williamsburg. For this purpose he solicited 
 benefactions in tin s country, and by direction of 
 the assembly made a voyage to England in 1691 
 to obtain the patronage of the government. A 
 charter was procured in this year with liberal en 
 dowments, and he was named in it as the first 
 president ; but it does not appear that he entered 
 on the duties of his office before the year 1729, 
 from which period till 1742 he discharged them 
 with faithfulness. The college however did not 
 flourish very greatly during his presidency, nor 
 for many years afterwards. The wealthy farmers 
 were in the habit of sending their sons to Europe 
 for their education. After a life of near sixty 
 
 BLAIR. 
 
 years in the ministry, he died, and went to enjoy 
 ;he glory for which he was destined. Mr. Blair 
 was for some time president of the council of the 
 :olony, and rector of Wiiliamsburg. He was a 
 faithful laborer in the vineyard of his Master, and 
 an ornament to his profession and to the several 
 offices, which he sustained. He published : our 
 Saviour s divine sermon on the mount, in divers 
 sermons and discourses, 4 vol. 8vo., London, 
 1742. Tlu s work is spoken of with high appro 
 bation by Dr. Doddridge, and by Dr. Williams in 
 his Christian preacher. Introduction to the 
 above work ; Miller s Heir., II. 335, 336 ; New 
 and Gen. Biog. Diet. ; Burnefs Hist, own limes, 
 II. 129, 120. 
 
 BLAIR, SAMUEL, a learned minister in Penn 
 sylvania, died about 1751. He was a native of 
 Ireland. He came to America very early in life, 
 and was one of Mr. Tennent s pupils in his acad 
 emy at Neshaminy. About the year 1745 he 
 himself opened an academy at Fog s manor, 
 Chester county, with particular reference to the 
 study of theology as a science. He also took 
 the pastoral charge of the church in that place; 
 but such was his zeal to do good, that he did not 
 confine himself to his own society, but often dis 
 pensed the precious truths of heaven to destitute 
 congregations. His brother succeeded him in the 
 care of the church. 
 
 Mr. Blair was one of the most learned and able, 
 as well as pious, excellent, and venerable men of 
 his day. He was a profound divine and a most 
 solemn and impressive preacher. To his pupils 
 he was himself an excellent model of pulpit elo 
 quence. In his life he gave them an admirable 
 example of Christian meekness, of ministerial 
 diligence, of candor, and Catholicism, without a 
 dereliction of principle. He was eminently ser 
 viceable to the part of the country where he lived, 
 not only as a minister of the gospel, but as a 
 teacher of human knowledge. From his acad 
 emy, that school of the prophets, as it was fre 
 quently called, there issued forth many excellent 
 pupils, who did honor to their instructor, both as 
 scholars and Christian ministers. Among the 
 distinguished characters, who received their classi 
 cal and theological education at this seminary, 
 were his nephew, Alexander Gumming, Samuel 
 Davies, Dr. Rodgers of New York, and James 
 Finley, Hugh Henry, and a number of other re 
 spectable clergymen. Mr. Davies, after being 
 informed of his sickness, wrote respecting him 
 to a friend the following lines : 
 
 " 0, had you not the mournful news divulg d, 
 My mind had still the pleasing drc;im indulg d, 
 Still fancied Blair with health and vigor biess d, 
 With some grand purpose lab ring in his breast, 
 In studious thought pursuing truth divine; 
 Till the full demonstration round him shine; 
 Or from the sacred desk proclaiming loud 
 His master s message to the attentive crowd, 
 
BLAIR. 
 
 BLAIR. 
 
 95 
 
 While heavenly truth with bright conviction glares. 
 And coward error shrinks and disappears, 
 While quick remorse the hardy sinner feels, 
 And Calvary s balm the bleeding conscience heals. 
 
 lie published animadversions on the reasons of 
 A. Creaghead for quitting the Presbyterian church, 
 1742; a narrative of a revival of religion in sev 
 eral parts of Pennsylvania, 1744. Miller s Rctr. 
 n. 343 ; Mass. Miss. Magazine, in. 363 ; JJa- 
 vics Life. 
 
 BLAIR, JOHN, an eminent minister in Penn 
 sylvania, was ordained to the pastoral charge of 
 three congregations in Cumberland county as 
 early as 1742. These were frontier settlements 
 and exposed to depredations in the Indian wars, 
 and he was obliged to remove. He accepted a 
 call from Fog s manor in Chester county, in 1757. 
 This congregation had been favored with the 
 ministry of his brother, Samuel Blair ; and here 
 he continued about nine years, besides discharging 
 the duties of the ministry, superintending also a 
 flourishing grammar school, and preparing many 
 young men for the ministry. "When the presi 
 dency of New Jersey college became vacant, he 
 was chosen professor of divinity and had for some 
 time the charge of that seminary before the arri 
 val of Dr. Witherspoon. After this event he set 
 tled at "Walkill in the State of New York. Here 
 he labored a while with his usual faithfulness, and 
 finished his earthly course Dec. 8, 1771, aged 
 about 5 1 years. 
 
 He was a judicious and persuasive preacher, 
 and through his exertions sinners were converted 
 and the children of God edified. Fully convinced 
 of the doctrines of grace, he addressed immortal 
 souls with that warmth and power, which left a 
 witness in every bosom. Though he sometimes 
 wrote his sermons in full, yet his common mode 
 of preaching was by short notes, comprising the 
 general outlines. His labors were too abundant 
 to admit of more ; and no more was necessary to 
 a mind so richly stored, and so constantly im 
 pressed with the great truths of religion. For 
 his large family he had amassed no fortune, but 
 he left them what was infinitely better, a religious 
 education, a holy example, and prayers, which 
 have been remarkably answered. His disposition 
 was uncommonly patient, placid, benevolent, dis 
 interested, and cheerful. He was too mild to 
 indulge bitterness or severity, and he thought that 
 truth required little else than to be fairly stated 
 and properly understood. Those, who could not 
 relish the savor of his piety, loved lu m as an 
 amiable, and revered him as a great man. In his 
 last sickness he imparted his advice to the con 
 gregation, and represented to his family the 
 necessity of an interest in Christ. A few nights 
 before he died he said, "Directly I am going 
 to glory. My Master calls me ; I must be gone." 
 He published a few occasional sermons and tracts 
 
 in defence of important, truths. Evang. Intellig. 
 I. 241-244. 
 
 BLAIR, SAMUEL, minister of Boston, the son 
 of Rev. Samuel Blair, died Sept. 24, 1818, aged 
 77. He was born at Fog s manor in 1741. 
 After being graduated at the college of New 
 Jersey in 1760, he was a tutor in that seminary. 
 He was settled as colleague with ] )r. Sewall over 
 the old south church in Boston Nov. 26, 1766. 
 He had been previously ordained as a Presbyte 
 rian. In the next year he was chosen president 
 of the college in New Jersey, as successor of 
 Finlcy, but he declined the appointment, in con 
 sequence of the ascertained willingness of Dr. 
 Withcrspoon to accept the place, which at first 
 he had rejected. By reason of ill health and 
 some difficulty respecting the half-way covenant, 
 Mr. Blair was dismissed Oct. 10, 1769. He never 
 resumed a pastoral charge. During the last 
 years of his life he resided at Germantown, where 
 he died suddenly. lie was succeeded by Mr. 
 Bacon and Mr. Hunt. Distinguished for talents 
 and learning, he was in preaching, with a feeble 
 voice, a master of the touching and pathetic. He 
 married in 1769 a daughter of Dr. Shippcn, the 
 elder, of Philadelphia : his daughter married 
 Charles Pierce. He published an oration on the 
 death of George II., 1761. Wisner s Hist. 0. S. 
 CJntrcJi, 31 ; Green s Discourses, 392, 396. 
 
 BLAIR, JOHN, one of the associate judges of 
 the supreme court of the United States, died at 
 Williamsburg in Virginia August 31, 1800, aged 
 68. He was a judge of the court of appeals in 
 Virginia in 1787, at which time the legislature 
 of that State, finding the judiciary system incon 
 venient, established circuit courts, the duties of 
 which they directed the judges of the court of 
 appeals to perform. These judges, among whose 
 names are those of Blair, Pendleton, and Wythe, 
 remonstrated and declared the act unconstitu 
 tional. In the same year, he was a member of 
 the general convention, which formed the con 
 stitution of the United States. To that instrument 
 the names of Blair and Madison arc affixed as 
 the deputies from Virginia. In September, 1789, 
 when the government, which he had assisted in 
 establishing, had commenced its operation, he 
 was appointed by Washington an associate judge 
 of the supreme court, of which John Jay was 
 chief justice. He was an amiable, accomplished, 
 and truly virtuous man. He discharged with 
 ability and integrity the duties of a number of 
 the highest and most important public trusts; 
 and in these, as well as in the relations of private 
 life, his conduct was upright, and so blameless, 
 that he seldom or never lost a friend or made 
 an enemy. Through life he in a remarkable 
 manner experienced the truth of our Saviour s 
 declaration, "Blessed are the meek, for they shall 
 inherit the earth ; " and at death lie illustrated 
 
96 
 
 BLAKE. 
 
 BLANC. 
 
 the force of the exclamation, " Let me die the ! Lexington with the militia from Wrentham, and 
 
 death of the righteous, and let my last end be i served in the war. 
 
 like his." Claypoole s Adv., Sept. 12, 1800;; BLAKE, JAMES, died at Dorchester May 22, 
 
 MarshaU,\. 216. 
 
 BLAKE, JOSEPH, governor of South Carolina, 
 
 1753, aged 65 ; the author of annals of Dor 
 chester. 
 
 BLAKE, THOMAS DAWES, doctor, died in Farm- 
 
 was a proprietary and a nephew of the famous 
 Admiral Blake. He succeeded Gov. Thomas Smith ington, Me., Nov. 20, 1849, aged 81, an eminent 
 in 1694, and Archdale in 1696, and was himself physician. He was a native of Boston, 
 succeeded by James Moore in 1700. During j BLAKELEY, JOHXSTOX, a captain in the navy, 
 Blake s administration a set of forty-one articles, [ ^-as born in Ireland in 1781. After lu s father s 
 called " the last fundamental constitutions," was j removal to Wilmington, N. C., he passed a few 
 sent from England by the Earl of Bath, the pala- j years in the university of that State. In the year 
 tine, and other patentees ; but the change in the j igQO he obtained a midshipman s warrant. Ap- 
 government was never confirmed by the Carolina | pointed to the command of the Wasp, in 1814 
 assembly. Mr. Blake died in 1700. Although j he captured and burnt the Reindeer, after an 
 a dissenter, yet with a highly honorable spirit of action of nineteen minutes, with the loss of twenty- 
 liberality he prevailed on the assembly to settle one men ; the enemy lost sixty-seven. In an 
 
 on the Episcopal minister of Charleston 150 
 pounds a year, and to furnish him with a house, 
 glebe, and two servants. A very different, an in 
 tolerant and persecuting spirit was manifested 
 
 action Sept. 1, 1814, the Avon struck to him, 
 though the approach of other vessels prevented 
 his taking possession of her. The last account 
 of the Wasp is, that she was spoken off the West- 
 
 towards the dissenters in the subsequent admin- ] ern Isles. In what manner Blakeley died is, 
 istration of Johnson. Univ. Hist. XL. 427. j therefore, not known. His Avife and an infant 
 BLAKE, JAMKS, a preacher, died Nov. 17, i daughter survived. The legislature of North 
 
 1771, aged 21. He was a native of Dorchester, 
 and was graduated at Harvard in 1769. In col 
 lege he was distinguished by the sweetness of 
 his temper and the purity of his morals. He 
 conciliated the love of his fellow students, and 
 the high approbation of his instructors. After 
 pursuing for some time his theological studies 
 under the care of Mr. Smith of Weymouth, he 
 began with reluctance at a very early period the 
 
 Carolina passed the resolution that this child " be 
 educated at the expense of the State." 
 
 BLAKEMAX, ADAM, first minister of Strat 
 ford, died in 1665. His son Benjamin, a graduate 
 of Harvard in 1663, was a preacher at Maiden. 
 The catalogue has the name Blackman. 
 
 BLANC, VIXCEXT LE, a traveller in Asia, Af 
 rica, and America, from the age of twelve to sixty, 
 gives an account of Canada in his book, entitled, 
 
 important work of the ministry. A small volume Les Voyages fameux, &c.," 1648. Though his 
 of his sermons, which was published by his friends j narrative is in some respects valuable, yet it is 
 after his death, displays a strength of mind and j confused, with little regard to dates, and tolerant 
 a knowledge of theoretical and practical divinity j towards fables. The author speaks of the giant 
 very uncommon in a person so young. His ser- j stature of the Indians. Charlevoix, I. 4. 
 mons also indicate a warmth of pious feeling, j BLANC, JEAX LE, chief of the Outaouais, or 
 honorable to his character. P> ff- to his Serm. Ottaway Indians, called Lc Blanc, because his 
 
 Coll. Hist. Soc. ix. 189. 
 
 mother was as white as a French woman, was 
 
 BLAKE, GEOUGE, died at Boston Oct. 6, 1841, a chief of talents, and difficult to be won by the 
 aged 73. A graduate of 1789, he was a lawyer ! governor. He rescued the Father Constantin, 
 of eminence, and United States attorney for Mas- -who had fallen into the hands of the Indians, 
 sachusetts. He published an oration at Boston | In 1707 he appeared before the governor at Mont- 
 July 4, 1795 ; masonic eulogy on Washington, real and excused his tribe for some disorders. 
 1800. j This chief, whom Charlevoix denominates a bad 
 
 BLAKE, FRAXCIS, brother of the preceding, I Christian and a great drunkard, was asked by 
 a graduate of 1789, died at Worcester in 1817. j Frontenac, of what he supposed the water of 
 He published orations, 1796 and 1812, and exam- j life, or rum, for which he was so greedy, was 
 
 ination of embargo laws, 1808. 
 
 composed; he replied, "It is an extract of 
 
 BLAKE, JOHN, general, died in Bangor Jan. tongues and hearts ; for Avhen I have been drink- 
 21, 1842, aged 89; a soldier of the Revolution. ing it, I fear nothing and talk marvellously." 
 
 BLAKE, CALEB, minister of Westford forty- ! H c might have added, " It is the essence of folly 
 five years, died May 11, 1847, aged 85. He was ! an d madness; for when I have swallowed it, I 
 a graduate of Harvard in 1784. He published j play the part of a fool and a madman." Yet the 
 
 a sermon before a charitable socictv, 1815. 
 
 governor, De Callieres, was very careful never to 
 
 BLAKE, ELEAZAR, deacon, died in Ilindgc in j send away a chief until after " regaling " him. 
 Oct., 1852, aged 95. He was in the battle of j Thus, from policy and covetousness, have drunk- 
 
BLAND. 
 
 BLEECKER. 
 
 97 
 
 ards had the poison dealt out to them from age 
 to age. Charlei-oix, II. 274, 311; m. 30G. 
 
 BLAND, RICHARD, a political writer, died in 
 1778. He was for some years a principal mem 
 ber of the house of burgesses in Virginia. In 
 17G8 he was one of the committee to remonstrate 
 with parliament on the subject of taxation; in 
 177.3 one of the committee of correspondence; 
 in 1774 a delegate to Congress. He was again 
 chosen a deputy to Congress Aug. 12, 1775 ; in 
 returning thanks for this appointment he spoke 
 of himself as " an old man, almost deprived of 
 sight, whose great ambition had ever been to 
 receive the plaudit of his country, whenever he 
 should retire from the public stage of life." The 
 honor, which cometh from God, would have been 
 a higher aim. Though he declined the appoint 
 ment from old age, he declared he should ever 
 be animated " to support the glorious cause, in 
 which America was engaged." Francis L. Lee 
 was appointed in his place. Mr. Wirt speaks 
 of him as " one of the most enlightened men in 
 the colony ; a man of finished education and of 
 the most unbending habits of application. His 
 perfect mastery of every fact connected with the 
 settlement and progress of the colony had given 
 him the name of the Virginia antiquary. He was 
 a politician of the first class, a profound logician, 
 and was also considered as the first writer in the 
 colony." He published in 1766 an inquiry into 
 the rights of the British colonies, in answer to a 
 pamphlet published in London in the preceding 
 year, entitled, regulations lately made concerning 
 the colonies, and taxes imposed on them, consid 
 ered. This was one of the three productions of 
 Virginia during the controversy with Great Britain ; 
 the other writers were Arthur Lee and Jefferson. 
 Rewrote also in 1758 on the controversy between 
 the clergy and the assembly concerning the to 
 bacco tax for the support of the clergy. Jeffer 
 son s Notes, qu. 23 ; Wirt s Life of Henry, 46. 
 
 BLAND, THEODORIC, a worthy patriot and 
 statesman, died at New York while attending con 
 gress, June 1, 1790, aged 48. He was a native 
 of Virginia, and descended from an ancient and 
 respectable family. He was bred to the science 
 of physic; but upon the commencement of the 
 American war he quitted the practice, and took 
 an active part in the cause of his country. He 
 soon rose to the rank of colonel, and had the 
 command of a regiment of dragoons. While in 
 the army he frequently signalized himself by bril 
 liant actions. In the year 1780 he was elected 
 to a seat in congress. He continued in that body 
 three years, .the time allowed by the confedera 
 tion. After the expiration of this term he again 
 returned to Virginia, and was chosen a member 
 of the State legislature. He opposed the adop 
 tion of the constitution, believing it to be repugnant 
 to the interests of his country, and was in the 
 
 13 
 
 minority that voted against its ratification. But, 
 when it was at length adopted, he submitted to 
 the voice of the majority. He was chosen to rep 
 resent the district in which he lived, in the first 
 congress under the constitution. When the sub 
 ject of the assumption of the State debts was 
 debated in March, 1790, he made a speech in 
 favor of the assumption, differing in respect to 
 this measure from all his colleagues. In this 
 speech he expressed his attachment to the con 
 stitution as amended, though he wished for more 
 amendments, and declared his dread of silent 
 majorities on questions of great and general con 
 cern. He was honest, open, candid; and his 
 conduct was such in his intercourse with mankind, 
 as to secure universal respect. Though a legis 
 lator, he was not destitute of a genius for poetry. 
 Gazette of the U. S., April 17 and June 5, 
 1790. 
 
 BLAND, THEODORIC, died at Annapolis Nov. 
 16, 1846, aged 69. For twenty-two years he was 
 chancellor of Maryland. 
 
 BLATCHFORD, SAMUEL, D. D., minister of 
 Lansingburg, N. Y., died March 17, 1828, aged 
 60. He was a native of Plymouth, England, 
 w r here he was educated and became a dissenting 
 minister. In 1795 he emigrated to the United 
 States : after a residence of one year at Bedford, 
 Westchester county, he succeeded Dr. Dwight 
 at Greenfield ; subsequently he was the minister 
 at Bridgeport, whence he was invited to Lansing- 
 burg in 1804. His son, Henry Blatchford, who 
 had been pastor of the Branch church, Salem, 
 Mass., and thence removed to Lansingburg, died 
 in Maryland Sept., 1822, aged 34. Dr. Blatch 
 ford was a sound scholar and theologian, and as 
 a pastor kind, persuasive, and often eloquent in 
 his manner. He was endeared to his acquaint 
 ance by his estimable virtues and his Christian 
 graces. 
 
 BLATCHFORD, JOHN, D. D., the son of the 
 preceding, died at the house of his son-in-law, M. 
 Collins, in St. Louis, April 8, 1855, aged 56. He 
 was for some years the minister of the Presbyte 
 rian church in Chicago. His last residence was 
 at Quincy, Illinois. 
 
 BLAUVELT, ISAAC, a minister, died in New 
 Rochelle April, 1841, aged 90, in the peace and 
 hope of the gospel. 
 
 BLEDSOE, JESSE, died in Kentucky June 30, 
 1837. He may be held up as a beacon and a 
 warning to others. A lawyer, a senator of the 
 United States in 1813, professor of law in the 
 university, chief justice of the supreme court of 
 Kentucky ; of talents, eloquence, and unequalled 
 influence for a time, he yet in consequence of 
 intemperance became a miserable outcast and 
 wanderer. 
 
 BLEECKER, ANN ELIZA, a lady of some liter 
 ary celebrity in New York, died Nov. 23, 1783, 
 
98 
 
 BLEECKER. 
 
 BLISS. 
 
 aged 31. She was the daughter of Mr. Brandt 
 Schuylcr, and was born in October, 1 752. From 
 early life she was passionately fond of books. In 
 1769 she was married to John I. Bleecker, Esq., 
 of New Ilochelle, and removed to Poughkeepsie, 
 and shortly afterwards to Tomhanic, a beautiful, 
 solitary village, eighteen miles above Albany, 
 where she lived a number of years in great tran 
 quillity and happiness. But the approach of Bur- 
 goync s army in 1777 drove her from her retreat 
 in circumstances of terror. She fled on foot with 
 her two little daughters, and obtained shelter for 
 the night at Stone Arabia. In a few days she 
 lost the youngest of her children. This affliction 
 cast a gloom over her mind ; and possessing an 
 excessive sensibility, though not unacquainted 
 with religious consolations, she was unable to sup 
 port the Aveight of her troubles. After the peace 
 she revisited New York to awaken afresh the 
 scenes of her childhood ; but the dispersion of 
 her friends, and the desolation, which everywhere 
 presented itself to her sight, overwhelmed her. 
 She returned to her cottage, where she died. She 
 was the friend of the aged and infirm, and her 
 kindness and benevolence to the poor of the vil 
 lage, where she lived, caused her death to be deeply 
 lamented. After her death, some of her writings 
 were collected and published, in 1793, under 
 the title of the posthumous works of Ann Eliza 
 Bleecker, in prose and verse. To this work are 
 prefixed memoirs of her life, written by her 
 daughter, Margaretta V. Faugeres. There is 
 also added to the volume a collection of Mrs. 
 Faugeres essays. Hardies Biog. Diet. ; Spec. 
 Amer. Poetry, I. 211-220. 
 
 BLEECKER, ANTHONY, a poet, was born about 
 the year 1778 and educated at Columbia college 
 in the city of New York. The circumstances of 
 his family constrained him to study law, though 
 he never succeeded as an advocate in consequence 
 of an unconquerable diffidence, a somewhat rare 
 failing in a lawyer. Yet was he respected in his 
 profession for his learning and integrity. After 
 a short illness he died in the spring of 1827, 
 aged 49 years. For tlu rty years the periodical 
 literature of New York and Philadelphia was 
 constantly indebted to his fancy and good taste. 
 Spec. Amer. Poetry, n. 381-386. 
 
 BLEECKER, HARMANUS, died in Albany in 
 July, 1849, aged 70. lie was the son of Jacob 
 B., a respected merchant, and a descendant of 
 John Jansen B. As a lawyer he was associated 
 with Theodore Sedgwick. As a member of con 
 gress he opposed the war of 1812. Mr. Van 
 Buren appointed him minister to Holland. With 
 the Dutch language he was perfectly acquainted ; 
 in Holland he married a Dutch lady of beauty 
 and accomplishments. He was himself of pleas 
 ing manners and great dignity : and he had a 
 deep sense of justice and an unfailing regard to it. 
 
 BLENNERHASSETT, HARMAN, died in the 
 island of Guernsey, in 1831, aged 63. His widow, 
 Margaret, died in New York in utter poverty in 
 1842. He was an Englishman of wealth and 
 well educated, who came to Marietta in 1797. 
 He bought a plantation of one hundred and seventy 
 acres on a beautiful island in. the Ohio, fourteen 
 miles below the Muskingum, in Virginia, now 
 known by his name. His mansion and improve 
 ments cost 40,000 dollars. He was a man of 
 science and taste, and his wife was most beautiful 
 and accomplished, skilled in French and Italian. 
 His home was a scene of enchantment. But now, 
 in 1806, came the destroyer, Aaron Burr, and 
 persuaded him to engage in his projects. In con 
 sequence he fled from the island; was tried for 
 treason; and had heavy debts to pay, contracted 
 for Burr. He next lived ten years in Mississippi, 
 and thence removed to Montreal and England. 
 Dr. Hildreth has published the Deserted Isle, 
 being verses written by his wife. He thinks the 
 unhappy man was an Infidel, and " lacked one thing, 
 without which no man can be happy : a firm be 
 lief in the overruling providence of God." 
 Hildreth s Biog. Memoirs. 
 
 BLINMAN, RICHARD, first minister of New 
 London, Connecticut, was a native of Great Britain, 
 and was minister at Chepstow in Monmouthshire. 
 On his arrival in this country in 1642 it was his 
 intention to settle with his friends, who accom 
 panied him, at Green s harbor, or Marshfield, near 
 Plymouth. But some difficulty arising in that 
 place, he removed to Cape Ann, which the general 
 court in the year above mentioned established a 
 plantation and called Gloucester. He removed 
 to New London in 1648. Here he continued in 
 the ministry about ten years, and was then suc 
 ceeded by GershomBulklcy. In 1658 he removed 
 to New Haven, and after a short stay in that 
 town returned to England. On his way he stop 
 ped in 1659 at Newfoundland, where he declined 
 to settle. Johnson wrote his name Blindman; 
 Trumbull, Blynman. Having lived to a good 
 old age, he happily concluded at the city of Bris 
 tol a life spent in doing good. A short time be 
 fore his death he published in answer to Mr. 
 Danvers a book entitled, an essay tending to issue 
 the controversy about infant baptism, 18mo., 1674. 
 Nonconform. Memor. in. 177; Coll. Hist. Soc. 
 ix. 39 ; Savage s Wintlirop, II. 64 ; TrumbulVs 
 Conn. I. 293/310, 314, 522. 
 
 BLISS, JAMES C., M. D., died in New York 
 July 31, 1855, aged 64. Born in Bennington, he 
 graduated at the college of physicians in New 
 York in 1815, and then commenced his practice 
 of forty years. As a physician and Christian he 
 was eminent ; in the families of ministers and of 
 the poor his services were gratuitous. He was a 
 member of the south Dutch church, then an elder 
 in the Bleecker street church. He joined the 
 
BLISS. 
 
 young men s missionary society ; was correspond 
 ing secretary of the New York religious tract 
 society, for which he prepared in one year seventy- 
 five religious tracts ; and was one of the founders 
 of the American tract society, and one of the 
 executive committee, most diligent for thirty years. 
 His last tear fell in hearing his daughter repeat 
 the text, " Eye hath not seen, nor ear heard," 
 &C. N. T. Observer, Aug. 16, 1855. 
 
 BLISS, JOHX, colonel, an officer of the Revo 
 lution, died in Springfield in 1804, descended from 
 Thomas Bliss of Hartford, who died in 1640, and 
 from Nathaniel of Springfield. He was a sen 
 ator and a judge of the court of common pleas. 
 His daughter was the mother of Judge Oliver B. 
 Morris of Springfield. 
 
 BLISS, GEORGE, LL. D., died at Springfield 
 March 8, 1830, aged 65. He was a son of Moses 
 B. of S. and Abigail Mctcalf, a daughter of Wil 
 liam M. of Lebanon. His father died July 4, 
 1814, aged 78. G. Bliss s three wives were Han 
 nah, daughter of Dr. John Clark of Lebanon; 
 Mary Lathrop of New Haven, and Abigail, daugh 
 ter of Rev. David S. Rowland. He had four 
 children by his first wife and four by his third. 
 His brother Moses died in S. in 1849, aged 75. 
 He had ten children. 
 
 BLISS, JOHN, colonel, died at St. Augustine Nov. 
 22, 1854, aged G6. A graduate of Cambridge in 
 1808, he was an officer, wounded at Niagara falls 
 in 1814 ; he was an instructor and commander of 
 cadets at West Point from 1813 to 1819. His 
 military office he resigned in 1837 ; he lived at 
 Buffalo. 
 
 BLODGET, SAMUEL, remarkable for enter 
 prise, died in Aug., 1807, aged 84. He was born 
 at Woburn, Mass., and resided many years at 
 Haverhill. Before the Revolution he was a judge 
 of the court of common pleas for the county of 
 Hillsborough, N. II. He was engaged in the ex 
 pedition against Louisbourg in 1745. Having 
 raised in 1783, by a machine of his invention, a 
 valuable cargo from a ship sunk near Plymouth, 
 he was induced to go to Europe for the purpose 
 of recovering from the deep the treasures buried 
 therein. In Spain he met with discouragement. 
 His project for raising the Royal George was no 
 better received in England. After his return he 
 set up a duck manufactory in 1791 ; and in 1793 
 he removed to N. II. and commenced the canal, 
 which bears his name, around Amoskcag falls. 
 He expended much money without completing the 
 work, became embarrassed, and for a time suf 
 fered imprisonment for debt. Judge B. was rig 
 idly temperate. At all seasons he slept in a 
 large room, with open windows. He intended to 
 live, in consequence of the course he pursued, 
 until he was ajt least 100 years old ; but he died 
 of a consumption, occasioned by his exposure in 
 travelling from Boston to Haverhill in a cold 
 
 BOARDMAN. 
 
 99 
 
 night. His projects for public improvements un 
 happily involved him in great pecuniary losses. 
 He wanted more skill. Mass. Hist. Coll., n. s. 
 IV. 158. 
 
 BLOOMFIELI), JOSEPH, governor of New 
 Jersey, was probably a descendant of Thomas 
 Bloomfield, who lived at Ncwbury, Mass., in 
 1638 and afterwards removed to New Jersey. 
 He was a soldier of the Revolution. He suc 
 ceeded Richard Howell as governor in 1801, and 
 was succeeded in that office by Aaron Ogdcn in 
 1812. In the war, which commenced in this year, 
 he was a brigadier-general. He died at Burling 
 ton Oct. 3, 1823. Gen. Bloomfield was a firm 
 republican in politics ; in congress a sound legis 
 lator ; a brave soldier in the field ; and in private 
 life an excellent man. Farmer s Collect., n. 
 App. 91. 
 
 BLOUNT, WILLIAM, governor of the territory 
 south of the Ohio, was appointed to that office 
 in 1790. The first governor of Tennessee under 
 the constitution in 1796 was John Sevier. While 
 a member of the senate of the U. S. from Ten 
 nessee, Mr. Blount was expelled from that body 
 in July, 1797, for being concerned in a project of 
 the British to conquer the Spanish territories, and 
 instigating the Creeks and Cherokees to lend their 
 aid. He died at Knoxvillc March 26, 1800, 
 aged 56. 
 
 BLOUNT, WILLIE, governor of Tenn. from 
 1809 to 1815, died at Nashville Sept. 10, 1835, 
 aged 68. 
 
 BLOWERS, THOMAS, minister in Beverly, 
 Massachusetts, died June 17, 1729, aged 51. He 
 was bom at Cambridge Aug. 1, 1677. His 
 mother was the sister of Andrew Belcher. He 
 was graduated at Harvard college in 1695, and 
 was ordained pastor of the first church in Beverly 
 Oct. 29, 1701. He was a good scholar, and an 
 excellent minister ; of sincere and ardent piety ; 
 of great meekness and sweetness of temper ; of 
 uncommon stability in his principles and steadi 
 ness in his conduct. He was a vigilant, prudent 
 pastor, and a close, pathetic preacher. He pub 
 lished a sermon on the death of Rev. Joseph Green 
 of Salem village, 1715. A 7 . E. Weekly Journal, 
 June 23, 1729 ; Foxcrqft s Funeral Sermon. 
 
 BLOWERS, SAMPSON SALTER, died at Hali 
 fax, N. S., Oct. 25, 1842, aged 100 years and 6 
 months. A graduate of Harvard in 1763, he 
 survived all who graduated before him. Born in 
 Boston, he studied law under Gov. Hutchinson. 
 In 1770 he was counsel with Adams and Quincy 
 in the trial of the British soldiers. As a tory he 
 was sent to Halifax. He was raised to the su 
 preme bench in 1795, and was presiding judge 
 from 1801 to 1833. His name was in the pro 
 scribing act of Mass, in 1778. 
 
 BOARDMAX, GEORGE D., an eminent Bap 
 tist missionary to Burmah, died Feb. 11, 1831. 
 
100 
 
 BOGARDUS. 
 
 BOLLMAX. 
 
 BOGARDUS, EYERARDUS, the first minister 
 of the Reformed Dutch church in New York, 
 came early to this country, though the exact time 
 of his arrival is not known. The records of this 
 church begin with the year 1639. He was or 
 dained and sent forth, it is believed, by the classis 
 of Amsterdam, which had for a number of years 
 the superintendence of the Dutch churches in 
 New Netherlands, or the province of New York. 
 The tradition is, that Mr. Bogardus became blind 
 and returned to Holland some time before the sur 
 render of the colony to the British in 1664. lie 
 was succeeded by John and Samuel Megapolen- 
 sis. Christian s Mag. N. Y. I. 368. 
 
 BOGARDUS, ROBERT, general, nearly fifty 
 years at the bar of New York, died Sept. 12, 
 1841, aged 70. He was a State senator. 
 
 BOGART, ABRAHAM, died in the poor-house 
 in Maury county, Tenn., June 14, 1833, aged 118 
 years, a native of Delaware. He never drank 
 spirits and he never was sick. 
 
 BOLLAN, WILLIAM, agent of Massachusetts 
 in Great Britain, died in England in 1776. He 
 was born in England, and came to this country 
 about the year 1740. In 1743 he married a most 
 amiable and accomplished lady, the daughter of 
 Gov. Shirley, who died at the age of 25. Mr. 
 Bollan was a lawyer of eminence, in profitable 
 business, was advocate general, and had just re 
 ceived the appointment of collector of customs 
 for Salem and Marblehead, Avhen he was sent to 
 England in 1745 as agent to solicit a reimburse 
 ment of the expenses in the expedition against 
 Cape Breton. It was a difficult, toilsome agency 
 of three years ; but he conducted it with great 
 skill and fidelity, and obtained at last a full repay 
 ment of the expenditure, being 183,649 pounds 
 sterling. He arrived at Boston Sept. 19, 1748, 
 with 653,000 ounces of silver and ten tons of cop 
 per, reckoned at 175,000 pounds sterling, or 
 nearly 800,000 dollars. He was again sent to 
 England as the agent : but it appears from a let 
 ter, which he wrote in 1752 to the secretary of 
 Massachusetts, that for his three years services 
 the colony, after seven years from his appoint 
 ment, voted him the sum of only 1500 pounds 
 sterling. He had supported his family, and ad 
 vanced of his money in the agency business as 
 much as fifteen hundred pounds ; he had aban 
 doned a profitable business, which would have 
 yielded him double the amount voted him ; and 
 besides this he had passed his years in the degra 
 dation of " a continual state of attendance and 
 dependence on the motions and pleasures of the 
 great," standing alone too without any support or 
 assistance. After Gov. Shirley was superseded, 
 attempts were made to displace Mr. Bollan, not 
 withstanding his address and talents, and his 
 long, faithful, and important services. His con 
 
 nection with Shirley and his attachment to the 
 Episcopal form of worship awakened prejudices. 
 Dissatisfaction had also been occasioned by his 
 making some deductions from the money, granted 
 in 1759, as a reimbursement to the province, and 
 his neglecting to correspond with the general 
 court. He was dismissed in 1762, and Jasper 
 Mauduit, whose learning; and talents were not ad 
 equate to the office, was appointed in his place. 
 i In 1768 or 1769 he obtained from Alderman 
 Bcckford copies of thirty-three letters of Gov. 
 Bernard, which he sent to Massachusetts, being 
 employed as agent by the council, though not by 
 the general court. For this act Lord North ex 
 claimed against him in parliament ; but it restored 
 his lost popularity. Mr. Hancock declared in 
 the house of representatives, that there Avas no 
 man, to whom the colonies were more indebted. 
 In 1775 he exerted himself in recommending to 
 the mother country conciliatory measures. Sev 
 eral of his letters and writings are in the Mass. 
 Historical Collections, vols. I. and Yl. In one of 
 them he maintains, that the boundary of Nova 
 Scotia to the north is the river of Canada. He 
 published a number of political tracts, among 
 which are the following : importance of Cape Bre 
 ton truly illustrated, Lond., 1746; colonioc Angli- 
 canaB illustratae, 1762 ; the ancient right of the 
 English nation to the American fishery examined 
 and stated, 1764 ; the : .utual interests of Great 
 Britain and the American colonies considered, 
 1765 ; freedom of speech and writing upon public 
 affairs considered, 1766 ; the importance of the 
 colonies in North America and the interests of 
 Great Britain with regard to them considered, 
 1766 ; epistle from Timoleon, 1768 ; continued 
 corruption of standing armies, 1768 ; the free 
 Briton s memorial, in defence of the right of elec 
 tion, 1769 ; a supplemental memorial, on the ori 
 gin of parliaments, &c., 1770 ; a petition to the 
 king in council Jan. 26, 1774, with illustrations 
 intended to promote the harmony of Great Brit- 
 ian and her colonies. This petition he offered as 
 agent for the council of the province of Massa 
 chusetts. Ilutchinson s Mass. II. 436 ; Minofs 
 Contin. II. 109, 110; Eliot. 
 
 BOLLES, Lucius, D. D., died in Boston Jan. 
 5, 1844, aged 64. He had been pastor of the 
 first Baptist church, Salem, and was many years 
 secretary of the Baptist board of foreign missions. 
 He published a sermon before the association, 
 1822. 
 
 BOLLMAN, ERICH, M. D., was born at Hoya, 
 in Hanover, in Europe, and was well educated, 
 receiving his medical degree at Gottingen. He 
 settled as a physician at Paris. In 1794 he engaged 
 in the project of releasing La Fayette from the prison 
 of Olmutz. His coadjutor was Francis Iluger, 
 an American, son of Col. Hugcr of South Caro- 
 
BOMFORD. 
 
 BONYTIIOX. 
 
 I O l 
 
 lina. He found means through the surgeon to 
 communicate with the prisoner. As La Fayctte 
 was riding out for his health, Nov. 8, the guard 
 was attacked and overcome : the prisoner and his 
 deliverers galloped off, but missing the way, were 
 soon captured. Dr. Bollman was confined twelve 
 months and then banished. After ho came to the 
 United States, he was implicated in the conspir 
 acy of Burr. On his return from South America 
 he died at Jamaica of the yellow fever Dec. 9, 
 1821. He published paragraphs on banks, 1810 ; 
 improved system of the money concerns of the 
 union, 1816 ; strictures on the theories of Mr. 
 Kicardo. Jennison. 
 
 BOMFORD, GEORGE, colonel, died in Boston, 
 March 25, 1828. He was distinguished in the 
 war with Great Britain. He perfected the ord 
 nance department. 
 
 BOMMASEEN, an Indian chief, signed the 
 treaty of Pcmaquid in Maine Aug. 11, 1693, with 
 Madockawondo and other sagamores. It was one 
 part of the agreement that, as the French had 
 instigated wars, the Indians should abandon the 
 French interest. The treaty is given at length 
 by Mather. The next year, after various barbari 
 ties at Kittery and elsewhere, in which he was 
 suspected to have been concerned, Bommaseen 
 presented himself with two other Indians at 
 Pcmaquid, " as loving as bears and as harmless 
 as tigers," pretending to have just come from 
 Canada ; when Capt. March made him prisoner 
 Nov. 19, and sent him to Boston, where he was 
 kept a year or two in gaol. In 1696 one of the 
 ministers of Boston visited Bommaseen at his re 
 quest in prison, when the savage inquired, whether 
 it was true, as the French had taught him, that 
 the Virgin Mary was a French lady, and that it 
 was the English who murdered Jesus Christ, and 
 whether he required his disciples " to revenge 
 Ins quarrel upon the English ? " The minister 
 gave him suitable religious instruction, and taught 
 him how to obtain the pardon of sins from God, 
 Avithout paying beaver skins for it to a priest ; 
 which instruction was received with strong ex 
 pressions of gratitude. This is the serious nar 
 rative of Cotton Mather. Unless the Indian 
 invented the story, what a proof is here furnished 
 of the depravity of the French teachers of the 
 savages ! After his liberation Bommaseen mani 
 fested his humanity by saving the life of Rebecca 
 Taylor, a captive, whom her master was endeav 
 oring to hang with his belt near Montreal in 
 1696. Ilulchinson, II. 149 ; Magnal. VII. 22. 
 
 BOND, THOMAS, M. D., a distinguished physi 
 cian and surgeon, died March 26, 1784, aged 72. 
 He was born in Maryland in 1712. After study 
 ing with Dr. Hamilton, he spent a considerable 
 time in Paris. On his return he commenced the 
 practice of medicine at Philadelphia about the 
 
 year 1734. With his brother, Dr. Phineas Bond, 
 he attended the Pennsylvania hospital, in which 
 the first clinical lectures were delivered by him. 
 He assisted in founding the college and academy. 
 Of a literary society, composed of Franklin, Bar- 
 tram, Godfrey, and others, he was a member in 
 1743, and an officer of the philosophical society 
 from its establishment. The annual address be 
 fore the society was delivered by him in 1782, on 
 the rank of man in the scale of being. For half 
 a century he had the first practice in Philadel 
 phia. Though disposed to pulmonary consumption, 
 by attention to diet, and guarding against the 
 changes of the weather, and the obstruction of 
 blood when his lungs were affected, he lived to a 
 good old age. His daughter, married to Thomas 
 Lawrence, died in 177 1. His brother, Dr. Phineas 
 Bond, who studied at Leyden, Paris, Edinburgh, 
 and London, and was an eminent practitioner in 
 Philadelphia, died in June, 1773, aged 56. lie 
 published in the London Medical Inquiries and 
 Observations, vol. I., an account of a worm in the 
 liver, 1754; on the use of Peruvian bark in 
 scrofula, vol. II. Thacher s Med. Biog. ; Ham- 
 say s Rev. Med. 37 ; Miller I. 312. 
 
 BOND, THOMAS F,, I). D., editor of the New 
 York Christian Advocate and Journal, died March 
 19, 1856, aged 74. A native of Maryland, he 
 joined the Methodist church in Baltimore in 1805 ; 
 and there he lived many years in various offices 
 of trust. He was respected and beloved. 
 
 BONNYCASTLE, CHARLES, died in Oct., 1840, 
 aged 48, the son of John B. of England, He was 
 the author of algebra ; professor of mathematics 
 in the university of Virginia ; and published a 
 work on inductive geometry. 
 
 BONYTHON, RICHARD, captain, died before 
 1653. He was one of the first settlers of Saco, 
 had a grant of one hundred and twenty acres in 
 Saco, 1629. He was one of the commissioners 
 under Gorges for the government of the province 
 of Maine, then called New Somersetshire, in 1636. 
 The first meeting was held at Saco March 25, 
 which was the first day of the year. When 
 Gorges had obtained from the king a new charter 
 of the province, Bonython was named one of the 
 council, with Vines, Jocelyn, and others, in 1640. 
 The last court under under this authority was 
 held at Wells in 1646. He lived in a house on 
 the left bank of the Saco, just below the falls. 
 His name is written Benython by Sullivan and 
 Bonighton by Farmer and Willis. He was an 
 upright and worthy magistrate ; even against his 
 own son he once entered a complaint. This son 
 was John Bonython, who was outlawed for con 
 temning the summons of court and was guilty of 
 various outrages ; he died in 1684. His ungov 
 ernable temper procured him the title of the 
 sagamore of Saco in the couplet proposed for his 
 
102 
 
 BOOGE. 
 
 gravestone, which represents him as having gone 
 to the evil spirit of the Indians : 
 
 " Here lies Bonython, the sagamore of Saco ; 
 He lived a rogue and died a knave and went to Ilobomocko." 
 
 Although he left many children, yet his name is 
 extinct in Maine and probably in New England. 
 Folsom s Hist. Saco, 113, 115; Sullivan, 368. 
 
 BOOGE, PUBLICS V., died in Oneida co., Xew 
 York, Sept. 28, 1836, aged 72 ; the oldest minister 
 in the presbytery of O. A graduate of Yale in 
 1787, he preached much in New England. 
 
 BOONE, DAXIEL, colonel, one of the first set 
 tlers of Kentucky, died in Missouri Sept. 26, 1820, 
 aged nearly 90. While he was young, his parents, 
 who came from Bridgeworth, Eng., removed from 
 Pennsylvania or Virginia to the Yadkin river in 
 North Carolina. He was early addicted to hunt 
 ing in the woods ; in the militia he attained to 
 the rank of colonel. In 1769, in consequence of 
 the representation of John Finley, who had pen 
 etrated into the wilderness of Kentucky, he was 
 induced to accompany him in a journey to that 
 country. He had four other companions, John 
 Stuart, Joseph Holden, James Money, and William 
 Cool, with whom he set out May 1. On the 7th 
 of June they arrived at the Red river, a branch 
 of the Kentucky ; and here from the top of a 
 hill they had a view of the fertile plains, of which 
 they were in pursuit. They encamped and re 
 mained in this place till Dec. 22, when Boone 
 and Stuart were captured by the Indians near 
 Kentucky river. In about a week they made 
 their escape ; but on returning to their camp, they 
 found it plundered, and deserted by their com 
 panions, who had gone back to Carolina. Stuart 
 was soon killed by the Indians ; but Boone was 
 joined by his brother, and they remained and 
 prosecuted the business of hunting during the 
 winter, without further molestation. His brother 
 going home for supplies in May 1770, he re 
 mained alone in the deep solitude of the western 
 wilderness until his return with ammunition and 
 horses July 27th. During this period this wild 
 man of the woods, though greeted every night 
 with the howlings of wolves, was delighted in 
 his excursions with the survey of the beauties of 
 the country, and found greater pleasure in the 
 solitude of wild nature, than he could have found 
 amid the hum of the most elegant city. With 
 his brother he traversed the country to Cumber 
 land river. It was not until March, 1771, that 
 he returned to his family, resolved to conduct 
 them to the paradise which he had explored. 
 
 Having sold his farm, he set out with his own 
 and five other families Sept. 25, 1773, and was 
 joined in Powell s valley by forty men. After 
 passing over two mountains, called Powell s and 
 Walden s, through which, as they ranged from 
 the northeast to the southwest, passes were found, 
 
 BOONE. 
 
 and approaching the Cumberland, the rear of the 
 company was attacked by the Indians on the 10th 
 of October, when six men Avere killed, among 
 whom was the eldest son of Col. Boone. One 
 man was also wounded, and the cattle were scat 
 tered. This disaster induced them to retreat 
 about forty miles to the settlement on Clinch 
 river, where he remained with his family, until 
 June 6, 1774, when, at the request of governor 
 Dunmore, he conducted a number of surveyors to 
 the falls of Ohio. On this tour of eight hundred 
 miles he was absent two months. After this he 
 was intrusted by the governor, during the cam 
 paign against the Shawanese, with the command 
 of three forts. Early in 1775, at the request of 
 a company in North Carolina, he attended a treaty 
 with the Cherokee Indians at Wataga, in order 
 to make of them the purchase of lands on the 
 south side of the Tennessee river. After perform 
 ing this service, he was employed to mark out a 
 road from the settlements on the Holston to the 
 Kentucky river. While thus employed, at the 
 distance of about fifteen miles from what is now 
 Boonesborough, the party was attacked by the 
 Indians, who killed four and wounded five. In 
 April, at a salt-lick, on the southern bank of the 
 Kentucky, in what is now Boonesborough, a few 
 miles from Lexington, he began to erect a fort, con 
 sisting of a block house and several cabins, enclosed 
 with palisades. On the 14th of June he returned 
 to his family in order to remove them to the fort. 
 His wife and daughters were the first white wo 
 men who stood on the banks of the Kentucky 
 river. July 14, 1776, when all the settlements 
 were attacked, two of Col. Calway s daughters 
 and one of his own were taken prisoners ; Boone 
 pursued with eighteen men, and in two days 
 overtook the Indians, killed two of them, and re 
 covered the captives. The Indians made repeated 
 attacks upon Boonesborough ; Nov. 15, 1777, 
 with one hundred men, and July 4, with two 
 hundred men. On both sides several were killed 
 and wounded ; but the enemy were repulsed ; as 
 they were also July 19, from Logan s Fort of 
 fifteen men, which was besieged by two hundred. 
 The arrival of twenty-five men from Carolina and 
 in August of one hundred from Virginia gave a 
 new aspect to affairs, and taught the savages the 
 superiority of " the long knives," as they called 
 the Virginians. Jan. 1, 1778, he went with thirty 
 men to the blue licks on the Licking river to 
 make salt for the garrison. Feb. 7, being alone, 
 he was captured by a party of one hundred and 
 two Indians and two Frenchmen ; he capitulated 
 for his men, and they were all carried to Chilli- 
 cothe on the Little Miami, whence he and ten men 
 were conducted to Detroit, where he arrived March 
 30. The governor, Hamilton, treated him with 
 much humanity, and offered 100 pounds for his 
 redemption. But the savages refused the offer 
 
BOONE. 
 
 BOONE. 
 
 103 
 
 from affection to their captive. Being carried 
 back to Chillicothe in April, he was adopted as a 
 son in an Indian family. He assumed the appear 
 ance of cheerfulness ; but his thoughts were on 
 his wife and children. Aware of the envy of the 
 Indians, he was careful not to exhibit his skill in 
 shooting. In June he went to the salt springs on 
 the Scioto. On his return to Chillicothe he ascer 
 tained that four hundred and fifty warriors were 
 preparing to proceed against Boonesborough. lie 
 escaped June 16, and arrived at the fort June 20th, 
 having travelled one hundred and sixty miles in 
 four days, with but one meal. His wife had re 
 turned to her father s. Great efforts were made 
 to repair the fort in order to meet the expected 
 attack. August 1, he went out with nineteen men 
 to surprise Point Creek town on the Scioto ; 
 meeting with thirty Indians, he put them to flight, 
 and captured their baggage. At last, Aug. 8, 
 the Indian army of four hundred and forty-four 
 men, led by Captain Dugnesne and eleven other 
 Frenchmen, and their own chiefs, with British 
 colors flying, summoned the fort to surrender. 
 The next day Boone, having a garrison of only 
 fifty men, announced his resolution to defend the 
 fort, while a man was alive. They then proposed 
 that nine men should be sent out sixty yards from 
 the fort to enter into a treaty ; and when the 
 articles were agreed upon and signed, they said 
 it was customary on such occasions, as a token 
 of sincere friendship, for two Indians to shake 
 every white man by the hand. Accordingly two 
 Indians approached each of the nine white men, 
 and grappled with the intent of making him a 
 prisoner ; but the object being perceived, the men 
 broke away and re-entered the fort. An attempt 
 was now made to undermine it ; but a counter 
 trench defeated that purpose. At last, on the 
 20th, the enemy raised the siege, having lost 
 thirty-seven men. Of Boone s men two were 
 killed and four wounded. " We picked up," said 
 he, " one hundred and twenty-five pounds of bul 
 lets, besides what stuck in the logs of our fort, 
 which certainly is a great proof of their industry." 
 In 1779, when Boone was absent, revisiting his 
 family in Carolina, Col. Bowman with one hundred 
 and sixty men fought the Shawanese Indians at 
 old Chillicothe. In his retreat the Indians pur 
 sued him for thirty miles, when in another 
 engagement Col. Ilarrod suggested the successful 
 project of mounting a number of horses and 
 breaking the Indian line. Of the Kentuckians 
 nine were killed. June 22, 1780, about six hun 
 dred Indians and Canadians under Col. Bird 
 attacked Kiddie s and Martin s stations and the 
 forks of Licking river with six pieces of artillery, 
 and carried away all as captives. Gen. Clarke, 
 commanding at the falls of Ohio, marched with 
 his regiment and troops against Keccaway, the 
 
 principal Shawanese town, on a branch of the 
 Miami, and burned the town, with the loss of 
 seventeen on each side. About this time Boone 
 returned to Kentucky with his family. In Oct., 
 1780, soon after he was settled again at Boones 
 borough, he went with his brother to the Blue 
 Licks, and as they were returning the latter was 
 slain by a party of Indians, and he was pursued 
 by them by the aid of a dog. By shooting him 
 Boone escaped. The severity of the ensuing 
 winter was attended with great distress, the enemy 
 having destroyed most of the corn. The people 
 subsisted chiefly on buffalo s flesh. In May, 1782, 
 the Indians having killed a man at Ashton s sta 
 tion, Captain A. pursued with twenty-five men, 
 but in an attack upon the enemy he was killed 
 with twelve of his men. August 10 two boys 
 were carried off from Maj. Hay s station. Capt. 
 llolden pursued with seventeen men ; but he also 
 was defeated, with the loss of four men. In a 
 field near Lexington an Indian shot a man, and 
 running to scalp him, was himself shot from the 
 fort and fell dead upon his victim. On the 15th 
 August five hundred Indians attacked Briant s 
 station, five miles from Lexington, and destroyed 
 all the cattle; but they were repulsed on the 
 third day, having about thirty killed, Avhile of the 
 garrison four were killed and three wounded. 
 Boone, with Cols. Todd and Trigg and Maj. liar- 
 land, collected one hundred and seventy-six men 
 and pursued on the 18th. They overtook the 
 enemy the next day a mile beyond the Blue Licks, 
 about forty miles from Lexington, at a remarka 
 ble bend of a branch of Licking river. A battle 
 ensued, the enemy having a line formed across 
 from one bend to the other, but the Kentuckians 
 were defeated with the great loss of sixty killed, 
 among whom were Cols. Todd and Trigg, and 
 Maj. Ilarland, and Boone s second son. Many- 
 were the widows made in Lexington on that fatal 
 day. The Indians having four more killed, four 
 of the prisoners were given up to the young war 
 riors to be put to death in the most barbarous 
 manner. Gen. Clarke, accompanied by Boone, 
 immediately marched into the Indian country and 
 desolated it, burning old Chillicothe, Peccaway, 
 new Chillicothe, Willis Town, and Chillicothe. 
 With the loss of four men he took seven prison 
 ers and five scalps, or killed five Indians. In Oc 
 tober the Indians attacked Crab Orchard. One 
 of the Indians having entered a house, in which 
 were a woman and a negro, and being thrown to 
 the ground by the negro, the woman cut off his 
 head. From this period to the peace with Great 
 Britain the Indians did no harm. " Two darling 
 sons and a brother," said Boone, " have I lost by 
 savage hands, which have also taken from me forty 
 valuable horses and abundance of cattle. Many 
 dark and sleepless nights have I spent, separated 
 
104 
 
 BOOXE. 
 
 BORK. 
 
 from the cheerful society of men, scorched by the 
 summer s sun and pinched by the Avinter s cold, 
 an instrument ordained to settle the wilderness." 
 From this period he resided in Kentucky and 
 Virginia till 1798, when in consequence of an im 
 perfect legal title to the lands, which he had settled, 
 he found himself dispossessed of his property. 
 In his indignation he fled from the delightful re 
 gion, which he had explored, when a wilderness, 
 and which now had a population of half a million. 
 With his rifle he crossed the Ohio and plunged 
 into the immense country of the Missouri. In 
 1799 he settled on the Fcmme Osage river with 
 numerous followers. In 1800 he discovered the 
 Boone s Lick country, now a fine settlement : in 
 the same year he visited the head waters of the 
 Grand Osage river and spent the winter upon the 
 head waters of the Arkansas. At the age of 80, 
 in company with a white man and a black man, 
 laid under strict injunctions to carry him back to 
 his family, dead or alive, he made a hunting trip 
 to the head waters of the Great Osage, and was 
 successful in trapping beaver and other game. In 
 Jan., 1812, he addressed a memorial to the legis 
 lature of Kentucky, stating that he owned not an 
 acre of land in the region, which he first settled ; 
 that in 1794 he passed over into the Spanish 
 province of Louisiana, under an assurance from 
 the governor, who resided at St. Louis, that land 
 should be given him ; that accordingly ten thou 
 sand acres were given him on the Missouri and he 
 became Sjudic or chief of the district of St. 
 Charles ; but that on the acquisition of Louisiana 
 by the United States his claims were rejected by 
 the commissioners of land, because he did not ac 
 tually reside ; and that thus at the age of 80 he was 
 a wanderer, having no spot of his own whereon to 
 lay his bones. The legislature instructed their del 
 egates to congress to solicit a confirmation of this 
 grant. He retained, it is believed, 2,000 acres. 
 In his old age he pursued his accustomed course 
 of life, trapping bears and hunting with his rifle. 
 He died at the house of his son, Maj. A. Boone, 
 at Charette. He left sons and daughters in Mis 
 souri. In consequence of his death the legisla 
 ture of Missouri voted to wear a badge of mourn 
 ing for twenty days. A brother died in Missis 
 sippi, Oct., 1808, aged 81. Col. Boone was of 
 common stature, of amiable disposition, and hon 
 orable integrity. In lu s last years he might have 
 been seen by the traveller at the door of his house, 
 with his rifle on his knee and his faithful dog at 
 his side, lamenting the departed \igor of his 
 limbs, and meditating on the scenes of his past 
 life. Whether he also meditated on the approach 
 ing scenes of eternity, and his dim eyes ever kindled 
 up with the glorious hopes of the Christian is not 
 mentioned in the accounts of him, which have 
 been examined. But of all objects an irreligious 
 old man, dead as to worldly joy and dead as to 
 
 celestial hope, is the most pitiable. An account 
 of his adventures, drawn up by himself, was pub 
 lished in Filson s supplement to Imlay s descrip 
 tion of the western territory, 1793. Riles 
 Weekly Register, March 13, 1813. 
 
 BOOTH, CHAUNCEY, minister of Coventry, 
 Conn., died May 24, 1851, aged 68. He was set 
 tled in 1815 and dismissed in 1844: he toiled in 
 six revivals. 
 
 BOOTT, KIRK, died at Lowell, April 11, 1837, 
 aged 46. Born in Boston, educated in England, 
 he served as an officer in Spain under the Duke 
 of Wellington. During tAvo years at Woolwich, 
 he acquired skill as a draftsman and engineer. 
 He superintended the erection of the Lowell 
 manufacturing establishments, and was a man of 
 energy, and generous and liberal. 
 
 BORDLEY, JOHN BEALE, a writer on agri 
 culture, died at Philadelphia Jan. 25, 1804, aged 
 76. In the former part of his life he was an in 
 habitant of Md. He was of the profession of the 
 law, and before the Itevolution was a judge of 
 the superior court and court of appeals of Mary 
 land. He had also a seat at the executive council 
 of the province. But he was not allured by this 
 office from his duty to his country. He found 
 our Revolution necessary to our freedom, and he 
 rejoiced in its accomplishment. His habitual and 
 most pleasing employment was husbandry ; which 
 he practised extensively upon his own estate on 
 Wye Island in the bay of Chesapeake. As he 
 readily tried every suggested improvement, and 
 adopted such as were confirmed by lu s experi 
 ments, and as he added to his example frequent 
 essays upon agricultural subjects, he was greatly 
 instrumental in diffusing the best knowledge of 
 the best of all arts. He was cheerful in his tem 
 per, and was respected and beloved. In religion 
 he was of the most liberal or free system within 
 the pale of revelation. In his political principles 
 he was attached to that republican form of gov 
 ernment, in which the public authority is founded 
 on the people, but guarded against the sudden 
 fluctuations of their will. He published Forsyth s 
 treatise on fruit trees with notes ; sketches on ro 
 tations of crops, 1792; essays and notes on hus 
 bandry and rural affairs, with plates, 1799 and 
 1801 ; a view of the courses of crops in England 
 and Maryland, 1804. U. S. Gazette, Feb. 1. 
 
 BORK, CHRISTIAN, minister of the Dutch Re 
 formed church in Franklin street, N. Y., died 
 about 1825 or 1830, at an advanced age, and was 
 succeeded by George Dubois. In the Revolution 
 ary war he was a soldier in the British army, lie 
 studied with Dr. Livingston, and was first settled 
 near Albany. Once in ministering, by way of 
 exchange at Stcphcntown to an English congrega 
 tion, he made a part of the prayer in Dutch and 
 German, lie preached without notes and was 
 fervent and eminently useful. If it be true, as 
 
BOSTWICK. 
 
 reported, that, having a yoke-fellow not of the 
 sweetest temper, she once locked him in his 
 study at the moment for going to the church ; it 
 is altogether probable, from his own energy of 
 character, that this little obstacle was instantly re 
 moved. 
 
 BOSTWICK, DAVID, an eminent minister in 
 New York, was of Scotch extraction, and was 
 born about the year 1720. He was first settled 
 at Jamaica on Long Island, where he continued 
 till 1756, when the synod translated him to the 
 Presbyterian society of New York. In this 
 charge he continued till Nov. 12, 1703, when he 
 died, aged 43. He was of a mild, catholic dispo 
 sition, of great piety and zeal ; and he confined 
 himself entirely to the proper business of his of 
 fice. He abhorred the frequent mixture of divin 
 ity and politics, and much more the turpitude of 
 making the former subservient to the latter. His 
 thoughts were occupied by things, which are above, 
 and he wished to withdraw the minds of his peo 
 ple more from the concerns of this world. He 
 was deeply grieved, when some of his flock be 
 came, not fervent Christians, but furious politi 
 cians. He preached the gospel, and as liis life 
 corresponded with his preaching, he Avas respected 
 by good men of all denominations. His doctrines 
 he derived from the scriptures, and he understood 
 them in accordance with the public confessions of 
 the reformed churches. His discourses were me 
 thodical, sound, and pathetic, rich in sentiment, 
 and ornamented in diction. With a strong, com 
 manding voice, his pronunciation was clear, dis 
 tinct, and deliberate. He preached without notes, 
 with great ease and fluency ; but he always studied 
 his sermons with great care. With a lively imag 
 ination and a heart deeply affected by the truths 
 of religion, he was enabled to address his hearers 
 with solemnity and energy. Few men described 
 the hideous deformity of sin, the misery of man s 
 apostasy from God, the wonders of redeeming 
 love, and the glory and riches of divine grace in 
 so distinct and affecting a manner. He knew the ! 
 worth of the soul and the deceitfulness of the hu- j 
 man heart ; and he preached with plainness, more 
 intent to impress sinners with their guilt and to 
 teach them the truths of God, than to attract 
 their attention to himself. Though he was re 
 markable for his gentleness and prudence, yet in 
 preaching the gospel he feared no man. He 
 knew whose servant he was, and with all boldness 
 and impartiality he deliveied his message, pro 
 claiming the terrors of the divine law to every 
 transgressor, however elevated, and displaying the 
 mild glories of the gospel for the comfort and re 
 freshment of every penitent believer. A few 
 months before his death his mind was greatly dis 
 tressed by apprehensions respecting the interests 
 of his family, when he should be taken from them. 
 But God was pleased to give him such views of 
 
 14 
 
 BOUCHER. 
 
 105 
 
 his power and goodness, and such cheerful reli 
 ance upon the wisdom and rectitude of his gov 
 ernment, as restored to him peace and calmness. 
 He was willing to cast himself and all that was 
 dear to him, upon the providence of his heavenly 
 Father. In this temper he continued to his last 
 moment, when he placidly resigned his soul into 
 the hands of his Saviour. Such is the serenity, 
 frequently imparted to Christians in the solemn 
 hour of dissolution. 
 
 He published a sermon, preached May 25, 
 1758, entitled, self disclaimed and Christ exalted. 
 It received the warm recommendation of Gilbert 
 Tennent. He published also an account of the 
 life, character, and death of Pres. Davies, pre 
 fixed to Davies sermon on the death of George 
 II., 1761. After his decease there was published 
 from his manuscripts a vindication of the right of 
 infants to the ordinance of baptism, being the 
 substance of several discourses from Acts II. 39. 
 Middleton s Biog. Evan. iv. 414-418; New 
 and Gen. Biog. Diet. ; Smith s New York, 193 ; 
 Pref. to Bostwick s Vindication. 
 
 BOUCHER, PIERRE, governor of Trois Riv- 
 ieres in Canada, died at the age of nearly 100 
 years, having lived to see numerous descendants, 
 some of the fifth generation. He was sent to 
 France to represent the temporal and spiritual 
 wants of the colony ; and published in 1664 an 
 account of Canada, entitled, Histoire veritable et 
 naturelle des moeurs et productions, &c. 
 
 BOUCHER, JONATHAN, a learned archaeolo 
 gist, was a native of Cumberland, the northern 
 county of England, the country of lakes, the abode 
 of the poets Wordsworth and Southey, and the 
 resort of " the lakers," but came to America 
 at the age of 16. After receiving Episcopal or 
 dination, he was appointed rector of Hanover and 
 then of St. Mary, Va. Gov. Eden gave him also 
 the rectory of St. Anne, Annapolis, and of 
 Queen Anne, in Prince George s county. These 
 are indeed saintly and princely names for a Pro 
 testant, republican country. However, Mr. Bou 
 cher was a loyalist, unshaken by the mighty dem 
 ocratic movements around him. In his farewell 
 sermon, at the beginning of the Revolution in 
 1775, he declared that, as long as he lived, he 
 would say with Zadock, the priest, and Nathan, 
 the prophet, " God save the king ! " Returning to 
 England, he Avas appointed vicar of Epsom ; and 
 there he spent the remainder of his life. He 
 died April 27, 1804, aged 67. He was esteemed 
 one of the best preachers of his time. During 
 the last fourteen years of his life he was em 
 ployed in preparing a glossary of provincial and 
 archaeological words, intended as a supplement 
 to Dr. Johnson s Dictionary. The manuscripts 
 of Mr. Boucher were purchased of his family in 
 1831 by the proprietors of the English edition of 
 Dr. Webster s Dictionary, who proposed to pub- 
 
106 
 
 BOUCHER. 
 
 BOUDINOT. 
 
 lish them as a supplement to Webster. He pub 
 lished in 1799 a view of the causes and conse 
 quences of the American Revolution in fifteen 
 discourses, preached in N. America between 1703 
 and 1775, dedicated to Washington, containing 
 many anecdotes illustrative of political events ; 
 also, two sermons before the grand juries of 
 Surrey and Cumberland, 1799. 
 
 BOUCHER, CHARLES, died at Berthier, Can 
 ada East, May, 1852, aged 106. 
 
 BOUCIIETTE, JOSEPH, colonel, surveyor-gen 
 eral of Lower Canada, died April 8, 1841, aged 
 67, with only a few minutes illness. He pub 
 lished a description of Lower Canada, 4to., 1815. 
 
 BOUDIXOT, ELIAS, L.L. D., first president 
 of the American Bible society, died in Burling 
 ton, N. J., Oct. 24, 1821, aged 81. He was born 
 in Philadelphia May 2, 1740. His great-grand 
 father, Elias, was a Protestant in France, who 
 fled from his country on the revocation of the 
 edict of Nantes ; his father, Elias, died in 1770 ; 
 his mother, Catherine Williams, was of a Welsh 
 family. After a classical education he studied 
 law under Richard Stockton, whose eldest sister 
 he married. Soon after commencing the prac 
 tice of law in New Jersey, he rose to distinction. 
 He early espoused the cause of his country. In 
 1777 congress appointed him commissary-general 
 of prisoners ; and in the same year he was elected 
 a delegate to congress, of which body he was 
 elected the president in Nov., 1782. In that ca 
 pacity he put his signature to the treaty of peace. 
 He returned to the profession of the law ; but 
 was again elected to congress under the new con 
 stitution, in 1789, and was continued a member 
 of the house six years. In 1796 Washington ap 
 pointed him the director of the mint of the 
 United States, as the successor of Rittenhouse : 
 in this office he continued till 1805, when he re 
 signed it, and retiring from Philadelphia passed 
 the remainder of his life at Burlington, N. J. 
 He lost his wife about the year 1808. His 
 daughter married Wm. Bradford. His brother, 
 Elisha Boudinot, died at Newark Oct. 17, 1819, 
 aged 71. After the establishment in 1816 of the 
 Bible society which he assisted in creating, he 
 was elected its first president; and he made 
 to it the munificent donation of 10,000 dollars. 
 He afterwards contributed liberally towards the 
 erection of its depository. In 1812 he was 
 elected a member of the American board of com 
 missioners for foreign missions, to which he pre 
 sented the next year a donation of 100 pounds ster 
 ling. When three Cherokee youth were brought 
 to the foreign mission school in 1818, one of 
 them by his permission took his name, for he was 
 deeply interested in every attempt to meliorate 
 the condition of the American Indians. His 
 house was the seat of hospitality and his days 
 were spent in the pursuits of biblical literature, 
 
 in the exercise of the loveliest charities of life, 
 and the performance of the highest Christian du 
 ties. He was a trustee of Princeton college, in 
 which he founded in 1805 the cabinet of natural 
 history, which cost 3,000 dollars. He was a 
 member of a Presbyterian church. By the relig 
 ion which he professed he was supported and 
 cheered as he went down to the grave. His pa 
 tience was unexhausted ; his faith was strong and 
 triumphant. Exhorting those around him to rest 
 in Jesus Christ as the only ground of trust, and 
 commending his daughter and only child to the 
 care of his friends, he expressed his desire to de 
 part in peace to the bosom of his Father in 
 heaven, and his last prayer was, " Lord Jesus, re 
 ceive my spirit." 
 
 By his last will Dr. Boudinot bequeathed his 
 large estate principally to charitable uses ; 200 
 dollars for ten poor widows ; 200 to the New 
 Jersey Bible society to purchase spectacles for the 
 aged poor, to enable them to read the Bible ; 
 2,000 dollars to the Moravians at Bethlehem for 
 the instruction of the Indians ; 4,000 acres of 
 land to the society for the benefit of the Jews ; 
 to the Magdalen societies of New York and Phil 
 adelphia 500 dollars each ; three houses in Phil 
 adelphia to the trustees of the general assembly 
 for the purchase of books for ministers ; also, 
 5,000 dollars to the general assembly for the sup 
 port of a missionary in Philadelphia and New 
 York; 4,080 acres of land for theological stu 
 dents at Princeton ; 4,000 acres to the college of 
 New Jersey for the establishment of fellowships ; 
 4,542 acres to the American board of commis 
 sioners for foreign missions, with special reference 
 to the benefit of the Indians ; 3,270 acres to the 
 hospital at Philadelphia, for the benefit of for 
 eigners ; 4,589 acres to the American Bible soci 
 ety ; 13,000 acres to the mayor and corporation 
 of Philadelphia, to supply the poor with wood on 
 low terms ; also, after the decease of his daughter, 
 5,000 dollars to the college and 5,000 to the the 
 ological seminary of Princeton, and 5,000 to the 
 A. B. of commissioners for foreign missions, and 
 the remainder of his estate to the general assem 
 bly of the Presbyterian church. How benevo 
 lent, honorable, and useful is such a charitable 
 disposition of the property, which God intrusts 
 to a Christian, compared with the selfish and nar 
 row appropriation of it to the enrichment of 
 family relatives, without any reference to the dif 
 fusion of truth and holiness in the earth ? For 
 such deeds of charity the names of Boudinot, and 
 Burr, and Abbot, and Norris, and Phillips will be 
 held in lasting, most honorable remembrance. 
 Dr. Boudinot published the age of revelation, or 
 the age of reason an age of infidelity, 1790, also 
 1801 ; an oration before the society of the Cin 
 cinnati, 1793 ; second advent of the Messiah, 
 1815; star in the west, or an attempt to discover 
 
BOUDINOT. 
 
 BOURNE. 
 
 107 
 
 the long lost tribes of Israel, preparatory to their 
 return to their beloved city, Jerusalem, 8vo. 1816. 
 Like Mr. Adair, he regards the Indians as the 
 lost tribes. Panoplist 17: 399; 18: 25; Green s 
 Disc. UTS. 
 
 BOUDINOT, ELIAS, a Cherokee Indian, died 
 June 10, 1839, being murdered by Indians west 
 of the Mississippi. lie was a man of education, 
 talent^, and inlluence. 
 
 BOUDINOT, ADRIANA, died at Hanover, N. H., 
 in Sept., 1855, aged 78, the widow of Tobias B. 
 of New Jersey, the nephew of Elias B. Born in 
 the West Indies, she was of Huguenot descent 
 from Mr. Lasalle of St. Thomas, whose daughter 
 married Mr. Malleville : their son Thomas, gov 
 ernor of the Danish Islands, was the father of 
 Maria Malleville. She first married Gov. Suhm, 
 who was the father of Maria Wheelock, and next 
 Mr. Von Beverhoudt, who removed to N. J., to 
 Beverwyck, in Parsippany, and was the father of 
 Mrs. Boudinot. She died in Christian peace. 
 Her father s house was honored with the visits 
 of Washington and his wife while the army was 
 at Morris. 
 
 BOUGHTON, BENJAMIN, died in Fredericks- 
 burgh, Va., in 1842, bequeathing 2,000 dollars 
 to the Bible society, the same to the tract society, 
 with a legacy to Sunday schools. 
 
 BOULDIN, THOMAS T., judge, died in Wash 
 ington Feb. 11, 1834, a member of congress from 
 Va. Having been blamed for not speaking of 
 the death of his predecessor, Randolph, he rose 
 to reply, sank down into a chair, and died. 
 
 BOUND, EPHRAIM, first minister of the sec 
 ond Baptist church in Boston, was ordained in 
 1743 and died in 1765 : he was useful and re 
 spected. 
 
 BOUQUET, HENRY, a brave officer, was ap 
 pointed lieutenant colonel in the British army in 
 1756. In the year 1763 he was sent by General 
 Amherst from Canada with military stores and 
 provisions for the relief of Fort Pitt. While on 
 his way he was attacked by a powerful body of 
 Indians on the 5th and 6th of August, but by a 
 skilful manipuvre, supported by the determined 
 bravery of his troops, he defeated them, and 
 reached the fort in four days from the action. In 
 the following year he was sent from Canada on an 
 expedition against the Ohio Indians, and in Octo 
 ber he reduced a body of the Shawanese, Dcla- 
 wares, and other Indians to the necessity of making 
 terms of peace at Tuscarawas. I Ic died at Pen- 
 sacola in February, 1766, being then a brigadier 
 general. Thomas Ilutchins published at Phila 
 delphia in 1765 an historical account of the 
 expedition against the Ohio Indians in 1764, with 
 a maj> and plates. Annual Iteyister for 1763, 
 p. 27-31 ; for 1764, p. 181; for 1766, p. 62. 
 
 BOURNE, RICHARD, a missionary among the 
 Indi-.ns at Marshree, died at Sandwich about the 
 
 year 1685. He was one of the first emigrants 
 from England, who settled at Sandwich. Being a 
 religious man, he officiated publicly on the Lord s 
 day, until a minister, Mr. Smith, was settled ; he 
 then turned his attention to the Indians at the 
 southward and eastward, and resolved to bring 
 them to an acquaintance with the gospel. He 
 went to Marshpee, not many miles to the south. 
 The first account of him is in 1658, when he was 
 in that town, assisting in the settlement of a boun 
 dary between the Indians and the proprietors of 
 Barn stable. Having obtained a competent knowl 
 edge of the Indian language he entered on the 
 missionary service with activity and ardor. On 
 the 17th of August, 1670, he was ordained pastor 
 of an Indian church at Marshpee, constituted by 
 his own disciples and converts ; which solemnity 
 was performed by the famous Eliot and Cotton. 
 He left no successor in the ministry but an Indian, 
 named Simon Popmonet. Mr. Bourne is deserv 
 ing of honorable remembrance not only for his 
 zealous exertions to make known to the Indians 
 the glad tidings of salvation, but for his regard to 
 their temporal interests. He wisely considered 
 that it would be hi vain to attempt to propagate 
 Christian knowledge among them, unless they had 
 a territory, where they might remain in peace, and 
 have a fixed habitation. He therefore, at his own 
 expense, not long after the year 1660, obtained a 
 deed of Marshpee from Quachatisset and others 
 to the South Sea Indians, as his people were 
 called. This territory, in the opinion of Mr. 
 Hawley, was perfectly adapted for an Indian town, 
 being situated on the Sound, in sight of Martha s 
 Vineyard, cut into necks of land, and well watered. 
 After the death of Mr. Bourne, his son, Shcarja- 
 shub Bourne, Esq., succeeded him in the Marshpee 
 inheritance, where he lived till his death in 1719. 
 He procured from the court at Plymouth a ratifica 
 tion of the Indian deeds, so that no parcel of the 
 lands could be bought by any white person or per 
 sons without the consent of all the said Indians, 
 not even with the consent of the general court. 
 Thus did the son promote the designs of the 
 father, watching over the interests of the aborig 
 ines. A letter of Mr. Bourne, giving an account 
 of the Indians in Plymouth* county and upon the 
 
 j Cape, is preserved in Gookin. Mather s Mag. 
 
 I ill. 199; Coll. Hist. Soc. I. 172, 196-199, 218: 
 
 | in. 188-190 ; VIII. 170. 
 
 BOURNE, EZRA, chief justice of the court of 
 common pleas for Barnstable county, died at 
 Marshpee in Sept., 1764, aged 87. lie was the 
 youngest son of Shearjashub Bourne, who died at 
 Sandwich, March 7, 1719, aged 75. lie succeeded 
 his father in the superintendence of the Indians, 
 over whom he had great influence. He married 
 a sister of Rev. Thomas Prince. His son, Shear- 
 
 ijashub, a graduate of Harvard college in 1743, 
 died at Bristol, R. I., Feb. 9, 1781. His grandson, 
 
108 
 
 BOURNE. 
 
 BOWDOIN. 
 
 Shearjashub, a graduate of 1764, a representative 
 in congress and chief justice of the common pleas 
 for Suffolk, died in 1806. His grandson, Benja 
 min, L.L. 1)., a graduate of 1775, a member of 
 congress, and appointed a judge of the circuit 
 court of Rhode Island in 1801, died Sept. 17, 
 1808. Coll. Hist. Soc. III. 190. 
 
 BOURNE, JOSEPH, missionary to the Indians, 
 was the son of the preceding and graduated in 
 1722 at Harvard college, in the catalogue of which 
 his name is erroneously given Bourn. He was 
 ordained at Marshpee as successor to Simon Pop- 
 monet Nov. 26, 1729. He resigned his mission in 
 1742, complaining much of the ill treatment 
 which the Indians received, and of the neglect of 
 the commissioners with regard to his support. 
 He was succeeded by an Indian, named Solomon 
 Briant ; but he still took an interest in the cause, 
 in which he was once particularly engaged, and 
 much encouraged and assisted the missionary, 
 Mr. Hawley. Mr. Bourne died in 1767. Coll. 
 Hist. Soc. in. 190-191. 
 
 BOURS, PETER, Episcopal minister in Marble- 
 head, died in 1762, aged 36. He was a native of 
 Newport, and was graduated at Harvard college 
 in 1747. After his settlement at Marblehead, he 
 discharged with faithfulness the duties of his 
 office nine years, enforcing the doctrines of the 
 gospel with fervency, and illustrating the truth of 
 what he taught by his life. His predecessors 
 were Mousam, Pigot, Malcolm ; his successors, 
 Weeks, Harris, Bowers. His dying words were 
 " O Lamb of God, receive my spirit." Whit- 
 welVs Ser. on Death of Barnard ; Coll. Hist. Soc. 
 vin. 77. 
 
 BOUTELLE, TIMOTHY, L.L. I)., diedinWater- 
 ville, Me., Nov. 12, 1855, aged 77. Born in 
 Leominster, he graduated at Harvard in 1800. 
 He devoted his life to the legal profession in 
 Watervillc, but sometimes occupied public sta 
 tions. The cause of internal improvement and of 
 education was dear to him. Boston Advertiser, 
 July 16, 1856. 
 
 BOWDEN, JOHN, D. D., professor of belles- 
 lettres and moral philosophy in Columbia college, 
 N. Y., was an Episcopal clergyman more than forty 
 years. In 1787 he was rector of Norwalk. He 
 was elected bishop of Connecticut, but, as he de 
 clined, Mr. Jarvis was appointed. He died at 
 Ballston July 31, 1817, aged 65. He published a 
 letter to E. Stiles, occasioned by his ordination 
 sermon at New London, 1787 ; the apostolic ori 
 gin of episcopacy, in a series of letters to Dr. 
 Miller, 2 vols. 8vo. 1808. Jennison. 
 
 BOWD1TCH, NATHANIEL, L.L. D., F. R. S., 
 president of the American academy, died at Bos 
 ton March 16, 1838, aged nearly 65, being born 
 at Salem March 26, 1773. The son of a ship 
 master, he had little education. From 1795 he 
 spent nine years in a seafaring life. He was 
 
 president of a marine insurance company from 
 1804 to 1823, Avhen he became actuary for the 
 rest of his life of the Massachusetts Hospital 
 Life Insurance Co. By his extraordinary genius 
 and industry he became acquainted with Latin, 
 Greek, French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, and 
 German, and was one of the most eminent of 
 mathematicians and astronomers. About to die, 
 with his children arranged in the order of age at 
 his bedside, he said, " Lord, now lettest thou thy 
 servant depart in peace, according to thy word." 
 He published Practical Navigator in 1802, and 
 various communications in the Memoirs of the 
 American Academy ; and at his own expense, a 
 translation of the Mecanique Celeste of La Place, 
 with a commentary in four large quarto vols. 
 
 BOWDOIN, JAMES, L.L. I)., Governor of 
 Massachusetts, and a philosopher and statesman, 
 died Nov. 6, 1790, aged 63. He was born in 
 Boston August 8, 1727, and was the son of 
 James Bowdoin, an eminent merchant. His 
 grandfather, Peter Bowdoin, or Pierre Baudouin, 
 was a physician of Rochelle, in France. On the 
 revocation of the edict of Nantes in 1685, he fled 
 with a multitude of Protestants, and went first to 
 Ireland, and came to Falmouth, noAv Portland, in 
 Casco Bay, Maine, as early as April, 1687. He 
 owned several tracts of land, one tract of twenty- 
 three acres extending across the Neck,where South 
 street now is. In about three years he removed 
 to Boston. The day after his departure the In 
 dians attacked, May 15, 1690, and in a few days 
 destroyed Casco. The time of his death is not 
 ascertained; his will is dated in 1704, but was not 
 proved till 1719. He had two sons and two 
 daughters. His eldest son, James, the father of 
 Gov. B., by his industry, enterprise and economy 
 having acquired a great estate and laid the foun 
 dation of the eminence of his family, died Sept. 
 4, 1747, aged 71; he also left two sons, James 
 and William, the latter by his second wife. 
 
 Mr. Bowdoin was graduated at Harvard college 
 in 1745. During his residence at the university 
 he was distinguished by his genius and umvearied 
 application to his studies, while his modesty, po 
 liteness, and benevolence gave his friends assurance 
 that liis talents would not be prostituted, nor his 
 future eminence employed for the promotion of 
 unworthy ends. When he arrived at the age of 
 twenty-one years, he came in possession of an 
 ample fortune, left him by his father, who died 
 Sept. 4, 1747. He was now in a situation the 
 most threatening to his literary and moral im 
 provement, for one great motive, which impels 
 men to exertion, could have no influence upon 
 him, and his great wealth put it completely in his 
 power to gratify the giddy desires of youth. But 
 his h fe had hitherto been regular, and he now 
 with the maturity of wisdom adopted a system 
 which was most rational, pleasing, and useful. He 
 
BOWDOIX. 
 
 BOWDOIN. 
 
 109 
 
 determined to combine with the enjoyments of 
 domestic and social life a course of study which 
 should enlarge and perfect the powers of his 
 mind. At the age of twenty-two years he mar 
 ried a daughter of John Erving, and commenced 
 a system of literary and scientific research, to 
 which he adhered through life. 
 
 In the year 1753 the citizens of Boston elected 
 him one of their representatives in the general 
 court, where his learning and eloquence soon ren 
 dered him conspicuous. He continued in this 
 station until 1736, when he was chosen into the 
 council, in which body he was long known and 
 respected. With uniform ability and patriotism 
 he advocated the cause of his country. In the 
 disputes which laid the foundation of the Ameri 
 can revolution, his writings and exertions were 
 eminently useful. Governors Bernard and Hutch- 
 inson were constrained to confess, in their confi 
 dential letters to the British ministry, the weight 
 of his opposition to their measures. In 1769 
 Bernard negatived him, when he was chosen a 
 member of the council, in consequence of which 
 the inhabitants of Boston again elected him their 
 representative in 1770. Hutchinson, who in this 
 year succeeded to the governor s chair, permitted 
 him to take a seat at the council board, because, 
 said he, " his opposition to our measures will be 
 less injurious in the council, than in the house of 
 representatives." He w r as chosen a delegate to 
 the first congress, but the illness of Mrs. Bowdoin 
 prevented him from attending with the other del 
 egates. In the year 1775, a year most critical 
 and important to America, he was chosen pres 
 ident of the council of Massachusetts, and he 
 continued in that office the greater part of the 
 time till the adoption of the State constitution in 
 1780. lie was president of the convention which 
 formed it ; and some of its important articles are 
 the result of his knowledge of government. 
 
 In the year 1785, after the resignation of Han 
 cock, he was chosen governor of Massachusetts, 
 and was re-elected the following year. In this 
 office his wisdom, firmness, and inflexible integrity 
 were conspicuous. He was placed at the head 
 of the government at the most unfortunate period 
 after the revolution. The sudden influx of foreign 
 luxuries had exhausted the country of its specie, 
 while the heavy taxes of the war yet burthened 
 the people. This state of suffering awakened 
 discontent, and the spirit of disorder was cher 
 ished by unlicensed conventions, wliich were arrayed 
 against the legislature. One great subject of 
 complaint was the administration of justice. 
 Against lawyers and courts the strongest resent 
 ments were manifested. In many instances the 
 judges were restrained by mobs from proceeding 
 in the execution of their duty. As the insurgents 
 became more audacious from the lenient measures 
 of the government and were organizing them 
 
 selves for the subversion of the constitution, it be 
 came necessary to suppress by force the spirit of 
 insurrection. Gov. Bowdoin accordingly ordered 
 into service upwards of four thousand of the 
 militia, who were placed under the command of 
 the veteran Lincoln. As the public treasury did 
 not afford the means of putting the troops in 
 motion, some of the citizens of Boston with the 
 governor at the head of the list subscribed in a 
 few hours a sufficient sum to carry on the proposed 
 expedition. This decisive step rescued the gov 
 ernment from the contempt into which it was 
 sinking, and was the means of saving the com 
 monwealth. The dangerous insurrection of Shays 
 was thus completely quelled. 
 
 In the year 1787 Gov. Bowdoin was succeeded 
 by Hancock, in consequence of the exertions of 
 the discontented, who might hope for greater 
 clemency from another chief magistrate. He 
 died in Boston, after a distressing sickness of 
 three months. His wife, Elizabeth Erving, died 
 in May, 1803, aged 72. He left two children, 
 James, and a daughter who married Sir John 
 Temple, consul-general of Great Britain in the 
 United States, and died Oct. 26, 1809. 
 
 Gov. Bowdoin was a learned man, and a con 
 stant and generous friend of literature. He 
 subscribed liberally for the restoration of the 
 library of Harvard college in the year 1764, when 
 it was consumed by fire, lie was chosen a fellow 
 of the corporation in the year 1779; but the 
 pressure of more important duties induced him 
 to resign this office in 1784. lie ever felt, how 
 ever, an affectionate regard for the interests of 
 the college, and bequeathed to it four hundred 
 pounds, the interest of which was to be applied 
 to the distribution of premiums among the stu 
 dents for the encouragement of useful and polite 
 literature. The American academy of arts and 
 sciences, incorporated at Boston May 4, 1780, at 
 a time when our country was in the deepest dis 
 tress, was formed under his influence, and was an 
 object of his constant attention. He was chosen 
 its first president, and he continued in that office 
 till his death. He was regarded by its members 
 as the pride and ornament of their institution. 
 To this body he bequeathed one hundred pounds 
 and his valuable library, consisting of upwards of 
 twelve hundred volumes upon every branch of 
 science. He was also one of the founders and 
 the president of the Massachusetts bank, and of 
 the humane society of Massachusetts. The lit 
 erary character of Gov. Bowdoin gained him 
 those honors, which are usually conferred on men 
 distinguished for their literary attainments. He 
 was constituted doctor of IBAVS by the university 
 of Edinburgh, and was elected a member of the 
 royal societies of London and Dublin. 
 
 He was deeply convinced of the truth and ex 
 cellence of Christianity, and it had a constant 
 
110 
 
 BOWDOIN. 
 
 effect upon his life. He was for more than thirty 
 years an exemplary member of the church in 
 Brattle street, to the poor of which congregation 
 he bequeathed a hundred pounds. His charities 
 were abundant. He respected the injunctions of 
 the gospel of Jesus Christ, which he professed. 
 He knew the pleasures and advantages of family 
 devotion, and he conscientiously observed the 
 Christian sabbath, presenting himself habitually 
 in the holy temple, that he might be instructed 
 in religious duty, and might unite with the wor 
 shippers of God. In his dying addresses to his 
 family and servants he recommended the Chris 
 tian religion to them as of transcendent importance, 
 and assured them, that it was the only founda 
 tion of peace and happiness in life and death. 
 As the hour of his departure approached, he 
 expressed his satisfaction in the thought of 
 going to the full enjoyment of God and his Re 
 deemer. 
 
 Gov. Bowdoin was the author of a poetic "Par 
 aphrase of the Economy of Human Life," dated 
 March 28, 1759. He also published a philo 
 sophical discourse, publicly addressed to the 
 American academy of arts and sciences in Boston 
 Nov. 8, 1780, when he was inducted into the office 
 of president. This is prefixed to the first volume 
 of the society s memoirs. In this work he pub 
 lished several other productions, which manifest 
 no common taste and talents in astronomical in 
 quiries. The following are the titles of them : 
 Observations upon an hypothesis for solving the 
 phenomena of light, with incidental observations 
 tending to show the hcterogeneousness of light, 
 and of the electric fluid, by their union with each 
 other ; Observations on light and the waste of 
 matter in the sun and fixed stars occasioned by 
 the constant efflux of light from them; Obser 
 vations tending to prove by phenomena and 
 scripture the existence of an orb, which surrounds 
 the whole material system, and which may be 
 necessary to preserve it from the ruin, to which, 
 without such a counterbalance, it seems liable by 
 that universal principle in matter, gravitation. 
 He supposes, that the blue expanse of the sky is 
 a real concave body encompassing all visible na 
 ture ; that the milky way and the lucid spots in 
 the heavens are gaps in this orb, through which 
 the light of exterior orbs reaches us; and that 
 thus an intimation may be given of orbs on orbs 
 and systems on systems innumerable and incon 
 ceivably grand. Thacher s Fun. Ser. ; Lowell s 
 Eulogy ; Mass. Mag. III. 5-8, 304, 305, 372 ; 
 Univer. Asyl. I. 73-70 ; Miller, II. ; Minofs Hist. 
 Insur. ; Rldrsltall, v. 121; Amer. Quar. Rev., II. 
 505 ; Maine Hist. Coll. 184 ; Eliot. 
 
 BOWDOIX, JAMES, the son of the preceding, 
 died Oct. 11, 1811, aged 58. He was born 
 Sept. 22, 1752. After he graduated at Harvard 
 college in 1771, he proceeded to England, where 
 
 BOWDOIN. 
 
 he prosecuted the study of the law nearly a 
 year at the university of Oxford. After revis 
 iting his native country he sailed again for Eu 
 rope, and travelled in Italy, Holland, and Eng 
 land. On hearing ot the battle of Lexington he 
 returned home. The anxieties of his father pre 
 vented him from engaging in military service, to 
 which he was inclined. Before the close of the 
 war he married the daughter of Mr. William 
 Bowdoin, the half brother of his father. Devoting 
 much of his time to literary pursuits at his resi 
 dence in Dorchester, he yet sustained succes 
 sively the public offices of representative, senator, 
 and councillor. 
 
 Soon after the incorporation of the college, 
 which bears the name of Bowdoin, he made to it 
 a donation of one thousand acres of land and 
 more than eleven hundred pounds. About this 
 time he was chosen a fellow, or elected into the 
 corporation of Harvard college, and retained the 
 office seven years. Having received a commission 
 from Mr. Jefferson, the President of the United 
 States, as minister plenipotentiary to the court of 
 Madrid, he sailed May 10, 1805, and was abroad 
 until April 18, 1808. The objects of his mission, 
 which related to the settlement of the limits of 
 Louisiana, the purchase of Florida, and the pro 
 curing of compensation for repeated spoliations of 
 American commerce, were not accomplished. 
 During his absence he spent two years in Paris, 
 where he purchased many books, a collection of 
 well arranged minerals, and fine models of crys 
 tallography, which he afterwards presented to 
 Bowdoin college. After his return much of his 
 time was spent upon his family estate, the valuable 
 island of Naushaun, near Martha s Vineyard. 
 At this time his translation of Danbenton s "Ad 
 vice to Shepherds " was published for the benefit 
 of the owners of sheep. lie had previously pub 
 lished, anonymously, " Opinions respecting the 
 commercial intercourse between the United States 
 and Great Britain." In July, 1811, he executed 
 a deed to Bowdoin college of six thousand acres 
 in the town of Lisbon. By his last will he be 
 queathed to the college several articles of philo 
 sophical apparatus, a costly collection of seventy 
 fine paintings, and the reversion of Naushaun 
 island on the failure of issue male of the dcvis:ecs. 
 The college claims are now settled. 
 
 After a long period of infirmity and of painful 
 attacks of disease he died without children. His 
 widow married Gen. Henry Dearborn. At her 
 decease she left a sum of money and a number of 
 valuable family portraits to the college. The 
 name of James Bowdoin was borne by one of the 
 heirs of his estate, the son of his niece who 
 married Thomas L. Winthrop, the lieutenant gov 
 ernor of Massachusetts. Jcnk.J Eulogy. 
 
 BOWDOIN, JAMES, of Boston, died in Havana 
 March 6, 1833, aged 38; a graduate of Bowdoin 
 
BOWEN. 
 
 BOWIE. 
 
 college in 1814. He was the son of Lieut. Gov. 
 Winthrop. He took the name of his grandfather 
 Bowdoin and received a competent fortune. Re 
 linquishing the practice of the law, he devoted 
 himself to literature, especially to history. The 
 chronological index of the ten vols. of second 
 series of the Historical Society was made out by 
 him, and he performed other useful labors for the 
 society. A brief memoir is in Hist. Cull. 3d series, 
 vol. IX. 
 
 BOWEX, JAEEZ, L .L. D., lieut. governor of 
 Rhode Island, was born in Providence, graduated 
 at Yale college in 17.57, and died May 7, 1815, 
 aged 75 years. For thirty years he was the chan 
 cellor of the college at Providence as the successor 
 of Gov. Hopkins. During the Pie volution ary war 
 he was devoted to the cause of his country, and 
 was a member of the board of war, judge of the 
 supreme court, and lieut. governor. Of the na 
 tional convention at Annapolis and of the State 
 convention to consider the constitution he was a 
 member. During the administration of Wash 
 ington he was commissioner of loans for Rhode 
 Island. Of the Bible society of It. I. he was the 
 president. In the maturity of his years he be 
 came a member of the first Congregational church. 
 His great capacity for public business, joined to his 
 unquestioned integrity, gave him an elevated char 
 acter and great influence in society. A gentleman 
 of the same name was a judge of the superior 
 court in Georgia ; having in an elegant charge, 
 delivered at Savannah, made some imprudent 
 remarks concerning the colored population, the 
 grand jury presented his charge, in consequence 
 of which he sent them all to prison, lie was 
 removed from office, and, it is said, died insane at 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 BOWEX, PARDON, M. I)., a distinguished phy 
 sician, died Oct. 25, 1826, aged G9. He was born 
 in Providence March 22, 1757. Richard Bowcn 
 is said to have been his ancestor ; perhaps it was 
 Griffeth Bowcn, who lived in Boston in 1639. His 
 father was Dr. Ephraim Bowen, an eminent phy 
 sician of Providence, who died Oct. 21, 1812, 
 aged 96 years. After graduating at the college 
 of Rhode Island in 1775, he studied Avith his 
 brother, Dr. William Bowcn, and embarked as 
 surgeon in a privateer in 1779. Though captured 
 and imprisoned seven months at Halifax, he was 
 not deterred from engaging repeatedly in similar 
 enterprises, resulting in new imprisonments. In 
 1782 he reached home and Avas content to remain 
 on shore. In 1783 he repaired to Philadelphia 
 for his improvement in his profession at the med 
 ical school. After his return it was but gradually 
 that he obtained practice. At length his success 
 was ample ; his eminence in medicine and surgery 
 were undisputed. During the prevalence of the 
 yellow fever he shrank not from the peril ; more 
 than once was he attacked by that disease. For 
 
 much of his success he was indebted to his study 
 of idiosyncrasy, or of the peculiarities, moral, in 
 tellectual and physical, of his patients. In 1820 
 he experienced an attack of the palsy, which ter 
 minated his professional labors, in consequence of 
 which he retired to the residence of his son-in-law, 
 Franklin Greene, at Potowomut (Warwick), where 
 he passed years of suffering, sometimes amount 
 ing to agony. In the life-giving energy of the 
 doctrines, precepts, and promises of the Bible he 
 found the only adequate support and solace. 
 His wife, who survived him, was the daughter of 
 Henry Ward, secretary of Rhode Island. Dr. 
 Bowen sustained an excellent character ; he was 
 modest, upright, afTable ; free from covetousness 
 and ambition ; beneficent ; and in his last days an 
 example of Christian holiness. He published an 
 elaborate account of the yellow fever of Provi 
 dence in 1805 in Hosack s medical register, vol. 
 IV. Tit uclicr s Med. Ling. 
 
 BOWEX, WILLIAM C., M. D., professor of 
 chemistry in Brown university, received this ap 
 pointment in 1812, and died April 23, 1815, aged 
 29. He was the only son of Dr. AYilliam Bowen, 
 who was an eminent practitioner at the age of 
 80 years, and was born June 2, 1785. After 
 graduating at Union college in 1703, he studied 
 medicine with Dr. Pardon Bowen ; also at Edin 
 burgh and Paris, and at London as the private 
 pupil of Sir Astley Cooper. lie did not return 
 till Aug. 1811. Experiments to discover the 
 composition of the bleaching liquor, just brought 
 into use in England, laid the foundation of the 
 disease which terminated his life. He married a 
 daughter of Col. Olney. Though his labors on 
 chlorine impaired his property and destroyed his 
 life, they led to the creation of the valuable 
 bleaching establishments of Rhode Island. 
 ThacJter s Med. Biog. 
 
 BOWEX, NATHANIEL, D. D., bishop of South 
 Carolina, died Aug. 25., 1839, aged 59. 
 
 BOWEX, CHARLES, died Dec. 19, 1845, aged 
 38, drowned with his wife and oldest child by the 
 sinking of the steamer Belle Zane in the M issis- 
 sippi, by striking a snag, five hundred miles above 
 Xew Orleans. He lived in Zanesville, Ohio, but 
 was a native of Charlestown, and in Boston pub 
 lished for several years the Xorth American Re 
 view, Amer. Almanac, Token, and other works. 
 
 BOWIE, ROBEKT, general, governor of Mary 
 land, succeeded John F. Mercer as governor in 
 1803, and was succeeded by Robert Wright in 
 1805. He was again governor in 1811, but the 
 next year was succeeded by Levin Winder. He 
 died at Xottingham in Jan., 1818, aged 64. He 
 was an officer of the Revolution, and presents one 
 of the multitude of instances in America of the 
 success of patriotism, integrity, and benevolence, 
 unassisted by the advantages of wealth or of a 
 learned education. 
 
112 
 
 BOWLES. 
 
 BOYD. 
 
 BOWLES, WILLIAM A., an Indian agent, died 
 Dec. 23, 1805. He was born in Frederic county, 
 the son of a schoolmaster in Maryland, who Avas 
 an Englishman and brother of Carington B., 
 keeper of the famous print-shop, Ludgate hill, 
 London. At the age of thirteen Bowles privately 
 left his parents and joined the British army at 
 Philadelphia. Afterwards he entered the service 
 of the Creek Indians and married an Indian wo 
 man. Ferocious like the savages, he instigated 
 them to many of their excesses. The British re 
 warded him for his exertions. After the peace he 
 went to England. On his return his influence 
 with the Indians was so disastrous, that the Span 
 iards offered six thousand dollars for his appre 
 hension. He was entrapped in Feb., 1792, and 
 sent a prisoner to Madrid and thence to Manilla 
 in 179,3. Having leave to go to Europe, he re 
 paired to the Creeks and commenced his depre 
 dations anew ; but being again betrayed in 1804 
 into the hands of the Spaniards, he was confined 
 in the Moro castle, Havana, where he died. Such 
 is the miserable end of most of the unprincipled 
 adventurers, of whom there is any account. A 
 memoir of him was published in London, 1791, in 
 which he is called ambassador from the united 
 nations of Creeks and Cherokees. Jennison. 
 
 BOYD, THOMAS, a soldier, who perished by the 
 hands of the Indians, was a private soldier be 
 longing to Capt. Matthew Smith s Pennsylvania 
 rifle company, in Arnold s expedition through the 
 wilderness of Maine to Quebec in 1775. lie was 
 the largest and strongest man in the company. 
 He was taken prisoner in the assault, Dec. 31. 
 After being exchanged he was a lieutenant in the 
 first Pennsylvania regiment, and accompanied Gen. 
 Sullivan in his expedition against the Indians in 
 the Seneca country, New York, in Aug. and 
 Sept., 1779. When the army had marched be 
 yond Canandaigua, and was near the Gcnesee 
 town on the Genesee river, Boyd was sent out in 
 the evening of Sept. 12 to reconnoitre the town 
 six miles distant. He took twenty-six men, with 
 an Oneida chief, named Han-Jost. The guides 
 mistook the road, and led him to a castle six 
 miles higher up the river than Genesee. Here a 
 few Indians were discovered, of whom two were 
 killed and scalped. On his return Boyd was in 
 tercepted by several hundred Indians and rangers 
 under Butler. His flanking parties escaped; but 
 he and fourteen men with the Oneida chief were 
 encircled. Itesorting to a small grove of trees, 
 surrounded with a cleared space, he fought des 
 perately till all his men but one were killed and 
 he himself was shot through the body. The next 
 day his body and that of his companion, Michael 
 Parker, were found at Genesee, barbarously muti 
 lated. The Indians had cruelly whipped him; 
 stabbed him with spears ; pulled out his nails ; 
 plucked out an eye, and cut out his tongue. His 
 
 head was cut off. Simpson, afterwards general, 
 his companion at Quebec, decently buried him. 
 His scalp, hooped and painted, found in one of 
 the wigwams, was recognized by Simpson by its 
 long, brown, silky hair. Maine Hist. Coll. I. 
 416 ; American Remembrancer, 1780, 1G2. 
 
 BOYD, WILLIAM, minister of Lamington in 
 New Jersey, died May 15, 1808. He was de 
 scended from Scottish ancestors, who emigrated 
 to Pennsylvania. He was born in Franklin county, 
 1758. At the age of fifteen he lost his father, but 
 about the same time it pleased the Father of 
 mercies to turn him from darkness to light. His 
 collegial education was completed at Princeton in 
 1778, under the presidency of Dr. Witherspoon. 
 After pursuing the study of theology with Dr. 
 Allison, of Baltimore, he commenced preaching 
 the gospel. His popularity and talents would 
 have procured him a conspicuous situation ; but 
 he was destitute of ambition. He preferred a 
 retired situation, and accepted the call of Laming 
 ton. Here he continued till his death. A lively 
 faith in the Iledccmer gave him hope and triumph. 
 He was a man of unfeigned humility, amiable in 
 the various relations of life, and remarkable for 
 prudence and moderation in all his deportment. 
 He was a preacher of peculiar excellence. Deeply 
 penetrated himself with a sense of the total de 
 pravity of the human heart, and of the inability 
 of man to perform anything acceptable to God 
 without the influence of the Holy Spirit, he en 
 deavored to impress these truths on others. He 
 dwelt upon the necessity of a Divine atonement, 
 and of faith in the Piedeemer, in order to justifica 
 tion ; upon the riches of Divine grace and the 
 encouragements of the gospel to the humble and 
 contrite ; upon the dangers of self-deception and 
 the false refuges of the wicked. He was remark 
 able for a natural facility and perspicuity of 
 expression. For a few years he wrote his ser 
 mons and committed them to memory; but for 
 the remainder of his life he depended, after hav 
 ing digested his subject, upon the vigor of his 
 powers. A penetrating eye, natural gestures, a 
 sweet and commanding voice, and an irreproacha 
 ble character, gave weight and authority to his 
 words. But his labors, like those of many other 
 good men, were attended with only a gradual in 
 crease of the church committed to his care. 
 
 He was formed no less for society than for the 
 pulpit, having a friendly disposition, being ani 
 mated in conversation, accommodating himself to 
 the tempers of others, and mingling condescen 
 sion with dignity. Evany. Intellig. May, 1808. 
 
 BOYD, JOHN P., brigadier-general in the army 
 of the United States, died at Boston Oct. 4, 1830, 
 aged 02. He commanded the detachment of 
 fifteen hundred men of Wilh amson s army, which 
 fought the battle of Williamsburg, Upper Canada, 
 with eighteen hundred of the enemy, the garri- 
 
BOYD. 
 
 BOYLSTON. 
 
 113 
 
 sons of Kingston and Prescott, Nov. 11, 1813. j the year 1692, it had proved destructive to the 
 In this severe action brigadier-general Covington I lives of many, though it was much less mortal 
 was killed ; the American loss was three hundred than when it appeared in the year 1678. On its 
 thirty-nine ; the British one hundred eighty-one, re-appearance, Dr. Cotton Mather, who had read 
 This British force being in the rear, and the co- I in a volume of the philosophical transactions, put 
 
 operation of Hampton having failed, the proposed 
 descent to Montreal was abandoned, and the 
 American army recrossed the St. Lawrence and 
 went into winter quarters at French Mills. Gen. 
 Boyd was a good officer ; his early military career 
 was in India. But this service was of a peculiar 
 
 into his hands by Dr. Douglass, two communica 
 tions from the east, the one from Timoni at 
 Constantinople, and the other from Pylarini, the 
 Venetian consul at Smyrna, giving an account of 
 the practice of inoculation for the small pox, con 
 ceived the idea of introducing this practice in 
 
 kind. He organized three battalions, each of I Boston. He accordingly, June 6, addressed a 
 
 about five hundred men, and had also a small ir 
 regular force. He had six cannon, three or four 
 elephants, and as many English officers, lie 
 hired his men and his officers at a certain number 
 of rupees a month. This corps, as regarded arms 
 and equipments, was his sole property ; and in 
 the command of it he entered the service of any 
 of the Indian princes who would give him the 
 best pay. Once he was in the pay of Holkar ; 
 afterwards in the Peshwas service ; then, quitting 
 the Mahratta territory, he was hired for the ser 
 vice of Nizam Ally Khan. Then he marched to 
 Poona, and, having no eligible offer of employ 
 ment, he sold out his elephants, guns, arms, and 
 equipments, to Col. Felose, a Neapolitan partisan, 
 who acquired the implements, elephantine and 
 human, for carrying on the same trade of hired 
 ruffianship. In 1808 he was in Paris. After the 
 war he received the appointment of naval officer 
 for the port of Boston, lie published documents 
 and facts relative to military events during the late 
 war, 1816. Boston Weekly Messenger, vm. 774. 
 
 BOYD, WILLIAM, died in 1800, a graduate of 
 Harvard in 1796. He wrote a poem on Woman, 
 and other pieces. 
 
 BOYLE, JOHN, chief justice of Kentucky, died 
 Jan. 28, 1834. He had been a judge of the cir- 
 
 letter to the physicians of Boston, inclosing an 
 abridgment of those communications, and re 
 questing them to meet and take the subject into 
 consideration. As this request was treated with 
 neglect, he wrote to Dr. Boylston separately, June 
 24, and sent him all the information which he 
 had collected, in the hope that he would be per 
 suaded to embrace a new and favorable means for 
 the preservation of human life. Dr. Boylston 
 happily was a man of benevolence and courage. 
 When there was before him a promising opportu 
 nity for diminishing the evils of human life, he 
 was not afraid to struggle with prejudice, nor 
 unwilling to encounter abuse. The practice would 
 be entirely new in America, and it was not known 
 that it had been introduced into Europe. Yet 
 he determined to venture upon it. He first in 
 oculated, June 26th, his son Thomas, of the age 
 of six years, and two of his servants. Encour 
 aged by the success of this experiment, he began 
 to enlarge his practice. The other physicians 
 gave their unanimous opinion against inoculation, 
 as it would infuse a malignity into the blood ; 
 and the selectmen of Boston forbade it in July. 
 But these discouragements did not quench the 
 zeal and benevolence, which were now excited; 
 though prejudice might have triumphed over an 
 
 cuit court of the United States, and Avas able and | enlightened practice, if the clergy had not step- 
 distinguished, i ped in to aid the project. Six venerable ministers 
 
 BOYLSTON, ZABDIEL, F. R. S., an eminent 
 physician, who first introduced the inoculation of 
 the small pox in America, died at Boston March 
 1, 1766, aged 86. He was born of respectable 
 parents at Brookline, Mass., in 1680. His father 
 was Peter B., the son of Doctor Thomas B., who 
 received his medical degree at Oxford, and came 
 to tin s country and settled in Brookline in 1635. 
 After a good private education, he studied physic 
 under the care of Dr. John Cutler, an eminent 
 physician and surgeon of Boston, and in a few 
 years arrived at great distinction in his profession, 
 and accumulated a handsome fortune. He was 
 remarkable for his skill, his humanity, and his 
 close attention to his patients. In the year 1721 
 the small pox prevailed in Boston, and being 
 fatal, like the plague, it carried with it the utmost 
 terror. This calamity had not visited the town 
 since the year 1702, in winch year, as well as in 
 
 of Boston gave their whole influence in its favor; 
 and the weight of their character, the confidence 
 which was reposed in their wisdom, and the deep 
 reverence inspired by their piety, were hardly 
 sufficient to preserve the growing light from ex 
 tinction. They were abused, but they triumphed. 
 July 17, Dr. Boylston inoculated his son John, 
 who was older than Thomas, and Aug. 23, his 
 son Zabdiel, aged 14. During the year* 1721 
 and the beginning of 1722 he inoculated two 
 hundred and forty-seven persons in Boston and 
 the neighboring towns. Thirty-nine were inocu 
 lated by other physicians, making in the whole 
 two hundred and eighty-six, of whom only six 
 died. During the same period, of five thousand 
 seven hundred and fifty-nine persons, who had 
 the small pox in the natural way, eight hundred 
 and forty-four died. The utility of the practice 
 was now established beyond dispute, and its sue- 
 
114 
 
 LOYLSTOX. 
 
 BOYLSTON. 
 
 cess encouraged its more general introduction in 
 England, in which country it had been tried upon 
 a few persons, most or all of whom were convicts. 
 In the prosecution of his good work Dr. Boylston 
 was obliged to meet not only the most virulent, 
 but the most dangerous opposition. Dr. Law 
 rence Dalhonde, a French physician in Boston, 
 gave his deposition concerning the pernicious 
 effects of inoculation, which he had witnessed in 
 Europe. The deposition, dated July 22, was pub 
 lished by the selectmen, the rulers of the town, 
 in their zeal against the practice. Dr. Douglass, 
 a Scotchman, violent in his prejudices, and bitter 
 and outrageous in his conduct, bent his whole 
 force to annihilate the practice, which had been 
 introduced. One argument, which he brought 
 against it, was that it was a crime, which came 
 under the description of poisoning and spreading 
 infection, which were made penal by the laws of 
 England. In the pamphlets, which were pub 
 lished in 1721 and 1722, various kinds of reason 
 ing are found. The following extracts will give 
 some idea of the spirit of them. " To spread 
 abroad a moral contagion, what is it but to cast 
 abroad arrows and death ? If a man should wil 
 fully throw a bomb into a town, burn a house, or 
 kill a man, ought he not to die ? I do not see 
 how we can be excused from great impiety 
 herein, when ministers and people, with loud and 
 strong cries, made supplications to almighty God 
 to avert the judgment of the small pox, and at 
 the same time some have been carrying about 
 instruments of inoculation and bottles of the 
 poisonous humor, to infect all who were willing 
 to submit to it, whereby we might as naturally 
 expect the infection to spread, as a man to break 
 his bones by casting himself headlong from the 
 highest pinnacle. Can any man infect a family 
 in the town in the morning, and pray to God in 
 the evening, that the distemper may not spread?" 
 It was contended, that, as the small pox was a 
 judgment from God for the sins of the people, 
 to endeavor to avert the stroke would but provoke 
 him the more ; that inoculation was an encroach 
 ment upon the prerogatives of Jehovah, whose 
 right it was to wound and to smite ; and that, as 
 there was an appointed time to man upon earth, 
 it would be useless to attempt to stay the ap 
 proach of death. 
 
 The people became so exasperated, that it was 
 unsafe for Dr. Boylston to travel in the evening. 
 They even paraded the streets with halters and 
 threatened to hang liim. But his cool and deter 
 mined spirit, supported by his trust in God, 
 enabled him to persevere. As he believed him 
 self to be in the way of his duty, he did not trem 
 ble at the apprehension of the evils which might 
 come upon him. "NVhen his family were alarmed 
 for his safety, he expressed to them his resigna 
 tion to the will of heaven. To such a height was 
 
 the popular fury raised, that a lighted gran ado 
 was thrown in the night into the chamber of Mr. 
 Walter, minister of lloxbury, who had been pri 
 vately inoculated in the house of his uncle, Dr. 
 Mather of Boston. The shell, however, was not 
 filled with powder, but with a mixture of brim 
 stone and bituminous matter. 
 
 Had Dr. Boylston gone at this time to Eng 
 land, he might have accumulated a fortune by 
 his skill in treating the small pox. lie did not 
 however visit that country till 1725, when inocu 
 lation was common. He was then received with 
 the most flattering attention. He was chosen a 
 member of the royal society, though he was not, 
 as Dr. Thacher supposes, the first American thus 
 honored, for Dr. Cotton Mather was elected in 
 1713. He enjoyed the friendship of some of the 
 most distinguished characters of the nation. Of 
 these he used to mention with great respect and 
 affection Dr. Watts, with whom he corresponded. 
 After his return to his native country he continued 
 at the head of his profession, and engaged in a 
 number of literary pursuits. His communications 
 to the royal society were ingenious and useful. 
 After a long period of eminence and skill in his 
 profession, his age and infirmities induced him to 
 retire to his patrimonial estate in Brookline, where 
 he passed the remainder of his days. He had 
 the pleasure of seeing inoculation universally 
 practised, and of knowing, that he was himself 
 considered as one of the benefactors of mankind. 
 Occupied in his last days in agricultural pursuits, 
 he bestowed much care on the improvement of 
 the breed of horses. Those of his own farm 
 were celebrated. It seems that he had a vigor 
 ous old age, notwithstanding the asthma, which 
 afflicted him forty years, for he was seen at the 
 age of 84, in the streets of Boston, riding a colt, 
 which, as an excellent horseman, he was breaking 
 to the bit. He died saying to his friends, " my 
 work in this world is done, and my hopes of futu 
 rity are brightening." His wife, who died before 
 him, was Jerusha Minot of Boston. His second 
 son, John, a merchant, died at Bath, England, 
 Jan. 17, 1795, aged 80, bequeathing much to his 
 native town. The inscription upon his tomb rep 
 resents, that through a life of extensive benefi 
 cence he was always faithful to his word, just in 
 his dealings, afl able in his manners, and that after 
 a long sickness, in which he was exemplary for 
 his patience and resignation to his Maker, he 
 quitted this mortal life in a just expectation of 
 a blessed immortality. 
 
 Dr. Boylston published some account of what 
 is said of inoculating or transplanting the small 
 pox by the learned Dr. Emanucl Timonius and 
 Jacobus Pylarinus, 1721; an historical account of 
 the small pox inoculated in New England, with 
 some account of the nature of the infection, and 
 some short directions to the inexperienced, dedi- 
 
BOYLSTON. 
 
 BRACKET!. 
 
 115 
 
 catcd to the princess of Wales, London, 1726, 
 and Boston, 1730; and several communications 
 in the philosophical transactions. Muss. Mag., 
 Dec., 1789, 177G-1779; Pierce s Cen. Discourse ; 
 Holmes, II. 148 ; Boylston s Hist. Account ; 
 HiiMtin.wu, II. 273-270 ; Thacher s Med. Bioy. 
 
 BOYLSTOX, NICHOLAS, a benefactor of Har 
 vard college, died in Boston Aug. 18, 1771, aged 
 5,3. His portrait, which is an admirable paint 
 ing, is in the philosophy chamber of the college. 
 He had been an eminent merchant, and was 
 about to retire from business to enjoy the fruit 
 of his industry, when he was removed from the 
 earth. He was honest in his dealings, and re 
 markable for his sincerity, having a peculiar 
 abhorrence of all dissimulation. He bequeathed 
 to the university at Cambridge 1500 pounds for 
 laying the foundation of a professorship of rhet- 
 eric and oratory. This sum was paid into the 
 college treasury by his executors Feb. 11, 1772; 
 and the fund became accumulated to 23,200 dol 
 lars before any appropriation was made. John 
 Quincy Adams, then a senator of the United 
 States, was installed the first professor, June 12, 
 1806, with the title of "The Boylston professor 
 of rhetoric and oratory in Harvard college." 
 Holmes, II. 179. 
 
 BOYLSTOX, WARD NICHOLAS, a patron of 
 medical science, was the son of the preceding, 
 and died at his seat in Roxbury, Mass., Jan. 
 7, 1828, aged 78 years. In the year 1800 he gave 
 to the medical school of Harvard college a valu 
 able collection of medical and anatomical books 
 and engravings, making also an arrangement for 
 its perpetual enlargement. Bartleifs Prog. 
 Med. Science. 
 
 BORMAX, JOHN L., died near Oxford, Mary 
 land, April 20, 1823, aged 64, a profound lawyer. 
 He published a sketch of the history of Maryland 
 during the three first years, 1811. 
 
 Bit ACE, JONATHAN, judge, died at Hartford 
 Aug. 26, 1837, aged 83. He was a member of 
 Congress in 1798, judge of county court and of 
 probate, and a highly respected citizen. 
 
 BRACE, LUCY COLLINS, wife of Rev. Dr. J. 
 Brace, died at Xewington, Conn., Nov. 16, 1854, 
 aged 72. It had been proposed to celebrate in a 
 few weeks, the fiftieth year of her husband s set 
 tlement and of their marriage. For many years 
 she met every Sunday a Bible class of her own 
 age and a missionary society ; she was an example 
 of the various excellences exhibited in the lives 
 of a multitude of pastor s wives in our countrv. 
 
 BRACKEN, JOHN, bishop in Virginia, died at 
 Williamsburg July 15, 1818. He had been for 
 many years not only a bishop, but president of 
 William and Mary college. 
 
 BRACKEXRIDGE, HUGH HENRY, a judge 
 of the supreme court of Pennsylvania, died at 
 Carlisle June 25, 1816, aged 67. He was born 
 
 about 1749, and graduated at Princeton in 1771, 
 in the class with James Madison. He was the 
 master of an academy in Maryland before the 
 Revolution. In 1781 he settled at Piltsburg, 
 which he deemed favorably situated for becoming 
 a large town ; and in its improvement he en 
 gaged with zeal. He wrote for the newspapers 
 many essays in prose and poetry. His pieces 
 were generally satirical; one of them ridiculed 
 the society of the Cincinnati. In 1789 he was 
 appointed judge. In 1798 political partisans re 
 proached him for his partiality to Mr. Gallatin. 
 A few years before his death he removed to Car 
 lisle. His wife, whom he married in 1790, was 
 Sabina Wolf, a young lady of German origin, 
 whose parents lived on the banks of the Ohio 
 river. He published a poem on the rising 
 glory of America, 1774; eulogium of the brave 
 men who fell in the contest with Great Britain, 
 1779 ; modern chivalry, the adventures of Capt. 
 Farrago, etc., 1792 ; 2d edit. 2 vols., 1808 ; ora 
 tion July 4, 1793 ; incidents of the insurrection 
 in 1794 in Pennsylvania, 1795; gazette publica 
 tions, collected, 1806 ; law of miscellanies, con 
 taining instructions for the study of the law, 1814. 
 BRACKETT, ANTHONY, captain, an early set 
 tler at Casco, or Falmouth, as Portland, Maine, 
 was at first called, was lulled by the Indians Sept. 
 21, 1689. He was the son of Anthony B., of 
 Greenland, N. II., then a. part of Portsmouth. 
 He lived at Casco as early as 1662, and was one 
 of the settlers around the back cove. His farm 
 consisted of four hundred acres. The Indians, 
 led by Simon, whp escaped from prison at Dover, 
 and was familiar at Brackett s, took him, his wife, 
 and five children, and a negro servant prisoners 
 Aug. 11, 1676. Michael Mitton, the brother of 
 his wife, was killed. At Presumpscot also the 
 party killed and captured several persons. Thomas 
 Brackett, his brother, who lived at Clark s point, 
 on the neck, was shot down and his wife and three 
 children taken ; Megunnaway, an Indian, " a no 
 torious rogue," being concerned in his murder. 
 In all thirty-four persons were killed and carried 
 into captivity. The prisoners were conveyed to 
 Arrousic Island, of which the Indians had recently 
 gained possession, killing Capt, Lake and wound 
 ing Davis. Being left there in Xovember while 
 the Indians proceeded on an expedition, Brackett 
 escaped in an old leaky birch canoe, which his 
 wife had repaired with a needle and thread, found 
 in a deserted house; and crossed over to Black 
 point with his family, and got on board a vessel 
 bound to Piscataqua. After the peace of Casco, 
 April 12, 1678, he returned, and in 1682 was in 
 trusted with the command of fort Loyall at Port 
 land. In 1688 he was put in command of the 
 three forts, erected by Andros. In 1679 lie mar 
 ried for his second wife Susannah Drake of Hamp 
 ton, covenanting with her father, that one half 
 
11G 
 
 BRACKET!. 
 
 BRADDOCK. 
 
 of his estate should be her jointure and descend 
 to her male children. A dispute between the 
 children of the two marriages respecting this 
 property was adjusted by an amicable division. 
 His sons were Anthony and Scth : the latter was 
 killed at the capture of Saco, May 20, 1G90, and 
 the former taken prisoner. His posterity still 
 remain at Casco. Thomas Brackett s wife, the 
 sister of M. Mitton, died in captivity; his son 
 Joshua afterwards lived in Greenland, where he 
 died, being the father of Anthony and Joshua of 
 Portland. Willis Hist, of Portland, in Maine 
 Hist. Coll., I. 94, 200, 207,^143-156. 
 
 BRACKET!, JOSHUA, M. 1)., a distinguished 
 physician, died July 17, 1802, aged 09. He was 
 born in Greenland, New Hampshire, in May, 1733, 
 and after graduating at Harvard college in 1752, 
 studied theology at the request of his parents, 
 and became a preacher ; but the science of medi 
 cine had for him greater attractions. He studied 
 with Dr. Clement Jackson, then the principal 
 physician in Portsmouth, and established himself 
 in that town, in which he continued during the 
 remainder of his life. His wife, Hannah Whip- 
 pie of Kittery, died in May, 1805, aged 70, be 
 queathing to the Xew Hampshire medical society, 
 of which her husband had been president, 500 
 dollars. She was skilful in botany, having a 
 garden of rare plants. 
 
 Dr. Brackett was a skilful, faithful, benevolent 
 physician, particularly successful in obstetrical 
 practice ; mild, amiable, unassuming, affable ; 
 warm in friendship, an enemy to flattery, a despiser 
 of popular applause. It is stated that he never 
 made a charge for his professional services to the 
 poor, with whom he thought the payment would 
 occasion any embarrassment. In his religious 
 sentiments he was a Universalist. He took a deep 
 interest in the promotion of natural history at 
 Cambridge, and requested his wife to appropriate 
 1500 dollars towards the professorship of that 
 science in Harvard college. She complied with 
 his request and added to the amount. Dr. Brack 
 ett was a zealous whig in the Revolution ; during 
 which he was appointed judge of the maritime 
 court of Xew r Hampshire, and honorably sustained 
 the office, till its duties were transferred to the 
 district court. He was a benefactor of the New 
 Hampshire medical society, of which he was presi 
 dent from 1793 to 1799, presenting to it, at its 
 establishment, one hundred and forty-three vols. 
 of valuable medical books. Adams Ann. Ports 
 mouth, 321 ; Thacher s Med. Bioy. ; Med. Repos. 
 s. h., I. 211. 
 
 BRACKETT, JAMES, died at Rock Island, 111., 
 May 19, 1852, aged 70. A graduate of Dart 
 mouth in 1805, he was a lawyer of Otsego. He 
 was a literary man and published several ad 
 dresses. 
 
 BRADBURY, TiiEomiLUS, a judge of the 
 
 superior court of Massachusetts, died Sept. 6, 
 1803, aged 03. He was a graduate at Harvard 
 college in 1757. His early days were devoted 
 with diligence and success to the profession of 
 the law. He resigned the emoluments arising 
 from his practice for the appointment of a judge, 
 in which station he was intelligent and faithful in 
 executing the laws. A sudden attack of disease 
 at length rendered him incapable of discharging 
 the duties of his office. Columb. Centinel,Sc\)t. 
 11, 1803. 
 
 BRADDOCK, EDWARD, major-general, and 
 commander in chief of the British forces in 
 America, died July 13, 1775. He arrived in Vir 
 ginia with two regiments from Ireland in Feb 
 ruary, 1755. The plan of military operations 
 having been settled in April, by a convention of 
 the several governors at Alexandria, he undertook 
 to conduct in person the expedition against 
 Fort I)u Qucsne, now Pittsburg. Meeting with 
 much delay from the necessity of opening roads, 
 the general determined to advance with rapidity 
 at the head of twelve hundred men, leaving the 
 heavy baggage to the care of Colonel Dunbar, 
 who was to follow by slow and easy marches. 
 He reached the Monongahela July 8th. The 
 succeeding day he expected to invest the fort. 
 He accordingly made his dispositions in the morn 
 ing. He was advised to advance the provincial 
 companies in the front for the purpose of scouring 
 the woods, and discovering any ambuscade, which 
 might be formed for him. But he held both his 
 enemy and the provincials in too much contempt 
 to follow this salutary counsel. Three hundred 
 British regulars composed his van, which was sud 
 denly attacked, at the distance of about seven 
 miles from the fort, by an invisible enemy, con 
 cealed by the high grass. The whole army was 
 soon thrown into confusion. The brave general 
 exerted his utmost powers to form his broken 
 troops under a galling fire upon the very ground 
 where they were first attacked; but his efforts 
 were fruitless. With such an enemy, in such a 
 situation, it was necessary either to advance or 
 retreat. All his officers on horseback, excepting 
 his aid, the late General Washington, were killed 
 or wounded; and after losing three horses he 
 received a mortal wound through his right arm 
 into his lungs. The defeated army fled precipi 
 tately to the camp of Dunbar, near forty miles 
 distant, where Braddock, who was brought off the 
 ground in a tumbril, expired of his wounds. 
 Sixty-four out of eighty-five officers, and about 
 half his privates were killed and wounded, making 
 in the whole a loss of about seven hundred men. 
 Of the killed were William Shirley of the staff, 
 and Col. Sir Peter Halket ; and among the 
 wounded, Robert Orme, Roger Morris, Sir John 
 St. Clair and others of the staff; and Lieut.-Cols. 
 Gage and Burton. Though Mante defends the 
 
BRADFORD. 
 
 BRADFORD. 
 
 117 
 
 conduct of Bradclock, yet this disaster obviously 
 resulted from the contempt of good advice. 
 Marshall, I. 384, 390-393 ; II. 14-19 ; Holmes, 
 II. GO ; Coll. Hist. Soc. vil. 89-94 ; s. s. Till. 
 153; Wynne, II. 37-42; Mante, 17, 21,26. 
 
 BRADFORD, WILLIAM, governor of Ply 
 mouth, died May 9, 1657, aged G7. The names 
 of Bradford and Brewster, who were driven from 
 England into exile by ecclesiastical bigotry and 
 intolerance, are names among the most honorable 
 and memorable in the history of the world. lie 
 was governor in 1621, and in all thirty-one years. 
 lie was a first settler, one of the hundred Pilgrims 
 in the Mayflower in 1620. He was born in March, 
 1590, in Austerfield, a little village in the southern 
 border of Yorkshire, in England. His grand 
 father, William B., and John Hanson lived in Aus 
 terfield in 1575, and were the only persons of prop 
 erty in the townlet. Alice, the daughter of Mr. 
 Hanson and Mary Gresham, was his mother. 
 His father, William, died in 1591 ; his grandfather, 
 William, in 1596. He had a good patrimony. 
 He was left to the care of his uncle Robert. 
 Scrooby, in Nottinghamshire, the residence of 
 Brewster, was only four or five miles distant from 
 Austerfield, to the south. At Brewster s house, 
 the manor, was formed a new church in 1606 or 
 1607, most of the members of which had proba 
 bly belonged to the church of Mr. Clifton at Bab- 
 worth, only a mile or two south of Scrooby : 
 Clifton was the minister, Brewster the elder. Mr. 
 Bradford was one of the founders of this church. 
 At the age of 12 or 13 years his mind was seri 
 ously impressed by divine truth in reading the 
 Scriptures, and an illness of long continuance 
 conspired to preserve him from the follies of 
 youth. His good impressions were confirmed by 
 attending upon the ministry of Mr. Richard Clif 
 ton, and by his union with the Puritan company, 
 which met at Mr. Brewster s in Scrooby. As he 
 advanced in years he was stigmatized as a Separ 
 atist ; but such was his firmness, that he cheerfully 
 bore the frowns of his relatives and the scoff s of 
 his neighbors, and connected himself with the 
 church over which Mr. Clifton and Mr. Robinson 
 presided, fearless of the persecution, which he 
 foresaw this act would draw upon him. Believing 
 that many practices of the established church of 
 England were repugnant to the directions of the 
 word of God, he was fully resolved to prefer the 
 purity of Christian worship to any temporal ad 
 vantages, which might arise from bending his 
 conscience to the opinions of others. 
 
 In the autumn of 1607, when he was seventeen 
 years of age, he was one of the company of Dis 
 senters who made an attempt to go over to 
 Holland, where a commercial spirit had estab 
 lished a free toleration of religious opinions ; but 
 the master of the vessel betrayed them, and they 
 were thrown into prison at Boston in Lincoln 
 
 shire. In the spring of the next year he made 
 another unsuccessful attempt. At length he 
 effected his favorite object and joined his brethren 
 at Amsterdam. Here he put himself an appren 
 tice to a French Protestant, who taught him the 
 art of silk-dying. When he reached the age of 
 twenty-one years, and came in possession of his 
 estate in England, he converted it into money, 
 and engaged in commerce, in which he was not 
 successful. 
 
 Mr. Bradford, after a residence of about ten 
 years in Holland, engaged with zeal in the plan 
 of removal to America, which was formed by the 
 English church at Leyden under the care of Mr. 
 Robinson. He accordingly embarked for England, 
 July 22, 1620, and on the sixth of September set 
 sail from Plymouth with the first company. 
 While the ship in November lay in the harbor of 
 Cape Cod, he was one of the foremost in the sev 
 eral hazardous attempts to find a proper place for 
 the seat of the colony. Before a suitable spot was 
 agreed upon, his wife fell into the sea and was 
 drowned. Soon after the death of Governor 
 Carver at Plymouth, April 5, 1621, Mr. Bradford 
 was elected governor in his place. He was at 
 this time in the thirty-third year of his age, and 
 was most conspicuous for wisdom, fortitude, piety, 
 and benevolence. The people appointed Isaac 
 Allerton his assistant, not because they could re 
 pose less confidence in him than in Carver, who 
 had been alone in the command, but chiefly on 
 account of his precarious health. One of the first 
 acts of his administration was to send an embassy 
 to Massasoit, for the purpose of confirming the 
 league with the Indian sachem, of procuring seed 
 corn for the next season, and of exploring the 
 country. It was well for the colony that the 
 friendship of Massasoit was thus secured, for his 
 influence was extensive. In consequence of his 
 regard for the new settlers, nine sachems in Sep 
 tember went to Plymouth, and acknowledged 
 themselves loyal subjects of King James. In the 
 same month a party was sent out to explore the 
 Bay of Massachusetts. They landed under a cliff, 
 supposed to be Copp s Hill, in Boston, where they 
 were received with kindness by Obbatinewa, who 
 gave them a promise of his assistance against the 
 squaw sachem. On their return they carried with 
 them so good a report of the country, that the 
 people lamented that they had established them 
 selves at Plymouth ; but it was not now in their 
 power to remove. 
 
 In the beginning of 1622 the colony began to 
 experience a distressing famine, occasioned by the 
 arrival of new settlers, who came unfurnished with 
 provisions. In the height of their distress a 
 threatening message was received from Canonicus, 
 sachem of Narragansett, expressed by the present 
 of a bundle of arrows, bound with the skin of a 
 serpent. The governor sent back the skin filled 
 
118 
 
 BRADFORD. 
 
 BRADFORD. 
 
 with powder and ball. This prompt and ingenious 
 reply terminated the correspondence. The Xarra- 
 gansetts were so terrified, that they even returned 
 the serpent s skin without inspecting its contents. 
 It was however judged necessary to fortify the 
 town ; and this work was performed by the people 
 while they were suffering the extremity of famine. 
 For some time they subsisted entirely upon fish. 
 In this exigency Governor Bradford found the 
 advantage of his friendly intercourse with the In 
 dians. He made several excursions among them, 
 and procured corn and beans, making a fair pur 
 chase by means of goods which were brought by 
 two ships in August, and received by the planters 
 in exchange for beaver. The whole quantity of 
 corn and beans thus purchased amounted to 
 twenty-eight hogsheads. But still more important 
 benefits soon resulted from the disposition of 
 Governor Bradford to preserve the friendship of 
 the natives. During the illness of Massasoit in 
 the spring of 1623, Mr. "Winslow was sent to him 
 with cordials, which contributed to his recovery. 
 In return for this benevolent attention the grateful 
 sachem disclosed a dangerous conspiracy, then in 
 agitation among the Indians, for the purpose of 
 totally extirpating the English. This plot did not 
 originate in savage malignity, but was occasioned 
 by the injustice and indiscretion of some settlers 
 in the Bay of Massachusetts. As the most effect 
 ual means of suppressing the conspiracy, Massasoit 
 advised that the chief conspirators, whom he 
 named, should be seized and put to death. This 
 melancholy work was accordingly performed by 
 Captain Standish, and the colony was relieved 
 from apprehension. When the report of this 
 transaction was carried to Holland, Mr. Robinson, 
 in his next letter to the governor, expressed his 
 deep concern at the event. "O that you had 
 converted some," said he, " before you had killed 
 any!" 
 
 The scarcity, which had been experienced by 
 the planters, was in part owing to the impolicy of 
 laboring in common and putting the fruit of their 
 labor into the public store. To stimulate industry 
 by the prospect of individual acquisition, and thus 
 to promote the general good by removing the re 
 straints upon selfishness, it was agreed, in the 
 spring of 1G23, that every family should plant for 
 themselves, on such ground as should be assigned 
 them by lot. After this agreement the governor 
 was not again obliged to traffic with the Indians 
 in order to procure the means of subsistence for 
 the colony. Thus have failed the common-stock 
 projects of various enthusiasts. 
 
 The original government of Plymouth was 
 founded entirely upon mutual compact, entered 
 into by the planters before they landed, and was 
 intended to continue no longer than till they 
 could obtain legal authority from their sovereign. 
 The first patent was obtained for the colony in the 
 
 name of John Pierce ; but another patent of 
 larger extent was obtained of the council for New 
 England, January 13, 1630, in the name of Wil 
 liam Bradford, his heirs, associates, and assigns, 
 which confirmed the title of the colonists to a 
 large tract of land, and gave them power to make 
 all laws, not repugnant to the laws of England. 
 In the year 1640, when the number of people was 
 increased, and new townships were erected, the 
 general court requested Governor Bradford to 
 surrender the patent into their hands. With this 
 request he cheerfully complied, reserving for him 
 self no more than his proportion, as settled by a 
 previous agreement. After this surrender the 
 patent was immediately delivered again into his 
 custody. For several of the first years after the 
 first settlement of Plymouth, the legislative, ex 
 ecutive, and judicial business was performed by 
 the whole body of freemen in assembly. In 1634 
 the governor s assistants, the number of whom, at 
 the request of Mr. Bradford, had been increased 
 to five in 1624, and to seven in 1633, were con 
 stituted a judicial court, and afterwards the 
 supreme judicature. Petty offences were tried by 
 the selectmen of each town, with liberty of appeal 
 to the next court of assistants. The first assembly 
 of representatives was held in 1639, when two 
 deputies were sent from each town, excepting 
 Plymouth, which sent four. In 1649 this ine 
 quality Avas done away. 
 
 Such was the reputation of Mr. Bradford, 
 acquired by his piety, wisdom, and integrity, that 
 he was annually chosen governor, as long as he 
 lived, excepting in the years 1633, 1636, and 1644, 
 when Mr. Winslow was appointed, and the years 
 1634 and 1638, when Mr. Prince was elected chief 
 magistrate. At these times it was by his own 
 request that the people did not re-elect him. 
 Governor Winthrop mentions the election of Mr. 
 Winslow in 1633, and adds, " Mr. Bradford hav 
 ing been governor about ten years, and now by 
 importunity got off." What a lesson for the am 
 bitious, who bend their whole influence to gain and 
 secure the high offices of State ! Mr. Bradford 
 strongly recommended a rotation in the election 
 of governor. " If this appointment," he pleaded, 
 " was any honor or benefit, others beside himself 
 should partake of it ; if it was a burden, others 
 beside himself should help to bear it." But the 
 people were so much attached to him, that for 
 thirty years they placed him at the head of the 
 government, and in the five years when others 
 were chosen, he was first in the list of assistants, 
 which gave him the rank of deputy governor. 
 After an infirm and declining state of health for a 
 number of months, he was suddenly seized by an 
 acute disease in May, 16(37. In the night, his mind 
 was so enraptured by contemplations upon relig 
 ious truth and the hopes of futurity, that he said 
 to his friends in the morning, " the good Spirit of 
 
BRADFORD. 
 
 BRADFORD. 
 
 119 
 
 God has given me a pledge of my happiness in 
 another world, and the first fruits of eternal 
 glory." The next day, May 9, 1657, he was re 
 moved from the present state of existence, greatly 
 lamented by the people not only in Plymouth, but 
 in the neighboring colonies. Ilubbard makes the 
 day of his death June o ; but the lines given by 
 Morton are doubtless good, at least for the date : 
 
 " The ninth of May, about nine of the clock, 
 A precious one God out of Plymouth took : 
 Governor Bradford then expired his breath." 
 
 His sister, Alice, married to George Morton, 
 who died in 1624, survived her brother. 
 
 The seal which Gov. B. used was a double eagle. 
 His wife, Dorothy May, was drowned at Cape Cod, 
 Dec. 7, 1620, so that she never reached Plymouth. 
 llis second wife was Alice Southworth, the widow 
 of Edward Southworth, whom he married in 1623. 
 His son, John, was born of his first wife ; William, 
 Mercy, and Joseph were his cliildren by Alice 
 Southworth. John died without children. Wil 
 liam had fifteen children, and Joseph had seven ; 
 from these have descended the Bradfords of New 
 England and many beyond its bounds. 
 
 In the X. E. Register of Jan. and July, 1850, is 
 published a genealogy, containing the names of 
 four hundred and fourteen of his descendants, be 
 sides many of their cliildren, living chiefly in Mas 
 sachusetts. Besides the bearers of the name of 
 Bradford, there are families bearing other names, 
 whose children are his descendants, some of which 
 names are the following : Adams, Allen, Allyn, 
 Baker, Barnes, Brewster, Chandler, Child, Chip- 
 man, Church, Collins, Cook, Delano, Drew, I) wight, 
 Elliot, Ensign, Fessenden, Finney, Fitch, Fowler, 
 Frazer, Freeman, Gay, Gilbert, Gridley, Ham 
 mond, llobart, Holmes, Hopkins, Hunt, Lane, 
 Lawrence, Le Baron, Lee, Loring, Metcalf, Mitch 
 ell, Paddock, Partridge, Prince, Riplcy, Robbins, 
 Rockwell, Sampson, Skinner, Smith, Soule, Spoon- 
 er, Stanford, Steel, Stirling, Sylvester, Wadsworth, 
 Waring, Weston, Whiting, Wiswall. The sup 
 posed honor of descent from such a man as Brad 
 ford will be only disgrace, unless there be caught 
 from the record of his life something of his inde 
 pendence of thought, something of his unswerving 
 adherence to the right, something of his self-sac 
 rificing spirit, something of his zealous toils, his 
 benevolence, and his piety. 
 
 Governor Bradford, though not favored with a 
 learned education, possessed a strong mind, a 
 sound judgment, and a good memory. In the 
 office of chief magistrate he was prudent, tem 
 perate, and firm. He would sufier no person to 
 trample on the laws or to disturb the peace of 
 the colony. Some young men, who were unwil 
 ling to comply with the order for laboring on the 
 public account, excused themselves on a Christmas 
 day, under pretence that it was against their con 
 
 science to work. But not long afterwards, finding 
 them at play in the street, he commanded the 
 instruments of their game to be taken from them, 
 and told them that it was against his conscience 
 to suffer them to play, while others were at work, 
 and that, if they had any religious regard to the 
 day, they should show it in the exercise of devo 
 tion at home. This gentle reproof had the desired 
 effect. On other occasions his conduct was equally 
 moderate and determined. Suspecting John Ly- 
 ford, who had imposed himself upon the colony 
 as a minister, of factious designs, and observing 
 that he had put a great number of letters on board 
 a ship for England, the governor in a boat fol 
 lowed the ship to sea, and examined the letters. 
 As satisfactory evidence against Lyford was thus 
 obtained, a convenient time was afterwards taken 
 for bringing him to trial, and he was banished. 
 
 Though he never enjoyed great literary advan 
 tages, Governor Bradford was much inclined to 
 literary pursuits. He was familiar with the 
 French and Dutch languages, and attained con 
 siderable knowledge of the Latin and Greek; 
 but he more assiduously studied the Hebrew, be 
 cause, as he said, " he would see with his own 
 eyes the ancient oracles of God in their native 
 beauty." He had read much of history and phi 
 losophy ; but theology was his favorite study. 
 Dr. Mather represents him as an irrefragable dis 
 putant, especially against the Anabaptists. Yet 
 he was by no means severe or intolerant. He 
 wished rather to convince the erroneous, than to 
 suppress their opinions by violence. His dispo 
 sition was gentle and condescending. Though he 
 was attached to the discipline of the Congrega 
 tional churches, yet he was not a rigid Separatist. 
 He perceived that the reformed churches differed 
 among themselves in the modes of discipline, and 
 he did not look for a perfect uniformity. His life 
 was exemplary and useful. He was watchful 
 against sin, a man of prayer, and conspicuous for 
 holiness. His son, William Bradford, was deputy 
 governor of the colony after his father s death, 
 and died at Plymouth at the age of seventy-nine. 
 Several of his descendants were members of the 
 council of Massachusetts, and one of them was a 
 deputy governor of Rhode Island and a senator 
 in the congress of the United States. 
 
 Governor Bradford wrote a history of Plymouth 
 people and colony, beginning with the first for 
 mation of the church in 1602 and ending with 
 1647. It was contained in a folio volume of two 
 hundred seventy pages. Morton s memorial is an 
 abridgment of it. Prince and Hutchinson had 
 the use of it, and the manuscript was deposited 
 with Mr. Prince s valuable collection of papers in 
 the library of the old south church in Boston. In 
 the year I77o it shared the fate of many other 
 manuscripts in that place. It was carried away 
 by the barbarians of the British army, who con- 
 
120 
 
 BRADFORD. 
 
 BRADFORD. 
 
 verted the old south church into a riding school. 
 This invaluable work, after having been lost eighty 
 years, has just been recovered and printed entire. 
 For this recovery the American public is indebted 
 to Rev. John S. Barry, who, in writing his History 
 of Massachusetts, had occasion, in 1855, to con 
 sult an English book, in which he noticed a refer 
 ence to a manuscript history of Plymouth in the 
 Fulham library, with quotations, which satisfied 
 him that it was Bradford s lost MS. This was 
 found to be the case by Mr. Charles Deane, 
 through the agency of Rev. Joseph Hunter of 
 London. An exact copy was obtained, retaining 
 the ancient spelling, and was printed by the Mass. 
 Historical Society in 1856, with a preface and 
 notes by Mr. Deane, chairman of the publishing 
 committee of the society. 
 
 This manuscript was used in their historical 
 writings by Morton, Prince, and Hutchinson. A 
 portion of the work, taken from the church records 
 of Plymouth, but not recorded as Bradford s writ 
 ing, was published by Dr. Young in his chronicles 
 of the pilgrims in 1841, most of which had been 
 previously printed by Hazard as a Avork of Mor 
 ton. Of the way, by which the manuscript reached 
 the Fulham library, no information has been ob 
 tained. In this primitive book Mr. Deane has 
 inserted a page of a fac simile of the handwriting 
 of Bradford ; and he has annexed Gov. B. slist of 
 the passengers in the Mayflower, from which he 
 concludes that the number of passengers was one 
 hundred and two, instead of one hundred, the usu 
 ally-reckoned number. But in this perhaps he falls 
 into an error, for two, whom he counts, were hired 
 seamen for one year, when they returned, and 
 could not be considered among " the first begin 
 ners," who laid the foundation of all the colonies, 
 any more than any other seamen. Mr. D. also 
 mistakes in making Gov. B. sixty-eight years old. 
 
 Gov. B. had a large book of copies of letters 
 relative to the affairs of the colony, which is lost. 
 A fragment of it, however, found in a grocer s 
 shop at Halifax, was published by the Massachu 
 setts Historical Society, to which is subjoined a 
 descriptive and historical account of New England 
 in verse. If this production is somewhat deficient 
 in the beauties of poetry, it has the more sub 
 stantial graces of piety and truth. He published 
 some pieces for the confutation of the errors of 
 the times, particularly of the Anabaptists. Bel- 
 knap s Amer. Biog. II. 217-251; Mather s Ma g- 
 nalia, n. 2-5 ; Davis 1 Morton, 269 ; NeaVs New 
 England, I. 99, 316 ; Prince s Annals, Pref. VI, 
 
 IX. 196 ; Coll. Hist. Soc. III. 27, 77 ; VI. s. s. 555 ; 
 
 X. 67 ; Bradford s Hist. ; Thacher s Plymouth ; 
 N. E. Memorial, I. 81 ; N. E. Register, 1850. 
 
 BRADFORD, ALICE, the wife of Gov. B., died 
 at Plymouth March 27, 1670, aged 80, having 
 survived her husband nearly thirteen years. Born 
 in England, she first married Edward Southworth, 
 
 living with him seven years in Nottinghamshire, 
 near the residence of Mr. Bradford, who well 
 knew her, and, as report says, had early sought 
 her hand. Her name was Alice Carpenter. 
 Being left a widow, Gov. Bradford renewed his 
 offer to her two years after the death of his first 
 wife, Dorothy May. She was now of the age of 
 thirty-three. Waiving her riyht to demand a 
 personal visit, which would call away the governor 
 from his important duties to the colony in the 
 wilderness, she generously listened to his request, 
 and came over in the ship Ann, which arrived 
 Aug. 1, 1623. She was accompanied by the gov 
 ernor s brother-in-law, George Morton, by her 
 sister, Bridget Fuller, and by two daughters of 
 Elder Brewster. Her two sons, Thomas and Con 
 stant Southworth, were brought over in 1629 or 
 1630. She was married Aug. 14, and lived with 
 her husband nearly thirty years. She brought 
 with her considerable property. She was well 
 educated, and of extraordinary capacity and great 
 worth. She incessantly toiled for the literary 
 improvement and the refinement of the youth at 
 Plymouth. If she ever felt honored in being 
 married to Mr. Southworth, who was descended 
 in the tenth generation from Sir Gilbert S., 
 knight of Lancaster, yet she must have felt more 
 happy in being the companion of him who laid 
 the foundation of civil and religious freedom in a 
 new world, and whose name would be held illus 
 trious by the generations to come of their de 
 scendants and others, down to the end of time. 
 Her sister, Mary Carpenter, an old maid, a mem 
 ber of the church of Duxbury, died at Plymouth 
 March 20, 1667, aged ninety. Other sisters were 
 Bridget, who married Samuel Fuller, and gave to 
 the church the lot of ground on which the par 
 sonage stood ; Priscilla, the wife of William 
 Wright ; and the wives of John Cooper and Rev. 
 Mr. Reyner. At the end of Bradford s History 
 are published two pages of memorial lines by N. 
 Morton, " Upon the life and death of that godly 
 matron, Mistris Alice Bradford," from which it 
 appears that she and her father belonged to the 
 Puritan Separatists of the north of England, who 
 fled to Holland when she was seventeen years 
 old. He is called a confessor ; and it is added : 
 
 " And shee with him and other in her youth 
 Left tlieire own native country for the truth, 
 And in successe of time she marryed was 
 To one whose grace and vertue did surpusse, 
 I mean good Edward Southworth, vrhoe not long 
 Continued in this world the saints ainouge." 
 
 After mentioning the death of her last husband, 
 the writer says : 
 
 " E r since that time in widdowhood shee hath 
 Lived a life in holynes and faith 
 In reading of Gods word and contemplation, 
 Which healped her to assurance of salvation 
 Through Gods good sperit workeing with the same, 
 Forever praised be his holy name." 
 
BRADFORD. 
 
 BRADFORD. 
 
 121 
 
 " Tis sad to see our houses disposessd 
 Of holy saints whose memory is blessd; 
 When they decease and closed are in tombe, 
 Thercs few or none that rises in their rome, 
 Thats like to them in holines and grace." 
 
 The same writer says of her husband : 
 
 " It is enough to name 
 The name of Bradford fresh in memory, 
 Which smcles with odoriforus fragrancye." 
 
 TJiacher s Pli/m.116 , Bradford s Hist. 460. 
 
 BRADFORD, JOHN, the eldest son of the 
 preceding by his first wife, was born in England, 
 and came over with Alice Southworth in 1623. 
 He lived in Duxbury in 1615, and in 1652 was 
 deputy to the general court. He married Martha 
 Bourne, of Marshfield. In 1653 he removed to 
 Norwich, Conn., where he died without offspring 
 in 1678, aged about 61. His widow married 
 Thomas Tracy. 
 
 BRADFORD, WILLIAM, major, son of the 
 preceding, deputy governor of Plymouth colony, 
 was born June 17, 1624, and died Feb. 20, 1704, 
 aged 79. He was buried at his request by the 
 side of his father. These homely lines are on Ins 
 monument : 
 
 " He lived long but still was doing good, 
 And in his country s service lost much blood. 
 After a life well spent he s now at rest ; 
 His very name and memory is blest." 
 
 In King Philip s war he commanded the Ply 
 mouth troops, and in the Xarragansett fort fight, 
 Dec. 19, 1675, at East Kingston, when the fort 
 was taken, he received a ball in his body, which 
 he bore during the remainder of his life. In his 
 last will he provided for fifteen children, nine sons 
 and six daughters ; and then- very numerous de 
 scendants in New England can of course all trace 
 their ancestry to Gov. Bradford. His descendants 
 are of the oldest line of the Bradfords, for his 
 elder brother John had no children. His resi 
 dence was on the north side of Jones river, in 
 what is now Kingston. His first Avife Avas Alice, 
 daughter of Thomas Richards, of Weymouth ; 
 his second Avas AvidoAV WisAvall ; his third Avas 
 Mary, the widoAV of ReA r . J. Holmes, of Dux- 
 bury. 
 
 BRADFORD, JOSEPH, the third son of Gov 
 ernor Bradford, Avas born in 1630, and died in 
 1715, aged 84. His Avife was Jacl, the daughter 
 of Rev. Peter Hobart, of Hingham. His sons 
 were John, Samuel, and William ; his daughters 
 Alice or Olive, Abigail, Mercy, and Priscilla, 
 Avhose husbands were as folloAvs : Alice or Olive 
 married Edward Mitchell and Joshua Hersey ; 
 Abigail married Gideon Sampson ; Mercy mar 
 ried Jonathan Freeman and Isaac Cushman ; 
 and Priscilla married Seth Chipman. Farmer 
 says he left a son Elisha. 
 
 BRADFORD, GAMALIEL, colonel, died at Dux- 
 bury, Jan. 9, 1807, aged 75. He Avas an officer 
 
 16 
 
 in the French Avars and in the army of the RCA T O- 
 lution, and a judge. His father, Gamaliel, died 
 in 1778, aged 73, the son of Samuel, the son of 
 Major William. His daughter, Sophia, died Feb. 
 2, 1855, aged 93. Alden B. Avas his son ; and 
 Dr. Gamaliel B., of Boston, his grandson. 
 
 BRADFORD, WILLIAM, a senator of the Unit 
 ed States, the son of Samuel B., and a descendant 
 in the fourth generation from Gov. Bradford, died 
 July 6, 1808, aged 78. He Avas born at Plymp- 
 ton, Mass., in Nov., 1729. Having studied physic 
 Avith Dr. E. Ilerscy, he commenced the practice 
 in Warren, R. I., and Avas skilful and successful. 
 In a few years he removed to Bristol, and built a 
 house on that romantic and A enerable spot, Mount 
 Hope, Avhich is associated Avith the name of King 
 Philip. Here he studied laAv and became eminent 
 in civil life in Rhode Island. In the Revolution 
 ary contest he took a decided part in favor of the 
 rights of the colonies. In the cannonade of 
 Bristol, in the evening of Oct. 7, 1775, by the 
 British vessels of Avar, the Rose, Glasgow, and 
 Siren, he Avent on board the Rose, and negotiated 
 for the inhabitants. About this time his OAvn 
 house Avas destroyed by the enemy. In 1792 he 
 Avas elected a senator in congress, but soon re 
 signed his place for the shades of his delightful 
 retreat. He Avas many years speaker of the as 
 sembly of Rhode Island, and deputy governor. 
 He had lived a AvidoAver thirty-three years ; his 
 Avife, Mary Le Baron, of Plymouth, Avhom he 
 married in 1751, died Oct. 2, 1775. His eldest 
 son, Major William Biadford, was aid to Gen. 
 Charles Lee, of the Revolutionary army. By in 
 dustry and rigid economy, Mr. Bradford acquired 
 an independent fortune, in the use of Avhich he 
 Avas hospitable and liberal. For many years he 
 Avas accustomed to deposit AA ith his minister a 
 generous sum, to be expended in charity to the 
 poor. In his habits he Avas temperate, seeking 
 his bed at an early hour of the evening, and rising 
 early and Avalking over his extensive farm. Thus 
 he attained nearly to the age of fourscore. 
 TJtachcr s Med. Biog. ; Grisioold s Fun. Serm. 
 
 BRADFORD, WILLIAM, the first printer in 
 Pennsyh-ania, died May 23,- 1752, aged 93. He 
 Avas born in Leicester, England, and, being a Qua 
 ker, emigrated to this country in 1682 or 1683, 
 and landed Avhere Philadelphia Avas aftenvards 
 laid out, before a house Avas built. In 1687 he 
 printed an almanac. The Avritings of George 
 Keith, Avhich he printed, having caused a quarrel 
 among the Quakers, for one of them, represented 
 as seditious, he Avas arrested Avith Keith and im 
 prisoned in 1692. It is remarkable, that in his 
 trial, Avhen the justice charged the jury to find 
 only the fact as to printing, Bradford maintained 
 that the jury Avere also to find Avhethcr the paper 
 Avas really seditious, and maintained that " the 
 jury are judges in laAv, as well as the matter of 
 
122 
 
 BRADFORD. 
 
 BRADFORD. 
 
 fact." This is the very point which awakened ! 
 such interest in England in the time of Wilkes. 
 Bradford was not convicted ; but, having incurred 
 the displeasure of the dominant party in Phila 
 delphia, he removed to New York in 1693. In 
 that year he printed the laws of the colony. Oct. 
 16, 1725, he began the first newspaper in New 
 York, called the N. Y. Gazette. In 1728 he 
 established a paper-mill at Elizabethtown, N. Y., 
 which, perhaps, was the first in this country. 
 Being temperate and active, he reached a great 
 age, a stranger to sickness. In the morning of 
 the day of his death he walked about the city. 
 By his first wife, a daughter of Andrew Sowles, a 
 printer in London, he had two sons, Andrew and 
 William. For more than fifty years he was 
 printer to the New York government, and for 
 thirty years the only printer in the province. He 
 was kind and affable, and a friend to the poor. 
 Thomas, II. 91; Pcnn. Gaz., May 28, 1752. 
 
 BRADFORD, ANDREW, a printer, the son of 
 the preceding, died Nov. 23, 1742, aged about 56. 
 He was the only printer in Pennsylvania from 
 1712 to 1723. lie published the first newspaper 
 in Philadelphia Dec, 22, 1719, called the Ameri 
 can Weekly Mercury. In 1732 he was post 
 master ; in 1735 he kept a bookshop, at the sign 
 of the Bible, in Second street. In 1738 he re 
 moved, having purchased a house, No. 8 South 
 Front street, which in 1810 was occupied as a 
 printing house by his descendant, Thomas Brad 
 ford, the publisher of the True American, a daily 
 paper. His second wife, with whom he failed to 
 find happiness, was Cornelia Smith, of New York; 
 she continued the Mercury till the end of 1746, 
 and died in 1755. Thomas, II. 30, 325. 
 
 BRADFORD, WILLIAM, colonel, a printer, and 
 a soldier of the Revolution, died Sept. 25, 1791, 
 aged 72. He was the grandson of the first 
 printer in Philadelphia. His father, William, was 
 a seaman. Adopted by his uncle, Andrew Brad 
 ford, he became his partner in business ; but his 
 foster mother, Mrs. Cornelia B., wishing him to 
 fall in love with her adopted niece, and he choos 
 ing to fall in love with some other lady, caused 
 the partnership to be- dissolved. In 1741 he went 
 to England, and returned in 1742 with printing 
 materials and books. At this period he married 
 a daughter of Thomas Budd, who was imprisoned 
 with his ancestor in 1692. He published Dec. 2, 
 1742, the Pennsylvania Journal, which was con 
 tinued till the present century, when it was super 
 seded by the True American. In 1754 he opened, 
 at the corner of Market and Front streets, the 
 London coffee-house; in 1762 he opened a marine 
 insurance office with Mr. Kydd. He opposed the 
 stamp act in 1765, and in the early stage of the 
 war he took up arms for his country. As a major 
 and colonel in the militia he fought in the battle 
 of Trenton, in the action at Princeton, and in sev 
 
 eral other engagements. He was at Fort Mifflin 
 when it was attacked. After the British army 
 left Philadelphia, he returned with a broken con 
 stitution and a shattered fortune. Business had 
 found new channels. Soon he experienced the 
 loss of his beloved Avife ; age advanced upon him ; 
 a paralytic shock warned him of approaching 
 death. To his children he said, " Though I be 
 queath you no estate, I leave you in the enjoyment 
 of liberty." Such patriots deserve to be held in 
 perpetual remembrance. He left three sons : 
 Thomas, his partner in business, William, attorney- 
 general, and Schuyler, who died in the East 
 Indies; also three daughters. Thomas, II. 48, 
 330; U. 8. Gaz. 
 
 BRADFORD, WILLIAM, attorney-general of 
 the United States, died Aug. 23 t 1795. He was 
 the son of the preceding, born in Philadelphia 
 Sept. 14, 1755, and was early placed under the 
 care of a respectable clergyman a few miles from 
 the city. His father had formed the plan of 
 bringing him up in the insurance office, which he 
 then conducted ; but so strong was the love of 
 learning implanted in the mind of his son, that 
 neither persuasions, nor offers of pecuniary ad 
 vantage, could prevail with him to abandon the 
 hopes of a liberal education. He was graduated 
 at Princeton college in 1772. During his resi 
 dence at this seminary he was greatly beloved by 
 his fellow students, while he confirmed the ex 
 pectations of his friends and the faculty of the 
 college by giving repeated evidence of genius and 
 taste. At the public commencement he had one 
 of the highest honors of the class conferred upon 
 him. He continued at Princeton till the year fol 
 lowing, during which time he had an opportunity 
 of attending the lectures on theology of Dr. 
 Witherspoon. 
 
 He now commenced the study of the law under 
 Edward Shippen, and he prosecuted his studies 
 with unwearied application. In the spring of 
 1776 he was called upon by the peculiar circum 
 stances of the times to exert himself in defence 
 of the dearest rights of human nature, and to 
 join the standard of his country in opposition to 
 the oppressive exactions of Great Britain. When 
 the militia were called out to form the flying camp, 
 he was chosen major of brigade to Gen. llober- 
 deau, and on the expiration of his term accepted 
 a company in Col. Hampton s regiment of regu 
 lar troops. He was soon promoted to the station 
 of deputy muster-master-general, with the rank 
 of licut.-colonel, in which office he continued about 
 two years, till his want of health obliged him to 
 resign his commission and return home. He now 
 recommenced the study of the law, and in Sept., 
 1779, was admitted to the bar of the supreme 
 court. In Aug., 1780, he was appointed attorney- 
 general of Pennsylvania. 
 
 In 1784 he married the daughter of Elias 
 
BRADFORD. 
 
 BRADFORD. 
 
 123 
 
 Boudinot, of New Jersey, with whom he lived till 
 his death in the exercise of every domestic virtue 
 that adorns human nature. On the reformation 
 of the courts of justice under the new constitution 
 of Pennsylvania, he was solicited to accept the 
 office of a judge of the supreme court, and was 
 commissioned byGov. Mifflin, Aug. 22, 1791. In 
 this station his indefatigable industry, unshaken 
 integrity and correct judgment enabled liim to 
 give general satisfaction. Here he had deter 
 mined to spend a considerable part of his life ; 
 but on the promotion of Edmund Randolph to 
 the office of secretary of State, as successor of 
 Mr. Jefferson, he was urged to accept the office 
 of attorney-general of the United States, now left 
 vacant. He accordingly received the appointment 
 Jan. 28, 1794. But he continued only a short 
 time in this station, to which he was elevated by 
 Washington. He was succeeded by Mr. Lee, of 
 Virginia. According to his express desire, he was 
 buried by the side of his parents in the burial 
 ground of the second Presbyterian church in 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 Mr. Bradford possessed a mild and amiable 
 temper, and his genteel and unassuming manners 
 were united with genius, eloquence, and taste. 
 As a public speaker he was persuasive and con 
 vincing. He understood mankind well, and knew 
 how to place his arguments in the most striking 
 point of light. His language was pure and sen 
 tentious ; and he so managed most of his forensic 
 disputes, as scarcely ever to displease his oppo 
 nents, while he gave the utmost satisfaction to his 
 clients. He possessed great firmness of opinion, 
 yet was remarkable for his modesty and caution 
 in delivering his sentiments. Combining a quick 
 and retentive memory and an excellent judgment 
 with great equanimity and steadiness in his con 
 duct, and a pleasing deportment, he conciliated 
 respect and affection. Towards his country he 
 felt the sincerest attachment, and her interests 
 he preferred to every selfish consideration. His 
 charities were secret, but extensive ; and none in 
 distress were ever known to leave him with dis 
 content. It is mentioned as a proof of his benev 
 olence, that he adopted and educated as his own 
 son an orphan child of Joseph Reed. His friend 
 ships were few, but very affectionate, and those 
 who aided him in his first setting out in life were 
 never ungratefully forgotten. Though engaged 
 constantly in public business, yet the concerns of 
 this world did not make him regardless of the 
 more important concerns of religion. He firmly 
 believed the Christian system, for he had given it 
 a thorough examination. By its incomparable 
 rules he regulated his whole conduct, and on its 
 promises he founded all his hopes of future hap 
 piness. 
 
 In the earlier periods of his life he was not un 
 acquainted with the walks of poetry, and some of 
 
 his poetical productions, in imitation of the pasto 
 rals of Shenstone, were published in the Phila 
 delphia magazines. They were at the time held 
 in high estimation. He published in 1793 an 
 inquiry how far the punishment of death is nec 
 essary in Pennsylvania, with notes and illustra 
 tions, to which is added an account of the gaol 
 and penitentiary house of Philadelphia, by Caleb 
 Lownes. This Avork was written at the request 
 of Gov. Mifflin, and was intended for the use of 
 the legislature, in the nature of a report, they 
 having the subject at large under their considera 
 tion. Furnishing a proof of the good sense and 
 philanthropy of the author, it gained him great 
 credit. It had much influence in meliorating the 
 criminal laws, and hastening the almost entire ab 
 olition of capital punishments, not only in Penn 
 sylvania, but in many other States, where the 
 interests of humanity have at last prevailed over 
 ancient and inveterate prejudices. Rees 1 Cycl. ; 
 Hardie s Biog. Did. ; Marshall, V. 489, 639 ; 
 Gaz. U. S., Aug. 24, 1795. 
 
 BRADFORD, SUSAN, wife of the preceding, 
 died in Burlington, X. J., Nov. 30, 1854, nearly 
 90. Susan Vergereau was the eldest daughter of 
 Elias Boudinot, born Dec. 21, 1764: her mother 
 was Hannah Stockton, of Princeton, a daughter of 
 John, a signer of the declaration of independence. 
 Her father s great-grandfather was a Huguenot, 
 who fled to England. She was married in 1784 
 to Wm. Bradford, who died in 1795. A widow 
 for the rest of her life, she lived in Burlington 
 from 1805 till her death. Bishop Doane visited 
 her daily the last twenty years. She was opulent 
 and benevolent, and eminently pious. 
 
 BRADFORD, THOMAS, died at Philadelphia in 
 May, 1838, aged 94. He was an eminent printer, 
 editor, and publisher, succeeding Franklin in 
 1763 as printer to the continental congress. 
 
 BRADFORD, ROBERT, major, died in Belpre, 
 Ohio, in 1823, aged 73. He was born in 1750, 
 the son of Robert, of Kingston ; and was a de 
 scendant of the sixth generation from Gov. B. 
 In the war of the Revolution he was a brave offi 
 cer. The sword given him by Lafayette is in 
 the hands of his only surviving son, O. L. Brad 
 ford, of Wood county, Va. As an associate of 
 the Ohio company, he removed to Marietta in 
 1788. The next year he and other officers set 
 tled Belpre, where he encountered the perils of 
 the Indian scalping-knife. He was a worthy, 
 cheerful, warm-hearted pioneer of the west. 
 Hildreth s Bior/. Mem. relating to Ohio. 
 
 BRADFORD, AXDKKW, died at Duxbury in 
 Jan., 1837, aged 91 ; a descendant of Gov. B. He 
 was a quartermaster in the Revolutionary army, 
 a twin brother of Peter B., who died two years 
 before. 
 
 BRADFORD, JOHN, died Jan. 27, 1825, aged 
 68. He was born in Boston Aug., 1750, gradu- 
 
124 
 
 BRADFORD. 
 
 BRADLEY. 
 
 ated at Harvard in 1774, and \vas ordained at 
 Roxbury in May, 11 So. T. Gray wrote an obitu 
 ary notice, with a sketch of the Roxbury churches, 
 1825. 
 
 BRADFORD, ALDEN, died in Boston Oct. 26, 
 1843, aged 78. He was born in Duxbury, the 
 son of Gamaliel, was graduated in 1756, and a 
 minister in Pownalborough, now Wiscasset, eight 
 years. From 1812 to 1824 he was secretary of 
 State of Massachusetts. He published a history 
 of Mass, from 1764 to 1789, 2vols. ; from 1790 to 
 1820; also two sermons on the doctrines of Christ, 
 1794, at Hallowell ; eulogy on Washington ; ordi 
 nation of N. Tilton, 1801 ; sermon at Plymouth ; 
 oration, 1804; on death of Knox, 1806; biogra 
 phy of C. Strong, 1820; on State rights, 1824; 
 discourse, 1830 ; and account of Wiscasset and 
 Duxbury in historical collections. 
 
 BRADFORD, EBENKZER, minister of Rowley, 
 a brother of Moses, died Jan. 3, 1801, aged 55. 
 A graduate of Princeton in 1773, he was settled 
 at R. in 1782, after living a few y ears in D anbury. 
 His son, John Melancthon B., D. D., was a grad 
 uate at Providence in 1800. His wife was a sister 
 of Dr. Green, of Philadelphia. He published a 
 sermon at the ordination of N.Howe, 1791; 
 strictures on Dr. Langdon s remarks on Hopkins 
 system, 1794 ; at a thanksgiving, also at a fast, 
 1795 ; at the installation of J. 11. Stevens, 1795. 
 
 BRADFORD, MOSES, died in Montague June 
 13, 1838, aged 73. A descendant of Gov. Brad 
 ford by his son AVilliam, he was born in Canter 
 bury, Conn., the brother of Rev. E. B., of 
 Rowley. He graduated at Dartmouth in 1785, 
 and was from 1790 the minister of Francestown 
 thirty-seven years, eminently useful, the church 
 growing from fifty members to three or four hun 
 dred. He had three sons, who were preachers. 
 
 BRADFORD, EPHRAIM P., minister of New 
 Boston, N. II. nearly forty years, died Dec. 14, 
 1845 : a graduate of Harvard in 1803, and a dili 
 gent laborer. 
 
 BRADFORD, GAMALIEL, M. D., superintend 
 ent of the Mass, general hospital, died in Boston 
 Oct. 22, 1839, aged nearly 44; a descendant of 
 "William B., and a graduate of 1814. He was an 
 adversary of phrenology, and of slavery. He 
 wrote eighty miscellaneous pieces ; among them 
 an address on temperance ; a letter on slavery, 
 and various reviews. A Memoir by Dr. Francis 
 is in Hist. Coll. 3d series, vol ix. 
 
 BRADLEY, SAMUEL, killed in the " Bradley 
 massacre," was an early settler at Concord, N. H., 
 then Rumford. On the llth Aug., 1746, as he 
 was proceeding with six others to Hopkinton, the 
 party was attacked by a hundred Indians a mile 
 and a half from Concord village. Samuel Brad 
 ley was killed and scaljx-d near the brook. To 
 his brother, Jonathan Bradley, a lieutenant in 
 Capt. Ladd s company, quarter was offered; but 
 
 he refused it, and fought till he was hewed down 
 with the tomahawk. Three others were killed : 
 Alexander Roberts and William Stickney were 
 made prisoners. Mr. Bradley was a young man ; 
 his widow, who married Richard Calfe, of Ches- 
 ter, died Aug. 10, 1817, aged 98. His son, John, 
 who was two years old at the time of the mas 
 sacre, was a very respectable citizen of Concord, 
 and served in both branches of the legislature. 
 He died July 5, 1815, aged 71, leaving sons, 
 among whom was Samuel A. Bradley, of Frye- 
 burg. Seven persons of the name of Bradley 
 were killed by the Indians in Haverhill, Mass., in 
 March, 1697 ; in 1704 a Mrs. Bradley, after kill 
 ing an Indian by pouring boiling soap on him, 
 was taken prisoner. Boutoris Cent. Disc.; 
 Moore s Ann. of Concord ; Coll. Hist. Soc. s. s. 
 IV. 129. 
 
 BRADLEY, STEPHEN R., a senator of the 
 United States, was born Oct. 20, 1754, in W r al- 
 lingford, now Cheshire, Conn., and graduated 
 at Yale college in 1775. He was the aid of 
 Gen. Wooster, when that officer fell in a skirmish 
 with the enemy. Removing to Vermont, he con 
 tributed much to the establishment of that State. 
 He was one of its first senators to congress, in 
 which body he continued, with one intermission, 
 until he retired from public life in 1812. He 
 died at Walpole, N. H., Dec. 16, 1830, aged 76. 
 He published Vermont s appeal, 1779, which has 
 been sometimes ascribed to Ira Allen. 
 
 BRADLEY, WILLIAM II., a poet, was born in 
 Providence, R. I. After being educated as a phy 
 sician, he went to Cuba, where he died in 1825. 
 He published Giuseppino, an occidental story, 
 1822 ; besides many fugitive pieces. Spec. Amer. 
 Poet. II. 394, 398. 
 
 BRADLEY, ABRAHAM, assistant postmaster 
 general, died at Washington May 7, 1838. 
 
 BRADLEY, PHL\EHAS, Dr., died at Washing 
 ton Feb. 28, 1845, aged 75. Born at Litchfield, 
 he practised physic at Painted Post, N. Y. ; but 
 about 1800 accepted an appointment in the post 
 office at Washington ; he was second assistant 
 postmaster-general. 
 
 BRADLEY, JOSHUA, a Baptist minister, died 
 at St. Paul, Minnesota, Nov. 22, 1855, aged 85. 
 From his 20th year he was engaged in education 
 and the ministry, rendering great services to the 
 cause of religion. 
 
 BRADLEY, EMILIE, wife of Dr. D. B. Brad 
 ley, missionary to Siam, died at Bangkok Aug. 2, 
 1845, aged 34. Her name was Emilie Royce, of 
 Clinton, N. Y. She embarked July 2>, 1834, and 
 had been ten years a missionary. Her end was 
 remarkably peaceful, like that of many other 
 missionaries. She was glad the Siamese could 
 see how a Christian could die ; she wished them 
 to judge which religion makes the soul most 
 happy in the hour of death. 
 
BRADSTREET. 
 
 BRADSTREET. 
 
 125 
 
 BRADSTREET, SIMON, governor of Mass., 
 the son of a nonconformist minister in England, 
 died at Salem, March 27, 1697, aged 94. He 
 was born at Ilorbling in Lincolnshire in March, 
 1603. His father died when he was at the age of 
 fourteen. But he was soon afterwards taken into 
 the religious family of the Earl of Lincoln, in 
 which he continued about eight years under the 
 direction of Thomas Dudley, and among other 
 offices sustained that of steward. He lived a 
 year at Emanucl college, Cambridge, pursuing 
 his studies amidst many interruptions. He then 
 returned to the earl s; but soon accepted the 
 place of steward in the family of the Countess of 
 Warwick. Here he continued till he married a 
 daughter of Mr. Dudley, and was persuaded to 
 engage in the project of making a settlement in 
 Massachusetts. He was in March, 1630, chosen 
 assistant of the colony, which was about to be es 
 tablished, and arrived at Salem in the summer of 
 the same year. lie was at the first court, which 
 was held at Charlestown Aug. 23. He was after- 
 wards secretary and agent of Massachusetts, and 
 commissioner of the united colonies. He was 
 sent with Mr. Norton in 1662 to congratulate 
 King Charles on liis restoration, and as agent of 
 the colony to promote its interests. From 1673 
 to 1679 he was deputy governor. In this last 
 year he succeeded Mr. Leverett as governor, 
 and remained in this office till, May, 1686, when 
 the charter was dissolved, and Joseph Dudley 
 commenced his administration as president of 
 New England. In May, 1689, after the imprison 
 ment of Andros, he was replaced in the oilice of 
 governor, which station he held till the arrival of 
 Sir William Phipps in May, 1692, with a charter 
 which deprived the people of the right of elect 
 ing their chief magistrate, lie had been fifty 
 years an assistant of the colony. He had lived at 
 Cambridge, Ipswich, Andover, Boston, and Salem. 
 
 Gov. Bradstreet, though he possessed no splendid 
 talents, yet by his integrity, prudence, moderation, 
 and piety acquired the confidence of all classes of 
 people. When King Charles demanded a sur 
 render of the charter, he was in favor of comply 
 ing ; and the event proved the correctness of his 
 opinion. He thought it would be more prudent 
 for the colonists to submit to a power which they 
 could not resist, than to have judgment given 
 against the charter, and thus their privileges be 
 entirely cut off. If his moderation in regard to 
 religious affairs, particularly towards the Anabap 
 tists and the Quakers, was not so conspicuous, it 
 was not a fault peculiar to him. Yet he had the 
 good sense to oppose the witchcraft delusion. lie 
 had eight children by his first wife, the daughter 
 of governor Thomas Dudley, who wrote a volume 
 of poems. His second wife, a sister of Sir George 
 Downing, was the widow of Joseph Gardner, of 
 Salem. His son, Simon, the minister of New 
 
 London, graduated 1660, was ordained Oct. 5, 
 1670, and died 168o. Another son, Major Dud 
 ley B., was taken prisoner by the Indians with 
 his wife at Andover in 1698. Mather s Magna- 
 lia, II. 19, 20; Hutckinson, I. 18,219, 323; II. 
 13, 105; Holmes, I. 466. 
 
 BRADSTREET, ANNE, a poetess, was the 
 daughter of Governor Dudley, and was born in 
 1612 at Northampton, England. At the age of 
 sixteen she married Mr. Bradstreet, afterwards 
 governor of Massachusetts, and accompanied him 
 to America in 1630. After being the mother of 
 eight children, she died Sept. 16, 1672, aged 60. 
 
 Her volume of poems was dedicated to her 
 father, in a copy of verses dated March 20, 1642, 
 and is probably the earliest poetic volume written 
 in America. The title is : " Several Poems, com 
 piled with great variety of wit and learning, full 
 of delight ; wherein especially is contained a com 
 plete discourse and description of the four ele 
 ments, constitutions, ages of man, seasons of the 
 year, together with an exact epitome of the three 
 first monarchies, viz : the Assyrian, Persian, Gre 
 cian, and Roman commonwealth, from the begin 
 ning to the end of their last king, with divers 
 other pleasant and serious poems. By a gentle 
 woman of New England." A third edition was 
 published in I7o8. Spec. Amer. Poet. Intr. XX.; 
 American Quar. Rev. n. 494-496. 
 
 BRADSTREET, SIMOX, minister of Charles- 
 town, Mass., was graduated at Harvard college 
 in 1693, and was ordained as successor of Mr. 
 Morton, Oct. 26, 1698. He received J. Stephens 
 as colleague in 1721, and Mr. Abbot as his col 
 league in 1724. After a ministry of more than 
 forty years, he died Dec. 31, 1741, aged 72. His 
 successors were Abbot, Prentice, Paine, and 
 Dr. Morse. He was a very learned man, of a 
 strong mind, tenacious memory, and lively imagi 
 nation. Lieut-Governor Taller introduced him to 
 Governor Burnet, who was himself a fine scholar, 
 by saying, here is a man who can whistle Greek ; 
 and the governor afterwards spoke of him as one 
 of the first literary characters and best preachers 
 whom he had met with in America. Mr. Brad- 
 street was subject to hypochondriacal complaints, 
 which made him afraid to preach in the pulpit 
 some years before he died. He delivered his ser 
 mons in the deacon s seat, without notes, and they 
 were in general melancholy effusions upon the 
 wretched state of mankind and the vanity of the 
 world. He possessed such a catholic spirit, that 
 some of the more zealous brethren accused him 
 of Arminianism ; but the only evidence of this 
 was his fondness for Tillotson s sermons, and his 
 being rather a practical than a doctrinal preacher. 
 He seldom appeared with a coat, but always wore 
 a plaid gown, and was generally seen with a pipe 
 in his mouth. His Latin epitaph upon his prede 
 cessor, Mr. Morton, has been preserved by the 
 
126 
 
 BRADSTREET. 
 
 BRAIXARD. 
 
 Mass. Hist. Society. Hist. Coll. VIII. 75 ; Bud- 
 ington. 
 
 BRADSTREET, SIMON, minister of Marble- 
 head, was the son of the preceding, and was 
 graduated at Harvard college in 1728. He was 
 ordained successor of Mr. Ilolyoke Jan. 4, 1738, 
 and died Oct. 5, 1771; Isaac Story, who married 
 his daughter, having been his colleague four or 
 five months. lie was an excellent scholar, a most 
 worthy and pious Christian, and faithful pastor ; 
 laboring to bring his hearers to the love of God, 
 the reception of the Saviour, and the practice of 
 holiness. He published a sermon on the death 
 of his brother Samuel, of Chaiiestown, 1755. 
 
 BRADSTREET, JOHN, a major-general in 
 America, appointed by the king of Great Britain, 
 was in 1740 lieutenant-governor of St. John s, 
 Newfoundland. lie was afterwards distinguished 
 for his military services. It was thought of the 
 highest importance in the year 1756 to keep open 
 the communication with Fort Oswego on Lake 
 Ontario. Gen. Shirley accordingly enlisted forty 
 companies of boatmen, each consisting of fifty 
 men, for transporting stores to the fort from 
 Schenectady, and placed them under the command 
 of Bradstrect, who was an active and vigilant 
 officer, and inured to the hardships to which that 
 service exposed him. In the beginning of the 
 spring of this year a small stockaded post with 
 twenty-five men, at the carrying place, was cut off. 
 It became necessary to pass through the country 
 with large squadrons of boats, as the enemy 
 infested the passage through the Onondaga river. 
 On his return from Oswego, July 3, 1756, Col. 
 Bradstreet, who was apprehensive of being am 
 bushed, ordered the several divisions to proceed as 
 near each other as possible. He was at the head 
 of about three hundred boatmen in the first 
 division, when at the distance of nine miles from 
 the fort the enemy rose from their ambuscade and 
 attacked him. He instantly landed upon a small 
 island and with but six men maintained his 
 position, till he was reinforced. A general en 
 gagement ensued, in which Bradstrect with 
 gallantry rushed upon a more numerous enemy, 
 and entirely routed them, killing and wounding 
 about two hundred men. His own loss was 
 about thirty. In the year 1758 he was intrusted 
 with the command of three thousand men on an 
 expedition against Fort Frontenac, which was 
 planned by himself. He embarked at Oswego on 
 Lake Ontario, and on the evening of Aug. 25th 
 landed within a mile of the fort. On the 27th it 
 was surrendered to him. Forty pieces of cannon 
 and a vast quantity of provisions and merchandize, 
 with one hundred and ten prisoners, fell into his 
 hands. The fort and nine armed vessels and such 
 stores as could not be removed, were destroyed. 
 In August, 17G4, he advanced with a considerable 
 force toward the Indian country, and at Presquc 
 
 Isle compelled the Delawares, Shawanese, and 
 other Indians to terms of peace. He was ap 
 pointed major-general in May, 1772. After 
 rendering important services to his country, he 
 died at New York Oct. 21, 1774. Wynne, n. 
 ,59-61, 86-88; Ann. Beg. for 1764, 181 ; Holmes, 
 II. 198; Marshall,!. 137,438; Coll. Hist. Soc., 
 VII. 150, 155; Mante. 
 
 BRADSTREET, STEPHEN I., died in Cleveland 
 June 9, 1837, aged 42 ; pastor of the first church, 
 then editor of the Ohio Observer and of the Cleve 
 land Messenger; a graduate of Dartmouth, 1819. 
 
 BRADY, HUGH, major-general, died in Detroit 
 April 15, 1851, aged 83. Born in Pennsylvania, 
 he entered the army in 1792, and served under 
 Wayne against the Indians. At the battle of 
 Chippewa he headed his regiment. From 1825 
 he was stationed at Detroit. A life of rigid 
 temperance and regular activity gave him an 
 elastic step in old age. lie had a pure and 
 upright character. 
 
 BRAIN ARD, JOHN GARDINER CALKINS, a poet, 
 was the son of Judge Jeremiah G. Brainard of 
 Xew London, Conn., died Sept. 26, 1828, aged 
 32. He was born about the year 1797. He was 
 graduated in 1815 at Yale college. Though his 
 name differs in one letter from that of the 
 celebrated missionary, yet probably they had a 
 common ancestor. Indeed his name, in a catalogue 
 of the college, is given Urainerd, while that of 
 John, a brother of David, is printed Brainard. 
 These are probably both mistakes. Autograph 
 letters of David and John in my possession 
 present the form of Braincrd ; the other form of 
 the name being adopted by the poet and his 
 father, I do not feel authorized to change it for the 
 sake of uniformity. Brainard studied law and 
 commenced the practice at Midclletown ; but not 
 finding the success which he desired, in 1822 he 
 undertook the editorial charge of the Connecticut 
 Mirror at Hartford. Thus he was occupied about 
 seven years, until, being marked as a victim for the 
 consumption, he returned about a year before his 
 death to his father s house. 
 
 He was an excellent editor of the paper, which 
 he conducted, enriching it with his poetical pro 
 ductions, which have originality, force, and paLhos, 
 and with many beautiful prose compositions, and 
 refraining from that personal abuse, which many 
 editors seem to think essential to their vocation. 
 In this respect his gentlemanly example is worthy 
 of being followed by the editorial corps. He, 
 who addresses himself every week or every day to 
 thousands of readers, sustains a high responsibility. 
 If, destitute of good breeding and good principles, 
 he is determined to attract notice by the person 
 alities, for which there is a greedy appetite in the 
 community ; if he yields himself a slave to the 
 party which he espouses, and toils for it by con 
 tumelies upon his opponents ; if, catching the 
 
BRAINERD. 
 
 BRAIXERD. 
 
 127 
 
 spirit of an infuriated zealot, and regardless of 
 truth and honor, he scatters abroad his malignant 
 slanders and inflammatory traducements ; then, 
 instead of a wise and benevolent teacher and 
 guide, he presents himself as a sower of discord 
 and a minister of evil. 
 
 When he was a member of Yale college in 
 1815, during a revival of religion, he was deeply 
 impressed with his sin and danger; but his 
 religious sensibility soon diminished, and the world 
 occupied again his thoughts, though spcculatively 
 he assented to the truths of the gospel. Thus he 
 lived twelve or thirteen years, till a few months 
 before his death. Then, at his father s house, 
 during his decay by the consumption, he spent his 
 days and evenings in reading religious books and 
 in pious meditations. To his minister, Mr. 
 McEwen, he said, " This plan of salvation in the 
 gospel is all that I want ; it lills me with wonder 
 and gratitude, and makes the prospect of death 
 not only peaceful, but joyous." Pale and feeble, 
 he went to the house of God, and made a pro 
 fession of religion and was baptized. The next 
 Sabbath, as he could not attend meeting, the 
 Lord s supper was administered at his room. His 
 last remark to his minister was, " I am willing to 
 die ; I have no righteousness, but Christ and his 
 atonement are enough. God is a God of truth, 
 and I think I am reconciled to him." The change 
 experienced by the renovated, pardoned sinner, is 
 described by him in the following lines : 
 
 " All sights are fair to the recovered blind ; 
 All sounds are music to tho deaf restored ; 
 The lame, made whole, leaps like the sportive hind ; 
 And the sad, bow d down sinner, with his loud 
 Of shame and sorrow, when he cuts the cord, 
 And leaves his pack behind, is free again 
 In the light yoke and burden of his Lord." 
 
 He published Occasional pieces of poetry, 12mo., 
 1825. Specimens Amer. Poetry, ill. 198-212; 
 Ilawes 1 Sermon. 
 
 BllAIXERD, DAVID, an eminent preacher and 
 missionary to the Indians, died at Northampton 
 Oct. 9, 1747, aged 29; his gravestone by mistake 
 says Oct. 10. lie was born at Iladdam, Conn., 
 April 20, 1718. His grandfather was Deac on 
 Daniel B., who was born in Braintree, Essex, 
 England, and who settled in Iladdam about 1GGO, 
 and died in 1715. He came to this country at 
 the age of eight, in the Wyllys family, about 
 1649 ; bis wife was Hannah, daughter of Jared 
 Spencer. His father, Ilezekiah Brainerd, was au 
 assistant of the colony, or a member of the 
 council, who died when his son was about nine 
 years of age ; his mother, Dorothy, the daughter 
 of Ilev. Jeremiah llobart, and widow of D. 
 Mason, died when he was fourteen years of age. 
 His elder brother, Ilezekiah, was a representative 
 of Iladdam ; and his brother Xehcmiah, who 
 died in 1742, was a minister in Glastenbury. His 
 sister, Martha, married Gen. Joseph Spencer, of 
 
 East Iladdam. As his mind was early impressed 
 by the truths of religion, he took delight in read 
 ing those books which communicate religious 
 instruction ; he called upon the name of God in 
 secret prayer ; he studied the Scriptures with 
 great diligence ; and he associated with several 
 young persons for mutual encouragement and 
 assistance in the paths of wisdom. But in all this 
 he aftenvards considered himself as self-righteous, 
 as completely destitute of true piety, as governed 
 by the fear of future punishment and not by the 
 love of God, as depending for salvation upon his 
 good feelings and his strict life, without a per 
 ception of the necessity and the value of the 
 mediation of Christ. At this time he indeed 
 acknowledged, that he deserved nothing for his 
 best works, for the theory of salvation was 
 familiar to him ; but while he made the acknowl 
 edgment, he did not feel what it implied. lie 
 still secretly relied upon the warmth of his affec 
 tions, upon his sincerity, upon some quality in 
 himself, as the ground of acceptance with God ; 
 instead of relying upon the Lord Jesus, through 
 whom alone there is access to the Father. At 
 length lie was brought under a deep sense of his 
 sinfulncss, and he perceived, that there was 
 nothing <:ood in himself. This conviction was not 
 a sudden perturbation of mind ; it was a perma 
 nent impression, made by the view of his own 
 character, when compared with that holy law of 
 God, which he was bound to obey. But the 
 discovery was unwelcome and irritating. He 
 could not readily abandon the hope, which rested 
 upon his religious exercises. He was reluctant to 
 admit, that the principle, whence all his actions 
 proceeded, was entirely corrupt. He was opposed 
 to the strictness of the Divine law, which extended 
 to the heart as well as to the life. He murmured 
 against the doctrines, that faith was indispensably 
 necessary to salvation, and that faith was com 
 pletely the gift of God. He was irritated in not 
 finding any way pointed out, which would lead 
 him to the Saviour; in not finding any means 
 prescribed, by which an unrenewcd man could of 
 his own strength obtain that, which the highest 
 angel could not give. He was unwilling to 
 j believe, that he was dead in trespasses and in 
 sins. But these unpleasant truths were fastened 
 I upon his mind, and they could not be shaken oft . 
 It pleased God to disclose to him his true character 
 and condition, and to quell the tumult of his soul, 
 lie saw that lus schemes to save himself were 
 entirely vain, and must forever be ineffectual ; he 
 perceived that it was self-interest which had 
 before led him to pray, and that he had never 
 once .prayed from any respect to the glory of 
 God; he felt that he was lost. In this state of 
 mind, while he was walking in a solitary, place in 
 the evening of July 12, 1739, meditating upon 
 religious subjects, his mind was illuminated with 
 
128 
 
 BRAINEim 
 
 BRAINERD. 
 
 completely new views of the Divine perfections ; 
 he perceived a glory in the character of God and 
 in the way of salvation by the crucified Son of the 
 Most High, which he never before discerned ; 
 and he was led to depend upon Jesus Christ for 
 righteousness, and to seek the glory of God as 
 his principal object. 
 
 In September, 1739, he was admitted a mem 
 ber of Yale college, but he was expelled in Feb 
 ruary, 1742. The circumstances which led to this 
 expulsion were these : There had been great 
 attention to religion in the college, and Mr. 
 Braincrd, whose feelings were naturally warm, 
 and whose soul was interested in the progress of 
 the gospel, was misled by an intemperate zeal, 
 and was guilty of indiscretions, which at that 
 time were not unfrequcnt. In a conversation 
 with some of his associates he expressed his be 
 lief, that one of the tutors was destitute of 
 religion. Being in part overheard, his associates 
 were compelled by the rector to declare, respect 
 ing whom he was speaking ; and he was required 
 to make a public confession in the hall. Braincrd 
 thought, that it was unjust to extort from his 
 friends what he had uttered in conversation, and 
 that the punishment was too severe. As he re 
 fused to make the confession, and as he had been 
 guilty of going to a separate meeting after pro 
 hibition by the authority of college, he was 
 expelled. In the circumstances, which led to this 
 result, there appears a strong disposition to hunt 
 up offences against the " New Lights," as those 
 who were attached to the preaching of Mr. Whit- 
 field and Tcnnent, were then called. It was not so 
 strange that a young man should have been in 
 discreet, as that he should confess himself to have 
 been so. Mr. Brainerd afterwards perceived that 
 he had been uncharitable and had done wrong, 
 and with sincerity and humility he acknowledged 
 his error and exhibited a truly Christian spirit ; 
 but he never obtained his degree. Though he 
 felt no resentment, and ever lamented his own 
 conduct ; yet he always considered himself as 
 abused in the management of this affair. 
 
 In the spring of 1742 he went to llipton, to 
 pursue the study of divinity under the care of 
 Mr. Mills ; and at the end of July was licensed to 
 preach, by the association of ministers which met 
 at Danbury, after they had made inquiries re 
 specting his learning, and his acquaintance with 
 experimental religion. Soon after he began his 
 theological studies, he was desirous of preaching 
 the gospel to the heathen, and frequently prayed 
 for them. In November, after he was licensed, 
 he was invited to go to New York, and was ex 
 amined by the correspondents of the society for 
 propagating Christian knowledge, and was ap 
 pointed by them a missionary to the Indians. 
 
 He arrived on the first of April, 1743, at Kau- 
 nameek, an Indian village in the woods between 
 
 Stockbridge, in the State of Massachusetts, and 
 Albany, at the distance of about twenty miles 
 from the former place and fifteen miles from 
 Kinderhook. lie now began his labors at the 
 age of twenty-five, and continued in this place 
 about a year. At first he lived in a wigwam 
 among the Indians ; but he afterwards built him 
 self a cabin, that he might be alone, when not 
 employed in preaching and instructing the savages. 
 lie lodged upon a bundle of straw, and his food 
 was principally boiled corn, hasty pudding, and 
 samp. With a feeble body, and frequent illness, 
 and great depression of mind, he was obliged to 
 encounter many discouragements, and to submit 
 to hardships, which would be almost insupporta 
 ble by a much stronger constitution. But he 
 persisted in his benevolent labors, animated by 
 the hope that he should prove the means of 
 illuminating some darkened mind with the truth 
 as it is in Jesus. Besides his exertions, which 
 had immediate reference to the instruction of the 
 savages, he studied much, and employed much 
 time in the delightful employment of communing 
 in the wilderness with that merciful Being, who 
 is present in all places, and who is the support 
 and joy of all Christians. When the Indians at 
 Kaunamcek had agreed to remove to Stockbridge 
 and place themselves under the instruction of 
 Mr. Sergeant, Mr. Brainerd left them and bent 
 his attention towards the Delaware Indians. 
 
 He was ordained at Newark in New Jersey by 
 a Presbytery, June 12, 1744, on which occasion 
 Mr. Pemberton of New York preached a sermon. 
 He soon afterwards went to the new field of his 
 labors, near the forks of the Delaware in Penn 
 sylvania, and continued there a year, making two 
 visits to the Indians on Susquehannah river. He 
 again built him a cabin for retirement ; but here 
 he had the happiness to find some white people, 
 with whom he maintained family prayer. After 
 the hardships of his abode in this place, with but 
 little encouragement from the effect of his exer 
 tions, he visited the Indians at Crosweeksung, 
 near Freehold in New Jersey. In this village he 
 was favored with remarkable success. The Spirit 
 of God seemed to bring home effectually to the 
 hearts of the ignorant heathens the truths, which 
 he delivered to them with affection and zeal. 
 His Indian interpreter, who had been converted 
 by his preaching, cooperated cheerfully in the 
 good work. It was not uncommon for the whole 
 congregation to be in tears, or to be crying out 
 under a sense of sin. In less than a year Mr. 
 Brainerd baptized seventy-seven persons, of whom 
 thirty-eight were adults, that gave satisfactory 
 evidence of having been renovated by. the power 
 of God ; and he beheld with unspeakable pleasure 
 between twenty and thirty of his converts seated 
 around the table of the Lord. The Indians were 
 at the time entirely reformed in their lives. They 
 
BRAINERD. 
 
 BRAINERD. 
 
 129 
 
 were very humble and devout, and united in Chris 
 tian affection. In a letter, dated Dec. 30, 1745, he 
 says : " The good work which you will find largely 
 treated of in my journal, still continues among 
 the Indians ; though the astonishing Divine influ 
 ence, that has been among them, is in a consider 
 able measure abated. Yet there are several in 
 stances of persons newly awakened. When I 
 consider the doings of the Lord among these 
 Indians, and then take a view of my journal, I 
 must say, t is a faint representation I have given 
 of them." Nor is there any evidence, that he 
 misjudged. The lives of these Indian converts 
 in subsequent years, under John Brainerd and 
 William Tennent, were, in general, holy and ex 
 emplary, furnishing evidence of the sincerity of 
 their faith in the gospel. 
 
 In the summer of 1746 Mr. Brainerd visited 
 the Indians on the Susquehannah, and on his 
 return in September found himself worn out by 
 the hardships of his journey. His health was 
 so much impaired, that he was able to preach 
 but Kttle more. Being advised in the spring of 
 1747 to travel in New England, he went as far 
 as Boston, and returned in July to Northampton, 
 where, in the family of Jonathan Edwards, he 
 passed the remainder of his days. He gradually 
 declined till Tuesday, Oct. 9, 1747, when, after 
 suffering inexpressible agony, he entered upon 
 that rest which remaineth for the faithful ser 
 vants of God. 
 
 Mr. Brainerd was a man of vigorous powers 
 of mind. While he was favored with a quick 
 discernment and ready invention, with a strong 
 memory and natural eloquence, he also possessed 
 in an uncommon degree the penetration, the 
 closeness and force of thought, and the sound 
 ness of judgment which distinguish the man of 
 talents from him who subsists entirely upon the 
 learning of others. His knowledge was exten 
 sive, and he added to his other attainments an 
 intimate acquaintance with human nature, gained 
 not only by observing others, but by carefully 
 noticing the operations of his own mind. As he 
 was of a sociable disposition, and could adapt 
 himself with great ease to the different capacities, 
 tempers, and circumstances of men, he was re 
 markably fitted to communicate instruction. He 
 was very free, and entertaining, and useful in his 
 ordinary discourse; and he was also an able 
 disputant. As a preacher he was perspicuous 
 and instructive, forcible, close, and pathetic. He 
 abhorred an affected boistcrousness in the pulpit, 
 and yet he could not tolerate a cold delivery, 
 when the subject of discourse was such as should 
 warm the heart, and produce an earnestness of 
 manner. 
 
 His knowledge of theology was uncommonly 
 extensive and accurate. President Edwards, 
 whose opinion of Mr. Brainerd was founded upon 
 
 17 
 
 an intimate acquaintance with him, says, that 
 " He never knew his equal, of his age and stand 
 ing, for clear, accurate notions of the nature and 
 essence of true religion, and its distinctions from 
 its various false appearances." Mr. Brainerd had 
 no charity for the religion of those, who, indulging 
 the hope that they were interested in the Divine 
 mercy, settled down in a state of security and 
 negligence. He believed that the good man 
 would be continually making progress towards 
 perfection, and that conversion was not merely a 
 great change in the views of the mind and the 
 affections of the heart, produced by the Spirit of 
 God ; but that it was the beginning of a course 
 of holiness, which through the Divine agency 
 would be pursued through life. From the ardor 
 with which he engaged in missionary labors, some 
 may be led to conclude, that his mind was open 
 to the influence of fanaticism. During his resi 
 dence at college, his spirit was indeed somewhat 
 tinged with the zeal of bitterness ; but it was not 
 long before he was restored to true benevolence 
 and the pure love of the truth. From this time 
 he detested enthusiasm in all its forms. He rep 
 robated all dependence upon impulses, or im 
 pressions on the imagination, or the sudden sug 
 gestion of texts of Scripture. He withstood every 
 doctrine which seemed to verge towards antino- 
 mianism, particularly the sentiments of those who 
 thought that faith consists in believing, that Christ 
 died for them in particular, and who founded their 
 love of God, not upon the excellence of his char 
 acter, but upon the previous impression that they 
 were the objects of his favor, and should assuredly 
 be saved. He rebuffed the pride and presumption 
 of laymen, who thrust themselves forth as public 
 teachers and decried human learning and a learned 
 ministry ; he detested the spirit, Avhich generally 
 influenced the Separatists through the country; 
 and he was entirely opposed to that religion, 
 which was fond of noise and show, and delighted 
 to publish its experiences and privileges. Very 
 different from the above was the religion which 
 Mr. Brainerd approved, and which he displayed 
 in his own life. In his character were combined 
 the most ardent and pure love to God and the 
 most unaffected benevolence to man, an alienation 
 from the vain and perishable pursuits of the world, 
 the most humbling and constant sense of lu s own 
 iniquity, which was a greater burden to him than 
 all his afflictions, great brokenness of heart before 
 God for the coldness of his love and the imper 
 fection of his Christian virtues, the most earnest 
 breathings of soul after holiness, real delight in 
 the gospel of Jesus Christ, sweet complacence in 
 all his disciples, incessant desires and importunate 
 prayers that men might be brought to the knowl 
 edge and the obedience of the truth, and that 
 thus God might be glorified and the kingdom of 
 Christ advanced, great resignation to the will of 
 
130 
 
 BRAIXERD. 
 
 BRAIXERD. 
 
 his heavenly Father, an entire distrust of his own 
 heart and a universal dependence upon God, the 
 absolute renunciation of everything for his Re 
 deemer, the most clear and abiding views of the 
 things of the eternal world, a continual warfare 
 against sin, and the most unwearied exertion of 
 all his powers in the service and in obedience to 
 the commands of the Most High. He believed that 
 the essence of true religion consists in the confor 
 mity of the soul to God, in acting above all selfish 
 \iews, for his glory, desiring to please and honor 
 him in all things, and that from a view of his excel 
 lency, and worthiness in himself to be loved, adored, 
 and obeyed by all intelligent creatures. When 
 this divine temper is wrought in the soul by the 
 special influences of the Holy Spirit, discovering 
 the glory of God in the face of Jesus Christ, he 
 believed that the Author of all good could not 
 but delight in his own image, and would most 
 certainly complete his own work, which he had 
 begun in the human heart. His religion did not 
 consist in speculation ; but he carried his own 
 principles into practice. Resisting the solicita 
 tions of selfishness, he consecrated his powers to 
 the high and benevolent objects, enjoined in the 
 Sci-iptures. It was his whole aim to promote in 
 the most effectual manner the glory of his Re 
 deemer. After the termination of a year s fruit 
 less mission at Kaunamcek, where he had suffered 
 the greatest hardships, he was invited to become 
 the minister of East Hampton, one of the best 
 parishes on Long Island ; but though he was not 
 insensible to the pleasures of a quiet and fixed 
 abode, among Christian friends, in the midst of 
 abundance ; yet, without the desire of fame, he 
 preferred the dangers and sufferings of a new 
 mission among savages. He loved his Saviour, 
 and wished to make known his precious name 
 among the heathen. 
 
 In his last illness and during the approaches of 
 death he was remarkably resigned and composed. 
 He spoke of that willingness to die, which origi 
 nates in the desire of escaping pain, and in the 
 hope of obtaining pleasure or distinction in 
 heaven, as very ignoble. The heaven, which he 
 seemed to anticipate, consisted in the love and 
 sendee of God. " It is impossible," said he, " for 
 any rational creature to be happy without acting 
 all for God. I long to be in heaven, praising and 
 glorifying him with the angels. There is nothing 
 in the world worth living for, but doing good and 
 finishing God s work; doing the work, which 
 Christ did. I see nothing else in the world, that 
 can yield any satisfaction, besides living to God, 
 pleasing him, and doing his whole will. My 
 greatest comfort and joy has been to do some 
 thing for promoting the interests of religion, and 
 for the salvation of the souls of particular per 
 sons." When he was about to be separated for 
 ever from the earth, his desires seemed to be as 
 
 eager as ever for the progress of the gospel. He 
 spoke much of the prosperity of Zion, of the in 
 finite importance of the work which was committed 
 to the ministers of Jesus Christ, and of the ne 
 cessity, which was imposed upon them, to be 
 constant and earnest in prayer to God for the 
 success of their exertions. A little while before 
 his death he said to Mr. Edwards : " My thoughts 
 have been much employed on the old, dear theme, 
 the prosperity of God s church on earth. As I 
 waked out of sleep, I was led to cry for the pour 
 ing out of God s Spirit and the advancement of 
 Christ s kingdom, which the dear Redeemer did 
 and suffered so much for ; it is tin s especially 
 which makes me long for it." He felt at this time 
 a peculiar concern for his own congregation of 
 Christian Indians. Eternity was before him with 
 all its interests. " T is sweet to me," said he, "to 
 think of eternity. But O, what shall I say to 
 the eternity of the wicked ! I cannot mention it, 
 nor think of it. The thought is too dreadful ! " 
 In answer to the inquiry, how he did, he said : " I 
 am almost in eternity ; I long to be there. My 
 work is done. I have done with all my friends. 
 All the world is now nothing to me. O, to be 
 in heaven, to praise and glorify God with his holy 
 angels ! " At length, after the trial of his pa 
 tience by the most excruciating sufferings, his 
 spirit was released from its tabernacle of clay, and 
 entered those mansions which the Lord Jesus 
 hath prepared for all his faithful disciples. 
 
 The exertions of Mr. Brainerd in the Chris 
 tian cause were of short continuance, but they 
 were intense, and incessant, and effectual. One 
 must be either a very good or a very bad man, 
 who can read his life without blushing for himself. 
 If ardent piety and enlarged benevolence, if the 
 supreme love of God and the inextinguishable 
 desire of promoting his glory in the salvation of 
 immortal souls, if persevering resolution in the 
 midst of the most pressing discouragements, if 
 cheerful self-denial and unremitted labor, if hu 
 mility and zeal for godliness, united with conspic 
 uous talents, render a man worthy of remem 
 brance; the name of Brainerd will not soon be 
 forgotten. 
 
 He published a narrative of his labors at Kaun- 
 ameek, annexed to Mr. Pembcrton s sermon at 
 his ordination; and his journal, or an account of 
 the rise and progress of a remarkable work of 
 grace amongst a number of Indians in New Jer 
 sey and Pennsylvania, with some general remarks, 
 1746. This work, which is very interesting, and 
 which displays the piety and talents of the author, 
 was published by the commissioners of the soci 
 ety in Scotland, with a preface by them, and an 
 attestation by W. Tennent and Mr. McKnight. 
 His life, written by President Edwards, is com 
 piled chiefly from his own diary. Annexed to it 
 are some of his letters and other writings. It is a 
 
BRATNERD. 
 
 BRAXT. 
 
 131 
 
 book which is well calculated to enkindle a flame 
 of benevolence and piety in the breast. A new 
 edition of his memoirs was published in 1822 by 
 Sereno Edwards Dwight, including his journal. 
 Mr. Edwards had omitted the already printed 
 journals, which had been published in two parts: 
 the first, from June 19 to Nov. 4, 1745, entitled 
 Mirabilia Dei inter Indices ; the second, from Nov. 
 24, 1745, to June 19, 1746, with the title, Divine 
 grace displayed, &c. These journals Mr. Dwight 
 has incorporated in a regular chronological series 
 with the rest of the diary, as alone given by Ed 
 wards. Brainerd s Life; his Journal; Ed 
 wards 1 Fun. Sermon ; Middleton s Bio(j. Evang. 
 IV. 262-264 ; Assembly Miss. Mag. n. 449-452 ; 
 Boston Recorder, 1824, p. 196. 
 
 BRAINERD, JOHN, a missionary, brother of 
 the preceding, died about 1780. He was graduated 
 at Yale college in 1746, and was a trustee of 
 Princeton college from 1754 to 1780. The Indian 
 congregation of his brother being removed from 
 Crosweeksung or Crosweeks to Cranberry, not 
 far distant, he succeeded his brother in the mis 
 sion about the year 1748. His efforts were inces 
 sant for their good ; but he had to encounter 
 great difficulties. A drunken Indian sold their 
 lands ; the greedy government of New Jersey 
 was hostile to the tribe ; and Mr. Brainerd, unable 
 to support a schoolmaster, endeavored himself, 
 amidst numerous avocations, to teach them the 
 elements of learning as well as the truths of re 
 ligion. The place of his residence in 1754 was 
 Bethel, whence he wrote to Dr. Wheelock : " It 
 belongs to thousands to endeavor to Christianize 
 the Indians, as well as to us. It is as really their 
 duty, and would be every way as much to their 
 advantage, as ours. If the country in general 
 were but sensible of their obligation, how would 
 they exert themselves, how freely would they dis 
 burse of their substance, and what pains would 
 they take to accomplish this great and good 
 work?" About 1755 Wm. Tennent succeeded 
 him. In 1763 he lived at Great Egg Harbor. 
 In 1772 he lived at Brotherton, N. J. 
 
 BRAXT, JOSEPH, a famous Indian chief, was at 
 the head of the sk nations, so called, in the State 
 of X T ew York. Each of these was divided into 
 three or more tribes, called the turtle tribe, the 
 wolf tribe, the bear tribe. He was a Mohawk of 
 pure Indian blood. His father, Brant, a chief, 
 was denominated an Onondaga Indian, and about 
 the year 1756 had three sons in Sir Wm. John 
 son s army. Young Brant was sent by Sir Wil 
 liam to Dr. Wheelock s Indian charity school at 
 Lebanon Crank, now the town of Columbia, Con 
 necticut ; and after he had been there educated, 
 employed him in public business. His Indian 
 name was Thayendancga. About the year 1762 
 Rev. Charles J. Smith, a missionary to the Mo 
 hawks, took Brant as his interpreter ; but the Avar 
 
 obliging him to return, Brant remained and went 
 out with a company against the Indians, behaving 
 "so much like the Christian and the soldier, that 
 he gained great esteem." In 1765 his house was 
 an asylum for the missionaries in the wilderness, 
 and he exerted himself for the religious instruc 
 tion of his poor Indian brethren. In 1775 he 
 visited England ; and it was there perceived, of 
 course, after the education he had received, that 
 he spoke and wrote the English language with 
 tolerable accuracy. In the war, which commenced 
 in that year, he attached himself to the British 
 cause. The barbarities attending the memorable 
 destruction of the beautiful settlement of Wyo 
 ming, in July, 1778, have been ascribed to him by 
 the writers of American history and by Camp 
 bell in his poem, Gertrude of Wyoming ; but 
 Brant was not present in that massacre ; the In 
 dians were commanded by Col. John Butler, a 
 tory and refugee, whose heart was more ferocious 
 than that of any savage. Col. Brant, however, 
 was the undisputed leader of the band, which in 
 July, 1779, destroyed the settlement of Minisink 
 in Orange county, New York, a few miles from 
 West Point. In June he left Niagara with about 
 three hundred warriors of the six nations and a 
 number of tories, for the purpose of destroying 
 the settlements upon the Delaware river. On the 
 20th of July he appeared on the west of Mini- 
 sink and sent down a party, which, after destroy 
 ing the settlement, returned with their booty to 
 the main body at Grassy-swamp brook. The next 
 day one hundred and twenty men assembled under 
 the command of a physician, Col. Tusten, and 
 marched seventeen miles toward the enemy. In 
 the morning of July 22d, Col. Hathorn arrived 
 and took the command, and in a short time the 
 battle commenced and lasted the whole day. 
 The fire was irregular, from behind trees and 
 rocks, both by the Indians and Americans, every 
 man fighting in his own way. Brant and his whole 
 force were engaged. About sunset our troops, hav 
 ing expended their ammunition, retreated and were 
 pursued by the savages. Dr. Tusten, in a nook 
 of rocks, had dressed the wounds of seventeen 
 men, whose cries for protection and mercy, when 
 they heard the retreat ordered, were piercing to 
 the soul ; but they all perished, with Dr. Tusten, 
 under the Indian tomahawk. On this day forty- 
 four Americans fell, some of whom were the pride 
 and flower of the village of Goshen. Among 
 them were Jones, Little, Duncan, Wisner, Vail, 
 Townsend, and Knapp. Major Poppino, who 
 escaped, lived to nearly one hundred years, and 
 was present with an assemblage of ten or twelve 
 thousand people, when their bones were buried 
 July 22, 1822. After the peace of 1783 Brant 
 visited England, and passed the remainder of his 
 life in Upper Canada. In 1785 he in self-de 
 fence killed one of his sons, who in a fit of 
 
132 
 
 BRATTLE. 
 
 drunkenness had attempted his life; in conse 
 quence of this act he resigned his commission of 
 captain in the British service, and surrendered 
 himself to justice ; but Lord Dorchester, the gov 
 ernor, would not accept his resignation. He sent 
 his two sons, Joseph and Jacob, in 1801, to the 
 care of President Wheelock, of Dartmouth col 
 lege, to be educated in Moor s school. He died 
 at his seat in Upper Canada, at the head of Lake 
 Ontario, Nov. 24, 1807, aged 65. His daughter 
 married Win. J. Kerr, Esq., of Niagara, in 1824. 
 
 His son, John, an Indian chief, was in England 
 in 1822, and placed before the poet, Campbell, 
 documents to prove that his father was not pres 
 ent at the massacre at Wyoming, and that he was 
 in fact a man of humanity. After reading them 
 Campbell published a letter, in which he recanted 
 the charges of ferocity, advanced in his Gertrude ; 
 but he assigns rather an inadequate reason for 
 this change in the estimate of his character, 
 namely, that Brant enjoyed the friendship of 
 some high-minded British officers, which would 
 not have been the case, had he been ferocious, 
 and destitute of amiable qualities. In the war of 
 the Revolution he was doubtless the leader of 
 savages, who took delight in scalps ; he was un 
 deniably in command, when the wounded of Min- 
 isink were butchered ; yet the slaughter may have 
 occurred entirely without his orders. Probably 
 his subsequent intercourse with civilized men and 
 reading the New Testament may have softened 
 his character. I am able to state, on the author 
 ity of his son Joseph, that as he lay in his bed 
 and looked at the sword hanging up in his bed 
 room, with which he had killed his son, he was 
 accustomed to cry in the sorrow of his heart. He 
 once proposed to write a history of the six na 
 tions. He published the book of common prayer 
 and the gospel of Mark, in the Mohawk and 
 English languages, 8vo. London, 1787. The 
 gospel according to St. John, in Mohawk, entitled 
 Nene Karighwiysoston tsinihorighhote-n ne Saint 
 John, which is ascribed to him in the Cambridge 
 catalogue, was the w~ork of the chief, John Norton ; 
 it is without date, but was printed at London in 
 1807 or 1808 by the British and foreign Bible so 
 ciety, in an edition of two thousand copies. 
 Holmes, II. 292, 302; Mass. Hist. Coll. X. 154; 
 Phil. Trans. LXXVI. 231; Panoplist, m. 323, 
 324 ; Weld s Trav. II. 297 ; Wheelock s Narra 
 tive ; Eastern Argus, May 7, 1822. 
 
 BRATTLE, THOMAS, a respectable merchant 
 of Boston, was born Sept. 5, 1657, and was grad 
 uated at Harvard college in 1676, and was after 
 wards treasurer of that institution. He was a 
 principal founder of the church in Brattle street, 
 of which Dr. Colman was the first minister. His 
 death occurred May 18, 1713, in the fifty-sixth 
 year of his age. He was brother-in-law of Mr. 
 Pemberton. Seyeral of his communications on 
 
 BRATTLE. 
 
 astronomical subjects were published in the philo 
 sophical transactions. He wrote an excellent let 
 ter, giving an account of the witchcraft delusion 
 in 1692, which is preserved in the Hist. Collec- 
 lections. Holmes, I. 511; Colman s Life, 42; 
 Coll. Hist. Soc. v. 61-79. 
 
 BRATTLE, WILLIAM, minister of Cambridge, 
 Mass., brother of the preceding, died Feb. 15, 
 1717, aged 54. He was born in Boston about the 
 year 1662, and was graduated at Harvard college 
 in 1680. lie was afterwards for several years a 
 tutor and fellow of that seminary. He exerted 
 himself to form his pupils to virtue and the fear 
 of God, punishing vice with the authority of a 
 master, and cherishing every virtuous disposition 
 with parental goodness. When the small pox 
 prevailed in the college, he was not driven away 
 in terror ; but with benevolent courage remained 
 at his post, and visited the sick, both that he might 
 administer to them relief, and might impress 
 upon them those truths which were necessary to 
 their salvation. As he had never experienced 
 the disease, he now took it in the natural way ; 
 for the practice of inoculation had not been intro 
 duced into America. But the course of the dis 
 order was mild, and he was soon restored to his 
 usual health. He was ordained pastor of the 
 church in Cambridge, as successor of Mr. Gookin, 
 Nov. 25, 1696, and after a useful ministry of 
 twenty years was succeeded by Dr. Appleton. 
 His funeral was attended Feb. 20, a day memora 
 ble for the great snow which then commenced, 
 and which detained for several days at Cambridge 
 the magistrates and ministers, who were assem 
 bled on the occasion. The snow was six feet 
 deep in some parts of the streets of Boston. 
 
 Mr. Brattle was a very religious, good man, an 
 able divine, and an excellent scholar. Such was 
 his reputation for science, that he was elected a 
 fellow of the royal society. He was polite and 
 affable, compassionate and charitable. Having a 
 large estate, he distributed of his abundance with 
 a liberal hand ; but his charities were secret and 
 silent. His pacific spirit and his moderation were 
 so conspicuous, as to secure to him the respect of 
 all denominations. So remarkable was his pa 
 tience under injuries, and such a use did he make 
 of the troubles of life, that he was heard to ob 
 serve, that he knew not how he could have spared 
 any of his trials. Uniting courage with his hu 
 mility, he was neither bribed by the favor, nor 
 overawed by the displeasure of any man. He 
 was a man of great learning and abilities, and at 
 once a philosopher and a divine. But he placed 
 neither learning nor religion in unprofitable spec 
 ulations, but in such solid and substantial truth, 
 as improves the mind and is beneficial to the 
 world. The promotion of religion, learning, vir 
 tue, and peace was the great object, in which he 
 was constantly employed. As he possessed pen- 
 
BRATTLE. 
 
 etration and a sound judgment, his counsel was 
 often sought and highly respected. Such was his 
 regard to the interests of literature, that he be 
 queathed to Harvard college 250 pounds, besides 
 a much greater sum in other charitable and pious 
 legacies. With regard to his manner of preach 
 ing, Dr. Colman, comparing him and Mr. Pember- 
 ton, who died about the same time, observes : 
 " They performed the public exercises in the 
 house of God with a great deal of solemnity, 
 though in a manner somewhat different ; for Mr. 
 Brattle was all calm, and soft, and melting; but 
 Mr. Pemberton was all flame, zeal, and earnest 
 ness." The death of this good man, after a lan 
 guishing disease, was peaceful and serene. 
 
 He published a system of logic, entitled, " com 
 pendium logicte secundum principia D. Renati 
 Cartesii plerumque efformatum et catechistice pro- 
 positum." It was held in high estimation, and 
 long recited at Harvard college. An edition of 
 it was published in the year 1758. Holmes Hist. 
 Cambridge; Coll. Hist. Soc. VII. 32, 5.3-59 ; X. 
 168; Holmes, II. 94; Boston News-Letter, No. 
 671. 
 
 BRATTLE, WILLIAM, a man of extraordinary 
 talents and character, the son of the preceding, 
 died in Oct., 1776, aged about 75. He was grad 
 uated at Harvard college in 1722. He was a 
 representative of Cambridge in the general court, 
 and was long a member of the council. He 
 studied theology and preached with acceptance. 
 His eminence as a lawyer drew around him an 
 abundance of clients. As a physician his practice 
 was extensive and celebrated. He was also a 
 military man, and obtained the appointment of 
 major-general of the militia. While he secured 
 the favor of the governor of the State, he also in 
 gratiated himself with the people. In his conduct 
 there were many eccentricities. He was attached 
 to the pleasures of the table. At the commence 
 ment of the American Revolution an unhappy 
 sympathy in the plans of General Gage induced 
 him to retire to Boston, from which place he ac 
 companied the troops to Halifax, where he died. 
 His first wife was the daughter of Gov. Salton- 
 stall ; his second was the widow of James Allen, 
 and daughter of Col. Fitch. His son, Thomas 
 Brattle, of Cambridge, died Feb. 7, 1801. 
 Coll. Hist. Soc. VII. 58; vm. 82. 
 
 BRAXTON, CARTER, a member of congress in 
 1776, died October 10, 1797, aged 61. He 
 was the son of George Braxton, a rich plan 
 ter of Newington, King and Queen s county, 
 Virginia, born Sept. 10, 1736. His mother was 
 the daughter of Robert Carter of the council. 
 After being educated at William and Mary col 
 lege, he married and settled down as an inde 
 pendent planter. On the death of his wife he 
 visited England, and returned in 1760. By lu s 
 second wile, the daughter of Richard Corbin of 
 
 BREARLEY. 
 
 133 
 
 Lanneville, he had sixteen children : she died in 
 1814, and all the children but one were dead before 
 1829. In 1765 he became a member of the house 
 of burgesses, and was distinguished for his pat 
 riotic zeal. In November, 1775, he was elected 
 the successor of Peyton Randolph in congress, 
 but continued a member of that body only till 
 the signing of the declaration of independence. 
 During the remainder of his life he was often 
 a member of the legislature and council of Vir 
 ginia. His talents were respectable ; his oratory 
 easy ; lu s manners peculiarly agreeable. His last 
 days were embittered by unfortunate commercial 
 speculations, and vexatious lawsuits : some of his 
 friends, his sureties, suffered with him. Though 
 in early life a gentleman of large fortune, he 
 found himself, in his old age, by his own impru 
 dence, involved in inextricable embarrassments. 
 Happy arc they, who are wisely content with 
 their lot, and who use liberally their wealth, not 
 for display, but for the purposes of a noble char 
 ity. GoodriclCs Lives. 
 
 BRAY, THOMAS, D. D., ecclesiastical commis 
 sary for Maryland and Virginia, died Feb. 15, 
 1730, aged 73. He was sent out by the bishop of 
 London, in 1699, and was indefatigable in his 
 efforts to promote religion in the colonies, and 
 among the Indians and Negroes. Libraries were 
 instituted by him, both for missionaries and 
 parishes. He crossed the Atlantic several times, _ 
 and spent the greater part of his life in these 
 labors. Soliciting the charities of others, he 
 in his disinterested zeal contributed the whole 
 of his small fortune to the support of his 
 plans. Through lu s exertions parish libraries 
 were established in England, and various benevo 
 lent societies in London were instituted, particu 
 larly the society for the propagation of the gospel 
 in foreign parts. He published a memorial on 
 the state of religion in North America with pro 
 posals for the propagation of religion in the sev 
 eral provinces ; circular letters to the clergy of 
 Maryland; cursus catecheticus Americanus, 1700; 
 apostolic charity ; bibliotheca parochialis ; dis 
 course on the baptismal covenant. 
 
 BRAZER, JOHN, D. I)., died at Charleston, S. 
 C., Feb. 26, 1846, aged 56. Born in Worcester, 
 he graduated in Cambridge, in 1813 ; he was 
 afterwards a professor. He was ordained over 
 the north society in Salem, Nov. 14, 1820, suc 
 cessor of J. E. Abbott. Many of his writings ap 
 peared in the north American Review. He pub 
 lished a sermon at the ordination of J. Cole ; on 
 the death of Dr. Holyoke ; at the installation of 
 A. Bigelow ; Memoir of Dr. Holyoke ; before 
 society for education; several in the Christian 
 preacher ; use of affliction ; on prayer ; power of 
 unitarianism over the affections. 
 
 BREARLEY, DAVID, chief justice of New 
 Jersey, died Aug. 23, 1790, aged, it is said, only 
 
134 
 
 BREARLEY. 
 
 BRECK. 
 
 26. He was born in that State in 1763, and 
 received the degree of A. M. at Princeton, in 
 1781. He attained to great eminence at the bar. 
 Soon after he received the appointment of judge, 
 he died at his seat near Trenton. He Avas ap 
 pointed by Washington in 1789, district judge for 
 New Jersey, and was succeeded by Robert Morris. 
 
 BREARLEY, JOSEPH, general, died at Mor- 
 ristown, in 1805, aged 93. 
 
 BREBEUF, JEAN DE, a Jesuit missionary 
 among the Indians in Canada, arrived at Quebec 
 in 1625. According to Charlevoix, he twice, when 
 among the Hurons, in a time of drought, obtained 
 rain in answer to his prayers. However, taken 
 prisoner by the Iroquois in 1649, he was cruelly 
 put to death by them, with his associate, father 
 Lallemant. Amidst their barbarities, the savages 
 said to him, " You have assured us, that the 
 more one suffers on earth the greater will be his 
 happiness in heaven ; out of kindness to you, we 
 therefore torture you." At least Charlevoix re 
 ports that they said so. Brebeuf was 55 years of 
 age. He was the uncle of the poet of Normandy, 
 George de B. He translated into Huron an 
 abridgment of the Christian doctrine by Ledes- 
 ma. This is annexed to Champlaiu s relation du 
 voyage, 1632. Charlevoix, I. 294. 
 
 BRECK, ROBERT, a minister of Marlborough, 
 died Jan. 6, 1731, aged 48. He was born in 
 Dorchester in 1682, the son of Captain John 
 Breck, a very ingenious and worthy man, and 
 grandson of Edward Breck, a settler of Dorches 
 ter in 1636. After his father s death he was sent 
 to Harvard college, where he graduated in 1700. 
 He was ordained Oct. 25, 1704, as successor of 
 Mr. Brimsmead. His successors were Kent, 
 Smith, and Packard. He left a wife and four 
 children. His wife was Elizabeth Waimvright 
 of Haverhill. A daughter married Rev. Mr, 
 Parkman, of Westborough. He was a man of 
 vigorous talents, of quick perception, and tena 
 cious memory, of solid judgment, and exten 
 sive learning. So great was his skill in the He 
 brew, that he read the Bible out of it to his 
 family. He was also well versed in philosophy, 
 mathematics, antiquities, and history ; and his 
 extensive knowledge he was always ready to com 
 municate for the instruction of others. As a pas 
 tor he was prudent and faithful ; he Avas an ortho 
 dox, close, methodical preacher. He Avas a strong 
 disputant ; a strenuous asserter of the privileges of 
 the churches ; and an opponent of Episcopal claims. 
 United Avith his piety, he possessed a singular cour 
 age and resolution. Before his settlement he 
 preached some time on Long Island, during the 
 administration of Gov. Cornbury, \vhen, though a 
 young man, he boldly asserted the principles of the 
 nonconformists, notwithstanding the threatening 
 and other ill-treatment, Avhich he experienced. 
 In temper, he was grave and meditative, yet at 
 
 times cheerful, and in com r ersation entertaining. 
 A perfect stranger to coA etousness, he was ever 
 hospitable and charitable. In severe pain he Avas 
 resigned ; and his end was peace. So great AA as 
 the esteem, in Avhich he was held, that in his 
 sickness a day of fasting was kept for him Oct. 
 15, 1730, Avhen scA - eral ministers were present; 
 and on his death, sermons Avere preached by SAvift 
 of Framingham, Prentice of Lancaster, and Lor- 
 ing of Sudbury. He published an election ser 
 mon, 1728 ; the danger of falling aAvay after a 
 profession; a sacramental sermon, 1728. Bos 
 ton Weekly News-Letter, Jan. 21; Weekly Jour 
 nal, Jan. 18, 1731 ; Loring s Sermon. 
 
 BRECK, ROBERT, minister of Springfield, died 
 April 23, 1784, aged 70. He was the son of the 
 preceding, and Avas graduated at Hansard college, 
 in 1730. He was ordained Jan. 27, 1736. His 
 settlement occasioned an unhappy controversy. 
 It Avas alleged against him, that he did not deem 
 a knoAvledge of Jesus Christ necessary to the sal 
 vation of the heathen, and that he treated lightly 
 of the atonement. A narrative relating to his or 
 dination Avas published ; folloAved by " an ansAver 
 to the Hampshire narrative ; " and this by " a 
 letter " to the author of the narrative, 1737. His 
 superior intellectual poAvers Avcre enlarged by an 
 extensive acquaintance with men and books. He 
 accustomed himself to a close manner of thinking 
 and reasoning. By diligent application, he ac 
 quired a rich fund of the most usel ul knowledge. 
 His disposition was remarkably cheerful and 
 pleasant, and his conversation Avas entertaining 
 and instructive, sometimes enlivened by humor, 
 but ahvays consistent with the sobriety of the 
 Christian and the dignity of the minister. He 
 Avas easy of access, hospitable, compassionate, and 
 beneA-olent. His sense of human weakness and 
 depravity led him to admire the gracious provis 
 ion of the gospel, and he delighted to dAvell upon 
 it in his public discourses. His religious senti 
 ments he formed on a careful examination of the 
 Scriptures. Steady to his oAvn principles, he was 
 yet candid towards those who diii cred from him. 
 In his last illness, he spoke in the humblest terms 
 of himself, but professed an entire reliance on 
 divine mercy through the Mediator, ar.d he 
 resigned himself to death with the dignity of a 
 Christian. 
 
 His first Avife was Eunice, daughter of his prede 
 cessor, Rev. D. BreAver ; his second wile was 
 Helena, the widow of RCA-. E. Dorr. His suc 
 cessor Avas Mr. HoAvard. His son, Robert, who 
 died at Northampton, in 1799, aged 63, Avas 
 clerk of the court of common pleas. The son of 
 the latter, Colonel John, died in N.,in 1827, aged 
 55 ; leaving sons, Dr. EdAvard, Robert, and Theo 
 dore, now citizens of Brecksvillc, Ohio. 
 
 He published a sermon, 1748; on the death 
 of Rev. D. Parsons, 1781 ; of Rev. S. Williams, 
 
BRECK. 
 
 BREWER. 
 
 135 
 
 1782; at the ordination of D. Parsons, 1783; 
 also a century sermon Oct. 16, 1775, on the burn 
 ing of the town by the Indians. Lathrop s Fu 
 neral Sermon; Holland s History of Western 
 Massachusetts, i. 201. 
 
 BRECK, SAMUEL, a merchant, removed from 
 Boston to Philadelphia, where he died May 7, 
 1809. His daughter married James Lloyd. 
 
 BRECK, DANIEL, died in Hartland, Vt., Dec., 
 1845, aged 97. Born in Boston, he was reli 
 giously educated at Princeton, where he gradu 
 ated in 1774. As a chaplain he accompanied 
 Porter s regiment to Canada, and was in the 
 attack upon Quebec. He preached the first ser 
 mon at Marietta, on the text, " Of his kingdom 
 there shall be no end ; " having \isions of the 
 progress of the gospel in the vast western coun 
 try, lie was a man of high character and excel 
 lence, the father of Judge Breck of Kentucky. 
 
 BRECKENRIDGE, JOHN, attorney-general of 
 the United States, died at Lexington, Kentucky, 
 Dec. 14, 1806. He was elected a member of the 
 senate in the place of Humphrey Marshall, and 
 took his seat in 1801. In Jan., 1802, he submit 
 ted in the senate a resolution to repeal an act of 
 the preceding session respecting the judiciary 
 establishment of the United States, by which six 
 teen new circuit judges had been created. It 
 was this resolution, which called forth the most 
 astonishing powers of argument and eloquence. 
 In 1803 Mr. Breckenridge distinguished himself 
 by supporting resolutions in relation to Spanish 
 affairs of a milder complexion, than those advo 
 cated by Mr. Ross. After the resignation of Mr. 
 Lincoln of Mass., he was appointed attorney- 
 general in his place. 
 
 BRECKENRIDGE, JOHN, D.D., died near 
 Lexington, Ky., Aug. 4, 1841, aged 44. His 
 parents were John B. and Mary Hopkins Cabell, 
 of a Virginia family. He was one of nine chil 
 dren, born at Cabell s Dale, near Lexington, 
 where he died. He was a devoted preacher, and 
 wore himself out by his labors. 
 
 BRECKENRIDGE, ROBERT, general, died in 
 Lexington, Ky., in Sept., 1833, aged 78. 
 
 BREED, ALLEN, one of the first settlers of 
 Lynn, died March 17, 1692, aged 91. lie was 
 born in England in 1601 and arrived in this coun 
 try in 1630, probably in the Arabella at Salem, 
 June 12. He was a farmer and lived in the 
 western part of Summer street, Lynn, possess 
 ing two hundred acres of land. The village, 
 in which he resided, derived from him the 
 name of " Breed s End." He is one of the gran 
 tees, named in 1640 in the Indian deed of South 
 Hampton, Long Island, which was settled from 
 Lynn, by Rev. Mr. Fitch, and others. The name 
 of his wife was Elizabeth ; and his children were 
 Allen, Timothy, Joseph, and John. Of these, 
 
 Allen was living in 1692, when it was voted by 
 the town, that Allen Breed, senior, " should sit in 
 the pulpit." The descendants in Lynn and other 
 towns in Massachusetts, are numerous ; from one 
 of them was derived the name of Breed s Hill, in 
 Charlestown, celebrated for the battle of 1775, 
 called by mistake the battle of Bunker s Hill, for 
 the battle was fought on Breed s not Bunker s 
 Hill. One of his descendants at Lynn was Col. 
 Fred. B., an officer of the Revolution, who died 
 July, 1820, aged 68. Among the descendants in 
 Connecticut were Gershom Breed, an eminent 
 merchant of Norwich, and his sons, John M. 
 Breed, mayor of the city, a graduate of Yale, 
 1768; Shubael Breed, a graduate of 1778; and 
 Simeon Breed, a graduate of 1781. The widow 
 of the last is still living, aged 89, the sister of E. 
 Perkins, who died, aged above 100 years. 
 Lewis History of Lynn, 25 ; farmer s Register ; 
 I) wi (jlit s Travels, III. 313. 
 
 BREESE, SAMUEL SIDNEY, died in Sconondoa, 
 Oneida county, N. Y., Oct. 15, 1848, aged 80. 
 Born in Philadelphia, a descendant of the Hu 
 guenots, he was one of the first settlers of 
 Cazcnovia ; then was the law partner of Judge 
 Platt of Whitestown. In 1813, he became a far 
 mer for the rest of his life. He was a member of 
 the convention to form a new constitution. He 
 was an excellent citizen, and a sincere Christian. 
 His end was peace, through hope in the atoning 
 blood. 
 
 BRENTON, WILLIAM, Governor of Rhode 
 Island, was a representative of Boston for several 
 years from 1635. Of Rhode Island he was presi 
 dent between 1660 and 1661, and governor under 
 the charter from 1666 to 1669; in both which 
 offices he succceeded Arnold, and was succeeded 
 by him. He died in Newport, 1674. Several of 
 his descendants held important offices in the col 
 ony : they adhered to the royal government at the 
 Revolution. An admiral in the British navy was 
 a native of Newport. Farmer s Keg. 
 . BRESSANI, FRANCISCO GIUSEPPE, a Jesuit 
 missionary, was a Roman by birth. He toiled 
 with much zeal in his mission among the Hurons 
 in Canada, until it was broken up. Having been 
 taken captive and tortured, he bore in his mutilated 
 hands for the rest of his life, the proofs of his suf 
 ferings. He died in Italy. In 1643 there was 
 published an account of his mission in Italian, en 
 titled, Breve relatione d ulcune missioni, &c. 
 Charlevoix. 
 
 BREWER, DANIEL, died at Springfield, Nov. 
 5, 1733, aged 65, in the 4()th year of his ministry. 
 He succeeded Mr. Glover, and was followed by 
 Mr. Breck. Born in Roxbury, he graduated at 
 Harvard in 1697, and was ordained in 1694. His 
 wife was Catharine, daughter of Rev. N. Chaun- 
 cey of Hatfield ; her sister, Sarah, married Rev. 
 
136 
 
 BREWER. 
 
 BREWSTER. 
 
 S. Whittelsey of Wallingford. lie left six chil 
 dren, lie published : God s help to be sought in 
 time of war, 1724. 
 
 BREWER, CHAUXCEY, doctor, died at Spring 
 field, in 1830, aged 87, a graduate of Yale, 1762. 
 
 BREWSTER, WILLIAM, one of the Pilgrims 
 at Plymouth, the Elder and only teacher for some 
 years, died about April 16, 1644, aged 83. This 
 is the date given by Bradford ; but Morton says, 
 about April 18. He was born, probably, at 
 Scrooby, in 1560. As there was a William B. in 
 that town in 1571, he was probably the father 
 of Elder Brewster of Plymouth, who himseh 
 passed the last years of his residence in England 
 at Scrooby, as a public officer. This place, which 
 is of great interest in American history, is a small 
 town in Nottinghamshire, only two miles south of 
 Bawtry, in Yorkshire, and ten miles west of Gains 
 borough, in Lincolnshire. It was a post town, and 
 had a small well-built church, and an Episcopal 
 manor, which was an occasional residence of the 
 Archbishop of York. The manor was built in 
 two courts, of timber, except the front, which was 
 of brick, with a moat around it. This, it will be 
 found, became the residence of Brewster. Noth 
 ing now remains of it, but the stone gateway. 
 On the wood-work of the church is seen a vine 
 bearing clusters of grapes. His family was one of 
 some eminence. The coat-armor of one of the 
 name, bore " a chevron ermine between three 
 silver etoiles on a sable field." Our Brewster 
 derives, in our view, no honor from his family ; 
 but the device of stars breaking through the dark 
 ness of night is a very suitable device for the 
 American Brewster. He was the chief light of 
 the Plymouth colony, in a dark wilderness. 
 
 Mr. Brewster was educated at the university of 
 Cambridge, where his mind was impressed with 
 religious truth, and he was renewed by the Spirit 
 of God. After completing his education he en 
 tered into the service of William Davison, am 
 bassador of Queen Elizabeth in Holland. This 
 gentleman, who was friendly to religion, possessed 
 the highest regard for Mr. Brewster, and reposed 
 in him the utmost confidence. He esteemed him 
 as a son. Mr. Brewster in return proved himself 
 not unworthy of the friendship, which he had ex 
 perienced ; for when Davison, who had been 
 appointed secretary of state, incurred the affected 
 displeasure of the queen for drawing, in com 
 pliance with her orders, the warrant for the exe 
 cution of Mary, he did not forsake his patron. He 
 remained with him, and gave him what assistance 
 it was in his power to afford, under the troubles, 
 with which it was the policy of Elizabeth to over 
 whelm the innocent secretary in the year 1587. 
 When he could no longer serve him, he retired to 
 the north of England among his old friends. 
 
 It was now, that he resided at Scrooby, where 
 he was post, or postmaster, from 1594 to Sept. 
 
 30, 1607. The recorded payments to him 
 amounted in that period to 456 pounds. He was 
 also inn-keeper to the travellers by post. As 
 there were no cross-posts he had to provide for 
 distant deliveries. If he had a good income, it 
 enabled him to exercise a generous hospitality ; 
 and his abode in the Archbishop s manor fur 
 nished a convenient place of meeting for the new 
 Puritan Separatist church. 
 
 His attention was now chiefly occupied by the 
 interests of religion. His life was exemplary, and 
 it seemed to be his great object to promote the 
 highest good of those around him. He endeavored 
 to excite their zeal for holiness, and to encourage 
 them in the practice of the Christian virtues. As 
 he possessed considerable property, he readily 
 and abundantly contributed towards the support 
 of the gospel. He exerted himself to procure 
 faithful preachers for the parishes in the neigh 
 borhood. By degrees he became disgusted with 
 the impositions of the prelatical party, and their 
 severity towards men of a moderate and peace 
 able disposition. As he discovered much corrup 
 tion in the constitution, forms, ceremonies, and 
 discipline of the established church, he thought 
 it his duty to withdraw from its communion, and 
 to establish with others a separate society. This 
 new church, under the pastoral care of the aged 
 Mr. Clifton and Mr. Robinson, met on the Lord s 
 days at Mr. Brewster s house, where they were 
 entertained at his expense, as long as they could 
 assemble without interruption. When at length 
 the resentment of the hierarchy obliged them to 
 seek refuge in a foreign country, he was the most 
 forward to assist in the removal. He was seized 
 with Mr. Bradford, in the attempt to go over to 
 Holland in 1607, and was imprisoned at Boston, 
 in Lincolnshire. He was the greatest sufferer of 
 the company, because he had the most property. 
 Having, with much difficulty and expense, obtained 
 his liberty, he first assisted the poor of the society 
 in their embarkation, and then followed them to 
 Holland. 
 
 He had a large family and numerous depend 
 ents; and his estate was exhausted. As his edu 
 cation had not fitted him for mechanical or mer 
 cantile employments, he was now pressed with 
 hardships. In this exigency he found a resource 
 in his learning and abilities. He opened a school 
 at Leyden, for instructing the youth of the city 
 and of the university in the English tongue ; and 
 being familiar with the Latin, with which they 
 were also acquainted, he found no impediment 
 from the want of a language common to both. 
 By means of a grammar, which he formed him 
 self, he soon assisted them to a correct knowledge 
 of the English. By the help of some friends 
 he also set up a printing-press, and published 
 several books against the hierarchy, which could 
 not obtain a license for pubh cation in England. 
 
BREWSTER. 
 
 Such was his reputation in the church at Ley- 
 den, that he was chosen a ruling elder, and he 
 accompanied the members of it, who came to New 
 England in 1620. He suffered with them all the 
 hardships attending their settlement in the wil 
 derness. He partook with them of labor, hunger, 
 and watching ; and his Bible and his sword were 
 equally familiar to him. As the church at Ply 
 mouth was for several years destitute of a minister, 
 Mr. BreAvster, who was venerable for his character 
 and years, officiated as a preacher, though he 
 could never be persuaded to administer the sacra 
 ments. According to the principles of the church, 
 the ruling elder, in the absence of the teaching 
 elder or pastor, was permitted to dispense the 
 word. No regular minister was procured before 
 the year 1629, when Ralph Smith was settled. 
 Previously to this period the principal care of the 
 church rested upon Mr. Brewster, who preached 
 twice every Lord s day ; and afterwards he occa 
 sionally exercised for the good of the church his 
 talents in teaching. He died in the peace and 
 hope of the Christian. His children were Pa 
 tience, Fear, Love (a son), Wrestling, Jonathan, 
 Lucretia, William, Mary. Jonathan removed to 
 New London, thence to Norwich, Conn., and died 
 1659. His estate and residence, to which he 
 early removed, were in Duxbury ; his son, Love, 
 succeeded him in his house. His three hundred 
 books were valued at 43 pounds ; his whole estate 
 at 150 pounds. 
 
 Through his whole life he was remarkably tem 
 perate. He drank nothing but water, until 
 within the last five or six years. During the 
 famine, which was experienced in the colony, he 
 was resigned and cheerful. When nothing but 
 oysters and clams were set on lu s table, he would 
 give thanks that his family were permitted " to 
 suck of the abundance of the seas, and of the 
 treasures hid in the sand." He was social and 
 pleasant in conversation, of a humble and modest 
 spirit ; yet, when occasion required, courageous in 
 administering reproof, though with such tender 
 ness as usually to give no oft ence. lie was con 
 spicuous for his compassion towards the distressed; 
 and if they were suffering for conscience sake, he 
 judged them, of all others, most deserving of 
 pity and relief. He had a peculiar abhorrence of 
 pride. In the government of the church he was 
 careful to preserve order and the purity of doc 
 trine and communion, and to suppress contention. 
 He was eminent for piety. In his public prayers 
 he was full and comprehensive, making confession 
 of sin with deep humility, and supplicating with 
 fervor the Divine mercy through the merits of 
 Jesus Christ. Yet he avoided a tedious prolixity, 
 lest he should damp the spirit of devotion. In 
 his discourses he was clear and distinguishing, as 
 well as pathetic ; and it pleased God to give him 
 18 
 
 BREWSTER. 
 
 137 
 
 uncommon success, so that many were converted 
 by his ministry. At his death he left what was 
 called an excellent library. It was valued at 43 
 pounds in silver, and a catalogue of the books is 
 preserved in the colony records. 
 
 The church at Plymouth, of which Mr. Brew 
 ster was ruling elder, was peculiar for the lib 
 erty of "prophesying" or preaching, which was 
 allowed even to such private members as were 
 "gifted." When Governor Winthrop visited Ply 
 mouth in 1632, in the afternoon s exercise of the 
 Lord s day, a question, according to custom, was 
 propounded, upon which a number of the congre 
 gation expressed their opinions, and the Governor 
 of Massachusetts, being requested, " spoke to it" 
 with the rest. " The preachments of the gifted 
 brethren," says Dr. Mather, "produced those 
 discouragements to the ministers, that almost all 
 left the colony, apprehending themselves driven 
 away by the neglect and contempt with which the 
 people on this occasion treated them." This 
 church admitted none to its communion without 
 either a written or oral declaration of their faith 
 and religious experience. The Scriptures were 
 not read in public, nor was the psalm before sing 
 ing, till in compassion to a brother, Avho could not 
 read, one of the elders or deacons was permitted 
 to read it line by line, after it had been previously 
 expounded by the minister. No children were 
 baptized unless one of the parents was in full 
 communion, and baptized children were considered 
 as subjects of ecclesiastical discipline. While in 
 Holland the Lord s supper was administered every 
 Sabbath ; but it was omitted in America till a 
 minister was obtained, and then it was adminis 
 tered only once in a month. Bell-nap s Amer. 
 Biog.u. 252-256 ; Coll. Hist. Soc. IV. 108, 113- 
 117; Morton, 153; Need s N. E. I. 231; Sav 
 age s Winthrop,!. 91; Magnalia,!. 14 ; Prince, 
 89. 
 
 BREWSTER, JONATHAN, son of the preceding, 
 lived in Duxbury in 1632, and was deputy and 
 attorney. He removed to New London in 1638. 
 He expressed in a letter dated at " Mohcken," 
 Sept., 1656 probably New London an inten 
 tion of going to England. He died 1659. His 
 son Benjamin removed to Norwich soon after 
 1648. By his wife, Anna Dart, of New London, 
 he had sons Jonathan, Daniel, William, and Ben 
 jamin ; and his descendants are to be found now 
 in the vicinity. Scabury Brewster, of Norwich, 
 the father of the dentist, Christopher Brewster, 
 who was knighted 4>y the Emperor of Russia, was 
 descended from Wrestling, the brother of Jona 
 than, and was born in Plymouth in 1755. In 
 1779 there were eleven Brewster families in the 
 east society of Norwich. 
 
 BREWSTER, RUTH, daughter of the preced 
 ing, married first John Picket, and next, in 1668, 
 
138 
 
 BREWSTER. 
 
 BRIGIIAM. 
 
 Charles Hill, of New London, -who, after her 
 death, married a daughter of Major John Mason. 
 
 BREWSTER, NATHANIEL, minister of Brook- 
 haven, Long Island, was a graduate of the first 
 class of Harvard college in 1642. At first he 
 was settled in the ministry at Norfolk, England ; 
 on his return to America he was settled at Brook- 
 haven in 1665, and died in 1690, leaving sons, 
 John, Timothy, and Daniel, whose descendants of 
 respectable standing remain on Long Island. 
 Farmer s Register. 
 
 BREWSTER, EBEXEZER, general, a descend 
 ant of Elder Brewster, died at Hanover, N. H., 
 Jan. 4, 1814, aged 74. He emigrated from Nor 
 wich, Conn. The following was his son. 
 
 BREWSTER, AMOS AVERT, colonel, died at 
 Hanover, N. H., April 24, 1845, aged 68. He 
 was many years sheriff of the county. His wife 
 was a daughter of Adriana Boudinot. He suf 
 fered the unhappiness of burying six young chil 
 dren within a period of five years. 
 
 BREWSTER, LYMAN D., died in Hennepin, 
 Oct. 22, 1835, aged 51; from Connecticut he re 
 moved to the west, to Tennessee and Illinois. 
 He bequeathed 20,000 dollars to the African colo 
 nization society, and 2,500 dollars to schools. 
 
 BRICKETT, JOHN, published a work, entitled 
 Natural history of North Carolina, with cuts, Dub 
 lin, 1737. 
 
 BRIDGE, THOMAS, minister of the first church 
 in Boston, was born at Hackney, England, and 
 was graduated at Harvard college in 1675. After 
 visiting Europe as a merchant, he became a min 
 ister. He first preached at Jamaica ; then at 
 New Providence and Bermuda, and at West Jer 
 sey. He was ordained at Boston as colleague 
 with Mr. Wadsworth, May 10, 1705. He died 
 suddenly of an apoplexy, Sept. 26, 1715, aged 58. 
 He was eminent for his Christian virtues. While 
 he was upright in his dealings, he was also meek 
 and mild ; his heart was kind ; and he was hum 
 ble and devout. He was habitually serious. 
 Thongh his talents were not conspicuous, yet his 
 thoughts were always expressed in suitable and 
 manly language. In prayer he was eminent. 
 His intimate acquaintance with the Scriptures and 
 the devotional frame of his mind rendered his 
 supplications to the throne of grace very interest 
 ing. While he was himself exceedingly desirous 
 of doing good, free from every particle of envy, 
 he sincerely rejoiced in the usefulness and re 
 spectability of others. He was not desirous of 
 honor, and so humble was the opinion which he 
 had formed of himself, that the expression of his 
 humility sometimes put to the blush those who 
 were younger and more desirous of distinction. 
 He was diligent in study, but his Bible was his 
 library. To this book he devoted his attention, 
 and became well acquainted with its important 
 truths. Such was his moderation, so greatly was 
 
 he desirous of peace, that it Avas thought he was 
 sometimes silent when he ought to have spoken, 
 and that he yielded too much to others. He pub 
 lished the following sermons : at the artillery 
 election, 1705 ; on the choice of the town officers, 
 1710; on faith, 1713. Caiman s Fun. Serm. ; 
 Hist. Coll. ill. 257. 
 
 BRIDGE, JCSIAH, second minister of East 
 Sudbury, Mass., was graduated at Harvard col 
 lege in 1758, and ordained Nov. 4, 1761, the suc 
 cessor of Wm. Cook, who died Nov. 12, 1760, 
 aged 63, in the thirty-seventh year of his minis 
 try. Mr. Bridge died June 20, 1801, aged 61, in 
 the fortieth year of his ministry, and was suc 
 ceeded by Joel Foster, who died in 1812. Before 
 the division of the church the ministers of Sud 
 bury were E. Brown, Sherman, and I. Loring. 
 He was a popular preacher, with a clear, loud 
 voice. His convention sermon in 1792 and Dud- 
 leian lecture in 1797 were not printed. He pub 
 lished a sermon at the ordination of J. Damon ; 
 the election sermon, 1789. Coll. Hist. Soc. s.s. 
 IV. 61 ; Palladium, June 26th, 1801. 
 
 BRIDGE, EBENEZER, died Oct. 1, 1792, aged 
 77. Born in Boston, he was graduated in 1736, 
 and ordained at Chclmsford in 1741, and was in 
 office fifty years. He published the artillery elec 
 tion sermon, 1752; the election sermon, 1767. 
 
 BRIDGE, MATTHEW, minister of Framingham, 
 died in 1775, a graduate of 1741. He published 
 a sermon at the ordination of E. Stone, Reading, 
 1761. 
 
 BRIDGE, EDMUND, died at Dresden, Maine, 
 Sept., 1825, aged 86. He was born in Lexington, 
 and was a patriot of the Revolution. From 1781 
 to 1815 he was sheriff of Lincoln. He was an 
 advocate of the Christian ministry and of public 
 schools, held in esteem for his integrity and be 
 nevolence. He was the father of Judge Bridge, 
 of Augusta. 
 
 BRIDGHAM, SAMUEL W-, general, chancellor 
 of Brown university, died in Dec., 1840, at Provi 
 dence, aged 67. He was mayor, and attorney- 
 general. 
 
 BRIDGMAN, JAMES G., a missionary, went to 
 China in 1844, and was ordained at Canton. He 
 died Dec. 6, 1850, in a fit of insanity inflicting a 
 fatal wound. 
 
 BRIGGS, JAMES, the first minister of Cum- 
 mington, died in 1825, aged about 70. A gradu 
 ate of Yale in 1775, he was settled in 1779, the 
 town giving him two hundred acres of land and 
 sixty pounds for a settlement, lie was a very 
 respectable and useful minister. 
 
 BRIGGS, ELIAKIM, died at Dighton, Sept. 27, 
 1852, aged 86, the last of seven children, whose 
 ages amounted to 588 years. Five brothers 
 reached the ages of 72, 86, 87, 88, 96. The ages 
 of two sisters amounted to 15!) years. 
 
 BRIGIIAM, PAUL, lieut.-gov. of Vermont, 
 
BRIGHAM. 
 
 BROCK. 
 
 139 
 
 died at Norwich, June 16, 1824, aged 79. For 
 four years he was a captain in the war of inde 
 pendence ; five years high sheriff of Windsor 
 county; five years chief judge of the county 
 court ; and twenty-two years lieut.-governor. His 
 various duties he discharged to the acceptance of 
 his fellow citizens, till the infirmities of age ad 
 monished him to retire from the public service. 
 Farmer s Coll. in. Appendix, 64. 
 
 BllIGHAM, ELIJAH, judge, a member of con 
 gress, died of the croup at Washington, April 22, 
 1816. A native of Northborough and graduate 
 of Dartmouth in 1778, he settled as a merchant 
 in Westborough, and sustained various public 
 offices. 
 
 BllIGHAM, AMARIAH, Dr., died in Utica, Sept. 
 8, 1849, aged 51, formerly principal of the Re 
 treat at Hartford, and from 1842 superintendent 
 of the State asylum for the insane at Utica. He 
 was a brother of Dr. B., secretary of the Ameri 
 can Bible society. 
 
 BRIGHT, FRANCIS, first minister in Charles- 
 town, Mass., was a pupil of the famous Mr. Dav 
 enport. He arrived at Naumkeag, or Salem, in 
 June, 1629, in company with Mr. Skelton and 
 Mr. Higginson. Disagreeing in judgment with 
 his two brethren, he removed to Charlestown. 
 After tarrying here a little more than a year, and 
 finding that the people were disposed to carry the 
 reformation to a greater length than he thought 
 was necessary, he returned to England in 1630. 
 He was succeeded by Mr. Wilson. Morse and 
 Parish s N. E., 74; Morton, 82; Prince, 184, 
 188. 
 
 BRIMMER, GEORGE W., died at Florence in 
 Sept., 1838. A graduate of Harvard in 1803, he 
 was skilled in painting and architecture. 
 
 BRIMMER, MARTIN, mayor of Boston, died 
 April 25, 1847. A graduate of 1814, he was dis 
 tinguished for his liberality and zeal in promoting 
 the interests of public education. 
 
 BRIMSMEAD, WILLIAM, first minister of Marl- 
 borough, died July 3, 1701. He was a native of 
 Dorchester, and probably the son of John Brims- 
 mead,who lived in Dorchester in 1638, and who had 
 a son, John, born 1640. The name is the same as 
 Brinsmcad, as it was written in 17.32 in the last will 
 of John Brinsmead, of Milford, one of whose 
 daughters married Dr. Whcelock ; and the same 
 as Brinsmade, as it was written by Daniel Nathan 
 iel B., of Woodbury, in 1777, and as it is written at 
 the present day. He was educated at Harvard col 
 lege, but never received a degree. lie, with 
 others of his class, being displeased with a vote 
 of the corporation, requiring the students to reside 
 four years at Cambridge instead of three, left the 
 institution in 1647. He was employed as a 
 preacher at Plymouth in 166,5. At Marlborough 
 he preached as early as Sept., 1660, though he 
 was not ordained till Oct. 3, 1666. As he was 
 
 preaching, Sunday, March 20, 1676, the assembly 
 was dispersed by an outcry of " Indians at the 
 door." All reached the fort safely, except one 
 man, who w r as wounded. The meeting-house and 
 many dwelling-houses were burnt. lie was suc 
 ceeded by Mr. Breck. He was never married. 
 He is represented as a well accomplished servant 
 of Christ. He published the election sermon, 
 1681. Among the papers made use of by Prince 
 in compiling his annals, was a journal in Latin 
 kept by Mr. B. from 1665 to 1695 inclusively. 
 Coll Hist. Soc.v. 47, 122; ix. 179; x. 89. 
 
 BRES T SMADE, DANIEL, minister of Washing 
 ton, Conn., died April 23, 1793, aged 74. He 
 was a graduate of 1745. Dr. Porter succeeded 
 him. His son, Judge Daniel, a graduate of 1772, 
 died in 1826, aged 75. The son of the latter is 
 Gen. Daniel B. Brinsmade, of Washington. 
 
 BRISTED, JOHN, died at Providence, Feb. 23, 
 1855, aged 76. He was a native of England, 
 who arrived at New York in 1806, and in 1820 
 married a daughter of J. J. Astor, by whom he 
 had a son, Charles Astor Bristcd. He was many 
 years a useful Episcopal minister ; his liberality 
 was experienced by students in theology. 
 
 BRISTOL, WILLIAM, U. S. judge for the dis 
 trict of Conn., died at New Haven, March 7, 
 1836, aged 57. Born in Hamden, he graduated 
 in 1798. He was a judge of the State court in 
 1819 ; an upright judge and an able lawyer. 
 
 BRIT, TUOMAS, died on Sampit, near George 
 town, Aug., 1825, aged 115, a soldier in the 
 Cherokee, French, and Revolutionary wars. He 
 rode on horseback in one day thirty-eight miles, 
 three weeks before his death. 
 
 BROCK, JOHN, minister of Reading, died June 
 18, 1688, aged 67. He was born in England in 
 1620, and was distinguished for early piety. He 
 came to this country about the year 1637. He 
 was graduated at Harvard college in 1646, and, 
 after residing there two years longer, engaged in 
 preaching the Gospel, first at Rowley and then at 
 the Isle of Shoals. He continued at this last 
 place till 1662, when he removed to Reading, as 
 successor of Samuel Hough, being ordained Nov. 
 13, 1662. Here he ministered in holy things till 
 his death. He was succeeded by Mr. Pierpont. 
 His wife was the widow of Mr. Hough. 
 
 Mr. Brock was an eminent Christian, and a 
 laborious, faithful minister, preaching not only on 
 the Sabbath, but frequently on other days. He 
 established lectures for young persons, and for the 
 members of the church. He often made pastoral 
 visits, and they Avere rendered very useful by his 
 happy talents in conversation. lie was so re 
 markable for holiness and devotion, that it was 
 said of him by the celebrated Mitchell : " He 
 dwells as near heaven as any man upon earth." 
 He was full of faith and of the Holy Ghost. 
 Several remarkable stories are related of the effi- 
 
140 
 
 BROCK. 
 
 cacy of his prayers, in which he frequently had a 
 particular faith, or an assurance of being heard. 
 When he lived at the Isle of Shoals, he per 
 suaded the people to enter into an agreement to 
 spend one day in every month, besides the Sab 
 baths, in religious worship. On one of these 
 days the fishermen, who composed his society, 
 desired him to put off the meeting, as the rough 
 ness of the weather had for a number of days 
 prevented them from attending to their usual em 
 ployment. He endeavored in vain to convince 
 them of the impropriety of their request. As 
 most of them were determined to seize the oppor 
 tunity for making up their lost time, and were 
 more interested in their worldly than in their 
 spiritual concerns, he addressed them thus : " If 
 you are resolved to neglect your duty to God, and 
 will go away, I say unto you, catch fish if you 
 can ; but as for you, who will tarry and worship 
 the Lord Jesus Christ, I will pray unto him for 
 you, that you may catch fish until you are weary." 
 Of thirty-five men, only five remained with the min 
 ister. The thirty, who went from the meeting, with 
 all their skill caught through the whole day but four 
 fishes ; while the five, who attended divine service, 
 afterwards went out and caught five hundred. 
 From this time the fishermen readily attended all 
 the meetings which Mr. Brock appointed. A poor 
 man, who had been very useful with his boat in 
 carrying persons, who attended public worship, 
 over a river, lost his boat in a storm, and lamented 
 his loss to his minister. Mr. Brock said to him : 
 " Go home, honest man ; I will mention the mat 
 ter to the Lord ; you will have your boat again 
 to-morrow." The next day, in answer to earnest 
 prayer, the poor man recovered his boat, which 
 was brought up from the bottom by the anchor of 
 a vessel, cast upon it without design. A number 
 of such remarkable correspondences between the 
 events of Providence and the prayers of Mr. 
 Brock, caused Mr. John Allen, of Dedham, to say 
 of him : " I scarce ever knew any man so famil 
 iar with the great God, as his dear servant Brock." 
 Mather s Magnalia, IV. 141-143; Coll. Hist. 
 Soc.vn. 251-254; Stone s Fun. Serm. onPren- 
 tiss ; Fitch s Sermon at the ordination of TucJce. 
 
 BROCK, ISAAC, major-general in the British 
 army, captured Gen. Hull and his whole army at 
 Detroit, Aug. 16, 1812. He afterwards proceeded 
 to the Niagara frontier, and was killed in the bat 
 tle of Queenstown, Oct. 13th. He was rallying 
 his troops, which had been put to flight by a des 
 perate charge of Col. Chrystie, when he was 
 pierced by three balls. He was a brave and gen 
 erous officer. During his funeral the guns of the 
 American fort were fired as a token of respect. 
 Brackenridcjds Hist. War, 73. 
 
 BROECK, ABRAHAM TEN, a patriot of the 
 Revolution, was the president of the convention 
 of the State of New York in 1776, and signed 
 
 BRODHEAD. 
 
 their eloquent address, dated at Fishkill, Dec. 21, 
 which was written by John Jay. In Oct., 1781, 
 he was the mayor of the city of Albany, and com 
 municated to Gen. Heath a vote of thanks for the 
 protection he had afforded the city. He died at 
 Albany, Jan., 1810, aged 76. 
 
 BROECK, JOHN TEN, died at Albany in Dec., 
 1822. He was a patriot of the Revolution, and 
 held various public offices, while he adorned in 
 private life his Christian profession. Amer. Ee- 
 memb. 1777, p. 53 ; Heath, 320. 
 
 BROCKWAY, THOMAS, minister of Columbia, 
 died in 1808, aged about GO. He graduated in 
 1768 at Yale, in the first class, whose names are 
 alphabetically arranged. They had been previ 
 ously put down according to supposed family 
 rank or dignity. A native of Lyme, he succcded 
 Dr. Wheelock at Lebanon crank, now Columbia. 
 
 BROCKWAY, DEODATE, died in Ellington, 
 Conn., Feb., 1849, aged 73, the son of the pre 
 ceding, a graduate of 1797. Soon after his set 
 tlement he fell from the steeple of his new meet 
 ing-house, sixty-five feet, and was well nigh crip 
 pled for life. He was a man of sense and of high 
 moral and Christian worth ; in private life urbane 
 and a model of hospitality. His son, John H., 
 a graduate of 1820, was a member of congress 
 1839-1843. Among a few sermons, which he 
 published, was an election sermon. 
 
 BRODHEAD, JOHN, died at New Market, N. 
 H., April 7, 1838, aged 67, a respected Methodist 
 minister and member of congress. 
 
 BRODHEAD, JACOB, D. D., died in Spring 
 field, Mass., June 6, 1855, aged 73. The synod 
 of the reformed Dutch church in session in New 
 Brunswick, being on that day apprised by tele 
 graph of his death, appointed a committee to 
 attend in New Y 7 ork the funeral of this father in 
 their church. Of this committee was Dr. Bethune, 
 who had succeeded Dr. Brodhead in three of his 
 pastoral charges at Rhuiebeck, Philadelphia, 
 and Brooklyn and who delivered a discourse on 
 his decease, which was published. 
 
 It appears, by the address of Dr. De Witt, that 
 Dr. B. was born May 14, 1782, at Marblctown, 
 Ulster county, and was the son of Charles, a pat 
 riot and soldier, who commanded a company 
 chiefly raised at his own expense at the surren 
 der of Burgoyne. An early ancestor, Capt. Dan 
 iel, came from Yorkshire, and settled with the 
 Hollanders and Huguenots of Ulster. Dr. B. 
 was a graduate of Union college in 1801. In 
 1804 he succeeded his cousin, John Brodhead 
 Romeyn, as pastor of the Dutch church at Rhine- 
 beck flats. In 1809 he was installed as a colleague 
 with Drs. Livingston, Kuypers, and Abeel over the 
 collegiate Dutch church in New York ; this 
 sense of collegiate as indicating a common 
 church, composed of several churches having col 
 league pastors not being given in our diction a- 
 
BRODNAX. 
 
 BROMFIELD. 
 
 141 
 
 ries. In 1813 he took the charge of the first 
 Dutch church in Crown street, Philadelphia. 
 After twelve years he returned to New York, and 
 was the pastor of Broome-street Dutch church; 
 afterwards of Flatbush church, and from 1841 to 
 18-16 of the central church of Brooklyn. He was 
 an eminently pious and most useful man, a faithful 
 servant of God in all his fields of labor, and he died 
 in great peace in the family of his only daughter. 
 In his sickness the Supper was administered to 
 him by Dr. Osgood, assisted by his brethren 
 in Springfield, Buckingham, Parsons, and Seeley. 
 
 His first wife was Anna, daughter of John N. 
 Bleecker, Albany. His son, John Romeyn B., 
 naval officer of New York, is known as a histo 
 rian ; his daughter is the wife of George M. At- 
 water,of Springfield. A memorial was published, 
 with a fine portrait, containing Dr. Bcthune s ser 
 mon and other pieces. lie published the follow 
 ing discourses : at Philadelphia, 1813; a plea for 
 the poor, 1814; new year s memorial, 1826; at 
 thanksgiving, 1826 ; on education, 1831 ; on death 
 of Dr. Kuypers, 1833; preached in central church, 
 1851. 
 
 BllODNAX, WILLIAM H., general, died in 
 Virginia, of the cholera, in Oct., 1834, aged 48. 
 He was a lawyer, a member of the house of dele 
 gates, and deserves honorable remembrance as an 
 advocate of the gradual abolition of slavery. 
 
 BROMFIELD, EDWARD, an eminent merchant 
 in Boston, died April 10, 1756, aged 60. He was 
 born in Nov., 1695. His father, Edward, was a 
 member of the council ; his mother was the eldest 
 daughter of Rev. Mr. Danforth, of Roxbury. By 
 means of her instructions and the instructions of 
 his grandmother, a daughter of Mr. Wilson, of 
 Boston, his mind in early h fe was deeply im 
 pressed by religious truth. His whole life was 
 conscientious, upright, and holy. He sustained 
 several important trusts, and with incorruptible 
 integrity sought the public good. He was a rep 
 resentative of his native town in the general court, 
 from the year 1739 to 1743 ; and he would have 
 been continued, as colleague with his brother-in- 
 law, Thomas Gushing, but he preferred the hum 
 bler station of overseer of the poor, in which 
 office he remained twenty-one years successively-. 
 His daughter, Sarah, married Jeremiah Powell, a 
 member of the council. His son, Col. Henry 
 Bromfield, a merchant in Boston, passed his last 
 days at Harvard, where he died, Feb. 9, 1820, 
 aged 92. His daughter married Daniel D. Rog 
 ers, of Boston. Mr. Bromfield was eminent for 
 his Christian virtues. In his intercourse with 
 others he was open, friendly, pleasant, and re 
 markable for candor. Attached to the ancient 
 principles of New England, he loved the most 
 zealous and awakening ministers ; he worshipped 
 the Most High in his family ; he partook of the 
 supper of his Lord and Master with the humblest 
 
 reverence and the most ardent gratitude and 
 love. In his last sickness, so deep was the sense 
 of his unworthiness and guilt, that he enjoyed 
 little composure till just before his death, when 
 his apprehensions were in a great measure re 
 moved. In his most desponding moments he 
 ever justified the ways of God. Prince s Fun. 
 Serm.; Boston Gaz., April 19, 1756. 
 
 BROMFIELD, EDWARD, a young man of un 
 common genius, the son of the preceding, was 
 born in Boston in 1723. He was graduated at 
 Harvard college in 1742. He lived but a short 
 time to display his virtues and his talents, for 
 he died August 18, 1746, aged 23 years. 
 From his childhood he was very amiable and 
 modest. As he grew up, the poAvers of his mind 
 were unfolded, and he discovered remarkable 
 ingenuity and penetration, which were strength 
 ened and increased as he became acquainted with 
 mathematical science. His genius first appeared 
 in the use of the pen, by which with admirable 
 exactness he sketched the objects of nature. He 
 made himself so familiar with Weston s short 
 hand, that he was able to take down every word 
 of the professor s lectures at the college, and the 
 sermons which were delivered from the pulpit. 
 He was skilful in projecting maps. As he was 
 well skilled in music, he made with his own 
 hands an excellent organ, with two rows of keys 
 and several hundred pipes. The workmanship 
 exceeded anything of the kind which had been 
 imported from England. He took peculiar pleas 
 ure in pursuits which related to natural philosophy, 
 for he wished to behold the wisdom of God in 
 his works. He made great improvement in the 
 microscopes, which were then used, most ac 
 curately grinding the finest glasses, and multiply 
 ing the powers of optical instruments. He met 
 with no mechanism which he did not readily im 
 prove. But these were only the amusements of 
 Mr. Bromfield. He was engaged in the pursuits 
 of higher and more interesting objects than those 
 which had reference only to the earth and could 
 occupy the mind but a few days. Though from 
 childhood he possessed the virtues, which endeared 
 him to his acquaintance, yet it was not before he 
 reached the age of seventeen that he was converted 
 by the influence of the Divine Spirit from his 
 natural state of selfishness and iniquity to the 
 supreme love of his Maker. From this period 
 the truths of revelation claimed his intense study, 
 and it was his constant aim to conform his life to 
 the requisitions of the gospel. Nothing interested 
 him so much as the character of Jesus Christ and 
 the wonders of redemption, which he hoped 
 would excite his admiration in the future world, 
 and constitute his everlasting blessedness. He 
 left behind him a number of manuscripts, which 
 contained his pious meditations, and marked his 
 progress towards perfection. Though his body 
 
142 
 
 BROOKE. 
 
 BROOKS. 
 
 was feeble, his whole soul was indefatigable. In 
 his eyes there was an expression of intellect, 
 which could not be mistaken. Had his life been 
 spared, his name might have been an honor to 
 his country, and philosophy might have been 
 dignified by a connection with genuine religion. 
 Prince s Account of Bromfield ; Panoplist, II. 
 193-197. 
 
 BROOKE, FRANCIS J., judge of the court of 
 appeals in Virginia, died March 3, 1851, aged 87. 
 He was a soldier of the Revolution, a Mend of 
 Washington. His first campaign, with his twin 
 brother John, was under Lafayette in 1781. He 
 was often in the legislature. In 1811 he was 
 judge of appeals, and was re-elected in 1831 till 
 the time of his death. 
 
 BROOKE, GEORGE M., major-general, died in 
 San Antonio March 9, 1851. He entered the 
 army in 1808; and he received various brevets for 
 his defence of Fort Erie, for his sortie, and for 
 his conduct in the war with Mexico. Fort Brooke 
 at Tampa Bay, where he was stationed, received 
 his name. 
 
 BROOKS, ELEAZER, a brigadier-general, died 
 at Lincoln Nov. 9, 1806, aged 80 years. He was 
 born in Concord, Mass., in 1726, and was a 
 descendant of Capt. Thomas Brooks, a settler of 
 Concord in 1636, who died May 22, 1667. With 
 out the advantages of education he acquired a 
 valuable fund of knowledge. It was his practice 
 in early life to read the most approved books, and 
 then to converse with the most intelligent men 
 respecting them. In 1774 he was chosen a repre 
 sentative to the general court, and continued 
 thirty-seven years in public life, being successively 
 a representative, a member of the senate, and of 
 the council. lie took a decided part in the 
 American Revolution. At the head of a regiment 
 he was engaged in the battle at White Plains in 
 1776, and distinguished himself by his cool, 
 determined bravery. From the year 1801 he 
 secluded himself in the tranquil scenes of domestic 
 life. Gen. Brooks possessed an uncommonly 
 strong and penetrating mind, and his judgment 
 as a statesman was treated with respect. He was 
 diligent and industrious, slow in concerting, but 
 expeditious in performing his plans. He was a 
 firm believer in the doctrines of Christianity, and 
 in his advanced years accepted the office of 
 deacon in the church at Lincoln. This office he 
 ranked above all others which he bad -sustained in 
 life. Steams Fun. Serm.; Columb. Centinel, 
 Nov. 22, 1806. 
 
 BROOKS, Jonx, LL. D., governor of Mass., 
 died March 1, 18125, aged 72. His residence was 
 at Medford, where he was born in 1752. His 
 father was Capt. Caleb B., a farmer; and his early 
 years were spent in the toils of a farm, with no 
 advantages of education but those of a town 
 school. At the age of fourteen by a written in 
 
 denture as an apprentice for seven years he was 
 placed under the tuition of Dr. Simon Tufts. At 
 this period he formed a friendship with his fellow 
 student, Count Rumford. While studying medi 
 cine he also exhibited a fondness for military 
 exercises, forming the village boys into companies 
 and training them. Commencing the practice of 
 physic at Reading, he took the command of a 
 company of minute-men, for the drilling of whom 
 he acquired some skill by observing the trainings 
 of the British soldiers in Boston. On the news 
 of the expedition to Lexington, April 19, 1775, he 
 instantly marched ; and, meeting the British force 
 returning from Concord, he ordered his men to 
 place themselves behind the barns and fences, 
 and to fire continually upon the enemy. He soon 
 received the commission of major in the army. 
 He entered the service of his country with an 
 excellent character and a high sense of moral 
 rectitude. On the evening of June 16th he 
 assisted in throwing up the fortifications at Breed s 
 hill; but next morning being dispatched by Col. 
 Prescott with a message to Gen. Ward at Cam 
 bridge, and being obliged for the M T ant of a horse 
 to go on foot, he did not participate in the 
 memorable battle of the 17th June. In 1777 he 
 was appointed lieutenant-colonel. He accompa 
 nied Arnold in August, 1777, against Col. St. 
 Leger on the Mohawk, and suggested to Arnold 
 the successful project of dispersing the Indians by 
 sending out one Cuyler to spread an exaggerated 
 account of our forces. In the battle of Saratoga, 
 Oct. 7, at the head of his regiment he stormed 
 and carried the intrenchments of the German 
 troops. In the battle of Monmouth he was 
 acting adjutant-general. When the conspiracy at 
 Xewburg in March, 1783, had well nigh disgraced 
 the army, Washington rode up to Brooks and 
 requested him to keep his officers within quarters 
 to prevent their attending the insurgent meeting ; 
 the reply was, " Sir, I have anticipated your 
 wishes, and my orders are given." With tears in 
 his eyes, Washington took him by the hand and 
 said, " Col. Brooks, this is just what I expected 
 from you." 
 
 From the army Brooks returned to private life, 
 free from the vices incident to soldiership, rich in 
 honor, esteem, and affection, but without property 
 and without the means of providing for his family, 
 except, by resuming his profession. His aged 
 and infirm teacher, Dr. Tufts, resigned his business 
 into the hands of his pupil. For many year? he 
 was major-gcnercl of the militia of his county, 
 and he established excellent discipline, for which 
 during the whole war he had been distinguished. 
 As a member of the convention he advocated the 
 adoption of the constitution of the United States. 
 By Washington he was appointed marshal of the 
 district and inspector of the revenue ; in the war 
 of 1812 he was appointed adjutant-general of 
 
BROOKS. 
 
 Massachusetts by Gov. Strong, whom he succeeded 
 as chief magistrate in 18 16. For seven years 
 successively he was re-elected ; and with great 
 dignity and faithfulness he presided over the 
 affairs of the commonwealth. In 1823 he retired 
 to private life, being succeeded by "William Eustis. 
 His wife died many years before. His only 
 daughter, Lucy, the wife of Rev. George O. 
 Stuart of Kingston, Upper Canada, died Dec., 
 1814; and his son, John, a lieutenant in the navy, 
 of youthful beauty and generous enterprise, fell in 
 the battle of Lake Erie Sept. 10, 1813, on board 
 Perry s flag-ship Lawrence. One son survived 
 him. 
 
 Gov. Brooks held a high rank as a physician. 
 He was scientific and skilful. His manners were 
 dignified, courteous, and benign; and his kind 
 offices were doubled in value by the manner 
 in which he performed them. In the office of 
 chief magistrate, he labored incessantly for the 
 public good. His addresses to the legislature 
 manifested large and liberal views. No one could 
 doubt his integrity and devoted patriotism. He 
 was the governor of the people ; not of a party. 
 In his native town, of which he was the pride, the 
 citizens were accustomed to refer their disputes to 
 his arbitrament, so that lawyers could not thrive in 
 Medford. In private life he was most amiable 
 and highly esteemed, the protector and friend of 
 his numerous relatives, and the delight of all his 
 acquaintance. The sweetness of his temper was 
 evinced by the composure and complacency of his 
 countenance. Towards the close of his life, he 
 connected himself with the church in Medford, 
 under the pastoral care of Dr. Osgood. A short 
 time before he died, he said : " I see nothing ter 
 rible in death. In looking to the future I have 
 no fears. I know in whom I have believed ; and 
 I feel a persuasion, that all the trials appointed 
 me, past or present, will result in my future and 
 eternal happiness. I look back upon my past life 
 with humility. I am sensible of many imperfec 
 tions that cleave to me. I know, that the pres 
 ent is neither the season nor the place in which 
 to begin the preparation for death. Our whole 
 life is given us for this great object, and the work 
 of preparation should be early commenced, and 
 be never relaxed till the end of our days. To 
 God I can appeal, that it has been my humble 
 endeavor to serve him in sincerity, and wherein 
 I have failed, I trust in his grace to forgive. I 
 now rest my soul on the mercy of my adorable 
 Creator, through the only mediation of his Son, 
 our Lord. O, what a ground of hope is there in 
 that saying of an apostle, that God is in Christ 
 reconciling a guilty world to himself, not imput 
 ing their trespasses unto them ? In God I have 
 placed my eternal all ; and into his hands I com 
 mit my Spirit ! " To the medical society he be 
 queathed his library. Besides liis valuable official 
 
 BROOKS. 
 
 143 
 
 communications as chief magistrate, he published 
 an oration to Cincinnati society, 1787 ; discourse 
 before the humane society, 1795 ; eulogy on Wash 
 ington, 1800; discourse on pneumonia, before the 
 medical society, 1808. Thaclter s Med. Biog., 
 192-207 ; DixwelVs Memoir ; Columb. Centinel, 
 May 18, 1825. 
 
 BROOKS, PETER CHARDOX, died in Boston, 
 Jan. 1, 1849, aged 82. A native of Medford, he 
 opened an Insurance office in Boston, in 1789 ; 
 he was very successful, and retired from business 
 in 1803, in early life, a man of great wealth; yet 
 he was afterwards, for a few years, the president 
 of the New England Insurance Company, the 
 first company of the kind in the State. For the 
 remainder of his long life, he lived in summer in 
 Medford, and in winter in Boston. The principal 
 merchants with whom he was associated in busi 
 ness, were Thomas Russell, John Hancock, the 
 Amorys, Joseph Burrell, S. Breck, S. Brown, C. 
 Bulfinch, John Codman, S. Elliot, Gardner 
 Green, Stephen Higginson, Tuthill Hubbart, John 
 C. Jones, Theodore Lyman, Jonathan Mason, 
 Samuel Parkman, the Perkins , the Phillips , W. 
 Powell, David Sears, and Joseph Russell, of 
 whom only the last was living in 1854. As a 
 member of the senate and chairman of a com 
 mittee, he did great service to the cause of public 
 virtue, by his report on the Plymouth Beach 
 Lottery. It put an end to all grants of lotteries 
 in Massachusetts. It appears that the lottery, 
 granted in 1812, had been conducted by the man 
 agers in eleven classes ; the result was, that from 
 118,000 tickets, amounting to 883,000 dollars, the 
 managers paid the town of Plymouth less than 
 10,000 dollars. The following were his principles 
 in business : To abstain from all speculative in 
 vestments ; to take no more than the legal inter 
 est; and never to borrow money. As a man he 
 was highly respected and esteemed. His three 
 daughters were married to Edward Everett, 
 Charles F. Adams, and Dr. N. L. Frothingham. 
 His life, by E. Everett, is in " Lives of American 
 Merchants." 
 
 BROOKS, ALEXANDER S., lieut.-colonel, was 
 killed in Florida, Dec. 19, 1836, by the bursting 
 of the boiler of a steam packet. A son of Gov. 
 B., a graduate of 1802, he was in the army of his 
 country nearly thirty years. 
 
 BROOKS, MARIA, MRS., died at Matanzas, 
 Nov. 11, 1845, aged about 50 years. She was 
 born in Medford; lived some years in Boston, 
 and at last in Mantanzas. About 1828 she visited 
 Europe, and shared the friendship of Wordsworth 
 and Southey, who superintended the publication 
 of her poem, Zophiel, and pronounced her " the 
 most impassioned and imaginative of all poet 
 esses." The refinement of her taste has been 
 questioned ; but the reputation of her poems was 
 high. 
 
144 
 
 BROOKS. 
 
 BROWN. 
 
 BROOKS, JAMES G., poet and editor, died at 
 Albany, Feb. 20, 1841, aged 39. Born at Claver- 
 ack, he graduated at Union college in 1819. He 
 edited various papers in New York, Winchester, 
 Rochester, and Albany. He published The 
 Rivals of Este, and other poems, by J. G. and 
 Mary E. Brooks, 1829. 
 
 BROOME, JOHN, lieutenant-governor of New 
 York and president of the Senate, was an emi 
 nent merchant, and for many years at the head of 
 various commercial, charitable, and religious insti 
 tutions. In 1777 he was a member of the con 
 vention, which framed the constitution of New 
 York. In 1804 he was elected lieutenant-gov 
 ernor; and he died Aug 8, 1810, aged 82. 
 
 BROUWERE, JOHN II. J., a sculptor and 
 painter, died in Newport, R. I., Sept. 5, 1834. 
 
 BROWN, CHADD, minister of Providence, 11. L, 
 fled thither from persecution in Massachusetts, 
 in 1636, and became in 1639 one of the members 
 of the Baptist church, then formed by Roger 
 Williams, when Wm. Wickenden was appointed 
 first elder. With him Mr. Brown was associated 
 in the pastoral care of the church, in 1642. lie 
 died about 1665, and his colleague in 1669. In 
 1792 the town of Providence voted to erect a 
 monument to his memory. His descendants for 
 nearly two centuries have been among the most 
 distinguished citizens of Rhode Island. His 
 grandson, James Brown, was a minister of the 
 same church ; and four of the grandsons of James 
 have been patrons of Brown university ; Nicho 
 las ; Joseph, L.L. D., who died Dec., 1785 ; John, 
 an eminent merchant, who died Sept. 20, 1803, 
 aged 67 ; and Moses. Coll. Hist. Soc. s. s. ix. 
 197. 
 
 BROWN, EDMUJTD, the first minister of Sud- 
 bury, Mass., came from England in 1637, was or 
 dained Aug., 1640, over the 18th church in Mass., 
 and died June 22, 1677. He sustained a good char 
 acter, and was a man of distinction in his day. 
 His successors were James Sherman, who was 
 dismissed in 1705 ; Israel Loring, who died 
 March 9, 1772, aged 89; and Jacob Bigelow, and 
 Timothy Ililliard. 
 
 BROWN, JOHN, minister of Haverhill, Mass., 
 was born in Brighton, and was graduated in 1714, 
 and ordained the successor of Joseph Gardner, 
 May 13, 1719. He died Dec. 2, 1742, aged 46, 
 being greatly esteemed for his learning, piety, 
 and prudence, and was succeeded by Edward 
 Barnard. By his wife, Joanna, daughter of Rev. 
 Roland Cotton, he had four sons, educated at 
 Cambridge, three of whom were ministers ; 
 viz., John of Cohasset, who graduated in 1741, 
 and died Sept. 21, 1791 ; Cotton of Brookline, 
 who graduated in 1743, and died April 13, 1751 ; 
 and Thomas of Stroudwater, who graduated in 
 1752, and died in 1797. Of his three daughters, 
 one married John Chipman of Marblehead, and 
 
 another Rev. Edward Brooks of North Yarmouth 
 and Medford, father of Peter C. Brooks. He 
 published a sermon on the death of Thomas 
 Symmes, 1726. Mass. Hist. Coll. s.s. iv. 142. 
 
 BROWN, Jonx, colonel, a distinguished officer 
 in the Revolutionary war, was born in Sandisfield, 
 Berkshire county, Mass., Oct. 19, 1744. His 
 parents removed from Woodstock, Conn., first to 
 Brimfield, then to Granville, and to Sandisfield, 
 and last to Rutland, Vt. After graduating at 
 Yale college in 1771, he studied law with Oliver 
 Arnold in Providence, and commenced the prac 
 tice at Caghnawaga, now Johnstown, New Y ork, 
 and was appointed king s attorney. However, in 
 a short time, about the year 1773, he removed to 
 Pittsfield, where there was then but one lawyer, 
 Woodbridge Little. But these two men of the 
 law had very different notions of patriotism. Mr. 
 Brown was resolved to hazard every thing in 
 resistance of oppression. Bold and prudent and 
 having a fine personal appearance, he was selected 
 by the state committee of correspondence in 
 1774 for the hazardous enterprise of going to 
 Canada to excite the people to revolt. He went 
 in the spring of 1774, and returned in the autumn, 
 and went again in 1775. His pretence was the 
 purchase of horses ; but the Canadians remarked 
 that he was a singular jockey, for the horses never 
 suited him. Once, indeed, the house in which 
 he lodged was assailed ; but he made his escape. 
 He was a delegate to the provincial congress, 
 Feb. 15, 1775. Immediately after the battle of 
 Lexington, some gentlemen in Connecticut formed 
 the project of taking Ticondcroga by surprise. 
 Captains Edward Mott and Noah Phelps of 
 Hartford marched April 29th, privately, with 
 sixteen unarmed men. Arriving at Pittsfield, 
 they communicated the project to Mr. Brown and 
 Col. James Easton; also to Arnold, who was 
 (hen at Pittsfield. These gentlemen instantly 
 engaged in the affair, and led by Arnold, they 
 captured the fort of Ticonderoga, May 10th. 
 Mr. Brown was intrusted with the business 
 of conveying away the prisoners, amounting to 
 100, and was also sent as express to the general 
 congress at Philadelphia, where he arrived May 
 17th. In July, he and Allen were dispatched 
 through the woods into Canada, to assure the 
 Canadians that their religion and liberties should 
 not be impaired by the approaching army. On 
 the 24th of Sept., he took fort Chamblee. The 
 next day, Allen, who expected the co-operation of 
 Brown, marched upon Montreal, but was attacked 
 by a superior force, and was taken prisoner. As 
 this was an expedition unauthorized by any higher 
 authority, Allen was treated with great severity. 
 
 While Arnold was before Quebec, Maj. Brown 
 arrived from Sorel and joined him ; Montgom 
 ery had arrived two days before. In the attack 
 on Quebec, Dec. 31st, Maj. Brown, with a part of 
 
BROWN. 
 
 a regiment of Boston troops, was directed to co 
 operate, by making a false attack upon the walls 
 to the south of St. John s gate, and to set fire to 
 the gate with combustibles, prepared for the pur 
 pose. He executed his part in the enterprise ; 
 Col. Livingston, owing to the depth of the snow, 
 failed in liis. In this assault, Montgomery fell. 
 The congress, Aug. 1, 1776, voted him a commis 
 sion of lieutenant-colonel, with rank and pay in 
 the continental army from Nov., 1775. In Dec., 
 1776, he conducted a regiment of militia to fort 
 Independence. After the defeat of Col. Baum at 
 Bennington, in 1777, he was dispatched by Gen. 
 Lincoln, from Pawlet to the north end of Lake 
 George with 500 men, to relieve our prisoners. By 
 marching all night, he attacked the enemy at 
 break of day, Sept. 17th, at the landing, three 
 miles from Ticouderoga ; set at liberty 100 of our 
 men ; made prisoners of 293 ; took the landing, 
 Mount Defiance, Mount Hope, the French lines, 
 and the block house; 400 batteaux, an armed 
 sloop, several gun-boats, a few cannon, and a vast 
 quantity of plunder. His letter to Gates, Sept. 
 18, described his success, which tended to raise 
 the spirit of the troops, and to excite the militia 
 to join their brethren. After this exploit, he 
 joined the main army. In the next month Bur- 
 goyne was captured. 
 
 Soon after this event, Col. Brown retired from 
 the service, on account of his detestation of 
 Arnold. In the campaign in Canada, in 1776, 
 he had become acquainted with his character ; 
 and it is remarkable, that at this period, three 
 years before the treason of Arnold, Col. Brown 
 published a handbill of thirteen or fourteen arti 
 cles against him, in the height of his fame, charg 
 ing lu m with levying contributions on the Cana 
 dians for hk- own private use and benefit. He 
 said that Arnold would prove a traitor, for he 
 had sold many a life for money. The people of 
 La Prairie had submitted on the promise of good 
 quarters ; but their village was plundered and 
 burnt, and lives were destroyed. After this, Col. 
 Brown was employed occasionally in the Massa 
 chusetts service. He was chosen a member of 
 the general court, in 1778. 
 
 In the fall of 1780, he marched up the Mohawk, 
 for the relief of Gen. Schuyler, but was led by a 
 traitor into an ambuscade of Canadians, torics, 
 and Indians at Stone Arabia, in Palatine, and was 
 slain on his birth-day, Oct. 19, 1780, aged 36 
 years. Forty-five of his men, many of whom 
 marched from Berkshire the week before, were 
 also killed. The same day, at Fox s Mills, Gen. 
 Van Rensselaer defeated the same party under 
 Sir John Johnson. This force had destroyed 
 Schoharie. Col. Brown s daughters married 
 Wm. Butler, printer, Northampton ; and Dr. 
 Hooker of Rutland, Vt. ; the former is still living 
 at Northampton, at an advanced age. His son, 
 19 
 
 BROWN. 
 
 145 
 
 Henry C. Brown, was for several years the sheriff 
 of Berkshire. When he was in Albany, on his way 
 to Stone Arabia, Col. Brown had the curiosity to 
 call upon Ann Lee, then in prison, the mother of 
 the Shakers ; and he assured her, by way of 
 pleasantry, that on his return he should join her 
 society. About a fortnight after his death, two 
 grave-looking Shakers proceeded from Albany to 
 Pittsfield, and presented themselves before the 
 widow of Col. Brown, saying, that they came from 
 mother Ann with this message to her, that her 
 husband in spirit, since his death, had come and 
 joined mother Ann s company, and had given 
 express orders that his widow should also join 
 the society. But mother Ann, with all her art, 
 did not in this case find a dupe. Mrs. BroAvn, 
 who became the wife of Capt. Jared Inger- 
 soll, and who gave me this narrative, bid the 
 stupid messengers go about their business. Yet 
 this mother Ann is now by multitudes regarded 
 as a divinely commissioned teacher of true reli 
 gion and the way to heaven. When will rational 
 men cease to yield up their understandings to 
 gross and palpable imposture, like that of Ann 
 Lee and Emanuel Swedenborg ? It will never be, 
 until they are willing to receive the truth of God 
 from his Word, and to obey his commands. 
 Hist. Berkshire, 119, 122, 378; Amer. Remcmb. 
 1776. p. 458 ; Coll. Hist. Soc. II. 56, 117, 197 ; s. s. 
 II. 240, 243 ; III. 236. 
 
 BIIOWN, JOSEPH, professor of experimental 
 philosophy, in the college of II. I., died Dec. 3, 
 1785, aged 52. He was distinguished for skill in 
 mechanical science ; being the first in this coun 
 try to construct and apply the British invention of 
 the steam engine. 
 
 BROWN, NICHOLAS, an eminent merchant of 
 Rhode Island, died at Providence, May 29, 1791, 
 aged 61. He was the grandson of James Brown, 
 minister of the Baptist church, in Providence ; 
 and James was the grandson of Chadd Brown, a 
 minister of the same church, after Roger Wil 
 liams, in 1642. From early youth his attention 
 had been directed to mercantile pursuits, and by 
 the divine blessing upon liis diligence and upright 
 ness he acquired a very ample fortune. But 
 although he was rich, he did not make an idol of 
 his wealth. His heart was liberal, and he listened 
 to every call of humanity or science. The inter 
 ests of government, of learning, of religion were 
 dear to lu m. He loved his country, and rejoiced 
 in her freedom. The public buildings in Provi 
 dence, sacred to religion and science, are monu 
 ments of his liberality. He was an early and 
 constant patron of the college. In lu s religious 
 principles he was a Baptist, and he was a lover of 
 good men of all denominations. He was not 
 ashamed of the gospel, nor of the poorest of the 
 true disciples of the Redeemer. His general 
 knowledge, and the fruitfulness of his invention, 
 
146 
 
 BROWN. 
 
 BROWN. 
 
 furnished him with an inexhaustible fund of enter 
 taining conversation. Stillman s Funeral Ser 
 mon ; Providence Gaz. 
 
 BROWN, ANDREW, editor of the Philadelphia 
 Gazette, was born in Ireland, about the year 1744. 
 He came to America in 1773, as a soldier in the 
 British regiment ; but he quitted the service, and 
 settled in Massachusetts. He engaged in the 
 American cause at the commencement of the war, 
 and displayed great courage^in the battles of Lex 
 ington and Bunker s Hill. He was also a useful 
 officer in the northern army under General Gates. 
 At the close of the war he established an academy 
 for young ladies in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, on a 
 very liberal and extensive plan. He afterwards 
 removed to Philadelphia, where he pursued the 
 same object; but as his employment did not well 
 accord with a very irritable temper, he relin 
 quished it. He now established the Federal 
 Gazette, the first number of which was published 
 Oct. 1, 1788. The present government of the 
 United States had not then commenced, and his 
 paper was the channel through which some of 
 the most intelligent friends of the constitution ad 
 dressed the public. He pursued his task with in 
 defatigable industry ; but difficulties pressed upon 
 him, and he seemed to have little prospect of 
 deriving much pecuniary advantage from his 
 paper, before the city was visited with yellow fe 
 ver in 1793. As he remained in Philadelphia 
 during the ravages of the pestilence, and contin 
 ued his Gazette, when the other daily papers 
 were suspended, he derived from the circumstance 
 an increase of patronage, which at length re 
 warded his labors. His exertions were not relaxed 
 through his success ; but changing the name of 
 his paper to that of the Philadelphia Gazette, and 
 resolving, that it should not be devoted exclu 
 sively to any political sect, but should be open to 
 discussions from every side, he made it a correct 
 vehicle of important intelligence. The profits of 
 his establishment were noAv great, and he was in 
 the midst of prosperity, when it pleased God to 
 overwhelm him with ruin. His house took fire 
 by means of his office, which was one part of it, 
 Jan. 27, 1797, and in an unsuccessful attempt to 
 rescue his family from the flames, he was so much 
 burned, that he survived but a few days. His 
 wife and three children were next day committed 
 to a common grave, and the next Saturday, Feb. 
 4, 1797, his spirit followed them into another 
 world. The only survivor of the family was a son, 
 born in Ireland of a former wife, who became one 
 of the proprietors of the Gazette, after the death 
 of his father. Hardies Biog. Diet.; Monthly 
 Mag., 1191, p. 71, 72. 
 
 BROWN, JOHN, died Sept. 21, 1701, aged G6, 
 the minister of Cohasset for forty-four years. He 
 was the son of Rev. J. B., of Haverhill, and a 
 graduate of 1711. AVhen, settled, he called to 
 
 see an opposer, who said he liked his person, l;ut 
 disapproved his preaching. " I agree with you," 
 said Mr. B., " my preaching I do not like very 
 well myself; but how great a folly, that you and 
 I should set up our opinion against that of the 
 whole parish ! " This stroke of humor reconciled 
 the opponent. He published a sermon on the 
 death of Dr. Mayhew, 1706; also on the deceit- 
 fulness of the heart, and a thanksgiving discourse. 
 
 BROWN, MOSES, a brave officer in the navy of 
 the United States, died of an apoplectic fit, Jan. 
 1, 1804, aged 62 years. During the last 48 years 
 of his life he followed the profession of a mariner. 
 In the Revolutionary war his reputation gained 
 him the command of several of the largest private 
 armed ships from New England. In these sta 
 tions he was zealous, brave, and successful. He 
 was engaged in several severe battles with the 
 enemy. When the small American navy was 
 establishing, a number of years after the war, the 
 merchants of Ncwburyport built a ship by sub 
 scription for the government, and obtained the 
 command of her for Capt. Brown. His advanced 
 age had not impaired his skill, nor deprived him 
 of his zeal and activity. While he commanded 
 the Merrimac, he was as enterprising and success 
 ful as formerly. When the reduction of the navy 
 took place, he was dismissed from office ; but his 
 finances did not allow him to retire from business, 
 and he followed till his death his accustomed avo 
 cation. N. E. Repertory, Jan. 14, 1804. 
 
 BROWN, WILLIAM HILL, a poet, died at Mur- 
 frcesborough, North Carolina, where he was 
 studying law, Sept. 2, 1793, aged 27. He wrote 
 a tragedy, founded on the death of Andre, and a 
 comedy. His Ira and Isabella was published in 
 1807. 
 
 BROWN, SAMUEL, M. B., a physician in Bos 
 ton, was the son of an innkeeper of the same 
 name, and was born at Worcester in 1768. lie 
 graduated at Harvard college in 1793 ; obtained 
 the degree of M. B. in 1797 ; and died at Bolton 
 in Jan., 1805, aged 36. His wife was a daughter 
 of Dr. Jeffries. He lost a brother by the yellow 
 fever of 1798. Dr. Brown was very much re 
 spected, and promised to be distinguished in his 
 profession. He published a dissertation on bilious 
 malignant fever, 1797, and a valuable dissertation 
 on yellow fever, which received the premium of 
 the humane society, 8vo., 1800; on mercury, in 
 Medical Repository, vol. vi. 
 
 BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEX, a distinguished 
 writer, died Feb. 22, 1810, aged 39. He was 
 born in Philadelphia Jan. 17, 1771. After a 
 classical education under Robert Proud, author of 
 the history of Pennsylvania, he was at the age of 
 eighteen apprenticed to a lawyer, Alexander 
 Wilcox ; but his time Avas chiefly employed, not 
 in the study of the law, but in various literary 
 pursuits. Timidity and an invincible dislike to 
 
BROWN. 
 
 the legal profession prevented him from becoming 
 a member of the bar. He published in 1798 his 
 first novel, Wicland, which gained for him reputa 
 tion ; and in 1799 Ormond, or the secret witness, 
 which was less successful. Next followed Arthur 
 Mervyn, in which the ravages of the yellow fever, 
 witnessed by the author in Philadelphia and New 
 York, are faithfully described. He wrote also 
 Edgar Huntley ; and in 1801 Clara Howard, in an 
 epistolary form, and then Jane Talbot in 1804, 
 the two last being much inferior to his preceding 
 productions. He conducted two periodical works ; 
 in 1799 and 1800 the Monthly Magazine and 
 American Review, and in 1805 the Literary 
 Magazine and American Register. He also wrote 
 three political pamphlets. In 1806 he commenced 
 the semi-annual American Register, five volumes 
 of which he lived to publish. 
 
 Of a delicate constitution, his lungs in 1809 
 gave clear indications that he was in a consumption. 
 lie travelled in New Jersey and New York, but 
 without benefit. His wife, whom he married in 
 1804, was the sister of John B. Linn. His son, 
 Eugene L., a youth of great promise, died of the 
 consumption in 1824. 
 
 His novels, which were admired while he lived, 
 fell into oblivion after his death ; but after a few 
 years they began to be read in England, and they 
 were republished in Boston. They present, in 
 rich language, varied incidents and powerful 
 emotions, and the author has a wonderful invention; 
 but his scenes are terrific, and the horrors of 
 crime are oppressive to the heart. As his novels 
 were produced with great rapidity, they are all 
 deficient in unity, and apparently unfinished. 
 There is no moral in them ; no useful end was 
 proposed. Mr. Brown wrote for amusement, and 
 for the indulgence of his diseased imagination; 
 and his writings, like much of modern literature, 
 are not tinged with the spirit of that holy religion, 
 which will at a future day pervade the productions 
 of all the learned of the earth. He was an 
 admirer of Godwin; and by Godwin, who ac 
 knowledged that he was indebted to him, he was 
 regarded as a writer of distinguished genius. 
 His style is free from affectation, simple and 
 nervous. " For a large part of his short life he 
 appears as a sad enthusiast, a sceptical inquirer, a 
 dissatisfied observer, a whimsical projector of 
 better things for society than he could ever bring 
 to pass, or in a calm moment wish to realize ; 
 turning his mind to various pursuits with rash 
 eagerness ; planning epics, studying architecture, 
 forming literary associations, discussing legal 
 questions with his fellow students, and abandoning 
 the profession of his choice before he had felt 
 either its vexations or excitements, or even framed 
 a tolerable excuse for his conscience, or an answer 
 to the persuasions of his friends. Such was his 
 hurried, mingled, undirected life." The latter 
 
 BROWN. 
 
 part of his literary career was more beneficial to 
 himself and useful to the world. With a fixed 
 and important object before him, and a course of 
 study, directed in its subjects and manner of 
 prosecution by a sober judgment, his days might 
 have been prolonged, and have been passed in 
 comparative happiness. 
 
 In 1815 William Dunlap published a short 
 account of his life, with selections from his letters, 
 manuscripts, and printed works. Besides the 
 magazines already mentioned, and the novels, 
 which were reprinted at Boston, 6 vols., 1827, 
 Mr. Brown translated Volney s travels in the U. 
 S., 1804; and wrote a memoir of J. B. Linn, 
 prefixed to Valerian, 1805; address to the gov 
 ernment of the U. S. on the cession of Louisiana 
 to the French, etc., 1803; the British treaty, 
 1808; address to congress on the restrictions of 
 foreign commerce, etc., 1809. North American 
 Review, June, 1819; Encyclopedia Americana. 
 
 BROWN, SAMUEL II., author of several books, 
 in the war of 1812 was a volunteer in the corps 
 of mounted riflemen, commanded by Col. It. M. 
 Johnson. He afterwards edited a newspaper at 
 Cayuga, N. Y., called the Patriot, which on account 
 of pecuniary embarrassment he relinquished in 
 1815. He died at Cherry Valley, Sept. 15, 1817, 
 aged 42. He published view of the campaigns of 
 the northwestern army, 1814; history of the war 
 of 1812, in two vols.; western gazetteer, or 
 emigrant s directory, 1817. 
 
 BROWN, CHARLES. M. D., died at Harper s 
 Ferry Sept., 1824, leaving a large estate to the 
 Philadelphia medical hospital. 
 
 BROWN, RICHARD, colonel, a Cherokee Indian, 
 died in Tennessee Jan. 26, 1818, aged 45, when 
 Gen. Jackson was proceeding against the Seminole 
 Indians. lie was one of the Cherokee delegation, 
 appointed to proceed to Washington in order to 
 carry into effect the objects of a treaty, which the 
 nation had made with the United States. The 
 American government had not in 1818 renounced 
 and cast away the obligations of sacred treaties 
 with the Cherokces, pledging the faith of the 
 country for their protection within defined bounda 
 ries. Col. Brown was regarded by his countrymen 
 as a leader in war and a wise counsellor in peace. 
 In every battle during the Creek war he was at 
 the head of the Cherokees under Gen. Jackson, 
 whose personal friendship he enjoyed. He was 
 severely wounded in the action at the Horse 
 Shoe. His blood and that of his countrymen was 
 shed for ungrateful and faithless whites, determined 
 for the sake of their lands to drive them from 
 their beautiful hills and valleys into the wide 
 plains of the wilderness beyond the Mississippi. 
 Possibly a returning sense of right will yet spare 
 the remains of the red men, the original occupants 
 of our country, and allow them to lie down in the 
 dust by the graves of their fathers. An old 
 
148 
 
 BROWN. 
 
 BROWN. 
 
 English charter will be found a poor justification 
 of injustice and inhumanity towards a weak and 
 defenceless people. Boston Patriot, Feb. 18, 
 1818. 
 
 BROWN, CLARK, died in William and Mary 
 parish, Maryland, where he was an Episcopal 
 minister, Jan. 12, 1817. He had been a Congre 
 gational minister in Machias in 1795, and at 
 Brimfield in 1798. He published a sermon on 
 Noah s prophecy as to Japheth, 1805; a Masonic 
 sermon, 1814; a volume of select sermons was 
 published after his death. 
 
 BROWN, FRANCIS, D. D., president of Dart 
 mouth college, died July 27, 1820, aged 36. He 
 was born at Chester, N. II., Jan. 11, 1784, and 
 graduated in 1805 at Dartmouth, where he was a 
 tutor from 1806 to 1809. In January, 1810, he 
 was ordained the minister of North Yarmouth, 
 Maine, as the successor of Tristram Oilman, 
 whose daughter he married. Of Bowdoin college 
 he was an overseer and trustee. In 1815 he was 
 appointed president of Dartmouth college. He 
 died of the consumption. His predecessor was 
 Dr. Wheelock; his successor Dr. Dana. "His 
 talents and learning, amiablencss and piety 
 eminently qualified him for the several stations 
 which he filled, and rendered him highly useful 
 and popular." He published several sermons, 
 among which are the following : at the ordination 
 of Allen Greely, 1810 ; at a fast on account of the 
 war, 1812; on the evils of war, 1814; before the 
 Maine missionary society, 1814. Lord s Lempr. 
 
 BROWN, BENJAMIN, captain, a pioneer of the 
 West, died in Athens, O., in Oct., 1821, aged 76. 
 He was a professor of religion, much respected. 
 He was born in Leicester, Mass., the son of Cap 
 tain John, and grandson of William, a first settler 
 of Hatfield. He was a soldier in the war, after 
 living in various places. He died at his son s, 
 Gen. John Brown s. His descendants are numer 
 ous. ITildreih. 
 
 BROWN, CATHARINE, a Cherokee, died July 
 18, 1823, aged 23. She was born about the year 
 1800, at a place now called Wills-valley, in a beau 
 tiful plain of tall forest trees, within the chartered 
 limits of Alabama, a few miles west of the Geor 
 gia line and twenty-five miles southeast of the 
 Tennessee river. On each side of the valley rose 
 the Raccoon and Lookout mountains. Her pa 
 rents were half-breeds ; their mothers only being 
 full-blooded Cherokees. Her father s name was 
 Yaunugungyahski, which means, " the drowned 
 by a bear ;" he had also the name of John Brown, 
 from his father. Her mother s name was Tsaluh ; 
 she was called by the whites, Sarah ; and before 
 she married Brown, she was the wife of Webber, 
 by whom she had a son, a man of property, now 
 called Col. Webber. Catharine s parents were 
 ignorant of the English language, and the amount 
 of their religion was, that there was a Creator of 
 
 the world, and also a future state of rewards and 
 punishments. 
 
 In 1801 the Moravians commenced a mission at 
 Spring-place in the Cherokee country, about forty 
 or fifty miles east of Wills-valley ; soon afterwards 
 Rev. Gideon Blackburn made efforts for several 
 years to establish a school among the Cherokees. 
 In 1816 Rev. Cyrus Kingsbury, employed by the 
 American board for foreign missions, appeared at 
 a Cherokee council and obtained permission to 
 establish schools. He selected, as the place for 
 the first school, Chickamaugah, now called Brain- 
 erd, twenty or thirty miles north of Spring- 
 place, within the limits of Tennessee. Catharine 
 heard of this school, and though living at a dis 
 tance of one hundred miles, she became a member 
 of it in July, 1817, being then seventeen years of 
 age. She had learned to speak English by re 
 siding at the house of a Cherokee friend, and 
 could read in words of one syllable. Although 
 an Indian girl of comely features and blooming, 
 and although she had been placed amidst many 
 temptations, yet her moral deportment had been 
 always correct. She was modest and gentle, but 
 withal somewhat fond of displaying the ornaments 
 of her dress. In three months she learned to 
 read and write. In Dec., 1817, she cherished the 
 hope that she had experienced the power of the 
 gospel in her heart. She was baptized Jan. 25, 
 1818, and admitted as a member of the church 
 March 29th. In June, 1820, she undertook to 
 teach a school at Creek-path, near her father s. 
 For sweetness of temper, meekness, and gentle 
 ness she was unsurpassed. To her parents she 
 Avas very dutiful and affectionate. A weekly 
 prayer meeting was instituted by her, and she 
 was zealous to instruct her ignorant neighbors in 
 the great truths of the Gospel. She formed the 
 purpose of perfecting her education, that her use 
 fulness might be increased. But in the spring of 
 1823 her health declined, she had a settled con 
 sumption, and it became evident that her death 
 was near. She said : " I feel perfectly resigned 
 to the will of God. I know he will do right with 
 his children. I thank God that I am entirely in 
 his hands. I feel willing to live, or die, as he 
 thinks best. My only wish is, that He may be 
 glorified." Having been conveyed about fifty 
 miles, to the house of her friend, Dr. Campbell, 
 she there died. She was buried at Creek-path, 
 by the side of her brother, John, who had died 
 the preceding year in the triumphs of the same 
 faith. Dr. Campbell remarks : " The Saviour 
 seemed to be continually the anchor of her hope, 
 the source of her constant and greatest happi 
 ness, and the object of her most ardent love." A 
 pure flame of benevolence burned within her. 
 " My heart," she says, " bleeds for my poor peo 
 ple ; I am determined to pray for them while God 
 lends me breath." If it be asked : 
 
BROWN. 
 
 BROWN. 
 
 149 
 
 " F:iir spirit, mirsed in forest wild, 
 Where caught thy breast those sacred flames? " 
 
 Tho answer must be : from the beams of that Sun 
 of Righteousness, which is the light of the world ; 
 from that glorious Gospel, which it is the duty of 
 Christians to communicate to all the heathen 
 tribes of the earth. Her conversion was the 
 means of the establishment of a mission at Creek- 
 path, and of the conversion to the faith and hopes 
 of Christianity of her father and of most of her 
 family. Let any scoffer at missions contemplate 
 this lovely child of the wilderness, won from the 
 gloom of paganism to the joyous, lofty hopes of 
 Christianity, and triumphing over the king of ter 
 rors, and then say, if he can, that the missionary 
 enterprise is idle, and useless, and a waste of 
 money. An interesting memoir of Catharine 
 Brown was compiled by Ilufus Anderson, assist 
 ant secretary of the American board for foreign 
 missions, and published in 1825. Anderson s 
 Memoir. 
 
 BROWX, DAVID, a Cherokee, a brother of the 
 preceding, died at Creek-path, Sept. 14, 1829. 
 He followed his sister to the school at Brainerd. 
 In Nov., 1819, he assisted John Arch in preparing 
 a Cherokee spelling-book, which was printed. At 
 the school he became convinced of his sinfulness, 
 and embraced the salvation offered in the Gospel. 
 In 1820, on going home to visit his sick father, 
 he immediately took his Bible and began to read 
 and interpret it to his parents, exhorting them 
 and others to repent of their many sins and to 
 become the followers of Jesus Christ. With his 
 father s consent he maintained the worship of God 
 in the family. This visit induced Mr. Brown and 
 other chiefs co solicit the establishment of a mis 
 sion at Creek-path town ; the school was opened 
 by Rev. Mr. Butrick, in March, 1820. May 1 1th, 
 David Brown, soon after he was admitted to the 
 church, set out for New England, to attend the 
 foreign mission school at Cornwall, Conn., that 
 he might be prepared to preach the gospel. His 
 visits to Boston and other towns had a favorable 
 effect in exciting a missionary zeal. After passing 
 two years at the school, with Elias Boudinot and 
 six other Cherokees, he remained a year at Ando- 
 ver, enjoying many advantages for improvement. 
 In the mean time his brother, John, had become a 
 convert and made a profession and died in peace ; 
 his parents also and other members of his family 
 had become pious. He returned to them in 1824, 
 having first delivered in many of the principal 
 cities and towns an address on the wrongs, claims, 
 and prospects of the American Indians. His 
 father had removed to the Arkansas, west of the 
 Mississippi ; and there, on his arrival at Dwight, 
 July 12, he immediately engaged in efforts to en 
 lighten and convert his countrymen. " On the 
 Sabbath," said he, " I interpret English sermons, 
 and sometimes preach myself in the sweet lan 
 
 guage of Tsallakce," (the Cherokee.) He attended 
 Indian councils and was appointed the secretary 
 of the Indian government. But he soon revisited 
 his people on the east of the Mississippi. His 
 father died in Arkansas in the autumn of 1826, 
 aged 65, having been a worthy member of the 
 church about five years, and having the satisfac 
 tion of seeing two sons and four daughters also 
 members of the church. In the spring of 1829, 
 David Brown was taken ill and bled at the lungs. 
 lie wrote, June 1st : " On the bed of sickness I 
 have enjoyed sweet communion with my Saviour." 
 He died at the house of Rev. Mr. Potter, giv 
 ing evidence that he died in the faith of the 
 gospel. 
 
 In Sept., 1825, he wrote a letter, giving some 
 account of the Cherokees, from which it appears 
 that there were then about 14,000 on the east of 
 the Mississippi, among whom were 1,277 African 
 slaves. The northern part of the Cherokee coun 
 try was mountainous ; at the south were extensive, 
 fertile plains, watered with beautiful streams. 
 " These plains," said he, " furnish immense pas 
 turage, and numberless herds of cattle are dis 
 persed over them. Horses are plenty. Numerous 
 flocks of sheep, goats, and swine cover the valleys 
 and hills. On Tennessee, Ustanala, and Ganasagi 
 rivers Cherokee commerce floats. The climate is 
 delicious and healthy ; the summers are mild. 
 The spring clothes the ground with its richest 
 scenery. Cherokee flowers of exquisite beauty 
 and variegated hues meet and fascinate the eye in 
 every direction. In the plains and valleys the 
 soil is generally rich, producing Indian corn, cot 
 ton, tobacco, wheat, oats, indigo, sweet and Irish 
 potatoes. Apple and peach orchards are quite 
 common. Butter and cheese are seen on Chero 
 kee tables. Cotton and woollen cloths are manu 
 factured here. Schools are increasing every year; 
 learning is encouraged and rewarded. Our native 
 language, in its philosophy, genius, and symphony, 
 is inferior to few, if any, in the world. Our sys 
 tem of government, founded on republican prin 
 ciples, by which justice is equally distributed, 
 secures the respect of the people. The legisla 
 tive power is vested in what is denominated Tsal- 
 agi Tinilawigi, consisting of a national committee 
 and council. Members of both branches are chosen 
 by and from the people for a limited period. The 
 Christian religion is the religion of the nation." 
 The meaning of the last assertion is, that Chris 
 tianity was approved, and the propagation of it 
 encouraged by the national council, although 
 thousands yet remained in the darkness of pagan 
 ism. Such and still greater was the progress of 
 the Cherokees toward civilization, under the sanc 
 tion of sacred treaties with the United States, 
 when the Georgians, greedy for the Cherokee 
 lands and the Cherokee gold mines, determined 
 to annoy them and compel them to sell their little 
 
150 
 
 BROWN. 
 
 BROWN. 
 
 remaining nook of territory, and, abandoning the 
 graves of their fathers, to seek a new abode, of 
 fered them by the United States government in 
 the wilderness, west of the Mississippi. We, as a 
 nation, are chargeable with enormous injustice 
 towards our Indian brethren. One thing is cer 
 tain, that public oppression always cries to Hea 
 ven for vengeance upon the guilty nation. Nor 
 does the bolt ever fail to strike the guilty. 
 Anderson s Memoir of C. Brown; Missionary 
 Herald. 
 
 BHOWN, JACOB, major-general, died in Wash 
 ington, Feb. 24, 1828, aged 52. He was born in 
 1775, in Bucks county, Pennsylvania, where he 
 resided until twenty years of age. Afterwards 
 he lived two years in Ohio, engaged in surveying 
 public lands. Settling in the city of New York, 
 he superintended a large school and commenced 
 the study of the law; but he soon relin 
 quished these pursuits, and emigrated to unculti 
 vated lands, which he had purchased on the 
 borders of Lake Ontario. He built in the Avilder- 
 ness the first house at Brownville, which is now, 
 in consequence of his adventurous spirit, a flour 
 ishing, beautiful village. In 1812 he was called 
 into service as a militia general. His arrange 
 ments were judicious, and he repulsed an attempt 
 of the enemy against Ogdensburg. In the spring 
 of 1813 he was invited by Col. Backus, then in 
 command at Sackett s harbor, when it was in 
 vested and menaced by the enemy, to assume the 
 defence. Gen. Brown was successful, and soon 
 afterwards received an appointment of brigadier- 
 general in the regular army ; early in 1814 he 
 was appointed, with the rank of major-general, to 
 the command of the army of Niagara. The four 
 principal incidents in the Niagara campaign were 
 the battles of Chippewa and Niagara, and the 
 defence and sortie of fort Eric. In the two first 
 and the last he commanded in person. The army 
 crossed into Canada the morning of July 3d, the 
 two brigades of regulars being commanded by 
 Generals Scott and Ripley, and the volunteers by 
 Gen. Porter. Fort Erie was surprised and taken. 
 The battle of Chippewa was fought July 5th, by 
 Scott s brigade, and the enemy were driven to 
 their intrenchments ; the American loss being 
 338 ; the British 500. On the 10th, Gen. Brown 
 marched to Quccnstown. Here, at a conference 
 of officers, it was debated, whether the army 
 should proceed to invest fort George or to attack 
 Gen. Riall at Twelve-mile creek, ten or twelve 
 miles from Quecnstown. Gen. Scott was in favor 
 of investing the fort. Gen. Ripley proposed to 
 march in the night with his brigade and the artil 
 lery of Towson, and attack Riall in the morning, 
 so as to break him up before he should be rein 
 forced, lie deemed it idle to invest the fort with 
 inadequate artillery. Gen. Porter and Cols. Mc- 
 
 Ree and Wood concurred with him in opinion. 
 But the contrary opinion of Gens. Brown and 
 Scott and Col. Gardner prevailed. From the 
 16th to the 23d of July the army lay before fort 
 George, and retrograded to Chippewa on the 
 24th. The battle of Bridgewater or Niagara was 
 fought with the reinforced enemy July 25th. It 
 was commenced by Scott s brigade. Gen. Ripley 
 advanced to his support, and arriving on the 
 ground instantly ordered Col. Miller with the 
 21st regiment to carry the enemy s artillery by an 
 attack in front, while he should lead the other 
 regiment upon the flank of the enemy. The bat 
 tery was taken, and was held by Ripley against 
 repeated attempts to recover it. In the mean time 
 Generals Brown and Scott were wounded; and 
 late at night, after a murderous contest with a 
 much superior force, Gen. Brown ordered a re 
 treat, and gave up the command to Ripley, 
 who returned to fort Erie and fortified it. 
 The British loss was upwards of 1,000 ; the 
 American from 600 to 700. He recovered suf 
 ficiently to be in command at the sortie from fort 
 Erie Sept. 17th, when Gen. Ripley was danger 
 ously wounded. Fort Erie was evacuated Nov. 
 5th, and our army returned to the American side 
 of the river, whence it had proceeded three 
 months before, having gained nothing but the 
 honor of unavailing victories. 
 
 In his official account of the battle of Niagara, 
 Gen. Brown forgot to give any praise to Gen. 
 Ripley, and also censured him for not attacking 
 the enemy the next day, to have done which with 
 a greatly inferior force after the retreat, ordered 
 by Gen. Brown the preceding night, would have 
 hazarded the safety of the army. Gen. Ripley in 
 consequence demanded a court of inquiry, which 
 was sitting at Troy March 15, 1815, when it was 
 dissolved by an order from the department of 
 war, which stated as reasons : " The congress of 
 the United States having approved his conduct by 
 a highly complimentary resolve, and the President 
 being pleased to express his favorable opinion of 
 the military character of Gen. Ripley." A gold 
 medal was voted by Congress to Gen. Brown, and 
 also to Generals Ripley, Miller, Porter, Scott, 
 Gaincs, Macomb, Jackson, Harrison, and Shelby. 
 
 At the close of the war he and Gen. Jackson 
 were retained in the service as the major-generals 
 of the army ; and in 1821 he was left in the sole 
 command. From that time he resided in the city 
 of Washington, where he died, leaving a large 
 family. Urackenridge s Hist. War; Holmes, II. 
 464; ">. Y. Statesman, Feb. 28, 1828; Bait. Pat 
 riot, June 17, 1815; Facts relative to the Cam 
 paign of the Niagara. 
 
 BROWN, DAVID L., a teacher in painting and 
 drawing, died in Boston Dec. 18, 1836, aged 85, 
 formerly of London. 
 
BROWN. 
 
 BROWN, SYTHAX, a slave, died March 5, 1846, 
 aged 1 15 years and 4 months. lie was long the 
 personal servant of John Randolph, of Mattoax, 
 the father of J. R. of Roanoke. 
 
 BROWN, OLIVER, died at Iladdam Feb. 8, 
 1853, aged 74, a graduate of Harvard in 1804. 
 He was chaplain to the State prison of Massachu 
 setts ; then missionary to Rhode Island, sent by 
 the society for the diffusion of knowledge. He 
 organized a church in South Kingston, and was 
 the minister of it fifteen years, and was at last the 
 minister of Grassy-hill, in Lymc. 
 
 BROWN, JOHN, 1). 1)., minister of Hadley, 
 died March 22, 1840, aged 53. Bom in Brook 
 lyn, Conn., he graduated in 1809 at Dartmouth, 
 and was seventeen years a minister in Cazenovia, 
 N. Y., and two years in Pine street, Boston, and 
 eight years in Hadley. Boston Recorder, July 
 10 ; Observer, July 18, 1840.. 
 
 BROAVN, BARTHOLOMEW, died in Boston April 
 14, 1854, aged 81. He was born in Sterling Sept. 
 8, 1772, and graduated in 1799. He was a law 
 yer in Sterling and East Bridgewater, and had 
 lived in Boston ten years. Having great skill in 
 music, he edited, about twenty years, with Judge 
 Mitchell, the Bridgewater collection of church 
 music, which was highly esteemed, in which were 
 many pieces of his composition. For fifty-nine 
 years he wrote the calendars in Thomas Farmer s 
 almanac. 
 
 BROWN, MOSES, died at Providence Sept, 6, 
 1836, aged nearly 98. He was born Sept. 23, 
 1738, and was the youngest of four brothers: 
 Nicholas, Joseph, and John were also enterprising, 
 remarkable men. They founded Brown univer 
 sity. His early years were spent in the family of 
 his uncle Obadiah, a wealthy merchant, whose 
 daughter he married in 1764. In 1763 he en 
 gaged in commercial pursuits with his brothers, 
 but retired from business in ten years. Losing 
 his three children, he was taught to seek his hap 
 piness more entirely in God. He was a Baptist 
 till 1773, when he became a Friend. In that year 
 he liberated his slaves, and was one of the found 
 ers of the abolition society of Rhode Island ; he 
 was also a supporter of the Bible and peace socie 
 ties. His will, made at the age of 96, evinced his 
 desire to promote the cause of education, philan 
 thropy, and religion. 
 
 BROWN, NICHOLAS, was born in Providence, 
 April 4, 1769, was educated at the college, and 
 died Sept. 27, 1841, aged 72. His ancestor, 
 Chad. B., was the assistant of R. Williams in 
 founding the colony of Rhode Island. His father, 
 Nicholas, and his father s three brothers were the 
 benefactors of the college, as was also N. B., and 
 also his only son, John Carter Brown. Hence 
 may be seen the propriety of the name of Brown 
 University. He founded a professorship of ora 
 tory and erected Hope college, so called from his 
 
 BROWNE. 
 
 151 
 
 sister Hope, and is to be honored for other acts 
 of munificence. His life, by C. King, is in the 
 Lives of American merchants. 
 
 BROWN, James, died in Philadelphia April 7, 
 1835, aged 73. Born in Virginia, he settled as a 
 lawyer in Tennessee, then in Natchez and New 
 Orleans. He was U. S. attorney, a member of 
 the senate in 1812, minister to France in 1823. 
 He had lived a few years in Philadelphia. 
 
 BROWN, MATTHEW, D.D., died July 29, 1853, 
 at the house of his son-in-law, Dr. Riddle, of 
 Pittsburgh, aged 77. He was long president of 
 Jefferson college, Pennsylvania, extensively known 
 and esteemed. 
 
 BROWN, OBADIAH B., died in Washington 
 May 2, 1852, aged 72, pastor of the first Baptist 
 church from 1807 till 1850. 
 
 BROWN, JAMES, died in Watcrtown, Mass., 
 March 10, 1855, aged 55 ; a distinguished book 
 seller of the house of Little, Brown 8: Co. in 
 Boston. He was skilled in bibliography, and was 
 a student in various sciences. He was at the head 
 of American publishers. A part of his library 
 he bequeathed to the Boston natural history so 
 ciety. Of large property, he was a man of 
 becoming hospitality. 
 
 BROWN, T. S., major, died in Naples, Italy, 
 June 30, 1855. A nephew of Gen. J. Brown, he 
 graduated at West Point. The New York and 
 Erie Railroad was constructed mainly under his 
 direction as engineer-in-chief. In Dec., 1849, he 
 went to Russia as consulting engineer of the St. 
 Petersburg and Moscow railroad. 
 
 BROWNE, AHTHUR, an Episcopal clergyman 
 at Portsmouth, died at Cambridge June 10, 1773, 
 aged 73. He was a native of Drogheda in Ire 
 land, and was the son of Rev. John Browne, 
 lie was educated at Trinity college in Dublin, and 
 received the degree of master of arts in 1729. 
 Being ordained by the Bishop of London for a 
 society in Providence, Rhode Island, he went to 
 that place, and remained there till the year 1736, 
 when he removed to Portsmouth. He was the 
 first incumbent of the church, consecrated in 
 1734. He received a salary of 75 pounds as a 
 missionary from the society for propagating the 
 gospel in foreign parts, and continued in this 
 station till his death. His wife, Mary, was the 
 daughter of Thomas Cox, D. D., of Drogheda. 
 Of his children, Marmaduke, a clergyman, died 
 at Newport about 1771; Jane married Samuel 
 Livermore ; Ann married Mr. Saint Loc, a Brit 
 ish officer. His church ascribed to him " good 
 conduct, a most noble and benevolent disposition, 
 excellent preaching, sound doctrines, and good 
 oratory." He published a sermon on the excel 
 lency of the Christian religion, 1738; at the 
 execution of Penelope Kenny, 1739; on the re 
 bellion in Scotland, 1746 ; to the free masons, 
 1748; on the fast; on the doctrine of election, 
 
152 
 
 BROWNE. 
 
 BRUEN. 
 
 1757 ; remarks on Mayhew s reflections on the 
 church of England, 1763. Alden s account of 
 Portsmouth ; Coll. Hist. Soc. x. 57, 58, 70. 
 
 BROWNE, ARTHUR, LL. D., king s professor 
 of Greek in Trinity college, Dublin, died in 
 1805. He was the son of Marmaduke Browne, 
 rector of Trinity Church, Newport, Rhode 
 Island. He enjoyed in early life the advan 
 tages of a school, established in Newport by 
 Dean Berkeley, and was distinguished by his 
 talents, industry, and strong desire of improving 
 his education in some European university. To 
 gratify this desire, his father went to Ireland to 
 make provision for entering his son at Trinity 
 college; but, after having effected his object, he 
 died soon after his return, in consequence of his 
 sufferings during a tedious voyage of three 
 months. His son, who went to Ireland in 1771 
 or 1772, continued during the remainder of his 
 life connected with Trinity college, and was the 
 idol of the students. He was professor of civil 
 law in the university, and its representative in the 
 Irish house of commons. His great powers of 
 mind he improved by incessant study and by 
 intercourse with the most distinguished scholars 
 and the most able and virtuous statesmen of his 
 day. He was always a champion of the people. 
 He published a compendious view of civil law, 
 being the substance of a course of lectures read 
 in the university of Dublin, together with a sketch 
 of the practice of the ecclesiastical courts, and 
 some useful directions for the clergy; Hussen 
 O Dil* or beauty and the heart, an allegorical 
 poem, translated from the Persian language ; and 
 miscellaneous sketches, in 2 vols., 8vo. This 
 last work is written after the manner of Mon 
 taigne. Monthly Anthology, II. 559-562. 
 
 BROWNE, JOHN, died at Frankfort, Ky., Aug. 
 28, 1837, aged 80, a senator 1792-1805. 
 
 BRUCE, DAVID, a Moravian missionary, died in 
 Litchfield county, Ct., in 1749. The Indians of the 
 Mohegan stock, with whom he was sent to reside 
 in the same year, had received some instruction 
 from Buttner, Rauch, and other missionaries at 
 the neighboring station of Shacomaco in the State 
 of New York. He lived in the house belonging 
 to the brethren, called Gnadensee, in the village 
 of Wachquatnach, on the River Iloussatonnoc in 
 Cornwall or Sharon. Mr. Sergeant, ten years 
 before, had been visited for instruction in religion 
 by a company of Indians from the same place, 
 which he writes Wukhquautenauk, distant from 
 Stockbridge about twenty-eight miles. Bruce 
 also lived occasionally amongst the Indians at 
 Pachgatgach, which perhaps was Pauquaunuch at 
 Stratfield, or with greater probability a settlement 
 on the Iloussatonnoc in the interior of Connec 
 ticut, either at Derby, or New Milford, or Kent. 
 Mr. Brainerd in 1743 visited some Indians, living 
 at Scaticoke, five or six miles from New Milford, 
 
 and preached to them. There was still another 
 village, which the Moravians visited, called Potatik, 
 probably the same as Poodatook, on the river at 
 Newtown. As Bruce was dying, he called the 
 Indian brethren, and, pressing their hands to his 
 breast, entreated them to remain faithful to the 
 end. He was succeeded by Buninger. LoslcieVs 
 History, II. 115; Brainerd s Life, 65; Hopkins 
 Houssatonnic Indians, 75. 
 
 BRUCE, ARCHIBALD, M. D., a physician of 
 New York, died Feb. 22, 1818, aged 40. He was 
 born in that city in Feb., 1777. His mother, the 
 daughter of Nicholas Bayard, was the widow of 
 Jeremiah Van Rensselaer. His father, William 
 Bruce, the head of the medical department in the 
 British army at New York, was very solicitous 
 that he should not become a physician. After 
 the death of his father he was educated at 
 Columbia college, where he was graduated in 
 1795. The medical lectures of Dr. Nicholas 
 Romayne gave him a taste for the study of 
 physic. He afterwards became the pupil of Dr. 
 Hosack. In 1798 he repaired to Europe, and in 
 1800 obtained a medical degree at Edinburgh. 
 During a tour of two years in France, Switzerland, 
 and Italy, he collected a valuable mineralogical 
 cabinet, his taste for the science of mineralogy 
 having been acquired Avhile he was a pupil of Dr. 
 Hosack, who brought to this country the first 
 cabinet of minerals, and in arranging it called for 
 the assistance of his pupil, Bruce. He married 
 in London, and came out to New York in 1803. 
 About the year 1807 he was appointed professor 
 of materia mcdica and mineralogy in the college 
 of physicians and surgeons of New York. Upon 
 the re-organization of the college in 1811 he was 
 superseded by the appointment of others. Intes 
 tine feuds were alleged as the cause of the 
 changes made. Dr. Bruce, in connection with his 
 friend Romayne and other gentlemen, established 
 { or a while a rival medical faculty. In 1810 he 
 commenced the journal of American mineralogy; 
 but he published only one volume. His work 
 was followed by Silliman s journal. After repeated 
 attacks of severe indisposition he died of the 
 apoplexy. Thacher s Med. Hiog. ; Sillimarfs 
 Journal, I. II. 
 
 BRUEN, MATTHIAS, a minister in New York, 
 died Sept. 6, 1829, aged 36 years. He was a 
 descendant of an early settler of New England, 
 and was born at Newark, N. J., April 11, 1793. 
 He dated his renovation of mind by the Divine 
 Spirit at the age of eighteen. After graduating 
 at Columbia college in 1812, he studied theology 
 with Dr. Mason. In 1816 he travelled in Europe 
 with his distinguished preceptor. About the 
 beginning of 1819, being invited to preach in the 
 American chapel of the oratory at Paris, he was 
 ordained in London, and then passed six months 
 at Paris. In 1822 he was employed as a mission- 
 
BRY. 
 
 BRYANT. 
 
 153 
 
 ary in the city of New York, but refused to 
 receive any compensation. During his labors he 
 collected the Bleecker street congregation. Of 
 this people he became the stated pastor, and con 
 tinued such till his death by inflammation of the 
 bowels. 
 
 Mr. Bruen engaged earnestly in various benevo 
 lent institutions. He was agent and correspond 
 ing secretary of the domestic missionary society ; 
 and when it was changed into the American 
 home missionary society, he still assisted by his 
 counsels. Bible, Sunday school, tract, and foreign 
 mission societies engaged his efforts ; and in the 
 Greek cause he cheerfully co-operated. He was 
 accomplished in manners, in literature, and in the 
 knowledge of mankind. Though he had high 
 and honorable feelings, abhorring everything mean, 
 yet he had humble views of his own acquisitions, 
 intellectual and moral. All his distinctions he 
 laid at his Master s feet. In the last week of his 
 life he suffered extreme pain. It was a sudden 
 summons to depart ; yet he was calm and resigned. 
 " I die," said he, " in peace and love with all men." 
 Thus, after embracing his wife and two babes, and 
 most impressively addressing liis relatives, he fell 
 asleep in Jesus. 
 
 " lie lay, and a smile was on his face; 
 Affection over him bent, to trace 
 The token Mercy had left, to tell 
 That with the spirit all was well. 
 It was the smile that marks the blest ; 
 It told, that in hope he had sunk to rest 
 Of a joyful rising, after his sleep. 
 No more to suffer, no more to weep." 
 
 He published a sermon at Paris on the death of a 
 lady of New York ; and sketches of Italy. 
 Cox s and Skinner s Sermon; Home Missionary 
 Mugazine; Boston Recorder, Nov. 11, 1829. 
 
 BRY, THEODORE DE, published collectiones 
 perigrinantium in Indiam orientalem ct occiden- 
 talem. America, partes 13, years 1590-1599. 
 
 BRYAN, GEORGE, a judge of the supreme 
 court of Pennsylvania, died Jan. 28, 1791, aged 
 GO. He was the eldest son of an ancient and 
 respectable family in Dublin, Ireland, in his ode 
 on which country, Southey exclaims with some 
 reason : 
 
 " land, profuse of genius and of worth." 
 
 He came to this country in early life, and lived 
 forty years in Philadelphia. At first he engaged 
 extensively in commercial business ; but it pleased 
 the wise Disposer of events to defeat his plans, 
 and reduce him to a state of comparative poverty. 
 He afterwards lived more in accordance with 
 ancient simplicity. He was an active and intelli 
 gent man. Previously to the Revolution he was 
 introduced into public employments. He was a 
 delegate to the congress which met in 1765 for 
 the purpose of remonstrating against the arbitrary 
 measures of Great Britain. In the war, which ! 
 followed, he took an open and active part. 
 20 
 
 After the Declaration of Independence he was 
 vice-president of the supreme executive council 
 of Pennsylvania, and on the death of President 
 Wharton in May, 1778, he was placed at the 
 head of the government. When his office, by 
 the limitation of the constitution, expired in the 
 autumn of 1779, he was elected a member of the 
 legislature. Here, amidst the tumult of war and 
 invasion, when every one was trembling for him 
 self, his mind was occupied by the claims of hu 
 manity and charity. lie at this time planned and 
 completed an act for the gradual abolition of 
 slavery, which is an imperishable monument to his 
 memory. He thus furnished evidence, that in 
 opposing the exactions of a foreign power he was 
 opposing tyranny, and was really attached to the 
 cause of liberty. In 1780 he was appointed a 
 judge of the supreme court, in which station he 
 continued during the remainder of his life. In 
 1784 he was elected one of the council of censors, 
 and was one of its principal members till his 
 death. When the subject of the constitution of 
 the United States was discussed, he was conspic 
 uous in the ranks of the opposition. He died at 
 Philadelphia in the year 1791. 
 
 Besides the offices already mentioned, Judge 
 Bryan engaged in various of public, literary, and 
 charitable employments. Formed for a close ap 
 plication to study, animated with an ardent thirst 
 for knowledge, and blessed with a memory of 
 wonderful tenacity, and a clear, penetrating, and 
 decisive judgment, he availed himself of the la 
 bors and acquisitions of others, and brought honor 
 to the stations which he occupied. To his other 
 attainments he added the virtues of the Christian. 
 He was distinguished by his benevolence and sym 
 pathy with the distressed ; by an unaffected hu 
 mility and modesty ; by his readiness to forgive 
 injuries ; and by the inflexible integrity of his 
 conduct. He was superior to the frowns and 
 blandishments of the world. Thus eminently 
 qualified for the various public offices, in which 
 he was placed ; he was faithful and humble in 
 discharging their duties, and he filled them with 
 dignity and reputation in the worst of times, and 
 in the midst of a torrent of unmerited obloquy 
 and opposition. Such was his disinterestedness 
 and his zeal for the good of others, that his own 
 interest seemed to be overlooked. In the admin 
 istration of justice he was impartial and incor 
 ruptible. He was an ornament to the profession 
 of Christianity, which he made, the delight of his 
 connections, and a public blessing to the State. 
 By his death religion lost an amiable example, 
 and science a steady friend. Ewing s Funeral 
 Sermon; American Museum, ix. 81-83; Dun- 
 lap s Amer. Advertiser. 
 
 BRYANT, LEMUEL, minister of Braintree, was 
 graduated at Harvard college in 1739. He died 
 at Hingham in 1754, and was buried at Scituate, 
 
154 
 
 BRYANT. 
 
 BUCKMLNSTER. 
 
 probably because he was a native of that place. 
 John Adams speaks of a controversy between 
 Mr. B. and Miles, Porter, Bass, &c., "which 
 broke out like the eruption of a volcano and 
 blazed with portentous aspect for many years." 
 He published a sermon on moral virtue, 1747 ; 
 remarks on Mr. Porter s sermon, 1750. 
 
 BRYANT, SOLOMON, an Indian minister, died 
 May 8, 1775, aged 80. He was ordained at 
 Marshpee, Mass., soon after the resignation of Mr. 
 Bourne in 1742, and he preached to his red 
 brethren in the Indian dialect. He was a sensi 
 ble man and a good minister, but not sufficiently 
 prudent in the admission of members and rather 
 deficient in economy. After his dismission, occa 
 sioned by some dissatisfaction on the part of the 
 Indians, he was succeeded by Mr. Hawley in 
 1758. It seems, however, that his labors were 
 not entirely interrupted, for Mr. Hawley wrote 
 concerning him in 1760: "He grows better as 
 he grows older. He is near 66 years of age, 
 has been a preacher more than forty, and con 
 tinues in his usefulness to tin s day." Joseph 
 Bryant, also an Indian minister at Marshpee, or in 
 that neighborhood, died April 25, 1759. In 1698 
 John Bryant had been Indian teacher at Acush- 
 net five or six years. Mass. Hist. Coll., ill. 
 191 ; X. 180 ; s. s. III. 16. 
 
 BRYANT, PETER, M. D., a respected physi 
 cian of Cummington, died in 1820, aged 52. His 
 widow, Sarah, the sister of Rev. Dr. Snell of 
 Brookfield, died in 1847. In the poems of his 
 son, William C. Bryant, there is an allusion to 
 him in the hymn to death. 
 
 BRYANT, JAMES C., missionary to South 
 Africa, died at Inanda Dec. 23, 1850. From 
 1840 to 1846 he was the minister of Littleton, 
 Mass. He sailed for Africa in April, 1846. He 
 died in great peace. Mrs. B. survived him. He 
 had made various translations into the Zulu lan 
 guage. His character is described in the Miss. 
 Herald of 1851. 
 
 BRYSON, JOHN, died in 1855, aged 98, in 
 Northumberland co., Penn. He studied theology 
 with the blind Dr. Waddcll. lie was the pastor 
 of Warrior s run and Chillisquaqua, from 1790 to 
 1841. 
 
 BUCHANAN, THOMAS, governor of Liberia, 
 died at Bassa Sept. 3, 1841, in the prime of 
 life. He was a man of high character and use 
 fulness. 
 
 BUCHANAN, JOHN, died near Williamsport, 
 Md., Nov. 4, 1844, aged 70, chief judge of the 
 court of appeals. 
 
 BUCHANAN, JAMES, died near Montreal Oct. 
 1851, aged 80. He was British consul at New 
 York. He published sketches of North Ameri 
 can Indians, 2 vols., 1824. 
 
 BUCKINGHAM, THOMAS, minister of the 
 second church in Hartford, died Nov. 19, 1731, 
 
 aged 62. He was probably the son of Thomas 
 Buckingham, the minister of Saybrook in 1C69, 
 and a descendant of Thomas B., who lived in 
 New Haven in 1639. Stephen B., minister of 
 Norwalk from 1697 to 1727, was probably his 
 brother. He was graduated at Harvard college 
 in 1690. The time of his settlement has not 
 been ascertained. He was succeeded by Elnathan 
 Whitman. He was one, of the most eminent 
 ministers in Connecticut, and was regarded as 
 one of the pillars of the church. His superior 
 abilities were under the direction of good princi 
 ples. His conversation was such, as was becom 
 ing a minister of Christ. In his life he imitated 
 his blessed Master, and, being exemplary in piety, 
 having a pleasant temper, obliging and engaging 
 manners, and many amiable virtues, he conciliated 
 respect and esteem. 
 
 He published a sermon preached at the elec 
 tion, in 1728, entitled Moses and Aaron. The 
 following passages from it will give some view of 
 his sentiments, and of the times. " By the Spirit 
 the elect are brought to possess the good which 
 Jesus Christ hath purchased for them. By him 
 they are convinced, awakened, humbled, con 
 verted, sanctified, led, and comforted." " If we 
 look back upon the last year, how many appear 
 ances and indications of his anger were there to 
 be observed therein ; the unusual illuminations of 
 the heavens by repeated and almost discontinued 
 ilashes of lightning, with dreadful peals of thun 
 der attending, the scorching heat and drought of 
 the summer, the pinching cold and length of the 
 winter, stormy winds and tempests, the death of 
 useful men, and the groaning and trembling of 
 the earth under our feet." " Have you not heard 
 some, who have risen from among you, speaking 
 perverse tilings, blaspheming the constitution and 
 order of your churches, denying the validity of 
 your ordinations, and condemning your ministerial 
 acts as so many usurpations, who unchurch the 
 best and greatest part of Christians, and leave 
 you with the best of your flocks to uncovenanted 
 mercies, that is, in a state of heathenism, without 
 God and Christ and hope in the world ; and this 
 merely for the sake of a non-agreement wii.li 
 them in a few unscriptural rites and notions ? " 
 Echvards Elect. Serm. in 1732 ; Trumlntll, I. 
 498, 519. 
 
 BUCKMLNSTER, JOSEPH, minister of Rut 
 land, Mass., died Nov. 27, 1792, aged 72. lie 
 was the son of Col. Joseph Buckminster of Fra- 
 mingham, who died in 1780, aged 83, and whose 
 father, Joseph, one of the earliest settlers of 
 Framingham, died in 1740, also aged 83. The 
 last named was a grandson of Thomas Buck- 
 minster, written in the colony records Buckmas- 
 ter, who came from Wales and lived as early 
 as 1645 in Boston, where he died Sept. 28, 1658, 
 leaving several sons. 
 
BUCKMINSTER. 
 
 BUCKMIXSTER. 
 
 155 
 
 Mr. Buckminster was graduated at Harvard 
 college in 1739, ordained in 1742, and was in the 
 ministry 53 years. lie was highly respected and 
 useful. In his theological sentiments he was a 
 sublapsarian Calvinist. Mr. Foster of Strafford 
 having published a sermon, in which he asserted 
 a two-fold justification, and "a remedial law, or 
 law of grace, whose precepts are brought down 
 to a level with the fallen sinner s abilities," Mr. 
 Buckminster published a reply, being a para 
 phrase on Rom. x. 4, for which he received the 
 thanks of an association of ministers. Other 
 pamphlets followed by the same writers in this 
 controversy. In his dissertations on gospel salva 
 tion Mr. Buckminster asserts, on the one hand, 
 the doctrine of election against the Armimans, 
 and on the other hand, against the supralapsa- 
 rians, he says, " the decrees have no direct, posi 
 tive influence upon us. We are determined by 
 motives, but act freely and voluntarily. They lie 
 in the foundation of the Divine proceedings, and 
 compose his plans of operation. They infer the 
 certain futurition of things, but have no influence 
 ab extra to bring them to pass." These seem 
 not very incorrect views on the subjects of the 
 divine decrees and of free agency. Indeed, it is 
 not easy to imagine how it is possible to recon 
 cile the doctrine of Divine efficiency, or positive 
 influence in the production of sinful volitions, with 
 the respomibleness of man or with the truth and 
 holiness of God. The views of Mr. B. seem to 
 accord well with those of Robert Southey, who 
 says : " Impossible as it may be for us to reconcile 
 the free will of man with the foreknowledge of 
 God, I nevertheless believe in both with the most 
 full conviction. When the human mind plunges 
 into time and space in its speculations, it adven 
 tures beyond its sphere ; no wonder, therefore, 
 that its powers fail, and it is lost. But that my 
 will is free, I know feelingly : it is proved to me 
 by my conscience. And that God provideth all 
 things, I know by his own word, and by that in 
 stinct which he hath implanted in me to assure 
 me of his being." 
 
 Mr. B. published two discourses on family re 
 ligion, 1759 ; ordination of E. Sparhawk ; para 
 phrase on Rom. X. 4. ; dissertations on Eph. II. 
 9-1 1 ; a sermon on the covenant with Abraham. 
 Farmer s Register ; Eliot. 
 
 BUCKMIXSTER, JOSEPH, D. D. minister of 
 Portsmouth, N. H., the son of the preceding, 
 died June 10, 1812, aged 60. He was born Oct. 
 14, 1751. Being the delight and hope of his 
 parents, they were desirous that he should become 
 a minister of the gospel. He was graduated at 
 Yale college in 1770, and from 1774 to 1778 was a 
 tutor in that seminary, associated in that employ 
 ment with Abraham Baldwin. At this period he 
 became temporarily attached to a lady, then of 
 reputation and celebrity, whose character is the 
 
 bains of one of the productions of Mrs. Foster. 
 lie was ordained over the north church in Ports 
 mouth, Jan. 27, 1779, as successor of Dr. Lang- 
 don, after whose death Dr. Stiles had supplied 
 the pulpit one or two years. After a ministry of 
 thirty-three years, his health became greatly im 
 paired ; a depression of spirits, to which he had 
 been subject, came upon him with new violence ; 
 spasmodic affections caused at times a suspension 
 of reason ; under these distressing complaints a 
 long journey was thought necessary to his relief. 
 He left home June 2, 1812, accompanied by his 
 wife and two friends ; but on the Green moun 
 tains of Vermont he was arrested by the messen 
 ger of death. He died at a solitary tavern in 
 Reedsborough, and his remains were interred at 
 Bennington, and a sermon preached on the oc 
 casion by Mr. Marsh. It is remarkable, that on 
 the preceding day his eldest son, a minister in 
 Boston, died after a week s illness. Although 
 Dr. B. had not heard of his sickness, yet he said 
 to his wife repeatedly a few hours before his own 
 death, Joseph is dead! His first wife, the only 
 daughter of Rev. Dr. Stevens of Kittery, died 
 July 19, 1790, aged 36, leaving one son and two 
 daughters ; his second wife, the daughter of Rev. 
 Isaac Lyman of York, died June 8, 1805, aged 
 39 ; his third wife, who survived him, was the 
 widow of Col. Eliphalet Ladd. One of his daugh 
 ters, who married Prof. Farrar of Cambridge, 
 died in Sept., 1824. He was succeeded in the 
 ministry by Mr. Putnam. 
 
 Dr. Buckminster was an eminently pious man. 
 He left an unsullied reputation, and was greatly 
 beloved and deeply lamented. His mind had been 
 well cultivated. A brilliant imagination, his most 
 distinguishing faculty, gave a richness to his style. 
 He had a heart of sensibility. His voice, strong 
 and musical, expressed the various emotions of 
 his soul. His attitude and gestures were un- 
 afi ected and impressive, while lu s countenance 
 itself was eloquent. But lu s popularity as a 
 preacher is to be ascribed also to the boldness 
 and the energy with which he proclaimed the 
 great and all-important truths of the gospel. 
 Even the hostility of the erroneous and the 
 wicked, which he aroused, proved that he had 
 found a way to their conscience, for in his great 
 meekness, humility, and benevolence they could 
 not think that he was their enemy. They could 
 hardly hate the man, except on account of his 
 doctrine and the faithfulness of his warnings. 
 Though his sermons were not systematic, they 
 were luminous and instructive. Breaking from 
 the confinement of a few favorite topics, he expa 
 tiated in the wide field of religious truth. Thc- 
 varying events of Providence were always no 
 ticed by him, and employed to some pious pur 
 pose. The tenderness of his heart, made him 
 peculiarly welcome in the house of affliction. 
 
156 
 
 BUCKMINSTER. 
 
 BUCKMINSTER. 
 
 In the gift of prayer, on all the occasions of 
 prayer, he particularly excelled. As a pastor 
 he was a bright example to his brethren; in 
 cessant in labor and delighting in his work ; 
 cherishing always most sedulously the seriousness 
 witnessed amongst his people, and devising new 
 plans for gaining access to their hearts ; and in 
 meetings for social prayer seeking the Divine 
 blessing upon the means of instruction. In his 
 preaching he dwelt much on the iniquity of the 
 human heart, on the character and value of the 
 atonement by the crucified Son of God, and on 
 the necessity of regeneration by the Holy Spirit, 
 of faith and repentance, and the holiness without 
 which there is no admission into heaven. In his 
 own opinion, he began to preach before he was 
 truly a servant of God ; and afterwards he ceased 
 to preach for a time, in the persuasion that his 
 motives were selfish and unworthy. But after a 
 long period of distress light broke in upon his 
 mind. A few years after his settlement, on the 
 anniversary of his ordination, he wrote as follows : 
 " Blush, O my soul, and be ashamed, that thou 
 hast felt no more of thy own worth and the worth 
 of thy fellow immortals, the infinite love and com 
 passion of God, of thy dear Redeemer, and the 
 excellency of the gospel. Shall God call me, who 
 have been so great and aggravated an offender, 
 to the high and honorable office of publishing the 
 glad tidings of salvation, and of an ambassador 
 for him, to woo and beseech men to be reconciled 
 to him ; and shall I be lukewarm and indiffer 
 ent?" But notwithstanding the talents, the 
 piety, the faithfulness, and the fervent zeal of 
 Dr. Buckminster, no very remarkable effects at 
 tended his preaching ; showing that, after all the 
 skilful and diligent toil of the planter, it is God 
 only, who, according to his sovereign pleasure, 
 giveth the increase. On account of his catholic 
 disposition, Dr. Buckminster possessed the regard 
 of other denominations of Christians besides his 
 own. In the private relations of life he was 
 faithful, affectionate, and interesting. He pub 
 lished the following sermons : at the New Hamp 
 shire election, 1787 ; on the death of Washing 
 ton, 1800 ; on the death of Mrs. Rowland, and 
 Mrs. Porter ; on choosing rulers, two sermons, 
 1796; on the fire, 1803; on baptism, 1803; 
 at the ordination of his son, 1805 ; on the 
 death of Rev. S. Haven and his wife, 1806; 
 at the installation of J. Miltimore, 1808; of J. 
 Thurston, 1809 ; three discourses, Boston, on the 
 death of Dr. Hemminway, 1811 ; and a short 
 sketch of Dr. McClintock. Panoplist, vm. 105- 
 111 ; Adams Ann. of Portsmouth, 353-345 ; 
 Parker s Funeral Sermon ; Farmer s Coll. in. 
 121. 
 
 BUCKMINSTER, JOSEPH STEVENS, a minis 
 ter in Boston, died June 9, 1810, aged 28. He 
 was the son of the preceding, and was born May 
 
 26, 1784. Under the cultivation of his devoted 
 parents his talents were early developed. At the 
 age of four years he began to study Latin gram 
 mar ; at the age of twelve he was ready for ad 
 mission into college. He graduated at Harvard 
 with distinguished honor in 1800. The next four 
 years were spent partly in the family of his rela 
 tive, Theodore Lyman of Waltham, partly as an 
 assistant in the academy at Exeter, and in the 
 prosecution of theological studies. In Oct., 1804, 
 he began to preach at Brattle street, Boston, 
 where he was ordained as the successor of Dr. 
 Thacher, Jan. 30, 1805. A severe illness imme 
 diately followed, which interrupted liis labors un 
 til March. In the course of this year, the return 
 of the epilepsy, which he had previously expe 
 rienced, excited his apprehensions that his men 
 tal faculties would be destroyed. He wrote in 
 Oct. : " The repetition of these fits must at length 
 reduce me to idiocy. Can I resign myself to the 
 loss of memory, and of that knowledge, I may 
 have vainly prided myself upon ? O God ! enable 
 me to bear this thought." A voyage to Europe 
 being recommended, he sailed in May, 1806, and 
 visited England, Holland, Switzerland and France. 
 In Paris he spent five months ; and there and in 
 London he collected a valuable library of nearly 
 3,000 vols. After his return in Sept., 1807, he 
 was occupied in the ministry about five years with 
 occasional attacks of epilepsy, till his death. 
 His last illness continued a week. His father 
 died the next day. 
 
 Mr. Buckminster was a very interesting and 
 eloquent preacher. Though of scarcely the mid 
 dle size, yet a fine countenance, combining sweet 
 ness and intelligence, appropriate, and occasionally 
 animated gestures, a brilliant imagination, and a 
 style of winning elegance caused his hearers to 
 hang with delight upon his lips. His power, 
 however, would have been increased by more of 
 fervor and passion. Deeply interested in biblical 
 criticism, he superintended the publication of 
 Griesbach s New Testament. In his religious sen 
 timents, as appears from the volume of his sermons, 
 published since his death, he differed in some im 
 portant respects from his father. He did not 
 believe the doctrine of the trinity. He did not 
 regard the human race as originally corrupt, and 
 utterly lost in their depravity ; he did not admit 
 that the death of Christ had any relation to the 
 justice of God in the pardon of sin, nor did he 
 suppose that there was any special influence of 
 the Holy Spirit in the renewal of the heart. He 
 quoted with approbation Paley s sermon, written 
 when a young man, on caution in the use of 
 Scripture language, in which he denies any agency 
 of the Spirit of God on the human heart ; yet in 
 his latter sermons Paley expressly declares his 
 belief, that the Scripture does teach such an 
 agency. He imagined that men were not able to 
 
BUCKMLNSTER. 
 
 obey the Divine law, and that Christ came to re 
 deem and has actually redeemed all men from its 
 curse, or has disclosed a new dispensation, in 
 which repentance is accepted instead of obedience. 
 Justifying faith he considered as only a principle 
 of holiness, and not as a trust in Jesus Christ for 
 salvation. Yet his views seem utterly opposed to 
 the doctrine of the Socinians, for he speaks of 
 " the incarnation " of the Son of God, " the vice 
 gerent of Jehovah," and he saw in his life a 
 " wonderful contrast of powers Divine greatness 
 and mortal debility, ignominy, and glory, suffering 
 and triumph, the servant of all and the Lord of 
 all." 
 
 In 1808 Mr. Buckminster published a collection 
 of hymns, in which those of Watts and others 
 were mutilated without notice. In a review of 
 tliis collection in the Panoplist, this mutilation was 
 justly reprehended, as apparently designed to lend 
 the authority of Watts to the suppression of im 
 portant doctrines. Mr. B. suffered under the 
 charge, for he was unwilling to confess what he 
 recorded in his private journal, that he took the 
 altered hymns from Ivippis collection without 
 being aware of the alterations. He published a 
 number of reviews in the monthly anthology and 
 other periodicals ; the right hand of fellowship at 
 the ordination of C. Lowell, 1806 ; a sermon on 
 the death of Gov. Sullivan, 1809 ; on the death 
 of W. Emerson, 1811; an address to the Phi 
 Beta Kappa society, 1809. After his death a vol 
 ume of twenty-four sermons was published, with 
 a memoir of his life and character by S. C. 
 Thacher. Memoir ; Mass. Hist. Coll. s. s. n. 
 271 ; Christian Spectator, v. 145. 
 
 BUCKNAM, NATHAN, died Feb. 6, 1795, aged 
 91 ; minister of Medway seventy years. He was 
 born in Maiden, graduated in 1721, ordained Dec. 
 29, 1724. He published a sermon at the ordina 
 tion of E. Morse, 1743 ; at ordination of E. 
 Harding, 1749. 
 
 BUEL, MARY, wife of Dr. John B., of Litch- 
 field, died Nov. 4, 1768, aged 90. She had thir 
 teen children, one hundred and one grandchildren, 
 two hundred and seventy-four great-grandchil 
 dren, and twenty-two of the next generation; 
 total, four hundred and ten ; of winch three hun 
 dred and thirty-six survived her. 
 
 BUEL, JESSE, editor, removed in 1813 from the 
 county of Ulster to Albany and established the 
 Albany Argus, which he edited till 1821. He died 
 at Danbury, Conn., Oct. 6, 1839, aged 62 ; he was 
 on a journey to New Haven in order to deliver a 
 lecture on agriculture, to wlu ch subject he had 
 devoted the last years of his life. About 1833 
 he established the Cultivator, a monthly paper, 
 which obtained a vast circulation. He Avas re 
 spected for his talents and worth. 
 
 BUEL, WILLIAM, M. D., died at Litchficld 
 Oct. 15, 1851, aged 83. 
 
 BUELL. 
 
 157 
 
 BUELL, SAMUEL, D. D., an eminent minister 
 on Long Island, died at East Hampton, July 19, 
 1798, aged 81. lie was born at Coventry in 
 Connecticut, Sept. 1, 17 1G. In the seventeenth 
 year of his age it pleased his merciful Father in 
 heaven to renew his heart and teach him those 
 truths, which are necessary to salvation. He was 
 impressed with a sense of his entire destitution of 
 love to God, of the incompctency of any works, 
 which he could perform, to justify him, of the 
 necessity of a Saviour, and of his dependence 
 on Divine mercy and influence. From the depres 
 sion of mind, occasioned by a full conviction of 
 sin and a clear perception of his danger, he was 
 relieved by a view of the wonderful plan of re 
 demption by Jesus Christ, and the gladness of 
 his heart now was proportionate to the thickness 
 of the gloom which before hung over his mind. 
 This change in his character produced a change 
 in his plans of life. His father was a rich farmer, 
 and he had been destined to agricultural pursuits ; 
 but the belief, that it was his duty to engage in 
 labors which would most advance the interest of 
 religion, and to extend his usefulness as much as 
 possible, induced him to relinquish the employ 
 ments of husbandry, and to attend to the cultiva 
 tion of his mind. He was graduated at Yale 
 college in 1741. While in this seminary his 
 application to his studies was intense, and his 
 proficiency was such as rewarded his toils. It 
 was here that he first became acquainted with 
 David Brainerd with whom he was very intimate, 
 till death separated them. Their friendship was 
 the union of hearts attached to the same Ite- 
 decmer, having the same exalted views and 
 animated by the same spirit. 
 
 It was his intention to spend a number of years 
 with Mr. Edwards, of Northampton, in theologi 
 cal studies ; but the extensive revival of religion 
 at this period rendering the zealous preaching of 
 the truth peculiarly important, he immediately 
 commenced those benevolent labors, which occu 
 pied and delighted him through the remainder of 
 his life. After being licensed, he preached about 
 two years in different parts of New England ; and 
 such was the pathos and energy of his manner 
 that almost every assembly was melted into tears. 
 In November, 1743, he was ordained as an itiner 
 ant preacher, in which capacity he was indefatiga 
 ble and very successful. He was the instrument 
 of doing much good, of impressing the thought 
 less, of reforming the vicious, and of imparting to 
 the selfish and worldly the genuine principles of 
 benevolence and godliness. Carrying with him 
 testimonials from respectable ministers, he was 
 admitted into many pulpits, from which other 
 itinerants were excluded. While he disapproved 
 of the imprudence of some in those days, when 
 religious truth was brought home remarkably to 
 the heart, he no less reprehended the unreason- 
 
158 
 
 BUELL. 
 
 BUELL. 
 
 able opposition of others to the work of God. 
 During this period his health was much impaired, 
 and a severe fit of sickness brought him to the very 
 entrance of the grave ; but it pleased God, \vho 
 holds the lives of all in His hand, to restore his 
 health, and prolong his usefulness for many }~ears. 
 
 He was led to East Hampton, by a direction of 
 Providence in some respects extraordinary, and 
 was installed pastor of the church in that place, 
 Sept. 19, 1746. His predecessors were Thomas 
 James, the first minister ; then Nathaniel Hunt 
 ing, ordained Sept. 13, 1699, and dismissed in 
 his old age at the settlement of Mr. Buell. In 
 this retirement he devoted himself with great 
 ardor to his studies. Though he always felt the 
 necessity of the special aid of the Spirit of God in 
 preaching, yet he duly estimated the importance 
 of diligent application of mind to the duties of the 
 ministry. For a number of years he wrote all his 
 sermons and preached them without notes. He 
 was long engaged in writing a work on the prophe 
 cies, but the publication of Newton s dissertations 
 induced him to relinquish it. He sought the 
 acquisition of knowledge, not that he might have 
 the honor of being reputed a learned man, but 
 that he might increase his power of usefulness ; 
 and keeping his great object, that of doing good, 
 constantly in view, he never suffered the pleasures 
 of literary and theological research to detain him 
 from the field of more active exertion. He could 
 not shut himself up in his study, while immortal 
 souls in his own congregation or in the neighbor 
 hood were destitute of instruction and were ready 
 to hear the words of eternal life. He frequently 
 preached two or three times in the course of the 
 week, in addition to his stated labors on the Sab 
 bath. For a number of the first years of his 
 ministry he seemed to labor without effect. His 
 people paid but little attention to the concerns of 
 religion. But in 1764 he witnessed an astonishing 
 change. Almost every individual in the town was 
 deeply impressed, and the interests of eternity 
 received that attention which their transcendent 
 importance demands. He had the happiness at 
 one time of admitting into his church ninety-nine 
 persons, who, he believed, had been renewed, 
 and enlightened with correct views of the gospel, 
 and inspired with benevolent principles of conduct. 
 In the years 17 80 and 1791 also, he was favored, 
 through the influence of the Holy Spirit on the 
 hearts of his hearers, with great success. 
 
 Dr. Buell presents a remarkable instance of 
 disinterested exertion for the good of others. 
 When Long Island fell into the hands of the 
 British in 1776, he remained with his people, and 
 did much towards relieving their distresses. As 
 there was at this period but one minister within 
 forty miles able to preach, the care of all the 
 churches fell upon him. His natural disposition 
 inclined him to do with his might whatever his 
 
 hand found to do. He was an example of all the 
 Christian virtues. He was attached to literature 
 and science, and was the father and patron of 
 Clinton academy in East .Hampton. His house 
 was the mansion of hospitality. Possessing a 
 large fund of instructive and entertaining anec 
 dote, his company was pleasing to persons of 
 every age. In no respect was he more distin-* 
 guished, than for a spirit of devotion. He was 
 fully convinced of the necessity and efficacy of 
 prayer, and amid the prosperous and afflictive 
 scenes, through which he passed, it was his delight 
 to hold intercourse with his Father in heaven. 
 He followed two wives and eight children to the 
 grave. On these solemn and affecting occasions, 
 such was the resignation and support imparted to 
 him, that he usually preached himself. To his 
 uncommon and long continued health, the strict 
 rules of temperance, which he observed, without 
 doubt much contributed. On the day, in which 
 he was 80 years old, he rode fourteen miles to 
 preach the gospel, and returned in the evening. 
 In his last hours his mind was in perfect peace. 
 He had no desire to remain any longer absent 
 from his Saviour. He observed, as the hour of 
 his departure approached, that he felt all his 
 earthly connections to be dissolved. The world, 
 into which he was just entering, absorbed all his 
 thoughts ; so that he was unwilling to suffer any 
 interruption of his most cheering contemplations 
 from the last attention of his friends. While 
 they were endeavoring to prolong the dying flame, 
 he would put them aside with one hand, while 
 the other was raised towards heaven, where his 
 eyes and soul were fixed. In this happy state of 
 mind he welcomed the moment of his departure 
 from life. His daughter Jerusha was the mother 
 of J. L. Gardner of Gardner s Island ; another 
 daughter married Rev. A. Wentworth. 
 
 He published a narrative of the revival of 
 religion among his people in 1764, and fourteen 
 occasional discourses, which evince the vigor of 
 his mind and the ardor of his piety; among 
 which are a sermon at the ordination of Samson 
 Occum, Aug. 29, 1759, to which is added a letter 
 giving an account of Occum, 1761 ; on the death 
 of C. J. Smith, 1770 ; at the ordination of Aaron 
 Woolworth, Bridgehampton, 1788.; funeral ser 
 mons on his daughter, Mrs. Conkling, 1782, and 
 on an only son, Samuel, who died of the small 
 pox in 1787. Conn. Evan. Mag. II. 147-151, 179- 
 182; Daggetfs Funeral Sermon. 
 
 BUELL, ABEL, of Killingworth, Conn., began, 
 unaided, a type foundry in 1769, and completed 
 several fonts of long primer. He was a skilful 
 goldsmith and jeweller. John Baine, a Scotch 
 man, who died at Philadelphia in 1790, was the 
 first successful type founder; and he came to this 
 country after the war. Thomas, I. 214 ; II. 547 ; 
 Holmes, II. 165. 
 
BUELL. 
 
 BUELL, WILLIAM, a missionary in Siam, died 
 in Newcastle, Tenn., in 1856, aged about 40. An 
 afflictive event recalled him from Siam. 
 
 BUFF, MICHAEL, died in Georgia in 1839, 
 aged 101, a soldier in 1758. 
 
 BUIST, GEORGE, D. D., minister in Charleston, 
 S. C., was born in 1770 in Fif eshire, Scotland. In 
 the college of Edinburgh, which he entered in 
 1787, he became very distinguished. In classical 
 learning he excelled, having a predilection for 
 Grecian literature. With the Hebrew also he was 
 familiar. In French and Italian he was skilled. 
 The elders of the Presbyterian church in Charles 
 ton, established in 1731, sent for Mr. Buist, on 
 the recommendation of Dr. llobertson and Dr- 
 Blair. He arrived in June, 1793. Being ap 
 pointed in 1805 principal of the college of Charles 
 ton, the seminary soon became more respectable 
 than ever. He died Aug. 31, 1808, after an illness 
 of a few days, aged 38 years. His predecessors in 
 the Presbyterian church were Stuart, Grant, Lori- 
 mer, Morison, Hewatt, Graham, and Wilson. As 
 a preacher he was impressive, oratorical, and pop 
 ular, while he was also instructive and faithful. In 
 the censure of vice he was bold and animated. 
 A friend of benevolent institutions, his warm and 
 eloquent appeals aroused the public feeling. lie 
 wrote various articles for the British encyclopedia. 
 He published an abridgment of Hume for schools, 
 1792; a version of the psalms, 1790; a sermon 
 on the death of Rev. Mr. Malcomson, 1805. His 
 sermons in two vols. 8vo, were published in 1809. 
 Sketch prefixed to Sermons. 
 
 BULFINCH, THOMAS, M. D., a physician in 
 Boston, died in Feb., 1802. He was the only son 
 of Dr. Thomas B., an eminent and pious physi 
 cian, who died Dec., 1757, aged 62, and whose 
 father, Adino B., came from England in 1680. 
 He was born in 1728, and after attending the Latin 
 school of John Lovell, was graduated at Harvard 
 college in 1746. He spent four years in England 
 and Scotland in the prosecution of his medical 
 studies, and, obtaining his medical degree in 1757, 
 returned immediately to Boston. During the 
 prevalence of the small-pox in 1763, his antiphlo 
 gistic treatment was eminently successful. With 
 Drs. Warren, Gardiner, and Perkins he attempted 
 the establishment of a small-pox hospital at Point 
 Shirley ; but prejudice defeated lu s efforts. Dur 
 ing the occupation of Boston by the British troops 
 he remained in the town and suil ered many priva 
 tions and losses. He continued in practice till 
 two years before his death, which occurred in 
 Feb., 1802. His mother was the daughter of John 
 Colman, brother of Rev. Benjamin C. His wife 
 was the daughter of Charles Apthorp. He left a 
 son, the architect and superintendent of the pub 
 lic buildings at Washington, who married the 
 daughter of John Apthorp ; and two daughters, 
 married to George Storer and Joseph Coolidge. 
 
 BULKLEY. 
 
 159 
 
 Dr. Bulfinch was distinguished for his personal 
 appearance and elegance of manners. Like his 
 father, he was mild and unobtrusive, cheerful, be 
 nevolent, and pious. He published a treatise on 
 the treatment of the scarlet fever ; another on the 
 yellow fever. Thaclier x Med. Biog. 
 
 BULFIXCH, CHARLES, died in Boston April 
 15, 1844, aged 81. He graduated at Harvard, 
 1781, and pursued his architectural studies in 
 Europe, and on his return devoted himself to 
 arclu tecture. He drew the plan for the State- 
 house in Boston, and for the capitol at Wasliing- 
 ton. 
 
 BULKLEY, PETER, first minister of Concord, 
 Mass., died March 9, 1659, aged 76. He was 
 born at Woodhill in Bedfordshire, Eng., Jan. 31, 
 1583. He was educated at St. John s in Camb. 
 and was fellow of the college. lie had a gentle 
 man s estate left him by his father, Dr. Edward 
 Bulkley of Woodhill, whom he succeeded in the 
 ministry- For twenty-one years he continued his 
 faitliful labors without interruption; but at length, 
 being silenced for nonconformity to some of the 
 ceremonies of the English church, he came to 
 New England in 1635, that he might enjoy lib 
 erty of conscience. After residing some time at 
 Cambridge, he began the settlement of Concord 
 in 1636 with a number of planters, who had 
 accompanied him from England. He formed, 
 July 5, 1636, the twelfth church which had been 
 established in the colony, and in 1637 was consti 
 tuted its teacher and John Jones its pastor. He 
 died in Concord. His first wife was a daughter 
 of Thomas Allen of Coldington ; his second, a 
 daughter of Sir Richard Chitwood. By these he 
 had fourteen children, three of whom were edu 
 cated for the ministry. Edward, who succeeded 
 him about 1659, had been the first minister 
 of Marshficld, died at Chelmsford Jan. 2, 1696, 
 and was buried at Concord ; his son, Peter, a 
 graduate of 1660, was agent in England in 1676, 
 was speaker of the house and assistant from 1677 
 to- 1684, and died May 24, 1688. 
 
 Mr. Bulkley was remarkable for his benevo 
 lence. He expended a large estate by giving 
 farms to his servants, whom he employed in hus 
 bandry. It was his custom, when a servant had 
 lived with him a certain number of years, to dis 
 miss him, giving him a piece of land for a farm, 
 and to take another in his place. He was famil 
 iar and pleasant in his manners, though while 
 subject to bodily pains he was somewhat irritable, 
 and in preaching was at times considered as 
 severe. So strict was his own virtue, that he 
 could not spare some follies, which were thought 
 too inconsiderable to be noticed. In consequence 
 of his pressing importunately some charitable 
 work, contrary to the wishes of the ruling elder, 
 an unhappy division was produced in the church ; 
 but it was healed by the advice of a council and the 
 
160 
 
 BULKLEY. 
 
 abdication of the elder. By means of this troub 
 lesome affair, Mr. Bulkley said he knew more of 
 God, more of himself, and more of men. He was 
 an excellent scholar, and was distinguished for the 
 holiness of his life and his diligent attention to 
 the duties of the ministry. He gave a considera 
 ble part of his library to Harvard college. He 
 was very conscientious in his observance of the 
 Sabbath. He was averse to novelty of apparel, 
 and his hair was always cut close. Such was his 
 zeal to do good, that he seldom left any company, 
 without making some serious remark, calculated 
 to impress the mind. When, through infirmity, 
 he was unable to teach from house to house, he 
 added to his usual labor on the Lord s day that 
 of catechizing and exhorting the youth, in the 
 presence of the whole assembly. Such was his 
 reputation among the ministers of New England, 
 that he was appointed one of the moderators of 
 the synod of 1737. Mr. Hooker was the other. 
 
 He published a work entitled, the gospel cove 
 nant, or the covenant of grace opened, etc., Lon 
 don, 1646, 4to. pp. 383. This book was so much 
 esteemed, that it passed through several editions. 
 It is composed of sermons preached at Concord 
 upon Zechariah IX. 11, "the blood of the cove 
 nant." Speaking of this work, Mr. Shepard of 
 Cambridge says, " The church of God is bound to 
 bless God for the holy, judicious, and learned 
 labors of this aged, and experienced, and precious 
 servant of Jesus Christ." Mr. Bulkley also wrote 
 Latin poetry, some specimens of which are 
 preserved by Dr. Mather in his history of New 
 England. Mather s Magnolia, in. 96, 98; 
 Neal, I. 321; Nonconformists Memorial, last 
 edition, n. 200; Holmes, I. 314; Coll. Hist. 
 Soc., x. 168 ; Bipley s Dedication Sermon. 
 
 BULKLEY, JOHX, one of the first graduates 
 of Harvard college, died in 1689, aged 69. He 
 was the son of the preceding. He took his 
 degree of A. M. in 1642. He afterwards went to 
 England, and settled at Fordham, where he 
 continued for several years with good acceptance 
 and usefulness. After his ejectment in 1662 he 
 went to Wapping, in the suburbs of London, 
 where he practised physic several years with 
 success. He was eminent in learning and equally 
 so in piety. Though he was not often in his 
 pulpit after his ejectment, he might truly be said 
 to preach every day in the week. His whole life 
 was a continued sermon. He seldom visited his 
 patients without reading a lecture of divinity to 
 them, and praying with them. He was remarkable 
 for the sweetness of his temper, and his integrity 
 and charitableness ; but what gave a lustre to all 
 his other virtues was his deep humility. He died 
 near the tower in London. Nonconformists 
 Memorial, last edition, II. 200 ; James Funeral 
 Sermon. 
 
 BULKLEY, GERSHOM, an eminent minister, 
 
 BULKLEY. 
 
 the brother of the preceding, died Dec. 2, 1713, 
 aged 77. He was born in Dec., 1636, and gradu 
 ated at Harvard college in 1655. About the year 
 1658 he succeeded Mr. Blinman as minister of 
 New London. Here he continued till about the 
 year 1666, when he became pastor of the church 
 in Wethersfield, in the place of Mr. Russell, who 
 had removed to Hadley. He was succeeded at 
 New London by Mr. Bradstreet. Many years 
 before his death he resigned the ministry at 
 Wethersfield on account of his infirmities, and 
 Mr. Rowlandson of Lancaster was received aa 
 minister. His wife was Sarah, the daughter of 
 President Chauncy. He was a man of distinction 
 in his day, and was particularly eminent for hia 
 skill in chemistry. From an inscription upon his 
 gravestone, it appears that he was regarded as a 
 man of rare abilities and extraordinary industry, 
 excellent in learning, master of many languages, 
 exquisite in his skill in divinity, physic, and law, 
 and of a most exemplary and Christian life. 
 Trumbull, I. 319, 324, 483, 519; Mass. Hist. Coll., 
 X. 155. 
 
 BULKLEY, JOHN, first minister of Colchester, 
 Avas the son of Gershom Bulkley. He was gradu 
 ated at Harvard college in 1699, was ordained 
 Dec. 20, 1703, and died in June, 1731. His son, 
 John Bulkley, a graduate at Yale college in 1756, 
 eminent for learning, possessed a high reputation 
 as a physician and lawyer, and when very young 
 was appointed a judge of the superior court of 
 Connecticut. 
 
 Mr. Bulkley was very distinguished as a scholar. 
 While a member of college, he and Mr. Dummer, 
 who was a member of the same class, were con 
 sidered as pre-eminent in genius and talents. 
 The palm was given to the latter for quickness, 
 brilliancy, and wit ; but Mr. Bulkley was regarded 
 as his superior in solidity of judgment and 
 strength of argument. He carried his researches 
 into the various departments of the law, of medi 
 cine, and theology. He was classed by Dr. 
 Chauncy in 1788 among the three most eminent 
 for strength of genius and powers of mind, 
 which New England had produced. The other 
 two were Jeremiah Dummer and Thomas Walter. 
 He wrote a preface to R. Wolcott s meditations, 
 and published an election sermon in 1713, entitled, 
 the necessity of religion in societies. In 1724 he 
 published an inquiry into the right of the aborig 
 inal natives to the lands in America. This curi 
 ous treatise has within a few years been reprinted 
 in the collections of the lu storical society of Mas 
 sachusetts. The author contends, that the Indians 
 had no just claims to any lands but such as they 
 had subdued and improved by their own labor, 
 and that the English had a perfect right to occupy 
 all other lands without compensation to the na 
 tives. He published a sermon at ordination of J. 
 Lewis, 1730 ; and one other tract, entitled, an im- 
 
BULL. 
 
 partial account of a late debate at Lyme, upon the 
 following points : whether it be the will of God, 
 that the infants of visible believers should be bap 
 tized ; whether sprinkling be lawful and sufficient ; 
 and whether the present way of maintaining 
 ministers by a public rate or tax be lawful, 1729. 
 In this he gives some account of the rise of 
 the anti-pedo-baptists. Trumbull, I. 520 ; Mass. 
 Hist. Coll. IV. 159 ; Gen. Hist, of Conn. 173. 
 
 BULL, HENRY, governor of Rhode Island, died 
 in 1693, aged 84. Born in Wales, he was one of 
 the early purchasers of the Island of Aquidneck, 
 now Rhode Island. He settled with seventeen 
 others at Newport in 1638, and was governor in 
 1685, and again in 1689, when Andros was im 
 prisoned. 
 
 BULL, WILLIAM, M. D., a physician, eminent 
 for literature and medical science, died July 4, 
 1791, aged 81. He was the son of Win. Bull, 
 lieut.-gov. of South Carolina, who died March 
 1755, aged 72. He was the first native of South 
 Carolina, and probably the first American, who 
 obtained a degree in medicine. S. L. Knapp, in 
 his stereotype lecture on American literature, 
 mistakes in representing Dr. Bull as a graduate 
 of Harvard college, and also in giving his name 
 Ball. He was a pupil of Boerhaave, and in 1735 
 defended a thesis de colica pictonum before the 
 university of Leyden. He is quoted by Van 
 Swieten, as his fellow student, with the title of 
 the learned Dr. Bull. After his return to this 
 country, lu s services in civil life were reqmred by 
 his fellow-citizens. In 1751 he was a member of 
 the council; in 1763 he was speaker of the house 
 of representatives, and in 1764 he was lieut.-gov. 
 of South Carolina. He was many years in this 
 office, and commander-in-chief. When the Brit 
 ish troops left South Carolina in 1782 he accom 
 panied them to England, where he resided the 
 remainder of his life. He died in London. 
 Ramsay s Rev. of Med. 42,43; Miller, I. 317, II. 
 363 ; (rentleman s Mag. xxv. 236 ; Ramsay s 
 Hist. S. C. II. 113. 
 
 BULL, JOHN, general, a soldier of the Revolu 
 tion, died at Northumberland, Penn., in Aug. 
 1824, aged 94. In the French wars his services 
 were important, especially in making treaties with 
 the Indians for the safety of the frontiers. In the 
 war for independence he engaged with zeal. In 
 1776 he was a member of the assembly from the 
 county of Philadelphia. At the age of 75 he was 
 also a useful member of the legislature. lie died 
 with composure, trusting in the atonement of the 
 Saviour, with assured hope of a glorious resurrec 
 tion. 
 
 BULL, NORMS, D. I).-, died in Lewiston, 
 N. Y., in 1848, aged about 58. Bom in Har- 
 winton, he graduated at Yale in 1813, and com 
 menced bis labors as a teacher at Lansingburg. 
 He was then a minister at Warsaw, and eleven 
 21 
 
 BULLOCK. 
 
 161 
 
 years at Geneseo. He was afterwards both pas 
 tor and teacher at Wyoming and at Clarkson. 
 In 1846 he removed to Lewiston. He published 
 an address to the Wilson Collegiate Institute. 
 N. Y. Observer, Feb. 26, 1848. 
 
 BULLARI), ARTEMAS, Dr., died at Sutton May 
 6, 1842, aged 73. His ten children were pro 
 fessors of religion. 
 
 BULLARI), ARTEMAS, D. D., son of the pre 
 ceding, minister of the 1st Presbyterian church in 
 St. Louis, was killed on the railroad at Gasconade 
 river, Nov. 1, 1855, aged 53. He had two broth 
 ers, who were ministers, and two sisters, who 
 married ministers Henry W. Beecher, and Lot 
 Jones. He graduated at Amherst in 1826. He 
 married Ann Jones, a teacher in Boston. For 
 ten years he was the general agent of the Ameri- 
 ican board of missions, residing at Cincinnati, and 
 for eighteen years he had been a minister in St. 
 Louis, exerting a very important influence. His 
 new and costly church had just been finished. 
 He was on the first railroad excursion to Jeffer 
 son city, when he and nearly thirty others were 
 killed. 
 
 Dr. Bullard, when the Presbyterian church was 
 split into two parts, attached himself to the New 
 School division. He was a man of action and 
 energy. His great and very important labors in 
 Missouri in the formation of new churches, the 
 providing of ministers, and the promotion of 
 learning, and his excellent character, are described 
 in the N. Y. Evangelist for Jan. 3, 1856. By his 
 efforts chiefly was Webster College founded. 
 
 BULLARD, HENRY A., judge, died in New 
 Orleans, April 17, 1851, aged 62. The son of the 
 minister of Pepperell, he was graduated at Cam 
 bridge in 1807 ; having studied law, he accompa 
 nied Gen. Toledo in an expedition against Texas, 
 but in the defeat escaped, although with difficulty, 
 and opened an office in Natchitoches. He was 
 district judge, and a member of congress, and 
 judge of the supreme court ; afterwards he prac 
 tised law in New Orleans, and gave lectures in 
 the law school. The fatigue of his return from 
 Washington occasioned his death. 
 
 BULLARD, AMOS, minister of Barre, died 
 Aug. 21, 1850, aged 43. Born in Medway, he 
 graduated at Amherst college in 1833, was for 
 some years assistant teacher in Leicester academy, 
 and ordained Oct. 26, 1843. He was a good 
 scholar and writer, and greatly excelled in meta 
 physics. His early death was greatly lamented. 
 His widow became an assistant in the academy of 
 Leicester. 
 
 BULLOCK, WILLIAM, published a work en 
 titled, Virginia impartially examined, 1649. 
 
 BULLOCK, LYDIA, died at Rehoboth, April 
 26, 1853, aged 81, relict of E. Bullock, daughter 
 of Roger Rogcrson, minister of Rehoboth from 
 1759 to 1799. She had a cultivated mind, was 
 
162 
 
 BUNKER. 
 
 BURGOYNE. 
 
 intelligent, refined, dignified, affable, of rich con 
 versation, and much-valued correspondence. Her 
 writings gratified her friends, but were not made 
 public. She was a specimen of the domestic in 
 telligence and refinement, which, unknown to the 
 world, hath blessed many a habitation of New 
 England. For fifty years she was a devoted dis 
 ciple of Christ. She was a member of a female 
 charitable society, raising for many years an an 
 nual sum for the cause of missions. 
 
 BUNKER, BENJAMIN, minister of Maiden, died 
 Feb. 3, 1670, aged about 30. He was the son of 
 George Bunker, who lived in Charlestown in 
 1634, and in 1637 was disarmed, with many 
 others, by order of the general court, for being a 
 follower of Wheelwright and Mrs. Hutchinson, 
 lest in some revelation they should make an 
 assault upon the government ; from whom, or 
 from some descendant, the name of Bunker s Hill 
 is doubtless derived. The celebrated battle was 
 fought on Breed s Hill, distant 120 rods S. E. 
 from Bunker s, which is a loftier hill. Mr. 
 Bunker was graduated at Harvard college in 
 1658. Savage s Wintlirop, \. 248. 
 
 BURBANK, CALEB, general, died at Millbury, 
 Dec. 9, 1849, aged 83; extensively known as a 
 paper manufacturer. 
 
 BURBECK, HENRY, general, died at New 
 London, Oct. 2, 1848, aged 94, being born in 
 Boston, June 8, 1754. His father was an officer 
 at Castle William before the Revolution. He 
 joined his father s company in the American army 
 in 1775, and shared in the battles and sufferings 
 of the war, at the close of which he held the office 
 of major. He afterwards was engaged in the 
 Indian wars along the western frontier ; for years 
 he commanded at Mackinaw. In the war of 
 1812 he served as a brigadier-general; but in 
 1815 retired to private life, and lived at New 
 London till his death. 
 
 BURCH, STEPHEN B., D. D., died at George 
 town, in Sept., 1833, aged 87. 
 
 BURD, BENJAMIN, general, died Oct. 5, 1822, 
 aged 69. He was a soldier of the Revolution. At 
 the age of twenty-one he joined Col. Thompson s 
 regiment of Pennsylvania riflemen, and marched 
 as a volunteer to Boston, where he arrived Aug., 
 1775. He was afterwards in the battle of Long 
 Island. In 1777, as captain in the 4th Pennsyl 
 vania regiment, he was in the battles of Trenton 
 arid Princeton, and afterwards at the battle of 
 Brandywine. In the capacity of major he was 
 engaged in the battles of Germantown and Mon- 
 mouth. In 1779 he accompanied Sullivan in his 
 expedition against the Indians. In all his ser 
 vices he was brave and active. After the war he 
 settled down on his paternal farm at fort Little 
 ton, where he was long known for his hospitable 
 and gentlemanly deportment. For the ten last 
 years of his life he resided at Bedford, Penn. ; 
 
 where he died of the dropsy in the chest. His 
 wife died on the preceding day. Farmer s 
 Coll. n. App. 99. 
 
 . BURGESS, TRISTAM, judge, died at Watchem- 
 oket farm, Providence, Oct. 13, 1853, aged 83. 
 He was born in Rochester, Mass., Feb. 26, 1770, 
 the son of a soldier, Lieut. John B., who died in 
 1791. The father and three sons were farmers 
 and coopers. He had attended school but a few 
 weeks before he was twenty-one ; he afterwards 
 graduated at Brown university in 1796. While 
 teaching school and studying law, he was per 
 suaded to buy a ticket on credit, costing 5 dollars, 
 which drew a prize of 2000, and gave him relief in 
 his poverty. He married the daughter of Wel 
 come Arnold, a merchant of Providence. He had 
 great business as a lawyer, associated with such 
 men as Howell, Burrill, Robbins, Hunter, Bridg- 
 ham, and Hazard. After being chief justice a short 
 time, he was appointed professor of oratory in 
 Brown university. He entered congress in 1825. 
 From him Mr. Randolph received such a retort as 
 from no one else, a rebuke that silenced him : 
 " Moral monsters cannot propagate ; we rejoice 
 that the father of lies can never become the father 
 of liars." In 1835 he retired to private life. He 
 was a diligent student of the Bible. His memoirs 
 were by II. L. Bowen. He published five ora 
 tions at different times, and several speeches in 
 congress. 
 
 BURGESS, BENJAMIN, died in Wayne, Me., 
 June 13, 1853, aged 102, leaving 170 descendants. 
 
 BURGESS, Mrs. N. M. HALL, missionary to 
 the Indians on the Alleghany reservation, died 
 Dec. 30, 1851. For sixteen years she had labored 
 with her brother, Rev. W. Hall, devoted to her 
 work. Her end was peaceful, saying, "Dear Sav 
 iour, come quickly ! " She had been married but a 
 few weeks. 
 
 BURGESS, Mrs., missionary at Satara in 
 India, died April 26, 1853, the wife of E. Burgess. 
 She was at Ahmednuggur in 1849. From the 
 time of her arrival at S., in 1851, she was devoted 
 to her work, in the schools, with the native wo 
 men, and in the church. 
 
 BURGOYNE, JOHN, a British lieutenant-gen 
 eral in America, died Aug. 4, 1792. He was the 
 natural son of Lord Bingley. He entered early 
 into the army, arid in 1762 had the command of a 
 body of troops, sent to Portugal for the defence 
 of that kingdom against the Spaniards. After 
 his return to England he became a privy council 
 lor, and was chosen a member of parliament. In 
 the American war he was with the British army 
 in Boston, at the battle of Bunker s Hill in 1775, 
 and in the same year was sent to Canada. In 
 the year 1777 he was intrusted with the command 
 of the northern army, which should rather have 
 been given to Sir Guy Carlton, who was much 
 better acquainted with the situation of the couu- 
 
BURGOYXE. 
 
 BURGOYXE. 
 
 1G3 
 
 try. It was the object of the campaign of 1777 
 to open a communication between New York and 
 Canada, and thus to sever New England from 
 the other States. Burgoyne first proposed to pos 
 sess himself of the fortress of Ticonderoga. With 
 an army of about 4,000 chosen British troops and 
 Germans, he left St. John s June 6, and, proceed 
 ing up lake Champlain, landed near Crown Point, 
 where he met the Indians and gave them a war 
 feast. lie made a speech to them, calculated to 
 secure their friendly co-operation, but designed 
 also to mitigate their native ferocity. He en 
 deavored to impress on them the distinction 
 between enemies in the field and helpless, un 
 armed inhabitants, and promised rewards for 
 prisoners, but none for scalps. The attempt to 
 lay some restraint upon the mode of warfare, 
 adopted by the savages, is honorable to the 
 humanity of Burgoyne ; but it may not be easy to 
 justify the connection with an ally, upon whom it 
 was well known no effectual restraints could be 
 laid. He also published on June 29th, a mani 
 festo, intended to alarm the people of the coun 
 try, through which he was to march, and con 
 cluded it with saying : " I trust I shall stand 
 acquitted in the eyes of God and man in denounc 
 ing and executing the vengeance of the State 
 against the wilful outcasts. The messengers of 
 justice and of wrath await them in the field, and 
 devastation, famine, and every concomitant hor 
 ror, that a reluctant but indispensable prosecution 
 of military duty must occasion, will bar the way 
 to their return." 
 
 On the first of July he proceeded to Ticonder 
 oga, where Gen. St. Clair was stationed with 
 about o,000 effective rank and file, many of whom 
 were without bayonets. The works were exten 
 sive and incomplete, and required 10,000 men for 
 their defence. The British army was larger than 
 had been expected. When the investment was 
 almost complete, Gen. St. Clair called a council 
 of war, and the immediate evacuation of the fort 
 was unanimously advised. Preparations for the 
 retreat were accordingly made in the night of July 
 5th. Burgoyne the next morning engaged in the 
 pursuit, and with the grand division of the army in 
 gun-boats and two frigates proceeded to the falls of 
 Skeensborough ; but, meeting with opposition in 
 this place from the works wlu ch had been con 
 structed, he returned to South Bay, where he 
 landed. He followed the Americans, however, 
 from Skeensborough to fort Edward on the Hud 
 son river, where, after conducting his army with 
 incredible labor and fatigue through the wilder 
 ness, he arrived July 30. Had he returned to 
 Ticonderoga, and embarked on lake George, he 
 might easily have proceeded to fort George, 
 whence there was a wagon road to fort Edward. 
 But he disliked the appearance of a retrograde 
 motion, though it would have brought him to the 
 
 place of his destination much roor.cr r.nd wilh 
 much less difficulty. On his approach Gen. 
 Schuylcr, who had been joined by St. Clair, passed 
 over to the west bank of the Hudson, and 
 retreated to Saratoga. Col. St. Leger had been 
 destined to reach Albany from Canada by a differ 
 ent route. He was to ascend the St. Lawrence 
 to Lake Ontario; and thence to proceed down 
 the Mohawk. He had accordingly reached the 
 head of this river, and was investing fort Schuyler, 
 formerly called fort Stanwix, when intelligence of 
 his operations was brought to Burgoyne, who per 
 ceived the importance of a rapid movement down 
 the Hudson in order to aid him in his project, and 
 to effect the junction of the troops. But this inten 
 tion could not be executed without the aid of ox 
 teams, carriages, and provisions. In order to pro 
 cure them he detached Lieut. Col. Baum with about 
 six hundred men to Bennington, a place about 
 twenty-four miles to the eastAvard of Hudson s river, 
 where large supplies were deposited for the north- 
 em American army. But Baum was defeated at 
 Walloon creek, about seven miles from Benning 
 ton, Aug. IGth, and Col. Breyman, who had ad 
 vanced to his assistance with about five hundred 
 men, was obliged to retreat. This was the first 
 check which the northern army received. This 
 disaster was followed in a few days by another ; 
 for St. Legcr, being deserted by his Indian allies, 
 who were alarmed by the approach of Gen. Arnold 
 and by a report of the defeat of Burgoyne, was 
 obliged to raise the siege of fort Schuyler in such 
 haste, that the artillery, with a great part of the 
 baggage, ammunition, and provisions fell into the 
 hands of the Americans. As he returned imme 
 diately to Canada, Burgoyne was cut off from the 
 hope of being strengthened by a junction, and 
 the American forces were enabled to concentrate 
 themselves in order to oppose him. Gen. Gates 
 arrived, to supersede Schuyler and to take the 
 command of the northern American army, Aug. 
 19th ; and his presence, with the recent events, 
 procured a vast accession of militia, and inspired 
 them with the hope of capturing the whole Brit 
 ish army. Burgoyne was prevented from com 
 mencing his march by the necessity of transport 
 ing provisions from fort George, and every 
 moment s delay increased the difficulty of pro 
 ceeding. Having thrown a bridge of boats over 
 the Hudson, he crossed that river Sept. 13th and 
 14th, and encamped on the heights and plains of 
 Saratoga. Gates immediately advanced towards 
 him, and encamped three miles above Stillwater. 
 Burgoyne was not averse to battle. He accord 
 ingly approached, and on the 19th the action 
 commenced at about three o clock and lasted till 
 night, when the Americans under the command 
 of Arnold retired to their camp. The loss on the 
 part of the Americans in killed and wounded was 
 between three and four hundred. The loss of 
 
BURGOYNE. 
 
 BURGOYNE. 
 
 the British was about six hundred. Burgoyne 
 now found that the enemy, which he had to meet, 
 was able to sustain an attack in open plains with 
 the intrepidity and the spirit of veterans. As he 
 had given up all communication with the lakes, 
 he now felt the necessity of a diversion in his favor 
 by the British army. lie accordingly wrote upon 
 this subject in the most pressing manner to Sir 
 William Howe and Gen. Clinton ; but no effectual 
 aid was afforded. lie was also at this time de 
 serted by his Indian allies, who had been disap 
 pointed in their hopes of plunder, and whose 
 enthusiasm Avas chilled. These hordes of the 
 wilderness, of whom in his proclamation he 
 boasted, that " he had but to lift his arm and 
 beckon by a stretch thereof," and they would 
 execute his vengeance, were now " deaf to every 
 consideration of honor, and unmoved by any rep 
 resentation made to them of the distress, in which 
 their secession would involve him." Difficulties 
 thickened around him. His army was reduced to 
 about five thousand men, and they were limited 
 to half the usual allowance of provision. As the 
 stock of forage was entirely exhausted, his horses 
 were perishing in great numbers. The American 
 army was so much augmented, as to render him 
 diffident of making good his retreat. 
 
 In this exigency he resolved to examine the 
 possibility of advancing, or of dislodging the 
 Americans, and of removing them to a greater 
 distance, so as to favor his retreat, if he should be 
 under the necessity of resorting to that melan 
 choly expedient. For this purpose he detached 
 a body of 1500 men, which he led, attended by 
 Generals Philips, Ileidesel, and Frazer. This de 
 tachment, on the seventh of October, had scarcely 
 formed within less than half a mile of the Amer 
 ican intrenchments, when a furious attack was 
 made on its left, by the direction of Gates, who 
 had perceived the movements of the British. 
 Arnold soon pressed hard on the right under 
 Burgoyne, which with the loss of the field pieces 
 and great part of the artillery corps retreated to 
 the camp. The Americans followed, and assaulted 
 the works throughout their whole extent from 
 right to left. The works were actually forced 
 towards the close of the day, and Col. John 
 Brooks, who had dislodged the German reserve, 
 occupied the ground, which he had gained. In 
 this action Burgoyne lost a number of his best 
 officers, among whom were Gen. Frazer and Col. 
 Breyman, many privates killed, and two hundred 
 taken prisoners, with nine pieces of brass artillery 
 and the encampment and equipage of the German 
 brigade. After the disasters of the day he took 
 advantage of the night to change his position, 
 and to secure himself in the strong camp on the 
 heights. But apprehensive of being inclosed on 
 all sides, he the next evening commenced his 
 retreat to Saratoga, where he arrived on the morn 
 
 ing of the tenth. In his march all the dwelling- 
 houses on his route were reduced to ashes. This 
 movement had been foreseen, and a force was 
 already stationed in his rear to be ready to cut 
 off his retreat. No means of extricating himself 
 from difficulty was now left him, but to abandon 
 his baggage and artillery, and by fording the 
 Hudson to escape to fort George through roads 
 impassable by wagons. "Of this last resource he 
 was deprived by the precaution of Gates, who 
 had posted strong parties at the fords, so that 
 they could not be passed without artillery. In 
 this dilemma, when his army was reduced to about 
 3,500 fighting men, and there was no means of 
 procuring a supply of provisions, which were 
 almost exhausted, he called a council of war, and 
 it was unanimously agreed to enter into a conven 
 tion with Gen. Gates. The troops of Burgoyne 
 were at first required to ground their arms in their 
 encampments and yield themselves prisoners of 
 war; but this demand was immediately rejected, 
 and the American general did not think it neces 
 sary to insist upon the rigorous terms proposed. 
 The convention was signed Oct. 17th, and the 
 British army on the same day marched out of 
 their encampment with all the honors of war. It 
 was stipulated, that they should be permitted to 
 embark for England, and should not serve against 
 the United States during the war. The whole 
 number of prisoners was 5,752. Burgoyne s army 
 in July had consisted of upwards of 9,000 men. 
 The army of Gates, including 2500 sick, amounted 
 to 13,200. 
 
 The army of Burgoyne was escorted to Cam 
 bridge, where it was kept till Nov. of the follow 
 ing year, when congress directed its removal to 
 Charlotteville in Virginia. This detention of the 
 troops was through fear, that the convention 
 would be broken, and until a ratification of it by 
 the court of Great Britain. Burgoyne himself 
 had obtained permission to repair to England on 
 parole, where he arrived in May, 1778. He met 
 a very cool reception, and was denied admission 
 to the presence of his sovereign. He was even 
 ordered immediately to repair to America as a 
 prisoner ; but the ill state of lu s health prevented 
 his compliance. At length he was permitted to 
 vindicate his character; soon after which he 
 resigned his emoluments from government to the 
 amount of upwards of 15,000 dollars a year. In 
 1777 there was published at London " a reply to 
 his letter to his constituents," doubtless written by 
 Lord Sackville, the secretary of the American 
 department, on whom Burgoyne had thrown the 
 blame of the failure of the .expedition. This pam 
 phlet exhibits some of the peculiarities of the 
 style of Junius, and furnishes one of the reasons 
 for the belief, that Lord Sackville was the author 
 of the letters of Junius. 
 
 Towards the close of the year 1781, when a 
 
BURGOYNE. 
 
 BURNET. 
 
 1G5 
 
 majority of parliament seemed resolved to persist 
 in the war, he joined the opposition, and advocated 
 a motion for the discontinuance of the fruitless 
 contest. He knew, that it was impossible to 
 conquer America. "Passion, prejudice, and inter 
 est," said he, " may operate suddenly and par 
 tially ; but when we see one principle pervading 
 the whole continent, the Americans resolutely 
 encountering difficulty and death for a course of 
 years, it must be a strong vanity and presumption 
 in our own minds, which can only lead us to im 
 agine that they are not in the right." From the 
 peace till his death he lived as a private gentle 
 man, devoted to pleasure and the muses. His 
 death was occasioned by a fit of the gout. He 
 published a letter to his constituents, 5th ed., 
 1779 ; state of the expedition from Canada, 1780; 
 the maid of the oaks, an entertainment; bon ton, 
 and the heiress, a comedy, which were once very 
 popular, and are considered as respectable dra 
 matic compositions. Stedman, I. 318-357; Mar 
 shall, III. 231-291, 393; Warren, II. 1-58; 
 Holmes, n. 269-275 ; Ramsay, II. 27-56 ; Gor 
 don, II. 476-490, 238-578; Annual Reg. for 
 
 1777, 141-176; for 1778-195-200; Coll. Hist. 
 Soc. II. 104-124 ; Junius Unmasked. 
 
 BURHANS, DANIEL, D. 1)., died at Pough- 
 keepsie Dec. 30, 1853, aged 90. He was at an 
 early period of his life an Episcopal minister in 
 Lanesborough. 
 
 BURKE, AEDA>TL T S, a judge of the court of 
 chancery in South Carolina, died March 30, 1802, 
 aged 59. He was a native of Galway in Ireland. 
 At the beginning of the Revolution he came as 
 a volunteer to fight for American liberty. In 
 
 1778, he was appointed a judge of the supreme 
 court. In 1789 he was a delegate to congress. 
 The establish .11 ent of the society of the Cincinnati 
 was opposed by him with great zeal. He died at 
 Charleston. He was an earnest republican ; 
 honest, yet eccentric; in the administration of 
 justice inflexibly upright. He published an ad 
 dress to the freemen of the State of South Caro 
 lina by Cassius, 1783, in which he recommended a 
 general amnesty ; considerations upon the order 
 of the Cincinnati, 1783. Gordon, IV. 396; 
 Warren, ill. 288; Ramsay s S. C. l. 477. 
 
 BURKE, JOIIN DOLY, author of a history of 
 Virginia, was a native of Ireland and educated at 
 Trinity college. Coming to America in 1797, he 
 conducted for a short time a paper at Boston and 
 afterwards at New York, where he was arrested 
 under the sedition law. At the Boston theatre 
 he was made the master of ceremonies. He was 
 killed in a duel with Felix Coquebert, a French 
 man, in consequence of a political dispute, April 
 12, 1808. He published a history of Virginia 
 from its first settlement to 1804, in 3 vols. An 
 additional volume, the joint production of Mr. 
 Jones and Mr. Girardin, was published in 1816. 
 
 He published also Bunker Hill, a tragedy ; 
 Bethlem Gabor, an historical drama, 1803; an 
 oration, delivered March 4, 180S. 
 
 BURXABY, ANDREW, a clergyman, published 
 Travels through the middle settlements of North 
 America in 1759 and 1760, 4to. 1776. 
 
 BURNAP, JACOB, D. D., first minister of Mer- 
 rimac, N. II., died Dec. 26, 1821, aged 73. He 
 was born in Reading, Mass., Nov. 2, 1748, and 
 was a descendant of Isaac, who died 1667. After 
 graduating at Harvard college in 1770, he studied 
 theology with Thomas Haven, of Reading, a man 
 of profound erudition, of great mildness and gen 
 tleness, and of remarkable patience under severe 
 trials, whose example taught his pupils much of 
 the spirit of religion. The church of Merrimac 
 was constituted Sept. 5, 1772, and Mr. Burnap, 
 was ordained Oct. 14th. After a ministry of 
 nearly fifty years he died. By his second wife, 
 Elizabeth, sister of Gov. John Brooks, who died 
 in 1810, he had thirteen cliildren. Two of his 
 sons graduated at Harvard college. "With a sound 
 judgment and vigorous powers, he diligently stud 
 ied the Scriptures in the original languages. In 
 his sentiments he escaped the extremes of ortho 
 doxy and liberality. In his disposition he was 
 kind and catholic. He published an oration on 
 independence, 1808, and the following sermons: 
 at a fast, 1799; at the election, 1801; on the 
 death of S. Chandler, 1806; of II. M. Davidson, 
 1808 ; of R. Parker, 1809 ; of Sarah, Samuel, and 
 Joanna Spaulding, 1815; of J. Kidder, 1818; at 
 the thanksgiving, 1811; at Merrimac, 1819, and 
 Dec. 20, 1820, two centuries from the settlement 
 of N. E. Farmer s Collect. II. 76-79. 
 
 BURNET, WILLIAM, governor of several of 
 the American colonies, died Sept. 7, 1729. He 
 was the eldest son of the celebrated Bishop 
 Burnet, and was born at the Hague in March, 
 1688. He was named William after the Prince 
 of Orange, who stood his godfather. Previously 
 to his coming to this country, he possessed a con 
 siderable fortune ; but it had been wrecked in the 
 South Sea scheme, which reduced many opulent 
 families to indigence. In the year 1720 he was 
 appointed governor of New York and New Jersey 
 in the place of Robert Hunter, who succeeded 
 Mr. Burnet as comptroller-general of the accounts 
 of the customs, a place worth 1200 hundred 
 pounds per annum. He arrived at New York 
 and took upon him the government of that 
 province Sept. 17, 1720. lie continued in this 
 station till his removal in 1728. None of his pre 
 decessors had such extensive and just views of the 
 Indian affairs, and of the dangerous neighborhood 
 of the French, whose advances he was fully de 
 termined to check. He penetrated into their 
 policy, being convinced from their possessing the 
 main passes, from their care to conciliate the 
 natives, and from the increase of their settlements 
 
166 
 
 BURNET. 
 
 BURNET. 
 
 in Lousiana, that the British colonies had much 
 to fear from their arts and power. In his first 
 speech to the assembly he expressed his appre 
 hensions and endeavored to awaken the suspicion 
 of the members. Agreeably to his desire, an act 
 was passed at the first session, prohibiting the sale 
 of such goods to the French, as were suitable for 
 the Indian trade. This was a wise and necessary 
 measure ; for, by means of goods, procured from 
 Albany and transported to Canada by the Mo 
 hawk and lake Ontario, the French were enabled 
 to divert the fur trade from the Hudson to the St. 
 Lawrence, and to corrupt the fidelity of the Indian 
 allies. But, wise and necessary as this measure 
 was, a clamor was raised against it by those, whose 
 interests were affected. The governor, however, 
 was not prevented from pursuing his plans for the 
 public welfare. He perceived the importance of 
 obtaining the command of lake Ontario, in order 
 to frustrate the project of the French for establish 
 ing a chain of forts from Canada to Louisiana, so 
 as to confine the English colonies to narrow limits 
 along the seacoast. For this purpose he began 
 the erection of a trading-house at Oswego, in the 
 country of the Seneca Indians, in 1722. In this 
 year there was a congress at Albany of the sev 
 eral governors and commissioners on the renewal 
 of the ancient friendship with the Indians; and 
 Governor Burnet persuaded them to send a mes 
 sage to the eastern Indians, threatening them with 
 war, unless they concluded a peace with the Eng 
 lish, who had been much harassed by their fre 
 quent irruptions. 
 
 Another circumstance, in addition to the act 
 above mentioned, increased the disaffection of the 
 people to the governor. As he sustained the office 
 of chancellor, he paid great attention to its duties. 
 Though he was not a lawyer, he in general trans 
 acted the business, which was brought before 
 him, with correctness and ability. He had, how 
 ever, one failing, which disqualified him for a 
 station, that sometimes required a patient appli 
 cation of mind. His decisions were precipitate. 
 He used to say of himself, " I act first, and think 
 afterwards." As some cases were brought before 
 him, in which the path of justice was not so plain 
 as to be instantly seen, and as the establishment 
 of the court itself without the consent of the 
 assembly was considered as a grievance, Mr. 
 Burnet saw a strong party rise against him. His 
 services were overlooked and his removal became 
 necessary. Such was his disinterested zeal in 
 prosecuting his plan of opposition to the French, 
 that after they had built a large storehouse and 
 repaired the fort at Niagara in 1726, he in the 
 following year, at his own expense, built a fort at 
 Oswego for the protection of the post and trade. 
 This was a measure of the highest importance to 
 the colonies. In the government of New Jersey, 
 wliich he enjoyed at the same time with that of 
 
 New York, no event of interest took place. In 
 the session of the assembly, in the year 1721, a 
 bill was introduced, which was supposed to have 
 originated with the governor, entitled, " an act 
 against denying the divinity of our Saviour Jesus 
 Christ, the doctrine of the blessed Trinity, the 
 truth of the holy Scripture, and spreading atheis 
 tical books;" but it was rejected. 
 
 Mr. Burnet was succeeded in his governments 
 by John Montgomerie, to whom he delivered the 
 great seal of the province of New York, April 15, 
 1728. He left New York with reluctance, for by 
 his marriage with the daughter of Vanhorne he 
 had become connected with a numerous family, 
 and he had formed a strict intimacy and friendship 
 with several gentlemen of learning and worth. 
 Being appointed governor of Massachusetts and 
 New Hampshire, he reached Boston July 13, 1728, 
 and was received with unusual pomp. In his speech 
 to the assembly, July 24, he made known his in 
 structions to insist upon a fixed salary, and ex 
 pressed his intention firmly to adhere to them. 
 Thus the controversy, which had been agitated 
 during the administration of his predecessor, 
 Shute, was revived. On the one hand it was 
 contended, that if the support of the governor 
 depended upon an annual grant, he would be laid 
 under constraint, and would not act with the 
 necessary independence and regard to the rights 
 of the king. On the other hand it was asserted, 
 that the charter gave the assembly a full right to 
 raise and appropriate all moneys for the support 
 of government, and that an honorable support 
 would always be afforded to a worthy chief magis 
 trate, without rendering him completely inde 
 pendent of the people, whose interests he is 
 bound to promote. The governor pursued the 
 controversy with zeal, but without success ; and 
 opposition had an evident effect upon his spirits. 
 A violent cold, occasioned by the oversetting of his 
 carriage upon the causeway at Cambridge, when 
 the tide was high, was followed by a fever, which 
 terminated his life. He left two sons and a 
 daughter. He was succeeded by Mr. Belcher. 
 
 Gov. Burnet was a man of superior talents, and 
 in many respects of an amiable character. His 
 acquaintance with books and his free and easy 
 manner of communicating his sentiments made 
 him the delight of men of letters. His library 
 was one of the richest private collections in 
 America. His right of precedence in all com 
 panies rendered him the more excusable in indulg 
 ing his natural disposition by occupying a large 
 share in the conversation. To the ladies he made 
 himself peculiarly agreeable. In his conduct as a 
 governor he discovered nothing of an avaricious 
 spirit, though in order to procure supplies for his 
 family he exceeded the bounds of the law in de 
 manding fees of masters of vessels. His contro 
 versy with the assembly respected not the amount 
 
BURNET. 
 
 of his salary, but only the manner in which it 
 should be secured to him. In his disposal of pub 
 lic offices he was sometimes generous, though he 
 usually preferred those who would favor his 
 cause, and displaced some who opposed him. He 
 removed from his posts Mr. Lynde, a member of 
 the house, whose integrity and talents were un 
 questioned, merely because he would not vote for 
 a compliance with the instructions given to the 
 governor. By this measure he lost many of his 
 friends. It is, however, highly to the honor of 
 Mr. Burnet, that an immoral or unfair character 
 was in his view a complete exclusion from office ; 
 and upon this principle only he once gave his 
 negative to the election of a member of the 
 council. 
 
 With regard to his religion, he firmly believed 
 the truth of Christianity, but he seems not to have 
 possessed all the seriousness, which would have 
 been honorable to his character, nor that constant 
 sense of obligation to the Giver of all good, which 
 the Christian should feel. Being invited to dine 
 with an aged gentleman, who had been a senator 
 under the old charter, and who retained the cus 
 tom of saying grace sitting, he was asked, Avhcther 
 it would be more agreeable to his excellency, that 
 grace should be said sitting or standing. The 
 governor replied, " Standing or sitting, any way 
 or no way, just as you please." Another anec 
 dote is the following. One of the committee, who 
 went from Boston to meet him on the bordei s of 
 Rhode Island, was the facetious Col. Tailer. Bur- 
 net complained of the long graces which were 
 said by clergymen on the road, and asked when 
 they would shorten. Tailer answered, " The 
 graces will increase in length till you come to 
 Boston; after that they will shorten till you come 
 to your government of New Hampsliire, where 
 your excellency will find no grace at all." The 
 governor, though the son of a bishop, was not 
 remarkable for his exact attendance upon public 
 worship. Mr. Ilutchinson, one of his successors, 
 who had a keener sense of what was discreet, if 
 not of what was right, thinks, that he should have 
 conformed more to the customs and prejudices of 
 New England. But he had no talent at dissimu 
 lation, and his character presented itself fully to 
 view. He did not appear better than he really 
 was. He sometimes wore a cloth coat lined with 
 velvet ; it was said to be expressive of lus char 
 acter. By a clause in his last will he ordered his 
 body to be buried in the nearest churchyard or 
 burying-ground, as he had no attachment to par 
 ticular modes and forms. 
 
 He published some astronomical observations 
 in the transactions of the royal society, and an 
 essay on Scripture prophecy, wherein he endeav 
 ored to explain the three periods contained in 
 the twelfth chapter of Daniel, with arguments 
 to prove, that the first period expired in 1715. 
 
 BURR. 
 
 1G7 
 
 This was published 1724, 4to., pp. 1G7. Smith 
 Hist, N. Y. 151-173, ed. in 4to. ; Ilutcldnson, n. 
 332-366 ; Belknap, II. 93-95 ; Marshall, I. 290- 
 299, 306; Caiman s Life, 196; Johnson s Life, 
 41, 42; Minot, I. 6lj 2F. E. Weekly Journal, 
 Sept. 15, 1729. 
 
 BURNET, MATTHIAS, D. D., Episcopal minis 
 ter at Norwalk, Conn., graduated at Princeton in 
 1764 and died in 1806, aged about 55. He pub 
 lished reflections upon the season of harvest, and 
 evidences of a general judgment, two sermons in 
 American preacher, II, III. 
 
 BURNET, JACOB, Judge, died at Cincinnati, 
 May 10, 1853, aged 84. A native of Newark, 
 N. J., he graduated at Princeton in 1791, visited 
 Ohio in 1795, and settled at Cincinnati in 1796. 
 He was a senator of the U. S., and a judge of the 
 supreme court of Ohio. One of the founders of 
 Ohio, he lived to see the few early settlers of Cin 
 cinnati increased to one hundred and tliirty 
 thousand. At the age of 80 he walked the 
 streets erect, and he was yet interesting by his 
 colloquial powers. Washington was a guest in 
 his father s house. He retired from the practice 
 of law in 1816, but was a judge of the supreme 
 court of Ohio, 1821-1828; then a senator of the 
 U. S. By the early purchase of lands he acquired 
 a fortune of a half a million or more. He pub 
 lished, in 1847, Notes on the Northwestern Ter 
 ritory, instructive and very interesting. 
 
 BURNETT, WALDO J., M. D., died in Boston 
 July 1, 1854, aged 25, a physician and naturalist, 
 author of several tracts on medical subjects. 
 
 BURNHAM, JOHN, major, died in Derry, N. H. 
 in 1843, aged 96 : he fought at Bunker Hill. 
 
 BURNHAM, LYDIA, Mrs., died in Groton, Vt., 
 Feb. 12, 1852, aged 104 years and 9 months. Her 
 third husband died in 1804. 
 
 BURNHAM, ABRAHAM, D. I)., died at Pem 
 broke, N. H., Sept. 20, 1852, aged 77. He was 
 a graduate of Dartmouth in 1804. His character 
 is described in the Recorder, Oct. 7. He published 
 a .sermon at ordination of A. W. Burnham, 1821. 
 
 BURNSIDE, SAMUEL M., died at Worcester 
 July 29, 1850, aged 67. A native of Northum 
 berland, and a graduate of Dartmouth of 1805, he 
 studied law, and was a literacy man and a friend 
 of learning^ and a useful citizen. He married a 
 daughter of Dwight Foster. He published an 
 oration 1813, and a memoir of J. Thomas in 
 Archncol. Am., n. 
 
 BURR, JONATHAN, minister of Dorchester, 
 died Aug. 9, 1641, aged 37. He was born at 
 Redgrave in Suffolk, England, about the year 
 1604. He gave early indications of an inquisi 
 tive, studious, and pious mind. While he was 
 much attached to books, the Bible was peculiarly 
 his delight, and by means of its instructions, 
 which were familiar to him from childhood, he 
 was made wise to salvation. Hence he was con- 
 
1G8 
 
 BURR. 
 
 BURR. 
 
 scientious in secret prayer; his whole deportment 
 was guarded and serious; and his Sabbaths were 
 entirely occupied in the exercises becoming a day 
 of holy rest. His pious parents observed with 
 satisfaction the promising disposition of their son; 
 and being desirous to consecrate him to the ser 
 vice of God and his church, determined to bestow 
 upon him a learned education. He was accord 
 ingly sent to the university, where he continued 
 three or four years, when the course of his aca 
 demical studies was interrupted by the death of 
 his father. Being compelled by this melancholy 
 event to retire into the country, he undertook the 
 instruction of a school ; but he still pursued with 
 unabating ardor his design of accomplishing him 
 self in the various branches of knowledge. The 
 awful providence of God, he would remark, by 
 which he was precluded from those employments 
 and honors in the university, of which he was 
 very fond, produced an effect, for which he had 
 reason to admire the Divine wisdom. It promoted 
 in him a humility and seriousness, which rendered 
 him more fit for the great work of turning many 
 to righteousness. 
 
 After having preached for some time at Horn 
 ing, near Bury in Suffolk, he was called to take 
 the charge of a congregation at Rcckingshal in 
 the same county. Here he approved himself a 
 faithful minister of the gospel. By an explicit 
 and solemn covenant he obligated himself to the 
 most conscientious discharge of the high duties, 
 devolved upon him. He often and earnestly 
 prayed, that whatever he preached to others, he 
 might preach from his own experience. Yet he 
 not unfrequently lamented to his friends, " alas ! I 
 preach not what I am, but what I ought to be." 
 Being silenced in England, with many others, for 
 resisting the impositions of the prclatical party, 
 and apprehending that calamities were in store 
 for the nation, he came to New England in 1639, 
 with his wife and three children, willing to forego 
 all worldly advantages, that he might enjoy the 
 ordinances of the gospel in their purity. He was 
 admitted a member of the church in Dorchester 
 under the pastoral care of Richard Mather, Dec. 
 21. He was in a short time invited to settle as a 
 colleague with Mr. Mather in the ministry ; but 
 before accepting the invitation a misunderstand 
 ing arose, which made it necessary to ask the 
 advice of the neighboring churches. A council 
 was accordingly called Feb. 2, 1G40, consisting of 
 Governor Winthrop and another magistrate and 
 ten ministers. Four days were spent in examin 
 ing and discussing the affair. It appeared, that 
 Mr. Burr had been suspected of some errors, and, 
 being directed to give his opinion in writing to 
 Mr. Mather, the latter had reported the excep 
 tionable expressions and the erroneous sentiments 
 to the church, without alluding to the qualifica 
 tions which they might receive from other parts 
 
 of the writing. These errors Mr. Burr disclaimed. 
 The council declared, that both these good men 
 had cause to be humbled for their failings, and 
 advised them to set apart a day for reconciliation. 
 This was accordingly done. The spirit of meek 
 ness and love triumphed, the mutual affection of 
 the ministers was restored, and the peace of the 
 church was happily re-established. Mr. Burr, 
 whose faith had been somewhat shaken, by means 
 of the discussion was confirmed in the truth, and 
 he humbled himself with many tears. He and 
 his family were in this year taken sick with the 
 small pox, which, as inoculation was not practised, 
 was a very dangerous disorder; but he happily 
 recovered. On this occasion he renewed the ded 
 ication of himself to God, resolving to act only for 
 liis glory and the good of his brethren, and not 
 to be governed by selfishness ; to live in humility 
 and with a sense of his complete dependence upon 
 Divine grace ; to be watchful over his own heart 
 lest his reliance should be transferred from the 
 Creator to the creature ; to be mindful, that God 
 heareth prayer ; and to bend his exertions with 
 more diligence for the promotion of pious affec 
 tions in himself and in his family. He lived after 
 wards answerably to these holy resolutions. The 
 most experienced Christians in the country found 
 his ministry and his whole deportment breathing 
 much of the spirit of a better world. The emi 
 nent Mr. Hooker, once hearing him preach, re 
 marked, " Surely this man will not be long out of 
 heaven, for he preaches as if he were there 
 already." 
 
 Mr. Burr was esteemed both in England and in 
 this country for his piety and learning. His mod 
 esty and self-diffidence were uncommonly great. 
 He could with difficulty imagine, that perform 
 ances such as his could be productive of any 
 good. Yet he was sometimes most happily dis 
 appointed. Having been by much importunity 
 prevailed on to preach at a distance from home, 
 he returned, making the most humiliating reflec 
 tions on his sermon. " It must surely be of 
 God," said he, " if any good is done by so un 
 worthy an instrument." Yet this sermon was 
 instrumental in the conversion of a person of 
 eminence, who heard it, and whose future life 
 manifested that he was a Christian indeed. It 
 was his custom on the Sabbath, after his public 
 labors, to retire to his closet, where he suppli 
 cated forgiveness of the sins which had attended 
 his performances, and implored the Divine blessing 
 upon them. He then spent some hours in praying 
 with his family and instructing them in the great 
 truths of religion. When he was desired to relax 
 his excessive exertions to do good, lest he should 
 be exhausted, he replied : " It is better to be worn 
 out with the work, than to be eaten out with 
 rust." lie began each day with secret prayer. 
 He then careildly meditated on a chapter of the 
 
BURR. 
 
 BURR. 
 
 169 
 
 Bible, which he afterwards, at the time of domes 
 tic worship, expounded to his family and such 
 neighbors as wished to be present. A similar 
 course he pursued at evening. lie generally 
 spent some time after dinner in praying with his 
 wife. Immediately before retiring to rest, he 
 employed half an hour in recollecting and con 
 fessing the sins of the day, in grateful acknowl 
 edgments of Divine mercies, and in supplications 
 to be prepared for sudden death. Previously to 
 each celebration of the Lord s supper he kept 
 with his wife a day of fasting and prayer, not 
 merely as a preparative for that sacred ordinance, 
 but as a season for imploring the blessing of God 
 on his family and neighborhood. Absence from 
 home was irksome to him, particularly as it de 
 prived him of those opportunities of holding 
 intercourse with Heaven on which he placed so 
 great a value. But when he journeyed with his 
 friends, he did not fail to edify them by profitable 
 conversation ; especially by instructive remarks on 
 such objects and occurrences as presented them 
 selves to his attention. In the recollection of 
 these scenes he was accustomed to inquire, what 
 good had been done or gained, what useful exam 
 ples seen, and what valuable instructions heard. 
 
 While he was indefatigable in his ministerial 
 work, he was not anxious for any other reward 
 than what he found in the service itself. If any, 
 who hoped that they had received spiritual benefit 
 through his exertions, sent him expressions of 
 their gratitude, he would pray that he might 
 not have his portion in these things. Nor was 
 he backward to remind his grateful friends, that 
 whatever good they had received through him, 
 the glory should be ascribed to God alone. It 
 was in preaching the gospel that he found his 
 highest enjoyment in life. In proportion to the 
 ardor of his piety was the extent of his charity. 
 He sincerely loved his fellow men, and while their 
 eternal interests pressed with weight on his heart, 
 he entered with lively sympathy into their tempo 
 ral afflictions. Rarely did he visit the poor with 
 out communicating what was comfortable to the 
 body, as well as what was instructive and salutary 
 to the soul. When he was reminded of the im 
 portance of having a greater regard to his own 
 interest, he replied : " I often think of those words : 
 lie that soweth sparingly shall reap sparingly. " 
 For the general interests of religion in the world 
 he felt so lively a concern, that his personal joys 
 and sorrows seemed inconsiderable in comparison. 
 He was bold and zealous in withstanding every 
 thing which brought dishonor on the name of 
 God ; but under personal injuries he was exem- 
 plarily meek and patient. When informed that 
 any thought meanly of him, his reply was : " I 
 think meanly of myself, and therefore may well be 
 content that others think meanly of me." When 
 charged with what was faulty, he remarked : " If 
 22 
 
 men see so much evil in me, what does God 
 see?" 
 
 In his last sickness he exhibited uncommon 
 patience and submission. He was perfectly re 
 signed to the will of God. Just before his death, 
 as his faith was greatly tried, and he endured a 
 sharp conflict, a person who was standing by re 
 marked : " This is one of Satan s last assaults ; 
 he is a subtle enemy, and would, if it were possi 
 ble, deceive the very elect." Mr. Burr repeated 
 the expression, " If it were possible ; " and added, 
 " but, blessed be God, there is no possibility." 
 He then requested to be left alone for prayer. 
 But seeing the company reluctant to depart, he 
 prayed in Latin as long as he had strength. He 
 then called for his wife, and steadfastly fixing his 
 eyes upon her, said, " Cast thy care upon God, 
 for he careth for thce." He soon afterwards ex- 
 ! pired. He left four children. His sons were 
 Jonathan, John, and Simon ; the former gradu 
 ated at Harvard college in 1651, was a physician 
 in Hingham, and died in Canada in 1690. His 
 widow, Frances, married Richard Dummer, with 
 whom she lived happily nearly forty years. Ma 
 ther s Magn., m. 78-81; Panoplist, Sept. 1808; 
 Savage s Winthrop, II. 22; Harris Hist, of Dor 
 chester in Coll. Hist. Soc. IX. 173-175. 
 
 BURR, PETER, chief justice of Connecticut, died 
 in 1724, aged about 54. He was the grandson of 
 Jonathan, and graduated at Harvard in 1690. 
 He was appointed judge in 1711, and chief jus 
 tice in 1723. His son, Rev. Isaac B., was a grad 
 uate of Yale in 1717, and died in 1751. 
 
 BURR, AAROX, president of New Jersey col 
 lege, died Sept. 24, 1757, aged 41. He was a 
 native of Fairfield, in Connecticut, and was born 
 Jan. 4, 1716. His ancestors for a number of 
 generations had lived in that colony, and were 
 persons of great respectability. His father was 
 Daniel, of Fairfield, a descendant of John, of 
 Springfield and Fairfield. He was graduated at 
 Yale college in 1735. In 1742 he was invited to 
 take the pastoral charge of the Presbyterian 
 church at Newark in New Jersey. Here he be 
 came so eminent as an able and learned divine 
 and an accomplished scholar, that in 1748 he was 
 unanimously elected president of the college, 
 which he was instrumental in founding, as suc 
 cessor to Mr. Dickinson. The college was re 
 moved about this time from Elizabethtown to 
 Newark, and in 1757, a short time before the 
 death of Mr. Burr, to Princeton. In 1754 he 
 accompanied Mr. Whitefield to Boston, having a 
 high esteem for the character of that eloquent 
 itinerant preacher, and greatly rejoicing in the 
 success of his labors. After a life of usefulness 
 and honor, devoted to his Master in heaven, he 
 was called into the eternal world at a compara 
 tively early age. 
 
 President Burr had a slender and delicate 
 
170 
 
 BURR. 
 
 BURR. 
 
 frame ; yet to encounter fatigue he had a heart 
 of steel. To amazing talents for the dispatch of 
 business, he joined a constancy of mind that com 
 monly secured to him success. As long as an 
 enterprise appeared possible, he yielded to no 
 discouragement. The flourishing state of the 
 college of New Jersey was much owing to his 
 great and assiduous exertion. It was in a great 
 degree owing to his influence with the legislature, 
 and to his intimacy and friendship with Governor 
 Belcher, that the charter was enlarged in 1746. 
 The first class was graduated in 1748, the first 
 year of his presidency. When his services were 
 requested by the trustees of the college in soli 
 citing donations for the purchase of a library and 
 philosophical apparatus, and for erecting a build 
 ing for the accommodation of the students, he 
 engaged with his usual zeal in the undertaking, 
 and everywhere met with the encouragement 
 which the design so fully deserved. A place 
 being fixed upon at Princeton for the site of the 
 new building, the superintendence of the work 
 was solely committed to him. Until the spring 
 of 1757, when the college was removed to New 
 ark, he discharged the duties both of president 
 and pastor of a church. Few were more perfect 
 in the art of rendering themselves agreeable in 
 company. He knew the avenues to the human 
 heart, and he possessed the rare power of pleas 
 ing without betraying a design to please. As he 
 was free from ostentation and parade, no one 
 would have suspected his learning, unless his sub 
 ject required him to display it, and then every 
 one was surprised that a person so well acquaint 
 ed with books should yet possess such ease in 
 conversation and such freedom of behavior. He 
 inspired all around him with cheerfulness. His 
 arms were open to good men of every denomina 
 tion. A sweetness of temper, obliging courtesy, 
 and mildness of manners, joined to an engaging 
 candor of sentiment, spread a glory over his rep 
 utation, and endeared his person to all his ac 
 quaintance. Though steady to his own principles, 
 he was free from all bigotry. In the pulpit he 
 shone with superior lustre. He was fluent, co 
 pious, sublime, and persuasive. Having a clear 
 and harmonious voice, which was capable of ex 
 pressing the various passions ; and taking a deep 
 interest in his subject, he could not fail to reach 
 the heart. His invention was exhaustless, and 
 his elocution was equal to his ideas. He was not 
 one of those preachers who soothe their hearers 
 with a delusive hope of safety, who substitute 
 morality in the place of holiness, and yield the 
 important doctrines of the gospel through fear of 
 displeasing the more reputable sinners. He in 
 sisted upon the great and universal duty of repent 
 ance, as all were guilty and condemned by the 
 Divine law. He never wished to administer con 
 volution (III the heart was renewed and consecrated 
 
 unto God. When he saw the soul humbled, he 
 then dwelt upon the riches of redeeming mercy, 
 and expatiated upon the glories of him who was 
 God manifest in the flesh. It was his endeavor to 
 alarm the thoughtless, to fix upon the conscience 
 a sense of sin, to revive the disconsolate, to. ani 
 mate the penitent, to reclaim the relapsing, to 
 confirm the irresolute, and to establish the faith 
 ful. He wished to restore to man the beautiful 
 image of God, disfigured by the apostasy. His 
 life and example were a comment on his sermons ; 
 and by his engaging deportment he rendered the 
 amiable character of a Christian still more attrac 
 tive and lovely. He was distinguished for his 
 public spirit. Amidst his other cares he studied, 
 and planned, and toiled for the good of his coun 
 try. He had a high sense of English liberty, and 
 detested despotic power as the bane of human 
 happiness. He considered the heresy of Arius 
 as not more fatal to the purity of the gospel, than 
 the positions of Filmer were to the dignity of 
 man and the repose of States. But though he 
 had much of that patriotic spirit which is orna 
 mental even to a Christian minister, he cautiously 
 intermeddled with any matters of a political na 
 ture, being aware of the invidious constructions 
 which are commonly put upon the most unexcep 
 tionable attempts made by men of his profession to 
 promote the public welfare. He was a corre 
 spondent of the Scotch society for propagating the 
 gospel ; and he thought no labor too great in the 
 prosecution of an enterprise which promised to 
 illuminate the gloomy wilderness with the beams 
 of evangelical truth. Over the college he presided 
 with dignity and reputation. He had the most 
 engaging method of instruction and a singular 
 talent in communicating his sentiments. While 
 he stripped learning of its mysteries, and pre 
 sented the most intricate subjects in the clearest 
 light, and thus enriched his pupils with the treas 
 ures of learning, he wished also to implant in 
 their minds the seeds of virtue and religion. He 
 took indefatigable pains in regard to their reli 
 gious instruction ; and with zeal, solicitude, and 
 parental affection pressed upon them the care of 
 their souls, and with melting tenderness urged 
 the importance of their becoming the true disci 
 ples of the holy Jesus. In some instances his 
 pious exertions were attended with success. In 
 the government of the college he exhibited the 
 greatest impartiality and wisdom. Though in 
 judgment and temper inclined to mild measures, 
 when these failed, he would resort to a necessary 
 severity, and no connections could prevent the 
 equal distribution of justice. In no college were 
 the students more narrowly inspected and pru 
 dently guarded, or vice of every kind more 
 effectually searched out and discountenanced and 
 suppressed. He secured with the same ease lh-3 
 obedience and love of his pupils. 
 
BURR. 
 
 The year after he took his first degree he re 
 sided at New Haven, and this is the period when 
 his mind was first enlightened with the knowledge 
 of the way of salvation. In his private papers he 
 wrote as follows : " This year God saw fit to open 
 my eyes, and show me what a miserahle creature 
 I was. Till then I had spent my life in a dream ; 
 and as to the great design of my being had lived 
 in vain. Though, before, I had been under frequent 
 convictions, and was driven to a form of religion, 
 yet I knew nothing as I ought to know. But, 
 then, I was brought to the footstool of sovereign 
 grace ; saw myself polluted by nature and prac 
 tice ; had affecting views of the Divine wrath I 
 deserved ; was made to despair of help in myself, 
 and almost concluded that my day of grace was 
 past. It pleased God, at length, to reveal his Son 
 to me in the gospel, an all-sufficient and willing 
 Saviour, and I hope inclined me to receive him on 
 the terms of the gospel. I received some conso 
 lation, and found a great change in myself. Before 
 this I was strongly attached to the Arminian 
 scheme, but then I was made to see those things 
 in a different light, and seemingly felt the truth 
 of the Calvinian doctrines." He was unfluctu 
 ating in principle and ardent in devotion, raising 
 his heart continually to the Father of mercies in 
 adoration and praise. He kept his eye fixed upon 
 the high destiny of man, and lived a spiritual life. 
 The efficacy of his religious principles was evinced 
 by his benevolence and charity. From the grace 
 of God he received a liberal and generous dispo 
 sition, and from his bounty the power of gratifying 
 the desire of doing good. At the approach of 
 death that gospel, which he had preached to 
 others, and which discloses a crucified Redeemer, 
 gave him support. He was patient and resigned, 
 cheered with the liveliest hope. The king of ter 
 rors was disarmed of his sting. 
 
 Mr. Burr married in 1752 a daughter of Jona 
 than Edwards, his successor in the presidency of 
 the college. She died in 1758, the year after the 
 death of her husband, in the twenty-seventh year 
 of her age, leaving two children, one of whom 
 was Aaron Burr, afterwards vice-president of the 
 United States, and the other a daughter, de 
 ceased, who was married to Judge Reeve. Mrs. 
 Burr was in every respect an ornament to her 
 sex, being equally distinguished for the suavity of 
 her temper, the gracefulness of her manners, her 
 literary accomplishments, and her unfeigned re 
 gard to religion. She combined a lively imagina 
 tion, a penetrating mind, and correct judgment. 
 AVhcn only seven or eight years of age she was 
 brought to the knowledge of the truth as it is in 
 Jesus, and her conduct through life was becoming 
 the gospel. Her religion did not cast a gloom 
 over her mind, but made her cheerful and happy, 
 and rendered the thought of death transporting. 
 She left a number of manuscripts upon interesting 
 
 BURR. 
 
 171 
 
 subjects, and it was hoped they would Lave been 
 made public ; but they are now lost. 
 
 Mr. Burr published a treatise, entitled, the su 
 preme deity of our Lord Jesus Christ, maintained 
 in a letter to the dedicator of Mr. Emlyn s 
 inquiry; reprinted at Boston in 1791. He pub 
 lished a sermon at ordination of 1). Bostwick, 
 1745 ; a fast sermon on account of the encroach 
 ments of the French, Jan. 1, 1755 ; the watch 
 man s answer to the question, what of the night ? 
 a sermon, 1756; a funeral sermon on Governor 
 Belcher, 1757. This was preached but a few days 
 before his own death, and his exertions in a very 
 feeble state of health to honor the memory of a 
 highly respected friend, it is thought, accelerated 
 his end. Livingston s Fun. Eulogy; Smith s 
 Serm. and Pref. to Burr s Serm. on Belcher; 
 Miller, II. 345 ; Edward s Life, app. ; Green s 
 Disc. 300-313; Savage s Winthrop, 11, 22. 
 
 BURR, HENRY, of N. J., died about the year 
 1772, making provision for the emancipation of 
 all lu s slaves, the eldest at his death, and the 
 younger as they reached a suitable age. Peter 
 AVhite of Haddonfield, who married a daughter of 
 Burr, and died about 1744, also emancipated his 
 slaves. These were the two earliest instances of 
 emancipation. Mass. Hist. Coll. s. s. VIII. 187. 
 
 BURR, AARON, vice-president of the United 
 States, died at Staten Island Sept. 14, 1836, aged 
 80. He was born at Newark Feb. 6, 1756, the 
 son of President Burr, and grandson of President 
 Edwards. His father died in 1757, and his mother 
 in 1758. His sister, Sarah, married Judge Reeve 
 of Litchfield. He was graduated at Princeton 
 in 1773. In 1775, at the age of nineteen, he 
 joined the army at Cambridge, and accompanied 
 Arnold in his expedition against Quebec. In 
 1776 he was invited to join the family of AVashing- 
 ton, but soon lost his confidence. In 1779, bear 
 ing the rank of lieutenant-colonel, he retired from 
 military life. He commenced the practice of law 
 at Albany in 1782, but soon removed to New York. 
 From 1791 to 1797 he was a member of the sen 
 ate of the United States, attached to the demo 
 cratic party. He and Mr. Jefferson had each 
 seventy-three votes for president in 1 800 ; con 
 gress on the thirty-sixth ballot elected Jefferson 
 president, and Burr vice-president. July 12, 
 1804, he mortally wounded Hamilton in a duel. 
 Arrested for treason, he was tried at Richmond in 
 Aug., 1807, and acquitted. For the rest of his 
 life he resided chieffy in New York, living in ob 
 scurity and neglect. Left in infancy without a 
 father or mother, he never imitated their virtues, 
 but was a most unprincipled, licentious, profligate 
 man. His biographer, Mr. Davis, has stamped 
 his character with infamy. 
 
 BURR, JOSEPH, a philanthropist, died at Man 
 chester, Vt., without a family, April 14, 1S28, 
 aged 56, bequeathing more than 90,000 dollars tp 
 
172 
 
 BURR. 
 
 BURROUGHS. 
 
 various objects of charity. He bequeathed for 
 foreign missions 17,000 dollars, 15,000 to the 
 Bible society, 12,000 to Middlebury college, 10,- 
 000 to the American home missionary society, 
 5,000 to the tract, colonization, and Vermont mis 
 sionary societies each, 5,000 to the parish in 
 Manchester, 3,000 to an education society, 1,000 
 to Dartmouth and "Williams colleges each, 10,000 
 for a public seminary of learning in Manchester. 
 He bequeathed these thousands of dollars, be 
 sides bestowing a large amount of property upon 
 his relatives. With a small patrimony he had 
 acquired his estate by his unfailing judgment and 
 prudence. He was the banker of his region. He 
 was honorable and conscientious. With correct 
 religious views and a moral deportment, he yet 
 avowed no hope of a spiritual renovation, until a 
 short time before his death. On his last morning 
 he said, " I think I am waiting for the coming of 
 my Lord." Missionary Herald, xxiv. 226. 
 
 BURR, JONATHAN, minister of Sandwich, died 
 Aug. 2, 1842, aged 85. A graduate of Harvard 
 in 1784, he succeeded A. Williams in 1787, and 
 was dismissed Dec. 25, 1818. He was a faithful 
 minister, receiving three hundred and thirty-five 
 members into his church ; in one year one hundred 
 and fourteen. He was also a useful teacher of 
 youth ; respected and beloved. He may be re 
 garded as the founder of Sandwich academy. 
 
 BURR, MARY, the last of the Punkapaug In 
 dians, died at Canton, Mass., Nov. 1, 1852, aged 
 101 years. There are many half and quarter 
 bloods left of the tribe ; not one full blood. 
 She married a colored man, Semore Burr, and 
 had many children. She had a pension for her 
 husband s services in the Revolutionary Avar. 
 Eliza Williams, her sister, died in 1848 at Stough- 
 ton, also aged 101 years. Another sister, Han 
 nah Nuff, died at Canton, aged 99. 
 
 BURRILL, JOHN, speaker of the house of rep 
 resentatives of Mass., sustained this office for 
 many years during the administration of Gov. 
 Shute, and acquitted himself in it with great rep 
 utation. He was distinguished for lu s great in 
 tegrity, his acquaintance with the forms of par 
 liamentary proceedings, the dignity and authority 
 with which he filled the chair, and for the order 
 and decorum, which he maintained in the debates 
 of the house. In the year 1720 he was chosen a 
 member of the council. He died of the small 
 pox at Lynn, Dec. 10, 1721, aged 63. Besides 
 sustaining the offices above mentioned, he was 
 also one of the judges of the county of Essex. 
 To his other accomplishments there was added 
 an exemplary piety. The morning and evening 
 incense of prayer to God ascended from his family 
 altar. Henchman s Funeral Sermon ; Ilutcli- 
 insori s Hist, of Mass. II. 234. 
 
 BURRILL, JACOB, major, died at Newbury in 
 1821, aged 83, a soldier in the French and Revo 
 
 lutionary wars. In the battle of Bunker Hill he 
 cautioned his fellows to take good aim. 
 
 BURRILL, JAMES, a senator, was the son of 
 James B., of Providence, R. I., died Dec. 25, 
 1820, aged 49. He was born about 1771. lie 
 was the descendant of George Burrill, an early 
 settler and wealthy farmer of Lynn, Mass., who 
 died in 1653. The genealogy is traced by Mr. 
 Farmer in his register. He was graduated at 
 Brown university, 1788. Having studied law, he 
 was for many years attorney-general of the State, 
 a member and speaker of the assembly, and chief 
 justice. He succeeded Mr. Howell in the senate 
 of the United States in 1816, and died at Wash 
 ington. He entered earnestly into the debate 
 concerning the admission of Missouri into the 
 Union, vindicating the cause of freedom, only a 
 few days before his death. His wife, Sarah, sister 
 of J. L. Arnold, died in 1814. Two daughters 
 were married in 1821 to Geo. Curtis and Win. R. 
 Greene. Farmer s Genealogical Register. 
 
 BURROUGHS, GEORGE, one of the victims of 
 the witchcraft delusion in 1692, was executed 
 Aug. 19. He was graduated at Harvard college 
 in 1670, and in 1676 was a preacher at Falmouth, 
 now Portland, Maine. When the place was at 
 tacked by the Indians Aug. 11, he escaped to 
 Bang s Island. He succeeded Mr. Bayley as a 
 preacher at Salem village, in Nov., 1680. In 
 1683, in consequence of some dispute, he returned 
 to Portland, where he held two hundred acres of 
 land, which the people had some years before 
 given to him as their minister ; of this he relin 
 quished at their request one hundred and seventy 
 acres, and in a very disinterested spirit offered to 
 give them twenty acres more, if they wished, 
 without receiving, what they had offered, one 
 hundred acres " further off." His character stood 
 unimpeached. After the town was destroyed by 
 the Indians in 1690, he returned to Salem village, 
 or Danvers. In 1692 he was accused of witch 
 craft, and was brought to trial Aug. 5th. In his 
 indictment it was stated, that by his wicked arts, 
 one Mary Wolcott " was tortured, afflicted, pined, 
 consumed, wasted, and tormented." The evidence 
 against him was derived principally from the tes 
 timony of the afflicted persons, as those were 
 called who were supposed to be bewitched, and 
 from that of the confessing witches. The spectre 
 of a little, black-haired man, it was testified, had 
 inflicted cruel pains, and appeared as a head con 
 juror. Two of his wives had appeared to the 
 witnesses, saying that he was the cause of their 
 death, and threatening, if he denied it, that they 
 would appear in court. Accordingly, during his 
 trial the afflicted persons were thrown into a par 
 oxysm of horror by the spectres of his wives, who 
 were mindful of their engagement. The confess 
 ing witches affirmed, that he had attended witch 
 meetings with them, and compelled them to the 
 
BURROUGHS. 
 
 BURTON. 
 
 -J73 
 
 snares of witchcraft. lie was also accused of| 
 performing such feats of extraordinary strength, 
 as could not be performed without diabolical as 
 sistance, such as carrying a barrel of molasses 
 through a difficult place, from a canoe to the 
 shore, and putting his fore-finger into the muzzle 
 of a large gun, and holding it out straight. He 
 pleaded his innocence ; but it was in vain. lie 
 had excited prejudices against him, while he lived 
 in Salem, and he was now doomed to suffer with 
 many others through the infatuation which pre 
 vailed. At his execution he made a speech, as 
 serting his innocence, and concluded his dying 
 prayer with the Lord s prayer, probably to vindi 
 cate his character, as it was a received opinion, 
 that a witch could not repeat the Lord s prayer, 
 without mistake. This last address to heaven 
 was uttered with such composure and fervency of 
 spirit, as drew tears from the spectators. Need s 
 N. E. n. 130-134, 144 ; Hutchinson, II. 37, 56 ; 
 Coll. Hist. Soc. VI. 265, 268; Sullivan s Hist. 
 Maine, 209-212; CaleJ s more Wonders of Inv is. 
 World, Pref., and 103, 104 ; Maine Hist. Coll. 
 I. 141, 174. 
 
 BURROUGHS, EDEN, died of the spotted 
 fever at Hartford, Vt., May 22, 1813, aged 75. 
 Born at Stratford, Conn., he graduated in 1757 
 at Yale, was settled over the third church in 
 Killingsly in 1760. and at E. Hanover, N. II., 
 in 1775, where his labors were greatly blessed. 
 For forty years he was a trustee of Dartmouth. 
 
 BURROUGHS, STEPHEN, son of the preceding, 
 died at Three Rivers in Canada, Jan. 28, 1840. 
 His strange course of villainy made him notorious 
 through the country. He pubh shcd lu s own 
 memoirs. 
 
 BURROWS, WILLIAM, a naval officer, died 
 Sept. 5, 1813. He was born at Kenderton, near 
 Philadelphia, Oct. 6, 1785. To the grief of his 
 father, Col. Burrows of the marine corps, he 
 early indicated a passion for the naval service. 
 A midshipman s warrant was obtained in 1799. 
 In subsequent years he served on board of dif 
 ferent ships ; in 1803 he was under Preble in 
 the Tripolitan war; in 1807 he enforced the 
 embargo in the Delaware. In 1812 he made 
 " a voyage to India on his private affairs. Ap 
 pointed to the command of the sloop-of-war, En 
 terprise, he sailed from Portsmouth, and on Sun 
 day Sept. 5, 1813, fell in with lu s Britannic 
 majesty s brig, the Boxer, off Portland, between 
 Seguin and cape Elizabeth. After an action of 
 forty-five minutes the Boxer was captured, her 
 commander, Blyth, being killed by a cannon-ball. 
 At the first fire, Lieut. Burrows was wounded by 
 a musket-ball, but refused to be carried below. 
 When the sword f his enemy was presented to 
 him, he exclaimed, clasping his hands, " I am 
 satisfied I die contented." He died at twelve 
 o clock at night. For his gallantry, congress 
 
 voted a gold medal to his nearest male relative. 
 The two commanders were honorably buried in 
 Portland on the 9th. Lieut. Burrows was cold 
 and reserved in his manners ; yet he had an irre 
 sistible vein of wit and humor. His master pas 
 sion was the love of glory ; and a momentary 
 flush of triumph soothed the anguish of his last 
 hours. He lived hot to hear the applauses of his 
 countrymen. Happy are they, who seek and ob 
 tain the unwithering glory, the everlasting honor 
 of heaven. Amer. Xav. Biog. 231-242. 
 
 BUItT, JOHN, minister of Bristol, R. I., was 
 graduated at Harvard college, in 1736, and was 
 ordained May 13, 1741. He died Oct. 7, 1775, 
 aged 58 years. His death was very singular. 
 Capt. Wallace, a British commander, had com 
 menced a heavy cannonade upon the town at a 
 time when an epidemical sickness Avas prevailing. 
 Those, who were able fled from the town. Mr. 
 Burt, though weak and sick, endeavored to escape 
 the impending destruction. He was afterwards 
 found dead in an adjacent field, supposed to have 
 been overcome by fatigue. No other person was 
 injured in the attack. His wife was the daughter 
 of Lieut. Gov. Wm. Ellery. His father was 
 Benjamin Burt, and his mother the daughter of 
 Rev. Mr. Cheever of Chelsea. He was a sound 
 divine and a venerable servant of Jesus Christ, 
 preaching the true doctrines of grace. Account 
 of Bristol; Warren, I. 244. 
 
 BURT, FEDERAL, minister of Durham, N. H., 
 died Feb. 2, 1828, aged 38. He was probably a 
 descendant of David Burt, an early settler of 
 Northampton, Mass., who had fifteen children, 
 lie was born at Southampton March 4, 1789. 
 As the new government under the federal con 
 stitution commenced at that time, his Christian 
 name is to be ascribed to that circumstance. 
 There are names in our country originating in 
 greater caprice, as Mr. Perserved Fish, a sound 
 merchant of New York, and Mr. Adam Eve, who 
 died lately in Penn., at a great age, and Mr. 
 Pickled Ham of Maine, who has not yet turned 
 to corruption. Mr. B. was graduated at Williams 
 college in 1812, was ordained June 18, 1817. 
 Settled over a small church, his faithful labors 
 caused it to be greatly increased. He was an 
 active and intelligent minister, and his usefulness 
 extended to the neighboring towns. He endured 
 with the utmost patience a most painful disease, 
 obliging him to submit to the amputation, first of 
 a finger, and then of an arm. In this condition 
 he undertook to conduct the N. II. Observer, 
 a religious paper. Many of the editorial articles 
 he wrote when in extreme pain : he was exerting 
 an extensive, beneficial influence in the commu 
 nity, when he was called away from his labors. 
 Chris. Mirror, Feb. 15, 1828. 
 
 BURTON, ASA, I). D., was born in Preston, 
 now Grisworld, Conn., in 1752, was graduated at 
 
174 
 
 BUSHE. 
 
 Dartmouth in 1777, ordained at Thetford in 1779, 
 and died April 23, 1836, aged 83. In 1825 Rev. 
 Charles White, I). D., became his colleague, and 
 continued till 1831. The next year Rev. Elisha 
 G. Babcock became his colleague : he died in 
 1848, and was succeeded by Itev. Timothy F. 
 Clary in 1849. When Dr. B. was settled, there 
 were only sixteen church members. In half a 
 century he had admitted four hundred and ninety 
 members. The village is called Thetford Hill, 
 two miles west of a railway station on the Con 
 necticut Itiver. The academy has three hundred 
 youth of both sexes. In 1824 Dr. B. s essays 
 were published, on the Taste Scheme, in opposi 
 tion to Emmons Exercise Scheme. He pub 
 lished a sermon at the ordination of T. Clark, 
 1800; of C. J. Tenney, 1804; of B. White, 1811; 
 before the Phi Beta Kappa Soc., 1800. 
 
 BUSHE, BENJAMIN, died in Greensborough, 
 Vt., March 21, 1845, aged 115. He was a native 
 of Swanzea, Mass. 
 
 BUSHXELL, DAVID, inventor of submarine 
 navigation, died in 1824, aged about 70. He was 
 a native of Saybrook, Conn., and probably a 
 descendant of Henry B. of Guilford, in 1650. 
 He was graduated at Yale college in 1775. In 
 the Revolutionary war he invented a machine for 
 submarine navigation, by which a magazine was 
 to be carried to the bottom of ships, for blowing 
 them up, when the conductor was at a safe dis 
 tance. He attempted to put it in operation in 
 the harbor of New York, but with little success. 
 Great alarm however was excited among the 
 British ; which occasioned the humorous poetical 
 narrative of " the battle of the kegs," by Francis 
 Hopkinson. Dr. Dwight, in his " Greenfield Hill," 
 speaks of Bushnell s genius, and alludes to 
 
 "His mystic vessel, plung d beneath the wares, 
 Gliding through dark retreats and coral caves." 
 
 An account of this machine is contained in Sil- 
 liman s journal, 1820. It was under the manage 
 ment of Capt. Ezra Lee, a good officer, of daring 
 enterprise, who died at Lyme in 1821, aged 72. 
 At the close of the war Bushnell himself was a 
 captain in the army. Gen. Heath relates that, 
 Oct. 9, 1776, the enemy captured a sloop in the 
 Hudson with the machine on board, and sunk it 
 to the bottom, and he remarks, " its fate was 
 truly a contrast to its design." Heath, 69. 
 
 BUSHNELL, MRS., wife of A. Bushnell, mis 
 sionary in West Africa, died Feb. 25, 1850, aged 
 39. She was a native of Salem, West Chester 
 Co., N. Y. As a teacher of the Methodist Board, 
 she sailed for Africa in 1837, and in 1839 married 
 W. Stocker, of the Methodist Mission in Liberia. 
 After his death she joined the Mission of the 
 American Board at Gaboon, and in 1845 married 
 Mr. Bushnell. She had gladly toiled thirteen 
 
 BUTLER. 
 
 years for Africa, and met death in perfect peace, 
 saying, " Jesus is precious, O how precious ! " 
 
 BUSHNELL, BENJAMIN, died in Saybrook, 
 April 28, 1855, aged 89. His brothers died, 
 Daniel, aged 90; Ethan, 86; Eber, 82: his 
 grandfather died aged 100. 
 
 BUSHNELL, CAMPBELL, a lawyer of Hudson, 
 and New York, died in Dec., 1839. aged 47. He 
 was a native of Salisbury, the son of Gideon B. 
 He was a member of the Mercer-street church. 
 His death was peaceful. To his son he said, " I 
 bequeath you my Bible ; take it, study it, love it." 
 Being asked, if he feared death, he replied 
 "Death! I shall not die: I shall live the life 
 everlasting!" Observer, Jan 4, 1840. 
 
 BUSHNELL, JEDEDIAII, died in Cornwall, 
 Vt., about 1846. He was an early and very useful 
 missionary in our new settlements. 
 
 BUSHYHEAD, JESSE, chief justice of the 
 Cherokees, received some English education, and 
 became a good speaker in English, an orator in 
 Cherokee. He was a correct interpreter and 
 translator. 
 
 BUSS, JOHN, a physician, officiated for many 
 years as a preacher of the gospel. In Sept., 1672, 
 a contract was made with him by the people of 
 Wells, Me. He preached there at least ten years. 
 The preachers before him were Joseph Emerson, 
 Jeremiah Hubbard, and Robert Payne. His suc 
 cessors were Percival Green, Richard Marten, Sam 
 uel Emery Samuel Jefferds, Gideon Richardson, 
 Benjamin White, and Jonathan Grecnleaf. Until 
 1701, no church was formed. Probably Mr. Buss 
 was not ordained. About 1682 he removed to 
 Oyster River, now Durham, N. II., where he 
 preached thirty-three years, and was also a prac 
 titioner of physic. His house and valuable library 
 were burnt by the Indians in 1694. He ceased 
 preaching about 1715, and was succeeded by 
 Hugh Adams, the first minister: a late minister 
 of Durham was Federal Burt. Mr. Buss died 
 in 1736, aged 95. Mr. Belknap and others erro 
 neously make his age 108, for in a petition to the 
 governor and legislature in 1718 he stated his 
 age as then 78. Farmer s Reg. ; Hist. Coll., II. 
 291; Maine Hist. Coll I, 264; tielknap s N.H. 
 in. 250. 
 
 BUSSEY, BENJAMIN, died in Roxbury Jan. 13, 
 1842, aged 84, a soldier of the Revolution. 
 With a capital of ten dollars he commenced busi 
 ness as a silversmith in Dcdham : he became a 
 rich merchant in Boston, worth about 350,000 
 dollars, which he bequeathed after the death of 
 three persons to Harvard college for agricultural, 
 law, and divinity schools. 
 
 BUTLER, RICHARD, major-general, an officer 
 of the Revolutionary army, in the latter part of 
 the war had the rank of colonel and was distin 
 guished on several occasions. About 1787 he 
 was agent for Indian affairs in Ohio. In the 
 
BUTLER. 
 
 BUTLER. 
 
 175 
 
 expedition against the Indians in 1791 he accom 
 panied St. Clair and commanded the right wing. 
 Our troops, encamped a few miles from the Miami 
 villages, were attacked in the morning of Nov. 
 4th. The militia, who were in advance, were 
 thrown into confusion, and rushed through the 
 first line, commanded by Gen. Butler. The action 
 was now severe; the Indians lying on the ground, 
 and pouring a deadly fire upon the whites. 
 Gen. Butler, in an heroic charge with the bay 
 onet, drove them back three or four hundred 
 yards. But resistance was ineffectual. In a 
 short time six hundred, of the army of twelve 
 hundred, were killed and wounded, and the 
 rest at nine o clock fled with precipitation. Gen. 
 Butler was wounded and carried to a convenient 
 place to have his wounds dressed ; but an Indian 
 broke in upon him and tomahawked and scalped 
 him, ere he himself was killed by our troops. 
 Major Ferguson was another victim. In one of 
 the charges Maj. Butler was dangerously wounded. 
 A son of Gen. B. distinguished himself at fort 
 Meigs, under Harrison, in April 1813. Holmes, 
 II. 388 ; Marshall, v. 329-334. 
 
 BUTLER, THOMAS, colonel, a brave officer 
 during the Revolutionary war, died Sept. 7, 1805, 
 aged 51. He was a brother of the preceding. 
 Three other brothers fought in the service of their 
 country. In the year 1776 he was a student at 
 law with judge Wilson of Philadelphia ; but early 
 in that year he quitted his studies, and joined the 
 army as a subaltern. He soon obtained the com 
 mand of a company, in which he continued till 
 the close of the Revolutionary contest. He was 
 in almost every action, that was fought in the 
 middle states during the war. At the battle of 
 Brandywine, Sept. 11, 1777, he received the 
 thanks of Washington on the field of battle, 
 through liis aid de camp, Gen. Hamilton, for his 
 intrepid conduct in rallying a detachment of 
 retreating troops, and giving the enemy a severe 
 fire. At the battle of Monmouth, June 28, 1778, 
 he received the thanks of Wayne for defending a 
 defile in the face of a heavy fire from the enemy, 
 while Col. Richard Butler s regiment made good 
 their retreat. At the close of the war he retired 
 into private life as a farmer, and continued in the 
 enjoyment of rural and domestic happiness till 
 the year 1791, when he again took the field 
 against the savages, who menaced our western 
 frontier. He commanded a battalion in the dis 
 astrous battle of Nov. 4, in which his brother fell. 
 Orders were given by Gen. St. Clair to charge 
 with the bayonet, and Maj. Butler, though liis 
 leg had been broken by a ball, yet on horseback 
 led his battalion to the charge. It was with diffi 
 culty, that his surviving brother, Capt. Edward 
 Butler, removed him from the field. In 1792 he 
 was continued on the establishment as major, and 
 in 1794 he was promoted to the rank of licut. 
 
 colonel commandant of the fourth sub-legion. 
 He commanded in this year fort Fayette at Pitts- 
 burg, and prevented the deluded insurgents from 
 taking it, more by his name than by his forces, for 
 he had but few troops. In 1797 he was named 
 by Washington as the officer best calculated to 
 command in the State of Tennessee, when it was 
 necessary to dispossess some citizens, who had 
 imprudently settled on the Indian lands. Accor 
 dingly, in May he marched with his regiment from 
 the Miami on the Ohio, and by that prudence and 
 good sense, which marked his character through 
 life, he in a short time removed all difficulties. 
 While in Tennessee he made several treaties with 
 the Indians. In 1802, at the reduction of the 
 army, he was continued as colonel of a regiment 
 on the peace establishment. The close of his life 
 was embittered. In 1803 he was arrested by the 
 commanding general at fort Adams on the Mis 
 sissippi, and sent to Maryland, where he was tried 
 by a court martial, and acquitted of all the 
 charges, except that of wearing his hair. He was 
 then ordered to New Orleans, where he arrived to 
 take the command of the troops Oct. 20. He 
 was again arrested the next month. Louisiana 
 Oaz. ; Polyantlios, I. 1317 ; Marshall, V. 332. 
 
 BUTLER, JOHN, colonel, a tory infamous for 
 the massacre at Wyoming, for which the name of 
 Brant has been unjustly branded with infamy, 
 removed from Connecticut and settled at Wyo 
 ming under a grant from that colony, though 
 within the bounds of Pennsylvania. Early after 
 the beginning of the war he espoused the cause of 
 the enemy. In Aug., 1777, he and Daniel Claus 
 signed an address to the inhabitants of Tryou 
 county, exhorting the people to lay down their 
 arms, and sent it by Walter Butler and a party 
 of white and red men to the German Flats. The 
 messenger was imprisoned for his pains. Gen. 
 Arnold issued a counter proclamation at German 
 Flats, Aug. 20th. 
 
 In 1778 there were eight townships on the 
 Susquehannah in the vale of Wyoming, each five 
 miles square, namely : Lackawana, Exeter, Kings 
 ton, Wilkesbarre, Plymouth, Nanticoak, Hunt- 
 ington, and Salem. There were one thousand 
 families, from which one thousand soldiers had 
 been furnished to the army, besides the garrisons 
 of four forts at Lackewana, Exeter, Kingston, and 
 Wilkesbarre. July 1, 1778, Col. Butler, with 
 about sixteen hundred men, three hundred of 
 whom were Indians and the rest tories painted 
 like Indians, approached the upper fort; and a 
 skirmish ensued, in which ten of the inhabitants 
 were killed. July 2, Exeter fort, garrisoned by to- 
 rics, was given up to them, and Lackawna fort was 
 taken. Mr. Jenkins and his family were barbar 
 ously killed ; and most of the women and children 
 were captured. July 3 he defeated Col. Zebulon 
 Butler and destroyed most of liis men, amounting 
 
176 
 
 BUTLER. 
 
 BUTLER. 
 
 to four hundred by one account and three hun 
 dred by another. July 4, he in vested fort Kings 
 ton, commanded by Col. Nathan Dennison, who 
 went to fort Exeter with a flag, to learn the terms 
 
 which would be granted, 
 plied, " the hatchet ! " 
 
 Col. John Butler re- 
 The next morning, 
 
 Sunday, July 5th, Col. Dennison, his men being 
 nearly all killed or wounded, surrendered at dis 
 cretion. He was seen surrounded by the enemy, 
 and was doubtless murdered. Some of the pris 
 oners were taken away ; the rest were shut up in j 
 the houses, and consumed with them. The enemy 
 immediately crossed the river to fort Wilksbarrc, 
 which surrendered. About seventy of the sol 
 diers were inhumanly butchered ; and the rest, 
 with the women and children, were shut up in 
 the houses, which were set on fire and all per 
 ished. Every building, except what belonged to 
 lories, in all thc^e settlements was destroyed. 
 Capt. James Bedlock, his body stuck full of splin 
 ters of pine knots, was burned, and Capts. Robert 
 Durgce and Samuel Ranson were held down in 
 the fire with pitchforks. There were other hor 
 rors, which cannot be described. The fugitives 
 who escaped were many of them two or three 
 days without provisions. 
 
 In Sept. about one hundred houses were dcs- 
 troved by the enemy at German Flats. Dec. 11, 
 
 office was worth 500 pounds sterling a year ; he 
 had also a pension of 200 or 300 ; and had re 
 ceived five thousand acres of land for himself and 
 the same for his children. Thus was he rewarded 
 for his barbarities. Marshall, III. 557 ; 
 Trav. III. 204 ; Mass. Hist. Coll. n. 220 ; Grif 
 fin s Remains ; Almon s Amer. Remembrancer, 
 1777, p. 395; TTiaclier s Mil. Journ. 141, 294. 
 
 BUTLER, ZEBVLON, a soldier of the Revolu 
 tion, was one of the early settlers at Wyoming, 
 said to be the cousin of Col. John Butler, but this 
 has been recently denied by his grandson. He 
 fought bravely in the old Erench war. In the 
 war of the Revolution he was the second in com 
 mand at Wyoming, when that beautiful vale was 
 desolated by the ferocious John Butler ; he 
 marched July 3, 1778, from Wilkesbarre, where a 
 small guard was left, to the neighboring fort of 
 Kingston with four hundred men. On being 
 summoned to surrender in two hours he de 
 manded a parley, and a place in Kingston was 
 appointed for the meeting ; he proceeded thither 
 with his troops, and on approaching a flag, seen 
 at the foot of a mountain, he was drawn thus 
 treacherously into an ambush, and the enemy rose 
 upon him in great numbers. He fought bravely 
 three quarters of an hour, when one of his men 
 cried out, that he had ordered a retreat. This in- 
 
 1778, Cherry Valley was destroyed and women I terrupted their fire, and a total route ensued. 
 ar,d children massacred. Dr. Dwight rcpre- 1 Many were lost in the river, when endeavoring to 
 sents, that the party of five hundred Indians and cross it, the enemy pursuing them with fury, 
 whites was commanded by a son of Butler, and by | Only seventy escaped to Wilkesbarre. On this 
 Brant ; but the anecdote, he gives, of the death of I day two hundred women were made widoAvs. 
 Butler needs correction, for he was not killed till July 4, the enemy, with a summons to surrender, 
 a subsequent year. At this time Col. Ichabod sent one hundred and ninety-six scalps into fort 
 Alden, who had two hundred and fifty men in the | Kingston, where Col. Dennison commanded. In 
 fort, was surprised, when imprudently out of it, I the evening Col. Butler left the fort with his fam- 
 and killed. Of the inhabitants, one hundred and | ily and proceeded down the river in safety. Such 
 eighty were left without a house. Dr. Dwight j is the account, written or published at rough- 
 relates, that Butler on entering a house ordered keepsie July 20th, and published in Almon s Re- 
 
 a woman in bed with her infant child to be killed ; 
 but Brant said, " What, kill a woman and child ? 
 
 membrancer, and which was followed by Gordon, 
 
 Marshall, and others, excepting, that Marshall 
 No, that child is not an enemy to the king, nor a reduces the number escaping July 3d to twenty, 
 friend to the congress. Long before he will be instead of seventy. But this account of the affair 
 big enough to do any mischief, the dispute will be I has been recently contradicted by E. D. Griffin, 
 settled." Thus Brant, the red man, was the man j whose mother was the daughter of Col. Butler, 
 of humanity ; and the white man was the savage, j According to his statement, his grandfather was 
 About the middle of Oct., 1781, Capt. Walter j compelled to fight prematurely by the rash vehe- 
 Butler, a son of Col. Butler, Avas killed in an ac- j mence of his men, who could not brook the delay 
 tion on the Mohawk, when Maj. Ross and his j requisite for obtaining information concerning the 
 party of six hundred, of Avhom one hundred and enemy ; but, ambushed, he rode amongst his 
 thirty were Indians, Avere routed by Col. Willett i ranks, exposing himself with the utmost coolness 
 and driven into the Avildcrness. Willett had in I to the whole fire of the enemy, in the vain hope 
 liis army sixty Oneida Indians. On being shot ! of sustaining the courage of his men ; and of 
 by one of them, Butler asked for quarter ; the | three hundred only four escaped, of which num- 
 Indian cried out with a terrible voice, Sherry \ ber he was one. Such an incautious, rash attack 
 Valley ! and tomahaAvked lu m. Thus the Avhite | of the enemy under Brant, by the troops of 
 savage had his retribution. Col. Butler about i Goshen, issued the next year in a similar defeat at 
 the year 1796 was English agent Avith reference to i Minisink ; Col. Tusten being compelled to march 
 the six nations, and lived in Upper Canada. This ! by the brave flourish of a subordinate officer. 
 
BUTLER. 
 
 Col. Butler received marks of confidence from 
 Washington. Mr. Griffin, about the year 1816, 
 visited the grave of his grandfather, the patriarch 
 of Wyoming, and found some uncouth rhymes 
 chiselled on his monument. Had Thomas Camp 
 bell resided one winter at Wyoming, ere he wrote 
 his Gertrude, a beautiful poem, he never would 
 have associated the objects of tropical scenery 
 with the vale of the Susquehannah ; he never 
 would have made the crocodile to swim in that 
 river ; nor caused the red flamingo and the huge 
 condor of the rock to spread their wings there ; 
 nor planted on its banks the aloes, the high 
 magnolia, and the palm tree. Almon s Amer. 
 Rememb. 1779, p. 51-55. Gordon, m. 188; 
 Thacher s Mil. Jour. 141; Marshall, ill. 557; 
 Griffin s Remains. 
 
 BUTLER, WILLIAM, colonel, an officer of the 
 Revolution, after the destruction of AVyoming by 
 John Butler and the Indians July 5, 1778 was 
 immediately detached in command, as lieut.-col. 
 of the fourth Pennsylvania regiment, for the as 
 sistance of the frontiers. He marched from 
 Schoharie and penetrated into the Indian country 
 in October with great difficulty, crossing high 
 mountains and deep waters, and destroyed the 
 towns Unadilla and Anaguaga, the latter being 
 the head quarters of Brant, lying on both sides 
 the Susquehannah, where it is two hundred and 
 fifty yards wide. Many farm houses and about 
 four thousand bushels of grain were destroyed. 
 His account of the expedition was published. It 
 is believed that he is the Col. Butler who was dis 
 tinguished in the expedition of Sullivan against 
 the Indians in 1779. Marshall, ill. 562; Al 
 mon s Remem., 1779, 253. 
 
 BUTLER, WILLIAM, major-general, an officer 
 of the Revolution, was the son of James Butler, 
 who in the command of a party of whigs was 
 surprised and taken prisoner near Cloud s creek, 
 South Carolina, by a party of Cunningham s 
 horse, and after his surrender perished Avith the 
 other prisoners, who were marched out one by 
 one and cut to pieces. This treacherous murder, 
 by the hand of the royalist leader, gave a keen 
 edge to the spirit of the son. At the head of a 
 body of cavalry he, with Capt. Michael Watson of 
 the mounted rangers, attacked with great gal 
 lantry and dispersed double the number of the 
 enemy in Dean s swamp, though Watson fell in 
 the action. In 1800 he was a representative in 
 congress. In the war of 1812 he commanded 
 the forces of South Carolina, employed in the 
 defence of the State. He died in Edgcfield dis 
 trict Nov. 15, 1821, aged 67. His wife, who 
 survived him many years, was a remarkable wo 
 man. Her name was Behethland Moore. In 
 the necessary absence of her husband from home 
 the care of the family and of the plantation fell 
 upon her, with the chief moral training of her 
 23 
 
 BUTLER. 
 
 177 
 
 children; of whom Col. James died in 1821 ; 
 Maj. George at the age of 33 ; William was a 
 surgeon in the navy; Judge A. P. Butler was a 
 senator of the United States ; Col. P. M. Butler 
 was the governor of the State, and fell at the 
 head of the South Carolina troops in Mexico, one 
 of the many \ictims to a needless and therefore 
 wicked Avar. The only daughter, Emmala, mar 
 ried Waddy Thompson. 
 
 BUTLER, PERCIVAL, general, a soldier of the 
 Revolution, was Avith the army at the siege and 
 capture of York, Oct. 19, 1781. He died at Port 
 William, Kentucky, Sept. 11, 1821, aged 61. 
 
 BUTLER, PEIRCE, a senator, was of the family 
 of the Dukes of Ormond in Ireland. Before the 
 Revolution he was a major in a British regiment 
 in Boston. He afterwards attached himself to 
 the republican institutions of America. In 1787 
 he Avas a delegate from South Carolina to con 
 gress ; in 1788 a member of the convention, 
 Avhich framed the constitution of the United 
 States. Under the constitution he was one of 
 the first senators from South Carolina, and re 
 mained in congress till 1796. On the death of 
 Mr. Calhoun in 1802, he was again appointed ; 
 but resigned in 1804. In his political vieAvs he 
 Avas opposed to some of the measures of Wash 
 ington s administration. Jay s treaty he disap 
 proved, while he approved of the war of 1812. 
 He died at Philadelphia Feb. 15, 1822, aged 77. 
 His AAife, a daughter of Col. Middleton of Charles 
 ton, Avhom he married in 1768, died in 1790. 
 
 BUTLER, WILLIAM, died in Philadelphia in 
 June, 1838, aged 108. 
 
 BUTLER, EZRA, governor of Vermont, died 
 at Waterbury July 19, 1838, aged 77. 
 
 BUTLER, JAMES D., died in Rutland, Vt., in 
 1842, aged 76, an early settler. He served in 
 various offices, Avas an efficient officer of temper 
 ance and other charitable societies, and an emi 
 nent Christian. 
 
 BUTLER, DAVID, D. D., died at Troy July 
 10, 1842, aged 80, the oldest Episcopal clergy 
 man in the State of NBAV York. 
 
 BUTLER, WILLL\M, died at Northampton 
 March 9, 1831, aged 68. He established one of 
 the earliest papers in western Massachusetts, 
 the Hampshire Gazette, at Northampton Sept. 
 6, 1786, and conducted it nearly thirty years. It 
 is now the oldest paper in the AA estern part of 
 the State. There Avas a paper four years sooner 
 in Springfield ; but it Avas soon discontinued. 
 There being no post-office in Northampton, he 
 Avas obliged to send to Springfield every week for 
 his neAvs. He married Huldah, a daughter of 
 Col. John BroAvn, distinguished in the war of the 
 Revolution ; and she yet sunives in venerated 
 old age. Holland s West. Mass. I. 453. 
 
 BUTLER SIMEOX, an enterprising bookseller 
 and publisher, died in Northampton Nov. 7, 1847, 
 
178 
 
 BUTLER. 
 
 BYFIELD. 
 
 aged 77. A native of Hartford, he had lived in 
 Northampton more than fifty years. He pub 
 lished the first volume of the Massachusetts 
 Reports and two or three hundred thousand other 
 volumes of valuable books. With his brother 
 Asa he established in Suffield a manufactory of 
 paper, and made, it is believed, the first American 
 letter paper used in the senate of the United 
 States. 
 
 BUTLER, JOSIAH, judge, died at Deerfield, 
 N. H., Oct. 29, 1854, aged 74. A graduate of 
 Harvard in 1803, he was in congress in 1817-1823, 
 and judge of the supreme court of New Hamp 
 shire in 1725. 
 
 BUTLER, CALEB, died at Lowell Oct. 7, 1854, 
 aged 78. A native of Pelham, N. H., he gradu 
 ated at Dartmouth in 1800, and was eleven years 
 preceptor of Groton academy, and twenty years 
 post-master. He published a history of Groton, 
 8vo. ; also a masonic oration, 1816 ; facts, etc., 
 as to affairs in Groton, 1827; review reviewed, 
 1850. Nightingale s Sermon, 
 
 BUTLER, CYRUS, died at Providence Aug. 22, 
 1849, aged 82 years. He was worth from three 
 to four millions of dollars. He gave some years 
 before his death 40,000 dollars to the Butler hos 
 pital for the insane in Providence. His father, 
 Samuel, a shoemaker from Edgartown, became 
 a large ship owner at Providence, and left his 
 son a large fortune, which he increased by fru 
 gality and wide commercial operations. 
 
 BUTLER, MANN, the historian of Kentucky, 
 was killed in Nov., 1855, by the railroad disaster 
 in Missouri, with Dr. Bullard and others. 
 
 BUTRICK, DANIEL, died June 8, 1851. He 
 was thirty years a missionary to the Cherokees. 
 
 BUTTERWORTH, CATHAKINE, Mrs., died at 
 Dubuque Aug. 30, 1748, aged 114, a native of 
 Ireland. 
 
 BUTTNER, GOTTLIEB, a Moravian missionary 
 to the Mohegan Indians in New York, died Feb. 
 23, 1745, aged 28. He arrived in this country 
 Oct., 1741. In the preceding year C. H. Rauch 
 had commenced the mission at Shekomeko, or 
 Shacomaco, a village of a few Mohegan . Indians, 
 thirty miles from Poughkeepsie, about twenty-five 
 miles east of the Hudson river, near the borders 
 of Connecticut, and close by the Stissik mountain. 
 In Feb., 1742, Count Zinzendorf, at Oly in Penn 
 sylvania, ordained Butler a deacon. The count, 
 with his daughter Benigny, visited Shacomaco in 
 August, and constituted the first Moravian con 
 gregation of Indians, consisting of ten persons, 
 among whom were Shabash, Seim, Kiop, Tschoop, 
 and Kermelok. Buttner, with his wife, arrived 
 at Shacomaco in October and entered upon his 
 labors, preaching in Dutch or English, and hav 
 ing an interpreter for the Indians. In 1742 the 
 number of the baptized was thirty-one. The 
 Lord s supper was first administered March 13, 
 
 1743, and again July 27. A monthly prayer 
 meeting was established, at which accounts were 
 read concerning the progress of the gospel in 
 the world. During the year 1743 Buttner expe 
 rienced much persecution, being summoned 
 several times to Poughkeepsie to answer to 
 charges brought against him. He was accused 
 of teaching without authority, and of refusing to 
 take the oath of allegiance, deeming an oath 
 unlawful. The other missionaries were soon 
 withdrawn from Shacomaco on account of the 
 persecution, and in 1746 ten families of the In 
 dians, in all forty-four persons, emigrated to 
 Pennsylvania. For them two hundred acres of 
 land were purchased at the junction of the rivers 
 Mahony and Lecha, beyond the blue mountains, 
 and the new town was called Gnadenhutten or 
 tents of grace. Other Mohegan emigrants from 
 Shacomaco and Connecticut soon followed. The 
 mission of Sergeant at Stockbridge was earlier 
 than this. LoskieVs Hist. Morav. Miss., II. 
 58, 63. 
 
 BUTTRICK, ELIZABETH, missionary among 
 the Cherokees, died at Dwight Aug. 3, 1847, aged 
 67. She was the daughter of Jonathan Proctor 
 of Ipswich, Mass. Having been a teacher in 
 New England, she went among the Cherokees in 
 Georgia, as a teacher, in 1823 ; in 1827 she mar 
 ried Daniel S. Buttrick, who had been a mis 
 sionary nine years. Their labors were among 
 the Indians on the east side of the Mississippi 
 till 1838, and afterwards on the west, at Fail-field 
 and Mount Zion. In her last hours " all was 
 peaceful and joyful." She had toiled faithfully 
 twenty-four years among a dark-minded people. 
 
 BYFIELD, NATHANIEL, judge of the vice ad 
 miralty, and member of the council of Massachu 
 setts, died June 6, 1733, aged 79. He was the 
 son of Richard Byfield, pastor of Long Ditton in 
 Sussex, England, w r ho was one of the divines in 
 the Westminster assembly. His mother was the 
 sister of Bishop Juxon. He was bom in the 
 year 1653, and was the youngest of twenty-one 
 children, sixteen of whom sometimes accompa 
 nied at the same time their pious father to the 
 house of worship. He arrived at Boston in the 
 year 1674. Being an eminent merchant, whose 
 property was very considerable, soon after Philip s 
 war he was one of the four proprietors and the 
 principal settler of the town of Bristol in Rhode 
 Island. He lived in this place till the year 1724, 
 when on account of his advanced age he returned 
 to Boston, where he died. He possessed very 
 considerable abilities, which fitted him for the 
 stations which he occupied. He held a variety 
 of offices both civil and military. He was speaker 
 of the house 6*f representatives ; was for thirty- 
 eight years chief justice of the court of common 
 pleas for Bristol county, and two years for Suf 
 folk ; was many years a member of the council ; 
 
BYLES. 
 
 and was judge of the vice-admiralty from the 
 year 1703. His spirit was active and vigorous, 
 his courage unshaken by any danger, and his 
 constancy such as was not easily discouraged by 
 difficulties. He was well formed for the exercise 
 of authority, his very looks inspiring respect. 
 He possessed a happy elocution. He loved order, 
 and in his family the nicest economy was visible. 
 He was conspicuous for piety, having a liberal, 
 catholic spirit, and loving all good men, however 
 they differed from him in matters of small impor 
 tance. For forty years he constantly devoted a 
 certain proportion of his estate to charitable pur 
 poses. In one year he was known to give away 
 several hundreds of pounds. He had a steady 
 and unshaken faith in the truths of the gospel ; 
 and he died in the lively hope of the mercy of 
 God through the glorious Redeemer. He pub 
 lished a tract, entitled an account of the late 
 revolution in New England, with the declaration 
 of the gentlemen, merchants, and inhabitants of 
 Boston, c., 1689. Chauncy s Fun. Sermon ; 
 Weekly News Letter, No. 1533 ; Hutchinson, n. 
 211. 
 
 BYLES, JAMES, died at Oysterbay Jan., 1839, 
 aged about 118 ; a native of France and a soldier 
 under AYolfe. 
 
 BYLES, MATHER, D. D., minister of Boston, 
 died July 5, 1788, aged 82. He was descended 
 from a respectable family, and was born in that 
 town March 26, 1706. His father was a native 
 of England, and died within a year after the birth 
 of his son. By his mother s side he descended 
 from llichard Mather, of Dorchester, and John 
 Cotton, of Boston. In early life he discovered a 
 taste for literature, and he was graduated at Har 
 vard college in 1725. After pursuing his literary 
 and theological studies for some time, he com 
 menced preaching. He was ordained the first 
 pastor of the church in Hollis street, Boston, 
 Dec. 20, 1733. It was not long before he attained 
 considerable eminence in his profession, and he 
 became known by his publication of several pieces 
 in prose and verse. His poetical talents he con 
 sidered only as instruments of innocent amuse 
 ment, and never permitted them to withdraw his 
 attention from more serious and profitable objects. 
 He never attempted any great production in 
 verse, but sounded his lyre only in compliance 
 with occasional inclination. He continued to live 
 happily with his parish in the useful discharge of 
 ministerial duties until the late revolution began 
 to create distrust and animosity between the dif 
 ferent parties that existed in the country prior to 
 the war. Falling under the imputation of being 
 a tory, he was in 17 70 separated from his people 
 by the jealousy and violence of the times, and he 
 was never afterwards re-united to them. He was 
 accused of attachment to Great Britain. The 
 substance of the charges against him was, that 
 
 BYLES. 
 
 179 
 
 he continued in Boston with his family during the 
 siege ; that he prayed for the king and the safety 
 of the town ; and that he received the visits of 
 the British officers. In May 1777 he was de 
 nounced in town meeting as a person inimical to 
 America ; after which he was obliged to enter 
 into bonds for his appearance at a public trial 
 before a special court on the second of June fol 
 lowing. He was pronounced guilty, and sentenced 
 to confinement on board a guard-ship, and in forty 
 days to be sent with his family to England. When 
 brought before the board of war, by whom he 
 was treated respectfully, his sentence seems to 
 have been altered, and it was directed that he 
 should be confined to his own house, and a guard 
 placed over him there. This was accordingly 
 done for a few weeks, and then the guard was 
 removed. A short time afterwards a guard was 
 again placed over him, and again dismissed. 
 Upon this occasion he observed in his own man 
 ner, that he was guarded, regarded, and disre 
 garded. He was not again connected with any 
 parish. In the year 1783 he was seized with a 
 paralytic disorder, and he died at the great age of 
 eighty-two years. He was twice married. His 
 first wife was the niece of Gov. Belcher, and his 
 second the daughter of Lieut.-Gov. Tailer. His 
 son, Mather Byles, D. D., was a minister of New 
 London, in Connecticut, but was dismissed in 
 1768, and was then an Episcopal minister several 
 years in Boston till the Revolution, and afterwards 
 at St. John s, New Brunswick, where he died 
 March 12, 1814. His grandson, Mather Brown, 
 historical and portrait painter, artist to George 
 IV., died at London May 25, 1831. 
 
 Dr. Byles was in person tall and well propor 
 tioned. He possessed a commanding presence, 
 and was a graceful speaker. His voice was strong, 
 clear, harmonious, and susceptible of various 
 modulations, adapted to the subject of his dis 
 course. He was remarkable for the abundance 
 -of his wit in common conversation, and for the 
 smartness of his repartees. He possessed an 
 uncommon talent in making puns, some of wliich 
 are at the present day frequently repeated in 
 social circles. His imagination was fertile, and 
 his satire keen. His wit was a dangerous instru 
 ment, in the use of which he was not always 
 prudent, and it is thought that he was not suffi 
 ciently regardful of the consequences of the severe 
 remarks in which he sometimes indulged himself. 
 
 His literary merit introduced him to the ac 
 quaintance of many men of genius in England ; 
 and the names of Pope, Lansdowne, and Watts 
 , are found among his correspondents. From the 
 former he received a copy of an elegant edition 
 of the Odyssey in quarto. Dr. Watts sent him 
 copies of his works, as he published them. His 
 poetry evinces a rich fancy, and the versification 
 is polished. The following extract from " the 
 
180 
 
 BYLES. 
 
 Conflagration " relates to the effect on the earth 
 of the flames of the last day : 
 
 " Yet shall ye, Flames, the wasting globe refine, 
 And bid the skies with purer splendor shine, 
 The earth, which the prolific fires consume, 
 To beauty burns, and withers into bloom; 
 Improving in the fertile flame it lies, 
 Fades into form and into vigor dies ; 
 Fresh-dawning glories blush amidst the blaze, 
 And nature all renews her flowery face." 
 
 In his preaching he -was generally solemn and 
 interesting, though sometimes his sermons gave 
 indications of the peculiar turn of his mind. On 
 being asked why he did not preach politics, he 
 replied : " I have thrown up four breastworks, 
 behind which I have intrenched myself, neither 
 of which can be forced. In the first place I do 
 not understand politics ; in the second place you 
 all do, every man and mother s son of you ; in 
 the third place, you have politics all the week, 
 pray let one day out of seven be devoted to re 
 ligion ; in the fourth place, I am engaged in a 
 work of infinitely greater importance. Give me 
 any subject to preach on of more consequence 
 than the truths I bring to you, and I will preach 
 on it the next Sabbath." 
 
 The following extracts from one of his sermons 
 will show what were the religious sentiments 
 which he embraced and enforced upon his hearers. 
 " We perceive," said he, " that conversion is out 
 of our own power. It is impossible for us to 
 convert ourselves, or for all the angels in heaven 
 to do it for us. To convince you of this, let the 
 natural man make the experiment. Try this 
 moment. Try and see whether you can bring 
 your hearts to this, to renounce all happiness in 
 everything but the favor of God ; to let God order 
 for you ; to have no will of your own ; to be swal 
 lowed up and ravished with his will, whatever it 
 is. Can you renounce every mortal idol ? Can 
 you leave this world and all the low delights of 
 it, and go to a world where you will have none 
 of them ; but the love of God will swallow you 
 up? These things are so far distant from an 
 unrenewed heart, that they look like wild para 
 doxes to it." "The enmity between God and 
 us is irreconcilable, but by Christ. Out of him 
 God is a consuming fire. False notions of the 
 Divine justice and mercy could never bring us 
 truly to him ; and true ones would only drive us 
 farther from him. So that set Christ aside, and 
 there can be no conversion. We learn also the 
 honors of the Holy Ghost. He is the agent who 
 performs this work. One reason, that men fall 
 short of this saving change, is the not acknowl 
 edging him as they ought. Did men regard the 
 operation of the Holy Spirit more, there would 
 be more frequent converts. Men are apt to trust 
 to their own strength when they set about the 
 work of conversion. They rob the Spirit of God 
 
 CABELL. 
 
 of his glory, and so it all comes to nothing. He 
 it is who makes this great change in men. He 
 must be the Almighty God then ; and we should 
 honor him as so." 
 
 He published a number of essays in the New 
 England weekly journal, which are marked by 
 one of the letters composing the word CELOIZA ; 
 a poem on the death of George L, and the acces 
 sion of George II., 1727 ; a poetical epistle to 
 Gov. Belcher, on the death of his lady, 173(3. A 
 number of his miscellaneous poems were collected 
 and printed in a volume, in 1744. Among the 
 sermons, which he published, are the following : 
 the character of the upright man, 1729 ; on the 
 nature and necessity of conversion, 1732 ; flourish 
 of the annual spring, 1739 ; at the artillery elec 
 tion, 1740 ; on setting our affections on things 
 above, 1740 ; before an execution, 1751 ; on Mrs. 
 Dummer, 1752; on William Dummer, 1761; on 
 J. Gould, 1772; at the lecture, 1751; on the 
 earthquake, 1755 ; at the thanksgiving for the 
 success of the British arms, 1760 ; on the present 
 vileness of the body and its future glorious 
 change, second edition, 1771. Polyantlws, IV. 
 1-10 ; Spec. Amer. Poetry, I. 124-133. 
 
 BYRI), WILLIAM, colonel, a distinguished citi 
 zen of Virginia, died about 1743, at an advanced 
 age. He was a member of the council about 
 1682. When in 1699 about three hundred of the 
 persecuted French protestants arrived in the col 
 ony, he received them with the affection of a 
 father and gave them the most liberal assistance. 
 His generous charity to the poor foreigners is 
 particularly described by Beverly. He had re 
 ceived a liberal education in England, and was 
 distinguished for his h terary taste and his patron 
 age of science. He had one of the largest libra 
 ries on the continent. In 1723 he was one of the 
 commissioners for establishing the line between 
 North Carolina and Virginia. He was a fellow 
 of the royal society, as were also Mather, Boyl- 
 ston, Dudley, Silas Taylor of Virginia, and others. 
 Having a large property, his munificence and his 
 style of living were unrivalled in the colony. He 
 Avrote, it is believed, the anonymous w r ork, the 
 history of the dividing line between Virgima and 
 North Carolina, 1728 ; also, for the philosophical 
 transactions, an account of a negro boy, dappled 
 with white spots. A colonel Wm. Byrd, prob 
 ably his son, was a commissioner to treat with the 
 Indians in 1756, and accompanied Forbes in the 
 expedition against fort du Quesne in 17-58. He 
 was a member of the council at the beginning of 
 the Revolution ; but he was deceased before Jan. 
 5, 1781, when Arnold debarked at Westover, the 
 residence of his widow. Beverly, IV. 13; Mil 
 ler, II. 61; Burk. 
 
 CABELL, SAMUEL J., colonel, a Revolutionary 
 soldier, died at his seat in Nelson county, Va., 
 Sept. 4, 1818, aged 61. Being in college at the 
 
CABELL. 
 
 beginning of the war, he joined the first armed 
 corps, raised in Virginia, and soon attained the 
 rank of lieut-colonel in the continental army, 
 serving with reputation in all the northern cam 
 paigns, till the fall of Charleston, May 12, 1780, 
 when he became a prisoner. The close of the 
 war restored liim to liberty. For many years he 
 was a member of the assembly, also a member 
 of congress. 
 
 CABELL, WILLIAM H., governor of Virginia, 
 died at Richmond Jan. 17, 1853. He was presi 
 dent of the court of appeals. 
 
 CABOT, JOHN, a Venetian, who first discov 
 ered the continent of America, was perfectly 
 skilled in all the sciences requisite to form an ac 
 complished mariner. He had three sons, Lewis, 
 Sebastian, and Sanctius, all of whom he educated 
 in a manner best calculated to make them able 
 seamen. Encouraged by the success of Colum 
 bus, who returned in 1493 from his first voyage, 
 he was determined to attempt the discovery of 
 unknown lands, particularly of a northwest pas 
 sage to the East Indies. Having obtained a 
 commission from King Henry VII., empowering 
 him and his three sons to discover unknown lands, 
 and to conquer and settle them, and giving him 
 jurisdiction over the countries which he should 
 subdue, on condition of paying the king one fifth 
 part of all the gains, he sailed from Bristol with 
 two vessels, freighted by the merchants of Lon 
 don and Bristol Avith articles of traffic, and with 
 about three hundred men, in May, 1497. He 
 sailed towards the northwest till he reached the 
 latitude of 58 degrees, when the floating ice and 
 the seventy of the weather induced him to alter 
 his course to the southwest. He discovered land 
 June 24, which, as it was the first that he had 
 seen, he called Prim a Vista. This is generally 
 supposed to be a part of the island of New 
 foundland, though in the opinion of some it is a 
 place on the peninsula of Nova Scotia, in the 
 latitude of 45 degrees. A few days after 
 ward a smaller island was discovered, to whish 
 he gave the name of St. John, on account of 
 its being discovered on the day of John the 
 the Baptist. Continuing his course westerly, he 
 soon reached the continent, and then sailed along 
 the coast northwardly to the latitude of 67 1-2 
 degrees. As the coast stretched toward the 
 east, he turned back and sailed toward the equa 
 tor, till he came to Florida. His provisions now 
 failing, and a mutiny breaking out among the 
 mariners, he returned to England Avithout at 
 tempting a settlement or conquest in any part of 
 the new world. In this voyage Cabot was accom 
 panied by his son Sebastian, and to them is 
 attributed the honor of first beholding the conti 
 nent of North America ; for it was not till the 
 following year, 1498, that the continent was seen 
 by Columbus. But this circumstance is of lit- 
 16 
 
 CABOT. 
 
 181 
 
 tic importance ; for, as Irving remarks, " when 
 Columbus first touched the shore of the western 
 hemisphere, he had achieved his enterprise, he 
 had accomplished all that was necessary to his 
 fame ; the great problem was solved ; the New 
 World was discovered. Relknap s Amer. Biog. 
 I. 149-154 ; Holmes ; 2 } urcJtas, I. 737, 738 ; Rob 
 ertson, Book ix. 16, 17; Prince Introd. 80; Ir- 
 ving s Columbus. 
 
 CABOT, SEBASTIAN, an eminent navigator, the 
 son of the preceding, died about 1557, aged 80. 
 lie was born at Bristol. When about twenty 
 years of age he accompanied his father in the 
 voyage of 1497, in which the continent of the 
 new world was discovered. About the year 1517 
 he sailed on another voyage of discovery, and 
 went to the Brazils, and thence to Ilispaniola and 
 Porto Itico. Failing in his object of finding a 
 way to the East Indies, he returned to England. 
 Having been invited to Spain, where he was re 
 ceived in the most respectful manner by King 
 Ferdinand and Queen Isabella, he sailed in their 
 service on a voyage of discovery in April, 1525. 
 He visited the coast of Brazil, and entered a 
 great river, to which he gave the name of Rio de 
 la Plata. He sailed up this river one hundred 
 and twenty leagues. After being absent on this 
 expedition a number of years, he returned to 
 Spain in the spring of 1531. But he was not 
 well received. He made other voyages, of which 
 no particular memorials remain. His residence 
 was at the city of Seville. His employment in 
 the office of chief pilot was the drawing of 
 charts, on which he delineated all the new dis 
 coveries made by himself and others ; and, by 
 his office, he was entrusted with the reviewing of 
 all projects for discovery. His character is said 
 to have been gentle, friendly, and social, though 
 in his voyages some instances of injustice towards 
 the natives and of severity towards his mariners 
 are recorded. In his advanced age he returned 
 to England and resided at Bristol. He received 
 a pension from Edward VI., and was appointed 
 governor of a company of merchants, associated 
 for the purpose of making discoveries. He had 
 a strong persuasion that a passage might be found 
 to China by the northeast. By his means a trade 
 was commenced with Russia, which gave rise to 
 the Russian company. The last account of him 
 is, that in 1556, when the company were sending 
 out a vessel for discovery, he made a visit on 
 board. "The good old gentleman, master Ca- 
 bota," says the journal of the voyage in Hakluyt, 
 " gave to the poor most liberal alms, wishing 
 them to pray for the good fortune and prosperous 
 success of our pinnace. And then at the sign of 
 St. Christopher, he and his friends banqueted, and 
 for very joy, that he had to see the towardness 
 of our intended discover) , he entered into the 
 dance himself among the rest of the young and 
 
182 
 
 CABOT. 
 
 CALDWELL. 
 
 lusty company ; which being ended, he and his 
 friends departed, most gently commending us to 
 the governance of Almighty God." He was one 
 of the most extraordinary men of the age in 
 which he lived. There is preserved in Hakluyt 
 a complete set of instructions, drawn and signed 
 by Cabot, for the direction of the voyage to 
 Cathay in China, which affords the clearest proof 
 of his sagacity. It is supposed that he was the 
 first who noticed the variation of the magnetic 
 needle, and he published " Navigationc nelle parte 
 settentrionale," Venice, 1583, folio. lie published 
 also a large map, which was engraved by Clement 
 Adams, and hung up in the gallery at Whitehall ; 
 and on this map was inscribed a Latin account of 
 the discovery of Newfoundland. Bclknap sAmer. 
 Biocj. 1. 149-158 ; Mass. Mag. II. 467-471 ; Hak 
 luyt, I. 226, 268, 274 ; Campbell s Admirals, I. 
 419; Bees Cyclopedia. 
 
 CABOT, GEORGE, a senator, was born in Salem, 
 Mass., in 1752; the name was perhaps originally 
 Cobbett. His early employment was that of a 
 shipmaster; but his visits to foreign countries 
 were made subservient to the enlargement of his 
 knowledge. At the age of twenty-five he was a 
 member of the provincial congress at Concord, in 
 which body he opposed the project of establishing 
 by laAV a maximum of prices, and contended for 
 entire freedom of commerce. He was also a 
 member of the State convention for considering 
 the constitution of the United States. Being ap 
 pointed, a few years afterwards, a senator of the 
 United States, he co-operated in the financial 
 views of Hamilton and assisted him by his ex 
 tensive commercial knowledge. May 3, 1798, he 
 was appointed the first secretary of the navy, but 
 declining it, B. Stoddart received the appoint 
 ment. Of the eastern convention, assembled at 
 Hartford in 1814, during the war, Mr. Cabot was 
 the president. He died at Boston April 18, 1823, 
 aged 71. Destitute of the advantages of a pub- 
 He education, Mr. Cabot was yet distinguished 
 for his intelligence and almost unequalled for the 
 eloquence of his conversation, especially on the 
 topic of the French Itevolution. He was master 
 of the science of political economy. In the party 
 divisions of his day he was a decided federalist, 
 the friend of Ames and Hamilton. He had en 
 joyed also the confidence of Washington. His 
 fellow citizens entrusted him with various offices, 
 evincing their reliance on his wisdom and integ 
 rity. In private life he was most amiable, cour 
 teous, and benevolent. He was a professor of 
 religion in the church, of which the minister was 
 Dr. Kirkland, who, after his death, married his 
 daughter. Lord s Lempr. ; Encycl. Americana. 
 
 CADWALLADER, THOMAS, M. D., a physician 
 of Philadelphia, died Nov. 14, 1779, aged 72. He 
 was the son of John C.. and completed his medi 
 cal education in Europe. From 1702 till his 
 
 1 death he was one of the physicians of the Penn 
 sylvania Hospital. His dissections for Dr. Ship- 
 pen were among the earliest made in this country. 
 Dr. John Jones was his pupil. In his disposition 
 he was equable and benevolent ; in his manners 
 courteous. His life was once saved by his cour- 
 teousness. A provincial officer, weary of his life, 
 had determined to shoot the first person, whom 
 he should meet, in order that justice might bring 
 him to the gallows. An easier method of reach 
 ing his end would have been to shoot himself. 
 However, with his resolution and his gun he 
 sallied forth. He met first a pretty girl; but 
 her beauty vanquished his intent. He next met 
 Dr. C., whose courteous " Good morning, sir ; 
 what sport ? " also conquered him. He then 
 went to a tavern, and shot a Mr. Scull, for which 
 he was hung. He published an essay on the 
 Iliac passion, entitled, an Essay on the West 
 India Dry Gripes, 1745, in which he recom 
 mended the use of opiates and mild cathartics, in 
 stead of quicksilver, then employed. This was 
 one of the earliest American medical treatises. 
 Boylston had written before on the small pox, 
 and Harwood a treatise on pharmacy, and, at a 
 far earlier period, Thacher on the small pox and 
 measles. Ramsay s Rev. 36 ; Thacher s Med. 
 Biog. 
 
 CADWALLADER, JOHN, general, a soldier 
 of the Itevolution, died Feb. 10, 1786, aged 43. 
 He was born in Philadelphia, and was a member 
 of the Pennsylvania convention in 1775. He was 
 appointed by congress a brigadier-general, Feb. 
 1777. In the battles of Princeton, Brandywine, 
 Germantown, and Monmouth he participated; 
 and in the attack on the enemy at Trenton 
 Washington intrusted him with one of the divis 
 ions of the army; but he could not cross the 
 river, on account of the ice, until the day after the 
 battle. He fought a duel with Gen. Conway, in 
 consequence of the intrigue of the latter against 
 Washington. After the war he was a member 
 of the assembly of Maryland. He was a relative 
 of John Dickenson, and a gentleman of great for 
 tune. He published a reply to Gen. J. Reed s 
 remarks, etc., 1783. Marshall, HI. 139. 
 
 CADWALLADER, THOMAS, major-general, 
 died in Philadelphia Oct. 26, 1841, aged 61 ; a 
 lawyer, and an officer in the war of 1812. 
 
 CAINES, GEORGE, reporter of the supreme 
 court of New York, died at Catskill July 10, 1825, 
 aged 54. He published Lex mercatoria, Ameri 
 cana, 1802 ; cases in the court for trial of impeach 
 ment and correction of errors, 2 vols. 1805-7; 
 forms of the supreme court of New York, 1808. 
 
 CALDWELL, JAMES, minister in Elizabeth- 
 town, N. J., descended of a Huguenot family, 
 and born in Virginia, was graduated at Prince 
 ton in 1759. He was killed at Elizabethtown 
 Point by an American soldier, named Morgan, 
 
CALDWELL. 
 
 CALEF. 
 
 183 
 
 Nov. 24, 1781, aged about 40. The man was 
 tried and executed for murder. It was thought, 
 he was bribed to the deed by British gold. Mr. 
 C. had gone to the Point to conduct to his house 
 a Miss Murray, who came from New York under 
 a flag-of-truce. Her bundle of clothing the Ameri 
 can sentinel challenged as " contraband ; " and at 
 the same moment Morgan, who was not then act 
 ing as sentinel, shot him. It is a memorable event, 
 that Mrs. Caldwell, daughter of John Ogden of 
 New York, married to Mr. C., in 1763, had been 
 previously deliberately shot, June 7, 1780, by a 
 renegade British soldier. The parsonage and 
 church had been burnt Jan. 25, 1780; for Mr. C. 
 was an earnest and zealous patriot of the day. 
 He acted as chaplain in New Jersey ; his power 
 ful eloquence was employed in the cause of free 
 dom. He was popular, and high in the confi 
 dence of Washington. A price being set on his 
 head, he sometimes preached with his pistols by 
 his side. A monument was raised to the mem 
 ory of Mr. and Mrs. C., in 1846, with addresses 
 by J)r. Miller and Wm. L. Dayton. 
 
 God raised up friends to the nine bereaved 
 children, the principal of whom was Mrs. Noel 
 of Elizabethtown. Lafayette took the son, John 
 E. C., with him to France, where he was educated, 
 and who edited in New York one of the first re 
 ligious periodicals of our country. Elias Boudi- 
 not C., was another son. A daughter, Esther, a 
 most pious woman, married llev. Itobert Finley, 
 and died at Lebanon, 111., in 1844, aged 71. 
 
 CALDWELL, RACHEL, wife of llev. D. C., 
 died in 1825, was the daughter, of llev. Alexander 
 Craighcad, of the Sugar Creek congregation in 
 North Carolina. She married Dr. C. in 1766. 
 In the war the British offered 200 pounds for the 
 apprehension of her husband. Once the enemy 
 turned her out of her house, and burnt her hus 
 band s books and valuable manuscripts. When 
 her husband was taken prisoner, and the enemy 
 were about to lead him away with a pile of plun 
 der, a woman s wit saved him : Mrs. Dunlap 
 stepped behind him, and whispered in his ear 
 just loud enough for a soldier to hear her " Is 
 it not time for Gillespie and his men to be here ? " 
 As the name of Gillespie was the terror of the 
 loyalists, this caused the torics to flee in confu 
 sion, leaving their prisoner behind them. Once, 
 as the enemy was plundering her house, she 
 wished to save a valuable article, and made the 
 eloquent appeal : " Have none of you a wife or 
 daughter, for whose sake you will do me this 
 favor ? " A small man immediately stepped up and 
 said, " he had a wife, and a fine little wife she was 
 too ! and for her sake he would protect her. 
 Caruthei* s Life of Dr. C. 
 
 CALDWEL, DAVID, D. D., a minister, died at 
 Guilford court-house, North Carolina, Aug. 19, 
 1824, aged 99 years and 5 months. He was born 
 
 in March 1725, in Lancaster county, Penn. He 
 was a patriot of the Revolution ; also an eminent 
 teacher. His widow, an admirable woman, llachel, 
 daughter of llev. A. Craighead, died in 1825, 
 aged 86. 
 
 CALDWELL, ELIAS BOUDIXOT, clerk of the 
 supreme court of the United States, son of llev. 
 James C., graduated at Princeton in 1796, and 
 died at Washington, in May 1825, gladdened by 
 the promises of the religion which he professed. 
 He zealously assisted in forming and conducting 
 the American colonization society, of which he 
 was the corresponding secretary. In honor of 
 him the managers of the society gave the name 
 of Caldwell to a town in their African colony. 
 Mr. C., in order to bring religious instruction to 
 the untaught in the country near Washington, ob 
 tained a license to preach from the presbytery, 
 and was accustomed to preach on the Sabbath. 
 African Repos. I. 126; Mis. Her. 22 : 81. 
 
 CALDWELL, JOSEPH, D. D., president of the 
 university of North Carolina, died at Chapel 
 Hill Jan. 27, 1835. 
 
 CALDWELL, CHARLES, M. D., died in Louis 
 ville, Ky., July 9, 1853, aged 90, celebrated as a 
 medical teacher and writer. In 1818 he was in 
 vited to the Transylvania school of medicine, and 
 more recently was a professor at Louisville. He 
 was very temperate. He wrote on physical edu 
 cation, phrenology, the unity of the human race, 
 and on the theory of animal heat ; also on ma 
 laria, quarantines, the yellow fever, and cholera ; 
 and the life of Ames, in llecs Encyclopedia. 
 
 CALDWELL, MERBJTT, professor of meta 
 physics and political economy in Dickinson col 
 lege, Carlisle, died at Portland June 6, 1848, aged 
 41 ; he was a graduate of Bowdoin in 1828. 
 
 CALEF, ROBERT, a merchant of Boston, died 
 at Roxbury, April 13, 1719. He was distin 
 guished about the time of the witchcraft delusion 
 by his resistance to the infatuation. After Cot 
 ton Mather had published Wonders of the Invisi 
 ble World, from which it appears that he was by no 
 means incredulous with regard to the stories then 
 in circulation, Mr. Calef published a book on the 
 opposite side, entitled, More wonders of the In 
 visible World, London, 1700. This was reprinted 
 at Salem in 1796, Dr. Increase Mather, presi 
 dent of Harvard college, in 1700, ordered the 
 book to be burned in the college yard. The 
 members of the old north church published a de 
 fence of their pastors, the Mathers, in a pamphlet 
 entitled, " Remarks upon a scandalous book, etc.," 
 with the motto, " Truth will come off conqueror." 
 And so it was, for the witchcraft sorcery was soon 
 vanquished. The judges and jury confessed their 
 error, and the deluded people opened their eyes. 
 As he censured the proceedings of the courts 
 respecting the witches at a time, when the peo 
 ple of the country in general did not see their 
 
184 
 
 CALEF. 
 
 CALHOUN. 
 
 error, he gave great offence. But he is thought 
 to be faithful in his narration of facts. Ilutch- 
 inson, n. 54 ; Mas. Hist. Coll.; ill. 300 ; Eliot. 
 
 CALEF, JONATHAN, minister of Lyman, Me., 
 died April 24, 1845, aged 83. 
 
 CALHOUN, PATKICK, a patriot of the Revo 
 lution, died in 1796. He was born in Ireland in 
 the year 1727. His father emigrated in 1733 to 
 Pennsylvania, where he resided many years, and 
 afterwards to the western part of Virginia. The 
 settlement, after the defeat of Braddock, was bro 
 ken up by the Indians, and Mr. C., with his three 
 older brothers and a sister, emigrated in 1756 to 
 Long Cane, Abbeville, in the interior of South 
 Carolina, then an uninhabited wilderness, and 
 settled on the immediate confines of the Chero 
 kee Indians. The settlement was shortly after, 
 in the war, which commenced in 1759, attacked 
 and destroyed by the Cherokces, and half of the 
 males were lulled in the desperate engagement. 
 The remnant retired to the older settlements be 
 low, where they remained till the peace of 1763, 
 when they returned and re-occupied their former 
 settlement. After the destruction of the settle 
 ment, Mr. Calhoun was appointed by the provin 
 cial government to take command of a body of 
 rangers, raised for the defence of the frontiers, in 
 which service he encountered great danger, and 
 displayed much enterprise and intrepidity. Short 
 ly after the peace, he was elected a member of 
 the provincial legislature, being the first individual 
 ever elected from the upper county of the State. 
 He continued a member of that, and afterwards of 
 the State legislature, till his death, with the inter 
 mission of a single term. In the war of the Rev 
 olution he took an early, decided, and active part 
 in favor of his country. He was self-taught, hav 
 ing never been at school more than six months ; 
 yet, though being continually on the frontiers he 
 was without opportunity to acquire knowledge, 
 such was his thirst for information, that he made 
 himself a good English scholar, and an accurate 
 land-surveyor. He acquired also a competent 
 knowledge of the lower branches of mathematics, 
 and an extensive knowledge of history. His 
 moral character well harmonized with his love of 
 knowledge and strength of intellect. He passed 
 a long and active life without a blemish; a sin 
 cere Christian, a good citizen, an upright magis 
 trate, a kind neighbor, and an affectionate hus 
 band and father. His son was vice president, J. 
 C. Calhoun. 
 
 CALIIOUN, JOHN Ewrxo, a senator, the 
 nephew of Patrick, died Nov. 26, 1802, aged 
 52. He was born in 1749. His father died 
 while he was young; and his mother marry 
 ing again shortly after, his uncle, then a wid 
 ower, took John under his care. Such was the 
 anxiety of his uncle to give him every advantage 
 to acquire an education, which the country 
 
 afforded, that, shortly after the restoration of 
 the settlement in the year 1763, he sent him to a 
 grammar school in North Carolina, more than 
 one hundred miles from home, and afterwards to 
 Piinceton college, where he graduated in 1774. 
 He afterwards studied law, in which profession he 
 became distinguished. After being for many 
 years in the State legislature of South Carolina, he 
 was elected in 1801 as successor of Mr. Read, 
 a senator in congress, in which body he took his 
 seat the year, which brought Mr. Jefferson into 
 power. Though a decided republican and sup 
 porter of Mr. Jefferson, he proved his independ 
 ence in resisting strenuously the passage of the 
 bill, introduced by Mr. Breckenridge, to abolish the 
 office of the judges who had been appointed, when 
 Mr. Adams went out of power. He stood alone 
 among the republicans on the occasion, delivering 
 a speech, which did credit not only to his talents, 
 but more especially to his independence of 
 thought and resolution. In the political divisions 
 of our country, when many seem willingly to 
 surrender their own intelligence and conscience 
 to the leaders of their party, or to be merely the 
 dupes and slaves of those, who reap the profit 
 of the delusion and the conflict, it is refreshing 
 to fix the eye upon a man of clear views, and 
 strong powers of elocution, and great firmness 
 and integrity of character, who dared to secede 
 alone from his party, and to oppose singly a pop 
 ular measure, because it appeared to him to be 
 unconstitutional and perilous in its consequences. 
 He was on the select committee, to whom the 
 bill was referred, with instructions to report a 
 modification of the judiciary system of the United 
 States. But the committee were, on motion of 
 Mr. Breckenridge, Feb. 3, 1802, discharged from 
 that service. On the same day the final question 
 was taken, sixteen to fifteen. Mr. Calhoun voted 
 with Hillhouse, Morris, Tracy, and other political 
 opponents. Before the next session of congress, 
 he died in Pendleton district. 
 
 CALHOUN, JOHN CALDAVELL, LL. D., died in 
 Washington March, 31, 1850, aged 68. His 
 father, Patrick, came from Ireland : his mother 
 was a Miss Caldwcll of Charlotte county, Va. 
 Born in Abbeville district, S. C., March 18, 
 1782, at the age of 13 he was put under the 
 care of his brother-in-law, Dr. "Waddell in Co 
 lumbia county, Geo. He entered Yale college in 
 1802, and graduated in 1804; then prosecuted 
 his law studies at Litchfield law school. He was 
 in congress from 1811 to 1817, when he became 
 Secretary of war and continued in office seven 
 years. In 1825 and 1829 he was chosen vice- 
 president, while Jackson was president ; and then 
 a senator. In 1843 he was secretary of State. 
 From 1845 he was a senator until his death. 
 His eloquence, as described by Webster, " was 
 plain, strong, terse, condensed, concise; some- 
 
CALHOUN. 
 
 times impassioned, still always severe." His 
 power consisted "in the closeness of his logic 
 and in the earnestness and energy of his man 
 ner." " His colloquial talents were singular and 
 eminent." Although educated at the North, he 
 seems never to have breathed the air of freedom, 
 and not to have caught a particle of the abhor 
 rence of slavery, wlu ch was felt and expressed by 
 such illustrious southern men as Washington, 
 Jefferson, Henry, and Randolph. Perhaps no 
 man ever did more to extend and strengthen the 
 inhuman slavery of his fellow men. His politi 
 cal doctrines he unfolds in his book, published 
 since his death, called a discourse on the consti 
 tution and government of the United States, as 
 he had previously briefly stated them in his 
 speeches. His teaching is briefly this. Our gen 
 eral government is not National but Federal ; fed 
 eral because constituted by a league or compact 
 between sovereign States, written out in the con 
 stitution of the United States. Each State is the 
 judge whether the compact is at any time broken 
 by any act of the general government, and may nul 
 lify such act. The same general doctrines were set 
 forth by him in his Resolutions in the Senate Jan. 
 22, 1833, and in his speech Feb. 16th. His theory 
 and scheme were opposed by Mr. Webster Feb. 16th 
 ina speech of unanswerable argument and invincible 
 power, denying that our political system is a com 
 pact, of which the States as sovereign communi 
 ties are parties, and that they have any right to 
 judge of the violation of the constitution and 
 to change the mode and measure of redress ; he 
 set himself with all the energies of his mighty 
 mind against the doctrines of Nullification and 
 Secession. "What is a constitution ?" asked he. 
 " Certainly not a league, compact, or confederacy, 
 but a fundamental law" ordained and established 
 by the people, " the Government of the United 
 States." In his discussion no thought seems to 
 have entered the mind of Mr. Calhoun that 
 slavery is an evil, much less an immorality and 
 sin. He complains of the ordinance of 1787, by 
 which the Northwestern Territory, now consti 
 tuting the States of Ohio &c., was devoted to 
 freedom, as an encroachment on the rights of 
 southern slaveholders. He speaks of the diffi 
 culties and dangers which have sprung up from 
 the Missouri compromise, excluding slavery from 
 north of thirty-six degrees and thirty minutes of 
 north latitude; and doubtless it has been through 
 the influence of his teaching, that the slaveholders 
 have repealed that compromise, and that the 
 border ruffians of Missouri have attempted to 
 drive off by fire and sword the free settlers from 
 New England, who had planted themselves in the 
 territory of Kansas. Mr. C. represents the 
 South as the weaker section of the country; 
 whereas in fact it has had almost the entire con 
 trol of the government by union among them- 
 24 
 
 CALLENDER. 
 
 185 
 
 selves and by the aid of office seekers and parti- 
 zans of the North: as in the case of the Missouri 
 compromise itself, allowing Missouri to be a slave 
 State, and granting all the territories south of 
 thirty-six degrees and thirty minutes to slavery, 
 by the votes of three Eastern members of con 
 gress. Mr. C. proposes as a remedy for the evils 
 the grant of a negative to the weaker section, the 
 south, and the abolition of a single presidency, 
 and the creation of two presidents, one for the 
 North, and one for the South, in office at the 
 same time. His disciples in this year, 1856, are 
 proceeding a little further, and propose or threaten 
 a division of the Union, taking for the South all 
 the tiers of new States west of Missouri to the 
 Pacific, and in good time including Mexico and 
 Cuba, in which case the slave property of the 
 South will be doubled in value. This plan is 
 indignantly exposed by Francis P. Blair, himself 
 a slaveholder, in his ample and patriotic letter of 
 Sept. 17, 1856. A new claim is now set up by 
 the South, that every slaveholder may carry his 
 slave with him into any territory, the slave being 
 a part of " the institutions " of the South. In 
 the present state of things, the great question 
 comes to the intellect and conscience of every 
 Northern freeman, whether as all compromises 
 are now broken up compromises wlu ch ought 
 never to have been made he is not bound to 
 adopt the fixed and right principle, that there 
 shall never be another Slave State in the American 
 Union ? As to existing slavery, its removal must 
 be by the respective States, in which it exists. As 
 Mr. Blair says, " Nature s code, written in the 
 heart, will, with the progress of Christianity and 
 civilization, work out a happy result." His 
 speeches, including his discourse already referred 
 to, were published in four vols. in 1853 and 1854. 
 
 CALL, DANIEL D., died at Richmond May 20, 
 1840, aged about 75, a brother-in-law of judge 
 Marshall. He published six vols. of law reports. 
 
 CALLENDER, ELISHA, minister of the first 
 Baptist church in Boston, died March 31, 1738. 
 He was the son of Ellis Callender, who was a 
 member as early as 1669, and minister of the 
 same church from 1708 till 1726. In early life 
 the blessings of Divine grace were imparted to 
 him. He was graduated at Harvard college in 
 the year 1710. At his ordination, May 21, 1718, 
 Increase and Cotton Mather and Mr. Webb, 
 though of a different denomination, gave their 
 assistance. He was very faithful and successful in 
 the pastoral office. He was succeeded by Mr. 
 Condy. A few days before his death he said; 
 " When I look on one hand, I see nothing but sin, 
 guilt, and discouragement ; but when I look on 
 the other, I see my glorious Saviour, and the mer 
 its of his precious blood, which cleanseth from all 
 sin. I cannot say, that I have such transports of 
 joy as some have had; but through grace I can 
 
186 
 
 CALLENDER. 
 
 say, I have gotten the victory over death and the 
 grave." The last words, which fell from his lips, 
 were, " I shall sleep in Jesus." His life was un 
 spotted; his conversation was always affable, 
 religious, and dignified ; and his end was peace 
 ful and serene. Baclcus 1 Hist, of N. E. m. 
 124; Boston Evening Post April 3, 1738. 
 
 CALLENDER,, JOHN, an eminent Baptist 
 minister and writer in Rhode Island, died Jan. 
 26, 1748, aged 41. He was a nephew of Elisha 
 Callender, and was graduated at Harvard college 
 in 1723. He was ordained colleague with elder 
 Peckum as pastor of the church at Newport Oct. 
 13, 1731. This was the second Baptist church in 
 America. It was founded in the year 1644. He 
 was a man of very considerable powers of mind, 
 and was distinguished for his candor and piety. 
 He collected many papers relating to the history 
 of the Baptists in this country, which were used 
 by Mr. Backus. A century after the deed of 
 Rhode Island was obtained of the Narragansett 
 Indians, he delivered at Newport, March 24, 1738, 
 a sermon on the history of the colony, which was 
 published in 1739, with additions. This historical 
 discourse brings down the history of Rhode 
 Island and Providence plantations from 1637 to 
 the end of the first century. This is but a small 
 work ; yet it is the only history of Rhode Island, 
 which has been written, and it is honorable to its 
 author. He published also a sermon at the ordi 
 nation of Jeremiah Condy, 1739, and a sermon 
 on the death of Mr. Clap of Newport, 1745. 
 Backus Hist, of N. E. m. 229. 
 
 CALLENDER, JAMES THOMPSON, editor of 
 the Recorder, died at Richmond, Va., in July 
 1803, being drowned in James River, in which he 
 was accustomed to bathe. He was the author of 
 the Prospect before us, and of other assaults on 
 the administration of Washington and Adams. 
 Mr. Jefferson paid him repeatedly 50 and 100 
 dollars : the circumstances are explained in 
 Jefferson s letters. Afterwards Callender pro 
 claimed to the world, in hostility to Mr. Jeffer 
 son, the patronage or charity, which he had 
 enjoyed. He was a man of talents, with an 
 energetic style, and in severity of invective une 
 qualled. He published political progress of 
 Britain, 3d. ed. 1795 ; political register, 1795 ; 
 sketches of the history of America, 1798. Coll. 
 Cent. July 30, 1803. 
 
 CALLIERES, CHEVTALIER. DE, governor cf 
 Canada, died May 26, 1703. He was appointed 
 governor of Montreal in 1684. He enclosed the 
 town with palisades. In 1689 he went to France 
 to suggest the project of the conquest of New 
 York. In the enterprise he was to have been 
 commander in chief; but it failed. After the 
 death of count de Frontenac in 1698, he acted as 
 goA ernor till his appointment in 1699. Without 
 the birth and rank of his predecessor, he was free 
 
 CALVERT. 
 
 also from his haughtiness, prejudice, and violence. 
 His known abilities and valor made him accepta 
 ble to the colony. He had various negotiations 
 with the Indians. In signing a treaty Sept. 8, 
 1700, the Onnontaguese and Tsonnonthouana 
 delineated a spider ; the Goyagouins a calumet ; 
 the Onneyouths a piece of cleft wood with a stone 
 in it; the Agniers a bear^ the Hurons a beaver ; 
 the Abenaquis a kid ; and the Outaouais a hare. 
 In endeavoring to unite all the Indian tribes in a 
 permanent peace, and to attach them to the 
 French interest, he had enlarged views and 
 adopted wise measures; but in the midst of his 
 toils he died, and was succeeded by Vaudreuil. 
 Charlevoix ; Univ. Hist. XL. 127-144. 
 
 CALVERT, GEOBGE, Baron of Baltimore, 
 founder of the province of Maryland, died at 
 London April 15, 1632, aged 50. He was de 
 scended from a noble family in Flanders, and was 
 born at Kipling, in Yorkshire, England, in 1582. 
 After taking his bachelor s degree at Trinity col 
 lege, Oxford, in 1597, he travelled over the con 
 tinent of Europe. At his return to England in 
 the beginning of the reign of James I., he was 
 taken into the office of Sir Robert Cecil, secre 
 tary of State, by whose favor he was made clerk 
 of the privy council, and received the honor of 
 knighthood. In 1619 he was appointed one of 
 the principal secretaries of State, in the place of 
 Sir Thomas Lake. His great knowledge of pub 
 lic business, and his diligence and fidelity, concili 
 ated the regard of the king, who gave him a 
 pension of a thousand pounds out of the customs. 
 In 1624 he became a Roman Catholic, and hav 
 ing disclosed his new principles to the king, re 
 signed his office. He was continued, however, a 
 member of the privy council, and was created 
 Baron of Baltimore in the kingdom of Ireland, in 
 1625, at which time he represented the university 
 of Oxford in Parliament. 
 
 While he was secretary of the State he was 
 constituted, by patent, proprietor of the southeast 
 ern peninsula of Newfoundland, which he named 
 the province of Avalon. He spent 25,000 pounds 
 in advancing his plantation, and visited it twice 
 in person ; but it was so annoyed by the French, 
 that, though he once repulsed and pursued their 
 ships and took sixty prisoners, lie was obliged to 
 abandon it. Being still inclined to form a settle 
 ment in America, whither he might retire with 
 his family and friends of the same religious prin 
 ciples, he made a visit to Virginia, the fertility and 
 advantages of which province had been highly 
 celebrated, and in which he had been interested 
 as one of the adventurers. But meeting with an 
 unwelcome reception on account of his religion, 
 and observing that the Virginians had not ex 
 tended their plantations beyond the Patowmac, 
 he fixed his attention upon the territory north 
 ward of this river, and, as soon as he returned to 
 
CALVERT. 
 
 CALVERT. 
 
 187 
 
 England, obtained a grant of it from Charles I. 
 But owing to the tedious forms of public business, 
 before a patent was completed he died. After 
 his death the patent was again drawn in the 
 name of his eldest son, Cecil, who succeeded to 
 his honors, and it passed the seals June 20, 1G32. 
 The country was called Maryland, in honor of 
 Henrietta Maria, the queen consort of Charles I. 
 From the great precision of this charter, the 
 powers which it confers upon the proprietor, and 
 the privileges and exemptions which it grants to 
 the people, it is evident that it was written by 
 Sir George himself. The liberal code of relig 
 ious toleration, which is established, is very hon 
 orable to him, and was respected by his son, who 
 carried his design into execution. Sir George 
 was conspicuous for his good sense and modera 
 tion. All parties were pleased with him. Not 
 being obstinate in his opinions, he took as much 
 pleasure in hearing the sentiments of others, as in 
 delivering his own. In his views of establishing 
 foreign plantations, he thought that the original 
 inhabitants, instead of being exterminated, should 
 be civilized and converted ; that the governors 
 should not be interested merchants, but gentle 
 men not concerned in trade ; and that every one 
 should be left to provide for himself by his own 
 industry, without dependence on a common inter 
 est. He published carmen funebre in D. Hen. 
 Untonum, 1596 ; parliamentary speeches ; va 
 rious letters of state ; the answer of Tom Tell 
 Troth, the practice of princes and the lamentation 
 of the kirk, 1642. Belknap s Amer. Biog. II. 
 363-368; Biog. Brit.; Bees; Wood s Atlience 
 Oxon. I. 566 ; Keith, 142. 
 
 CALVERT, LEONARD, first governor of Mary 
 land, died in 1676. He was the brother of Ce- 
 ciiius Calvcrt, the proprietor, who sent him to 
 America as the head of the colony in 1633. After 
 a circuitous voyage he arrived, accompanied by 
 his brother, George Calvert, and about two hun 
 dred persons of good families and of the Roman 
 Catholic persuasion, at Point Comfort, in Virginia, 
 Feb. 24, 1634. On the third of March he pro 
 ceeded in the bay of Chesapeak to the northward, 
 and entered the Patowmac, up which he sailed 
 twelve leagues, and came to an anchor under an 
 island, which he named St. Clement s. Here he 
 fired his cannon, erected a cross, and took pos 
 session "in the name of the Saviour of the 
 world and of the King of England." Thence he 
 went fifteen leagues higher to the Indian town of 
 Patowmac, on the Virginia side of the river, now 
 called New Marlborough, where he was received 
 in a friendly manner by the guardian regent, the 
 prince of the country being a minor. Thence he 
 sailed twelve leagues higher to the town of Pis- 
 cataway, on the Maryland side, where he found 
 Henry Fleet, an Englishman, who had resided 
 several years among the natives, and was held by 
 
 them in great esteem. This man was very ser 
 viceable as an interpreter. An interview having 
 been procured with the Wcrowance, or prince, 
 Calvert asked him whether he was willing that a 
 settlement should be made in his own country. 
 He replied : " I will not bid you go, neither will 
 I bid you stay ; but you may use your own dis 
 cretion." Having convinced the natives that his 
 designs were honorable and pacific, the governor 
 now sought a more suitable station for com 
 mencing his colony. He visited a creek on the 
 northern side of the Patowmac, about four 
 leagues from its mouth, where was an Indian vil 
 lage. Here he acquainted the prince of the 
 place, with his intentions, and by presents to him 
 and his principal men, conciliated his friendship 
 so much, as to obtain permission to reside in one 
 part of the town until the next harvest, when, it 
 was stipulated, the natives should entirely quit 
 the place. Both parties entered into a contract 
 to live in a friendly manner. After Calvert had 
 given a satisfactory consideration, the Indians 
 readily yielded a number of their houses, and re 
 tired to the others. As the season for planting 
 corn had now arrived, both parties went to work. 
 Thus, March 27, 1634, the governor took peace 
 able possession of the country of Maryland, and 
 gave to the town the name of St. Mary s, and to 
 the creek on which it was situated the name of 
 St. George s. The desire of rendering justice to 
 the natives by giving them a reasonable compen 
 sation for their lands, is a trait in the character 
 of the first planters, which will always do honor 
 to their memory. The colony had brought with 
 them meal from England ; but they found Indian 
 corn in great plenty, both at Barbadoes and Vir 
 ginia, and by the next spring they were able to 
 export one thousand bushels to New England 
 and Newfoundland, for which they received in re 
 turn dried fish and other provisions. The Indians 
 also killed many deer and turkies, which they 
 sold to the English for knives, beads, and other 
 small articles of traffic. Cattle, swine, and poul 
 try were procured from Virginia. The province 
 was established on the broad foundation of secur 
 ity to property, and of freedom in religion. Fifty 
 acres of land were granted in absolute fee to 
 every emigrant, and Christianity was established 
 without allowing pre-eminence to any particular 
 sect. This liberal policy rendered a Roman Cath 
 olic colony an asylum for those who were driven 
 from New England by the persecutions which 
 were there experienced from Protestants. The 
 same toleration, or rather perfect freedom, was 
 also established by R. Williams in Rhode Island. 
 The governor built him a house at St. Mary s, for 
 himself and his successors, and superintended 
 the affairs of the country till the civil war in Eng 
 land, when the name of a papist became so 
 obnoxious, that the parliament assumed the 
 
188 
 
 CALVERT. 
 
 CAMPBELL. 
 
 government of the province, and appointed a 
 new governor. Cecilius Calvert, the proprietor, 
 recovered his right to the province upon the res 
 toration of King Charles H, in 1660, and in the 
 same year appointed his son, Philip, the governor, 
 and his son, Charles, in 1662. He died far in 
 years and high in reputation, and was succeeded 
 by his son, Charles, by whom an assembly was 
 called, which passed a law prohibiting the impor 
 tation of convicts. In 1676 there were in the 
 colony only three clergymen of the church of 
 England. Belknap s Amer. Biog II. 372-380 ; 
 Holmes, II. 386 ; Univ. Hist. XL. 468 ; Brit. Emp. 
 in America, I. 324-330. 
 
 CALVERT, BENEDICT, governor of Maryland, 
 died June 1, 1732. He was succeeded in 1727 
 by Charles C., who had been governor from 1720. 
 lie was induced to resign from ill health in 1732, 
 and died on his passage to England. His brother, 
 Edward Henry Calvert, president of the council, 
 died at Annapolis April 24, 1730, aged 28. His 
 wife was the daughter of the Earl of Litchfield, 
 and sister of the wife of Edward Younjr. 
 
 O 
 
 Lord s Lempr. ; Savage s Winth. I. 139. 
 
 CALVERT, FREDERIC, Baron of Baltimore, 
 and proprietor of Maryland, succeeded Charles, 
 Lord Baltimore, in 1751, and died at Naples Sept. 
 30, 1771, leaving lu s property in Maryland to his 
 son, Henry Harford. He published a tour in the 
 east, 1764; and Gaudia Poetica, Latina, Anglica, 
 et Gallica, &c. 
 
 CAMERON, JAMES, M. D., died at New York, 
 Dec. 12, 1851, aged 60, a physician of eminence, 
 a native of Scotland, for thirty years in practice 
 in New York. He was a worthy member of a 
 Presbyterian church. 
 
 CAMMERHOF, FREDERIC, a Moravian bishop, 
 came to this country in 1746 to assist Bishop 
 Spangenberg. In 1748 he visited the establish 
 ment at Shomokin, on the Susquehannah j in 
 1750 he repaired to Onondago to promote the 
 introduction of the gospel amongst the Iroquois. 
 He died at Bethlehem, his usual place of resi 
 dence, April 28, 1751, greatly deplored. During 
 four years he had baptized eighty-nine Indians. 
 There was so much sweetness and benevolence in 
 his character, as to impress even the savages with 
 respect for him. His mild and friendly beha 
 viour once turned the heart of an Indian, enraged 
 by his reproofs, who had resolved to kill him. 
 Loskiel. 
 
 CAMMOCK, THOMAS, proprietor of Black 
 Point, obtained a patent Nov. 1, 1631, from the 
 Plymouth company of fifteen thousand acres in 
 Scarborough, in Maine, extending from Black 
 Point river to the Spurwink and back one mile 
 from the sea. He was a nephew of the earl of 
 Warwick, and as early as 1631 resided atPiscata- 
 qua. In 1633 he was at Black Point. March 
 21, 1636, he was one of Georges commissioners, 
 
 or a member of the court of New Somersetshire, 
 at Saco, with Jocelyn and others ; but not being 
 in commission Sept. 2, 1639, he may have died 
 before that time. He died in the West Indies. 
 Sullivan, 128 ; Maine Hist. Coll. I. 18, 41 ; Sav 
 age, I. 90. 
 
 CAMPBELL, JOHN, first minister of Oxford, 
 Mass., was born in Scotland and educated at 
 Edinburgh. He came to this country in 1717. 
 He was ordained pastor of Oxford, a town settled 
 by French protestants, March 11, 1721. He 
 faithfully discharged the duties of his office, until 
 his death, March 25, 1761, aged 70, and was suc 
 ceeded by Joseph Bowman, who had been a mis 
 sionary among the Mohawk Indians. Whitney s 
 Hist, of Worcester, 84. 
 
 CAMPBELL, lieutenant-colonel, in the battle 
 of Eutaw, Sept. 8, 1781, was ordered to charge 
 the enemy at the head of the Virginia troops, 
 with Col. Williams, commanding the Maryland 
 continentals. In this successful exploit, which 
 broke the British line, he received a ball in lu s 
 breast and dropped speechless on the pommel of 
 his saddle. Being borne in the rear, he expired 
 the moment he was taken from his horse. Dr. 
 Holmes relates, that on being told, that the Bri 
 tish were flying, he said, " I die contented ; " but 
 Lee, who was present, says, he uttered not a 
 word. Lee, II. 292; Holmes, n. 327. 
 
 CAMPBELL, ALEXANDER, attorney of the 
 United States for the district of Virginia, received 
 his appointment from Washington, and was a 
 man of eloquence. He died in July, 1796. His 
 father resided in Virginia ; and his uncle, Archi 
 bald Campbell, a Scotch gentleman, the father 
 of Thomas Campbell, the poet, also resided 
 there in his youth. 
 
 CAMPBELL, JOHN P., a minister at Chilli- 
 cothe, Ohio, died about Dec., 1814, aged 46. He 
 was the author of a manuscript history of the 
 western country. He published the doctrine of 
 justification considered; strictures on Stone s 
 letters, 1805 ; Vindex, in answer to Stone s reply, 
 1806. 
 
 CAMPBELL, SAMUEL, colonel, an officer of 
 the Revolution, died Sept. 12, 1824, aged 86. 
 He was born in Londonderry, N. II., in 1738, 
 and in 1745 removed with his father to Cherry 
 Valley, then a wilderness. In the French war his 
 services were useful ; he was a brave officer of the 
 militia in the Avar of the Revolution, and fought in 
 most of the actions on the frontier. He was par 
 ticularly distinguished at the battle of Oriskany, 
 under Gen. Herkimer. He was engaged also in 
 Nov., 1778, in the conflict at Cherry Valley, when 
 the village was destroyed and many of the people 
 massacred by the enemy under Butler and Brant, 
 At this time his buildings were burnt, his personal 
 property carried off, and his wife and all his chil 
 dren, but his eldest son, led into captivity. The 
 
CAMPBELL. 
 
 CANONICUS. 
 
 189 
 
 captives were marched down the Susquehnnnah 
 river to its junction with the Tioga ; thence up 
 that river, and to Geneva and Niagara; and 
 thence to the neighborhood of Montreal. At 
 length, owing to the exertions of Gov. Clinton, 
 Mrs. Campbell was exchanged for the wife of 
 Col. Butler, and the children were with difficulty, 
 at the same time rescued from captivity. In 1783, 
 when Gen. Washington and Gov. Clinton were 
 on their exploring tour, they honored liim with 
 a visit for one night, and commended warmly his 
 patriotic zeal. After the war he was a member 
 of the legislature and an earnest republican. So 
 firm had been his health, that he was engaged in 
 personal labor the day before he died. His 
 widow, Jane Cannon, died in 1836, aged 93, a 
 happy Christian. Of her sons, William was sur 
 veyor-general of New York, James S. was a 
 judge, and Robert a lawyer of Cooperstown. 
 Among his numerous descendants were some of 
 the chief citizens of Cherry Valley. His charac 
 ter through life was irreproachable ; and for many 
 years he had been a consistent professor of reli 
 gion. Cherry Valley Gaz. Sept. 14, 1824. 
 
 CAMPBELL, JENNY, Miss, died in Orange 
 county, Va., Dec. 6, 1855, aged 115. 
 
 CAMPBELL, GEORGE W., died at Nashville, 
 Feb. 17, 1848, aged 80. He was minister of 
 United States to Itussia. He had been represen 
 tative in 1803-9, senator 1811-14, 1815-18, and 
 secretary of the treasury. 
 
 CAMPBELL, ALEXANDER, D. D.,diecl at New 
 Orleans May 6, 1855, aged G3. He was a re 
 former among the Baptists, abjuring religious 
 creeds, and forming a new sect, which prevailed 
 in Virginia, Kentucky, and Tennessee. In a de 
 bate with Dr. Rice, he boasted of having two 
 hundred thousand followers, not all in this coun 
 try. He published the Millennial Harbinger, a 
 monthly work. N. Y. Observer, March 16, 
 1850. 
 
 CAMPBELL, WILLIAM, surveyor-general of 
 New York, died at Cherry Valley Oct. 27, 1844, 
 aged 77. He was the son of Colonel C., and the 
 only member of a family, who escaped captivity or 
 death in the massacre of Nov., 1778. 
 
 CAMPBELL, JOHN M., missionary to western 
 Africa, sailed from Boston Jan. 1, 1844, and died 
 at Cape Palmas of the acclimating fever, April 
 19, 1844, saying : " Though one instrument 
 should be taken away, the cause of Christ would 
 go forward." 
 
 CAMPBELL, MARIA, a daughter of Gen. 
 Hull, the wife of Edward F. C., died in Augusta, 
 Geo., in 1845. She had talents, cultivated by 
 study, and a heart benevolent and pious. Many 
 feeble hours she devoted to teaching her slaves 
 the principles of the gospel. She finished before 
 her death a work on the Revolutionary services 
 of her father. 
 
 CAMPBELL, DANIEL, minister of Orford, N. 
 II., died Oct. 1, 1849, aged 70, bequeathing 20,- 
 000 dollars to the American board of missions, 
 and to the home missionary, bible, and tract so 
 cieties. Born in Lebanon, he graduated at Dart 
 mouth in 1801, and was settled in Kennebunk, 
 then in Orford. He died suddenly in bed, hav 
 ing retired in usual health. 
 
 CAMPBELL, ILvRVEY M., a missionary, died 
 in Arracan, where he had been only two years, 
 Feb. 22, 1852. He was a graduate of Hamilton 
 college. 
 
 CANER, HENRY, D. D., minister of king s 
 chapel in Boston, died in 1792, aged 92. He 
 was graduated at Yale college in 1724. In the 
 following year he began to read prayers in an 
 Episcopal church at Fairfield. In 1727, he went 
 to England for ordination, and was appointed 
 missionary for that town. His occasional ser 
 vices at Norwalk promoted the interest of the 
 church ; and it was not long before he had a re 
 spectable congregation there, as well as at Fair- 
 field. He was a man of talents and agreeable 
 manners, highly esteemed by his people. Having 
 been chosen rector of the first Episcopal church 
 in Boston, he was inducted into this office April 
 11, 1747. Here he continued, till the commence 
 ment of the American Revolution obliged him to 
 retire from Boston. He left the church March 
 17, 1775. From this period he resided in Eng 
 land till his death in Long Ashton. A daughter 
 married Mr. Gore of Boston. He published a 
 sermon on Matthew vil, 28, 29, entitled : " The 
 true nature and method of Christian preaching." 
 Jonathan Dickinson, in his vindication of God s 
 sovereign, free grace, replies to some sentiments 
 in the sermon. Mr. Caner published also funeral 
 sermons on the death of Charles Apthorp, 1758 ; 
 of Frederic, Prince of Wales, 1751; of Rev. Dr. 
 Cutler, 1765; of George II., 1761; of Timothy 
 Cutler, 1765 ; a thanksgiving sermon for the 
 peace, 1763 ; perhaps also a vindication of the 
 society for propagating the gospel, 1764. Chan 
 dler s Life of Johnson, 62 ; Coll. Hist Soc. in. 
 260; Columb. Centinel, Feb. 13, 1793. 
 
 CANNON, JAMES SPENCER, D. D., died in New 
 Brunswick July 25, 1852, aged 76, of the Dutch 
 reformed church. For 26 years he was pro 
 fessor of metaphysics in Rutgers college, and of 
 theology and ecclesiastical history in the theologi 
 cal seminary. For strong powers of mind, ur 
 banity, and fervent piety he was distinguished. 
 
 CANONICUS, an Indian chief of Narragansett, 
 died June 4, 1647, aged about 85. He was the 
 eldest of three brothers and his father s heir. 
 Miantunnomu, son of his youngest brother, was 
 " his marshal and executioner," but did nothing 
 without his uncle s consent. Ninncgrad was 
 the other uncle of Miantunnomu. In 1622, the 
 second year after the landing of the pilgrims at 
 
190 
 
 CANONICUS. 
 
 CAPEX. 
 
 Plymouth, Canonicus, having about five thousand 
 fighting men, sent as a challenge a bundle of ar 
 rows tied with a snake-skin; this skin was re 
 turned filled with poAvder and ball. Peace was 
 preserved by this defiance and by a discreet ne 
 gotiation. 
 
 When Roger Williams, driven from Massachu 
 setts, sought a retreat at Narragansett, the king, 
 Canonicus, generously made him and his compan 
 ions a present of all the neck of land between 
 Pawtucket and Moshasuck rivers, that they might 
 own it forever. On this neck they settled. Here 
 was an act of kindness, which even at the present 
 day demands a requital from the whites toward 
 the remains of the Indian tribes. About fifty 
 years afterwards, Williams gave a deposition, in 
 which he says : " I declare to posterity, that were 
 it not for the favor that God gave me with Can 
 onicus, none of these parts, no, not Rhode Island, 
 had been purchased or obtained, for I never got 
 anything of Canonicus but by gift." " And I desire 
 pos terity to see the gracious hand of the Most 
 High, that when the hearts of my countrymen 
 and friends and brethren failed me, his infinite 
 wisdom and merits stirred up the barbarous heart 
 of Canonicus, to love me as his own son, to his 
 last gasp." Once, in a solemn oration, the sa 
 chem said to Williams " I have never suffered any 
 wrong to be offered to the English since they 
 landed, nor never will. Wunnaumwagean Eng 
 lishman (that is, If the. English speak true, if he 
 mean truly), then shall I go to my grave in 
 peace." When Williams replied that he had no 
 cause to distrust the Englishman s Wunnaum- 
 wauonck, faithfulness, the old Indian took a stick 
 and broke it into ten pieces, and related ten in 
 stances, laying down a stick to every instance, 
 which awakened his fears. He proved himself at 
 all times the friend of the English. The Indian 
 deed of Rhode Island bears date March 24, 1638. 
 The deed of Providence is dated the same day. 
 In 1632 there was a war between the Narragan- 
 setts and Pequots concerning the territory be 
 tween Paucatuck river and Wecapaug brook on 
 the east, ten miles wide, and fifteen or twenty in 
 length, which was claimed by Canonicus, as hav 
 ing conquered it many years before. After three 
 years war the land was obtained, and given to 
 Sossoa or Sochso, a renegade Pequot, who had 
 fought valorously for Canonicus. However, the 
 Pequots very soon recovered it. On losing his 
 son, Canonicus, after burying him, burned his own 
 palace and all his goods in it. 
 
 When an embassy was sent to him in 1637 
 from Massachusetts, he received the ambassadors 
 in his best style. In the royal entertainment 
 which he provided, he gave them boiled chest 
 nuts for white bread ; also boiled puddings, made 
 of pounded Indian corn, well filled with a " great 
 store of black berries, somewhat like currants." 
 
 His audience chamber was a house fifty feet wide, 
 made of long poles stuck in the ground, covered 
 with mats, save a hole in the roof to let out the 
 smoke. Seated on a mat, his nobility were 
 around him, with their legs doubled under them, 
 their knees touching their clu ns. He agreed to 
 favor the English rather than the Pequots, and 
 to the latter he gave his faithful advice, designed 
 to hush the tempest of war, which was ready to 
 break out. But in a short time the Pequots for 
 got his wise counsels, and plunged into a fatal 
 war with the English, and were destroyed by 
 Mason. In the war with Uncas, in 1643, Mian- 
 tunnomu was taken prisoner and killed. April 
 19, 1644, Pessacus and Canonicus by deed sub 
 mitted to the English king for protection. In 
 1645, the sons of Canonicus having excited a war 
 with some neighboring Indians, troops were sent 
 from Massachusetts under Gibbons, who quelled 
 the disturbance. After Miantunnomu, a sachem, 
 called Mecumeh, was associated with Canonicuc. 
 Pessacus, also, was a powerful sachem. Roger 
 Williams calls him " A wise and peaceable prince." 
 Wise he must have been, compared with most 
 princes, since he was peaceable. In about thirty 
 years Philip and his race fell victims to war, which 
 he enkindled. Prince, 392 ; Mass. Hist. Coll. 
 III. 215, 238; V. 237; s. s. IV. 42; VII. 75; IX. 
 169; Holmes, I. 177, 286; Savage s Winthrop, 
 II. 308. 
 
 CAOXABO, a Carib chief, called by the Span 
 iards the lord of the golden house, in 1493 cap 
 tured the fortress of La Xavidad in Hispaniola, 
 and massacred the Spaniards. The next year he 
 unsuccessfully besieged Ojeda, though he had 
 with him ten thousand warriors. Soon afterwards 
 Ojeda made him prisoner by strategem, pretend 
 ing to honor him by putting on him a pair of 
 manacles of burnished steel, resembling silver, 
 and mounting him in state on his own horse. 
 Thus he galloped off with his prize, the victim of 
 vanity. In 1496 he was put on board a vessel to 
 be conveyed to Spain ; but he died in the pas 
 sage. His death is ascribed to the deep melan 
 choly of his proud spirit. At first a simple Carib 
 warrior, he became the most powerful cacique in 
 the populous island of Hayti. But being made a 
 prisoner, he died in obscurity. Thus sinks away 
 all the glory of human greatness. Irving s Co 
 lumbus, II. 
 
 CAPEX, JOSEPH, a poet and minister of Tops- 
 field, Mass., was the son of John C., who lived in 
 Dorchester in 1634, and died in 1692, aged 79. 
 He was graduated at Harvard college in 1677, 
 ordained June 4, 1684, and died June 30, 1725, 
 aged 66. He published, about 1682, an elegy on 
 the ingenious mathematician and printer, John 
 Foster, which concludes with the following lines, 
 doubtless suggested by Woodbridge s elegy on 
 John Cotton : 
 
CAPERS. 
 
 " Thy body, which no activencss did lack, 
 Now s laid aside, like an old almanac; 
 But for the present only s out of date : 
 Twill have, at length, a far more active state. 
 Yea, though with dust thy body soiled be, 
 Yet, at the resurrection, we shall see 
 A fair edition, and of matchless worth. 
 Free from erratas. new in heaven set forth; 
 Tis but a word from God, the great Creator, 
 It shall be done, when he saith Imprimatur. " 
 
 CAPERS, WILLIAM, I). D., Methodist bishop, 
 died in South Carolina Jan. 29, 1855, aged 65. 
 
 CARDELL, AVILLIAM S., a useful writer, died 
 at Lancaster, Pa., Aug. 10, 1828; his usual resi 
 dence had been in the city of New York. He 
 was a man of talents and active benevolence. 
 He projected an American academy of belles 
 lettrcs, which had a momentary existence, b ut 
 soon expired. He published a new system of 
 grammar, and other useful books for youth. 
 
 CAREY, JOHN L., died at New Orleans Dec. 
 14, 1838. He was editor of the Daily Crescent 
 four years, and previously of the Baltimore Amer 
 ican, and the author of popular works on political 
 economy. 
 
 CAREY, MATTHEW, died at Philadelphia Sept. 
 17, 1839, aged 79. He was born in Ireland Jan. 
 28, 1760, and was early apprenticed to a printer 
 and bookseller. In 1783 he set up " The Free 
 man s Journal." After being prosecuted for a 
 libel, he came to Philadelphia in 1784 with scarce 
 a dozen guineas in his pocket. He established 
 the Pennsylvania Herald in 1785, and afterwards, 
 the Columbian Magazine and the American Mu 
 seum. By printing and bookselling he amassed 
 an ample fortune. He wrote and published the 
 Olive Branch, 1814, of which he sold ten thou 
 sand copies ; Vindicia? Hibcrnicac, 1829 ; and fifty- 
 nine pieces in favor of the Protective System of 
 American Industry. His last publication was the 
 Philosophy of Common Sense. He promoted 
 the interests of education and the charities of the 
 day. To the young and deserving he took pleas 
 ure in lending a helping hand. His life was 
 written by G. A. Ward, in Lives of American 
 merchants. 
 
 CARHEIL, ETIENXE DE, a Jesuit missionary, 
 visited the Iroquois in 1668. For more than 
 sixty years he toiled amongst the Indians in Can 
 ada, with little success ; in 1721 Charlevoix left 
 him in Canada, still full of vigor and vivacity. 
 Though he spoke the Huron and Iroquois lan 
 guages better than his own, and was regarded by 
 the savages as a saint and a genius of the first 
 order, yet he made but few converts, and for his 
 little success he humbled himself before God. 
 Charlevoix remarks, that the history of Carhcil 
 may well teach missionaries that it is the prerog 
 ative of God to renew the heart, and that their 
 toils are never in vain, if they themselves become 
 saints. 
 
 CARLETON, GUY, Lord Dorchester, a distin- 
 
 CAHLETON. 
 
 191 
 
 guished British officer in America, died in 1808, 
 in England, aged 83. He was appointed a brig 
 adier-general in this country in 1776. He was 
 made major-general in 1772. At the close of 
 the year 1774 a commission passed the seals, 
 constituting him captain-general and governor of 
 Quebec. When Canada was invaded by Mont 
 gomery in 1775, Carleton was in the most immi 
 nent danger of being taken prisoner upon the St. 
 Lawrence after the capture of Montreal ; but he 
 escaped in a boat with muffled paddles, and ar 
 rived safely at Quebec, which he found threatened 
 by an unexpected enemy. Arnold, though he 
 had been repulsed by Col. Maclean, was yet in 
 the neighborhood of the city, waiting for the ar 
 rival of Montgomery previously to another attack. 
 General Carleton, with the skill of an experienced 
 officer, took the necessary measures for the se 
 curity of the city. His first act was to oblige all 
 to leave Quebec, who would not take up arms in 
 its defence. When Montgomery approached, his 
 summons was treated with contempt by the gov 
 ernor, whose intrepidity was not to be shaken. 
 By his industry and bravery Carleton saved the 
 city. After the unsuccessful assault of the last 
 of December, in which Montgomery was killed, 
 he had nothing more immediately to apprehend. 
 In May, 1776, he obliged the Americans to raise 
 the siege, and it was not long before he compelled 
 them to withdraw entirely from Canada. In Oc 
 tober he recaptured Crown Point; but, as the 
 winter was advancing, he did not attempt the 
 reduction of Ticonderoga, but returned to St. 
 John s. In the beginning of the next year he 
 was superseded in his command by Burgoyne, 
 who was intrusted with the northern British 
 army. Carleton s experience, and abilities, and 
 services were such as rendered him worthy of the 
 command, which was given to another. Though 
 he immediately asked leave to resign his govern 
 ment, he yet contributed all in his power to secure 
 the success of the campaign. In the year 1782 
 he was appointed, as successor of Sir Henry 
 Clinton, commander-in-chief of all his majesty s 
 forces in America. He arrived at New York with 
 his commission in the beginning of May. After 
 the treaty was signed, he delayed for some time 
 the evacuation of the city from regard to the 
 safety of the loyalists ; but Nov. 25, 1783, he 
 embarked, and withdrew the British ships from 
 the shores of America. He was a brave and 
 able officer, and he rendered important services 
 to his country. Though he was not conciliating 
 in his manners, and possessed the severity of the 
 oldier, yet his humanity to the American prison- 
 TS, whom he took in Canada, has been much 
 praised. In excuse for the little attention which 
 ic paid to the honorable burial of Montgomery, 
 it can only be said that he regarded him as a 
 rebel. Stedman, I. ; Annual Reg. xvil. 1S9, 
 
192 
 
 CARLTON. 
 
 CARE. 
 
 XIX. 2-16 ; XX. 2 ; Warren s Hist. Rev. II. 2, 3 ; 
 m. 217, 252, 311. 
 
 CARLTON, OSGOOD, a teacher of mathemat 
 ics and navigation, resided chiefly in Mass., but 
 died in Litchfield, N. II., in June 1816. He pub 
 lished valuable maps of Mass., and of the district 
 of Maine ; also the American navigator, 1801 ; the 
 South American pilot, 1804 ; a map of the U. S., 
 1806 ; practice of arithmetic, 1810. 
 
 CARMAN, captain, a brave seaman, sailed 
 from New Haven Dec., 1642, in a vessel of 180 
 tons with clapboards for the Canaries, being ear 
 nestly commended by the church at New Haven 
 to the Lord s protection. Near the Island of 
 Palma he was attacked by a Turkish pirate of 
 three hundred tons, with two hundred men and 
 twenty-six cannon, he having only twenty men 
 and seven serviceable cannon. The battle lasted 
 three hours, the Turk lying across his hawse, so 
 that he had to fire through his own " hoodings." 
 At last he was boarded by 100 men ; but a shot 
 killing the Turkish captain, and the tiller of his 
 ship being broken, the Turk took in his ensign 
 and fell off, leaving behind fifty men. These 
 Carman and his crew assaulted hand to hand and 
 compelled all, who were not killed, to leap over 
 board. He had many wounds on his head and 
 body, and several of his men were wounded ; but 
 only one was killed. At the island he was cour 
 teously entertained. He arrived at Boston July 
 2, 1643. In Nov. 1645 he sailed from Boston for 
 Malaga, in company with a new ship of four 
 hundred tons ; but both vessels ran aground in 
 the night on the coast of Spain, and Carman, Dr. 
 Pratt, and seventeen others were drowned. 
 There were on board the large vessel several 
 ship masters as passengers : but, says Hubbard, 
 " according to the old proverb, the more cooks 
 the worse broth, and the more masters the worse 
 mariners." The lights in the castle of Cadiz had 
 been seen ; but were mistaken for lights in ene 
 mies vessels. 2. Hist. Coll. VI. 525 ; Savage s 
 Winth. II. 124, 239. 
 
 CARMICHAEL, WILLIAM, charge d affaires 
 at the court of Spain, died early in 1795. He 
 was a native of Maryland. At the beginning of 
 the Revolution he was in London, and thence he 
 proceeded to Paris on his way to America with 
 despatches from A. Lee. At Paris he was de 
 tained by sickness. On the arrival of Mr. Dcane 
 in June 1776, he aided him in his correspondence 
 and the transaction of business. In Oct., at the 
 suggestion of the Prussian minister he went to 
 Berlin, by way of Amsterdam, to communicate to 
 the king intelligence concerning American com 
 merce. Returning to Paris, he was employed 
 more than a year by the American commissioners. 
 He arrived at Boston in May, 1778; in Nov., he 
 took his seat in congress as a delegate from Mary 
 land, though he had been appointed secretary to 
 
 the commissioners in France. The next year he 
 was appointed secretary of legation to Mr. Jay 
 in his mission to Spain, and accompanied him and 
 remained with him during his residence in Mad 
 rid. When Mr. Jay went to Paris in June 1782, 
 Mr. Carmichacl was left as charge d affaires, and 
 after the peace was commissioned in that charac 
 ter by congress, and continued as such at the 
 court of Spain about fifteen years. In March 1792 
 William Short M as joined with him in a commis 
 sion to negotiate a treaty with Spain. The 
 attempt was unsuccessful. Soon afterwards Mr. 
 Carmichael returned to the United States. His 
 correspondence makes a part of the 9th vol. of 
 diplomatic correspondence, edited by J. Sparks. 
 Dipl. Cor. IX. 3, 4. 
 
 CARNES, THOMAS P., a judge of Georgia, 
 was born and educated at Maryland ; removing 
 to Georgia, he there attained to a high rank as a 
 lawyer. He was successively solicitor-general, 
 attorney-general, and judge of the supreme 
 court; and he was also a member of congress. 
 He died at Milledgeville May 8, 1822, aged 60. 
 
 CARNEY, DANIEL L., died in Campbell coun 
 ty, Ky., Aug. 1, 1856, aged 76; one of the early 
 settlers of Cincinnati, and editor of the Western 
 
 Spy- 
 
 CARPENTER, REBECCA, widow, died at Re- 
 hoboth June 23, 1837, aged 67, bequeathing 1000 
 dollars to be divided among five of the leading 
 charitable societies. 
 
 CARR, ROBERT, Sir, died June 1, 1667. He 
 was appointed by Charles II., in 1664, a commis 
 sioner, with Col. Nicolls, Cartwright, and Maver 
 ick, with extensive powers in New England. It 
 was designed to repress the spirit of liberty. 
 Clarendon said, " they are already hardened into 
 republics." In the summer he and Maverick 
 arrived at Piscataqua. Aug. 27, 1664, Nicolls 
 and Carr, with four frigates, and three hundred 
 men, captured from the Dutch New Amsterdam, 
 and called it New York in honor of the Duke of 
 York and Albany, the brother of the king. Sept. 
 24th the garrison at fort Orange capitulated, and 
 the place was called Albany. Carr forced the 
 Dutch and Swedes on Delaware bay to capitu 
 late Oct. 1. Thus New Netherlands, including 
 New Jersey, was subjected. The commissioners, 
 excepting Nicolls, repaired to Boston in Feb., 
 1665. Their proceedings arc narrated by Ilutch- 
 inson. When they arrived in Maine in June, 
 1665, they assumed all the powers of government, 
 so that the authority of Massachusetts there was 
 suspended. By special commission from them a 
 court was held at Casco by Jocelyn and others in 
 July 1666. The government, thus created by the 
 commissioners, expired in 1668, the people look 
 ing to Massachusetts for a firmer administration 
 of affairs. In the mean time Carr had returned 
 to England, where he died at Bristol, the day 
 
CARR. 
 
 after he landed. Holmes, I. 333; Ilutcliins, I. 
 211-229. 
 
 CARR, DABNEY, a distinguished member of 
 the assembly of Virginia, moved and eloquently 
 supported the resolution for appointing a com 
 mittee of correspondence in consequence of the 
 British encroachments, which was adopted March 
 12, 1773. But he died in about two months, at 
 Charlottesvillc, May 16th, aged 30. He married 
 Martha, the sister of Mr. Jefferson, who in his 
 works has delineated his character, as marked by 
 a sound judgment and inflexible firmness, com 
 bined with fancy and eloquence, softness and 
 kindness. His eldest son, Peter Carr, died about 
 1808. Jefferson s Works. 
 
 CARR, DABNEY, died Jan. 8, 1837, at Culpeppcr, 
 Va., aged 63. He was a man of distinction; a 
 judge of the court of appeals ; a man of talents, 
 industry, learning, and of colloquial powers. 
 
 CARR,DABXEY S., died in Charlottesville, Va., 
 March 24, 1854, aged 51; naval officer at Balti 
 more, and minister of U. S. at Constantinople six 
 years. 
 
 CARRIER, THOMAS, remarkable for longevity, 
 died at Colchester, Conn., May 16, 1735, aged 
 109 years. He was born in the west of England 
 and removed thence to Andover, Mass. He mar 
 ried in 16G4 Martha Allen, who fell a victim to 
 the witchcraft infatuation at Salem village, with 
 Mr. Burroughs, Aug. 19, 1692, one of her own 
 daughters, aged 7, being allowed to testify against 
 her, as making her a witch, and appearing like a 
 black cat, the cat saying, she was her mother. 
 Ilutchinson has preserved her testimony. He 
 lived at Colchester about twenty years, and was a 
 member of the church in that town. His head 
 in his last yoars was not bald, nor his hair gray. 
 Not many days before his death he travelled on 
 foot six miles, to see a sick man and the very day 
 before he died he was visiting his neighbors. 
 New Eng. Week. Jour. June 9, 1735; HutcJiin- 
 soii, II. 47; Farmer s Coll. n. 69. 
 
 CARRIGAIX, PHILIP, a distinguished physi 
 cian, died in Aug. 1806. He was born in New 
 York in 1746, and was the son of a Scotch phy 
 sician, who died in that city. After studying with 
 Dr. Bricket of Haverhill, Mass., he settled in 1768 
 at Concord, N. II., where he rose to eminence as 
 a physician and surgeon. His practice was for 
 years more extensive than that of any other phy 
 sician in the State. His son of the same name, a 
 lawyer, and secretary of State, published in 1816 
 a large and beautiful map of New Hampshire. 
 Moore s Annals of Concord, 62; Bouton s 
 Cent. Disc. 94. 
 
 CARRIXGTON, PAUL, a patriot of the Revo 
 lution, died at his seat in Charlotte county, Va., 
 June 22, 1818,* aged 85. He was probably older 
 than any surviving Virginian patriot who took an 
 25 
 
 CARROLL. 
 
 193 
 
 active part in the councils of the country in the 
 first struggles for liberty and independence. 
 
 CARRINGTON, EDWARD, an officer of the 
 Revolution, died Oct. 28, 1810, aged 61. He was 
 an active quartcr-master-general under Greene, 
 in the campaign at the south ; and served also in 
 the north. lie was a representative in congress 
 from Virginia after the peace. When Aaron 
 Burr was tried for high treason, he was foreman 
 of the jury. Lord s Lempr.; Lee, I. 296. 
 
 CARllixGTON, PAUL, judge of the general 
 court of Virginia, died at his scat in Charlotte 
 county, Virginia, Jan. 8, 1816, aged 52. In his 
 youth he was distinguished as a soldier in the ac 
 tions at Guilford court-house and Green Spring. 
 On the return of peace he completed his studies 
 at William and Mary college. At the age of 
 twenty-two he was a member of the house of dele 
 gates, afterwards of the senate ; from which body 
 he was transferred to the bench of the superior 
 court. He died, expressing the hope of a happy 
 immortality through the merits of the Saviour. 
 Christian Visitant. 
 
 CARROLL, JOHN, D. D., L L. D., first Catho 
 lic bishop in the United States, died Dec. 3, 1815, 
 aged 80. He was born at Upper Marlborough 
 in Maryland, in 1734, and sent for education at 
 the age of thirteen to Flanders. From St. 
 Omcr s, where he remained six years, he was 
 transferred to the colleges of Liege and Bruges. 
 Having been ordained a priest and become a 
 Jesuit, in 1770 he accompanied the son of an 
 English Catholic nobleman on a tour through Eu 
 rope. In 1773 he was appointed a professor in 
 the college of Bruges. On the suppression of 
 the Jesuits by the pope, he retired to England, 
 and acted as secretary of the fathers ; in 1775 he 
 returned to America, and engaged in the duties 
 of a parish priest. By request of congress he 
 accompanied Franklin, C. Carroll, and S. Chase 
 in their mission to Canada, in order to recommend 
 neutrality to the Canadians. Appointed Catholic 
 vicar-general in 1786, he settled at Baltimore. 
 In 1790 he was consecrated in England Catholic 
 bishop of the United States, and he returned with 
 the title of the bishop of Baltimore. A few years 
 before his death he was created archbishop. He 
 was the brother of Charles Carroll, the last sur 
 viving signer of the Declaration of Independence. 
 Bishop C. was venerable, dignified, and learned. 
 In Latin, Italian, and French he conversed with 
 ease. He was mild, and courteous, and free from 
 intolerance, living in friendly intercourse with 
 persons of other sects. His end was peaceful. 
 In his last illness he said to a Protestant minister, 
 who alluded to his approaching death : " My 
 hopes have always been on the cross of Christ." 
 Encycl. Americana; American Quar. Rev. I. 
 19-24. 
 
194 
 
 CARROLL. 
 
 CARTER. 
 
 CARROLL, CHARLES, last surviving signer of 
 the Declaration of Independence, died at Bald- 
 more Nov. 14, 1832, aged 95. He was born at 
 Annapolis, of an Irish family, Sept. 20, 1737, and 
 inherited a very large estate. Of the Catholic re 
 ligion, he was educated, at St. Omer s ; and studied 
 the civil and common law in France and in London. 
 In 1766 he was a delegate to congress from Mary 
 land ; in 1789 he was a senator. He signed the 
 Declaration of Independence, though not present 
 when the vote was taken, on account of his mis 
 sion to Canada. In 1810 he retired to private 
 life. He was learned and refined, of great viva 
 city and courtesy, made happy in domestic and 
 social intercourse. His grand-daughter, Miss 
 Caton, married Mr. Patterson; afterwards, in 1825, 
 Richard, the marquis of Wellesley. 
 
 CARROLL, DANIEL L., D. D., died in Phila 
 delphia Nov. 23, 1851, aged 53. He graduated 
 at Jefferson college, and succeeded Dr. Beecher 
 for two years as the minister of Litchfield ; and 
 then was pastor seven years in Brooklyn. For 
 three years he was president of Hampden Sidney 
 college. Then was five years pastor in Philadel 
 phia ; afterwards secretary of the New York col 
 onization society. He was buried at Greenwood, 
 near New York. In his last hours he referred to 
 man s sinfulness and the power of Christ to save. 
 N. Y. Observer, Dec. 4. 
 
 CARTER, THOMAS, first minister of Woburn, 
 Mass., died in 1684, aged 73. He came to this 
 country in 1635, and lived several years at Ded- 
 ham and Watertown. He was ordained at Wo 
 burn Nov. 12, 1642 ; the church had been gath 
 ered Aug. 14th. This was a lay ordination. The 
 church having no elder, or minister, to impose 
 hands, and apprehending a precedent, leading to 
 the " dependence of churches and a presbytery," 
 two of its members performed that solemnity, al 
 though several ministers were present. When 
 they had imposed hands for the church, and said, 
 we ordain thee pastor of this church, a prayer 
 was made by an elder of a neighboring church. 
 There are a few undoubted instances of such 
 ordinations, recorded in the early history of this 
 country. Savage s Winllirop, II. 91, 253; 2 
 Hist. Coll. VII. 42 ; Chickeritig s Hist. Woburn. 
 
 CARTER, ROBERT, president of the council of 
 Virginia in 1726, was succeeded next year as the 
 head of the State by Gov. Wm. Gouch. He died 
 Aug. 4, 1732, aged 69. Of great wealth, he was 
 the proprietor of three hundred thousand acres 
 of land and one thousand and one hundred slaves. 
 
 CARTER, ROBERT, of Nominy, Virginia, a 
 member of the executive council, probably a de 
 scendant of the preceding, died before 1813. 
 He was rich, having seven or eight hundred slaves. 
 Believing that the toleration of slavery indicates 
 very great depravity, he gradually emancipated 
 the whole. Another account mentions, that he 
 
 emancipated four hundred and forty-two slaves, 
 at a sacrifice of 100,000 dollars. He was fourteen 
 years a regular Baptist ; then became an Armin- 
 ian ; and afterwards a follower of the bewildered 
 enthusiast, Swedenborg. He removed to Balti 
 more to find a society of the same faith. Bene 
 dict, II. 278 ; Nippon s lieg. 
 
 CARTER, EZRA, a respectable and benevolent 
 physician, was born in South Hampton, N. H., 
 and settled about 1740 in Concord, where he died 
 Sept. 17, 1767, aged 48. He several times nar 
 rowly escaped being killed by the Indians. In 
 one of his visits to a sick and poor family in Bow, 
 something was said concerning the payment of his 
 bill. The man and his wife plead their deep pov 
 erty ; but the doctor replied : "You have property 
 enough to satisfy me, and I will have my pay be 
 fore I leave your house." Then, seizing a kitten 
 from the floor, he said : " I told you I should have 
 my pay ; I have got it. Good-by, and God bless 
 you." Just before his death he signed receipts to 
 the bills against all poor persons, with directions 
 to his executors to deliver them. Moore s Ann. 
 of Concord, 35. 
 
 CARTER, NATHANIEL HAZELTINE, a scholar 
 and traveller, died Jan 2, 1830, aged 42. He 
 was the son of Joseph Carter, and was born in 
 Concord, N. II., about the year 1788. In 1811 
 he was graduated at Dartmouth college, and 
 afterwards studied law. When the charter of 
 the college was amended by the legislature in 
 1817, he was appointed professor of languages in 
 Dartmouth university, and officiated in that capac 
 ity two or three years. In 1820 he became the 
 proprietor and editor of the Albany Register, the 
 name of which he changed, May 16, to that of the 
 New York Statesman. He removed to the city 
 of New York Jan. 1822, and united his paper 
 with another, entering into partnership with Mr. 
 G. W. Prentiss. He zealously espoused the inter 
 ests of Dewitt Clinton. From 1825 to 1827 he 
 was abroad, travelling upon the continent of Eu 
 rope as the companion and guide of a young gen 
 tleman of New York, whose father confided in 
 his good judgment. During this absence he en 
 riched his paper with letters from Europe, which 
 on his return he collected and published in two 
 large 8vo. volumes, entitled, Letters from Eu 
 rope, comprising the journal of a tour through 
 Ireland, England, Scotland, France, Italy, and 
 Switzerland, 1827. These writings, the produc 
 tion of a classical scholar and a zealous friend of 
 the republican institutions of America, as well as 
 of a believer in the simple and pure religion of 
 the gospel, are well calculated to promote in the 
 reader the love of country. The exposure of the 
 civil and religious tyranny, under which the 
 greater part of Europe groans, is doing good ser 
 vice to the cause of liberty. Mr. Carter s health 
 becoming impaired, he spent the winters of 1827 
 
CARTER. 
 
 and 1828 in Cuba. When he visited Concord in 
 Nov., 1828, he addressed a few lines to his "Na 
 tive Stream," in Avhich he alludes to his wander 
 ings by other streams : 
 
 " Along the Shannon, Doon, and Tay, 
 I ve sauntered many a happy day, 
 And sought beside the Cam and Thames 
 Memorials of immortal names ; 
 Or mingled in the polished train 
 Of fashion on the banks of Seine. 
 And I have seen the azure Rhone 
 Hush headlong from his Alpine throne ; 
 Green Mincius and the silver Po 
 Through vine-clad vales mcand ring flow; 
 Sweet Arno, wreath d in summer flowers, 
 Linger amidst Etrurian bowers; 
 And the old Tiber s yellow tide 
 Koll to the sea in sullen pride. 
 In climes beneath the burning zone, 
 Mid tangled forests, deep and lone, 
 Where fervid skies forever glow, 
 And the soft trade-winds whispering blow, 
 My roving footsteps too have prest 
 The loveliest island of the west. 
 There Yumuri winds deep and calm, 
 Through groves of citron and of palm; 
 There on the sluggish wave of Juan 
 My little boat hath borne me on ; 
 Or up Canimar s silent floods, 
 Strewn with the blossoms of its woods." 
 
 His partner, Mr. Prentiss, died in March, 1829. 
 In the same year he relinquished his interest in 
 the Statesman, and for the benefit of his very 
 enfeebled health proceeded again to France. 
 But a fatal consumption terminated his life a few 
 days after his arrival at Marseilles. His funeral 
 was attended by many Americans and British. 
 Mr. Carter was a very upright and amiable man, 
 and an accomplished scholar. He was a poet, as 
 well as a writer of prose ; his longest poetical 
 piece is entitled the Pains of Imagination, deliv 
 ered at Dartmouth college. His hymn for Christ 
 mas is preserved in Specimens of American 
 Poetry. Bouton s Cent. Disc. 95 ; Spec. ill. 113. 
 
 CARTER, SAMUEL, M. D., died in Brooklyn, 
 N. Y., Nov. 22, 1853, aged 74, for many years a 
 physician in old Saybrook, Conn. He was an 
 eminent Christian, and died in the triumphs of 
 faith. 
 
 CARTER, JAMES G., died at Chicago in July, 
 1849, a graduate of Harvard in 1820. He live d 
 in Lancaster, and had the confidence of his fel 
 low citizens in public life. He did much in the 
 cause of education. While on a tour at the 
 west he was seized with a fatal bih ous fever. 
 
 CARTERET, GEORGE, Sir, one of the propri 
 etors of New Jersey, died in Nov., 1682. He 
 obtained with Lord Berkeley from the Duke of 
 York a grant of New Jersey, June 23, 1G64, the 
 duke having received from the king a larger pat 
 ent, March 12. The name of New Jersey was 
 given, because Carteret s family were from the 
 Isle of Jersey. Elizabethtown is said to have 
 been named from his wife. Philip Carteret was 
 governor of New Jersey, with some interruption, 
 
 CARTIER. 
 
 195 
 
 from 1665 till his death. After 1676, when the 
 division of the country was made by Berkeley 
 and Carteret, he governed East Jersey. Holmes, 
 II. 333. 
 
 CARTIER, JACQUES, a French navigator, who 
 made important discoveries in Canada, was a na 
 tive of St. Malo. After the voyage of the Cabots 
 the French learned the value of their discoveries, 
 and in a few years began the cod-fishery upon 
 the banks of Newfoundland. The Baron de Levi 
 is said to have discovered a part of Canada about 
 1518. In 1524 John Verazzana, a Florentine, in 
 the service of France, ranged the coast of the 
 new continent from Florida to Newfoundland. 
 From a subsequent voyage in 1525 he never re 
 turned, and it is supposed that he was cut to 
 pieces and devoured by the savages. His fate 
 discouraged other attempts to discover the new 
 world, till the importance of having a colony in 
 the neighborhood of the fishing banks induced 
 Francis I. to send out Cartier in 1534. The king 
 said: "The kings of Spain and Portugal are 
 taking possession of the new world, without giv 
 ing me a part ; I should be glad to see the article 
 in Adam s last will, which gives them America." 
 Cartier sailed from St. Malo April 20, with two 
 ships of sixty tons and one hundred and twenty- 
 two men. On the tenth of May he came in sight 
 of Bonavista, on the Island of Newfoundland ; 
 but the ice obliged him to go to the south, and 
 he entered a harbor at the distance of five 
 leagues, to which he gave the name of St. Cath 
 erine. As soon as the season would permit, he 
 sailed northward and entered the straits of Bell- 
 isle. In this voyage he \isited the greater part 
 of the coast which surrounds the gulf of St. 
 Lawrence, and took possession of the country in 
 the name of the king ; he discovered a bay, which 
 he called Baye des Chaleurs, on account of the 
 sultry weather which he experienced in it; he 
 sailed so far into the great river, afterwards called 
 the St. Lawrence, as to discover land on the op 
 posite side. August 15, he set sail on his return, 
 and arrived at St. Malo on the fifth of September. 
 When his discoveries were known in France, it 
 was determined to make a settlement in that part 
 of America which he had visited. Accordingly, 
 in the following year he received a more ample 
 commission and was equipped with three vessels. 
 When he was ready to depart, he went to the 
 cathedral church with his whole company, and 
 the bishop gave them his benediction. He sailed 
 May 19, 1535. He experienced a severe storm 
 on his passage, but in July he reached the des 
 tined port. He entered the gulf, as in the pre 
 ceding year, being accompanied by a number of 
 young men of distinction. He sailed up the St. 
 Lawrence and discovered an island, which he 
 named Bacchus, but which is now called Orleans, 
 in the neighborhood of Quebec. This island was 
 
196 
 
 CARTIER. 
 
 CARVER. 
 
 full of inhabitants, who subsisted by fishing. lie 
 went on shore and the natives brought him Indian 
 com for his refreshment. With his pinnace and 
 two boats he proceeded up the river as far as Iloch- 
 elaga, a settlement upon an island, which he 
 called Mont-royal, but which is now called Mon 
 treal. In this Indian town were about fifty long 
 huts, built with stakes, and covered with bark. 
 The people lived mostly by fishing and tillage. 
 They had corn, beans, squashes, and pumpkins. 
 In two or three days he set out on his return, and 
 arrived Oct. 4 at St. Croix, not far from Quebec, 
 now called Jacques Cartier s river. Here he 
 passed the winter. In Dec., the scurvy began to 
 make its appearance among the natives, and in a 
 short time Cartier s company were seized by the 
 disorder. By the middle of Feb., of one hun 
 dred and ten persons, fifty were sick at once, and 
 eight or ten had died. In this extremity he ap 
 pointed a day of humiliation. A crucifix was 
 placed on a tree, a procession of those who were 
 able to walk was formed, and at the close of the 
 devotional exercises Cartier made a vow, that 
 "if it should please God to permit him to return 
 to France, he would go in pilgrimage to our lady 
 of Roquemado." The sick were all healed by 
 using a medicine which was employed with suc 
 cess by the natives. This was a decoction of the 
 leaves and bark of a tree. The liquor was drank 
 ever other day, and an external application was 
 made to the legs. Charlevoix says the tree was 
 that which yielded turpentine, and Dr. Belknap 
 thinks it was the spruce pine. In IIay he set 
 sail on his return to France, carrying off with 
 him Donnaconna, the Indian king of the country, 
 and nine other natives, all of whom, but a little 
 girl, died in France. He arrived at St. Malo 
 July 6, 1536. 
 
 At the end of four years a third expedition was 
 projected. Frangois de la Roque, Lord of Ro 
 berval, was commissioned by the king as his 
 lieutenant governor in Canada ; and Cartier was 
 appointed his pilot, with the command of five 
 ships, his commission, which may be seen in Haz 
 ard s collections, being dated Oct. 17, 1540. He 
 sailed, however, May 23, 1540, to Newfoundland 
 and Canada. Aug. 23, he arrived at the haven 
 of St. Croix, in the river St. Lawrence ; about 
 four leagues above that place, on a cliff, at the 
 east side of the mouth of a small river, he built 
 a fort, which he called Charlesbourg. This was 
 near Quebec. In the spring of 1542 he deter 
 mined to return to France, and accordingly in June 
 arrived at Saint John s, in Newfoundland, on his 
 way home. Here he met Roberval, who did not 
 accompany him in his voyage, and who had been 
 detained till this time. He was ordered to return 
 to Canada, but he chose to pursue his voyage to 
 France, and sailed out of the harbor privately in 
 the night. Roberval attempted to establish a 
 
 colony, but it was soon broken up, and the 
 French did not establish themselves permanently 
 in Canada till after the expiration of half a 
 century. 
 
 Cartier published memoirs of Canada after his 
 second voyage. The names which he gave to 
 islands, rivers, &c., are now entirely changed. In 
 this work he shows that he possessed a good 
 share of the credulity or the exaggeration of 
 travellers. Being one day in the chase, he says 
 that he pursued a beast which had but two legs, 
 and which ran with astonishing rapidity. This 
 strange animal was probably an Indian, clothed 
 with the skin of some wild beast. He speaks 
 also of human monsters of different kinds, of 
 which accounts had been given him. Some of 
 them lived without eating. IJelknap s Amer. 
 Biog. I. 159-184; Charlevoix, Introd. xx. ; I. 
 8-22. edition 4to ; Ilakluyt, m. 186,201-240; 
 Holmes, I. ; Prince, Introd. 89, 90, 93 ; Purchas. 
 I. 931, 932; V. 1605; Forster s Vogacje, 337, 
 440 ; Universal History, xxxix. 407. 
 
 CARTWRIGHT, GEORGE, colonel, was one of 
 King Charles commissioners to New England, 
 with Nicolls, Carr, and Maverick, in 1664. When 
 the commissioners, on their arrival at Boston, 
 informed the general court that they should next 
 day sit and hear a cause against the governor and 
 company, the court published "by sound of 
 trumpet" its disapprobation of this proceeding, 
 and prohibited all persons from abetting it. Thus 
 early and boldly was the note of liberty sounded. 
 The commissioners, finding that they had to do 
 with stiff-necked men, soon went away in dis 
 pleasure. In Cartwright s voyage to England in 
 1665, he was taken by the Dutch, and lost his 
 papers, and hardly escaped with his life. Hub- 
 bard says they put into his mouth a gag, which 
 he had " threatened to some in New England, 
 that pleased him not." The loss of his papers 
 was deemed a benefit to the colonies, as his prej 
 udices were strong against them, and as the 
 papers would have been employed for purposes 
 of mischief. Holmes, I. 338 ; Hist. Coll. vi. 579. 
 
 CARVER, JOHN, first governor of Plymouth 
 colony, died in April, 1621, only about four months 
 after the landing of the pilgrims. He was a na 
 tive of England, and was among the emigrants to 
 Leyden, who composed Mr. Robinson s church in 
 that place. When a removal to America was 
 contemplated, he was appointed one of the agents 
 to negotiate with the Virginia company in Eng 
 land for a suitable territory. He obtained a pat 
 ent in 1619, and in the following year came to 
 New England with the first company. Two ves 
 sels had been procured, the one called the Speed 
 well and the other the Mayflower, which sailed 
 from Southampton, carrying one hundred and 
 twenty passengers, Aug. 5, 1620. As one of the 
 vessels proved leaky, they both put into Dart- 
 
CARVER. 
 
 CARVER. 
 
 197 
 
 mouth for repairs. They put to sea again Aug. 
 21 ; but the same cause, after they had sailed 
 about one hundred leagues, obliged them to put 
 back to Plymouth. The Speedwell was there 
 pronounced unfit for the voyage. About twenty 
 of the passengers went on shore. The others 
 were received on board the Mayflower, which 
 sailed with one hundred passengers, besides the 
 ship s officers and crew, Sept. G. During the 
 voyage the weather was unfavorable, and the ship 
 being leaky, the people were almost continually 
 wet. One young man died at sea, and a child 
 was born, the son of Stephen Hopkins, which was 
 called Oceanus. Nov. 9, they discovered the 
 white, sandy shores of Cape Cod. As this land 
 was northward of Hudson s river, to which they 
 were destined, the ship was immediately put 
 about to the southward; but the appearance of 
 breakers and the danger from shoals, together 
 with the eagerness of the women and children to 
 be set on shore, induced them to shift their course 
 again to the north. The next day the northern 
 extremity of the cape w r as doubled ; and, on the 
 second clay after the discovery of land the ship 
 was safely anchored in the harbor of Cape Cod. 
 As they were without the territory of the south 
 Virginia company, from whom they had received 
 the charter, which was thus rendered useless, and 
 as they perceived the absolute necessity of gov 
 ernment, it was thought proper, before they 
 landed, that a political association should be 
 formed, intrusting all powers in the hands of the 
 majority. Accordingly, after solemn prayers and 
 thanksgiving, a written instrument was subscribed, 
 Nov. 1 1, 1620, by forty-one persons out of the whole 
 number of passengers of all descriptions on board. 
 Mr. Carver s name stood first, and he was unani 
 mously elected governor for one year. Among the 
 other names were those of Bradford, AA r inslow, 
 Brewster, Allerton, Standish, Alden, Fuller, War 
 ren, Hopkins, White, Rogers, and Cook. Govern 
 ment being thus regularly established on a truly re 
 publican principle, sixteen armed men were sent on 
 shore the same day to procure wood and make 
 discoveries. They returned at night, having seen 
 no house nor a human being. The next dav, 
 Sunday, was observed as a day of rest. While 
 they lay in this harbor, during the space of five 
 weeks, several excursions were made by the 
 direction of the governor. In one of them Mr. 
 Bradford s foot was caught in a deer-trap, which 
 was made by bending a young tree to the earth, 
 with a noose under ground, covered with acorns. 
 But lu s companions disengaged him from his 
 unpleasant situation. An Indian burying-ground 
 was discovered, and in one of the graves were 
 found a mortar, an earthen pot, a bow and 
 arrows, and other implements, all of which were 
 carefully replaced. A more important discovery 
 was a cellar, filled with seed-corn in ears, of which 
 
 they took as much as they could carry away, 
 after reasoning for some time upon the morality 
 of the action, and resolving to satisfy the owners 
 when they should find them. In other expedi 
 tions a number of bushels of corn were obtained, 
 the acquisition of which, at a time when it was 
 much needed, they regarded as a peculiar favor 
 of Divine providence. In six months the owners 
 were remunerated to their entire satisfaction. 
 
 On Wednesday, Dec. G, governor Carver him 
 self, with nine of the principal men, well armed, 
 and the same number of seamen, set sail in the 
 shallop to make further discoveries. The weather 
 was so cold, that the spray of the sea froze on 
 their coats, till they were cased with ice, like 
 coats of iron. They coasted along the cape, and 
 occasionally a party was set on shore. At the 
 dawn of day on Friday, Dec. 8, those who were 
 on the land were surprised by the sudden war- 
 cry of the natives, and a flight of arrows. They 
 immediately seized their arms, and on the first 
 discharge of musketry the Indians fled. Eighteen 
 arrows were taken up, headed either with brass, 
 deer s horns, or bird s claws, which they sent as a 
 present to their friends in England. As they 
 sailed along the shore, they were overtaken by a 
 storm, and the rudder being broken, and the shal 
 lop driven into a cove full of breakers, they all 
 expected to perish. By much exertion, however, 
 they came to anchor in a fair sound under a point 
 of land. While they were divided in opinion 
 with respect to landing at this place, the severity 
 of the weather compelled them to go on shore. 
 In the morning of Saturday they found them 
 selves on a small uninhabited island, which has 
 ever since borne the name of Clarke s island, 
 from the mate of the ship, the first man who 
 stepped upon it. As the next day was the Chris 
 tian Sabbath, they appropriated it to those relig 
 ious purposes for which it was set apart. On 
 Monday, Dec. 11, they surveyed the bay, and 
 went ashore upon the main land, at the place 
 which they call Plymouth ; and a part of the very 
 rock, on which they first set their feet, is now in 
 the public square of the town, and is distinguished 
 by the name of the " Forefathers rock." The day 
 of their landing, Dec. llth, in the old style, was 
 many years ago by mistake adjudged to be Dec. 
 22d, in our new style, by the addition of eleven 
 days instead of ten : and Dec. 22d has been cel 
 ebrated as an annual festival. But probably here 
 after the true day, Dec. 21st, will be celebrated. 
 As they marched into the country they found 
 cornfields, and brooks, and an excellent situation 
 for building. With the news of their success 
 they returned to their company, and, Dec. 16, the 
 ship came to anchor in the harbor. The high 
 ground on the southwest side of the bay was 
 pitched upon as the site of the contemplated 
 town, and a street and house lots were immedi- 
 
198 
 
 CARVER. 
 
 CARVER. 
 
 ately laid out. It was also resolved to plant their 
 ordinance upon a commanding eminence, that 
 overlooked the plain. Before the end of Dec., 
 they had erected a storehouse with a thatched 
 roof, in which their goods were deposited under 
 a guard. Two rows of houses were begun, and 
 as fast as they could be covered, the people, who 
 were classed into nineteen families, came ashore, 
 and lodged in them. On the last of Dec., the 
 public services of religion were attended for the 
 first time on the shore, and the place was named 
 Plymouth, both because it was so called in Capt. 
 Smith s map, published a few years before, and in 
 remembrance of the kind treatment which they 
 had received from the inhabitants of Plymouth, 
 the last port of their native country from which 
 they sailed. The severe hardships to which this 
 company were exposed in so rigorous a climate, 
 and the scorbutic habits, contracted by living so 
 long on board the ship, caused a great mortality 
 among them, so that before the month of April 
 near one half of them died. Gov. Carver was 
 himself dangerously ill in January. On the 14th 
 of that month, as he lay sick at the storehouse, 
 the building took fire by means of the thatched 
 roof, and it was with difficulty that the stock of 
 ammunition was preserved. By the beginning 
 of March he was so far recovered of his first 
 illness, that he was able to walk three miles to 
 visit a large pond, which had been discovered 
 from the top of a tree by Francis Billington, 
 whose name it has since borne. None of the 
 natives were seen before the sickness among the 
 planters had abated. The pestilence, which 
 raged in the country four years before, had 
 almost depopulated it. March 16th, a savage 
 came boldly into the town alone, and to the 
 astonishment of the emigrants addressed them in 
 these words, "Welcome, Englishmen! Welcome, 
 Englishmen ! " His name was Samoset, and he 
 was lord, or sagamore of Moratiggon, distant five 
 days journey to the eastward. He had learned 
 broken English of the fishermen in his country. 
 By him the governor was informed, that the 
 place where they now were was called Patuxet, 
 and, though it was formerly populous, that every 
 human being had died of the late pestilence. 
 This account was confirmed by the extent of the 
 deserted fields, the number of graves, and the 
 remnants of skeletons lying on the ground. 
 Being dismissed with a present, he returned the 
 next day with five of the Indians, who lived in 
 the neighborhood, and who brought a few skins 
 for trade. He was sent out again in a few days, 
 and, March 22d, returned with Squanto, the only 
 native of Patuxet then living. Having been car 
 ried off in 1614 by a Captain Hunt of Smith s 
 fleet, who in his voyage from Virginia to Malaga 
 visited Plymouth and treacherously seized him 
 and twenty-six others of the natives, he escaped 
 
 the pestilence, which desolated the country. 
 They were sold at Malaga at 20 pounds a man. 
 As several of these Indians were rescued from 
 slavery by some benevolent monks at Malaga, 
 Squanto was probably thus set at liberty. He 
 had learned the English language at London, and 
 came back to his native country with the fisher 
 men. They informed the planters, that Massas- 
 soit, the sachem of the neighboring Indians, was 
 near with his brother and a number of his peo 
 ple; and within an hour he appeared on the top 
 of a hill over against the English town wnh a 
 train of sixty men. Mutual distrust prevented 
 for some time any advances upon either side; but 
 Mr. Winslow being sent to the Indian king with 
 a copper chain and two knives, with a friendly 
 message from the governor, the sachem was 
 pleased to descend from the hill, accompanied 
 by twenty men unarmed. Capt. Standish met 
 him at the brook at the head of six men with 
 muskets, and escorted him to one of the best 
 houses, where three or four cushions were placed 
 on a green rug, spread over the floor. The gov 
 ernor came in, preceded by a drum and trumpet, 
 the sound of which greatly delighted the Indians. 
 After mutual salutations, the governor kissing his 
 majesty s hand, refreshments were ordered. A 
 league of friendship was then agreed on, which 
 was inviolably observed for above fifty years. 
 The articles of the treaty were the following, 
 " that neither he nor his should injure .any of 
 ours ; that, if they did, he should send the of 
 fender, that Ave might punish him ; that if our 
 tools were taken away, he should restore them ; 
 and if ours did any harm to any of his, we would 
 do the like to them ; that if any unjustly warred 
 against him, M~e would aid him, and if any warred 
 against us he should aid us ; that he should cer 
 tify his neighbor confederates of this, that they 
 might not wrong us, but be comprised in the con 
 ditions of peace ; that, when their men came to 
 us, they should leave their bows and arrows 
 behind them, as we should leave our pieces, when 
 we came to them ; that in doing thus king James 
 would esteem him as his friend and ally." After 
 the treaty, the governor conducted Massassoit to 
 the brook, where they embraced each other and 
 parted. 
 
 The next day, March 23, a few laws were en 
 acted, and Mr. Carver was confirmed as governor 
 for the following year. In the beginning of April, 
 twenty acres of land were prepared for the re 
 ception of Indian corn, and Samoset and Squanto 
 taught the emigrants how to plant, and dress 
 it with herrings, of which an immense quan 
 tity came into the brooks. Six acres were sowed 
 with barley and peas. While they were engaged 
 in this labor in April, the governor came out of the 
 field at noon, complaining of a pain in his head, 
 caused by the heat of the sun. In a few hours it 
 
CARVER. 
 
 deprived him of his senses, and in a few days 
 put an end to his life, to the great grief of the in 
 fant plantation. lie was buried with all the hon 
 ors which could be paid to his memory. The 
 men were under arms, and fired several volleys 
 over his grave. His feeble wife, Catherine, over 
 come by her loss, survived him but six weeks. In 
 one of his letters to Gov. C., Robinson says, con 
 cerning her, " Your good wife, my loving sister." 
 Whether he meant only a Christian sister is not 
 known. When he arrived, there were eight per 
 sons in his family ; but he left no son nor daughter ; 
 and consequently there are no descendants. The 
 Mr. C., who died in Mansfield, aged 102, might 
 have been the grandson of a brother. 
 
 Governor Carver was distinguished for his pru 
 dence, integrity, and firmness. He had a good 
 estate in England, which he spent in the emigra 
 tion to Holland and America. He exerted liim- 
 sclf to promote the interests of the colony ; he 
 bore a large share of its sufferings ; and the people 
 confided in him as their friend and father. Piety, 
 humility, and benevolence were eminent traits in 
 his character. In the time of the general sick 
 ness which befell the colony, after he had him 
 self recovered, he was assiduous in attending the 
 sick and performing the most humiliating services 
 for them, without any distinction of persons or 
 characters. He was succeeded in the office of gov 
 ernor by Mr. Bradford. The broadsword of Gov. 
 Carver is deposited in the cabinet of the Massa 
 chusetts historical society in Boston. A town in 
 the county of Plymouth is named Carver. Other 
 pilgrim fathers have been thus honored, as Brad 
 ford and Brewster. Belknap s American Biog. 
 II. 179-216; Prince, GG-HM; Holmes, I. 1G1, 
 1G8; Purclias, V. 1843-18,30; Univers. Hist., 
 xxxix. 272; iVeaZ siV. E.I. 99; Davis Morton, 
 38-68. 
 
 CARVER, JONATHAN, an enterprising traveller, 
 died in 1780, aged 48. He was a native of Con 
 necticut and was born in 1732. He lost his father, 
 who was a justice of the peace, when he was only 
 five years of age. He was intended for the pro 
 fession of medicine, which he quitted for a military 
 life. In the French war he commanded an inde 
 pendent company of provincials in the expedition, 
 carried on across the lakes against Canada. He 
 served with reputation till the peace of 17G3. 
 After this he formed the resolution of exploring 
 the most interior parts of North America and of 
 even penetrating to the Pacific ocean, over that 
 broad part of the continent which lies between 
 the forty-third and the forty-sixth degrees of north 
 latitude. As the English had come in possession 
 of a vast territory by the conquest of Canada, he 
 wished to render this acquisition profitable to his 
 country, while he gratified his taste for adven 
 tures. He believed, that the French had inten 
 tionally kept other nations ignorant of the interior 
 
 CARVER. 
 
 199 
 
 parts of North America. lie hoped to facilitate 
 the discovery of a northwest passage, or of a 
 communication between Hudson s bay and the 
 Pacific ocean. If he could effect the establishment 
 of a post on the straits of Annian, he supposed he 
 should thus open a channel for conveying intelli 
 gence to China and the English settlements in 
 the East Indies with greater expedition than by 
 a tedious voyage by the cape of Good Hope, or 
 the straits of Magellan. 
 
 With these views he set out from Boston in 
 1766, and in September of that year arrived at 
 Michillimackinac, the most interior English post. 
 He applied to the governor, Mr. Rogers, to fur 
 nish him with a proper assortment of goods, as a 
 present for the Indians living on the track which 
 he intended to pursue. Receiving a supply in 
 part, it was promised, that the remainder should 
 be sent to him, when he reached the falls of St. 
 Anthony in the river Mississippi. In consequence 
 of the failure of the goods he found it necessary to 
 return to la Prairie du Chien in the spring of 1767, 
 having spent the preceding winter among the 
 Naudoussee of the plains, on the river St. Pierre, 
 fourteen hundred miles west of Michillimackinac. 
 Being thus retarded in his progress westward, he 
 determined to direct his course northward, that, 
 by finding a communication between the Missis 
 sippi and lake Superior, he might meet the tra 
 ders at the grand portage on the north-west side 
 of the lake. Of them he intended to purchase 
 the goods which he needed, and then to pursue 
 his journey by the way of the lakes la Pluye, Du- 
 bois, and Ouinipique to the heads of the river of 
 the west. He reached lake Superior, before the 
 traders had returned to Michillimackinac, but they 
 could not furnish him with goods. Thus disap 
 pointed a second time, he continued some months 
 on the north and east borders of lake Superior, 
 exploring the bays and rivers, which empty them 
 selves into that large body of water, and carefully 
 observing the natural productions of the country, 
 and the customs and manners of the inhabitants. 
 He arrived at Boston in Oct., 1768, having been 
 absent on this expedition two years and five 
 months, and during that time travelled near 
 seven thousand miles. 
 
 As soon as he had properly digested his jour 
 nal and charts, he went to England to publish 
 them. On his arrival he presented a petition to 
 his majesty in council, fora reimbursement of the 
 sums which he had expended in the service of 
 government. This was referred to the lords 
 commissioners of trade and plantations, by Avhom 
 he was examined in regard to his discoveries. 
 Having obtained permission to publish his papers, 
 he disposed of them to a bookseller. When 
 they were almost ready for the press, an order 
 was issued from the council board, requiring him 
 to deliver into the plantation office all his charts 
 
200 
 
 CARY. 
 
 and journals, with every paper relating to the 
 discoveries which he had made. In order to obey 
 this command he was obliged to repurchase them 
 from the bookseller. It was not until ten years 
 after, that he published an account of his travels. 
 Being disappointed in his hopes of preferment, 
 he became clerk of the lottery. As he sold his 
 name to a historical compilation, which was pub 
 lished in 1779, in folio, entitled the New Universal 
 Traveller, containing an account of all the em 
 pires, kingdoms, and States in the known world, 
 he was abandoned by those whose duty it was to 
 support him, and he died in want of the common 
 necessaries of life. His wife lived at Montague 
 in 1767. He published a tract on the culture of 
 tobacco, and travels through the interior parts of 
 North America in the years 1766, 1767, and 1768, 
 London, 8vo. 1778. An edition of this work was 
 published at Boston in 1797. Introduction to 
 his Travels; Neio and General Biographical 
 Dictionary ; Watkins. 
 
 CARY, THOMAS, minister in Newburyport, 
 Mass., died Nov. 24, 1808, aged 63. He was the 
 son of Samuel Gary, of Charlestown, and was 
 born Oct. 18, 1645, and graduated at Harvard 
 college in 1761. While preparing for the sacred 
 office, he resided in Ilaverhill, where he enjoyed 
 the instructions of Mr. Barnard, whom he re 
 spected and loved. He was ordained as successor 
 of Mr. Lowell, pastor of the first church in New 
 buryport, May 11, 1768. One third of the 
 church and congregation, being dissatisfied with 
 the choice of Mr. Gary, were formed into a sep 
 arate society. For nearly twenty years he was 
 enabled to perform all the duties of the minis 
 terial office ; but in the forty-third year of his age 
 it pleased God, by a paralytic stroke, to remove 
 him from liis public labors. After this event 
 Mr. Andrews was ordained as his colleague, Dec. 
 10, 1788. From this period until about two years 
 before his death, Mr. Gary was so far restored to 
 health, as to be able occasionally to perform the 
 public offices of religion. He possessed a strong 
 and comprehensive mind, which was highly culti 
 vated by reading, observation, reflection, and 
 prayer. His sermons were plain, forcible, senten 
 tious, and altogether practical. He was not 
 ashamed to be called a rational Christian. Though 
 he read writers on all sides of theological ques 
 tions, yet those were his favorite authors, who 
 treated the doctrines and duties of Christianity in 
 a rational manner. Candid toward those who 
 differed from him in opinion, he sincerely re 
 spected the free and honest inquirer after truth. 
 His feelings were keen and his passions strong ; 
 but it was the great business of his life, and the 
 subject of his earnest prayers, to reduce them to 
 the government of reason and the gospel. In 
 the various relations of life he conciliated respect 
 and esteem. To his brethren in the ministry he 
 
 CARY. 
 
 was a generous friend, a wise counsellor, and a 
 most pleasant and improving associate. He ex 
 celled in the charms of conversation. He was 
 held in very high esteem for his public labors, for 
 sound and fervent devotion, for judicious, im 
 pressive, pathetic, and edifying discourses. Be 
 tween him and his people there subsisted an 
 uncommon harmony and affection. During his 
 long debility the religion which he preached was 
 his support and solace. In the leisure which was 
 now afforded him, he took a peculiar interest in 
 attending to the ecclesiastical history of his coun 
 try ; and the fruits of his studies were conspicuous 
 in his conversation. As his disorder increased 
 upon him, he sunk into a state of insensibility, 
 and without a struggle his spirit returned to God, 
 who gave it. He published two sermons on the 
 importance of salvation ; a sermon from Matthew 
 XII. 20 ; at the funeral of S. Webster, 1796 ; the 
 right hand of fellowship at the ordination of J. 
 Beattie ; the charge at the ordination of A. 
 Moore ; a sermon on the last day of assembling 
 in the old meeting-house, Sept. 27, 1801. An 
 drews 1 Funeral Sermon ; Panoplist, Dec. 1808. 
 
 CARY, SAMUEL, minister in Boston, the son 
 of the preceding, was graduated at Harvard col 
 lege in 1804, and was settled as the colleague of 
 Dr. Freeman at the stone chapel, Jan. 1, 1809. 
 He died in England Oct. 22, 1815, aged 30. He 
 published a review of English s " Grounds of 
 Christianity examined," 1813 ; also the following 
 sermons : before Merrimac humane society, 1806; 
 at his ordination, 1809; on the fast, 1813; at 
 Thursday lecture, 1814 ; on death of S. Bulfinch, 
 1815. 
 
 CARY, LOTT, an African minister, died Nov. 
 10, 1828. He was born a slave about thirty 
 miles below Richmond, Va., on the estate of Wm. 
 A. Christian. In 1804 he was hired out in Rich 
 mond as a common laborer. He was profane 
 and much addicted to intoxication. But about 
 the year 1807 it pleased God to bring him to re 
 pentance, and he became a member of the Bap 
 tist church, of which his father was a pious 
 member. As yet he was not able to read. But 
 having a strong desire to read the third chapter 
 of John, on which he had heard a sermon, rfe 
 procured a New Testament, and commenced 
 learning his letters in that chapter. He learned 
 to read and write. Being employed in a tobacco 
 warehouse, and for his singularly faithful and use 
 ful services receiving a liberal reward, and being 
 also assisted by a subscription, he was able, soon 
 after the death of his first wife in 1813, to ransom 
 himself and two children for 850 dollars. He 
 soon became a preacher, and was employed every 
 Sabbath among the colored people on plantations 
 near Richmond. His desire to promote the 
 cause of religion in Africa induced him to accom 
 pany the first band of emigrants to Africa, sent 
 
CAIIY. 
 
 out by the colonization society in 1821. lie 
 made sacrifices for this object, for in 1820 he re 
 ceived a salary for his services in Itichmond of 
 800 dollars ; and this would have been continued 
 to him. It was probably his resolution, that at an 
 early period prevented the abandonment of the 
 colony of Montserado. In the battles of Nov. 
 and Dec., 1822, he bravely participated. He 
 said : " There never has been a minute, no, not 
 when the balls were flying around my head, when 
 I could wish myself again in America." He was 
 health officer and general inspector. During the 
 prevalence of the disease of the climate he acted 
 as a physician, the only one at the time, having 
 obtained some medical information from Dr. 
 Ayres, and made liberal sacrifices of his property 
 for the poor, the sick, and afflicted. In March, 
 1824, he had one hundred patients. About 1815 
 he had assisted in forming in llichmond an Afri 
 can missionary society. In Africa he did not 
 forget its objects, but most solicitously sought 
 access to the native tribes, that he might instruct 
 them in the Christian religion. Through his 
 agency a school was established about seventy 
 miles from Monrovia. Before he sailed for Africa 
 a church was formed at Itichmond of eight or 
 nine persons, of which he became the pastor. In 
 Sept., 1826, he was elected vice-agent of the col 
 ony. Mr. Ashmun, who had perfect confidence 
 in his integrity, good sense, public spirit, decision, 
 and courage, cheerfully committed the affairs of 
 the colony to his hands, when ill health compelled 
 him to withdraw. For six months he was the 
 able and faithful chief of Liberia. 
 
 The following were the melancholy circum 
 stances of liis death : The natives robbed a 
 neighboring factory of the colony, and, refusing 
 redress, Mr. Gary called out the militia to enforce 
 his claim or to prevent such encroachments. In 
 the evening of Nov. 8, 1828, as he and others 
 were engaged in making cartridges in the old 
 agency house, a candle was upset, which set the 
 powder on lire. This explosion caused the death 
 of Mr. Gary and seven others, though he survived 
 till the 10th. Perhaps Mr. G. did wrong, when 
 he was so ready to light up the torch of war. In 
 resolute self-defence against unprovoked attack, 
 the heroism of 1822 is to be commended; but 
 the resolution to march an army against the na 
 tives, because they had plundered a small factory, 
 was a purpose of questionable wisdom and pro 
 priety. The accomplishment of the purpose 
 might have issued in the destruction of the colony. 
 It needed the calm of peace, that its roots might 
 strike deep and its branches spread out wide on 
 the African coasts. Besides, the spirit of war is 
 in every respect hostile to the religion of Christ, 
 which, it is hoped, the Libcrian colony will rec 
 ommend to all the natives, with whom they have 
 intercourse. If this last act was an error of 
 26 
 
 CASAS. 
 
 201 
 
 judgment on the part of Mr. Gary, yet will he 
 deserve a perpetual remembrance in the colony, 
 whose foundation he assisted in laying. 
 
 " Thy meed shall be a nation s love 
 
 Thy praise the freeman s song ! 
 And in thy star-wreathed home above 
 
 Thou mayst the theme prolong; 
 For hymns of praise from Afric s plains 
 Shall mingle with seraphic strains." 
 
 Some of the letters of Mr. Gary are published in 
 the African llepository for Sept., 1828. African 
 Repos. I. 233 ; IV. 162, 209 ; V. 10, 64. 
 
 CAHY, J. ADDISOX, died in Columbus in 1852, 
 aged 39, principal of the deaf and dumb asylum. 
 
 GARY, JOHN, a colored man, died at Washing 
 ton June 2, 1843, aged 113 years. He was born 
 in Virginia in Aug., 1729, and was Washington s 
 servant at Braddock s defeat, and also during the 
 war of the Revolution. He lived for the last 
 twenty-eight years in Washington, where he was 
 a member of the first Baptist church. 
 
 CASAS, BARTHOLOMEW LAS, bishop of Chiapa, 
 died in 15GG at the age of 92. He was born at 
 Seville in 1474, and was of French extraction. 
 His father, Antonio, who went to Hispaniola with 
 Columbus in 1493, and returned rich to Seville in 
 1498, made him a present of an Indian slave, 
 while he was pursuing his studies at Salamanca. 
 All the slaves being sent back to their country by 
 the command of Isabella, Las Casas became 
 deeply interested in their favor. In 1502 he ac 
 companied Ovando to Hispaniola, and, witnessing 
 the cruel treatment experienced by the natives, 
 he devoted his whole subsequent life, a period of 
 more than sixty years, to the vindication of their 
 cause and the melioration of their sufferings. As 
 a missionary he traversed the wilderness of the 
 new world. As the champion of the natives 
 he made voyages to the court of Spain, and 
 vindicated their cause with his lips and his pen. 
 He was made bishop of Chiapa in 1544, and 
 -returned to Spain in 1551. After a life of 
 apostolic intrepidity and zeal he died, and was 
 buried at Madrid at the church of the Dominican 
 convent of Atocha, of which fraternity he was a 
 member. He has been justly reproached for 
 lending his encouragement to the slavery of the 
 Africans in 1517. The traffic existed before that 
 period; in 1511 Ferdinand had ordered many 
 Africans to be transported from Guinea to His 
 paniola, since one negro could perform the work 
 of four Indians. It was to spare the Indians, 
 undoubtedly, that Las Casas recommended to 
 Cardinal Ximenes the introduction of negro 
 slaves, the number being limited to four thousand. 
 In this he trespassed on the grand rule, never to 
 do evil for the sake of supposed good. He pub 
 lished " a brief relation of the destruction of the 
 Indians," about 1542. There was published at 
 London, in 1656, Tears of the Indians, being a 
 
202 
 
 CASE. 
 
 CASWELL. 
 
 translation from Las Casas. A French version 
 of his Voyages of the Spaniards appeared in 
 1697. J. A. Llorente has published a memoir 
 of Las Casas, prefixed to the collection of his 
 works. The most important work of Las Casas 
 is a general history of the Indies, from their dis 
 covery in 1520, in 3 vols., in manuscript. It was 
 commenced in 1527 at fifty-three years of age, and 
 finished in 1559, at eighty-five. This work, which 
 was consulted by Ilerrera and Mr. Irving, exists 
 only in manuscript, the publication of it never 
 having been permitted in Spain, on account of its 
 too faithful delineation of Spanish cruelty. 
 Irviny s Columbus, iv. 
 
 CASE, MARY, died at Chatham, N. Y., in 
 1852. She was the daughter of Cornelius C., a 
 Quaker. She had extraordinary talents and a 
 poetic mind. She wrote for several periodicals. 
 Mr. Woodbridge, in his autobiography, has delin 
 eated her character and published several of her 
 letters. 
 
 CASS, JONATHAN, major, a soldier of the Rev 
 olution, died in August, 1830, aged 77. He was 
 born in Salisbury, Mass., and was a descendant 
 of Joseph Cass, who lived in Exeter in 1680. 
 He removed to New Hampshire in early life. 
 He was living at Exeter at the period of the 
 battle of Lexington, and entered the army the 
 day after as a private soldier. He served during 
 the whole Revolution, and attained the rank of 
 captain. He was in the battles of Bunker Hill, 
 of Saratoga, of Trenton, of Brandywine, of Mon- 
 mouth, of Ge rmantown, and was engaged in the 
 most active and trying scenes of the Revolution 
 ary struggle. In the memorable winter when 
 the British occupied Philadelphia, he held a com 
 mand upon the lines, under Col. Allen McLane, 
 of Delaware, and fully participated in all the 
 dangers and sufferings of that critical period. 
 He was also with Sullivan in his Indian expe 
 dition. At the termination of the war, he estab 
 lished himself at Exeter, where he married and 
 resided, till his appointment in 1790 as captain in 
 the army then organizing for the defence of the 
 western frontier. lie joined the army, and con 
 tinued to serve with it till 1800, when he resigned, 
 having the rank of major, and settled upon the 
 bank of the Muskingum, in Ohio, about fifteen 
 miles from Zanesville. Here he resided till his 
 death. He was a man of strong natural powers, 
 and of great purity of purpose ; one of that band 
 of patriots who were born for the times in which 
 they lived. He met death in his chamber, as he 
 had faced it in the field, and observed upon its 
 approach, " this, then, is death." He died with 
 the faith of a Christian, and with those hopes and 
 assurances which Christianity only can impart. 
 Lewis Cass is his son. 
 
 CASTILLO, BERNAL DIAZ DEL, published 
 Historia verdadera do la conquista de la Nueva 
 
 Espana, 1692. His True history of Mexico was 
 republishcd in Salem, 2 vols. 1803. 
 
 CASTLE, ANGELINA, wife of S. N. Castle, 
 missionary at Honolulu, died in Feb., 1841, aged 
 30. She was the daughter of Levi Tenney, of 
 Plainficld, N. Y., and entered upon her mission 
 ary labors in 1836. She said on her sick bed, 
 " Tell my parents I do not regret having devoted 
 myself to the missionary work." 
 
 CASTIX, SAIXT, a French baron, was a cap 
 tain in the regiment of Carignan, which was sent 
 from Hungary to Canada in 1665. He lived at 
 Penobscot, at what is now the town of Castine, in 
 1687. The next year his trading-house was pil 
 laged by the English in his absence. He married 
 one of the Abenaquis Indians. In 1696 he led 
 two hundred savages, which Charlevoix calls Cani- 
 bas and Malecites, against Pemaquid, associated 
 with Iberville, the French commander, and was 
 successful in the capture of the fort. Capt. 
 Chubb, who had fifteen cannon and ninety men, 
 did not make a brave defence. In 1706 Castin 
 assisted in the defence of Port Royal, and again 
 1707, when he was wounded. His son, the baron 
 de St. Castin, who succeeded him in the command 
 of the Penobscot Indians, was taken by surprise 
 in Dec. 1721, and carried a prisoner to Boston, 
 but soon released. His last days were spent in 
 France, where he had an estate. Charlevoix ; 
 Hutcldnson; Hist. Coll. 
 
 CASTNER, JACOB R., minister of Mansfield, 
 N. J., died March 19, 1848, aged 62 years. A 
 graduate of Princeton, he was ordained at Ger 
 man Valley in 1813, but soon removed to M. 
 He was a man of influence and usefulness. In 
 one year, 1836, eighty persons were added to his 
 church. He was meek and humble, yet bold and 
 resolute for the truth and the right. 
 
 CASWELL, RICHARD, governor of North 
 Carolina, died at Fayetteville Nov. 20, 1789. He 
 received an education suitable for the bar, and 
 was distinguished as a friend to the rights of 
 mankind. Whenever oppressed indigence called 
 for his professional assistance, he afforded it 
 without the hope of any other reward than the 
 consciousness of having exerted himself to pro 
 mote the happiness of a fellow man. Warmly 
 attached to the liberties of his country, he was 
 appointed a member of the first congress in 1774, 
 and he early took arms in resistance to the arbi 
 trary claims of Great Britain. He was at the 
 head of a regiment in 1776, when it became ne 
 cessary to oppose a body of loyalists, composed of 
 a number of the ignorant and disorderly inhabi 
 tants of the frontiers styling themselves regulators, 
 and of emigrants from the highlands of Scotland. 
 This party of about fifteen hundred men was col 
 lected in the middle of Feb., under Gen. M Don- 
 ald. He was pursued by Gen. Moore, and on 
 the 27th he found himself under the necessity of 
 
CATESBY. 
 
 CATESBY. 
 
 203 
 
 engaging Col. Caswcll, who Avas intrenched 
 about one thousand minute-men and militia di 
 rectly in his front, at a place called Moore s creek 
 bridge. This was about sixteen miles distant 
 from Wilmington, where M Donald hoped to 
 join Gen. Clinton. But he was defeated and 
 taken prisoner by Caswcll, with the loss of sev 
 enty men in killed and wounded, and fifteen hun 
 dred excellent rifles. This victory was of eminent 
 service to the American cause in North Carolina. 
 Col. Caswell was president of the convention 
 which formed the constitution of North Carolina 
 in Dec., 1776, under which constitution he Avas 
 governor from 1777 to the year 1780, and from 
 1785 to 1787. At the time of his death he was 
 president of the senate, and for a number of 
 years he had held the commission of major-gen 
 eral. In his character the public and domestic 
 virtues were united. Ever honored with some I 
 marks of the approbation of his fellow citizens, I 
 he watched with unremitted attention over the 
 welfare of the community, and anxiously en 
 deavored also to promote the felicity of its mem 
 bers in their separate interests. While the 
 complacency of his disposition and his equal 
 temper peculiarly endeared him to his friends, 
 they commanded respect even from his enemies. 
 Of the society of freemasons he had been grand 
 master. Martin s Funeral Oration; Gaz. of 
 the U. S. I. 307, 340 ; Marshall, I. 380 ; Gordon, 
 II. 209 ; Ramsay, I. 254. 
 
 CATESBY, MARK, F. R. S., an eminent nat 
 uralist, died in London, Dec. 24, 1749, aged 70. 
 He was born in England in 1679. Having an 
 early and a strong propensity to the study of 
 nature, he determined to gratify his taste by ex 
 ploring a part of the new world. As some of his 
 relations lived in Virginia, he was induced first to 
 visit that province, where he arrived April 23, 
 1712. Here he remained seven years, observing 
 and admiring the various productions of the coun 
 try, and occasionally sending dried specimens of 
 plants to his correspondents in Great Britain, and 
 particularly to Dr. Sherard. His collections, 
 however, as yet had no reference to the work, 
 which he afterwards published. On his return to 
 England in 1719, he was encouraged by the assis 
 tance of several of the nobility, and of some dis 
 tinguished naturalists, to revisit America with the 
 professed design of describing, delineating, and 
 painting the most curious objects of nature. He 
 arrived at South Carolina, which was selected as 
 the place of his residence, May 23, 1722 ; and, 
 having first examined the lower parts of the coun 
 try in occasional excursions from Charleston, he 
 afterwards went into the interior and resided for 
 some time at fort Moore upon Savannah river, 
 three hundred miles from the sea. From this 
 place he made several visits to the Indians, who 
 lived still higher up the river in the more moun 
 
 tainous regions ; and he also extended his re 
 searches through Georgia and Florida. In his 
 travels he generally engaged one of the savages 
 to be his companion, who carried for him his box, 
 containing conveniences for painting, and the 
 specimens of plants which he collected. Having 
 spent near three years upon the continent, he 
 visited the Bahama Islands at the invitation of 
 the governor, and, residing in the isle of Provi 
 dence, prosecuted his plan, and made various col 
 lections of fishes and submarine productions. 
 
 Returning to England in 1726, he was well re 
 ceived by his patrons ; but the great expense of 
 procuring engravings induced him to learn from 
 Joseph Goupy the art of etching. He then re 
 tired to Hoxton, where he devoted his time to 
 the completion of his great work, which he pub 
 lished in numbers of twenty plants each. The 
 figures were etched by himself from his own 
 paintings, and the colored copies were done under 
 his own inspection. Although his attention was 
 principally devoted to plants, yet most of his 
 plates exhibit some subject of the animal king 
 dom. The first number appeared in 1730, and 
 the first volume, consisting of one hundred plates, 
 was finished in 1732 ; the second in 1743 ; and 
 the appendix of twenty plates in 1748. Of each 
 number a regular account, written by Dr. Crom 
 well Mortimer, secretary of the royal society, was 
 laid before the society, as it appeared, and printed 
 in the philosophical transactions. The whole work 
 is entitled, the natural history of Carolina, Florida, 
 and the Bahama Islands, in French and English, 
 containing the figures of birds, beasts, fishes, etc., 
 colored after the life, and a map of the countries. 
 It contains descriptions of many curious and im 
 portant articles of food, medicine, domestic econ 
 omy, and ornamental culture ; and was one of 
 the most splendid works of the kind, which had 
 ever been published. The principal defect of the 
 work is the want of a separate delineation of all 
 the parts of the flower. For the Latin names, 
 Mr. Catesby was indebted to Dr. Sherard. He 
 did not live to see a second impression. He died 
 leaving a widow and two children, whose depend 
 ence for support was entirely upon the profits of 
 his work. He was esteemed by the most respect 
 able members of the royal society, of which he 
 Avas a fellow, for his modesty, ingenuity, and up 
 right behavior. His name has been perpetuated 
 by Dr. Gronovius, in the plant, called Catesbaea. 
 
 The second edition of Catesby s natural history 
 was published in 1754, and the third, 1771, to 
 which a Linna>an index was annexed. The color 
 ings, however, of this edition are wretchedly exe 
 cuted ; those which passed under the inspection 
 of Catesby himself have most of life and beauty, 
 though even these cannot vie with the splendid 
 figures, which are now presented to the lovers of 
 natural history. He was the author of a paper, 
 
204 
 
 CATHCART. 
 
 CHAMBERLAIN. 
 
 printed in the forty-fourth volume of the philo 
 sophical transactions, on birds of passage; in 
 which he proves, that they emigrate in search of 
 proper food, from a variety of observations which 
 he had an opportunity of making during his 
 voyages across the Atlantic. In 1767 there 
 was published under his name, hortus Amcri- 
 canus, a collection of eighty-five curious trees and 
 shrubs from North America, adapted to the soil 
 of Great Britain, colored, folio. Preface to his 
 Nat. Hist. ; Bees Cyd. ; Miller, II. 365 ; Pulte- 
 ney s Sketches of the Prog, of Botany in Eng 
 land, II. ch. 44. 
 
 CATHCART, JAMES LEAXDER, died at Wash 
 ington Oct. 6, 1843, aged 76. 
 
 CATHRALL, ISAAC, M. D., a physician in 
 Philadelphia, studied in that city and in London, 
 Edinburgh, and Paris, and returned home in 
 1793. During the prevalence of the yellow fever 
 in that year, and in 1797, 1798, and 1799, he re 
 mained at his post, and even dissected those who 
 died of the disease. In 1816 he was seized with 
 a paralytic affection. He died of the apoplexy 
 Feb. 22, 1819, aged 55. He was a judicious 
 physician ; a skillful anatomist and surgeon ; a 
 man of rigid morality and inflexible integrity ; 
 and truly estimable in the relations of a son, hus 
 band, and father. In his religious views he was a 
 Quaker. He published remarks on the yellow 
 fever, 1794; Buchan s domestic medicine, with 
 notes, 1797 ; memoir on the analysis of the black 
 vomit, showing that it might be safely tasted, 
 1800, in fifth volume of the transactions of the 
 American philosophical society ; and a pamphlet 
 on the yellow fever, in conjunction with Dr. Cur- 
 rie, in 1802. Thacher s Med. Biog. 
 
 CATLLN, JACOB, D. D., minister of New Marl- 
 borough, Mass., a native of Harwinton, Conn., 
 was graduated at Yale college in 1784, and or 
 dained July 3d or 4th, 1787. His predecessors 
 were Thomas Strong, who was ordained in 1744, 
 and died in 1777, and Caleb Alexander. After 
 a ministry of nearly forty years, he died April 12, 
 1826, aged 68. Industry, patience, frankness, 
 and meekness were his characteristics. He was 
 a plain, faithful preacher. During his ministry 
 about two hundred and fifty persons were added 
 to the church. He published a compendium of 
 the system of the divine truth, 12mo. 2d ed. 1825. 
 Hist, of Berkshire, 298. 
 
 CATON, RICHARD, died in Baltimore May 19, 
 1845, aged 83. A native of Lancashire, England, 
 he married a daughter of Charles Carroll, and 
 was the father of the Marchioness of "Wellesley, 
 the Duchess of Leeds, and Lady Stafford. He 
 was a man of wealth, having large landed estates ; 
 and was a zealous Catholic. 
 
 CAZNEAU, MARGARET, Mrs., died in "Wren- 
 tham, in April, 1769, aged 97, a Huguenot, born 
 in Itochellc. Her daughter, Elizabeth, who mar 
 
 ried Col. John Boyle of Boston, died Oct. 22, 
 1846, aged 90. 
 
 CHABERT, M. DE, published Voyage dans 
 1 Amerique Septent., 1750 et 1751, 4to. 1753. 
 
 CHALKLEY, THOMAS, died in 1741. He was 
 a preacher among the Quakers of Pennsylvania ; 
 removed from England to that colony about the 
 year 1701, and lived there upwards of forty years, 
 excepting when the necessary affairs of trade, or 
 his duties as a preacher, called him away. In 
 1705 he visited the Indians at Conestoga, near the 
 river Susquehannah, in company with some of his 
 brethren, to secure their friendship and impart to 
 them religious instruction. He died at the Island 
 of Tortola, while on a visit there for the purpose 
 of promoting what he believed to be the truth. 
 He was a man of many virtues, and was endeared 
 to his acquaintance by the gentleness of his man 
 ners. The library of the Quakers in Philadel 
 phia was commenced by him. His journal and a 
 collection of his writings was published at Phila 
 delphia, 1749, and New York, 1808. Proud, I. 
 463. 
 
 CHALMERS, LIONEL, M. D., a physician of 
 South Carolina, died in 1777, aged 62. He was 
 born about the year 1715 at Cambleton in the 
 west of Scotland, and came when very young to 
 Carolina, where he practised physic more than 
 forty years. He first practised in Christ church, 
 but soon removed to Charleston. Affecting no 
 mystery in his practice, he employed the knowl 
 edge, which he had acquired, for the good of 
 mankind. He left behind him the character of a 
 skilful, humane physician, and of a worthy, hon 
 est man. He wrote in 1754 useful remarks on 
 opisthotonos and tetanus, which were published in 
 the first volume of the medical society of Lon 
 don. His work on fevers was published at 
 Charleston, 1767, in which he gave the outlines 
 of the spasmodic theory, which had been taught 
 by Hoffman, and which was afterwards more 
 fully illustrated by Cullen. Besides several 
 smaller productions he also published a valuable 
 work on the weather and diseases of South Car 
 olina, 2 vols. London, 1776. Miller, I. 319; n. 
 364; Ramsay s Rev. of Med. 42, 44; Hist, of 
 South Carolina, II. 112, 451. 
 
 CHALMERS, GEORGE, died in London in 
 June, 1825, aged 82. In early life he practised 
 law in Maryland. He published, with other 
 works, political annals of the United Colonies, 
 4to. 1780; estimate of strength of Britain, 1782; 
 opinions on subjects of law and policy, arising 
 from American independence, 1784; opinions of 
 lawyers on English jurisprudence, 2 vols. 1814; 
 life of Mary, queen of Scots, 1822. 
 
 CHAMBERLAIN, LEVI, for twenty years the 
 secular superintendent of the mission at the 
 Sandwich Islands, died at Honolulu July 29, 1849, 
 aged nearly 57. Born in Dover, Vt., he was 
 
CHAMBERS. 
 
 trained as a merchant in Boston and acquired a 
 good property; but his prosperous business he 
 relinquished, in his zeal to aid the mission, with 
 which he became connected in 1823. His various 
 toils were incessant and most important, as he had 
 judgment, caution, prudence, economy, and self- 
 denial. Once in ill health he revisited Boston, 
 making a voyage around the world. His end, 
 peaceful and triumphant, is described in the Mis 
 sionary Herald, Dec., 1849. His wife was Maria 
 Patten of Pequea, Pa. 
 
 CHAMBERS, Jonx, chief justice of New 
 York, was a member of the executive council in 
 1754, when he attended, as one of the commis 
 sioners, the congress at Albany June 14th. He 
 was soon afterwards appointed judge, and died at 
 New York April 10, 1765. 
 
 CHAMBERS, WILLIAM, a physician of New 
 York, died in that city July 23, 1827. A short 
 time before his death he acquired considerable 
 celebrity by the invention of a medicine for the 
 cure of intemperance. The effect was produced 
 by the strong association of what is nauseous and 
 insufferable with the taste of ardent spirits. 
 
 CHAMBERS, DAVID, colonel, died in Cran 
 berry, N. J., Sept., 1842, aged 94, a soldier of the 
 Revolution, highly respected through life. 
 
 CHAMBERS, JOHN, died at Newburgh Sept. 
 26, 18<54, aged 77. He was an estimable citizen, 
 president of the bank, and treasurer of the city. 
 He loved the Bible, and the house of God, and 
 lived in daily prayer ; but he never ventured to 
 come to the Lord s table. N. Y. Observer, Oct. 
 12. 
 
 CHAMBERS, Joiix, governor of Iowa about 
 1841, died near Paris, Kentucky, Sept. 21, 1852, 
 aged 73. Born in New Jersey, he emigrated to 
 Kentucky. He was a lawyer and soldier, and a 
 friend of Harrison. As superintendent of Indian 
 affairs and governor of Iowa, he manifested great 
 prudence and ability. At several times he was 
 a member of congress. 
 
 CHAMBLY, DE, captain, gave his name to the 
 fort in Canada, which he built of wood, in 1665, 
 but which was afterwards constructed of stone, 
 with four bastions. The fort of Sorel was built 
 at the same time by Capt. De Sorel. Both 
 Chambly and Sorel were officers in the regiment 
 of Carignan-Salieres, which, after fighting in 
 Hungary against the Turks, was sent to Canada 
 in 1665 to fight against the Iroquois. Chambly 
 owned the land in the neighborhood of the fort. 
 About the year 1673 he was appointed as succes 
 sor of Orandfontaine, to the command of the fort 
 at Penobscot; but, Aug. 10, 1674, he was taken 
 prisoner by an Englishman ; and at the same 
 period the fort at St. John s was also surprised. 
 In 1680 he was nominated governor of Acadia; 
 but in a short time was promoted to the govern 
 ment of Grenada. Charlevoix, I. 381, 462. 
 
 CHAMPE. 
 
 205 
 
 CHAMPE, JOHN, sergeant-major of Lee s 
 legion cavalry in the Revolutionary war, was born 
 in Loudon county, Virginia. In 1776 he entered 
 the army, at the age of 20. Immediately after the 
 treason of Arnold, he was sent by Lee, at the 
 request of Washington, as a spy to New York, 
 for two purposes : to ascertain whether another 
 American general was also a traitor, as has been 
 suggested in some papers in the hands of Wash 
 ington ; and, if possible, to bring off Arnold to the 
 American head-quarters, that he might be tried 
 and punished, and thus Andre be saved. It was 
 with a daring spirit of patriotism, that Champe 
 undertook this enterprise. He feared not the 
 danger ; but the ignominy of desertion and of 
 enlisting in the army of the enemy, he appre 
 hended, would destroy his hope of promotion, 
 should he live to return. He was assured, that 
 his character should be protected at a proper 
 time. At eleven o clock the same night Champe 
 took his cloak, valise, and orderly book, drew his 
 horse from the picket, and fled, as a deserter, 
 from the American camp near Tappan. In half 
 an hour the desertion was reported to Lee, who 
 made all the delay in his power, and then 
 ordered a pursuit about twelve. At about day 
 break, a few miles north of the village of Bergen, 
 the pursuing party beheld from the summit of a 
 hill the deserter half a mile in front. Champe 
 now put spurs to his horse, and the pursuit was 
 hot; he passed through Bergen, to reach the 
 British galleys a few miles west, at Elizabeth- 
 town point. Getting abreast of the galleys, hav 
 ing lashed his valise on his shoulders, with his 
 drawn sword in his hand, he dismounted, and 
 running through the marsh plunged into the river 
 and called to the galleys for help. This was 
 afforded, for a boat was sent to take him up. 
 The horse was carried back to the camp. To 
 Washington the success of Champe was very 
 acceptable intelligence. Champe was taken to 
 New York and examined by Sir Henry Clinton, 
 and by him sent to Arnold, who offered him the 
 place of sergeant-major in a legion he was rais 
 ing. On the last day of Sept., he was appointed 
 one of Arnold s recruiting sergeants. He en 
 listed, because that step was necessary, in order 
 that he might gain access to the traitor. Two 
 days afterwards Andre was tried, and, the intelli 
 gence from Champe not promising any immediate 
 success in carrying off Arnold, the sentence was 
 executed Oct. 3d. In a few days Champe sent 
 ample evidence of the innocence of the accused 
 general, who probably was Gates, so that Gen. 
 Washington dismissed all his suspicions. Oct. 
 20, the general expressed his approbation of 
 Champe s plan for taking Arnold, of whom he 
 wished to " make a public example," and pledged 
 himself to bestow the promised rewards on 
 Champe and his associate. The plan was this : 
 
206 
 
 CHAMPION. 
 
 CHAMPLAIN. 
 
 to seize Arnold, when in his garden, whither he 
 went at a late hour every night; to gag him ; and 
 to drag him between two men, as a drunken 
 soldier, to a boat on the Hudson, and to deliver 
 him to a party of horse on the Jersey shore. 
 The night was fixed, and the intelligence com 
 municated to Lee, who repaired to lloboken with 
 a party of dragoons and three led horses for 
 Champe, his associate, and the prisoner; but after 
 waiting in vain for hours near the river shore, he 
 retired, as the day broke, and returned to the 
 army with deep chagrin. It appeared, that on 
 the eventful day Arnold removed his quarters, in 
 order to superintend the embarkation of troops ; 
 and the American legion, to which Champe be 
 longed, was transferred to the fleet of transports, 
 and landed in Virginia. After the junction of 
 Cornwallis with Arnold at Petersburg, Champe 
 escaped and rejoined the American army in 
 North Carolina. When his story was known, he 
 secured the respect and love of every officer and 
 soldier. Greene furnished him with a horse and 
 money, and sent him to Washington, who granted 
 him a discharge, lest, falling into the enemy s 
 hands, he should die on a gibbet. When Wash 
 ington was called by President Adams, in July 
 1798, to the command of the army then raised, 
 he sent to Lieut.-Col. Lee to inquire for Champe, 
 determined to place him at the head of a com 
 pany of infantry ; but he had removed to Ken 
 tucky, where he soon afterwards died. Lee s 
 Memoir s, II. 159-187. 
 
 CHAMPION, GEORGE, missionary to Africa, 
 died at Santa Cruz Dec. 17, 1841. Born in Col 
 chester, Conn., June 3, 1810, he graduated at 
 Yale in 1831, at Andovcr 1834. He embarked 
 for Cape Town in Dec., 1834, and commenced a 
 mission among the Zulus. He returned in 1839 
 in consequence of the illness of his wife, Susan 
 Larned of Webster, but was hoping to go again 
 to Africa. He devoted his strength and his 
 property, with which providence had liberally 
 supplied him, to the African mission. 
 
 CHAMPLAIN, SAMUEL DE, the founder and 
 Governor of Quebec, died in Dec., 1635. He 
 was of a noble family of Brouage, in the prov 
 ince of Saintonge, in France. He commanded a 
 vessel, in which he made a voyage to the East 
 Indies about the year 1600, and acquired a high 
 reputation as an able and experienced officer. 
 After an absence of two years and a half he re 
 turned to France, at a time when it was resolved 
 to prosecute the discoveries which had been com 
 menced in Canada by Cartier. The Marquis de 
 la Itoche, and Chauvin, governors of Canada, had 
 endeavored to establish a colony, and the latter 
 was succeeded by I)e Chatte, who engaged Cham- 
 plain in his service in 1603. Champlain sailed 
 March 16, accompanied by Pontgravc, who had 
 made many voyages to Tadoussac, at the entrance 
 
 of the Saguenay into the St. Lawrence. After 
 their arrival at this place, May 25th, he left his 
 vessel, and in a light batteau ascended the St. 
 Lawrence to the falls of St. Louis, which bounded 
 the discoveries of Cartier in 1535. This was in 
 the neighborhood of Hochclaga ; but that Indian 
 settlement was not now in existence. After 
 making many inquiries of the natives, and ex 
 ploring much of the country along the St. Law 
 rence, he sailed for France in August. On his 
 arrival in Sept., he found that De Chatte was 
 dead, and his commission as lieutenant-general 
 of Canada given to the Sieur DC Monts. This 
 gentleman engaged him as his pilot in another 
 voyage to the new world. 
 
 Champlain sailed on his second voyage March 
 7, 1604, and arrived at Acadie May 6. After 
 being employed about a month in the long boat, 
 visiting the coast in order to find a proper situa 
 tion for a settlement, he pitched upon a small 
 island about twenty leagues to the westward of 
 St John s river, and about half a league in cir 
 cumference. To this island De Monts, after his 
 arrival at the place, gave the name of St. Croix. 
 It lies in the river of the same name, which 
 divides the United States from the British prov 
 ince of New Brunswick. During the winter, 
 Champlain Avas occupied in exploring the country, 
 and he went as far as Cape Cod, where he gave 
 the name of Malebarre to a point of land, on 
 account of the imminent danger of running 
 aground near it with his bark. In the next year 
 he pursued his discoveries, though he did not 
 pass more than ten or twelve leagues beyond 
 Malebarre. 
 
 In 1607 he was sent out on another voyage to 
 Tadoussac, accompanied by Pontgrave. In July, 
 1608, he laid the foundation of Quebec. He 
 was a man who did not embarrass himself with 
 commerce, and who felt no interest in the traffic 
 with the Indians, which proved so profitable to 
 many that were engaged in it. Being intrusted 
 with the charge of establishing a permanent col 
 ony, he examined the most eligible places for 
 settlement, and selected a spot upon the St. Law 
 rence, at the confluence of this river and the 
 small river of St. Charles, about three hundred 
 and twenty miles from the sea. The river in this 
 place was very much contracted, and it was on 
 this account that the natives called it Quebec. 
 Here he arrived July 3. He erected barracks, 
 cleared the ground, sowed wheat and rye, and 
 laid the foundation of the capital of Canada. 
 The toil of subduing the wilderness was not very 
 acceptable to all his company, for some of them 
 conspired to put their leader to death, and to 
 embark at Tadoussac for France. The attempt 
 to destroy him was to be made by poison and by 
 a train of gunpowder; but, the apothecary having 
 discovered the scheme, one of the conspirators 
 
CHAMPLAIN. 
 
 CIIAMPLAIN. 
 
 207 
 
 was hanged, and others condemned to the gal 
 leys. During the winter his people were afflicted 
 with the scurvy. Champlain sought after the 
 medicine which had been so successfully used by 
 Cartier ; but the tree, which was called Annedda, 
 was not now to be found. From this circum 
 stance it was concluded that the tribe of Indians 
 with which Cartier was acquainted, had been ex 
 terminated by their enemies. 
 
 In the summer of the year 1G09, when the 
 Hurons, Algonquins, and others were about to 
 march against their common enemy, the Iroquois, 
 Champlain very readily joined them, for he had 
 a keen taste for adventures, and he hoped by a 
 conquest to impress all the Indian tribes with the 
 power of the French, and to secure an alliance with 
 them. He did not foresee, that he should force 
 the Iroquois who lived in what is now the State 
 of New York, to seek the protection of the Eng 
 lish and Dutch. He embarked on the river Sorel, 
 which was then called the Iroquois, because these 
 savages usually descended by this stream into 
 Canada. At the falls of Chambly he was stopped, 
 and was obliged to send back his boat. Only two 
 Frenchmen remained with him. He ascended 
 with his allies in the Indian canoes to the lake, 
 to which he gave his own name, which it retains 
 at the present day. The savages, whom he ac 
 companied, hoped to surprise the Iroquois in 
 their villages, but they met them unexpectedly 
 upon the lake. After gaining the land, it was 
 agreed to defer the battle till the next day, as 
 the night was now approaching. In the morning 
 of July 30 Champlain placed a party with his 
 two Frenchmen in a neighboring wood, so as to 
 come upon the enemy in flank. The Iroquois, 
 who were about two hundred in number, seeing 
 but a handful of men, were sure of victory. But 
 as soon as the battle began, Champlain killed two 
 of their chiefs, who were conspicuous by their 
 plumes, by the first discharge of his firelock, 
 loaded with four balls. The report and execution 
 of fire-arms filled the Iroquois with inexpressible 
 consternation. They were quickly put to flight, 
 and the victorious allies returned to Quebec with 
 fifty scalps. 
 
 In Sept., 1609, Champlain embarked with Pont- 
 grave for France, leaving the colony under the 
 care of a brave man, named Peter Chavin. But 
 he was soon sent out again to the new world. 
 He sailed from Honfleur April 8, 1610, and ar 
 rived at Tadoussac on the 26th. He encouraged 
 the Montagnez Indians, who lived at this place, 
 to engage in a second expedition against the Iro 
 quois. Accordingly, soon after his arrival at 
 Quebec, they sent to him about sixty warriors. 
 At the head of these and others of the allies he 
 proceeded up the river Sorel. The enemy were 
 soon met, and after a severe engagement, in 
 which Champlain was wounded by an arrow, were 
 
 entirely defeated. He arrived at Quebec from 
 Montreal June 19, and landed at Ilochclle Aug. 
 11. After the death of Henry IV. the interest 
 of De Monts, in whose service Champlain had 
 been engaged, was entirely ruined, and the latter 
 was obliged to leave a settlement which he was 
 commencing at Mont Iloyal, or Montreal, and 
 to go again to France in 1611. Charles de Bour 
 bon, being commissioned by the queen regent 
 governor of New France, appointed Champlain 
 his lieutenant, with very extensive powers. He 
 returned to Canada in 1612, was engaged again 
 in war with the Iroquois, and made new discov 
 eries. His voyages across the Atlantic were fre 
 quent. He was continued lieutenant under the 
 prince of Conde and Montmorenci. In 1615 his 
 zeal for the spiritual interests of the Indians in 
 duced him to bring with him a number of Jesuit 
 fathers, some of whom assisted him in his war 
 fare. He penetrated to Lake Ontario, and, being 
 wounded while assisting the Hurons against their 
 enemies, was obliged to pass a whole winter 
 among them. "When he returned to Quebec in 
 July, 1616, he was received as one risen from the 
 dead. In July, 1629, he was obliged to capitulate 
 to an English armament under Sir David Kertk, 
 or Kirk. He was carried to France in an English 
 ship ; and there he found the public sentiment 
 much divided with regard to Canada ; some think 
 ing it not worth regaining, as it had cost the 
 government vast sums without bringing any re 
 turns, others deeming the fishery and fur trade 
 great national objects, especially as a nursery for 
 seamen. Champlain exerted himself to effect the 
 recovery of this country, and Canada was restored 
 by the treaty of St. Germain s in 1632, with Aca- 
 die and Cape Breton. 
 
 In 1633 the company of New France resumed 
 all their rights, and appointed Champlain the 
 governor. In a short time he was at the head of 
 a new armament, furnished with a fresh recruit 
 of Jesuits, inhabitants, and all kinds of necessaries 
 for the welfare of the revived colony. His atten 
 tion was now engrossed by the spiritual interests 
 of the savages, whom it was his principal object 
 to bring to the knowledge of the Christian relig 
 ion. The number of ecclesiastical missionaries, 
 exclusive of lay brothers, was now fifteen, the 
 chief of whom were Le Jeune, De Noue, and 
 Masse, and Brebeuf. A mission was established 
 among the Hurons ; the colony was gaining an 
 accession of numbers and strength; and an at 
 tempt was just commencing to establish a college 
 in Quebec, when the governor died, and was suc 
 ceeded the next year by De Montmagny. 
 
 Champlain merited the title of the father of 
 New France. Though he was credulous, he pos 
 sessed an uncommon share of penetration. His 
 views were upright, and in circumstances of diffi 
 culty no man could make a better choice of 
 
208 
 
 CHAMPLIN. 
 
 CHANDLER. 
 
 measures. He prosecuted his enterprises with 
 constancy, and no clangers could shake lu s firm 
 ness. His zeal for the interests of his country 
 was ardent and disinterested ; his heart was ten 
 der and compassionate towards the unhappy; 
 and he was more attentive to the concerns of his 
 friends, than to his own. He was a faithful his 
 torian, a voyager who observed everything with 
 attention, skilful in geometry, and an experienced 
 seaman. He appears to have been fond of good 
 cheer, for in the early period of his residence in 
 Canada he established with his associates an order 
 " de bon temps," which contributed not a little to 
 the gratification of the palate. By this order 
 every one of the same table was in his turn to be 
 both steward and caterer for a day. He was care 
 ful by hunting to make a suitable provision, and 
 at supper, when the cook had made everything 
 ready, he marched at the head of the company 
 with a napkin over his shoulder, having also the 
 staff of office, and wearing the collar of his order, 
 and was followed by his associates, each of whom 
 bore a dish. At the close of the banquet he 
 pledged his successor in a bumper of wine and 
 resigned to him the collar and staff. It may not 
 be easy to justify Champlain in taking an active 
 part in the Avar against the Iroquois. It is even 
 supposed by some, that his love of adventures led 
 him to arouse the spirit of the Hurons and to 
 excite them to war. His zeal for the propagation 
 of religion among the savages was so great, that 
 he used to say, " that the salvation of one soul 
 was of more value than the conquest of an em 
 pire ; and that kings ought not to think of ex 
 tending their authority over idolatrous nations, 
 except for the purpose of subjecting them to Jesus 
 Christ," 
 
 He published an account of his first voyages in 
 1613, in 4to., and a continuation in 1620, in 8vo. 
 He published an edition of these in 1632, in one 
 volume, entitled, Les voyages de la Nouvelle 
 France occidentalc, dicte Canada, 4to. This work 
 comprises a history of New France from the first 
 discoveries of Verazzani to the year 1631. There 
 is added to it a treatise on navigation and the 
 duty of a good mariner, and an abridgment of 
 the Christian doctrine in Huron and French. 
 Champlain s Voyages ; Charlcvoix, Fastes Chro- 
 nol., xxvm-xxx; I. Ill, 141-198; Bdknap s 
 American Biography, I. 322-345 ; Universal 
 History, xxxix. 410-426; Purchas, I. 933; v. 
 1605-1645 ; Harris Voyages; I. 811-815 ; Holmes, 
 I.; Chalmers, I. 586 ; Churchill, ill. 798-815. 
 
 CHAMPLIN, CHRISTOPHER, a senator of the 
 United States, died at Newport, 11. I., March 18, 
 1840, aged 74; a graduate of Harvard in 1786. 
 He was in congress 1797-1801, and senator 
 1809-11. 
 
 CHANDLER, THOMAS BRADBURY, D. D., an 
 eminent Episcopalian minister and writer, died 
 
 June 17, 1790, aged 64. He was a native of 
 Woodstock, Conn., and was graduated at Yale 
 college, in 1745. There was with many, in the 
 year 1748, an expectation of an Episcopal estab 
 lishment in this country, when men of talents 
 could indulge the hope of becoming dignitaries in 
 the church. The bait of preferment was at this 
 time offered to Dr. Stiles. Whether the circum 
 stances of the times had an insensible influence 
 over the mind of Mr. Chandler or not, it was in 
 the year 1748, that he was proselyted to Episco 
 pacy. He went to England in 1751, and took 
 orders in the established church. On his return 
 to this country he became rector of St. John s 
 church at Elkabethtown, N. J., where he long 
 maintained a high character both for erudition 
 and talents. During the last ten years of his life 
 he was afflicted with a disorder, which made trial 
 of all his patience. But he was resigned to the 
 will of God. His hope of final deliverance from 
 sin, and from the evils connected with it, rested 
 upon the incarnation and sufferings of the eternal 
 Son of the Father, lie was even cheerful under 
 the heavy troubles which were laid upon him. 
 He was a zealous friend of the Episcopal church, 
 and he wrote much in favor of it. He was en 
 gaged in a controversy on the subject with Dr. 
 Chauncey of Boston. He published an appeal 
 to the public in behalf of the church of England 
 in America, 1767 ; a defence of his appeal, 1769 ; 
 a further defence of his appeal, 1771 ; a sermon, 
 preached before the corporation for the relief of 
 the widows and children of Episcopal clergymen, 
 1771 ; an examination of the critical commentary 
 on Seeker s letter to Walpole, concerning bishops 
 in America, 1774. He also prepared for the 
 press a life of Dr. Johnson ; but the Revolution 
 j arrested its publication. It was printed at New 
 York in the year 1805. Miller, II. 356 ; Beach s 
 Funeral Sermon ; Gen. Hist, of Conn., 158 ; 
 Memoirs of T. Hollis, I. 435, 436. 
 
 CHANDLER, PETER, died in Mexico, N. Y., 
 in 1848. He bequeathed 5,000 dollars to each 
 of five societies, namely: the education, foreign 
 mission, home mission, bible, and tract. 
 
 CHANDLER, JOHN, general, died while on a 
 visit in New York, Sept., 1846, aged 75. His 
 residence was Augusta, Me. He took part in the 
 war of 1812, a friend of Dearborn. For some 
 years he was the collector of Portland. 
 
 CHANDLER, ABIEL, died in Walpole, N. H., 
 March 22, 1851, aged 73. A native of Concord, 
 N. H., he graduated at Cambridge in 1806, and 
 became a merchant in Boston. He bequeathed 
 50,000 dollars to Dartmouth college for a scien 
 tific school, and provided for the gratuitous in 
 struction of worthy students. To the asylum for 
 the insane in New Hampshire he bequeathed 
 1,600 dollars and the surplus of his estate. He 
 was a widower without children. 
 
CIIAXLER. 
 
 CHANNLNG. 
 
 209 
 
 CHANLER, ISAAC, a Baptist minister, was 
 born in Bristol, England, in 1701, and came to 
 South Carolina in 1733. He settled as pastor of 
 a Baptist church on Ashley river in 1730, where 
 he continued till his death, Nov. 30, 1749, aged 
 48. He was succeeded by Oliver Hart, who re 
 mained till 1780, when he removed to New Jer 
 sey. Mr. Chanlcr published a sermon on estab 
 lishment in grace, preached at Charleston in 
 1740, by the desire of Mr. Whitefield, at the com 
 mencement of a course of lectures by ministers of 
 different denominations ; also, the doctrines of glo 
 rious grace unfolded, and practically improved ; 
 a treatise on original sin; and a sermon on the 
 death of Rev. Win. Tilly, 1744. Miller, n. 364; 
 Backus Abridgment, 248 ; Benedict, II. 12G. 
 
 CHANNING, HENRY, died of apoplexy in 
 N. Y., Aug. 27, 1840, aged 81, formerly a minis 
 ter in New London, the uncle of Dr. W. E. Chan- 
 ning. 
 
 CHANNING, WILLIAM ELLERY, D. D., minis 
 ter in Boston, died in Bennington, Vt., Oct. 2, 
 1842, aged G2. He was born at Newport, R. L, 
 April 7, 1780, and was the son of William Chan- 
 ning, an eminent lawyer. His mother was the 
 daughter of William Ellery, one of the signers of 
 the Declaration of Independence. After graduat 
 ing at Harvard in 1798, he resided a year as a 
 teacher in the family of David M. Randolph, of 
 Richmond, Va. He was ordained the pastor of 
 the church in Federal street, Boston, June 1, 
 1803, as the successor of Mr. Popkin. In 1822 
 he visited Europe. The winter of 1830 he spent 
 in St. Croix. His colleague, Mr. Gannett, was 
 settled in 1824. In 1840 he was released from 
 his pastoral services. In 1842 he passed some 
 weeks in Berkshire county, chiefly at Lenox. 
 While on his journey, in his proposed return to 
 Boston, he died at Bennington. One, who lived 
 half a century ago in the neighborhood of Boston, 
 must remember the amazing interest created by 
 the two young, eloquent, and unequalled preach 
 ers, Buckminster and Channing ; of whom the 
 latter, not less scholarly, had less of polished ora 
 tory and display, and more of unction and heart- 
 touching address, than the former. Both always 
 attracted hearers, and were heard with deep in 
 terest. No ministers did more in promoting the 
 Unitarian doctrines in this country. Mr. Buck- 
 minster soon died, and Mr. Channing was left as 
 the acknowledged head of Unitarianism ; and, as 
 such, it is an inquiry of much interest, what 
 were his prominent religious doctrines ? In his 
 last address, which was made at Lenox, were 
 these words : " The doctrine of the Word made 
 flesh shows us God uniting himself intimately 
 with our nature, manifesting himself in a human 
 form, for the very end of making us partakers of 
 his own perfection." He says also, elsewhere : 
 " In Jesus Christ our nature has been intimately 
 27 
 
 united with the Divine." Was he, then, a Swe- 
 denborgian, who believed that God assumed a 
 human form in Christ ? Probably not, for in hia 
 other writings, he asserts explicitly that " Christ 
 is one mind, one being, distinct from the one 
 God ; " and that he was sent of God, and received 
 all his powers from God. He also says : " We 
 believe that God dwelt in him, manifested him 
 self through him, taught men by him, and com 
 municated to him his spirit without measure ; " 
 " so that when Christ came, God visited the world 
 and dwelt with men more conspicuously, than at 
 any former period." If he was not a Swedenbor- 
 gian, was he a Socinian ? In answer to this in 
 quiry, let the following words be considered: 
 " We say that he, who was sent into the world to 
 save it, cannot be the living God, who sent him." 
 " He is first of the Sons of God." " First of all 
 the ministers of God s mercy and beneficence." 
 " Who came into the world, not to claim supreme 
 homage for himself," &c. " God sent his Son." 
 Some may construe these words as meaning only, 
 that Christ was miraculously born of the Virgin 
 Mary ; and it is remarkable that Dr. Channing. 
 in his writings, nowhere speaks of the pre-exist- 
 ence of Christ, or of God s creating the world by 
 him, or uses any expression which proves that he 
 was not a Socinian. Therefore, some may be 
 disposed to ask, if he believed in a doctrine of 
 such vast importance as the pre-existence and 
 glorious attributes of the Son of God, possessed 
 by him before the creation, why did he not teach 
 it clearly and unequivocally ? Was he not then 
 a Socinian, or one unsettled on the subject of 
 Socinianism ? As to his views on the great doc 
 trine of an atoning sacrifice for sin, they seem ob 
 scure or adverse to any such doctrine. He is 
 clear enough in denying the notion of an infinite 
 atonement : " I see in it no impression of majesty, 
 or wisdom, or love, nothing worthy of God ; and, 
 when I compare it with that nobler faith, which 
 -directs our eyes and hearts to God s essential 
 mercy as our only hope, I am amazed, that any 
 should ascribe to it superior efficacy as a religion 
 for sinners, as a means of filling the soul with 
 pious trust and love." He nowhere in his writ 
 ings dwells upon Christ s propitiatory offering up 
 of himself for the sins of the world ; nowhere ex 
 plains the relation of the Jewish sacrifices to 
 Christ s sacrifice ; nowhere alludes to Isaiah s 
 prediction of his atoning death ; nor to Paul s 
 teaching of j ustification through faith in his blood, 
 nor to the song of the heavenly host " Worthy 
 is the Lamb that was slain, and hath redeemed 
 us to God by his blood." Instead of teaching, 
 that God sent his Son from heaven to die on the 
 cross to atone for sin, that "he might be just and 
 the justificr of him who believcth," he seems to 
 regard the death of Christ as having no relation 
 to God s justice, or holy government, or God s 
 
210 
 
 CHANGING. 
 
 CHARLEVOIX. 
 
 universe of moral beings, but only as in 
 some way influencing the character of the sinner ; 
 for in his last address he says, "Come, Friend 
 and Saviour of the race, who didst shed thy blood 
 upon the cross to reconcile man to man, and 
 earth to heaven." His vehement assaults on 
 Trinitarianism and Calvinism are chiefly contained 
 in his sermons at the ordination of J. Sparks, 
 1819, and at the dedication of a Unitarian church 
 in New York, in 1826. His monument at Mount 
 Auburn was designed by his brother-in-law, Mr. 
 Allston. He published a volume of his discourses, 
 reviews, etc., in 1830. His works have been pub 
 lished in six volumes, and in several editions. 
 
 CHANNIXG, EDWARD T., L.L. D., the brother 
 of the preceding, died in Boston, Feb. 7, 1856, 
 aged 65. He was appointed professor of rhetoric 
 at Harvard college in 1819. 
 
 CHAPES", SETH, deacon, an officer in the Rev 
 olutionary war, died at Mendon, Nov. 15, 1833, 
 aged 79. His grandfather, Joshua, came from 
 Lancashire with a brother Gershom, who settled 
 at Springfield. From these have sprung many 
 ministers. 
 
 CHAPES", WALTER, minister of Woodstock, 
 Vermont, died July 22, 1827, aged 48. He was 
 an efficient friend of various benevolent societies. 
 For several years he was the editor of a small 
 religious paper, which was discontinued in 1824. 
 He published a valuable compilation, the Mission 
 ary Gazetteer. 
 
 CHAPIN, JOEL, died in Bainbridge, N. Y., in 
 1845, aged 84. A soldier of the Revolution, then 
 a graduate of Dartmouth in 1791, he settled as a 
 minister in the wilderness on the Susquehannah, 
 and was faithful as a preacher of the gospel. 
 
 CHAPLN, STEPHEN, D. D., died at Washing 
 ton, Oct. 1, 1845, aged 67. He published two ser 
 mons at Mount Vernon, N. II., 1809; at an ordi 
 nation, 1825. 
 
 CHAPIN, CALVIN, D. I)., born in Springfield, 
 died at Rocky Hill in Wethersfield, March 17, 
 1851, aged 87. lie died in his chair. He often 
 said of Christ : " I desire to see him as he is." 
 He lived contented on a salary of 333 dollars, 
 was a most faithful and excellent minister, a good 
 scholar, a wise man of incessant industry, a good 
 farmer, a good mechanic, a skilful bookbinder, 
 of never-failing cheerfulness and good humor, en 
 joying great happiness even in his old age, never 
 leaving his beloved home except at the call of 
 public duty. Interesting recollections of him are 
 in the Recorder of July 17, 1856, probably by Dr. 
 Brace. His wife, whom he loved, Jcrusha, daugh 
 ter of Dr. Edwards, died Dec. 4, 1847, aged 71. 
 Of his college class of 1788 only two are alive; 
 one is Daniel Waldo, aged 94, now chaplain of 
 congress. He was a founder and promoter of mis 
 sionary and other important societies ; for thirty- 
 two years secretary of the American board. I [e 
 
 published an extraordinary essay, recommend 
 ing, in his zeal for temperance, the substitu 
 tion of water for wine in the Lord s Supper. 
 Probably his mistaken advice was never followed. 
 He published sermons at the ordination of S. 
 Whittlesey, 1807 ; of II. Beckley, 1808 ; on the 
 death of President Dwight, 181?"; of Dr. Marsh, 
 1821; on Christian morals. N. Y. Observer, 
 March 27, 1851. 
 
 CHAPLIN, EBENEZER, minister of Millbury, 
 Mass., was ordained Nov. 14, 1764, and after 
 about thirty years dismissed, and was succeeded 
 by Mr. Goffe! He died at Hardwick, Dec. 13, 
 1822, aged 89. lie published a sermon on the 
 death of Mr. Webb, Uxbridge, 1772 ; discourse 
 on political affairs, 1773 ; result of a council, 
 1793 ; a treatise on the sacraments, 12mo. 1802. 
 
 CHAPLLN, DANIEL, D. D., minister of Groton, 
 Mass., was a descendant of Hugh Chaplin of Row 
 ley, who came to this country as early as 1638. 
 He was graduated at Harvard college in 1772, 
 and died in May, 1831, aged 87. His son, Dr. 
 James P. Chaplin, a very respectable and useful 
 physician of Cambridgcport, died Oct. 12, 1S28, 
 aged 46. He published the character of Rev. 
 Mr. Wright, 1802; convention sermon, 1808; 
 before a charitable society, 1814 ; before another, 
 1815. 
 
 CHAPLIN, JEREMIAH, D. D., president of 
 Waterville college, Maine, died in May, 1841. 
 Born in Rowley, Jan. 2, 1776, a descendant of 
 Hugh C., one of the first settlers, he graduated at 
 Brown in 1799; preached as a Baptist minister in 
 Danvers till 1818; was then President of Water 
 ville college till 1833, when he resigned, preaching 
 afterwards in Rowley, and in Hamilton, N. Y. 
 
 CHAPMAN, ASA, judge of the supreme court 
 of Conn., was graduated at Yale college in 1792, 
 and in a few years commenced the practice of the 
 law at Newtown, rising to the first rank in his 
 profession. In 1818 he was appointed to the 
 bench of the supreme court, in which station he 
 was upright and impartial, while he was profound 
 and learned as a jurist. He died at New Haven 
 Sept. 24, 1825, aged 54. 
 
 CHARDON, PETER, a Jesuit missionary, was 
 employed for many years among the Indians upon 
 lake Michigan. He began his labors as early as 
 1697, and continued them for twenty-five or 
 thirty years. He presided over the mission at 
 the village of Poutcautamis, upon the river St. 
 Joseph, and he labored also among the Sakis at 
 the southern extremity of Green Bay, or baye des 
 Puans, as it was called by the French. He was 
 acquainted with almost all the languages of the 
 Indians, who lived on the lakes. Charlevoix, 
 in, 392, 295; Lettres tdif. et Curieuses,xi. 372- 
 378. 
 
 CHARLEVOIX, PETER FRANCIS XAVIER DE, 
 a historical writer, who lived a number of years 
 
 
( II ASK 
 
 CHASE. 
 
 in Canada, died in 1761, aged 78. He was born 
 at St. Quintin in France in 1684, and, entering 
 into the society of Jesuits, taught the languages 
 and philosophy with great reputation. Before 
 the year 1720 he had resided some time in Que 
 bec, and was connected, it is believed, with the 
 college in that place. By order of the king he 
 made a voyage to Canada hi 1720, where he ar 
 rived in September. From Quebec he passed up 
 the St. Lawrence, and through the lakes to Mich- 
 illimackinac; thence down lake Michigan, and 
 the Illinois and Mississippi rivers to New Orleans, 
 from which place he returned, touching at St. 
 Domingo, to France in 1722. During this period 
 he collected facts for his history of Canada, and 
 kept a journal, which he afterwards published, 
 annexed to his history. After his arrival in his 
 native country, he had a principal concern for 
 twenty-four years in the journal des Trevoux. 
 He published in French the history of Christian 
 ity in Japan, 8 vols. 1715, 8vo. ; the life of Mary, 
 1624, 12mo. ; the history of St. Domingo, 2 vols. 
 1731, 4to. ; the history and general description of 
 Japan, 2 vols. 1736, 4tc., and 9 vols. 12mo., com 
 prising all that is valuable in Koempfer s history 
 of that country ; a general history of New France, 
 3 vols. 1744, 4to., and 6 vols. 12mo. ; and a history 
 of Paraguay, 3 vols. 1756, 4to. His works were 
 well received ; but the history of New France, or 
 Canada, is deemed peculiarly valuable, as he him 
 self visited the country which he described, and 
 paid particular attention to the manners and cus 
 toms of the Indians. He has added something 
 upon botany and other parts of natural history ; 
 but on these subjects a perfect confidence is not 
 placed in his accuracy. His style is deficient in 
 precision. Nouv. Diet, Ilistorique, edit. 1804; 
 Aikirfs and Nicholson s General Biography. 
 
 CHASE, SAMUEL, a judge of the supreme 
 court of the United States, died June 19, 1811, 
 aged 70. He was the son of Thomas Chase, an 
 Episcopal minister, who came from England, and 
 was born in Somerset county, Maryland. Under 
 his father, who removed to Baltimore in 1743, he 
 received his early education. He studied law at 
 Annapolis and there settled in the practice, and 
 " his talents, industry, intrepidity, imposing stat 
 ure, sonorous voice, fluent and energetic elocution 
 raised him to distinction." In the colonial legis 
 lature he vehemently resisted the stamp act. He 
 was a delegate to the general congress at Phila 
 delphia in Sept., 1774, and served in that body 
 several years. It was he who denounced Mr. 
 Zubly, the delegate from Georgia, as a traitor, 
 and compelled him to flee. By the congress he 
 was early in 1776 sent with Franklin and Carroll 
 on a mission to Canada, with the design of con 
 ciliating the good will of the inhabitants. When 
 the proposition for independence was before con 
 gress, as he had been prohibited from voting for 
 
 it by the convention of Maryland, he immediately 
 traversed the province and summoned county 
 meetings, which should address the convention. 
 In this way that body was induced to vote for in 
 dependence ; and with this authority Mr. Chase 
 returned again to congress in season to vote for 
 the declaration. In 1783, being invited, at Balti 
 more, to attend a debating club of young men, 
 the indication of talents by Wm. Pinckncy, then 
 clerk to an apothecary, induced him to patronize 
 the young man, who afterwards rose to great em 
 inence. In the same year he went to England as 
 the agent of the State of Maryland, to reclaim a 
 large amount of property, which had been in 
 trusted to the bank of England. At a subsequent 
 period the State recovered 650,000 dollars. In 
 England he became acquainted with Pitt, Fox, 
 and Burke. In 1786 he removed to Baltimore at 
 the request of Col. Howard, who presented him 
 with a square of ten lots of land, on which he 
 built a house. In Annapolis he had been the re 
 corder of the city, and performed his duties highly 
 to the acceptance of his fellow-citizens. In 1788 
 he was appointed the presiding judge of a court 
 for the county of Baltimore. In 1790 he was a 
 member of the convention in Maryland for con 
 sidering the constitution of the United States, 
 which he did not deem sufficiently democratical. 
 In 1791 he was appointed chief justice of the 
 general court of Maryland. His characteristic 
 firmness was manifested in 1794, when, on occa 
 sion of a riot and the tarring and feathering of 
 some obnoxious persons, he caused two popular 
 men to be arrested as ring-leaders. Refusing to 
 give bail, he directed the sheriff to take them to 
 prison ; but the sheriff was apprehensive of re 
 sistance. " Call out the posse comitatus, then," 
 exclaimed the judge. " Sir," said the sheriff, 
 " no one will serve." " Summon me, then," cried 
 the judge ; " I will be the posse comitatus, and I 
 will take them to jail." This occurred on Satur- 
 -day. He demanded assistance from the governor 
 and council. On Monday the security was given ; 
 but on that day the grand jury, instead of finding 
 a bill against the offender, presented the judge 
 himself for holding what they deemed two incomr 
 patiblc offices, those of judge in the criminal and 
 general courts. But the judge calmly informed 
 them that they touched upon topics beyond their 
 province. 
 
 In 1796 he was appointed an associate judge 
 of the supreme court of the United States, in 
 which station he continued fifteen years. Yet in 
 
 1804, at the instigation of John Randolph, he 
 was impeached by the house of representatives, 
 accused of various misdemeanors in some politi 
 cal trials, as of Fries, Callender, &c. His trial 
 before the senate ended in his acquittal March 5, 
 
 1805. On five of the eight charges a majority 
 acquitted him; on the others a majority was 
 
212 
 
 CHASE. 
 
 CHAUMONOT. 
 
 against him, but not the required numher of two- 
 thirds. His health failed in 1811, and he clearly 
 saw that he was approaching the grave. A short 
 time before his death he partook of the sacra 
 ment, and declared himself to be in peace with 
 all mankind. In his will he prohibited any 
 mourning dress on his account, and requested a 
 plain inscription on his tomb of only lu s name 
 and the date of his birth and death. His widow, 
 Hannah Kitty, died in Baltimore in 1848, aged 
 93. Judge Chase was a man of eminent talents 
 and of great courage and firmness. But, unhap 
 pily, he was irascible and vehement. More of 
 humility and more of mildness would have pre 
 served liim from much trouble. Yet was he a 
 zealous patriot and a sincere and affectionate 
 friend, and notwithstanding some of the imper 
 fections of man, his name deserves to be held in 
 honor. A report of his trial was published. 
 Goodrick s Lives ; Encyc. Americana. 
 
 CHASE, HANNAH, widow of Stephen Chase, a 
 Quaker, died in Unity, Me., June 21, 1845, aged 
 106 years. She was born in Swanzey. She left 
 ten children, sixty-six grandchildren, one hun 
 dred and sixty great-grandchildren, and twelve 
 of the fifth generation. At her funeral one hun 
 dred and fifty descendants were present; one 
 hundred and thirty walked in the funeral train. 
 
 CHASE, DUDLEY, died in Randolph, Vt., in 
 1846, a graduate of Dartmouth in 1799. He was 
 many years a senator of the United States. In 
 1817 he was chief justice of Vermont. 
 
 CHASE, PHILANDER, D. D., bishop of Illinois, 
 died at Peoria Sept. 20, 1852, aged 76. Born in 
 Cornish, N. II., he graduated at Dartmouth in 
 1796, and was ordained in 1799, being rector at 
 Poughkeepsie, New Orleans, and Hartford, lie 
 was bishop of Ohio twelve years, of Illinois sev 
 enteen years ; and he also was president of Jubi 
 lee college. He previously, in 1S27, laid the 
 corner stone of Kenyon college and seminary in 
 Ohio, of which he Avas president. He published 
 Plea for the West, 1826 ; Star of Kenyon col 
 lege, 1828 ; Defence of Kenyon college, 1831. 
 
 CHASE, HENRY, pastor of the Mariner s 
 church, New York, died July 8, 1853, and was 
 buried at Middletown. On the preceding Sab 
 bath he preached from the text, " I would not 
 live alway." 
 
 CHASE, STEPHEN, professor, died at Hano 
 ver Jan. 7, 1851, aged 37. A graduate in 1832, 
 he was chosen professor of mathematics in 1838. 
 
 CHASSE, PIERRE DE LA, a Jesuit missionary, 
 in 1710 conducted to Quebec a party of A oena- 
 quis Indians from Maine. Their presence was 
 acceptable to Vaudrcuil, the governor. For many 
 years before this he had been a missionary. 
 About 1720 he was superior-general of missions. 
 In July, 1721, he wrote a letter to the governor 
 of Massachusetts concerning the detention of 
 
 some Indians as prisoners in Boston, threatening 
 reprisals. After the death of liale, La Chasse 
 requested of the superior of the seminary, that 
 prayers might be made for the repose of his soul ; 
 the old man replied, in the words of Augustin, 
 that a martyr did not need prayers. With the 
 characteristic policy of the Jesuits, he represented 
 to the governor that some measures were requisite 
 to attach the Indians in Maine to the French 
 that grace often needed the co-operation of men, 
 and that temporal interest often served as the 
 vehicle of faith. Charlevoix, II. 
 
 CHASTELLUX, F. J. MARQUIS DE, was a 
 member of the French academy, and field mar 
 shal of France. He served in America in the 
 Revolutionary war. His travels in North Amer 
 ica in 1780-1782 were published at Paris in 1786, 
 and translated, in two vols, 1787. He published 
 also a work on public happiness, and a translation 
 of a poem by Humphreys. 
 
 CHAUMONOT, JOSEPH, a Jesuit missionary 
 among the Indians of North America, was an 
 Italian. He labored with indefatigable zeal for 
 more than half a century among the natives of 
 Canada. He was among the Ilurons, who lived 
 north of Lake Erie, as early as 1642, and in the 
 following year spent some time with a tribe to the 
 southeast, which was called the neutral nation, 
 because they did not then engage in the war be 
 tween the Iroquois and the Ilurons. From the 
 latter they derived their origin. In the year 
 1655, when he was the oldest missionary in New 
 France, he visited the Onondagas at their request, 
 and made a number of converts, some of whom 
 were the principal men of the tribe. This mis 
 sion, however, was soon abandoned, though it was 
 afterwards resumed. About the year 1670 he 
 established the mission of Loretto, three leagues 
 northeast from Quebec, where he collected a 
 number of Indians of the Huron tribe. The 
 Ilurons resided originally northward of lake 
 Erie, and it was in consequence of the wars, in 
 which they were engaged with other tribes, that 
 they were induced to go down the St. Lawrence. 
 The name of Ilurons was given them on account 
 of the manner in which they dressed their hair. 
 As they cut it for the most part very short, and 
 turned it up in a fantastical way, so as to give 
 themselves a frightful appearance, the French 
 cried out, when they first saw them, " quclles 
 hures ! " What wild boars heads ! They were 
 afterwards called Ilurons. Champlain calls them 
 Ochasteguins ; but their true name is Ycndats, 
 with the French pronunciation. Their descend 
 ants, the Wyandots, on the southwestern side of 
 Lake Erie, were in 1809 under the care of Joseph 
 Badger, a missionary from New England, who 
 had been with them two or three years with the 
 most flattering prospects of rescuing them from 
 barbarism. Chaumonot composed a grammar of 
 
CHAUXCEY. 
 
 CHAUXCY. 
 
 213 
 
 the Huron language. Charlevoix, I. ; Univer 
 sal History ; xxxix. 457 ; Lettres edif. Et cur. 
 xxni. 213-216. 
 
 CIIAUXCEY, ISAAC, commodore, died at 
 Washington June 27, 1840. He was one of the 
 senior officers of the navy ; president of the board 
 of navy commissioners. 
 
 CHAUXCEY, CHARLES, LL. D., died at Burling 
 ton, X. J., Aug. 30, 1849, aged 73. A graduate 
 of Yale in 1792, he was an eminent lawyer in 
 Philadelphia. In his age he retired to B. 
 
 CIIAUXCY, CHARLES, the second president of 
 Harvard college, died Feb. 19, 1672, aged 81. 
 He was born in Hertfordshire, England, in 1589, 
 and was the son of Gco. Chauncy. He was at 
 Westminster school, which adjoined to the par 
 liament house, at the time of the gunpowder plot, 
 and must have perished, if the scheme had been 
 executed. After leaving Westminster, he was 
 admitted a student of Trinity college, Cambridge, 
 and attained the degree of bachelor of divinity. 
 He was soon chosen professor of Hebrew ; but 
 the vice chancellor, Dr. Williams, wishing to 
 bestow this office upon a kinsman, Mr. Chauncy 
 was chosen professor of Greek. He went from 
 the university an eminent preacher of the gospel. 
 He was first settled in the ministry at Marstow, 
 but afterwards became vicar of Ware in the 
 beginning of 1627, in which place his success in 
 the conversion and edification of souls was 
 remarkably great. He had at this time serious 
 objections to the discipline, and to some of the 
 articles of the established church, and in about 
 two years he began to suffer for his nonconform 
 ity to the inventions of man in the worship of 
 God. In 1629 he was charged with asserting in 
 a sermon, that idolatry was admitted into the 
 church ; that the preaching of the gospel would 
 be suppressed; and that much atheism, popery, 
 arminianism, and heresy had crept into the 
 church ; and, after being questioned in the high 
 commission court, his cause was referred to Dr. 
 AVilliam Laud, the bishop of London, his ordi 
 nary, who required him to make a submission in 
 Latin. He was again brought before the same 
 court in 1635, when Laud was archbishop of Can 
 terbury. The crime, of which he was now ac 
 cused, was opposing the making of a rail around 
 the communion-table of his church, as an innova 
 tion and a snare to men s consciences. lie was 
 pronounced guilty of contempt of ecclesiastical 
 government and of raising a schism, and was sus 
 pended from his ministry till he should make in 
 open court a recantation, acknowledging his 
 great offence, and protesting that he was per 
 suaded in his conscience, that kneeling at the 
 sacrament was lawful and commendable, and that 
 the rail set up in the chancel, with the bench for 
 kneeling, was a decent and convenient ornament, 
 and promising never to oppose either that or any- 
 
 other laudable rite or ceremony prescribed in the 
 church of England. He was sentenced to pay 
 the costs of suit, which were great, and to im 
 prisonment till he complied with the order of 
 court. His fortitude failed him in the midst of 
 his sufferings, and contrary to his conscience he 
 made the recantation Feb. 11. For lu s weakness 
 and folly he ever reproached himself. He soon 
 repented of his submission, and before he came to 
 Xew England made a solemn retractation, which 
 was afterwards printed in London. In the pre 
 face of his last will he particularly laments, as 
 " still fresh before him, his many sinful compli 
 ances with and conformity unto vile human inven 
 tions, will-worship, superstition, and patcheries 
 stitched into the service of the Lord, which the 
 English mass book, the book of common prayer, 
 and the ordination of priests, etc., are fully 
 fraught withal." He proceeds to charge his pos 
 terity with the greatest warmth of zeal and 
 solemnity of language, as they would answer for 
 their conduct at the tribunal of Christ, " not to 
 conform, as he had done, to rites and ceremonies 
 in religious worship of man s devising and not of 
 God s appointment." Being silenced for refusing 
 to read the book of sports, he determined to 
 seek the peaceable enjoyment of the rights of 
 conscience in Xew England. He accordingly 
 came to this country, and arrived at Plymouth a 
 few days before the great earthquake of June 1, 
 1638. He continued in that town about three 
 years, assisting Mr. lleyner in his public labors ; 
 but, being invited to take the pastoral charge of 
 the church at Scituate, he was again ordained, and 
 continued in that place about twelve years, faith 
 fully performing the duties of the sacred office. 
 The ecclesiastical state of England had now 
 assumed a new appearance, and, as his mainten- 
 nance at Scituate was so disproportionate to the 
 necessities of his family that he was sometimes 
 unable to procure bread, he resolved to accept the 
 invitation, which he received from his people in 
 Ware, to return to them. One cause of his diffi 
 culties was the opposing influence of Mr. Vassall, 
 which issued in the establishment of the second 
 church. At this period Mr. Chauncy s worldly 
 wealth consisted of a house and about sixty 
 acres of land. His predecessor at Scituate was 
 John Lathrop. He went to Boston to embark 
 for Great Britain, but the presidentship of Har 
 vard college being at that time vacant by the 
 resignation of Mr. Dunster, he was requested, 
 Xov. 2, 1654, to accept that office. As he was of 
 opinion that the baptism of infants and adults 
 should be by immersion, and that the Lord s 
 supper should be celebrated in the evening, the 
 overseers of the college desired him to forbear 
 disseminating his peculiar sentiments. He had 
 no difficulty in yielding to their wishes. He was 
 inducted into the office of president Nov. 27, 1654, 
 
214 
 
 CHAUNCY. 
 
 CHAUNCY. 
 
 and continued in this station till his death. He 
 left behind him six sons, all of whom were grad 
 uated at Harvard college, and were preachers. 
 They were, Isaac, a graduate of 1651, who was 
 pastor of Berry Street church, London, and had 
 for his assistant Dr. Watts in 1698, and by him 
 was succeeded in 1701 ; Ichabod, a graduate of 
 1651, who was chaplain of a regiment at Dun 
 kirk ; Barnabas, a graduate of 1657 ; Nathaniel, 
 a graduate of 1661, minister of Windsor, who 
 removed to Hatfield 1672 and died Nov. 4, 1685; 
 Elnathan, a graduate of 1661, a physician in 
 Boston ; and Israel. His daughter, Sarah, mar 
 ried G. Bulklcy. All, who bear the name of 
 Chauncy in America, are probably his descend 
 ants. 
 
 President Chauncy was a distinguished 
 scholar, being intimately acquainted with the 
 Hebrew, Greek, and Latin languages. lie en 
 joyed an opportunity of perfecting his knowledge 
 of the former by living one year in the same 
 house with a Jew. He was well versed also in 
 the sciences, especially in theology, which was his 
 favorite study. To his other acquisitions he 
 added some skill in physic, and thus he was 
 enabled to prescribe for bodily diseases, as well 
 as to cure those of the mind. He presided over 
 the college with dignity and reputation, and some 
 of the most eminent men in the country, as In 
 crease Mather, Willard, Stoddard, and Judge 
 Sewall, were educated under his care. To those 
 students, who were destined for the ministry, he 
 addressed these words : " When you are your 
 selves interested in the Lord Jesus Christ and his 
 righteousness, you will be fit to teach others." 
 When he attended prayers in the college hall in 
 the morning, he usually expounded a chapter of 
 the old testament, which was first read from the 
 Hebrew by one of his pupils, and in the evening 
 a chapter of the new testament, read from the 
 Greek. On the nioruings of the Lord s day, 
 instead of an exposition, he preached a sermon 
 of about three quarters of an hour in length. 
 Once a fortnight in the forenoon his labors were 
 enjoyed by the congregation of Cambridge. As 
 a preacher he was animated and learned, yet 
 remarkably plain, being mindful of the impor 
 tance of accommodating himself to the under 
 standings of all his hearers. In a letter to a 
 brother in the ministry he advised him not to use 
 any dark, Latin words, or any derived from Latin, 
 lest he should not be understood; and enjoined 
 it upon him to be much in prayer to God, as the 
 surest way to success in his labors. The subjects, 
 which he thought important to be preached, are 
 the misery of the natural state of man, the neces 
 sity of union with Christ, and the fruits of j usti- 
 fying faith in love and good works. He believed 
 that Jesus Christ, by suffering the full punishment 
 due to the sins of the elect, made satisfaction to 
 
 divine justice, and that faith justifies by receiving 
 the righteousness of the Saviour, which is imputed 
 to believers. He was exceedingly solicitous to 
 exclude works from any share in the antecedent 
 condition of justification ; yet few insisted more 
 upon their necessity in all the justified. 
 
 He was an indefatigable student, making it his 
 constant practice to rise at four o clock in the 
 morning ; but his studies did not interrupt his in 
 tercourse with heaven, for he usually devoted sev 
 eral hours in the course of the day to secret 
 prayer. Immediately after he rose from bed, at 
 eleven o clock, at four in the afternoon, and at 
 nine, he retired from the world to commune with 
 the Father of mercies. He kept a diary, in which, 
 under the heads of sins and mercies, he recorded 
 his imperfections, and the blessings which were 
 imparted to him. His temper was passionate, 
 but he endeavored to subdue it; and, such was his 
 conscientiousness and self-inspection, that, when 
 his better resolutions were overcome by the 
 warmth of his feelings, he would immediately re 
 tire to humble himself before God and to seek his 
 mercy. He kept many days of fasting and 
 prayer, sometimes alone, and sometimes with his 
 family and a few of his pious neighbors. Such was 
 his attention to tliosa whose religious instruction 
 was more peculiarly his duty, that, every morning 
 and evening, after he had expounded a chapter of 
 the Bible in his family, he would endeavor by 
 suitable questions to impress the truths presented, 
 upon the minds of his cliildren and servants. 
 
 This venerable man, when he had travelled be 
 yond the boundaries of fourscore, was yet able to 
 preach and to superintend the concerns of the col 
 lege. His friends at this period observed to him, 
 as he was going to preach on a winter s day, that 
 he would certainly die in the pulpit ; but he 
 pressed more vigorously through the snow-drift, 
 replying, " How glad should I be if this should 
 prove true ! " He was induced, on account of the 
 infirmities of age, to address to his friends a fare 
 well oration on the day of commencement in 
 1671, after which he sent for his children and 
 blessed them. He now waited for his departure. 
 When he was stretched on the bed of death, and 
 the flame of life was almost extinct, he was de 
 sired by Mr. Oakes to give a sign of his hope 
 and assurance of future glory. The speechless 
 old man accordingly lifted up his hands towards 
 heaven, and his spirit soon rushed forth, and en 
 tered eternity. 
 
 He published a sermon on Amos II. 11, 
 preached in the college hall in 1655, entitled, 
 God s mercy showed his people in giving them a 
 faithful ministry, and schools of learning for the 
 continuance thereof. In this sermon he speaks 
 of the wearing of long hair, particularly by stu 
 dents and ministers, with the utmost detestation, 
 and represents it as a heathenish practice, and as 
 
CHAUNCY. 
 
 CHAUNCY. 
 
 215 
 
 one of the crying sins of the land. In this senti 
 ment he was supported by some of the most dis 
 tinguished men of that day. He takes occasion 
 at the same time to reprehend the criminal neglect 
 of the people with regard to the suitable mainten 
 ance of ministers. lie published also the election 
 sermon, 1656; and a volume of twenty-six ser 
 mons on justification, 1659, 4to. He published in 
 1662 the Antisynodalia Americana, in opposition 
 to the result of the Synod of 1662, which made a 
 perilous innovation by admitting to baptism the 
 children of those who did not partake of the 
 Lord s supper. In his resistance he had the aid 
 of Mr. Davenport and Increase Mather. On the 
 other side were Mr. Allen of Dedham, who 
 answered the Antisynodalia, Itichard Mather, and 
 Mr. Mitchell. President Chauncy s manuscripts 
 fell into the hands of the widow of his son, Na 
 thaniel Chauncy of Hatfield ; and, as she married a 
 Northampton deacon, who subsisted principally 
 by making and selling pies, these learned and 
 pious writings were not suffered to decay. Being 
 put to the bottom of the pies, they rendered good 
 service by shielding them from the scorching of 
 the oven ! By reason of this sad fate of his an 
 cestor s manuscripts Dr. Chauncy resolved to burn 
 his own ; but he failed to do it. Mather s May- 
 nalia,Ill. 133-141; IV. 128; Coll. Hist. Soc. IV. 
 111.; X. 31, 171-180; s. s. IV. 246. Eushioortk s 
 Hist. Coll. II. 34, 316; Neal s N. E., I. 387-390; 
 HwtcUnson, I. 259; Holmes, I. 363, 364. 
 
 CHAUNCY, NATHANIEL, minister of Hatfield, 
 died Nov. 4, 1686. He was the son of President 
 Chauncy, a graduate of 1661. After being for 
 some time the minister of Windsor, he removed 
 to II. in 1672. His widow married Mr. Pomeroy 
 of Northampton. 
 
 CHAUNCY, CHARLES, died June 13, 1695. A 
 grandson of President C., he graduated in 1686, 
 and was settled in 1695 at Poquannock, made up 
 partly of Stratford and Fail-field, the society being 
 called Stratficld. 
 
 CHAUNCY, Israel, minister of Stratford, Conn., 
 the son of President Chauncy, was graduated at 
 Harvard college in 1661, and ordained at Strat 
 ford in 1665. At his ordination, Elder Brinsmead, 
 one of the lay brethren, assisted in imposing 
 hands, and wore his mittens ; on which account 
 the Episcopalians called the induction " the 
 leather-mitten ordination." It is probable, that 
 elders or ministers also imposed their hands on 
 him, and that this was not, as in the case of Mr. 
 Carter, a purely lay ordination. He died March 
 14, 1703, aged 58, leaving two sons, Charles and 
 Isaac, whose posterity are in England. 
 
 CHAUNCY, ISAAC, minister of Hadley, Mass., 
 son of the preceding, was graduated at Harvard 
 college in 1693, ordained Sept. 9, 1696, and died 
 May 2, 1745, aged 74. His second wife was the 
 widow of Itev. Joseph Metcalf of Falmouth, 
 
 Mass. His daughter married Rev. Mr. Graham 
 of Southbury, of whom Itev. Dr. Chauncy Lee 
 was a grandson. Two other daughters married 
 ministers, Estabrook and G. Itawson. His suc 
 cessor was C. Williams. He published a sermon 
 on the death of John Williams of Dcerfield, June 
 12, 1729, which displays very considerable learn 
 ing and taste, uncommon for the time. 
 
 CHAUNCY, NATHANIEL, minister of Durham, 
 Conn., died Feb. 10, 1787, aged 82, in the 60th 
 year of his ministry. He was the son of Nathaniel 
 Chauncy, minister of Windsor and Ilatfield. He 
 was in the first class at Yale college, all of whom 
 were ministers, and graduated in 1702. He was 
 ordained Feb. 7, 1711, and died Feb. 1, 1756. 
 His successor was Eliznr Goodrich. From 1746 
 to 1752 he was a trustee of the college. He pub 
 lished the election sermon in 1719, also in 1734. 
 Tmmlidl, I. 520. 
 
 CHAUNCY, CHARLES, D. D., minister in Bos 
 ton, was born in that town Jan. 1, 1705, and was 
 a descendant of President Chauncy. He was the 
 son of Mr. Charles C., a merchant of Boston, who 
 died about 1712. His father was the eldest son 
 of Itev. Isaac Chauncy of London. Entering 
 Harvard college at twelve years of age, he received 
 his first degree in 1721. He was ordained pastor 
 of the first church in Boston, as colleague with 
 Mr. Foxcroft, Oct. 25, 1727, and enjoyed for a 
 few years the assistance of Dr. Clarke. He was 
 eminent for his learning, and for the spirit of in 
 dependence, which marked his inquiries. Being 
 placed by Divine Providence in a situation which 
 afforded him much leisure, he was diligent in his 
 search after truth. He formed the resolution to 
 see for himself, to understand, if possible, all the 
 articles of his creed, and not to teach for the doc 
 trines of Christ the commandments of men. The 
 result of his inquiries in some instances did not 
 correspond with the opinions embraced generally 
 by Ins brethren in the ministry ; but he adopted 
 them after patient investigation, and he believed 
 them himself to be founded on the Scriptures, 
 His favorite authors were Tillotson and Baxter. 
 Soon after Mr. Whitefield came to this country, 
 when his preaching was attended with very re 
 markable effects, and many disorders accompanied 
 the reformation produced, Dr. Chauncy stood 
 forth in opposition to him. He could not easily 
 admit, that any good could be done by an itiner 
 ant preacher, " who played the bishop in another 
 man s parish," as he rendered I. Peter, iv. 12, 
 "and who went out of his proper line of things." 
 Believing that the welfare of the churches was 
 endangered, he travelled several hundred miles to 
 collect facts, and published in 1743 his seasonable 
 thoughts on the state of religion in New England, 
 in which he gives a faithful picture of the un- 
 charitablencss, enthusiasm, and confusion, which 
 prevailed in different parts of the country. He 
 
216 
 
 CHAUNCTE. 
 
 CHAUNCY. 
 
 attacked what was worthy of reprehension ; but, 
 like most men of strong passions, by dwelling con 
 stantly upon the picture which he was drawing, 
 he almost forgot that different and more pleasant 
 objects might be presented to the eye. Such men 
 as Colman, Sewall, Prince, Cooper, Foxcroft, and 
 Eliot, agreed with him in reprehending and op 
 posing the extravagances which he had wit 
 nessed ; but they had different views of the gen 
 eral religious state of the country, and thought it 
 their duty to express "their full persuasion, that 
 there had been a happy and remarkable revival 
 of religion in many parts of the land through an 
 uncommon Divine influence." Dr. Chauncyin his 
 work endeavors to distinguish the nature of true 
 religion. lie represents the new creation as 
 wrought in the minds of sinners by the Spirit, of 
 God in different ways ; sometimes as accompanied 
 by terror, and sometimes as exciting little agita 
 tion ; but as always evincing itself by the fruits 
 of holiness. As a remedy for the evils which he 
 recorded, he enforces it upon his brethren as their 
 most sacred duty, to discourage and oppose all itin- 
 erent preaching in places where ministers were 
 settled. lie recommends also a more strict ex 
 amination of candidates for the ministry, and the 
 revival of discipline in the churches. In regard to 
 Mr. "Whitcficld, than whom there was never a more 
 disinterested man, it was suggested, that vanity 
 might have been the cause of his incessant travels 
 in Great Britain and America, and that in solicit 
 ing subscriptions he might have had " a fellow 
 feeling with the orphans in Georgia." 
 
 Dr. Chauncy was ardently attached to the 
 civil and religious liberties of his country. After 
 the death of Dr. Mayhew he followed in his steps 
 in withstanding the schemes of Episcopalians. 
 He published in 1767 remarks upon a sermon of 
 the bishop of Landaff; in which pamphlet he 
 expressed his fears, that the appointment of 
 bishops of America, as was projected, would be 
 followed by attempts to promote Episcopacy by 
 force. He then adds, " It may be relied on, our 
 people would not be easy if restrained in the 
 exercise of that liberty wherewith Christ hath 
 made them free ; yea, they would hazard every 
 thing dear to them, their estates, their very lives, 
 rather than suffer their necks to be put under 
 that yoke of bondage, which was so sadly galling to 
 their fathers, and occasioned their retreat into 
 this distant land, that they might enjoy the free 
 dom of men and Christians." A controversy on 
 the subject with Dr. Chandler succeeded, and in 
 his reply to him he observes, " it is with me past 
 all doubt, that the religion of Jesus will never be 
 restored to its primitive purity, simplicity, and 
 glory, until religious establishments are so brought 
 down, as to be no more." In 1771 he published 
 his complete view of Episcopacy from the fathers, 
 a work, which does him great honor, and which 
 
 in the opinion of many has settled the contro 
 versy. 
 
 He was an honest patriot, and at the commence 
 ment of the Revolution he entered warmly into 
 those measures which were considered necessary 
 to vindicate our rights, and which were founded 
 in justice and dictated by wisdom. During the 
 war he was a most incurable whig. So firmly 
 was he convinced of the justice of our cause, that 
 he used to say, he had no doubt, if human exer 
 tions were ineffectual, that a host of angels would 
 be sent to assist us. When a smile was excited, 
 and some doubts were expressed respecting the 
 possibility of such an ally, he persisted in his 
 assertion, adding, that he knew it. His mind 
 was indeed of a peculiar stamp. In conversation 
 he was apt to be vehement and extravagant ; a 
 little opposition would easily kindle a flame ; but 
 in his writings he appears more calm and col 
 lected. He was respected for the excellence of 
 his character, being honest and sincere in his 
 intercourse with his fellow men, kind, and char 
 itable, and pious. I )iw:imulation, which was of 
 all things most foreign to his nature, was the 
 object of his severest invective. His language 
 was remarkably plain and pointed, when he spoke 
 against fraud, either in public bodies or individ 
 uals. Paper money, tender acts, and every spe 
 cies of knavery met his severest reprehension, 
 both in his public discourses and in private con 
 versation. No company could restrain him from 
 the honest expression of his sentiments. In the 
 latter part of his life he appeared to those, who 
 were near him, to be almost wholly engaged in 
 devotional exercises. 
 
 Dr. Chauncy s publications are numerous. 
 The following is a list of them: Funeral sermons 
 from 1731 to 1769, on Sarah Byfield, Elizabeth 
 Price, Nathaniel Byfield, Jonathan Williams, Lucy 
 Waldo, Cornelius Thaycr, Anna Foxcroft, Edward 
 Gray, Dr. Mayhew, Mr. Foxcroft, and Dr. Sewall; 
 sermons at the ordination of Thomas Frink, 
 Joseph Bowman, Penuel Bowen, and Simeon 
 Howard : a sermon before the artillery company, 
 1734; on religious compulsion, 1739; on the new 
 creature ; on an unbridled tongue ; on the gifts 
 of the Spirit to ministers, 1742 ; on the outpour 
 ing of the Holy Ghost ; against enthusiasm ; 
 account of the French prophets in a letter to a 
 friend, 1742; seasonable thoughts on the state of 
 religion in New England, 8vo., 1743; a conven 
 tion sermon, 1744 ; a thanksgiving sermon on the 
 reduction of Cape Breton, 1745; a letter to 
 George Whitcfield ; a second letter to the same ; 
 a sermon on the rebellion in favor of the pre 
 tender, 1746; election sermon, 1747; a sermon 
 for encouraging industry, 1752; on murder, 1754; 
 on the earthquake, 1755; an account of the Ohio 
 defeat, 1755; a particular narrative of the defeat 
 of the French army at lake George, 1755 ; ser- 
 

 CHAUNCY. 
 
 mon on the earthquakes in Spain, etc., 1756 ; the 
 opinion of one, who has perused Clark s summer 
 morning s conversation, 1758; a Dudleian lecture 
 on the validity of Presbyterian ordination, 17G2; 
 twelve sermons on seasonable and important sub 
 jects, particularly referring to the Sandcmanian 
 doctrines, 8vo., 1765; a thanksgiving sermon on 
 the repeal of the stamp act, 17G6; on trust in 
 God the duty of a people, etc. ; on all things in 
 common 1773; on the accursed thing, 1778; re 
 marks on the bishop of Landaff s sermon, 1767; 
 answer to Dr. Chandler s appeal, 1768; reply 
 to Dr. Chandler s appeal defended, 1770; a 
 complete view of Episcopacy from the fathers, 
 8vo., 1771; five sermons on the Lord s supper, 
 1772; a just representation of the sufferings 
 and hardships of the town of Boston, 1774 ; the 
 mystery hid from ages, or the salvation of all 
 men, 8vo., 1784 ; this has been answered by Dr. 
 Edwards ; the benevolence of the Deity consid 
 ered, 8vo., 1785 ; five dissertations on the fall and 
 its consequences, 8vo., 1785; a sermon on the 
 return of his society to their house of worship, 
 after it had undergone repairs. Clarke s Fun. 
 Serm. ; Miller, n. 368. 
 
 CHAUNCY, CHARLES, LL. D., a judge of the 
 supreme court of Connecticut, died at New Haven 
 April 18, 1823, aged 75. He was a descend 
 ant of President Chauncy, and was born in Dur 
 ham, Conn., June 11, 1747. Without the advan 
 tages of a public education he studied law with 
 J. A. Hillhouse, and was admitted to the bar in 
 1768. In 1789 he was appointed judge; but in 
 1793 he resigned his seat on the t>ench, and 
 retired from the business of the courts, though he 
 afterwards gave lectures to a class of students at 
 law. He was also delightfully employed in edu 
 cating his children. His thirst for knowledge 
 was unquenchable. In legal science his investiga 
 tions were profound, and he was well skilled in 
 various departments of literature, history, civil 
 policy, and theology. Having thoroughly studied 
 the evidences of Christianity, he obtained a set 
 tled conviction, that the Bible is the word of God. 
 In searching the Scriptures he was led to embrace 
 the tenets, in which most of the Protestant 
 churches are agreed. He early made a profes 
 sion of religion. As he advanced in years, he 
 had serene anticipations of the future, commingled 
 with grateful recollections of the past. His was not 
 a querulous old age. With deep emotion, as he 
 approached the grave, he reviewed and acknowl 
 edged the divine goodness to himself and his 
 family, and then sunk to rest with the hope of 
 awakening to the ineffable glories of heaven. 
 ChriNf. Spectator, V. 335, 336. 
 
 CHECKLEY, JOHN, Episcopal minister at 
 Providence, died in 1753, aged 73. lie was bora 
 in Boston in 1680. His parents came from Eng 
 land. At the supreme court, held in Boston Nov. 
 28 
 
 CHECKLEY. 
 
 217 
 
 27, 1724, he was fined 50 pounds for publishing a 
 libel; this was a reprint in 1723 of Leslie s 
 " Short and easy method with the deists," with 
 the addition written by himself, of a " Discourse 
 concerning Episcopacy, in defence of Christianity 
 and the church of England against the deists and 
 dissenters, London, 1723." In this he rudely 
 attacked the clergy and people of New England, 
 with some unloyal allusions to the family on the 
 throne. In 1727 he went to England for orders, 
 intending to settle at Marblehead ; but the Bishop 
 of London refused to ordain liim, in consequence 
 of letters from Mr. Barnard and Mr. Holyoke, 
 describing him as without a liberal education, a 
 non-juror, and a bitter enemy to Christians of 
 other persuasions. Bishop Gibson said, he would 
 never ordain an uncathoiic, unloyal man, so ob 
 noxious to the people of New England. After 
 wards the Bishop of Exeter ordained him and 
 sent him to Narragausett. He went to Provi 
 dence in 1739, and preached also once a month at 
 Warwick and Attleborough. He was a wit, a 
 classical scholar, skilful also in Hebrew and Nar- 
 ragansett Indian ; but he was more remarkable 
 for the eccentricities of his temper and conduct, 
 than for piety and learning. He published 
 choice dialogues about predestination, 1715; this 
 was answered by Tho. Walter, who defended the 
 Calvinistic doctrine; it was republished, "with 
 an answer by a stripling," 1720. The modest 
 proof of the order of the churches, 1727, which 
 introduced the Episcopal controversy in Massa 
 chusetts, and which was answered by Wiggles- 
 worth and Martin Mar Prelate, is supposed to 
 have been written by him. He published his 
 speech upon his trial, etc., 2d. edit. 1728, and the 
 same in London, 1738, probably to promote his 
 views as to ordination. Hist. Coll. Mil. 77 j 
 Eliot. 
 
 CHECKLEY, SAMUEL, minister in Boston, 
 was graduated at Harvard college in 1715. He 
 was ordained the first minister of the new south 
 church in Summer street, Nov. 22, 1719, and died 
 Dec. 1, 1769, in the fifty-first year of his min 
 istry, aged 73. His colleague, Mr. Bowen, who 
 was settled in 1766, survived him, but was dis 
 missed in 1772. In the following year Mr. Howe 
 was ordained his successor. Mr. Checkley s son, 
 Samuel, was minister of the old north church 
 from 1747 to 1768. In his preacliing he was 
 plain and evangelical. The great subject of his 
 discourses was Jesus Christ, as a Divine person, 
 and as the end of the law for righteousness to 
 all that believe. He frequently dwelt upon the 
 fall of man, the necessity of the influences of the 
 Spirit of God, the frceness and richness of Divine 
 grace, the necessity of regeneration, justification 
 by faith, and faith as the gift of God. He was 
 careful also to insist upon the importance of the 
 Christian virtues. These he exhibited in his own 
 
218 
 
 CHEESBOROUGH. 
 
 life. Discountenancing all parade in religion, it 
 gave him pleasure to encourage the humble and 
 diffident. As he did not consider it of little im 
 portance what principles were embraced, he was 
 tenacious of his sentiments. During his last 
 sickness he enjoyed the supports of religion, and 
 anticipated the blessedness of dwelling with, his 
 Saviour, and with his pious friends, who had been 
 called before him into eternity. Renouncing his 
 own righteousness, he trusted only in the merits 
 of Christ. He published a sermon on the death 
 of King George I., 1727 ; of Wm. Waldron, 
 1727; of Lydia Hutchinson, 1748; at the elec 
 tion, 1755. Bowen s Funeral Sermon; Coll. 
 Hist. Soc. in. 361. 
 
 CHEESBOROUGH, WILLIAM, died at Flem 
 ing, near Auburn, N. Y., in 1840, aged 95, a na 
 tive of Stonington, Conn., a venerable Christian. 
 CHEESHAHTEAUMUCK, CALEB, the only 
 Indian who ever graduated at Harvard college, 
 received his degree in 1665, and died at Charles- 
 town in 1666, aged 20. 
 
 CHEETHAM, JAMES, editor of the American 
 Citizen at New York, died Sept. 19, 1810, aged 
 37. He published a reply to Aristides, 1804 ; 
 the life of Thomas Paine, 1809. 
 
 CHEEVER, EZEKIEL, an eminent instructor, 
 died Aug. 21, 1708, aged 93. He was born in 
 London Jan. 25, 1615, and came to this country 
 in June, 1637, for the sake of the peaceable en 
 joyment of Christian worship in its purity. He 
 was first employed as a schoolmaster at New 
 Haven for twelve years ; then at Ipswich, Mass., 
 eleven years ; and afterwards at Charlestown nine 
 years. He removed to Boston Jan. 6, 1671, 
 where he continued his labors during the re 
 mainder of his life. Most of the principal gen 
 tlemen in Boston had been his pupils, and took 
 pleasure in acknowledging their obligations and 
 honoring their old master. He was not only an 
 excellent teacher, but a pious Christian. He con 
 stantly prayed with his pupils every day, and 
 catechized them every week. He also took fre 
 quent occasions to address them upon religiou 
 subjects. Being well acquainted with divinity, 
 he was an able defender of the faith and order oi 
 the gospel. In his old age his intellectual pow 
 ers were very little impaired. The following ex 
 tracts from an elegy upon him by Cotton Mather, 
 one of his pupils, will show the esteem in which 
 he was held, and may serve also as a specimen o: 
 the poetry of the age. 
 
 A mighty tribe of well-instructed youth 
 Tell what they owe to him, and tell with truth. 
 All the eight parts of speech, he taught to them, 
 They now employ to trumpet his esteem. 
 Magister pleased them well because twas he; 
 They say that bonus did with it agree. 
 While they said amo, they the hiut improve 
 Him for to make the object of their love. 
 
 CHESTER. 
 
 No concord so inviolate they knew, 
 As to pay honors to their master due. 
 With interjections they break off at last, 
 But, ah is all they use, wo, and alas ! " 
 
 He published an essay on the millennium, and 
 a Latin accidence, which passed through twenty 
 ditions. Mather s Funeral Sermon and Elegy ; 
 Huicltinson, II. 175 ; Hist. Coll. Till. 66. 
 
 CIIEEVER, SAMUEL, the first minister of Mar- 
 blehead, died in 1724, aged 85. He was the son 
 of the preceding, and Avas graduated at Harvard 
 college in 1659. In Nov., 1668, he first visited 
 the town, in which he was afterwards settled, 
 when the people were few. He continued preach 
 ing with them sixteen years before his ordination. 
 Higginson, Hubbard, and Hale assisted in or 
 daining him, Aug. 13, 1684. He received Mr. 
 Barnard as his colleague in 1716. He possessed 
 good abilities, and was a constant and zealous 
 preacher, a man of peace and of a catholic mind. 
 Never was he sick. For fifty years he was not taken 
 off from his labors one Sabbath. When he died, the 
 lamp of life fairly burned out. He felt no pain in his 
 expiring moments. He published the election ser 
 mon, 1712. Coll. Hist. Soc. vill. 65, 66 ; x. 168. 
 
 CIIEEVER, ABIJAH, M. D., died at Saugus, 
 April 21, 1843, aged 84 ; a graduate of 1779. He 
 studied with Dr. Warren, served several years in 
 the army and navy, then had extensive practice 
 and high reputation in Boston. He was a man 
 of integrity and honor, frank, and social. 
 
 CIIEEVER, CHARLOTTE, Mrs., died at her 
 son s, Rev. Henry T. C., at Greenport, L. I., Jan. 
 17, 1854, aged 76, formerly of Hallowell, mother 
 of Rev. George B. C. of New York. She was an 
 eminent Christian. Observer, April 13. 
 
 CHENEY, SETII, a skilful artist, died at Man 
 chester, Conn., Sept. 10, 1856, aged about 55. 
 He had retired to M., where, with his brother 
 John, the eminent engineer, he had built a 
 studio, and proposed to devote himself to painting. 
 His crayon drawings are chiefly portraits of the 
 size of life, and of rare excellence. There are 
 great dignity and beauty and purity in his ideal 
 pieces. It is remarkable that he never would take 
 the likeness of one, whom he did not respect. Were 
 all artists of this character, they would find very 
 little employment among a host of the great men 
 of the earth. 
 
 CHENEY, MOSES, a Baptist minister, died in 
 Sheffield, Vt, Aug. 9, 1856, aged 79. He was 
 long known as an earnest and faithful preacher 
 in Vermont and New Hampshire. He suffered 
 long in sickness, but held an unshaken faith in 
 the gospel. 
 
 CHERRY, CHARLOTTE, missionary, died at 
 Chavagacherry, Ceylon, Nov. 4, 1837, aged 26. 
 Her husband was Henry Cherry; her name, 
 Charlotte II. Lathrop of Norwich. 
 
 CHESTER, LEONARD, the head of the Ches- 
 
CHESTER. 
 
 tcr family in New England, died Dec. 11, 1648, 
 aged 39. lie was the son of John, of Leicester 
 county, England, and of Dorothy Hooker, the 
 sister of the famous Thomas Hooker. He was 
 one of the first settlers of Wethersficld ; but his 
 eldest son, John, was born in Watertown in 1635. 
 
 CHESTER, JOHN, colonel, died at Wethers- 
 field Sept. 11, 1771, aged 68, a soldier of the 
 Revolution. His father and grandfather each 
 bore the name of John ; the preceding ancestor 
 was Leonard. He had four sons and two daugh- 
 ers. His son Leonard married Sarah, daughter 
 of Col. William Williams of Pittsfield, also Miss 
 Welles, and had sons and daughters. 
 
 CHESTER, JOHN, colonel, an officer in the 
 army of the Revolution, died Nov. 4, 1809, aged 
 60. He was graduated at Yale college in 1766. 
 He was among the brave men who fought in the 
 battle of Bunker Hill in 1775. In August, 1801, 
 after the accession of Mr. Jefferson to the presi 
 dency, he was removed from the office of super 
 visor of Connecticut. He lived at Wethersfield, 
 the residence of Ins ancestors. His sons were 
 Rev. John C. of Albany, Henry, a lawyer of Phil 
 adelphia, and William, a minister, and his 
 daughters married as follows : Elizabeth to Elea- 
 zer F. Backus of Albany, Mary to Ebenezer 
 Welles of Brattleborough, Hannah to Charles 
 Chauncey of Philadelphia, and Julia to Matthew 
 C. Ralston of Philadelphia. 
 
 CHESTER, JOHN, D. D., died at Philadelphia 
 Jan. 12, 1829, aged about 43. Son of the preced 
 ing, he graduated in 1804, and became the minis 
 ter of the 2d Presbyterian church in Albany, in 
 Nov., 1815. His wife was the daughter of Robert 
 Ralston of Philadelphia. He was an earnest 
 preacher ; and published several single sermons. 
 
 CHEVERUS, LEFEBURE DE, cardinal, died at 
 Bourdeaux July 19, 1836, aged 68. He was born 
 at Mayenne Jan. 28, 1768, came to this country 
 in 1796, and was the first Catholic bishop in Bos 
 ton in 1810. Returning to France, he was bishop 
 of Montauban in 1832, archbishop of Bordeaux in 
 1826, and cardinal in 1835. He spoke Latin, 
 and was well versed in Greek and Hebrew. In 
 Boston he was held in great affection and respect. 
 Few preachers were equal to him in pulpit elo 
 quence. 
 
 CHEW, SAMUEL, chief justice of Newcastle, 
 etc., in Pennsylvania, was a Quaker and a physi 
 cian, and died June 16, 1744. Of great influence 
 over the Quakers, his death was deemed a great 
 loss to the province. His speech to the grand 
 jury of Newcastle, on the lawfulness of defence 
 against an armed enemy, was published in 1741, 
 and republished in 1775. For this he was re 
 proached in a Philadelphia paper as an apostate 
 and a time-server, and as having been " hired by 
 Balak to curse Israel." He replied with becom 
 ing dignity and spirit. 
 
 CHILD. 
 
 219 
 
 CHEW, BENJAMIN, chief justice of Pennsylva 
 nia, died Jan. 20, 1810, aged 87. He was the 
 son of the preceding, and born in Maryland Nov. 
 29, 1722. He studied law with Andrew Hamil 
 ton ; also in London. On his return he settled 
 on the Delaware, and in 1754 removed to Phila 
 delphia. Of this city he was recorder from 1755 
 to 1772 ; also register of wills. The office of 
 attorney-general he resigned in 1766. In 1774 
 he succeeded William Allen as chief justice ; 
 but, being opposed to the Revolution, he retired 
 from public life in 1776. Appointed in 1790 
 president of the high court of errors and appeals, 
 he continued in that station till the abolition of 
 the court in 1806. His first wife was Mary, 
 daughter of Samuel Galloway of Maryland ; his 
 second was a daughter of Mr. Oswald ; she died 
 about 1809, aged 85. One of his daughters mar 
 ried in 1768 Alexander Wilcox. Jennison. 
 
 CIIICKERLNG, JOSEPH, minister of Woburn, 
 died Jan. 27, 1844, aged 63. He was the son of 
 Rev. Jabez C. of Dedham, who died in 1812. 
 A graduate of 1799, he was ordained in 1804, 
 having studied theology with Prof. Tappan at 
 Cambridge. He was a zealous, faithful minis 
 ter, the earnest supporter of various charitable 
 societies, making to them bequests. He was the 
 father of Rev. Dr. C. of Portland. He published 
 a dedication sermon, 1809; before education 
 society, 1817. Christian Mirror, Feb. 29. 
 
 CIIICKERING, JONAS, died at Boston Dec. 8, 
 1853, aged 56. He was so much respected as a 
 citizen, that his funeral was the largest ever known 
 in Boston. He descended from Dr. John C. of 
 Charlestown, who was the son of Henry of Ded 
 ham as early as 1635. One act of his beneficence 
 is gratefully recorded by Richard Storrs Willis, 
 who, after his graduation at college, meeting with 
 Mr. C. and explaining, at his request, his projects 
 in life and his wish to study music, Mr. C. instantly 
 offered him 500 dollars a year for four years to 
 support him in his studies abroad. Mr. W. was 
 in 1854 editor of " The N. Y. Musical World." 
 Mr. C. s life, by J. L. Blake, is in Lives of Ameri 
 can Merchants. 
 
 CHICKERING, JESSE, a physician, was born 
 in Dover, graduated in 1818, and practiced ten 
 years in Boston. He died at Jamaica Plain May 
 29, 1855, aged 57. He published in 1846 a work 
 on the population of Mass., from 1765 to 1840 ; 
 a work on immigration, 1846 ; reports on the 
 census of Boston, 1851; and a letter on slavery, 
 1855. 
 
 CHILD, ROBERT, a physician, was educated at 
 Padua, and came to Massachusetts as early as 
 .1644. His object was to explore the mines of 
 this country. In 1646 he and others caused dis 
 turbance in the colony by a petition, supposed to 
 have originated with William Vassall, in which 
 he complained, that the fundamental laws of Eng- 
 
220 
 
 CHILDS. 
 
 CIIIPMAN. 
 
 land -were disregarded, and that free-born Eng- 
 Hshmen, if not members of one of the churches, 
 were denied civil privileges, and debarred from 
 Christian ordinances. He prayed for redress, and 
 threatened to apply to parliament. He was sum 
 moned before the court, accused of " false and 
 scandalous passages," etc., and fined 50 pounds. 
 His trial is related by Winthrop. When he was 
 about to proceed to England with his complaints, 
 he was apprehended, and suffered a long impris 
 onment. His brother, Maj. John Child of Eng 
 land, in his indignation, published a pamphlet, 
 entitled, New England s Jonas cast up at London, 
 containing Child s petition to the court, etc., 1647. 
 
 This, which is reprinted in 2 Hist. Coll. iv., 
 was answered by Winslow, in the " Salamander," 
 alluding to Vassall, " a man never at rest, but 
 when he was in the fire of contention." The rea 
 son of the title of " Jonas " was this, as we learn 
 from the paper : when the ship, in which Vassall 
 proceeded to England in 1G46, was about to sail, 
 Cotton in his Thursday lecture said, that writings, 
 carried to England against this country, would be 
 as Jonas in the ship, and advised the ship-master, 
 in case of a storm, to search the chests and 
 throw over any such Jonas. There was a storm : 
 a good woman at midnight entreated Thomas 
 Fowle, if he had a petition, to give it to her. He 
 accordingly gave her, not the petition to parlia 
 ment, but a copy of the petition to the general 
 court. This was thrown overboard ; yet a copy 
 of the same and a petition to parliament were 
 safely cast up at London. Winthrop ; 2 Hist. 
 Coll. iv. 107-120. 
 
 CHILDS, TIMOTHY, M. D., a physician of Pitts- 
 field, Mass., and a patriot of the Revolution, died 
 Feb. 25, 1821, aged 73. He was born at Deer- 
 field in Feb., 1748, and passed several years at 
 Harvard college. Having studied physic under 
 Dr. Williams, he commenced the practice at 
 Pittsfield in 1771. In the political controversy 
 with Great Britain he engaged with zeal. In 
 1774 he was chairman of a committee of the 
 town to petition the justice of the court of 
 common pleas, to stay all proceedings till cer 
 tain oppressive acts of parliament should be 
 repealed. When the news of the battle of Lex 
 ington was received, he marched to Boston with 
 a company of minute-men, in which he was en 
 rolled in the preceding year. Being soon ap 
 pointed surgeon of Col. Patterson s regiment, he 
 accompanied the army to New York and thence 
 to Montreal. In 1777 he returned to his practice 
 in Pittsfield, in which he continued till his death. 
 For several years he was a representative in the 
 general court, and also a senator. In his politics 
 he warmly supported the republican party, which 
 came into power with the accession of Mr. Jeffer 
 son to the presidency in 1801. Till within a few 
 
 days of his death he attended to the active duties 
 of his profession, in which he was eminent. Great 
 and general confidence was reposed in his skill. 
 He had always been the supporter of religious in 
 stitutions, though not a professor of religion ; in 
 his last sickness he earnestly besought the Divine 
 mercy, and spoke of the blood and righteousness 
 of Christ as the only hope of a sinner. His son, 
 Henry H. Childs, succeeded him as a physician. 
 Thacher s Med. Bioy. ; Hist. Berkshire, 380. 
 
 CHILDS, THOMAS, brigadier-general, died of 
 the yellow fever at Tampa Bay, Oct. 8, 1853. 
 He was the son of Dr. Timothy Childs, one of the 
 first settlers of Pittsfield, Mass. His mother, a 
 daughter of Col. Easton of P., died in 1852, aged 
 92. In the Mexican Avar he commanded under 
 Taylor the artillery battalion in several battles. 
 Afterwards he was with the army of Scott, who 
 spoke of his " often-distinguished" Col. Childs. 
 He commanded at Puebla, where he was en 
 deared to his soldiers by his humane conduct in 
 all circumstances. 
 
 CHIPMAN, JOHN, colonel, a soldier of the 
 Revolution, was an officer in the regiment of Col. 
 Seth Warner ; was engaged in the battles of Ben- 
 nington and Ilubbardton, and subsequently com 
 manded fort George, which he wj> compelled to 
 surrender to a superior force of Tories, Indians, 
 and British. He felled the first tree in Middlcbury, 
 Vt., in 1767 ; and there he died in Sept., 1829, 
 aged 87. 
 
 CHH MAN, NATHANIEL, LL. D., died at Tin- 
 mouth, Vt., Feb. 15, 1843, aged 90. He was born 
 in Salisbury, Conn., in 1752 ; was graduated at 
 Yale in 1777 ; in 1786 was judge of the supreme 
 court of Vermont,, and chief justice in 1789. In 
 1791 he was appointed judge of the district court 
 of the United States. He was senator from 1797 
 to 1803. ; and again chief justice in 1813 and 
 1814 ; in 1815 professor of law in Middlebury 
 college. He revised the laws of Vermont in 1 826. 
 lie enjoyed a high reputation for literature and 
 science ; and was a man of faithfulness and in 
 tegrity. He published reports of judicial decis 
 ions and dissertations in 1 vol.; principles of gov 
 ernment, and 2d edit, in 1833. 
 
 CHIPMAN, WARD, judge of the supreme court 
 of New Brunswick, and president of the province, 
 was a native of Mass., and graduated at Harvard 
 college in 1770. He died at Frederickton Feb. 
 9, 1824. Mrs. Gray of Boston was his sister. 
 
 CHIPMAN, DAMEL, died in Itipton, Vt., April 
 23, 1850, aged 85. He graduated at Dartmouth 
 in 1788, and studied law with his brother, Na 
 thaniel. He was a member of congress ; the first 
 reporter of the decisions of the supreme court ; 
 the author of a work on the law of contracts, 
 which is highly commended. 
 
 CHIPMAN, WAHD, chief justice of New Brims- 
 
CHEPMAN. 
 
 CHITTENDEN. 
 
 221 
 
 
 wick from 1834 to 1851, died at St. John Nov. 
 26, 1851, aged 65. A native of X. B., he grad 
 uated at Harvard 1805, and was the son of Ward 
 C., a graduate of 1770. 
 
 CIIISIIOLM, JAMES, died of the yellow fever 
 in Portsmouth, Va., Sept. 15, 1855, aged 39, a 
 graduate at Harvard in 1836. He was a useful 
 Episcopal minister. A memoir by Rev. Mr. 
 Conrad has been published. Boston Advertiser, 
 July 16, 1856. 
 
 CHITTENDEN, THOMAS, first governor of 
 Vermont, died Aug. 24, 1797, aged 67. He was 
 born at East Guilford, Conn., in 1730. His 
 mother was sister of llev. Dr. Johnson. He re 
 ceived a common school education, which at that 
 period contributed but little to the improvement 
 of the mind. Agreeably to the custom of New 
 England, he married early in life, \vhen in his 
 twentieth year, and soon removed to Salisbury. 
 Here he commanded a regiment. He many 
 years represented the town in the general assem 
 bly, and thus acquired that knowledge of public 
 business, which afterward rendered him eminently 
 useful in Vermont. The office of a justice of 
 peace for the county of Litchfield made him ac 
 quainted with the laws of the State, and the 
 manner of carrying them into effect. Though 
 destitute of learning, his good sense, affability, 
 kindness, and integrity gained him the confidence 
 of his fellow-citizens ; and the highest honors, 
 which a retired town could bestow, were given 
 him. His attention was principally directed to 
 agriculture, and he labored personally, in the field. 
 With a numerous and growing family, a mind 
 formed for adventures, and a firmness which noth 
 ing could subdue, he determined to lay a founda 
 tion for the future prosperity of his children by 
 emigrating to the New Hampshire grants, as 
 Vermont was then called. lie accordingly in 
 1774 removed to Williston, on Onion river. An 
 almost trackless wilderness now separated him 
 from his former residence. Here he settled on 
 fine lands, which opened a wide field for industry, 
 and encouraged many new settlers. In the year 
 1776, the troubles occasioned by the war render 
 ing it necessary for him to remove, he purchased 
 an estate in Arlington, and continued in that town 
 until 1787, when he returned to Williston. In 
 the controversy with New York he was a faithful 
 adviser and a strong supporter of the feeble set 
 tlers. During the war of the Revolution, while 
 AVarner, Allen, and many others were in the field, 
 he was assiduously engaged in the council at 
 home, where he rendered essential service to his 
 country. He was a member of the convention 
 which, January 16, 1777, declared Vermont an 
 independent State, and was appointed one of the 
 committee to communicate to Congress the pro 
 ceedings of the inhabitants, and to solicit for their 
 
 district an admission into the union of the Amer 
 ican States. When the powers of government 
 were assumed by this State, and a constitution 
 was established in 1778, the eyes of the freemen 
 were immediately fixed on him as their governor, 
 and in that arduous and difficult office he con 
 tinued, one year only excepted, until his death. 
 
 From the year 1780 till the conclusion of the 
 war, during a period in which the situation of 
 Vermont was peculiarly perplexing, he displayed 
 a consummate policy. The State was not ac 
 knowledged by the congress, and they were con 
 tending on the one hand for independence, and 
 on the other hand they were threatened by the 
 British forces from Canada. A little manage 
 ment was necessary to promote the interests of 
 this district. A correspordence was opened with 
 the enemy, who were flattered for several years 
 with the belief that the people of Vermont were 
 about to subject themselves to the- king of Eng 
 land ; and thus a meditated invasion of the terri 
 tory was averted, and the prisoners were restored. 
 At the same time, the possibility that Vermont 
 would desert the cause of America was held up 
 to congress, and by this means probably the set 
 tlers were not required to submit to the claims of 
 New York. Such was the politic course which he 
 thought it necessary to pursue. He enjoyed very 
 good health until about a year before his death. 
 In Oct., 1796, he took an affecting leave of his 
 compatriots in the general assembly, imploring 
 the benediction of Heaven on them and their 
 constituents. 
 
 Governor Chittenden, though an illiterate man, 
 possessed great talents. His discernment was 
 keen, and no person knew better how to effect 
 great designs than himself. Though his open 
 frankness was sometimes abused, yet when secrecy 
 was required in order to accomplish his purposes, 
 no misplaced confidence made them liable to be 
 defeated. His negotiations during the war were 
 master-strokes of policy. He possessed a pecu 
 liar talent in reconciling the jarring interests 
 among the people. The important services which 
 he rendered to his country, and especially to 
 Vermont, make his name worthy of honorable 
 remembrance. He lived to see astonishing 
 changes in the district, which was almost a wilder 
 ness when he first removed to it. Instead of a 
 little band of associates, he could enumerate one 
 hundred thousand persons whose interests were 
 intrusted to his care. He saw them rising supe 
 rior to oppression, braving the horrors of a for 
 eign war, and finally obtaining a recognition of 
 their independence, and an admission into the 
 United States of America. He was conspicuous 
 for his private virtues. In times of scarcity and 
 distress, which are not unfrequent in new settle 
 ments, he displayed a noble liberality of spirit. 
 
222 
 
 CHITTENDEN. 
 
 CHURCH. 
 
 His granary was open to all the needy. He was 
 a professor of religion, believing in the Son, to 
 the glory of God the Father. Several of his let 
 ters to congress and to General Washington were 
 published. Monthly Anthology, I. 490-492; 
 Williams Vermont, 233-277 ; Graham s Sketch 
 of Vermont, 135-137. 
 
 CHITTEXDEX, MARTTX, governor of Ver 
 mont, died Sept. 5, 1840. A graduate of Dart 
 mouth in 1789, he was in congress 1803-13 and 
 governor 1813-14. 
 
 CHOULES, JOHN O., D. 1)., Baptist minister 
 in Newport, died at New York Jan. 5, 1806, 
 aged 55. He edited Xeal s Puritans. 
 
 CHOUTEAU, PIERRE, died at St. Louis July 
 2, 1849, aged 90. He was one of the founders 
 of the city. 
 
 CIIOVET, ABRAHAM, M. D., died at Philadel 
 phia March 24, 1790, aged 86. He came from Ja 
 maica in 1770. He was an eminent physician and 
 anatomist, and was a professor in the college of 
 Philadelphia, for the aid of which he procured sev 
 eral thousand pounds in Jamaica. Good imitations 
 in wax of all parts of the body were made by him. 
 
 CHRISTMAS, JOSEPH S., minister at Mont 
 real, died March 14, 1830, aged 27. When he 
 was in college, he had a passion for painting, to 
 which art he intended to devote his life ; but, be 
 coming religious, he resolved to -be occupied in 
 more important and useful toils. His father was 
 very solicitous that he should be a physician, and 
 made all the arrangements for his entering upon 
 the study of physic. The son was constrained 
 by a sense of religious duty to disappoint the pa 
 ternal hopes. lie studied theology at Princeton. 
 In 1824 he went to Canada and was ordained as 
 the first minister of the American Presbyterian 
 society in Montreal. Here he labored amidst 
 many difficulties with considerable success for 
 upwards of three years, when his ill health com 
 pelled him in 1828 to ask a dismission. In that 
 year he addressed to his people a farewell letter, 
 affectionate, faithful, and able, dated at Danbury, 
 Conn. In 1829 he was called to drink deep in 
 the cup of affliction; for first he lost both his 
 children, and then, Aug. 9th, his wife, Louisa 
 Jones, also died, leaving him singularly desolate 
 in respect to the world, yet joyful in God, his Sav 
 iour. He had the consolation of knowing, that 
 his wife, though through much tribulation, as is 
 usually the lot of the righteous, departed in 
 Christian peace. " O, beware of the world ! " 
 was her counsel. " How deeply am I convinced 
 that the worldly intercourse of professing Chris 
 tians is utterly wrong! It cuts out the very 
 heart of piety. Seek not the things which are 
 your own, but things which are Jesus Christ s." 
 This bereavement was perhaps the means of pre 
 paring him for heavenly bliss. October 14, 1829, 
 
 he was installed the pastor of Bowery church in 
 the city of New York. But here he was allowed 
 to toil in the cause of his Master only a few 
 months ; for after an illness of only three or four 
 days he died. He was a faithful and able preacher 
 of the gospel. Two revivals of religion occurred 
 during his ministry at Montreal. His vigorous 
 intellect and cultivated taste were controlled and 
 directed by ardent piety. While rising high in 
 the public esteem, he was snatched away from his 
 toils. Of his wife an interesting sketch appeared 
 in the New York Observer. His own life was 
 written by Eleazer Lord. lie published Valedic 
 tory admonitions, or a farewell letter to his so 
 ciety in Montreal, 1828. Boston Recorder, Sept. 
 16, 1829. 
 
 CHURCH, BEXJAMIX, distinguished by his ex 
 ploits in the Indian wars of New England, died 
 Jan. 17, 1718, aged 77, at Little Compton. He 
 was born at Duxbury, Mass., in 1639, and was 
 the son of Richard, who came over in 1630 and 
 married Elizabeth, daughter of Richard Warren, 
 who was a carpenter, and with J. Tomson built 
 the first church in Plymouth, dying at Dedhamin 
 1668. Benjamin Church commenced the settle 
 ment at Saconct or Sckonit, since called Little 
 Compton. His life, which was frequently exposed 
 to the greatest dangers, was by Divine Providence 
 remarkably preserved. In the year 1676, when 
 in pursuit of King Philip, he was engaged with 
 the Indians in a swamp. With two men by his 
 side, who were his guard, he met three of the 
 enemy. Each of his men took a prisoner, but 
 the other Indian, who was a stout fellow, with his 
 two locks tied up with red and a great rattle 
 snake s skin hanging from his hair behind, ran 
 into the swamp. Church pursued, and as he ap 
 proached him presented his gun, but it missed 
 fire. The Indian, being equally unsuccessful in 
 his attempt to discharge his gun, turned himself 
 to continue his flight, but his loot was caught in a 
 small grape vine, and he fell on his face. Church 
 instantly struck him with the muzzle of his gun, 
 and dispatched him. Looking about he saw an 
 other Indian rushing towards him with inexpress 
 ible fury; but the fire of his guards preserved 
 him from the danger. After the skirmish his 
 party found they had killed and taken one hun 
 dred and seventy-three men. At night they 
 drove their prisoners into Bridgewater pound, 
 where, having a plenty of provisions, they passed 
 a merry night. Col. Church commanded the 
 party which killed Philip in August, 1676. When 
 it was known that the savage monarch was shot, 
 the whole company gave three loud huzzas. 
 Church ordered him to be beheaded and quar 
 tered, and gave one of his hands to the friendly In 
 dian, who shot him. The government of Plymouth 
 paid thirty shillings a head for the enemies killed 
 
CHURCH. 
 
 or taken, and Philip s head went at the same 
 price. 
 
 In Sept., 1689, he was commissioned by Hink- 
 ley, president of the Plymouth colony, as com- 
 mander-in-chief of an expedition against the 
 Eastern Indians ; and commissioned also by Dan- 
 forth, president of the province of Maine, and by 
 Bradstreet, governor of Massachusetts. He soon 
 embarked and proceeded to Casco with two hun 
 dred and fifty men, partly Saconet and Cape 
 Indians. He arrived at a critical moment, for 
 several hundred French and Indians were then on 
 an island, having come in eighty canoes. The 
 next day he repulsed their attack on the town, 
 with the loss of ten or twelve men. He after 
 wards visited all the garrisons at Black Point, 
 Spurwink, and Blue Point, and went up the Ken- 
 nebec. On the approach of winter he returned 
 to Boston. In May following Casco fell into the 
 hands of the enemy, one hundred persons being 
 captured. The whole country was desolated. 
 
 He proceeded on a second expedition in Sept., 
 1690, and, landing at Maquoit, went to Pegypscot 
 fort, in Brunswick, and thence up the river forty 
 or fifty miles to Amerascogen fort, near the great 
 falls, where he took a few prisoners, and destroyed 
 much corn. He put to death several of the pris 
 oners, women and children, strange as it may 
 seem in the present age, " for an example ! " 
 The wives of Ilakins of Pennacook and of Wor- 
 umbo were spared. He returned to Winter Har 
 bor, and thence went again to Pegypscot plain 
 to obtain a quantity of beaver, hid there. At 
 Perpodack he had an engagement with the Indi 
 ans. In his third expedition in 1692 he accom 
 panied Phipps to Pemaquid. He also went up 
 the Kennebec and destroyed the Indian fort and 
 the corn at Taconoc. In his fourth, in 1696, he 
 went to the Penobscot and to Passamaquoddy. 
 The French houses at Chignecto were burnt; for 
 which he was blamed. He was soon superseded 
 by Col. Hawthorne of Salem. His fifth and last 
 expedition was early in 1704. The burning of 
 Deerfield in Feb., awakened the spirit of this 
 veteran warrior ; and he took his horse and rode 
 seventy miles to offer his services to Gov. Dudley 
 in behalf of his country. He did much damage, 
 in this expedition, to the French and Indians at 
 Penobscot and Passamaquoddy. After Philip s 
 war he lived first at Bristol ; and then at Fall 
 Kiver, now Troy ; and lastly at Saconet. In his 
 old age he was corpulent. A fall from his horse 
 was the cause of his death. lie was buried with 
 military honors. He was a man of integrity and 
 piety. At the gathering of the church in Bristol 
 by Mr. Lee he was a member, and his life was 
 exemplary. His wife, Alice, daughter of Con 
 stant Southworth and Elizabeth Collier, died in 
 1719, aged 71. He had sons Thomas, Constant, 
 Benjamin, and Edward ; and of his descendants, 
 
 CHURCH. 
 
 223 
 
 some lived in Little Compton and Boston. His 
 son Thomas compiled from his minutes and under 
 his direction a history of Philip s war, which waa 
 published in 1716; a 2d edition, 1772; a 4th, 
 with notes, by S. G. Drake, 1827. Church s 
 Narrative ; Account of Chw ch annexed to it ; 
 Holmes. 
 
 CHURCH, BENJAMIN, a physician in Boston, 
 regarded as a traitor to his country, was grad 
 uated at Harvard college in 1754, and having 
 studied with Dr. Pynchon, rose to considerable 
 eminence as a physician and particularly as a sur 
 geon. He had talents, genius, and a poetic fancy. 
 About the year 1768 he built him an elegant 
 house at Raynham, on the side of Nippahonsit 
 pond, allured perhaps by the pleasures of fishing. 
 Perhaps it was thus that he created a pecuniary 
 embarrassment, which led to his defection from 
 the cause of his country. In the earnest discus 
 sions, which preceded the war of the Revolution, 
 he was a zealous whig and the associate of the 
 principal whigs in Boston. In 1774 he was a 
 member of the provincial congress, and was sus 
 pected of communicating intelligence to Gov. 
 Gage and of receiving a reward of his treachery. 
 One of his students, who kept his books, and 
 knew his embarrassment, could not otherwise 
 account for his sudden acquisition of some hun 
 dreds of " new British guineas." In Boston he 
 was in frequent intercourse with Capt. Price, a 
 half-pay British officer, and with Robinson, one 
 of the commissioners. A few days after the 
 battle of Lexington in April, 1775, when he was 
 at Cambridge with the committee of safety, he 
 suddenly declared his resolution to go into Bos 
 ton the next day: he went to the house of Gen. 
 Gage. At length his treachery was detected. A 
 letter, written in cipher, to his brother in Boston, 
 was intrusted by him to a young woman, with 
 whom he was living in crime. The mysterious 
 letter was found upon her; but, the doctor having 
 opportunity to speak to her, it was only by the 
 force of threats that the name of the writer was 
 extorted from her. When Gen. Washington 
 charged him with his baseness, he never at 
 tempted to vindicate himself. He was convicted 
 by court martial Oct. 3, of which Washington 
 was president, " of holding a criminal corres 
 pondence with the enemy." He was imprisoned 
 at Cambridge. Oct. 27, he was called to the bar 
 of the house of representatives and examined. 
 His defence was very ingenious and able : that 
 the letter was designed for his brother, but that, 
 not being sent, he had communicated no intelli 
 gence ; that there was nothing in the letter but 
 notorious facts ; that his exaggerations of the 
 American force could only be designed to favor 
 the cause of his country; and that his object was 
 purely patriotic. He added : " The warmest 
 bosom here does not flame with a brighter zeal 
 
224 
 
 CHURCH. 
 
 CLAIR. 
 
 for the security, happiness, and liberties of Amer 
 ica, than mine." His eloquent professions did 
 not avail him. He was expelled from the house ; 
 and congress afterwards resolved, that he should 
 be confined in jail in Connecticut and " debarred 
 the use of pen, ink, and paper." In 1776 he 
 was released and allowed to sail for the West 
 Indies ; but the vessel was never again heard of. 
 His own well-written account of his examination 
 and defence is in the first vol. of Historical Col 
 lections. It is very possible, that his sole motive 
 was the supply of his pecuniary wants, occa 
 sioned by his extravagance, and that he communi 
 cated nothing very injurious to his country ; but, 
 that he held correspondence with the enemy, 
 there can hardly be a doubt, Nor is the patriot 
 ism of any man to be trusted, who lives in the 
 flagrant violation of the rules of morality. 
 
 He was the best of the poetic contributors to 
 the " Pietas et Gratulatio Cantabrigiensis apud 
 Novanglos," on the accession of George III., 4to., 
 106 pages. Among the other writers were Sam. 
 Cooper, Judge Lowell, and Stephen Sewall. He 
 published also an elegy on the times, 1765 ; elegy 
 on Dr. Mayhew, 1766; elegy on the death of 
 Whitefield, 1770; oration on the 5th March, 1773. 
 Gordon, II. 134; Hist. Coll. I. 84; V. 106; 
 Eliot ; Thacher s Med. Biog. 
 
 CHURCH, JOHN II., D. D., died at Pelham, 
 N. H., June 13, 1840, aged 68. Born in Rut 
 land, he was a graduate of Harvard in 1797, 
 and was for forty years a useful minister and an 
 able counsellor in the churches. Out of a salary 
 of 100 pounds he gave annually 50 dollars to 
 charitable objects. He published a sermon on the 
 settlement of N. E., 1810; one before the pasto 
 ral association, 1829. Boston Recorder, July 
 10, Aug. 28. 
 
 CHURCH, EDWARD, died in Lexington, Ivy., 
 April 22, 1845, of inflammation of the lungs, aged 
 66 ; a native of Boston and descendant of Capt. 
 Church of the war with King Philip. He left Bos 
 ton when a child, was educated in England, and 
 was the first to establish steamboats in France, 
 Germany, and Italy. He lived during some of 
 his last years in Northampton. 
 
 CHURCH, SAMUEL, chief justice of Conn., was 
 born in Salisbury in Feb., 1785, graduated at 
 Yale in 1803, and died at Newtown Sept. 12, 
 1854, aged 69. A lawyer in his native town, he 
 was a representative, senator, and judge of pro 
 bate ; in 1833 a judge of the superior court; in 
 1847 chief justice. He had removed to Litch- 
 field in 1845. He was distinguished as a jurist, 
 and honored as a Christian. H. Waite was his 
 successor. He died at the house of his son-in- 
 law, Rev. Mr. Stone. He published an address 
 at Salisbury centennial jubilee, 1841. 
 
 CHURCHILL, SILAS, minister of New Leb 
 anon, N. Y., died March 1, 1854, aged 84. He 
 
 was an excellent pastor from 1776 for forty-two 
 years. 
 
 CHURCHMAN, JOHN, a Quaker and a native 
 of Maryland, published a magnetic atlas and ex 
 planation, Philadelphia, 1790 ; also, at London, 
 magnetic atlas, or variation charts of the globe. 
 He died at sea July 24, 1805. Lord s Lemp. 
 
 CILLEY, JOSEPH, general, an officer of the 
 Revolution, died in Aug., 1799, aged 64. He 
 was born at Nottingham, N. II., in 1745, of which 
 place his father, Capt. Joseph C., was one of the 
 first settlers in 1727. With but little education 
 he became a self-taught lawyer, in consequence 
 of living amongst a litigious people. Early in 
 1775, before the war, he with other patriots dis 
 mantled the fort at Portsmouth and removed the 
 cannon. Immediately after the battle of Lexing 
 ton he marched at the head of one hundred vol 
 unteers. Congress nominated him a major in the 
 army in May, 1775, and afterwards colonel. At 
 Ticonderoga he commanded a regiment in July, 
 1777. He fought at the storming of Stony Point 
 under Wayne, and at Monmouth. After the war 
 he was appointed first major-general of the mili 
 tia, June 22, 1786; and he served the State in 
 various departments of the government. From 
 this time he advised the people to compromise 
 their law-suits. He was a man of temperance, 
 economy, and great industry. His judgment was 
 sound. With strong passions he was yet frank 
 and humane. In politics he was a decided repub 
 lican, a supporter of the administration of Mr. 
 Jefferson. Belknap, I. 370. 
 
 CLAGETT, HENRY, l)r., died in Leesburg, Va., 
 May 20, 1842, aged 70, a distinguished physician. 
 
 CLAIBORNE, WILLIAM C. C., governor of 
 Mississippi and Louisiana, died at New Orleans 
 Nov. 23, 1817. He was born in Virginia in 1773, 
 and was probably a descendant of Wm. C., an 
 early settler in Virginia and distinguished in the 
 history of that colony from about 1630 to 1651. 
 Being bred a lawyer, he settled in Tennessee, 
 He assisted in forming the constitution of the 
 State in 1796, and was afterwards a member of 
 congress. His appointment of governor of the 
 Mississippi Territory he received from Mr. Jeffer 
 son in 1802, in the place of Sargeant. After the 
 purchase of Louisiana he was appointed in 1804 
 its governor ; and to that office, under the consti 
 tution, he was also chosen by the people from 
 1812 to 1816. James Villere succeeded him. 
 Elected a senator of the U. S., he did not live to 
 take his seat. As chief magistrate he was up 
 right and popular, and esteemed in private life. 
 Salem Reg. ; Lord s Lempr. 
 
 CLAIR, ARTHUR ST., general, died at Laurel 
 Hill, Pennsylvania, Aug. 31, 1818, aged 84. He 
 was born at Edinburgh, and came to this country 
 with Admiral Boscawen in 1755. He served as a 
 lieutenant under Wolfe. After the peace he was 
 
CLAIR. 
 
 CLAP. 
 
 225 
 
 intrusted with the command of fort Ligonier in 
 Pennsylvania. Here he settled as a citizen. In 
 t!\c Revolutionary war he espoused the American 
 cause. In 177G he accompanied the troops to 
 Canada, and afterwards was in the battle of Tren 
 ton. He was appointed by congress brigadier- 
 general in Aug., 1776, and major-general Feb. 
 19, 1777. Commanding at Ticonderoga, when 
 Burgoyne approached, he evacuated that post 
 July 6, 1777. A court of inquiry honorably ac 
 quitted him of charges of cowardice and treachery. 
 He had not troops enough to man the lines. Had 
 he listened to the counsels of rash heroes, his 
 army would have been sacrificed. He afterwards 
 joined the army of Greene at the south. On the 
 occurrence of peace he returned to Pennsylvania, 
 from which State he was sent a delegate to con 
 gress in 1784. In 1787 he was chosen president 
 of congress. Of the territory northwest of the 
 Ohio he was appointed governor in Oct., 1789, 
 and held the place till 1802. In 1791 he was 
 appointed commander-in-chief of the forces, to 
 be employed against the Indians. lie proceeded 
 to the neighborhood of the Miami villages and en 
 camped, Nov. 3, with fourteen hundred men. The 
 next morning, soon after the men were dismissed 
 from the parade, the Indians commenced the attack 
 and instantly put to flight the militia, who were 
 encamped a little in advance. The regular troops 
 fought bravely several hours, repeatedly charging 
 with the bayonet ; but the Indians still poured in 
 a deadly fire. Several officers had fallen, among 
 whom was Gen. Butler and Maj. Ferguson; half 
 the army had been killed or wounded ; and the 
 terror became so great, that St. Clair found it 
 necessary to retreat. They were pursued only 
 four miles, -when the Indians returned to plunder 
 the camp ; but the troops fled precipitately thirty 
 miles, and then continued the retreat to fort 
 Washington. The loss was thirty-eight officers 
 killed and five hundred and ninety-three men, 
 twenty-one officers wounded and two hundred and 
 forty-two men. The Indian force was supposed 
 to be from one thousand to fifteen hundred. The 
 Indians said they had four thousand men and lost 
 fifty-six. There was no ground of censure on St. 
 Clair for this defeat. He was ready for the at 
 tack. Eight balls passed through his clothes. 
 The next year he resigned his military commis 
 sion, and Gen. Wayne succeeded him. 
 
 Ohio was erected into an independent State in 
 1802. As the election of governor approached, 
 in an address to the people, Dec. 8, 1802, St. 
 Clair declined being a candidate for governor. 
 He said that for fourteen years, since the first in 
 stitution of the territorial government, in which 
 lived only thirty men, he had endeavored to ex 
 tend the liberty and promote the happiness of 
 the people, neglecting his own private affairs. He 
 reprobated the act of congress, imposing certain 
 29 
 
 conditions, as allowing but one member of con 
 gress, and called upon the people to make a con 
 stitution in their own way, and to imitate the 
 spirit of Vermont. This address was probably 
 offensive to Mr. Jefferson, who removed him from 
 his office of territorial governor. 
 
 By a statement made in 1820, it appears that 
 St. Clair advanced in Oct., 1776, to Maj. Wm. 
 Butler, of the Pennsylvania troops, 1800 dollars, 
 to aid in the re-enlistment of soldiers. This 
 claim was barred by the statute ; but it was ad 
 justed in 1817 by the payment only of 2000 dol 
 lars, on condition of releasing congress from all 
 claims. The penniless general submitted. There 
 was granted him also the half-pay of a major- 
 general, or 60 dollars per month, which he en 
 joyed but a short time, being then eighty-three 
 years old. The annuity of 2500 dollars for life to 
 Baron Steubcn, and the payments to the daughters 
 of Count de Grasse and to Lady Stirling, were 
 honorable to congress. An obelisk monument 
 was erected to his memory by the masonic society, 
 in 1832, at Greensburg, Penn., over his remains. 
 New York Spectator, Jan. 26, 1803; Lord s 
 Lcmpr. 
 
 CLAP, ROGER, one of the first settlers of Dor 
 chester, Mass., died in Boston Feb. 2, 1691, aged 
 81. He was born in England April G, 1609, and 
 came to this country with Warham and Maverick 
 in 1630. At this time there were only a few set 
 tlers at Plymouth, Salem, andCharlestown. Mr. 
 Clap, with others of the company, began a plan 
 tation at Dorchester. The hardships endured at 
 first were very considerable, as there was a great 
 want of the necessaries of life; the Indians, how 
 ever, who brought baskets of corn for traffic, 
 afforded great assistance. The people were glad 
 to procure clams, and muscles, and fish ; and often 
 they had nothing but samp, or hominy. Mr. 
 Clap sustained several civil and military offices. 
 He was a representative of the town, and in August, 
 1665, he was appointed by the general court the 
 captain of castle William. This trust he dis 
 charged with great fidelity, and continued in 
 command till 1686, when he resigned. During 
 his residence at the castle he officiated as chap 
 lain, always calling in the soldiers to family 
 prayer. He constantly attended the lectures in 
 Boston. While he was remarkably pious, very 
 meek and humble, and of a quiet and peaceable 
 spirit, there was a dignity in liis deportment 
 which commanded respect. He possessed also a 
 pleasant and cheerful disposition. In 1686 he 
 removed from the castle into Boston. Among 
 his sons are the names of Preserved, Hopestill, 
 and Desire, and one of his daughters was named 
 Wait. Mr. Preserved Clap was one of the c-arlv 
 settlers of Northampton, and died Sept. 20, 1720, 
 aged about 77 years. Capt. Clap wrote memoirs 
 of himself, in which he gives a sketch of the early 
 
226 
 
 CLAP. 
 
 CLAP. 
 
 history of New England, and leaves some excel 
 lent advice to his descendants. These memoirs 
 were published in a small pamphlet by Mr. 
 Prince in 1731, and they were republished in 
 1807, Avith an appendix by James Blake. Clap s 
 Memoirs; Coll. Hist. Soc. IX. 149, 150. 
 
 CLAP, NATHANIEL, minister of Newport, JL I., 
 died Oct. 30, 17-45, aged 77. He was the son 
 of Nathaniel Clap and grandson of Deacon Nich 
 olas C., a settler of Dorchester in 1G36. He was 
 born Jan., 1GG8, and was graduated at Harvard 
 college in 1690. In 1695 he began to preach at 
 Newport ; and he continued his labors under 
 many discouragements till a church was formed, 
 of which he was ordained pastor Nov. 3, 1720. 
 In a few years, however, a popular young man, 
 whom he disapproved, drew away a majority of 
 his people ; in consequence of which a new church 
 was formed, of which Mr. Clap was the pastor 
 for the remainder of his life. He preached in 
 Newport nearly fifty years. In 1740, when Mr. 
 Whitefield arrived at Newport from Charleston, 
 he called upon Mr. Clap, and he speaks of him 
 as the most venerable man he ever saw. " He 
 looked like a good old Puritan, and gave me an 
 idea of what stamp those men were who first set 
 tled New England. His countenance was very 
 heavenly, and he prayed most affectionately for 
 a blessing on my coming to Rhode Island. I 
 could not but think that I was sitting with one of 
 the patriarchs. He is full of days, a bachelor, 
 and has been a minister of a congregation in 
 Ilhode Island upwards of forty years." Dean 
 Berkley, who esteemed him highly for his good 
 deeds, said : "Before I saw father Clap, I thought 
 the bishop of Home had the gravest aspect of 
 any man I ever saw ; but really the minister of 
 Newport has the most venerable appearance." 
 His colleague, Jonathan Helyer, who was or 
 dained June 20, 1744, died a few months before 
 him, May 27, 1745. 
 
 Mr. Clap was eminent for sanctity, piety, and 
 an ardent desire to promote true godliness in 
 others. The powers of his mind and his learning 
 were above the common level, but he made no 
 attempt to display himself and attract attention. 
 Though he had some singularities, yet his zeal to 
 promote the knowledge of Jesus Christ and the 
 interests of his gospel spread a lustre over all his 
 character. He was zealously attached to what he 
 considered the true doctrines of grace, and to 
 the forms of worship which he believed to be of 
 Divine institution ; but his charity embraced good 
 men of all denominations. lie had little value 
 for merely speculative, local, nominal Christianity, 
 and a form of godliness without its power. He 
 insisted chiefly upon that faith by which we are 
 justified and have peace with God through our 
 Lord Jesus, and that repentance toward God and 
 new obedience, which are the necessary effect and 
 
 evidence of regeneration, and the proper exercise 
 of Christianity. In his preaching he dwelt much 
 upon the evil of sin and the worth of the soul, 
 the influence of the Divine Spirit in restoring us 
 to the image of God, and the necessity of constant 
 piety and devotion. He addressed his brethren 
 with the affectionate earnestness which a regard 
 to their welfare and a full conviction of the great 
 truths of the gospel could not but inspire. He 
 abounded in acts of charity, being the father and 
 guardian of the poor and necessitous, and giving 
 away all his h ving. He scattered many little 
 books of piety and virtue, and put himself to 
 very considerable expense, that he might in this 
 way awaken the careless, instruct the ignorant, 
 encourage the servants of Christ, and save the 
 sinner from death. He was remarkable for his 
 care with regard to the education of children, and 
 his concern for the instruction of servants. He 
 knew by experience the advantages of a pious 
 education, and, fully aware of the consequences 
 of suffering the youthful mind to be undirected to 
 what is good, he gave much of his attention to 
 the lambs of his flock. His benevolent labors 
 also extended to the humble and numerous class 
 of slaves, to whom he endeavored with unwearied 
 care to impart the knowledge of the gospel. 
 Thus evincing the reality of his religion by the 
 purity and benevolence of his life, he was an 
 honor to the cause of the Redeemer, in which 
 he was engaged. He departed this life in peace, 
 without those raptures which some express, but 
 with perfect resignation to the will of God and 
 with confidence in Jesus Christ, who was the sum 
 of his doctrine and the end of his conversation. 
 He published advice to children, 1691 ; a sermon 
 on the Lord s voice crying to the people in some 
 extraordinary dispensations, 1715. Cullender s 
 Funeral Sermon; Hist. Coll. IX. 182, 183 ; Baclc- 
 us Abridym. 157, 168; Whitefield s Journal of 
 1749; 39-45; Eliot. 
 
 CLAP, THOMAS, president of Yale college, died 
 at New Haven Jan. 7, 1767, aged 63. He was 
 born at Scituate, Mass., June 26, 1703, the son of 
 Stephen, and was graduated at Harvard college 
 in 1722. He was the descendant of Thomas 
 Clap, the brother of Nicholas Clap of Dorchester, 
 who died at Scituate in 1684 ; the early impres 
 sions, made upon his mind by Divine grace, in 
 clined him to the study of divinity. He was set 
 tled in the ministry at Windham, Conn., Aug. 3, 
 1726, the successor of Samuel Whiting, whose 
 daughter he married. His second wife was 
 Mary, daughter of John Haynes, and widow of 
 Itosewell Saltonstall ; he married her in 1741. 
 From this place he was removed in 1739 to the 
 presidentship of Yale college, as successor of E. 
 Williams. This office he resigned Sept. 10, 1766. 
 He was succeeded by Dr. Daggctt, In his last 
 years a clamor was raised against him : it was 
 
CLAP. 
 
 represented that he was attached to antiquated 
 notions and averse to improvements in education. 
 Men less evangelical than he in their religious 
 views were his enemies. He possessed strong 
 powers of mind, a clear perception, and solid 
 judgment. Though not very eminent for classi 
 cal learning, he had a competent knowledge of 
 Latin, Greek, and Hebrew. In the higher 
 branches of mathematics, in astronomy, and in 
 the various departments of natural philosophy he 
 had probably no equal in America, excepting 
 Prof. Winthrop of Cambridge. He appears to 
 have been extensively and profoundly acquainted 
 with history, theology, moral pliilosophy, the can 
 on and civil law, and with most of the objects of 
 study in his time. The labors of his office left a 
 most contemplative mind only a few hours for 
 reading; but he employed what time he could 
 devote to study, in a most advantageous method. 
 He always pursued his researches systematically, 
 with an arrangement which had respect to some 
 whole. A large library before him he treated as 
 a collection of reports, books delivering the 
 knowledge and reasonings of the learned world 
 on all subjects of literature. He seldom read a 
 volume through in course. Having previously 
 settled in his mind the particular subjects to be 
 examined, he had recourse directly to the book, 
 or the parts of a book, which would give him the 
 desired information, generally passing by what did 
 not relate to the object of his inquiry, however at 
 tracting and interesting. He thus amassed and 
 digested a valuable treasure of erudition, having 
 investigated almost all the principal subjects in the 
 whole circle of literature. He was indefatigable 
 in labors both secular and scientific for the insti 
 tution over which he presided. He was the 
 means of building a college edifice and chapel ; 
 and he gave frequent public dissertations in the 
 various departments of learning. 
 
 As a preacher he was solid, grave, and powerful ; 
 not so much delighting by a ilorid manner, as im 
 pressing by the weight of his matter. His reli 
 gious sentiments accorded with the Calvinism of 
 the Westminister Assembly. He had thoroughly 
 studied the Scriptures, and had read the most 
 eminent divines of the two preceding centuries. 
 Though in his person he was not tall, he yet ap 
 peared rather bulky. His aspect was light, placid, 
 and contemplative; andhewas acalm andjudicious 
 man, who had the entire command of his passions. 
 Intent on being useful, he was economical and 
 lived by rule, and was a rare pattern of industry. 
 He had no fondness for parade. As he was ex 
 emplary for piety in life, so he was resigned and 
 peaceful at the hour of death. When some one 
 in his last illness observed to him, that he was 
 dangerously sick, he replied that a person was 
 not in a dangerous situation who was approaching 
 the end of his toils. By some means he acquired 
 
 CLARK. 
 
 227 
 
 a prejudice against Mr. Whitefield. He was ap 
 prehensive, that it was the design of that eloquent 
 preacher to break down our churches, and to in 
 troduce ministers from Scotland and Ireland. He 
 therefore opposed him, though it is believed that 
 they did not differ much in their religious senti 
 ments. He had a controversy with Mr. Edwards 
 of Northampton respecting a conversation which 
 passed between them in reference to Mr.Whiteneld. 
 lie seems to have misapprehended Mr. Edwards. 
 Mr. Clap constructed the first orrery, or planet 
 arium, made in America. His manuscripts were 
 plundered in the expedition against New Haven 
 under Gen. Tyron. He had made collections of 
 materials for a history of Connecticut. He pub 
 lished a sermon at the ordination of Ephraim 
 Little, Colchester, Sept. 20, 1732; letter to Mr. 
 Edwards, respecting Mr. Whitefield s design, 1745 ; 
 the religious constitution of colleges, 1754; a brief 
 history and vindication of the doctrines, received 
 and established in the churches of New England, 
 with a specimen of the new scheme of religion, 
 beginning to prevail, 1755; this scheme he col 
 lects from the writings of Chubb, Taylor, Foster, 
 Hutcheson, Campbell, and Ramsay ; and in op 
 posing it he vindicates the use of creeds, and con 
 tends for the doctrines of the Divinity and satis 
 faction of Christ, original sin, the necessity of 
 special grace in regeneration, and justification by 
 faith. He published also an essay on the nature 
 and foundation of moral virtue and obligation, 
 1765 ; a history of Yale college, 1766 ; and con 
 jectures upon the nature and motion of meteors 
 which are above the atmosphere, 1781. Holmes 
 Life of Stiles, 263, 393-396; Annals, II. 151; 
 Miller, n. 360 ; Daygett s Funeral Sermon ; 
 Hist. Tale Coll 
 
 CLAPP, ASA, died in Portland May 17, 1848, 
 aged 86 ; a successful merchant, regarded as the 
 richest man in Maine. Judge Woodbury married 
 his daughter. His life, by J. A. Lowell, is in 
 Lives of American merchants. 
 
 CLAPP, PIIEBE, widow of Benjamin, died in 
 Easthampton May 30, 1847, aged 97. There fol 
 lowed her to the grave, fifteen children, of whom 
 thirteen were heads of families, one a daughter 
 79 years old. She had seventy grand-children 
 and seventy grcat-grand-children. She was one 
 of the seventy-three original members of the 
 church sixty-three years before. 
 
 CLARK, Joiix, a physician, died in Boston in 
 1664, aged 66. He was born in England, came 
 to Newbury in 1638, and lived there till 1651, 
 when he removed to Boston. His picture, with 
 appropriate symbols of his profession, is in the 
 Massachusetts historical society library ; a print 
 in Coffin s history of Newbury. 
 
 CLARK, Joiix, a physician in Boston, was the 
 eldest son of John C., a physician, who died in 
 1690, and the grandson of John C., also a physi- 
 
228 
 
 CLARK. 
 
 CLAHK. 
 
 clan, who arrived in this country about 1650. He 
 was graduated at Harvard college in 1687. For 
 several years he was the speaker of the house of 
 representatives, and a member of the council. In 
 the controversy with Shute he was a strong oppo 
 nent. He died Dec. 6, 1728, aged 59. His third 
 wife, Sarah Leverett, survived him and married 
 Dr. Colman. His son John, a physician in Bos 
 ton, died April 6, 1768, aged 69, being the father 
 of Elizabeth, the wife of Dr. Mayhew, and the 
 father of John Clark, also a physician, who died 
 in 1788. This last was the father of John, a phy 
 sician, who died at Weston, April, 1805, aged 27, 
 leaving no male issue. Thacher s Med. Biog. 
 
 CLARK, DANIEL, the head of the families of 
 Clarks, died at Windsor, Ct., of which he was an 
 early settler, Aug. 12, 17 10, aged 87. His wife, by 
 whom he had ten children, was Mary Newberry, 
 daughter of Thomas of Dorchester. He was an 
 attorney and a magistrate. As the town of 
 Windsor had a " great pew," which was wain- 
 scotted, for the sitting of the magistrates, the town 
 appointed him to sit in that pew. Goodwin 
 gives the names of two hundred and twenty- 
 three of his descendants. 
 
 CLARK, PETER, minister of Danvers, Mass., 
 was graduated at Harvard college in 1712, and was 
 ordained pastor of the first church in Salem village, 
 now Danvers, June 5, 1717. Here he continued 
 more than half a century. He died June 10, 
 1768, aged 75. He was highly respected as a 
 minister of the gospel, and there were few who 
 were more universally venerated. He was very 
 plain and faithful in his admonitions, and he ap 
 plied himself diligently to sacred studies. Pos 
 sessing an inquisitive genius, he read all the 
 modern books of any note which came in his 
 way. By conversing much with some of the best 
 and most celebrated, he had formed a style some 
 what superior to that of most of his contempo 
 raries. He was warmly attached to the senti 
 ments generally embraced in the New England 
 churches. He published a sermon at the ordina 
 tion of W. Jennison, Salem, 1728; two letters on 
 baptism, 1732; the necessity and efficacy of the 
 grace of God in the conversion of the sinner, 
 1734; at the artillery election, 1736; at the 
 election, 1739; at a fast, occasioned by the war, 
 Feb. 26, 1741 ; before the annual convention of 
 ministers, 1745 ; a defence of the divine right 
 of infant baptism, 8vo. 1752; spiritual fortitude 
 recommended to young men, 1757 ; the Scripture 
 doctrine of original sin stated and defended in 
 a summer morning s conversation, 1758; this was 
 in answer to the "winter evening s conversa 
 tion ; " a defence of the principles of the sum 
 mer morning s conversation, 1760; a Dudleian 
 lecture, 1763. Barnard s Fun. Serm. 
 
 CLARK, ABRAHAM, a patriot of the Revolu 
 tion, was born Feb. 5, 1726, at Elizabethtown, 
 
 New Jersey, and was bred a farmer, but gave his 
 chief attention to surveying, conveyancing, and 
 the imparting of gratuitous legal advice to his 
 neighbors. Being appointed a member of con 
 gress, he voted for the Declaiation of Independ 
 ence and affixed his name to that instrument. After 
 the adoption of the constitution he was chosen a 
 member of the second congress. He died in con 
 sequence of a stroke of the sun, in Sept., 1794, 
 aged 67, and was buried at Rahway. During the 
 war several of his sons, officers in the army, fell 
 into the hands of the enemy and were shut up in 
 the memorable prison-ship Jersey. The suffer 
 ings of one of them were such, that congress 
 ordered a retaliation. Goodrich s Lives ; Biog. 
 Signers of Dec. Independence. 
 
 CLARK, JONAS, minister of Lexington, Mass., 
 was born at Newton, Dec. 25, 1730, was graduated 
 at Harvard college in 1752, and ordained as suc 
 cessor of Mr. Hancock Nov. 5, 1755. Having 
 through the course of half a century approved 
 himself an able and faithful minister of the gos 
 pel, he died in much peace Nov. 15, 1805, aged 
 74. His daughter, Lydia, wife of Benjamin 
 Greene of Berwick, died in 1830. He was wholly 
 devoted to the duties of his sacred calling. His 
 public discourses consisted not of learned discus 
 sions on speculative or metaphysical subjects, nor 
 yet of dry lectures on heathen morality ; but of 
 the most interesting truths of the gospel, deliv 
 ered with uncommon energy and zeal. In the 
 times preceding the American Revolution he was 
 not behind any of his brethren in giving his influ 
 ence on the side of his country, in opposition to 
 its oppressors. It was but a few rods from his 
 own door, that the first blood was shed in the 
 war. On the morning of April 19, 1775, he saw 
 his parishioners most wantonly murdered. Dur 
 ing the struggle, which then commenced, the 
 anniversary of this outrage was religiously ob 
 served by him and his people. He published a 
 sermon and narrative on Lexington battle, 1776. 
 This was the first anniversary. Successive preach 
 ers on the occasion, whose sermons were pub 
 lished, were S. Cooke, J. Gushing, S. Woodward, 
 J. Morrill, II. Cumings, P. Payson, and Z. Adams. 
 He published also a sermon at the artillery elec 
 tion, 1768; at the election, 1781. Panopl. I. 
 324; Columbian Cent. Dec. 31, 1805. 
 
 CLARK, JAMES, colonel, a descendant of Dan 
 iel, died in Lebanon in 1826, aged 96. An officer 
 in the army, he fought at Bunker Hill. 
 
 CLARK, DANIEL, died in Brooklyn, Conn., 
 April 14, 1854, aged 101. He was born at Chat 
 ham. His father lived to the age of 94; his 
 grandfather to that of 99. The three were dea 
 cons. 
 
 CLARK, JOHN, Dr., died at Utica in 1822, 
 aged nearly 94, a graduate of Yale in 1749. His 
 widow, who died in 1823, aged 92, was Jcrusha, 
 
CLARK. 
 
 CLARKE. 
 
 229 
 
 daughter of Jabcz Huntington, of Windham, and 
 of Elizabeth Edwards, who was the daughter 
 of Rev. Timothy E. They had twelve children. 
 
 CLARK, JABEZ, judge, died at Windham in 
 1836, aged S3. He served in the Revolutionary 
 war in the quartermaster s department, and was 
 judge of the county court. He had ten children. 
 
 CLARK, WILLIAM, governor, died at the resi 
 dence of lu s son, Meriwether L. Clark, in St. 
 Louis, Sept. 1, 1838, aged G8. He arrived at St. 
 Louis in 1803, and with Meriwether Lewis per 
 formed the first journey across the continent to the 
 mouth of the Columbia. After being governor 
 of Missouri he was superintendent of Indian 
 affairs for the west till his death. Well under 
 standing the Indian character, he had their entire 
 confidence. Lewis and Clark s expedition was 
 published in 2 vols., 1814. 
 
 CLARK, DANIEL A., died of apoplexy in New 
 York March 3, 1840, aged CO ; he was buried in 
 New Haven. A native of Rahway, N. J., and a 
 graduate of Princeton in 1808, he was first set 
 tled as a minister near Boston ; afterwards at 
 Bennington, Southbury, and Amherst ; and was 
 known as an able preacher and writer. He pub 
 lished a sermon July 4, 1814; at Amherst, 1820 ; 
 a tract, the rich believer bountiful ; a sermon, the 
 church safe ; and 3 vols. of sermons. Holland s 
 Hist. n. 1G8. 
 
 CLARK, WILLIS GAYLORD, died at Philadel 
 phia in June, 1841, aged 32, editor of the Phila 
 delphia Gazette. He was a poet, and a man of 
 talents, of an amiable and exemplary character. 
 He was born in Otisco, N. Y., to which place his 
 father, Capt. Eliakim Clark, a native of North 
 ampton, Mass., and brother of Bohan C., emi 
 grated. His sister is the wife of Gen. Pomeroy, 
 one of the leaders of the free settlers of Kansas 
 in their struggle against the Missouri ruffians in 
 Nov., 1855. 
 
 CLARK, JOHN A., 1). I)., died Nov. 27, 1843, 
 editor of the Episcopal Recorder. A successful 
 preacher, he toiled in New York, Providence, 
 and Philadelphia. 
 
 CLARK, JOSIAII, minister of Rutland, Mass., 
 died in 184,3, aged GO. A native of Northampton, 
 he graduated at Williams college in 1809, and 
 was for a few years principal of Leicester acad 
 emy, in which station he was highly respected, 
 for he was a scholar, and had ready sympathies 
 and kind feelings, which gained the attachment 
 of his pupils. His son was afterwards preceptor 
 in the English and Latin departments. He was 
 a popular preacher, and in his parish a willing 
 counsellor and faithful friend. Waskburn s 
 Sketch of Leicester Academy. 
 
 CLARK, JOHN, major, died in Powhatan Co., 
 Va., May 17, 1844, aged 78, a Revolutionary sol 
 dier, and a distinguished mechanic, who built the 
 Virginia armory. 
 
 CLARK, EBENEZER, died at Rye, N. Y., Sept. 
 11, 1847, aged 78. In his town he built two 
 churches at his own expense, and liberally con 
 tributed for the continued preaching of the gos 
 pel in both. At his death he manifested a deep 
 humility united with a strong faith and hope. 
 
 CLARK, MARSTON G., general, died in Indi 
 ana July 25, 184G, aged 74, and was one of 
 twenty-nine brothers and two sisters by the same 
 father and mother. He was born in Luncnburgh 
 county in Va. He held various civil and military 
 offices, lie was aid to Harrison in the battle of 
 Tippecanoe, also Indian agent. 
 
 CLARK, JAMES, governor of Iowa, died near 
 Burlington July 28, 1850, aged 38. He pub 
 lished in 1837 the Territorial now State Gazette. 
 He was territorial governor in 1845 and 1846. 
 
 CLARK, ENOCH W., died at Philadelphia in 
 Aug., 1856, leaving 15,000 dollars to several 
 charities. He was formerly of Northampton, 
 and since 1841 had acquired in money and ex 
 change brokerage a million of dollars. 
 
 CLARKE, JOHN, one of the first founders of 
 Rhode Island, died at Newport April 20, 1G7G, 
 aged about 5G. He was a physician in London, 
 before he came to this country. Soon after the 
 first settlement of Massachusetts he was driven 
 from that colony with a number of others, and, 
 March 7, 1638, they formed themselves into a 
 body politic and purchased Aquetncck of the In 
 dian sachems, calling it the Isle of Rhodes, or 
 Rhode Island. The settlement commenced at 
 Pocasset, or Portsmouth. The Indian deed is 
 dated March 24, 1638. Mr. Clarke was soon 
 employed as a preacher, and in 1644 he formed a 
 church at Newport and became its pastor. This 
 was the second Baptist church which was estab 
 lished in America. In 1649 he was an assistant 
 and treasurer of Rhode Island colony. In 1651 
 he went to visit one of his brethren at Lynn, near 
 Boston, and he preached on Sunday, July 20 ; 
 but, before he had completed the services of the 
 forenoon, he was seized, with his friends, by an 
 officer of the government. In the afternoon he 
 was compelled to attend the parish meeting, at 
 the close of which he spoke a few words. July 
 31, he was tried before the court of assistants and 
 fined twenty pounds, in case of failure in the pay 
 ment of which sum he was to be whipped. In 
 passing the sentence Judge Endicot observed : 
 " You secretly insinuate things into those who are 
 weak, which you cannot maintain before our min 
 isters ; you may try and dispute with them." 
 Mr. Clarke accordingly wrote from prison, pro 
 posing a dispute upon the principles which he 
 professed. He represented his principles to be 
 that Jesus Christ had the sole right of prescribing 
 any laws respecting the worship of God, which it 
 was necessary to obey ; that baptism, or dipping 
 in water, was an ordinance to be administered 
 
230 
 
 CLARKE. 
 
 CLARKE. 
 
 only to those who gave some evidence of repent 
 ance towards God and faith in Jesus Christ ; that 
 such visible believers only constituted the church ; 
 that each of them had a right to speak in the 
 congregation, according^ as the Lord had given 
 him talents, cither to make inquiries for his own 
 instruction, or to prophesy for the edification of 
 others, and that at all times and in all places they 
 ought to reprove folly and open their lips to jus 
 tify wisdom ; and that no servant of Jesus Christ 
 had any authority to restrain any fellow servant 
 in his worship, where injury was not offered to 
 others. No dispute, however, occurred, and Mr. 
 Clarke, after paying his fine, was soon released 
 from prison and directed to leave the colony. 
 His companion, Obadiah Holmes, shared a se 
 verer fate ; for, on declining to pay his fine of 
 thirty pounds, which his friends offered to do for 
 him, he was publicly whipped in Boston. 
 
 In 1651 Mr. Clarke was sent to England with 
 Mr. Williams to promote the interests of Rhode 
 Island, and particularly to procure a revocation 
 of Mr. Coddington s commission as governor. 
 Soon after his arrival he published a book, 
 giving an account of the persecutions in New 
 England. In Oct., 1652, the commission of Mr. 
 Coddington was annulled. After the return of 
 Mr. Williams, Mr. Clarke was left behind, and 
 continued in England as agent for the colony, till 
 he obtained the second charter, July 8, 1663, to 
 procure which he mortgaged Iris estate in New 
 port. He returned in 1664, and continued the 
 pastor of his church till his death. Some years 
 passed before he obtained from the assembly a 
 repayment of his expenses during his absence, 
 though a considerable reward was voted him. 
 The Quakers about this time occasioned much 
 trouble in New England, and Mr. Clark and his 
 church were obliged in Oct., 1673, to exclude five 
 persons from their communion for asserting, 
 " that the man Christ Jesus was not now in 
 heaven, nor on earth, nor anywhere else; but 
 that his body was entirely lost." Mr. Clarke died, 
 resigning his soul to his merciful Redeemer, 
 through faith in whose name he enjoyed the hope 
 of a resurrection to eternal life. 
 
 His life was so pure, that he was never accused 
 of any vice which has left a blot on his memory. 
 His sentiments respecting religious toleration did 
 not indeed accord with the sentiments of the age 
 in which he lived, and exposed him to some 
 trouble ; but at the present time they are almost 
 universally embraced. His exertions to promote 
 the civil prosperity of Rhode Island must endear 
 his name to those who are now enjoying the 
 fruits of his labors. He possessed the singular 
 honor of contributing much towards establishing 
 the first government upon the earth which gave 
 equal liberty, civil and religious, to all men living 
 under it. In Maryland, too, during the adminis 
 
 tration of Charles Calvert, appointed governor in 
 1662, an act was passed allowing all Christians to 
 settle in the province. 
 
 He left behind him a writing, which expressed 
 his religious opinions. He believed, that all 
 things, with their causes, effects, circumstances, 
 and manner of being, are decreed by God ; that 
 tin s decree is the determination from eternity of 
 what shall come to pass in time ; that it is most 
 wise, just, necessary, and unchangable, the cause 
 of all good, but not of any sin ; that election is 
 the decree of God, choosing, of his free love, 
 grace, and mercy, some men to faith, holiness, 
 and eternal life; that sin is the effect of man s 
 free will, and condemnation an effect of justice, 
 inflicted upon man for sin and disobedience. It 
 was not in these opinions, but in his sentiments 
 respecting baptism, that he differed from the min 
 isters of Massachusetts. 
 
 In his last will he left his farm in Newport to 
 charitable purposes ; the income of it to be given 
 to the poor and to be employed for the support 
 of learning and religion. It has produced about 
 200 dollars a year, and has thus been promoting 
 the public interests ever since his death. 
 
 The title of the book, which he published in 
 London in 1652, is: 111 news from New England, 
 or a narrative of New England s persecution ; 
 wherein it is declared, that while Old England is 
 becoming New, New England is becoming Old ; 
 also four proposals to parliament and four con 
 clusions, touching the faith and order of the gos 
 pel of Christ, out of his last will and testament, 
 4to., pp. 76. This work was answered by Thomas 
 Cobbett of Lynn. Backus Church Hist, of N. 
 E. in. 227, 228 ; Backus Abridg. 84, 86, 109- 
 116. 
 
 CLARKE, RICHARD, an elegant classical 
 scholar, came to this country from England 
 before the middle of the last century. He was 
 for some time rector of St. Philip s church in 
 Charleston. He returned to England in the year 
 1759, and in 1768 was curate of Cheshunt in 
 Hertfordshire. He published several pieces on 
 the prophecies, and on universal redemption. 
 The following are the titles of them : An essay 
 on the number seven, wherein the duration of 
 the church of Rome and of the Mahometan im 
 posture, the time of the conversion of the Jews, 
 and the year of the world for the millennium and 
 for the first resurrection are attempted to be set 
 tled, 1769; a warning to the world, or the pro 
 phetical numbers of Daniel and John calculated; 
 a second warning to the world, 1762 ; glad tidings 
 to the Jews and Gentiles, 1763 ; the gospel of the 
 daily service of the law preached to the Jew and 
 Gentile, 1768. He seems to have been tinctured 
 with the mystical doctrines of William Law and 
 Jacob Behmen. Miller s Retrospect, II. 365 ; 
 Ramsay s Hist. S. C. II. 452-454. 
 
CLARKE. 
 
 CLARKE, GEORGE ROGERS, general, a Revo 
 lutionary officer, died Feb. 13, 1808, aged 66. 
 lie resided on the western border of Virginia, 
 and had all the hardihood and energy necessary 
 for a soldier. After the massacre at Wyoming in 
 1778 he took the command of a body of troops, 
 designed to operate against the Indians, for the 
 protection of the frontiers. He descended the 
 Monongahela with between two and three 
 hundred men for the purpose of capturing the 
 British post at Kaskaskias, on the Mississippi, 
 whither the Indians were accustomed to resort 
 for the reward of their barbarities. So secret 
 was the approach of Clarke, that the fort and 
 town were taken without the escape of a man to 
 spread the alarm. In this expedition his scanty 
 provisions were consumed, and his men for one or 
 two days subsisted on roots found in the woods. 
 He now mounted a detachment on horses, and 
 reduced three other towns higher up the river, 
 and sent the principal agent of the enemy 
 a prisoner to Virginia. At this period the 
 county of Illinois was organized ; and new troops 
 ordered to be raised for the protection of the 
 west. In the mean time Col. Clarke was in 
 formed that Hamilton, the governor of Detroit, 
 was about to attack him in the spring of 1779 
 and to lay waste the settlements of Kentucky. 
 He resolved therefore to anticipate this move 
 ment, and to surprise the British commander. 
 Having garrisoned Kaskaskias, he proceeded 
 across the country with one hundred and fifty 
 brave companions. When within a few miles 
 of the enemy, he was five days wading, frequently 
 breast-high in water, through the drowned lands 
 of the Wabash. Feb. 23d he came in sight of 
 Vincenncs. The attack was commenced in the 
 evening, and the next day Clarke was in possession 
 of the fort, with Hamilton and the garrison pris 
 oners. He also intercepted a convoy of goods 
 and provisions, coming from Detroit, valued at 
 10,000 pounds, and took forty prisoners at the 
 same time. Hamilton and his officers were sent 
 to Wiiliamsburg. In this year he built fort Jef 
 ferson on the western bank of the Mississippi, 
 below the Ohio. An expedition against Detroit 
 was projected, but not executed. When Arnold 
 invaded Virginia in 1780, Col. Clarke, then at 
 Richmond, joined Baron Stcuben in an expedi 
 tion against the traitor. Being detached with 
 two hundred and forty men, he drew a party of 
 the enemy into an ambuscade, killing and wound 
 ing thirty men. In 1781 he was promoted to 
 the rank of brigadier-general. Being com 
 mander of the post at Kaskaskias, he was re 
 strained to defensive measures, and was obliged 
 to abandon the long meditated project of captur 
 ing Detroit. In Aug., 1782, he was in command 
 at the falls of Ohio. After the war he settled 
 in Kentucky with a small band of associates, and 
 
 CLARKE. 
 
 231 
 
 was regarded by his fellow-citizens as the protec 
 tor and father of the western country. John 
 Randolph called him the American Hannibal, 
 who, by the reduction of Vincenncs, obtained the 
 lakes for the northern boundary at the peace of 
 Paris. He died at Locust Grove, near Louisville. 
 It is related in the Notes of an old officer, that 
 at the treaty of fort Washington, where the 
 troops were only seventy men, all the Indians in 
 council appeared peaceable, excepting three 
 hundred iShawahanees, whose chief made a 
 boisterous speech, and then placed on the table 
 his belt of black and white wampum, to intimate 
 that he was prepared for either peace or war, 
 while his three hundred savages applauded him 
 by a whoop. At the table sat Commissary-gen 
 eral Clarke and Gen. Richard Butler. Clarke 
 with his cane coolly pushed the wampum from 
 the table ; then rising, as the savages muttered 
 their indignation, he trampled on the belt, and 
 with a voice of authority bid them instantly quit 
 the hall. The next day they sued for peace. 
 Marshall, m. 565 ; Jennison, Enc. Amer. 
 
 CLARKE, JOHN, I). I)., minister in Boston, 
 died April 2, 1798, aged 42. He was born at 
 Portsmouth, New Hampshire, April 13, 1755. 
 While a member of Harvard college, at which he 
 was graduated in 1774, he was distinguished by 
 his improvements in literature and science, by a 
 strict obedience to the laws, and by irreproacha 
 ble morals. He afterwards engaged in the 
 instruction of youth ; but in his leisure hours he 
 pursued with assiduity his theological studies. In 
 the office of preceptor he was gentle and persua 
 sive, beloved by his pupils, and esteemed by their 
 friends. He was ordained pastor of the first 
 c hurch in Boston, as colleague with Dr. Chauncy, 
 July 8, 1778. With him he lived in the most 
 intimate and respectful friendship about nine 
 years, and afterwards labored alone in the service 
 of the church, until April 1, 1798, when, as he 
 was addressing his hearers, he was seized by 
 apoplexy and fell down in his pulpit. He expired 
 the next morning. He was of a mild and cheer 
 ful temper, easy and polite in his manners, and 
 endeared to all his acquaintance. Though fond 
 of literary and philosophical researches, he yet 
 considered theology as the proper science of a 
 minister of the gospel. To this object he princi 
 pally devoted his time and studies, and was ear 
 nestly desirous of investigating every branch of 
 it, not merely to gratify curiosity, but that he 
 might be able to impart instruction. He was 
 habitually a close student. His public discourses 
 bore the marks of penetration, judgment, perspi 
 cuity, and elegance. In the private offices of pas 
 toral friendship he was truly exemplary and 
 engaging. In the various relations of life his 
 deportment was marked with carefulness, fidelity, 
 and affection. His successor was W. Emerson. 
 
232 
 
 CLARKE. 
 
 He published the following sermons : on the 
 death of S. Cooper, 1784 ; of C. Chauncy, 1787 ; 
 of X. W. Appleton, 1796; before the humane 
 society, 1793 ; also, an answer to the question, 
 why are you a Christian ? 8vo. 170.3, and several 
 other editions; letters to a student at college, 
 12mo. 1796. After his death a vol. of sermons 
 was published, 1799; and discourses to young 
 persons, 1804. Thaclier s Fun. Ser. ; Hist. Coll. 
 VI. I-IX. 
 
 CLARKE, JABEZ, judge, died at Windham, 
 Conn., Nov. 11, 1836, aged 83; chief justice of 
 the county court. In the Revolutionary war he 
 was quartermaster-general. He was an excel 
 lent citizen and an exemplary Christian. 
 
 CLARKE, JAMES D., died in Newcastle, Penn., 
 Dec. 2, 1854, aged 40, worthy of honorable re 
 membrance for his labors for years as a tract dis 
 tributor. He was qualified for his work, being 
 fluent, entertaining, affectionate, earnest, fervent 
 in his addresses, going into ignorant families 
 and melting the occupants into tears. 
 
 CLARKE, JAMES, died at Burlington, Iowa, 
 July 28, 1850, editor of the Iowa Gazette. He 
 had been governor of the State. 
 
 CLARKE, MATTHEW ST. CLAIR, died at Wash 
 ington May 6, 1852, aged 59 ; many years clerk 
 of the house of representatives, and auditor of the 
 treasury ; highly respected. 
 
 CLARKE, Dr. TIIADDEUS, died at New Brigh 
 ton, Pa., Feb. 15, 1854, aged 83. He was a de 
 scendant of President Edwards, and imbibed his 
 faith, and was a man of piety and benevolence. 
 He lived in Lebanon till 1821; then removed to 
 Pompcy, N. Y.; and thence in 1843 to New 
 Brighton for the sake of a more favorable climate-: 
 
 o 
 
 in all these places he was an eminent physician. 
 In his last hours the songs of Zion as sung by his 
 daughter-in-law refreshed him : " Jerusalem, my 
 happy home," etc. For more than fifty years he 
 was a Christian professor. He had eleven chil 
 dren. His daughter, Sarah Jane, born in 1823, 
 in Pompey, N. Y., known as a writer with the 
 signature of " Grace Greenwood," married Mr. 
 Lippincott, of Philadelphia. 
 
 CLARKSON, GERARDUS, M. D., an eminent 
 physician of Philadelphia, was the son of Matthew 
 C., a merchant of New York, who died in 1770, 
 and a descendant of David C., an English non- 
 conforming minister of distinction, who died in 
 1686. Dr. Clarkson was a practitioner as early 
 as 1774, and he died Sept. 19, 1790, aged 53. 
 Rev. Dr. Finley married his sister in 1761. 
 John Swanwick wrote a poem on his death. 
 
 CLARKSON, MATTHEW, general, a soldier of 
 the Revolution, was distinguished in the war of 
 Independence for his courage, talents, and integ 
 rity. He acted as aid-de-camp to Gen. Gates in 
 the battle of Stillwater, in which, as he was car- 
 
 CLAY. 
 
 rying an order to the officer of the left wing, by 
 passing in front of the American line when en 
 gaged, he received a severe wound in his neck. 
 In his last years he was vice-president of the 
 American bible society, and much of his time 
 was devoted to the meetings of the managers. 
 He died at New York, after an illness of five days, 
 April 22, 1825, aged 66 years. Amiable, frank, 
 affectionate, pure, and beneficent, his character 
 was crowned by an exalted piety. 
 
 CLAVIGERO, ABBE, was the author of a his 
 tory of Mexico, which was published in 2 vols. 
 4to. London, 1787. 
 
 CLAY, JOSEPH, a judge and a minister, was 
 born at Savannah in 1764, and graduated at 
 Princeton in 1784. His father, Joseph Clay, a 
 Revolutionary patriot and soldier, judge of the 
 county court, and an exemplary Christian, died 
 at Savannah, Dec., 1804, aged 63. He was ap 
 pointed the judge of the district court of Georgia 
 in 1796, and resigned the office in 1801. Becom 
 ing in 1803 a member of the Baptist church in 
 Savannah, he was ordained the next year as col 
 league with Mr. Ilolcombe, the pastor. Having 
 visited New England, he was invited to settle as 
 colleague with Dr. Stillman, a Baptist minister in 
 Boston, and was installed Aug. 19, 1807. In 
 Nov., 1808, he visited Savannah, and, finding his 
 health declining, he asked a dismission from his 
 people. But, anxious to be in the bosom of his 
 family, he returned in 1810 to Boston, where he 
 died Jan. 11, 1811. His daughter married Wil 
 liam R. Gray of Boston. Mr. Clay was highly re 
 spected for his learning, talents, piety, and benevo 
 lence. In college he was the most distinguished of 
 his class. With an ample fortune he yet determined 
 to live a life of toil in the best of causes. The 
 circumstance of his relinquishing the office of a 
 judge for that of a minister probably drew after 
 him some hearers of the legal profession. After 
 hearing him at Providence, Mr. Burrill, a lawyer, 
 exclaimed to a friend, " See what a lawyer can do." 
 The reply was, " See what the grace of God can 
 do with a lawyer." He published his installation 
 sermon, 1807. Benedict, I. 403. 
 
 CLAY, ELIZABETH, mother of Henry, was the 
 daughter of George Hudson of Hanover, Va., 
 born in 1750. In her fifteenth year she married 
 John Clay, a Baptist preacher, and became the 
 mother of eight children. Her second husband 
 was Henry Watkins, by whom also she had eight 
 children. She was a faithful mother, with her 
 hands full. In 1792, Mr. W. removed to Wood- 
 ford county, Ky. She died in 1827, a Baptist 
 professor. In 1848 only two children by each 
 husband survived. Her son, Rev. Porter Clay of 
 Camden, Ark., died 1850, aged 70. 
 
 CLAY, HENRY, died at Washington, June 29, 
 1852, aged 75. He was born April 12, 1777, in 
 Hancock county, Va., the seventh son of Rev. 
 
CLAYl OLE. 
 
 CLAYTON. 
 
 233 
 
 John Clay, a Baptist minister. Admitted to the 
 bar at twenty, he removed to Lexington and soon 
 had extensive practice. In 1808 he was guilty 
 of the folly and wickedness of engaging in a duel 
 with Humphrey Marshall. He was in the senate 
 of the United States in 1806, and again in 1809. 
 In 1811 he was in the house and was chosen 
 speaker. In 1814 he was a commissioner at 
 Ghent. In 1825 lie was secretary of State under 
 Mr. Adams. Again he was chargeable with the 
 madness of fighting a duel; it was with John 
 Randolph. He was re-elected to the senate in 
 1831, also in 1836; but he resigned his seat in 
 1842. He was re-chosen in 1849. Although a 
 slaveholder himself, he said in debate in the 
 senate : "I never can, and never will vote, and no 
 earthly power will ever make me vote, to spread 
 slavery over territory, where it does not exist." 
 The passage of the Missouri compromise was 
 much owing to his efforts ; but he did not live to 
 see its repeal, for the purpose of opening to 
 slavery the immense territory west of Missouri, 
 and this sacrifice of freedom to the slave-power 
 introduced and supported in the senate by a 
 northern aspirant to the presidency, yet a slave 
 holder, as a means of securing to himself the votes 
 of the south. For the office of president, he was 
 a candidate in 1832, and again in 1844; doubt 
 less to such a man it was a deep-felt grief to be 
 defeated. But the race is not to the swift. In ill 
 health he \isited Havana in 1850-51, but with 
 no relief; he returned to Washington, but only to 
 die. The death of three such aspirants to the 
 presidency as Calhoun, Webster, and Clay may 
 well teach the men of like claims what vanities 
 they pursue. He was an earnest supporter of 
 the colonization society. His wife, and three sons 
 of his twelve children, survived him. In person 
 he was tall and slender, and he stooped some 
 what. His countemmce expressed great placidity 
 and suavity ; his manners were somewhat elabo 
 rate ; his eloquence was most varied, energetic, 
 and persuasive. His life and times, in 2 vols. 8vo., 
 second edition, was published by Calvin Colton in 
 1816. 
 
 CLAYFOOLE, David C., an editor, died at 
 Philadelphia in 1849, aged 92, one of the proprie 
 tors of the Pennsylvania Packet and Daily Adver- 
 vertiser, the first daily newspaper, set up in 1775. 
 The firm was Dunlap and C. The paper after 
 wards passed into the hands of Poulson. The 
 records of the debates of congress from 1783 to 
 17!/J are found in his paper. 
 
 CLAYTON, JOHN, an eminent botanist and 
 physician of Virginia, died Dec. 15, 1773, aged 
 87. He was born at Fulham, in Great Bri 
 tain, and came to Virginia with his father in 1705, 
 aged about twenty years. His father was an emi 
 nent lawyer, and was appointed attorney-general 
 of Virginia. Young Clayton was put into the 
 
 30 
 
 office of Peter Beverly, who was clerk or protho- 
 notary for Gloucester county, and, succeeding him 
 in this office, filled it fifty-one years. During the 
 year preceding his decease, such was the vigor of 
 his constitution, even at his advanced period, and 
 such his zeal in botanical researches, that he 
 made a botanical tour through Orange county ; 
 and it is believed that he had visited most of the 
 settled parts of Virginia. His residence was about 
 twenty miles from the city of Williamsburg. His 
 character stands high as a man of integrity, and 
 as a citizen. He was a strict, though not osten 
 tatious, observer of the worship of the church of 
 England, and he seemed constantly piously dis 
 posed. He was heard to say, while examining a 
 flower, that he could not look into one, without 
 seeing the display of infinite power and contriv 
 ance, and that he thought it impossible for a 
 botanist to be an atheist. He was a member of 
 some of the most learned literary societies of Eu 
 rope, and corresponded with Gronovius, Linnaeus, 
 and other able botanists. As a practical bota 
 nist he was perhaps inferior to no botanist of his 
 time. 
 
 He left behind him two volumes of manuscripts, 
 nearly prepared for the press, and a hortus siccus 
 of folio size, with marginal notes and directions 
 for the engraver in preparing the plates for his 
 proposed work. This work, which was in the 
 possession of his son, when the Revolutionary 
 war commenced, was sent to William Clayton, 
 clerk of New Kent, as to a place of security from 
 the invading enemy. It was lodged in the office 
 with the records of the county. An incendiary 
 put a torch to the building; and thus perished 
 not only the records of the county but the labors 
 of Clayton. 
 
 Several of his communications, treating of the 
 culture and different species of tobacco, were 
 published in numbers 201, 204, 205, and 206, of 
 the philosophical transactions; and in number 
 454 is an ample account of medicinal plants, 
 which he had discovered growing in Virginia. 
 He is chiefly known to the learned, especially in 
 Europe, by his Flora Virginica, a work pub 
 lished by Gronovius at Leyden, in Svo., 1739 
 1743, and again in 4to., in 1762. This is fre 
 quently referred to by Linnaeus, and by all the 
 succeeding botanists, who have had occasion to 
 treat of the plants of North America. It is to be 
 regretted, however, that they so frequently refer 
 to the flora as the work of Gronovious, though 
 its greatest value is derived from the masterly 
 descriptions, communicated to the Leyden pro 
 fessor by Mr. Clayton. Barton s Med. and 
 Phys. Journal, II. 139-145 ; Ilces 1 CycL Ameri 
 can edit.; Miller,!. 142; II. 368. 
 
 CLAYTON, JOSHUA, a physician, was the presi 
 dent of Delaware from 1729 to 1793, and gov- 
 j ernor under the present constitution from 1793 to 
 
234 
 
 CLAYTON. 
 
 CLEAYELAND. 
 
 1796, when he was succeeded by G. Bedford. In 
 1793 he was elected to the senate of the United 
 States. He died in 1799. During the war. when 
 the Peruvian bark was scarce, he substituted for 
 it successfully in his practice the poplar, lirioden- 
 dron tulipifera, combined with nearly an equal 
 quantity of the bark of the root of the dogwood, 
 cornus florida, and half the quantity of the inside 
 bark of the white oak tree. ThacJier s Jfed. 
 Biog. 
 
 CLAYTON, THOMAS, judge, died at Newcastle, 
 Aug. 21, 1854, aged 76. He was a senator of. 
 the United States from 1823 to 1826, and from 
 1837 to 1847 ; and chief justice of the Delaware 
 superior court. 
 
 CLEAYELAND, MOSES, the founder of a large 
 family, came from Ispwich. England, a carpenter s 
 apprentice ; became a freeholder in Woburn, 
 Mass., in 1643 : married Ann Winn, 1648, and 
 died in 1702. They had seven sons and three 
 daughters. These all married and all had chil 
 dren. From them are doubtless descended all 
 in this country, who bear the name of Cleaveland 
 and Cleveland, as the name is variously written. 
 
 CLEAYELAND, AARON, a minister, died in 
 Philadelphia in 1757, aged 42. Born at Cam 
 bridge, Mass., he was a grandson of Aaron, the 
 third child of Moses of Woburn. He graduated 
 at Harvard in 1735. He was a prodigy of physi 
 cal strength and agility. In 1739 he was ordained 
 over the Congregational church in Haddam. 
 Conn., where he stayed seven years. From 1747 
 to 1750 he was pastor in Maiden, Mass. His : 
 next move was to Halifax, N. S., where he be 
 came an Episcopalian. In 1755 he went to Eng 
 land, and returned as an Episcopal missionary to 
 certain parts of Delaware. Two years aft erwaid. 
 while on a journey to visit his family in New 
 England, he was taken sick in Philadelphia, and 
 died in the house of his friend, Dr. Franklin. In ; 
 early life, he was an admirer of Whitefield, and a 
 zealous as well as able preacher. There is no 
 reason to think that his denominational change 
 impaired his ardor or efficiency. It is much, that , 
 the great Franklin honored and praised him. It I 
 is more and better, that the people of his 
 charge loved him and mourned for him. He ! 
 married Susanna, daughter of Rev. Aaron Foster 
 of Medford, and left a large family. Of these, his 
 daughter, Susanna Cleaveland, married Stephen 
 Higginson, a distinguished Boston merchant. 
 Rev. Thomas W. Higginson of Worcester, and 
 Rev. Dr. Stephen H. Tyng of New York, are her 
 grandsons. 
 
 CLEAYELAND, JOHN, minister of Ispwich, 
 Mass., died April 22, 1799, aged 77. He was 
 born in Canterbury, Conn., April 22, 1722. He 
 was graduated at Yale college in 1745, and while 
 a member of that institution he exhibited that 
 independence and courage in the cause of truth, 
 
 for which he was ever distinguished. While at 
 home during a vacation in 1744. he attended a sep 
 arate meeting, for which, on his return to college, 
 he was required to make a confession. He justi 
 fied himself on the ground, that he was a member 
 of the church, and attended the meeting with his 
 father and a majority of the church. The same 
 defence was made by Ebenezer Cleaveland, also 
 of Canterbury, who was involved in the same dif 
 ficulty. They were both expelled from college. 
 This act of persecution, especially as Episcopalians 
 were tolerated in their own worship, awakened 
 the public indignation. Distinguished men, 
 among whom was Dr. E. Wheelock, advised him 
 to petition the Connecticut assembly for redress, 
 and assured him of their aid. About twenty 
 years afterwards Rector Clap sent him his degree, 
 and the catalogue dates it in 1745, with his class, 
 with whom he spent three years in successful 
 study. He was a descendant of Moses ; his 
 grandfather, Josiah, was a pioneer settler of Can 
 terbury; his parents were Josiah and Abigail. 
 Having obtained a license to preach, he minis 
 tered to a Separatist society in Boston, in that 
 Huguenot church in School street, where Daille 
 and Le Mercier had before preached to the ex 
 patriated Bowdoins and Amorys. Declining an 
 invitation to settle there, he accepted a call from 
 the parish of Chebacco in Ipswich, now the 
 town of Essex. Here his earnest ministry of 
 fifty-two years ended only with his life, after a 
 short and painful illness. In 1758 he went as 
 the chaplain of Col. Bagley s regiment, in Aber- 
 crombie s ill-starred expedition. His journal, 
 kept daily on the spot, and letters to his " dear 
 and loving wife," present a lively image of the 
 scenes through which he passed. His brother 
 chaplains of the provincial forces were all respect 
 able clergymen, good and faithful ministers, as 
 well as true patriots. During their long encamp 
 ment at fort George, it was their custom to meet 
 twice a week, under some tent or booth, to 
 strengthen each other by mutual converse, prayer, 
 and exhortation. To these scenes of Christian 
 labor, as depicted by Mr. C.,Mr. Bancroft alludes 
 in the narration of the time. In the following 
 year, he went in the same capacity and the same 
 regiment to Loui&burg, already in British hands. 
 The year 1763 was made joyful to him by a great 
 revival of piety among his people. In the contro 
 versies, which about this time sprung up with his 
 mother country, he took a warm interest. Es 
 pousing heartily the American side, he devoted to 
 it a ready tongue and a ready pen. With the 
 first sound of war he was again in the field. He 
 served as chaplain at Cambridge while in the 
 same camp were two of his brothers, and all four 
 of his sons. In 1776 he was with the army, for a 
 time, in Connecticut and New York. These occa 
 sional absences from his flock seem but to have 
 
CLEAVELAXD. 
 
 endeared him to them the more. An enlarged 
 acquaintance with men and things undoubtedly 
 widened and liberalized his views, without abating 
 the fervor of his piety. It appears that after a 
 few unhappy years of religious dissension, the two 
 congregations in Chebaeco re-united under him 
 and went on in harmony. He was a man of 
 strong constitution and ardent temperament. An 
 earnest spirit, an unpolished energy, and a sin 
 cerity, which none could question, characterized 
 him in the pulpit. His familiarity with the Scrip 
 tures was proverbial. His general learning was 
 respectable. His writings, though often forcible 
 and fervid, could lay no claim to elegance. He 
 was not afraid of controversy, and more than 
 once ventured into the camps of polemic, as well 
 as those of natural war. In his dispute with Dr. 
 Mayhew, several ponderous pamphlets appeared 
 on both sides. Mr. C. had blue eyes, and a florid 
 complexion, was nearly six feet high, erect and 
 muscular ; his voice was heavy and of great com 
 pass, and his gestures were appropriate. In his 
 preaching he was not confined to written sermons. 
 Dr. Emmons said of him, that he was " a pattern 
 of piety and an ornament to the Christian and 
 clerical profession." His faithful labors were 
 crowned with great success ; at one period, in 
 about six months, one hundred persons were ad 
 ded to his church. He died in peace and hope on 
 his seventy-seventh birth-day. His first wife was 
 Mary, daughter of Parker Dodge, and great-grand 
 daughter of John Choate of Ipswich. They reared 
 four sons and three daughters. She died in 1768. 
 He next married Mary Xeale Foster, widow of 
 Capt. John F. She survived him eleven years. 
 In both connections he was eminently happy. It 
 was his custom to devote particular days to pri 
 vate fasting and prayer. 
 
 He published a narrative of the work of God 
 at Chebaeco in 1763 and 1764; an essay to defend 
 some of the most important principles in the 
 protestant reformed system of Christianity, more 
 especially Christ s sacrifice and atonement, against 
 the injurious aspersions cast on the same by Dr. 
 Mayhew in a thanksgiving sermon, 1763 ; a reply 
 to Dr. Mayhew s letter of reproof, 1765 ; a trea 
 tise on infant baptism, 1784. Parish s Fun. 
 Ser.; Mass. Miss. Mag. n. 129-133; Backus, 
 III. 241; Pan. XII. 49. 
 
 CLE AVELAXD, EBENEZER. brother of the pre 
 ceding, the minister of Gloucester, now Rockport, 
 Mass., died July 4, 1805, aged 79. His parents 
 were Josiah and Abigail. Expelled from Yale 
 college with his brother John in 1744 and for the 
 same reasons, he yet after some years obtained 
 his degree, and is mentioned in the catalogue as a 
 graduate of 174S, which was the time of the 
 graduation of his class. He went to Rockport. 
 then called Sandy Bay. in 1751, and was settled 
 in 1755 in a new church, remaining the minister 
 
 CLEAVELAXD. 
 
 235 
 
 for twenty years. He was chaplain in the French 
 war of 1758, and hi the triumphant Canada ex 
 pedition in 1759. In the Revolutionary war, he 
 I also served as a chaplain. After being some 
 years in Landaf Randolph, and Amesbury, he 
 returned to Rockport, His lot was cast in hard 
 
 places and in hard times ; and he had a large 
 family and domestic causes of uneasiness, so that 
 
 I his fife was that of a worthy man struggling with 
 adversity. His son Ebenezer was a captain in 
 the continental service. His daughter Mary 
 married professor John Smith of Dartmouth col- 
 
 lege. She was the mother of two daughters, 
 still living in 1856 ; Abby Smith, widow of Dr. 
 Cyrus Perkins, of Xew York, formerly professor 
 in the Medical School at Dartmouth, and Mary 
 
 ] Cleaveland Smith, married to John Bryant, a 
 prosperous merchant of Boston, one of the eight 
 or ten wealthiest men of that tity. 
 
 CLEAVELAXD, PARKER, a physician and 
 patriot of the Revolution, the son of John, died 
 in Feb., 1826, aged 74. He was born in Ips- 
 
 1 wich in 1751, and settled as a physician at By- 
 field, a parish of Rowley, at the age of 19. 
 During the first year of the war he was the sur 
 geon of a regiment. He was frequently a repre 
 sentative of Rowley in the legislature. As a 
 phvsician he was intelligent and skilfiil. But the 
 
 , glory of his character was his religion. He read 
 
 j much in theology. After much investigation he 
 
 ; embraced and earnestly supported the orthodox 
 doctrines : and he exhibited also " the best affec 
 tions and graces of the Christian character. He 
 
 , was benevolent, humble, and devout. Emphati- 
 
 I cally might he be called a man of prayer. At 
 different periods of revivals of religion he exerted 
 a pious and useful influence. In affliction and 
 
 ] adverse circumstances he was resigned and cheer- 
 
 ful ; and from every earthly care he found a relief 
 : in the love of his Redeemer. His sons, who have 
 i long been men of distinction, are Professor Par- 
 ; ker C., of Bowdoin college, and Rev. Dr. John 
 
 P. C.. of LowelL Boston Recorder, March 3, 
 ; 1S26. 
 
 CLEAVELAXD, BENJAMIN-, colonel, removed 
 j before the Revolution from Culpepper co., Va., 
 j to Wilkes co., X. C. During the war he was 
 : commander of a Tniliria regiment in \Vilkes, and 
 
 he was one of the five partisan colonels who 
 achieved the victory of King s Mountain. His 
 
 : sons, Absalom and John, were officers in the same 
 service. The latter as capt. of dragoons was in 
 the battle of Camden. CoL Cleaveland removed 
 afterwards to South Carolina, His descendants 
 
 ; are numerous and respectable. 
 
 CLEAVELAXD. STEPHEN, captain, son of Rev. 
 Aaron C., died in Salem in 1801, aged 61. Born 
 in East Haddam, he was left destitute by his 
 father s death, and went to sea at the age of four- 
 
 j teen. In the French war of 1756 he was seized 
 
236 
 
 CLEAVELAND. 
 
 CLEAVELAND. 
 
 by a British press-gang in Boston and detained 
 in sen-ice until the peace of 1763. Soon after 
 the Declaration of Independence he received a 
 commission as captain from congress, bearing the 
 names of Benjamin Franklin, Benjamin Harrison, 
 and Robert Morris, which is still preserved. This 
 is believed to have been the first naval commission 
 issued by our government, after we became an 
 independent people. Capt. C. sailed soon after 
 from Salem in the small brig Despatch, laden 
 with sperm oil, fish, potash, &c., for Bordeaux. 
 After a long delay in that port, during which he 
 carried on a correspondence with Silas Deane, 
 Arthur Lee, and Dr. Franklin, he obtained the 
 material of war, for which he had been sent, and 
 brought the welcome freight safely into Boston. 
 Before he sailed he had been promised the com 
 mand of one of the three frigates, then in the 
 process of construction. But in consequence of 
 his long delay in France, others got the appoint 
 ments, and his ambitious spirit would not suffer 
 him to accept an inferior post. His wife was 
 Margaret, daughter of James Jeffrey. Their 
 eldest child, Richard Jeffrey, still living in Salem, 
 has also been a man of various adventure. His 
 well written narrative of his own " Voyages and 
 commercial enterprises," published in two volumes, 
 has been read by thousands. It is a work full of 
 interest, and one which leaves on the mind a most 
 agreeable impression of its author. From 1829 
 to 1834, Capt. R. J. Cleveland was U. S. vice 
 consul at Havana. 
 
 CLEAVELAND, AARON, minister of Royalton, 
 Vt., and missionary, died in New Haven Sept. 21, 
 1815, aged 71. He was the son of Rev. Aaron 
 C., of Haddam. He was preparing for college, 
 when his father died. This event compelled him 
 to learn a trade. He became a hatter, and fol 
 lowed the business for many years in Norwich 
 and in Guilford, Conn. During this period he was 
 more than once an active and intelligent member 
 of the State legislature. At this time he held 
 the doctrine of the Universalists, and was a leader 
 among them. Other views at length took pos 
 session of his mind. He became a decided Cal- 
 vinist, and soon resolved to preach the faith 
 which he had so long derided. He was settled 
 for a year or two in Royalton, Vt., and labored 
 as a missionary. His last days were spent in 
 New Haven, Conn. He was a man of more than 
 ordinary powers. To plain good sense, he added 
 a fine poetic taste and ready wit. He was twice 
 married. By his first wife, Abiah Hyde of Nor 
 wich, he had ten children. By the second wife, 
 Mrs. Elizabeth Clement Breed, he had five more 
 children. The venerable Rev. Charles Cleveland, 
 as he writes his name, for many years past a 
 faithful missionary among the poor of Boston, 
 traversing its streets at the age of 83 or 84, 
 was his third child. Mrs. Abiah Hyde Cox, wife 
 
 of Rev. Dr. Samuel H. Cox, was the thirteenth 
 on the h st. In the third generation may be enu 
 merated the late Rev. Richard F. Cleveland, son 
 of William, Rev. A. Cleveland Coxe of Baltimore, 
 and Professor Charles Dexter Cleveland, son of 
 Charles, of Philadelphia. A host of Clevelands, 
 Pratts, Smiths, Dodges, and Coxes, who trace 
 their descent from Aaron Clcaveland, have no rea 
 son to be ashamed of their ancestor. He pub 
 lished some political poetic satires, also a poem 
 in blank verse on slavery, 1775. 
 
 CLEVELAND, JOHX, minister of Stoneham, 
 Mass., died at North "VVrentham in 1818, aged 
 68. He was the eldest son of Rev. John C., of 
 Ipswich. He was fitted for college, but was pre 
 vented from entering by ill health. When the 
 war began he enlisted in the Revolutionary army. 
 He soon obtained a lieutenant s commission, and 
 remained in the service during the war. His 
 thoughts had long been turned towards the 
 ministry. In 1785, he settled at Stoneham, near 
 Boston, where he remained about ten years. He 
 was subsequently settled at North Wrcntham. 
 He was a man of respectable talents and of rare 
 piety. At Wrentham, Dr. Emmons of Franklin 
 was his near neighbor and intimate friend. To 
 his fidelity as a pastor, Dr. E., in the funeral dis 
 course, paid a just and affectionate tribute. lie 
 was twice married. His first wife was his cousin, 
 Abigail Adams of Canterbury, Conn. The second 
 wife was Elizabeth Evans of Stoneham, who sur 
 vived him, and became the wife of Rev. Dr. Har 
 ris of Dunbarton, N. II. He had no children. 
 
 CLEAVELAND, MOSES, general, died in Can 
 terbury, Conn., in 1806, aged 52. He was the son 
 of Col. Aaron C.,the brother of John and Ebene- 
 zer, who died after sixty fits of the palsy and apo 
 plexy, April 14, 1785, aged 57, descended from 
 either Josiah or Samuel C., who were settlers of 
 C., about 1690. He entered Yale college, but 
 soon left to take part in the great struggle for 
 liberty, and served, for a time, as captain of a 
 company of sappers and miners. lie subse 
 quently returned to New Haven and took his 
 degree in 1777. He became a lawyer, and soon 
 made himself known as a man of talent and 
 energy. He was repeatedly in the legislature, 
 and held high command in the militia. In 1796 
 he went to Ohio, as a commissioner to treat with 
 the Indians and make purchases in the western 
 reserve. The site of Cleveland now a fair and 
 fast growing city, was his selection, and from him 
 the place received its name. He was brave, 
 ardent, and patriotic : a man of cheerful temper, 
 of ready humor, and the most free-hearted hos 
 pitality. His wife was Esther Champion of Col 
 chester. Their daughter, Mary Esther, was mar 
 ried to Prof. Andrew Harris of the New Haven 
 medical school. Another daughter, Frances A., 
 is the wife of Samuel Morgan of Norwich. His 
 
CLEAVELAND. 
 
 CLEVENGER. 
 
 237 
 
 brother, Judge William Pitt Clcavcland, died in 
 New London in 1845, aged about 70, a graduate 
 of Yale in 1793. There was a graduate of the 
 same name in 1816, who died in 1841. 
 
 CLEAVELAND, NEHEMIAH, M. D., died at 
 Topsfield, Mass., Feb. 26, 1837, aged 76, the 
 youngest son of Rev. John C., of Ipswich. At 
 the age of 16 he attended his father during the 
 siege of Boston in 1775 ; in 1777 he enlisted in 
 the army for about a year. Then he toiled on 
 his father s little farm. Having studied physic 
 with his brother, and with Dr. Manning of Ips 
 wich, he entered on the practice at Topsfield in 
 1783. Together with his employment as a phy 
 sician, his services were often required in various 
 public offices. A zealous federalist in politics, he 
 was for years a useful member of the senate. 
 From 1823 to 1828 he was chief justice of the 
 court of sessions. His form was well-propor 
 tioned, and he was of large stature and com 
 manding aspect. A print of him from a picture 
 by Cole may be seen in the address at Topsfield 
 celebration in 1850 by his son, Nehemiah Cleave- 
 land. His constitution was vigorous and his 
 health unbroken until his fiftieth year : from that 
 period he suffered much from one of the most 
 painful of maladies. In other respects he had a 
 happy old age, employed in his profession, impart 
 ing sound advice to his neighbors, seeking the 
 welfare of the church and the general interests 
 of Zion. Then he had the consolation of books 
 and the pleasures of home. " His setting sun 
 went gently down, while the brightness of a better 
 day seemed to glow in the departing orb, and 
 left its consoling radiance behind." His first wife, 
 who died childless in four years, in 1791, was 
 Lucy, the daughter of Dr. Manning. His second 
 wife, the mother of nine children, was Experi 
 ence, the daughter of Dr. Elisha Lord of Pom- 
 fret, Conn. ; she died in 1845 at the house of her 
 son-in-law, Rev. O. A. Taylor, aged 81. Five of 
 her children were living in 1856, William, at Tops- 
 field, Nehemiah C., at Brooklyn, N. Y., a distin 
 guished teacher and scholar, a graduate of Bowdoin 
 college in 1813, John C., a lawyer in the city of 
 New York, a graduate of Bowdoin in 1826, and 
 llev. Dr. Elisha Lord C., a minister in New Ha 
 ven, a graduate of 1829. His daughter, Mary, 
 married llev. O. A. Taylor. The following are 
 some of the verses of the hymn, written by Ne 
 hemiah Clcavcland and sung at the two hundredth 
 anniversary of the incorporation of the town. 
 
 "Then came the pious task to rear 
 Meet shrines, Benignant Power, for Thee : 
 Schools free as air were founded here, 
 And law, and sacred liberty. 
 
 " Thou, whose arm. all-powerful, bore 
 Those pilgrims o er the storm-swept sea, 
 And help d them plant along this shore 
 These homesteads of the brave and free, 
 
 " Here, where our fathers hymn d thy name, 
 List to their grateful children s praise, 
 And still be ours the heavenly flame 
 That warm d their hearts in olden days." 
 
 CLEAVELAND, NEHEMIAII, deacon, a Revo 
 lutionary pensioner, died at Skaneateles, New 
 York, Oct. 25, 1843, aged 90. A native of Mans 
 field, Conn., he lived for a period in Williamsburg, 
 Mass. 
 
 CLEVELAND, JOSIAH, captain, of Owcgo, 
 died at Charlestown, Mass., June 30, 1843, aged 
 89, and was buried at Mount Auburn in Cam 
 bridge. Born in Canterbury, Conn., he was an 
 officer, and served in the war of the Revolution, 
 and fought in various battles, first at Bunker Hill. 
 It was to attend the commemoration on finishing 
 the monument at Bunker Hill, that he came five- 
 hundred miles, which he witnessed, and died. 
 
 CLEEVES, GEORGE, an early settler and dis 
 tinguished magistrate of Maine, lived at Spur- 
 wink, Cape Elizabeth, in 1630, associated in 
 business with Richard Tucker. In 1632 they 
 commenced the settlement at Casco and erected 
 the first house on the Neck, called Machi- 
 gonne by the Indians, then Cleeves Neck and 
 Munjoy s Neck, now Portland. In 1643 he was 
 appointed by Rigby his deputy in the govern 
 ment of Ligonia, and was a large land-owner 
 under grants from Gorges and Rigby. He died 
 at Portland between Nov., 1666, and Jan., 1671, 
 at an advanced age, probably more than 90. The 
 Brackctts are his descendants. An ample ac 
 count of him is given in Willis history of Port 
 land. Ma ine Hist. Coll. I. 124. 
 
 CLEVELAND, HENRY RUSSELL, of Boston, 
 died at St. Louis June 12, 1843, aged 34. He 
 graduated at Harvard in 1827. The life of Hud 
 son in Sparks Biography was written by him : 
 he was also the editor of an edition of Sallust 
 much approved, and the author of a volume on 
 classical studies. 
 
 CLEVENGER, SHOBAL L. VAI, an eminent 
 sculptor, died at sea Sept. 28, 1843. He was 
 born in Middletown, Ohio, in 1812 : his father 
 was a weaver, who removed to Indian Creek. 
 At the age of 15 he went to Centreville to learn 
 stone-cutting with his brother, who was employed 
 on the canal. He was soon afflicted with the 
 ague and fever and returned home. Next he 
 went to Cincinnati and was employed by Mr. 
 Guino, a stone-cutter. Here he married Eliza 
 beth Wright. At length he went into partner 
 ship with Mr. Bassett. His chiselling of a cherub 
 on a tomb-stone attracted the notice of Mr. 
 Thomas, editor of the Evening Post. He soon, 
 without a clay model, cut from the stone an ex 
 cellent bust of Mr. Thomas. Going to Boston, 
 he made a bust of Mr. Webster; and also of Mr. 
 Biddle, Mr. Clay, and Mr. Van Buren. He then 
 
238 
 
 CLIFFORD. 
 
 CLINTON. 
 
 went to Italy, where he spent several years. His 
 great work was an Indian, bold and wild, which 
 was much admired by the Italians. Returning 
 with his family, he sailed from Leghorn, but in ten 
 days he died of the consumption on his passage. 
 
 CLIFFORD, JOIIN D., a man of science, died 
 at Lexington, Ky., May 8, 1820, aged 42. He 
 formed a valuable cabinet of natural history, and 
 published essays on the antiquities of the west 
 ern country, in the Western Review, 1819 and 
 1820. 
 
 CLIFTON, WILLIAM, a poet, the son of a rich 
 mechanic in Philadelphia, was born in 1772, and 
 was educated as a Quaker, but in the latter part 
 of his life threw off the Quaker dress and man 
 ners. He died of the consumption in Dec., 1799, 
 aged 26. He published an epistle to Mr. Gifford, 
 in an edition of Gifford s poems, evincing much 
 poetical power. He also commenced, but did not 
 finish, a poem called the Chimeriad, in which, 
 under the character of the witch, Chimeria, the 
 genius of false philosophy is portrayed. His 
 poems -were printed at New York, 12mo., 1800. 
 Much of his poetry is of a satirical, political cast, 
 containing vituperations of the French revolu 
 tionists and of the party to which he was op 
 posed. Encyclopedia Amer. ; Knapp s Led. 
 179; Specimens American Poetry, II. 86. 
 
 CLINTON, GKORGE, governor of the colony of 
 New York before the Revolution, was the young 
 est son of Francis Clinton, the earl of Lincoln. 
 He was appointed governor in 1743. His admin 
 istration of ten years was turbulent. He was 
 engaged in a violent controversy with the general 
 assembly, instigated by chief justice James Dc- 
 lancy, the ruling demagogue of that period. Mr. 
 Horsemandcr wrote against the governor; Mr. 
 Golden in his favor. The governor was the friend 
 of Sir William Johnson. Mr. Clinton was suc 
 ceeded in Oct., 1753, by Sir D. O:;borne, who in 
 two days, in consequence of political troubles, 
 committed suicide. He was afterwards governor 
 of Greenwich hospital. Hint. Coll., VII. 79; 
 Lempriere. 
 
 CLINTON, CHARLES, the ancestor of the fam 
 ily of Clintons in New York, died in Ulster, after 
 wards Orange county, Nov. 19, 1773. He was a 
 descendant of Wm. C., who, after being an adhe 
 rent of Charles I., took refuge in the north of 
 Ireland. James, the son of Wm., married Eliza 
 beth Smith, the daughter of a captain in Crom 
 well s army, and was the father of Charles, who 
 was born in the county of Longford, Ireland, in 
 1690. Having induced a number of his friends 
 to join him in the project of emigrating to Amer 
 ica, he chartered a ship for Philadelphia in 1729 
 and sailed May 20th. On the passage it was 
 ascertained, that the captain had formed the 
 design to starve the passengers in order to seize 
 their property. Among those, who died, were a 
 
 son and daughter of Mr. Clinton. It was now 
 proposed to wrest the command from the captain ; 
 but there was not energy enough in the passen 
 gers to make the attempt. At length they were 
 landed at Cape Cod, Oct. 4th. It was not till 
 the spring of 1731, that they removed and formed 
 a settlement in the county of Ulster, State of New 
 York, about sixty miles from the city and eight 
 miles west of the river. Mr. Clinton was a far 
 mer and land surveyor. His house was sur 
 rounded by a palisade, against the Indians. He 
 was made judge of the county court ; and in 1756 
 was appointed lieut.-colonel under Col. Oliver De- 
 lancy. He served under Bradstreet at the cap 
 ture of fort Frontenac. Of his four sons in 
 America, Alexander, a graduate in the third class 
 at Princeton, in 1750, was a physician ; Charles 
 was a surgeon in the army, which took Havana 
 in 1762, and died in April, 1791 ; James was ma 
 jor-general; and George vice president of the 
 United States. With an uncommon genius and 
 a fund of useful kno\vledge, he was affable and 
 interesting in conversation. He was tall, graceful, 
 and dignified. The duties of the various relations 
 of private life were regarded by him ; and he was 
 a patriot and a sincere Christian. Lord s Lem 
 priere ; Rogers Biog. Dictionary ; N. Y. States 
 man, Aug. 23, 1828. 
 
 CLINTON, JAMES, brigadier-general, the fourth 
 son of the preceding, died Dec. 22, 1812, aged 
 75. He was born in Ulster county, N. Y., Aug. 
 9, 1736. He received a good education. In 
 1756 he was a captain under Bradstreet at fort 
 Frontenac, and captured a French sloop of war 
 on Lake Ontario. In 1763 he was appointed 
 captain commandant of four companies, raised for 
 the defence of Ulster and Orange, whose western 
 frontiers were exposed to the inroads of the sava 
 ges. In the beginning of the Revolutionary war 
 he was appointed colonel June 30, 1775, and ac 
 companied Montgomery to Canada. He was 
 made brigadier-general Aug. 9, 1776. In Oct., 
 1777, he commanded, under Gov. Clinton, at fort 
 Clinton, which, with fort Montgomery, separated 
 from each other by a creek, defended the Hudson 
 against the ascent of the enemy below West 
 Point. Sir Henry Clinton, in order to favor the 
 designs of Burgoyne, attacked these forts Oct. 
 6th, with three thousand men, and carried them 
 by storm, as they were defended by only about 
 five hundred militia. A brave resistance was 
 made from four o clock until it was dark, when 
 the garrison were overpowered. Gen. Clinton was 
 severely wounded by a bayonet, but escaped. 
 After riding a little distance he dismounted, that 
 he might escape the pursuing enemy, and taking 
 the bridle from his horse slid down a precipice 
 one hundred feet to the creek, which separated 
 the forts. Thus he reached the mountain at a 
 secure distance. In the morning he found a horse, 
 
CLINTON. 
 
 CLINTON. 
 
 239 
 
 which conveyed him, covered with blood, about 
 sixteen miles from the fort to his house. 
 
 In 1779 he joined with sixteen hundred men 
 General Sullivan in his expedition against the In 
 dians. Proceeding up the Mohawk in batteaux 
 about fifty-four miles above Schcnectady, he con- 
 veved them from Canajoharie to the head of the 
 Otsego lake, one of the sources of the Susque- 
 hannah, down which he was to join Sullivan. As 
 the water in the outlet of the lake was too low to 
 float his batteaux, he constructed a dam across it, 
 and thus accumulated the water in the lake. By 
 letting out this water his boats and troops were 
 rapidly conveyed to Tioga, where he joined Sul 
 livan, who had ascended the Susquehannah. 
 During most of the war General Clinton was 
 stationed in command of the northern depart 
 ment at Albany. But he was afterwards present 
 at the capture of Cornwallis. On the evacuation 
 of New York, bidding the commander-in-chief an 
 affectionate farewell, he retired to his estate. 
 Yet was he afterwards called by his fellow-citizens 
 to various public services, being a commissioner to 
 adjust the boundary line with Pennsylvania, rep 
 resentative, delegate to the convention of 1801 
 for amending the constitution, and senator ; and 
 in all his labors manifesting integrity and ability. 
 lie was buried at Little Britain, in Orange county. 
 His temper was affectionate and mild, but capable 
 of being roused to vehemence by injuries and in 
 sults. His wife, Mary I)e Witt, was of a family 
 which emigrated from Holland. Rogers Biog. 
 Diet. ; Encyc. Amer. ; Lord s Lempriere. 
 
 CLINTON, GEORGE, governor of New York 
 and vice president of the United States, died at 
 Washington April 20, 1812, aged 72. He was 
 named after the colonial governor, a friend of his 
 father. lie was the youngest son of Col. Charles 
 Clinton, and was born in Ulster county, now Or 
 ange, July 26, 1739. In his education his father 
 was assisted by Daniel Thain, a minister from 
 Scotland. In early life he evinced the enterprise 
 which distinguished him afterwards. He once 
 left his father s house and sailed in a privateer. 
 On his return he accompanied as a lieutenant his 
 brother, James, in the expedition against fort 
 Frontcnac, now Kingston. He afterwards stud 
 ied law under William Smith, and rose to some 
 distinction in his native country. As a member 
 of the colonial assembly in 1775 and afterwards, 
 he was a zealous whig. May 15, 1775, he took 
 his seat as a member of congress. He voted for 
 the declaration of independence, July 4, 1776; 
 but, being called away by his appointment as 
 brigadier-general before the instrument was ready 
 for the signature of the members, his name is not 
 attached to it. March 25, 1777, he was appointed 
 brigadier-general of the United States. At the 
 first election under the constitution of New York, 
 he was chosen, April 20, 1777, both governor and 
 
 lieutenant-governor. Accepting the former office, 
 the latter was filled by Mr. Van Cortlandt. lie 
 was thus elected chief magistrate six successive 
 periods, or for eighteen years, till 1795, when he 
 was succeeded by Mr. Jay. Being at the head 
 of a powerful State, and in the command of the 
 militia, his patriotic services were of the highest 
 importance to his country. On the advance of 
 the enemy up the Hudson in Oct., 1777, he pro 
 rogued the assembly and proceeded to take com 
 mand of fort Montgomery, where he and his 
 brother James made a most gallant defence Oct. 
 6th. He escaped under cover of the night. The 
 next day forts Independence and Constitution 
 were evacuated. He presided in the convention 
 at Poughkeepsie, June 17, 1788, for deliberating 
 on the federal constitution, which he deemed not 
 sufficiently guarded in favor of the sovereignty of 
 each State. After being five years in private life, 
 he was elected to the legislature. Again in 1801 
 was he chosen governor, but in 1804 was suc 
 ceeded by Mr. Lewis. In that year he was ele 
 vated to the vice presidency of the United States, 
 in which station he continued till his death. It 
 was by his casting vote that the bill for renewing 
 the bank charter was negatived. In private life 
 he was frank, amiable, and warm in friendship. 
 By his wife, Cornelia Tappan, of Kingston, he 
 had one son and five daughters, of whom but one 
 daughter was living in 1832. His daughter, Maria, 
 wife of Dr. S. D. Beekman, died in April, 1829 ; 
 his second daughter, Cornelia, wife of E. C. 
 Genet, died March, 1810, aged 35 ; his third 
 daughter, Elizabeth, widow of Matthias Tal- 
 maclge, died April, 1825, aged 45. Another 
 daughter married Col. Van Cortlandt, and died 
 in 1811. An oration on his death was delivered 
 by Gouverneur Morris. 
 
 Of his energy and decision the following are 
 instances. At the conclusion of the war, when a 
 British officer was placed on a cart in the city of 
 New York, to be tarred and feathered, he rushed 
 in among the mob with a drawn sword and res 
 cued the sufferer. During the raging of what 
 was called the doctor s mob, when, in consequence 
 of the disintcrment of some bodies for dissection, 
 the houses of the physicians were in danger of 
 being pulled down, he called out the militia and 
 quelled the turbulence. The following is an in 
 stance of the skill with which he diverted atten 
 tion from his growing infirmities. On a visit to 
 Pittsfield, as he was rising from a dinner table in 
 his old age, he fell, but was caught by a lady sit 
 ting next to him. " Thus," said he, " should I 
 ever wish to fall into the hands of the ladies. 
 For many years he suffered much by the rheu 
 matism. Delaplaine s Repository ; Encyclope 
 dia Americana ; Lord s Lempriere ; Rogers ; 
 Marshall, \. 396; Almon s Remembrancer, 1780, 
 160. 
 
240 
 
 CLINTON. 
 
 CLINTON. 
 
 CLINTON, HENRY, Sir, an English general, 
 son of the colonial governor C., was the grandson 
 of the earl of Lincoln. After distinguishing him 
 self in the battle of Bunker Hill in 1775, he was 
 sent unsuccessfully against New York and Charles 
 ton. He afterwards, in Sept., 1776, occupied 
 the city of New York. Oct. 6, 1777, he assaulted 
 and took forts Clinton and Montgomery. In 
 1778 he succeeded Howe in the command at 
 Philadelphia, whence Washington compelled him 
 to retire. In May, 1780, he took Charleston. It 
 was he who negotiated with Arnold in his treason. 
 He returned to England in 1782, and died Dec. 
 22, 1795. A few months before his death he was 
 made governor of Gibraltar. lie published a 
 narrative of his conduct in America, 1782 ; obser 
 vations on Cornwallis answer, 1783 ; observations 
 on Stedman, 1784. 
 
 CLINTON, DE Wrrr,LL. D., governor of New 
 York, died at Albany Feb. 11, 1828, aged 59. 
 He was the son of Gen. James Clinton, and was 
 born at Little Britain, in Orange county, March 
 2, 17G9. He was graduated at Columbia college, 
 with the highest honors of his class, in 1786. Al 
 though he studied law under Samuel Jones, he 
 was never much engaged in the practice. After 
 having been private secretary of his uncle Gov. 
 George Clinton, he was elected to the senate 
 of New York in 1799. He was two years 
 before in the house. It was a time of violent 
 party excitement; he entered into the struggle 
 with all his energy, and was one of the champions 
 of democracy. At this period, as afterwards, he 
 was the friend of education, the sciences, and the 
 arts, and advocated liberal grants to Union col 
 lege and the common schools. He exerted him 
 self also to procure the abolition of slavery in 
 New York. As a member of the council of ap 
 pointment, he claimed a co-ordinate right of 
 nomination, in which claim he and a majority of 
 the council were resisted by Gov. Jay. By rea 
 son of this controversy all the officers of the State 
 held over for one year. In 1801 the constitution 
 was amended, allowing the co-ordinate nomina 
 tion. In July, 1802, he betrayed a want of 
 moral and religious principle by fighting a duel 
 with John Swartwout, arising from political con 
 troversy concerning Mr. Burr. In the same year 
 he was appointed a senator of the United States, 
 in which station he voted for the treaty with the 
 Creek Indians, guaranteeing to them the peaceful 
 possession of their own territory in Georgia. In 
 the difficulty with Spain concerning the navigation 
 of the Mississippi, he successfully, in a powerful 
 speech, resisted the attempt of the federal party 
 to plunge the country into war. His last vote in 
 the senate was to confirm the treaty for the pur 
 chase of Louisiana. He was chosen mayor of 
 New York, an office of great emolument and pat 
 ronage, in 1803, and annually, excepting in 
 
 1807 and 1810, until 1815, exerting himself to 
 promote in every way the prosperity of the city. 
 Under his auspices the historical society and the 
 academy of arts were incorporated ; the city hall 
 was founded ; the orphan asylum established ; 
 and the city fortified. While he was mayor, 
 he was also, during several years, a senator 
 and the lieutenant-governor, engaging with zeal 
 and with strong ambition in the political move 
 ments of the day. He could not be content 
 without being a prominent leader. In respect 
 to the war of 1812, he was opposed to its decla 
 ration, as inexpedient and injurious; yet, after 
 it was commenced, he made every effort to call 
 forth the energies of the country against the ene 
 my. In 1812, he consented to become the candi 
 date of the peace party for the presidency of the 
 United States, and received eighty-nine votes, 
 Mr. Madison obtaining one hundred and twenty- 
 eight and being re-elected. By thus arraying 
 himself against Madison, Clinton alienated from 
 himself many of his former friends. 
 
 In 1815 he became a private citizen. In 1816 
 he was appointed a canal commissioner and pres 
 ident of the board ; he had been a member of 
 the first board, with Gov. Morris, Stephen Van 
 Ilensselaer, and others, in 1810 ; but nothing was 
 effected until April, 1817, when, in consequence of 
 the exertions of Mr. Clinton, a law was passed, 
 authorizing the Erie canal, three hundred and 
 sixty-three miles in length, at an estimated ex 
 pense of five millions of dollars. Being in the 
 next month elected governor, in his able message 
 to the legislature he called then- attention, among 
 other subjects, to the great interests of education 
 and of internal improvement, particularly to the 
 proposed most important canal. During his ad 
 ministration of three years, a strong party was ar 
 rayed against him. He was however re-elected 
 in 1820 against Mr. Tompkins. But his oppo 
 nents obtained majorities in both branches of the 
 legislature, so that, when under the amended con 
 stitution, limiting the term of office to two years, 
 a new election came on in 1822, Mr. Clinton, in 
 order to avoid certain defeat, withdrew from the 
 contest. Yet the various measures of his admin 
 istration had all been wisely directed to promote 
 the public welfare. In regard to education he re 
 marked to the legislature : " It cannot be too 
 forcibly inculcated, nor too generally understood, 
 that in promoting the great interests of moral and 
 intellectual cultivation, there can be no prodigality 
 in the application of the public treasure." 
 
 He acted as a president of the board of canal 
 commissioners in 1823 and 1824; but in this last 
 year the legislature, without accusation, removed 
 him from this place. This flagrant act of in- 
 | justice towards the father of the great system of 
 internal improvement roused the indignation of 
 the people. He was immediately nominated for 
 
CLINTON. 
 
 governor, and was elected by a majority of sixteen j 
 thousand votes over his antagonist. During his 
 administration, the Eric canal was in 1825 fin 
 ished, and the completion of the work was cele 
 brated throughout the State. He-elected in 1826, 
 he in that year declined the embassy to England, 
 winch Mr. Adams offered him. At this period, 
 the most important measure which he recom 
 mended was an amendment of the constitution, 
 making the right of suffrage universal. The 
 change was made by the people ; but there were 
 those who regarded the recommendation as arising 
 from the desire of gaining popularity. He died 
 suddenly from a disease of the heart, in conse 
 quence of a catarrhal affection of the throat and 
 chest. His first wife was Maria Franklin, the 
 daughter of an eminent merchant of New York, j 
 by whom he had seven sons and three daughters, j 
 of whom four sons and two daughters survived 
 him. His second wife was Catherine Jones, the 
 daughter of Dr. Thomas Jones. 
 
 Mr. Clinton was a member, and the president 
 of various learned societies, before which he was 
 frequently invited to deliver discourses, in all 
 which, as well as in his official communications, 
 he displayed the energies of an enlightened and 
 comprehensive intellect. His title as the head 
 of the freemasons was sufficiently ridiculous : 
 " Most Excellent General Grand High Priest of 
 the General Grand Royal Arch Chapter of the 
 United States! " In his person he was tall and of 
 a commanding aspect. His manners were distant 
 and reserved ; yet was he cheerful, and kind, and 
 sincere in friendship. He rose early and toiled 
 incessantly for the enlargement of his knowledge. 
 There is no doubt that he was ambitious, and that 
 he was looking higher than the office of governor. 
 But his political measures deserve to be com 
 mended, as subservient to the prosperity and honor 
 of the State. His failure to reach the height to 
 which he aimed in the national government, and 
 his sudden removal from the world, present a new 
 and striking instance of the vanity of earthly pur 
 suits. They who fix their aim upon any object 
 beneath the sky will be disappointed ; even the 
 man of ambition, who gains the desired and giddy 
 eminence, will not there be happy. In Hosack s 
 life of Clinton, there is published a letter, ad 
 dressed to him by one of the ministers of New 
 York, deploring his neglect of an important re 
 ligious duty, and pointing out a path, which leads 
 to the unwithering honors of a future life. He 
 published a discourse before the New York his 
 torical society, 1811 ; discourse before the liter 
 ary and philosophical society of New York, 
 1815 ; and in the transactions of that society, re 
 marks on the fishes of the western waters of New- 
 York ; discourse before the American academy of 
 the arts, 1816 ; a discourse before the Phi Beta 
 Kappa society, 1823; address before the Amen- 
 31 
 
 COBB. 
 
 241 
 
 can Bible society, 1823 and 1825 5 address to the 
 freemasons on resigning a high office, 1825. 
 Hosack s Memoirs ; American Ann. Reg. 1827- 
 29, p. 151-166 ; Proud/it s Sermon ; Renwick s 
 Life of C. 
 
 CLINTON, ISAAC, minister of Southwick, 
 Mass., died at Lowville, N. Y., March 18, 1840, 
 aged 82. A graduate of Yale in 1786, he was 
 pastor from 1788 to 1807. He published a trea 
 tise on baptism. Holland, II. 1 14. 
 
 CLYMER, GEORGE, a patriot of the Revolu 
 tion, died at Morrisville, Penn., Jan. 23, 1813, 
 aged 73. He was born in Philadelphia in 1739. 
 He received a good education and acquired a 
 taste for books ; but engaged in mercantile pur 
 suits. He early espoused the cause of his coun 
 try. In 1773 he resolutely opposed the sale of 
 tea, sent out by the British government. Not a 
 pound was sold in Philadelphia. In 1775 he was 
 one of the first continental treasurers. As a 
 member of congress, he the next year signed the 
 Declaration of Independence. In 1774 the furni 
 ture of his house in Chester county, twenty-five 
 miles from Philadelphia, was destroyed by the en 
 emy. In this year he was commissioner to the In 
 dians to preserve peace and enlist warriors from the 
 Shawanesc and Delaware tribes. In this capacity 
 he resided for a while at Pittsburg. In 1780 he 
 co-operated with Robert Morris in the establish 
 ment of a bank for the relief of the country. 
 Again v> - as he a member of congress in 1780; but 
 in 1782 he removed to Princeton for the educa 
 tion of his children. After the adoption of the 
 constitution he was again a member of congress. 
 On the passage of the bill for imposing a duty on 
 distilled spirits in 1791, he was placed at the head 
 of the excise department in Pennsylvania. The 
 insurrection made the duties sufficiently disagree 
 able; and he resigned the office. In 1796 he was 
 sent to Georgia, to negotiate, together with 
 Hawkins and Pickens, a treaty with the Cherokee 
 and Creek Indians. He Avas afterwards president 
 of the Philadelphia bank and of the academy of 
 fine arts. His wife was the daughter of Mr. 
 Meredith. Joseph Ilopkinson pronounced an 
 eulogy upon his character. In his various sta 
 tions he was remarkable for the punctual and 
 conscientious discharge of duty. He had a deli 
 cacy of taste, and was attached to the refined pur 
 suits of a cultivated genius. The improvement of 
 his country awakened his constant solicitude. 
 Goodrich s Lives. 
 
 CLYMER, GEORGE, inventor of a printing- 
 press, lived in Philadelphia ; he died in London 
 Sept. 4, 1834, aged 80. 
 
 COBB, EBENEZER, remarkable for longevity, 
 died at Kingston, Mass., Dec. 8, 1801, aged 107. 
 He was born in Plymouth March 22, 1694, and 
 was ten years contemporary with Peregrine White, 
 of Marshfiekl, the first son of New England, who 
 
242 
 
 COBB. 
 
 COCHRAN. 
 
 was born on board the Mayflower in Cape Cod 
 harbor, in Nov., 1620. His days were passed in 
 cultivating the earth. His mode of living was 
 simple. Only twice in his life, and then it was to 
 gratify his brethren on a jury, did he substitute 
 an enervating cup of tea in place of the invigo 
 rating bowl of broth, or the nutritive porringer 
 of milk. He never used glasses, but for several 
 years could not see to read. He was of a mod 
 erate stature, stooping in attitude, having an ex 
 panded chest, and of a fair and florid countenance. 
 He enjoyed life in his old age, and in his last 
 year declared that he had the same attachment 
 to life as ever. He was a professed Christian. 
 As he approached the close of his days, he 
 shrewdly replied to some one, who made a remark 
 upon his expected dissolution, " It is very rare 
 that persons of my age die." His posterity were 
 not numerous, being only one hundred and 
 eighty-five. Columbian Centinel, Dec. 16, 1801 ; 
 N. Y. Spect., Dec. 23. 
 
 COBB, THOMAS, captain, died in Jersey City 
 Feb. 17, 1845, aged 85. A native of Parsippany, 
 he was engaged in thirteen battles of the war, 
 and not wounded, though he saw eleven men fall 
 at his side. 
 
 COBB, OLIVER, D. D., died at Sippican, Roch 
 ester, Mass., June 23, 1849, aged 79. Born in 
 Kingston, he graduated at Brown university, and 
 was ordained at It. Feb. 6, 1799, and was for 
 more than fifty years the pastor of the church. 
 He had prepared, but did not preach a half-cen 
 tury sermon. His earnestness and success were 
 evinced in three revivals, in which more than two 
 hundred persons were added to his church. His 
 son was at last his colleague. 
 
 COBB, SYLVANUS R., a merchant, died in Bos 
 ton May 22, 1834, aged 35. As he began business 
 he wrote a solemn covenant, that he Avould give a 
 quarter of his profits to charitable uses ; and one- 
 half if he should be worth 20,000 dollars ; three- 
 quarters if worth 30,000; the whole if worth 
 50,000. He was faithful. Being a Baptist, he 
 gave the surplus, 7,500 dollars, to found Newton 
 institution, and as much more at other times. 
 
 COBBETT, THOMAS, an eminent minister and 
 writer, died Nov. 5, 1685, aged 77. He was born 
 at Newbury, in England, in 1608. He entered the 
 university of Oxford, and was for some time a 
 student there ; but in the time of the plague he 
 was induced to remove, and to become a pupil of 
 the celebrated Dr. Twiss of Newbury. In conse 
 quence of his nonconformity to the established 
 church, he experienced a storm of persecution 
 which drove him to this country in 1637. He 
 came in the same vessel with Mr. Davenport. He 
 was soon chosen as a colleague to his old friend 
 Mr. Whiting, of Lynn, with whom he labored in 
 his benevolent work nearly twenty years. In the 
 
 year in which their salary was reduced to 30 
 pounds each, the town suffered a loss by disease 
 among the cattle of 300 pounds, which may be 
 regarded, in the opinion of Cotton Mather, as a 
 punishment of their parsimony. After the re 
 moval of Mr. Norton of Ipswich, to Boston, and 
 the death of Mr. Rogers, he became the pastor 
 of the first church in Ipswich. During his min 
 istry there was a powerful and extensive revival 
 of religion in the town. Here he continued in 
 the faithful discharge of the duties of the sacred 
 office till his death. From the records of the 
 town it appears, that the expenses of the funeral 
 were about 18, including 32 galls, of wine at 4s., 
 62 Ibs. of sugar, cider, and ginger, and some dozen 
 pairs of gloves. His predecessors were Ward, 
 Norton, and Rogers ; his successors Hubbard, 
 Dennison, J. Rogers, Fitch, N. Rogers, Frisbie, 
 and Kimball. 
 
 Mr. Cobbett was remarkable not only for a 
 constant spirit of devotion and for the frequency 
 of his addresses to heaven, but for a particular 
 faith, or assurance in prayer. During the wars 
 with the Indians one of his sons was taken pris 
 oner by the savages. The aged parent called to 
 gether a number of his neighbors, and they 
 mingled their prayers for the deliverance of the 
 captive. He was impressed with the belief that 
 the Father of mercies had heard the supplications 
 addressed to him, and his heart was no more sad. 
 In a few days his son, who had been redeemed of 
 a sachem at Penobscot for a red coat, actually 
 returned. He published a work on infant bap 
 tism, 1648, which is much commended by Cotton, 
 and described by Mather as " a large, nervous, 
 golden discourse ; " the civil magistrate s power 
 in matters of religion modestly debated, etc., with 
 an answer to a pamphlet called, ill news from 
 England, by John Clarke, of R. L, 1653 ; a prac 
 tical discourse of prayer, 8vo., 1654 ; on the 
 honor due from children to their parents, 1656. 
 Magnalia, in. 165 167. 
 
 COCHRAN, JOHX, M. D., a physician, was 
 born in 1730 in Chester county, Penn. His 
 father, a farmer, came from the north of Ireland. 
 He studied physic with Dr. Thompson, of Lan 
 caster. In the French war, which began in 1755, 
 he served as surgeon s mate in the hospital de 
 partment. At the close of the war he settled in 
 Albany, and married Gertrude Schuyler, the only 
 sister of Gen. Schuyler. But he soon removed to 
 New Brunswick. April 10, 1777, on the recom 
 mendation of Washington, he was appointed 
 physician and surgeon-general in the middle de 
 partment, and in Oct., 1781, director-general of 
 the hospitals of the United States. After the 
 peace he removed to New York, where Washing 
 ton nominated him the commissioner of loans. 
 He died at Palatine, Montgomery county, April 
 
COCIIRAX. 
 
 CODMAN. 
 
 243 
 
 6, 1807, aged 76. The impressions in early life 
 derived from a religious father were never oblit 
 erated. Thacher s Med. Biog. 
 
 COCIIItAX, JAMES, died in Batavia, N. Y., 
 Dec. 31, 1846, aged 83. lie was a brass-founder 
 in Philadelphia. Although the inventor of the 
 method of making cut nails, he died poor. 
 
 COCKE, JOHN, general, died in Grainger Co., 
 Tenn., in 1854, aged 72 ; another account makes 
 his age 82. The eldest son of Col. Wm. Cockc, 
 of Nottoway county, Va., he early emigrated to 
 Tennessee. He sustained various offices, and 
 was many years speaker of the house ; from 1819 
 to 1827 a member of congress. 
 
 CODDIXGTOX, WILLIAM, the father of Rhode 
 Island, died Xov. 1, 1678, aged 77. He was 
 a native of Lincolnshire, England. He came to 
 this country as an assistant, or one of the magis 
 trates, of Massachusetts, and arrived at Salem in 
 the Arabella June 12, 1630. He was several 
 times rechosen to that office ; but in 1637, when 
 Governor Vane, to whose interests he was at 
 tached, was superseded by Mr. Winthrop, he 
 also was left out of the magistracy. The freemen 
 of Boston, however, the next day chose him and 
 Mr. Vane their deputies to the court. Mr. Cod 
 dington expressed his dissatisfaction in losing the 
 office wliich he had sustained, by sitting with the 
 deacons at public worship, instead of placing him 
 self as usual in the magistrates seat, and by going 
 to Mount Wollaston on the day of the general 
 fast, to hear Mr. Wheelwright. AVhen the reli 
 gious contentions ran high in 1637, he defended 
 Mrs. Hutchinson at her trial, in opposition to 
 Governor Winthrop and the ministers ; he op 
 posed the proceedings of the court against Mr. 
 Wheelwright and others ; and, when he found 
 that his exertions were unavailing, he relinquished 
 his advantageous situation as a merchant at Bos 
 ton, and his large property and improvements in 
 Braintree, and accompanied the emigrants, who 
 at that time left the colony. He removed to 
 Ilhode Island April 26, 1638, and was the princi 
 pal instrument in effecting the original settlement 
 of that place. His name stands first on the cove 
 nant, signed by eighteen persons at Aquetneck, or 
 Ithode Island, March 7, 1638, forming themselves 
 into a body politic, to be governed by the laws of 
 the Lord Jesus Christ, the King of kings. It 
 was soon found necessary to have something more 
 definite. Mr. Coddington was appointed judge, 
 and three elders were joined with him. These 
 were directed by a vote of the freemen, Jan. 2, 
 1639, to be governed by the general rules of the 
 word of God, when no particular rule was known. 
 But this plan was changed March 12, 1640, when 
 a governor, lieutenant-governor, and four assist 
 ants were appointed. 
 
 Mr. Coddington was chosen governor seven 
 years, until the charter was obtained, and the 
 
 island was incorporated with Providence planta 
 tions. In 1647 he assisted in forming the body 
 of laws, which has been the basis of the govern 
 ment of Ilhode Island ever since. The next 
 year, May 16, 1648, he was elected governor ; 
 but he declined the office on account of a contro 
 versy in which he was engaged respecting some 
 lands. In September he made an unsuccessful 
 attempt to procure the reception of Rhode Island 
 into the confederacy of the united colonies. In 
 16,31 he went to England, and was commissioned 
 governor of Aquetneck island, separate from the 
 rest of the colony ; but, as the people were jeal 
 ous lest his commission should affect their laws 
 and liberties, he resigned it. He now retired 
 from public business ; btlt toward the close of 
 his life he was prevailed on to accept the chief- 
 magistracy. He was governor in the years 1674 
 and 1675. 
 
 He appears to have been prudent in his ad 
 ministration, and active in promoting the welfare 
 of the little commonwealth which he had assisted 
 in founding. While he lived in Rhode Island, he 
 embraced the sentiments of the Quakers. He 
 was a warm advocate for liberty of conscience. A 
 letter, which he wrote in 1674 to the governor of 
 Xew England, is preserved in Besse s Sufferings 
 of the Quakers, II. 265-270. Dedication of 
 Callender s Hist. Disc.; Holmes; Winthrop; 
 Ilutchinson, I. 18. 
 
 CODMAX, Jonx, a member of the senate of 
 Mass., died in Boston May 17, 1803, aged 48. 
 He filled the public stations, in which he was 
 placed, with integrity and honor. As a merchant, 
 he sustained a character of the first respectability. 
 Endeared to his friends by a natural disposition 
 which rendered him warm in his attachments, he 
 also possessed, by the gift of Divine grace, a prin 
 ciple of benevolence, which drew upon him the 
 blessings of the poor. In his last moments, 
 more anxious for the safety of others than for his 
 own, he resigned himself to death with the forti 
 tude, calmness, and triumph, becoming the reli 
 gion which he professed. N. Y. Herald, May 
 25, 1803. 
 
 CODMAX, CATHERINE, the second wife and 
 widow of the preceding, died in Boston Dec., 
 1831, aged 62. She was of the family of Amory 
 of Boston. Her minister in her widowhood was 
 Dr. Channing, for whom she had the highest 
 regard. Her house was the seat of hospitality. 
 Her life was a life of active benevolence and emi 
 nent usefulness : no one could doubt her sincere 
 and ardent piety. She went down to the grave 
 in Christian peace, rejoicing in the hope of a 
 blessed immortality. 
 
 CODMAX, Jonx, D. D., a minister in Dorches 
 ter, died Dec. 23, 1847, aged 65. Born in Boston 
 Aug. 3, 1782, the son of John Codman above men 
 tioned and Mary Russell, he graduated at Harvard 
 
244 
 
 CODMAN. 
 
 COFFIN. 
 
 in the large class of 1802, and studied theology 
 at Cambridge and in Edinburgh. He spent 
 nearly three years abroad, from 1805 to 1808, the 
 last of which he was employed as the preacher to 
 the Scotch church in Swallow street, London. 
 Among the eminent ministers, whom he knew in 
 England, were George Burder, David Bayne, 
 Ilobert Hall, Andrew Fuller, and William Jay, 
 the last of whom with two others gave him a 
 license to preach in April, 1807. Of the minis 
 ters of Edinburgh, Dr. David Dickson was espe 
 cially his friend. During his residence abroad he 
 made a visit of six weeks to Paris. Returning to 
 America in May, 1808, he was soon invited to 
 become the minister of the second church and so 
 ciety, newly established in Dorchester. Before 
 accepting the invitation, he sent a letter to the 
 people, declaring, that in his faith he was opposed 
 to certain doctrines, which he named, then prev 
 alent, and accorded in general with the old Mas 
 sachusetts confession of 1680. The people voted 
 to accept his letter, and said, " We venerate the 
 principles of our forefathers." He was ordained 
 Dec. 7, 1808, so that he was thirty-nine years the 
 minister of his church. His ordination sermon 
 was preached by his friend and his mother s 
 pastor, Mr. Charming. For a year he labored in 
 quietude; but the three following years were 
 years of controversy, arising from the loose reli 
 gious principles and customs of a portion of his 
 people, and because he would not exchange with 
 all the ministers they wished to hear. So great 
 was their folly, that on the Sabbath they planted 
 eight men on the pulpit-stairs, who prevented the 
 minister from entering his pulpit, into which they 
 placed an intruder, and compelled Mr. Codman to 
 preach on the floor below. But this outrage was 
 so frowned upon, even by the men of accordant 
 sentiments in Boston, that the offenders were 
 compelled to sell out their pews, and they left the 
 society in peace. Dr. Codmari was a very faithful, 
 acceptable, and successful minister, and had the 
 pleasure of seeing a great increase of his church 
 and society. Inheriting wealth from his father, 
 he was able to do much for the religious interests 
 of Dorchester, and for the general objects of 
 Christian benevolence. To Princeton theological 
 seminary he gave a considerable sum of money ; 
 to Andover theological seminary he gave his ex 
 cellent library of several thousand volumes. His 
 wife, Mary Wheelwright of Newburyport, whom 
 he married Jan. 19, 1813, survived the compan 
 ion of her youth, the father of her children, and 
 still lives. His father s sister, Parnell, widow of 
 Ezekiel Savage of Salem, died at his house in 
 1846, aged 85 ; her sister, Abigail, died in 1843. 
 A memoir of Dr. Codman, by his early friend, the 
 author of this Dictionary, was published, together 
 with reminiscences by another friend, Dr. Joshua 
 Bates, with six select sermons, 8vo., 1853, with a 
 
 portrait: one of the most beautifully printed 
 books of the day. He published sermons on 
 various occasions, 1 834 ; a narrative of a visit to 
 England, 1836 ; and many separate sermons. 
 
 COFFEE, JOHN, general, died near Florence, 
 Alabama, July 7, 1833, aged 61. He fought in 
 various Indian battles, serving under Jackson. 
 At Emuchfaw he was shot through the body ; yet 
 afterwards he rose from his litter and mounted 
 his horse to repel an assault on our retiring army. 
 His death was caused by disease of the lungs, 
 contracted at Washington in the preceding win 
 ter. A Gen. John Coffee died in 1836, a member 
 of congress from Georgia. 
 
 COFFEE, JOHN, a slave, born in Africa, died 
 in Norfolk, Va., Jan. 2, 1836, aged about 120. 
 
 COFFIN, PAUL, D. D., a minister in Maine, 
 was graduated at Harvard college in 1759, and 
 was settled the first minister of Buxton, then 
 called " Narragansctt, No. 1," in March, 1763. 
 Having preached fifty-four years, he received Levi 
 Loring as his colleague in Nov., 1817, and died 
 June, 1821, aged 85. lie published Mass, elec 
 tion sermon, 1799. 
 
 COFFIN, CHARLES, Dr., died at Ncwburyport 
 May, 1821, aged 80. 
 
 COFFIN, NATHANIEL, M. D., a physician in 
 Portland, died Oct. 18, 1826, aged 82. " He was 
 the son of Dr. Nathaniel Coffin, who came from 
 Newburyport to Portland in 1738, and died of 
 the palsy in Jan., 1766, aged 50, and a descendant 
 of Tristram Coffin, who came to this country in 
 1642. and after living at Newbury, died at Nan- 
 tucket in 1681. He was born May 3, 1744. His 
 medical studies were completed in the hospitals 
 of London. His long life of professional services 
 was spent in Portland. By his wife, the daughter 
 of Isaac Foster of Charlestown, he had eleven 
 children. He was the first president of the Maine 
 medical society. As a surgeon he was particu 
 larly skilful and eminent. As to his religion, he 
 united forty years before his death in the Unita 
 rian faith of Dr. Freeman of Boston, and was 
 afterwards a member of the church of the first 
 parish in Portland. Thacher s Medical liiog. 
 
 COFFIN, ALEXANDER, mayor of Hudson, died 
 Jan. 11, 1839, aged 98. Born in Nantucket in 
 1740, he was the last of the original settlers of 
 Hudson, N. Y., in 1784 : a man of talents and 
 usefulness. 
 
 COFFIN, JOHN GORHAM, M. D., a physician 
 in Boston, died at Brookfield in Jan., 1829, aged 
 59. He published a treatise on cold and warm 
 bathing, 12mo., 1818; on medical education, 1822. 
 
 COFFLN, ISAAC, judge, died at Nantucket Dec. 
 24, 1841, aged 77. He was judge of probate ; 
 and a man of benevolence and urbanity. 
 
 COFFIN, ROBERT S., a poet, died May 7, 1827, 
 aged about 30. He was the sin of Ebenezer 
 Coffin, minister of Brunswick, Maine, and born 
 
COFFIN. 
 
 COGSWELL. 
 
 245 
 
 about the year 1797. As his father soon removed 
 to Newburyport, he was there apprenticed to a 
 printer. lie began to indite poetry at an early 
 age. In the war he was a sailor, and found him 
 self a prisoner on board a British frigate. After 
 the war he pursued his business as a printer at 
 Boston, New York, and Philadelphia, sending 
 forth also occasional pieces of poetry under the 
 name of "the Boston Bard." In March, 1826, he 
 was in New York, in sickness and poverty, and 
 with the wretchedness of self-reproach for his 
 misconduct. He had been in habits of intem 
 perance. Some benevolent ladies and others 
 assisted him to return to his destitute, widowed 
 mother and sister in Massachusetts. In Boston 
 some sympathy was awakened by his distresses. 
 After many months of extreme suffering he died 
 at Rowley, and was buried at Newbury Old Town, 
 as the place is contradictiously called by the 
 inhabitants. He was buried by the side of his 
 father, whose example unhappily was of no ben 
 efit to the son. His poetical pieces were collected 
 and published in a volume in 1826. His last pro 
 duction breathed the wish, that he might die the 
 death of the righteous. Specimens American 
 Poetry, II. 159. 
 
 COFFIN, CHARLES, D. D., died at Greenville, 
 East Tennessee, in June, 1853, aged nearly 78. 
 Born in Newburyport, he graduated at Cambridge 
 in 1793; was president of Greenville, then of 
 Knoxville college ; and had lived in Tennessee 
 fifty years. He published a sermon on obedience 
 to God. 
 
 COGGESHALL, JOHN, first president of Rhode 
 Island, was a representative of Boston in the first 
 court in May, 1634, and in various courts after 
 wards. Hie name was written Coxeall. Being 
 exiled from Mass, in March, 1638, he joined his 
 companions in persecution at Rhode Island, and 
 was chosen governor in 1647. Jer. Clarke suc 
 ceeded him the next year. His descendants 
 remain to the present day. Savage s Winllirop, 
 I. 130. 
 
 COGSWELL, JAMES, D. D., minister of Wind- 
 ham, Conn., died Jan. 2, 1807, aged 87. He was 
 born in Saybrook, Jan. 6, 1720. In his childhood 
 his parents removed to Lebanon, where they 
 remained till, in their old age, he with filial affec 
 tion took them to his own house. lie was grad 
 uated at Yale college in 1742, and, while a mem 
 ber of that institution, at the time of the general 
 revival of religion through America, he became 
 experimentally acquainted with the truth as it is 
 in Jesus. Forming the resolution to devote his 
 life to the service of the Redeemer, he was 
 ordained in 1744 pastor of the first church in 
 Canterbury. In 1771 he was removed from this 
 charge. But early in the following year he was 
 installed minister of Scotland, a parish in the 
 town of Windham, where he continued until Dec., 
 
 I 1804. The infirmities of age now rendering him 
 incapable of public service, he found a retreat for 
 the remainder of his life in the family of his son, 
 Dr. Mason Fitch Cogswell of Hartford. His 
 own filial piety was now repaid him. His wife s 
 name was Fitch. His father was Samuel; his 
 mother was Anne, daughter of Capt. Mason 
 of Lebanon or Norwich. He was in early life dis 
 tinguished for his learning, and he retained it in 
 his old age. His temper was cheerful and social, 
 and benevolence shone in his countenance. 
 Under heavy afflictions he was submissive, ador 
 ing the sovereignty of God. His preaching was 
 generally plain and practical, addressed to the 
 understandings and consciences of his hearers. 
 On the great doctrines of the gospel, which he 
 inculcated, he built his own hope of a blessed im 
 mortality. He published a sermon preached at 
 the funeral of Solomon Williams, 1776, 2d edi 
 tion, 1806. Panoplist, II. 581-583; Piscataqua 
 Evangelical Magazine, III. 196. 
 
 COGSWELL, MASON FITCH, M. D., son of the 
 preceding, was graduated at Yale college in 1780, 
 and, after studying physic, settled at Hartford. 
 In 1812 he was chosen president of the Connec 
 ticut medical society, and held the office ten years. 
 He died Dec., 1830, aged 69. As a physician he 
 was distinguished, and as a surgeon he had few 
 equals. Dr. Cogswell first formed the design of 
 an establishment for the education of the deaf 
 and dumb in this country. His sympathy for 
 them had been awakened by the unfortunate con 
 dition of his own daughter. The asylum for the 
 deaf and dumb, at Hartford, commenced by Mr. 
 Gallaudet, is to be ascribed in a considerable de 
 gree to the exertions of Dr. Cogswell. It is 
 remarkable, that his own deaf and dumb daughter 
 survived her father only a few weeks, her heart 
 being broken by the event of his removal. Mrs. 
 Sigourney, in a piece upon her death, supposes 
 Alice Cogswell to say to some of her relatives : 
 
 "Sisters! there s music here ; 
 From countless harps it flows 
 Throughout this wide, celestial sphere, 
 Nor pause nor discord knows. 
 The seal is melted from my ear 
 By love divine ; 
 
 And what through life I pined to hear 
 Is mine! is mine! 
 
 The warbling of an ever tuneful choir, 
 And the full, deep response of David s golden lyre. 
 Did the kind earth hide from me 
 Her broken harmony, 
 
 That thus the melodies of Heaven might roll 
 And whelm in deeper tides of bliss my wondering soul? " 
 
 COGSWELL, WILLIAM, I). D., died in Gil- 
 manton, N. H., April 18, 1850, aged 62. He was 
 the son of Dr. William C., of Atkinson, and 
 graduated at Dartmouth in 1811. He was de 
 scended from John, of London, who came to Ips 
 wich about 1635. His grandfather was Nathan 
 iel, who, by his wife Judith Badger, had eighteen 
 
246 
 
 corr. 
 
 COLBURN. 
 
 or nineteen children, and died at Atkinson March 
 23, 1783, aged 76. His father died Jan. 1, 1831, 
 aged 70. For fourteen years he was pastor of the 
 south church in Dedham. In 1832 he was secre 
 tary of the American education society ; for 
 three years he was professor of history at Dart 
 mouth ; and then professor of theology at Gil- 
 manton. His wife was a daughter of Ilev. J. 
 Strong of Randolph. His only son, Wm. Strong 
 Cogswell, died while a member of college. He 
 published a manual of theology and devotion; 
 the Christian philanthropist ; the theological class- 
 book ; and was editor of the American quarterly 
 register, the X. H. repository, and the N. E. histor 
 ical register. 
 
 COIT, JOSEPH, the first minister of Plainfield, 
 Conn., died July 1, 1750, aged 76, in the forty- 
 fifth year of his ministry. He was a graduate of 
 Harvard in 1697, and he had an honorary degree 
 at Yale in its first year, 1702. 
 
 COIT, JONATHAN, died in New London in Dec., 
 1855, leaving property to the amount of 300,000 
 dollars, of which he bequeathed about 50,000 to 
 charitable uses. He gave 30,000 dollars to be 
 divided among eight Congregational, Episcopal, 
 Baptist, and Methodist churches in New London 
 for the support of their ministers ; 10,000 dollars 
 for the poor in the alms-house ; and 2500 to the 
 N. L. seamen s friend society. 
 
 COKE, THOMAS, LL. D., a Methodist bishop in 
 the United States, was born in Wales in 1747, 
 and educated at Oxford. At the university he 
 was a deist. He afterwards was a curate in Som 
 ersetshire. By reading Witherspoon on regen 
 eration, he was convinced that he needed a new 
 heart. His first interview with Mr. Wesley was 
 in 1776 ; he became his assistant in 1780. In 
 Sept., 1784, he sailed for New York, and com 
 municated in America the new plan of govern 
 ment and discipline, which Mr. W. had drawn, 
 and which still binds the great body of Metho 
 dists. In 1786 he established missions in the 
 West Indies. In the subsequent year he repeat 
 edly visited the United States ; for the last time 
 in 1804. He sailed for Ceylon with six preachers 
 Dec. 31, 1813, but died suddenly on his passage, 
 May 3, 1814, aged 66 years, being in the morning 
 found dead in his cabin. On his passage he 
 wrote several sermons in Portuguese, that his 
 usefulness might be increased in Asia. His pious 
 zeal may well shame the slothfulness of Chris 
 tians, if such they can be called, who do nothing 
 for the diffusion of the gospel in the world. He 
 published a history of the West Indies ; a com 
 mentary on the Scriptures. Christian Visitant. 
 
 COLBERT, PITMAN, major, a Chickasaw In 
 dian, died near fort Towson Feb. 24, 1853, aged 
 96, wealthy, and of influence in his tribe, an ad 
 vocate of Christian education. 
 
 COLBURN, LEWIS, captain, died at Dedham 
 
 in 1843, aged 91, a soldier of the Revolution; he 
 fought at the first battle, April 19, 1775. 
 
 COLBURN, WARREN, died at Lowell Sept. 15, 
 1833, aged 40, superintendent of the Merrimack 
 manufacturing company. He graduated at Har 
 vard in 1820, and was a man of talents and ex 
 cellent character. He published treatises on 
 arithmetic and algebra, and other valuable books 
 of education. 
 
 COLBURN, ZERAH, died at Norwich, Vt., 
 March 2, 1839, aged 34. He was born at Cabot, 
 Vt., Sept 1, 1804. When nearly six years old, in 
 Aug., 1810, he began to manifest wonderful pow 
 ers of arithmetical computation. His father, 
 Abia, exhibited him at Boston in Nov., and in 
 1812 in London. Being asked the number of 
 seconds since the Christian era, in 1813 years, 7 
 months, 27 days, he answered correctly, 57,234,- 
 384,000. Being asked the square root of 106,929, 
 he immediately answered 327. Asked the cube 
 root of 268,336,125, he readily answered 645. 
 After proceeding to Ireland, and Scotland, and 
 Paris, he returned to London in 1816. For three 
 years he was at Westminster school ; afterwards 
 he was a teacher. His father dying in London in 
 1824, he returned to this country. In July, 1825, 
 he joined the Congregational church in Burling 
 ton, but soon became a Methodist minister, and 
 was for several years an itinerant preacher. He 
 lost his power of calculation before he left Eng 
 land. As a preacher he displayed no uncommon 
 talent. He published his own memoir in 1833. 
 Some other results of his remarkable faculty 
 when a boy of eight or nine years and afterwards 
 are the following : Being asked the factors which 
 produce 247,483, he answered 941 and 263; 
 which are indeed its only two factors. Being 
 asked for the factors of 36,083, he immediately 
 replied that it had none. Now the dark mystery 
 is, how the boy could reach these true conclusions 
 by the rapid action of his mind ? Being asked 
 the factors of 171,395, he mentioned the seven 
 pairs of factors wliich will produce that number, 
 as 5 X 34,279, etc. The French mathematicians 
 had said, that 4,294,967,297 (= 2 32 + 1) was a 
 prime number having no factors. But Colburn 
 announced the factors 641 x 6,700,417. Being 
 asked to give the square of 999,999, he said he 
 could not directly, but he accomplished it by 
 multiplying 37,037 by itself, and that product 
 twice by 27; the answer being 999,99S,COO,001. 
 How could the child discover all this ? He added 
 that he could multiply this twice by 49 and once 
 by 25, giving the final product, 60,024,879,950,- 
 060,025. It was not by inspiration that he did 
 tin s, but by wonderful mental processes and as 
 tonishing powers of memory as to figures, as was 
 judged by the motion of his lips and by his ner 
 vous indications. So rapid was his process, that, 
 when less than seven years old, when asked how 
 
COLBY. 
 
 COLDEN. ^ 
 
 247 
 
 many days and hours in 1811 years, he answered 
 in twenty seconds, 661,015 days, 15,864,360 hours. 
 How many seconds in 11 years? He answered 
 in four seconds, 346,896,000. In some of his 
 easier labors he was able, after two or three 
 years, to explain the process. For instance, in 
 extracting roots ; if the square consisted of five 
 figures, as 92,416, he first sought a number 
 squared, which would produce the two last fig 
 ures, and that is 04. Next he sought a number, 
 which, when squared, would give the first figure 
 of the square, or come nearest under it ; and 
 that is 3. Putting them together, 304 is the 
 number sought. But how did the boy discover 
 this rule ? His more arduous processes he could 
 not explain. At the age of twelve he was able to 
 explain the rapid mental process by which he 
 multiplied two numbers, as 4791 and 238, and 
 obtained the result 1,140,258. It was by twelve 
 distinct multiplications and eleven additions and 
 some other mental acts, his memory retaining 
 the sum as it grew, until it reached the result. 
 He first multiplied 4000 by 200, then 700 and 90 
 and 1 by the same, adding the results as he pro 
 ceeded ; then he multiplied them by 30 and 
 by 8, adding the results. For this, what a won 
 derful faculty of memory must have been pos 
 sessed ! 
 
 COLBY, PHILIP, died in North Middleborough 
 Feb. 27, 1851, aged 72, having been the minister 
 thirty-four years, highly respected and useful. 
 
 COLBY," MARIA OTIS, died at Middleborough 
 May 20, 1821, aged 33, wife of the preceding. 
 She was the daughter of Gen. Joseph Otis, of 
 Barnstable, and at the age of eighteen became a 
 member -of the church under Hev. O. Shaw. She 
 was married Jan. 1, 1818. She was distinguished 
 by her intellectual character, her temper, beauty, 
 and manners, and was faithful in her new sphere. 
 The gospel, which she zealously endeavored to 
 send out to the dark-minded, cheered her, as she 
 went down to the grave. She addressed earnestly 
 each member of her house, and left messages for 
 her aged mother, for her sister and four brothers. 
 
 COLBY, 11. G. O., judge, died at New Bedford 
 Feb. 22, 1853, aged 44. He was judge of the 
 court of common pleas from 1845 to 1847, then 
 district attorney ; author of a work on Practice. 
 
 COLDEN, CADWALLADEK, a physician, bota 
 nist, and astronomer, died at New York Sept. 28, 
 1776, aged 88. He was the son of Ilev. Alex. 
 Colden of Dunse, in Scotland, and was born 
 Feb. 17, 1688. After having received a liberal 
 education under the immediate inspection of his 
 father, he went to the university of Edinburgh, 
 where he graduated in 1705. He then applied 
 himself to medicine and mathematics, and was 
 eminently distinguished by his proficiency in both. 
 Allured by the fame of Wm. Penn s colony, he 
 came over to this country about the year 1708; 
 
 and, having practised physic for some years with 
 considerable reputation, he returned to England, 
 which he found greatly distracted in consequence 
 I of the troubles of 1715. While in London he 
 I was introduced to Dr. Halley, who was so well 
 pleased with a paper of his on animal secretions, 
 that he read it before the royal society, the notice 
 of which it greatly attracted. At this time he 
 formed an acquaintance with some of the most 
 distinguished literary characters of England, with 
 whom he afterwards corresponded, giving them 
 curious and useful intelligence respecting a part 
 of the world then but little known. 
 
 Governor Hunter, of New York, conceived so 
 favorable an opinion of him, after a short ac 
 quaintance, that he became his warm friend, and 
 offered his patronage, if he would remove to New 
 York. In 1718 he therefore settled in that city. 
 He was the first who filled the office of surveyor- 
 general in the colony. He received also the ap 
 pointment of master in chancery. In 1720, on 
 the arrival of Gov. Burnet, he was honored with 
 a seat in the king s council of the province. He 
 afterwards rose to the head of this board, and in 
 that station succeded to the administration of the 
 government in 1760. He had previously obtained 
 a patent for a tract of land about nine miles from 
 Newburgh, on Hudson s river ; and to this place, 
 which in his patent is called Coldingham, or Cold- 
 enham, he retired with his family about the year 
 1755. There he undertook to clear and cultivate 
 a small part of the tract as a farm, and his atten 
 tion was divided between agricultural and philo 
 sophical pursuits, and the duties of his office of 
 surveyor-general. The spot which he had se 
 lected for his retirement was entirely inland, and 
 the grounds were rough. At the time he chose 
 it for a residence it was solitary, uncultivated, and 
 the country around it absolutely a wilderness, 
 without roads, or such only as were almost im 
 passable. It was, besides, a frontier to the In 
 dians, who committed frequent barbarities. Yet 
 no entreaties of lu s friends, when they thought 
 him in danger from his savage neighbors, could 
 entice him from his favorite home. He chose 
 rather to guard and fortify his house ; and, amidst 
 dangers which would have disturbed the minds of 
 most men, he appears to have been occupied 
 without any interruption in the pursuit of knowl 
 edge. 
 
 In 1761 he was appointed lieutenant-governor 
 of New York, and he held this commission during 
 the remainder of his life, being repeatedly at the 
 head of the government in consequence of the 
 death or absence of several governors. His po 
 litical character was rendered very conspicuous 
 by the firmness of his conduct in the violent 
 commotions which preceded the late Revolution. 
 He possessed the supreme authority when the 
 paper to be distributed in New York under the 
 
248 
 
 GOLDEN. 
 
 GOLDEN. 
 
 British stamp act arrived ; and it was put under 
 his care in the fortification called fort George, 
 which was then standing on Battery point. The 
 attempt of the British parliament to raise a reve 
 nue, by taxing the colonies, had in every stage 
 excited a spirit of indignation and resentment, 
 which had long before this risen above the control 
 of government. At length a multitude, consist 
 ing of several thousand people, assembled under 
 leaders who were afterwards conspicuous revolu 
 tionary characters, and determined to make the 
 lieutenant-governor deliver up the stamp paper to 
 be destroyed. Mr. Golden had received intimation 
 of their design, and prepared to defend with fidel 
 ity the trust which had devolved upon him. The 
 fort was surrounded on the evening of Feb. 15, 
 17G6, by a vast concourse of people, who thrcat- 
 enen to massacre him and his adherents, if the 
 paper was not delivered to them ; and, though the 
 engineers within assured him that the place was 
 untenable, and a terrified family implored him to 
 regard his safety, he yet preserved a firmness of 
 mind, and succeeded finally in securing the pa 
 pers on board a British man-of-war, then in the 
 port. The populace, in the mean time, unwilling 
 to proceed to extremities, gratified their resent 
 ment by burning his effigy and destroying his 
 carriages under his view. His administration is 
 rendered memorable, amongst other things, by 
 several charters of incorporation for useful and 
 benevolent purposes. The corporation for the 
 relief of distressed seamen, called the marine so 
 ciety ; that of the chamber of commerce ; and 
 one for the relief of widows and children of cler 
 gymen, will transmit his name with honor to pos 
 terity. After the return of Mr. Tryon, the 
 governor, in 1775, he was relieved from the cares 
 of government. lie then retired to a seat on 
 Long Island, where a recollection of his former 
 studies and a few select friends, ever welcomed by 
 a sociable and hospitable disposition, cheered him 
 in his last days. lie died a few hours before New 
 York was wrapped in flames, which laid nearly one- 
 fourth part of the city in ashes. He complained 
 neither of pain of body nor anguish of mind, 
 except on account of the political troubles which 
 he had long predicted, and which he then saw 
 overwhelming the country. His wife, Alice Chris 
 tie, daughter of the minister of Kelso in Scot 
 land, died in 1762. His son, Alexander, who 
 succeeded him as surveyor-general and was also 
 postmaster, died Dec., 1774, aged 58. His son 
 David, also surveyor-general, a physician and man 
 of letters, died in England July, 1784, aged 51. 
 His grandson, Thomas Golden, died at Coldenham 
 March, 182G, aged 72. 
 
 Mr. Golden early began to notice the plants in 
 America, classing and distinguishing them ac 
 cording to the method of botany, then in use. 
 He was attentive to the climate, and left a long 
 
 course of diurnal observations on the thermom 
 eter, barometer, and winds. lie cultivated an 
 acquaintance with the natives of the country, and 
 often entertained his correspondents with obser 
 vations on their customs and manners. He wrote 
 also a history of the prevalent diseases of the 
 climate ; and, if he was not the first to recommend 
 the cooling regimen in the cure of fevers, he was 
 one of its earliest and warmest advocates, and he 
 opposed with great earnestness the shutting up in 
 warm and confined rooms of patients in the 
 small pox. Though he quitted the practice of 
 medicine at an early day, yet he never lost sight 
 of his favorite study, being ever ready to give his 
 assistance to his neighborhood, and to those who, 
 from his reputation for knowledge and experience, 
 applied to him from more distant quarters. His 
 principal attention, after the year 1760, was di 
 rected from philosophical to political matters ; 
 yet he maintained with great punctuality his lit 
 erary correspondence, particularly with Linnaeus, 
 Gronovius of Leyden, Dr. Pottersfield and Dr. 
 Whittle of Edinburgh, and Mr. Peter Collinson, 
 who was a most usei ul and affectionate friend, and 
 to whom Mr. Golden, though he never saw him, 
 owed an introduction to many of the most dis 
 tinguished literary characters of Europe. He 
 was the correspondent of Dr. Franklin, and they 
 regularly communicated to each other their phi 
 losophical and physical discoveries, particularly on 
 electricity, which at that time began to excite the 
 attention of philosophers. In their letters are to 
 be observed the first dawnings of many of those 
 discoveries which Dr. Franklin has communicated 
 to the world, and which have excited so much as 
 tonishment, and contributed so much to human 
 happiness. Of the American philosophical so 
 ciety he first suggested the plan. It was estab 
 lished at Philadelphia on account of the central 
 and convenient situation of that city. 
 
 About the year 1743 a malignant fever, then 
 called the yellow fever, had raged for two sum 
 mers in the city of New York ; and it appears to 
 have been in all respects similar to that disorder 
 which of late years has proved so very fatal. He 
 communicated his thoughts to the public on the 
 most probable cure of the calamity in a little 
 treatise, in which he enlarged on the bad effects 
 of stagnating waters, moist air, damp cellars, 
 filthy stores, and dirty streets ; showed how much 
 these nuisances prevailed in many parts of the 
 city ; and pointed out the remedies. The corpo 
 ration of the city gave him their thanks, and estab 
 lished a plan for draining and cleaning the city, 
 which was attended with the most happy effects. 
 He also wrote and published a treatise on the cure 
 of the cancer. Another essay of his on the virtues 
 of the bortanice, or great water dock, a species of 
 rumex, introduced him to an acquaintance with 
 Linnaeus. In 1753 he published some observations 
 
GOLDEN. 
 
 on exidcmical sore throat, which appeared first at 
 Kingston, Mass., in 1735, and had spread over a 
 great part of North America. These observations 
 are republished in the American Museum. 
 
 When he became acquainted with Linnaeus 
 system of botany, he applied himself with new 
 delight to that study. His description of between 
 three and four hundred American plants was pub 
 lished in the acta upsaliensia. He also published 
 the history of the five Indian nations, and dedi 
 cated it to Gov. Burnet, who had distinguished 
 himself by his wisdom and success in the manage 
 ment of the Indians. The book was printed at 
 London, 1747, with the original dedication, in 
 tended for Gov. Burnet, directed to Gen. Ogle- 
 thorpe. Mr. Colderi justly complained of this as 
 an unpardonable absurdity of the printer, who 
 took the further liberty of adding several Indian 
 treaties without his knowledge or approbation. 
 But the subject, which drew Mr. Golden at one 
 time of his life from every other pursuit, was what 
 lie first published under the title of the cause of 
 gravitation ; wliich, being much enlarged, ap 
 peared in 1751 under the title of the principles 
 of action in matter, to which is added a treatise on 
 fluxions. lie died in the firm persuasion, that, 
 however he might have erred in the deductions, 
 the grand fundamental principles of his system 
 were true ; and that they would at length be re 
 ceived as such in the world. Tlu s book cost him 
 many years of close and severe study. He pre 
 pared a new edition of it, with elucidations of such 
 parts as had been subjected to objections, and 
 with large additions. At the time it was prepared 
 for the press, he was so far advanced in years 
 that he despaired of living to see it published. 
 He therefore transmitted the manuscripts to Dr. 
 Whittle, professor of medicine in the university of 
 Edinburgh. The fate of the work since that time 
 is not known. Of his other manuscripts, many, 
 through the variety of hands into which they have 
 fallen, have become mutilated, and a great part of 
 some of them is entirely lost. Among these are 
 an inquiry into the operation of intellect in ani 
 mals, a piece of great orginality ; another on the 
 essential properties of light, interspersed with ob 
 servations on electricity, heat, matter, etc.; an in 
 troduction to the study of physic, in the form of 
 instructions to one of his grandsons, and dated in 
 the eighty-first year of his age ; an inquiry into 
 the causes, producing the phenomenon of metal 
 medley swimming in water ; an essay on vital 
 motion ; and, lastly, observations on Mr. Smith s 
 history of New York, comprehending memoirs of 
 the public transactions, in which he was conver 
 sant. He complains of the partiality of Mr. 
 Smith, and supposes that he is incorrect in many 
 particulars. Bees ; American Museum, Hi. 
 53-59. 
 
 GOLDEN, CADWALLADER D., died in Jersey 
 32 
 
 CO^EMAN. 
 
 249 
 
 city Jan. 7, 1834, aged 65. He was long an emi 
 nent lawyer in New York ; mayor of the city ; 
 and a member of congress, lie published a 
 memoir of Robert Fulton. 
 
 COLE, JAMES L., a poet, died at Canandaigua, 
 N. Y., in Feb., 1823, aged 24. His repugnance 
 to mercantile business induced him to engage in 
 the study of the law, in the practice of which he 
 established himself at Detroit in 1821. A pulmo 
 nary affection induced him to return to his father s 
 roof. About three years before his death he made 
 a public profession of his attachment to the Sav 
 iour of the world. For several of his last years 
 he devoted much time to poetical composition. 
 His productions appeared in the New York 
 Statesman, and in the Ontario Repository, with 
 the signature of " Adrian." He had fancy, genius, 
 and taste, and was virtuous and pious, though he 
 had occasion to lament the predominance of his 
 imagination and his propensity to satire. 
 
 COLE, COLETTA, a colored woman, died at 
 New London alms-house in 1844, aged 110. 
 
 COLE, THOMAS, an eminent painter, died at 
 Catskill Feb. 11, 1847, aged 46. He was born in 
 England, although his parents had previously 
 lived in America ; and in his childhood thev re 
 turned hither, residing in Philadelphia and Ohio. 
 He early indicated a taste for painting, but had no 
 instruction, until at length a travelling painter, 
 Stein, gave him some aid and guidance in his art. 
 In his rambling life he reached Philadelphia, 
 where he painted transparencies on occasion of 
 Lafayette s visit. Thence he went to New York. 
 In the course of time his friends enabled him to 
 visit Italy. On his return he fixed his residence 
 amid the magnificent scenery of the Hudson. He 
 was a landscape painter. He painted the " Course 
 of Empire," the " Voyage of Life," and " Past 
 and Present." His view of the falls was pur 
 chased by Col. Trumbull ; Dunlap and Durand 
 were also his friends. He wrote much poetry. 
 Some of his prose pieces were published in the 
 Literary World. Bryant wrote a sonnet on his 
 going to Europe. Noble s Life of Cole; Cyc 
 lopedia of American Lit., II. 318. 
 
 COLE, N. W., M. D., died in Burlington, N. J., 
 July 18, 1848, aged 73 years. He was the prin 
 cipal physician for half a century. 
 
 COLE, THOMAS, a teacher in Amherst, N. H., 
 and afterwards, for many years, of a celebrated 
 female school in Salem, Mass. He died in 
 Salem June 24, 1852, aged 72. He was a grad 
 uate of Harvard in 1798. 
 
 COLEMAN, SETII, a physician in Amherst, 
 Mass., died Sept. 9, 1815, aged 75. Born in 
 Hatfield, he graduated at Yale in 1765. He was 
 long a useful physician, and also a deacon in the 
 church, eminent for piety. His first wife was 
 Sarah Beecher of New Haven, by whom he had 
 
250 
 
 COLEMAN. 
 
 COLMAN. 
 
 eight children ; his second was Mrs. Eunice War 
 ner of Hadley. His memoirs were published in 
 1817. 
 
 COLEMAX, WILLIAM, editor of the New York 
 Evening Post, died July 13, 1829, aged 63. He was 
 for many years the able editor of a paper, first in 
 Hampshire county, Mass., and then in New York. 
 In his politics he was a zealous federalist of the 
 school of Hamilton, and violent in his warfare. 
 His only son, William Henry, died at New York 
 July, 1830, aged 33. 
 
 COLEMAX, WILLIAM A., died in Xew York 
 Jan 27, 1850, aged GO. He was a bookseller, and 
 for thirty years connected with literature and art. 
 
 COLEMAX, OBED M., inventor of the a?olian 
 attachment to the piano-forte, died at Saratoga 
 April 5, 1845, aged 28. He was a member of 
 the Presbyterian church. On his marble monu 
 ment is this passage : " As well the singers as the 
 players on instruments shall be there." He died 
 of the measles, caught in Xew York, after intense 
 suffering but uncomplaining, saying he was per 
 fectly willing to leave all for Christ. He was 
 born at Barnstahle Jan. 23, 1817, of German and 
 English parents. At the age of sixteen he lived 
 at Xew Bedford. By selling his invention of the 
 automaton lady minstrel and singing bird for 800 
 dollars, he was relieved from extreme poverty. 
 About 1842 he removed to Saratoga, and invented 
 his attachment, which he sold for more than 100,- 
 000 dollars here, and for 10,000 in England, from 
 which country he returned in Jan., 1845. 
 
 COLLAMORE, JOHN, died in Kensington, 
 N. H., Dec. 29, 1825, aged 110 years and four 
 months. He was a native of Ireland. His hair, 
 which had been silvery white, became before his 
 death nearly black. 
 
 COLLETOX, JAMES, governor of South Caro 
 lina from 1G86 to 1690, came from Barbadoes, 
 and was proprietary and landgrave. He built a 
 fine house on Cooper river. His government was 
 very unpopular. There were disputes concerning 
 tenures of land and quit-rents. In 1687 he called 
 a parliament and procured alterations in the funda 
 mental laws. He offended the high church party, 
 who were inflamed with zeal against the Puritans. 
 In the end he was driven from the government 
 and the province. Univ. Hist. XL. 426. 
 
 COLLIXS, JOHN, governor of Rhode Island 
 from 1786 to 1789, succeeded Wm. Greene, and 
 was succeeded by A. Fenner. He was a patriot 
 of the Revolution ; a delegate to congress in 
 1789. He died at Xewport in March, 1795, aged 
 78. Dr. John Warren, of Boston, married his 
 daughter. 
 
 COLLIXS, XATHANIEL, minister of Middle- 
 town, Conn., died in 1684, aged 42 ; a graduate 
 of Harvard in 1660. He was the son of Deacon 
 Edward C. of Cambridge. He married Mary, 
 daughter of William Whiting, the first settler of 
 
 Hartford ; she died in 1709. His son John 
 married Mary, daughter of the regicide, Judge 
 Dixwcll. 
 
 COLLIXS, XATHANIEL, the first minister of 
 Enfield, Conn., died Feb. 6, 1758, aged 79. He 
 was the son of the preceding. lie graduated at 
 Cambridge in 1697. His wife was Alice, daugh 
 ter of Rev. William Adams of Dcdham ; she died 
 Feb. 19, 1735. His daughter, Ann, married 
 Ephraim Terry of Enfield, and was the grand 
 mother of Seth Terry of Hartford. His brother- 
 in-law, Rev. Mr. Whiting of Windham, died at 
 his house. 
 
 COLLIXS, TIMOTHY, the first minister of 
 Litchficld, died in 1777, aged about 80. Born in 
 Guilford, he graduated at Yale in 1718, and 
 preached at L. from 1721 to 1752, when he was 
 dismissed at his own request. He afterwards 
 practised physic. 
 
 COLLIXS, DANIEL, the first minister of Lanes- 
 borough, Mass., died Aug. 26, 1822, aged 83. 
 Born in Guilford, Conn., he graduated at Yale in 
 1760, and was ordained April 17, 1764; the same 
 council ordained the next day Rev. T. Allen, in 
 the adjoining town of Pittsfield. Rev. J. De 
 Witt was a colleague in 1812. 
 
 COLLIXS, AARON COOKE, minister of Williston, 
 Vt,, and of Bloomfield, X. Y., died 1830, aged 
 about 65. He graduated at Yale in 1786. His 
 wife was Love Lee, daughter of Rev. Jonathan Lee 
 of Salisbury by his second wife, Love Graham 
 Brinkerhoff. 
 
 COLMAX, BENJAMIN, D. D., first minister 
 of the church in Brattle street, Boston, died Aug. 
 29, 1747, aged 73. Born in Boston in 1673, he 
 was distinguished by early piety and zeal in liter 
 ary pursuits, and in 1692 was graduated at Har 
 vard college. Beginning to preach soon after 
 wards, his benevolent labors were enjoyed for half 
 a year by the town of Medford. In July, 1695, he 
 embarked for London. During the voyage the 
 ship, in which he sailed, was attacked by a French 
 privateer, and Mr. Colman, though he had none 
 of the presumptuous fearlessness of some of his 
 companions, yet remained upon the quarter-deck, 
 and fought bravely with the rest. Being taken 
 prisoner, he was dressed in rags, and put into the 
 hold among the sailors. When he arrived in 
 France, by means of a little money, which he had 
 preserved, he was enabled to make some improve 
 ment in his appearance. In a few weeks he was 
 exchanged, and he soon reached London. Among 
 the eminent ministers, with whom he here became 
 acquainted, were Howe, Calamy, and Burkitt. 
 Being called to preach in different places, he sup 
 plied a small congregation at Cambridge for a 
 few weeks, and was succeeded by the learned 
 James Pierce, who by his mathematical knowl 
 edge attracted the notice of Mr. Whiston, and, 
 becoming his friend, imbibed his Arian sentiments. 
 
COLMAN. 
 
 COLMAN. 
 
 251 
 
 Tic afterwards preached about two years at Bath, 
 where he became intimately acquainted with Mrs. 
 Howe, then Miss Singer, and admired her sublime 
 devotion as well as ingenuity and wit, and after 
 wards corresponded with her. 
 
 A new society having been formed in Brattle 
 street, Boston, the principal gentlemen who com 
 posed it sent him an invitation to return to his 
 native country, and to be their minister. The 
 peculiar constitution of this church, differing from 
 that of the other churches in New England, ren 
 dered the founders desirous that he should be 
 ordained in London. They approved of the con 
 fession of faith composed by the Westminster As 
 sembly ; but they were averse to the public rela 
 tion of experiences then practised previously to 
 admission into the churches, and they wished the 
 Scriptures to be read on the Sabbath, and the 
 Lord s prayer to be used. These innovations, the 
 founders believed, would excite alarm ; and, to 
 avoid difficulty, Mr. Colman was ordained by 
 some dissenting ministers in London Aug. 4, 
 1699. He arrived at Boston Nov. 1 ; and Dec. 
 24th the new house of worship was opened, and 
 Mr. Colman preached in it for the first time. 
 From the year 1701 he had for his assistant about 
 two years and a half Eliphalet Adams, afterwards 
 minister of New London. William Cooper was 
 ordained his colleague May 23, 1716, and after 
 his death in 1743, his son, Dr. Cooper, was* set 
 tled in his place. His three wives were Jane 
 Clark, widow Sarah Clark, and widow Mary 
 Frost, sister of Sir Wm. PepperelL lie left no 
 son. One daughter married Mr. Turell, another 
 Mr. Dennie. 
 
 He was an eminently useful and good man, and 
 was universally respected for his learning and 
 talents. lie was distinguished as a preacher. 
 Tall and erect in stature, of a benign aspect, pre 
 senting in his whole appearance something 
 amiable and venerable, and having a peculiar ex 
 pression in his eye, he was enabled to interest his 
 hearers. His voice was harmonious, and his ac 
 tion inimitable. He was ranked among the first 
 ministers of New England. Jesus Christ was the 
 great subject of his preaching. He dwelt upon 
 the Redeemer in his person, natures, offices, and 
 benefits, and upon the duties of natural religion 
 as performed only by strength derived from the 
 Saviour, and as acceptable only for his sake. He 
 had a happy way of introducing large paragraphs 
 of Scripture to enrich his discourses, and he fre 
 quently embellished them by allusions to the 
 historical parts of the sacred volume. He could 
 delight by the gracefulness of his manner, and 
 never by boisterousness and violence transgressed 
 the decorum of the pulpit; yet he knew how to 
 preach with pungency, and could array the ter 
 rors of the Lord before the children of iniquity. 
 It may excite surprise at the present day, that the 
 
 practice of reading the Scripture and repeating 
 the Lord s prayer, as a part of the services of the 
 Sabbath, should have excited opposition ; but 
 many were offended, though it was not long be 
 fore a number of other churches followed in the 
 steps of Brattle-street. The ground of opposition 
 to this new church was the strong features of 
 Episcopacy which it was imagined were to be 
 discerned in it. 
 
 In the various duties of the pastoral office Dr. 
 Colman was diligent and faithful. He catechized 
 the children of his congregation, addressed them 
 upon the concerns of their souls, and as they ad 
 vanced in years was urgent in his persuasions to 
 induce them to approach the table of the Lord. 
 His church had intrusted him with authority to 
 judge of the qualifications of communicants, and 
 it was thought by many that he was too free in 
 his admissions to the supper. But he was far 
 from thinking that a competent knowledge of 
 Christianity and a moral life were sufficient quali 
 fications. He thought that there should be a 
 profession of repentance and faith, with the purpose 
 and promise of obedience through the influence 
 of the Divine Spirit; and believed that the purity 
 of the churches would be corrupted, if there was 
 an indiscriminate and general admission to the 
 sacrament. While he entertained the highest 
 veneration for the fathers of New England, and 
 was very friendly to confessions of faith and to 
 the publication of them on particular occasions, 
 he used to say that the Bible was his platform. 
 In his sentiments upon church government he in 
 clined towards the Presbyterians. He was op 
 posed to the practice, adopted by the churches, of 
 sending for a council wherever they pleased, be 
 lieving the neighboring churches to be the proper 
 counsellors. As he conceived that all baptized 
 persons who made a credible profession of the 
 religion of Christ were the members of the 
 church, he thought that they should not be pro 
 hibited in voting for the choice of a minister. At 
 the same time, he considered them as very repre 
 hensible, if they neglected to approach the table 
 of the Lord. 
 
 Such was the estimation in which he was held, 
 that, after the death of Mr. Leverett in 1724, he 
 was chosen his successor as president of Harvard 
 college ; but he declined the appointment. He 
 however rendered great service to the institution. 
 lie procured benefactions for it, and took inde 
 fatigable pains in forming rules and orders relat 
 ing to the settlement of the Hollis professor of 
 divinity in Cambridge. His care also extended 
 to Yale college, for which he procured many val 
 uable books. In 1732 he addressed a letter to 
 Mr. Adams, of New London, one of its trustees, 
 desiring him to vindicate that college from the 
 charge of Arminianism. By his acquaintance in 
 England his usefulness was much increased. He 
 
252 
 
 COLMAN. 
 
 COLMAN. 
 
 received from Samuel Holden, of London, thirty- 
 nine sets of the practical works of Mr. Baxter, in 
 four massive volumes, folio, to distribute among 
 our churches. He procured also benefactions for 
 the Indians at Iloussatonnoc, and engaged with 
 earnestness in promoting the objects of that mis 
 sion, which was intrusted to the care of Mr. Ser 
 geant. But his labors were not confined to what 
 particularly related to his profession. He was 
 employed, in his younger as well as in his latter 
 years, on weighty affairs by the general court. 
 No minister has since possessed so great influ 
 ence. His attention to civil concerns drew upon 
 him censure, and at times insult ; but he thought 
 himself justified in embracing every opportunity 
 for doing good. He knew the interest of his 
 country and was able to promote it ; and he could 
 not admit that the circumstance of his being a 
 minister ought to prevent his exertions. Still 
 there were few men more zealous and unwearied 
 in the labors of his sacred office. His character 
 was singularly excellent. Having imbibed the 
 true spirit of the gospel, he was catholic, mod 
 erate, benevolent, ever anxious to promote the 
 gospel of salvation. He was willing to sacrifice 
 everything but truth, to peace. After a life con 
 spicuous for sanctity and usefulness, he met the 
 king of terrors without fear. In the early part 
 of his life his health was very infirm ; sickness 
 frequently reminded him of his mortality, and he 
 made it his constant care to live in readiness for 
 death. With a feeble constitution, he yet was 
 able to preach on the very Sabbath before he 
 died. His life was written by Mr. Turell, who 
 married his daughter; and was published in 1749. 
 He published an artillery sermon in 1702; the 
 government and improvement of mirth, in three 
 sermons, 1707 ; imprecation against the enemies 
 of God lawful ; practical discourses on the para 
 ble of the ten virgins, 8vo., 1707; a poem on the 
 death of Mr. Willard ; the ruler s piety and duty ; 
 a sermon on the union of England and Scotland, 
 1708; on seeking God early, 1713; the heinous 
 nature of the sin of murder ; on the incompre- 
 hensibleness of God, in four sermons, 1715; the 
 precious gifts of the ascended Saviour ; the bless 
 ing and honor of fruitful mothers ; divine com 
 passions magnified ; funeral sermons on Abigail 
 Foster, 1711 ; Elizabeth Waimvright, 1714 ; Isaac 
 Addington and Thomas Bridge, 1714; Elizabeth 
 Hirst, 1716; Messrs. Brattle and Pcmberton, and 
 Grove Hirst, 1717 ; Governor Dudley, 1720 ; Wil 
 liam Harris, 1721 ; Madam Steel, David Stoddard, 
 and Increase Mather, 1723 ; President Leverett, 
 1724; Cotton Mather, 1728; Solomon Stoddard 
 and William Welsted, 1729 ; Simeon Stoddard, 
 1730; Thomas Hollis, 1731; on his eldest daugh 
 ter, 1735; Thomas Steel, 1736; Peter Thacher, 
 1739; Samuel Holden, 1740; William Cooper, 
 1743 ; Francis Shirley, 1746 : the warnings of 
 
 God unto young people, 1716; a sermon for the 
 reformation of manners ; our fathers sins con 
 fessed with our own ; a thanksgiving sermon for 
 the suppression of the rebellion in Great Britain ; 
 at the ordination of William Cooper, 1717; the 
 rending of the vail of the temple ; five sermons 
 on the strong man armed ; the pleasure of reli 
 gious worship in our public assemblies; an elec 
 tion sermon, 1718; the blessing of Zebulon and 
 Issachar; reasons for a market in Boston, 1719; 
 early piety inculcated, 1720; early piety towards 
 men, 1721; some observations on inoculation; 
 Jacob s vow, 1722 ; Moses a witness to Christ, a 
 sermon at the baptism of Mr. Monis, 1722; an 
 election sermon, 1723 ; God deals with us as ra 
 tional creatures ; the duty of parents to pray for 
 their children ; the doctrine and law of the holy 
 Sabbath, 1725 ; a sermon to pirates, 1726 ; a sac 
 ramental discourse, 1727 ; at the ordination of 
 Mr. Pemberton, of New York ; on the accession 
 of George II. ; five sermons on the great earth 
 quake ; twenty sacramental sermons on the glo 
 ries of Christ, 8vo. 1728 ; the duty of young 
 people to give their hearts to God, four sermons ; 
 death and the grave without any order; a treatise 
 on family worship ; on Gov. Belcher s accession, 
 1730; the grace given us in the preached gospel, 
 1732; God is a great king, 1733 ; the fast which 
 God hath chosen, 1734; a dissertation on the 
 three first chapters of Genesis, 1735 ; a disserta 
 tion on the image of God, wherein man was 
 created, 1736; merchandise and hire, holiness to 
 the Lord ; righteousness and compassion the 
 ruler s duty and character ; the Divine compas 
 sion new every morning, 1737; waiting on God 
 in our straits and difficulties, 1737 ; at the artillery 
 election, 1738; the unspeakable gift, 1739; the 
 withered hand restored ; pleasant to see souls 
 flying to Christ, 1740; on Gov. Shirley s ac 
 cession, 1741 ; the word of God magnified by 
 him, 1742 ; the glory of God s power in the fir 
 mament ; Satan s fiery darts in hellish sugges 
 tions, in several sermons, 1744; at the ordination 
 of Samuel Cooper, 1746. TurelVs Life and 
 Character of Colman ; Thacher s Centrnary 
 Sermon; Hopkins History of Iloussatonnoc 
 Indians. 
 
 COLMAN, HENRY, died at Islington, London, 
 Aug. 17, 1849. He was a graduate of Dart 
 mouth in 1805, and was many years a Unitarian 
 minister in Salem. He afterwards devoted him 
 self to agricultural inquiries, and had a commis 
 sion for that object under the authority of the 
 State; in this capacity he went abroad in 1842, 
 and was received with distinction in various parts 
 of England. It was on his return from Ireland, 
 visited for the same object, that by his exposure 
 on deck he took a violent and fatal cold. He 
 had engaged his passage home to America. His 
 daughter, Anna S., wife of Pickering Dodge, died 
 
COLTOX. 
 
 COLUMBUS. 
 
 253 
 
 in North Salem Sept. 16, 1849. He published a 
 volume of sermons, 1820 ; a half-century sermon, 
 1826; six or seven other sermons; and various 
 agricultural reports and works, among them, ag 
 riculture and rural economy of France, etc. ; 
 European agriculture, etc., 2 vols. ; also, European 
 life and manners, 2 vols., 1848. 
 
 COLTOX, GEORGE, died in Springfield, now 
 Longmeadow, in 1699, the ancestor of all in Xew 
 England who bear the name of Colton. He came 
 from near Birmingham, was at Springfield as 
 early as 1644, and was representative in 1669. 
 His wife was Deborah Gardner. He left five 
 sons and four daughters. 
 
 COLTOX, GEORGE, died at Bolton, Conn., in 
 1812, aged 56. He was the son of Rev. Benja 
 min C., of West Hartford, a graduate of 1756. 
 With eccentricities, he was yet a devout, godly 
 man. He was a few inches less than seven feet 
 in height, and lank, and wore a cocked hat and 
 an enormous wig ; he was called " the high priest 
 of Bolton." A child cried at meeting, being 
 afraid of " that big man with a sheep on his 
 back." He once preached a sermon of reproof 
 to his people, and the same by way of exchange 
 at Andover, some miles distant, uttering these 
 words from it, much to the astonishment of the 
 people : " I hear the sound of your axes at my 
 house every Saturday night, long after sundown." 
 In his last years his church declined ; but his suc 
 cessor, Philander Parmelee, who died in 1822, by 
 his most faithful and zealous labors in various re 
 vivals, greatly promoted the interests of religion 
 in Bolton. 
 
 COLTOX, JOHN O., a minister in New Haven, 
 died April 20, 1840, aged 30. He was a grad 
 uate of 1802, the son of Rev. George C., of 
 Westford, X. Y., and great-grandson of Rev. 
 Benj. C., of West Hartford. He was a scholar 
 of promise ; he edited a Greek reader. 
 
 COLTOX, WALTER, died in Philadelphia Jan. 
 22, 1851, aged 53. He was born in Rutland, Vt, 
 the brother of Calvin C., was graduated at 
 Yale in 1822, and early became a preacher, and 
 taught an academy at Middletown. In 1828 he 
 edited the American Spectator, a political paper 
 at Washington. He was the friend of Jackson, 
 who in 1830 appointed him a chaplain in the 
 navy. He was three years in the Constellation 
 in the Mediterranean. He was then chaplain of 
 the navy-yard at Philadelphia, and edited the 
 Xorth American. Going with the squadron to 
 the Pacific, about 1846, he was alcalde of Mon 
 terey in California, and judge of admiralty, and 
 established the California!!, the first paper, and 
 built the first school-house, and first announced to 
 our country the discovery of gold. He returned 
 in 1850. A cold, terminating in dropsy, occasioned 
 his death. He wrote much : ship and shore, 1835 ; 
 visit to Constantinople and Athens, 1836; deck 
 
 and port ; three years in California ; land and 
 lee ; the sea and the sailor ; notes on France and 
 Italy, with a memoir by Henry T. Checver. 
 
 COLTOX, GEORGE H., died Dec. 1, 1847, aged 
 29. The son of Rev. George C., of Westford, 
 X. Y., he was graduated at Yale in 1840. He 
 was a teacher in Hartford, delivered lectures on 
 the Indians, and commenced in 1845 the editor 
 ship of the American Whig Review. He pub 
 lished Tecumseh, a poem in nine cantos. CycL 
 of American Literature, II. 658. 
 
 COLUMBUS, CHRISTOPHER, the first discov 
 erer of the Xew World, died May 20, 1506, aged 
 about 70. He was born at Colognette, near Ge 
 noa, about the year 1436. His father, Domenico 
 Colombo, was a manufacturer of woollen stuffs in 
 Genoa, and rather poor. When the son went to 
 reside in Spain he changed the name of Colombo 
 to Colon, as more conformable to the Spanish 
 idiom, writing his name Cristoval Colon. He 
 was educated in the sciences of geometry and as 
 tronomy, which form the basis of navigation, and 
 was well versed in cosmography, history, and phi 
 losophy, having studied some time at Pavia. To 
 equip himself more completely for making dis 
 coveries, he learned to draw. He entered upon 
 a seafaring life at the age of fourteen. During 
 one of his voyages the ship in which he sailed 
 took fire in an engagement with a Venetian gal 
 ley, and, by the help of an oar, he swam two 
 leagues to the coast of Portugal, near Lisbon. 
 
 He married at Lisbon Dona Felipa Monis de 
 Palestrello, the daughter of an old Italian seaman, 
 from whose journals and charts he received the 
 highest entertainment. The Portuguese were at 
 this time endeavoring to find a way to India 
 around Africa ; they had been pursuing this ob 
 ject for half a century without attaining it, and 
 had advanced no farther along the coast of Africa 
 than just to cross the equator, when Columbus 
 conceived his great design of finding India in the 
 Vest. He knew from observing lunar eclipses 
 that the earth was a sphere, and concluded that 
 it might be travelled over from east to west, or 
 from west to east. He also hoped, that between 
 Spain and India some islands would be found, 
 which would be resting-places in his voyage. 
 Some learned writers had asserted that it was 
 possible to effect what he was now resolved to 
 accomplish. So early as the year 1474 he had 
 communicated his ideas in writing to Paul Fosca- 
 nelli, a learned physician of Florence, who en 
 couraged his design, sending him a chart, in 
 which he had laid down the supposed capital of 
 China, but little more than two thousand leagues 
 westward from Lisbon. The stories of mariners, 
 that carved wood, a covered canoe, and human 
 bodies of a singular complexion had been found 
 after westerly winds, also contributed to settle his 
 judgment. Having established his theory and 
 
254 
 
 COLUMBUS. 
 
 COLUMBUS. 
 
 formed his design, he now began to think of the 
 means of carrying it into execution. Deeming 
 the enterprise too great to be undertaken by any 
 but a sovereign State, he applied first, according 
 to Herrera, to the republic of Genoa, by whom 
 his project was treated as visionary. Ferdinando 
 Columbus, in his life of his father, says nothing 
 of this application, but represents that the plan 
 was first proposed to John II., king of Portugal, 
 because his father lived under him. This king 
 had encountered such vast expense in fruitless at 
 tempts to find a way to India around the African 
 continent, that he was entirely indisposed to give 
 to Columbus the encouragement which he wished 
 to obtain. By the advice, however, of a favorite 
 courtier, he privately gave orders to" a ship bound 
 to the island of Cape de Verd, to attempt a dis 
 covery in the west ; but the navigators, through 
 ignorance and want of enterprise, effected noth 
 ing, and on reaching their destined port turned 
 the project of Columbus into ridicule. When he 
 became acquainted with this dishonorable conduct 
 of the king, he quitted Portugal in disgust, and 
 repaired to Ferdinand, king of Spain. He had 
 previously sent his brother, Bartholomew, to Eng 
 land, to solicit the patronage of Henry VII. ; but 
 on his passage he was taken by pirates, and he 
 was detained a number of years in captivity. 
 The proposal of Columbus was referred to the 
 consideration of the most learned men in Spain, 
 who rejected it for various reasons, one of which 
 was, that, if a ship should sail westward on a 
 globe, she would necessarily go down on the op 
 posite side, and then it would be impossible to 
 return, for it would be like climbing up a hill, 
 which no ship could do with the strongest wind. 
 But, by the influence of Juan Perez, a Spanish 
 priest, and Lewis Santangel, an officer of the 
 king s household, Queen Isabella was persuaded 
 to listen to his request, and, after he had been 
 twice repulsed, recalled him to court. She offered 
 to pawn her jewels to defray the expense of the 
 equipment, amounting to more than 2,500 crowns ; 
 but the money was advanced by Santangel. 
 Thus, after seven years painful solicitation, he 
 obtained the patronage which he thought of the 
 highest importance in executing his plan. 
 
 By an agreement with their Catholic majesties, 
 of April 17, 1492, he was to be viceroy and admi 
 ral of all the countries which he should discover, 
 and was to receive one-tenth part of the profits 
 accruing from their productions and commerce. 
 He sailed from Palos in Spain, Friday, Aug. 3, 
 1492, with three vessels, two of which were called 
 caravels, being small vessels, without decks, ex 
 cept perhaps at the ends, having on board in the 
 whole ninety men. He might have deemed 
 small vessels better fitted for the purposes of 
 navigation in unknown seas. He himself com 
 manded the largest vessel, called Santa Maria. 
 
 He left the Canaries Sept. 6, and, when he was 
 about two hundred leagues to the west, the mag 
 netic needle was observed, Sept. 14th, to vary 
 from the pole-star. This phenomenon filled the 
 seamen with terror, but his fertile genius, by sug 
 gesting a plausible reason, in some degree quieted 
 their apprehensions. After being twenty days at 
 sea without the sight of land, some of them 
 talked of throwing their commander into the 
 ocean. All his talents were required to stimulate 
 their hopes. At length, when he was almost re 
 duced to the necessity of abandoning the enter 
 prise, at ten o clock in the night of Oct. llth, he 
 saw a light, which was supposed to be on shore, 
 and early the next morning, Friday, Oct. 12th, 
 land was distinctly seen, which proved to be 
 Guanahana, one of the Bahama islands. Thus 
 he effected an object which he had been twenty 
 years in projecting and executing. At sunrise 
 the boats were manned and the adventurers 
 rowed towards the shore with music and with 
 martial pomp. The coast was covered with peo 
 ple, who were overwhelmed with astonishment. 
 Columbus went first on shore, and was followed 
 by his men. They all, kneeling down, kissed the 
 ground with tears of joy, and returned thanks for 
 their successful voyage. This island, which is in 
 north latitude 25, and is sometimes called Cat 
 island, was named by Columbus San Salvador. 
 Having discovered a number of other islands, and 
 among them Cuba, Oct. 27th, and Hispaniola, 
 Dec. 6th, he began to think of returning. His 
 large ship having been wrecked on the shoals of 
 Hispaniola, he built a fort with her timber, and 
 left behind him a colony of thirty-nine men at 
 the port, which he called Xavidad, the nativity, 
 because he entered it on Christmas day. From 
 this place he sailed Jan. 4, 1493. During his 
 passage, when threatened with destruction by a 
 violent storm, he wrote an account of his discov 
 eries on parchment, which he wrapped in a piece 
 of oiled cloth and inclosed in a cake of wax. 
 This he put into a tight cask and threw it into 
 the sea, with the hope that it might be driven 
 ashore, and that his discoveries might not be lost, 
 if the vessel should sink. But he was providen 
 tially saved from destruction, and arrived safe at 
 Lisbon March 4th. On the 15th he reached 
 Palos, and was received with the highest tokens 
 of honor by the king and queen, who now made 
 him admiral of Spain. 
 
 He sailed on his second voyage to the New 
 World Sept. 25, 1493, having a fleet of three 
 ships of war, and fourteen caravels, and about 
 one thousand and five hundred people, some of 
 whom were of the first families in Spain. The 
 pope had granted, by bull, dated May 3, 1493, in 
 full right to Ferdinand and Isabella, all the coun 
 tries from pole to pole beyond a line drawn one 
 hundred leagues west of the Azores ; and their 
 
COLUMBUS. 
 
 Catholic majesties had confirmed to Columbus his 
 privileges, making the office of viceroy and gov 
 ernor of the Indies hereditary in his family. On 
 the Lord s day, Nov. 3, he discovered an island, 
 which in honor of the day he called Dominica. 
 After discovering Marigalante, so called in honor 
 of his ship, Guadaloupe, Montserrat, Antigua, and 
 other islands, he entered the port of Navidad, on 
 the north side of Ilispaniola, where he had left 
 his colony ; but not a Spaniard was to be seen, and 
 the fort was entirely demolished. The men, whom 
 he had left in this place, had seized the provisions 
 of the natives and their women, and exhibited 
 such rapacity as to excite the indignation of the 
 Indians, who had in consequence burned the fort 
 and cut them off. Dec. 8th, he landed at another 
 part of the same island, near a rock which was a 
 convenient situation for a fort ; and here he built 
 a town, which he called Isabella, and which was 
 the first town founded by Europeans in the New 
 World, lie discovered Jamaica May 5, 1494, 
 Avhere he found water and other refreshments for 
 his men, of which they were in the greatest want. 
 On his return to Ilispaniola, Sept. 29, he met his 
 brother, Bartholomew, from whom he had been 
 separated for thirteen years, and whom he sup 
 posed to be dead. His brother had brought sup 
 plies from Spain in three ships, which he com 
 manded, and arrived at a time when his prudence, 
 experience, and bravery were peculiarly needed ; 
 for Columbus on his return found the colony in 
 the utmost confusion. Their licentiousness had 
 provoked the natives, who had united against 
 their invaders, and had actually killed a number of 
 the Spaniards. He collected his people, and pre 
 vented the destruction which threatened them. 
 In the spring of 1495, he carried on a war 
 against the natives, and with two hundred men, 
 twenty horses, and as many dogs, he defeated an 
 army of Indians wliich has been estimated at one 
 hundred thousand. In about a year he reduced 
 the natives to submission. But while Columbus 
 was faithfully employing his talents to promote 
 the interests of his sovereign, his enemies were 
 endeavoring to ruin his character. He was a for 
 eigner, and the proud Spaniards could not pa 
 tiently see him elevated to such honors. He did 
 not require so enormous a tribute of the Indians 
 as some of his rapacious adventurers would im 
 pose, and complaints against him were entered 
 with the king s ministers. The discipline, which 
 he maintained was represented as severity, and 
 the punishments which he inflicted, as cruelty ; 
 and it was suggested, that he was aiming to 
 make himself independent. These whispers ex 
 cited suspicion in the jealous mind of Ferdi 
 nand, and Columbus was reduced to the neces 
 sity of returning to the Spanish court, that 
 he might vindicate himself from these false 
 charges. After placing the affairs of the colony 
 
 COLUMBUS. 
 
 255 
 
 in the best possible condition, and leaving the su 
 preme power in the hands of his brother Barthol 
 omew, he sailed from Isabella March 10, 1496, 
 having with him thirty Indians. He first visited 
 several islands, and, leaving the West Indies April 
 20, he arrived at Cadiz, after a dangerous and tedi 
 ous voyage, June 1 1th. His presence at court, with 
 the influence of the gold and other valuable arti 
 cles which he carried with him, removed in some 
 degree the suspicions which had been gathering 
 in the mind of the king. But his enemies, 
 though silent, were not idle. They threw such 
 obstructions in his way, that it was nearly two years 
 before he could again set sail to continue his dis 
 coveries. Fonseca. Bishop of Badajos, who in 
 Sept., 1497, was reinstated in the direction of In 
 dian affairs, was his principal enemy. It was he 
 who patronized Amerigo. 
 
 May 30, 1498, he sailed from Spain on his 
 third voyage with six ships. At the Canary Is 
 lands he dispatched three of his ships with pro 
 visions to Ilispaniola, and with the other three he 
 kept a course more to the south. He discovered 
 Trinidad July 31, and the continent of Terra 
 Firma on the first of August. Having made 
 many other discoveries he entered the port of St. 
 Domingo, in Ilispaniola, Aug. 30. By the direc 
 tion of Columbus, his brother had begun a settle 
 ment in this place, and it was now made the 
 capital. Its name was given to it in honor of 
 Dominic, the father of Columbus. lie found the 
 colony in a state which awakened his most seri 
 ous apprehensions. Francis Iloldan, whom he 
 had left chief justice, had excited a considerable 
 number of the Spaniards to mutiny. He had 
 attempted to seize the magazine and fort, but, fail 
 ing of success, retired to a distant part of the 
 island. Columbus had not a force sufficient to sub 
 due him, and he dreaded the effects of a civil war, 
 which might put it in the power of the Indians to 
 destroy the whole colony. He had recourse 
 therefore to address. By promising pardon to 
 such as should submit, by offering the liberty of 
 return to Spain, and by offering to re-establish 
 Iloldan in his office, he in Xov. dissolved this 
 dangerous combination. Some of the refractory 
 were tried and put to death. 
 
 As soon as his affairs would permit, he sent 
 some of his ships to Spain, with a journal of his 
 voyage, a chart of the coast which he had dis 
 covered, specimens of the gold and pearls, and an 
 account of the insurrection. Iloldan at the same 
 time sent home his accusations against Columbus. 
 The suspicions of Ferdinand were revived, and 
 they were fomented by Fonseca and others. It 
 was resolved to send to Ilispaniola a judge, who 
 should examine facts upon the spot. Francis de 
 Bovadilla was appointed for this purpose, with full 
 powers to supersede Columbus, if he found him 
 guilty. When he arrived at St. Domingo, all dis- 
 
256 
 
 COLUMBUS. 
 
 COLUMBUS. 
 
 sensions were composed in the island, effectual 
 provisions were made for working the mines, and 
 the authority of Columbus over the Spaniards and 
 Indians was well established. But Bovadilla 
 was determined to treat him as a criminal. He 
 accordingly took possession of his house and 
 seized his effects, and, assuming the government, 
 ordered Columbus to be arrested in Oct., 1500, 
 and loaded with irons. He was thus sent home 
 as a prisoner. The captain of the vessel, as soon 
 as he was clear of the island, offered to release 
 him from his fetters. " No," said Columbus, " I 
 wear these irons in consequence of an order of 
 my sovereigns, and their command alone shall set 
 me at liberty." He arrived at Cadiz Nov. 5, and 
 Dec. 17 was set at liberty by the command of 
 Ferdinand and invited to court. He vindicated 
 his conduct and brought the most satisfying 
 proofs of the malevolence of his enemies. But, 
 though his sovereigns promised to recall Bova 
 dilla, they did not restore Columbus to his gov 
 ernment. Their jealousy was not yet entirely re 
 moved. In the beginning of 1502, Ovando was 
 sent out governor of Ilispaniola, and thus a new 
 proof was given of the suspicion and injustice of 
 the Spanish king. 
 
 Columbus, still intent on discovering a passage to 
 India, sailed on his fourth voyage from Cadiz May 
 9, 1502, with four small vessels, the largest of 
 which was but of seventy tons. He arrived off 
 St. Domingo June 29, but Ovando refused him 
 admission into the port. A fleet of eighteen sail 
 was at this time about setting sail for Spain. 
 Columbus advised Ovando to stop them for a few 
 days, as he perceived the prognostics of an 
 approaching storm ; but his salutary warning 
 was disregarded. The fleet sailed, and of the 
 eighteen vessels, but two or three escaped the 
 hurricane. In this general wreck perished Bova 
 dilla, Iloldan, and the other enemies of Columbus, 
 together with the immense wealth which they 
 had unjustly acquired. Columbus under the lee 
 of the shore rode out the tempest with great diffi 
 culty. He soon left Hispaniola, and discovered 
 the bay of Honduras. He then proceeded to Cape 
 Gracias a, Dios and thence along the coast to the 
 Isthmus of Darien, where he hoped but in vain 
 to find a passage to the great sea beyond the con 
 tinent, which he believed would conduct him to 
 India. Nov. 2, he found a harbor, which on 
 account of its beauty he called Porto Bello. He 
 afterwards met with such violent storms as threat 
 ened his leaky vessels with destruction. One of 
 them he lost and the other he was obliged to 
 abandon. With the two remaining ships he with 
 the utmost difficulty reached the island of Ja 
 maica in 1503, being obliged to run them aground 
 to prevent them from sinking. His ships were 
 ruined beyond the possibility of being repaired, 
 and to convey an account of his situation to Ilis 
 
 paniola seemed impracticable. But his fertile 
 genius discovered the only expedient which was 
 left him. He obtained from the natives two of 
 their canoes, each formed out of a single tree. 
 In these, two of his most faithful friends offered 
 to set out on a voyage of above thirty leagues. 
 They reached Ilispaniola in ten days, but they 
 solicited relief for their companions eight months 
 in vain. Ovando was governed by a mean jeal 
 ousy of Columbus, and he was willing that he 
 should perish. In the mean time Columbus had 
 to struggle with the greatest difficulties. His 
 seamen threatened his life for bringing them into 
 such trouble ; they mutinied, seized a number of 
 boats, and went to a distant part of the island ; 
 the natives murmured at the long residence of 
 the Spaniards among them, and began to bring 
 in their provisions with reluctance. But the inge 
 nuity and foresight of Columbus again relieved 
 him from his difficulties. He knew that a total 
 eclipse of the moon was near. On the day before 
 it occurred, he assembled the principal Indians, 
 and told them that the Great Spirit in heaven 
 was angry with them for withdrawing their assis 
 tance from his servants, the Spaniards ; that he 
 was about to punish them ; and that as a sign of 
 his wrath the moon would be obscured that very 
 night. As the eclipse came on, they ran to Co 
 lumbus, loaded with provisions, and entreated his 
 intercession with the Great Spirit to avert the 
 destruction which threatened them. From this 
 time the natives were very ready to bring their 
 provisions, and they treated the Spaniards with 
 the greatest respect. 
 
 At the end of eight months Ovando sent a 
 small vessel to Jamaica to spy out the condition 
 of Columbus. Its approach inspired the greatest 
 joy; but the officer, after delivering a cask of 
 wine, two flitches of bacon, and a letter of com 
 pliment, immediately set sail on his return. To 
 quiet the murmurs, which were rising, Columbus 
 told his companions, that he himself had refused 
 to return in the caravel, because it was too small 
 to take the whole of them ; but that another ves 
 sel would soon arrive to take them off. The mu 
 tineers from a distant part of the island were 
 approaching and it was necessary to oppose them 
 with force. Columbus, being afflicted with the 
 gout, sent his brother, Bartholomew, against 
 them, who on their refusing to submit attacked 
 them, and took their leader prisoner. At length 
 a vessel, which was purchased by one of his 
 friends, who went to Ilispaniola for his relief, 
 came to Jamaica and released him from his un 
 pleasant situation. On his arrival at St. Domingo 
 Aug. 13, 1504, Ovando received him with the 
 most studied respect, but, as he soon gave new 
 proofs of malevolence, Columbus prepared for his 
 return to Spain. In Sept., he set sail, accompa 
 nied by his brother and son, and after a long 
 
COLUMBUS. 
 
 voyage, in which he encountered violent storms, 
 and after sailing seven hundred leagues with jury 
 masts, he reached the port of St. Lucar in Dec. 
 lie now was informed of the death of his patron 
 ess, Isabella. He soon repaired to court, and 
 after spending about a year in fruitless solicitation 
 for his violated rights, and after calling in vain 
 upon a sovereign to respect his engagements, he 
 died at Valladolid, leaving two sons, Don Diego 
 and Ferdinand. His body was deposited in the 
 convent of St. Francisco; and in 1513 removed to 
 the monastery of the Carthusians at Seville, and 
 thence in Io36 to the city of St. Domingo in 
 Hispaniola, where it was placed in the chancel of 
 the cathedral. In 179,5, when the Spanish part 
 of Hispaniola was ceded to France, the bones of 
 Columbus were transported to the Havana, 
 where they now lie, in the wall of the cathedral. 
 At this city a eulogy was pronounced on the occa 
 sion by an aged priest, Jan. 17, 179G, in the pres 
 ence of nearly a hundred thousand people. A 
 white marble tablet was inserted in the wall in 
 1832, having on it a medallion profile, and an 
 inscription, wishing his remains might remain a 
 thousand years in the urn and in the remem 
 brance of the nation. 
 
 In the character of Columbus were combined 
 the qualities which constitute greatness. He 
 possessed a strong and penetrating mind. He 
 knew the sciences, as they were taught at the 
 period in which he lived. He was fond of great 
 enterprises, and capable of prosecuting them with 
 the most unwearied patience. He surmounted 
 difficulties wliich would have entirely discouraged 
 persons of less firmness and constancy of spirit. 
 Ilis invention extricated him from many perplex 
 ities, and his prudence enabled him to conceal or 
 subdue his own infirmities, whilst he took advan 
 tage of the passions of others, adjusting his be 
 havior to his circumstances, temporizing, or acting 
 with vigor, as the occasion required. He was a 
 man of undaunted courage and high thoughts. 
 
 The following instance of the ingenuity of 
 Columbus, in vindicating his claim to respect for 
 his discoveries, is related by Peter Martyr. Not 
 long before his death, at a public dinner, the 
 nobility insinuated that his discoveries were rather 
 the result of accident than of well-concerted meas 
 ures. Columbus heard them decry his services 
 for some time, but at length called for an egg, 
 and asked them to set it upright on its smaller 
 end. When they confessed it to be impossible, 
 he flatted its shell by striking it gently upon the 
 table till it stood upright. The company imme 
 diately exclaimed, with a sneer, " Anybody might 
 have done it." " Yes," said Columbus, " but none 
 of you thought of it. So I discovered the Indies, 
 and now every pilot can steer the same course. 
 Remember the scoffs which were thrown at me 
 before I put my design in execution. Then it 
 33 
 
 COMSTOCK. 
 
 257 
 
 was a dream, a chimera, a delusion; now it is 
 what anybody might have done as well as I." 
 The signature to his will is as follows : 
 S. 
 
 8. A. S. 
 
 X. M. Y. 
 
 EL ALMIRANTE. 
 
 Instead of the last line, the Admiral, he some 
 times put the words, 
 
 XPO FERENS, 
 
 Or Christo Ferens. The other letters have not 
 been explained. They are supposed to be the 
 ciphers of a pious ejaculation to Christ and Mary 
 and Joscphus, as Sancta Maria, Salva me, etc. 
 Mr. Irving has not accounted for the disposition 
 of the letters in the form of a pyramid. It was 
 probably with reference to the name Colon, Col- 
 onna in Italian, a column. 
 
 Columbus was tall of stature, large and muscu 
 lar, long visaged, of a majestic aspect, his nose 
 hooked, his eyes gray, of a clear complexion, and 
 somewhat ruddy. He was witty and elegant. 
 His conversation was discreet, which gained him 
 the affections of those with whom he had to deal, 
 and his presence attracted respect, having an air 
 of authority and grandeur. He was always tem 
 perate in eating and drinking, and modest in his 
 dress. He understood Latin and composed ver 
 ses. In religion he was a very zealous and devout 
 Catholic. He left two sons, Diego and Ferdinand. 
 The latter entered the church : he collected the 
 richest library in Spain, consisting of twelve thou 
 sand volumes, which he bequeathed to the cathedral 
 church of Seville, where he resided. Diego was 
 for a time admiral and governor of Hispaniola. 
 
 Columbus was ever faithful to his prince. How 
 far the artifices, to which he had recourse in the 
 dangerous circumstances in which he was placed, 
 can be justified, it might not be easy to decide. 
 He is represented as a person who always enter 
 tained a reverence for the Deity, and confidence 
 in his protection. His last words were, " Into 
 thy hands, O Lord, I commend my spirit." His 
 life was written by his son Ferdinand. His per 
 sonal narrative, translated by Samuel Kettell, 
 was published at Boston, 8vo., 1827 ; his life by 
 Irving, 4 vols., 12mo., Paris, 1829. Robertson s 
 Hist. America, book II. ; Belknap s Biog. I. 86- 
 148 ; Holmes ; Ilerrera s Hist. America, I. ; Ir 
 ving s Life of Columbus. 
 
 COMFORT, DAVID, died in Kingston, N. J., 
 Dec. 28, 1853, aged 89. He was fifty years pas 
 tor of his flock. 
 
 COMLY, JOHN, a Friend, died in Byberry, 
 Perm., Aug. 17, 18,30, aged 7G, author of a pop 
 ular spelling-book and grammar. 
 
 COMSTOCK, DANIEL, Dr., died in Danbury, 
 Conn., Aug. 27, 1848, aged 82. For forty years 
 he had been a member of the church. The gos 
 pel sustained him in affliction and infirmity. 
 COMSTOCK, CYRUS, died in Lewis, N. Y., 
 
258 
 
 COXAXT. 
 
 Jan. 8, 1853, aged 86. He planted nearly every 
 Congregational church in Essex county, where he 
 labored nearly forty years, employed by the Berk 
 shire missionary association. 
 
 COXANT, ROGER, an early settler in Mass., 
 born in 1591, came to Plymouth in 1G23, and 
 removed to Xantasket in 1G25, and thence in the 
 autumn to Cape Ann, intrusted with the care of 
 the plantation by the adventurers in England. 
 He discovered Xaumkcak or Salem, and proposed 
 that as a better place of settlement, and built the 
 first house there in 1G2G. He was representative 
 at the first court in 1634, and died at Beverly 
 Nov. 19, 1679, aged 88. His son, Roger, was the 
 first white child born in Salem, and from that cir 
 cumstance had a grant of twenty acres in 1640. 
 Farmer s New England Register. 
 
 COXAXT, SYLVANUS, minister of Middlebor- 
 ough, Mass., was graduated at Harvard college in 
 1740, and was ordained as the successor of Peter 
 Thacher March 28, 1745; but a minority, opposed 
 to him, soon settled Thomas "Weld as their minis 
 ter. He died of the small-pox Dec. 7, 1777, and 
 was succeeded by Joseph Barker. He published 
 a letter on the death of his wife, with a poem to 
 her memory by Judge Peter Oliver, 1756 ; a dis 
 course at Plymouth, 1776. 
 
 COXDEE, MRS., wife of Daniel T. Conclee, mis 
 sionary at the Sandwich Islands, died in March or 
 April, 1855, at "Wailuku, aged 44. Her name 
 was Andelucia Lee of Jericho, Vt. She em 
 barked in 1836. In her last hours she had the 
 consolation of knowing, that her two daughters 
 were sharers in the great salvation of the gospel. 
 Though about to leave husband and children, 
 she hoped to meet them on the shores of immor 
 tality. 
 
 COXDIT, AARON, died in Morristown, X. J., 
 in April, 1852, aged 87, nearly forty years pastor at 
 Hanover. He preached ten thousand sermons, 
 had nine or ten revivals, received six hundred and 
 forty-four persons into his church, eleven of whom 
 became preachers, and baptized one thousand and 
 fifty-five. Four of his sons were ministers, one 
 of whom, Rev. Joseph C., of South Hadley, died 
 Sept. 19, 1847, aged 43. Magic s Fun. Serm. 
 
 COXE, SPENCER H., D. D., a Baptist minister, 
 died in Xew York Aug. 28, 1855, aged 70. At 
 first he was an actor, and was last on the stage in 
 1811, when many perished in the burning of the 
 Richmond theatre. He afterwards was an editor 
 at R., and a clerk in the treasury. In 1823 he 
 became a pastor in Xew York, and was one of 
 the most distinguished among the Baptist min 
 isters. 
 
 COXGDOX, BENJAMIN T., died in Xew Bed 
 ford April 6, 1851. He published the Xew Bed 
 ford Courier, an anti-masonic paper, and was 
 register of deeds. 
 
 COXKLIX, BENJAMIN, minister of Leicester, 
 
 COOKE. 
 
 died Jan. 30, 1798, aged 65. A native of South- 
 hold, and a graduate of Princeton, he was settled 
 as the successor of Mr. Roberts in Xov., 1763 : 
 from ill health he was dismissed in 1794, and was 
 succeeded by Mr. Moore. He was sagacious, and 
 energetic, and patriotic. In the Shays rebellion 
 he lent effectual aid to the cause of good order. 
 As a trustee of the academy he was also useful. 
 Wasliburn s Sketch of Leicester Academy. 
 
 COXWAY, HENRY, general, a hero of the 
 Revolution, died in East Tennessee in Sept., 1812, 
 of the sting of bees. 
 
 COXWAY, THOMAS, major-general, a native 
 of Ireland, came from France in 1777, on the 
 recommendation of Silas Dcane. After intrigu 
 ing against Washington, and fighting Gen. Cad- 
 wallader, he returned to France in 1778. It was 
 while suffering under the wound, received in the 
 duel, that he repented and wrote to Washington, 
 " You are in my eyes the great and good man." 
 
 COXWAY, ROBERT, general, a hero of the 
 Revolution, died at Georgetown, South Carolina, 
 in Dec., 1823, aged 70. He had previously lived 
 at Charleston. 
 
 COX WELL, HENRY, D. D., Roman Catholic 
 bishop, died at Philadelphia April 22, 1842, aged 
 91. He was consecrated in London in 1820. 
 
 COOKE, AARON, captain, died at Xorthamp- 
 ton Sept. 5, 1690, aged 80, the head of the fami 
 lies of Cookc. He came from England to Dor 
 chester in 1630, and lived in Windsor and 
 Xorthampton. He had four wives ; among them 
 the daughter of Thomas Ford of Windsor. His 
 second wife, of the name of Dcnslow, was the 
 mother of Aaron Cooke. 
 
 COOKE, ELISIIA, a physician of Boston, the 
 son of Richard C., died Oct. 31, 1715, aged 78. 
 He was born Sept. 16, 1637, and was graduated 
 at Harvard college 1657. After having been an 
 assistant under the old government, he was sent 
 to England in 1689 as an agent of Mass, to pro 
 cure the restoration of the charter. He was de 
 cided in his opinion, that if the old charter could 
 not be obtained, it would be better to meet the 
 consequences, than to submit to a charter which 
 abridged the liberties of the people. When the 
 new charter was procured in 169 1, he refused to 
 accept it, and did what he could to prevent its 
 acceptance. Increase Mather, who was agent at 
 the same time, pursued a different course, think 
 ing it wise to submit to a necessary evil. Though 
 he was not placed in the list of councillors, nom 
 inated by Dr. Mather in 1692, from apprehen 
 sions that he would oppose the new charter ; yet 
 in the following year he was elected in Massa 
 chusetts. He was, however, rejected by Gov. 
 Phips, because he opposed his appointment in 
 England. In lG94,he was re-elected, and contin 
 ued in the council till 1703, when Gov. Dudley 
 negatived his election, as he did for a number of 
 

 COOKE. 
 
 years successively. Though esteemed as a physi 
 cian, he was most remarkable in his political char 
 acter, having been more than forty years in places 
 of public trust, and being always firm and steady 
 to his principles. He married a daughter of 
 Gov. Levcrett. Ilutchinson, I. 393, 408; II. 70, 
 130,211. 
 
 COOKE, ELISIIA, distinguished in the history 
 of Mass., was the son of the preceding and was 
 graduated at Harvard college in 1697. He was 
 a representative of Boston in the general court in 
 1713, and was in favor of a private bank, rather 
 than of the public bank, the plan of which was 
 adopted to remedy the evils of the bills of credit. 
 He was elected into the council in 1717, and im 
 mediately commenced his opposition to Gov. 
 Shutc, engaging on the popular side. This was 
 the commencement of the dispute. The different 
 parties became more hostile ; new subjects of con 
 troversy arose ; and Shute was at length obliged 
 to leave the colony. Mr. Cooke was elected a 
 councillor in 1718; but the governor in a man 
 ner not very civil informed him, that his attend 
 ance at the board would be excused. In 1720 he 
 was chosen speaker of the house of representa 
 tives ; but the governor negatived the choice, and 
 as the house refused to make a new election, con 
 testing his right to control them, he dissolved the 
 assembly. At the next session a different person 
 was elected, not because the pretension of Shute 
 was admitted, but that there might be no obstruc 
 tion to the progress of the regular business of the 
 court. In 1723 he was appointed agent for 
 Massachusetts, and sailed for London in January. 
 Soon after his return he was chosen, in May, 172G, 
 a member of the council. On the accession of 
 Gov. Belcher, he was appointed in 1730 a jus 
 tice of the common pleas for Suffolk. He had 
 hitherto retained the attachment of the people by 
 endeavoring to support their liberties ; but being 
 desirous of securing his interest both with the 
 governor and the town of Boston, a jealousy was 
 excited, and he was in danger of losing the regard 
 of both parties. In 1733 or 1734 he was elected 
 representative by a majority of only one or two 
 - votes in six or seven hundred. He died in Aug., 
 1737, worn out with his labors, having been many 
 years the head of the popular party. He pub 
 lished political tracts. IIutcliinson,ll. 221, 233, 
 302, 348, 391 ; Collect. Hist. Soc. in. 300. 
 
 COOKE, WILLIAM, the first minister of East 
 Sudbury, died Nov. 12, 17GO, aged 63, having 
 been a useful pastor for tlu rty-six years. lie 
 graduated at Harvard in 1716, and was the libra 
 rian. He was succeeded at S. by Mr. Bridge. 
 He published a sermon at ordination of Elisha 
 Marsh, 1742; of Samuel Baldwin, 1757. 
 
 COOKE, SAMUEL, first minister of the second 
 parish in Cambridge, was graduated at Harvard 
 college in 1735, and ordained Sept. 12, 1739. 
 
 COOPER. 
 
 250 
 
 He died June 4, 1783, aged 74, and was succeeded 
 by Mr. Fiske. He was a man of science, of a 
 social disposition, distinguished by his good sense 
 and prudence, and a faithful servant of the Lord 
 Jesus. He published a sermon at the ordination 
 of C. Brown, 1748 ; of W. Symmes, 1759 ; the 
 election sermon, 1770; a sermon for a memorial 
 of the battle of Lexington, 1777. Hist. Coll. 
 VII. 33. 
 
 COOKE, GEORGE FREDERIC, a theatrical per 
 former, was born in Westminster, April 17, 1756. 
 He became distinguished as a player in London, 
 in 1800. He came to America in Nov., 1810, 
 and was much admired. He was intemperate, 
 and died at New York as a drunkard, Sept. 26, 
 1812. Mr. Dunlap published his memoirs, 2 
 vols., 1813. 
 
 COOKE, PHILIP P., died Jan. 20, 1850, aged 
 33. The son of John It. C., he graduated at 
 Princeton, and studied law with his father at 
 Winchester in Va., and settled on the Shcnandoah, 
 near the Blue Ridge, lie wrote tales for the 
 periodicals. He published the Froissart ballads, 
 1847. Cyc. of American Lit. II. 635. 
 
 COOLIDGE, JOSEPH, died in Boston, Nov. 
 19, 1840, aged 67. He was educated in Boston, 
 and in a military academy in the south of France. 
 He had an ample fortune. He contributed and 
 toiled for the establishment of the McLean asylum. 
 For railroads he subscribed largely, not for 
 gain, but for the public good. He was of a pub 
 lic spirit and energetic. 
 
 COOPER, JOHN, was of Scituate in 1634, but 
 removed to Barnstable. As he calls Alice Brad 
 ford his sister, his wife was probably of the name 
 of Carpenter. At his death he left one third of 
 his large estate to the church. 
 
 COOPER, WILLIAM, minister in Boston, died 
 Dec. 13, 1743, aged 49. He was a native of that 
 town, and, being early impressed by the truths of 
 religion and delighting in the study of the Scrip 
 tures, passed through the temptations of youth 
 without a blemish upon his character. He was 
 grave, but not gloomy nor austere ; discreet, but 
 not precise ; and cheerful, with innocence. While 
 a member of Harvard college, where he was grad 
 uated in 1712, he ardently cultivated those 
 branches of science which were most useful and 
 important. Every literary pursuit was sanctified 
 by prayer, and every human acquisition rendered 
 subservient to the knowledge of God and religion. 
 Soon after he began to preach, the eminence of 
 his qualifications as a minister attracted the at 
 tention of the church in Brattle street, Boston, 
 and he was invited to be colleague pastor with 
 Mr. Colman. At his own request his ordination 
 was delayed for a year, until May 23, 1716, when 
 he was inducted into the sa.cred office. From 
 this period to that of his death his ministerial 
 gifts, graces, and usefulness seemed constantly to 
 
260 
 
 COOPER. 
 
 COOPER. 
 
 increase, and the more he was known, the more 
 lie was esteemed, loved, and honored. In the 
 year 1737 he was chosen president of Harvard 
 college, but he declined the honorable trust. 
 
 lie was an eminent preacher, being an able and 
 zealous advocate of the distinguishing doctrines of 
 the gospel. Jesus Christ was ever the prominent 
 object in his discourses. lie insisted much on the 
 doctrines of grace ; considering them as not only 
 constituting the sole foundation of a sinner s hope, 
 but as exhibiting the capital aids and incentives 
 to holiness of heart and life. Hence his preach 
 ing was practical as well as evangelical. He in 
 culcated obedience upon Christian principles and 
 by Christian arguments. His sermons were easy 
 and natural in method ; rich in important truth ; 
 plain but not grovelling in style ; solid and argu 
 mentative, yet animated with the spirit of devo 
 tion; calculated at once to enlighten the mind, 
 to impress the conscience, and to warm the heart. 
 In explaining the profound and sublime truths of 
 the gospel, he had the singular felicity to be intel 
 ligible to the ignorant, instructive to the well- 
 informed, and edifying to the serious. In prayer 
 he remarkably excelled. He had a voice at once 
 strong and pleasant, and elocution grave and dig 
 nified; while a deep impression of God, whose 
 mercy he implored and whose messages he de 
 livered, was visible in his countenance and de 
 meanor, and added an indescribable solemnity to 
 all his performances. His benevolent labors were 
 not in vain. He was an eminent instrument and 
 promoter of the great revival of religion, which 
 occurred toward the close of his life. With a 
 heart overflowing with joy he declared that, " Since 
 the year 1740, more people had sometimes come to 
 him in concern about their souls in one week, 
 than in the preceding twenty-four years of his 
 ministry." To these applicants he was a most 
 judicious and affectionate counsellor and guide. 
 Though the general attention to the things of 
 another world was pronounced by many to be en 
 thusiasm and fanaticism; yet, Mr. Cooper, while 
 he withstood the irregularities which prevailed, 
 was persuaded that there was a remarkable work 
 of Divine grace. The numerous instances in his 
 own parish, of persons affected either with pun 
 gent and distressing convictions of sin, with deep 
 humiliation and self-abhorrence, with ardent love 
 to God and man, or with inexpressible consola 
 tion in religion, perfectly satisfied him that the 
 power of the Divine Reprover, Sanctifier, and 
 Comforter was among them. In the private walks 
 of life he displayed the combined excellencies of 
 the gentleman and Christian. He had but little 
 warning of the approach of death, but in the lucid 
 intervals of his disease, he was enabled to declare 
 that he rejoiced in God his Saviour. 
 
 He published a sermon on the incomprehen- 
 Biblcness of God, 1714; how and why young 
 
 people should cleanse their way, 1716; a sermon 
 to young people, 1723; a funeral sermon on J. 
 Corey, 1726; on the earthquake, 1727; a dis 
 course on early piety, 1728 ; a discourse on the 
 reality, extremity, and absolute certainty of hell 
 torments, 1732; on the death of Lieut.-Gov. 
 Tailer, 1732 ; at the ordination of R. Breck, 
 1736 ; concio hyemalis, or a winter sermon, 1737 ; 
 on the death of P. Thacher, 1739 ; the doctrine 
 of predestination unto life explained and vindi 
 cated in four sermons, 1740, which were repub- 
 lishcd in 1804; election sermon, 1740; a preface 
 to Edwards sermon on the trial of the spirits, 
 1741 ; two sermons preached at Portsmouth in 
 the time of the revival, 1741. Caiman s Fu 
 neral Sermon ; Panoplist, II. 537-540 ; Coll. Hist. 
 Soc. x. 157. 
 
 COOPER, SAMUEL, D. D., minister in Boston, 
 son of the preceding, died Dec. 29, 1783, aged 
 58. He was born March 28, 1725. He exhib 
 ited early marks of a masterly genius. As his 
 mind was deeply impressed by religious truth, 
 soon after lie was graduated at Harvard college, 
 in 1743, he devoted himself to the study of divin 
 ity, preferring the office of a minister of the 
 gospel to the temporal advantages which his tal 
 ents might have procured him. When he first 
 appeared in the pulpit, his performances were so 
 acceptable, and raised such expectations, that at 
 the age of twenty years he was invited by the 
 congregation in Brattle street, Boston, to succeed 
 his father as colleague with Dr. Colman. In this 
 office he was ordained May 21, 1746, thirty years 
 after the ordination of his father. He did not 
 disappoint the hopes of his friends. His reputa 
 tion increased, and he soon became one of the 
 most popular preachers in the country. After a 
 ministry of thirty-seven years he died of the 
 apoplexy. 
 
 Dr. Cooper was very distinguished in the sacred 
 office which he sustained. His sermons were 
 evangelical and perspicuous, and unequalled in 
 America for elegance and taste. Delivering 
 them with energy and pathos, his eloquence ar 
 rested attention and warmed the heart. In his 
 prayers, which were uttered with humility and 
 reverence, there was a grateful variety ; and, as 
 they were pertinent, scriptural, and animated 
 with the spirit of devotion, they were admirably 
 calculated to raise the souls of his fellow wor 
 shippers to God. His presence in the chambers 
 of the sick was peculiarly acceptable, for he knew 
 how to address the conscience without offence, to 
 impart instruction, to soothe, and to comfort. 
 His attention was not confined to theology ; but 
 he made himself acquainted with other branches 
 of science, and was one of the most finished clas 
 sical scholars of his day. His friendship to liter 
 ature induced him, after the destruction of the 
 library of Harvard college by fire, to exert him- 
 
COOPER. 
 
 COOPER. 
 
 261 
 
 self to procure subscriptions to repair the loss. 
 In 1767 he was elected a member of the corpora 
 tion, in which office he continued until his death. 
 lie was an active member of the society for prop 
 agating the gospel among the aborigines of 
 America. To his other acquisitions he added a 
 just knowledge of the nature and design of gov 
 ernment, and the rights of mankind. Most sin 
 cerely attached to the cause of civil and religious 
 liberty, he was among the first of those patriots 
 who took a decided part in opposition to the arbi 
 trary exactions of Great Britain. In his inter 
 course with his fellow-citizens, and by his pen, he 
 endeavored to arouse and strengthen the spirit of 
 resistance. Such were his abilities and firmness, 
 that he was esteemed and consulted by some of 
 the principal men who were the means of effect 
 ing our Revolution, lie did much toward pro 
 curing foreign alliances. His letters were read 
 with great satisfaction in the court of Versailles, 
 while men of the most distinguished characters in 
 Europe became his correspondents. The friend 
 ship which he maintained with Dr. Franklin and 
 Mr. Adams was the means of introducing to his 
 acquaintance many gentlemen from France, to 
 whom he rendered himself peculiarly agreeable 
 by his literary attainments, by an engaging ad 
 dress, and by the ease and politeness of his man 
 ners. Receiving from Dr. Franklin the letters 
 of Ilutchinson, procured by Mr. Williamson, with 
 a strict injunction not to allow them to be pub 
 lished, he put them into the hands of a gentleman 
 under the same injunction; but his confidence 
 was misplaced. When his country had asserted 
 her right to independence, believing that knowl 
 edge is necessary to the support of a free govern 
 ment, he was anxious to render our liberties 
 perpetual by promoting literary establishments. 
 He was therefore one of the foremost in laying 
 the foundation of the American academy of arts 
 and sciences, and was chosen its first vice presi 
 dent in the year 1780. In his last illness he ex 
 pressed his great satisfaction in seeing his country 
 in peace, and in possession of freedom and inde 
 pendence, and his hopes that the virtue and the 
 public spirit of his countrymen would prove to 
 the world that they were not unworthy of these 
 inestimable blessings. In the intervals of reason, 
 he informed his friends that he was perfectly re 
 signed to the will of Heaven ; that his hopes and 
 consolations sprang from a firm belief of those 
 truths which he had preached to others; and 
 that he wished not to be detained any longer 
 from that state of perfection and felicity which 
 the gospel had opened to his view. 
 
 Besides his political writings, which appeared 
 in the journals of the day, he published the fol 
 lowing discourses: on the artillery election, 1751 ; 
 before the society for encouraging industry, 1753; i 
 at the general election, 1756 ; on the reduction 
 
 of Quebec, 1759 ; at the ordination of J. Jack 
 son, 17GO; on the death of George II., 1761; at 
 the Dudleian lecture, 1773; on the commencement 
 of the new constitution of Massachusetts, Oct. 25, 
 1780. This last discourse and others of his pro 
 ductions have been published in several languages, 
 and, being written in a polished and elegant man 
 ner, were well calculated for the lips of an elo 
 quent speaker, such as he himself was. He was 
 also one of the poetic contributors to the " Pietas 
 et Gratulatio," with Dr. Church and others, 1760. 
 Clarke s Funeral Sermon ; American Herald, 
 Jan. 19, 1784; Continental Journal, Jan. 22; 
 Holmes ; TJiacher s Cent. Disc. 
 
 COOPER, MYLES, D. D., president of King s 
 college, New York, died in Edinburgh May 1, 
 1785, aged about 50. He was educated in the 
 university of Oxford, where he took the degree 
 of master of arts in 1760. He arrived at New 
 York in the autumn of 1762, being recommended 
 by the archbishop of Canterbury as a person well 
 qualified to assist in the management of the col 
 lege, and to succeed the president. He was re 
 ceived by Dr. Johnson with the affection of a 
 father, and was immediately appointed professor 
 of moral philosophy. After the resignation of 
 Dr. Johnson in Feb., 1763, he was chosen prert- 
 dent, previously to the Commencement in May. 
 It was not long before Dr. Clossey, a gentleman 
 who had been educated in Trinity college, Dublin, 
 and had taken the degree of doctor of physic, 
 was appointed professor of natural philosophy. 
 A grammar school was also established and con 
 nected with the college, under the care of Mr. 
 Gushing, from Boston. The classes were now 
 taught by Mr. Cooper, Mr. Harper, and Dr. 
 Clossey ; and under such able instructors they 
 had peculiar advantages. In the year 1775 Dr. 
 Cooper, as his politics leaned toward the British, 
 was reduced to the necessity of withdrawing from 
 the college and returning to England. He was 
 afterward one of the ministers of the Episcopal 
 chapel of Edinburgh. After the Revolution Wil 
 liam Samuel Johnson, son of Dr. Johnson, was 
 president of the college. 
 
 Dr. Cooper, though he had long expected 
 death, waiting patiently for its approach, yet died 
 in rather a sudden manner. The following epi 
 taph was written by himself. 
 
 " Here lies a priest of English blood, 
 AVho, living, liked whate er was good ; 
 Good company, good wine, good name, 
 Yet never hunted after fame ; 
 But, as the first he still preferred, 
 So here he chose to be interred, 
 And, unobscured, from crowds withdrew, 
 To rest among a chosen few, 
 In humble hopes that sovereign love 
 Will raise him to be blest above-" 
 
 He published a volume of poems in 1758, and 
 a sermon on civil government, preached before 
 
262 
 
 COOPER. 
 
 CORBITANT. 
 
 the university of Oxford on a fast, 1777. While 
 in this country he maintained a literary character 
 of considerable eminence. He wrote on the sub 
 ject of an American episcopate, and sometimes 
 used his pen on political subjects. It is said he 
 narrowly escaped the fury of the whigs. New 
 and General Biographical Dictionary; Miller, 
 II. 369; Pennsylvania Packet, July 29, 1785; 
 Chandler s Life of Jolmson, 106-109. 
 
 COOPER, WILLIAM, town clerk of Boston 
 forty-nine years, died Nov. 28, 1809, aged 89. 
 He was, it is believed, the brother of Dr. Samuel 
 C., and he was, for his excellent and faithful ser 
 vices, held in high estimation in Boston. 
 
 COOPER, JOSEPH, a distinguished farmer of 
 Cooper s Point, N. J., died at Philadelphia in 
 Nov., 1818. 
 
 COOPER, THOMAS, M. D., president of South 
 Carolina college, died in Columbia May 11, 1839, 
 aged 79. He was born in England about 1760, 
 and followed to this country Priestley, who came 
 in 1794. In his politics he was a zealous dem 
 ocrat ; as a lecturer he was learned and interest 
 ing. He was unhappily an Infidel. He published 
 works on law, medical jurisprudence, and polit 
 ical economy. He digested the statutes of South 
 Carolina in 4 vols. He translated Justinian and 
 Broussais. In Pennsylvania he was a judge of com 
 mon law, and a professor of chemistry at Carlisle. 
 
 COOPER, JAMES B., commander in the U. S. 
 navy, died Feb. 5, 1854, at Haddonfield, N. J., 
 aged 93. He was a captain in Lee s celebrated 
 legion in the Revolution ; assisted in the capture 
 of Stony Point and Paulus Hook ; and was en 
 gaged in the battles of Guilford court-house and 
 of Eutaw Springs. He entered the navy in 
 July, 1812, as sailing-master ; he was made a 
 commander in 1841. 
 
 COOPER, JAMES FENIMORE, died in Coop- 
 erstown, N. Y., Sept. 14, 1851, aged 62. He was 
 the son of Judge William C.,of Burlington, N. J., 
 an English immigrant. He graduated at Yale in 
 1805. After serving in the navy six years, in 
 1811 he married Miss De Lancey, sister of the 
 bishop of western New York. She died Jan. 20, 
 1852. In 1826 he visited Europe. 
 
 He published various works of fiction : Precau 
 tion, the Spy, the Pioneers, the Leather-stocking 
 tales, the Prairie, the last of the Mohicans, the 
 Path-finder, the Deer-slayer, the Pilot ; the Red 
 rover, the Water-witch, the two Admirals, and 
 Wing and wing ; the Bravo, the Heidenmaur, the 
 Headsman, the Homeward bound, the Home as 
 found. lie wrote also a history of the Navy, and 
 6 vols. of Gleanings in Europe and Sketches of 
 Switzerland. 
 
 COPELAND, LAWRENCE, died at Braintree 
 Jan. 14, 1700, aged 110. 
 
 COPLEY, JOHN SINGLETON, an eminent painter, 
 died suddenly in England Sept. 25, 1815, aged 
 
 about 76. He was born in 1738 in Boston. He 
 had a natural talent for painting, and was the 
 pupil and successor of Smibert. Many full- 
 length portraits painted by him remain in Mas 
 sachusetts. In coloring and drapery he excelled ; 
 and his likenesses were faithful. He went to 
 England before the war. In 1770 he was admit 
 ted a member of the royal academy of painting 
 in London. He was patronized by Mr. West. 
 In 1774 he went to Italy, and in 1776 returned to 
 England, where he met his wife and children, 
 whom he had left in Boston. He now devoted 
 himself to portrait painting. His first historical 
 picture was the Youth rescued from a shark. 
 His picture of the death of Lord Chatham estab 
 lished his fame. Afterwards he painted the 
 siege of Gibraltar ; Major Pearson s death on the 
 island of Jersey ; Charles I. in the house of com 
 mons; the surrender of De Winter to Duncan, 
 besides many portraits. His mother was Sarah 
 Winslow, of the Plymouth family. Col. Henry 
 Bromfield married his sister. His wife was the 
 daughter of Richard Clarke, a merchant in Bos 
 ton, one of the consignees of the India company s 
 tea ; a connection which may account for his at 
 tachment to the royal interest. His daughter 
 married Gardiner Greene, who in 1818 presented 
 to Harvard college a collection of all the proof 
 engravings of Copley s historical paintings. 
 Knapp s Lectures, 191 ; Encyc. Amer. 
 
 CORBITANT, an Indian sachem, living at 
 Mattapoiset, a neck of land in Swanzey, was an 
 enemy of the Plymouth plantation at the first 
 settlement. He was a sachem under Massassoit. 
 Indignant at the peace made with the English, he 
 in 1621 seized Squanto at Namasket, or Middle- 
 borough, and put his knife to the breast of Hob- 
 bamoc, another Indian, friendly to the English, 
 who, being stout, broke away and fled to Ply 
 mouth. Capt. Standish and ten men were im 
 mediately sent to Namasket to take Corbitant 
 prisoner ; but he escaped. Some time after, Cor 
 bitant, through the mediation of Massassoit, made 
 peace, and ventured to show himself at Plymouth. 
 In March, 1623, he was visited by E. Winslow 
 and John Ilampden, celebrated in English history, 
 with Hobbamoc for their guide. The Indian " was 
 a notable politician, yet full of merry jests and 
 squibs, and never better pleased than when the 
 like were returned again upon him." He in 
 quired why it was, that, Avhen he visited the 
 English, the guns were pointed towards him ; 
 and on being told it was out of respect and honor, 
 he said, shaking his head, he " liked not such sal 
 utations." On seeing his visitors ask a blessing 
 on their food, he inquired the meaning, and on 
 being told the reason, said it was well ; he, too, 
 believed in an Almighty power, called Kichtan. 
 Hist. Coll. vni. 263 ; Mourfs Relat. in 2 Hist. 
 Coll. IX. 54 ; Belknap s Biography, H. 229. 
 
CORLET. 
 
 COIILET, ELIJAH, an eminent instructor, com 
 menced his labors at Cambridge not long after 
 the first settlement of the town. He was master 
 of the grammar school between forty and fifty 
 years, and many of the most worthy men in the 
 country enjoyed the benefit of his instructions 
 previously to their entrance into college. The 
 society for propagating the gospel compensated 
 him for his attention to the Indian scholars, who 
 were designed for the university. He died in 
 1687, aged 76. lie was a man of learning, piety, 
 and respectability. N. Walter published an elegy 
 on his death in blank verse. He wrote a Latin 
 epitaph on Mr. Hooker, which is inserted in 
 Mather s Magnalia. Hist. Coll. I. 243 ; vii. 22 ; 
 Life of Walter; Mather s Magnalia, m. 68. 
 
 CORNBURY, EDWARD HYDE, lord, governor 
 of New York, died at Chelsea April 1, 1723. He 
 was the son of the Earl of Clarendon, and being 
 one of the first officers who deserted the army of 
 King James, King William, in gratitude for his 
 services, appointed him to an American govern 
 ment. Hunted out of England by a host of 
 hungry creditors, bent upon accumulating as 
 much wealth as he could squeeze from the purses 
 of an impoverished people, and animated with 
 unequalled zeal for the church, he commenced 
 his administration, as successor of Lord Bella- 
 mont, May 3, 1702. His sense of justice was as 
 weak as his bigotry was uncontrollable. The 
 following act of outrage will exhibit his character. 
 A great sickness, which was probably the yellow 
 fever, prevailing in New York in 1703, Lord Corn- 
 bury retired to Jamaica, on Long Island ; and, as 
 Mr. llubbard, the Presbyterian minister, lived in 
 the best house in the town, his lordship requested 
 the use of it during his short residence there. 
 Mr. llubbard put himself to great inconvenience 
 to oblige the governor, and the governor in re 
 turn delivered the parsonage house into the 
 hands of the Episcopal party, and seized upon the 
 glebe. In the year 1707 he imprisoned without 
 law two Presbyterian ministers for presuming to 
 preach in Xcw York without his license. They 
 were sent out by some dissenters in London as 
 itinerant preachers, for the benefit of the middle 
 and southern colonies. He had a conference 
 with them, and made himself conspicuous as 
 a savage bigot and an ungentlemanly tyrant. 
 The cries of the oppressed reaching the ears of 
 the queen in 1708, she appointed Lord Lovelace 
 governor in his stead. As soon as Cornbury was 
 superseded, his creditors threw him into the cus 
 tody of the sheriff of New York ; but after the 
 death of his father he was permitted to return to 
 England, and succeeded to the earldom of Clar 
 endon. Never was there a governor of New 
 York so universally detested, or so deserving of 
 abhorrence. His behavior was trifling, mean, and 
 
 CORNELIUS. 
 
 263 
 
 extravagant. It was not uncommon for him to 
 dress himself in a woman s habit, and then to 
 patrol the fort, in which he resided. By such 
 freaks he drew upon himself universal contempt ; 
 while his despotism, bigotry, injustice, and insa 
 tiable avarice aroused the indignation of the 
 people. Smith s New York, 101-116; Jlu/t-Jt- 
 inson, II. 123 ; Marshall, I. 272. 
 
 CORNELIUS, ELIAS, a physician and a patriot 
 of the Revolution, died at Somers, N. Y., June 
 13, 1823, aged Go. lie was a n live of Long 
 Island. At the age of nineteen, in opposition to 
 the advice of his relatives, who were then at 
 tached to the British cause, he repaired to New 
 York early in 1777, and, being recommended by 
 his instructor, Dr. Samuel Latham, was appointed 
 surgeon s mate in the second Rhode Island regi 
 ment, commanded by Col. Israel Angcll. On 
 reconnoitring near the lines above New York, he 
 Avas soon taken prisoner and carried to the " old 
 Provost " jail in the city, where he suffered in 
 credible hardships, till with great courage and 
 presence of mind he made his escape in March, 
 1778. He immediately rejoined the army and 
 continued in it till the close of 1781. He left a 
 widow, three daughters, and a son. As a phy 
 sician he had extensive and successful practice. It 
 was while he was in the army that he received 
 those religious impressions which issued in an 
 established Christian hope. A warm friend to 
 charitable institutions, he left 100 dollars to each 
 of the following societies : the American bible, 
 education, foreign mission, and the united for 
 eign mission. Boston Recorder, July 5, 1823. 
 
 CORNELIUS, ELIAS, 1). 1)., secretary of the 
 American education society, son of the preceding, 
 died Feb. 12, 1832, aged 37. He graduated at 
 Yale college in 1813 ; and, after studying theol 
 ogy, engaged in 1816 as an agent of the Ameri 
 can board of commissioners for foreign missions, 
 in which capacity he was for one or two years 
 very active and successful. In Sept. and Oct., 
 1817, he visited the missions in the Cherokee na 
 tion. On his way thence to the Chickasaw nation 
 he met a party of Indians from the Arkansas, 
 and redeemed from them a little Osagc orphan 
 captive, five years of age, and sent the girl to the 
 mission family. The subsequent winter he spent 
 ! at New Orleans, in the employment of the Mis 
 sionary society cf Connecticut. He arrived in 
 the city Dec. 30, 1817, and commenced preaching 
 and gathering a congregation. Jan. 22, 1818, he 
 was joined by Sylvester Larned, and they labored 
 together till the congregation was organized and 
 Mr. Larned invited to become the minister; after 
 which he turned his attention to the poor and 
 sick and others of the destitute. In the spring 
 he returned to Andover; and, July 21, 1819, was 
 installed as colleague with Dr. Worcester at Sa- 
 
264 
 
 CORNPLANTER. 
 
 CORTLANDT. 
 
 lem. In Sept., 1826, he was dismissed by the 
 advice of a mutual council, having been appointed 
 secretary of the American education society. In 
 the service of this institution he devised the plan 
 of permanent scholarships, and met with unex 
 ampled success in soliciting subscriptions. lie 
 established also the quarterly register and jour 
 nal of the American education society, which he 
 conducted for some years, assisted by Mr. B. B. 
 Edwards. In Oct., 1831, he was chosen secretary 
 of the American board of commissioners for for 
 eign missions, in the place of Mr. Evarts, deceased. 
 But he had signified his acceptance of this office 
 only a few weeks, and had just entered the 
 new and wide field of toil for the enlargement of 
 the kingdom of Jesus Christ, when he was re 
 moved from the world. Exhausted by a journey 
 from Boston, he was taken sick at Hartford, Conn., 
 Feb. 7, and died in that city of a fever on the 
 brain. His wife, the daughter of Rev. Asahel 
 Hooker, arrived a few hours after his decease. 
 Dr. Cornelius was enterprising, bold, and elo 
 quent; though resolute, yet considerate and pru 
 dent. Of a vigorous frame and determined spirit, 
 he was capable of meeting and surmounting great 
 difficulties. He fell in the fulness of his strength ; 
 and the American churches are again taught not 
 to trust in man. Besides his labors in the quar 
 terly journal and the annual reports of the edu 
 cation society, he published a discourse on the 
 doctrine of the trinity, reprinted as No. 185 of 
 the tract society. His memoirs, by B. B. Ed 
 wards, was published 1833. 
 
 CORNPLANTER, or GARYAX, an Indian 
 chief, died at Seneca reservation, N. Y., Feb. 17, 
 1836, aged about 100 years. He early espoused 
 the American side. His associate was lied Jacket. 
 
 CORNWALLIS, CHARLES, marquis, com 
 mander of the British army in America, surren 
 dered at Yorktown, Oct. 19, 1781, an event 
 which brought the war to a close. In 1790 he 
 was governor-general of India, and by his victo 
 ries in the war with Tippoo Saib acquired high 
 reputation. Again was he appointed, in 1805, 
 governor of India, where he died, at Ghazepore, 
 Oct. 5. He married in 1768 Miss Jones, a lady 
 of large fortune, said to have died of a broken 
 heart in consequence of his engaging in the Amer 
 ican war. He published an answer to the narra 
 tive of Sir Henry Clinton, 1783. 
 
 CORREA DE SERRA, JOSEPH FRANCIS, min 
 ister plenipotentiary from Portugal to this coun 
 try, was born in 1750, and studied at Rome and 
 Naples. Botany early engaged his attention. 
 After the peace of Amiens he resided eleven 
 years in Paris. He came to this country in 1813, 
 in order to prosecute his researches in natural 
 history ; and, while here, received his appoint 
 ment as minister from Portugal. He died at Lis 
 bon in Sept., 1823, aged 74. He was an eminent 
 
 botanist. He published dissertations on subjects 
 of natural history in the English philosophical 
 transactions ; note sur la valeur du perisperme ; 
 vues carpologiques ; collcccao de livros incditos 
 de historian Portugal, 3 vol., 1790; soil of Ken 
 tucky in American phil. trans. I. new series. 
 
 CORTEZ, HERXANDO, the conqueror of Mex 
 ico, died in Spain Dec. 2, 1547, aged 62. He 
 was born in Estremadura, in Spain, in 1485. At 
 the age of 33 he sailed from Cuba Nov. 18, 1518, 
 with eleven small vessels, six hundred and seven 
 teen men, soldiers and sailors, ten field-pieces, and 
 only thirteen firelocks. He landed at Tabasco, 
 and captured it. At Vera Cruz he built a small 
 fort ; then, burning his ships, he advanced against 
 Mexico, with five hundred men and fifteen horses. 
 The emperor, Montezuma, received him into the 
 city with great pomp ; but he was seized and 
 confined by the Spaniard. In a tumult of the 
 people, Montezuma was brought forward, in order 
 to quell it ; but in the attack the emperor was 
 mortally wounded and the invaders driven from 
 the city. But Cortez, after obtaining recruits, 
 marched again to Mexico in Dec., 1520, and after 
 a siege of three months took it, and seized Gua- 
 temozin. The sovereign was placed on burning 
 coals, in order to extort from him a confession of 
 the place where his riches were concealed. Thus 
 the empire was subdued by a small band of ad 
 venturers, and hundreds of the natives for refus 
 ing to become Christians were cruelly put to death 
 by men of less religion than they. The name 
 of Cortez is made memorable on the earth for 
 bravery, avarice, and cruelty. 
 
 CORTLANDT, PIERRE VAX, lieutenant-gover 
 nor of New York, died at his seat at Croton river 
 May 1, 1819, aged 94. He was appointed to 
 that office at the commencement of the new gov 
 ernment in 1777, and was continued in it eighteen 
 years in succession till 1795, his friend and confi 
 dant, George Clinton, being during the same 
 period governor. He early took an active part 
 against the oppressive acts of the British govern 
 ment. Of the first provincial congress he was a 
 member; also of the convention which framed 
 the constitution of New York. His residence 
 being forty or fifty miles from the city, during 
 the war his family was driven from their dwelling 
 in the manor of Cortlandt; but he confided in 
 the justice of the American cause, and, putting 
 his trust in God, he was undismayed by danger. 
 His Avife was the daughter of Gilbert Livingston. 
 Col. Van Cortlandt, probably his son, married a 
 daughter of Gov. Clinton. Augustus Van Cort- 
 landt, perhaps his brother, died in Youkers, 
 N. Y.,in 1823, aged 96. He was a man of exem 
 plary virtues, upright, benevolent, the friend of 
 the poor, and died a sincere Christian, with full 
 assurance of salvation by the redeeming love of 
 Jesus Christ, upon whom in his last moments he 
 
COHY. 
 
 COTTON. 
 
 2G5 
 
 called to receive him to endless life and glory. 
 Wcstchcster Gazette. 
 
 COltY, GILES, accused of witchcraft, was 
 brought into court at Salem in Sept., 1G92; but, 
 observing the fate of those, who had been tried, 
 fifteen at that court having been convicted, he 
 refused to plead, and agreeably to law he had 
 judgment for standing mute and was pressed to 
 death. This is the only instance of the kind in 
 the history of this country. Eight of the fifteen 
 were executed Sept. 22, among whom was Mar 
 tha Cory. Hutckinson, II. 60. 
 
 COSTER, JOHN G., died in New York, Aug. 
 8, 1844, aged 62. Born in Holland, he was an 
 honorable and successful merchant in New York 
 for fifty years. 
 
 DOTTING, URIAH, died at Boston May 9, 
 1819, aged 53 ; a mechanist and projector, doing 
 perhaps more than any other man for the im 
 provement of the city. 
 
 COTTON, JOHN, one of the most distinguished 
 of the early ministers of New England, died Dec. 
 23, 1652, aged 67. He was born in Derby, Eng., 
 Dec. 4, 1585. At the age of 13 he was admitted 
 a member of Trinity college, Cambridge, and 
 afterwards removed to Emanuel college, where 
 he obtained a fellowship. He was soon chosen 
 the head lecturer in the college, being also em 
 ployed as tutor to many scholars, who afterwards 
 became distinguished. For this office he was 
 peculiarly well qualified, as his knowledge was 
 extensive, his manners gentle and accommodat 
 ing, and he possessed an uncommon ease and 
 facility in communicating his ideas. His occa 
 sional orations and discourses were so accurate 
 and elegant, and displayed such invention and 
 taste, that he acquired a high reputation in the 
 university. Hitherto he had been seeking the 
 gratification of a literary taste, or yielding to the 
 claims of ambition; but at length a complete 
 change in his character, which he attributed to 
 the grace of God, induced him to engage with 
 earnestness in the pursuit of new and more 
 exalted objects. While a member of the college 
 his conscience had been impressed by the faithful 
 preaching of William Perkins ; but he resisted 
 his convictions ; and such was his enmity to the 
 truths, which had disturbed his peace, that when 
 he heard the bell toll for the funeral of that emi 
 nent servant of God, it was a joyful sound to him. 
 It announced his release from a ministry, hostile 
 to his self-righteous and unhumbled spirit. It 
 was not long, however, before he was again awa 
 kened from his security by a sermon of Dr. Sibs 
 on the misery of those who have no righteous 
 ness except the moral virtues. After a distress 
 ing anxiety of three years, it pleased God to give 
 him joy in believing. lie was soon called upon 
 to preach again in his turn before the university, 
 and, more anxious to do good than to attract ap- 
 34 
 
 plause, he did not array his discourse* in the orna 
 ments of language, but preached with plainness 
 and pungency upon the duty of repentance. The 
 vain wits of the university, disappointed in their 
 expectations of a splendid harangue, and reproved 
 by the fidelity of liim who was now a Christian 
 minister, did not hum their applauses as usual, 
 and one of them, Mr. Preston, who afterwards 
 became famous in the religious world, received 
 such deep impressions upon his mind as were 
 never effaced. Such was the collegial life of Mr. 
 Cotton. 
 
 About the year 1612, when in the twenty- 
 eighth year of his age, he became the minister of 
 Boston in Lincolnshire. Soon after his establish 
 ment in this place, the zeal of a physician in the 
 town in promoting Arminian sentiments, induced 
 him to dwell much and principally for some time 
 upon what he believed to be the truths of Scrip 
 ture ; upon the doctrine of God s eternal election 
 before all foresight of good or evil, and the re 
 demption only of the elect ; upon the effectual in 
 fluence of the Holy Spirit in the conversion of the 
 sinner, without any regard to the previous exer 
 tions of free will ; and upon the certain per 
 severance of every true believer. Such was his 
 success, that he soon silenced lu s antagonist, and 
 afterwards the doctrine of predestination was not 
 brought into controversy. He soon entertained 
 doubts respecting the lawfulness of complying 
 with some of the ceremonies of the church, and 
 was subjected to inconveniences on this account; 
 but as his people coincided with him in his senti 
 ments he kept his place for twenty years, and was 
 during this time remarkably useful, not only by 
 the effect of his faithful preaching, but as an in 
 structor of young men who were designed for the 
 ministry, some of whom were from Germany and 
 Holland. His labors were immense, for in addi 
 tion to his other avocations he generally preached 
 four lectures in the course of a week. His benev 
 olent exertions were not in vain. It pleased God, 
 that a general reformation should take place in 
 the town. The voice of profaneness was no 
 longer heard, and the infinitely important truths 
 of the gospel arrested the attention of almost all 
 the inhabitants. He was much admired and 
 much applauded, but he ever remained humble. 
 At length, after the government of the English 
 church fell into the hands of Bishop Laud, divi 
 sions arose among the parishioners of M*r. Cot 
 ton ; a dissolute fellow, who had been punished 
 for his immoralities, informed against the magis 
 trates and the ministers for not kneeling at the 
 sacrament ; and Mr. Cotton, being cited before 
 the high commission court, was obliged to fiee. 
 After being concealed for some time in London, 
 he embarked for this country, anxious to secure 
 to himself the peaceable enjoyment of the rights 
 of conscience, though in a wilderness. He Bailed 
 
266 
 
 COTTON. 
 
 COTTON. 
 
 in the same vessel with Mr. Hooker and Mr. 
 Stone, and the circumstance of their names caused 
 the people to say, on their arrival, Sept. 4, 1633, 
 that their three great necessities would now be 
 supplied, for they had Cotton for their clothing, 
 Hooker for their fishing, and Stone for their 
 building. This was an age of conceits. During 
 the voyage three sermons or expositions were de 
 livered almost every day, and Mr. Cotton was 
 blessed in the birth of his eldest son, whom at his 
 baptism in Boston, he called Seaborn. In Oct., 
 1633, he was established the teacher of the 
 church in Boston, as colleague with Mr. Wilson, 
 who was pastor. He was set apart to this office, 
 on a day of fasting, by imposition of the hands of 
 Mr. Wilson and his two elders. He remained in 
 this town, connected with this church, more than 
 nineteen years ; and such was his influence in es 
 tablishing the order of our churches, and so ex 
 tensive was his usefulness, that he has been called 
 the patriarch of New England. The prevalence 
 of those erroneous doctrines, which occasioned 
 the synod of 1637, so much disturbed his peace, 
 that he was almost induced to remove to New 
 Haven. Mrs. Hutchinson endeavored to promote 
 her wild sentiments by shielding them under the 
 name of Mr. Cotton ; but, though he was im 
 posed upon for some time by the artifices of those 
 of her party, yet, when he discovered their real 
 opinions, he was bold and decided in his opposi 
 tion to them. Though he did not sign the result 
 of the synod of 1637, on account of his differing 
 from it in one or two points ; he yet approved of 
 it in general, and his peaceable intercourse with 
 his brethren in the ministry was not afterwards 
 interrupted on account of his supposed errors. In 
 1642 he was invited to England, with Mr. Hooker 
 and Mr. Davenport, to assist in the assembly of 
 divines at Westminister, and he was in favor of 
 accepting the invitation, but Mr. Hooker was op 
 posed to it, as he was at that time forming a sys 
 tem of church government for New England. His 
 death was occasioned by an inflammation of the 
 lungs, brought on by exposure in crossing the 
 ferry to Cambridge, where he went to preach. 
 So universally was he venerated, that many ser 
 mons were preached on his decease in different 
 parts of the country. 
 
 Mr. Cotton sustained a high reputation for 
 learning. He was a critic in Greek, and with 
 Hebrew he was so well acquainted that he could 
 discourse in it. He also wrote Latin with ele 
 gance, as a specimen of which, his preface to 
 Norton s answer to the inquiries of Appollonius 
 has often been mentioned. In the pulpit he im 
 pressed his hearers with admiration. Uniting to 
 conspicuous talents and a profound judgment, the 
 candor and mildness enjoined in the gospel, and 
 the warmth of pious feeling, his instructions did 
 not meet the resistance which is often expe 
 
 rienced, but fell with the gentleness of the dew, 
 and insinuated themselves imperceptibly into the 
 mind. His labors, soon after he came to Boston, 
 were more effectual than those of any of the min 
 isters in the country ; he was the means of excit 
 ing great attention to religious subjects ; and 
 some of the most profligate were brought to re 
 nounce their iniquities, and to engage in a course 
 of conduct more honorable and more satisfactory, 
 and which would terminate in everlasting felicity. 
 His discourses were generally written with the 
 rcatest attention, though he sometimes preached 
 without any preparation. His intimate and accu 
 rate knowledge of the Scriptures and the extent 
 of his learning enabled him to do this without 
 difficulty. His written sermons, which he had 
 composed with ca/e, were yet remarkable for 
 their simplicity and plainness, for he was desirous 
 that all should understand him, and less anxious 
 to acquire fame than to do good. His voice was 
 not loud, but it was so clear and distinct, that it 
 was heard with ease by the largest auditory ; and 
 his utterance was accompanied by a natural and 
 becoming motion of his right hand. The Lord 
 was in the still, small voice. He preached with 
 such life, dignity, and majesty, that Mr. Wilson 
 said, one almost thinks that he hears the very 
 prophet speak, upon whose works he is dwelling. 
 His library was large, and he had well studied 
 the fathers and schoolmen, but he preferred Cal 
 vin to them all. Being asked, in the latter part 
 of his life, why he indulged in nocturnal studies, 
 he answered, that he loved to sweeten his mouth 
 with a piece of Calvin before he went to sleep. 
 Twelve hours in a day were generally occupied by 
 his studies ; and such was his zeal in theological 
 pursuits, that he frequently lamented the useless 
 visits with which he was oppressed, though he 
 was incapable of incivility to persons, who thus 
 obtruded upon him. He gave himself chiefly to 
 reading and preparation for the duties of public 
 instruction, depending much on the ruling elders 
 for intelligence respecting his flock. He was an 
 excellent casuist, and, besides resolving many cases 
 which were brought him, he was also deeply 
 though not violently engaged in controversies 
 respecting church government. In his contro 
 versy with Mr. Williams he found an antagonist, 
 whose weapons were powerful and whose cause 
 was good ; while he himself unhappily advocated a 
 cause which he had once opposed, when suffering 
 persecution in England. He contended for the 
 interference of the civil power in support of the 
 truth, and to the objection of Mr. Williams, that 
 this was infringing the rights of conscience, the 
 only reply that could be made was, that when a 
 person, after repeated admonitions, persisted in 
 rejecting and opposing fundamental points of doc 
 trine or worship, it could not be from conscience, 
 but against conscience, and therefore that it was 
 
COTTON. 
 
 COTTON. 
 
 2G7 
 
 not persecution for cause of conscience for the 
 civil power to drive such persons away, but it was 
 a wise regard to the good of the church ; it was 
 putting away evil from the people. 
 
 To his intellectual powers and improvements 
 he added the virtues which render the Christian 
 character amiable and interesting. Even Mr. 
 Williams, his great antagonist, with very extra 
 ordinary candor speaks of him with esteem and 
 respect, commending him for his goodness and 
 for his attachment to so many of the truths of 
 the gospel, lie was modest, humble, gentle, 
 peaceable, patient, and forbearing. Sometimes 
 he almost lamented that he carried his meekness 
 to such an extent. " Angry men," said he, " have 
 an advantage over me ; the people will not oppose 
 them, for they will rage ; but some are encour 
 aged to do me injury, because they know I shall 
 not be angry with them again." It will not be 
 questioned, however, that his temper contributed 
 more to his peace, and enjoyment, and usefulness, 
 than a different temper would have done. When 
 he was once told that his preaching was very dark 
 and comfortless, he replied, " Let me have your 
 prayers, brother, that it may be otherwise." 
 Having observed to a person, who boasted of his 
 knowledge of the book of Itevelation, that he 
 wanted light in those mysteries, the man went 
 home and sent him a pound of candles ; which 
 insolence only excited a smile. " Mr. Cotton," 
 says Dr. Mather, " would not set the beacon of 
 his great soul on fire at the landing of such a 
 little cock-boat." A drunken fellow, to make 
 merriment for his companions, approached him 
 in the street, and whispered in his ear, " Thou art 
 an old tool." Mr. Cotton replied, " I confess I 
 am so ; the Lord make both me and thee wiser 
 than we arc, even wise to salvation." Though he 
 asserted the right of the civil power to banish 
 heretics, he yet had a great aversion to engaging 
 in any civil affairs, and with reluctance yielded his 
 attention to any concern not immediately con 
 nected with his holy calling. In his family he 
 was very careful to impart instruction, and wisely 
 and calmly to exercise his authority in restraining 
 vice. He read a chapter in the Bible, with an ex 
 position, before and after which he made a 
 prayer, remembering, however, to avoid a te 
 dious prolixity. He observed the Sabbath from 
 evening to evening, and by him this practice 
 was rendered general in New England. On 
 Saturday evening, after expounding the Scrip 
 tures, he catechized his children and servants, 
 prayed with them, and sung a psalm. On the 
 Sabbath evening the sermons of the day were re 
 peated, and, after .singing, with uplifted hands and 
 eyes he uttered the doxology, " Blessed be God 
 in Christ our Saviour." In his study he prayed 
 much. He would rarely engage in any theolog 
 ical research, or sit down to prosecute his studies, 
 
 without first imploring the Divine blessing. He 
 kept many days of private fasting and thanks 
 giving. While he was thus distinguished for his 
 piety, he was also kind and benevolent. He 
 knew that the efficacy of religious principles must 
 be evinced by good works, and he was therefore 
 hospitable and charitable. The stranger and the 
 needy were ever welcomed to his table. Such 
 was his beneficence, that, when Mr. White was 
 driven with his church from Bermuda into the 
 American wilderness, he collected 700 pounds for 
 their relief, towards which he himself contributed 
 very liberally. Two hundred pounds were given 
 by the church in Boston. 
 
 After a life of eminent sanctity and usefulness, 
 he was not left destitute of support in his dying 
 moments. In his sickness President Dunster 
 went to see him, and with tears begged his bless 
 ing, saying, " I know in my heart, that he whom 
 you bless shall be blessed." lie sent for the 
 elders of the church, and exhorted them to guard 
 against declensions, expressing to them the pleas 
 ure which he had found in the service of the Lord 
 Jesus Christ. After he had addressed his chil 
 dren, he desired to be left alone, that his thoughts 
 might be occupied by heavenly things without in 
 terruption ; and thus he died in peace. He was 
 of a clear, fair complexion, and, like David, of a 
 ruddy countenance. His stature was rather short 
 than tall. In early life his hair was brown, but 
 in his latter days it was white as the driven snow. 
 In his countenance there was an inexpressible 
 majesty, which commanded reverence from every 
 one not hardened against good impressions, who 
 approached him. In an epitaph on Mr. Cotton 
 by Mr. Woodbridge are the following lines, \vhich 
 probably led Dr. Franklin to write the famous 
 epitaph on himself. 
 
 " A living, breathing Bible ; tables, where 
 Both covenants at large engraven were; 
 Gospel and law in s heart had each its column, 
 His head an index to the sacred volume j 
 His very name a title page ; and next, 
 His life a commentary on the text. 
 0, what a monument of glorious worth, 
 When in a new edition he comes forth, 
 Without errata may we think he 11 be, 
 In leaves and covers of eternity ! " 
 
 lie left two sons, who were ministers of Hamp 
 ton and of Plymouth. His youngest daughter 
 married Increase Mather. 
 
 Mr. Cotton s publications were numerous ; the 
 most celebrated are the works which he published 
 in the controversy with Mr. Williams, and his 
 power of the keys, on the subject of church gov 
 ernment. In this latter work he contends, that the 
 constituent members of a church are elders and 
 brethren ; that the ciders are intrusted with gov 
 ernment, so that without them there can be no 
 elections, admissions, or excommunications ; that 
 they have a negative upon the acts of the frater- 
 
268 
 
 COTTON. 
 
 COTTON. 
 
 nity, yet that the brethren have so much liberty, 
 that nothing of common concernment can be im 
 posed upon them without their consent. He 
 asserts the necessary communion of churches in 
 sjiiods, who have authority to enjoin such things 
 as may rectify disorders, dissensions, and con 
 fusion of congregations, and, upon an obstinate 
 refusal to comply, may withdraw communion. 
 The following is a catalogue of his writings : 
 God s promise to his plantation, an election ser 
 mon, 1634 ; a letter in answer to objections made 
 against the New England churches, with the 
 questions proposed to such as are admitted to 
 church fellowship, 1611; the way of life, 4to; 
 God s mercy mixed with his justice ; an abstract 
 of the laws of New England, 1641, and a second 
 edition in 1655 ; this abstract of such laws of the 
 Jews as were supposed to be of perpetual obliga 
 tion was drawn up in 1636, when Vane was gov 
 ernor, though it was never accepted ; it is pre 
 served in vol. v. of the historical collections ; the 
 church s resurrection, on the fifth and sixth verses 
 of revelation, xx. 1642 ; a modest and clear an 
 swer to Mr. Ball s discourse on set forms of 
 prayer ; exposition of revelation, XVI. ; the true 
 constitution of a particular, visible church, 1643 ; 
 the keys of the kingdom of heaven, and power 
 thereof, 1644 ; the doctrine of the church, to 
 which is committed the keys of the kingdom of 
 heaven ; the covenant of God s free grace most 
 sweetly unfolded, to which is added a profession 
 of faith by Mr. Davenport, 1645 ; 3d edit., 1671 ; 
 the way of the churches of Christ in New Eng 
 land, or the way of churches walking in brotherly 
 eqxiality, etc. ; this was published from an imper 
 fect copy, and represents Mr. Cotton as less 
 friendly to the authority of the elders than he 
 really was ; the pouring out of the seven vials ; 
 the controversy concerning liberty of conscience 
 truly stated, 1646; a treatise showing that singing 
 of psalms is a gospel ordinance, 1647 ; the 
 grounds and ends of the baptism of the children 
 of the faithful, 1647 ; a letter to Mr. Williams, 
 the bloody tenet washed and made white in the 
 blood of the Lamb, being discussed and discharged 
 of blood-guiltiness by just defence, in answer to 
 Mr. Williams, to which is added, a reply to Mr. 
 Williams answer to Mr. Cotton s letter, 1647 ; 
 questions propounded to him by the teaching 
 elders, with his answer to each question ; the way 
 of congregational churches cleared, in two trea 
 tises, against Mr. Baylie and Mr. Rutherford, 
 1648; of the holiness of church members, prov 
 ing that visible saints are the matter of the 
 church, 1650; Chrirst the fountain of life, 1651; 
 a brief exposition of Ecclesiastes, 1654; his cen 
 sure upon the way of Mr. Ilenden, of Kent, 1656 ; 
 sermons on the first epistle of John, folio ; a 
 discourse on things indifferent, proving that no 
 church governors have power to impose indiffer 
 
 ent things upon the consciences of men ; expo 
 sition of Canticles ; milk for babes, a catechism ; 
 meat for strong men ; a discourse about civil gov 
 ernment in a plantation, whose design is religion, 
 1663. Norton s and Mather s Life of Cotton ; 
 Mather s Magnalia, III. 14-31; Neal s New Eng 
 land,!. 305-307 ; Hist. Coll. \. 171; IX. 41-44; 
 Hutcliinson, I. 34, 55-76, 115, 179; Winthrop, 
 52-153. 
 
 COTTON, SEABORX, minister of Hampton, 
 N. H., was the son of the preceding, and was 
 born at sea in Aug., 1633, while his parents were 
 on their voyage to New England. His name is 
 put Marigena in the catalogue of Harvard college, 
 where he was graduated in 1651. He was or 
 dained at Hampton in 1660, as successor of Mr. 
 Wheelright, and died April 19, 1686, aged 52 
 years. His first wife was Dorothy, daughter of 
 Gov. Bradstreet. His son John, his successor in 
 the ministry at Hampton, was ordained in 1696, 
 and died March 27, 1710, aged 52 years. During 
 Gov. Cranfield s administration Mr. Moody was 
 imprisoned for refusing to administer the sacra 
 ment to him ; the next week the governor sent 
 word to Mr. Cotton, that, " when he had prepared 
 his soul, he would come and demand the sacra 
 ment of him, as he had done at Portsmouth." 
 This threat induced Mr. Cotton to withdraw for 
 some time to Boston. He was esteemed a thor 
 ough scholar and an able preacher. The here 
 sies of his namesake, Pelagius, which had been 
 revived in the world, he regarded with abhor 
 rence. Magnalia, ill. 20, 31; Farmer s Bel- 
 knap, I. 
 
 COTTON, JOHN, minister of Plymouth, Mass., 
 and of Charleston, S.C., brother of the preceding, 
 died Sept., 1699, aged 59. He was the son of 
 John Cotton, of Boston, and was born March 13, 
 1640. He was graduated at Harvard college in 
 1657. From 1664 to 1667 he preached on Mar 
 tha s Vineyard to a congregation of white people 
 and also to the Indians, having acquired a good 
 knowledge of their language ; and thus he af 
 forded great assistance to Thomas Mayhew, who 
 was laboring to make the heathen acquainted 
 with the glad tidings of salvation. In Nov., 
 1667, he removed to Plymouth on the invitation 
 of the people in that town, but was not. ordained 
 until June 30, 1669. He continued there about 
 thirty years. He was a very faithful minister, 
 and his exertions were extensively useful. He was 
 completely occupied in doing good by visiting the 
 families in his parish with the ruling elders, cate 
 chizing the children, and attending church meet 
 ings, and by his public preaching on the Sabbath. 
 Before his admission of any person into the 
 church he required a relation, either public or 
 private, of the experience of a work of Divine 
 grace. He usually expounded the psalm, which 
 was sung, and the psalms were sung in course. 
 
COTTON. 
 
 In 1681 the practice of reading the psalm line 
 by line was introduced from regard to a brother, 
 who was unable to read. Some difference of 
 opinion between him and his church respecting 
 the settlement of a neighboring minister having 
 arisen, and there being no prospect of a recon 
 ciliation, he was induced to ask a dismission, 
 which was granted Oct. 5, 1697. Being soon in 
 vited to South Carolina, he set sail for Charleston 
 Nov. 16, 1698. After his arrival he gathered a 
 church and labored with great diligence and 
 much success till his death. In the short space 
 of time that he lived here, twenty-five were added 
 to the number of which the church consisted 
 when it was first organized, and many baptized. 
 His church erected a handsome monument over 
 his grave. Among his sons were the following 
 ministers : John of Yarmouth, Roland of Sand 
 wich, and Theophilus of Hampton Falls. 
 
 Mr. Cotton was eminent for his acquaintance 
 with the Indian language. When he began to 
 learn it, he hired an Indian for his instructor at 
 the rate of twelve pence a day for fifty days ; but 
 his knavish tutor, having received his whole pay 
 in advance, ran away before twenty days had ex 
 pired. Mr. Cotton, however, found means to 
 perfect his acquaintance with the barbarous dia 
 lect. While at Plymouth he frequently preached 
 to the Indians, who lived in several congregations 
 in the neighborhood. The whole care of revising 
 and correcting Eliot s Indian Bible, which was 
 printed at Cambridge in 168 3, fell on him. 
 Hist. Coll. iv. 122-128, 137 ; Magnolia, in. 194, 
 199, 200 ; Mayhem s Indian Converts ; Holmes. 
 
 COTTON, ROLAND, first minister of Sandwich, 
 Mass., the son of Rev. JohnC., of Plymouth, was 
 graduated at Harvard college in 1685, ordained 
 Nov. 28, 1694, and died March 29, 1722. His 
 successors were B. Fessenden, A. Williams, and 
 J. Burr. His wife was the sister of Gov. Salton- 
 stall, and widow of Rev. J. Denison, of Ipswich. 
 One daughter married Rev. J. Brown, of Haverhill, 
 and another married Rev. S. Bourne, of Scituate. 
 He is worthy of honorable remembrance for his 
 benevolent regard to the spiritual interests of the 
 Indians at Marshpee, of which two hundred and 
 fourteen were under his care in 1693, while five 
 hundred of other tribes were under the care of 
 his father. Hist. Coll. 1.201; x. 133. 
 
 COTTON, JOSIAII, judge, a preacher to the In 
 dians, the son of Rev. John C., of Plymouth, was 
 born Jan. 8, 1680, and graduated at Harvard col 
 lege in 1698. Sustaining the office of clerk of 
 court, register of deeds, and judge of the com 
 mon pleas, he also preached to the Indians at 
 Manomct and Herring ponds, Plymouth, and 
 Mattakeeset pond, Pembroke, with a salary of 
 20 pounds from the commissioners for propagat 
 ing the gospel. His engagement closed Nov. 
 15, 1744, having preached nearly forty years both 
 
 COUDRAY. 
 
 2G9 
 
 in Indian and English. He died Aug. 19, 1756, 
 aged 75. He had four brothers who were minis 
 ters. Of his fourteen children, his son John was 
 minister of Halifax. His daughter Mary was the 
 mother of Judge Wm. Gushing. He compiled a 
 copious English and Indian vocabulary, published 
 in Mass. Hist. Coll. 3d scries, n. 147-257. 
 
 COTTON, JOHN, minister of Newton, Mass., 
 son of Rev. Roland C. of Sandwich, was gradu 
 ated at Harvard college in 1710. Having been 
 ordained as successor of Mr. Hobart, Nov. 3, 
 1714, he continued in this place till his death, 
 May 17, 1757, in the sixty-fourth year of his age. 
 He was faithful, fervent, and successful in his la 
 bors, and was particularly happy in seeing the 
 attention of his people to religious truths in 1729 
 and 1740. He published a sermon after the earth 
 quakes, 1728; on the death of Nathaniel Cotton, 
 of Bristol, 1729 ; at the ordination of his brother, 
 Ward Cotton, 1734 ; four sermons addressed 
 to youth, 1739 ; at the election, 1753. Homer s 
 History of Newton ; Hist. Soc. \. 273-276. 
 
 COTTON, JOHN, first minister of Halifax, Mass., 
 a native of Plymouth, son of Josiah C., was grad 
 uated at Harvard college in 1730 and ordained in 
 1735. The failure of his voice induced him to 
 resign in 1756, and he was succeeded by William 
 Patten, afterwards a minister of Hartford, Conn. 
 He was a useful citizen at Plymouth, county 
 treasurer, and register of deeds, and died in 1789, 
 aged 77. He published two sermons on a day of 
 humiliation for the drought and war, 1757 ; prac 
 tice of the churches as to baptism vindicated ; 
 history of Plymouth church. 2 Hist. Coll. 
 iv. 282. 
 
 COTTON, JOHN, M. D., died at Marietta, Ohio, 
 April 2, 1847, aged 85. He was a descendant of 
 J. C., of Boston; a man of piety, of literature, 
 and science. 
 
 COUCH, PAUL, an unequalled sufferer, died at 
 Newburyport March 19, 1842, aged 64. As a 
 preacher he was in 1804 a missionary on the 
 Kenncbec in Maine. By exposure to the cold 
 air after the fatigue of preaching, he became ill, 
 and soon was helpless by rheumatism. For 
 thirty-eight years he was a sufferer, and for twenty- 
 eight never left his small chamber, unable to rise 
 from his bed or to dress himself without help. 
 Every day was a day of pain, which required 
 daily anodynes. For twenty years he was 
 nearly blind ; he was also dependent on charity. 
 Yet was he a cheerful, happy Christian, respected 
 and esteemed. Dimmick s Address. 
 
 COUDRAY, Du, general, was engaged by the 
 American commissioners at Paris to enter our 
 service as the head of the American artillery. 
 He was at Boston in May, 1777. But Sopt. 16th 
 he was drowned in the Schuylkill. He rode into 
 a ferry-boat, and was unable to control his horse, 
 which plunged into the river. Had he lived, prob- 
 
270 
 
 COVINGTOX. 
 
 CRAIG. 
 
 ably great dissatisfaction would have been felt in 
 consequence of the rank assigned him. Ilealh, 
 128. 
 
 COVINGTOX, LEONARD, brigadier-general, was 
 the son of Levin C., of Maryland. lie served 
 with reputation under Wayne in the Indian Avar. 
 At fort Recovery his horse was shot under him. 
 lie participated in the battle on the Miami. He- 
 turning to his family, he settled as a planter. For 
 many years he was a member of the Maryland 
 senate ; he was also elected a member of con 
 gress. In 1809 Mr. Jefferson appointed him licut.- 
 colonel in the regiment of dragoons. Appointed 
 Aug. 1, 1813, brigadier-general, he repaired to 
 the north. At the battle of Williamsburg, Nov. 
 llth, when Boyd commanded, while gallantly 
 leading his brigade to the charge, he was mor 
 tally wounded, and died on the 13th, aged 45, 
 leaving a wife and six children. He was buried 
 at French Mills, now called Mount Covington. 
 
 COVIXGTOX, ALEXANDER, judge, died in 
 Washington city, Mississippi, Oct. 16, 1848, aged 
 71. A native of Virginia, he had lived in Mis 
 sissippi forty years. He Avas a Christian professor, 
 charitable and hospitable, of rare colloquial pow 
 ers. 
 
 COWLES, GILES II., D. D., died at Austin- 
 burgh, Ohio, July 5, 1835, aged 68. 
 
 COWLES, SOLOMON, general, died in Far- 
 mington, Conn., Nov. 25, 1846, aged 89, an officer 
 in the Revolutionary army. 
 
 COWLES, EZEKIEL, died at Farmington, Conn., 
 in Aug., 1850, aged 91. He fought at Bunker s 
 Hill and served in the war, being quartermaster 
 and paymaster. 
 
 COX, WILLIAM, died in England about 1851. 
 He came to this country early in life as a printer, 
 and was employed in the Mirror office, X T ew York ; 
 and he wrote much for the Mirror. He pub 
 lished Crayon sketches, 2 vols., 1833. Cycl. 
 American Literature, II. 415. 
 
 COXE, DANIEL, an author, claimed the terri 
 tory of Georgia, Florida, and Louisiana under 
 his father, who purchased of Sir Robert Heath, 
 to whom it was originally granted in 1630 ; but 
 the claim was declared void, as the conditions had 
 not been fulfilled. He lived" fourteen years in 
 this country ; and published a description of the 
 English province of Carolina, by the Spaniards 
 called Florida, etc. 8vo., London, 1722 ; the same, 
 1741. 
 
 COKE, TENCH, a writer on public economy, 
 died at Philadelphia July 16, 1824, aged 68. He 
 published an address on American manufactures ; 
 an inquiry on the principles of a commercial sys 
 tem for the United States, 1787; examination of 
 Lord Sheffield s observations, 1792 ; view of the 
 United States, 1794; thoughts on naval power 
 and the encouragement of commerce and manu 
 factures, 1806 ; memoir on the cultivation, trade, 
 
 and manufacture of cotton, 1807 ; memoir on a 
 navigation act, 1809 ; statement of the arts and 
 manufactures of the United States, 1814. 
 
 CRADOCK, MATTHEW, first governor of Mas 
 sachusetts, was an opulent merchant in London. 
 Of the London company, which in 1628 pur 
 chased the patent of the territory of Massachu 
 setts, he was chosen governor. He never came 
 to this country; but Endicott was sent out to 
 make a plantation. He proposed the important 
 measure of transferring the government to the 
 actual settlers ; accordingly Winthrop was chosen 
 governor. Winthrop,!. 2; 2. Hist. Coll.v. 190. 
 
 CRADOCK, THOMAS, rector of St. Thomas, 
 Baltimore county, Maryland, died in 1760. He 
 delivered a sermon in 1753, before the governor 
 and assembly, on the irregularities of some of the 
 clergy. He also published in 1756 a version of the 
 psalms of David in heroic measure, which, though 
 not destitute of merit, will hardly attract many 
 readers at the present day. 
 
 CRAFTS, EBENEZER, colonel, died in Crafts- 
 bury, Vt., in 1810, aged 70. Born in Pomfrct, he 
 graduated at Yale in 1759, and became a mer 
 chant in Sturbridgc. In the Shays rebellion he 
 served under Lincoln, at the head of a regiment. 
 He was a founder of Leicester academy. In 1790, 
 he removed to the wilderness of Vermont, to a 
 place, which took his name : in the removal of 
 his family, there being no road for twenty miles, 
 the women were carried on hand sleds on the 
 snow. He was generous, firm, energetic, and led 
 a pure, Christian life, inflexible in principle. 
 WasKburn s Sketch of Leicester Academy. 
 
 CRAFTS, SAMUEL CHANDLER, son of the pre 
 ceding, governor of Vermont, was born in Wood 
 stock, Conn., Oct. 6, 1768, and graduated at 
 Cambridge in 1790. He soon removed with his 
 father to Craftsbury, Vt. ; and there he died Nov. 19, 
 1853, aged 85. Various offices were sustained by 
 him, as chief judge of the county court, a mem 
 ber of congress eight years from 1816, governor 
 in 1828-1830, and senator of the United States in 
 1842. He was a man of simplicity of manners, 
 of sound learning, of great moral worth. 
 
 CRAFTS, WILLIAM, a poet, was born in 
 Charleston, S. C., Jan. 24, 1787, and, having, 
 graduated at Harvard college in 1805, soon set 
 tled in his native city as a lawyer of ability. He 
 was a member of the legislature, and for some 
 time the editor of the Charleston Courier. lie 
 died at New Lebanon springs, New York, Sept. 
 23, 1826, aged 39. A collection of his poems 
 and prose essays, with a memoir, was published 
 in 1828. Specimens of Amer. Poetry, II. 144. 
 
 CRAIG, THOMAS, major, died at Windsor, Vt., 
 in Aug., 1840, aged 87, a Revolutionary soldier. 
 He was born in Charlestown, Mass. 
 
 CRAIG, NATHAN, died in Leicester, 1852, aged 
 98, a soldier of the Revolution. 
 
CRAIK. 
 
 CRANE. 
 
 271 
 
 CRAIK, JAMES, M. P., a physician, a native of 
 Scotland, accompanied "Washington in the expe 
 dition against the French and Indians in 17.34, 
 and in 1755 attended Braddock and assisted in 
 dressing his wounds. During the Revolutionary 
 Avar he served in the medical department. As 
 director- general of the hospital at Yorktown, he 
 was present at the surrender of Cormvallis, Oct. 
 19, 1781. After the war, at the request of Wash 
 ington, he settled in the neighborhood of Mount 
 Vernon. He died in Fairfax county Feb. 6, 1814, 
 aged 83. lie was estimable in the various rela 
 tions of private life. As a physician he had great 
 skill and success. Washington designated him 
 in these terms : " My compatriot in arms, my old 
 and intimate friend." Thacher a Med. Biog. 
 
 CRAM, JACOB, died Dec. 21, 1833, at Exeter, 
 aged 71, a graduate of 1782, and minister of 
 Hopkinton from 1789 to 1792, then a missionary 
 in New York, and among the Indians. lie stud 
 ied with Dr. Emmons. 
 
 CRANCII, RICHARD, judge of the common 
 pleas for Suffolk, was born in England of Puritan 
 parents in Oct., 172G. He resided for a while in 
 Boston, and became a member of Dr. Mayhew s 
 church. In 17*50 he removed to Braintree, now 
 Quincy, where he died Oct. 16, 1811, aged 85. 
 His wife, Mary, died the next day, aged 70. 
 They had lived together nearly fifty years. She 
 was the daughter of Rev. W. Smith, and the sis 
 ter of Mrs. Adams. Judge Craach had three 
 children. One daughter married Rev. Jacob 
 Norton of Wcymouth, and died Jan. 25, 1811; 
 another married John Greenlcaf. The son was 
 Wm. Cranch, late chief justice of the district court 
 of Columbia and reporter of the supreme court 
 of the United States. His grandson, Richard, of 
 the topographical engineers, was drowned in lake 
 Erie in 182<3. Judge Cranch was very much re 
 spected for his intelligence and learning and for 
 his moral and religious character. Theological 
 investigations occupied much of his time. He 
 published his views of the prophecies concerning 
 antichrist. Whitney s Funeral Sermon; Nor 
 ton s Discourse. 
 
 CRANCII, WILLIAM, judge, LL. P., died at 
 Washington Sept. 1, 1855, aged 8G. A graduate 
 of Harvard in 1787, he removed to Washington 
 in 1794, and was appointed in 1801 a judge of 
 the circuit court; he was afterwards chief justice 
 till his death. He was highly respected for his 
 talents, learning, and principles. His father was 
 Richard C., of Weymouth, and his mother, Mary 
 Smith, was the sister of Abigail Smith, wife of 
 John Adams. He published nine volumes of 
 reports of cases in the supreme court, a memoir 
 of J. Adams, and an address on temperance. 
 Boston Advertiser, July 1C, 1856. 
 
 CRANE, Jonx, I). I)., died at Northbridge 
 
 Sept. 1, 1830, aged 80. Born at Norton, he 
 graduated at Harvard in 1780, and was ordained 
 June 25, 1783, toiling in the ministry fifty years, 
 during the same period being a teacher thirty 
 years, preparing one hundred young men for col 
 lege, and writing four thousand sermons. In 
 the last revival about seventy were added to the 
 church, but only two hundred and twelve in his 
 whole ministry. He published several occasional 
 discourses. Ilolman s Sermon. 
 
 CRANE, JAMES C., secretary of the united 
 foreign mission society, died Jan. 12, 1826, aged 
 32. He was born in Morrisfown, N. J., Jan. 11, 
 1794. His parents were pious. The faithful 
 instructions of his mother deeply impressed him 
 at the age of six years. His father having re 
 moved in 1805 to New York, he there served as 
 an apprentice. Amidst temptations he fell into 
 vicious habits ; but in consequence of the lessons 
 of his deceased mother he experienced severe 
 rebukes of conscience. The approach of night 
 terrified him, and compelled him to pray ; but the 
 return of morning re-assured liim in his irrelig 
 ious life. At last, in 1813, his anguish constrained 
 him to seek mercy as a miserable sinner; and he 
 found it. From this time he felt the strongest 
 desires for the conversion of the heathen. By 
 conversing with his fellow apprentices, in a short 
 time a majority of them became pious. Deter 
 mined to become a missionary, he, while yet an 
 apprentice, attended the lectures of Dr. Mason, 
 and was directed in his studies by Rev. J. M. 
 Matthews. He was ordained in April, 1817. In 
 a few days he repaired as a missionary to the 
 Indians in Tuscarora village, where he continued 
 till Sept., 1823, when he was appointed general 
 agent of the united foreign mission society ; 
 and in May, 1825, secretary for domestic corres 
 pondence, as successor to Mr. Lewis. In the 
 same year he visited the Indians in the western 
 part of New York and in Ohio, and returned with 
 impaired health. The society being now about to 
 be merged in another, he was chosen assistant 
 secretary of the American bible society. lie 
 left a wife and three children without property. 
 His anxiety for the Indians was strong in his 
 sickness. He said : " O, how mysterious the 
 providence ! The fields are white, the laborers 
 few. I have done little just beginning and 
 now I am going. The Lord s will be done." 
 Ptnwplixt, April, 1826. 
 
 CRANE, ELIAS W., died suddenly, Nov. 10, 
 1840, aged 44. A native of Elizabclhtown, a 
 graduate of Princeton in 1814, he was a teacher 
 at Morristown, and the minister of Springfield, 
 N. J., six years. In 1825, in a remarkable re 
 vival, eighty persons were added to the church. 
 From 1826 till his death he was the minister of 
 Jamaica, L. T. ; and here were two revivals in 
 
272 
 
 CRANE. 
 
 CROMWELL. 
 
 1831 and 1839, in which seventy-four and seventy- 
 six persons became church members. Observer, 
 Nov. 28, 1840. 
 
 CRANE, JOANNA, Mrs., died in Berkeley in 
 1846, aged 100. 
 
 CRANE, WILLIAM M., commodore, died at 
 Washington March 18, 1846, aged 61, by self- 
 murder from an unknown cause, the son of Gen. 
 AA illiam C., who served before Quebec. Capt. 
 Crane was the sixth in the line of captains, after 
 Barrow, Stewart, Jones, Morris, and Warrington. 
 He was distinguished before Tripoli. He was 
 chief of the bureau of ordnance. 
 
 CRANE, JOHN R., D. D., died in Middletown, 
 Conn., Aug. 17, 1853, aged 66, having been pas 
 tor of the first church nearly thirty-five years. 
 He published some tracts. 
 
 CRANE, EDWIN, missionary to the Nestorians 
 at Gawar, died Aug. 27, 1854, of the typhus 
 fever, in great calmness and peace. In a few days 
 Mrs. Crane also witnessed the death of her little 
 son. Mr. C. was a native of Utica ; his father 
 was the agent of the home missionary society. 
 
 CRANFIELD, EDWARD, president of New 
 Hampshire, succeeded Waldron in 1682, and was 
 succeeded by Barefoote in 1685. He was after 
 wards collector of Barbadoes, and died about 
 1700. The tyrannical acts of his administration 
 are narrated by Belknap. In his disp easure 
 toward Rev. Mr. Moody, he endeavored to 
 enforce the uniformity act. He ventured to tax 
 the people without their consent. He came to 
 this country to make his fortune : his injustice 
 drove him away in dishonor. Farmer s Belknap, 
 I. 113; Hist. Coll. x. 44. 
 
 CRAVEN, CHARLES, governor of South Caro 
 lina from 1712 to 1716, had been previously sec 
 retary to the proprietors. They ordered him in 
 1712 to sound Port Royal river, and probably he 
 built Beaufort soon afterwards. In 1715, on the 
 occurrence of an Indian war, he displayed great 
 vigor and talents, and expelled from the province 
 the invading savages. Holmes, I. 513. 
 
 CRAWFORD, MARY, died at Castine, Me., 
 Feb. 20, 1836, aged 100 years and 5 months. She 
 was the widow of Dr. William C., chaplain and 
 surgeon at fort Point in the Revolutionary war. 
 
 CRAWFORD, WILLLUI H., secretary of the 
 treasury, died near Elberton, Geo., in Sept., 1834, 
 aged 62. He was born in Virginia in 1772, and 
 followed the plough till twenty-one ; then became a 
 distinguished lawyer and was appointed with others 
 in 1800 to revise the laws of Georgia. He zeal 
 ously supported the election of Mr. Jefferson. In 
 1802 he was challenged by Peter L. Van Alen, 
 a lawyer, and murdered him in a duel ; he also 
 fought another duel with Gov. Clark, and was 
 severely wounded. It is deplorable and dishonor 
 able to our country, that we have had public men 
 of eminence, who, in violation of human and 
 
 Divine laws, have engaged in private combat, and 
 who yet have afterwards received the votes of the 
 people. 
 
 CRAWFORD, JOHN, died at West Camp, 
 N. Y., March 7, 1851, aged 90. He entered the 
 I ministry of the Methodist church in 1789. 
 
 CRESSON, ELLIOTT, died in Philadelphia Feb. 
 20, 1854, president of the Pennsylvania coloniza 
 tion society. lie bequeathed 122,000 dollars to 
 various charitable institutions, and to his pastor, 
 Dr. Stevens, 5,000 dollars. To Sunday schools 
 the sum given was 50,000 ; to the historical 
 society, to buy Penn s mansion, to the Episcopal 
 mission to Liberia, for a monument to Penn, 10,- 
 000 each ; to the hospital for the insane, 5,000 ; 
 to the university, to the agricultural society, to an 
 Episcopal seminary at Alexandria, 5,000 each. 
 
 CROCKETT, DAVID, colonel, fell at Bexar in 
 Texas, March 6, 1836. He had been a member 
 of congress from Tennessee. 
 
 CROES, JOHN, D. D., bishop of New Jersey, 
 died in New Brunswick July 31, 1832, aged 69. " 
 
 CROGHAN, WILLIAM, major, died in Locust 
 Grove, Ky., in 1822, aged 69. An emigrant from 
 Ireland, he entered the American army in 1776, 
 as a captain, and soon was a major in the Vir 
 ginia line. He fought at Brandywinc, German- 
 town, and Monmouth. He was captured with 
 Lincoln at Charleston. In 1756 he went to 
 Kentucky. His wife was a sister of Gen. George 
 R. Clark. His house was the seat of plenty and 
 hospitality. 
 
 CROGHAN, GEORGE, colonel, son of the pre 
 ceding, died at New Orleans, Jan 8, 1849, aged 
 58. He was inspector-general of the army. At 
 the age of nineteen he made the brave defence 
 of fort Sandusky. 
 
 CROIX, JOHN BAPTIST DE LA, second bishop 
 of Quebec, was of a noble family in Grenoble, and 
 was appointed first almoner to Louis XIV. He 
 came to Canada about the year 1685, as successor 
 to Laval, the first bishop. He died Dec. 28, 
 1727, aged 74, having been forty-two years in 
 Quebec. Such was his benevolence, that he 
 founded three hospitals, and distributed among 
 the poor more than a million of livres. Wynne s 
 Brit. Emp. in America, II. 138-141. 
 
 CROMBIE, JAMES, M. D., died at Derry,N. II., 
 in March, 1853, aged 83. His parents were 
 Scotch-Irish. For more than twenty years he 
 was a physician at Temple, for thirty years in 
 Francestown. In 1831 he became a member of 
 the church. He was an excellent physician and 
 was respected in all the relations of life. 
 
 CROMWELL, THOMAS, captain, was a com 
 mon seaman in Massachusetts, about 1636. 
 While serving under Capt. Jackson in a man-of- 
 war in the West Indies, he was intrusted with the 
 command of a vessel, and captured four or five 
 Spanish vessels. Dec. 4, 1646, he arrived at 
 
CROPPER. 
 
 Boston with three ships and eight) men, having 
 previously put into Plymouth. To the governor 
 he presented a curious sedan, designed by the 
 viceroy of Mexico as a present for his sister. He 
 and his men had much money, plate, and jewels 
 of great value. In Boston he lodged with a poor 
 man, in a thatched house, because " in his mean 
 estate that poor man had entertained him when 
 others would not." He died in Boston, 1649. 
 His widow was soon married. Wtnthrop, II. 
 -264. 
 
 CROPPER, JOHN, general, an officer of the 
 Revolution, entered the army in 1776, as captain 
 in a Virginia regiment, at the age of nineteen or 
 twenty. He was soon promoted. He fought in 
 the battle of Brandy wine, when the regiment, in 
 which he was a major, was nearly cut to pieces. 
 His colonel and lieutenant-colonel having run off, 
 he commanded the regiment in the retreat. He 
 was also in the battles of Germantown and Mon- 
 mouth court-house. He died at Bowman s Folly 
 in Accomac county, Virginia, Jan. 15, 1821, 
 aged 65. 
 
 CROSBY, JOHN, general, died at Hampden, 
 Me., May 26, 1843, aged nearly 90, a man of en 
 terprise and perseverance. He once did the 
 largest commercial business of any man on the 
 Penobscot. 
 
 CROSBY, WILLIAM, judge, died in Belfast, 
 Me., March 31, 1852, aged 82. Born in Billerica, 
 he graduated at Harvard in 1794. In 1802 he 
 went to Belfast. He was representative, senator, 
 judge of the common pleas for ten years; after 
 the new State was formed, he resumed his pro 
 fession. In 1831 he withdrew from active life. 
 
 CROSWELL, ANDREW, minister in Boston, 
 died April 12, 1785, aged 76. He was graduated 
 at Harvard college in 1728. After having been 
 settled in Groton, Conn., as successor of Ebenezer 
 Punderson for two years, he was installed over a 
 society in Boston, which was formed by persons 
 from other churches, Oct. 6, 1738. The house 
 of meeting was formerly possessed by Mr. Le 
 Mercier s society, and, after Mr. Croswell s death, 
 it was converted into a Roman Catholic chapel. 
 It was his fate to be engaged much in controversy, 
 lie published a narrative of the new congrega 
 tional church : what is Christ to me if he is not 
 mine, or a seasonable Defence of the old protest- 
 ant doctrine of justifying faith, 1746 ; an answer 
 to Giles Firmin s eight arguments in relation to 
 this subject ; several sermons against Arminians ; 
 controversial writings with Turell, Gumming, and 
 others ; part of an exposition of Paul s journey to 
 Damascus, showing that giving more than forty 
 stripes is breaking the moral law, 1768 ; remarks 
 on Bishop Warburton s sermon before the societv 
 for propagating the gospel, 1768; remarks on 
 commencement drollery, 1771. Collect. Hist. 
 Soc. III. 264. 
 
 35 
 
 CULPEPPER. 
 
 273 
 
 CROSWELL, WILLIAM, D. D., died in Bos 
 ton, Nov. 9, 1851, aged 47. Born in Hudson, he 
 graduated at Yale in 1822. lie was rector of 
 ihrist s church, Boston, in 1829; then he labored 
 pur years at Auburn, N. Y.; at last he was rector 
 of the church of the Advent in Boston. His poeti 
 cal writings have been commended. A memoir 
 of him, with his poems, was published by his 
 iather, Dr. Croswell of New Haven, almost eighty 
 years of age. 
 
 CROWELL, ROBERT, D. D., died in Essex, 
 Mass., Nov. 10, 1855, aged 68. He graduated at 
 Dartmouth in 1811, studied theology at Andover, 
 and had been in Essex forty-one years. His dis 
 ease was consumption ; in his illness he was sus 
 tained by that faith in Christ, which he had so 
 long commended to others. His wife was a sister 
 of Rufus Choate, and his residence was the old 
 Choate mansion. 
 
 CROWNINSHIELD, BENJAMIN W., secretary 
 of the navy, died at Boston Feb. 3, 1851, aged 
 77. He was secretary under Madison and 
 Monroe. 
 
 CRUIKSHANK, JOSEPH, died in Philadelphia 
 Aug. 9, 1836, aged 89. He was a printer, an 
 extensive publisher and bookseller. 
 
 CRULL, PHILIP, died on his farm in Fairfax 
 county, Va., Nov. 16, 1813, aged 115. A native 
 of Germany, he came to this country in 1721. 
 He was active to the day of his death. His wife 
 died aged 101. 
 
 CUFFEE, PAUL, a native Indian preacher to 
 the Shinnecock tribe on Long Island, died at 
 Montauk March 7, 1812, aged 55. He was thir 
 teen years employed by the New York mission 
 ary society. A marble slab denotes his grave at 
 Canoe place. The earliest missionary to the In 
 dians was Rev. Azariah Hortonin 1741, followed 
 by Samson Occum, Peter John, and Paul Cuffee. 
 All the Indian churches are extinct except one at 
 Poosepatuck, in the southern part of Brookhaven, 
 and one at Shinnecock, two miles west of the vil 
 lage at Southampton : the former having twenty, 
 the latter seventy members. Deacon Oby, the 
 brother of Cuifee, was living in 1845, aged 81; 
 and Deacon Vincent, the son of Cuffee, was 53. 
 
 CULLEN, JOHN, M. I)., professor of the the 
 ory and practice in Hampden Sidney college, 
 died in Richmond Jan. 25, 1851, aged 53. 
 
 CULPEPER, THOMAS, lord, governor of Vir 
 ginia from 1680 to 1683, died in 1719. On his 
 arrival the assembly passed an act of oblivion in 
 reference to persons concerned in the rebellion 
 under Gov. Berkeley. They also, in order to en 
 courage immigration, authorized the governor to 
 naturalize any person by instrument under seal. 
 An act was also passed to prevent the frequent 
 meetings of the slaves. Of his associates in the 
 grant of the territory between the Potomac and 
 Rappahannock in 1649, he purchased their rights 
 
274 
 
 CUMLNG. 
 
 CUMMINGS. 
 
 in 1669. His estate descended to his daughter, 
 married to Lord Fairfax. Holmes, I. 397 ; 
 Lord s Lempriere. 
 
 CUMING, Joux, a physician, was the son of 
 Robert C., a Scotchman, who emigrated after the 
 rebellion, and died in Concord, Mass. In the 
 French war of 1755, he was a lieutenant and was 
 taken prisoner. He afterwards became an emi 
 nent physician in Concord, and died July 3, 1788, 
 aged 60. He was a Christian, who early devoted 
 himself to the service of his Maker, and he died 
 in peace. He was a friend to learning, charitable 
 to the poor, and constantly exerting himself to 
 promote the good of society. His generous do 
 nations for the benefit of the poor, for the main 
 tenance of schools, for a library in Concord, and 
 to the college in Cambridge toward the support 
 of a medical professor, are evidences of his en 
 lightened benevolence. Independent Chronicle, 
 July 24, 1788. 
 
 CUMINGS, HEXRY, D. D., minister of Billcr- 
 ica, Mass., was born in Hollis, N. H., Sept. 28, 
 1739, and graduated at Harvard college 1760. 
 He was ordained Jan. 26, 1763. After toiling 
 fifty-one years, he received Nathaniel Whitman as 
 his colleague, Jan. 26, 1814. He died Sept. 5, 
 1823, aged nearly 84. He was frequently called 
 to preach on public occasions. His occasional 
 discourses published are fourteen, of which are 
 the following; at the election, 1783; Dudleian 
 lecture, 1791; at a thanksgiving, 1798; before a 
 charitable society, 1802 ; half-century discourse, 
 1813. Farmer s Coll. n. app. 86. 
 
 CUMMING, ALEXANDER, minister in Boston, 
 died Aug. 25, 1763, aged 36. He was the son of 
 Robert C., a native of Montrose, Scotland, a mer 
 chant, highly respected, who died at Freehold in 
 1769. In 1750 he was chosen a colleague of Mr. 
 Pemberton of New York, but was dismissed in 1753 
 on account of his ill health. Feb. 25, 1761, he 
 was installed as colleague with Dr. Sewall at Bos 
 ton. Dr. Macwhorter married his sister. His 
 mind readily comprehended points, which to 
 others were intricate and abstruse, and his public 
 discourses were frequently on such subjects. He 
 was zealous against the errors of the day. The 
 sermon which he preached at his own instalment 
 was published, and it is a specimen of his talents, 
 and of his regard to the truths of the gospel. 
 SewaWs Funeral Sermon. 
 
 CUMMING, JOHN NOBLE, general, a hero of 
 the Revolution, was a relative of the preceding, 
 probably his son. He early espoused the cause 
 of his country, and participated in some of the 
 battles of the war. He died at Newark, N. J., 
 July 6, 1821, aged 70. His wife was the daugh 
 ter of Gen. Forman. His son, Hooper Gumming, 
 D. D., minister of Newark for a few years, died 
 at Charleston, S. C., in Dec., 1825. Gen. C. 
 was a man of integrity and honor, a patron of 
 
 civil order, and a supporter of religious institu 
 tions. Though not a professor of religion, yet at 
 the period of a revival of religion in 1817 his 
 mind experienced a great change, and from that 
 time he regularly attended family prayer. Ilia 
 minister regarded him as a true believer in the 
 gospel. Griffin s Sermon. 
 
 CUMMING, ROBERT, general, a Revolutionary 
 hero, died at his residence in Liberty-town, in 
 Maryland, Feb. 14, 1826, aged 71 years. He 
 commanded at the time of his death the second 
 division of the militia. 
 
 CUMMING, SARAH, widow of Gen. John N. 
 C., died in Newark Sept. 28, 1841, aged 79, a 
 Christian ripe in years and piety. 
 
 CUMMINGS, ARCHIBALD, Episcopal commis 
 sary for Pennsylvania, and rector of Christ church, 
 succeeded Dr. Welton in 1726, and died at Phil 
 adelphia, April 19, 1741. He published an ex 
 hortation to the clergy, 1729 ; a sermon on the 
 death of Gov. Gordon, 1736 ; two sermons on 
 unity, 1737 ; two sermons on faith, occasioned by 
 Mr. Whitefield s reflections, 1740. 
 
 CUMMINGS, ABRAHAM, a missionary, gradu 
 ated at Providence college in 1776, and died at 
 Phipsburgh, Me., Aug. 31, 1827, aged 72. He 
 had never any pastoral charge, but was strictly 
 an itinerant preacher or missionary. He \vas 
 known and respected in almost all the towns 
 along the coast from Rhode Island to Passama- 
 quoddy, especially in the islands, which had no 
 settled minister. In his little boat he often 
 traversed alone the waters along the whole coast 
 of Maine, and preached the gospel of Jesus 
 Christ in the islands. For these toils in the 
 cause of benevolence the world will not honor him, 
 as it honors the blood-stained hero ; but such toils 
 will not be unrewarded. He published a few 
 treatises. 
 
 CUMMINGS, JACOB A., author of several ele 
 mentary Avorks, was graduated at Harvard col 
 lege in 1801, and after being a useful teacher and 
 bookseller in Boston, died Feb. 24, 1820, aged 
 47. His publications for schools were highly es 
 teemed, and his industry, useful labors, and 
 amiable qualities procured him much respect. 
 He published New Testament questions, 1817 ; 
 geography, ancient and modern, 1825. 
 
 CUMMINGS, ASA, I). D., died at sea two days 
 out from Aspinwall, June 5 or 6, 1856, aged 60, 
 and was buried in the deep. He had been at 
 Panama, spending a few months with his daugh 
 ter, the wife of Mr. Rowell, seamen s chaplain. 
 After a partial recovery from the prevailing 
 disease of the climate, he set out on his return, 
 by the advice of his physician, accompanied by 
 his son-in-law and daughter. He was on board 
 the steamer George Law. He was the sixth of 
 sixteen children, born in Andover, Mass., but his 
 father, Asa, died in Albany, Me., in 1845, aged 
 
CUMMINGS. 
 
 CUSIIIXG. 
 
 275 
 
 85. Such was the pious zeal of his father, that, 
 although a plain farmer, he read sermons on the 
 Sabbath twenty-eight years, in the want of a min 
 ister. His great-grandfather was 102 years old. 
 He graduated at Harvard in 1817, was ordained 
 at North Yarmouth in Maine, in 1821, and was 
 dismissed in 1829. He became the editor of the 
 Christian Mirror at Portland, as early as 1826 ; 
 after some years he purchased the establishment. 
 A year or two before his death, his wife received 
 by bequest a large estate. He was a wise, 
 learned, excellent, venerable man ; hard-working 
 for thirty years as an editor. He published 
 memoirs of Dr. Payson. Boston Advertiser, 
 July 16, 1856. 
 
 CUMMINGS, SENECA, missionary to China, 
 died suddenly at New Ipswich, N. H., Aug. 12, 
 1856, aged 39 ; he died at the house of Mr. 
 Stearns, his father-in-law. He and his wife 
 sailed in Nov., 1847 ; he returned on account of 
 her health in 1855. His field of preparation for 
 his work was the valley of Min in China, con 
 nected with the Fuhchau mission. He was hop 
 ing to return. 
 
 CUMMINS, FRANCIS, D. D., died at Greens- 
 borough, Geo., March, 1832, aged 80. For fifty- 
 three years he was the pastor of different 
 churches ; and he was a whig of the Revolution. 
 
 CURRIE, WILLIAM, died in Great Valley, 
 Chester county, Pa., Oct. 25, 1803, aged 93. lie 
 was formerly a missionary to the churches of 
 Radnor and Perquiomen. 
 
 CURRIER, JOSEPH, minister of Corinth, Vt, 
 died in Aug., 1829, aged 86, a graduate of Har 
 vard in 1765, and a classmate of President Wil- 
 lard. 
 
 CURRIER, MEHETABEL, died in Danbury, 
 N. H., in 1852, aged 103 years and 9 months. She 
 survived her husband forty-six years, and all her 
 seven children. 
 
 CUSIIING, THOMAS, speaker of the house of 
 representatives of Mass., was the son of Thomas 
 C., a member of the council, and a descendant of 
 Matthew C. of Hingham. He was born in Bos 
 ton Jan. 30, 1694, graduated at Harvard college 
 in 1711, and died April 11, 1746, aged 52. His 
 wife, was Mary, the daughter of Edward Brom- 
 field. He left one son and two daughters. He 
 was distinguished by his wealth, his abilities, his 
 zeal for his country s service, his integrity, and, in 
 a peculiar manner, for his piety. Mr. Prince says 
 of him, " I found that in a small, relaxed, and 
 feeble body there dwelt a great, a lively, a strong, 
 and well-composed soul." About the age of 
 twenty his soul was renewed by the Spirit of 
 God. He daily read the Scriptures and prayed 
 in his family ; and he died in joyful hope. The 
 revival of religion in Boston, a few years before his 
 death, gave him great delight. In regard to 
 public men in days of difficulty, he said : " Men 
 
 may be a long while great patriots from moral or 
 political principles ; or party or worldly interests ; 
 or the applause or esteem of others. But there 
 is nothing like the special grace of God, a believ 
 ing view of his present eye and future judgment, 
 and an interest and conscience wholly subjected 
 to him, to keep men steady to the public interest 
 in times of trial." Prince s Funeral Sermon. 
 
 GUSHING, CALEB, minister of Salisbury, son of 
 John C. of Scituate, was born Jan. 6, 1672, grad 
 uated at Harvard 1692, and ordained 1697. He 
 died Jan. 25, 1752, aged 80. His wife was a 
 daughter of Rev. John Cotton. His sons were 
 Caleb, James, and John. His daughter, Mary, 
 married John Appleton of Ipswich, and Elizabeth 
 married Rev. Joshua Moody, of the Isle of 
 Shoals. 
 
 CUSIIING, CALEB, judge of the common pleas 
 of Essex, died in Jan., 1798, aged 93. 
 
 GUSHING, JOB, minister of Shrewsbury, the 
 son of Matthew C. of Hingham, w r as born in 
 1694, and graduated at Harvard in 1714. He was 
 ordained the first minister of S., Dec. 4, 1723. 
 He died suddenly Aug. 6, 1760. Of his sons, 
 Jacob was the minister of Waltham, and John of 
 Ashburnham. His widow, Mary, daughter of 
 Rev. John Prentice, of Lancaster, died in 1798, 
 aged 90. 
 
 CUSHING, THOMAS, LL. D., lieutenant-gov 
 ernor of Mass., the son of the preceding, died 
 Feb. 28, 1788, aged 62. He was born in the year 
 1725, and graduated at Harvard college in 1744. 
 In early life he was called to respectable public 
 offices. Having been chosen representative of 
 Boston in the general court, his patriotism 
 and talents soon procured him the appointment 
 of speaker. While in the chair, it was resolved, 
 in the controversy with England, to make an ap 
 peal to arms, and he bent all his exertions to 
 promote the cause of his country. He was a 
 judicious and active member of the first and sec 
 ond congress, the friend and counsellor of Han 
 cock, and the correspondent of Franklin. On 
 his return to his own State he was elected into 
 the council, which then constituted the supreme 
 executive. He was also appointed judge of the 
 courts of common pleas and of probate in Suffolk, 
 which stations he held till the adoption of the 
 State constitution. Being then appointed lieuten 
 ant-governor, he remained in that office till his 
 death. A few days before his death, he had the 
 satisfaction of seeing the new federal constitution 
 ratified in Massachusetts. One of his daughters 
 married John Avery, secretary of State, who died 
 June, 1806. He was from youth a professor of 
 religion ; the motives of the gospel governed him 
 through life ; and, at the hour of his departure 
 from the world, its sublime doctrines and its 
 promises gave him support. He was a man of 
 abilities; a distinguished patriot; a friend of 
 
276 
 
 GUSHING. 
 
 CUSHMAN. 
 
 learning ; charitable to the poor ; and amiable in 
 all the relations of life. His days were passed in 
 constant exertion for the public good. James S. 
 Loring wrote in 1856 a sketch of his life, which 
 was published in the Advertiser. American 
 Museum, vil. 163, 164; Centinel, March 1, 1788; 
 Princes Funeral Sermon; Boston Advertiser, 
 Oct. 4, 1856. 
 
 CUSHIXG, JACOB, D. D., minister of Waltham, 
 Mass., was the son of Rev. Job Gushing of 
 Shrewsbury, and was born Feb. 28, 1730. He 
 was graduated at Harvard college in 1748, and 
 ordained Nov. 22, 1752. After continuing fifty- 
 six years in the ministry, he died Jan. 18, 1809, 
 aged 78. He was mild and benevolent in his 
 temper, and in the discharge of the duties of the 
 pastoral office was conspicuous for discretion and 
 prudence. In his preaching, however, he was not 
 so fond of dwelling upon those doctrines of the 
 sacred volume, which are controverted, as upon 
 the practical views of the gospel. He published 
 the following sermons : at the ordination of Sam 
 uel Williams, 1766; of Elijah Brown, 1771; of 
 Jacob Biglow, 1772; of N. Underwood, 1793; a 
 sermon at Lexington, April 20, 1778; on the 
 death of Joseph Jackson, 1796. Columb. Cen 
 tinel, Feb. 8, 1809. 
 
 GUSHING, JONATHAN, minister of Dover, N. H., 
 died March 25, 1769, aged 78, in the fifty-second 
 year of his ministry. Dr. Belknap was his col 
 league. He was a sound preacher, a judicious 
 pastor, a wise and faithful friend. 
 
 GUSHING, WILLIAM, LL. D., judge of the 
 supreme court of the United States, died at Scit- 
 uate, Sept. 13, 1810, aged 75. He was the de 
 scendant of Matthew C., who arrived at Boston 
 in 1638. John C., his grandfather, the grandson 
 of Matthew, was appointed a judge of the supreme 
 court in 1728, and died at Scituate Jan. 19, 1737, 
 aged 75. His father, John, also a judge of the 
 supreme court, died in 1772. He was born in 
 Scituate in March, 1733, and graduated at Har 
 vard college in 1751. He studied law with 
 Gridley. Appointed judge of probate for the 
 county of Lincoln, he lived in 1769 at Pownal- 
 borough or Wiscasset. In 1772, as successor of his 
 father, he received a commission asjustice of the su 
 perior court, and in Nov., 1777, that of chief justice. 
 At the beginning of the Revolution, among the 
 high in office, he alone supported the rights of his 
 country. At the organization of the federal gov 
 ernment he was placed by Washington, in 1789, 
 on the bench of the supreme court of the United 
 States, in which office he continued till his death, 
 although for some time, by reason of ill health, 
 unable to attend to its duties. He united patience 
 of inquiry with quickness of perception, and the 
 learning of the scholar with the science of the 
 lawyer. Convinced of the truth of Christianity, 
 he vyas careful in the performance of its duties, 
 
 and was eminent for his public and private vir 
 tues. 
 
 CUSHLNG, NATHANIEL, colonel, died in Ohio 
 Aug., 1814, aged 61, an early settler. Born in 
 Pembroke, Mass., he was an officer in the war, in 
 R. Putnam s regiment. He was one of the Bel- 
 pre colony in 1789, most intelligent and useful. 
 In his children he was rewarded for his care in 
 their education. Thomas H. C. was his brother. 
 Hildreth s Biog. Mem. 
 
 GUSHING, JOHN, D. D., minister of Ashburn- 
 ham, Mass., was born in Shrewsbury ; graduated 
 at Harvard in 1764 ; was ordained Nov. 2, 1768 ; 
 and died April 27, 1823, aged 78. He was re 
 spected for his attainments and virtues. He pub 
 lished several occasional discourses, among them 
 one on the completion of the fiftieth year of his 
 ministry. 
 
 GUSHING, THOMAS H., brigadier-general, a 
 native of Mass., entered the army in 1776, and 
 served during the war. He was appointed a 
 captain under St. Clair in 1790 ; adjutant-general 
 in 1812; and brigadier-general in 1813. After 
 the war he was appointed, in 1815, collector of 
 New London, in the place of Gen. Huntington, 
 and died Oct. 19, 1822, aged 67. He had not 
 strength of moral principle to restrain him from 
 a duel with Mr. Lewis, member of congress from 
 Virginia. His life was saved by his watch, which 
 was struck by his adversary s ball. Some one re 
 marked, it must be a good watch, that kept time 
 from eternity. An account of his trial before a 
 court martial was published in 1812. 
 
 GUSHING, JONATHAN P., died April 25, 1835. 
 A native of Rochester, N. H., and a graduate of 
 Dartmouth in 1817, he was fourteen years the 
 president of Hampden Sidney college in Virginia. 
 
 GUSHING, LUTHER STEARNS, died in Boston 
 June 22, 1856, aged 53 on the day of his death. 
 Born in Lunenburg, he graduated at the Cam 
 bridge law school in 1826, and in Boston con 
 ducted a law periodical. In 1832, he was clerk 
 of the house, and held the office for years, and 
 was a judge of the court of common pleas from 
 1844 to 1848 ; and afterwards reporter to the 
 supreme court. Of reports he published 8 or 10 
 vols. ; also, rules of proceeding and debate in de 
 liberative assemblies, 1845 ; also, elements of the 
 law and practice of legislative assemblies. 
 
 GUSHING, THOMAS P., a merchant in Boston, 
 died Nov. 23, 1854, aged 67. He had been re 
 tired from business for some years. 
 
 CUSHMAN, ROBERT, distinguished in the his 
 tory of Plymouth colony, was one of those wor 
 thies, who quitted England for the sake of liberty 
 of conscience, and settled at Leyden. In 1617 
 he was sent to England with Mr. Carver, to pro 
 cure a grant of lands in America, and in 1619 he 
 was sent again with Mr. Brewster, and obtained a 
 patent. He set sail with the first company in 
 
CUSIIMAN. 
 
 1620, but, the vessel proving leaky, he was obliged 
 to relinquish the voyage. He did not arrive at 
 Plymouth till Nov. 10, 1621, and tarried only a 
 month, being under the necessity of returning to 
 give an account of the plantation to the merchant 
 adventurers, by whose assistance the first settlers 
 were transported. While preparing to rejoin his 
 friends in America, he was removed to another 
 and better country in 1626. He was a man of 
 activity and enterprise ; respectable for his tal 
 ents and virtues ; well acquainted with the Scrip 
 tures ; and a professed disciple of Jesus Christ. 
 After his death, his family came to New England, 
 and his son, Thomas Cushman, succeeded Mr. 
 Brewster, as ruling elder of the church of Ply 
 mouth, and died in 1691, aged 83. Mr. Cush 
 man, during his short residence at Plymouth, 
 though not a minister, delivered a discourse on the 
 sin and danger of self-love, which Avas printed at 
 London in 1622, at Boston in 1724, and at Ply 
 mouth in 1785, with an appendix by John Davis, 
 containing an account of Mr. Cushman. The de 
 sign of the discourse was to repress the desire of 
 personal property, which was beginning to exhibit 
 itself, and to persuade our fathers to continue that 
 entire community of interests, which they at first 
 established. Extracts from this valuable and 
 curious relic of antiquity are preserved in Bclknap. 
 II. AA r . Cushman, of Bcrnardston, has prepared a 
 genealogy of all the Cushmans. All are de 
 scended from Elder Thomas C., and his wife, 
 Mary, the daughter of Mary Allerton. Ap 
 pendix to Cushman s Discourse; Bclknap^s Amer 
 ican Biography, n. 267-280. 
 
 CUSHMAN, THOMAS, died at Plymouth, Dec. 
 11, 1691, aged 83. He was the son of Ilobert C.; 
 a ruling elder after Brewster, from April 6, 1649, 
 nearly forty-three years. He was capable as a 
 teacher, and possessed all the virtues required for 
 his office. 
 
 CUSIIMAN, GIDEON, died in Hebron, Me., 
 May, 1845, aged 95, a first settler; leaving ten 
 children, eighty grandchildren, one hundred 
 great-grandchildren. 
 
 CUSTIS, JOHN PARKE, only son of Mrs. Custis, 
 who married AVashington ; his father was Daniel 
 Parke Custis. His daughter, Eleanor, married 
 Lawrence Lewis of AVindham, Va. He was the 
 son of Gen. Washington s only sister. Mrs. 
 Lewis died in 1852, aged 73, leaving a brother, 
 George AVashington Parke Custis, of Arlington 
 house. Martha AA r ashington was of the old Cal- 
 vert family, a descendant of Lord Baltimore. 
 
 CUTBUSII, JAMES, professor of chemistry in 
 the military academy at West Point, died there 
 Dec. 15, 1823. He was profoundly skilled in 
 chemistry, and was also a man of great independ 
 ence of opinion, the promoter of objects which he 
 deemed conducive to the happiness and honor of 
 his country. He published the useful cabinet, 
 
 CUTLER. 
 
 277 
 
 monthly, 1 vol. 1808 ; philosophy of experi 
 mental chemistry, 2 vols. 1813. After his death 
 a treatise, which lie prepared on pyrotcchny, was 
 published by his widow. 
 
 CUTLER, EPHRAIM, judge, died at AA r arren, 
 Ohio, in July, 1853, aged 86. The son of Rev. 
 Manasseh Cutler, he removed to Ohio as early as 
 1795. In 1802, as a member of the State con 
 vention, he drafted the article against slavery. 
 In 1819, he framed the bill for the present school 
 system. His piety was manifested in his family 
 and in all the relations of life. He and Judge 
 Burnet went to Ohio in the same year, and after 
 a residence of nearly sixty years each died in 
 1853. Prof. Andrews published a discourse on 
 his death. 
 
 CUTLER, JOHN, long an eminent physician 
 and surgeon in Boston, died Sept. 23, 1761, aged 
 85. Dr. Boylston was his pupil. 
 
 CUTLER, TIMOTHY, D. D., president of Yale 
 college, died in Boston Aug. 17, 1765, aged 82. 
 He was the son of Maj. John Cutler of Charles- 
 town, Mass., and was graduated at Harvard col 
 lege in 1701. He was ordained Jan. 11, 1709, 
 minister of Stratford, Conn., where he continued 
 ten years in high esteem, being the most cele 
 brated preacher in the colony. In 1719 he was 
 chosen president of Yale college, and entered 
 upon the duties of the office in the same year. 
 His predecessor was Mr. Pierson, in the interval 
 between whose death and his accession the college 
 had been removed to New Haven. The removal 
 was in 1716; the first commencement at New 
 Haven was in 1717. The appointment of Mr. 
 Cutler was considered as an auspicious event to 
 the institution, for he was a man of profound and 
 general learning, particularly distinguished for 
 his acquaintance with oriental literature, and he 
 presided over the college with dignity and reputa 
 tion. In 1722 he was induced, in consequence of 
 reading the works of a number of late writers in 
 England, to renounce the communion of the Con 
 gregational churches, and the trustees therefore 
 passed a vote " excusing him from all further ser 
 vice, as rector of Yale college," and requiring of 
 future rectors satisfactory evidence of " the sound 
 ness of their faith in opposition to Arminian and 
 prelatical corruptions." He was succeeded by Mr. 
 Williams. He Avent to Boston in Oct., Avhere a 
 neAV church Avas offered to him, and embarked 
 Avith Mr. Johnson for England No\ . 5th. Ir 
 the latter end of March, 1723, he Avas ordained, 
 first a deacon and then a priest. From Oxford 
 he received his degree of doctor in divinity. He 
 set sail on his return to America July 26th, and 
 soon after became rector of Christ church in Bos 
 ton, where he continued till his death. 
 
 He Avas a man of strong poAvers of mind. Dr. 
 Eliot describes him as haughty and overbearing 
 in his manners, and incapable of winning the 
 
278 
 
 CUTTER. 
 
 DAGGETT. 
 
 hearts of the young. Mr. Whiteficld gives an 
 account of a debate with him on Presbyterian 
 ordination and instantaneous conversion. He 
 spoke Latin Avith great fluency and dignity, and 
 he was one of the best oriental scholars ever 
 educated in this country. President Stiles repre 
 sents him as having more knowledge of the Ara 
 bic than any man in New England before him, 
 except President Chauncy, and his disciple, Mr. 
 Thacher. He was also well skilled in logic, met 
 aphysics, moral philosophy, theology, and ecclesi 
 astical history. He published a sermon delivered 
 before the general court at New Haven, 1717; 
 and a sermon on the death of Thomas Greaves, 
 1757. Caner s Fun. Serm. ; Miller, II. 359 ; 
 Clap s Hist, of Yale College, 31 ; Whitefield s 
 Jour, in N. E. 1740,48; Chandler s Life of 
 Johnson, 17, 27-39; Holmes Life of Stiles, 387; 
 and Annals, n. 143. 
 
 CUTLER, MANNASSEH, LL. D., a botanist, 
 minister of Hamilton, Mass., graduated at Yale 
 college in 1765, and died July 28, 1823, aged 81, 
 in the fifty-second year of his ministry. He was 
 a member of various learned societies, and was 
 one of the earliest cultivators in New England of 
 the science of botany. Besides being a minister, 
 he was also elected a member of congress in 1800 
 and 1802. He published a century discourse, 
 1815 ; and an account of American plants in 
 memoirs of American academy, vol. I. 396-493. 
 
 CUTLER, JERVIS, major, died in Evansville, 
 Ind., June 25, 1844, aged 76. He Avas born in 
 Edgartown, the son of RCA^. Manasseh Cutler, 
 Avho as a member of congress was a negotiator 
 for the purchase of a million and a half of acres 
 by the Ohio company. He Avent Avith Rums 
 Putnam to settle Marietta, cutting doAvn the first 
 tree for a clearing in Ohio in 1788. He was 
 esteemed for his integrity and kind-heartedness. 
 He had a taste for the fine arts. His adventures 
 are related by Hildreth. Ilildreth s Biog. Mem. 
 
 CUTT, JOHN, president of the province of 
 NCAV Hampshire, came from Wales before 1646, 
 and Avas a distinguished merchant, of great prob 
 ity, in Portsmouth. He Avas appointed president 
 in 1679, and commenced the duties of his office 
 in 1680. He died March 27, 1681, and Avas suc 
 ceeded by Richard Waldron. lie left sons, John 
 and Samuel. His AvidoAV, a second AA ife, Avas 
 killed by the Indians. His brother, John, carried 
 on the fishery at the Isle of Shoals, and Robert 
 the business of ship-building at Kittery. The 
 descendants Avrite the name Cutts. Of these, 
 EdAvard died at Kittery in Jan. or Feb., 1818, 
 aged 89 ; and Col. Thomas at Saco, Jan., 1821, 
 aged 87. Annals of Portsmouth 70 ; Farmer. 
 
 CUTTER, AMMI It., M. 1)., a physician, died 
 Dec. 8, 1820, aged 85. He Avas born in North 
 Yarmouth, Maine, in 1735, the son of Ammi R. 
 C., the first minister of that toAvn. He Avas grad 
 
 uated at HarA ard college in 1752. In 1755 he 
 served as a surgeon in the company of rangers 
 under Robert Rogers in a very hazardous expe 
 dition, and in 1758 in the expedition against 
 Louisbourg. He settled at Portsmouth. Early 
 in 1777 he AA as appointed physician-general of 
 the eastern department, and stationed at Fishkill, 
 N. J. During his absence his eldest son, at col 
 lege, died. He returned to his large family in 
 the beginning of 1778. After being in practice 
 about fifty years he received his son, William, into 
 partnership, and soon relinquished business. 
 Thatcher s Mcd. Biog ; Ann. of Portsmouth. 
 
 CUTTER, LEVI, an eminently useful and 
 pious man, died at Portland March 2, 1856, 
 aged about 83. He had been a merchant, and 
 as mayor of the city he had done much for its 
 improvement and ornament, especially in its pub 
 lic Avalks at the east and west parts of the toAvn. 
 His son, Rev. EdAvard Cutter, succeeded Mr. 
 Cummings in 1856 as the editor of the Christian 
 Mirror. 
 
 CUTTS, CHARLES, secretary of the senate of 
 the United States, died at Washington Jan. 25, 
 1846, aged about 78. He was a graduate of 
 Harvard in 1789. 
 
 CUTTS, RICHARD, died at Washington April 
 7, 1845, aged 73. He was the son of Thomas 
 Cutts of Saco, and Avas graduated at Harvard in 
 1790. He AA as in congress from 1801 to 1813; 
 and then comptroller of the treasury. His Avife, 
 Anna Paine, a sister of Mrs. Madison, died in 
 1832. He left six children. 
 
 CUYLER, CORNELIUS C., D.D., died in Phil 
 adelphia Aug. 31, 1850, aged 66. He Avas many 
 years pastor of the Dutch church in Poughkcep- 
 sie, and seventeen years pastor of the second 
 Presbyterian church in Philadelphia. He was 
 also president of Jefferson medical college. 
 
 DABALL, NATHAN, died at Groton, N. Y., 
 March 9, 1818, aged 68. He was an able teacher 
 of mathematics ; and one thousand and five hun 
 dred persons Avere instructed by him in naviga 
 tion. He published a valuable system of arith 
 metic, and a system of navigation. 
 
 DAGGETT, NAPIITALI, D. D., president of 
 Yale college, died Nov. 25, 1780, aged about 52. 
 He Avas a native of Attleborough, Mass., and in 1748 
 graduated at the institution Avhich Avas aftenvards 
 intrusted to his care. In the year 1751 he Avas 
 settled in the ministry at Smith ToAvn on Long 
 Island, from Avhence he removed in 1756 to NCAV 
 Haven, and accepted the appointment of profes 
 sor of divinity in the college. This office he filled 
 during the remainder of his life. After the death 
 of Mr. Clap in 1766, he officiated as president 
 till April 1, 1777, Avhen he resigned the chair. 
 Dr. Stiles Avas appointed his successor. In July, 
 1779, he distinguished himself by his bravery, 
 Avhen the British attacked NCAV Haven. He Avas 
 
DAGGKIT. 
 
 DALLAS. 
 
 279 
 
 succeeded in his professorship by Samuel Wales. 
 He was a good classical scholar, and a learned 
 divine. lie published a sermon on the death of 
 President Clap, 1767 ; at the ordination of Eben- 
 ezer Baldwin, 1770 ; of J. Howe, 1773. Holmes 
 Life of Stiles, 392, 396; Gen. Hist, of Conn., 
 412. 
 
 DAGGETT, HENUY, an officer of the Revolu 
 tionary army, died at Xew Haven June 20, 1843, 
 aged 85, the oldest of the graduates. He was 
 the son of President D aggett. 
 
 DAGGETT, DAVID, LL. D., judge, died at 
 New Haven April 10, 1851, aged 86. He was 
 born at Attleborough Dec. 31, 1764, descended 
 from John D. of Watertown in 1630, from 
 Thomas D. of Edgartown, who married Hannah 
 Mayhew, and from John and Ebenezer of Attle 
 borough. A graduate of 1783 at Yale, in a dis 
 tinguished class, he practised law and sustained 
 various offices. From 1813 IK; was a senator of 
 the United States for six years; in 1824 he was 
 an instructor in the law school; in 1826, Kent 
 professor in Yale college ; from 1832 to 1834, 
 chief justice of the supreme court of Conn., retir 
 ing by limitation at the age of 70. His widow, 
 Mary L., died in Dec., 1854, aged 65. His son, 
 Dr. O. E. Daggett, is minister of Canandaigua. 
 He published an oration July 4, 1787 ; another, 
 entitled sunbeams from cucumbers, 1799; an ar 
 gument before general assembly of Conn., 1804; 
 eulogium on R. Griswold, 1812. 
 
 DAILLE, PETER, minister of the French Pro 
 testant church in Boston, came to Xew England 
 in 1686, and died May 21, 1715, aged 65, and was 
 succeeded by Le Mercier. He was buried in the 
 centre of the Granary burying-yard : around him 
 are French names. He was of great piety, char 
 itable, courteous, exemplary. He required by his 
 will that there should be no wine at his funeral; 
 though a scarf and gloves were given to each 
 minister. His library he gave to the church, and 
 to the minister of the same church one hundred 
 pounds. Hist. Coll. 3d series, vol. II. p. 52. 
 
 DALE, THOMAS, Sir, governor of Va., died in 
 the East Indies in 1616. He was high marshal 
 in 1609 and 1611; again governor after Gates 
 in 1614. 
 
 DALE, RICHARD, commodore in the navy, 
 was born in Virginia about 1757. In the war of 
 the Revolution he served in the brig. Lexington 
 as midshipman. Captured in 1776, by a British 
 frigate, he and his crew retook the brig in the fol 
 lowing night, lie was again captured Sept. 19, 
 1777, and thrown into Mill prison, from winch he 
 made his escape in Feb., 1779, and joined Paul 
 Jones in the Bon Ilomme Richard at L Orient. 
 In the action witli the Scrapis, Sept. 23, he was 
 badly wounded in the leg. On board the Trum- 
 bull of twenty-eight guns, Capt. J. Nicholson, he 
 was again captured in 1781, but in Nov. was ex 
 
 changed. In May, 1798, he commanded the 
 sloop-of-war Ganges. April 28, 1801, he was 
 appointed to the command of the American 
 squadron in the Mediterranean; but resigned 
 his commission Dec. 17, 1802. His residence was 
 at Philadelphia, where, in the midst of an amiable 
 family and respected as a citizen and a Christian, 
 he died Feb. 24, 1826, aged 69. Life of Jones, 
 126, 361. 
 
 DALE, SAMUEL, general, died in Mississippi 
 May 23, 1841, a pioneer in the settlement of the 
 southwest. In the last war, his canoe fight with 
 Indians in the middle of the Alabama is well 
 attested, although almost incredible. He fought 
 seven warriors with clubbed rifles, and rowed 
 ashore with the corpse of the last under his feet. 
 
 DALLAS, ALEXANDER JAMES, secretary of the 
 treasury of the United States, died Jan. 16, 1817, 
 aged 57. He was of Scotch descent and was 
 born in the island of Jamaica in 1759. His 
 father, Robert I)., was an eminent physician. 
 After receiving an early educational Edinburgh and 
 Westminster, he came to this country, after the 
 death of his father, in 1783, and studied law at 
 Philadelphia. He also engaged in various literary 
 enterprises, writing much for the periodicals and 
 being at one time the editor of the Columbian 
 Magazine. In Jan., 1791, he was appointed sec 
 retary of State, and again in 1793 and 1796. In 
 1801 he was appointed by Jefferson attorney of 
 the United States for the eastern district of Penn 
 sylvania. About this time he recovered against 
 Fenno 2500 dollars for a libel. In Oct., 1814, he 
 was appointed by Mr. Madison secretary of the 
 treasury of the United States as the successor of 
 G. W. Campbell ; and in March, 1815, he under 
 took the additional trust of secretary at war, and 
 performed the task, on the return of peace, of 
 reducing the army. He resigned his honorable 
 office and returned to the practice of the law at 
 Philadelphia in Nov., 1816; but in a few weeks 
 his earthly career was closed. While at Trenton, 
 he was attacked with the gout in the stomach, of 
 which he died soon after he reached home. His 
 wife, whom he married in 1780, was of Devon 
 shire, England. Mr. Dallas had great decision 
 and energy, and was eminent as a lawyer. He 
 excelled in conversation, and his manners were 
 highly polished. While in office he promoted 
 the establishment of a tariff and of the national 
 bank. He published : features of Jay s treaty, 
 1795 ; speeches on the trial of Blount and the 
 impeachment of the judges ; the laws of Penn 
 sylvania, with notes ; address to the society of 
 constitutional republicans, 1805; reports of cases 
 in the courts of the United States and Pennsylvania, 
 4 vols., 1806-7 ; treasury reports ; exposition of 
 the causes and character of the late war, 1815. 
 George M. Dallas proposed, in 1817, to publish 
 his works in 3 vols. lie left unfinished sketches 
 
280 
 
 DALLAS. 
 
 DANA. 
 
 >f a history of Pennsylvania. National Intel- 
 igencer, March 15th, 1817. 
 
 DALLAS, ALEXANDER J., commodore, died in 
 Callao Bay June 3, 1844, aged 55. He bore the 
 name of his father, and was in the naval service 
 thirty-nine years. 
 
 DALTON, TIMOTHY, first minister of Hamp 
 ton, N. H., died Dec. 28, 1661. He was the 
 brother of Philemon, of Dedham, 1836, and died 
 without issue. By a liberal donation he consti 
 tuted the ministerial fund in Hampton and North 
 Hampton. 
 
 DALTON, TRISTRAM, died at Boston May 30, 
 1817, aged 79. Born at Newburyport, he was 
 graduated in 1755. He studied law, married the 
 daughter of Robert Hooper, and engaged with 
 him in commercial pursuits, and was appointed 
 with Mr. Strong a senator in the first congress in 
 1789. He was induced to remove to Washington 
 and to invest in real estate his fortune, nearly all 
 of which he lost after living in affluence sixty 
 years. As a man of philosophy and religion, he 
 was sustained. In 1815 he was surveyor of the 
 port of Boston. He had lived in intimacy with 
 the first four presidents. 
 
 DAMON, JUDE, minister of Truro, died in 
 1828, aged about 70. He was a graduate of 
 Harvard in 1776. His predecessors were John 
 Avery and Caleb Upham. 
 
 DAMON, DAVID, D. D., died in 1843, aged 
 about 62. He was graduated at Harvard in 1811, 
 and settled at Lunenburg as successor of T. 
 .Flint in 1815. He published a sermon before a 
 bible society, 1826 ; a farewell sermon, 1827 ; 
 address at Amesbury on temperance, 1829. 
 
 DANA, RICHARD, of Cambridge, who died in 
 1695, had four sons, who were the ancestors of 
 the numerous families of Danas in this country ; 
 Jacob, born in 1655, who settled in Pomfret, 
 Conn., Joseph, Benjamin, and Daniel born in 
 1663 who lived in Cambridge. 
 
 DANA, WILLIAM, captain, died in 1809, aged 
 64. He was born in Little Cambridge, now 
 Brighton. He was an officer in the Revolution ; 
 in 1789 he joined the Belpre associates in Ohio. 
 He left many descendants. ITddrctli s Biog. 
 Memoirs. 
 
 DANA, FRANCIS, LL. D., chief justice of Mas 
 sachusetts, died at Cambridge April 25, 1811, 
 aged 68. lie was a descendant of Richard Dana, 
 who died at Cambridge about 1695. His father 
 was Richard Dana, an eminent magistrate. He 
 was born at Charlestown in Aug., 1742, and, after 
 graduating at Harvard college in 1762, studied law 
 with Judge Trowbridge. He passed the year 
 1775 in England, where he had a brother, Ed 
 mund, a minister at Wroxeter, who died in 1823. 
 In 1776 he was appointed a delegate to congress, 
 and, taking his seat in Nov., 1777, continued in 
 that body until, in Nov., 1779, he accompanied 
 
 Mr. Adams to Paris as secretary of legation. 
 He was elected Dec. 19, 1780, as minister to 
 Russia, where he remained, though not publicly 
 received, from Aug., 1781, till the close of the 
 war, returning in Dec., 1783. He was chosen a 
 delegate to congress in 1784. A member of the 
 Massachusetts convention, he advocated the con 
 stitution. The office of envoy extraordinary to 
 France in 1797 he declined, and Mr. Gerry was 
 deputed in his stead, with Marshall and Pinckney. 
 Appointed chief justice of Massachusetts in 1792, 
 he discharged very impartially and ably the duties 
 of that office until his resignation in 1806. Judge 
 Dana was a learned lawyer and presided in court 
 with great dignity. His opinions on the bench 
 were remarkable for their clearness and perspi 
 cuity. In his politics, during the days of violent 
 excitement, he was strongly attached to the fed 
 eralists. His correspondence while in Europe is 
 contained in Sparks diplomatic correspondence, 
 vol. YIII. 
 
 DANA, SAMUEL, judge, died in Amherst, N. H., 
 April 2, 1798, aged 58. Born in Cambridge, now 
 Brighton, he graduated in 1755 in the class of 
 John Adams, and was settled as the minister of 
 Groton June 3, 1761, the successor of Caleb 
 Trowbridge. Not having the whig zeal of his 
 parishioners, he relinquished, voluntarily, his 
 charge in 1775, and lived on a small farm, which 
 he cultivated. In 1780 he preached to a small, 
 separate society. Being the executor of the will 
 of John Bulkley, he removed Mr. B. s law library 
 to his own house, and was led to read it and 
 to become a lawyer ; he commenced the practice 
 in Amherst in 1781. He was judge of probate. 
 His son Samuel was a lawyer in Groton ; James 
 G. a lawyer and editor in Frankfort, Ky. ; his 
 daughter Mehetabel married Gov. Samuel Bell ; 
 his son Luther was the father of Professor J. F. 
 Dana. His earliest ancestor was Richard, of 
 Cambridge, from 1648 to 1695, who left four sons, 
 from whom descended the numerous families of 
 Dana in New England. 
 
 DANA, SAMUEL, judge, son of the preceding, 
 died in Charlestown, Mass., in Nov., 1835, aged 
 60. His residence during the active period of 
 his life was at Groton. He and Mr. Bigelow 
 were eminent rival laAvyers, and opposed also in 
 politics, Judge D. being of the democratic or Jef- 
 fersonian party. % In Ids speeches at the bar he 
 was as smooth, gentle, and insinuating as Mr. 
 Bigelow was bold, rapid, vehement. He pub 
 lished an oration, July 4, 1807. 
 
 DANA, JAMES, D. I)., a minister of New 
 Haven, died Aug. 18, 1812, aged 77. He was a 
 native of Massachusetts, and graduated at Har 
 vard college in 1753. Some years afterwards he 
 was a resident at Cambridge. He was ordained 
 as the successor of Samuel Whittelsey, at Wal- 
 lingf ord, Conn., Oct. 12, 1758. The history of 
 
DANA. 
 
 DANA. 
 
 281 
 
 the difficulties, occasioned by his settlement, oc 
 cupies forty or fifty pages in Trumbull s history 
 of Connecticut; he was accused of heterodoxy, 
 and an interesting question also arose concerning 
 the construction of the Saybrook platform. The 
 writers called forth on the occasion were Eells, 
 Todd, Hurt, and Ilobart. It is plain that the or 
 dination was a departure from the Saybrook plat 
 form, because the ordaining council was not 
 limited to the consociation ; it amounted to an 
 assertion of the independence of the church, in 
 disregard of the platform. The members of the 
 council were considered as inclining to Armin- 
 ianism. After remaining at Wallingford thirty 
 years, Dr. Dana was installed the pastor of the 
 first church at New Haven, April 29, 1789, as 
 the successor of Chauncy Whittlcsey. In the 
 autumn of 1805 he was dismissed ; after which 
 he occasionally preached in the pulpits of his 
 brethren in the vicinity. Samuel W. Dana, sen 
 ator of the United States, was his only surviving 
 child. Dr. Dana published anonymously an 
 examination of Edwards inquiry on the freedom 
 of the will, 8vo. Boston, 1770 ; and, with his 
 name, the examination continued, New Haven, 
 1773; in all more than three hundred pages. 
 Some of his views are the following, which are 
 similar to those of Samuel West, of New Bed 
 ford, published at a later period: For the actions 
 of men there must be an efficient cause. Mo 
 tives are not that cause ; abstract notions, and 
 such are all reasons and motives, are not agents ; 
 and if they were, they must themselves, according 
 to Edwards, be determined by motives. As mo 
 tives are not the efficient cause of the actions of 
 men, so neither is God that cause ; for the scheme 
 of Stephen West, of Stockbridge, making God 
 the sole efficient in the universe, is fraught with 
 the impiety of making God the author of sin, 
 and annihilates the responsibleness of man, ren 
 dering him a mere machine, or binding upon him 
 the chains of a dreadful fatalism. Men them 
 selves, then, arc the only efficient causes of their 
 own volitions ; nor do they always determine ac 
 cording to the greatest apparent good ; the affec 
 tions do not follow the judgment; men sin 
 against light, with the wiser choice, the greater 
 good, full in their view. Through the impetu 
 osity of their passions they determine against 
 the greatest apparent good. This is the case 
 with every sinner who resolves to delay repent 
 ance to a future time. Self-determination is the 
 characteristic of every moral agent. Such was 
 the opinion of Dr. Watts, who maintained that 
 every intelligent spirit is the cause of its own 
 volitions. Even according to Edwards, it is evi 
 dently improper to speak of the mind as being 
 determined by motives ; for he expressly allows, 
 that " an appearing most agreeable or pleasing to 
 the mind, and the mind s preferring and choosing, 
 36 
 
 seem hardly to be properly and perfectly distinct." 
 But, if not distinct, then the choice is not caused 
 by the appearance of the greatest good. Motive 
 is not the determiner of volition and at the same 
 time the act of volition. And if the highest mo 
 tive is the same as volition, then, to say that a 
 man chooses as he pleases, is to say that he 
 chooses as he chooses. The absence of liberty 
 he deemed inconsistent with moral agency ; and 
 by liberty he meant, not merely liberty in regard 
 to the external action, but liberty of volition ; an 
 exemption from all circumstances and causes hav 
 ing a controlling influence over the will ; a self- 
 determining power of man, as a real agent, in 
 respect to his own volitions. On the whole, he 
 regarded the scheme of Edwards as acquitting the 
 creature of blame, and impeaching the truth and 
 justice of the Creator. He published also three 
 sermons in American preacher, vols. I. and in. ; 
 on death of John Hall, 1763 ; of Chauncy Whittle- 
 sey, 1764 ; two sermons on faith and inscrutable 
 providence, 1767 ; a century discourse, April 9, 
 1770; on prayer, 1774; election sermon, 1779; 
 on death of W. Beadle, etc., 1782; on capital 
 punishments, 1790; on African slave trade, 1791 ; 
 at the installation of himself, 1789 ; of A. Holmes, 
 1792; practical atheism, 1794; ordination of E. 
 Gay, 1793 ; A. Waterman, 1794 ; of Dan Hun- 
 tington, 1799 ; on the death of Dr. Styles, 1795 ; 
 two sermons on new year and completion of 
 eighteenth century, 1801 ; on death of E. G. 
 Marsh, 1803 ; character of scoffers, 1805 ; sermons 
 to young people, 1806. 
 
 DANA, JOSEPH, D. D., minister of Ipswich, 
 Mass., died Nov. 16, 1827, aged 85. He was 
 born at Pomfret, Conn., Nov. 13, 1742, and grad 
 uated at Yale college in 1760. He was a de 
 scendant of Jacob Dana, of Pomfret, the son of 
 Richard D., of Cambridge. Having early de 
 voted himself to God, he studied theology, and 
 was ordained as the minister of the south society 
 in Ipswich Nov. 7, 1765. On the sixtieth anni 
 versary of his ordination, at the age of 83, he 
 preached in 1825 a discourse, in which he stated, 
 that all who were heads of families at the time 
 of his settlement were deceased, excepting five ; 
 that he had followed about nine hundred of his 
 parishioners to the grave, and had received into 
 the church the small number of one hundred and 
 twenty-one, being the average of two in a year. 
 Of these, fifty were received in a revival from 
 1798 to 1801. He left two sons, Daniel and 
 Samuel, ministers of Newburyport and Marble- 
 head. Dr. Dana was a firm believer in the great 
 doctrines of Calvinism, a faithful preacher, emi 
 nently a man of prayer, and deeply interested in 
 all the events which relate to the kingdom of 
 Jesus Christ. He was a diligent student and la 
 borious pastor. A fortnight before his death he 
 preached a discourse, recently written. An iinaf- 
 
282 
 
 DANA. 
 
 DANFORTII. 
 
 fected humility marked his character, and his end 
 was peace. He published two discourses on 
 Proverbs, xvi : 8, 1782 ; at the ordination of I). 
 Dana, 1795 ; of D. Smith, 1795 ; of his son Samuel, 
 1801 ; of Joshua Dodge, 1809 ; at a fast, 1799 ; a dis 
 course on the death of Washington, 1800 ; at the 
 convention, 1801 ; observations on baptism, 1806 ; 
 on integrity; on the worth of the soul, 1807; 
 two discourses, 1810; at Boston, 1812; on the 
 death of J. M Kean, 1818. CrowelVs Funeral 
 Sermon. 
 
 DANA, JAMES FREEMAN, M. D., the grandson 
 of Judge Samuel Dana and the son of Luther 
 Dana, was born in Amherst, N. H., Sept. 23, 
 1793. His mother, Lucy Giddings, was a de 
 scendant in the seventh generation from John 
 Robinson. He graduated at Harvard college in 
 1813, and in a few years was appointed assistant 
 to Dr. Gorham, professor of chemistry. In 1820 
 he was appointed professor of chemistry and 
 mineralogy at Dartmouth college ; but resigned 
 this office in 1826, on being chosen professor of 
 chemistry in the college of physicians and sur 
 geons at New York. In November he removed 
 to that city. He soon lost his only child, and in 
 April, 1827, after an illness of five days, he died 
 of the erysipelas, at the age of 33. His wife was 
 the daughter of President Webber. He was a 
 distinguished chemist, and highly esteemed by his 
 acquaintance. He published, with his brother, 
 outlines of the geology and mineralogy of Bos 
 ton, with a map, 1818 ; an epitome of chemical 
 philosophy as a text-book, 8vo., 1825. He wrote 
 also for various journals many communications, a 
 list of which is given by Dr. Thacher. TJiacli- 
 er s Med. Biog.; Coll. N. H. Hist. Soc. II. 290. 
 
 DANA, SAMUEL W., a senator of the United 
 States from Connecticut, died in 1830, aged about 
 73. He was the son of Dr. James D., and grad 
 uated at Yale in 1775. 
 
 DANA, JUDAH, died at Fryeburg, Me., Dec. 
 27, 1845, aged 73, a senator of the United States. 
 He graduated at Dartmouth in 1795 ; his wife 
 was a daughter of Prof. Ripley, and granddaugh 
 ter of the first President Wheelock. He sustained 
 various offices, as county attorney, judge of pro 
 bate twenty years, and of the common pleas, and 
 a member of the convention that formed the 
 constitution of Maine. He was a man of ability 
 and conscientiously faithful to the public. 
 
 DANA, SYLVESTER, a descendant of Richard 
 D., of Cambridge, now Brighton, in 1640, died at 
 Concord, N. H., June 9, 1849, aged nearly 80. 
 He was born at Ashford, Conn., July 4, 1769. 
 His father, Anderson D., a lawyer, who removed 
 to Wilkesbarre, was killed by the Indians in Wy 
 oming Valley. The family, the widow and seven 
 children, fled on foot to Connecticut. S. D. was 
 graduated in 1797. At Orford, N. H., he was or 
 dained in May, 1801, and continued there thirty- 
 
 | three years. His last words were, " There is rest 
 
 j in heaven." His house was burnt at Concord in 
 
 I 1844, and he lost his library, and a manuscript 
 
 I system of theology, and history of Wyoming, 
 
 ; which he had prepared. His mother was Susanna 
 
 Huntington, of Lebanon. His brother Anderson 
 
 held the old property in Wilkesbarre, which made 
 
 him rich. Dana s academy is a witness to his 
 
 liberality. He is now in years, if yet alive. His 
 
 brother, Judge Daniel, lived in the State of New 
 
 York, and died in Ohio in 1841, aged 80. 
 
 DANA, NATHANIEL, died at Brookline Jan. 18, 
 1856, aged 68. Born in South Natick, he passed 
 most of his life in business in Portland. He 
 was a worthy member of Dr. Payson s church. 
 In 1830 he removed to Boston. He was a 
 man of good sense, of counsel, judgment, and de 
 cision ; an eminent Christian, fervent in prayer. 
 
 DANE, FRANCIS, the second minister of Ando- 
 ver, died Feb. 17, 1697, aged 81. He came from 
 England in 1636, and was ordained about 1648. 
 His brother John, of Ipswich, born in 1618, was 
 the ancestor of Nathan Dane. 
 
 DANE, NATHAN, LL. I)., died at Beverly in 
 Feb., 1835, aged 82, an eminent jurist and states 
 man. Born at Ipswich, he was of the sixth gen 
 eration from John, of Ipswich and Roxbury, who 
 died in 1658. He was graduated at Harvard in 
 1778. In congress he framed the celebrated or 
 dinance of 1787, for the government of the 
 Northwestern territory, by Avhich slavery was 
 shut out. He founded at Cambridge the Dane 
 professorship of law, and the law hall. lie pub 
 lished a general abridgment and digest of Ameri 
 can law in 9 vols. 8vo. 
 
 DANFORTH, THOMAS, president of the dis 
 trict of Maine, died Nov. 5, 1699, aged 77. He 
 was born in England in 1622, and was the son of 
 Nicholas Danforth, who died at Cambridge in 1637. 
 He had great influence in the management of pub 
 lic affairs in difficult times. He was an assistant 
 from 1659 to 1678. In 1679 he was elected dep 
 uty-governor. In the same year the inhabitants of 
 the district of Maine, being no longer attached to 
 Massachusetts as a county, elected him president of 
 j the province. He accordingly opened his court at 
 York, and granted several parcels of land. He 
 continued in this office, and in that of deputy-gov 
 ernor, till the arrival of Andros at the end of the 
 year 1686, and during this tine resided chiefly in 
 Cambridge. He was also a judge of the superior 
 court. In 1681 he united with Gookin, Cooke, 
 and others, in opposing the acts of trade and vin 
 dicating the chartered rights of his country. He 
 was a man of great integrity and wisdom. In the 
 time of the witchcraft delusion, in 1692, he evinced 
 his correctness of judgment and his firmness by 
 condemning the proceedings of the courts. 
 HutcUnson, I. 189, 323, 329, 331, 380, 404; 
 Sullivan, 385, 386 ; Hist. Coll. v. 75. 
 
DANFORTH. 
 
 DANFOIITII. 
 
 283 
 
 DAXFORTH, SAMUEL, minister of Roxbury, 
 Mass., brother of the preceding, was born in Eng 
 land in Sept., 1626, and came to this country 
 with his father in 1634. After he was graduated 
 at Harvard college in 1643, he was a tutor and 
 fellow. When Mr. Wclde returned to England, 
 he was invited to become the colleague of Mr. 
 Eliot of Roxbury, and he was accordingly or 
 dained Sept. 24, i650. He died Nov. 19, 1674, 
 aged 48 years. He had twelve children. Two 
 of his sons were ministers. His sermons were 
 elaborate, judicious, and methodical ; he wrote 
 them twice over in a fair, large hand, and in each 
 discourse usually quoted forty or fifty passages of 
 Scripture. Notwithstanding this care and labor, 
 he was so affectionate and pathetic, that he rarely 
 finished the delivery of a sermon without weep 
 ing. In the forenoon he usually expounded the 
 Old Testament, and in the afternoon discoursed 
 on the body of divinity. His wife, whom he mar 
 ried in 1651, was the daughter of Mr. Wilson, 
 and, when he was contracted to her, before his 
 marriage, a sermon was preached by Mr. Cotton, 
 according to the old usage of New England. 
 Such was his peace in his last moments, that Mr. 
 Eliot used to say, " My brother Danforth made 
 the most glorious end that I ever saw." Mr. 
 Welde wrote a poem on his death. He published 
 a number of almanacs, and an astronomical de 
 scription of the comet, which appeared in 1664, 
 with a brief theological application. He contends 
 that a comet is a heavenly body, moving accord 
 ing to Divine laws, and that its appearance is 
 portentous. He published, also, the cry of Sodom 
 inquired into, or a testimony against the sin of 
 unclcanness ; and the election sermon, 1670, en 
 titled, a recognition of New England s errand 
 into the wilderness. Mather s Magnolia, IV. 
 153-157. 
 
 DANFORTH, JOHN, 7th minister of Dorchester, 
 Mass., was the son of the preceding, born Nov. 
 5, 1660, and was graduated at Harvard college in 
 1677. He was ordained as successor of Mr. 
 Flint, June 28, 1682. From this period he con 
 tinued in the ministry till his death, May 26, 1730, 
 aged 70 years. Dr. Samuel Danforth, of Boston, 
 was his grandson. Jonathan Bowman, who sur 
 vived him, was ordained his colleague Nov. 5, 
 1729. Mr. Danforth was a man of great learn 
 ing. While he possessed an uncommon acquain 
 tance with mathematics, he had also a taste for 
 poetry. He wrote many epitaphs upon the good 
 Christians of his flock. He was an eminent ser 
 vant of Jesus Christ, being sound in his princi 
 ples, zealous to promote the salvation of his 
 brethren, upright, holy, and devout. The follow 
 ing lines, which are a version of Mr. Eliot s hints 
 on the proper method of .teaching the Indians the 
 Christian religion, may serve as a specimen of 
 lu s poetry. 
 
 " Till agriculture and cohabitation 
 Come under full restraint and regulation, 
 Much you would do you 11 find impracticable, 
 And much you do will prove unprofitable. 
 The common lands, that lie unfenc d, you know, 
 The husbandman in vain doth plough and sow; 
 We hope iu vain the plant of grace will thrive 
 In forests, where civility can t live." 
 
 He published a sermon at the departure of Mr. 
 Lord and his church for Carolina, 1697 ; kneel 
 ing at parting, a sermon, and a poem on J. Eliot, 
 1697 ; the blackness of sinning against the light, 
 1710 ; funeral sermon on E. Bromfield; judgment 
 begun at the house of God, 1716; two sermons 
 on the earthquake, to which is added, a poem on 
 the death of P. Thacher of Milton, and S. Dan 
 forth of Taunton, 1727; a fast sermon; a poem 
 on the death of Ami Eliot, and verses to the 
 memory of her husband, John Eliot. Coll. 
 Hist. Soc. ix. 176, 177; New England Weekly 
 Journal, June 1, 1730. 
 
 DANFORTH, SAMUEL, minister of Taunton, 
 Mass., was the son of Mr. Danforth of Roxbury, 
 and was born Dec. 18, 1666. He was graduated 
 at Harvard college in 1683, and married the 
 daughter of Rev. J. Allen of Boston. He died 
 Nov. 14, 1727. He was one of the most learned 
 and eminent ministers of his day. In the begin 
 ning of the year 1705, by means of his benevolent 
 labors, a deep impression was made upon the minds 
 of the people, and a most pleasing reformation 
 occurred. The youth, who formerly assembled 
 for amusement and folly, now met for the exalted 
 purpose of improving in Christian knowledge and 
 virtue, and of becoming fitted for the joys of the 
 heavenly and eternal world, in the presence of 
 Jesus, the Saviour. Several letters of Mr. Dan 
 forth, giving an account of this reformation, are 
 preserved in Mr. Prince s Christian history. He 
 published an eulogy on Thomas Leonard, 1713, 
 and the election sermon, 1714. He left behind him 
 a manuscript Indian dictionary, a part of which is 
 now in the library of the Massachusetts histori 
 cal society. It seems to have been formed from 
 Eliot s Indian bible, as there is a reference under 
 every word to a passage of Scripture. Hist. 
 Coll. III. 173; IX. 176 ; Christian Hist. I. 108. 
 
 DANFORTH, JONATHAN, captain, died in 
 Billerica in 1712. He was an eminent surveyor, 
 frequently employed in locating new towns, and 
 a man of piety. 
 
 DANFORTII, SAMUEL, a member of the 
 Massachusetts medical society, died in 1817, aged 
 about 45. He published an oration at Boston 
 July 4, 1804 ; discourse before the humane soci 
 ety, 1808. 
 
 DANFORTH, SAMUEL, M. D., a physician in 
 Boston, died Nov. 16, 1827, aged 87. He was 
 born in 1740, and was the son of Samuel I)., 
 judge of probate for Middlesex, and the descend 
 ant of men distinguished in New England. He 
 
284 
 
 DANFORTH. 
 
 D AULNAY. 
 
 was graduated in 1758, and studied with Dr. 
 Rand. At this period he became acquainted 
 with a German physician, probably Dr. Kast, who 
 exerted an unhappy influence on his religious 
 opinions. He practised first at Newport; then 
 settled at Boston. Being a loyalist, he remained 
 in the town, while it was occupied by the British ; 
 for which he was afterwards treated harshly. 
 From 1795 to 1798 he was president of the medi 
 cal society. Neglecting surgery, he devoted him 
 self to medicine, and had full practice till he was 
 nearly eighty years old. For about four years he 
 was confined to his family. He died of a para 
 lytic affection. He was tall, thin, erect, with an 
 aquiline nose and a prominent chin, and a coun 
 tenance expressive of great sagacity. He em 
 ployed only a few and powerful remedies, relying 
 chiefly on calomel, opium, ipecacuanha, and bark. 
 He rarely caused a patient to be bled. Tliacli- 
 er s Med. Biog. 
 
 DANFORTH, JOSHUA, colonel, died at Pitts- 
 field, Mass., Jan. 30, 1837, aged about 78; an 
 officer in the Revolution, and the oldest post 
 master in the country. His son, Rev. Joshua N., 
 of the neighborhood of Washington, has long 
 been an acceptable correspondent of religious 
 papers. 
 
 DANIEL, WILLIAM, judge, died at Lynchburg, 
 Va., Nov. 20, 1839, aged 68. He wa s for the 
 last twenty-three years a judge of the general 
 and circuit courts of Virginia, and much respected 
 foivhis talents and legal knowledge. 
 
 DANIELSON, DANIEL, general, died in Brim- 
 field Sept. 19, 1791, aged 58. His widow mar 
 ried Gen. Eaton. He was a graduate of Yale in 
 1756, and a patriot of the Revolution ; a member 
 of the provincial congress in 1774, a delegate to 
 Connecticut in 1775 on the subject of raising an 
 army, and appointed to command a regiment ; 
 afterwards chief justice of Hampshire county. 
 Large in person, finely formed, bold and able, he 
 always had a commanding influence. 
 
 DAPONTE, LORENZO, died at New York in 
 1838, aged 92. He was an Italian ; and he pub 
 lished several operas. 
 
 DARBY, WILLIAM, engineer and geographer, 
 died in Frederic county, Maryland, in Aug., 1827. 
 He was an officer under Gen. Jackson in Louis 
 iana, and was one of the surveyors of the bound 
 ary between the United States and Canada. He 
 published a geographical description of Louisiana, 
 8vo., 1816 ; a map of the same; plan of Pittsburg 
 and adjacent country, 1817; emigrant s guide to 
 the western country, 8vo., 1818; tour from New 
 York to Detroit, 1819 ; memoir on the geography 
 and history of Florida, with a map, 1821; 3d 
 edition of Brooke s universal gazetteer, 1823. 
 
 DARBY, WILLLUI, died at Washington Oct. 
 9, 1854, aged 79; a geographer and statistician, 
 a native of Pennsylvania. 
 
 DARKE, WILLIAM, a brave officer during the 
 American war, died in Jefferson county, Va., Nov. 
 26, 1801, aged 65. He was born in Philadelphia 
 county in 1736, and when a boy accompanied his 
 parents to Virginia. In the nineteenth year of 
 his age he joined the army under Gen. Braddock, 
 and shared in the dangers of his defeat in 1755. 
 In the beginning of the war with Great Britain he 
 accepted a captain s commission, and served with 
 great reputation till the close of the war, at 
 which time he held the rank of major. In 1791 
 he received from congress the command of a regi 
 ment in the army under St. Clair, and bore a 
 distinguished part in the unfortunate battle with 
 the Indians, Nov. 4th. In this battle he lost a 
 favorite son, and narrowly escaped with his own 
 life. In his retirement during his remaining 
 years, he enjoyed the confidence of the State 
 which had adopted him, and was honored with 
 the rank of major-general of the militia. New 
 York Spectator, Dec. 18, 1801. 
 
 DARLLNG, JOSHUA, judge, died at Ilenniker, 
 N. H., in 1812. A graduate of Dartmouth in 
 1794, he was appointed a judge of the common 
 pleas in 1817. Eleven years before his death he 
 became a Christian. BoiitoiiS Funeral Sermon. 
 
 DARLING, No YES, judge, died at New Haven 
 Sept. 17, 1846, aged 64. Born at Woodbridge, 
 he graduated at Yale in 1801, and Avas mayor of 
 the city. He was a man of science, and wrote 
 papers on insects and agriculture. 
 
 DARLING, JOSEPH, Dr., died at New Haven 
 Nov. 15, 1850, aged 91. He graduated at Yale 
 in 1777. 
 
 DAROY, ETIENNE, died at Thibadeauxville, 
 La., in Nov., 1833, aged 110. 
 
 D ARUSMONT, FANNY WRIGHT, Mrs., died at 
 Cincinnati Dec. 14, 1852, aged 57. She was born 
 in Dundee, Scotland, and acquired by her writings 
 an unenvied notoriety. 
 
 D AULNAY, DE CIIARNISE, or D Aunai, D Au- 
 nay, D Aulney, as his name is variously written, 
 governor of Acadia, had a fort at Penobscot as 
 early as Nov., 1636, and claimed as far as Pema- 
 quid. About the year 1632 Acadia was divided 
 into three provinces, and the propriety and gov 
 ernment assigned to De Razilly, La Tour, and 
 Denys. The first had the territory from Port 
 Royal, in the west of Nova Scotia, to New Eng 
 land; the second had Acadia proper, or Nova 
 Scotia ; yet La Tour had a fort at the river St. 
 John, in the province of the first. The rights of 
 Razilly were, after his death, purchased by 
 D Aulnay, who built a fort at Port Royal. His 
 claims conflicting with those of La Tour, a war 
 fare was carried on between them. Of these 
 difficulties a long account is given by Hubbard. 
 In 1643 and 1644 D Aulnay still had a fort at 
 Penobscot. He made a treaty with Gov. Ende- 
 cott Oct. 8, 1644. Some advantages were de- 
 
DAVENPORT. 
 
 rived from the trade with him. His secretary 
 afterwards visited Boston to confer with the gov 
 ernor on certain grievances, and the governor 
 sent D Aulnay, as a conciliatory present, the " fair 
 new sedan," which Capt. Cromwell had given 
 him. Early in 1645 he captured La Tour s fort 
 at St. John river, after it had been resolutely de 
 fended by his wife ; he lost twelve men in the 
 assault, and in violation of his faith lie put to 
 deatli all the men in the fort, except one, whom 
 he made the hangman of the others. The jew 
 els, plate, etc., were estimated at 10,000 pounds. 
 La Tour s wife died with grief in three weeks. 
 After D Aulnay s death La Tour married his 
 widow. Such was the termination of the quarrel. 
 2 Hist. Coll. vi. 478-499; Charlevoix, I. 411. 
 DAVENPORT, JOHN, first minister of New 
 Haven, and one of the founders of the colony of 
 that name, died March 15, 1670, aged 72. He 
 was born in the city of Coventry in England. In 
 1613 he was sent to Merton college, Oxford, 
 where he continued about two years. He was 
 then removed to Magdalen hall, which he left 
 without a degree. Retiring to London, he be 
 came an eminent preacher among the Puritans, 
 and at length minister of St. Stephen s church in 
 Coleman street. In 1625 he went to Magdalen 
 hall, and, performing the exercise required, took 
 the degree of bachelor of divinity. By his great 
 industry he became a universal scholar, and as a 
 preacher he held the first rank. There was in 
 his delivery a gravity, an energy, and an engaging 
 eloquence, which were seldom witnessed. About 
 the year 1630 he united with Dr. Gouge, Dr. 
 Sibs, and others, in a design of purchasing im- 
 propriations, and with the profits of them to pro 
 vide ministers for poor and destitute congregations. 
 Such progress was made in the execution of the 
 plan, that all the church lands in the possession 
 of laymen would soon have been obtained ; but 
 Bishop Laud, who was apprehensive that the 
 project would promote the interests of noncon 
 formity, caused the company to be dissolved, and 
 the money to be confiscated to the use of his 
 majesty. As Mr. Davenport soon became a con 
 scientious nonconformist, the persecutions to 
 which he was exposed obliged him to resign his 
 pastoral charge in Coleman street, and to retire 
 into Holland at the close of the year 1633. He 
 was invited to become the colleague of the aged 
 Mr. Paget, pastor of the English church in Am 
 sterdam ; but, as he soon withstood the promis 
 cuous baptism of children, which was practised in 
 Holland, he became engaged in a controversy, 
 which, in about two years, obliged him to desist 
 from his public ministry. He now contented 
 himself with giving private instruction ; but, his 
 situation becoming uncomfortable, he returned to 
 London. A letter from Mr. Cotton, giving a 
 favorable account of the colony of Massachusetts, 
 
 DAVFNPORT. 
 
 285 
 
 induced Mr. Davenport to come to Boston, where 
 he arrived June 26, 1637, in company with Mr. 
 Eaton and Mr. Hopkins. He was received with 
 great respect, and in August was a prudent and 
 useful member of the synod, which was occa 
 sioned by the errors of the day. He sailed with 
 his company March 30, 1638, for Quinnipiack, or 
 New Haven, to found a new colony. He preached 
 under an oak April 18th, the first Sabbath after 
 their arrival, and he was minister there near 
 thirty years. His successors were Street, Pier- 
 pont, Noyes, Whittlesey, Dana, Stuart, Taylor, 
 and Bacon. He endeavored to establish a civil 
 and religious order more strictly in conformity to 
 the word of God than he had seen exhibited in 
 any part of the world. In the government which 
 was established, it was ordained that none but 
 members of the church should enjoy the privi 
 leges of freemen. He was anxious to promote 
 the purity of the church, and he therefore wrote 
 against the result of the synod of 1662, which 
 met in Massachusetts, and recommended a more 
 general baptism of children than had before that 
 time been practised. He was scrupulously careful 
 in admitting persons to church communion, it 
 being a fixed principle with him, that no person 
 should be received into the church, who did not 
 exhibit satisfactory evidence that he was truly 
 penitent and believing. He did not think it pos 
 sible to render the church perfectly pure, as men 
 could not search into the heart ; but he was per 
 suaded that there should be a discrimination. 
 
 After the death of Mr. Wilson, pastor of the 
 first church in Boston, in 1667, Mr. Davenport was 
 invited to succeed him ; and at the close of the 
 year he accordingly removed to that town. He 
 was now almost seventy years of age, and his 
 church and people were unwilling to be separated 
 from him; but his colony of New Haven had 
 been blended with Connecticut, and he hoped to 
 be more useful in Boston, where the strictness of 
 former times in relation to ecclesiastical discipline 
 had been somewhat relaxed. lie was ordained 
 pastor Dec. 9, 1668, and James Allen at the 
 same time teacher. But his labors in this place 
 were of short continuance, for he soon died of an 
 apoplexy. He was a distinguished scholar, an 
 admirable preacher, and a man of exemplary 
 piety and virtue. Yet his philosophy was so im 
 perfect, that, in his letter to Gov. Winthrop, ac 
 knowledging an almanac, which predicts four 
 eclipses in these words, " Twice shall this planet, 
 whereon we live, and its concomitant, the moon, 
 widow each other of their sun-derived lustre," he 
 remarks, "The place whereon we live is the 
 earth, the place, I say, not the planet." Such 
 was his reputation, that he was invited with Mr. 
 Cotton and Mr. Hooker to take a seat among 
 the Westminster divines. Knowing- the efficacy 
 of prayer, he recommended with earnestness cjac 
 
286 
 
 DAVENPORT. 
 
 DAVENPORT. 
 
 ulatory addresses to Heaven. His intrepidity 
 saved Whalley and Goffe, the judges of King 
 Charles, who fled to New Haven in 1661. He 
 concealed them in his own house, and, when the 
 pursuers were coming to New Haven, preached 
 publicly from Isaiah xvi. 3, 4, believing it to be a 
 duty to afford them protection. His portrait is 
 in the museum of Yale college. He owned a 
 servant boy, worth 10 pounds ; his books were 
 appraised at 233 pounds. His letters to Wmthrop 
 are annexed to Bacon s historical discourses. lie 
 published a sermon on 2 Samuel, I. 18, 1629; a 
 letter to the Dutch classis, wherein is declared the 
 miserable slavery and bondage that the English 
 church at Amsterdam is now in by reason of the 
 tyrannical government and corrupt doctrines of 
 Mr. John Paget, 1634; instructions to the elders 
 of the English church, to be propounded to the 
 pastors of the Dutch church ; a report of some 
 proceedings about his calling to the English 
 church, against John Paget; allegations of Scrip 
 ture against the baptizing of some kind of in 
 fants; protestation about the publication of his 
 writings, all in 1634 ; an apologetical reply to the 
 answer of W. Best, 1636 ; a discourse about civil 
 government in a new plantation, whose design is 
 religion ; a profession of his faith made at his 
 admission into one of the churches of New Eng 
 land, 1642 ; the knowledge of Christ, wherein 
 the types, prophecies, etc., relating to him, are 
 opened ; the Messiah is already come, a sermon, 
 1653 ; saint s anchor holds in all storms and tem 
 pests, 1661 ; essay for investigation of the truth, 
 1663 ; election sermon, 1669 ; God s call to his 
 people to turn unto him, in two fast sermons, 
 1670 ; the power of congregational churches as 
 serted and vindicated, in answer to a treatise of 
 Mr. Paget, 1672. He also wrote in Latin a let 
 ter to John Dury, which was subscribed by the 
 rest of the ministers of New Haven colony, and 
 he gave his aid to Mr. Norton, in his life of Cot 
 ton. He left behind him an exposition on the 
 Canticles, in a hundred sheets of small hand 
 writing, but it was never published. Wood s 
 Ath. Oxon, n. 460-462, 650 ; Mather s Magnolia, 
 III. 51-57; Trumbull s Connecticut, I. 89, 490- 
 492 ; HutcJtinson, I. 84, 226 ; Winthrop ; Holmes ; 
 Stiles History of three of the Judges, 32, 69 ; 
 Bacon s Historical Discourses, 390. 
 
 DAVENPORT, JOHN, minister of Stamford, 
 Conn., grandson of the preceding, was the son of 
 John D.,of New Haven; his mother was Abigail, 
 daughter of Rev. A. Pierson. He was graduated 
 at Harvard college in 1687, ordained in 1694, and 
 died Feb. 5, 1731, aged 61. His daughter, Sarah, 
 married first Mr. Maltby of New Haven, and then 
 Rev. E. Wheelock ; another daughter was the 
 first wife of Rev. Wm. Gaylord. Courageous in 
 the reprehension of prevalent vices, particularly 
 drunkenness, and pungent in his addresses to 
 
 the conscience, he was eminently faithful as a 
 minister, and, being devout and exemplary in his 
 life, he was revered by all good men. The origi 
 nal languages in which the Scriptures are written 
 were almost as familiar to him as his mother 
 tongue. When he read the Bible in his family, 
 he did not make use of the English translation, 
 but of the Greek and Hebrew original. Cook s 
 Funeral Sermon. 
 
 DAVENPORT, ADDIXGTOX, judge of the su 
 preme court of Massachusetts, was graduated at 
 Harvard college in 1689, and was afterwards 
 clerk of the courts. In 1715 he was appointed 
 a judge. He died April 2, 1736, aged 66. 
 
 DAVENPORT, ADDINGTON, Episcopal minis 
 ter in Boston, died in 1746, aged about 45. He 
 graduated at Harvard in 1719; was a minister at 
 Scituate from 1730 to 1737; then at King s chapel, 
 Boston, from 1737 to 1740 ; and then was the 
 first rector of Trinity church. His wife was a 
 daughter of Grove Hirst, a merchant of Boston ; 
 her sister, Maria, married Sir William Pepperell. 
 
 DAVENPORT, JAMES, minister of Southhokl, 
 Long Island, son of Rev. John D., died in 1757, 
 aged about 45. He was graduated at Yale college 
 in 1732. lie had been esteemed for some years 
 a sound, pious, and faithful minister at Southhokl, 
 when, in the religious excitement of 1740 and 
 1741, he was borne away by a strange enthusi 
 asm. He preached in New Haven and other 
 towns, and encouraged the outcries and agita 
 tions by which religion was disgraced. His voice 
 he raised to the highest pitch, and gave it a tune, 
 which was characteristic of the separate preachers. 
 In his zeal he examined ministers as to the 
 reality of their religion, and warned the people 
 against unconverted ministers. In 1742 the 
 assembly of Connecticut, deeming him under the 
 influence of enthusiastic impulses, directed the 
 governor and council to transport him out of the 
 colony to the place whence he came. Without 
 doubt he was enthusiastic ; but the assembly was 
 equally bewildered, being arbitrary and tyranni 
 cal. At last, through the influence of Mr. Whee- 
 lock and Mr. Williams, he was convinced of his 
 error, and published an ample confession and 
 retractation in 1744. His brother, Abraham, 
 colonel and judge, of Stamford, died in 1789. 
 His son, John, born at Ercchold, Aug. 11, 1752, 
 was graduated at Princeton in 1769, and after 
 studying with Drs. Bellamy and Buell was min 
 ister of Bedford, N. Y., and Deerfield, N. J. In 
 1809, he returned to the State of New York and 
 died at Lysander, July 13, 1821. Trumbull,ll. 
 167, 189. 
 
 DAVENPORT, JAMES, judge, died at Stam 
 ford Aug. 3, 1797, aged 37. He was the son of 
 the preceding, a graduate of 1777 ; and was a 
 judge of the common pleas and a member of 
 congress. His four daughters married as follows : 
 
DAVENPORT. 
 
 DAVIDSON. 
 
 287 
 
 Elizabeth married Charles Apthorp of Boston, 
 and their daughter married Ilev. Dr. Bushncll of 
 Hartford ; Abigail married Rev. Mr. Whelpley of 
 New York ; Mary Ann married Rev. Mr. Bruen 
 of New York ; and Frances married Rev. Dr. T. 
 II. Skinner of New York. 
 
 DAVENPORT, ABRAHAM, colonel, died sud 
 denly at Danbury, where he was attending a court 
 as judge of the common pleas, in Nov., 1789, aged 
 about 75. He was the son of Rev. John D. of 
 Stamford: his mother was a daughter of Jabcz 
 Huntington of "VVindham. He was graduated in 
 1732, and lived at Stamford. A patriot of the 
 Revolution, he was of stern integrity, and yet 
 generous beneficence. In a time of scarcity and 
 high prices he sold the produce of his farms to 
 the poor at the old prices. He was an exemplary 
 Christian. Being a member of the council at 
 Hartford on the dark day, May 19, 1780, when it 
 was proposed to adjourn, as some thought the 
 day of judgment was at hand, he objected, say 
 ing, "That day is either at hand, or it is not : if it is 
 not, there is no cause of adjournment ; if it is, I 
 choose to be found doing my duty. I wish, there 
 fore, candles may be brought." 
 
 DAVENPORT, MARY, died in Brooklyn June 
 25, 1847, aged 92, an eminent Christian. She 
 was the widow of John D., of Stamford, a mem 
 ber of congress, who died in 1830, aged 78. Her 
 father was Rev. Noah Welles of Stamford. 
 
 DAVEZAC, AUGUSTE, charge to Holland, died 
 Feb. 15, 1851, aged about 74. Born in St. Do 
 mingo, he emigrated to North Carolina, and set 
 tled as a lawyer in New Orleans. In the war 
 of 1812 he was aid to Gen. Jackson, by whom he 
 was appointed secretary of legation to the Neth 
 erlands. He was also appointed to Holland. 
 
 DAVIDSON, WILLIAM, brigadier-general, a 
 soldier of the Revolution, was born in 1740, the 
 son of George D., who removed in 1750 from 
 Pennsylvania to Rowan county, North Carolina. 
 He was a major in one of the first regiments of 
 North Carolina, and served in New Jersey. In 
 Nov., 1779, he was detached to reinforce Lin 
 coln at the South. On his march he visited his 
 family, from which he had been absent nearly 
 three years ; such were the sacrifices of the heroes 
 who fought for American liberty. In an action 
 with a party of the loyalists near Gallon s mill, at 
 the West, a ball passed through his body near the 
 kidneys; but from this wound he recovered in 
 two months, and instantly rejoined the army, 
 being appointed brigadier in the place of Ruther 
 ford, taken prisoner at Camden. Jan. 31, 1781, 
 he was ordered by Greene to guard the ford of 
 the Catawba, which Cornwallis might attempt to 
 pass. In the action with the superior force of 
 the enemy, Feb. 1, Gen. Davidson was shot 
 through the breast and instantly fell dead. The 
 British lieut.-colonel Hall was also killed; and 
 
 Cornwallis had a horse shot under him. Con 
 gress ordered a monument to his memory, not 
 exceeding 500 dollars in value. He was a man 
 of pleasing address, active and indefatigable, and 
 devoted to the cause of his country. Lee s 
 Memoirs, I. 271, 397. 
 
 DAVIDSON, JAMES, professor of languages in 
 the university of Pennsylvania, died June 28, 
 1809, aged 77. He published an introduction to 
 the Latin, 1798. 
 
 DAVIDSON, LUCRETIA MARIA, a youthful 
 poetess, died Aug. 27, 1825, aged nearly 17. 
 She was born at Plattsburg, on lake Champlain, 
 Sept. 27, 1808, being the second daughter of Dr. 
 Oliver Davidson and Margaret his wife. Her 
 parents being in straitened circumstances, much 
 of her time was devoted to the cares of home ; 
 yet she read much, and wrote poetry at a very 
 early age. When her productions were discov 
 ered by her mother in a dark closet, she in her 
 sensitiveness and modesty burned them. After 
 wards she wrote an epitaph upon a robin in her 
 9th year, which is the earliest remaining specimen 
 of her verse. Before she was 12 years old, she 
 had read much history, the dramatic works of 
 Shakspearc, Kotzebue, and Goldsmith, together 
 with popular novels and romances. She was fre 
 quently seen watching the storm, the clouds, the 
 rainbow, the setting sun, for hours. At the 1 age 
 of 12, a gentleman, who was pleased with her 
 verses, sent her a bank-bill for 20 dollars. She 
 wished to buy books ; but, her mother being at 
 this time sick, she instantly carried the money to 
 her father, saying, " Take it, father ; it will buy 
 many comforts for mother ; I can do without the 
 books." Knowing that some people had coun 
 selled her parents to deprive her of pen, ink, and 
 paper, and confine her to domestic toils, she re 
 linquished her books and her pen entirely for sev 
 eral months, though with tears ; till her mother 
 advised her to alternate her studies and the busi 
 ness of the world. She composed with great 
 rapidity ; yet her thoughts so outstripped her pen, 
 that she often wished that she had two pair of 
 hands, that she might employ them in writing. 
 She was often, when walking, in danger from car 
 riages, in consequence of her absence of mind. 
 Often did she forget her meals. She had a burn 
 ing thirst for knowledge. In Oct., 1824, a gen 
 tleman, on a visit to Plattsburg, saw some of her 
 verses, and was made acquainted with her char 
 acter and circumstances. He determined to give 
 her the best education. On knowing his purpose, 
 her joy was almost greater than she could bear. 
 She was placed in Mrs. Willard s school at Troy; 
 but her incessant application was perilous to her 
 health. After returning home and recovering 
 from illness, she was sent to Miss Gilbert s school 
 at Albany. But soon she was again very ill. On 
 her return, the hectic flush of her check indicated 
 
288 
 
 DAVIE. 
 
 her approaching fate. She awaited the event 
 with a reliance on the divine promises, hoping for 
 salvation through the Lord Jesus Christ, The 
 last name she pronounced was that of her pa 
 tron. In her 15th year she wrote the following 
 verses. 
 
 "TO A STAR. 
 
 " How calmly, brightly, dost tliou shine, 
 Like the pure lamp in Virtue s shrine? 
 Sure, the fair world, which thou may st boast, 
 AVas never ransomed, never lost. 
 There, beings pure as Heaven s own air, 
 Their hopes, their joys together share ; 
 While hovering angels touch the string, 
 And seraphs spread the sheltering wing. 
 There, cloudless days and brilliant nights, 
 Illumed by Heaven s refulgent lights, 
 There, seasons, years unnoticed roll, 
 And unregretted by the soul. 
 Thou little, sparkling Star of Even 
 Thou gem upon an azure Heaven! 
 How swiftly will I soar to thee, 
 When this imprisoned soul is free! " 
 
 Her person was singularly beautiful. She had 
 " a high, open forehead, a soft black eye, perfect 
 symmetry of features, a fair complexion, and lux 
 uriant dark hair. The prevailing expression of 
 her face was melancholy." 
 
 Her poetical writings, besides many which were 
 burnt, amount to two hundred and seventy-eight 
 pieces, among which were five poems of several 
 cantos each. She also wrote some romances, and 
 a tragedy. A biographical sketch, with a collec 
 tion of her poems, was published by Mr. Samuel 
 F. B. Morse, in 1829, with the title ot " Amir 
 Khan, and other Poems : the remains of L. M. 
 Davidson." Of this work a very interesting re 
 view, which may be imagined, by those conver 
 sant with his writings, to have come from the pen 
 of Ilobert Southey, is contained in the London 
 quarterly review for 1829. The writer says, " Ir 
 our own language, except in the cases of Chatter- 
 ton and Kirke White, we can call to mind no 
 instance of so early, so ardent, and so fatal t 
 pursuit of intellectual advancement." By the 
 early death of a person of such growing powei 
 and unequalled promise we may well be taught the 
 vanity of earthly hopes, and be led to estimate 
 more highly and to seek more earnestly a lasting 
 dwelling-place in the world of unclouded light 
 and perfect holiness, and purest joy. Her life bj 
 Miss Sedgwick has been published. 
 
 DAVIE, MARY, died at Newton, Mass., ii 
 1752, aged 116 years. Her portrait, drawn bj 
 Smibcrt, is in the museum of the historical so 
 ciety. Holmes. 
 
 DAVIE, WILLIAM RICHARDSON, brigadier-gen 
 eral, governor of North Carolina, died Nov. 8 
 1820, aged 04. He was born at the village o: 
 ETemont, near AVhite Haven, England, came ti 
 this country in 1763, and was graduated a 
 Princeton college in 1776. He soon afterward 
 entered the army as an officer in the cavalry of 
 
 DAVIES. 
 
 ?ount Pulaski s legion. By his talents and zeal 
 soon rose to the rank of colonel. He fought 
 at Stono, where he was severely wounded; at 
 langing Ilock and Rocky Mount. Having great 
 trength and activity, it was his delight to lead a 
 ;harge and to engage in personal conflict. At 
 he period of Gates defeat he expended the last 
 hilling of an estate, bequeathed him by his 
 incle, Ilev. Wm. Richardson, in equipping the 
 ionary corps, which he commanded. Greene 
 appointed him a commissary. During the whole 
 struggle he displayed great zeal and energy. 
 After the war he devoted himself to the profes- 
 ion of the law at Halifax, on the P.oanoke, and 
 rose to eminence. He was a member of the 
 onvention which framed the constitution of the 
 United States, though his absence prevented his 
 name from being affixed to it ; and in the con 
 vention of North Carolina he was an able advo- 
 ate for its acceptance. Through his efforts the 
 university of North Carolina was established. In 
 1799 he was elected governor ; but he was soon 
 appointed by President Adams envoy to France, 
 with Ellsworth and Murray. His residence after 
 his return was at Tivoli, a beautiful estate on the 
 Catawba river, in South Carolina. He died at 
 Camden. His wife, Sarah, was the daughter of 
 Gen. Allen Jones. Of a commanding figure, he 
 was dignified in his manners, and distinguished 
 for his patriotic spirit and soldierly qualities, for 
 manly eloquence, and for the virtues of private 
 life. Lee, I. 381. 
 
 DAVIES, SAMUEL, president of Princeton col 
 lege in New Jersey, died Feb. 4, 1761, aged 36. 
 He was of Welsh descent, and born Nov. 3, 1724. 
 His father was a planter in the county of New 
 castle on the Delaware, of great simplicity of man 
 ners and reputed piety. He was an only son ; a 
 daughter was born five years before. His mother, 
 an eminent Christian, had earnestly besought him 
 of Heaven, and, believing him to be given in answer 
 to prayer, she named him Samuel. This excellent 
 woman took upon herself the task of teaching 
 her son to read, as there was no school in the 
 neighborhood ; and her efforts were rewarded by 
 the uncommon proficiency of her pupil. At the 
 age of ten he was sent to a school at some dis 
 tance from home, and continued in it two years. 
 His mind was at this period very little impressed 
 by religious truth, though he was not inattentive 
 to secret prayer, especially in the evening ; but it 
 was not long before that God, to whom he had 
 been dedicated, and who designed him for emi 
 nent service in the gospel of his Son, was pleased 
 to enlighten and renew him. Perceiving himself 
 to be a sinner, exposed to the awful displeasure 
 of God, he was filled with anxiety and terror. In 
 this distress he was enabled to discern the value 
 of the salvation revealed in the gospel. This 
 divine system of mercy now appeared in a new 
 
DAVIES. 
 
 DAVIES. 
 
 289 
 
 light. It satisfied his anxious inquiries, and made 
 provision for all his wants. In the blood and 
 righteousness of the Redeemer he found an un 
 failing source of consolation. His comforts, how 
 ever, were long intermingled with doubts ; but, 
 after repeated and impartial self-examination, he 
 attained a confidence respecting his state, which 
 continued to the close of life. From this period 
 his mind seemed almost entirely absorbed by 
 heavenly things, and it was his great concern that 
 every thought, word, and action should correspond 
 with the divine law. Having tasted the joys and 
 made a profession of religion at the age of fifteen, 
 he became eagerly desirous of imparting to his 
 fellow sinners the knowledge of the truth. With 
 this object before him, he engaged with new ardor 
 in literary and theological pursuits, under Samuel 
 Blair. Every obstacle was surmounted ; and, 
 after the previous trials, which he passed with 
 distinguished approbation, he was licensed to 
 preach the gospel at the age of twenty-two. He 
 was also ordained Feb. 19, 1747, that he might 
 be qualified to perform pastoral duties. 
 
 He now applied himself to unfold and enforce 
 those precious truths, whose power he had expe 
 rienced on his own heart. His fervent zeal and 
 undissembled piety, his popular talents and en 
 gaging methods of address, soon excited general 
 admiration. At this time an uncommon regard 
 to religion existed in Hanover county, Virginia, 
 produced by the benevolent exertions of Mr. 
 Morris, a layman. The event was so remakable, 
 and the Virginians in general were so ignorant of 
 the true doctrines of the gospel, that the presby 
 tery of Newcastle thought it incumbent upon 
 them to send thither a faithful preacher. Mr. 
 Davies was accordingly chosen. He went to 
 Hanover in April, 1747, and soon obtained of the 
 general court a license to officiate in four meeting 
 houses. After preaching assiduously for some 
 time, and not without effect, he returned from 
 Virginia, though earnestly invited to continue his 
 labors. A call for him to settle at Hanover was 
 immediately sent to the presbytery ; but he was 
 about this time seized by complaints which ap 
 peared consumptive, and which brought him to 
 the borders of the grave. In this enfeebled state 
 he determined to spend the remainder of his life 
 in unremitting endeavors to advance the interests 
 of religion. Being among a people who were 
 destitute of a minister, his indisposition did not 
 repress his exertions. lie still preached in the 
 day, while by night his hectic was so severe as 
 sometimes to render him delirious. In the spring 
 of 1748 a messenger from Hanover visited him, 
 and he thought it his duty to accept the invita 
 tion of the people in that place. He hoped that 
 he might live to organize the congregation. His 
 health, however, gradually improved. In Oct., 
 1748, three more meeting-houses were licensed, 
 37 
 
 and among his seven assemblies, which were in 
 different counties, Hanover, Hcnrico, Caroline, 
 Louisa, and Goochland, some of them forty miles 
 distant from each other, he divided his labors. 
 His home was in Hanover, about twelve miles 
 from Richmond. His preaching encountered all 
 the obstacles which could arise from blindness, 
 prejudice, and bigotry, from profaneness and im 
 morality. He, and those who attended upon his 
 preaching, were denominated new lights by the 
 more zealous Episcopalians. But by his patience 
 and perseverance, his magnanimity and piety, in 
 conjunction with his evangelical and powerful 
 ministry, he triumphed over opposition. Con 
 tempt and aversion were gradually turned into 
 reverence. Many were attracted by curiosity to 
 hear a man of such distinguished talents, and he 
 proclaimed to them the most solemn and impres 
 sive truths with an energy which they could not 
 resist. It pleased God to accompany these exer 
 tions with the efficacy of his Spirit. In about 
 three years Mr. Davies beheld three hundred 
 communicants in his congregation, whom he con 
 sidered as real Christians. He had also in this 
 period baptized about forty adult negroes, who 
 made such a profession of saving faith as he 
 judged credible. He had a long controversy 
 with the Episcopalians, who denied, while he 
 maintained, that the " act of toleration" extended 
 to Virginia. On this point he contended with the 
 attorney-general, Peyton Randolph, and once ad 
 dressed the court with great learning and elo 
 quence. When he afterwards went to England, 
 he obtained from Sir Dudley Rider, attorney- 
 general, a declaration, that the act did extend to 
 Virginia. In 1753 the synod of New York, by 
 request of the trustees of New Jersey college, 
 chose him to accompany Gilbert Tennent to Great 
 Britain to solicit benefactions for the college. 
 This service he cheerfully undertook, and he ex 
 ecuted it with singular spirit and success. He 
 arrived in London Dec. 25. He preached before 
 the king by his command. As his majesty spoke 
 aloud to some around him, remarking on the 
 sermon, Dr. D. looked at him and repeated Amos 
 III., 8, which silenced him ; he afterward said of 
 him, " An honest man, an honest man ! " The 
 liberal benefactions, obtained from the patrons of 
 religion and learning, placed the college in a re 
 spectable condition. After his return to America 
 he entered anew, in 1754 or early in 1755, on his 
 beloved task of preaching the gospel in Hanover. 
 Here he continued till 1759, when he was chosen 
 president of the college, as successor of Mr. Ed 
 wards. He hesitated in his acceptance of the 
 appointment, for his people were endeared to 
 him, and he loved to be occupied in the various 
 duties of the ministerial office. But repeated ap 
 plications and the unanimous opinion of the synod 
 of New York and Philadelphia at length deter- 
 
290 
 
 DAVIES. 
 
 DAVIES. 
 
 mined him. He was dismissed May 13, and 
 entered upon his new office July 6, 1759. Here 
 the vigor and versatility of his genius were strik 
 ingly displayed. The ample opportunities and 
 demands which he found for the exercise of his 
 talents gave a new spring to his diligence ; and, 
 while his active labors were multiplied and ar 
 duous, his studies were intense. He left the 
 college at his death in as high a state of literary 
 excellence as it had ever known since its institu 
 tion. In the short space of eighteen months he 
 made some considerable improvements in the 
 seminary, and was particularly happy in inspiring 
 his pupils with a taste for writing and oratory, in 
 which he himself so much excelled. 
 
 His habit of body being plethoric, the exercise 
 of riding, to which he Avas much habituated in 
 Virginia, was probably the means of preserving his 
 health. At Princeton his life was sedentary, and 
 his application to study incessant from morning 
 till midnight. At the close of Jan., 1761, he was 
 bled for a bad cold, and the next day transcribed 
 for the press his sermon on the death of George 
 II. The day following he preached twice in the 
 chapel. His arm became inflamed, and a violent 
 fever succeeded, to which he fell a victim in ten 
 days. His new year s sermon, in the preceding 
 month, was from the text, " This year thou shall 
 die," as was also President s Burr s on the first 
 day of the year in which he died. Dr. Wither- 
 spoon avoided preaching on that occasion from 
 that text. President Davies was succeeded by 
 Dr. Finley. His venerable mother, Martha 
 Davies, survived him. When he was laid in the 
 coffin, she gazed at him a few minutes, and said, 
 " There is the son of my prayers and my hopes 
 my only son my only earthly support. But 
 there is the will of God, and I am satisfied." She 
 afterwards lived in the family of her son s friend, 
 llev. Dr. Rodgers of New York, till her death. 
 His widow, Jean Davies, returned to her friends 
 in Virginia. His son, Col. William Davies, now 
 deceased, studied law and settled at Norfolk ; was 
 an officer of merit in the Revolution ; and en 
 joyed in a high degree the esteem of Washington. 
 His son, John Rodgers Davies, also studied law, 
 and settled in Sussex, Va. Samuel Davies, the 
 third son, died at Petersburgh. An only daugh 
 ter, unmarried, was living in 1822. 
 
 The Father of Spirits had endued Mr. Davies 
 with the richest intellectual gifts ; with a vigorous 
 understanding, a glowing imagination, a fertile 
 invention, united with a correct judgment, and a 
 retentive memory. He was bold and enterpris 
 ing, and destined to excel in whatever he under 
 took. Yet was he divested of the pride of talents 
 and of science, and, being moulded into the tem 
 per of the gospel, he consecrated all his powers 
 to the promotion of religion. " O, my dear 
 brother," says he in a letter to his friend, Dr. 
 
 Gibbons, " could we spend our lives in painful, 
 disinterested, indefatigable service for God and 
 the world, how serene and bright would it render 
 the swift approaching eve of life ! I am laboring 
 to do a little to save my country, and, which is of 
 much more consequence, to save souls from death ; 
 from that tremendous kind of death which a soul 
 can die. I have but little success, of late ; but, 
 blessed be God, it surpasses my expectation, and 
 much more my desert." His religion was purely 
 evangelical. It brought him to the foot of the 
 cross to receive salvation as a free gift. It ren 
 dered him humble and dissatisfied with himself 
 amidst his highest attainments. While he con 
 tended earnestly for the great and distinguishing 
 doctrines of the gospel, he did not attach any un 
 due importance to points respecting which Chris 
 tians may differ. It was the power of religion, 
 and not any particular form, that he was desirous 
 of promoting, and real worth ever engaged his es 
 teem and affection. Having sought the truth 
 with diligence, he avowed his sentiments with the 
 greatest simplicity and courage. Though decided 
 in his conduct, he was yet remarkable for the 
 gentleness and suavity of his disposition. A 
 friend, who was very intimate with him for a 
 number of years, never observed him once angry 
 during that period. His ardent benevolence ren 
 dered him the delight of his friends and the ad 
 miration of all who knew him. In his generous 
 eagerness to supply the wants of the poor he often 
 exceeded his ability. As a parent he felt all the 
 solicitude which nature and grace could inspire. 
 " There is nothing," he writes, " that can wound 
 a parent s heart so deeply, as the thought, that he 
 should bring up children to dishonor his God 
 here, and be miserable hereafter. I beg your 
 prayers for mine, and you may expect a return in 
 the same kind. We have now three sons and 
 two daughters. My dear little creatures sob and 
 drop a tear now and then, under my instructions ; 
 but I am not so happy as to see them under deep 
 and lasting impressions of religion ; and this is 
 the greatest grief they afford me." As president 
 of the college he possessed an admirable mode of 
 government and instruction. He watched over 
 his pupils with the tender solicitude of a father, 
 and secured equally their reverence and love. He 
 seized every opportunity to inculcate on them 
 the worth of their souls, and the pressing neces 
 sity of securing immediately the blessings of 
 salvation. 
 
 Dr. Davies was a model of the most striking 
 oratoiy. It is probable, that the eloquent spirit 
 of Patrick Henry, who lived in his neighborhood 
 from his eleventh to his twenty-second year, was 
 kindled by listening to his impassioned addresses ; 
 such as his .patriotic sermons of July 20, 1755, 
 after the defeat of Braddock ; and of August, on 
 religion and patriotism the constituents of a good 
 
DAVIES. 
 
 DAVIS. 
 
 291 
 
 soldier ; in a note to which, he says : " I may 
 point out to the public that heroic youth, Col. 
 Washington, whom I cannot but hope Provi 
 dence has hitherto preserved, in so signal a man 
 ner, /br some important service to his country." 
 A similar sermon was preached to the militia 
 May 8, 1759, a few days before he left his peo 
 ple, in order to raise a company for Capt. Mere 
 dith. It was raised on the spot. When he went 
 to the tavern to order his horse, the whole regi 
 ment followed, and from the porch he again ad 
 dressed them, till he was exhausted. As his per 
 sonal appearance was august and venerable, yet 
 benevolent and mild, he could address his auditory 
 either with the most commanding authority, or 
 with the most melting tenderness. When he 
 spoke, he seemed to have the glories and terrors 
 of the unseen world in his eye. He seldom 
 preached without producing some visible emotions 
 in great numbers present, and without making an 
 impression on one or more, which was never 
 effaced. His favorite themes were the utter de 
 pravity and impotence of man ; the sovereignty 
 and free grace of Jehovah ; the divinity of Christ ; 
 the atonement in his blood; justification through 
 his righteousness ; and regeneration and sanctifi- 
 cation by the Holy Spirit. He viewed these 
 doctrines as constituting the essence of the Chris 
 tian scheme, and he considered those, who at 
 tempted to subvert and explain them away, as 
 equally hostile to the truth of God and the best 
 interests of men. His printed sermons, which 
 exhibit his sentiments, abound with striking 
 thoughts, with the beauties and elegancies of 
 expression, and with the richest imagery. His 
 highly ornamented style is the more pardonable, 
 as he was by nature a poet, and forms of express 
 ion were familiar to him, which to others may 
 seem unnatural and alFected. 
 
 He published a sermon on man s primitive 
 state, 1748; the state of religion among the pro- 
 testant dissenters of Virginia, in a letter to Joseph 
 Bellamy, 17<51; religion and patriotism the con 
 stituents of a good soldier, a sermon before a com 
 pany of volunteers, 1755; Virginia s danger and 
 remedy, two discourses occasioned by the severe 
 drought, and the defeat of Gen. Braddock, 1756 ; 
 curse of cowardice, a sermon before the militia of 
 Virginia, 17.37 ; letters from 1751 to 1757, show 
 ing the state of religion in Virginia, particularly 
 among the negroes; the vessels of mercy and the 
 vessels of wrath ; little children invited to Jesus 
 Christ, 1758; sixth edit, has an account of a re 
 vival at Princeton college ; valedictory address to 
 the senior class, 1760 ; a sermon on the death of 
 George II., 1761 ; sermons on the most useful and 
 important subjects, 3 vols. 8vo., 1765 ; which have 
 passed through a number of editions ; the third 
 in 5 vols. 1772-4; and sermons, 2 vols. 8vo. 
 Preface to his Sermons ; Finley s and Gibbon s 
 
 Funeral Sermon ; Gibbon s Eleg. Poem ; Pano- 
 plist, II. 155-160, 249-256, 302-307 ; Middle- 
 ton s Biog. Evany., IV. 341-350; Assembly s 
 Miss. Mag., I. 371, 425, 536, 578; II. 341-350; 
 State of Relig. in Virginia ; Bosticick s Ace. 
 Prefixed to Davies Sermon on George II. ; 
 Green s Discourses, 333-356 ; liice s Memoirs 
 of Davies ; Quar. Register, May, 1837. 
 
 DAVIESS, JOSEPH HAMILTON, colonel, attor 
 ney of the United States for Kentucky, volun 
 teered in the expedition against the savages in 
 1811, and fell Nov. 7th, as did also Col. Owen, in 
 the battle of Tippccanoe, in which Gen. Harrison 
 defeated the Indians. When they suddenly at 
 tacked the American encampment at four o clock 
 in the morning, Col. Daviess asked permission to 
 charge the enemy, and, making the charge with 
 only sixteen dragoons, he was killed. Though it 
 was yet dark, his white blanket coat enabled the 
 savages to distinguish him. He was a man of 
 talents, honored in his profession, and beloved in 
 social life. His wife was Nancy, the sister of chief 
 justice Marshall. He published in 1807 a view 
 of the president s conduct concerning the conspi 
 racy of 1806. Schoolcraft s Trav., 1821, p. 135. 
 
 DAVIS, SYLVAXUS, captain, an early settler of 
 Falmouth, or Portland, Me., died in Boston in 
 1703. He purchased land of the Indians at 
 Damariscotta, June, 1659, also other tracts. For 
 some time he resided at Sheepscott. In Aug., 
 1676, when the Indians captured the fort on 
 Arousic island, he fled and crosced to the west 
 side of the Kennebec in a boat with Capt. Lake. 
 Lake was shot and killed as he landed, while Davis 
 escaped with a severe wound. Early in 1677 he 
 accompanied the expedition under Maj. Wal- 
 dron, and was left by him with forty men in com 
 mand of a fort on Arousic island ; but the garri 
 son was soon recalled. He became an inhabitant 
 of Falmouth, where he owned land in 1680. In 
 1686 the ferry was granted to him at Xonsuch 
 point, near Vaughan s bridge. Early in 1690, he 
 took the command of fort Loyal in Falmouth, in 
 which he was besieged, May 16th, by four or five 
 hundred French and Indians. He fought the 
 enemy five days, and then was obliged to surren 
 der, May 20, after requiring Portneuf, the French 
 leader, to lift up his hand and swear by the great 
 God to protect all in the fort and allow them to 
 march to the next English town ; but the treach 
 erous commander forgot his oath, and conducted 
 the prisoners to Canada, being twenty-four days 
 on the road. After remaining four months in Que 
 bec he was exchanged. He was named a coun 
 cillor in 1691, in the charter of William and Mary ; 
 and Gov. Phipps appointed him to the same office 
 in 1692. Maine Hist. Coll. I. 168, 203, 209. 
 
 DAVIS, It., published hymns on various sub 
 jects, Boston, 6th edit., 1741. 
 
 DAVIS, JOHN A. G. f professor of law in the 
 
292 
 
 DAVIS. 
 
 DAWES. 
 
 university of Va., was shot by a student and died 
 Nov. 14, 1840, aged 39. He had been ten years 
 in office ; and was amiable, industrious, of high 
 intelligence, a member of the Episcopal church. 
 He published a treatise on criminal law, and a 
 guide to justices of the peace, 1838. 
 
 DAVIS, DANIEL, died at Barnstable April 28, 
 1799, aged 85. Born in B., he was judge of pro 
 bate, and of the common pleas. Of excellent 
 temper and character, a pillar of the church, he 
 left the world blessing those around him, and ex 
 pressing the assured hope of everlasting glory. 
 Mr. Mellen s sermon on his death was published. 
 
 DAVIS, RICHARD B., died at his father s in New 
 Brunswick in 1799, aged 28, of the yellow fever, 
 taken in New York. In 1796 he edited " The 
 Diary." His poems with a sketch of his life were 
 published in 1807. 
 
 DAVIS, AUGUSTINE, postmaster at Richmond, 
 Va., died in that city in 1825. He was the 
 oldest editor and printer of Virginia. For many 
 years he conducted the Virginia Gazette. A 
 zealous politician, he differed from the dominant 
 party in Virginia. 
 
 DAVIS, JOHN, LL. D., judge, died in Boston 
 Jan. 14, 1847, aged nearly 86 ; a graduate of 1781. 
 Born in Plymouth, his father was Thomas Davis, 
 a merchant ; his mother, Mercy Hedge, a descend 
 ant of Bradford and Brewster. After being a 
 teacher in the family of Gen. Joseph Otis, of 
 Barnstable, he studied law and settled in Ply 
 mouth. In 1795 Washington appointed him 
 comptroller of the treasury of the United States, 
 which office after one year he resigned. Being 
 next appointed United States attorney, he re 
 moved to Boston. In 1801 he became judge of 
 the district court, and served for forty years, re 
 signing at the age of eighty. He was a learned 
 man in various departments, but he had a special 
 relish for the history and antiquities of New Eng 
 land. His labors for the historical society, of 
 which he was the president, were very important. 
 He published an address to Massachusetts chari 
 table society, 1799 ; eulogy on Washington, 1800 ; 
 discourse before the historical society, in Mass, 
 historical collections, 2d series, vol. I. ; Morton s 
 memorial, with notes, 1826. A memoir of him, by 
 Dr. C. Francis, is in historical collections, 3d 
 series, vol. x. 
 
 DAVIS, MATTHEW L., died in Manhattanville 
 June 21, 1850, aged 84, a printer and a man of 
 cultivated mind. He wrote the spy in Washing 
 ton for the New York Courier, and memoirs of 
 the life of Aaron Burr. 
 
 DAVIS, HENRY, D. D., president of two col 
 leges, died in Clinton, N. Y., March 7, 1852, aged 
 about 78. Born in East Hampton, New York, 
 he graduated at Yale in 1796, and was tutor in 
 Williams and Yale seven years. From 1805 to 
 1810, he was professor of Greek at Union college; 
 
 then president of Middlcbury until 1817, when he 
 was chosen president of Hamilton, in which office 
 he continued until 1833. He published inaugural 
 oration, 1810 ; sermon before American board of 
 missions, 1816. 
 
 DAVIS, HANNAH, died at Clinton, N. Y., April 
 16, 1856, aged 85, the widow of President H. 
 Davis. She was the daughter of Thomas Tread- 
 well of Smithtown, L. I., who removed to New 
 York, a man of worth. She married in 1801, 
 her husband being then a teacher in Yale college. 
 With him she lived in New Haven, and also at 
 Schenectady, Middlebury, and Clinton. At the 
 last place she was the president of the female 
 missionary society of western New York. Her 
 education, temper, talents, and character made 
 her useful wherever she lived. Her end was 
 peace, her hope being " in the precious blood of 
 Christ." 
 
 DAVIS, ISAAC P., died in Boston Jan. 13, 1855, 
 aged 83 ; brother of Judge John D. His mind 
 was filled with historical and antiquarian lore; 
 and he was a member of various societies. To 
 him, as L s friend, Daniel Webster dedicated the 
 2d vol. of his works. 
 
 DAVIS, JOHN, governor, died in Worcester 
 April 19, 1854, aged 67, sick only a few hours of 
 the bilious colic. He graduated at Yale in 1812 ; 
 was many years in Congress, first chosen in 1825; 
 was chosen governor by the national republicans 
 of the legislature in 1833, and by the people in 
 1834, and in other years; and he was also a sen 
 ator of the United States, at different periods from 
 1845 to 1853. lie published an obituary of C. 
 C. Baldwin, in Arch. Americana, II. 
 
 DAVY, JOHN, died in Hampshire county, Va., 
 Jan., 1839, aged 103. He came to America with 
 Gen. Wolfe, and was in the battle of Quebec, and 
 served also in the Avar of the Revolution. 
 
 DAWES, THOMAS, judge of the supreme court 
 of Massachusetts, died July 22, 1825, aged 68. 
 He was the son of Thomas Dawes, eminent as an 
 architect, long a member of the senate and coun 
 cil and deacon of the old south church, Boston, 
 who died Jan. 2, 1809, aged 77. He was born 
 in 1757, and graduated at Harvard college in 
 1777. In the Revolutionary war he espoused 
 with zeal the cause of his country. After a suc 
 cessful course of practice at the bar, he was ap 
 pointed judge of the supreme court in 1792, but 
 resigned in 1802, and was made judge of probate 
 for Suffolk. On the decease of Judge Minot he 
 also received in 1802 the appointment of judge of 
 the municipal court of Boston, which he held 
 twenty years. The office of judge of probate he 
 retained till his death. He was an impartial, 
 faithful, humane magistrate. In early life he 
 wrote a feAv pieces of poetry. He published an 
 oration on the Boston massacre, 1781 ; oration 
 July 4th, 1787. 
 
DAWSON. 
 
 DAWSON, MARTIN, died in May, 1835, in 
 Albemarlc county, Va., aged 55. By his will he 
 set free sixty slaves, and removed them to Libe 
 ria ; and he also gave 40,000 dollars for schools 
 in Virginia. 
 
 DAWSON, WILLIAM C., governor of Georgia, 
 died at Greensborough in May, 1856. He had 
 been a senator of the United States. 
 
 DAY, STEPHEN, the first printer in New Eng 
 land, died at Cambridge Dec. 22, 1668, aged 57. 
 He came to this country in 1638, or early in 
 1639, for he commenced printing at Cambridge, 
 by direction of the magistrates and elders, in 
 March, 1639. Day was employed by Mr. Glover, 
 who died on his passage. The first thing printed 
 was the freeman s oath ; next an almanac, made 
 by Wm. Pierce, mariner ; then the psalms, 
 " newly turned into metre." He was unskilled in 
 the art of the compositor, and was an ignorant 
 printer. The printing-house about 1648 was 
 taken from him and put into the hands of Sam. 
 Green. Mr. Farmer, who once had in his pos 
 session an almanac of 1647, with the imprint of 
 Matthew Day, regards Matthew as the first 
 printer ; but Mr. Thomas quotes from the colony 
 records, which in 1641 speak of" SteevenDay 
 the first that sett upon printing." Matthew was 
 admitted freeman in 1646. The oath and almanac 
 were printed in 1639 ; the psalms in 1640. Alma 
 nacs in subsequent years, some of them by S. 
 Danforth, were printed. Mr. Day also printed a 
 catechism ; body of liberties, one hundred laws, 
 1641 ; the psalms, 2d edition, 1647 ; they were 
 afterwards improved by Dunster. Thomas, I. 
 227-234. 
 
 DAY, ROBERT, of Hartford, died in 1648, aged 
 44. He was the ancestor of descendants, two 
 thousand four hundred in number of persons in 
 the male line, bearing the name of Day, and 
 whose names have been published in a register 
 edited by llev. George E. Day, Northampton, 
 1848. It is supposed the family lived in Wales, 
 where the name is Dee, pronounced Day, proba 
 bly taken from the river Dee, the word signify ing 
 dark, not light. He was about 30 years old, 
 when he arrived with his wife Mary in April, 1634, 
 in the bark Elizabeth, and lived at Cambridge. 
 The next year, or soon after, he removed to Hart 
 ford. His second wife was Editha Stebbins. He 
 had two sons : Thomas, the ancestor of the 
 Springfield branch, and John of the Hartford ; 
 and two daughters, Sarah, who married S. Kel 
 logg of Ilatficld, and was slain by the Indians 
 Sept. 19, 1677, and Mary, who married S. Ely of 
 Springfield, then T. Stebbins, and next John Cole- 
 man of Hatfield. His widow married J. May- 
 nard, and then Elizur Holyoke of Springfield. 
 Besides Robert, there were seven others of the 
 name of Day, who lived in New England, within 
 
 DAYTON. 
 
 293 
 
 thirty years after its first settlement. Of the sons 
 of Robert, Thomas is regarded as the head of the 
 Springfield branch, and John of the Hartford. 
 
 DAY, THOMAS, son of Robert, the first of the 
 Springfield branch, died Dec. 27, 1711. He was 
 probably about 80 years old, as he was married to 
 Sarah Cooper fifty-two years before. 
 
 DAY, JOHN, son of Robert, the first of the 
 Hartford branch of Days, died in 1730, aged 
 probably about 80. His wife was Sarah Maynard. 
 
 DAY, DAVID, a descendant of Robert, died in 
 Colchester, Conn., Sept. 5, 1775, aged 76. He left 
 a large estate for the support of the gospel in Col 
 chester, and in Hartland and Rumney, N. II., and 
 for a high school in C. 
 
 DAY, JEREMIAH, minister of New Preston, in 
 Washington, Conn., died Sept. 12, 1806, aged 69. 
 He was born in Colchester, the son of Thomas, a 
 descendant of Robert, lie graduated in 1756. 
 He was the father of President Day. Evangel 
 ical Magazine, VII. p. 217. 
 
 DAY, ASA, a useful teacher, died in 1819, aged 
 58. He was the descendant of John. A grad 
 uate of Dartmouth in 1783, he taught school in 
 Pittsficld, for some years, then settled in Stock- 
 bridge, Mass., where he died. 
 
 DAY, ORIN, a descendant of Robert, died at 
 Catskill Dec. 26, 1846, aged 70 : a Christian, and a 
 respected and useful citizen. He was a merchant 
 and banker. Of the bible, tract, education, and 
 American home missionary societies, he was one 
 of the founders. He encouraged also the cause 
 of temperance. N. Y. Observer, Jan. 
 
 DAY, THOMAS, LL. I)., son of Rev. Jeremiah 
 D., died in Hartford March 1, 1855, aged 77. He 
 was a graduate of 1797. For twenty-five years 
 from 1810 he was secretary of State; he was also 
 judge of the county court. He was a reporter 
 from 1814 till 1853, preparing and publishing 
 twenty-six volumes of reports, besides a digest. 
 He edited also several English law-books ; in all 
 sixty volumes. He was president of the Conn., 
 historical society, and of the Wadsworth athe 
 naeum. His brother, Col. Noble Day, died in 
 Hudson, Ohio, Feb. 13, 1855, aged 75. 
 
 DAYTON, ELIAS, major-general of the militia 
 of New Jersey, at the commencement of the 
 American Revolution, though in the enjoyment of 
 every domestic blessing, took an active part, and 
 never quitted the tented field till the consumma 
 tion of independence. In Feb., 1778, congress 
 appointed him colonel. He died at Philadelphia 
 in July, 1807, aged 70. He was open, generous, 
 and sincere ; ardent in his friendships ; scrupu 
 lously upright; in manners easy, unassuming, and 
 pleasant; prompt and diffusive in his charities; 
 and also a warm supporter of the gospel. At 
 the time of his death he held the office of major- 
 general. Broion s American Register, n. 76. 
 
294 
 
 DAYTON. 
 
 DAYTON, ELIAS B., brigadier-general, died at 
 Elizabethtown, N, J., Jan. 17, 1846, aged 82, a 
 much respected citizen. He might have descended 
 from Ralph D., of Easthampton, L. I., in 1650. 
 
 DAYTON, JONATHAN, LL. D., a distinguished 
 statesman of New Jersey, died at Elizabethtown 
 Oct. 9, 1824, aged about 68. He was the son of 
 Gen. Elias ; graduated at Princeton in 1776, and 
 was a member of the convention in 1787, and 
 speaker of the house of representatives of the 
 United States in 1797. As a member of the 
 senate he opposed the repeal of the judiciary act 
 in 1802. He was in the house from 1790 to 1799, 
 and a senator from 1799 to 180,3. William Lewis 
 Dayton, one of the candidates for the vice-presi 
 dency of the United States in 1856, was his 
 nephew, the son of Joel. 
 
 DEAN, BARZILLAI, captain, died at Easton in 
 a remarkable manner June 29, 1848. He had 
 erected a new tomb for himself and family, and at 
 its completion, as he entered it to examine it, the 
 roof fell and crushed him to death. 
 
 DEAN, JAMES, LL. D., died at Burlington 
 Jan. 20, 1849, aged 73 ; professor of mathemat 
 ics and natural philosophy in Vermont university. 
 He was a graduate of Dartmouth in 1800. 
 
 DEANE, SILAS, minister of the United States 
 to the court of France, died Aug. 23, 1789. He 
 was a native of Groton, Conn., and was gradu 
 ated at Yale college in 1758. He was a member 
 of the first congress, which met in 1774. In 1776, 
 he was deputed to France as a political and com 
 mercial agent, and he arrived at Paris in June 
 with instructions to sound the disposition of the 
 cabinet on the controversy with Great Britain, 
 and to endeavor to obtain supplies of military 
 stores. In Sept., it was agreed to appoint minis 
 ters to negotiate treaties with foreign powers, and 
 Dr. Franklin and Mr. Jefferson were elected to 
 join Mr. Deane in France. But Mr. Jefferson 
 declining the appointment, Arthur Lee, then in 
 London, was chosen in his place. It is remark 
 able, that the delegates of Connecticut did not 
 vote for Mr. Deanc. In Dec., the three commis 
 sioners met at Paris. Though Mr. Deane assisted 
 in negotiating the treaty with his most Christian 
 majesty, yet he had very little to recommend him 
 to the high station in which he was placed. He 
 was instructed to engage not exceeding four engin 
 eers, and he was most profuse in his promises of 
 offices of rank to induce French gentlemen to 
 come to America. Congress, being embarrassed 
 by his contracts, was under the necessity of recall 
 ing him Nov. 21, 1777, and John Adams was 
 appointed in his place. He left Paris April 1, 
 1778. After his arrival in this country, he was 
 desired to give an account of his transactions on 
 the floor of congress, but he did not remove al 
 suspicions of having misapplied the public mon 
 eys. He evaded the scrutiny by pleading that 
 
 DEAIlBOPcN. 
 
 liis papers were in Europe. To divert the public 
 attention from himself, he in Dec. published a 
 manifesto, in which he arraigned before the bar 
 of the public, the conduct, not only of those con- 
 crned in foreign negotiations, but of the mem 
 bers of congress themselves. In 1784, he pub 
 lished an address to the citizens of the United 
 States, complaining, of the manner in which he 
 had been treated. He went soon afterwards to 
 Europe, and at last, reduced to extreme poverty, 
 died in a miserable condition at Deal, in England. 
 His intercepted letters to his brothers and others 
 were published in 1782. Warren s American 
 Rev., u. 130-137; Marshall, in. 155, 411; iv. 
 5; Gordon, III. 216. 
 
 DEANE, SAMUEL, D. D., minister of Portland, 
 Me., was graduated at Harvard college in 1760, 
 and was ordained a colleague with Thomas Smith, 
 the first minister, Oct. 17, 1764. After preaching 
 forty-five years, he received as a colleague Icha- 
 bod Nichols, in June, 1809. He died Nov. 12, 
 1814, aged about 73. He published election ser 
 mon, 1794 ; sermon on the death of T. Smith, 
 1795 ; at thanksgiving ; New England farmer, or 
 Georgical dictionary, 2d edition, 8vo. 1797. 
 
 DEANE, SAMUEL, minister of Scituate, died in 
 1834, aged 56. He was a graduate of Brown, in 
 1795. He published a discourse on Christian lib 
 erty, 1825; the populous village, a poem, 1826; 
 on human nature, 1827 ; a history of Scituate, in 
 1831. 
 
 DEANE, CHRISTOPHER C., died at Charlestown 
 June 17, 1854. He had been for twenty years 
 treasurer and agent of the Massachusetts Sabbath 
 school society. 
 
 DEARBORN, HENRY, major-general, a soldier 
 of the Revolution, died June 6, 1829, aged 78. 
 He was a descendant of Godfrey D., who came 
 from Exeter, England, with his r;on Henry, and 
 settled at Exeter, N. II., in 1639, but afterwards 
 removed to Hampton, where many descendants 
 still live. In this town Gen. Dearborn was born 
 in March, 1751. He studied physic with Dr. Hall 
 Jackson of Portsmouth, and had been settled 
 three years at Nottingham-square, when, on the 
 20th of April, 1775, an express announced the 
 battle of Lexington on the preceding day. He 
 marched on the same day with sixty volunteers, 
 and early in the next day reached Cambridge, 
 a distance of sixty-five miles. On his return he 
 was appointed a captain in the regiment of Stark; 
 and, having enlisted his men, he presented him 
 self again at Cambridge with a full company, May 
 15th. He participated June 17th in the battle of 
 Breed s hill. Having marched on that day across 
 Charlestown neck under a galling fire, he took 
 post behind the rail fence which stretched from 
 Prcscott s redoubt to Mystic river. During the 
 bloody action he regularly fired with his men. 
 In Sept. he accompanied Arnold in the expedition 
 
DEARBORN. 
 
 DEARBORN. 
 
 295 
 
 through the wilderness of Maine to Quebec. The 
 army was more than a month in the wilderness, 
 before they reached, Nov. 4th, the first house in 
 Canada, on the Chaudiere. The hardships and 
 sufferings of the troops were incredible. The 
 provisions were exhausted. " My dog," said Gen. 
 D., in a letter to the author of this work, " was 
 very large and a great favorite. I gave him up to 
 several men of Capt. Goodrich s company at their 
 earnest solicitation. They carried him to their 
 company and killed and divided him among those 
 who were suffering most severely with hunger. 
 They ate every part of him, not excepting his 
 entrails ; and after finishing their meal they col 
 lected the bones and carried them to be pounded 
 up, and to make broth for another meal. There 
 was but one other dog with the detachment. It 
 was small, and had been privately killed and eaten. 
 Old mooschide breeches were boiled and then 
 broiled on the coals and eaten. A barber s pow 
 der-bag made a soup in the course of the last 
 three or four days before we reached the first set 
 tlements in Canada. Many men died with fatigue 
 and hunger, frequently four or five minutes after 
 making their last effort and sitting down." Being 
 seized with a fever, he was left in a cottage on the 
 banks of the Chaudiere without a physician. Dur 
 ing ten days his life was despaired of. A good 
 Catholic woman even sprinkled him with holy 
 water. Yet he gradually recovered ; and, procur 
 ing a conveyance sixty miles to point Levi, he 
 crossed over to "Wolfe s cove, and rejoined his 
 company early in Dec. The assault on the city 
 was made in the morning of Dec. 31st. Mont 
 gomery fell on the bank of the St. Lawrence, in 
 attacking the lower town on thai side. Arnold s 
 division made the attack on the other side of the 
 city, along the St. Charles. In the action Capt. 
 Dearborn, who had been quartered on the north 
 side of the river St. Charles, marched to join the 
 main body, but in the attempt was captured with 
 his company by Capt. Law, who issued from Pal 
 ace gate with two hundred men and some can 
 non. He was put into close confinement ; but in 
 May, 1776, was permitted to return on parole with 
 Maj. Meigs. They were carried to Halifax in the 
 frigate Niger, and then transferred to another 
 frigate, which after a cruise of thirty days landed 
 them at Penobscot bay. In March, 1777, he was 
 exchanged. Being appointed a major in Scam- 
 mel s regiment, he proceeded in May to Ticonde- 
 roga. He fought in the conflict of Sept. 19th, 
 and on the 7th Oct. he shared in the honor of 
 carrying the German fortified camp. On the 17th 
 the British army surrendered. Gen. Gates in his 
 dispatch particularly noticed Morgan and Dear 
 born. At the battle of Monmouth, in 1778, after 
 Lee s retreat, Washington ordered Cilley s regi 
 ment, in which Dearborn was lieut.-col., to attack 
 a body of the enemy. A gallant charge com 
 
 pelled the British to retreat. Dearborn being 
 sent to ask for further orders, Washington in 
 quired, by way of commendation, " What troops 
 are those? " " Full-blooded Yankees from New 
 Hampshire, sir," was the reply. 
 
 In 1779 he accompanied Sullivan in his expe 
 dition against the Indians; in 1780 he was with 
 the army in New Jersey ; in 1781 he was at York- 
 town at the .surrender of Cornwallis. On the 
 death of Scammel he succeeded to the command 
 of the regiment. During 1782 he was on garri 
 son duty at the frontier post at Saratoga. After 
 the peace, he emigrated, in June, 1784, to the 
 banks of the Kennebec, and engaged in agricul 
 tural pursuits. In 1789 Washington appointed 
 him marshal of Maine. Twice he was elected a 
 member of congress. On the accession of Mr. 
 Jefferson to the presidency, in 1801, he was ap 
 pointed secretary of war, as the successor of 
 Roger Griswold ; and the laborious duties of the 
 office he faithfully discharged for eight years, till 
 1809, when he was succeeded by Wm. Eustis, and 
 was appointed to the lucrative office of collector 
 of Boston. In Feb., 1812, he received a com 
 mission as senior major-general in the army of 
 the United States. In the spring of the next 
 year he captured York, in Upper Canada, April 
 27th, and soon afterwards fort George, at the 
 mouth of the Niagara. But, his health being 
 somewhat impaired, Mr. Madison was induced, 
 very unnecessarily, to recall him July 6, 1813, on 
 the ground of ill health. A court of inquiry was 
 immediately solicited, but not granted. He was 
 soon ordered to assume the command of the 
 military district of New York city. After the 
 peace of 1815 he retired to private life. In July, 
 1822, he sailed from Boston for Lisbon, having 
 been appointed by President Monroe the minister 
 plenipotentiary to Portugal. After two years he 
 solicited permission to return home. Though he 
 usually resided at Boston, he annually repaired to 
 the scene of his agricultural labors in Maine. In 
 1829 an imprudent exposure brought on a violent 
 bilious attack, which caused some fatal organic 
 disarrangements. During the agonies of his last 
 illness he never complained ; he trusted in the 
 mercy of the Supreme Intelligence. He died at 
 the residence of his son, Gen. II. A. S. Dear 
 born, in Roxbury. He was thrice married. His 
 last wife, the widow of James Bowdoin, died in 
 May, 1826. Gen. Dearbon was large and manly 
 in his person, of great frankness and unimpeached 
 integrity, and, as a commanding officer, notwith 
 standing his recall from the frontier, he had the 
 confidence and the warm attachment of the brave 
 officers and men who served under him. He 
 published an account of Bunker Hill battle. 
 
 DEARBORN, BEKJAMIX, inventor of the pat 
 ent balance, died at Boston Feb. 22, 1838, aged 
 82. He was a man of science, and much re- 
 
296 
 
 DEARBORN. 
 
 DECATUR. 
 
 spected. His father was Dr. Benj. D., of Ports 
 mouth, who died in 1755. His mother was Ruth, 
 daughter of Rev. Benjamin Rogers, of P. 
 
 DEARBORN, EDWARD, Dr., died at Seabrook, 
 N. II., March 6, 1851, aged 75, bequeathing 
 3,000 dollars for a female seminary, and 4,000 for 
 the Congregational society. 
 
 DEARBORN, HENRY A. S., general, died in 
 Portland July 29, 1851, aged 67. The son of 
 Gen. Henry S., he was born in Exeter, and edu 
 cated in Virginia, lie practised law in Salem and 
 Portland. Mr. Madison appointed him collector 
 of Boston, as successor of his father; he was also 
 adjutant-general, a member of congress, and 
 mayor of Roxbury, which office he held till his 
 death. He published an oration July 4, 1811; 
 address to horticultural society, 1823 ; a life of 
 Eliot ; three volumes on the Black Sea ; a biog 
 raphy of Commodore Bainbridge, also of his own 
 father. He left a volume of his writings on archi 
 tecture, another on flowers, and one for his wife, 
 on Christ, with the passages of Scripture relating 
 to him quoted and harmonized. 
 
 DEARBORN, NATHANIEL, died at South Read 
 ing, Nov. 7, 1852, aged 66, son of Benjamin D. 
 He was one of the first to introduce wood engrav 
 ings. He published text-book of letters ; book 
 of Boston notions and guide ; guide to Mount 
 Auburn. 
 
 DE BRAHM, WILLIAM G., surveyor-general 
 of the southern distinct of North America in 
 1765, published the Atlantic pilot. 
 
 DECATUR, STEPHEN, commodore, died March 
 22, 1820, aged 40, being killed in a duel with 
 Commodore Barren. He was born on the east 
 ern shore of Maryland. His grandfather, a 
 native of France, married a lady of Newport, 
 R. I., where he resided. His father, Stephen 
 Decatur, after the establishment of the navy, was 
 appointed to command the DclaAvare sloop-of-war, 
 and afterwards the frigate Philadelphia. On the 
 occurrence of peace with France he resigned his 
 commission, and died at Frankford, near Phila 
 delphia, Nov. 14, 1808, aged 57. The son, Ste 
 phen, was educated in that city. In March, 1798, 
 at the age of nineteen, he entered as midshipman 
 the American navy under Barry. Thrice he pro 
 ceeded to the Mediterranean under Commodores 
 Dale, Morris, and Preble. He arrived the third 
 time just after the frigate Philadelphia, which 
 had run aground on the Barbary coast, had fallen 
 into the hands of the Tripolitans. He imme 
 diately formed the project of recapturing or de 
 stroying her, and, having obtained the consent of 
 Com. Preble, he sailed for Syracuse Feb. 3, 1804, 
 in the ketch Intrepid, with seventy volunteers, 
 accompanied by the United States brig Syren, 
 Lieut. Stewart. In a few days he arrived at the 
 harbor of Tripoli, which he entered about eight 
 o glock in the evening, alone, as he was unwilling 
 
 to wait for the boats of the Syren, which was sev 
 eral miles distant. The enterprise was extremely 
 hazardous, for the Philadelphia M~as moored within 
 half-gunshot of the bashaw s castle, and of the 
 principal battery. Two cruisers and several gun 
 boats lay near, and the guns of the frigate were 
 mounted and loaded. The attack was to be 
 made by a single ketch. About eleven o clock he 
 approached within two hundred yards, when he 
 was hailed and ordered to anchor, lie directed 
 a Maltese pilot to answer that the anchors had 
 been lost in a gale of wind. His object was not 
 suspected, until he was almost alongside the frig 
 ate, when the Turks were thrown into the utmost 
 confusion. Decatur sprang aboard, followed by 
 midshipman Charles Morris, and they were nearly 
 a minute on deck before their companions could 
 join them, the enemy in the mean while not offer 
 ing to assail them, being crowded together in 
 astonishment on the quarter-deck. The Turks 
 were soon assaulted and overpowered. About 
 twenty men were killed on the spot; many 
 jumped overboard, and the rest were driven to 
 the hold. After setting fire to the ship in differ 
 ent parts, Decatur retreated to his ketch, and, a 
 breeze springing up, he soon got beyond the 
 reach of the enemy s guns, which had opened a 
 fire upon him from the batteries, and castle, and 
 two corsairs. In this daring exploit not a single 
 man was killed, and only four were wounded. 
 For this achievement he was immediately pro 
 moted to the rank of post captain. 
 
 At an attack on Tripoli, Aug. 3d, he command 
 ed a division of gun-boats, which he led to action, 
 covered by the frigate Constitution and some 
 smaller vessels.. Disregarding the fire of the 
 batteries, he with twenty-seven men boarded one 
 of the enemy s gun-boats, which contained forty 
 men ; and, in ten minutes, with but three wounded, 
 he cleared the deck and made it a prize. At this 
 moment he was informed that his brother, Lieut. 
 James Decatur, who commanded another boat, 
 had captured- a boat of the enemy, but was 
 treacherously shot by her commander, who im 
 mediately pushed off, and was then stretching 
 toward the harbor. Decatur instantly pursued 
 him, entering the enemy s line with his single boat, 
 and, overtaking the foe, boarded her with eleven 
 men, being all the Americans he had left. He 
 singled out the Turkish commander, who was 
 armed with a spear, in attempting to cut off the 
 head of which he struck the iron and broke his 
 sword close to the hilt. The Turk now making 
 a push, and wounding him slightly, he seized the 
 spear and closed with him. In the struggle both 
 fell. Decatur, being uppermost, caught the arm 
 of the Turk, who was on the point of stabbing 
 him with a dagger, and with a pocket pistol shot 
 him. The crews at the same time were fighting 
 around them, and it was with difficulty that, after 
 
DECATUR. 
 
 DEGRAXD. 
 
 297 
 
 killing his adversary, he could extricate himself 
 from the slain and wounded. His life in this 
 struggle with the Turk was preserved by a noble- 
 minded common sailor, who, when a blow was 
 aimed at his captain from behind with an uplifted 
 sabre, having lost the use of his hands, rushed 
 forward and received the blow on his own head, 
 by which his skull was fractured. He however 
 survived, and received a pension from govern 
 ment. Decatur returned to the squadron with 
 both of his prizes, and the next day received the 
 highest commendation in a general order from 
 Commodore Preble. After a peace was concluded 
 with Tripoli he returned home in the Congress 
 and after his return was employed in superin 
 tending gun-boats, until he was ordered to super 
 sede Commodore Barron in the command of the 
 Chesapeake frigate. He afterwards was removed 
 to the United States, in which ship, Oct. 25, 1812, 
 in lat. 29 X., long. 29 30 W., he fell in with his 
 Britannic majesty s ship Macedonian, one of the 
 finest frigates in the British navy, which he cap 
 tured after an action of an hour and a half. His 
 loss was four killed and seven wounded ; that of 
 the enemy thirty-six killed and sixty-eight wound 
 ed. When Capt. Garden came on board the 
 United States and presented his sword, Decatur 
 observed, that he could not think of taking the 
 sword of so brave an officer, but would be happy 
 to take him by the hand. The prize was safely 
 brought into Xewport by Lieut. W. H. Allen, and 
 the command of her given to Capt. Jones. 
 
 In May, 1813, in command of the United 
 States, with his prize, the Macedonian, refitted as 
 an American frigate, he attempted to get to sea, 
 but was compelled to enter the harbor of Xew 
 London, where, for a long time, the enemy closely 
 blockaded him. In Jan., 1815, he was appointed 
 to the command of the President, and attempted 
 to get to sea, but, after first fighting the Endy- 
 mion, was captured on the loth by the Pomone, 
 and Tenedos, and Majestic, and carried into Ber 
 muda. He returned to Xew London Feb. 22d. 
 Being soon dispatched with a squadron to the 
 Mediterranean, he captured, off Cape dc Gatt, an 
 Algerine frigate of forty-nine guns, in which the 
 celebrated admiral, Rais Hammida, was killed ; 
 and on the 19th an Algerine brig of twenty-two 
 guns. He arrived before Algiers June 28, and 
 the next day compelled the proud regency to a 
 treaty most honorable to our country, according 
 to which no tribute was ever again demanded of 
 the United States ; all enslaved Americans were 
 to be released without ransom, and no American 
 should ever again be held as a slave. These 
 terms shamed the great powers of Europe, who 
 had long been tributary to a band of corsairs. 
 He proceeded also to Tunis and Tripoli, and ob 
 tained redress for outrages. After his return, 
 Nov. 12th, he was appointed one of the board of 
 38 
 
 navy commissioners, and resided at Washington, 
 at the former seat of Joel Barlow, called Kalo- 
 rama. During a part of the year 1819 he had a 
 long correspondence with Commodore Barron, 
 who some years before had been punished for 
 yielding up the Chesapeake, by a court martial, 
 of which Decatur was a member. The corre 
 spondence issued in a challenge from Barron, 
 though he considered duelling "as a barbarous 
 practice, which ought to be exploded from civil 
 ized society;" and the challenge was accepted by 
 Decatur, though he " had long since discovered 
 that fighting duels is not even an unerring crite 
 rion of personal courage." He was persuaded 
 that it was the intention of Barron " to fight up 
 his character." They fought at Bladensburgh, 
 and at the first fire he was mortally wounded, 
 and, being conveyed to his home, and to his dis 
 tracted wife, died the same night. His wife, 
 whom he married in 1806, was Susan, daughter 
 of Luke Wheeler, mayor of Xorfolk. Thus the 
 brave officer died, " as a fool dieth." It has been 
 stated, that, before he died, he renounced the 
 principle of duelling, and cast himself upon the 
 mercy of God. He was murdered under the 
 eyes of congress, which, in consequence of his 
 having " died in the violation of the laws of God 
 and his country," refused to bestow the official 
 marks of respect customary on the decease at 
 Washington of men in high public stations. Yet, 
 with strange inconsistency, notwithstanding the 
 laws of the country, his murderer afterwards re 
 ceived some appointment from the government. 
 Analect. Mag. I. 502 ; American Naval Biog 
 raphy, 75-93. 
 
 DEEMS, ADAN, died at Parkersburg, Va., 
 Sept. 21, 1856, aged 102 years. 
 
 DE FOREST, BENJAMIN, died in Xew York 
 Sept. 27, 1850. He was of Huguenot descent, an 
 eminent merchant for fifty years. His temper 
 was equable, his death peaceful. 
 
 DE GERSTXER, FRANCIS A. C., died at Phil 
 adelphia April 12, 1846, aged 44, a distinguished 
 Austrian engineer. He was born at Prague 
 April 17, 1796, and was for six years professor of 
 practical geometry at Vienna. lie obtained a 
 charter for the first railroad on the continent, 
 from Budweis to Lintz, one hundred and thirty 
 miles long, completed in 1832. In 1834 he pro 
 posed to the Russian emperor a railroad from St. 
 Petersburg to Moscow. Having visited various 
 countries, he came to the United States in 1838, 
 examining our railroads. He wrote a piece on 
 American and Belgian railroads in the American 
 almanac, 1840. He published practical mechan 
 ics, 3 vols. 
 
 DEGRAXD, PETER P. F., a broker, died in 
 
 Boston Dec. 23, 1855, aged about 75. A native 
 
 of Marseilles, in order to escape conscription in 
 
 j the army he came to Boston in 1803. He com- 
 
298 
 
 DEHON. 
 
 DENNIE. 
 
 menced business as a merchant in 1809. From 
 1819 to 1830 he published a useful commercial 
 paper, the Weekly Report. In 1835 he devoted 
 himself to the business of a stock-broker. Though 
 an adherent of Jefferson and Madison, he aided 
 the election of J. Q. Adams, and from that time 
 was a whig. As a man of business he was skil 
 ful, energetic, decisive, upright, and honorable. 
 He acquired much property. The railroad and 
 other enterprises he earnestly promoted. Once, 
 in 1810, he in liis folly was engaged in a duel, in 
 which no life was lost, but he was wounded. He 
 was never married. 
 
 DEHON, THEODORE, D. D., bishop of South 
 Carolina, of French descent, was born at Boston 
 in 1776, and graduated at Harvard college in 
 1795. After being a rector at Newport, II. I., he 
 removed to Charleston, where he was elected 
 bishop in 1812. He married in 1813 Sarah, 
 daughter of Nathaniel Ilussell, and died suddenly 
 of a malignant fever, Aug. G, 1817, aged 41. He 
 was respected as a man of talents, and beloved 
 for his amiable qualities and many virtues. He 
 published a discourse on the death of Washington ; 
 before a charitable society, 1804 ; a thanksgiving 
 sermon, 1805; a discourse to the Phi Beta Kappa 
 society, 1807 ; a sermon before the Episcopal 
 convention of the United States ; sermons on con 
 firmation, 1818 ; ninety sermons on various sub 
 jects, 2 vols. 8vo., 1821. 
 
 DE KAY, JAMES E., Dr., died in Oyster Bay 
 Nov. 21, 1851, aged 59. Devoted to natural 
 history, he wrote the zoology published in the 
 State survey of New York. 
 
 DE LANCEY, JAMES, chief justice and lieuten 
 ant-governor of New York, died Aug. 2, 1760, 
 aged 57. He was the son of a Protestant emi 
 grant from Caen, in Normandy, who fled from 
 persecution in France. Being sent to England 
 for education, he entered the university of Cam 
 bridge about 1725. He returned to this country 
 in 1729, and was soon, while ignorant of the law, 
 appointed a judge of the supreme court, and 
 chief justice in 1733. His industry made him a 
 profound lawyer. During the greater part of 
 the administration of Clinton, from 1743 to 1753, 
 Mr. De Lancey exerted a powerful influence on 
 the legislature in opposition to the governor. 
 After the removal of Clinton and the death of 
 Osborn, he, as lieut.-governor, was at the head of 
 the government from 1753 to 1755, and also a 
 successor to Hardy from 1757 to 1760. His 
 daughter, the wife of the celebrated Sir W. Dra 
 per, died in 1778. His brother Oliver, a loyalist 
 in the war, was appointed a brigadier-general in 
 1777 and adjutant-general in 1783, and was after- 
 Avards a member of parliament. The character 
 of De Lancey is described by the author of the 
 review of military operations from 1753 to 1756, 
 who represents him as a man of learning and tal 
 
 ents, yet as an unprincipled demagogue and fin 
 ished intriguer. " His uncommon vivacity, with 
 the semblance of affability and ease, his adroit 
 ness at jest, with a show of condescension to his 
 inferiors, wonderfully facilitated his progress. 
 These plausible arts, together with his influence 
 as chief justice, and a vast personal estate at use, 
 all conspired to secure his popular triumph." 
 Hist. Coll. VII. 78 ; Miller, II. 256. 
 
 DELANO, PHILIP, was an early settler at 
 Plymouth, in 1623. His name was sometimes 
 written De la Noye ; probably he was a French 
 Protestant, who joined the church at Leyclen. 
 
 DENISON, DANIEL, major-general, the son of 
 Wm. D., of Cambridge, was born in England in 
 1613, and removed from Cambridge to Ipswich in 
 1634. He sustained various civil and military 
 offices ; for many years he was an assistant ; in 
 1649 and 1651 the speaker of the house, and 
 major-general in 1662. He died Sept. 20, 1682, 
 aged 69. His wife was Patience, the daughter of 
 Gov. Dudley. His grandson, John, the sixth 
 minister of Ipswich, was ordained colleague with 
 Mr. Hubbard in 1687, and died in Sept., 1689, 
 leaving a widow, Elizabeth, who married Roland 
 Cotton. Gen. D. was a man of eminence and 
 religion. He wrote a treatise, which is annexed 
 to Hubbard s funeral sermon, called Irenicon, or 
 a salve for New England s sore, which considers 
 the public calamities, the occasion, danger, blam- 
 able causes, and cure of them. Hubbard ; Far 
 mer. 
 
 DENISON, GEORGE, captain, of Stonington, 
 Conn., in March, 1676, made an incursion into 
 the Narragansett country, and seized Nanuntcnoo, 
 the son of Miantunnomu, and the chief sachem. 
 The savage, when offered his life upon condition 
 of living in peace, said, that he chose to die, before 
 his heart became soft. In the year 1676 Denison 
 and his volunteers killed and took two hundred and 
 thirty of the enemy, without having one man 
 either killed or wounded. 
 
 DENISON, Jonx, the sixth minister of Ips 
 wich, died in Sept., 1689. He was the son of 
 John, and grandson of major-general I). ; grad 
 uated in 1684, and was ordained in 1687. By 
 his wife, Elizabeth, daughter of N. Saltonstall, he 
 had one son, Col. John D. 
 
 DENNIE, JOSEPH, editor of the Portfolio, the 
 son of Joseph, a merchant in Boston, died Jan. 
 7, 1812, aged 43. He was born Aug. 30, 1768, 
 and graduated at Harvard college in 1790. He 
 studied law at Charlestown, N. II., but was not 
 successful in the practice at Walpole, where he 
 opened an office. For four months he read 
 prayers in a church at Dartmouth. In 1795 he 
 published in Boston the Tablet, a weekly paper ; 
 and the Farmer s Museum at Walpole, in which 
 he inserted essays of some celebrity, entitled the 
 Lay preacher. Mr. Pickering, secretary of State, 
 
DENNISON. 
 
 DE WITT. 
 
 299 
 
 having appointed him one of his clerks, he re 
 moved to Philadelphia in 1799. On the dismissal 
 of his patron he conducted the Portfolio, a liter 
 ary journal, commenced in 1800. Being de 
 ficient in industry and discretion, he destroyed 
 his bodily constitution and his hopes of fortune. 
 His father, who was deranged twenty-five years, 
 died in 1811. With genius, taste, a fine style, 
 and a fund of literature ; with colloquial powers 
 and other interesting qualities, he yet stands only 
 as a warning to others against indolence and im 
 prudence. 
 
 DENNISON, NATHAN, colonel, died in July, 
 1778, at fort Kingston, in the vale of Wyoming, 
 of which he had the command at the defeat of 
 Col. Z. Butler. After the investment and as 
 sault, July 4th, he went the next day with a flag 
 of truce to John Butler, at fort Exeter, and asked 
 the terms of surrender ; the reply was, " The 
 hatchet." Such was doubtless his fate, as he was 
 compelled to surrender at discretion. 
 
 DEXXY, SAMUEL, colonel, died in Leicester, 
 1817, aged 86. He served as an officer in the 
 war. lie was a benefactor of Leicester academy. 
 
 DEXXY, THOMAS, colonel, died at Leicester 
 very suddenly, Dec. 5, 1814, aged 57. He was 
 the son of Thomas Denny, a patriot of 1774, in 
 which year he died, who was the son of Daniel 
 1)., an early settler of Leicester, whose sister 
 married T. Prince, the annalist. Col. D., having 
 been long engaged in mercantile and manufac 
 turing business, was the wealthiest man in Lei 
 cester. One of his daughters married J. Smith, 
 a benefactor of Leicester academy. 
 
 DENTON, RICHARD, a minister, who came 
 from England, died at Ilempstead about 1663. 
 He had been a minister at Halifax in Yorkshire. 
 He first preached at Wethcrsfield ; from 1641 to 
 1614 he was at Stamford. He wrote what was 
 not published, a system of divinity, considering 
 man in four states, that of created purity, con 
 trasted deformity, restored beauty, and celestial 
 glory. Farmer s Register. 
 
 DEPUTY, JACOB, a black man, died near Mil- 
 ford, Delaware, June 5, 1848, aged 117 years 
 and 9 months, being born Aug. 20, 1730, in 
 Sussex county, where he lived. 
 
 DERBIGNY, PETER, governor of Louisiana, 
 died Oct. 6, 1829. 
 
 DERBY, EZEKIEL HEKSEY, died in Salem Oct. 
 31, 1852, aged 80. The son of Ilasket D., he 
 graduated at Harvard in 1791, and was in early 
 life a merchant, then for thirty-five years an 
 active, well-known agriculturist. 
 
 DESAUSSURE, HENRY W., chancellor of 
 South Carolina, died at Charleston March 29, 
 1839, aged 13. He bore arms in defence of 
 Charleston in the Revolutionary war, and suc 
 ceeded Rittenhouse as director of the mint at 
 Philadelphia. Returning to Charleston, he rose 
 
 to eminence as a lawyer. Elected one of the 
 chancellors in 1808, he filled the office with high 
 reputation for twenty-nine years, during which 
 time he lived in Columbia. For his talents, 
 learning, moral virtues, and religion he was held 
 in great regard. His equity reports were pub 
 lished in 4 vols. 
 
 DE SCHWELXITZ, LEWIS D., the secular 
 head of the Moravian society, died at Bethlehem, 
 Pa., in Feb., 1834, aged about 52. He was the 
 author of several valuable works on botany. 
 
 DESHA, ROBERT, general, died in Mobile Feb., 
 1849, a hero in the war of 1812. 
 
 DEVEXS, RICHARD, was a graduate of Prince 
 ton in 1767, a tutor in 1770, but lost the powers 
 of his mind in 1770. His talents were indicated 
 by a paraphrase of some parts of the book of 
 Job in poetry. 
 
 DEVOL, JONATHAN, an early settler in Ohio, 
 died near Marietta in 1824, aged 68, a native of 
 Tiverton, R. I. He was a brave soldier in the 
 war, and an associate of the Ohio company hi 
 1789. His wife was Nancy, daughter of Capt. 
 Isaac Barker, shipmaster at Newport, R. I. Mr. 
 D. built in 1801 a ship at Marietta of 400 tons 
 for Mr. Oilman. 
 
 DEVOTION, EBENEZER, minister of Suffield, 
 died in 1741, aged about 54. He graduated at 
 Harvard in 1707. B. Ruggles preceded him; E. 
 Gay was his successor. 
 
 DEVOTIOX, EBENEZER, minister in Windham, 
 Scotland society, died in 1771, aged about 62. 
 He graduated at Yale in 1732. He published 
 election sermons, 1753 and 1777 ; and sermon at 
 ordination of N. Huntington, 1750; and of E. 
 Iluntington, 1762. 
 
 DEVOTION, JOHN, minister in Saybrook, 
 Westbrook society, died in 1802, aged about 64. 
 He graduated at Yale in 1754, and was settled 
 in 1758. 
 
 DEWEY, DANIEL, a judge of the supreme 
 court of Massachusetts, died at Washington May 
 26, 1815, aged 49. A native of Sheffield, he 
 settled in Williamstown in 1790, and was a mem 
 ber of the thirteenth congress. He was appointed 
 a judge in 1814. His son, Charles A. Dewey, is 
 now a judge of the same court. His wife, Maria, 
 the daughter of Judge David Noble, died in 
 1813. Holland s History, n. 613. 
 
 DEWEES, WILLIAM P., M. D., died at Phil 
 adelphia May 18, 1841, aged 74; formerly pro 
 fessor of obstetrics in the university. He pub 
 lished a book on obstetrics; also, practice of 
 medicine. 
 
 DE WITT, BENJAMIN, M. D., a physician of 
 New York, was appointed professor of medicine 
 in Columbia college in 1807, and professor of 
 chemistry in 1808. He was also health officer of 
 the city, and died of the yellow fever at the 
 quarantine ground, Staten Island, Sept. 11, 1819, 
 
300 
 
 DE WITT. 
 
 DEXTER. 
 
 aged 45. lie published a dissertation on the 
 effect of oxygen, 1797 ; an oration commemora 
 tive of the prisoners who died in the prison-ships 
 at Wallabout, 1808 ; account of minerals in New 
 York in Mem. of A. A. S., vol. n. 
 
 DE WITT, SUSAN, died at Philadelphia, while 
 on a visit, May 5, 1824. She was the wife of 
 Simeon De Witt, of Albany, and the second 
 daughter of Rev. Dr. Linn. She was a woman 
 of strong intellectual powers, and of elevated 
 piety. She published a poem, which has been 
 much read and admired, The pleasures of reli 
 gion. 
 
 DE WITT, JOHN, D. D., professor of biblical 
 history in the theological seminary of the Dutch 
 Reformed church at New Brunswick, N. J., a na 
 tive of Catskill, X. Y., was ordained as colleague 
 with Daniel Collins, of Lanesborough, Mass., 
 July 8, 1812, and was dismissed Dec. 8, 1813, and 
 afterwards settled as the minister of the second 
 Reformed Dutch church in Albany. lie was after 
 wards professor in the theological seminary, and 
 also one of the professors of Rutgers college in 
 New Brunswick, where he died Oct. 12, 1831, 
 aged about 42. History of Berkshire, 389. 
 
 DE WITT, SIMEON, died at Ithaca Dec. 3, 1834, 
 aged 79. He was surveyor-general of New York, 
 skilled in astronomy and engineering. 
 
 DEXTER, .GREGORY, a minister in Providence, 
 died at the age of 90. A native of London, he 
 was at first a stationer. He settled at Providence, 
 as pastor of the Baptist church, in 1643. 
 
 DEXTER, SAMUEL, minister of Dedham, 
 died in 1755, aged 54. He was the son of cap 
 tain and deacon John, of Maiden, who was the 
 grandson of Richard, of Maiden and Boston. 
 He had brothers, John of M., and Dr. Richard, 
 of Topsfield, who died in 1783, aged 70. He 
 graduated at Harvard in 1720. His predecessor 
 was Joseph Belcher, a graduate of 1G90, who 
 died in 1723. His daughter married Rev. J. 
 Haven. There was published, in 1840, "Ded 
 ham pulpit," containing the sermons of six min 
 isters : J. Allin, W. Adams, J. Belcher, S. Dexter, 
 J. Haven, J. Bates, and a centennial by E. Bur 
 gess. This book has two sermons by Mr. Dex 
 ter. He published a century discourse, 1738. 
 
 DEXTER, SAMUEL, a benefactor of Harvard 
 college, was the son of the preceding, and a mer 
 chant in Boston. In the political struggles just 
 before the Revolution he was repeatedly elected 
 to the council, and negatived for his patriotic zeal 
 by the royal governor. In his last years he was 
 deeply engaged in investigating the doctrines of 
 theology. He died at Mendon June 10, 1810, 
 aged 84. For the encouragement of biblical 
 criticism he bequeathed a legacy of 5,000 dollars to 
 Harvard college. He also bequeathed 40 dollars 
 to a minister, whom he wished to preach a funeral 
 sermon, without making any mention of him in 
 
 the discourse, from the words, " The things which 
 are seen, are temporal ; but the things which are 
 not seen, are eternal." He said in his last will: 
 " I wish the preacher to expostulate with his au 
 ditory on the absurdity of their being extremely 
 assiduous to lay up treasures on earth, while 
 they are indolent with respect to their well-being 
 hereafter. To those of so blamable a character, 
 and to such as are of a still worse, and from 
 their vicious lives appear to be totally regardless 
 of the doctrine of a future existence, let him ad 
 dress himself with pious ardor. Let him entreat 
 them to pay a serious attention to their most val 
 uable interests. Let him represent the summit 
 of earthly glory as ineffably despicable, when 
 comparatively estimated with an exemption from 
 the punishment denounced, and the possession of 
 the perfect and never-ending felicity promised in 
 the Scriptures. " KendaVs Funeral Sermon. 
 
 DEXTER, SAMUEL, LL. D., secretary of Avar 
 of the United States, son of the preceding, died 
 May 4, 1816, aged 54. He was born in 1761, and 
 graduated at Harvard college in 1781. Having 
 studied law at Worcester with Levi Lincoln, he 
 soon rose to professional eminence. After being 
 for some time a member of the house of repre 
 sentatives in congress, he was elected to the sen 
 ate. During the administration of John Adams, 
 he was appointed secretary of war in 1800, and 
 secretary of the treasury in Jan., 1801, and for a 
 short time also had the charge of the department 
 of State. lie was offered a foreign embassy, but 
 declined it. On the accession of Mr. Jefferson to 
 the presidency he returned to the practice of law. 
 In the progress of events he thought he ob 
 served that political parties were changing their 
 policy and principles. From his old friends he 
 separated, and lent the aid of his powerful mind 
 in support of the war of 1812, while they were 
 throwing obstacles in the way of its prosecution. 
 He maintained that they had changed, and that 
 he was unchangeable. In the practice of law be 
 fore the supreme court at Washington, lie stood 
 in the first rank of advocates. He always at 
 tracted an audience, consisting of the beauty, 
 taste, and learning of the city. He was requested 
 by Mr. Madison in 1815 to accept of a mission to 
 Spain, but declined the appointment. On his re 
 turn from Washington, at the close of April, 
 1816, he went to Athens, N. Y., to attend the 
 nuptials of his son. Some\vhat unwell with the 
 epidemic prevailing at Washington, he called for 
 medical aid on Tuesday, and died of the scarlet 
 fever Saturday. His wife was a sister of Wm. 
 Gordon, of N. H. He was tall and muscular, 
 with strong features. His enunciation was very 
 slow and distinct, and his tones monotonous ; but 
 at times his eloquence was thrilling. He drafted 
 the eloquent answer of the senate to President 
 Adams address on the death of Washington. 
 
DEXTER. 
 
 DICKINSON. 
 
 301 
 
 He was established in the belief of Christianity. 
 A few weeks before his death Mr. Dexter had 
 been the republican candidate for governor in 
 Massachusetts, in opposition to Dr. Brooks, and 
 received about 47,000 and his rival about 49,000 
 votes. He had also been the candidate in 1815. 
 The republicans had selected him, as they said, 
 because " he had broken forth from the legions of 
 rebellion," referring to his manly resistance to 
 the Hartford convention, a favorite project of the 
 party with which he had before been associated. 
 In his letter expressing his acceptance of the in 
 vitation to be a candidate, he said : " Every com 
 bination for general opposition is an offence 
 against the community." The party struggles 
 for office are not worthy of remembrance ; but 
 the principles, which have a bearing on the public 
 welfare hereafter, ought not to be forgotton. In 
 the preceding year he expressed in his letter 
 from Washington his entire opposition to the sys 
 tem of restriction on commerce, as unconstitu 
 tional, oppressive, ineffectual, and impracticable ; 
 and at the same time declared that he was unable 
 to reconcile some of the leading measures of the 
 federalists in regard to the war with the funda 
 mental principles of civilized society, and the 
 duty of American citizens to support the union 
 of their country. He published a letter on free 
 masonry ; progress of science, a poem, 1780. 
 Story s Sketch of Dexter. 
 
 DEXTER, J. S., judge, died in Cumberland, 
 R. I., June 20, 1844, aged 90. He served during 
 the war and was a major. He was appointed by 
 Washington supervisor of the revenue in Rhode 
 Island. In his age he lived in Providence, his 
 native place. 
 
 DIBBLE, SHELDON, missionary at the Sand 
 wich Islands, died at Lahainaluna Jan. 22, 1845. 
 He graduated at Hamilton college in 1827, at 
 Auburn seminary in 1830, and embarked in Dec. 
 He visited the United States in 1837-1840. His 
 wife, Maria M. Tomlinson, died Feb. 20, 1837. 
 
 DICKERSON, MAIILON, governor, died in 
 Morris county, N. J., Oct. 5, 1853, aged more 
 than 80. In 1815, he was elected governor by a 
 democratic or republican legislature ; and a sena 
 tor of the United States from 1817, for sixteen 
 years. In 1834, he was secretary of the navy ; 
 but resigned and retired to private life in 1838. 
 He was largely concerned in the mining and man 
 ufacture of iron in Morris county. He was kind, 
 amiable, and much esteemed, and was regarded 
 as a man of sound judgment and a safe legis 
 lator. 
 
 DICKINSON, JONATHAN, first president of New 
 Jersey college, died Oct. 7, 1747, aged 59. He was 
 born in Ilatfield, Mass., April 22, 1688. His 
 father was Hezekiah D. ; his mother, being left a 
 widow, married again and removed to Spring 
 field, and carefully educated her children. His 
 
 grandfather was Nathaniel, one of the first set 
 tlers of Wethersfield, who removed to Iladlcy. He 
 was graduated at Yale college in 1706, and within 
 one or two years afterwards he was settled the 
 minister of the first Presbyterian church in Eliza- 
 bethtown, New Jersey. Of this church he was 
 for near forty years the joy and glory. As a 
 friend of literature he was also eminently useful. 
 The charter of the college of New Jersey, which 
 had never yet been carried into operation, was 
 enlarged by Governor Belcher, Oct. 22, 1746 ; 
 and Mr. Dickinson was appointed president. The 
 institution commenced at Elizabethtown, but it 
 did not long enjoy the advantages of his superin 
 tendence, for it pleased God soon to call him 
 away from life. The first commencement was in 
 1748, when six young men graduated, five of 
 whom became ministers. He left three daugh 
 ters, married to Jonathan Sergeant of Princeton, 
 to John Cooper, and to Rev. Caleb Smith of 
 Orange. 
 
 Mr. Dickinson, besides his other employments, 
 was a practising physician, of considerable medi 
 cal reputation. He was a man of learning, of 
 distinguished talents, and much celebrated as a 
 preacher; and he was succeeded in the college 
 by men, who hold a high reputation in our coun 
 try ; by Burr, Edwards, Davies, Finley, and 
 Witherspoon. lie had a mind formed for in 
 quiry ; he possessed a quick perception and an 
 accurate judgment; and to a keen penetration he 
 united a disinterested attachment to truth. With 
 a natural turn for controversy he had a happy 
 government of his passions, and abhorred the 
 perverse disputings, so common to men of cor 
 rupt minds. The eagerness of contention did 
 not extinguish in him the fervors of devotion and 
 brotherly love. By his good works and exem 
 plary life he adorned the doctrines of grace, 
 which he advocated with zeal. He boldly ap 
 peared in defence of the great truths of our most 
 holy religion, confronting what he considered as 
 error, and resisting every attack on the Christian 
 faith. He wished to promote the interests of 
 practical godliness, of holy living ; and there 
 fore he withstood error in every shape, knowing 
 that it poisons the heart and thus destroys the 
 very principles of virtue. He was an enemy to 
 that blind charity, that politic silence, that tem 
 porizing moderation, which sacrifices the truths 
 of God to human friendships, and under color of 
 peace and candor gives up important points of 
 gospel doctrine to every opposcr. He knew, that 
 this temper was inconsistent with the love of 
 truth, and was usually connected with the hatred 
 of those who engaged warmly in its support. 
 He expected to be opposed and ridiculed, if he 
 followed lus Saviour, and preached with plain 
 ness and earnestness the doctrines which are so 
 obnoxious to the corrupt heart and perverted 
 
302 
 
 DICKINSON. 
 
 DICKINSON. 
 
 understanding. Still, under pretence of zeal for 
 truth he concealed no party animosity, no big 
 otry, no malevolence. He had generous senti 
 ments with regard to freedom of inquiry and the 
 rights of private judgment in matters of con 
 science, not approving subscription to human tests 
 of orthodoxy. As he lived a devout and useful 
 life and was a bright ornament to his profession, 
 he died universally lamented. 
 
 His writings possess very considerable merit. 
 They are designed to unfold the wonderful method 
 of redemption, and to excite men to that cheerful 
 consecration of all their talents to their Maker, to 
 that careful avoidance of sin and practice of god 
 liness, which will exalt them to glory. He pub 
 lished the reasonableness of Christianity, in four 
 sermons, Boston, 1732; a funeral sermon on 
 Ruth Picrson, wife of Ilev. John P. of Wood- 
 bridge, 1733; a sermon on the witness of the 
 Spirit, 1740; the true Scripture doctrine concern 
 ing eternal election, original sin, grace in conver 
 sion, justification by faith, and the saint s perse 
 verance, in five discourses, 1741, in answer to Mr. 
 Whitby ; a display of God s special grace, in a 
 familiar dialogue, 1742; on the nature and neces 
 sity of regeneration, with remarks on Dr. Water- 
 land s regeneration stated and explained, 1743, 
 against baptismal regeneration ; reflections upon 
 Mr. Wetmorc s letter in defence of Dr. Water- 
 land s discourse on regeneration, 1745. The 
 above works were published in an octavo volume 
 at Edinburgh in 1793. President Dickinson pub 
 lished also a defence of Presbyterian ordination, 
 in answer to a pamphlet, entitled a modest proof, 
 etc., 1724 ; the vanity of human institutions in 
 the worship of God, a sermon, 1733; a defence 
 of it afterwards; a second defence of it against 
 the exceptions of John Beach in his appeal to 
 the unprejudiced, 1738; this work is entitled, the 
 reasonableness of nonconformity to the church of 
 England in point of worship; familiar letters 
 upon various important subjects in religion, 1745 ; 
 a pamphlet in favor of infant baptism, 1746 ; a 
 vindication of God s sovereign free grace ; a 
 second vindication, etc., against John Beach, to 
 which are added brief reflections on Dr. John 
 son s defence of Aristocles letter to Authadcs, 
 1748; an account of the deliverance of Robert 
 Barrow, shipwrecked among the cannibals of 
 Florida. Pierson s Serm. on his death ; Preface 
 to his Serm. Edin. edit. ; Miller, II. 345 ; Dong- 
 lass, II. 284; Brainerd s Life, 129, 161 ; Chand 
 ler s Life of Johnson, 69 ; Green, 297. 
 
 DICKINSON, JONATHAN, chief justice of Penn 
 sylvania, a Quaker, came from Jamaica, with his 
 family, in 1696, and wa;j shipwrecked in the gulf 
 of Florida. He died in 1722. He published an 
 account of his shipwreck, entitled, God s protect 
 ing providence, man s surest help and defence. 
 
 DICKINSON, MO.-SES, brother of Rev. Jona 
 
 than D., died in 1778, aged 82, in the fifty-first 
 year of his ministry. He was graduated at Yale 
 college in 1717, and in 1727 succeeded Stephen 
 Buckingham as the minister of Norwalk. He 
 was succeeded by William Tennent. The minis 
 ters of Norwalk were Presbyterian during 112 
 years out of 202. He was a man of a vigorous 
 mind, cheerful, prudent. ,His widow, Hannah, 
 died at Plymouth, Conn., in 1803, aged 98. He 
 published an inquiry into the consequences of 
 Calvinistic and Arminian principles, in which is 
 considered Beach s reply to J. Dickinson s second 
 vindication, 1750; election sermon, 1755 ; answer 
 to Wetmore ; on the death of T. Fitch, 1774. 
 
 DICKINSON, JOHN, president of Delaware 
 and of Pennsylvania, died Feb. 15, 1808, aged 
 75. He was born in Maryland in Dec., 1732. 
 His father, Samuel D., who soon after the birth 
 of his son removed to Delaware, was chief justice 
 of the county of Kent, and died July 6, 1760, 
 aged 71. He studied law in Philadelphia, and 
 then three years at the Temple in London, and 
 on his return engaged successfully in the practice 
 at Philadelphia. Of the assembly of Pennsylva 
 nia he was a member in 1764, and of the general 
 congress in 1765. In the same year he began to 
 write against the measures of the British govern 
 ment. In Nov., 1767, he began to publish his 
 celebrated letters against the acts for taxation of 
 the colonies ; in which writings he supported the 
 liberties of his country and contributed much 
 toward the American Revolution. He was a 
 member of the first Revolutionary congress in 
 1774, and a member in subsequent years. Of 
 the eloquent and important state papers of that 
 period he wrote the principal : the address to the 
 inhabitants of Quebec; the first petition to the 
 king ; the address to the armies ; the second peti 
 tion to the king ; and the address to the several 
 States. He wrote also, in 1774, the resolves and 
 instructions of the committee of Pennsylvania. 
 In June, 1776, he opposed the Declaration of In 
 dependence, when the motion was considered by 
 congress, because he doubted of the policy at that 
 particular period, "without some prclusory trials of 
 our strength," and before the terms of confedera 
 tion were settled, and foreign assistance made 
 certain. He had occasion afterwards, in order to 
 prove the sincerity of his attachment to his coun 
 try s liberty, to appeal to the fact, that within a 
 few days after the declaration he was the only 
 member of congress who marched to face the 
 enemy. He accompanied his regiment to Eliza- 
 bcthtown in July to repel the invading enemy, 
 and remained there till the end of the term of 
 service. In Sept., he resigned, because two brig 
 adiers had been raised over him, through the 
 same hostility, as he supposed, which effected his 
 removal from congress. He now retired to Del 
 aware, and there, in the summer of 1777, in 
 
DICKINSON. 
 
 DICKINSON. 
 
 303 
 
 Capt. Lewis company he served as a private with 
 his musket upon his shoulder in the militia move 
 ments against the British, who had landed at the 
 head of Elk. In Oct., Mr. M Kean gave him a 
 commission of brigadier-general. In 1779, by 
 unanimous vote of the assembly, he was elected a 
 member of congress, and in May wrote the ad 
 dress to the States. In 1780, he was elected by 
 the county of New Castle a member of the assem 
 bly; in 1781, he was chosen president of Dela 
 ware, as successor of Caesar Ilodney, by unani 
 mous vote of the two houses. On commencing 
 his duties he published, Nov. 19, 1781, an excellent 
 proclamation, recommending piety and virtue and 
 the enforcement of the laws in favor of morality. 
 In 1782 he was chosen president of Pennsylva 
 nia, and remained in office from Nov., 1782, till 
 Oct., 1785, when he was succeeded by Franklin. 
 In 1788, he wrote nine letters with the signature 
 of Fabius, in order to promote the adoption of 
 the constitution ; and with the same signature, in 
 1797, he wrote fourteen letters in order to pro 
 mote a favorable feeling toward France. His 
 last days were spent in private life at Wilmington, 
 Delaware. His wife, whom he married in 1770, 
 was Mary Xorris of Philadelphia. His daughter, 
 Maria, married in 1808 Albinus C. Logan. His 
 countenance and person were fine. He filled 
 with ability the various high stations in which he 
 Avas placed. He was distinguished by his strength 
 of mind, miscellaneous knowledge, and cultivated 
 taste, which were united with an habitual elo 
 quence, with an elegance of manners, and a benig 
 nity, which made him the delight and ornament 
 of society. The infirmities of declining years had 
 detached him long before his death from the busy 
 scenes of life ; but in retirement his patriotism 
 felt no abatement. The welfare of his country 
 was ever dear to him, and he was ready to make 
 any sacrifices for its promotion. Unequivocal in 
 his attachment to a republican government, he 
 invariably supported, as far as his voice could have 
 influence, those men and those measures which 
 he believed most friendly to republican principles. 
 He was esteemed for his uprightness and the 
 purity of his morals. From a letter, which he 
 wrote to Mrs. Warren of Plymouth, dated the 
 2.3th of the first month, 1805, it seems that he 
 was a member of the society of Friends. He 
 published a speech delivered in the house of 
 assembly of Pennsylvania, 1764; a reply to a 
 speech of Joseph Galloway, 1765 ; late regula 
 tions respecting the colonies considered, 1765; 
 letters from a farmer in Pennsylvania to the 
 inhabitants of the British colonies, 1767-1768. 
 Mr. Dickinson s political writings were collected 
 and published in two volumes, 8vo. 1801. Gor 
 don, I. 220; Ramsay, II. 319; Warren, 1.412; 
 Adams Letter to Dr. Calkoen ; Monthly AnlhoL 
 
 v. 226; Nat. Intellig. Feb. 22, 1808; Marshall, 
 IT. note at end ; v. 97. 
 
 DICKINSON, PHILEMON, general, a brave 
 officer in the llcvolutionary war, died at his scat 
 near Trenton, N. J., Feb. 4, 1809, aged 68. He 
 took an early and an active part in the struggle 
 with Great Britain, and hazarded his ample for 
 tune and his life in establishing our independence. 
 In the memorable battle of Monmouth, at the 
 head of the Jersey militia, he exhibited the spirit 
 and gallantry of a soldier of liberty. After the 
 establishment of the present national government 
 he was a member of congress. In the various 
 stations, civil and military, with which he was hon 
 ored, he discharged his duty with zeal and ability. 
 The last twelve or fifteen years of his life were 
 spent in retirement from public concerns. Phil- 
 adelpliia Gazette, Feb. 7, 1809. 
 
 DICKINSON, SAMUEL, general, a patriot of 
 the Itevolution, died in Middletown, Ky., in 1817. 
 
 DICKINSON, TIMOTHY, minister of Ilolliston, 
 Mass., died July 6, 1813, aged 52. Born in Am- 
 herst, Mass., he graduated at Dartmouth in 1785. 
 In 1789 he was ordained the successor of Joshua 
 Prentiss, the second pastor of II., in whose day 
 occurred the fatal sickness of 1754, occasioning 
 the death of fifty-three persons in six weeks, out 
 of the small population of four hundred. Dr. 
 Emmons funeral discourse was founded on the 
 words, " I am now ready to be offered," etc. Mr. 
 D. was one of the founders of the Massachusetts 
 missionary society. He published a sermon to 
 the missionary society, 1811. Panoplist, III. 335. 
 
 DICKINSON, JOHN, senior, died in Amhcrst 
 Jan. 4, 1850, aged 92, a soldier at Bunker Hill. 
 
 DICKINSON, PLINY, minister at Walpole, 
 N. II., died in 1834, aged 57. He was born in 
 Granby, and graduated at Dartmouth in 1798, and 
 succeeded T. Fessenden. 
 
 DICKINSON, AUSTIN, died in New York, 
 Aug. 15, 1849, aged 58, formerly minister of Am- 
 herst, Mass. Born in Amherst, he graduated at 
 Dartmouth in 1813. His life was one of Christian 
 enterprise and usefulness. He established the 
 Family Visitor in llichmond, and the National 
 Preacher in New York, in 1826. For several 
 years he furnished the secular papers with reli 
 gious intelligence with the signature A. D. He 
 was poor, but liberal and generous. N. Y. Ob 
 server, Aug. 18. 
 
 DICKINSON, S. N., an accomplished printer, 
 died at Itoxbury Jan. 16, 1849, aged 47. 
 
 DICKINSON, E,. S. STORKS, a minister in 
 New York and Philadelphia, died suddenly in 
 Edinburgh, Scotland, Aug. 18, 1856, aged 32. 
 He was born in Longmeadow, Mass., the son of 
 Baxter Dickinson, 1). D., and graduated at Am 
 herst college in 1844, and at Union Theological 
 seminary, N. Y., in 1848. He was four years 
 
304 
 
 DICKMAN. 
 
 DODGE. 
 
 pastor of the Houston street church in N. Y., and 
 between two and three years assistant minister 
 with llev. Albert Barnes of Philadelphia. lie 
 was a youthful preacher of noble Christian aspira 
 tions, high culture, and rare accomplishments. 
 
 DICKMAX, THOMAS, died in Greenfield Dec. 9, 
 1841, aged 41. He was a printer. He began the 
 "Intelligencer" at G., in 179,3, anfl published it 
 fourteen years, then the " Federalist " in Spring 
 field from 1806 to 1819. He established a read 
 ing-room in S. 
 
 DIESKAU, JOHN HARMAND, baron, lieutenant- 
 general in the French army, proceeded in 1755 
 from Montreal with two thousand men against 
 fort Edward, intending to penetrate to Albany. 
 Gen. Johnson was at this time encamped at the 
 south end of lake George. After defeating the 
 detachment of Col. E. Williams, he attacked 
 Johnson s camp, Sept. 8 ; but the roar of the artil 
 lery frightened away his Indians ; Ins troops were 
 routed ; and he himself taken prisoner. A soldier 
 found him alone, leaning on a stump, being 
 wounded in the leg ; and, while he was feeling for 
 his watch to surrender it, supposing he was 
 searching for a pistol, poured a charge through 
 his hips. He was conveyed to New York, where 
 Dr. Jones attended him. Marshall says he was 
 mortally wounded ; but he lived some years. He 
 died at Surene in France, Sept. 8, 1767. 
 Thacher s Med. Biog. 327 ; Dwight, in. 374. 
 
 DIGGES, EDWARD, was governor of Virginia 
 in 1655. During his short administration, the 
 Indians defeated the Virginians near the falls of 
 Jamestown. Solicitous to promote the culture of 
 silk, he sent to Armenia for persons to teach the 
 art of raising it. 
 
 DINSMOOR, ROBERT, " the rustic bard," died 
 at Windham in 1836, aged 79. His poems and 
 letters, with his life, were published in 1828. 
 
 DINSMOOR, SAMUEL, governor of New Hamp 
 shire, died at Keene March 15, 1835, aged 69. 
 Born in Londonderry, he was major-general of 
 the militia, judge of probate, and governor in 
 1831-1833. 
 
 DINWIDDIE, ROBERT, governor of Virginia 
 from 1752 to 1758, died in England Aug. 1, 
 1770, aged 80. He was clerk to a collector of 
 customs in the West Indies, whose enormous 
 fraud he detected and exposed to the government. 
 For this disclosure he was rewarded by his ap 
 pointment in Virginia. But while he was gov 
 ernor he did not forget what he had learned when 
 a clerk, for he trod in the steps of his principal ; 
 at least, he was charged with applying to his 
 own use 20,000 pounds, sent to defray the ex 
 penses of Virginia for the public service. It was 
 during his administration, that Braddock pro 
 ceeded on his expedition against the Indians. 
 
 DIX, SAMUEL, minister of Townsend, died 
 
 Nov. 12, 1797, aged 61. He graduated at Har 
 vard in 1758, and was ordained March 4, 1761. 
 Farrar s Funeral Sermon. 
 
 DIXON, ALEXANDER, died in North Carolina, 
 in 1814, leaving 12,000 dollars for the education 
 of poor children in Dublin county. 
 
 DIXON, NATHAN F., died at Washington Jan. 
 29, 1842, aged 67, a senator from Rhode Island. 
 He was born in Plainfield, Conn., and graduated 
 at Providence in 1799, and practised law in R. I. 
 
 DIXWELL, JOHN, colonel, one of the judges 
 of lung Charles I., fled to this country for safety. 
 In 1664 he visited Whalley and Goffe at Had- 
 ley, and afterwards resided at New Haven, with 
 the name of John Davids, till his death, March 
 18, 1689, aged 81. He married at New Haven, and 
 left children. A descendant by the female line, a 
 respectable physician of Boston, assumed the 
 name of John Dixwell. Mr. D., of Boston, 
 erected a monument to his memory over his 
 grave in 1849. It is copied in Boston Advertiser, 
 Jan. 9, 1850. 
 
 DIXWELL, JOHN, M. D., died at Boston in 
 1834, aged 60. He graduated at Harvard in 
 1796, and was vice-president of the Massachusetts 
 medical society. 
 
 DOANE, GEORGE B., M. D., died in Boston 
 April 13, 1842, aged 49, a man of skill, integrity, 
 and kindness. 
 
 DOANE, AUGUSTUS SIDNEY, M. D., died on 
 Staten Island Jan. 27, 1852, aged 44. He was 
 quarantine physician at New York. Born in Bos 
 ton, he was graduated at Harvard in 1825. He 
 was the author and editor of various professional 
 works. 
 
 DOBSON, THOMAS, a bookseller of Philadel 
 phia, of the Caledonian society, republished the 
 Encyclopedia Britannica, 18 vols., 4to., 1790. He 
 died March 8, 1823. He was the author of let 
 ters on the character of the deity, and the moral 
 state of man, 2 vols., 12mo., 1807, written with 
 irreligious freedom. 
 
 DOD, ALBERT D., D. D., died at Princeton, 
 N. J., Nov. 20, 1845, aged 40, professor of math 
 ematics. Born in Mendham, N. J., he graduated 
 at Princeton in 1822, and was chosen professor in 
 1829. He was a good teacher and writer, and an 
 eloquent preacher. 
 
 DODD, STEPHEN, pastor of East Haven, died 
 Feb. 5, 1856, aged 78. Born in Bloomfield, 
 N. J., he graduated at Union college. He was 
 successively a minister in Carmel, N. Y., Water- 
 bury, Conn., and in East Haven from 1817 to 
 1847. He published a history of E. II. in 1826. 
 
 DODDRIDGE, PHILIP, a member of congress 
 from Virginia, died at Washington Nov. 19, 1832, 
 aged 60. He was a man of great ability, and an 
 eminent lawyer. 
 
 DODGE, JAMES, Dr., died at Tunis Oct. 10, 
 
DODGE. 
 
 DORSET. 
 
 305 
 
 1SOG, aged 34. "\Vhilc a skilful physician in New 
 York, ill health induced him to accept a station 
 in the navy. While in the Mediterranean the 
 office of consul at Tunis became vacant, and he 
 was appointed charge cles affaires. He had a 
 brilliant poetical genius, and a heart of humanity 
 and generosity, as was manifested toward the 
 unhappy prisoners at Algiers. 
 
 DODGE, XEIIEMIAII, minister in New London, 
 died Jan. 3, 1843, aged 73. 
 
 DODGE, DAVID L., died in New York April 
 
 23, 1852, aged 77 ; an eminent merchant, to be 
 honorably remembered for his aid to the religious 
 and benevolent movements of his day. He aided 
 in forming bible and tract societies. He was one 
 of the founders of the peace society, the first 
 meeting being held in his parlor forty years be 
 fore his death. On the morning of his last day, 
 he said, " I shall go home to-day." He himself 
 joined in a final song. A. D. Smith s Sermon, 
 
 DODGE, ASA, M. D., missionary in Syria, died 
 at Jerusalem Jan. 28, 1835, of the typhus fever, 
 aged 33. Born in Newcastle, a graduate of 
 Bowdoin college in 1827, he arrived at Beirut in 
 1833, and went to Jerusalem in 1834. His wife 
 was Martha W. Merrill of Portland. 
 
 DAGGETT, SIMEON, minister of Raynham, 
 died March 20, 1852, aged 87. He published a, 
 sermon on the way to eternal life, 1796 ; at funeral 
 of R. George, 1827. 
 
 DOLE, AUNT BETTY, a black, died in Troy 
 Jan. 22, 1842, supposed to be 135 years old. She 
 was kidnapped in Africa at the age of fifteen. 
 
 DOLE, NATHAN, died at Brewer, Me., in July, 
 1855. A graduate of Bowdoin in 1836, he was 
 some years a minister in Brewer. He had edited 
 the Journal of Missions and Youth s Dayspring, 
 a few years, at the rooms of the American board 
 in Boston. 
 
 DONALDSON, WILLIAM, M. D., died at Bal 
 timore Jan. 13, 1835, aged 58 ; a distinguished 
 physician. 
 
 DONGAN, THOMAS, governor of New York 
 from 1683 to 1688, afterwards earl of Limerick, 
 succeeded Brockholst, and was succeeded by 
 Nicholson. He was highly respected as a gov 
 ernor, being upright, discreet, and accomplished 
 in manners. He ordered an assembly to be con 
 vened by election, a privilege which the people 
 had not before enjoyed. Yet he unjustly fell 
 under the displeasure of his sovereign. 
 
 DONNISON, WILLIAM, died at Boston Jan. 
 
 24, 1834. He was adjutant in the Revolutionary 
 war, and adjutant and inspector-general from 1788 
 to 1813 ; also, judge of the common pleas. 
 
 DOOLITTLE, Rev. BENJAMIN, first minister of 
 
 Northfield, Mass., was the grandson of Abraham 
 
 D., who died at Wallingford Aug. 11, 1690, aged 
 
 70. He was born Ju^y 10, 1695, graduated at 
 
 39 
 
 Yale in 1716, was ordained in 1718, and died very 
 suddenly Jan. 9, 1749. At the time of his set 
 tlement there were thirty-five families. He prac 
 tised as a physician. His successor was J. IJub- 
 bard. His funeral sermon was by J. Ashley, of 
 Deerfield. He published an inquiry into enthu 
 siasm, and a narrative of the mischief by the 
 French and Indians from 1744 to 1748. Hol 
 land, 408. 
 
 DOOLITTLE, JOEL, a judge of the supreme 
 court of Vermont, descended from Abraham D., 
 was the son of Titus D., of Westfield, and gradu 
 ated at Yale in 1799. He settled in Middlebury, 
 Vt., and was a member of the corporation of the 
 college. He died March 9, 1841, aged 67. 
 
 DOOLITTLE, MARK, brother of the preceding, 
 died at Belchertown, Mass., Nov. 7, 1855, aged 
 73 years. He was a graduate of Yale in 1804, 
 and settled in 1812 as a lawyer at B. He 
 was a senator; and for many years an active 
 and consistent member of the church, highly 
 respected. He published a history of the Congre 
 gational church of B ; and address to agricultural 
 society, 1826. 
 
 DORR, EDWARD, minister of Hartford, died in 
 1772. A graduate of Yale in 1742, he published 
 a sermon on the death of D. Edwards, 1765. 
 
 DORR, SAMUEL C., of Lyme, Conn., died in 
 London in 1794. He invented shearing ma 
 chines. 
 
 DORR, THOMAS W., famous as a rebel in the 
 history of Rhode Island, was born in Providence, 
 graduated at Harvard in 1823, and died Dec. 27, 
 1854, aged 49. He studied law with Chancellor 
 Kent, and was a literary man. His political life 
 began in 1834. For his daring insurrectionary 
 movements in reference to a new constitution of 
 the State, he was tried for treason and sentenced 
 to imprisonment for life. After one year he was 
 released : his sentence was annulled by act of 
 the legislature in 1853. In his illness he joined 
 the Episcopal church. 
 
 DORRANCE, BENJAMIN, colonel, died in 
 Kingston, Wyoming Valley, in Aug., 1837, aged 
 70. His father, Col. George D., who emigrated 
 from Windham county, was slain in an Indian 
 battle, aged 45. He left sons, Col. Charles, and 
 Rev. John D., pastor of Wilkesbarre. 
 
 DORRANCE, GORDON, minister nearly forty 
 years of Windsor, Mass., died in Attica, N. Y., 
 at the house of his son Dr. Gardiner D., May 18, 
 1846, aged 80. Born in Sterling, Conn., he grad 
 uated at Dartmouth in 1786. 
 
 DORSEY, JOHN SYNG, M. D., professor of 
 anatomy, was the son of Leonard D., and grand 
 son of Edmund Physick. He was born in Phila 
 delphia Dec. 23, 1783. He early studied physic 
 with his relative, Dr. Physick, and was doctor of 
 medicine at the age of eighteen. He afterwards 
 
30G 
 
 D OSSOLI. 
 
 DOW. 
 
 visited England and France, for his improvement 
 in medical science, returning home in Dec., 1804. 
 In 1807 he was elected adjunct professor of sur 
 gery with Dr. Physick at Philadelphia, and on the 
 death of Dr. Wistar, was chosen professor of 
 anatomy. He now had attained a height most 
 gratifying to his ambition ; but Providence had 
 selected him to teach a salutary lesson on the 
 precarious tenure of life, and the importance of 
 being always prepared for death. On the eve 
 ning of the day in which he pronounced his 
 eloquent introductory lecture he was attacked 
 with a fever, and in a week died, Nov. 12, 1818, 
 aged 35. When by his express command he was 
 informed of his state, and apprised of his certain 
 death, he Avas resigned to the will of heaven. As 
 a Christian he had practised the duties of reli 
 gion. With fervor he reiterated his confidence 
 in the atonement of his Saviour. He was thus 
 sustained in an hour when, on the bed of death, 
 the proud warrior would shudder in thinking of 
 the destinies of eternity. As a surgeon he was al 
 most unrivalled. Besides papers for the periodical 
 journals and an edition of Cooper s surgery with 
 notes, he published elements of surgery, 2 vols., 
 1813, deemed the best work extant on the sub 
 ject. Thacher s Med. Biog. 
 
 D OSSOLI, SARAH MARGARET FULLER, died 
 July 22, 1850, aged 40, drowned off Fire Island 
 with her husband and child in the wreck of the 
 bark, in which she was sailing for New York. 
 She was the sister of Timothy F., of Massachu 
 setts, and married in Italy the Count D Ossoli. 
 She was a literary lady, and wrote for the Dial 
 and published a summer on the lakes, woman in 
 the nineteenth century, papers on literature and 
 art. She was the foreign correspondent of the 
 Tribune. Her memoirs have been published. 
 
 DOTY, MRS., wife of Elihu D., missionary at 
 Amoy in China, died Oct. 5, 1845, aged 38, five 
 days after Mrs. Pohlman. Her name Avas Clar 
 issa Ackley of Washington, Conn. She embarked 
 for BataA ia in 1836. The faith, which she pro 
 fessed at the age of 13, Avas her support in the 
 hour of death. 
 
 DOUGHERTY, MICIIJEL, remarkable for lon 
 gevity, died at his plantation on Horse Creek, in 
 Scriven county, Georgia, May 29, 1808, aged 135 
 years. He was one of the first settlers of that 
 State. The day before he died he Avalked tAvo 
 miles. 
 
 DOUGLASS, WILLIAM, M. D., a physician in 
 Boston, died Oct. 21, 1752. He Avas a native of 
 East Lothian in Scotland, of no mean parentage. 
 After being educated for his profession, partly at 
 Paris and partly at Leyden, he came to this country 
 in 1 7 1G, and, after visiting Gen. Douglass, governor 
 of St. Kitts, settled at Boston in 1718. Having 
 letters to Cotton Mather, he put into his hands 
 those numbers of the philosopliical transactions 
 
 which gave an account of the inoculation for the 
 small pox ; and this benevolent minister commu 
 nicated the intelligence to Dr. Boylston, and per 
 suaded him to introduce the practice, Avishing him 
 to communicate the project to other physicians. 
 As Dr. Douglass received no notice, he indig 
 nantly opposed the practice. Dr. Thachcr 
 erroneously states, that Mather communicated 
 the Avork of Timoni to Douglas. In the epidemic 
 sore throat he made a free use of mercury. lie 
 Avas a skilful physician. His prejudices Avere A cry 
 strong, and in his language he Avas frequently 
 intemperate. His notions of religion were very 
 loose. In his history of the American colonies, 
 he is often incorrect, and it Avas his foible to meas 
 ure the Avorth of men by his personal friendship 
 for them. A tOAvn of Massachusetts, of which he 
 Avas a proprietor and benefactor, bears his name. 
 He published the inoculation of the small pox, 
 as practised in Boston, 1722; the abuses and 
 scandals of some late pamphlets in favor of inoc 
 ulation, 1722 ; a practical essay concerning the 
 small pox, containing the history, etc., 1730 ; a 
 practical history of a neAV eruptive, miliary fever, 
 Avith an angina ulcusculosa, Avhich prevailed in 
 Boston in 1735 and 1736, 12mo. 1736; a sum 
 mary, historical and political, of the first planting, 
 progressiA C improvements, and present state of 
 the British settlements in North America, the first 
 volume 1749, the second 1753; an edit. 1755. 
 Summary, II. 409; Ilutcliinson, II. 80; Hist. 
 Coll. IX. 40 ; Whitney s Hist. Worcester, 203 ; 
 American Museum, ill. 53 ; Holmes. 
 
 DOUGLASS, DAVID B., LL. D., died in Ge 
 neva, N. Y., Oct. 28, 1849, aged 56, professor of 
 mathematics. Graduating at Yale in 1813, he 
 joined the army and fought in various battles. 
 After the Avar he Avas connected Avith West Point 
 until 1830, and then Avas often consulted as a civil 
 engineer. He prepared the plans of the Croton 
 aqueduct. In 1840 Major D. AA as president of 
 Kenyon college in Ohio. He Avas a man of Avorth 
 and piety. 
 
 DOAV, LOHEXZO, an eccentric and celebrated 
 Methodist minister, died at GcorgetoAvn, Feb. 2, 
 1834. He Avas a native of Coventry, Conn., born 
 in 1777. In his course of thirty years preaching 
 he travelled over England and Ireland and visited 
 many parts of the United States. FCAV ministers 
 have preached oftener than he. 
 
 DOW, DANIEL, D. D., died in Thompson, 
 Conn., July 19, 1849, aged about 78, in thcfifty- 
 eiglith of his ministry. A graduate of Yale in 
 1793, he Avas ordained in 1796. A pond in his 
 tOAvn the residence of the Nipmuck Indians 
 they called Chargoggagoggmanchogaggogg. His 
 death Avas sudden. After preaching a funeral ser 
 mon he returned home, and in a feAv minutes Avas 
 dead. Hiram Kctchum of N v Y. married his 
 daughter. He preached tAventy years Avithout 
 
DOWNING. 
 
 DRAKE. 
 
 307 
 
 notes. He published letters to John Sherman, 
 1806; on the covenants, 1811; on freemasonry, 
 1829 ; several on funeral and ordination occa 
 sions. 
 
 DOWNING, A. J., died July 28, 1852, aged 
 37, lost in the steamer Henry Clay. He lived 
 in Newburgh. He was a landscape gardener, and 
 was very skilled in rural architecture. As a wri 
 ter on horticulture he was unequalled. He nobly 
 lost his life in saving others. Three times he 
 swam from the wreck to the shore, bearing a 
 friend with him ; in the fourth attempt he was 
 dragged down by many seeking his aid. 
 
 DOWNER, AVERT, Dr., died at Preston July 
 15, 1854, aged 91, the last survivor of the battle 
 of fort Griswold. His father, Dr. Joshua I)., 
 was also present, and assisted in dressing the 
 wounded. 
 
 DOWNES, JOHN, commodore, died in Charles- 
 town Aug. 11, 1854, aged 69. He had been in 
 sea service twenty-four years. A native of Can 
 ton, Mass., he entered the navy in 1802. In the 
 frigate Potomac he bombarded the piratical town 
 of Quallah Battoo on the coast of Sumatra. His 
 senior post-captains were Steward and Morris at 
 the time of his death. 
 
 DOWNING, GEORGE, of the first class of Har 
 vard college, died in 1684, aged about 62. He 
 graduated in 1642. T. Woodbridge, whose name 
 is the only one in the catalogue standing before 
 his, died in the same year. He went to England, 
 and was a preacher among the Independents and a 
 chaplain in the army of Cromwell, who sent him 
 as his agent to Holland. Eliot says, he was ready 
 to serve any master and to commit any act of 
 treachery. Charles II. continued him as his agent 
 and made him a knight. About 1672 he was 
 imprisoned ; but was again received into favor. 
 Hutchinson regarded him as a friend of New 
 England. Sir George D. corresponded with 
 his brother-in-law, Gov. Bradstreet. Eliot. 
 
 DOWSE, THOMAS, died in Cambridge, Mass., 
 November 4, 1856, aged 84 years, lie had no 
 education except in a common town school, and 
 he toiled during his life in a mechanical trade; 
 yet he acquired a literary taste, and the means of 
 gratifying it by the purchase of books, with the 
 contents of which he made himself acquainted. 
 Instead of wasting the fruits of his daily industry 
 in low and degrading indulgence, he laid up 
 money, and spent much of it in forming a library, 
 rich in the treasures of science and literature. It 
 amounted at last to five thousand volumes, all of 
 which were in beautiful and some in superb bind 
 ing. For years strangers were accustomed to 
 resort to his house in order to see his fine library. 
 At last, in his old age, he determined to place it 
 in a public institution, where it would be pre 
 served with care, and be useful for ages ; he, 
 therefore, three months before his death, presented 
 
 it to the Massachusetts historical society. The 
 insurance upon it of 20,000 dollars shows that 
 the estimated value of the books was beyond that 
 sum. The remarks of Robert C. Winthrop, the 
 president of the society, and of Edward Everett, 
 on the occasion of this unparalleled donation, 
 were printed in the Boston Advertiser of Aug. 6, 
 1856. It was resolved by the society, that the 
 library be placed in a room by itself, to be known 
 as the Dowse library of the Massachusetts 
 historical society. A spacious apartment was 
 immediately prepared for the purpose, in the 
 society s valuable building, adjoining the Chapel 
 cemetery in Boston. The purchase of this build 
 ing, the acquisition of these books, and the be 
 quest by Samuel Applcton of 10,000 dollars for 
 a publication fund, are memorable events in the 
 recent history of this society. Already the vol 
 umes of its collections which have been published 
 are thirty-one in number. Hereafter, it is to be 
 hoped, new volumes of historical research will be 
 issued still more rapidly. And, so long as this 
 important institution of Massachusetts shall exist, 
 so long will the name of Mr. Dowse be remem 
 bered with honor. All young men, who set out 
 in poverty, and who, by God s blessing on their 
 industry and prudence, acquire comparative wealth, 
 may not be able to do a work of such prominent 
 and memorable service to the public ; but they 
 may all do what is still more praiseworthy, if 
 they have as many years in which to do their 
 work : they may daily supply the wants of the 
 poor and suffering ; they may cause the widow s 
 heart to sing for joy ; they may aid the numerous 
 societies of charity around them ; and they may 
 promote the diffusion of God s heavenly light, by 
 helping to send the Book of books to the yet un 
 taught millions of the human family. 
 
 DRAKE, JOSEPH, colonel, died in New Haven 
 Sept. 11, 1836, aged 99. 
 
 DRAKE, JOSEPH R., M. D., died in New York 
 in 1820, aged only 25. He wrote a poem, the 
 culprit fay. 
 
 DRAKE, DANIEL, M. D., died Nov. 5, 1852, 
 at Cincinnati, aged 67. He was born at Plain- 
 field, N. J., Oct. 20, 1785 : in his early life his 
 father, Isaac, the son of Nathaniel, removed to 
 Kentucky. At the age of 15 he went to Cincin 
 nati to study medicine, a few cabins then consti 
 tuting the queen city of the west. Through a 
 wilderness of nearly a thousand miles he went to 
 Philadelphia in order to attend the medical lectures 
 of Dr. Rush ; at the end of one course, though 
 an attendance on two courses was required, he 
 asked for a rigid examination, and obtained his 
 degree. He was one of the founders of the medi 
 cal college of Ohio in 1819, and one of its pro 
 fessors, also a professor in the Lexington and 
 Louisville schools. In 1827 he advocated the 
 temperance principle. The first Episcopal church 
 
308 
 
 DRAPER. 
 
 DRINKER. 
 
 at C. was organized afc his house in 1815, though 
 he did not. become a communicant until 1840, 
 being a low churchman. He married, in 1806, 
 Harriet Lisson, a niece of Gen. Mansfield, and 
 lived with her in perfect connubial happiness 
 twenty years. He left three children with fami 
 lies. Benjamin D., of Cincinnati, an author, was 
 his brother. He died of a congestion of the 
 brain. He published sketches of Cincinnati, 1810; 
 account of Cincinnati, and the Miami country, 
 1815. The Western journal of medical and 
 physical sciences was edited by him. His last 
 work was a treatise on the diseases and climat 
 ology of the Mississippi valley. 
 
 DRAPER, RICHARD, died in June, 1775, aged 
 47. His father, John D., succeeded B. Green in 
 publishing the Boston Weekly News-Letter, the 
 first publication of the kind in this country. This 
 paper was continued by Richard Draper, who also 
 published the Massachusetts Gazetteer. 
 
 DRAYTON, WILLIAM, LL. D., judge of the 
 federal court for the district of South Carolina, 
 died in June, 1790, aged 57. He was a native of 
 that province. About the year 1747 he was 
 placed under Thomas Corbett, an eminent lawyer. 
 In 1750 he accompanied that gentleman to Lon 
 don, and entered into the Middle Temple, where 
 he continued till 1754, at which time he returned 
 to his native country. Though his abilities were 
 confessedly great, he soon quitted the bar, from 
 disinclination to the practice of the law ; but 
 about the year 1768 he was appointed chief jus 
 tice in the province of East Florida. AYhen the 
 Revolution commenced in 1775, he fell under the 
 suspicion of the governor, and was suspended by 
 him. He however went to England, and was 
 reinstated ; but on his return to St. Augustine 
 was again suspended by Governor Tonyn. In 
 consequence of this he took his family with him 
 to England in 1778 or 1779, in the hope of ob 
 taining redress, but the distracted situation of 
 affairs in America prevented him from effecting 
 his purpose. Soon after his return to America he 
 was appointed judge of the admiralty court of 
 {South Carolina. In March, 1789, he was ap 
 pointed associate justice of the State, but he 
 resigned this office in Oct. following, when lie was 
 made a judge under the federal government. 
 Ilardie s Biog. Diet. ; American Museum,\m. 82. 
 
 DRAYTON, WILLIAM HENRY, a political wri 
 ter, died in Sept., 1779, aged 36. He vas a native 
 of South Carolina. From 1753 to 1764 he studied 
 at Westminster and Oxford. In 1771 he was 
 appointed a judge. He was one of his majesty s 
 justices when they made thoir last circuit in the 
 spring of 1775, and the only one born in Amer 
 ica. In his charge to the grand jury he inculcated 
 the same sentiments in favor of liberty which 
 were patroni2ed by the popular leaders. Soon 
 afterwards he was elected president of the pro 
 
 vincial congress, and devoted his great abilities 
 with uncommon zeal for the support of the meas 
 ures adopted by his native country. Before the 
 next circuit his colleagues were advertised as 
 inimical to the liberties of America; and March, 
 1776, he was appointed chief justice by the 
 voice of his country. He died suddenly in Phil 
 adelphia, while attending his duty in congress. 
 He was a statesman of great decision and energy, 
 and one of the ablest political writers of Carolina. 
 In 1774 he wrote a pamphlet, addressed to the 
 American congress, under the signature of a free 
 man, in which he stated the grievances of Amer 
 ica, and drew up a bill of American rights. He 
 published his charge to the grand jury in April, 
 1776, which breathes all the spirit and energy of 
 the mind, which knows the value of freedom and 
 is determined to support it. Ramsay in his history 
 has published this charge entire. His speech in 
 the general assembly of South Carolina, on the 
 articles of the confederation, was published in 
 1778. Several other productions of his pen 
 appeared, explaining the injured rights of his 
 country, and encouraging his fellow citizens to 
 vindicate them. He also wrote a history of the 
 American Revolution, brought down to the end 
 of the year 1778, in three large volumes, which 
 he intended to correct and publish, but was pre 
 vented by his death. It was published by his son 
 in 1821. He was once challenged by Gen. Lee, 
 in consequence of his censure in congress on the 
 general s conduct at the battle of Monmouth ; 
 but he had the courage and the conscience to 
 decline the combat, and assigned his reasons. 
 Miller, II. 380 ; Ramsay s Rev. South Carolina 
 I. 57, 91, 103; Hist. South Carolina, II. 454; 
 Encyc. Americana. 
 
 DRAYTON, JOHN, only son of the preceding, 
 governor of South Carolina from 1800 to 1802, 
 and from 1808 to 1810, succeeded in that office E. 
 Rutledge and C. Pinckney, and was succeeded by 
 J. B. Richardson and II. Middleton. At the time 
 of his death he was district judge of the United 
 States. He died at Charleston Nov. 27, 1822, 
 aged 60. The historical materials, collected by 
 his father, were by him revised and published 
 with the title of memoirs of the American Revo 
 lution from its commencement to the year 1776, 
 inclusive, as relating to the State of South Caro 
 lina, etc., 2 vols. 8vo. 1821. He had previously 
 published view of South Carolina, 8vo. 1802. 
 
 DRAYTON, WILLIAM, a distinguished member 
 of congress from South Carolina, died at Phila 
 delphia May 24, 1846. He had lived at Phila 
 delphia twelve or more years. 
 
 DRINKER, EDWARD, remarkable for longev 
 ity, died Nov. 17, 1782, aged nearly 102. He 
 was born Dec. 24, 1680, in a cabin near the pres 
 ent corner of Walnut and Second streets in Phil 
 adelphia. His parents had removed to this place 
 
DROMGOOLE. 
 
 DUDLEY. 
 
 309 
 
 from Beverly in Mass. The banks of the Dela 
 ware were inhabited at the time of his birth by 
 the Indians and a few Swedes and Hollanders. 
 At the age of twelve years he went to Boston, 
 where he served an apprenticeship to a cabinet 
 maker. In the year 1745, he returned to Phila 
 delphia, where he lived till the time of his death. 
 He was four times married, and had eighteen 
 children, all of whom were by his first wife. In 
 his old age the powers of his mind were very little 
 impaired. He enjoyed so uncommon a share of 
 health, that he was never confined more than 
 three days to his bed. He was a man of an amia 
 ble character, and he continued to the last uni 
 formly cheerful and kind. His religious principles 
 were as steady as his morals were pure. He 
 attended public worship about thirty years in the 
 Presbyterian church under Dr. Sproat, and died 
 in the fullest assurance of a happy immortality. 
 He witnessed the most astonishing changes. He 
 lived to see the spot, where he had picked black 
 berries and hunted rabbits, become the seat of a 
 great city, the first in wealth in America. He 
 saw ships of every size in those streams where 
 he had been used to see nothing larger than an 
 Indian canoe. He saw the first treaty between 
 France and the independent States of America 
 ratified upon the very spot, where he had seen 
 Williim Penn ratify his first and last treaties with 
 the Indians. He had been the subject of seven 
 crowned heads. New and Gen. Biocj. Diet.; 
 Hardie ; Rial s Essays, 295 300 ; Universal 
 Asylum, II. 88; American Museum, II. 73-75. 
 
 DROMGOOLE, EDWARD, Rev., died in Bruns 
 wick Co., Va., May 13, 1835, aged 83 ; a minister 
 of the gospel sixty-three years. 
 
 DUAXE, JAMES, judge of the district court 
 for New York, was a member of the first con 
 gress from this State in 1774, and received his 
 appointment of judge in Oct., 1789. He was the 
 first mayor of New York after its recovery from 
 the British. His death occurred at Albany in" 
 Feb., 1797. He published a law case. 
 
 DUAXE, WILLIAM, colonel, died Nov. 24, 
 1835, aged 75. He was the editor of the Phila 
 delphia Aurora for many years, and the supporter 
 of Jefferson in the political divisions of the day. 
 lie published a military dictionary. 
 
 DUBOIS, GEORGE, a minister in the Dutch 
 church, New York, from 1699 to 1756, the suc 
 cessor of Henricus Selyns. His colleagues were 
 llcnricus Boel, from 1713 to 1754; Johannes 
 Ritzenia, in 1744, died 1796; and Lambertius De 
 llonde, in 1751, died 1795. All these preached 
 entirely in Dutch. The first preacher in English 
 was A. Laidlie. 
 
 DUBOIS, GEORGE, died at Tarrytown April 
 20, 1844, aged about 44, a minister in the Dutch 
 church. He was first settled at Bloomingburgh ; 
 then fourteen years in New York, as successor of 
 
 C. Bork, in Franklin street ; then in Tarrytown 
 a brief period. lie was a most faithful and suc 
 cessful minister. At one time he admitted to his 
 church in New York eighty persons, and in Tar 
 rytown more persons than constituted the whole 
 church when he was settled. 
 
 DUBOIS, JOHN, Catholic bishop of New York, 
 died Dec. 20, 1842, aged 78 ; a native of Paris. 
 
 DUCIIE, JACOB, D. D., an Episcopal minister 
 of Philadelphia, died in Jan., 1798, aged about 
 60. He was a native of that city and a graduate 
 of the college in 1757. For some years he was 
 an assistant minister of two churches; in 1775 he 
 succeeded Dr. Peters as rector. At the opening 
 of the first congress he, by the nomination of S. 
 Adams, made a most fervent and sublime prayer. 
 Mr. A. said, " It was enough to melt a heart of 
 stone." While chaplain to congress he gave 
 his salary for the relief of the families of Penn- 
 sylvanians killed in battle. Yet he was opposed 
 to independence ; and, in order to persuade 
 Washington to adopt his own views, he sent him 
 a letter by Mrs. Ferguson. Washington trans 
 mitted the letter to congress. Thus losing the 
 public confidence, he went to England in 1776, 
 and was chaplain to an asylum for orphans. His 
 daughter, Sophia, married John Henry, the agent 
 of the Canadian governor in 1810. Dr. Duche 
 was a man of brilliant talents; a most impres 
 sive orator, with much action ; and he had also a 
 fine poetical taste. He published a sermon on 
 the death of E. Morgan, 1763; of Richard Penn, 
 1771 ; a fast sermon before congress, July 20 ; a 
 sermon to the militia, 1775 ; observations moral, 
 etc., by Caspapina, 1773 ; sermons, 2 vols., Lon 
 don, 1780; a sermon before the humane society, 
 1781. Wirfs Old Bachelor, No. 31. 
 
 DUDLEY, THOMAS, governor of Massachu 
 setts died in Roxbury July 31, 1652, aged 76. He 
 was the son of Roger, and was born in North 
 ampton, England, in 1576. After having been 
 for some time in the army, his mind was im 
 pressed by religious truth, and he attached him 
 self to the Nonconformists. He came to Massa 
 chusetts in 1630, as deputy-governor, and was one 
 of the founders and pillars of the colony. He 
 was chosen governor in the years 1634, 1640, 
 1645, and 1650. His zeal against heretics did 
 not content itself with arguments, addressed to 
 the understanding, and reproofs, aimed at the 
 conscience ; but his intolerance was not singular 
 in an age when the principles of religious liberty 
 were not understood. The following lines are a 
 part of a piece found in his pocket after his 
 death. 
 
 " Let men of God in courts and churches watch 
 O er such as do a toleration hatch, 
 Lest that i.l egg bring forth a cockatrice, 
 To poisou all with heresy and vice. 
 If men be left, and otherwise combine, 
 My epitaph s, / died no libertine." 
 
310 
 
 DUDLEY. 
 
 His -widow married Rev. J. Allen, of Dedham. 
 His daughters married Gov. Bradstreet, Gen. 
 Denison, and Rev. J. Woodbridge. He was a 
 man of sound judgment, of inflexible integrity, 
 of public spirit, and of strict and exemplary piety. 
 Morton, 150; Mather s Magnolia, li. 15-17; 
 NeaVs New England, l. 308; Hist. Coll. vil. 11 ; 
 X. 39; Hutchinson, I. 183; Winthrop ; Holmes. 
 DUDLEY, SAMUEL, the minister of Exeter, 
 died in 1G83, aged 76. He was the son of Gov. 
 Thomas I)., and, after he came to New England, 
 resided for a time in Cambridge, Boston, and Sal 
 isbury. His first wife was Mary, the daughter of j 
 Gov. Winthrop. He had fifteen children, and 
 his descendants are numerous in New Hampshire. 
 He was a man of capacity and learning. 
 
 DUDLEY, JOSEPH, governor of Massachusetts, 
 the son of Gov. Thomas, died at Roxbury April 
 2, 1720, aged 72. He was born Sept. 23, 1647, 
 when his father was 70 years of age. In his 
 childhood, after his father s death, he was under 
 the care of Mr. Allen, of Dedham, who married 
 his mother. He was graduated at Harvard col 
 lege in 16G5. He afterwards entered into the 
 service of his country in the Indian war of 1675. 
 In 1682 he went to England as an agent for the 
 province. When the government was changed 
 in 1686 he was appointed president of Massa 
 chusetts and New Hampshire. His commission 
 was received in May, 1686. His authority was of 
 short continuance, for Andros arrived at the close 
 of the same year". He, however, was continued 
 in the council, and was appointed chief justice. 
 In 1689 he went again to England, and in 1690 
 returned with a commission of chief justice of 
 New York, and continued in this country three 
 years. He was then eight years lieutenant-gov 
 ernor of the Isle of Wight. He was appointed 
 governor of Massachusetts by Queen Anne, and, 
 arriving at Boston June 11, 1702, continued in 
 the government till Nov., 1715, being succeeded 
 by Shutc. He possessed rare endowments, and 
 Avas a singular honor to his country, being a man 
 of learning and an accomplished gentleman. He 
 was a scholar, a divine, a philosopher, and a law 
 yer. As governor of Massachusetts he was in 
 structed to procure an act rendering his salary 
 and that of the lieutenant-governor permanent ; 
 the object was to secure the dependence of the 
 governors on the crown. These instructions oc 
 casioned a controversy with the legislature, which 
 lasted during the administration of Shute and 
 others of his successors. He loved much cere 
 mony in the government, and but little ceremony 
 in the church, being attached to the Congrega 
 tional order. He was a sincere Christian, whose 
 virtues attracted general esteem, though in the 
 conflict of political parties his character was fre 
 quently assailed. While in his family he devoutly 
 addressed himself to the Supreme Being; he 
 
 DUDLEY. 
 
 also frequently prayed with his children separately 
 for their everlasting welfare, and did not think it 
 humbling to impart religious instruction to his 
 servants. He was economical and dignified, and 
 he applied himself with great diligence to the 
 duties of his station. Caiman s Funeral Ser 
 mon ; Boston News-Letter, April 4, 1720 ; Hutch 
 inson, I. 287, 340-345; II. 213; Belknap s New 
 Hampshire, I. 361; Holmes; Minofs Contin. 
 1.59. 
 
 DUDLEY, THOMAS, son of Governor Joseph 
 D., was born Feb. 26, 1670, and graduated at 
 Harvard college in 1685. He published Massa 
 chusetts, or the first planters of New England. 
 
 DUDLEY, PAUL, F. R. S., chief justice of 
 Massachusetts, the son of Gov. Joseph, died at 
 Roxbury Jan. 21, 1751, aged 75. He was born 
 Sept. 3, 1675, and graduated at Harvard college 
 in 1690. He finished his law studies at the Tem 
 ple in London. He returned in 1702 with the 
 commission of attorney-general, which he held 
 until he was appointed judge in 1718. He suc 
 ceeded Lynde as chief justice, and was succeeded 
 by Sewall. On the bench he was impartial ; the 
 stern enemy of vice ; of quick apprehension, ex 
 tensive knowledge, and powerful eloquence. He 
 was a learned and pious man. From his regard 
 to the interests of religion, and as a proof of 
 his attachment to the institution in which he was 
 educated, in his last will he bequeathed to Har 
 vard college 100 pounds, the interest of which 
 was to be apph ed to the support of an annual 
 lecture to be preached in that college ; the first 
 lecture to be for proving and explaining, and for 
 the proper use and improvement of the princi 
 ples of natural religion ; the second for the confirm 
 ation, illustration, and improvement of the great 
 articles of the Christian religion ; the third for de 
 tecting, convicting, and exposing the idolatry and 
 tyranny, the damnable heresies, and abominable 
 superstitions, and fatal and various errors of the 
 Romish church; the fourth for maintaining, ex 
 plaining, and proving the validity of the ordina 
 tion of ministers, as the same has been practised 
 in New England from the first beginning of it. 
 These subjects were successively to occupy the 
 lecture, and he who should be chosen for the last 
 was directed to be a sound, grave, experienced 
 divine, of at least forty years of age. A copy of 
 each discourse is required to be left with the 
 treasurer. The trustees are the president and 
 senior tutor, the professor of divinity, the pastor 
 of the first church in Cambridge, and the pastor 
 of the first church in Roxbury. The first sermon 
 on this foundation was preached by President 
 Holyoke in May, 1755. The second, and the 
 first that was published, was delivered by Mr. 
 Barnard in 1756. Mr. Dudley published twelve 
 articles in the transactions of the royal society in 
 vols. 31, 34, and 39 ; among them an account of 
 
Dl DLKY. 
 
 DUMMER. 
 
 311 
 
 the making of maple sugar ; of discovering the 
 hive of boos in the woods ; of the earthquake of 
 New England ; of the poison-wood tree ; of the 
 rattlesnake ; of the Indian hot-houses and cures 
 by sweating in hot turf; description of the moose 
 deer ; essay upon the natural history of whales, 
 lie published also an essay on the merchandise 
 of slaves and souls of men, mentioned in Revela 
 tion xvill. 13, with an application to the church 
 of Rome. Holmes ; Appendix to Barnard s 
 Dudleian Lecture. 
 
 DUDLEY, WILLIAM, colonel, the son of Gov. 
 D., died in Roxbury Aug. 10, 1743, aged about 
 50. He graduated in 1704. His father sent him 
 to Canada to negotiate an exchange of prisoners. 
 His mission was well executed and successful. 
 He brought back Rev. Mr. Williams, of Deerfield. 
 He was the speaker of the house of represent 
 atives, and a fine orator. He was distinguished 
 as an officer in the expedition against Port Royal. 
 His wife was the daughter of Judge Davenport ; 
 his sons, Thomas and William, were graduates. 
 Eliot. 
 
 DUFFIELD, GEORGE, D. D., minister in Phil 
 adelphia, died Feb. 2, 1790, aged 57. After he 
 became a preacher, he was first settled in the 
 town of Carlisle, where his zealous and incessant 
 labors, through the influence of the Divine Spirit, 
 were made effectual to the conversion of many. 
 So conspicuous was his benevolent activity, that 
 the synod appointed him as a missionary, and he 
 accordingly, in company with Mr. Beatty, visited 
 the frontiers. His talents at length drew him 
 into a more public sphere, and placed him as a 
 pastor of the second Presbyterian church in Phil 
 adelphia. His zeal to do good exposed him to 
 the disease of which he died. He possessed a 
 vigorous mind, and was considerably distinguished 
 as a scholar. As his readiness of utterance was 
 seldom equalled, he was enabled to preach with 
 uncommon frequency. As he possessed an un 
 conquerable firmness, he always adhered steadily 
 to the opinions which he had formed. In the 
 struggle with Great Britain he was an early and 
 zealous friend of his country. But it was as a 
 Christian that he was most conspicuous, for the 
 religion which he preached was exhibited in his 
 own life. The spirit of the gospel tinctured his 
 whole mind. It rendered him the advocate of 
 the poor, and the friend of the friendless. He 
 sought occasions of advancing the interests of re 
 ligion and humanity. As a preacher, he was in 
 early life remarkably animated and popular, and 
 his manner was always warm and forcible, and 
 his instructions always practical. Dwelling much 
 on the great and essential doctrines of the gospel, 
 he had a peculiar talent of touching the con 
 science, and impressing the heart. lie published 
 an account of his tour with M. Beatty along the 
 frontiers of Pennsylvania ; a thanksgiving sermon 
 
 for the restoration of peace, Dec. 11, 1783. 
 (.!rcen\f Funeral Sermon; Assembly Mis*. Mag. 
 I. 553-556; American Museum, vu. GG-68. 
 
 DULANEY, DANIEL, an eminent counsellor of 
 Maryland, resided at Annapolis, and died at an 
 early stage of the Revolutionary war. He was 
 considered as one of the most learned and ac 
 complished men in his profession that our country 
 ever produced. He made some publications on 
 the controversy between America and Great 
 Britain. The title of one of them is, Considera 
 tions on the propriety of imposing taxes in the 
 British colonies in North America for the purpose 
 of a revenue, 1766. Miller s Retrospect, n. 379. 
 
 DULANEY, THOMAS, died at Franklin, Miss., 
 June 25, 1845, aged 36, a man of fine talents and 
 an almost unequalled sufferer. For years he 
 was confined to his bed, or his room, and his 
 room was kept dark by reason of a neuralgic af 
 fection, which made a ray of light most painful. 
 He was a member of the Episcopal church, and 
 full of spiritual enjoyment. His case may well 
 teach a lesson of gratitude to men who can bear 
 to see the light, and may show also the power of 
 religion in alleviating misery and triumphing over 
 pain. 
 
 DUMMER, RICHARD, one of the first settlers 
 of Newbury, died Dec. 14, 1679, aged 87. He 
 came to this country in 1635. His lot consisted 
 of three hundred acres near the falls. When in 
 1640 Gov. Winthrop suffered great loss by the 
 misconduct of his bailiff, and the various towns 
 sent in a contribution of 500 pounds, Mr. Dum- 
 mer, in a more private way, with unequalled lib 
 erality, sent to him 100 pounds. The site of 
 Dummer s academy formerly belonged to his plan 
 tation. Eliot ; Coffin s History of Newbury. 
 
 DUMMER, SllUBAEL, minister of York, Maine, 
 was the son of Richard Dummer. lie was born 
 Feb. 17, 1636, graduated at Harvard college in 
 1656, and began to preach at York in 1662. He 
 was not ordained, probably because a church was 
 not organized, until Dec. 3, 1672. The town of 
 York was surprised Monday, Feb. 5, 1692, by a 
 party of French and Indians, who came on snow- 
 shoes, and burnt most of the houses, excepting 
 the four garrison houses of Alcock, Preble, liar- 
 man, and Norton, and killed about seventy-five of 
 the inhabitants, and carried as many into captiv 
 ity. Mr. Dummer was shot down dead near his 
 own door, aged 55. His wife was taken captive. 
 His successor was S. Moody. 
 
 DUMMER, JEREMIAH, an agent of Massachu 
 setts in England, and a distinguished scholar, died 
 May 19, 1739, aged about 60. He was a native 
 of Boston, the son of Jeremiah, and was the 
 grandson of Richard Dummer. He was gradu 
 ated at Harvard college in 1699. While a mem 
 ber of this seminary, he was pre-eminent for the 
 brilliancy of his genius. His only competitor 
 
312 
 
 DUMMER. 
 
 DUXBAR. 
 
 was Mr. John Bulklcy, who surpassed him for 
 solidity of judgment, but not in sprightliness of 
 thought and wit. lie soon afterwards went to 
 Europe, and spent a number of years at the uni 
 versity of Utrecht, where he received a doctor s 
 degree. He then returned to New England, but, 
 finding no prospect of employment in this coun 
 try that would be agreeable to him, he went to 
 England, where he arrived a little before the 
 change of Queen Anne s ministry. In 1710 he 
 was appointed agent of Massachusetts, and his 
 services were important till his dismission in 1721. 
 Contrary to the expectation of his countrymen, 
 he devoted himself to the persons in power, and 
 was an advocate of their measures. lie was em 
 ployed by Lord Bolingbroke in some secret nego 
 tiations, and had assurances of promotion to a 
 place of honor and profit ; but the death of the 
 queen blasted all his hopes. If he had espoused 
 a different side, it is thought that his great tal 
 ents might have elevated him to some of the 
 highest offices. His acquaintance with Boling 
 broke perverted his religious sentiments and cor 
 rupted his manners ; so that he, who had studied 
 divinity, and who in youth, as appears by his 
 diary, had a susceptible conscience, and was ac 
 customed to the language of fervent prayer, 
 through the contaminating influence of profli 
 gate great men became licentious in manners and 
 a sceptic in religion. Yet he was miserable in 
 his depravity, and confessed to a friend, that he 
 wished to 1 eel again the pure joys which he ex 
 perienced when he breathed the air of New Eng 
 land. Though upon the change of times he de 
 serted his patron, Lord Bolingbroke, in regard to 
 politics, it is said that he adhered to his senti 
 ments upon religion to the close of life. Few 
 men exceeded him in quickness of thought, and 
 in case, delicacy, and fluency in speaking and 
 writing. He published disputatio theologica de 
 Christi ad inferos descensu, quam, indulgente 
 Triuno Numinc, sub prrcsidio clar. and celeber. 
 viri, 1). D. Ilcrm. Witsii, ctc.,4to., 1702; de jure 
 Judiuorum sabbati brevis disquisitio, 4to., 1703; 
 dissertatio theologico-philologica, 4to., 1703; 
 disputatio philosophica inaug., 4to., 1703; a de 
 fence of the Xcw England charters, 1721 ; a let 
 ter to a noble lord concerning the expedition to 
 Canada, 1712. Hist. Coll. X. 155; Ilutcliinson, 
 II. 187, 255; Eliot. 
 
 DUMMER, WILLIAM, governor of Massachu 
 setts, died at Boston Oct. 10, 1761, aged 82. He 
 received a commission as lieutenant-governor at 
 the time that Shute was appointed governor in 
 1716. At the departure of Shute, Jan. 1, 1723, 
 he was left at the head of the province, and he 
 continued commander-in-chicf till the arrival of 
 Burnet, in 1728. lie was also commandcr-in- 
 chicf in the interval between his death and the 
 arrival of Belcher. His administration is spoken 
 
 of with great respect, and he is represented as 
 governed by a pure regard to the public good. 
 The war with the Indians was conducted with 
 great skill, the Xorridgewocks being cut off in 
 1724. From the year 1730 Gov. Dummer lived 
 chiefly in retirement for the remainder of his life, 
 selecting for his acquaintance and friends men of 
 sense, virtue, and religion, and receiving the 
 blessings and applauses of his country. He was 
 sincerely and firmly attached to the religion of 
 Jesus, and in the midst of human grandeur he 
 was preparing for death. He attended with rev 
 erence upon the institutions of the gospel ; he was 
 constant in his family devotions ; he applied him 
 self to the perusal of pious books ; and at stated 
 times he retired to his closet for prayer. He 
 was the brother of Jeremiah, or Jeremy, as usually 
 called. By his last will he gave his valuable farm, 
 and his mansion-house, which is yet standing, for 
 the endowment of Dummer academy, which is in 
 Byfield parish in the town of Xewbury. It was 
 opened Feb. 27, 1763, with 28 pupils, Samuel 
 Moody the preceptor. On the occasion Moses 
 Parsons preached a sermon from the words, "The 
 liberal soul deviseth liberal things." It was the 
 earliest academy in Massachusetts, and has been 
 of great public benefit, and still flourishes. Cof- 
 Jin s Hist. Neicbury; Byles 1 Funeral Sermon; 
 Boston Gazette, Oct. 26, 1761; Ilutcldnson, II. 
 291,322,368; Holmes. 
 
 DUXBAR, SAMUEL, minister in Stoughton, 
 now Canton, died in 1783. He was graduated at 
 Harvard college in 1723, and ordained Xov. 15, 
 1727, as the successor of Joseph Morse. He was 
 a patriot. In 1755 he was a chaplain in the ex 
 pedition against Crown Point ; and he supported 
 the rights of his country in the war for indepen 
 dence. He published a sermon at the artillery 
 election, 1748; on brotherly love, 1749; right 
 eousness by the law subversive of Christianity, 
 1751 ; at the election, 1760 ; at the ordination of 
 E. Grosvenor, 1763. 
 
 DUXBAR, WILLIAM, a planter, died at his 
 scat at Natchez Xov. 15, 1810. He was an as 
 tronomer, and distinguished for his researches in 
 natural science. To the philosophical society of 
 Philadelphia, of which he was a member, he 
 made several communications, which are pub 
 lished in transact, vol. vi. ; account of the lan 
 guage of signs among the Indians; meteor, 
 observ., 1800; description of the Mississippi. 
 
 DUXBAR, ELIJAH, a lawyer, died at Keene, 
 X. II., May 18, 1847, aged 88; a graduate of 
 Dartmouth in 1783. 
 
 DUXBAR, ELIJAH, died in Milford, X. H., 
 Sept. 3, 1850, aged about 80. Born in Stoughton, 
 he graduated at Harvard in 1794, and was the 
 minister of Peterborough, X. II., from 1799 to 
 1826. He published sermons at ordination of 
 W. Ritchie, 1809; of J. Porter, 1814. 
 
DUNCAN, 
 
 DUNTON. 
 
 313 
 
 DUNCAN, JOHN M., died at Glasgow Oct. 3, 
 1825, aged 31 years. He published travels 
 through parts of the United States and of Canada 
 in 1818 and 1819, 2 vols. 12mo., 1823 ; also, Sab 
 bath among the Tuscaroras. 
 
 DUNCAN, LUCIA, wife of Rev. A. G. Duncan, 
 of Hanover, Mass., died in 1851, aged 56. By 
 her father, Ellis Harlow, of Plymouth, she was 
 descended from Gov. Carver, and by her mother, 
 from Gov. Bradford ; and she remarkably mani 
 fested in her life the piety of old Plymouth. 
 
 DUNCAN, JOSEPH, governor of Illinois, died 
 at Jacksonville Jan. 15, 1844. He was in the 
 army in the war of 1812. 
 
 DUNHAM, JOSIAII, died in Kentucky in 1844, 
 aged about 75. He was the son of Deacon Dan 
 iel D., of Lebanon Crank, now Columbia, Conn., 
 and grandson of llev. Samuel Moseley, of Hamp 
 ton. His wife was a sister of Levi Hedge. His 
 sister Nancy married Dr. Deodatus Clark, who 
 died in Oswego in 1848, aged 85. A graduate of 
 Dartmouth in 1789, he was preceptor of Moor s 
 school from 1789 to 1793. He then edited the 
 Waslungtonian at Windsor, Vt., four years. In 
 the controversy at Dartmouth he was the firm 
 friend of President Whcelock. He once held 
 some public office at Michillimackinac. He 
 published a masonic oration, 1796 ; on death of 
 Washington, 1800; oration at Windsor, 1814; 
 answer to the vindication of the trustees, 1816. 
 
 DUNKLLN, DANIEL, governor of Missouri, 
 died in Jefferson county Aug. 25, 1844, aged 54. 
 
 DUNLAP, HUGH, died in Brunswick, Me., 
 Dec. 13, 1850, aged 100. 
 
 DUNLAP, DAVID, a merchant, died in Bruns 
 wick in Feb., 1843, aged 65; a man highly re 
 spected and esteemed. 
 
 DUNLAP, ANDREW, a lawyer in Boston, died 
 in 1835, aged about 40. He graduated at Har 
 vard in 1813, and was district attorney. His 
 spcecli in defence of A. Kneeland was published 
 in 1834. 
 
 DUNLAP, WILLIAM, a portrait and historical 
 painter, died in New York Sept. 28, 1839, aged 
 74. He was born in Perth Amboy, and studied 
 under 15. West. He published history of the 
 American theatre ; history of New York ; history 
 of the arts of design in America, and several 
 dramas ; also, memoirs of Charles B. Brown, and 
 of George F. Cooke. 
 
 DUNLAVY, FRANCIS, judge, died at Lebanon, 
 O., Nov. 5, 1839, aged 78, a native of Virginia. 
 lie was a soldier of the Revolution, one of the 
 founders in 1791 at Columbia of the first Baptist 
 church in the Northwest Territory, and a member 
 of the Ohio convention. He loved books : he 
 abhorred the slavery of his fellow-men. 
 
 DUNMORE, JOHN MURRAY, earl of, the last 
 royal governor of Virginia, was the governor of 
 New York from 1770 to 1771, and governor of 
 40 
 
 Virginia from 1772 to 1775. In his zeal for his 
 royal master he removed the public stores from 
 Williamsburg on board of armed vessels, in April, 
 1775, and afterwards abdicated the government 
 and retired for safety on board the Fowcy man- 
 of-war, at Yorktown. He landed in different 
 places, acting the part of a corsair and plunderer. 
 He burnt Norfolk, Jan. 1, 1776; but famine and 
 disease obliged him to quit the coast. He was 
 appointed in 1786 governor of Bermuda, and 
 died in England in 1809. His wife was Lady 
 Charlotte Stewart, daughter of the Earl of Gallo 
 way. Holmes, n. 219, 256. 
 
 DUNSTER, HENRY, first president of Har 
 vard college, died Feb. 27, 1659. He was in 
 ducted into his office Aug. 27, 1640. He 
 succeeded Nathaniel Eaton, who was the first 
 master of the seminary, being chosen in 1637 or 
 1638, and who had been removed on account of 
 the severity of his discipline. He was highly re 
 spected for his learning, piety, and spirit of gov 
 ernment ; but, having at length imbibed the 
 principles of anti-pedobaptism,and publicly advo 
 cated them, he was induced to resign the presi 
 dentship Oct. 24, 1654, and was succeeded by 
 Mr. Chauncy. He now retired to Scituatc, where 
 he spent the remainder of his days in peace. 
 His wife was the widow of Rev. Jesse Glover, 
 who died at sea, on his passage to New England, 
 in 1639. He was buried at Cambridge. He 
 was a modest, humble, charitable man. By his 
 last will he ordered his body to be buried at 
 Cambridge, and bequeathed legacies to the very 
 persons who had occasioned his removal from the 
 college. He was a great master of the oriental 
 languages, and, vdien a new version of the psalms 
 had been made by Eliot, Welde, and Mather, and 
 printed in 1640, it was put into his hands to be 
 revised. He accordingly, with the assistance of 
 Richard Lyon, improved the version, and brought 
 it into that state in which the churches of New 
 England used it for many subsequent years. 
 Mather s Magnolia, m. 99-101; iv. 128; NeaVs 
 New England, l. 308 ; //. Adams New England, 
 73; Ilutchinson, I. 174; Ilist. Coll. VII. 20, 48, 
 49 ; Holmes ; Morton. 
 
 DUNSTER, ISAIAH, minister in Harwich, now 
 Browster, died in 1791, aged about 70. He 
 graduated at Harvard in 1741, and succeeded the 
 first minister, Nathaniel Stone, who was pastor 
 from 1700 to 1755. He published a sermon at 
 the instalment of J. Green, Jr., 1763. 
 
 DUNTON, JOHN, a bookseller in Boston, died 
 about 1725. He had conducted his business ex 
 tensively in London, but in a time of embarrass 
 ment came to this country in Marcl), 1680, with 
 a stock of books, and for the purpose of collect 
 ing his debts, amounting to 500 pounds. He 
 remained here eight months, and became ac 
 quainted with all the clergymen and the principal 
 
314 
 
 DUPONCEAU. 
 
 citizens. On his return to London he resumed 
 his business there. He published in 1705 the 
 life and errors of John Dunton, in which he gives 
 an account of his voyage to Boston, a very amus 
 ing extract from which is in historical collections. 
 He describes the ministers, booksellers, and other 
 citizens of Boston and Salem. In his will he 
 directed his burial to be " the seventh day after 
 his death, and not before, lest he should come to 
 life, as his mother had done, on the day appointed 
 for her funeral." Thomas, II. 415-420 ; 2 Hist. 
 Coll. II. 97-124. 
 
 DUPONCEAU, PETER STEPHEN, died at Phil 
 adelphia April 2, 1844, aged nearly 84. A native 
 of France, he came to this country as the aid of 
 Steuben in 1778. After the war he was a distin 
 guished lawyer in Philadelphia, and president 
 of several learned societies. His researches in 
 jurisprudence and philology were profound. He 
 published a treatise on the structure of the In 
 dian languages ; a dissertation on the Chinese 
 laws ; on the early history of Pennsylvania ; Eng 
 lish phonology ; eulogium on Tilghman ; on the 
 one hundred and fiftieth anniversary of Penn s 
 landing, and other writings. 
 
 DUPONT, E. I. DE NEMOURS, died of a disease 
 of the heart at Philadelphia Oct. 31, 1834, aged 
 62. He came from France in 1800, and settled 
 on the Brandywine, four miles from Wilmington. 
 "While at the head of an extensive and profitable 
 business, indefatigably engaged, he did not fail to 
 indulge the benevolent and generous feelings of 
 his heart, and was abundant in his charities. His 
 father, Peter S. Dupont De Nemours, after the 
 return of Napoleon from Elba, came to Dela-ware, 
 and died near Wilmington Aug. 6, 1817, aged 77. 
 He was a distinguished and learned man, and 
 published various articles in the American philo 
 sophical transactions, on vegetables, on the winds, 
 on national education in America, and on the life 
 of Barlow. His oldest son, Alfred Victor, died 
 at Nemours, on the Brandywine, Oct. 4, 1856, 
 aged 57. 
 
 DURELL, DANIEL M., judge, died in Dover, 
 N. H., April 29, 1841, aged 71. He graduated 
 at Dartmouth in 1794. 
 
 . DURFEE, JOB, chief justice of Rhode Island, 
 died at Tiverton July 26, 1847, aged 57. A grad 
 uate of Brown university in 1813. He was in 
 congress in 1823, and chief justice in 1835. He 
 published What cheer; or Roger Williams in 
 exile; and Panidea. 
 
 DUSTON, HANNAH, the wife of Thomas D., 
 of Haverhill, Mass., was married Dec. 3, 1677, 
 and was the mother of thirteen children. When 
 the Indians attacked Haverhill, March 15, 1698, 
 her husband flew to his house and ordered his 
 children to flee without delay. Before his wife 
 with an infant only a week old, could escape, the 
 Indians approached. Mounting his horse anc 
 
 DUTTON. 
 
 rearing his musket, he followed his seven young 
 hilclren as their defender. A party of the sav 
 ages pursued and fired upon him, but he returned 
 he fire, and by the favor of Providence con 
 ducted his little flock to a neighboring garrison. 
 Mrs. Duston, with her infant, and her nurse, 
 >vidow Mary Neff, was captured. At this time nine 
 :iouses were burnt, and forty persons killed and 
 ;arricd into captivity. After proceeding a short 
 distance the savages took the infant from the 
 nurse and killed it. Mrs. I)., after a fatiguing 
 journey, was brought to an island just above Con 
 or d, N. II., formed at the junction of the Con- 
 tocook river with the Merrimac, between Concord 
 and Boscawen, now called Duston s Island. The 
 Indian family, to which she had been assigned, 
 consisted of twelve persons : two men, three 
 women, and seven children. The prisoners in 
 this family were three : Mrs. D., Mary NefF, and 
 Samuel Lennardson, a boy, who had been taken 
 at Worcester. Early in the morning of April 5, 
 Mrs. D. awoke her confederates, and, seizing the 
 hatchets of the Indians, who were asleep, dis 
 patched ten of the twelve, a favorite boy being 
 spared, and a wounded woman making her escape 
 with him. Mrs. D. arrived safe at Haverhill, and 
 for the scalps received 50 pounds from the general 
 court, besides many valuable presents. In 1816 
 her house was standing, owned by Thomas Dus 
 ton, a descendant, 2 Hist. Coll. IV. 128; 
 Dwir/lit, I. 411; Drake s Indian Wars, 316; 
 Ma(/nalia,\ll. 90; Ilutchinson, n. 101. 
 
 DUTTON, MATTHEW RICE, professor of math 
 ematics and natural philosophy at Yale college, 
 died July 17, 1825, aged 42. He was born in 
 Watertown, Conn., June 30, 1783, and graduated 
 at Yale college in 1808. He was a tutor from 
 1810 to 1814. In this last year he was ordained 
 the minister of Stratford, where he remained 
 about eight years. After the death of Professor 
 Fisher in 1822, he was chosen as his successor, 
 and discharged the duties of his office, till his 
 failing health, which had long been feeble, com 
 pelled him to desist from his labors. He died of 
 a pulmonary complaint With great scientific at 
 tainments he combined the most amiable man 
 ners, and the piety which sustained him in the 
 hour of death. lie published a work on conic 
 sections, 1824. N. II. Religious Intelligencer. 
 
 DUTTON, AARON, minister of Guilford, Conn., 
 died in 1849, aged about 66. He was born in 
 Watertown, graduated at Yale in 1803, and was 
 settled in 1807 as successor of Israel Brainard. 
 The first pastor was H.Whitfield in 1643. He 
 published a sermon at the ordination of T. Rug- 
 gles, 1809. 
 
 DUTTON, NATHANIEL, a pioneer in the wil 
 derness, the first settled minister in Jefferson 
 county, died in Champion, N. Y., Sept. 9, 1852, 
 aged 73. A native of Hartford, Vt., he was a 
 
DUVAL. 
 
 graduate of Dartmouth in 1802, and was sent in 
 1805 by the Hampshire missionary society to 
 preach in the Black Itiver country. He was 
 installed at C. in 1807. His labors were vast; 
 the benefits of them incalculable. In one revival 
 in 1817 there were added to his church one hun 
 dred and sixty-eight persons. 
 
 DUVAL, WILLIAM P., governor of Florida 
 and of Texas, died at Washington March 19, 
 18,34, aged 70. Born in Virginia, he removed to 
 Kentucky, from which State he was a member of 
 congress. 
 
 DUVALL, GABRIEL, died in Prince George s 
 Co., Md., March 6, 1844, aged 93. He was a 
 judge of the supreme court of the United States. 
 He was of Huguenot descent ; was comptroller 
 of the treasury in 1802, and appointed judge in 
 1811, holding the office twenty years. 
 
 DWIGHT, TIMOTHY, died at Dedham Jan. 31, 
 1718, aged 88, the son of John, a first settler in 
 1635. He had six wives and fifteen children. 
 His son by his wife, Anna Flint of Braintree, was 
 Nathaniel, who lived in Northampton ; as were 
 also Josiah of Woodstock, and Henry of Hatfield, 
 the ancestor of the Dwights of Springfield. 
 
 DWIGHT, TIMOTHY, colonel, of Northampton, 
 the son of Nathaniel, died April 30, 1771, aged 
 76. lie was surveyor, magistrate, and judge of 
 probate. His daughter Eleanor married Gen. 
 Phineas Lyman, of Suffield. 
 
 DWIGHT, TIMOTHY, the son of Col. Timothy 
 D., died at Natchez June 10, 1772, aged 52. He 
 lived at Northampton, and built the ancient house 
 in King street. His wife was Mary, the daugh 
 ter of President Edwards : she died in 1807, aged 
 72. His children were thirteen, among whom 
 was President Dwight. 
 
 DWIGHT, JOSEPH, brigadier-general, died in 
 Great Barrington June 9, 1765, aged 62. He 
 was the son of Henry, who died in Hatfield, 
 and grandson of the first Timothy. He was 
 born in Dedham in 1703, and graduated at Har 
 vard college in 1722. While residing in Brook- 
 field, he was admitted to the bar in 1733 ; in 
 1739 he was appointed a judge of the court of 
 common pleas for the county of Worcester; in 
 1745, at the reduction of Louisburg, he and 
 Waldo were the brigadiers. He commanded the 
 artillery of Massachusetts, and was distinguished 
 for his exertions and services and commended by 
 Pepperell. In 1756, at the head of a brigade of 
 militia, he repaired to Lake Champlain, in the 
 second French war. Soon after his return he 
 purchasod land in Great Barrington, and there 
 passed the remainder of his life. In 1761, when 
 the county of Berkshire was formed, he was ap 
 pointed judge of the county court and judge of 
 probate. By his second wife, the widow of llev. 
 J. Sergeant, he had two children, Henry W. 
 Dwight of Stockbridge, and the second wife of 
 
 DWIGHT. 
 
 315 
 
 Judge Scdgwick. His personal appearance was 
 fine. He was dignified in his manners, an up 
 right judge, and an exemplary professor of the 
 religion of the gospel. Hist. Berkshire, 233. 
 
 DWIGHT, TIMOTHY, D. D., LL. D., president 
 of Yale college, died Jan. 11, 1817, aged 64. He 
 was a descendant, in the fifth generation, from 
 Timothy Dwight, who died in Dedham, Mass., 
 Jan 31, 1718, aged 83, and whose father, John, 
 settled at Dedham in 1635, and died in 1G53. 
 The names of his ancestors are John, Timothy, 
 Nathaniel, Col. Timothy, Major Timothy. Three 
 successive Timothys raked hay together. His 
 father was Major or Col. Timothy Dwight, a grad 
 uate of Yale college in 1744, and a respectable, 
 pious merchant of Northampton, where he lived 
 many years until, in 1776, in order to provide for 
 the settlement of two of his sons, he repaired to 
 the territory of the Natchez, of which he was one 
 of the original purchasers with Gen. Lyman, his 
 brother-in-law, and died there in 1776. His 
 mother was Mary, the third daughter of Jona 
 than Edwards. He was born at Northampton 
 May 14, 1752. The religious impressions, made 
 upon his mind by the instructions of his intelli 
 gent and excellent mother, were never effaced ; 
 she also very successfully directed his early 
 studies. In his fourth year he could read the 
 Bible with correctness. While in Yale college, 
 where he was graduated in 1769, for the two first 
 years, through the folly of youth, much of hia 
 time was misspent ; but during the two last years 
 he was diligent, devoting fourteen hours each day 
 to study, and made great acquisitions. From 
 1769 to 1771, he taught a grammar school at 
 New Haven, and during this period appropriated 
 eight hours every day to severe study. In 1771, 
 at the age of nineteen, he was chosen a tutor in 
 the college, and continued in that office with high 
 reputation six years. While he was eminent as a 
 teacher of mathematics, guiding his pupils in 
 fluxions and in the principia of Newton, he awak 
 ened a new zeal in the cultivation of rhetoric and 
 oratory. On taking his second degree in 1772, he 
 delivered a dissertation on the history, eloquence, 
 and poetry of the Bible, which was immediately 
 published, and procured him great honor. At 
 this period, in his economy of time, he endeavored 
 to remove the necessity of bodily exercise by 
 diminishing greatly the quantity of food ; but in a 
 few months his health began to decline. He was 
 emaciated, and had suffered severely by the 
 bilious colic. With difficulty was he removed to 
 Northampton. But, by advice of a physician, he 
 commenced a daily course of vigorous bodily exer 
 cise, walking and riding ; and, persevering in it, 
 enjoyed uninterrupted health for forty years. In 
 1774, at the age of twenty-two, he finished his 
 epic poem, " The Conquest of Canaan," which he 
 had begun three years before. On recovering 
 
316 
 
 DWIGHT. 
 
 from the small pox, his incautious return to his 
 study injured his eyes, which caused him for the 
 remainder of his life great pain. In March, 
 1777, he married the daughter of Benjamin 
 Woolscy, of Long Island, by whom he had eight 
 sons, six of whom survived him. In June he was 
 licensed as a preacher ; and in September he 
 withdrew from the college, and was appointed 
 chaplain to Gen. Parsons brigade in Putnam s 
 division, in which capacity he continued about a 
 year. He joined the army at West Point in Oct. 
 While he discharged his appropriate duties, he 
 also employed his poetical powers for the good of 
 his country. Of his poetical songs at that period, 
 his " Columbia " is still remembered. On receiv 
 ing, in Oct., 1778, the news of the death of his 
 father in the preceding year, he was induced to 
 leave the army and to remove his family to 
 Northampton, that he might console his mother 
 and provide for her numerous family. For five 
 years he here discharged with the utmost fidelity 
 and cheerfulness the duties of a son and a brother, 
 laboring personally on a farm, preaching occa 
 sionally in the neighboring towns of Westfield, 
 Deerfield, and South Iladlcy, superintending also 
 a school. His income he expended in the sup 
 port of the common family. In 1781 and 1786 
 he was a member of the legislature. With many 
 and strong motives to devote himself to civil em 
 ployments, he yet resolved to spend his days in 
 the clerical profession. He was ordained, Nov. 
 5, 1783, the minister of Greenfield, a parish of 
 Fairfield, and continued in this station for the 
 next twelve years. His method of preaching was 
 to write the heads of his discourse and the lead 
 ing thoughts, and to fill up the plan at the time 
 of delivery. With a small salary of 500 dol 
 lars he found it necessary to make other pro 
 vision for his family. He opened an academy, 
 which was filled with pupils of both sexes, and 
 which was highly celebrated during the whole 
 period of his residence in Greenfield. In 1785 he 
 published his " Conquest of Canaan," which had 
 been written eleven years before, and for which 
 three thousand subscribers had been obtained. 
 In 1794 he published his poem, in seven parts, 
 called " Greenfield Hill." After the death of Dr. 
 Stiles he was chosen president of Yale college, 
 and inaugurated in Sept., 1795. For ten years he 
 was annually appointed professor of theology. 
 In 1805 the appointment was made permanent. 
 Having, while at Greenfield, written in short notes 
 and preached over twice a course of lectures on 
 systematic theology in about one hundred ser 
 mons, he went through with them twice in the 
 same state at New Haven, frequently adding to 
 their number. In 1805 he began, by the aid of 
 an amanuensis, to write out these sermons, and 
 finished them in 1809. After his death they were 
 published in 5 vols., being one hundred and 
 
 DWIGHT. 
 
 seventy-three sermons. In 1800 was completed 
 his revision of Watts psalms, to which he added 
 thirty-three psalms, which he had composed. 
 In 1796 he commenced journeying in the col 
 lege vacations of May and September, in New 
 England and New York, and continued this prac 
 tice till the last year of his life, taking notes, 
 which he afterwards wrote- out. This was the 
 origin of his book of travels, published in 4 vols. 
 The last journey which he made was in Septem 
 ber, 1815, when he proceeded as far west as 
 Hamilton college, near Utica. In February, 
 1816, he was seized with a most threatening dis 
 ease, an affection of the bladder ; in April he was 
 deemed beyond recovery. Under all his suffer 
 ing he was patient and resigned. But in June he 
 was able again to preach in the chapel, and in his 
 first sermon he alluded to his impression in his sick 
 ness of the vanity of all earthly things. He said, " I 
 have coveted reputation and influence to a degree 
 which I am unable to justify;" and he earnestly 
 warned his pupils against the pursuit of earthly 
 enjoyments. Though he resumed his labors, 
 yet his disease was only mitigated, not removed. 
 During the last few months of his life, he wrote 
 on the evidences of revelation and other subjects, 
 the whole forming matter for a volume. He 
 wrote also the latter half of a poem of fifteen hun 
 dred lines, in the measure of Spenser, the subject 
 of which is a contest between genius and common 
 sense on their comparative merits, the question 
 being decided by truth. At the close of No 
 vember, he became too unwell to continue his 
 labors as an instructor in college. His widow, 
 Mary, died Oct. 5, 1845, aged 91. 
 
 A full account of the character and labors of 
 Dr. Dwight may be found in his life, prefixed to 
 his system of theology. Besides his printed 
 works, he wrote also discourses, preached on the 
 Sabbath before commencement to the senior class, 
 and many miscellaneous sermons, which, it is 
 hoped, may be given to the public. The following 
 is a catalogue of his publications : the history, 
 eloquence, and poetry of the Bible, 1772; the 
 conquest of Canaan, a poem, 1785; election ser 
 mon, 1791; the genuineness and authenticity of 
 the New Testament, 1793; Greenfield Hill, & 
 poem, 1794; the triumph of infidelity, a poem, 
 occasioned by Chauncy s work on universal salva 
 tion ; two discourses on the nature and danger of 
 infidel philosophy ; a sermon on the death of Elizur 
 Goodrich, 1797 ; the duty of Americans at the 
 present crisis, 1798 ; on the character of Wash 
 ington, 1800; on some events of the last century, 
 1801; on the death of E. G. Marsh, 1804; on 
 duelling, 1805 ; at the theological institution at 
 Andover, and ordination of E. Pearson, 1808 ; on 
 the death of Gov. Trumbull, 1809 ; a charity ser 
 mon, 1810 ; at the ordination of N. W. Taylor ; 
 on the fast; on the national fast, 1812 ; a sermon 
 
DWIGTIT. 
 
 DWIGHT. 
 
 317 
 
 before the American board of commissioners for 
 foreign missions, 1813; remarks on the review of 
 Inchiquin s letters, 1815; observations on lan 
 guage, and an essay on light, in memoirs of Conn, 
 academy of sciences, 181G; theology explained 
 and defended in a series of sermons, 4 vols., sev 
 eral editions, American and English ; travels in 
 New England and New York, 4 vols., 8vo., 1801. 
 Life; Preface to his Theology ; Spec. Ameri 
 can Poetry, 1, 223. 
 
 D WIGHT, THEODORE, died in New York June 
 11, 1840, aged 81, the brother of President D., 
 and born in Northampton. He studied law with 
 his uncle, Pierpont Edwards. After having been 
 a member of congress, he conducted the Hartford 
 Mirror, encouraged by Pickering, Cabot, and Hill- 
 house, lie published a history of the Hartford 
 convention, of which he was the secretary. After 
 editing the Albany Daily Advertiser, he estab 
 lished, in 1817, the New York Daily Advertiser. 
 He was a true patriot and Christian, and was one 
 of the founders and directors of the American 
 bible society. He published orations 1798, 1801 ; 
 history of the Hartford convention, 1833. Sig- 
 ourney s P. Meridian, 188. 
 
 DWIGHT, ELIZABETH, wife of the missionary, 
 II. G. O. Dwight, died of the plague at Constan 
 tinople, July 8, 1836, aged 30. Her name was 
 Elizabeth Barker, of Andover. Her memoir was 
 published in 1840, with a sketch of the life of 
 Mrs. Grant. 
 
 DWIGHT, TIMOTHY, died in New Haven June 
 13, 1844, aged 66. He was the eldest son of Dr. 
 Dwight, for forty years a merchant, and a man of 
 integrity and benevolence. His wife, Clarissa, 
 daughter of Gov. C. Strong, died Feb. 25, 1855, 
 aged 71. 
 
 DWIGHT, SARAH HOOKER, died In New Ha 
 ven May 8, 1838, aged 15, daughter of Timothy 
 Dwight, a member of the Free church. She de 
 parted, like a multitude of other subjects of God s j 
 grace and objects of his love, in the early hour- 
 of life, 
 
 " As acts the morning star, which goes 
 Not down behind the dnrken d west, nor hides 
 Obscur d among the tempests of the sky, 
 But melts away into the light of heaven." 
 
 DWIGHT, EDWIN W., minister of Richmond, 
 Mass., died at Stockbridge Feb., or March 26, 
 1841, aged 50. He was the son of Henry W. 
 Dwight of Stockbridge, who died in 1804, and the 
 grandson of Gen. Joseph D. A graduate of Yale 
 in 1809, he was ordained in 1819, and was a faith 
 ful and useful minister. His brother, Henry W. 
 I)., a member of congress from Berkshire from 
 1821 to 1831, died in New York, Feb. 21, 1845. 
 
 D WIGHT, THEODORE SEUGWICK, pastor of a 
 colored Presbyterian church in New York, died 
 in that city March 25, 1847, aged 49. 
 
 DWIGHT, EDMUND, died in Boston April 1, 
 
 1849, aged 69, a patron of learning. Born in 
 Springfield, a graduate of Yale in 1799, he was a 
 merchant and manufacturer in Springfield ; after 
 wards a resident in Boston and a senator. He 
 was president of the Western railroad. He made 
 the liberal donation of 10,000 dollars for normal 
 schools in Massachusetts. 
 
 DWIGHT, BENJAMIN WOOLSEY, M. D., died 
 at Clinton, N. Y., May 18, 1850, aged 70, the son 
 of President D. A graduate of Yale in 1799, he 
 studied physic and practised some years in Cats- 
 kill. Ill health led him to other employments : 
 he was a hardware merchant in New York, then 
 fourteen years a merchant in Catskill. In 1831 
 he removed to Clinton and was treasurer of Ham 
 ilton college. He was a man of eminent Chris 
 tian character. Impendent, June 27. 
 
 DWIGIIT, WILLIAM, Dr., son of Cecil D. of 
 Northampton and nephew of Ilev. Dr. D. of 
 New Haven, was killed at Norwalk, with forty- 
 four others, May 6, 1853, by the railroad train 
 plunging into the river, in consequence of the 
 draw of the bridge being carelessly left open. 
 His brother, Timothy, died at New York, prepar 
 ing to be a missionary. 
 
 DWIGHT, NATHANIEL, a preacher, died at 
 Oswego June 11, 1831, aged 68. He was born 
 in Northampton ; had an honorary degree at 
 Yale in 1815; was settled in West Chester in 
 Colchester, in 1812; and removed to Oswego. 
 He published a school geography, 1796; 5th 
 edition, 1811. 
 
 DWIGHT, HENRY E., son of President D., 
 died in New Haven Aug. 11, 1831, aged 35. A 
 graduate of Yale in 1815, he published travels in 
 the north of Germany in 1825-6. 
 
 DWIGHT, ABIGAIL, widow of Henry W. D., 
 died in Stockbridge May 31, 1840, aged 77. She 
 was of eminent character and usefulness. Her 
 name was Wells of West Hartford. Her sons 
 were men of eminence. Boston Recorder, Nov. 
 20, 1840. 
 
 DWIGHT, ROBERT O., missionary, died at 
 Madura Jan. 7, 1844. A native of Northampton, 
 a descendant of President Edwards, he graduated 
 at Andover seminary in 1834, and arrived at Ma 
 dura in 1836. His wife Avas Mary Billings of 
 Conway. 
 
 DWIGHT, MARGARETTE, died at Northampton 
 Sept. 5, 1845, aged 41. She was many years the 
 excellent teacher of the female Gothic seminary 
 in Northampton. She was the daughter of Josiah 
 and Rhoda Dwight, and a descendant of Presi 
 dent Ed\vards. 
 
 DWIGHT, SERENO EDWARDS, D. D., minister 
 in Boston, died in Philadelphia Nov. 30, 1850, 
 aged 65. He was the son of President Dwight, 
 born at Greenfield Hill ; was graduated in 1803, 
 was a tutor from 1806 to 1810, then a lawyer for 
 nearly ten years. Afterwards he was pastor of 
 
318 
 
 DWIGHT. 
 
 Park street church in Boston for several years, suc 
 ceeding Dr. Griffin. In 1823, in ill health, he 
 made a voyage to Europe. Having resigned his 
 place in Boston, he opened in New Haven a high 
 school in 1828, with his brother Henry. From 
 1833 to 1836 he was the president of Hamilton 
 college. His wife, Susan Edwards Daggett, died 
 in Aug., 1839. After great bodily and mental 
 suffering he followed her to the grave. He pub 
 lished Hebrew wife ; a single sermon ; a life of 
 Brainerd ; and a life of Edwards, in his works, 
 which he edited. 
 
 DWIGHT, ELIHU, Dr., died at South Hadley, 
 Mass., June 1, 18.34, aged 91. He commenced 
 practice at South Hadley in 1793. 
 
 DWIGHT, JOSIAH, Dr., died at Portsmouth 
 May 25, 1855, aged 72. 
 
 DWIGHT, JOHN BREED, died at New Haven 
 Oct. 20, 1843. aged 21, a tutor in Yale college. 
 He was stabbed by a student three weeks before 
 his death. He was the son of John Dwight and 
 Susan Breed, and grandson of President Dwight; 
 a graduate of Yale in 1840, of the first distinction 
 as a scholar, a man of piety and high promise. 
 While discharging his duty in suppressing a dis 
 turbance at half-past nine in the evening of Sept. 
 30th, a student Avounded him dangerously three 
 times with a knife ; the wound was followed by a 
 fatal fever. The student, Lewis Fassctt, the son 
 of a rich man in Philadelphia, was admitted to 
 bail in the sum of 5000 dollars ; and, instead of 
 being punished for manslaughter or murder, was, 
 to the dishonor of justice, allowed to escape with 
 out a trial. 
 
 DWIGHT, Louis, secretary of the prison dis 
 cipline society, died in Boston July 12, 1854, aged 
 61. Born in Stockbridge, he was graduated at 
 Yale in 1813. He was the secretary of the prison 
 discipline society, and the agent of various benev 
 olent societies. His wife, Louisa, daughter of 
 Nathaniel Willis, died in 1849. 
 
 DYCKMAN, JACOB, M. D., was born at Yon- 
 kers, Westchester county, N. Y., Dec. 1, 1788. 
 After graduating at Columbia college in 1810, he 
 studied physic with Dr. Hosack. For some years 
 he was physician of the city dispensary, and sur 
 geon of the alms-house at New York; in 1821 he 
 Avas appointed health commissioner. He died of 
 the consumption at the residence of his father at 
 King s Bridge, Dec. 5, 1822, in Christian compos 
 ure. In the days of his health he had regarded 
 morality as all that religion demanded; but in 
 his sickness he perceived, that the divine com 
 mands in the Scripture are the measure of duty, 
 and that God demands the homage of the heart. 
 He published a dissertation on the pathology of the 
 human fluids ; an improved edition of Duncan s 
 dispensatory, 1818; an essay on adipocire, in 
 trans. N. Y. Lyceum. He also had made pro 
 gress in collecting materials for a work on the 
 
 EARLY. 
 
 vegetable matcria medica of the United States. 
 Thaclier s Med. Hiog. 
 
 DYER, MARY, a victim of persecution, was 
 the wife of William Dyer, who removed from 
 Massachusetts to Ilhode Island in 1638. Having 
 been sentenced to execution for " rebellious sedi 
 tion and obtruding herself after banishment upon 
 pain of death," she was reprieved at the request 
 of her son, on condition that she departed in 
 forty-eight hours and did not return. She re 
 turned, and was executed June 1, 1660. 
 
 DYER, ELIPHALET, chief justice of the supreme 
 court of Conn., died at Windham May 13, 1807, 
 aged 86. He was the son of Thomas I), of 
 Windham, and grandson of Thomas D. of Wey- 
 mouth in 1632, and graduated at Yale college in 
 1740. He was colonel of a regiment raised in 
 1758 for the expedition against Crown Point. He 
 was a delegate to the congress of 1765 and to 
 that of 1774 ; was appointed judge in 1766, and 
 chief justice in 1789, in which office he continued 
 till 1797. He contributed his efforts with other 
 patriots to promote and support the independence 
 of his country. 
 
 EAMES, THOMAS, a Baptist minister, died in 
 Applcton, Mass., in 1826, aged 85. lie formerly 
 preached in Isleborough, Me., and was an excel 
 lent man and an acceptable preacher. 
 
 EAIILE, JAMES, a portrait painter, was born 
 at Paxton, or Leicester, Mass., the son of Capt. 
 Ralph Earle, and went to London, where he 
 gained some distinction as a painter, and where 
 lie married. He died at Charleston of the yel 
 low fever in Aug., 1796, leaving in London a wife 
 and three children. At the time of his death 
 there was perhaps no painter in this country of 
 superior skill. 
 
 EARLE, RALPH, a portrait painter, brother of 
 the preceding, was born at Leicester, and was 
 employed in Rhode Island in making fans before 
 he went to England. He was with Stewart at 
 the royal institution in London. He painted the 
 king. By Stewart he was regarded as one of the 
 best of painters. In this country he painted in 
 Bennington and Albany. He died at Bolton, 
 Conn., Aug. 16, 1801, aged 50. A son of his 
 afterwards lived at New Orleans, also a distin 
 guished painter. 
 
 EARLE, PLINY, died at Leicester in Dec., 1832, 
 aged 70. He belonged to the society of Friends ; 
 and was an ingenious cardmaker. 
 
 EARLE, RICHARD T., chief judge of the 
 second district, Maryland, died in Centreville 
 Nov. 22, 1843, aged 76. He practised law from 
 1787 to 1810, and then was judge till his resigna 
 tion in 1834. He was an eminent man. Rever 
 encing the Christian religion, he experienced its 
 consolations in his last hours. 
 
 EARLY, PETER, governor of Georgia, died 
 Aug. 15, 1817. He was a distinguished lawyer. 
 
EASTBURN. 
 
 In 1802, he was a member of congress and a 
 decided republican ; in 1807 he was appointed a 
 judge of the supreme court of Georgia. From 
 1813 to 1815 he was governor, in which capacity 
 he prevented the enactment of a law to obstruct 
 the collection of debts, and thus placed a good 
 example before those governors, who from love 
 of popularity or office shrink from the honest 
 discharge of duty, which requires them to resist, 
 as far as they have power, all pernicious, oppres 
 sive, iniquitous legislation. 
 
 EASTBURN, JOSEPH, a preacher to seamen 
 in Philadelphia, died Jan. 30, 1828, aged 79. 
 Many thousands attended liis funeral. His coffin 
 was carried by twelve sailors. At the grave Dr. 
 Green delivered an address. When he began to 
 preach to seamen, about 1820, "we procured," 
 he said, " a sail-loft, and on the Sabbath hung 
 out a flag. As the sailors came by, they hailed 
 us, Ship ahoy ! We answered them. They 
 asked us, Where we were bound? We told 
 them, to the port of New Jerusalem ; and that 
 they would do well to go in the fleet. Well, 
 said they, we will come in and hear your terms. " 
 This was the beginning of the mariner s church. 
 Mr. E. was eminently pious, and devoted to this 
 work. 
 
 EASTBURN, JAMES WALLIS, a poet, tho son 
 of James Eastburn, New York, at an early period 
 was settled or about to be settled as the pastor 
 of St. George s church, Accomac county, Virginia, 
 and died at sea on a voyage to the West Indies 
 for his health, Dec. 2, 1819, aged 22. After his 
 death the poem, which he wrote in conjunction 
 with his friend, Robert C. Sands, was published, 
 entitled, Yamoyden, a tale of the wars of king 
 Philip, in six cantos, 12mo., 1820. - Specimens 
 American Poetry, II. 228. 
 
 EASTMAN, JOB, died in Norway, Me., 1845, 
 aged 95. He held three hundred justice s courts. 
 
 EASTON, NICHOLAS, governor of Rhode Island, 
 came to this country with two sons in 1636, and 
 removed in 1639 to Newport, where he built the 
 first house. He exerted himself to secure civil 
 and religious liberty with Coddington, and was 
 governor from 1650 to 1655, when he was suc 
 ceeded by R. Williams. In 1672 he succcceded 
 B. Arnold and was succeeded in 1674 by W. Cod 
 dington. He died in 1675, aged 83. His son, 
 John, governor from 1690 to 1695, died in 1705, 
 aged 85. 
 
 EASTON, JAMES, colonel, a soldier of the Rev 
 olution, died at Pittsfichl after the war. He was 
 a representative and a deacon of the church. 
 With Arnold and Brown he was engaged in the 
 capture of Ticondcroga May 10, 1775, and was 
 sent with the intelligence to the provincial assem 
 bly of Massachusetts at Watertown. Jan. 9, 1776, 
 congress voted their approbation of his good con 
 duct. Dr. Timothy Cliilds married his daughter. 
 
 EATON. 
 
 319 
 
 EASTON, VIOLETTE, a colored woman, died at 
 Providence, R. I., March 6, 1838, aged, as was 
 supposed, 110. 
 
 EATON, TIIEOPIIILUS, first governor of New 
 Haven colony, died Jan. 7, 1657, aged 66. He 
 was born at Stony-Stratford in Oxfordshire, his 
 father being the minister of that place. He was 
 bred a merchant, and was for several years agent 
 for the king of England at the court of Denmark ; 
 and after his return prosecuted his business in 
 London with high reputation. He accompanied 
 Mr. Davenport to New England in 1637, and 
 soon after his arrival was chosen one of the mag 
 istrates of Massachusetts. He was one of the 
 founders of New Haven in 1638, and was annu 
 ally elected governor till his death. His brother, 
 Samuel, was assistant minister to Mr. Davenport 
 from 1640 to 1644, and died in England in 1665. 
 The wisdom and integrity of his administration 
 attracted universal respect. As a magistrate, he 
 was impartial in the distribution of justice, and 
 was invested with an indescribable dignity and 
 majesty. He was amiable in all the relations of 
 life. In conversation he was affable, courteous, 
 and pleasant, but always cautious, and grave on 
 proper occasions. Though his family were some 
 times very numerous, it was under the most per 
 fect government. All the members of it were 
 assembled morning and evening, and the gover 
 nor, after reading the Scriptures, and making 
 useful observations upon them, addressed himself 
 to heaven with the greatest reverence and perti 
 nency. On the Sabbath and on other days of 
 public devotion he spent an hour or two with his 
 family, giving them instruction in religious truth 
 and duty, recommending to them the study of the 
 Scriptures, and the practice of secret prayer. He 
 was beloved by his domestics, and ever preserved 
 the esteem of the commonwealth. His monu 
 ment, erected at the public expense, and which 
 remains to the present day, has upon it the fol 
 lowing lines : 
 
 " Eaton, so meek, so fam d, so just, 
 The phoenix of our world, here hides his dust ; 
 This name forget New England never must." 
 
 NeaVs N. E. I. 318; TrumlulVs Conn. I. 90, 
 240; Holmes; Douglass, n. 160. Bacon s Hist. 
 Discourses. 
 
 EATON, SAMUEL, minister of Harpswell, 
 Maine, was the son of Elisha Eaton, minister 
 of Quincy, and afterwards of Harpswell from 
 1753 till his death, April 22, 1764. He was born 
 April 3, 1737; graduated at Harvard college in 
 1763 ; was ordained Oct. 24, 1764; and died Nov. 
 5, 1822, aged 85, in the fifty-ninth year of his 
 ministry. Probably no minister in Maine had 
 preached so many years. Mr. Eaton was the 
 only physician of the town ; as a magistrate he 
 was also very useful. He was the last of the 
 ministers of Maine who wore a large white wig. 
 
320 
 
 EATON. 
 
 EATON. 
 
 He one Sabbath morning preached at Brunswick, 
 when the judges of the supreme court of Massa 
 chusetts, then including the district of Maine, 
 were present, whose custom, he knew, was to 
 prosecute their journey in the afternoon, in order 
 to open the court at Wiscasset on Monday. In 
 his prayer, therefore, he gave thanks to the Lord, 
 that the judges of the supreme court, those em 
 inent men, had set such a good example to all 
 the people, as to stop travelling and come up to 
 the house of God to worship, etc. They found 
 themselves obliged to rest in the afternoon as 
 well as the forenoon. He was one of the first 
 overseers of Bowdoin college, and president of 
 the Maine missionary society from 1809 to 1815. 
 The evangelical doctrines, which he preached, 
 sustained him as he approached the grave. He 
 published a sermon on the death of Jacob Abbot, 
 1820. Allen s Funeral Sermon. 
 
 EATON, WILLIAM, general, died at Brimfield, 
 Mass., June 1, 1811, aged 47. He was born in 
 Woodstock, Conn., Feb. 23, 1764. His father, a 
 farmer and schoolmaster, removed to Mansfield 
 about 1774. At the age of sixteen he eloped 
 from home and enlisted in the army, from which 
 he was discharged in 1783. He aftenvards 
 studied with the ministers of Franklin, Windham, 
 and Mansfield, and was graduated at Dartmouth 
 college in 1790. By keeping school he provided 
 for the expenses of his education. In 1792 he 
 was appointed a captain in the army, and soon 
 repaired to Ohio. He continued in service until 
 July 11, 1797, when he was appointed consul at 
 Tunis, though he did not sail till Dec., 1798, in 
 company with Mr. Cathcart, consul to Tripoli. 
 When the efforts of Com. Preble proved unavail 
 ing to humble the bashaw of Tripoli, Mr. Eaton 
 projected an alliance with his brother, Hamet, 
 the rightful sovereign, then in exile at Tunis, the 
 object of which was to recover for him the sov 
 ereignty and with him to establish a permanent 
 peace. The plan was approved ; and, as he had 
 returned to the United States in May, 1803, he 
 was appointed navy agent March 30, 1804, and 
 authorized to proceed again to the Mediterranean 
 and to execute the project against Tripoli. He 
 sailed in the squadron of Com. Barren. In Nov. 
 he proceeded in the Argus to Alexandria, in 
 search of llamet, whom at last he found in Feb., 
 1805. By their united exertions a little army of 
 five hundred men was raised. March Gth he 
 entered the desert of Lybia at their head, it 
 being arranged that the American fleet should 
 co-operate in the expedition. In his army were 
 men of twelve different nations, among whom 
 were eleven Americans, and seventy or eighty 
 Greeks and Frenchmen. After surmounting 
 great obstacles, and marching fifty days over a 
 space of six hundred miles in the desert, he en 
 
 camped, April 26, in the rear of Derne. This 
 town was the capital of the richest province of 
 Tripoli. It contained fifteen thousand souls, and 
 was defended by a fort and batteries, and strong 
 garrison. Eaton, with an army now increased by 
 the addition of Arabs to twenty-five hundred 
 men, commenced the attack on the 27th, with the 
 important aid of three frigates. In two hours the 
 town was captured. He was wounded in the left 
 wrist by a pistol-ball. A large army, collected by 
 Jussuf or Joseph Bashaw, soon appeared before 
 the town, and was defeated in a battle May 13; 
 and met with a complete repulse June 10, and 
 thus a way was opened to the gates of Tripoli. 
 At this moment, when the intrepid soldier was 
 anticipating the accomplishment of his project, a 
 peace was concluded by Tobias Lear, who had 
 authority for the purpose, and he agreed to pay 
 60,000 dollars for the redemption of three hun 
 dred Americans in slavery. The indignant feel 
 ings of Eaton at being thus arrested in his career 
 of triumph were unutterable. After his return 
 he was invited by Burr to engage in his conspir 
 acy, which he disclosed, and was a witness against 
 the conspirator. From the United States govern 
 ment he failed to obtnin the compensation he ex 
 pected. In 1807 he was a representative from 
 Brimfield. In reward of his heroism, the legisla 
 ture of Massachusetts presented him with ten 
 thousand acres of land, half of which was sold at 
 fifty cents per acre. The last years of his life 
 Avere passed amidst the pains of disease and the 
 distresses of poverty, to which his own impru 
 dence had reduced him. He was intemperate. 
 Of the consolations of religion he was ignorant. 
 He left five children. His wife, Eliza, whom he 
 married in 1792, was the widow of Gen. Timothy 
 Danielson of Brimfield. A daughter, now de 
 ceased, married in 1820 Itev. Mr. Sprag ue of 
 West Springfield. His eldest son, Lieut. Wil 
 liam, died in 1828. His life, written by Prentice, 
 was published, 8vo., 1813. 
 
 EATON, SAMUEL, died in Dcnton, Lancashire, 
 England, in 1664, aged 68. He was a colleague 
 minister with Mr. Davenport at New Haven, in 
 1638, and was the brother of Gov. Eaton. He 
 was more democratic in his notions than Mr. ])., 
 and wished to retain in the hands of the free plant 
 ers the power of choosing magistrates, instead of 
 intrusting it to others. In 1640 he went to Eng 
 land in order to gather a company for the settle 
 ment of Branford. But he was settled in Cheshire, 
 until ousted by the act of uniformity in 1662. He 
 published various treatises in defence of Congre 
 gationalism, and against the Quakers. Calamy ; 
 Bacon s Hist. Discourses, 61. 
 
 EATON, JOSHUA, first minister of Spencer, 
 Mass., graduated at Harvard college in 1735; 
 studied law with Judge Trowbridge, and settled in 
 
EATON. 
 
 EDDY. 
 
 321 
 
 the practice at "Worcester ; was ordained Nov. 7, 
 1744 ; and died April 2, 1772. A son and grand 
 son were physicians. A volume of seven ser 
 mons was published, with a memoir by Mr. 
 Forbes, 8vo., 1773. 
 
 EATON, ABIGAIL, widow, died at Prospect, 
 Me., Sept., 1823, aged 102 years and 9 months. 
 
 EATON, AMOS, professor in the liensselacr 
 institute, died at Troy, N. Y., May 10, 1842, aged 
 G<5. In 1791 he was an apprenticed blacksmith; 
 in 1799 he was graduated at Williams college, and 
 afterwards studied law under Hamilton, and was 
 admitted to the bar. Then he became a land- 
 surveyor and agent for the Livingston estates on 
 the Hudson. A period of affliction followed, oc 
 casioned by his own misconduct. He then 
 studied botany, chemistry, and mineralogy, at 
 Yale college. In 1817 he lectured at Williams 
 college on the national sciences. In 1818 De Witt 
 Clinton invited him to deliver public lectures at 
 Albany. In 1820 Gen. S. Van Itensselaer em 
 ployed him to make a geological survey of the 
 country adjoining the great western canal; the 
 result was published in 1824, in 160 pages. By 
 the munificence of Mr. Van R.,the school at Troy 
 was established and Mr. E. was appointed senior 
 professor. He made the classes experimenters. 
 Hundreds from various States were educated by 
 him. He published a manual of botany, which, in 
 8th edit., is called North American botany. His 
 index to the geology of the northern States, 1818, 
 and 2d edition, 1820 ; philosophical instructor, 
 1824 ; and various papers in Silliman s journal. 
 
 EATON, PETER, D. D., died at Boxford, Mass., 
 April 14, 1848, aged 82. Born in Haverhill, he 
 graduated at Harvard in 1787, and was fifty-seven 
 years a pastor. He published thanksgiving ser 
 mon, 1799; at election, 1819; at installation of 
 II. C. Perley; at ordination of P. S.Eaton, 1826; 
 address to agricultural society, 1823. 
 
 ECCLESTON, SAMUEL, Catholic archbishop, 
 died in Georgetown, D. C., April 8, 1851, aged 50. 
 He was of Protestant birth and was sent to St. 
 Mary s college, Baltimore. He succeeded Arch 
 bishop Whitfield in 1834. 
 
 ECKFOPvD, HENRY, died at Constantinople 
 Nov. 11, 1832. He was an enterprising and dis 
 tinguished citizen of New York. 
 
 ECKLEY, JOSEPH, D. D., minister of Boston, 
 died April 30, 1811, aged 60. He was born in Lon 
 don Oct. 22, 1750. His father removing to New 
 Jersey about 1767, he was graduated at Prince 
 ton college in 1772. He was ordained at Boston, 
 as the successor of Mr. Hunt, over the old South 
 congregation, Oct. 27, 1779. The society at this 
 time made use of the King s chapel, as the old 
 south meeting-house, after being occupied by the 
 British troops, was not repaired and re-occupied 
 till March 2, 1783. Itcv. Joshua Iluutington was 
 41 
 
 ordained as colleague pastor May 18, 1808. Dr. 
 Eckley died after a short illness. His wife, a 
 daughter of John Jeffries, survived him, and died 
 in 1825. During twenty-four years, he admitted, 
 on an average, only about five persons a year into 
 the church; but in 1803 and 1804 he made new 
 efforts to promote a revival of religion among his 
 people ; the Tuesday evening meeting, amidst 
 much opposition, was established, exerting a most 
 important, beneficial influence. In his religious 
 sentiments, while Dr. Eckley held fast to all the 
 other doctrines of the evangelical system, he be 
 came a semi-Arian or Worcesterian in his views 
 of the person or Christ. He wrote as follows : 
 " My plan respecting the Son of God was very 
 similar to what your brother (Dr. N. Worcester) 
 has now adopted. The common plan of three 
 self-existent persons, forming one essence or in 
 finite being, and one of these persons being united 
 to a man, but not in the least humbling himself 
 or suffering, leads to, and ends in, Socinianism; 
 and, though it claims the form of orthodoxy, it is 
 as a shadow without the substance ; it eludes in 
 spection ; and I sometimes say to those, who are 
 strenuous for this doctrine, that they take away 
 my Lord and I know not where they place him." 
 " The orthodoxy, so called, of Waterland, is as 
 repugnant to my reason and views of religion, as 
 the heterodoxy of Lardner ; and I am at a loss to 
 see, that any solid satisfaction, for a person, who 
 wishes to find salvation through the death of the 
 Son of God, can be found in either." " I seek for 
 a plan, which exalts the personal character of the 
 Son of God in the highest possible degree." He 
 supposed the Son to be derived from the Father, 
 God of God, Light of Light, having a real Divine 
 nature, yet being derived, not self-existent and 
 independent. He published an essay on the 
 Divine glory in the condemnation of the ungodly, 
 1782; at the artillery election, 1792; at the in 
 stallation of Mr. Evans ; at the thanksgiving, 
 1797 ; before the Asylum, 1802 ; before the 
 society for propagating the gospel, 1805 ; at in 
 stallation of H. Holly, in 1809; Dudleian lecture 
 of 1806, 1810. Wisner s Hist, of the Old South 
 CJiurch, 45. 
 
 EDDY, JOHN II., died Dec. 22, 1817, aged 35. 
 He published a circular map of thirty miles around 
 New York, 1814; a map of the western part of 
 New York; a map to illustrate the communica 
 tion between lake Erie and the Hudson ; and a 
 map of the State of New York. 
 
 EDDY, JOSHUA, a soldier of the Revolution, 
 died at Middleborough, Mass., May 1, 1833, aged 
 85. He was the son of Zachariah E. and Mercy 
 Morton, a descendant of George M., the brother- 
 in-law of Gov. Bradford. He was a descendant 
 of William E., a nonconformist minister in Cran- 
 j brook, Ky. His wife, Lydia Paddock, was a 
 
322 
 
 EDDY. 
 
 EDWARDS. 
 
 descendant of Gov. B. In 1777 he raised and 
 commanded a company, and he fought in several 
 battles. As an eminent Christian he was as bold 
 against the enemies of God, as he had been 
 against the enemies of his country. 
 
 EDDY, SAMUEL, LL. D., died at Providence 
 Feb. 2, 1839, aged 68. He was a member of 
 congress ; secretary of State twenty-one years ; 
 chief justice of Rhode Island eight years. He 
 published antiquities, etc. 
 
 EDDY, JOANNA, Mrs., died at New Salem, 
 Mass., Nov. 6, 1839, aged 100. 
 
 EDES, BENJAMIN, a printer in Boston, died in 
 Dec., 1803, aged 80. He was a native of Charles- 
 town, and began business in 1755 with John Gill. 
 He published the Boston Gazette and Country 
 Journal. During the controversy with Great 
 Britain this paper was devoted to the cause of 
 freedom, and had a wide circulation and great 
 influence. No newspaper did more to promote 
 independence. Afterwards, other papers in a 
 great measure superseded it. By the deprecia 
 tion of paper money, Mr. Edes lost his property ; 
 and the aged patriot died in poverty. Thomas, 
 I. 341-345. 
 
 EDMOND, WILLIAM, a judge of the supreme 
 court of Connecticut, died at Newton, Conn., Aug. 
 1, 1838, aged 80. He graduated at Yale in 1777, 
 and had been a member of congress. 
 
 ED SON, CALVIN, " a living skeleton," died at 
 Randolph, Vt., Sept., 1833 ; his weight was forty- 
 five pounds. There was a constriction of his 
 thoracic duct. 
 
 EDWARDS, RICHARD, a merchant, the only 
 child of William and Agnes Edwards, was born 
 in May, 1647, at Hartford, Conn., where he re 
 sided during his life. His grandfather was Rich 
 ard Edwards, of London, who, it is supposed by 
 Dr. Tryon Edwards, was the son of Rev. It. E., 
 of Oxford. He was a man of wealth, of intelli 
 gence, and of great respectability. At an early 
 age he became a communicant in the Congrega 
 tional church, and adorned his profession by a 
 long life of integrity and unusual devotedness to 
 the cause of religion. During his last sickness 
 he exhibited a bright example of Christian resig 
 nation and triumphant faith. He died April 20, 
 1718, aged 70. By his first wife, Elizabeth, 
 daughter of Wm. Tuthill, merchant, of New Ha 
 ven, he had seven children, the eldest of whom 
 was Rev. Timothy E., the father of Jonathan Ed 
 wards. By his second wife, the sister of John 
 Talcott of Hartford, he had six children. Sereno 
 E. Dwiglifs Life of Edwards. 
 
 EDWARDS, TIMOTHY, first minister of East 
 Windsor, Conn., the son of the preceding, was 
 graduated at Harvard college in 1691. He was 
 ordained in May, 1694. In the year 1755 he 
 received Joseph Perry as his colleague. After a 
 
 ministry of sixty-three years he died Jan. 27, 
 1758, aged 88. He married a daughter of Mr. 
 Stoddard of Northampton, and he lived to see his 
 son, Jonathan Edwards, the most distinguished 
 divine in America. He Avas universally esteemed, 
 and was an upright, pious, and exemplary man, 
 and a faithful and successful preacher of the gos 
 pel. At one period there was such a contention 
 in his church, that for three years the Lord s Sup 
 per was not administered. It seems that he 
 was a poet, for II. Wolcott, in dedicating his poems 
 to him in 1723, says : 
 
 " Yet, where you censure, sir, don t make the verse, 
 You pinned to Glover s venerable hearse, 
 The standard for thtir trial ; nor enact, 
 You never will acquit what s less exact. 
 Sir, that will never do ; rules so severe 
 Would ever leave Apollo s altar bare, 
 His priests no service ; all must starve together, 
 And fair Parnassus verdant tops must wither." 
 
 He published an election sermon, 1732. Life 
 of Jonathan Edwards. 
 
 EDWARDS, JONATHAN, president of the col 
 lege in New Jersey, and a most acute metaphysi 
 cian and distinguished divine, died March 22, 
 1758, aged 54. He was the son of the preceding, 
 and was born at Windsor, Conn., Oct. 5, 1703. 
 lie was graduated at Yale college in 1720, before 
 he was seventeen years of age. His uncommon 
 genius discovered itself early, and while yet a 
 boy he read Locke on the luiman understanding 
 with a keen relish. Though he took much pleas 
 ure in examining the kingdom of nature, yet 
 moral and theological researches yielded him the 
 highest satisfaction. He lived in college nearly 
 two years after taking his first degree, preparing 
 himself for the office of a minister of the gospel. 
 In 1722 he went to New York, at the request of 
 a small society of Presbyterians, and preached a 
 number of months. In 1724 he was appointed a 
 tutor in Yale college, and he continued in that 
 office till he was invited in 1726 to preach at 
 Northampton, Mass. Here he was ordained as 
 colleague with his grandfather, Mr. Stoddard, 
 Feb. 15, 1727. In 1735 his benevolent labors 
 were attended with very uncommon success ; a 
 general impression was made upon the minds of 
 his people by the truths which he proclaimed ; 
 and the church was much enlarged. He con 
 tinued in this place more than twenty-three years, 
 till he was dismissed in 1750. The circumstances 
 which led to his dismission were the following : 
 Mr. Edwards, being informed of immoralities in 
 which some young persons who were connected 
 with the church indulged themselves, thought 
 that an inquiry should be made into their con 
 duct. The .church readily acknowledged the 
 importance of strict discipline, and entered into 
 the plan ; but when the names of the persons 
 accused were known, and it was found that mem- 
 
EDWARDS. 
 
 EDWARDS. 
 
 323 
 
 hers of the principal families in the town were 
 implicated, it was impossible to proceed. There 
 were few in his church who continued their zeal 
 for discipline, when they perceived that it would 
 enter their own houses ; and the hands of the 
 immoral were strengthened by this defeat of an 
 attempt to correct their errors and to bring them 
 to repentance. After this occurrence in 1744 
 Mr. Edwards usefulness in Northampton was 
 almost destroyed. A secret dislike was excited in 
 the minds of many, and it was soon blown into a 
 flame. When he was settled in this town, he 
 was not perfectly convinced of the correctness of 
 the principle, which was supported by his col 
 league, Mr. Stoddard, that unconverted persons 
 had a right in the sight of God to the sacrament 
 of the Lord s supper. After diligent inquiry he 
 was convinced that the principle was erroneous 
 and dangerous. His investigations led him to 
 believe that the supper was instituted for the true 
 disciples of Jesus Christ ; that none but such 
 could have a right to it ; and that none but those 
 who were considered as such should be permitted 
 to partake of it. Adopting these sentiments, he 
 had the courage to avow them. He considered 
 it as an inviolable duty ever to vindicate the 
 truth. He knew the zeal of his people for their 
 loose principles, and expected to see that zeal 
 bursting upon him, if he should dare to stand 
 forward in opposition to their long-continued 
 practice. He anticipated a dismission from North 
 ampton, and a deprivation of the means of sup 
 port. But, in the full view of these consequences, 
 he openly avowed his change of sentiments, cheer 
 fully sacrificing every worldly interest to promote 
 the purity of the church and the glory of the 
 Redeemer. The evils which he anticipated came 
 upon him. He was driven away in disgrace from 
 a people who once would almost have plucked 
 out their eyes and given them to him. They 
 would not even hear him in his vindication. He 
 had been instrumental in cheering many hearts 
 with the joys of religion, and not a few had re 
 garded him with all that affectionate attachment 
 which is excited by the love of excellence, and 
 the sense of obligations which can never be repaid. 
 But a spirit of detraction had gone forth, and a 
 few leading men of outrageous zeal pushed for 
 ward men of less determined hostility; and in 
 the hopeless prospect of conciliation he was dis 
 missed by an ecclesiastical council, June 22, 1750. 
 In this scene of trouble and abuse, when the 
 mistakes and the bigotry of the multitude had 
 stopped their ears, and their passions were with 
 out control, Mr. Edwards exhibited the truly 
 Christian spirit. His calmness, and meekness, 
 and humility, and yet firmness and resolution, 
 were the subjects of admiration to his friends. 
 More anxious for his people than for himself, he 
 preached a most solemn and affecting farewell 
 
 discourse. He afterwards occasionally supplied 
 the pulpit, at times when no preacher had been 
 procured; but this proof of his superiority to 
 resentment or pride, and this readiness to do 
 good to those who had injured him, met with no 
 return, except a vote of the inhabitants, prohib 
 iting him from ever again preaching for them. 
 Still he was not left without excellent friends in 
 Northampton ; and his correspondents in Scot 
 land, having been informed of his dismission, 
 contributed a considerable sum for the mainten 
 ance of his family. 
 
 In Aug., 1751, he succeeded Mr. Sergeant as 
 missionary to the Houssatonnoc Indians, at Stock- 
 bridge, in Berkshire county. Here he continued 
 six years, preaching to the Indians and the white 
 people ; and, as he found much leisure, he pros 
 ecuted his theological and metaphysical studies, 
 and produced works which rendered his name 
 famous throughout Europe. Thus was his ca 
 lamitous removal from Northampton the occasion, 
 under the wise providence of God, of his impart 
 ing to the world the most important instructions, 
 whose influence has been extending to the present 
 time, and whose good effects may still be felt for 
 ages. In Jan., 1758, he reluctantly accepted the 
 office of president of the college in New Jersey, 
 as successor of his son-in-law, Mr. Burr ; but he 
 had not entered fully upon the duties of this sta 
 tion, before the prevalence of the small pox in 
 duced him to be inoculated, and this disease was 
 the cause of his death. A short time before he 
 died, as some of his friends, who surrounded his 
 bed to see him breathe his last, were lamenting 
 the loss which the college would sustain, he said, 
 to their astonishment. " Trust in God, and ye need 
 not fear." These were his last words. He after 
 wards expired with as much composure as if he 
 had only fallen asleep. He was succeeded by 
 Mr. Davies. His wife, Sarah, daughter of Rev. 
 J. Pierpont, of New Haven, whom he married in 
 -1727 in her eighteenth year, died in 1758. She 
 became pious at the age of five. The following 
 beautiful account of her, when in her thirteenth 
 year, was written on a blank leaf by Mr. Ed 
 wards, in 1723, when he was twenty: " They say 
 there is a young lady in New Haven who is be 
 loved of that Great Being, who made and rules 
 the world, and that there are certain seasons in 
 which this Great Being, in some way or other, 
 comes to her and fills her mind with exceeding 
 sweet delight, and that she hardly cares for any 
 thing, except to meditate on Him ; that she ex 
 pects after a while to be received up where he is, 
 to be raised up out of the world and caught up 
 into heaven ; being assured that he loves her too 
 well to let her remain at a distance from him 
 always. There she is to dwell with him and to 
 be ravished with his love and delight forever. 
 Therefore, if you present all the world before her, 
 
324 
 
 EDWARDS. 
 
 with the richest of its treasures, she disregards 
 it, and cares not for it, and is unmindful of any 
 path of affliction. She has a strange sweetness 
 in her mind and singular purity in her affections ; 
 is most just and conscientious in all her conduct, 
 and you could not persuade her to do anything 
 wrong or sinful, if you would give her all this 
 world, lest she should offend this Great Being. 
 She is of a wonderful sweetness, calmness, and 
 universal benevolence of mind, especially after 
 this Great God has manifested himself to her 
 mind. She will sometimes go about from place 
 to place, singing sweetly, and seems to be always 
 full of joy and pleasure, and no one knows for 
 what. She loves to be alone, walking in the 
 fields and groves, and seems to have some one 
 invisible always conversing with her." Mr. Ed 
 wards had three sons and seven daughters. Two 
 of lu s daughters died unmarried ; Sarah married 
 E. Parsons, and Lucy, J. Woodbridge, of Stock- 
 bridge ; Esther married Pres. Burr ; Mary mar 
 ried Col. Dwight, of Northampton ; Susanna 
 married E. Porter, of Hadley ; Eunice married 
 T. Pollock, of North Carolina. 
 
 President Edwards was distinguished not only 
 for the astonishing vigor and penetration of his 
 mind, but for his Christian virtues. At a very 
 early period of his life he was much affected by 
 the truths of religion, and used several times in 
 a day to address himself to Heaven in secret 
 prayer, and to meet for religious conversation and 
 devotion with boys of his own age. But at 
 length he returned to a state of negligence and 
 forgetfulness of God. He no longer addressed 
 his prayer to the Lord, his Maker. The pleasure 
 which he had enjoyed in religious duties, he 
 afterwards believed to have originated in selfish 
 views and hopes, and not to have been founded in 
 a correct knowledge of the truth. Soon after he 
 left college, however, a deep sense of his sin was 
 imparted to him ; he beheld a new glory in the 
 character of God, and in the doctrines of the 
 gospel ; and a view of the way of salvation by a 
 crucified Redeemer, filled him with inexpressible 
 joy. Those doetrines which he had formerly op 
 posed and regarded with horror, now inspired 
 him with delight. Such were his conceptions of 
 the wisdom and excellence of the Most High, 
 that he found a real pleasure in ascribing to him 
 an absolute sovereignty in the disposal of his 
 creatures ; in choosing whom he would to eternal 
 life, and rejecting whom he pleased, for the dis 
 play of his glory. Of the certainty of this doc 
 trine he felt as much assured as of the existence 
 of any object which was presented to his sight. 
 The excellence, upon which he fixed his thoughts, 
 was communicated to him ; and he was moulded 
 into the glorious image which was so constantly 
 in his eye. His life of integrity, of humility, of 
 meekness, of benevolence, of piety, of Chris- 
 
 EDWARDS. 
 
 tian courage, and of zeal directed by the meek 
 ness of wisdom, gives full evidence that his 
 religion was the religion of Christ. His highest 
 and sweetest joys, he remarked, did not spring 
 from the hope that he was in a state of salvation, 
 nor from the consciousness of any excellence in 
 himself, but from a direct view of the precious 
 truths of the gospel. No one could be more 
 deeply humbled under a sense of the iniquity of 
 his heart, and of his impotence to what is good. 
 This conviction led him to distrust himself, to 
 rely only upon the grace of God, and to ascribe 
 everything to infinite mercy. 
 
 In the various relations of life his character 
 was unimpeached. The benevolent principles 
 which he had embraced taught him to do good, 
 and, while he inculcated charity upon others, he 
 himself gave much to the poor. lie seldom vis 
 ited his people, except in sickness or affliction, not 
 having remarkable talents in conversation, and 
 believing that he should be more useful in his 
 study. Yet he was not austere and unsociable, 
 but easy of access, kind and condescending. To 
 his friends he opened himself without reserve. 
 He gave no encouragement in his conversation to 
 evil-speaking and folly ; nor was he fond of 
 disputes, though, when called upon, he would 
 express his opinion, and calmly vindicate his sen 
 timents. He preferred managing a controversy 
 with his pen in his hand. Though his constitu 
 tion was delicate, he commonly spent thirteen 
 hours every day in his study. He usually rose 
 between four and five in the morning, and was 
 abstemious, living completely by rule. For exer 
 cise, he would in the winter take an axe and chop 
 wood for half an hour ; and in the summer would 
 walk or ride on horseback two or three miles, to 
 some retired grove. Here his active mind was 
 still occupied in religious meditation and devotion, 
 or in study. Having his pen and ink with him, 
 he recorded every striking thought that occurred. 
 All his researches were indeed pursued with his 
 pen in lu s hand, and the number of his miscella 
 neous writings, which he left behind him, was above 
 fourteen hundred. They were all numbered and 
 paged, and an index was formed for the whole. 
 He was peculiarly happy in his domestic connec 
 tions. Mrs. Edwards, by taking the entire care 
 of his temporal concerns, gave him an opportunity 
 of consecrating all his powers, without interrup 
 tion, to the labors and studies of the sacred office. 
 It ought, perhaps, to be mentioned, that in the 
 account of the " Quick stock," of which he died 
 possessed, is tin s item : " A negro boy, named 
 Titus, 30 pounds." Had he lived through the 
 American struggle for freedom, he doubtless 
 would have accorded with his son, Dr. Jonathan, 
 in his views of the injustice and gross wrong of 
 slavery. 
 
 As a preacher he was not oratorical in his man- 
 
EDWARDS. 
 
 EDWARDS. 
 
 325 
 
 ner, and his voice was rather feeble, though he 
 spoke with distinctness ; but his discourses were 
 rich in thought; and, being deeply impressed 
 himself with the truths which he uttered, his 
 preaching came home to the hearts of his hear 
 ers. Though he usually wrote his sermons with 
 great care, and read his notes, yet, when in the 
 delivery a new thought struck him, he was not so 
 shackled but that he would express it, and his 
 extemporary effusions were frequently the most 
 interesting and useful parts of his discourses. 
 Toward the close of life he was inclined to think 
 that it would have been better if he had never 
 used his notes at all. He advised the young 
 preacher to commit his sermons to memory. 
 
 Mr. Edwards was uncommonly zealous and 
 persevering in his search after truth. lie spared 
 no pains in procuring the necessary aids, and he 
 read all the books which he could procure that 
 promised to afford him assistance in his inquiries. 
 lie confined himself to no particular sect or de 
 nomination, but studied the writings of men whose 
 sentiments were the most opposite to his own. 
 But the Bible claimed his peculiar attention. 
 From that book he derived his religious principles, 
 and not from any human system. The doctrines 
 which he supported were Calvinistic, and when 
 these doctrines were in any degree relinquished, 
 or were not embraced in their whole length and 
 breadth, he did not see where a man could set 
 his foot down, with consistency and safety, short 
 of deism or atheism itself. Yet, with all his strict 
 adherence to what he believed to be the truths of 
 heaven, his heart was kind and tender. When 
 Mr. Whitefielcl preached for him on the Sabbath, 
 the acute divine, whose mighty intellect has sel 
 dom been equalled, wept as a child during the 
 whole sermon. 
 
 His essay on the freedom of the will is consid 
 ered as one of the greatest efforts of the human 
 mind. Those who embrace the Calvinistic senti 
 ments have been accustomed to say, that he has- 
 forever settled the controversy with the Armin- 
 ians, by demonstrating the absurdity of their 
 principles. On the other hand, there are those 
 attached to the general theological doctrines em 
 braced by Ed wards, who think that the unavoid 
 able consequences of his metaphysical argument 
 are so contradictory to the common judgment of 
 mankind, as to authorize any one " boldly to cut 
 asunder the knot which he is unable to unloose." 
 However, if the argument of Edwards be a fal 
 lacy, " there must be some way to unravel the 
 puzzle." The following is a brief exhibition of 
 his supposed sophistry. 1. He uses the word 
 cause perpetually in various senses : in the sense 
 of efficiency, or real cause ; of reason, or induce 
 ment ; and of antecedent circumstance, the ground, 
 " in whole or in part," of an event. When he 
 lays down the maxim, " nothing ever comes to 
 
 pass without a cause," and says, "if the will be 
 determined, there is a determiner;" he means an 
 efficient cause. But when he asserts that motive 
 is the cause of volition, he departs from the 
 meaning of efficiency. The true meaning in the 
 latter case is nothing more, than that motives or 
 views of the mind precede or accompany the ac 
 tions of men ; or, in other words, that rational 
 men, who exert their efficiency in volition, do it 
 for some purpose, or with some design ; for mo 
 tives are mere views of the mind, and it were 
 absurd to ascribe to them an agency, or to make 
 them efficient causes. As Mr. Edwards asserts, 
 " actions are to be ascribed to agents." Men 
 must cause their own volitions ; or some other 
 agent must cause them, in which case men are 
 machines. 2. He assumes the great point of 
 controversy; that is, he takes for granted, that 
 because the mind of man had a beginning of ex 
 istence, and because its actions have a beginning, 
 therefore it cannot originate a volition. But, if 
 the eternal Spirit originaies volition, it should 
 have been proved that he could not give the 
 same power to a human spirit, made in his like 
 ness. In ascribing to God in perfection the es 
 sential qualities of a moral agent, he enumerates 
 " a capacity of choice, and choice guided by 
 understanding, and a power of acting according 
 to his choice or pleasure ; " but in considering 
 man as a moral agent he ascribes to him only " a 
 power of acting according to choice," and omits 
 the essential quality of a moral agent, " the 
 power of choice." 3. The term motive is em 
 ployed at one time to express the antecedent 
 reason or ground, or previous view or circum 
 stance, supposed to determine the choice, as when 
 he says, the strongest motive governs the will ; 
 and at another time he represents the strongest 
 motive and the mind s choosing as very much the 
 same thing ; so that the motive cannot be ante 
 cedent or previous to the volition. He says, " an 
 appearing most agreeable or pleasing to the 
 mind, and the mind s preferring and choosing, 
 seem hardly to be properly and perfectly dis 
 tinct." If the view of the greatest good and the 
 preference or act of choice itself are very much 
 the same thing, then to say that volition is the 
 effect of the strongest motive, is very much the 
 same thing as to say that volition is the effect of 
 volition ; and a " previous tendency of the motive 
 to move the will " is but a previous tendency of 
 the choice to determine the choice. 4. The dis 
 tinction between natural and moral necessity can 
 make no difference as to excusableness from 
 blame, unless there be employed in the case of 
 moral necessity the power of choosing differently, 
 which yet he denies ; for, if men are excusable 
 when necessity prevents them from doing what 
 they will to do, then surely they must be excusable 
 when necessity absolutely controls their choice, 
 
326 
 
 EDWARDS. 
 
 EDWARDS. 
 
 or governs their will. Man cannot be a moral 
 agent, if his mind is completely enslaved, and his 
 volitions all influenced by causes beyond his con 
 trol, whether the necessity be called moral or 
 not. Luther said, " I truly wish that in this con 
 troversy some more appropriate term were em 
 ployed than the usual one, necessity, which is 
 applicable neither to the will of God nor man. 
 It is of so harsh and incongruous a signification, 
 suggesting a sort of co-action, and what is alto 
 gether contrary to the nature of volition." 
 
 This is a very imperfect view of the objections 
 to the argument of Edwards. Should a new 
 school of metaphysical theology spring up, it 
 will doubtless discard some old and revered no 
 tions. The following may be some of its elemen 
 tary principles. Man is constituted an agent ; 
 he is the cause, the originator of his own volitions, 
 else he would not be accountable. The mere 
 liberty of doing what he wills is not enough ; he 
 must be free to will, or have power to choose, 
 or must originate his own volitions. Right views 
 of free-agency are of high importance, for uni- 
 versalism and infidelity will be the result, when 
 man is regarded as a machine, governed by exte 
 rior efficiency. By the faculty of the will is 
 meant the power of the mind to choose, the self- 
 determining power. To say, that motives govern 
 the will, is to say that motives govern the self- 
 determining power, and this is to deny such a 
 power. If, as Edwards asserts, " the being of a 
 good will is the most proper subject of com 
 mand," ii must be, because man has the power to 
 choose aright, for responsiblencss is bounded by 
 power. If man has no power but that of doing 
 what he chooses, then he could not be required 
 to have a good will, or to make a wise choice, for 
 God never demands impossibilities. The mind 
 does not always choose according to the greatest 
 apparent good, though required to choose the 
 greatest good ; for frequently men choose against 
 clear light and full conviction. They always pre 
 fer, indeed, what they choose, for choosing is but 
 preferring ; but they often choose from unholy 
 appetite and passion against understanding and 
 conscience. The mind arbitrates between differ 
 ent motives, but is not determined by them. It 
 determines its own course in the view of motives, 
 or with some design or purpose. Men are real 
 agents, and not thinking machines, irresponsible, 
 destined to no future judgment, incapable of pun 
 ishment. In the midst of a world of motives, 
 they are the authors of their own volitions ; cer 
 tainly of that class of volitions, for which they 
 may be held to a retribution of evil. Yet, it can 
 never be proved, that all this impairs the fore 
 knowledge of the infinite Spirit, or is inconsistent 
 with his eternal purpose, and his influence in giv 
 ing a new heart, or securing a right direction to 
 the choice. At least, such an interposition of 
 
 divine grace and mercy, if it should even destroy 
 in that respect human freedom, by efficiently caus 
 ing a holy choice, is to bf deemed an immeas 
 urable benefit toward those who experience the 
 new-creating energy, while yet the choosers of 
 evil are left free to their own agency, and the 
 character of God remains unsullied, and his gov 
 ernment unimpeached. Remarks were made on 
 the essay on the freedom of the will by James 
 Dana and Samuel West; the latter was answered 
 by Dr. Edwards. His other works, which are most 
 celebrated, are : his book on original sin, in an 
 swer to Taylor ; his treatise on the affections ; his 
 dissertation on the nature of true virtue, and that 
 on the end for which God created the world. A 
 splendid edition of his works was published in 
 England, and an edition, in 8 volumes, intended 
 to be a complete collection of his writings, edited 
 by Dr. Austin, was published in 1809. Another 
 edition, with an ample account of his life, edited 
 by his descendant, Sereno Edwards Dwight, was 
 published in ten volumes, 8vo., in 1830. 
 
 The following is a catalogue of his publica 
 tions : a sermon preached at Boston on I Cor 
 inthians, I. 29, 30, 1731 ; a sermon preached 
 at Northampton, on Matthew xvi. 17, 1734 ; a 
 narrative of the work of God in the conversion 
 of many hundred of souls in Northampton, 173G ; 
 five discourses on justification by faith alone, press 
 ing into the kingdom of God, Ruth s resolution, 
 the justice of God in the damnation of sinners, 
 and the excellency of Jesus Christ, 1738 ; sin 
 ners in the hands of an angry God, a sermon 
 preached at Enfield, 1741 ; a sermon on the dis 
 tinguishing marks of a work of the Spirit of God, 
 1741 ; thoughts on the revival of religion, 1742 ; 
 a sermon at the ordination of R. Abercrombie, 
 1744 ; at the instalment of S. Buell, 1746 ; a trea 
 tise on religious affections, 1746 ; an attempt to 
 promote agreement in prayer for the revival of 
 religion, 1746 ; life of 1). Brainerd, 1749 ; an in 
 quiry into the qualifications for full communion in 
 the church, 1749; a reply to S. Williams answer 
 to the inquiry, 1752 ; a sermon preached at New 
 ark, 1752; an inquiry into the modern prevailing 
 notions of that freedom of Avill which is supposed 
 to be essential to moral agency, etc., 1754; the 
 great doctrine of original sin defended, 1758. 
 Since his death, the following works have been 
 published from his manuscripts : eighteen ser 
 mons, with his life written by Dr. Hopkins, 1765 ; 
 the history of redemption, 1774; on the nature 
 of true virtue, 1788 ; God s last end in the cre 
 ation ; thirty-three sermons ; twenty sermons, 
 1789 ; miscellaneous observations, 1793 ; miscel 
 laneous remarks, 1796. Hopkins Life of Ed 
 wards; Life prefixed to Itis Works ; Middleton s 
 Biog. Evany. IV. 294-317. 
 
 EDAVARDS, JONATHAN, D. D., president of 
 Union college at Schenectady, in the State of 
 
EDWARDS. 
 
 New York, son of the preceding, died Aug. 1, 
 1801, aged 5G. He was born at Northampton, 
 June 6, 1745. In childhood an inflammation in 
 his eyes prevented him from learning to read till 
 an uncommonly late period. He was but six 
 years old when he was removed to Stockbridgc; 
 and here there was no school but one, which was 
 common to the Indian children and the children 
 of white parents. Of the latter there were so 
 few that he was in danger of forgetting the 
 English tongue. Here, whilst at school, he 
 learned the language of the Mohekaneew, or 
 Stockbridge Indians, so perfectly, that the natives 
 frequently observed, that " he spoke exactly like 
 an Indian." This language he retained in a good 
 degree through life, and he published interesting 
 remarks upon it some years before his death. 
 Ilis father intended him for a missionary among 
 the aborigines, and in accordance with this plan 
 sent him in Oct., 1755, when he was ten years of 
 age, with Gideon Ilawley, to Oughquauga, on the 
 Susquehannah river, to learn the language of the 
 Oneicla Indians. This place was in the wilderness 
 about one hundred miles from any English set 
 tlement. He remained at Oughquauga but four 
 months, in consequence of the war between Eng- 
 and and France, which now extended to the col 
 onies. During this short time he made rapid 
 progress in acquiring the language of the natives, 
 and in engaging their affections. They were so 
 much attached to him, that when they thought 
 their settlement was exposed to inroads from the 
 French, they took him upon their shoulders and 
 carried him many miles through the wilderness 
 to a place of security. 
 
 lie was graduated at the college in New Jersey 
 in 1705. Two years before, at a time when the 
 students of the college were generally impressed 
 by the truths of religion, he was blessed with the 
 hope of his reconciliation to God through Christ. 
 This was during the presidentship and under the 
 impressive preaching of Dr. Finley. He after 
 wards pursued the study of divinity under the 
 instruction of Dr. Bellamy, and in Oct., 17G6, was 
 licensed to preach the gospel by the association 
 of ministers in the county of Litchfield, Conn. In 
 1767 he was appointed tutor of Princeton college, 
 and in this office he remained two years. He 
 was ordained pastor of the church at White 
 Haven in the town of New Haven, Jan. 5, 1769, 
 and continued there till May 19, 1795, when he 
 was dismissed by an ecclesiastical council at his 
 own request and the request of his society. Some 
 of the leading men of his parish had embraced 
 religious sentiments of a different stamp from 
 those which were formerly professed, and which 
 Dr. Edwards believed to be true; and this cir 
 cumstance was the principal cause of dismission, 
 though an inability on the part of the society to 
 give him support was the most prominent reason 
 
 EDWARDS. 
 
 327 
 
 assigned for this event. In Jan., 1796, he was 
 installed pastor of the church at Colebrook in 
 Litchfield county. In this retired situation, where 
 lie was enabled to pursue his theological studies 
 with little interruption, he hoped to spend the 
 remainder of his days. But in June, 1799, he 
 was elected president of the college which had 
 been recently established at Schenectady, as suc 
 cessor of Mr. Smith. In July he commenced the 
 duties of the office. From this time his atten 
 tion and talents were devoted to the concerns 
 of the seminary, which was committed to his 
 charge. 
 
 There were several remarkable coincidences in 
 the lives of Dr. Edwards and his father. Both 
 were tutors in the seminaries in winch they were 
 educated; were dismissed on account of their 
 religious opinions ; were settled again in retired 
 situations ; were elected to the presidentship of a 
 college; and, in a short time after they were in 
 augurated, died at nearly the same age. They 
 were also remarkably similar in person and char 
 acter. 
 
 Dr. Edwards was a man of uncommon powers 
 of mind. He has seldom been surpassed in 
 acuteness and penetration. His answer to Dr. 
 Chauncy, his dissertation on the liberty of the 
 will in reply to Dr. West, and his sermons on the 
 atonement of Christ, are considered as works of 
 great and peculiar merit. His early discourse 
 against slavery was recently reprinted. As a 
 preacher, in his manner of delivery he was bold 
 and animated ; but he addressed the understand 
 ing and conscience rather than the passions of 
 his audience. A mind like his could not in the 
 progress of discussion lose sight of its subject. 
 His thoughts were well arranged and his argu 
 ments strong and convincing. lie was by nature 
 of an irritable disposition ; but, conscious of his 
 infirmity, he made it the business of his life to 
 subdue it, and he was successful. Under many 
 trying circumstances his equanimity was conspicu 
 ous. In prosperity and adversity lie was the same, 
 always sensible of his dependence upon God, 
 always acquiescing in his will and confiding in 
 his mercy. In his habits he was very regular. 
 His exercise, his studies, and all his concerns 
 were as systematic as possible. He generally 
 rose early, and his first thoughts were directed 
 towards his Almighty Creator and Friend, to 
 whom in early life he had consecrated the powers 
 of his mind, his improvements, his possessions, 
 his time, his influence, and all the means of doing 
 good which should be put into his hands. At 
 the age of eighteen he began a diary of his reli 
 gious life. This he continued for a few months, 
 and then abruptly relinquished it, but for what 
 reason it is not known. In the early stages of 
 his last illness, when he retained his reason and 
 the power of speech, he expressed his entire 
 
328 
 
 EDWARDS. 
 
 EDWARDS. 
 
 resignation to the pleasure of God. In his death 
 an extensive acquaintance lamented the fall of one 
 of the firmest pillars of the church. 
 
 He published a work entitled, the salvation of 
 all men strictly examined, etc., in answer to Dr. 
 Chauncy; a dissertation on liberty and necessity; 
 observations on the language of the Mohekaneew, 
 or Stockbridge Indians, communicated to the 
 Connecticut society of arts and sciences, and re- 
 published in Massachusetts historical collections, 
 with notes by J. Pickering ; brief observations on 
 the doctrine of universal salvation ; three sermons 
 on the atonement; sermons at the ordination of 
 Timothy Dwight, Greenfield, 1783; of Dan Brad 
 ley, Hamden, 1792; of W. Brown, Glastenbury, 
 1792; of Edward Dorr Griffin, New Hartford, 
 1795 ; a sermon on the injustice and impolicy of 
 the slave trade, 1791; human depravity the source 
 of infidelity, a sermon in the American preacher, 
 II. ; marriage of a wife s sister considered in the 
 anniversary concio ad clerum in the chapel of 
 Yale college, 1792 ; on the death of Roger Sher 
 man, 1793; at the election, 1794; on a future 
 state of existence and the immortality of the soul, 
 printed in a volume, entitled, sermons collected, 
 etc. ; a farewell sermon to the people of Cole- 
 brook; and a number of excellent pieces, with 
 the signatures I and O,in the New York theolog 
 ical magazine, lie also edited, from the manu 
 scripts of his father, the history of the work of 
 redemption, two volumes of sermons, and two 
 volumes of observations on important theological 
 subjects. Conn. Evang. Mag., II. 377-383; 
 Miller, 11. 453; 2 Hist. Coll.x. 81-160; Holmes, 
 II. 321. 
 
 EDWARDS, MORGAN, a Baptist minister, died 
 Jan. 28, 1795, aged 72. lie was born in Wales 
 in 1722, and began to preach in his sixteenth 
 year. He came to America in May, 1761, and 
 became the pastor of a church in Philadelphia, in 
 which office he was succeeded by Dr. Rogers. He 
 removed in 1772 to a plantation in Newark, New 
 castle county. Being opposed to the Revolution, 
 he ceased preaching during the war. Afterwards 
 he read lectures in different parts of the country. 
 He had been intemperate ; it was his own opin 
 ion, that a minister should not preach again after 
 such a fall. He once persuaded liimself, about 
 the year 1770, that he should die on a particular 
 day, and preached his own funeral sermon; but 
 he lived a quarter of a century afterwards. He 
 published a farewell discourse, 1761 ; at the ordi 
 nation of S. Jones; customs of primitive churches ; 
 on new year, 1770 ; materials toward a history 
 of Baptists of Pennsylvania and New Jersey, 2 
 vols., 12mo., 1792; on the millennium; on the 
 new heaven and new earth ; res sacra, a transla 
 tion. He left many vols. of sermons, and 12 vols. 
 of manuscripts on various subjects. Benedict, 
 II. 294-301. 
 
 EDWARDS, SARAH, widow of President Ed 
 wards, died six months after her husband, Oct. 2, 
 1758, aged 48. She was the daughter of Rev. 
 James Pierrepont of New Haven, born in 1710 ; 
 and was the mother of eleven children. She ap 
 parently became pious at the age of five years ; 
 and her whole life was a life of eminent piety, 
 benevolence, and usefulness. With great intelli 
 gence and skill, she educated her children and 
 conducted all the domestic affairs ; to her hus 
 band she was one " whose price was above 
 rubies." 
 
 EDWARDS, WILLIAM, a Moravian missionary, 
 died at Goshen on the Muskingum in 1801, aged 
 about 70. 
 
 EDWARDS, TIMOTHY, judge, the eldest son 
 of President Edwards, died at Stockbridge, Mass., 
 Oct. 27, 1813, aged 15. After graduating at 
 Princeton, 1757, he was a merchant in Elizabeth- 
 town, N. J., and removed to S. about 1770, and 
 was a leading citizen for forty-three years, and 
 judge of probate for Berkshire. He was also a 
 venerated officer of the church. His widow, 
 Rhoda Ogden, died at Litchfield in 1822, aged 
 80. Of his fifteen children, one, if not more, 
 still lives, Madame Rhoda Dwight of North 
 ampton, aged now nearly 80. 
 
 EDWARDS, NINIAX, governor of Illinois, died 
 of the cholera at Belleville July 20, 1833. He 
 was appointed governor in 1809, and in 1818 
 was chosen a senator of the United States. He 
 was also, at the time of his death, governor and 
 superintendent of Indian afl airs. 
 
 EDWARDS, PIERREPOXT, died at Bridgeport 
 April 14, 1826, aged 76. He was born at North 
 ampton in 1750, a few weeks before the dismission 
 of his father, President Edwards. For many 
 years he was a distinguished lawyer; he was a 
 patriot, and under the old confederation a member 
 of congress. His sons were John S., Henry W., 
 Ogden, and Alfred. His daughter Susan married 
 Samuel W. Johnson, and Henrietta Frances 
 married Eli Whitney. 
 
 EDWARDS, WILLIAM, colonel, died in Brook 
 lyn, N. Y., Dec. 29, 1851, aged 81, the son of 
 Timothy, and grandson of Jonathan E. He was 
 early apprenticed to his uncle, Col. M. Ogden, of 
 Elizabcthtown, in the tanning business, which he 
 carried on himself many years extensively at 
 Northampton, and at Hunter, Greene county, 
 N. Y. At the latter place, employing fifty or 
 one hundred laborers, he promoted among them 
 the interests of temperance, and conducted reli 
 gious services until a church was formed, of which 
 he was twenty-five years an elder. Even in his 
 old age, in Dr. Mason s church in New York, and 
 in Brooklyn, he was a Sunday-school teacher and 
 a tract distributor. As he failed once in business 
 he honestly paid up the old debts, from which he 
 was legally discharged, to the amount of 25,000 
 
EDWAIIDS. 
 
 dollars. He gave in his vote as a citizen sixty- 
 one years His wife was Rebecca, a daughter of 
 B. Tappan; eight children survived him. 
 
 EDWARDS, JONATHAN W., an eminent law 
 yer, the only son of Rev. Dr. Jonathan E., died at 
 Hartford April 3, 1831, aged 59. He graduated 
 at Yale with high honor, at the age of seventeen, 
 in 1789, and afterwards was tutor. In taking his 
 second degree he delivered an oration, in which he 
 attacked the existing law, by which the eldest son 
 received a double portion of the estate of a father, 
 dying without a will. This excited attention ; the 
 next year, 1792, the obnoxious law was repealed. 
 Having studied law at Litchfield, he settled at 
 Hartford, and rose rapidly in his profession, and 
 became one of the most distinguished advocates. 
 He had a very uncommon genius, quick percep 
 tions, great acuteness in reasoning, and a quick, 
 beautiful, unfailing flow of language. Ill health 
 compelled him to intermingle with his studies 
 agricultural pursuits. The religion of the gospel 
 gave him peace and hope in his closing hours. 
 He was deemed a model as a man, a father, a 
 lawyer, a citizen, and a Christian. One of his two 
 sisters married Rev. Dr. Chapin. His wife was 
 Elizabeth Tryon. Rev. Dr. Tryon Edwards, of 
 New London, is his son. If an honored ancestry 
 furnishes an excitement to noble effort, he had such 
 an ancestry to excite him. His father and grand 
 father were eminent theologians and presidents of 
 colleges ; and then he could go back, as among 
 his ancestors, to Tuthill, Winthrop, Downing, 
 Stoddard, Warham, Pierpont, Hooker, Willett, 
 Brown, Porter, Walcott, Pitkin, Goodwin, and 
 Standley. A notice of Mr. E. was written by 
 Chief Justice Williams, and is contained in the 
 appendix to a volume of the Connecticut reports. 
 
 EDWARDS, HENRY W., governor of Con 
 necticut, died at New Haven July 22, 1847, aged 
 67. Born in N. H., the son of Pierrepont E., he 
 graduated at Princeton in 1797 ; was a senator 
 of the United States; and governor in 1833, 
 1835-7. 
 
 EDWARDS, HENRY PIERREPONT, a judge of 
 the supreme court of New York seven or eight 
 years, died in New York Feb. 24, 1855, aged 46. 
 He was the son of Gov. H. W. Edwards. He 
 was learned, dignified, upright, and independent. 
 
 EDWARDS, JUSTIN, D. D., died at the Bath 
 Alum Spring, Va., July 23, 1853, aged 66. Born 
 in Westhampton April 25, 1787, he was the de 
 scendant of Alexander E., who came from Wales 
 in 1640, and lived in Springfield and Northamp 
 ton, lie graduated at Williams college in 1810. 
 In about two years he was settled as the minister 
 of Andover ; after fifteen years he was removed 
 to the north church in Boston, but in two years 
 resigned his charge and became secretary of the 
 American temperance society. During his seven 
 years devotion to this cause, he prepared the "per- 
 42 
 
 EDWARDS. 329 
 
 manent temperance documents. After this he was 
 six years president of Andover theological sem 
 inary, and then seven years engaged in promoting 
 the observance of the Sabbath, writing the " Sab 
 bath manual." Four years he spent in preparing 
 comments on the New Testament, and the Old, 
 as far as the 90th Psalm, when he ceased to write. 
 He went to Virginia on account of his health. 
 When, in great suffering, he was asked if he had 
 any fear of death, he replied : " None. It is 
 nothing fearful to die and go to heaven." It 
 seemed to be his fixed determination to do all 
 the good possible, while he lived in the world. 
 He had deep, unbending principle, indomitable 
 energy, earnest piety. The beginning of his re 
 ligious course was in 1805, at the age of eighteen, 
 owing to the impression made upon him at the 
 deathbed of an eminent Christian. At the house 
 of his neighbor, Noah Parsons, Jr., died Mr. P. s 
 mother, the wife of Noah P., of Northampton, 
 who was there on a visit. The Christian conver 
 sation, peace, and supports of both, as he saw 
 her from day to day, taught him the value of reli 
 gion, of which till then he was destitute. She 
 was the Phebe Bartlett, mentioned by Jonathan 
 Edwards, as becoming pious at five years of age. 
 His wife and companion in life, who survived him, 
 and the mother of his children, was Lydia, daugh 
 ter of Asa Bigelow of Colchester. He assisted in 
 founding the tract society of Boston, and was 
 secretary ; and when it was united to the society 
 at New York he was placed on the publishing 
 committee. He wrote " The way to be saved," 
 " Joy in heaven over the penitent," " Well-con 
 ducted form," and " The traffic in ardent spirits." 
 Of these, 750,000 were printed, parts of his 
 Sabbath manual, 535,000 ; temperance manual, 
 143,000 ; comment on the New Testament, 
 70,000. A sketch of his life and labors, by Rev. 
 Wm. A. Hallock, was published, with a portrait, 
 by the American tract society in 1855. 
 
 EDWARDS, BELA BATES, D.. D., professor in 
 Andover theological school, died in Georgia April 
 20, 1852, aged 49. He was born at Southamp 
 ton, Mass., July 4, 1802. He descended from 
 Alexander Edwards, who came from Wales, and 
 lived in Northampton from 1655 to 1690, and 
 whose grandson, Samuel, wno died in 1749, was 
 the great-grandfather of Mr. Edwards, as well as 
 of Dr. Justin Edwards. Mr. E. s grandfather, 
 also named Samuel, who was a soldier in the 
 expedition to cape Breton in 1745, removed 
 to Southampton in 1753, where he was a deacon 
 many years, till his death in 1784. Mr. E. s 
 father, Elisha, born in 1758, was also a deacon 
 from 1790 till his death in 1832. His mother, 
 a woman of intellect and great worth, died in 
 1826. 
 
 Mr. E. graduated at Amherst college in 1 824. 
 Wliilc in college he became a Christian. In 1825 
 
330 
 
 EDWARDS. 
 
 ELIOT. 
 
 he entered the seminary at Andover. For two 
 years from 1820 lie was a tutor at Amhcrst. In 
 May, 1828, he was chosen assistant secretary of 
 the American education society, and performed 
 the duties of this office, at the same time living at 
 Andover and pursuing his theological studies. 
 From 1830 to 183G he lived in Boston, but re 
 signed his office of secretary in 1833. 
 
 His literary and editorial labors were very great 
 and important. From 1828 to 1842 he edited 
 the American Quarterly Register, which was 
 called first, in 1827, the Quarterly Journal of the 
 American education society. lie established in 
 1833 the American Quarterly Observer, which, 
 after three volumes, was united with the Biblical 
 Repository of Prof. Robinson. He edited it from 
 183,3 to 1838. Of the Bibliotheca Sacra he was 
 the editor from 184-1 to 1852. For the long 
 period of twenty-three years, he superintended a 
 part of our periodical literature, and with the aid 
 of others, produced thirty-one octavo volumes, 
 monuments of his great industry, talents, learn 
 ing, and taste. 
 
 He lived in Andover from 1836 till his death. 
 In 1837 he was appointed professor of Hebrew 
 in the seminary, and in 1848 successor of Prof. 
 Stuart in the chair of professor of biblical litera 
 ture. In 1846 and 1847 he made the tour of 
 Europe with his wife and one of his children. A 
 pulmonary disease compelled him to repair to 
 Athens in Ga., in the autumn of 1851, and there 
 he died in peace. He was buried at Andover 
 April 30th. His wife was Jerusha W. Billings of 
 Conway, a grand-daughter of Rev. R. S. Storrs of 
 Longmeadow. 
 
 His memoir was published by Prof. Park in 
 two volumes, in 1853, containing seven sermons 
 and various essays, addresses, and lectures. A 
 more interesting memoir of a literary, pious, and 
 most excellent man is not to be found. Mr. E. 
 wrote, besides the works mentioned already, the 
 eclectic reader ; biography of self-taught men, in 
 1832 ; and the missionary gazetteer. 
 
 EELLES, NATHANIEL, minister of Scituate, 
 died Aug. 25, 1750, aged about 73. He gradu 
 ated at Harvard college in 1G99 ; was ordained in 
 1704. He was a man of eminence. Among his 
 successors was Dr. Barnes. He published a ser 
 mon at the ordination of F. Clapp, 1729; rea 
 sons for inviting Mr. Whitefield to preach; elec 
 tion sermon, 1743. 
 
 EELLES, NATHANIEL, minister of Stonington, 
 Conn., son of the preceding, graduated at Har 
 vard college in 1728. He died in 1786, aged 
 about 80. He published the election sermon, 
 1748. 
 
 EELLES, EDWARD, minister of Middletown, 
 son of Nathaniel E., of Scituate, died in 1776. 
 He was graduated at Harvard college in 1733. 
 He published the election sermon, 1767. 
 
 EELLES, SAMUEL, minister of North Bran- 
 ford, Conn., died April 23, 1808, aged 63. He 
 was a graduate of Yale in 1765, and was a useful 
 pastor, and physician without charge, thirty-nine 
 years. 
 
 EGBERT, THOMAS, major, died in New Bruns 
 wick, N. J., in July, 1835, aged 84, an officer of 
 the Revolution. 
 
 ELBERT, SAMUEL, major-general, and gov 
 ernor of Georgia, in 1785 succeeded John Hous 
 ton, and was succeeded in 1786 by Edward 
 Telfair. He was a soldier of the Revolution, 
 entering the army in 1776 as a lieutenant-colonel. 
 In 1778 he was engaged in the expedition against 
 East Florida ; and conducted with gallantry in 
 command of a brigade in the action at Brier 
 Creek March 2, 1779, in which he was taken pris 
 oner. He died at Savannah Nov. 3, 1788, 
 aged 45. 
 
 ELDRIDGE, CHARLES, M. D., died at East 
 Greenwich, R. I., Sept. 15, 1838, aged 56, for 
 merly president of the medical society. 
 
 ELIOT, JOHN, minister of Roxbury, Mass., 
 usually called the Apostle of the Indians, was born 
 at Nasing, Essex, England, in 1604 ; died May 
 20, 1690, aged 86. His pious parents early im 
 parted to him religious instruction, and it Avas not 
 without effect. After receiving his education at 
 the university of Cambridge, he was for some time 
 the instructor of youth. In 1631 he came to this 
 country, and, arriving at Boston harbor Nov. 3, 
 immediately joined the church in that town, and 
 preached to them, as Mr. Wilson their minister 
 was then in England. Here he was earnestly 
 requested to remain ; but he was settled as 
 teacher of the church in Roxbury, Nov. 5, 1632. 
 In the folloAving year Mr. Wclde was ordained as 
 his colleague, with the title of pastor. These two 
 ministers lived together in much harmony. In 
 1737 they opposed the wild notions of Mrs. 
 Hutchinson, and were both witnesses against her 
 at her trial. In 1639 they were appointed, Avith 
 Richard Mather, of Dorchester, to make a neAV 
 version of the psalms, Avhich Avas printed in the 
 folloAving year. For tuneful poetry it Avould not 
 perhaps yield the palm even to that of Sternhold 
 and Hopkins ; but it did not give perfect satisfac 
 tion. Mr. Shepherd, of Cambridge, thus ad 
 dressed the translators : 
 
 " Ye Roxbury poets, keep clear of the crime 
 Of missing to give us very good rhyme ; 
 And you of Dorchester, your verses lengthen, 
 But with the text s own words you will them strengthen." 
 
 The New England psalms were aftenvards re 
 vised and improA ed by President Dunster, and 
 they have passed through tAventy editions. In 
 1641 Mr. Welde returned to England. Mr. 
 Eliot s other colleagues in the ministry Avere Mr. 
 Danforth and Mr. Walter. 
 
 His benevolent labors Avere not confined to his 
 
ELIOT. 
 
 own people. Having imbibed the true spirit of 
 the gospel, his heart was touched with the 
 wretched condition of the Indians, and he became 
 eagerly desirous of making them acquainted with 
 the glad tidings of salvation. There were, at the 
 time, when he began his missionary exertions, 
 nearly twenty tribes of Indians within the limits 
 of the English planters. But they were very 
 similar in manners, language, and religion. Hav 
 ing learned the barbarous dialect, he first preached 
 to an assembly of Indians at Nonantum, in the 
 present town of Newton, Oct. 28, 1646. After a 
 short prayer he explained the commandments, 
 described the character and sufferings of Christ, 
 the judgment day and its consequences, and ex 
 horted them to receive Christ as their Saviour, 
 and to pray to God. After the sermon was 
 finished, he desired them to ask any questions 
 which might have occurred. One immediately 
 inquired, whether Jesus Christ could understand 
 prayers in the Indian language ? Another asked 
 how all the world became full of people, if they 
 were all once drowned ? A third question was, 
 how there could be the image of God, since 
 it was forbidden in the commandment? He 
 preached to them a second time Nov. 11, and 
 some of them wept while he was addressing them. 
 An old man asked, with tears in his eyes, whether 
 it was not too late for him to repent and turn 
 unto God ? Among the other inquiries were 
 these, how it came to pass that sea water was 
 salt and river water fresh ; how the English came 
 to differ so much from the Indians in the knowl 
 edge of God and Jesus Christ, since they all at 
 first had but one father ; and why, if the water is 
 larger than the earth, it does not overflow the 
 earth ? He was violently opposed by the sachems, 
 and pawaws or priests, who were apprehensive of 
 losing their authority if a new religion was intro 
 duced. When he was alone with them in the 
 wilderness, they threatened him with every evil, 
 if he did not desist from his labors ; but he was 
 a man not to be shaken in his purpose by the fear 
 of danger. He said to them : " I am about the 
 work of the great God, and my God is with me ; 
 so that I neither fear you, nor all the sachems in 
 the country. I will go on, do you touch me, if 
 you dare." With a body capable of enduring 
 fatigue, and a mind firm as the mountain oaks 
 which surrounded his path, he went from place to 
 place, relying for protection upon the great Head 
 of the Church, and declaring the salvation of the 
 gospel to the children of darkness. His benevo 
 lent zeal prompted him to encounter with cheer 
 fulness the most terrifying dangers, and to submit 
 to the most incredible hardships. He says in a 
 letter : " I have not been dry, night or day, from 
 the third day of the week unto the sixth ; but so 
 travelled, and at night pull off my boots and 
 wring my stockings, and on with them again, and 
 
 ELIOT. 
 
 331 
 
 so continue. But God steps in and helps. I 
 have considered the word of God, 1 Tim. II. 3, 
 endure hardship as a good soldier of Jesus 
 Christ." lie made a missionary tour every fort 
 night, planted a number of churches, and visited 
 all the Indians in Massachusetts and Plymouth 
 colonies, pursuing his way as far as cape Cod. 
 In 1651 an Indian town was built on a pleasant 
 spot on Charles river, called Natick. A house of 
 worship was erected, and a form of government 
 was established similar to that which is mentioned 
 in Exodus xvm. 21. He was convinced, that in 
 order to the most permanent success, it was neces 
 sary to introduce with Christianity the arts of 
 civilized life. He accordingly made every exer 
 tion to persuade the Indians to renounce their 
 savage customs and habits ; but he never could 
 civilize those who went out in hunting parties ; 
 and those who lived near ponds and rivers, and 
 were occupied in fishing or cultivating the ground, 
 though their condition was much improved, could 
 never be made equally industrious with the Eng 
 lish. The first Indian church, established by the 
 labors of Protestants in America, was formed at 
 Natick in 1660, after the manner of the Congre 
 gational churches in New England. Those, who 
 wished to be organized into a Christian body, 
 were strictly examined as to their faith and expe 
 rience by a number of the neighboring ministers, 
 and Mr. Eliot afterwards administered to them 
 baptism and the Lord s supper. Other Indian 
 churches were planted in various parts of Massa 
 chusetts, and he frequently visited them ; but his 
 pastoral care was more particularly over that, 
 which he first established. He made every exer 
 tion to promote the welfare of the Indian tribes ; 
 he stimulated many servants of Jesus to engage 
 in the missionary work ; and, although he 
 mourned over the stupidity of many, who pre 
 ferred darkness to light, yet he lived to see 
 twenty-four of the copper-colored aborigines fel- 
 "low preachers of the precious gospel of Christ. 
 In 1661 he published the New Testament in the 
 Indian language, and in a few years the whole 
 Bible, and several other books, best adapted for 
 the instruction of the natives. He possessed an 
 influence over the Indians, which no other mission 
 ary could obtain. He was their shield in 1675, 
 during Philip s war, when some of the people of 
 Massachusetts, actuated by the most infuriate 
 spirit, had resolved to destroy them. He suffered 
 every abuse for his friendship to them, but noth 
 ing could quench the Divine charity which glowed 
 in his heart. His firmness, his zeal, his benevo 
 lence at this period increased the pure lustre of 
 his character. When he reached the age of fore- 
 score years, he offered to give up his salary, and 
 desired to be liberated from the labors of his 
 office as a teacher of the church at Iloxbury. It 
 was with joy, that he received Mr. Walter as his 
 
332 
 
 ELIOT. 
 
 ELIOT. 
 
 colleague in 1688. When he was bending under 
 his infirmities and could no longer visit the In 
 dians, he persuaded a number of families to send 
 their negro servants to him once a Avcek, that he 
 might instruct them in the truths of God. He 
 died, saying, that all his labors were poor and 
 small, and exhorting those, who surrounded his 
 bed, to pray. His last words were, " Welcome 
 joy." Four sons, educated at Harvard college, 
 were preachers ; John, of Newton, a preacher also 
 to the Indians ; Joseph, of Guilford ; Samuel died 
 in early life unsettled; Benjamin, a graduate of 
 1665, was a colleague with his father, but died 
 before him. 
 
 Mr. Eliot was one of the most useful preachers 
 in New England. No minister saw his exertions 
 attended with greater effects. He spoke from 
 the abundance of his heart, and his sermons, be 
 ing free from that labored display of learning, 
 from the quibbles and quaint turns with which 
 most discourses were at that time infected, were 
 acceptable in all the churches. So much was he 
 endeared to his own people, that they continued 
 his salary after he had offered to resign it, and 
 when he was unable to preach ; and the youth 
 were in the habit of visiting him, calling him their 
 father and friend. Such attentions chased away 
 the gloom which usually hangs over the head of 
 the aged, and cheered the evening of his life. 
 
 His moral and religious character was as excel 
 lent as his ministerial qualifications were great. 
 He carried his good principles with him in every 
 situation, viewing all things in reference to God. 
 He habitually lifted up his heart for a blessing 
 upon every person, whom he met ; and when he 
 went into a family, he would sometimes call the 
 youth to him, that he might lay his hands upon 
 them, and give them his benediction. Such was 
 his charity, that he gave to the poor Indians most 
 of his salary of fifty pounds, which he received 
 annually from the society for propagating the 
 gospel. In his manner of living, he was very 
 simple. One plain dish was his repast at home, 
 and, when he dined abroad, he seldom tasted any 
 of the luxuries before him. He drank water ; 
 and said of wine, " It is a noble, generous liquor, 
 and we should be humbly thankful for it, but, as 
 I remember, water \vas made before it." Clothing 
 himself with humility, he actually wore a leathern 
 girdle about his loins. In domestic life he was 
 peculiarly happy. By the prudent management 
 of his wife, who looked well to the ways of her 
 household, he was enabled to be generous to his 
 friends, and hospitable to strangers, and with a 
 small salary to educate four sons at Cambridge, 
 of whom John and Joseph, ministers of Newton 
 and Guilford, were the best preachers of that age. 
 
 In his principles of church government, he was 
 attached to the Congregational order. Yet he 
 contended earnestly for frequent synods or 
 
 councils, as necessary for the preservation of 
 union, for the suppression of dangerous opinions 
 and heresies, for the correction of abuses, and the 
 healing of divisions. In one of his treatises, he 
 proposed four orders of councils, the congrega 
 tional, provincial, national, and u % cumenical. lie 
 thought that every particular church should have 
 ruling elders, to assist the minister in the duties 
 of government and instruction. In his admissions 
 to the church, he required of the candidates some 
 evidence that they were truly Christians, renewed 
 in their hearts by the Spirit of God. He with 
 stood the attempts, which were made, to change 
 the old practice of giving a relation of the work 
 of divine grace, which practice, in liis view, hon 
 ored the Saviour, and produced an intimate union 
 among his disciples. He could not, in conscience, 
 give the cup of the Lord to any one who did not 
 give some evidence of being a sincere Christian. 
 
 With all his excellencies, he had some singu 
 larities and strange notions. He had. a most 
 deep-rooted prejudice against wigs. He preached 
 against the custom of wearing them ; he prayed 
 against it ; he attributed to it the evils which over 
 whelmed the country. He thought, as Dr. Cot 
 ton Mather, who himself wore a wig, informs us, 
 " that for men to wear their hair with a luxurious, 
 delicate, feminine prolixity, or to disfigure them 
 selves with hair, which was none of their own, 
 but above all, for ministers of the gospel to ruffle 
 it in excesses of this kind," was an enormous sin. 
 But fashion would bear sway, notwithstanding his 
 remonstrances, and he finally ceased to complain, 
 saying, " the lust is become insuperable." His 
 prejudice against tobacco was as strong as his 
 aversion to wigs ; but, in contempt of all his ad 
 monitions, the hairless head would be adorned 
 with curls of foreign growth, and the pipe would 
 send up volumes of smoke. In his old age, not 
 long before his death, he used to say that he was 
 shortly going to heaven, and would carry a deal 
 of good news with him ; he would carry tidings 
 to the old founders of New England, that our 
 churches still remained, and that their number 
 was continually increasing. So remarkable was 
 he for his charities, that the parish treasurer, 
 when he once paid him the money due for his sal 
 ary, tied the ends of a handkerchief, into which 
 he put it, in as many hard knots as he could, to 
 prevent him from giving away the money before 
 he should reach home. The good man immedi 
 ately went to the house of a sick and necessitous 
 family, and told them that God had sent them 
 some relief. Being welcomed by the sufferers 
 with tears of gratitude, he began to untie the 
 knots. After many fruitless efforts, and impatient 
 of the perplexity and delay, he gave the handker 
 chief and all the money to the mother of the 
 family, saying, " Here, my dear, take it ; I believe 
 the Lord designs it all for you." 
 
ELIOT. 
 
 Mr. Eliot published several letters, in a work 
 entitled, the glorious progress of the gospel among 
 the Indians, etc., 1049 ; tears of repentance, in 
 conjunction with Mr. Mayhcw, 1653 ; a late and 
 further manifestation of the progress of the gos 
 pel among the Indians, etc., 1655 ; of the gospel 
 amongst the Indians, etc., 1659; a brief narrative 
 of the progress of the gospel, etc., 1670. A 
 work of his, entitled the Christian commonwealth, 
 etc., was published in England about the year 
 1660, written nine or ten years before. When it 
 was received in Massachusetts, the governor and 
 council, viewing it as full of seditious principles 
 against all established governments, especially 
 against the monarchy of their native country, re 
 quired Mr. Eliot to make a recantation, which he 
 accordingly did, acknowledging, that government 
 by kings, lords, and commons was not anti-Chris 
 tian. The book was suppressed. A copy is in 
 Col. AspinwalPs collection of books relating to 
 America. In 1661, he published his translation 
 of the New Testament into the Indian tongue ; 
 2d edit., 1680 ; and, in 1663, his immense work, 
 the translation of the whole Bible, in 4to., en 
 titled, Mamusse Wunneetupanatamwe Up-Biblum 
 God nanecswe Nukkone Testament kah wonk 
 "Wnsku Testament. A second edition was printed 
 in 168,5, revised by Mr. Cotton, and both of them 
 were printed at Cambridge. The longest word 
 is in Mark I. 40 : Wutappesittukqussunnoohweh- 
 tunkquoh, " kneeling down to him." Mr. Eliot 
 also published, Jews in America, 1660, intended 
 to prove,, that the Indians were descendants of 
 the Jews ; an Indian grammar, 1666 ; a new edi 
 tion, with notes by Du Ponceau, and introduction 
 by J. Pickering, 8vo., 1822 ; also in 2 historical 
 collections, 9th volume ; the logic primer, for the 
 use of the Indians, 1672 ; the psalms, translated 
 into Indian metre, and a catechism, annexed to 
 the edition of the New Testament, in 1680 ; a 
 translation of the practice of piety, of Baxter s 
 call to the unconverted, and of several of Shcp- 
 ard s works ; the harmony of the gospels, in Eng 
 lish, 4to., 1678; the Divine management of gospel 
 churches by the ordinance of councils, designed 
 for the reconciliation of the Presbyterians and 
 Congregationalists. Nine of his letters to Sir 
 Itobert Boyle are in the 3d volume of the histori 
 cal collections, and his account of Indian churches 
 in the 9th volume. His Christian commonwealth 
 is in historical collections, 3d series, vol. 9. 
 Mather s Magnal.,iu. 170-211 ; Eliot s Life and 
 Death ; Neal s N. E. 1. 151, 242, 258 ; II. 98 ; Hist. 
 Coll., l. 176; ill. 177-188; Douglass, II. 113; 
 HutcJtinson, I. 162-169, 212; Holmes, I. 434; 
 Life by C. Francis. 
 
 ELIOT, JOHN, minister of Newton, the son of 
 the preceding, was graduated at Harvard college 
 in 1656. He was ordained at Cambridge village, 
 or Nonantum, now Newton, in 1664, and in this 
 
 ELIOT. 
 
 333 
 
 place he died Oct. 11, 1668, aged 32. His abili 
 ties as a preacher were pre-eminent. He gave 
 his father much assistance in his missionary em 
 ployment. During his ministry at Newton he 
 usually preached once a fortnight to the Indians 
 at Pequimmit, or Stoughton, and sometimes at 
 Natick. Gookin, V. ; Homer s History of New 
 ton in Hist. Coll. V. 266. 
 
 ELIOT, JARED, minister of Killingworth, Conn., 
 was grandson of the apostolic John Eliot, and the 
 son of Joseph Eliot, minister of Guilford, who 
 died in 1694. He was born Nov. 7, 1685 ; grad 
 uated at Yale college in 1706 ; was ordained Oct. 
 26, 1709, and died April 22, 1763, aged 78. In 
 the year 1722 he was strongly inclined to adopt 
 the Episcopalian sentiments ; but in a conference 
 with the trustees of the college his doubts were 
 removed. lie was a botanist and a scientific and 
 practical agriculturist. The white mulberry tree 
 was introduced by him into Conn. He discovered 
 a process of extracting iron from black sand. He 
 was the first physician of his day in the colony. 
 Such was his fame for the treatment of chronic 
 complaints, that he was sometimes called to Bos 
 ton and Newport, and was more extensively con 
 sulted than any physician in New England. 
 Maniacs were managed by him with great skill. 
 In the multitude of his pursuits his judgment 
 seemed to be unfailing. His farms in different 
 parts of the colony were well managed. Living 
 on the main road from Boston to New York, he 
 was visited by many gentlemen of distinction. 
 Dr. Franklin always called upon him when jour 
 neying to his native town. His house was the 
 scat of hospitality. He was a pious, faithful 
 preacher. For forty years he never omitted 
 preaching on the Lord s day. He published ag 
 ricultural essays, several editions ; religion sup 
 ported by reason and revelation, 1735; election 
 sermon, 1738 ; sermon on the taking of Louis- 
 bourg, 1745. Thaclier ; Eliot; 2 Hist. Coll. I. 
 
 ELIOT, ANDREW, D. D., minister in Boston, 
 died Sept. 13, 1778, aged 59. He was a descen 
 dant of Andrew Elliott, as he wrote his name, 
 from Somersetshire, who settled at Be . T erly about 
 1683. His father, Andrew, was a. merchant in 
 Boston. lie was born about the year 1719, and 
 in 1737 was graduated at Harvard college. He 
 early felt the impressions of religion, and was 
 induced to devote himself to the service of the 
 Lord Jesus. He was ordained pastor of the new 
 church in Boston, as colleague with Mr. Webb, 
 April 14, 1742. Here he continued in high rep 
 utation till his death. He left eleven children, 
 two of them ministers, Andrew, of Fail-field, 
 and John, of Boston. His last surviving child, 
 Susanna, wife of Dr. David Hull of Fairfield, 
 died in 1832. 
 
 He was highly respected for his talents and 
 virtue. While he preached the distinguishing 
 
334 
 
 ELIOT. 
 
 ELIOT. 
 
 doctrines of the gospel, his sermons were not 
 filled with invectives against those who differed 
 from him. He was anxious to promote the inter 
 ests of practical godliness, and, destitute of big 
 otry, he embraced all who appeared to have an 
 honest regard to religious truth. His discourses 
 were written in a style perspicuous and correct, 
 and he delivered them with dignity, gracefulness, 
 and unaffected fervor. His audience was never 
 inattentive. The various duties of the pastoral 
 office he ever discharged with fidelity. He re 
 vered the constitution of the churches of New 
 England, and delighted in their prosperity. In 
 1743 he united with many other excellent minis 
 ters in giving his testimony in favor of the very 
 remarkable revival of religion in this country. 
 
 When the British took possession of Boston, 
 he sent his family out of the town with the inten 
 tion of following them ; but a number of the 
 people belonging to his society and to other 
 societies, being obliged to remain, requested him 
 not to leave them. After seeking Divine direc 
 tion, he thought it his duty to comply with their 
 request, and in no period of his life was he more 
 eminently useful. He was a friend to the free 
 dom, peace, and independence of America. By 
 his benevolent offices he contributed much toward 
 alleviating the sufferings of the inhabitants ; he 
 ministered to his sick and wounded countrymen 
 in prison ; he went about doing good, and he ap 
 peared to be more than ever disengaged from the 
 world, and attached to things heavenly and Di 
 vine. He was a friend of literature and science, 
 and he rendered important services to Harvard 
 college, both as an individual benefactor, and as a 
 member of the board of overseers and of the 
 corporation. So highly were his literary acquire 
 ments and general character estimated, that he 
 was once elected president of the university ; but 
 his attachment to his people was such, that he 
 declined the appointment. In his last sickness 
 he expressed unshaken faith in those doctrines of 
 the grace of God which he had preached to 
 others, and would frequently breathe out the 
 pious ejaculation, "Come, Lord Jesus, come 
 quickly." 
 
 He wrote a long account of the effects of the 
 dispute between Great Britain and America in 
 1768, which he sent to a friend in England. It 
 is spoken of with high respect, both on account 
 of its style, and of the candor and moderation 
 with which it was written. The following is a 
 catalogue of his publications : A sermon at his 
 own ordination, 1742 ; inordinate love of the 
 world inconsistent with the love of God, 1744; 
 on the death of John Webb, 1750; a fast sermon, 
 1753 ; at the ordination of Joseph Hoberts, 1754 ; 
 of Eben Thayer, 1766 ; of Joseph Willard, 1773 ; 
 of his son, Andrew Eliot, 1774 ; of his brother 
 John, 1779; a thanksgiving sermon for the con 
 
 quest of Quebec, 1759; election sermon, 1765; 
 Dudleian lecture, 1771 ; at the execution of Levi 
 Ames, 1773 ; a volume of twenty sermons, 8vo., 
 1774. Thacker s Funeral Sermon ; Memoirs 
 of Thomas Ilollis ; Hist. Coll. X. 188; Farmer. 
 
 ELIOT, SAMUEL, a benefactor of Harvard col 
 lege, was the son of Samuel E., a bookseller of 
 Boston, who was the brother of Dr. A. Eliot. 
 As a merchant he acquired a large estate. He 
 died Jan. 18, 1820, aged 81. Three of his 
 daughters were married to E. Dwight and Pro 
 fessors A. Norton and G. Ticknor. Some time 
 before his death he presented to Harvard college 
 20,000 dollars to found a professorship of Greek 
 literature. He left an estate of little less than a 
 million of dollars. 
 
 ELIOT, JOHN, D. D., minister in Boston, the 
 son of Dr. Andrew E., was born May 31, 1754, 
 and graduated at Harvard college in 1772. After 
 preaching a few years in different places, he was 
 ordained as the successor of his father, Nov. 3, 
 1779, pastor of the new north church in Boston. 
 He died of an affection of the heart, or pericar 
 dium, Feb. 14, 1813, aged 58. His wife, Ann 
 Treadwell, daughter of Jacob T., of Portsmouth, 
 survived him. During his ministry of thirty-four 
 years he baptized 1454 persons ; performed the 
 ceremony of marriage 811 times; and admitted 
 161 to full communion in the church. Dr. Eliot 
 was very mild, courteous, and benevolent ; as a 
 preacher he was plain, familiar, and practical, 
 avoiding disputed topics, and always recommend 
 ing charity and peace. For nine years he was 
 one of the corporation of Harvard college. With 
 his friend, Dr. Belknap, he co-operated in estab 
 lishing and sustaining the Massachusetts histor 
 ical society, to the publications of which he 
 contributed many writings. His attention was 
 much devoted to biographical and historical re 
 searches, lie published a sermon to freemasons, 
 1782; a charge to the same, 1783; a thanksgiv 
 ing sermon, 1794 ; at the ordination of J. Mc- 
 Kean, 1797 ; of H. Edcs, 1805 ; on public worship, 
 1800 ; on the completion of a house of worship, 
 1804; a New England biographical dictionary, 
 8vo., 1809; and in the historical collections the 
 following articles : account of burials in Boston ; 
 description of New Bedford, iv. ; notice of AV. 
 Whittingham, and narrative of newspapers, V. ; 
 sketch of Dr. Belknap, VI. ; ecclesiastical history 
 of Massachusetts and Plymouth, VII. IX. X. and 
 two sermons, I. ; account of John Eliot ; account 
 of Marblehead; memoirs of Dr. Thacher, viil. ; 
 memoirs of A. Eliot and T. Pemberton, X. 2 
 Hist. Coll. 1.211-248. 
 
 ELIOT, JOSEPH, minister of Guilford, Conn., 
 the son of Rev. John E., died May 24, 1694, aged 
 about 60. He was graduated at Harvard in 1653. 
 About the year 1664 he succeeded Mr. Higgin- 
 son at Guilford. After a ministry of thirty years 
 
ELIOT. 
 
 ELLIOTT. 
 
 335 
 
 he died, greatly lamented. His successors were 
 Thomas Ilugglcs, who died in 1728; Thomas 
 Iluggles, the son, who died in 1770; Amos Fow 
 ler, who died Feb., 1800, aged 72; and John 
 Eliot. 
 
 ELIOT, JACOB, minister of Lebanon, Conn., 
 died April 12, 1766, aged Go. Born in Boston, 
 he graduated at Cambridge in 1720, and was or 
 dained over the third church in Lebanon in 
 1729. His wife was Betty, a daughter of Rev. J. 
 Robinson, of Duxbury. 
 
 ELIOT, ANDREW, minister of Fail-field, Conn., 
 died Oct. 26, 180,3, aged 62. He was the son of 
 Dr. A. Eliot, of Boston, was graduated at Har 
 vard in 1762, and was afterwards librarian and 
 tutor, and was ordained June 22, 1774. When 
 Fairfield was burnt by the British in 1779, his 
 house and library were consumed. His wife was 
 Mary, daughter of Joseph Pynchon; his son, 
 Andrew, was the minister of NewMilford. Coll. 
 Hist. Soc. x. 188. 
 
 ELIOT, CHARLES, a graduate of Harvard in 
 1809, died in 1813. His brother-in-law, Prof. 
 Norton, edited his miscellaneous writings, 1814. 
 
 ELLERY, WILLIAM, a member of congress, 
 died Feb. 15, 1820, aged 92. He was the son of 
 Wm. E., a merchant of Newport, 11. I., who died 
 in 1836, aged 75; and was graduated in 1747, 
 at Harvard college, of which his father was a 
 graduate in 1722. Having studied law, he for 
 many years successfully prosecuted his profession 
 at Newport. At the commencement of the Rev 
 olution he espoused the cause of his country. Of 
 the congress of 1776 he was an active and influ 
 ential member. His name was affixed to the 
 Declaration of Independence. Placing himself 
 by the side of secretary Thompson, he watched 
 the looks of the noble-minded patriots, as they 
 signed the instrument. The plan of fireships, 
 recommended by the marine committee, to be 
 sent out from Rhode Island, is supposed to have 
 been suggested by him. When the British occu 
 pied Newport, his dwelling-house was burnt. On 
 his retiring from congress in 1786, he was ap 
 pointed commissioner of loans ; he was also 
 elected chief justice of Rhode Island. When the 
 new government was organized, Washington ap 
 pointed him in 1789 collector of Newport ; an 
 office which he held till his death. He died as 
 he was reading Tully s offices, in Latin. It was 
 often his consolation in life, that " the Lord 
 reigneth." Disregarding human applause, he 
 was accustomed to say, " humility rather than 
 pride becomes such creatures as we arc." Good- 
 rich s Lives. 
 
 ELLICOTT, ANDREW, professor of mathemat 
 ics at West Point, was a native of Pennsylvania, 
 and was employed in surveying and planning the 
 city of AVashington. lie was also employed in 
 ascertainm-* the boundarv between the United 
 
 States and Spain, which labor he commenced in 
 1796. He died at West Point Aug. 28, 1820, 
 aged 67. He published a journal, with a map of 
 Ohio, Mississippi, and a part of Florida, 1806; 
 astronomical and other papers in the transactions 
 of A. P. society. 
 
 ELLIOT, OLIVER, died at Mason, N. II., March 
 5, 1837, aged 102. He was a soldier in the 
 French and Revolutionary wars. 
 
 ELLIOT, JAMES, died at Newfane, Vt., Nov. 10, 
 1839. He was a member of congress in 1803-9. 
 
 ELLIOT, JONATHAN, died in Washington 
 March 12, 1846, aged 61. Born in England, he 
 came to New York and was a book printer. 
 From 1814 he edited with much ability the 
 Washington Gazette for thirteen years. His 
 character was excellent. He wrote the American 
 diplomatic code, debates on the adoption of the 
 constitution, the comparative tariffs, funding sys 
 tem, and statistics. 
 
 ELLIOTT, THOMAS, a patriot of the Revolution, 
 died in South Carolina Feb. 5, 1824, aged 73. In 
 the battle of Sullivan s island he was stationed at 
 fort Johnson; he fought at Stono; during the 
 siege of Charleston he performed the duties of a 
 soldier, and with unyielding firmness preferred the 
 miseries of the prison-ship to the terms offered 
 by the enemy. 
 
 ELLIOTT, CHARLES, of South Carolina, a pat 
 riot, equipped at his own expense a considerable 
 body of troops ; but died before the close of the 
 war. His daughter Jane, married to Col. Wash 
 ington in 1782, died in 1830, aged 66, at the 
 family seat at Sandy Hill, South Carolina. 
 
 ELLIOTT, AXXA, wife of Charles E., the 
 daughter of Thomas Ferguson of South Carolina, 
 was a patriot of the Revolution. She received 
 under her roof the sick and wounded, and was to 
 them an angel of mercy. 
 
 ELLIOTT, JOHN, 1). D., died in 1824, aged 
 about 70. He graduated at Yale in 1776, and 
 "was minister in Guilford, Conn., now Madison. 
 He published a sermon at the ordination of D. E. 
 Field, 1805; of E. T. Fitch, 1818. 
 
 ELLIOTT, ROBERT, captain, died in Montgom 
 ery county, Va., Jan. 4, 1838, aged 105, an officer 
 of the Revolution. 
 
 ELLIOTT, JACOB, lieutenant, died in Chester, 
 N. II., Dec. 6, 1841, aged 86. He was in the 
 Lexington battle, and in that of Bennington was 
 severely M oundcd. 
 
 ELLIOTT, JESSE D., commodore, died in Phil 
 adelphia Dec. 10, 1845, aged 62. lie was second 
 in command under Perry on lake Erie. 
 
 ELLIOTT, STEPHEN, LL. 1)., a botanist, died 
 at Charleston, South Carolina, March 28, 1830, 
 aged 58. He was born at Beaufort, Nov. 11, 
 1771, and graduated at Yale college in 1791. 
 Afterwards he devoted his attention chiefly to 
 the improvement of his estate. At an early age 
 
336 
 
 ELLIS. 
 
 ELLSWOETH. 
 
 he becam, a member of the legislature, in which 
 capacity he introduced the project of the State 
 bank, of which he was chosen president and at 
 the head of which he remained until his death. 
 He was also president of several literary and 
 scientific societies, and professor of natural history 
 and botany in the medical college. The South 
 ern review was principally conducted by him. He 
 died of the gout in the stomach. His temper was 
 mild, and his manners interesting. He had made 
 a large and valuable collection in natural history. 
 With the literature of France and Spain he was 
 well acquainted. He published sketch of the 
 botany of South Carolina and Georgia, 2 vols. 
 8vo. 1821. 
 
 ELLIS, BENJAMIN, Dr., died at Franklin, 
 Conn., in 1824, aged 73. He was a surgeon 
 during the whole Revolutionary war. 
 
 ELLIS, JOHN M., died at Nashua Aug. 6, 1855, 
 aged 62. Born in Keenc, he graduated at Dart 
 mouth in 1822, and studied theology at Andover. 
 In the service of the home missionary society he 
 went to the west, and there was a pastor ten 
 years : then he took a prominent part in the 
 founding of the colleges of Jacksonville and 
 Wabash. Subsequently he toiled in the cause of 
 ministerial education. He was a man of judg 
 ment, of energy, and of benevolence. For years 
 he supported three scholarships in reference to 
 the ministry. By his offer of prizes of 200 dol 
 lars each he brought out three essays, the edu 
 cational systems of the Puritans and Jesuits by 
 Prof. Porter, prayer for colleges by Prof. Tyler j 
 and primitive piety revived by II. C. Fish. How 
 much good may be the results of the efforts of 
 this one humble man ! He was a man of sor 
 rows. While at the west his whole family, in his 
 absence from home, was swept avay by sickness, 
 his wife and two children. As he was dying, 
 when asked if Christ was precious, he said, "All 
 in all, all in all, all in all!" 
 
 ELLIS, CALEB, judge of the superior court of 
 New Hampshire, was born at Walpolc, Mass., and 
 graduated at Harvard college in 1793. He 
 practised law in Claremont, N. II. In 1804 he 
 vas elected a member of congress. In 1813 he 
 was appointed a judge of the superior court, in 
 which office he continued till his death, May 9, 
 1816, aged 49. He was a man of candor and 
 moderation, disinterested, and faithful in the offi 
 ces intrusted to him. He sought no popularity 
 except that which follows the pursuit of noble 
 ends by honest means. As a judge he was 
 enlightened, independent, impartial, and inflex 
 ible ; yet mild and courteous. He had a delicate 
 and scrupulous sense of honor and honesty. His 
 regard to the institutions of religion and morality 
 was evinced by the bequest of 5000 dollars for 
 the support of a minister in Claremont. Smith s 
 Sketch ; Farmer s Collect. II. 225-232. 
 
 ELLMAKER, AMOS, judge, died in Lancaster, 
 Pa., in Dec., 1851. He was an officer in the army 
 of 1812, a member of congress, judge, and attor 
 ney-general ; in 1832 he was a candidate for the 
 vice-presidency. 
 
 ELLSWORTH, OLIVER, LL. D., chief justice 
 of the United States, died Nov. 26, 1807, aged 
 65. He was born at Windsor, Conn., April 29, 
 1745, and was graduated at the college in New 
 Jersey in 1766. He soon afterwards commenced 
 the practice of the law, in which profession he 
 became eminent. His perceptions were unusually 
 rapid, his reasoning clear and conclusive, and his 
 eloquence powerful. In the year 1777 he was 
 chosen a delegate to the continental congress. 
 In 1780 he was elected into the council of his 
 native State, and he continued a member of that 
 body till 1784, when he was appointed a judge of 
 the superior court. In 1687 he was elected a 
 member of the convention which framed the fed 
 eral constitution. In an assembly, illustrious for 
 talents, erudition, and patriotism, he held a dis 
 tinguished place. His exertions essentially aided 
 in the production of an instrument, which, under 
 the divine blessing, has been the main pillar of 
 American prosperity and glory. He was imme 
 diately afterwards a member of the State conven 
 tion, and contributed his efforts towards procuring 
 the ratification of that instrument. When the 
 federal government was organized in 1789, he 
 was chosen a member of the senate. This ele 
 vated station, which he filled with his accustomed 
 dignity, he occupied till in March, 1796, he was 
 nominated by AVashington chief justice of the 
 supreme court of the United States as the succes 
 sor of Mr. Jay. Though his attention had been 
 for many years abstracted from the study of the 
 law, yet he presided in that high court with the 
 greatest reputation. His charges to the jury 
 were rich not only in legal principles but in moral 
 sentiments, expressed in a simple, concise style. 
 Toward the close of the year 1799 he was ap 
 pointed by president Adams envoy extraordinary 
 to France for the purpose of settling a treaty with 
 that nation. AVith much reluctance he accepted 
 the appointment. In conjunction with Governor 
 Davie and Mr. Murray, his associates, he negoti 
 ated a treaty. Having accomplished the business 
 of his embassy, he repaired to England for the 
 benefit of the mineral waters, as his health had 
 suffered much in his voyage to Europe. Con 
 vinced that his infirmities must incapacitate him 
 for the future discharge of his duties on the 
 bench, he transmitted a resignation of his office 
 of chief justice at the close of the year 1800. 
 On his return to Connecticut, his fellow citizens, 
 desirous of still enjoying the benefit of his extra 
 ordinary talents, elected him into the council ; 
 and in May, 1807, he was appointed chief justice 
 of the State. This office, however, he declined, 
 
ELLSWORTH. 
 
 from apprehension that he could not long survive 
 under the pressure of his distressing malady, the 
 gravel, and of domestic afflictions. 
 
 Mr. Ellsworth was an accomplished advocate, an 
 upright legislator, an able and impartial judge, a 
 wise and incorruptible ambassador, and an ardent, 
 uniform, and indefatigable patriot. He moved for 
 more than thirty years in a most conspicuous sphere 
 unassailed by the shafts of slander. His integrity 
 was not only unimpeached, but unsuspected. In 
 his debates in legislative bodies he was some 
 times ardent, but his ardor illuminated the sub 
 ject. His purposes he pursued with firmness, 
 independence, and intrepidity. In private life he 
 was a model of social and personal virtue. He 
 was just in his dealings, frank in his communica 
 tions, kind and obliging in his deportment, easy 
 of access to all, beloved and respected by his 
 neighbors and acquaintance. Amid the varied 
 honors, accumulated upon him by his country, he 
 was unassuming and humble. His dress, liis 
 equipage, and mode of living were regulated by a 
 principle of republican economy ; but for the pro 
 motion of useful and benevolent designs he com 
 municated with readiness and liberality. The 
 purity and excellence of his character are rare in 
 any station, and in the higher walks of life are 
 almost unknown. 
 
 If it be asked, To what cause is the uniformity 
 of his virtue to be attributed P the answer is at 
 hand, He was a Christian. He firmly believed 
 in the great doctrines of the gospel. Having its 
 spirit transfused into his own heart, and being di 
 rected by its maxims and impelled by its motives, 
 he at all times pursued a course of upright con 
 duct. The principles which governed him were 
 not of a kind which are liable to be weakened or 
 destroyed by the opportunity of concealment, the 
 security from dishonor, the authority of numbers, 
 or the prospects of interest. He made an ex 
 plicit confession of Christianity in his youth ; and, 
 in all his intercourse with the polite and learned 
 world, he was not ashamed of the gospel of 
 Christ. In the midst of multiplied engagements 
 he made theology a study, and attended with un 
 varying punctuality on the worship of the sanctu 
 ary. The sage, whose eloquence had charmed 
 the senate, and whose decisions from the bench 
 were regarded as almost oracular, sat with the 
 simplicity of a child at the feet of Jesus, devoutly 
 absorbed in the mysteries of redemption. His 
 religion was not cold and heartless, but practical 
 and vital. Meetings for social worship and pious 
 conference he countenanced by his presence. He 
 was one of the trustees of the missionary society 
 of Connecticut, and engaged with ardor in the 
 benevolent design of disseminating the truths of 
 the gospel. In his last illness he was humble and 
 tranquil. He expressed the submission, the views, 
 and the consolations of a Christian. His speech 
 43 
 
 ELY. 
 
 337 
 
 in the convention of Connecticut, in favor of the 
 constitution, is preserved in the American mu 
 seum. - Panoplist and Missionary Magazine, I. 
 193-197 ; Srotcn s American Register, II. 95- 98 ; 
 Dwiglifs Travels, I. 301-304, 
 
 ELMER, EBEXEZER, died at Bridgeton, N. J., 
 Oct. 18, 1843, aged 91. He was an officer in the 
 army of the Revolution, a member of congress, 
 president of the society of the Cincinnati. 
 
 ELWELL, MEHETABEL, Mrs., died in Saco, 
 Me., Jan. 19, 1835, aged 100. 
 
 ELY, RICHARD, minister of North Bristol, in 
 Guilford, and of Saybrook second church, Conn., 
 died in 1814, aged 80, having been a minister 56 
 years. He was the son of Rev. David Ely, the son 
 of Richard, of North Lyme. He graduated at Y ale 
 in 1754. He had a son, Dr. Richard, of Say- 
 brook, whose son, Rev. William, of Vernon and 
 North Mansfield, died at Easthampton Nov. 2, 
 1850, aged 62, a successful preacher, and an ex 
 ample of liberal charity. Richard Ely published 
 a sermon at the ordination of D. Ely, at Ripton, 
 1774. 
 
 ELY, ZEBULOX, died at Lebanon, Conn., Nov. 
 18, 1824, aged 65. Born in Lyme, he graduated 
 in 1779, a distinguished scholar. In the same 
 year he fought the British at an advanced post, 
 but lost his coat and hat, glad to escape an un 
 looked-for scouting party with his life. In 1783 
 he was ordained. In a few of his last years he 
 suffered from the palsy. He once said to Mr. 
 Stone, a neighboring minister, regarded as a Hop- 
 kinsian, " Your system runs into extremes." He 
 replied, " Well, well ; do not cut Truth s legs off, 
 let her run where she will." He once exchanged 
 with Mr. Williams, of East Hartford, riding thirty 
 miles in a storm, to preach to a dozen people, 
 much to his grief. Twenty years after he met 
 with a pious man, who asked him if he remem 
 bered that Sunday, for his sermons, he said, were 
 the means of his conversion. He was the father 
 of Rev. Dr. E. Stiles Ely, of Philadelphia. 
 
 ELY, DAVID, D. D., minister of Huntington, 
 Conn., was born in Lyme, in 1749; graduated at 
 Yale college in 1769 ; and was ordained as a col 
 league minister in 1773. For nearly thirty years 
 he was an efficient member of the corporation of 
 Yale college. He died Feb. 16, 1816, aged 66. 
 He and his colleague, who was settled at the or 
 ganization of the church in 1721, preached nearly 
 a century. His successor was Thomas Puuder- 
 son. With a vivid fancy and warm heart, he 
 usually preached extemporaneously. His charac 
 ter was described by his friend, Dr. Dwight. 
 Panoplist, xn. 487-489. 
 
 ELY, ZEBULOX, minister of Lebanon, Conn., 
 died in 1824, aged about 65. He was graduated 
 at Yale college in 1779, and was a tutor from 1781 
 to 1782. As a minister, he was highly respected, 
 and devoted to his work. For a few last years 
 
338 
 
 ELY. 
 
 EMERSON. 
 
 his powers of mind failed him. His memoirs 
 were written by his son, Dr. E. S. Ely, of Phila 
 delphia. He published a sermon at the election, 
 1804 ; at the ordination of S. Bartlett, 1804 ; on 
 the death of Governor Trumbull, 1785, and of his 
 son, also governor, 1809 ; of W. Huntington s wife, 
 1799; of W. Williams, 1812; before the county 
 foreign mission society, 1815. 
 
 ELY, JOHN, minister of North Bristol, in Mad 
 ison, Conn., died in 1827, by a fall from his horse, 
 aged about 62. He was born in Lyme, and grad 
 uated at Yale in 1786. He was first settled in 
 Danbury. 
 
 ELY, JUSTIN, died at West Springfield, July 
 24, 1850, aged 78. A graduate of Harvard in 
 1792, he spent his business life as a merchant. 
 He was an eminent Christian, kind, social, hospi 
 table. N. Y. Observer, Sept. 7. 
 
 ELY, ELIHU, Dr., died at Binghamton, N. Y., 
 March 17, 1851, aged 70, an early settler and 
 prominent citizen. 
 
 ELY, HEMAX, judge, died Feb. 2, 1852, aged 
 76, at Elyria, in Ohio, a town named after him. 
 He was an early settler of Ohio. The son of 
 Justin Ely, of Springfield, Mass., he was one of 
 the firm of T. and II. Ely, of New York ; and had 
 occasion to visit foreign countries. 
 
 EMERSON, JOSEPH, the first minister of Men- 
 don, Mass., died at Concord Jan. 3, 1680. He 
 was ordained in 1667. His wife was Elizabeth, 
 daughter of Rev. E. Bulkley. 
 
 EMERSON, JOHN, minister of Gloucester, 
 Mass., died in 1700, aged about 64. He was the 
 son of Thomas, of Ipswich, and graduated at 
 Harvard in 1656, and was ordained in 1663. 
 His son John, a graduate of 1689, and minister in 
 Portsmouth, died in 1732, aged 61. 
 
 EMERSON, JOHN, minister of Portsmouth, 
 died June 21, 1732, aged 61. Born in Ipswich, 
 he graduated at Harvard in 1689. On the night 
 of the murder of Major Waldron by the Indians, 
 he was invited to sleep at his house, but declined. 
 He was settled at Newcastle in 1704 : in 1708 he 
 went to England and resided for a period in Lon 
 don. In 1715 he was installed at Portsmouth. 
 Of the one hundred and twenty-four persons added 
 to his church in seventeen years, forty were 
 added in the year following the earthquake of 
 1727, by which event many minds were awakened 
 to the subject of religion. He was an agreeable 
 companion and faithful minister. 
 
 EMERSON, WILLIAM, died in Rutland, Vt., 
 in Oct., 1776, aged 33. Graduated at Harvard in 
 1761, he was ordained the minister of Concord, 
 the successor of Mr. Bliss, in 1766. His patriotic 
 and Christian zeal induced him to be a chaplain 
 at Ticonderoga in Aug., 1776. 
 
 EMERSON, JOSEPH, minister of Maiden, 
 Mass., the son of Edward E., and the grandson 
 of Rev. Joseph E., of Mendon, was born at 
 
 Chelmsford, April 20, 1700; was graduated at 
 Harvard college in 1717; and ordained, Oct. 31, 
 1721. For nearly hajf a century he continued 
 his benevolent labors without being detained from 
 his pulpit but two Sabbaths. He died suddenly, 
 July 13, 1767, aged 67. His wife was Mary, 
 daughter of Rev. S. Moody, of York. He had 
 nine sons and four daughters. Three of his sons 
 Avere ministers : Joseph, of Pepperell ; William, 
 of Concord ; and John, of Comvay. He was 
 pious in early life, and his parents witnessed the 
 effect of their instruction and prayers. As a 
 teacher of religion to his fellow men, and their 
 guide to heaven, he searched the Scriptures with 
 great diligence, that he might draw his doctrines 
 from the pure fountains of truth. In the various 
 relations which he sustained, he was just, amiable, 
 kind, and benevolent. One-tenth of his income 
 was devoted to charitable uses. He, at stated 
 times every day, addressed himself to Heaven, 
 and never engaged in any important affair with 
 out first seeking the Divine blessing. Such was 
 his humility, that, when unguarded words fell from 
 his lips, he would ask forgiveness of his children 
 and servants. He published the importance and 
 duty of a timely seeking of God, 1727 ; meat out 
 of the eater and sweetness out of the strong, 
 1735 ; early piety encouraged, 1738; at the ordi 
 nation of his son, Joseph, at Groton, now Pepper- 
 ell, 1747. Funeral Sermon, by his son. 
 
 EMERSON, DANIEL, first minister of Hollis, 
 N. H., was a descendant of Joseph E., minister 
 of Mendon. He was graduated at Harvard col 
 lege in 1739; was ordained April 20, 1743; re 
 ceived Eli Smith as his colleague Nov. 27, 1793 ; 
 and died, Sept. 30, 1801, aged 85, in the 59th of 
 his ministry. His praise was in all the churches. 
 In 1743 there were only thirty families in the 
 town. During his ministry, many died in the 
 faith which he had taught them ; and, at the time 
 of his death, the church consisted of about two 
 hundred members. Such men, the successful 
 teachers of morality and religion, of whom the 
 world knows nothing, are its benefactors, while the 
 men of fame are usually the scourges of the earth. 
 Massachusetts Missionary Mag., I. 57-59. 
 
 EMERSON, WILLIAM, minister in Boston, 
 died May 11, 1811, aged 42. He was the grand 
 son of Rev. Joseph E., of Maiden, and the son 
 of Rev. Win. E., of Concord, who died a chaplain 
 in the army in 1776. He was born May 6, 1769, 
 and graduated at Harvard college in 1789. He 
 became first the minister of Harvard in 1792 ; 
 but, in Oct., 1799, he was installed the pastor of 
 the first church in Boston. In the year 1804 he 
 engaged in the labor of conducting the Monthly 
 Anthology, a literary journal, which opposed 
 the orthodox Calvinistic views of the Chris 
 tian religion. He published a sermon, preached 
 July 4, 1794; at the artillery election, 1799; be- 
 
EMERSON. 
 
 fore a charitable society, 1800 ; at the ordination 
 of S. Clark, 1800; of K. Smiley, 1801; of T. 
 Beede, 1803; on the death of Dr. Thachcr, 1802; 
 of Madame Bowdoin, 1803 ; of C. Austin, 1806 ; 
 before the female asylum, 1805 ; before the hu 
 mane society, 1807 ; oration, July 4, 1802 ; four 
 discourses in the Christian monitor, numbered 1, 
 2, 3, 7 ; a collection of psalms and hymns, 1808. 
 After his death, there was published his sketch of 
 the history of the first church in Boston, with two 
 sermons annexed, 8vo., 1812. 2 Historical Col 
 lections, I. 254-258. 
 
 EMERSON, JOHN, first minister of Conway, 
 died June 26, 1826, aged 80. A graduate of Har 
 vard in 1764, he was settled in 1769; he used to 
 say, he was " John preaching in the wilderness." 
 He lived to see his flock of four hundred increased 
 to two thousand. He admitted 580 to his church, 
 buried 1,037, and baptized 1,219. He wrote 
 3,500 sermons. E. Hitchcock was settled as his 
 colleague in 1821. Holland, n. 347. 
 
 EMERSON, JOSEPH, died at Wethersfield in 
 Mav, 1833, aged 54. A graduate of Harvard in 
 1798, he was a tutor ; then settled as a minister 
 many years at Beverly ; and last devoted himself 
 to the business of teaching female pupils, for 
 whom he established a school at Wethersfield. 
 He was a zealous Christian, and an excellent 
 teacher. His life, by his brother, Prof. Ralph 
 Emerson, was published in 1834. 
 
 EMERSON, JOSEPH, Dr., died in Heath, Mass., 
 Aug. 13, 1841, aged 60; a very successful and 
 much beloved physician. 
 
 EMERSON, SAMUEL, M. D., died at Kenne- 
 bunk Aug. 7, 1851, aged nearly 87. A graduate 
 of Harvard in 1785, he was a surgeon in the 
 Revolutionary war, and long an able practitioner. 
 
 EMERY, JOHN, D. D., bishop of the Metho 
 dist church, died in Baltimore co., Md., Dec. 16, 
 1835, respected and lamented. In riding, he was 
 thrown from his carriage, and his skull was 
 fractured. 
 
 EMMET, THOMAS ADDIS, an eminent lawyer, 
 died in New York Nov. 14, 1827, aged 63. "lie 
 was born in Cork, Ireland, in 1764, the son of a 
 physician. Educated at Trinity college, Dublin, 
 he studied medicine at Edinburgh, and took the 
 degree of M.]). in 1784. His thesis was pub 
 lished in Smellie s thesaurus. At this time he 
 was inclined to forensic pursuits, presiding over 
 five debating societies. He afterwards made the 
 tour of Italy and Germany, visiting the most cele 
 brated schools of the continent. On his return 
 to Ireland, the death of his brother, Christopher 
 Temple Emmet, a lawyer of surpassing talents, 
 induced him to engage in the same profession. 
 After studying at the Temple in London two 
 years, he was admitted to the Irish bar at Dublin 
 in 1791. He soon rose to distinction, and was 
 deemed superior in legal and general science and 
 
 EMMONS. 
 
 339 
 
 in talents to Curran. At this period the events 
 of the French revolution awakened in the op 
 pressed Irish the hope of national freedom. The 
 association of " United Irishmen " was constituted, 
 embracing both Catholics and Protestants, bound 
 together by a secret oath. Each society was lim 
 ited to thirty-six persons, but the whole kingdom 
 was organized into departments, and at the head 
 of the whole was a committee, of which Mr. Em 
 met was a leading member. It was determined 
 to seek aid from France, and to take up arms. 
 May 23, 1798, was appointed for the general ris 
 ing. But previously to that time a traitor dis 
 closed the conspiracy, and Emmet and others were 
 arrested and thrown into prison. The rebellion, 
 notwithstanding, broke out on the fixed day; but 
 it was soon crushed before the arrival of Hum 
 bert and his French army of twelve hundred men, 
 which surrendered in August. An agreement 
 was soon made by the government with the State 
 prisoners, that if they would make certain dis 
 closures, not implicating individuals, they should 
 be released. The disclosures were made ; yet 
 Mr. Emmet was long detained in prison. After 
 the peace of Amiens he was set free and conveyed 
 to the river Elbe. The winter of 1802 he spent 
 in Brussels, where he saw his brother about to 
 embark in the enterprise which ended in his ex 
 ecution. From France Mr. Emmet proceeded to 
 New York, where he arrived Nov. 11, 1804. The 
 death of Hamilton had left an opening for such a 
 man in the bar ; he was soon admitted to the 
 supreme court of the State and of the United 
 States, and stood among the first in his profession. 
 lie identified himself with the democratic party. 
 In 1812 he was appointed attorney-general of the 
 State. As an advocate he was unrivalled. With 
 a prolific fancy, his figures were bold ; yet was he 
 logical and profound, and his manner was most 
 earnest and impressive. He was incessant in 
 labor, devoting more than thirteen hours in each 
 day to study and business. Of course he mixed 
 but little with the fashionable world. He had 
 often amused himself with mathematical calcula 
 tions. In the circuit court of 1827 he was en 
 gaged in the important Astor cause, and on 
 Monday, Nov. 12th, replied in an elaborate argu 
 ment to Webster and Van Buren. On Wednesday, 
 while occupied in another cause, he was seized 
 with the apoplexy in court, and died the same 
 day. While in prison in Scotland he wrote part 
 of an essay toward the history of Ireland, which 
 was published at New York in 1807. American 
 Annual Register, 1827-9, 139-149. 
 
 EMMETT, JOHN P., professor of chemistry in 
 the university of Virginia, died at New York Aug. 
 13, 1842, aged 47 ; the son of Thomas Addis 
 Emmett. 
 
 EMMONS, NATHANIEL, D. D., minister of 
 Franklin, Mass., died Sept. 23, 1840, aged 95 
 
340 
 
 EMMONS. 
 
 EMMONS. 
 
 years and five months. His father was Samuel 
 E., of East Haddam, Conn. ; his mother, lluth 
 Cone. He was graduated at Yale college in 
 1767 ; studied theology with Dr. Smaller, and 
 imbibed his docirincs ; was licensed to preach in 
 1769, and ordained over the second church of 
 Wrentham, now Franklin, in April, 1773. The 
 duties of a pastor he performed fifty-four years, 
 till 1827. He also instructed many students in 
 theology. His wife and her two children died in 
 1778. lie afterwards married a daughter of llev. 
 Chester Williams, of Hadley. She was a daugh 
 ter-in-law of llev. Samuel Hopkins, who, when 
 she was young, married her widowed mother. 
 By her he had six children, of whom he buried 
 three. llev. Elam Smalley was settled at Frank 
 lin as colleague minister in 1829. 
 
 A memoir of Dr. E. is found in the first volume 
 of his works, published in 1842. First there is 
 given an autobiography ; then a memoir by Dr. 
 Jacob Ide, his son-in-law; then an additional 
 notice by Prof. E. A. Park. He professed to be 
 warmly attached to genuine Calvinism ; but he 
 thought Calvinism had lost much of its original 
 purity, and had acquired absurdities which must 
 be rejected in order to make it consistent with 
 reason and Scripture ; and among these " wens " 
 to be pared off, he reckoned the doctrines, that 
 the sin of Adam is imputed to his posterity ; that 
 the righteousness of Christ is imputed to be 
 lievers ; that sinners lie under a natural inability 
 to become holy ; and that Christ made atonement 
 only for the elect. These he called " gross ab 
 surdities." But whether so or not, the character 
 of Calvinism must be determined by the faith of 
 Calvin himself, and not by what may be deemed 
 later improvements, and a supposed right view of 
 "the essential principles of pure Christianity." 
 His editor admits that he differed from Calvin in 
 many important respects. The great question is, 
 did he teach the great fundamental principles of 
 the gospel, and did he spread abroad no gross 
 and perilous errors ? His whole long life was 
 spent in his study in unslackcd industry, in un 
 wearied mental toil. v He studied seventy years in 
 one room, usually ten hours a day. His famous 
 political sermon, called his "Jeroboam sermon," 
 was preached after Mr. Jefferson became pres 
 ident, from the text relating to Jeroboam, the 
 son of Nebat, " who made Israel to sin." 
 
 He was a plain, argumentative preacher, with 
 no oratorical powers, but simple, direct, and ear 
 nest in his address. He was an independent 
 thinker, but some of his speculations are so pe 
 culiar, and so revolting to the general Christian 
 sentiment of our country, as to render it proper 
 to advert to them. The most prominent and re 
 markable doctrine which he advanced, is the doc 
 trine that God is the producing cause of every 
 act of the human mind, and therefore of all 
 
 wickedness as well as of all goodness. It may 
 seem incredible, that a worthy minister in a 
 country town of New England, a teacher of the 
 ology to nearly ninety theological students, should 
 inculcate a doctrine so abhorrent, so contradictory 
 to Scripture ; and therefore it may be expedient 
 to quote a few sentences from his own writings. 
 God, he says, must " create evil, when, and where, 
 and to what degree the good of the universe re 
 quires, because he is the owner and rightful sov 
 ereign of the universe." 
 
 He includes in evil moral as well as natural 
 evil ; that is, he thus makes God the author of 
 sin. " God s acting on their hearts and producing 
 all their free, voluntary, moral exercises, is so far 
 from preventing them from being moral agents, 
 that it necessarily makes them moral agents " 
 He goes so far as to assert, .that they who deny 
 this " universal agency," in the production of sin 
 as well as holiness, do " virtually deny God s ex 
 istence." In reference to the origin of Adam s 
 sin he says, " Satan placed certain motives before 
 his mind, which, by a certain divine energy, took 
 hold of his heart and led him into sin." Thus he 
 ascribes to God the efficiency in the production of 
 Adam s sin, to which the devil was only a tempter. 
 Satan tempts men to sin ; God produces sin. If 
 this is not blasphemy, what can be ? There is 
 not the least doubt as to his doctrine, Avhich he 
 has much more fully asserted. He makes God 
 the efficient cause, the actual producer of every 
 sinful volition in his creature ; he makes God the 
 author of sin. Is not God then responsible for 
 sin ? And how can he punish man for sin ? Is 
 not he, who intelligently and voluntarily performs 
 an act, responsible for that act ? The man who 
 lays a living child upon the ground, and with an 
 axe chops off its head, is guilty of murder. If 
 God creates a human mind, and then by his al 
 mighty and irresistible power moves that mind to 
 sin and produces sin, God is the author of sin. 
 If we embrace this doctrine, we make God the 
 author of sin, which the Bible ascribes to the 
 devil. We give to the infinitely pure and holy 
 Being the very character of Satan. But Dr. E. 
 ascribes to God holy motives, his own glory and 
 the highest possible good of the universe, 
 whereas the Devil is influenced by the contrary 
 evil motives; yet the acts and effects are the 
 same, the production of sin, which God abhors. 
 In communicating such a doctrine to the world, 
 by what argument does the teacher justify him 
 self? He teaches that all freedom consists in 
 volition and its effects, and not in its cause. The 
 man who acts voluntarily whatever may cause 
 his volition is a free, voluntary agent. So 
 that, although God causes, produces his sinful ve- 
 litions, man is yet a perfectly free moral agent. 
 But this contradicts the teaching of the great 
 body of ethical and theological writers, and con- 
 
EMMONS. 
 
 EXDECOTT. 
 
 341 
 
 tradicts the general consciousness and common 
 sense of man. It is deceptive language " what 
 God makes free must be free." But man is not 
 free, if his volition is made, created, produced by 
 almighty power. 
 
 Dr. Stephen West, in his book on agency, was 
 the first teacher in this country of this doctrine, 
 that God is the only agent, the producer of all 
 the volitions of his creatures. It was doubtless 
 to his book, published in 1772, that Dr. Emmons 
 was indebted for his theory. It is probable that 
 on this point there are now in the Christian world 
 very few followers of these bold theorists. Their 
 doctrine, which was the doctrine of Epicurus, 
 Gassendi, Condillac, Hobbes, and Priestley, may 
 be acceptable to infidels and universalists ; but it 
 will make little progress with intelligent, pious 
 readers of the Bible, who can easily understand, 
 with a host of commentators, that when God is 
 said to harden Pharaoh s heart, the meaning is, 
 not a producing efficiency, but a prediction, of a 
 certain event in Providence, that he would harden 
 his own heart, as it is afterwards declared that he 
 did. And it may be added ; let it be that the 
 origin of sin is a mystery. 1 hen let it remain a 
 mystery, and not be attempted to be cleared up 
 by charging it blasphemously upon God. But if 
 God is a free agent, then he might make man in 
 his own image a free moral agent, whose choice 
 is free, and is not caused, produced, made by 
 another. Do we not all know intuitively, by com 
 mon sense, by reason and conscience, that we are 
 such free agents, therefore justly accountable to a 
 holy, sin-hating God? Even Berkeley, though 
 he denied the existence of matter, did not deny 
 the existence of created minds, having wills of 
 their own and volitions not produced by another. 
 lie says : "It is true, I have denied there are any 
 other agents beside spirits ; but this is very con 
 sistent with allowing to thinking, rational beings 
 in the production of motions the use of limited 
 powers, ultimately indeed derived from God, but 
 immediately under the direction of their own 
 wills, which is sufficient to entitle them to all the 
 guilt of their actions." Our innate sense of jus 
 tice teaches us, that if God creates, produces our 
 wicked affections, volitions, and actions, it would 
 be injustice in him to punish us for them, or to 
 charge upon us guilt. 
 
 As to Emmons other doctrines, he differed 
 little from a multitude of New England theolo 
 gians. He believed that Christ came from heaven 
 to be an atoning sacrifice for sin, a substitute for 
 sinners, to vindicate God s justice, and that men 
 are justified by faith in him ; that men arc active, 
 not passive, in regeneration ; that men are not 
 guilty of Adam s sin, but that their hearts are, in 
 consequence of his sin, totally depraved ; that 
 holiness and sin consist in voluntary exercises. 
 As to the success of his ministry, during fifty-four 
 
 years three hundred and eight were added to the 
 church, less than six a year on an average. He 
 was one of the founders of the Massachusetts 
 missionary society, and was its first president for 
 twelve years. lie was zealously attached to the 
 system of Congregationalism, maintaining in his 
 " platform of ecclesiastical government," that all 
 ecclesiastical power is vested in each church. He 
 was a man of wit and quickness of retort. Some 
 1 anecdotes are the following : As a Universalist 
 had answered one of his sermons, some one sug 
 gested to him the plan of printing the sermon 
 and the answer in one pamphlet ; he replied, " It 
 is against the laws : thou shalt not plow with 
 an ox and an ass together." The secret of pop 
 ular preaching, he said, was not to meddle with 
 the hearers consciences ; also, " let your sermons 
 be without beginning, middle, or end." He said, 
 " let your eloquence flow from your heart to your 
 hands, and never attempt to force it the other 
 way." " It is a great blessing to be able to talk 
 an hour about nothing. The most important 
 requisites for an extemporaneous preacher are 
 ignorance, impudence, and presumption." When 
 a tippler asked him " to tell what he was to un 
 derstand by the soul of man," he replied, " Xo, 
 I can t tell a man that has n t got any." When a 
 minister wrote to him " I have read your sermon 
 on the atonement and wept over it," he imme 
 diately sent back this answer : " I have read your 
 letter and laughed at it." He said to a candidate, 
 I " Your sermon was too much like Seekonk plain, 
 j long and level." He asked a young preacher, 
 " Do you ever mean to preach another sermon ? 
 You ve preached about everything this morning." 
 ! When a young man said, " I hope you were not 
 wearied with the length of my sermon," he re- 
 | plied, " Xo, nor with the depth cither." lie 
 j published sixty or more single sermons and tracts. 
 : He published sermons at the ordinations of E. 
 | Dudley, C. Chaddock, E. Smith, C. Alexander, 
 I D. A very, W. Harris, J. Tufts, J. Emerson, T. 
 Williams, E. Whipple, G. Conant, Z. Whitmore, 
 and C. Park ; a sermon on the death of Wash 
 ington and of many other persons ; on receiving 
 from Dr. Franklin books for Franklin library, 
 1787 ; election sermon, 1798; on the second cen 
 tury from the landing at Plymouth, 1820 ; ser 
 mons, 8vo., 1812 ; collection of sermons, 8vo., 
 1813; sermons, 8vo., 1815; sermons, 3 vols., 
 8vo., 1823. His works were published, edited by 
 Dr. Ide, in G vols., 8vo., 1842. Memoir Pre 
 fixed to Works; PitncJiard on Conyrcyational- 
 ism, 276; Review of E. s Theory. 
 
 EMOTT, JAMES, died at Poughkeepsie April 7, 
 
 1850, aged 80; a distinguished lawyer at Xew 
 
 | York, and a member of Congress from 1809 to 
 
 ] 1813. lie was judge of the common pleas and 
 
 of the circuit court. 
 
 EXDECOTT, Jonx, the first governor of Mas- 
 
ENGLAND. 
 
 EPHRAIM. 
 
 sachusetts, died March 15, 1665, aged 75. He 
 was born in Dorchester, England, in 1589, and 
 married a relation of M. Cradock, the governor 
 of the Massachusetts company in England, and 
 brother-in-law of II. Ludlow, deputy governor. 
 He Avas sent to this country by that company as 
 their agent, to carry on the plantation at Naum- 
 keag, or Salem, and arrived Sept. 6, 1628. It 
 was here that he laid the foundation of the first 
 permanent town within the limits of the Massa 
 chusetts patent. lie was a suitable person to be 
 intrusted with the care of a new settlement in 
 the wilderness, for he was bold, undaunted, so 
 ciable, and cheerful, familiar, or austere and dis 
 tant, as occasion required. The company, in 
 April, 1629, chose him the governor of" London s 
 plantation ; " but in August it was determined to 
 transfer the charter and the government of the 
 colony to New England, and John Winthrop, who 
 arrived in the following year, was appointed gov 
 ernor. In 1636 Mr. Endecott was sent out on 
 an expedition against the Indians on Block Island, 
 and in the Pequot country. He continued at 
 Salem till 1644, when he was elected governor of 
 Massachusetts, and removed to Boston. He was 
 also governor from 1649 to 1654, excepting in 
 1650, when Mr. Dudley was governor, and from 
 1655 to 1665. He was succeeded by Bellingham. 
 He left two sons. He was a sincere and zealous 
 Puritan, rigid in his principles, and severe in the 
 execution of the laws against sectaries, or those 
 who differed from the religion of Massachusetts. 
 Two Episcjpalians, who accused the members of 
 the church of Salem of being Separatists, were 
 sent back to England by his orders. He was de 
 termined to establish a reformed and a pure 
 church. The Quakers and the Baptists had no 
 occasion to remember him with affection. So 
 opposed was he to everything which looked like 
 Popery, that, through the influence of Itoger 
 Williams, he cut out the cross from the military 
 standard. He insisted at Salem, that the women 
 should wear veils at church. In 1649, when he 
 was governor, he entered into an association with 
 the other magistrates against long hair. As the 
 practice of wearing it, " after the manner of ruf 
 fians and barbarous Indians, had begun to invade 
 New England," they declared their detestation of 
 the custom, " as a thing uncivil and unmanly, 
 whereby men do deform themselves, and offend 
 sober and modest men, and do corrupt good man 
 ners." In 1659, during his administration, four 
 Quakers were put to death in Boston. Neal s 
 New England, I. 139, 364 ; Ilutcliinson, I. 8-17, 
 38, 235 ; Winthrop ; Hist. Coll. vi. 245, 261 ; ix. 
 5; Holmes; Morton, 81, 188; Maynalia, li. 18; 
 N. E. Historical Register, July, 1847. 
 
 ENGLAND, JOHN, Catholic bishop of North 
 and South Carolina and Georgia, died at Charles 
 ton April 11, 1842, aged 55. He was born in 
 
 Cork, and, being made bishop by the pope, arrived 
 at Charleston the last day of 1820. He estab 
 lished a theological seminary, and aided in the 
 anti-duelling society. Returning from a visit to 
 Rome, he contracted on the voyage the dysentery, 
 of which he died. His works were published in 
 5 vols., 8vo., 1849. Cud. of Amer. Lit. n. 84. 
 
 ENGLISH, GEORGE B., an adventurer, the son 
 of Thomas English, of Boston, was graduated at 
 Harvard college in 1807, and afterwards for a 
 while studied theology. He then became an offi 
 cer of marine in the navy. Embracing, as is said, 
 Islamism, he entered the service of the Pasha of 
 Egypt, and accompanied an expedition under Is- 
 mael to Upper Egypt. He died at Washington in 
 Sept., 1828, aged 39. He published Grounds of 
 Christianity examined, 12mo., 1813, which was 
 answered by E. Everett and S. Gary ; letter to 
 Mr. Gary on his review ; letter to Mr. Channing 
 on his two sermons on infidelity, 1813 ; expedition 
 to Dongola and Sennaar, 8vo., 1823. 
 
 ENGLISH, PHILIP, a wealthy merchant of 
 Salem, died in 1734, aged 84. He came near to 
 being a victim to the witchcraft delusion in 1692. 
 Both he and his wife were accused and imprisoned, 
 and from Salem prison were, by their friends, on 
 some pretence, removed to Boston. On the day 
 before that appointed for trial, they, being under 
 bail, attended public worship, and heard Mr. 
 Moody preach from the text, " If they persecute 
 you in one city, flee to another," justifying a 
 flight from outrage under the forms of justice. 
 He visited them, and through his persuasion they 
 fled at midnight to New York, and thus perhaps 
 saved their lives. He ever acknowledged his ob 
 ligations to the manly courage of Mr. Moody. 
 
 ENOS, IlOGER, lieut.-colonel, accompanied Ar 
 nold in his expedition to Quebec, as far as fifty 
 miles up Dead river in Maine, when, by decision 
 of a council of war, he returned with his division 
 in consequence of the want of provisions ; and 
 thus, perhaps, the whole army was saved from 
 destruction. American Remembrancer, 1776. 
 
 EPENOWE, an Indian of Martha s Vineyard, 
 was a victim, with twenty-five others, to the 
 treachery of Capt. Thomas Hunt in 1614, who 
 carried them to Malaga with the purpose of sell 
 ing them as slaves. This villainy was retaliated. 
 Epenowe was taken to England, and there con 
 trived a method of regaining his native land. 
 He invented the story of a mine of gold at Capa- 
 poick, or Capawock, now Martha s Vineyard, to 
 which he was conveyed by Capt. Harley. When 
 twenty canoes were around the ship, he plunged 
 into the water, and, by the aid of his friends and 
 their flight of arrows, he escaped. Epenowe, in 
 1619, with his countrymen, assaulted Capt. l)cr- 
 men, and inflicted many wounds, killing several 
 of his men. 
 
 EPIIIIAIM, was an Indian preacher in 1698 at 
 
EPPES. 
 
 EUSTIS. 
 
 343 
 
 Gayhead, Martha s Vineyard. With Abel, another 
 preacher, he had the charge of two hundred and 
 sixty souls or more, who were taught to read. 
 These Indians were well clothed. They had a 
 framed meeting-house. At the same time Japhct 
 was a preacher at Chilmark to two hundred and 
 thirty-one Indians, of whom sixty-four were in 
 full communion ; and there were preachers at 
 Tisbury to seventy-two Indians ; Job Russel 
 preached at Edgartown to one hundred and 
 thirty-six, and there were yet other congregations 
 on the Vineyard. 
 
 EPPES, JOHN W., died near Richmond in 
 Virginia in Sept., 1823, aged 50. His wife, Maria, 
 the daughter of Mr. Jefferson, died at Monti- 
 cello in April, 1804. He was appointed senator 
 of the United States in 1815, but he resigned 
 from ill health. 
 
 ERVING, WILLIAM, a benefactor of Harvard 
 college, was graduated in 1753, and quitted the 
 British army, in which he was an officer, at the 
 commencement of the American Revolution. lie 
 died at Roxbury May 27, 1791, aged 56, bequeath 
 ing to the college, in which he was educated, 
 1000 pounds toward establishing a professorship 
 of chemistry and matcria mcdica. 
 
 ERVIXG, JOHN, a merchant of Boston, died 
 Aug. 20, 1786, aged 94. He came from Scotland. 
 lie was twenty years a member of the council. 
 Being opposed to independence, he retired from 
 public Hie at the Revolution. One daughter mar 
 ried Gov. Bowdoin, another Gov. Scott, of Domin 
 ica, and a third Duncan Stewart, who was collector 
 of Xew London before the Revolution. 
 
 ERVING, SHIRLEY, Dr., died in Boston July 
 8, 1813, aged 54. He was the grandson of Gov. 
 Shirley, the son of John E., of Boston. He set 
 tled as a physician in Portland, and was highly 
 esteemed. In declining health he removed to 
 Boston. American Quarterly Register, 1840. 
 
 ERVIXG, GEORGE W., consul, died in Xew 
 York in July, 1850. A native of Boston, the 
 son of George E., a loyalist, he was educated at 
 Oxford. Mr. Jefferson appointed him consul to 
 London ; thence he was sent to Denmark and 
 Berlin, and then ambassador to Madrid. 
 
 ESCARBOT, MARC L , published Xova Fran- 
 cia, or an account of Xew France, as described in 
 late voyages into the countries called by the 
 Frenchmen La Cadie, 4to., London, 1G54; trans 
 lated from the French edition of 1612 ; the same 
 in Purchas and Churchill. 
 
 ESTAIXG, CHARLES II., count de, commanded 
 the French fleet sent to our aid in the Revolution 
 ary war. He made an unsuccessful assault on 
 Savannah Oct. 9, 1779, when Pulaski was mortally 
 wounded. He afterwards captured Grenada. 
 Being one of the assembly of notables in France, 
 and incurring the suspicion of the dominant fac 
 tion, he was guillotined at Paris April 29, 1793. 
 
 ESTABROOK, JOSEPH, minister of Concord, 
 Mass., died in 1711, aged about 68. Born in 
 Enfickl, Middlesex, England, he came to this 
 country in 1660, and graduated at Harvard in 
 1664. He was ordained colleague with Mr. 
 Bulklcy in 1667. His son Benjamin, first minis 
 ter of Lexington, a graduate of 1690, died in 
 1697, leaving a widow Abigail, daughter of Rev. 
 S. Willard. His son Samuel, minister of Canter 
 bury, Conn., a graduate of Harvard of 1696, 
 ordained 1711, died in 1727, aged 52. 
 
 ESTABROOK, JOSEPH, minister of Athol, 
 Mass., died May 18, 1830, aged 71. A descend 
 ant of Rev. Joseph E. of Concord, he was born in 
 Lexington, and he fought in the battle of Lex 
 ington. He was graduated at Harvard in 1782. 
 In 1787 he was ordained. 
 
 ESTEX, JOSEPH, died in Burrillville, R.I., Sept. 
 20, 1851, aged 99 years and 9 months. His 
 brother John, of B., died Sept. 1, 1851, aged 90. 
 
 EUSTACE, JOHN SKEY, a brave officer in the 
 American war, died at Xewburgh Aug. 25, 1805, 
 aged 45. He entered into the service of his 
 country not long after the commencement of the 
 Revolution, and continued one of her active de 
 fenders till the conclusion of the contest. He 
 served for some time as aid-de-camp to General 
 Lee, and afterwards as an aid-de-camp to General 
 Greene. When the war was ended, he retired to 
 Georgia, and was there admitted to the bar, as an 
 advocate. In that State he received the appoint 
 ment of adjutant-general. In the year 1794, as 
 he was fond of military life, he went to France, 
 and there received the appointment of a briga 
 dier-general, and was afterwards promoted and 
 made a major-general. In that capacity he served 
 the French nation for some lime. He commanded 
 in 1797 a division of the French army in Flan 
 ders. In 1800 he returned again to his native 
 country, and resided in Orange county, Xew York, 
 where he led a retired, studious life till his death. 
 He devoted to literature all the time which the 
 state of his health would permit. New York 
 Spectator, Sept. 4, 1805. 
 
 EUSTIS, ABRAHAM, brigadier-general, died at 
 Portland Jan. 27, 1843, aged 57. He studied 
 law, but early entered the army, and served hon 
 orably thirty-five years. 
 
 EUSTIS, WILLIAM, M. D., governor of Massa- 
 sachusetts, died in Boston Feb. 6, 1825, aged 71. 
 He was the son of Benjamin Eustis and was born 
 at Cambridge June 10, 1753. After graduating 
 at Harvard college in 1772, he studied physic 
 with Dr. Joseph Warren. At the beginning of 
 the war he was appointed surgeon of a regiment, 
 and afterwards hospital surgeon. In 1777 and 
 during most of the war he occupied as a hospital 
 the spacious house of Col. Robinson, a royalist, 
 on the east side of the Hudson, opposite to West 
 Point. In the same house Arnold had his head- 
 
344 
 
 EVANS. 
 
 EVAIITS. 
 
 quarters. At the termination of the war he com 
 menced the practice of his profession in Boston. 
 In 1800 he was elected a member of congress. 
 By Mr. Madison in 1809 he was appointed secre 
 tary of war, and continued in office until in the 
 late war the army of Hull was surrender eel, when 
 he resigned. In 1815 he was sent ambassador to 
 Holland. After his return he M r as a member of 
 congress in 1821, and for four successive sessions. 
 After the resignation of Gov. Brooks, he was 
 chosen governor in 1823, and died after a short 
 illness. His wife, who survived him, was Caroline, 
 the daughter of Woodbury Langdon of New 
 Hampshire. By his direction he was buried by 
 the side of his mother. His successor was Levi 
 Lincoln. Holmes, II. 515; Thacher. 
 
 EVANS, NATHANIEL, a minister in New Jersey, 
 and a poet, was born in Philadelphia June 8, 
 1742, and was graduated at the college in that 
 city in 17 Go, having gained a high reputation for 
 his genius. He immediately afterwards embarked 
 for England, recommended to the society for 
 propagating the gospel, and was ordained by the 
 bishop of London. He arrived at Philadelphia 
 on *his return, Dec. 26, 1765, and entered soon 
 upon the business oi his mission at Gloucester 
 county in New Jersey. His season of labor was 
 short, for it pleased God to remove him from this 
 present life Oct. 29, 1767, aged 25. He was 
 remarkable for the excellence of his temper, the 
 correctness of his morals, and the soundness of 
 his doctrines. He published a short account of 
 T. Godfrey, prefixed to Godfrey s poems, and an 
 elegy to his memory. After his death a selection 
 of his writings was published, entitled, poems on 
 several occasions, with some other compositions, 
 1772. Annexed to this volume is one of his ser 
 mons. American Museum, VII. 405 ; Preface to 
 the above Poems. 
 
 EVANS, LEWIS, eminent for his acquaintance 
 with American geography, was a surveyor in Penn 
 sylvania, and died in June, 1756. He made many 
 journeys into the neighboring colonies, and had 
 been frequently employed in surveying lands, 
 purchased of the natives. He had collected a 
 great store of materials from other sources. 
 From these he compiled a map of the middle 
 colonies, and of the adjacent country of the Indi 
 ans, lying northward and westward. The first 
 ediiion of it was published in 1749, and a second 
 in 1755, accompanied with an explanatory pam 
 phlet. Some expressions, countenancing the title 
 of France to fort Frontenac, brought him into a 
 controversy with a writer in Gaines New York 
 Mercury in 1756. In the course of the same year 
 he wrote a full and elaborate reply to this and 
 other charges against him, and caused the pam 
 phlet to be published in London. They were both 
 offered to the public under the title of geographi 
 
 cal, historical, political, philosophical, and mechan 
 ical essays ; Nos. 1, and 2. The first edition of 
 this map was chiefly limited to New York, New 
 Jersey, and Delaware; the second was much 
 enlarged, being made a general map of the mid 
 dle British colonies, Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, 
 Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York, Connecti 
 cut, and lUiode Island, and the country of the 
 confederate Indians. It was inscribed to Mr. 
 Pownall, in consideration, as a writer of that 
 period asserts, of being promised by him the 
 office of surveyor-general of New Jersey, and to 
 gratify whom he published also in 1755 a pam 
 phlet against Gov. Shirley. He belonged to the 
 cabal in favor of W. Johnson. He was impris 
 oned for a libel on Gov. Morris. Aftenvards in 
 1776, on the breaking out of the war between 
 Great Britain and her colonies, Mr. Pownall him 
 self gave a new edition of Evans map, with large 
 additions, entitled a map of the British colonies 
 in North America. It comprehended all New 
 England and the bordering parts of Canada. 
 
 EVANS, ISRAEL, minister of Concord, N. II., 
 died March 9, 180*7, aged 59. He was of Welsh 
 descent, born in Pennsylvania, where his father 
 and grandfather were ministers. He graduated 
 at Princeton college in 1772, in a class of twenty- 
 two, of whom fifteen were ministers. Being 
 ordained in 1776 at Philadelphia as a chaplain, he 
 served during the war in the New Hampshire 
 brigade. He accompanied Sullivan against the 
 Indians ; and was at the capture of Burgoyne 
 and surrender of Cornwallis. July 1, 1789, he 
 was installed as the successor of Mr. Walker at 
 Concord ; but was dismissed at his request July 
 1797. His feelings and habits, brought from the 
 army, were not adapted to make him useful as a 
 minister. Humility was no trait in his character. 
 His patriotic sermons during the war were accep 
 table to the army ; he published a sermon after 
 the Indian expedition ; oration on the death of 
 Gen. Poor, 1780; on the surrender of the British 
 army at York ; on the thanksgiving for indepen 
 dence, Dec. 11, 1783; at the election, 1791. 
 Bouton s Centen. Disc. 33; Moore s Ann. Con 
 cord, 63. 
 
 EVANS, OLIVER, a mechanic, was a descend 
 ant of Evan Evans, D. D., the first Episcopal 
 minister of Philadelphia, who died in 1728. He 
 made various improvements in the arts. His iron 
 foundry, steam factory, and steam-mill were lo 
 cated at Philadelphia. He died at New York 
 April 15, 1819, aged 64. He published the young 
 engineer s guide, 1805 ; miller s and millwright s 
 guide, twenty-five plates, 1807; first edit. 1795. 
 
 EVANS, CADWALLADER, Dr., died at Philadel 
 phia in 1773, aged 57. He Avas born in Philadel 
 phia, of Welch descent, and studied under Dr. 
 Bond and in Edinburgh. He was long a physi- 
 
EVARTS. 
 
 EVE. 
 
 cian of the hospital. TliacJter s Medical Biog- 
 raplnj. 
 
 EVANS, Jonx, colonel, died near Monongalia, 
 Va., in 1835, aged 97. He commanded a regi 
 ment in the war of the Revolution, and was a 
 member of the convention to form a constitution 
 for Virginia. 
 
 EVANS, MORRIS, died at Raleigh, N. C., Aug. 
 25, 1834, aged 10.3. 
 
 EVARTS, JEREMIAH, secretary of the Ameri 
 can board of commissioners for foreign missions, 
 died in Charleston, South Carolina, May 10, 1831, 
 aged 50. lie was probably a descendant of John 
 Evarts, who lived in Guilford, Conn., in 1650, 
 and was born in Sundoiiand, Vermont, Feb. 3, 
 1781. In a few years his parents removed to the 
 town of Georgia in the northern part of Vermont. 
 In 1798 he was placed under the instruction of 
 Rev. John Eliot of E. Guilford, and was gradu 
 ated at Yale college in 1802. During a revival 
 of religion in the college in the beginning of this 
 year, he cherished the hope, that his soul was 
 renewed by the Spirit of God, and became a 
 member of the college church. From 1803 to 
 1804 he was the instructor of the academy at 
 Peacham, and afterwards studied law with Judge 
 Chauncy of Xe\v Haven, in which city he com 
 menced the practice of the law in July, 1806. In 
 May, 1810, he removed to Charlestown, near Bos 
 ton, in order to edit the Panoplist, a religious 
 and literary monthly publication, which had been 
 conducted by Dr. Morse and others four or five 
 years ; and he superintended that work, writing 
 for it a large proportion of the original articles, 
 till the close of 1820, when it was discontinued, 
 and the Missionary Herald was published in its 
 stead, under the authority of the American Board. 
 This work was also committed to him. He had 
 been chosen treasurer of the Board in 1812 and 
 the next year one of the prudential committee. 
 He served as treasurer till 1822. In 1821 he 
 succeeded Dr. Worcester as corresponding secre 
 tary, in which office he continued nearly ten 
 years till his death. Thus he toiled ten years as 
 the editor of the Panoplist, ten years as the treas 
 urer of the Board of missions, and ten years as 
 corresponding secretary. In feeble health he 
 took a voyage to the island of Cuba in Feb., 1831, 
 and thence in April to Charleston, where in the 
 house of Rev. Dr. Palmer he died. He left sev 
 eral children : his widow, Mehitable, the daughter 
 of Roger Sherman of New Haven, died in 1851. 
 While Mr. Evarts was on his voyage to Cuba, 
 fully aware of the uncertain continuance of his 
 life, he wrote as follows : " Here, in this sea, I 
 consecrate myself to God as my chief good : to 
 him, as my heavenly Father, infinitely kind and 
 tender of his children ; to him, as my kind and 
 merciful Redeemer, by whose blood and merits 
 44 
 
 alone I do hope for salvation ; to him r as the be 
 neficent renewcr and sanctificr of the saved. I 
 implore the forgiveness of my numerous and ag 
 gravated transgressions ; and I ask, that my 
 remaining time and strength may be employed 
 for the glory of God, my portion, and for the 
 good of his creatures." In his last hours his 
 hope of forgiveness and salvation was undimin- 
 ished and unshaken. lie said, " I wish in these 
 dying words to recognize the great Redeemer as 
 the Saviour from sin and hell. And I recognize 
 the Great Spirit of God as the renovator of God s 
 elect." When it was said to him, (i You will soon 
 see Jesus ; " he exclaimed, " Wonderful, wonder 
 ful, wonderful glory ! We cannot understand 
 we cannot comprehend wonderful glory! I 
 will praise, I will praise him ! Jesus reigns." This 
 was no feverish excitement, nor dream of enthu 
 siasm ; but the vision of a dying believer. Mr. 
 Evarts character has been delineated in printed 
 discourses by Dr. Woods and Dr. Spring. In 
 the management of the important interests, with 
 which he was intrusted, he manifested a scrupu 
 lous integrity. He combined with a sound judg 
 ment the ardor requisite for the accomplishment 
 of great designs. His piety and extensive knowl 
 edge of theology and his accordance with the 
 settled orthodoxy of New England secured to him 
 the confidence of the churches in a degree seldom 
 obtained by one, not especially trained for the 
 ministry of the gospel. Free from self-sufficiency 
 and pi ide, he sought the counsel of his associates; 
 and especially he with habitual devotion sought 
 the guidance and blessing of God. Though 
 humble, he was yet resolute and determined and 
 persevering. Having enlarged views and a vig 
 orous mind, he was not disheartened by difficul 
 ties and opposition. Feeble in health, with a thin, 
 slender frame, and destitute of oratorical action, 
 he yet in his public addresses arrested attention 
 and produced effect, for his conceptions were 
 clear and his language perspicuous and forcible. 
 His industry was untiring. Besides his labors in 
 editing the Panoplist, he wrote the ten annual 
 reports of the American Board from 1821 to 
 1 830, the last of which contains a most weighty 
 and valuable discussion on the future growth of 
 this country and the means of preserving it from 
 ruin. His essays, twenty-four in number, on the 
 rights and claims of the Indians, under the signa 
 ture of William Penn, were published in 1829; 
 and he subsequently wrote various other pieces on 
 the same subject, one of which is an article in the 
 North American Review. He edited the volume 
 of speeches on the Indian bill and wrote the intro 
 duction. Woods and Spring s Sermons; Atiss. 
 Herald, Oct. Nov. 1831. 
 
 EVE, ADAM, died in Pennsylvania Oct. 27, 
 1821, aged 104. 
 
346 
 
 EVEREST. 
 
 EWING. 
 
 EVEREST, SOLOMON, a physician, died at 
 Canton, Conn., in July, 1822. He bequeathed 
 10,000 dollars to religious and missionary pur 
 poses. 
 
 EVERETT, OLIVER, minister in Boston, died 
 at Dorchester Nov. 19, 1802, aged 49. He was 
 graduated at Harvard college in 1779, and was 
 ordained pastor of the church in Summer street, 
 as successor of Mr. Howe, Jan. 2, 1782. After 
 a ministry of ten years, and after having acquired 
 a high reputation for the extraordinary powers of 
 his mind, the state of his health induced him to 
 ask a dismission from his people in 1792. He 
 was succeeded in 1794 by Mr. Kirkland. After 
 wards he was appointed a judge of the court of 
 common pleas for the county of Norfolk. He 
 was the father of Alex. H. and Edward Everett. 
 
 EVERETT, DAVID, editor of the Boston Pat 
 riot, died Dec. 21, 1813, aged 44. He was born 
 at Princeton, Mass., and graduated at Dartmouth 
 college in 1795, and engaged in the profession of 
 the law in Boston. In 1809 he commenced the 
 Patriot, in which John Adams in a series of let 
 ters gave a history of his political career. In 
 1811 he was appointed register of probate ; but a 
 revolution in politics deprived him of his office. 
 In Sept., 1812, he commenced the Pilot, a paper 
 devoted to De Witt Clinton. Removing soon to 
 Marietta to edit a paper, he died there. He 
 published common sense in dishabille, or the 
 farmer s monitor, 1799; Daranzel, a tragedy, 
 1800 ; essay on the rights and duties of nations ; 
 three orations and addresses ; Junius Americanus 
 in Boston Gazette in defence of J. Adams. 
 Specimens American Poetry, II. 1 13. 
 
 EVERETT, MOSES, minister of Dorchester, 
 died March 25, 1813, aged 62. Born in Ded- 
 ham, he graduated at Harvard in 1771, and in 
 1774 was ordained the minister of Dedham, in 
 which office he continued eighteen years till 1792. 
 He was appointed in 1808 a judge of the court of 
 common pleas in the place of his brother Oliver. 
 He published a sermon to young men, 1778; one 
 at the ordination of his brother. 
 
 EVERETT, NOBLE, minister of Wareham, 
 Mass., died Dec., 30, 1819, aged 72, in the 38th 
 year of his ministry. Born in Woodbury, Conn., 
 he graduated at Yale in 1775. He was a labori 
 ous, faithful, successful pastor. In revivals he 
 was unwearied in his toils. His predecessors 
 were R. Thacher and J. Cotton. 
 
 EVERETT, ALEXANDER H., died at Canton, 
 China, June 28, 1847, aged 57. He was the son 
 of Rev. Oliver E., and graduated in 1806. After 
 being a teacher in Exeter academy, he went to 
 Russia with Mr. Adams as secretary of legation, 
 by whom he was appointed minister to Spain 
 in 1825. After his return he was the editor of 
 the North American Review. Connecting him 
 self with the democratic party, Mr. Polk sent him 
 
 as commissioner to China. He published Europe, 
 1822; America, 1827; oration, 1830; address to 
 horticultural society, 1833. 
 
 EVERETT, HORACE, LL. D.,died at Windsor, 
 Vt., Jan. 30, 1851, aged 72. He was a member 
 of congress fourteen years from 1829 to 1843, 
 and honorably distinguished himself by his zeal 
 to do justice to the Indians. 
 
 EVERETT, SERAPHINA SARAH, wife of Joel S. 
 Everett, missionary at Constantinople, died in 
 great peace Dec. 27, 1854 ; she said, " I wish to 
 be near and like Jesus." She had the charge of 
 the female boarding school of thirty-five pupils ; 
 and was one of the most accomplished of the 
 ladies in the eastern mission. The hymn, " Asleep 
 in Jesus," was sung, when she was dying; her 
 husband, when dying, was asked by those 
 around his bed, what they should sing, and he 
 replied, " Asleep in Jesus." 
 
 EVERETT, JOEL S., a missionary, died at 
 Bebek, near Constantinople, March 7, 1856, aged 
 42. He was a graduate of Amherst college in 
 1840. To Dr. Hamlin he said, that for a year 
 past he had " a strong desire to depart to the 
 blessed company on high ; also, we have travelled 
 together for eleven years, and now we must part 
 for a little time. Get many souls to Christ. O, 
 glorious God ! O, glorious Redeemer ! O, 
 blessed company! and I am going to join it!" 
 He was an excellent, faithful missionary. He had 
 the charge of the boarding school for girls, and 
 of the colporteur and Bible distribution work. He 
 left four children. 
 
 EWING, JOHN, D. D., minister in Philadel 
 phia, and provost of the college in that city, died 
 Sept. 8, 1802, aged 70. He was born in East 
 Nottingham, Md., June 22, 1732. His classical 
 studies were begun under Dr. Allison, with 
 whom, after finishing the usual studies, he re 
 mained three years as a tutor. He was gradu 
 ated at Princeton college, 1752, and afterward 
 accepted the appointment of tutor. Having re 
 solved by Divine permission to become a minister 
 of the gospel, he pursued his theological studies 
 under the direction of Dr. Allison. At the age 
 of twenty-six he was employed as the instructor 
 of the philosophical classes in the college of 
 Philadelphia, during the absence of Dr. Smith, 
 who was then provost. In 1758 he accepted an 
 unanimous call from the first Presbyterian church 
 in Philadelphia, of which he continued a minister 
 till his death. In 1773 he was sent to Great 
 Britain to solicit benefactions for the academy of 
 Newark in Delaware. He was everywhere re 
 ceived with respect. Among his acquaintances 
 and friends were Dr. Robertston, Dr. Webster, 
 Mr. Balfour, and Dr. Blacklock. In 1775 he 
 returned to America, as the Revolution was com 
 mencing, notwithstanding the most tempting 
 offers which were made to induce him to remain 
 
EWING. 
 
 in England. In 1779 he was elected provost of 
 the university of Pennsylvania. To this station, 
 which he held till his death, he brought large 
 stores of information, and a paternal tenderness 
 toward the youth who were committed to his 
 care. He had been a minister more than forty 
 years. During his last sickness no murmur es 
 caped his lips, and he was patient and resigned 
 to the will of his heavenly Father. His colleague, 
 Dr. Linn, survived him. In all the branches of 
 science and literature, usually taught in colleges, 
 he was uncommonly accurate, and in his mode of 
 communicating information on the most abstruse 
 and intricate subjects, he was seldom surpassed. 
 His qualifications as a minister of the gospel were 
 many and eminent. Science was with him a 
 handmaid to religion. He was mighty in the 
 Scriptures. His own investigation confirmed him 
 in his belief of the doctrines of grace, which he 
 endeavored to impress upon the hearts of his peo 
 ple. His sermons were written with great accu 
 racy and care, in a style always perspicuous, and 
 generally sober and temperate, though sometimes 
 ornamented. Mere declamation was never heard 
 from his lips. His deportment was easy and 
 affable. lie had a frecness of salutation, which 
 sometimes surprised the stranger ; but which was 
 admired by those who knew him, as it proceeded 
 from an open and honest heart. His talents in 
 conversation were remarkably entertaining. He 
 could unbend from severer studies and become 
 the companion of innocent mirth, and of happy 
 gayety. Perfectly free from pedantry, he could 
 accommodate himself to the most unlettered. 
 His talent of narration was universally admired. 
 An extract of his sermon on the death of Dr. 
 Allison, is in the assembly s magazine. He pub 
 lished also a sermon on the death of George 
 Bryan, 1791 ; the design of Christ coming into 
 the world, in the American preacher, II. ; and 
 several communications in the transactions of the 
 American philosophical society. His lectures on 
 natural philosophy were published, 1809. Linn s 
 Funeral Sermon ; Assembly s Miss. Mag. I. 409, 
 414, 458 ; Miller, II. 372 ; Holmes, n. 424. 
 
 EWIXG, GEORGE, died in Indiana about the 
 year 1830, the father of Thomas Ewing. He was 
 a native of Salem county, N. J. ; an officer in the 
 war : a pioneer in the west, one of the founders 
 of Amestown, Ohio, a rich town, so named by It. 
 Putnam in honor of Fisher Ames. Ilildreth. 
 
 EWIXG, CHARLES, LL. I)., chief justice of 
 New Jersey, died Aug. 5, 1832, aged about 54. 
 He graduated at Princeton in 1798. 
 
 FAIRBANKS, DRURY, minister of Littleton, 
 N. II., died in Jan., 1853, aged 80. He gradu 
 ated at Brown university in 1797. 
 
 FAIRBANKS, JASON, the murderer of Eliza 
 beth Fales at Dedham, Mass., was executed Sept. 
 10, 1801. He was a young man, and died with- 
 
 FANEUIL. 
 
 347 
 
 out manifesting any repentance. At the gallows 
 fifteen minutes were allowed him to seek finally, 
 if he pleased, the Divine mercy. At the end of 
 one minute he dropped his handkerchief as a 
 signal, and was swung off, and justice was admin 
 istered. No blind and falsely alleged humanity 
 then rose up against God s law, " The murderer 
 shall surely be put to death." Numbers 35 : 16. 
 No deluded legislator then thought of enacting, 
 that the murderer should be imprisoned for life, or 
 imprisoned for a year under the pretence that he 
 might have time to repent. God s justice is the 
 only safety of human society. 
 
 FAIRFAX, THOMAS, baron of Cameron, pro 
 prietor of the northern neck, between the Poto 
 mac and Rappahannock, in Virginia, died at 
 Greenway court-house, Frederic county, Dec. 12, 
 1781, aged 98. His wife was the daughter of 
 Gov. Culpeper, and heir of the Virginia estate. 
 
 FAIRFAX, BRIAN, minister of the Episcopal 
 church in Alexandria, Va., died at Mount Eagle, 
 neat Cameron, Aug. 7, 1852, aged 70. He was 
 a man of upright principles, of unfeigned piety, 
 and of simple manners. His long illness he bore 
 with resignation. He published a sermon on the 
 jbrgetfulness of our sins, in American Preacher, 
 vol. I. 
 
 FAIRFIELD, JOHN, governor of Maine, died 
 at Washington Dec. 24, 1847, aged 49. He lived 
 in Saco. lie was governor in 1842 ; senator of 
 the United States in 1843, and re-elected in 1845. 
 
 FAIRMAN, GIDEON, colonel, an engraver, died 
 at Philadelphia March 18, 1827, aged 51. He 
 and the late George Murray contributed more 
 than any other persons to elevate the beautiful 
 art of engraving in this country. Richard Fair- 
 man, also an engraver, died at Philadelphia in 
 Dec., 1821, aged 34. 
 
 FAIRMAN, DAVID, an engraver, died suddenly 
 at Philadelphia Aug. 19, 1815, aged 33. He was 
 amiable and much respected. 
 
 FA1TOUTE, GEORGE, minister of Jamaica, L. I., 
 died in 1815, aged about 60. He was a graduate 
 of Princeton in 1776, and was respected for his 
 learning and piety. 
 
 FALES, DAVID, died at Thomaston, Me., April 
 4, 1822, aged 89. He was a native of Bradford, 
 Mass., and lived in Dedham before he removed to 
 Maine, where he was employed as a surveyor by 
 the proprietors of the Waldo patent. He was 
 also useful as a physician. By each of two wives 
 he had twelve children ; seventeen survived him. 
 
 FALES, STEPHEN, a lawyer in Cincinnati, died 
 in 1854, aged 64. Born in Boston, he was a grad 
 uate of Harvard in 1810, and a tutor at Bowdoin 
 in 1811. He had the reputation of a scholar. 
 
 FAXEUIL, PETER, founder of Faneuil Hall in 
 Boston, died March 3, 1743. He possessed a 
 large estate, and employed it in doing good. 
 While his charities were extensive, his liberal 
 
348 
 
 FANNLN3. 
 
 FARRAR. 
 
 spirit induced him to present to the town of Bos 
 ton a stately edifice called Faneuil Hall, for the 
 accommodation of the inhabitants at their public 
 meetings. 
 
 FANNING, EDMUND, LL. D., died in London 
 in 1818, aged about 80. lie was a native of Con 
 necticut, and graduated at Yale college in 1757. 
 Settled as a lawyer at Hillsborough, N. C., he was 
 a tory in the Revolution, and was afterwards 
 lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia and Prince 
 Edward s Island. 
 
 FANNING, A. C. W., colonel, died at Cincin 
 nati Aug. 18, 1846, aged 58 ; a native of Massa 
 chusetts. He was of the artillery. Entering the 
 army in 1812, he was in various battles, and 
 served in the Seminole wars. 
 
 FARLEY, MICHAEL, general, died at Ipswich 
 in 1789, aged 70. He sustained various public 
 offices, was sheriff and treasurer of Essex, and 
 delegate to the State convention for adopting the 
 constitution. 
 
 FARMER, Jonx, died at Concord, N. IL, 
 Aug. 13, 1838, aged 49. Born at Chelmsford, he 
 was in 1821 an apothecary at Concord, after hav 
 ing been ten years a teacher at Amherst, N. H. 
 He was a most industrious laborer in researches 
 relating to American history and biography, and 
 his publications were numerous and useful. He 
 published historical sketches of Amherst, 1820; 
 memoir of Billerica ; new military guide, 1822 ; 
 a gazetteer of New Hampshire, with Jacob B. 
 Moore, 1823 ; genealogical register of the first 
 settlers of New England, 1829; an enlarged 
 edition of which is preparing by James Savage ; 
 communications to several historical societies, and 
 to the American quarterly register. He compiled 
 also, for sixteen years, the New Hampshire reg 
 ister, and published memorial of the graduates 
 of Harvard ; collections with Mr. Moore in 3 vols., 
 1822-1824 ; and also an edition with notes of 
 Belknap s New Hampshire. 
 
 FARNSWORTH, RUTH, Mrs., died at Con- 
 way, Mass., in 1815, aged 100. 
 
 FARNSWORTII, JAMES D., minister of Bridge- 
 water, Mass., died Nov. 5, 1855, aged 62. He 
 graduated at Harvard in 1818. 
 
 FARQHUAR, JANE, died March 20, 1760, 
 aged 36. She was the daughter of lieut.-govcrnor 
 Golden, of New York, and married Dr. William 
 F. Skilful in botany, she was the correspondent 
 of Linneus, who, in compliment to her, named a 
 plant Coldenia. 
 
 FARR, JONATHAN, Unitarian minister of Har 
 vard, Mass., died June 12, 1845, aged about 47. 
 He graduated at Harvard college in 1818, and 
 was the author of several little works on practical 
 religion. 
 
 FARRAN1), DANIEL, minister of Canaan, Conn., 
 died in 1803, aged 83. Born in New Milford, and 
 becoming pious in the revivals after 1740, several 
 
 ministers assisted in his education. He was grad 
 uated at Princeton in 1750, and ordained Aug. 
 12, .1752, as the successor of Elijah Webster. 
 He was a man of science, and of a vigorous 
 mind; a zealous preacher. He attended mere 
 than one hundred ecclesiastical councils. In his 
 death he had an exulting hope of eternal life. 
 His son, Judge F., lived in Burlington, Vt. He 
 published a sermon on the death of Elizabeth, 
 wife of Rev. Jonathan Lee, 1762. 
 
 FARRAR, STEPHEN, first minister of New 
 Ipswich, N. IL, died June 23, 1809, aged 70. 
 Born in Lincoln, Mass., he was the son of Deacon 
 Samuel, who died in 1783, aged 75. He was the 
 brother of Judge Timothy, and brother of Dea 
 con Samuel the second, of Lincoln, who died in 
 1829, aged 94. His daughter, Lydia, married 
 Rev. Warren Pierce. He graduated at Harvard 
 in 1755, and was ordained in 1760. He was a 
 devoted and faithful minister. Payson s Fu 
 neral Sermon. 
 
 FARRAR, TIMOTHY, judge, the oldest grad 
 uate of Harvard, died at Hollis, N. II. , Feb. 21, 
 1849, aged 101 years and nearly eight months. 
 He was the son of Deacon Samuel F., was born 
 at Lincoln June 28, 1747, and graduated at Har 
 vard 1767. He lived in New Ipswich, N. II. 
 From 1775 to 1816 he was judge of the courts, 
 his appointment to the office of chief justice of 
 the superior court being dated Feb. 22, 1802. 
 His portrait is in the historical register for Octo 
 ber, 1852. He was buried at Mount Auburn. 
 
 FARRAR, PHEBE, wife of Samuel Farrar, died 
 at Andover, Mass., Jan. 22, 1848, aged 79. Born 
 in Elizabethtown, N. J., the daughter of Timothy 
 Edwards, her first husband was Rev. A. Hooker. 
 She married in 1814 Mr. F., the treasurer of the 
 theological seminary at Andover, who still lives 
 at a very advanced age. Her views of religious 
 doctrine accorded with those of her grandfather, 
 President Edwards ; and she died in Christian 
 peace. Her three children were Dr. E. W. 
 Hooker, and the wives of Dr. Cornelius and of 
 Rev. Solomon Peck. Wood s Sermon. 
 
 FARRAR, JOHN, LL. D., professor of natural 
 philosophy and mathematics in Harvard college, 
 died March 8, 1853, aged 73. He was the son of 
 Samuel Farrar, of Lincoln, and graduated in 
 1803. His father died Sept. 19, 1829, aged 92, 
 and his grandfather, Samuel, died April 17, 1783, 
 aged 74 ; both were deacons of the church. The 
 father of the latter was George, who first settled 
 on the farm at Lincoln, being the son of Jacob f 
 who came from England to Lancaster about 1642, 
 and was killed in Philip s war in 1675. Mr. Far 
 rar was chosen professor in 1807, and remained 
 in office till 1836. He was a most amiable, social, 
 and excellent man, endeared to his friends. He 
 had years of sickness and severe suffering, with 
 all the alleviation which could be ministered by 
 
FARRAJL 
 
 affection. His first wife was Lucy Maria, the 
 daughter of Rev. Dr. Buckminster; his second 
 wife, who survived him, was Eliza, the daughter 
 of Benjamin Roach, of New Bedford. His sister 
 Rebecca married Rev. Dr. Jonathan French, of 
 North Hampton, N. II. Timothy Farrar, who 
 died aged 101, was his uncle. He published va 
 rious papers in the memoirs of the American 
 academy, of which he was secretary ; also a series 
 of learned works in his departments of science, 
 for the classes in college. 
 
 FARRAR, MARY, widow of Rev. Joseph F., 
 died in Petersham, Mass., July 24, 1855, aged 100. 
 
 FASSITT, THOMAS, Mrs., of Philadelphia, died 
 in 1853, bequeathing many thousands of dollars 
 to various benevolent institutions. 
 
 FAUXCE, THOMAS, an elder of the Plymouth 
 church in 1623, died Feb. 27, 1746, aged 99. 
 His daughter, Patience Kempton, died in 1779, 
 aged 105 years and six months. 
 
 FAUGERES, MARGARETTA V., distinguished 
 for her literary accomplishments, died Jan. 9, 
 1801, aged 29. She was the daughter of Ann 
 Eliza Bleecker, and was born about the year, 
 1771. The first years of her life were spent with 
 her parents, in the retired village of Tomhanic, 
 about eighteen miles above Albany. Here through 
 the instructions of her mother, her mind was 
 much cultivated, but the loss of this excellent 
 parent at an age, when her counsels were of the 
 utmost importance, was irreparable. Mr. Bleecker 
 after the termination of the Avar removed to New 
 York, and as his daughter grew up, saw her en 
 gaging in her manners, lively and witty, of an 
 equal and sweet temper, and diffusing cheerful 
 ness around her. Of her admirers she placed 
 her affections upon one of a dissipated character, 
 and, notwithstanding the most earnest remon 
 strances of her father, she in 1792 married Peter 
 Faugeres, a physician in Xew York. It was not 
 long, before she perceived the folly of having 
 been governed by passion rather than by reason ; 
 and her disregard of paternal advice, and prefer 
 ence of external accomplishments to correct 
 morals and the virtues of the heart, overwhelmed 
 her with trouble. In three or four years the 
 ample fortune, which she had brought to her 
 husband, was entirely expended. Before the 
 death of her father in 1795 his affections shielded 
 her from many evils ; but in the summer of 1796 
 she was glad to procure a residence in a garret 
 with the author of her woes and one child. Mr. 
 Faugeres fell a victim to the yellow fever in the 
 autumn of 1798, and she soon afterwards engaged 
 as an assistant in an academy for young ladies at 
 New Brunswick. For this station she was peculi 
 arly qualified by the variety of her talents and 
 the sweetness of her temper. In about a year 
 she removed to Brooklyn, where she undertook 
 the education of the children of several families. 
 
 FELLOWS. 
 
 340 
 
 Her declining health having rendered her incapa 
 ble of this employment, she was received by a 
 friend in New York, whose attentions were pecu 
 liarly grateful, as she was sinking into the grave. 
 She was resigned to the will of God, and, cheered 
 by the truths of religion, she died in peace. She 
 had a taste for poetry, and many of the produc 
 tions of her pen were published in the New York 
 magazine and the American museum. In 1793 
 she published, prefixed to the works of Mrs. 
 Bleecker, her mother, memoirs of her life ; and 
 several of her own essays were annexed to the 
 volume. She published in 1795 or 1796 Belisa- 
 rius, a tragedy. 
 
 FAUQUIER, FRAXCIS, governor of Virginia 
 from 1758 to 1767, succeeded Dinwiddie, and was 
 succeeded by Botctourt. He was well educated ; 
 had fine talents; sustained an excellent character; 
 and proved himself a friend of religion, science, 
 and liberty. His administration was very popu 
 lar. He died March 3, 1768. Lempr. 
 
 FAY, DAVID, judge, died at Bennington in 
 June, 1827, aged 66. He was engaged in the 
 battle of Bennington and was among the first to 
 mount the Hessian breastwork. He had been 
 adjutant-general, attorney for the United States, 
 and judge of the supreme court of Vermont, and 
 judge of probate. 
 
 FAY, SAMUEL P. P., judge, died at Cambridge 
 May 18, 1856, aged 78, a graduate of 1798. He 
 was a captain in the army in 1799 ; then a law 
 yer ; and the judge of probate nearly thirty-five 
 years. Boston Advertiser, July 16, 1856. 
 
 FEARING, PAUL, judge, died Aug. 21, 1822, 
 aged 59, of an epidemic fever : his wife died the 
 same day. Born in Wareham, Mass., he gradu 
 ated in 1785 at Cambridge. In danger of losing 
 his degree, Joseph Barrell lent him money to pay 
 the fee. He studied law with Mr. Swift of Wind- 
 ham. In 1788 he emigrated to Ohio. He cele 
 brated the fourth of July at the mouth of the 
 Muskingum : Gen. Varnum delivered the oration ; 
 guns were fired from fort Harmer. He heard the 
 first sermon in the Northwest Territory, July 20, 
 by Mr. Breck from Massachusetts. He and Mr. 
 Meigs were the first lawyers. In 1801 he was a 
 delegate to congress. In 1810 he was judge of 
 the common pleas. On his farm below the Mus 
 kingum he raised the Merino sheep. Ilildreth s 
 Bio. Memoirs. 
 
 FELLOWS, JOHN, brigadier-general, a soldier 
 of the Revolution, died Aug. 1, 1808, aged 73. 
 He was born at Pomfret, Conn., and resided at 
 Sheffield, Mass. lie commanded, in 1775, one of 
 the two regiments of minute-men, constituted by 
 the patriotic citizens of Berkshire, and after the 
 battle of Lexington marched to the neighborhood 
 of Boston : John Patterson commanded the other 
 regiment. He was for several years high sheriff 
 of Berkshire. 
 
FELLOWS. 
 
 FIELD. 
 
 FELLOWS, JOHN, colonel, died in New York 
 Jan. 3, 184-1, aged 84. He was born in Sheffield, 
 Mass., and was reputed to be a follower of 
 Thomas Paine. He published works on the 
 authorship of Junius, on free-masonry, and on 
 the life of Putnam. 
 
 FEXXELL, JAMES, a theatrical performer, 
 was born in London in 17(36, and destined for 
 the church. In 1793 he came to this country, 
 and acquired -fame as an actor. At Boston he 
 taught reading and elocution. Like Cooke, he 
 died a drunkard, at Philadelphia, in June, 1816. 
 He published an apology for his life, 2 vols. 1814. 
 
 FEXXER, ARTHUR, governor of Rhode Island, 
 succeeded Mr. Collins in 1789 and was succeeded 
 by James Former in 1807. lie was the son of 
 Arthur Fenncr, and died at Providence Oct. 15, 
 ISOo, aged GO. 
 
 FEXXER, JAMES, LL. D., died in Providence 
 April 17, 1846, aged 76. He was a graduate of 
 Brown university in 1789. lie was a senator of 
 the United States ; also, governor fourteen years, 
 and for fifty connected with the public affairs of 
 Rhode Island. He was firm, indomitable, patri 
 otic, and faithful. 
 
 FEXWICK, GEORGE, proprietor of a part of 
 Connecticut, died in 1657. lie came to this 
 country in 1636, having purchased the plantation 
 of Saybrook fort, and was " a good encourager to 
 the church of Christ at Hartford." He returned 
 to England ; but came again to this country and 
 arrived at Xew Haven July 15, 1639, with his lady 
 and family, and commenced the settlement at 
 Saybrook, so called in remembrance of Lords Say 
 and Brook, who with others claimed the territory 
 by grant of Robert, Earl of Warwick. Mr. Fen- 
 wick was their agent. He sold his rights to the 
 Connecticut government Dec. 5, 1644, and it was 
 stipulated, that he should receive for ten years a 
 certain duty on exports from the mouth of the 
 river. The colony paid him 1600 pounds for the 
 old patent. His wife died at Saybrook, where 
 her monument remains to the present day near 
 the fort, but, it being of sandstone, the inscription 
 is effaced. Dwiyld, II. 519. 
 
 FEN WICK, E., D. D., Catholic bishop, died 
 at Cincinnati Sept. 25, 1832. 
 
 FEXWICK, BENEDICT, a Catholic bishop, died 
 in Boston Aug. 1 1, 1846, aged 64. A Jesuit, he 
 became president of Georgetown college ; thence 
 he went to Boston, where he was bishop twenty- 
 one years. At first there were only two churches 
 and two priests under his care : he left over fifty 
 churches and sixty priests. He was regarded as 
 a learned man and powerful preacher. 
 
 FERGUSOX, ELIZABETH, died Feb. 23, 1801, 
 aged 61. She was the daughter of Dr. Thomas 
 Graham or Graeme of Philadelphia, by Anne, 
 daughter of Gov. Keith. She was well educated, 
 and married II. II. Ferguson, a Scotchman, who 
 
 joined the British in the war and never returned 
 to his wife. She enjoyed the friendship of many 
 eminent men. Through her Dr. Duche sent his 
 letter to Washington, proposing his resignation 
 of the command of the army. She lived on a 
 farm of hers in Montgomery county. Her liter 
 ary reputation was high. The whole of the 
 Bible was by her transcribed. She translated 
 Telemachus into verse. 
 
 FEllillS, DAVID, minister of Xewburgh, Ohio, 
 died Aug. 19, 1849, aged 73. 
 
 FERRY, RACHEL, Mrs., died in Norfolk, 
 Conn., in 1810, aged 101. She died in the Chris 
 tian faith. At the age of 100 she heard a cen 
 tury sermon, then retaining her faculties. 
 
 FESSEXDEX, THOMAS, minister of Walpole, 
 N. II., a descendant, as others of the name are, 
 of Nicholas F. of Cambridge, graduated in 1758 
 and died May, 1813, aged 74, in the forty-seventh 
 of his ministry. He published two sermons ; a 
 theoretic explanation of the science of sanctity, 
 8vo. 1804 ; and the Boston self-styled gentlemen 
 reviewers reviewed, 1806. 
 
 , FESSEXDEX, THOMAS GREEN, died at Boston 
 Nov. 11, 1837, of apoplexy, aged about 60. Born 
 in Walpole, N. H., he graduated at Dartmouth 
 in 1796, and devoted himself to various literary 
 labors. He published a satirical poem entitled 
 terrible tractoration, or democracy unveiled, 1805; 
 original poems, 1806; register of arts, 1808; 
 the New England Farmer, 1822; essay on the 
 law of patents; address on temperance, 1831; 
 new American gardener, 1832. 
 
 FEW, WILLIAM, colonel, a patriot of the Rev 
 olution, died in July, 1828, aged 81. He was 
 
 | born in Maryland in 1748, and, residing in Geor- 
 
 gia, was in 1796 a member of the convention 
 which framed the constitution of the State. He 
 
 , soon distinguished himself in several actions with 
 the British and Indians. Augusta being recov 
 ered, he in 1780 was sent a delegate to congress, 
 and remained in that body till the peace ; and was 
 again appointed in 1786. The next year he as 
 sisted in forming the national constitution. He 
 
 ; resided in his last years in the city of New York, 
 and died at Fishkill. 
 
 FIELD, RICHARD, a physician and senior ed 
 itor of the Petersburg Intelligencer, studied at 
 Edinburgh. He died in Brunswick County, Va., 
 May 23, 1829, aged 61. As a physician he was 
 skilful, and as a botanist none exceeded him in 
 the knowledge of the plants of Virginia. He was 
 a member of three electoral colleges, and voted 
 for Jefferson, and Madison as president. 
 
 | FIELD, MARTIN, general, died in Fayettevillc, 
 Vt., Oct. 26, 1833, aged 60. He was early dis 
 tinguished as a lawyer, but deafness compelled 
 him to relinquish the profession. He then be 
 came skilled in mineralogy and natural history, 
 to which he was devoted. 
 
FIELD. 
 
 FIXLEY. 
 
 351 
 
 FIELD, TIMOTHY, minister of Westminster, 
 Vt., died Feb. 22, 1845, aged 69. Born in East 
 Guilford, Conn., he graduated at Yale in 1797, 
 and studied theology with Dr. Dwight. He was 
 ordained at Canand aigua, X. Y., Feb. 27, 1800, 
 and dismissed in 1807. lie was then the minister 
 of Westminster from 1807 till 1835, twenty-eight 
 years. He afterwards was useful as a preacher, 
 but died in the insane hospital at Brattleborough. 
 
 FIELD, BAIIXUM, principal of the Franklin 
 school, Boston, died May 7, 1851, aged 55. 
 
 FIXDLEY, WILLIAM, a member of congress, 
 came in carl}- life from Ireland. In the He volu 
 tion he engaged with zeal in the cause of his 
 adopted country; at the close of the war he 
 removed to the western part of Pennsylvania. 
 lie was a member of the convention which in 
 1789 framed the new constitution of Pennsylva 
 nia, and a member of congress in 1812. He died 
 at Unity township, Greensburg, April 5, 1821, aged 
 upwards of 70. In his politics he opposed the 
 administration of J. Adams and supported Mr. 
 Jefferson. In his religion he belonged to the 
 class of " old. dissenters " of the Scotch reforma 
 tion. He published a review of the funding sys 
 tem, 1794 ; a history of the insurrection of the 
 four western counties of Pennsylvania, etc., 1796; 
 observations on the two sons of oil, vindicating 
 religious liberty against Ilev. Samuel B. Wylie, 
 1812. 
 
 FIXDLEY, WILLIAM, governor of Pennsylva 
 nia, died at Ilarrisburg Xov. 14, 1846, aged 78. 
 He published a history of the insurrection in 
 Pennsylvania, 1796. 
 
 FIXLEY, SAMUEL, D. D., president of the col 
 lege of Xew Jersey, died July 17, 1766, aged 50. 
 He was born of pious parents in the county of 
 Armagh in Ireland in the year 1715, and was one 
 of seven sons, who were all pious. Very early in I 
 life it pleased God to awaken and convert him. I 
 He first heard a sermon, when he was six years I 
 old, and from that time resolved to be a minister. ; 
 He left his native country at the age of eighteen, 
 and arrived at Philadelphia Sept. 28, 1734. After 
 his arrival he spent several years in completing 
 his studies. Having been licensed to preach in 
 Aug., 1740, he was ordained Oct. 13th by the 
 Presbytery of Xew Brunswick. The first part of 
 his ministry was spent in fatiguing itinerant 
 labors. He contributed his efforts with Gilbert 
 Tennent and Mr. Whitefield in promoting the I 
 revival of religion, which was at that period so | 
 remarkable throughout this country. His benev- I 
 olent zeal sometimes brought him into unpleasant ! 
 circumstances. The legislature of Connecticut i 
 had made a law, prohibiting itinerants from enter- j 
 ing parishes, in which a minister was settled, un- 
 less by his consent. For preaching to a Presby- j 
 terian congregation in Xew Haven, Mr. Finley ! 
 was in consequence of this law seized by the civil i 
 
 authority, and carried as a vagrant out of the 
 colony. But persecution could not shake him 
 from his purpose of being occupied in preaching 
 the everlasting gospel. His exertions were greatly 
 blessed in a number of towns in Xew Jersey, and 
 he preached for six months with great acceptance 
 in Philadelphia. In June, 1744, he accepted an 
 invitation from Nottingham, Maryland, where he 
 continued near seven years faithfully and success 
 fully discharging the duties of his office. Here 
 he established an academy, which acquired great 
 reputation. Under his instruction many youths 
 received the rudiments of learning, and correct 
 moral sentiments, which have since contributed 
 much toward rendering them the most useful 
 members of society. Upon the death of Presi 
 dent Davies, Mr. Finley was chosen his successor. 
 It was with reluctance that he left a people so 
 much endeared to him, and with whom he had so 
 long lived in friendship. He removed to Prince 
 ton in July, 1761, and entered upon the duties of 
 his new office. The college flourished under his 
 care ; but it enjoyed the benefit of his superin 
 tendence for but a few years. He died of an 
 affection of the liver at Philadelphia, whither he 
 had gone for medical assistance, and was buried 
 by the side of his friend, Gilbert Tennent. His 
 first wife, who died in 1760, was Sarah Hall, by 
 whom he had eight children ; his second wife was 
 Ann Clarkson, daughter of Matthew Clarkson, 
 merchant of Xew York. She survived him forty- 
 one years. His son, Ebenezer Finley, was a 
 physician in Charleston, South Carolina. His 
 daughter married Samuel Breeze of Xew Jersey, 
 and was the mother of the wife of Rev. Dr. 
 Morse. 
 
 In his religious opinions he was a Calvinist. 
 His sermons were not hasty productions, but the 
 result of study, and filled with good sense and 
 well digested sentiment, expressed in a style 
 pleasing to the man of science yet perfectly in 
 telligible by the illiterate. He was remarkable 
 for sweetness of temper and polite behavior, hos 
 pitable, charitable, and diligent in the perform 
 ance of the various duties of life. During his last 
 sickness he was perfectly resigned to the Divine 
 will; he had a strong faith in his Saviour ; and he 
 frequently expressed an earnest desire of departing, 
 that he might dwell with the Lord Jesus. A 
 short time before his death he sat up, and prayed 
 earnestly, that God would enable him to endure 
 patiently to the end, and keep him from dishonor 
 ing the ministry. lie then said, " blessed be God, 
 eternal rest is at hand. Eternity is but long enough 
 to enjoy my God. This, this has animated me in my 
 severest studies ; I was ashamed to take rest here. 
 O, that I might be filled with the fulness of God ! " 
 He then addressed himself to all his friends in the 
 room, " O that each of you may experience what, 
 blessed be God, I do, when you come to die; 
 
352 
 
 FIXLEY. 
 
 FISH. 
 
 may you have the pleasure in a dying hour to 
 reflect, that, with faith and patience, zeal and sin 
 cerity, you have endeavored to serve the Lord ; 
 and may each of you be impressed, as I have 
 been, with God s word, looking upon it as sub 
 stantial, and not only fearing, but being unwilling 
 to ofi er.d against it," On being asked how he 
 felt, he replied : " Full of triumph ! I triumph 
 through Christ ! Nothing clips my wings, but 
 the thoughts of my dissolution being delayed. 
 O, that it were to-night ! My very soul thirsts 
 for eternal rest." When he was asked, what he 
 saw in eternity to excite such vehement desires, he 
 said : " I see the eternal love and goodness of 
 God ; I see the fulness of the mediator ; I see 
 the love of Jesus. O, to be dissolved and to be 
 with him ! I long to be clothed with the com 
 plete righteousness of Christ." Thus this excel 
 lent man died, in the full assurance of salvation. 
 
 He published a sermon on Matthew xu. 28, 
 entitled, Christ triumphing and Satan raging, 
 preached at Nottingham, 1741 ; a refutation of 
 Mr. Thomson s sermon on the doctrine of con 
 victions, 1743 ; Satan stripped of his evangelical 
 robe, against the Moravians, 1743 ; a charitable 
 plea for the speechless in answer to Abel Mor 
 gan s anti-pedo-rantism, 1747; a vindication of 
 the preceding, 1748 ; a sermon at the ordination 
 of John Ilodgers at St. George s, March 16, 1749; 
 a sermon on the death of President Davies, prefixed 
 to his works ; the curse of Meroz, or the danger 
 of neutrality in the cause of God and our coun 
 try, 1757. Assembly Miss. Mag. I. 71-77; 
 Panoplist, I. 281-286 ; and new series, I. 241- 
 257 ; Christian Mag. I. 301-307,419-436 ; Mass. 
 Miss. Mag. iv. 241-247 ; Green s Discourse, 
 306-386. 
 
 FINLEY, ROBERT, D. D., president of the 
 university of Georgia, died Oct. 3, 1817, aged 
 45. He was born at Princeton in 1772, and 
 graduated at Princeton college in 1787. From 
 1792 to 1795 he was a tutor, and a trustee from 
 1807 till 1817, when he resigned. He was the 
 minister of Basking-Bridge, N. J., from June, 
 1795, until 1817. Deeply interested in the welfare 
 of the free blacks, he formed a plan of sending 
 them to Africa, and may be considered as the father 
 of the colonization society. In Dec., 1816, he 
 went to Washington, and succeeded in calling a 
 meeting of gentlemen, Dec. 21, at which addresses 
 were made by Mr. Clay and Mr. Randolph. The 
 next week a constitution was adopted and Judge 
 Washington chosen president. On his return, Dr. 
 Finlcy caused the establishment of an auxiliary so 
 ciety at Trenton. Being at this period chosen pres 
 ident of Franklin college, at Athens, Ga., he re 
 paired to that place in 1817, and in a few months 
 died there, leaving a wife and nine children. He 
 published several sermons. Memoirs of Finley. 
 
 FINN, HEXRY J., died Jan. 13, 1840, aged 
 
 58, lost with one hundred and thirty-nine others 
 in the burning of the steamboat Lexington. 
 Born in Boston, when a boy on his passage to 
 England the vessel sunk, but the passengers es 
 caped in small boats and were taken up after sev 
 eral days. He went upon the stage in London, 
 and then in New York, and Boston. lie was 
 the owner of an elegant residence in Newport, to 
 which he was returning from New York on the 
 day of his death. . He published a comic annual, 
 and a drama called Montgomery. Cycl. Amer 
 ican Literature, n. 28. 
 
 FIRMIN, GILES, a physician, was born in Suf 
 folk, and educated at Cambridge, England. His 
 father of the same name was chosen deacon in 
 Boston in 1633. He came himself to this coun 
 try as early as 1634. He settled at Ipswich, 
 where in 1638 he had a grant of one hundred 
 and twenty acres of land. He married the 
 daughter of Ilev. Nathaniel Ward. About the 
 end of the civil wars he returned to England, and 
 his family followed him. Ordained as the minis 
 ter of Shalford, he there faithfully preached the 
 gospel, until he was ejected in 1662. Retiring 
 to the village of Redgwell, seven or eight miles 
 distant, he practised physic and continued to 
 preach, having a vigorous constitution, to the last 
 Sabbath of his life. He died in April, 1697, aged 
 upwards of 80. He was a man of learning, of 
 peace, and of a public spirit. Calamy gives a cat 
 alogue of his writings, among which are the schism 
 of the parochial congregations in England and or 
 dination, with an examination of Owen, and of 
 Noyes argument against imposing hands, 1658, and 
 the real Christian, 1670. Calamy s Acct. II. 295. 
 
 FISH, JOSEPH, died in 1780, aged about 72. 
 He graduated at Harvard in 1728; and was set 
 tled the pastor of the north society of Stonington, 
 Conn., Dec. 27, 1732. He published a sermon at 
 the ordination of W. Vinal, Newport, 1746 ; a 
 fast sermon, 1755; election sermon, 1760; nine 
 sermons on Matthew 16 : 18, concerning separa 
 tion, about 1767 ; also, the examiner examined, or 
 remarks on Isaac Backus examination of nine 
 sermons, 1771. 
 
 FISH, ELISIIA, minister of Upton, Mass., died 
 in 1795, aged about 66. He graduated at Har 
 vard in 1750. He published a thanksgiving ser 
 mon on the repeal of the stamp act, 1767 ; the 
 art of war lawful and necessary, 1773; discourse 
 on infant baptism ; at Worcester, 1775. 
 
 FISH, PRESERVED, died at Portsmouth, R. I., 
 May 17, 1844. He was a worthy and respected 
 citizen. A Mr. Fish with the same Christian 
 name died at New York July 23, 1846, aged 81. 
 
 FISH, PIIIXEAS, died June 16, 1854, aged 69. 
 He was born at Sandwich Jan. 30, 1785, gradu 
 ated at Harvard in 1807, and \vas ordained at 
 Marshpee Sept. 18, 1812, at which place he was 
 for more than forty years a faithful missionary to 
 
FISHER. 
 
 the Indians, as the successor of G. Hawley. He 
 published a sermon at the ordination of S. Mun- 
 son, Barnstable, 1832. 
 
 FISIIEIt, HUGH, minister of Midway, Geo., 
 died in 1734. He succeeded Mr. Lord, and was 
 succeeded by John Osgood. He published a ser 
 mon, a preservative from damnable error ; and a 
 reply to Smith s answer, 1731. 
 
 FISHER, NATHANIEL, first minister of Dighton, 
 died in 1777, aged 91. The son of Daniel, of 
 Dedham, he was graduated in 170G ; and or 
 dained in 1712. 
 
 FISHER, JABEZ, a patriot of the Revolution, 
 died in Franklin, Mass., Oct. 15, 1806, aged 88. 
 He was a member of the provincial congress at 
 Salem in 1774, and of that at Cambridge in 1775, 
 and for many years a representative, councillor, 
 and senator. He was the associate of Adams, 
 Cushing, Paine, and Hancock. He was also an 
 eminent Christian. Emmons Funeral Sermon. 
 
 FISHER, NATHANIEL, Episcopal minister of 
 Salem, was born at Dedham in 1742 ; graduated 
 in 17(53; and ordained in 177G fora church in 
 Nova Scotia. He went to Salem in 1781, and 
 died Dec. 22, 1812, on the Sabbath, after preach 
 ing from the text, " How long have I to live ? " 
 A volume of his sermons was published, Svo., 
 1818. 
 
 FISHER, MYERS, a lawyer at Philadelphia, 
 and a Quaker, died March 12, 1819, aged 71. 
 He was a man of science and an eloquent orator. 
 He published an answer to Paine s age of reason. 
 
 FISHER, ALEXANDER M., a professor of math 
 ematics in Yale college, died April 22, 1822, aged 
 28. He was born in Franklin, Mass., in 1794, 
 and graduated at Yale college in 1813. For a 
 while he studied theology at Andover. He was 
 appointed professor in 1817 as successor of Mr. 
 Day, elected president. Anxious to enlarge 
 his knowledge of the science to which he was 
 devoted, he determined to make a voyage to 
 Europe. lie accordingly sailed in the packet 
 ship Albion, which was wrecked on the coast of 
 Ireland ; and he was among those who were lost, 
 lie was succeeded by Mr. Dutton. With a 
 genius for mathematical inquiry, he had made 
 great advances in the higher branches of mathe 
 matics. Some of his investigations were pub 
 lished in Silliman s journal. 
 
 FISHER, ELIAS, minister of Lempster, N. II., 
 died in 1831, aged about 82. He was a gradu 
 ate of Harvard in 1769; and was ordained at L. 
 in 17S7. He had been a preacher fifty-two years. 
 
 FISHER, JOSHUA, M. 1)., president of the 
 Massachusetts medical society, died in Beverly 
 March 21, 1833, aged 84. He was a graduate of 
 Harvard in 1766. He published a discourse on 
 narcotics, 1806. 
 
 FISHER, JONATHAN, minister of Bluehill, Me., 
 died Sept. 22, 1848, aged nearly 80. A native 
 43 
 
 FISK. 
 
 353 
 
 of New Braintrce, Mass., he was a graduate of 
 Harvard in 1792, and, having studied theology 
 with Dr. Tappan, was ordained in 1796. His 
 ministry in a beautiful town on the seaboard was 
 for nearly half a century. He survived all the 
 members, constituting his church at his settle 
 ment. The whole place was shaped and moulded 
 by his character and efforts. His various labors 
 ought to be remembered. He was a good far 
 mer, working on his own farm. He toiled in the 
 structure of his house. He made his own clock, 
 which kept note of the whole period of his life. 
 lie was a portrait painter and copied some an 
 cient pieces. He engraved on wood, with his 
 penknife, most of the animals mentioned in 
 Scripture, and published them with a description 
 in a book. He was a prolific poet. He learned 
 Hebrew, and proceeded far in writing a lexicon. 
 He wrote out three thousand sermons. He was 
 so good a walker as sometimes to walk to Ban- 
 gor, seventy miles, and home again. In all his 
 habits he was regular. A severe Calvinist, his 
 whole life " was a pre-constructed, fore-ordained 
 system ; " so much so, that, rising at the call of 
 his alarm clock, it was his rule that his feet should 
 strike the floor before the weight reached the bot 
 tom. He was stern, severe, most faithful. With 
 the young he ever conversed most faithfully ; all 
 his children were pious. In his preaching he had . 
 no gentleness, no emotion; it was cold, hard 
 reading. What he had determined to preach, he 
 would preach, no matter what unexpected change 
 of circumstances might have occurred. Under 
 him the town was remarkable for industry and 
 thrift, for good morals, for the prevalence of sound 
 religious principle. Such was his known charac 
 ter, that when a scoffer was calling all Christians 
 hypocrites, and asked for the name of one who 
 was not, in which case he would yield the argu 
 ment, and the name of " father Fisher " was ut 
 tered, he said : "I refuse to accept him ; he is 
 mid in every thing ! " He published a sermon 
 at the ordination of M. Steele, 1801. New 
 York Independent, Oct. 2, 1856. 
 
 FISHER, REDWOOD, died at Philadelphia May 
 17, 1856, aged 74. He was an editor and author 
 and statistician of large acquirements. 
 
 FISK, PHINEIIAS, the minister of Haddam, 
 Conn., died Oct. 17, 1738, aged 55. He was the 
 son of Dr. John Fisk of Milford, and grandson of 
 Rev. John Fiske, as the name was formerly 
 written, of Chelmsford. His name is the fourth 
 in the catalogue of Yale college; but he never 
 studied at New Haven. It was while the infant 
 seminary was at Killingworth that he pursued his 
 studies in it, and was graduated in 1704 in a class 
 of three persons. When the college was removed 
 to Saybrook, in 1706, he was appointed a tutor, 
 and remained such till 1713, and had for years 
 the almost sole care of the college, as Mr. An 
 
354 
 
 FISK. 
 
 drew, the rector, resided at Milford. About forty 
 students were educated under him. In 1714 he 
 was settled at Haddam. He was a scholar, an^ 
 spoke Latin fluently ; he was also a physician, 
 skilled in the treatment of insanity and epilepsy. 
 His daughter married a brother of D. Brainerd. 
 He published an election sermon. 
 
 FISK, PLINY, a missionary, died Oct. 23, 1825 
 aged 33. He was born at Shelburne, Mass., June 
 24, 1792. His father, Ebenezer, died in 1841, 
 aged 92 : he came to S. when it was a wilder 
 ness. At the age of sixteen he became pious. 
 He was graduated at Middlebury college in 1814. 
 In his indigence he lived two years on bread and 
 milk ; nor was he ashamed to carry his corn to 
 mill upon his shoulders. A good woman baked 
 his loaf for him. Having studied theology at 
 Andover, where he was one of the " group of 
 stars," commemorated by Wilcox, he was em 
 ployed as an agent for the board of foreign mis 
 sions one year, and then sailed for Palestine 
 with Mr. Parsons, Nov. 3, 1819. On arriving at 
 Smyrna Jan. 15, 1820, they engaged in the study 
 of the eastern languages ; but in a few months re 
 moved to Scio, in order to study modern Greek 
 under professor Bambas. The college at Scio 
 then had seven or eight hundred students. But 
 in 1821 the island was desolated by the barbar 
 ous Turks. In 1822 he accompanied to Egypt 
 his fellow laborer, Mr. Parsons, and witnessed his 
 death and buried him in the Greek convent. 
 From Egypt he proceeded in April, 1823, through 
 the desert to Judea, accompanied by Mr. King 
 and Mr. Wolff. Having visited Jerusalem, he 
 went to Beyroot, Baalbec, Damascus, Aleppo, and 
 Antioch. He made a third visit to Jerusalem 
 with Mr. King. When he withdrew from Jeru 
 salem in the spring of 1825, he retired to the 
 mission family of Mr. Goodell and Mr. Bird at 
 Beyroot, where he died of a prevailing fever. He 
 was eminently qualified to be a missionary in the 
 east. He was a preacher in Italian, French, 
 modern Greek, and Arabic. He had been em 
 ployed in preparing a dictionary in English and 
 Arabic, and on the day of his seizure by his sick 
 ness, he had put down against the last letter of 
 the English alphabet the last word which he 
 knew in Arabic. His various communications are 
 found in several volumes of the Missionary 
 Herald. Hand s Memoir of Fisk. 
 
 FISK, ISAAC, an assistant missionary, died at 
 Elliot among the Choctaws in 1820, after a faith 
 ful service of one year. He went from Holden, 
 Mass., in April, 1819. 
 
 FISK, JOSEPH, physician in Lexington, Mass., 
 died in 1837, aged 85. 
 
 FISK, EZRA, D. D., professor of ecclesiastical 
 history in Western theological seminary, died in 
 Philadelphia Dec., 1833, aged about 45. He 
 graduated at Williams college in 1809. 
 
 FISKE. 
 
 FISK, WILBUR, D. D., president of the Wes- 
 lyan university in Middletown, Conn., died there 
 Feb. 22, 1839, aged 46. He was graduated at 
 Brown university in 1815, and was appointed 
 president in 1831. He was much respected and 
 deeply lamented. He published inaugural ad 
 dress, 1831; travels in Europe. 
 
 FISK, ELISHA, minister of Wrentham, died 
 Jan. 11, 1851, aged 81. A graduate of Brown 
 university in 1795, he was ordained in 1799, and 
 was in active, useful service during his whole life. 
 His predecessors were Mann, Messinger, and 
 Bean. He published a sermon at Boston, 1793; 
 two anniversary sermons, 1846 ; a half-century 
 sermon in June, 1850. 
 
 FISKE, JOHN, first minister of Wenham and 
 Chelmsford, Mass., died Jan. 14, 1677, aged 76. 
 He was born in England in 1601, and was edu 
 cated at Cambridge. He came to this country in 
 1637, and, being in the same ship with John Allen, 
 they preached two sermons almost every day 
 during the voyage. He was for some time the 
 teacher of a school at Cambridge. As his prop 
 erty was large, he made considerable loans to the 
 province. He lived almost three years at Salem, 
 preaching to the church, and instructing a num 
 ber of young persons. When a church was 
 gathered in Enon, or Wenham, Oct. 8, 1644, he 
 was settled the minister, and here he continued 
 till about the year 1656, when he removed to 
 Chelmsford, then a new town, with the majority 
 of his church, and was there an able and useful 
 preacher twenty years. He was a skilful physician, 
 as well as an excellent minister. His son, Moses, 
 was minister of Braintree. Among the severest 
 afflictions to which he was called, says Dr. Mather, 
 was the loss of his concordance ; that is, of his 
 wife, who was so expert in the Scriptures as to 
 render any other concordance unnecessary. He 
 published a catechism, entitled, the olive-branch 
 watered. Magnalia, ill. 141-143; Hist. Coll. 
 VI. 239-249. 
 
 FISKE, MOSES, minister of Braintree, Mass., 
 died Aug. 10, 1708, aged 65, in the thirty-sixth 
 year of his ministry. He graduated at Harvard 
 in 1662, in the class of S. Stoddard. He suc 
 ceeded Mr. Flint, and was ordained Sept. 11, 1672. 
 
 FISKE, JOHN, minister of Killingly, Conn., 
 died in 1773, aged 89. He was a graduate of 
 Harvard in 1702. 
 
 FISKE, NATHAN, D. D., minister of Brookfield, 
 Mass., was born in Weston in 1733. He was 
 graduated at Harvard in 1754, and ordained 
 pastor of the church in the third parish in Brook- 
 field, May 28, 1758. Here he continued more 
 than forty years. After preaching on the Lord s 
 day, Nov. 24, 1799, he retired to his bed at his 
 usual hour in apparent health, and in a short timo 
 died without a struggle, aged 66. By incessant 
 study he gradually perfected lu s talents, and 
 
FISKE. 
 
 gained the public esteem. In prosperity and^ad- 
 veraty he por.ficr.scd the same serenity of mind. 
 With a small salary he found means to practise a 
 generous hospitality, and to give three sons a col- 
 le"ial education. He published a sermon on the 
 settlement and growth of Brookfield, delivered 
 Dec. 31, 1773; at a fast, 1776; on the death of 
 Joshua Spooner, 1778; of Judge Foster, 1779; 
 of J. Ilobbs, 178-1; an oration on the capture of 
 Cormvallis, Oct., 1781; sermons on various sub 
 ject , 8vo. 1794; Dudleian lecture, 1796; the 
 moral monitor, 2 vols. 12mo. 1801. Preface to 
 Monitor; Monthly Anthol. I. 639. 
 
 FISKE, CALEB, M. D., died at Scituate, R. I., 
 Dec. 30, 1834, aged 82. 
 
 FISKE, OLIVER, M. D., died at Boston, Jan. 
 25, 1837, aged about 70. A son of Rev. Mr. F. 
 of Brookfield, he was a graduate of 1787, and 
 long a physician in Worcester. He filled with 
 honor various offices. He published oration, 1797 ; 
 addresses to agricultural society, 1823 and 1831. 
 
 FISKE, CATHARINE, Miss, for thirty-eight years 
 a distinguished teacher, died in Keene, N. II., in 
 July or August, 1837, aged 63. Born in Wor 
 cester, her mother removed to Newfane, Vt. At 
 fifteen she began to teach; she instituted the 
 female seminary in Keene in 1814, in which she 
 spent the remainder of her life. More than 
 2,500 pupils from various States were under her 
 care. She had remarkable powers, superintend 
 ing her household and farm, and teaching various 
 sciences, and maintaining discipline, and retaining 
 affection. She was pious. After various bequests, 
 the whole of her property, all acquired by herself, 
 she gave for an insane hospital. Barstow s Biog- 
 rapln/, in Recorder, Sept. 1. 
 
 FISKE, MOSES, died in 1843, aged 83, brother 
 of Rev. Dr. John F. He was the son of Peter, 
 of Sherburne, and a descendant of David, of 
 Watertown in 1638. He was an able tutor at 
 Dartmouth from 1788 to 1795; he began to 
 preach, but was never ordained. About 1799 he 
 emigrated to Hilham, in Tennessee, where he 
 spent the remaining period of his life, more than 
 forty years. After the age of fifty he married 
 and had nine children. He was a farmer and an 
 excellent scholar, an encourager of learning, a 
 friend of the needy and desponding. He ab 
 horred slavery, and would never own a slave. 
 lie edited the " Eagle " at Dartmouth, and pub 
 lished an English grammar, 1772; a sermon on 
 slavery, in 1795, from Eccl. 4: I. American 
 Quarterly Register, 1840, p. 382. 
 
 FISKE, NATHAN W., professor of Greek at 
 Amhcrst college, died May 27, 1847. A grad 
 uate of Dartmouth in 1817, he was appointed 
 professor in 1825, and professor of moral philos 
 ophy and metaphysics in 1836. An account of 
 his life and writings was written by Dr. Hum 
 phrey. He published a valuable work, - a manual 
 
 FITCH. 
 
 355 
 
 of classical literature, from the German of Esch- 
 enburg, wilh additions, 3d edit., 1841. 
 
 FISKE, JOHN, D. I)., died at New Braintree, 
 Mass., March 15, 1855, aged 84. He was the 
 )rother of Moses, of Tennessee. A graduate of 
 Dartmouth in 1791, and a member of the college 
 church, he was ordained as a missionary to the 
 Seneca Indians in 1794 ; and he preached twenty 
 sermons at Geneva, which then had five log 
 louses and two framed ones. He was settled 
 fifty-seven years. Of Amherst college he was a 
 trustee. He was a highly respected and very 
 useful man, and he died, as he wished, in a sound 
 and happy old age, with 
 
 " That which should accompany old age, 
 As honor, love, obedience, troops of friends." 
 
 He published a fast sermon, 1812, Snell s Fu 
 neral Sermon. 
 
 FISKE, THADDEUS, D. D., the oldest minister 
 in Massachusetts, died in Charlestown Nov. 14, 
 1855, aged 93. He was born in Weston June 22, 
 1762, graduated in 1785, and at his death there 
 was only one living graduate older, Asa Andrews, 
 of Ipswich, of the class of 1783. He was minis 
 ter of West Cambridge forty years, from 1788 to 
 1828, and survived three of his successors in the 
 ministry, D. Damon, W. Ware, and J. F. Brown. 
 He published a thanksgiving sermon, 1795. 
 
 FITCH, JAMES, first minister of Saybrook, and 
 of Norwich, Conn., died Nov. 18, 1702, aged 79. 
 He was born in the county of Essex, England, 
 Dec. 24, 1622, and came to this country in 1638. 
 He had already acquired a correct knowledge of 
 the learned languages ; but he spent seven years 
 under the instruction of Mr. Hooker and Mr. 
 Stone. In 1646 he was ordained over a church, 
 which was at that time gathered at Saybrook, and 
 it is said that the brethren s hands only were im 
 posed. In 1660 he removed with the greater 
 part of his church to Norwich, and in that town 
 passed the remaining active days of his life. 
 When the infirmities of age obliged him to cease 
 from his public labors, he retired to his children 
 at Lebanon. By his first wife, Abigail, daughter 
 of Rev. Henry Whitefield, he had two sons, James 
 and Samuel, and four daughters ; by his second 
 wife, Priscilla, daughter of Maj. John Mason, of 
 Norwich, he had seven sons, Daniel, John, Jere 
 miah, and Jabez, Nathaniel, Joseph, and Eleazer, 
 and one daughter ; and all lived to have families, 
 excepting Eleazer. 
 
 His brother Thomas, of Norwalk, was the father 
 of Gov. Thomas Fitch. He was distinguished 
 for the penetration of his mind, the energy of his 
 preaching, and the sanctity of his life. He was 
 acquainted with the Mohegan language, and 
 preached the gospel of salvation to the Indians in 
 the neighborhood of Norwich. He even gave 
 some of his own lands to induce them to renounce 
 
!56 
 
 FITCH. 
 
 FLETCHER. 
 
 their savage manner of living. The descendants 
 of those Indians at Mohegan, for whose benefit 
 he toiled, have been carefully instructed in relig 
 ion by some self-denying Christians, have had a 
 meeting-house built for them by the liberality of 
 the citizens of Norwich and other towns, and have 
 received an appropriation from the war depart 
 ment of a few hundred dollars. A letter of his 
 on the subject of his missionary labors is pub 
 lished in Gookin. He published a sermon on the 
 death of Anne, wife of Maj. Mason, 1672 ; the 
 advice of council explained, 1683. Matter s 
 Magnalia, ill. 200 ; TrumbulVs Connecticut, I. 
 107, 299, 502, 503; Hist. Coll. I. 208 ; IX. 86; Al- 
 den s Account of Portsmouth. 
 
 FITCH, JABEZ, minister of Portsmouth, N. II., 
 was the son of the preceding, and was born at 
 Norwich in April, 1672. He was graduated at 
 Harvard in 1694. In 1703 he was ordained at 
 Ipswich as colleague of John Rogers. On ac 
 count of the incompctency of his maintenance, he 
 withdrew from his pastoral office in Dec., 1723, 
 and about the year 1725 Avas established at Ports 
 mouth. After continuing here more than twenty 
 years, he died Nov. 22, 1746, aged 74. He had a 
 taste for historical researches, and began in 1728 to 
 make a collection of facts relative to N. H. Dr. 
 Bclknap had access to his papers. He published a 
 sermon on the death of MaryMartyn; one occa 
 sioned by the great earthquake, Oct. 29, 1727; at 
 the ordination of John Tucker, at Gosport, Isle of 
 Shoals, in 1732, from these words : " I will make you 
 fishers of men ; " two sermons designed to make 
 a religious improvement of the throat distemper, 
 which prevailed in 1735 and 1736; and an ac 
 count of that disease, as it appeared in New 
 Hampshire. Alden s Account of Society in 
 Portsmouth; Hist. Coll. VII. 251, 257; X. 50. 
 
 FITCH, ELIJAH, minister of Hopkinton, Mass., 
 died in 1788, aged 42. He was a graduate of 
 Yale in 1765. He published a poem in blank 
 verse, entitled the beauties of religion. 
 
 FITCH, JOHX, inventor of steamboats, died of 
 a broken heart at Bardstown, Ky., in 1798, aged 
 55. Born in Windsor, Conn., he was first an ap 
 prentice to a clock-maker, and was then a silver 
 smith in Trenton. Being plundered by the Brit 
 ish, he was next a soldier. He purchased land in 
 Kentucky, and was there detained a prisoner some 
 years by the Indians. In 1782 he regained his 
 liberty. In 1786, after various experiments, he 
 ran his boat at the rate of eight miles an hour, 
 and obtained a patent ; but the want of funds in 
 terrupted the prosecution of his designs. In 
 1798 his privilege in New York was withdrawn 
 and given to Livingston. Scientific American, 
 1848, p. 25. 
 
 FITCH, EBENEZER, D. D., died at West Bloom- 
 field, N. Y., March 21, 1833, aged 77. He was 
 a graduate of Yale in 1777 ; the first president of 
 
 Williams college, from 1793 to 1815, when he re 
 signed, and Avas succeeded by Dr. Moore. The 
 rest of his life was spent in* the ministry in 
 Bloomfield. lie was a benevolent man and an 
 excellent Christian. The following anecdote has 
 bsen heard, which ought to be true, and prob 
 ably is, that in his poverty as a poor minister at 
 the west, a friend presented him with one or two 
 thousand dollars ; and that friend was W. F. 
 Backus, a graduate of 1802, whom he had as 
 sisted in his struggles to obtain an education. Dr. 
 F. had a wife as good and benevolent as himself. 
 
 FITZIIUGII, WILLIAM HENRY, vice-president 
 of the colonization society, the son of William F., 
 a patriot of the Revolution, was born at Chatham, 
 Stafford county, Va., March 8, 1792, and gradu 
 ated at Princeton in 1808. He afterwards settled 
 on the patrimonial domain of Ravensworth, Fair 
 fax county, devoting himself to agricultural pur 
 suits, and receiving with generous hospitality his 
 numerous friends. He dkd at Cambridge, Md., 
 of the apoplexy, May 21, 1830, aged 38. His 
 wife was the daughter of Charles Goldsborough, 
 of Dorset, Md. He published in favor of the 
 colonization society the essays of Opimius in the 
 Richmond Inquirer of 1826 ; a speech at the 
 ninth anniversary, and a review of TazeweU s re 
 port in African Repository, Aug. and Nov., 1828. 
 In one of his writings he represents, " that the 
 labor of the slave is a curse on the land on 
 which it is expended." African Repository, IV. 
 91-96. 
 
 FLAGG, JOHN, a physician and patriot, died at 
 Lynn in 1793, aged 49. He was the son of Rev. 
 Ebenezcr F., of Chester, N. H., and graduated at 
 Harvard in 1761. He belonged to the medical 
 society, and had full practice. Thacltcr. 
 
 FLAGG, EBENEZER, died Nov. 14, 1796, aged 
 92. The son of Ebenezer, of Woburn, he grad 
 uated at Harvard in 1725, and was ordained in 
 1736 at Chester, N. II. 
 
 FLAGG, THOMAS COLLLNS, an eminent physi 
 cian of Charleston, S. C., died in 1801. He was 
 of the order of the Cincinnati. 
 
 FLEET, THOMAS, an eminent printer in Bos 
 ton, died July 21, 1758, aged 72. He was a man 
 of a fine understanding and knowledge of the 
 world, and of great industry, just and benev 
 olent. N. E. Journal, July 24, 1758. 
 
 FLETCHER, BRIDGET, wife of Timothy F., 
 of Westford, died about 1770, aged about 44. 
 Her hymns and spiritual songs, a small volume, 
 was published by her son, Rev. Elijah F., in 
 1773. 
 
 FLETCHER, ELIJAH, minister of Hopkinton, 
 N. II., was born in Westford, and graduated at 
 Harvard in 1769. He was ordained Jan. 27, 
 1772, and died April 8, 1786, aged 39. Five 
 ministers had been settled before him in II. He 
 was the worthy patron of students; and one 
 
FLETCHER. 
 
 \vhom he prepared for college and assisted, was 
 President Webber, who ever acknowledged his 
 obligations. His three daughters married Josiah 
 White, of Pittsfield, N. H., Israel W. Kelley, of 
 Salisbury, N. H., and Daniel Webster. His son 
 Timothy was a merchant in Portland. His widow 
 married Rev. Christopher Paige, of Salisbury. 
 
 FLETCHER, THOMAS, died in Southwick Dec. 
 4, 1846, aged 55, in the twenty-third year of his 
 ministry. He was one of those unobtrusive men 
 of wide usefulness, who will be held by wise and 
 good beings in eternal honor. Born in New 
 Ipswich in 1790, he took charge of the academy 
 at Kinderhook Landing in Ihl8. Remote from a 
 place of public worship, he organized a Sabbath 
 school and conducted the worship ; through 
 God s blessing one hundred and twenty-five per 
 sons were soon his converts and admitted to the 
 church. He now studied divinity three years 
 with Dr. Livingston, of Coxsackie, and was then 
 ordained at Schaghticoke Point in 1824. In six 
 years there were two special revivals of the 
 power of religion. Afterwards he was settled at 
 Northeast and New Marlborough, and then at 
 Southwick for ten years. He died in great peace. 
 
 FLIXN, ANDREW, D. D., minister of Charles 
 ton, S. C., had been previously the minister of 
 Camden seven or eight years, and removed to 
 Charleston about 1808. He died Feb. 25, 1820, 
 rejoicing in the hope of eternal h fe. As a minis 
 ter he Avas faithful and zealous. He published a 
 sermon on the death of Judge Wilds, 1810; a 
 dedication sermon, 1811. 
 
 FLINT, HENRY, one of the first ministers of 
 Braintree, Mass., died April 27, 1668, aged 68. 
 He was ordained as teacher March 17, 1640. 
 When the church was first organized Sept. 16, 
 1639, he was chosen colleague with Mr. Thomp 
 son, who was ordained pastor Sept. 24th ; but his 
 settlement was delayed for a few months. He 
 was a man of piety and integrity, and well quali 
 fied for the work of the ministry. His wife was 
 Margery, sister of President Hoar. His son, 
 Josiah Flint, was settled at Dorchester in 1671 
 and died in 1680. Magnolia, III. 122; Han 
 cock s Cent. Serm. ; Morton, 200; Winthrop, 188; 
 Holmes. 
 
 FLINT, HENRY, tutor and fellow of Harvard 
 college, was the son of Josiah Flint of Dorches 
 ter, and received his degree of bachelor of arts in 
 1693. He was chosen a fellow of the college in 
 1700, and in 1705 was appointed tutor. This 
 office he sustained till his resignation Sept. 25, 
 1754. He died Feb. 13, 1760, aged 84. Many 
 of the most eminent men in the country were 
 educated under his care. Dr. Chauncy pro 
 nounces him a solid, judicious man, and one of 
 the best of preachers. The few foibles, which he 
 exhibited, were ascribed to his living in a single 
 state. In his last illness he viewed the approach 
 
 FLINT. 
 
 357 
 
 of death with perfect calmness, for he trusted in 
 the mercy of God through the merits of Christ. 
 He published two sermons on the last judgment, 
 1814 ; an appeal to the consciences of a degener 
 ate people, a sermon preached at the Thursday 
 lecture in Boston, 1729; a sermon to the students 
 in the college hall, 1736 ; oratio funcbris in obi- 
 tum B. Wadsworth, 1738; twenty sermons, 8vo. 
 1739. Applet on 1 s Fun. Serm. ; LovelVs Oratio 
 Funeb. ; Hist. Coll. ix. 183 ; x. 165. 
 
 FLINT, ABEL, 1). D., minister of the second 
 church in Hartford, was born in Windham Aug. 
 6, 1765; graduated at Yale college in 1785; and 
 died March 7, 1825, aged 59. He published a 
 sermon on the death of the wife of Rev. A. 
 Yates, 1806; of John M Curdy Strong, 1806; a 
 system of geometry and trigonometry, with a 
 treatise on surveying, 1806 ; and a translation of 
 some of Massillon s and Bourdaloue s sermons. 
 
 FLINT, JACOB, minister of Cohasset, died in 
 1835, aged about 60. Born in Reading, he grad 
 uated at Harvard in 1794, and was ordained Jan. 
 10, 1798. He published a history of Cohasset in 
 the historical collections, 3d series, vol. II. ; two 
 discourses on the history of Cohasset, 1821 ; a 
 discourse on the doctrine of the trinity, 1824. 
 
 FLINT, TIMOTHY, died at Reading, Mass., 
 Aug. 18, 1840, aged 60. lie was born in Read 
 ing, was graduated at Harvard in 1800, and was 
 the minister of Lunenburg, then a missionary in 
 the Mississippi valley. Afterwards he lived in 
 Cincinnati, and was a resident on Red River, La. 
 His writings are interesting and valuable. He 
 published recollections of the last ten years in the 
 valley of the Mississippi; history and geography 
 of the Mississippi valley, 2 vols. 1832 ; Francis 
 Berrian, or the Mexican patriot; George Mason, 
 or the young backwoodsman, 1829; Western 
 Review, 1830. 
 
 FLINT, AUSTIN, doctor, died at Leicester Aug. 
 29, 1850, aged 90. Born in Shrewsbury Jan. 4, 
 " 1760, he was the son of Dr. Edward Flint ; both 
 father and son were eminent patriots, surgeons 
 and physicians in the army. Dr. Austin F. was 
 at the age of twenty-one in Drury s regiment at 
 West Point in 1781. He married the daughter 
 of Col. William Ilenshaw of L., a distinguished 
 officer in the Revolution. He was a man of 
 judgment, of independence, of principle, and fear 
 less in the expression of his principles and senti 
 ments; cheerful and good-humored, the sick and 
 the well were glad to see him. His son, Dr. 
 Joseph H. F., died before him. Wasliburn. 
 
 FLLNT, JAMES,D. D., died in Salem March 4, 
 1855, aged 73. He was born in Reading Dec. 
 10, 1781, was graduated in 1802, studied divinity 
 with J. Bates, and was ordained at East Bridge- 
 water Oct. 29, 1806. With a poetic taste and a 
 taste for horticulture, he greatly embellished the 
 grounds about his house. At his reques he was 
 
358 
 
 FLORA. 
 
 FOLLOW. 
 
 dismissed April 6, 1821 ; and was installed over 
 the east church in Salem Sept. 20, 1821, as the 
 successor of William Bentlcy. He had a col 
 league, Dexter Clapp, Dec. 17, 1851. He had 
 " ready humor, lively sympathy, and rare conver 
 sational powers." He published some poetical 
 productions ; also, at ordination of N. Whitman, 
 1814; election sermon, 1815 ; anniversary dis 
 course at Plymouth, 1815 ; at ordination of 
 S. Alden, 1820; on the death of Dr. Abbott, 1828. 
 FLORA, a black woman, died at Harbor island, 
 1808, aged 150. Born in Africa in 1658, she was 
 carried to Jamaica, then to Nassau, and sold to 
 W. Thompson. She was free forty-eight years 
 before her death. 
 
 FLOYD, WILLIAM, general, died Aug. 4, 1821, 
 aged 86. He was the son of Nicoll F., an opulent 
 landholder, whose ancestors came from Wales 
 and settled on Long Island. He was born Dec. 
 17, 1734. His education was imperfect; but he 
 acquired much knowledge by intercourse with the 
 intelligent. He was a delegate to the congress of 
 1774, and continued a member till after the Dec 
 laration of Independence. When the British 
 took possession of Long Island, his family fled 
 for safety to Connecticut ; his house was occupied 
 by troops ; and for nearly seven years he was an 
 exile from his dwelling and derived no benefit 
 from his landed estate. In Oct., 1778, he was 
 again a member of congress, and was frequently 
 a member of the legislature of the State. In 
 1784 he purchased a tract of land at Western, 
 Oneida county, on the Mohawk ; and this, by the 
 labor of several summers, he converted into a 
 good farm, to which he removed his family in 
 1803. He left a widow and children. Three of 
 the signers of the Declaration of Independence 
 survived him. His manners were not familiar, 
 nor was his disposition afl ablc ; yet in public life 
 he was patriotic and independent, and for more 
 than fifty years was honored with the confidence 
 of his fellow citizens. Goodrich s Lives. 
 
 FLOYD, JOHN, governor, died at Sweet 
 Springs, Va., Aug. 16, 1837. He was a member 
 of congress from 1817 to 1829, and governor of 
 Va. from 1829 to 1834. 
 
 FLOYD, Jonx, general, died in Camden 
 county, Geo., June 24, 1839, aged 70. 
 
 FOBES, PEREZ, LL. D., professor of mathe 
 matics, was graduated at Harvard in 1762, and 
 ordained minister of Raynham Nov. 19, 1766. 
 In 1786 he was elected professor of the college 
 in Rhode Island. He died Feb. 23, 1812, aged 
 70. His wife was the daughter of John Wales, 
 minister of Raynham. He published a history of 
 Raynham ; sermon on death of President Man 
 ning, 1791; election sermon, 1795. 
 
 FOGG, DANIEL, a physician in Braintree, died 
 in 1830, aged 71. 
 
 FOLGER, PETER, was the son of John F. of 
 
 Norwich, England ; was born in 1618; and came 
 to this country in 1635. He settled at Martha s 
 Vineyard in 1635, and removed to Nantucket in 
 1662. He married Mary Morrill. He is de 
 scribed as an " able, godly Englishman, who 
 was employed in teaching the youth in reading, 
 writing, and the principles of religion, by cate 
 chizing." His daughter, .Abiah, was the mother 
 of Benjamin Franklin. The time of his death 
 has not been ascertained. His small poem was 
 finished April 23, 1676, and bears the title of 
 A Looking-glass for the Times." According to 
 Franklin, " the author addresses himself to the 
 governors for the time being; speaks for liberty 
 of conscience, and in favor of the Anabaptists, 
 Quakers, and other sectaries, who had suffered 
 persecution. To this persecution he attributes 
 the war with the natives, and other calamities, 
 which afflicted the country, regarding them as 
 the judgments of God in punishment of so odious 
 an offence ; and he exhorts the government to 
 the repeal of laws so contrary to charity. The 
 poem appeared to be written with a manly free 
 dom and a pleasing simplicity." 
 
 Of the simplicity the following is a specimen ; 
 the four last lines are quoted erroneously by Dr. 
 Franklin : 
 
 " I am for peace and not for war, 
 
 And that s the reason why 
 I write more plain than some men do, 
 
 That use to daub and lie. 
 But I shall cease, and set my name 
 
 To what I here insert ; 
 Because, to be a libeller, 
 
 I hate it with my heart. 
 From Sherbontown, where now I dwell, 
 
 My name do I put here, 
 Without offence, your real friend, 
 
 It is Peter Folger." 
 
 FOLLEN, CHARLES T. C., LL. D., died with 
 one hundred and thirty-nine others in conse 
 quence of the burning of the steamboat Lexing 
 ton in Long Island Sound, Jan. 13, 1840, aged 44. 
 He was professor of the German language and 
 literature at Cambridge. Born in Germany in 
 1796, he was educated at the university of Gies- 
 sen. He was compelled to leave Germany by the 
 Prussian government, being wrongfully suspected 
 of being privy to Sand s assassin ation of Kotzebue 
 in 1819. In 1824 he was appointed German 
 instructor at Cambridge, and professor from 1830 
 to 1835. He engaged in the clerical profession. 
 He was simple, modest, courteous, firm, and 
 benevolent. His wife was Elizabeth Lee Cabot of 
 Boston. His works were published in 5 vols. in 
 1841, with his life, by his widow. Cyclop, of 
 American Lit. II. 242. 
 
 FOLLOW, PETER, died in Harrison, N. Y., in 
 1809, aged about 120. Ho retained his hearing 
 and memory. He was a native of Flanders, and 
 was in the battle of Ramilies in 1706. He had 
 lived in Harrison sixty years. 
 
FOLSOM. 
 
 FORD. 
 
 J59 
 
 FOLSOM, NATHANIEL, general, a member of 
 the first congress of 1774, died at Exeter, N. II. 
 in June, 1790. In the French war of 1755 he 
 distinguished himself at the capture of Dicskau. 
 He was a general of the militia. His earliest 
 ancestors in this country wrote the name Foul- 
 shame. 
 
 FOLSOM, DAVID, colonel, chief of the Choc- 
 taw Indians, died Sept. 24, 1847. 
 
 FONTAINE, WILLIAM, died in Florida Oct. 
 16, 1851, aged 105; a Revolutionary soldier. 
 
 FOOT, JOHN, minister of Cheshire, Conn., was 
 ordained colleague with Samuel Hall in March, 
 1767, and died Aug. 30, 1813, aged 71, having 
 been a pastor forty-five years. 
 
 FOOT, SAMUEL AUGUSTUS, LL. D., governor 
 of Conn., died at Cheshire, Sept. 15, 1846, aged 
 65. He was the son of Rev. John F. of Cheshire, 
 and graduated at Yale in 1797. lie was for 
 years a democratic representative and senator in 
 congress, and governor in 1834. His son, John 
 A., was a lawyer in Cleveland, and Augustus II., 
 a lieutenant in the navy. 
 
 FOOT, JOSEPH I., D.D., president of Wash 
 ington college, Tennessee, died April 21, 1840, 
 aged 43. Born in Connecticut, he was a gradu 
 ate of Union college, and of Andover theological 
 seminary in 1824. He was a pastor in Brook- 
 field, Mass., and in Cortland, N. Y. He pub 
 lished a historical discourse at Brookfield, 1829; 
 at ordination, 1830 ; prominent trait in false 
 teachers. 
 
 FOOTE, ROXANA, wife of Horace Foot, mission 
 ary to Tripoli in Syria, died in 1855, lamented by 
 her associates. 
 
 FOOTE, ISAAC, judge, died at Smyrna, N. Y., 
 Feb. 27, 1842, aged 96. A native of Colchester, 
 he removed to Stafford, Conn., and in 1795 to 
 Smyrna. He was a Christian and an exemplary 
 church member seventy-five years. 
 
 FORBES, JOSEPH, brigadier-general, was in 
 trusted with the expedition against fort du Quesne 
 in 1758. With an army of eight thousand men 
 he occupied the fortress, which the enemy had 
 abandoned, Nov. 25, and called it Pittsburg. 
 Having concluded treaties with the Indians, he 
 died, exhausted by fatigue, at Philadelphia, aged 
 48. Mante, 158. 
 
 FORBES, ELI, D. D., minister of Brookfield 
 and of Gloucester, Mass., died Dec. 15, 1804, aged 
 77. He was born in Westborough in Oct., 1726, 
 and entered Harvard college in 1744. In the 
 month of July of the following year he was de 
 manded as a soldier, and he cheerfully shouldered 
 his musket and marched more than a hundred 
 miles to oppose the French and Indians. Having 
 been released by the interposition of his friends, 
 he returned to his studies with a sharpened appe 
 tite, and was graduated in 1751. He was or 
 dained minister of the second parish in Brook- 
 
 field June 3, 1752. In the years 1758 and 1759 
 he was a chaplain in one of the regimi nts. In 
 1762 he went as a missionary to the Oneidas, one 
 of the six nations of Indians, and planted the 
 first Christian church at Onaqnagie, on the river 
 Susquehannah. Having established in this place 
 a school for children and another for adults, he 
 returned, bringing with him four Indian children, 
 whom he sent back again in a few years, after 
 furnishing them with such knowledge as would 
 be useful to them. He also brought with him a 
 white lad, who had become a complete savage ; 
 but he was civilized, and being educated at Dart 
 mouth college, where he received a degree, was 
 the agent of congress during the Revolutionary 
 war, and was very useful. Dr. Forbes, falling 
 under the groundless suspicion of being a tory, 
 requested a dismission from his people in March, 
 1776, and on the fifth of June was installed at 
 Gloucester. He published a family book, and a 
 number of single sermons, among which are a 
 thanksgiving sermon on the conquest of Canada, 
 1761; an artillery election sermon, 1771; an 
 account of Joshua Eaton of Spencer, prefixed to 
 seven sermons of Mr. Eaton, and a funeral ser 
 mon on his death, 1772 ; a sermon on repairing 
 his meeting-house, 1792; on the death of J. Low, 
 1797; convention sermon, 1799. Month. An 
 thology, I. 669; Whitney s Hist. Worcester, 75, 
 Chauncy s Serm. at Ordin. of J. Boicman; Pis- 
 cataqua Evan. Mag. II. 169-173 ; Assemb. Miss. 
 Mag. I. 53, 54. 
 
 FORBES, DUNCAN, died in Cumberland, Mo., 
 Jan., 1856, aged 110. 
 
 FORD, GABRIEL II., judge, died at Morris- 
 town, N. J., his native town, Aug. 27, 1849, aged 
 85. He was a graduate of Princeton in 1784. 
 Of the lawyers of New Jersey he was regarded 
 as the most efficient and eloquent. He was a 
 judge of the supreme court twenty-one years. 
 His family residence was the head-quarters of 
 Washington in 1777. His son is Henry A. F., a 
 member of the same bar, at which his father was 
 distinguished. 
 
 FORD, HENRY, died at Elmira, N. Y., Nov. 6, 
 1848, aged 64. Born in Morristown, a graduate 
 of Yale in 1803, he was settled in the ministry at 
 Bethlehem, N. Y., at Lisle, Elmira, New York 
 city, and Wells, Pa. Observer, Nov. 25. 
 
 FORD, THOMAS, governor of Illinois from 
 1843 to 1846, died in Jan., 1851. He left in man 
 uscript a history of Illinois. 
 
 FORD, AUGUSTUS, captain, died at Sackett s 
 Harbor Aug. 4, 1855, aged 83. Born in Rhode 
 Island in 1772, he was early impressed as a sea 
 man in the British service. In 1800 he removed 
 to Oswego ; in 1810 he was made a master of 
 the navy and removed to Sackett s Harbor. His 
 chart of the lake and of the river St. Lawrence 
 was regarded as of great value. He was the 
 
FORMAN. 
 
 FOSTER. 
 
 father of fourteen children. His end was peace 
 ful ; his hope that of the earnest Christian. 
 
 FORMAN, WILLIAM, a physician, served as a 
 surgeon s mate in the old French war under Am- 
 herst ; he was also a surgeon during the Revolu 
 tionary contest, and was patriotic and skilful. lie 
 died at Fishkill, New York, in July, 1816, aged 78. 
 
 FORMAX, JOSHUA, judge, one of the projec 
 tors of the Erie canal, died Aug. 4, 1849, in Ruth- 
 erfordton, N. C., aged 71. He lived in Onondaga 
 Hollow, was a man of intelligence and enterprise, 
 the founder of Syracuse, New York. 
 
 FORNARO, ADOLPII, died in Washington in 
 1851, aged 37. He was a draughtsman in the 
 office of the United States coast survey. In Swit 
 zerland he was major in the corps of topographi 
 cal engineers. 
 
 FORREST, URIAH, general, died at his seat 
 near Georgetown, Maryland, in 1805. In the 
 battle of Germantown he was severely wounded, 
 and ever afterwards was supported by crutches. 
 His life was marked by honorable and useful 
 enterprise. 
 
 FORREST, THOMAS, a distinguished officer of 
 the Revolution, died at Philadelphia in 1825, aged 
 78. He had been a member of congress. 
 
 FORSTER, ANTHONY, Unitarian minister in 
 Charleston, S. C., was a native of North Carolina, 
 and was settled in 1815 as a Calvinist in connec 
 tion with Dr. Hollingshead, after whose death he 
 established the second Independent church. In 
 1816 he withdrew from the Presbyter}-. He died 
 Jan. 18, 1820. lie published a discourse on the 
 doctrine of election. A volume of his sermons 
 was published in 1821. 
 
 FORSYTH, JOHN, governor of Georgia, died 
 at Washington Oct. 22, 1841, aged 61. lie was 
 born at Fredericksburg, Va., in 1780; was grad 
 uated at Princeton in 1799 ; was representative 
 from Georgia 1813-1$, and 1827-29; senator 
 1818-19, and 1829-35; governor of Georgia 
 1827-29; minister to Spain 1819-22; secretary 
 of State in 1835, remaining in office till 1841. lie 
 added to his talents elegance and dignity of 
 manners. 
 
 FORWARD, JUSTUS, minister of Belchertown, 
 Mass., died March 8, 1814, aged 83, in the fifty- 
 ninth year of his ministry. Born in Suffield, 
 Conn., he graduated at Yale in 1754, and was 
 settled Feb. 25, 1756, over three hundred inhabi 
 tants. In the course of his ministry there were 
 seven hundred and ninety-eight deaths, of whom 
 fifty died of the consumption. He succeeded Mr. 
 Billings and was succeeded by E. Porter. 
 
 FORWARD, WALTKR, judge, died in Pitts- 
 burg Nov. 24, 1852, aged 65. He was a native 
 of Connecticut, and early removed to the west. 
 He was a lawyer and a member of congress, first 
 comptroller of the treasury, and secretary of the 
 treasury, appointed by Mr. Tyler. For several 
 
 years he was charge to Denmark ; he was also 
 judge of a district court. Taken ill in court, he 
 died in forty-eight hours. He was a member of 
 the Methodist church ; and there was no stain on 
 his character. 
 
 FOSTER, JKDEDIAII, justice of the superior 
 court of Massachusetts, died Oct. 17, 1779, aged 
 53. He was born in Andover, Oct. 10, 1726, the 
 son of Ephraim F., and graduated at Harvard in 
 1744. He soon established himself in the town 
 of Brookfield, and married a daughter of Gen. 
 Dwight. His character for integrity and talents 
 procured him a number of civil and military offi 
 ces. He received his appointment of judge in 
 1776. He was a member of the convention 
 which framed the constitution of Massachusetts. 
 His sons, Theodore and Dwight, were members 
 of congress. He was early and firmly attached 
 to the interest and freedom of his country, in 
 opposition to the despotic measures of Great 
 Britain, and never once, in the most gloomy pe 
 riods, was heard to express a doubt of the ulti 
 mate success of America. In early life he made 
 a profession of Christianity, and his conduct was 
 uniformly exemplary. Fiskds Fun. Serin.; 
 Chronicle, Oct. 28, 1779. 
 
 FOSTER, BENJAMIN, D. I)., minister in New 
 York, died Aug. 26, 1798, aged 48. He was born 
 in Danvers, Mass., June 12, 1750. Although 
 early inspired with the love of excellence, it was 
 not until after many conflicts that he obtained 
 that peace, which the world can neither give nor 
 takeaway. He was graduated at Yale in 1774. 
 While a member of this institution a controversy 
 respecting baptism occupied much of the public 
 attention, and, this being thought a proper sub 
 ject of discussion, Mr. Foster was appointed to 
 defend infant baptism by sprinkling. In prepar 
 ing himself for this disputation he became con 
 vinced that his former sentiments were erroneous, 
 and he was afterwards a conscientious Baptist. 
 After pursuing for some time the study of divinity 
 under the care of Dr. Stillman of Boston, he was 
 ordained minister of a Baptist church in Leices 
 ter, Oct. 23, 1776. The want of a suitable main 
 tenance induced him in 1782 to ask a dismission 
 from his people ; after which he preached about 
 two years in Danvers. In Jan., 1785, he was 
 called to the first church in Newport ; and in the 
 autumn of 1788, removed to New York, where he 
 was minister of the First Baptist church till his 
 death. During the prevalence of the yellow fever 
 he did not shrink from his duties as a faithful min 
 ister of Jesus Christ. I [e visited the sick and the 
 dying, and endeavored to impart to them the 
 hopes of religion, lie fell a victim to his benev 
 olence. He was distinguished for his acquaint 
 ance with the Greek, Hebrew, and Chaldean 
 languages. As a divine he advocated with zeal 
 the doctrine of salvation by free grace, and as a 
 
FOSTEH. 
 
 FOX. 
 
 361 
 
 preacher was indefatigable. His life was pure 
 and amiable, upright and benevolent. He pub 
 lished, while he lived at Leicester, the washing of 
 regeneration, or the Divine rite of immersion, 
 in answer to a treatise of Mr. Fish, and primitive 
 baptism defended, in a letter to John Clcaveland. 
 He also published a dissertation on the seventy 
 weeks of Daniel. Mass. Miss. Mag. l. 30; 
 Backus, m. 174, 230; Benedict, II. 301-4. 
 
 FOSTER, JOEL, minister of Sudbury, Mass., 
 died Sept. 25, 1812, aged 57. A graduate of 
 Dartmouth in 1777, he was the minister of New 
 Salem from 1779 to 1802, and then of East Sud 
 bury from 1803 till his death. He had excellent 
 pulpit talents, and was specially gifted in prayer. 
 
 FOSTER, DWIGIIT, died at Brookfield in 
 April, 1823, aged 68. He was the son of Jede- 
 diahF., ot B., a judge of the supreme court, and 
 a brother of Theodore F., a senator from Rhode 
 Island from 1790 to 1803. A graduate of Brown 
 university in 1774, he was a lawyer in Brookfield, 
 sheriff, chief justice of the common pleas, and a 
 representative and a senator in congress from 1800 
 to 1803. Of a large and commanding figure, 
 he was mild and urbane. He was the father of 
 Alfred D. Foster, of Worcester. His daughter 
 Sophia married S. M. Burnside. 
 
 FOSTER, JOHN, D. D., minister of Brighton, 
 Mass., was graduated at Dartmouth in 1783, and 
 died in Sept., 1829, aged about 66. His wife 
 wrote the Coquette, a novel. He published a 
 sermon before a charitable society ; on the death 
 of Washington, 1799; of C. Winship, 1802; a 
 sermon on infidelity, 1802 ; on the installation of 
 his brother, 1803 ; at a fast, 1805 ; at artillery 
 election; at a dedication, 1809; before the society 
 for propagating the gospel, 1817. 
 
 FOSTER, GIDEON, general, died at Danvers in 
 Nov., 1845, aged 96. He was in the battle of 
 Bunker Hill, and was faithful in various public 
 offices. Mr. G. Peabody contributed 50 dollars 
 toward erecting a monument to his memory. 
 
 FOSTER, STEPHEN, president of East Tennes 
 see college, died Jan. 11, 1835, aged 37. Born in 
 Mass., he graduated at Dartmouth in 1821, and 
 was of Andover theological seminary in 1824. 
 
 FOSTER, HANNAH, the widow of Rev. John 
 F., of Brighton, died in Montreal in 1840. She 
 published the Coquette. 
 
 FOSTER, WILLIAM, died in Andover Aug. 
 30, 1843, aged 85. For many years he was a 
 respected teacher. 
 
 FOSTER, ALFIIED DWIGIIT, died in Worces 
 ter Aug. 15, 1852, aged 52. The son of Dwight 
 Foster, he graduated in 1819, and studied law 
 Avith Mr. Burnside, who married his sister. He 
 soon withdrew from the bar ; for years he was 
 a representative, senator, and councillor; also 
 treasurer of the lunatic hospital, a trustee of Am- 
 herst college, and a member of the American 
 46 
 
 board for foreign missions. Though modest and 
 self-distrustful, he had fixed and stern principle, 
 and at the. call of duty could despise popular 
 favor and expose falsehood and evil doings in 
 terms of indignant eloquence. Wasltburn. 
 
 FOWLE, DANIEL, a printer in Boston, was 
 arrested in Oct., 1754, by order of the house of 
 representatives, on suspicion of having printed 
 " the monster of monsters," a pamphlet reflect 
 ing on some of its members, and by the same au 
 thority was committed to prison amongst thieves. 
 After a few days he was liberated. Disgusted 
 with such tyranny, he removed to Portsmouth, 
 and in 1756, commenced the New Hampshire 
 Gazette. He died June, 1787, aged 72. Thomas, 
 L 332, 434. 
 
 FOWLER, AARON, minister of Guilford, Conn., 
 died in 1800, aged 72, in the 43d year of his 
 ministry. 
 
 FOWLER, DAVID, an Indian, died at Oneida 
 in 1812. He was one of the Indian chiefs, and 
 was employed by Kirkland in 1766 as a school 
 master ; he sustained a Christian character, good 
 to the last. 
 
 FOWLER, ORIN, minister of Fall River, died 
 Sept. 3, 1853, aged 62. He was born at Lebanon, 
 Conn., July 29, 1791, one of twelve children, and 
 was a descendant of the seventh generation from 
 William, a magistrate of New Haven colony. He 
 was graduated in 1815; studied theology with 
 Dr. Dwight ; and was soon settled in Plainfield, 
 Conn. Thence he removed to Fall River, where 
 he was a minister twenty years, when he was 
 chosen a member of congress in 1848. He made 
 an able reply to Webster s speech of March 7, 
 1850. He died suddenly at Washington. He 
 was a useful pastor. In the first year of his min 
 istry, ninety persons were added to the church. 
 In 1836 there were added to his church at Fall 
 River one hundred and nine persons. He was 
 decided in his support of the temperance cause, 
 and in opposition to slavery. He published a 
 treatise on baptism, 1835; an historical sketch of 
 Fall River, 1841. Boston Recorder, Oct. 28, 
 1853. 
 
 FOWLER, BANCROFT, died at Stockbridge of 
 pneumonia, April 5, 1856, aged 80. He was a 
 native of Pittsfield, a graduate of Yale in 1796, 
 then tutor, many years the minister of Windsor, 
 Vt., and Northficld, Mass., and a professor in the 
 theological seminary at Bangor. He was a man 
 of more than ordinary talents and attainments, 
 courteous and gentlemanly, and of uniform piety. 
 He published an oration at New Haven, on the 
 death of E. G. Marsh, 1804. 
 
 FOX, JOHN, minister of Woburn, died Dec. 
 12, 1756, aged 78. He was the son of Rev. 
 Jabez, his predecessor at Woburn, who graduated 
 in 1665, and succeeded Thomas Carter, the first 
 minister, Sept. 5, 1679, and died of the small 
 
362 
 
 FOX. 
 
 FRANKLLN. 
 
 pox Feb. 28, 1702; he is supposed to be a de 
 scendant of the famous John Fox. His widow, 
 Judith, reached her 99th year. He graduated at 
 Harvard in 1698. His son, John, succeeded him. 
 He published a sermon on the earthquake Oct. 
 29, 1727; time and the end of time, 1729; the 
 door of heaven opened and shut, 1731. 
 
 FOX, JUSTUS, a type founder and printer, died 
 in Germantown, N. J., Jan. 26, 1805, aged 69. 
 A native of Germany, he came to this country in 
 his youth. He was respected and lamented. 
 
 FOXCROFT, THOMAS, minister in Boston, 
 died June 18, 1769, aged 72. He was the son of 
 Francis Foxcroft, of Cambridge, and was gradu 
 ated at Harvard college in 1714. His father, 
 who was a member of the church of England, was 
 desirous that his son should be an Episcopal 
 clergyman. This was also his intention, till by 
 diligent study and free conversation with Nehe- 
 miah Walter of Roxbury, a great reasoner and an 
 eminently pious man, he became convinced, that 
 the Congregational mode of worship was most 
 agreeable to the Scriptures. He was ordained 
 pastor of the first church in Boston, as colleague 
 with Mr. Wadsworth, Nov. 20, 1717. No minis 
 ter was more universally admired. None was 
 accounted cither a more polite and elegant, or a 
 more devout and edifying preacher. His high 
 reputation continued till in his later years the 
 vigor of his constitution and of his mind was im 
 paired by repeated sickness. Dr. Chauncy was 
 settled as his colleague in 1727. He was a pas 
 tor more than half a century. His son, Samuel, 
 minister of New Gloucester, died in March, 1807, 
 aged 72. He was a learned divine. His poAvers 
 of reasoning were strong, and few had a greater 
 command of words. His religious sentiments 
 were strictly Calvinistic, and they were the chief 
 subjects of his preaching. He never concealed 
 or yielded them from the fear of man, as he al 
 ways sought the approbation of God. His ad 
 dresses to the consciences of his hearers were 
 pungent. He was, says Dr. Chauncy, a real, 
 good Christian ; a partaker of the Holy Ghost ; 
 uniform in his Avalk with God in the way of his 
 commandments, though, instead of trusting that 
 he was righteous in the eye of strict law, he ac 
 counted himself an unprofitable servant; fixing 
 his dependence, not on his own worthiness, not on 
 any works of righteousness, which he had done, 
 but on the mercy of God and the atoning blood 
 and perfect rightousness of Jesus Christ. His 
 writings evince a clearness of perception, copious 
 ness of invention, liveliness of imagination, and 
 soundness of judgment. They bear testimony 
 also to his unfeigned piety. He published a ser 
 mon at his own ordination, 1718; on kindness, 
 1720; on the death of his mother, 1721; of 
 John Coney, 1722 ; of Dame Bridget Usher, 1723 ; 
 of George I.; of Penn Townsend; of W. Wal- 
 
 dron, 1727 ; of John Williams and Thomas 
 Blowers, 1729; of Benjamin Wadsworth, 1737 ; 
 an essay on the state of the dead, 1722 ; the day 
 of a godly man s death better than that of his 
 birth ; duty of the godly to be intercessors and 
 reformers ; two sermons showing how to begin 
 and end the year after a godly sort; God s face 
 set against an incorrigible people, 1724; at the 
 ordination of John Lowell, 1726; a discourse pre 
 paratory to the choice of a minister, 1727; on 
 death ; on the earthquake ; at the ordination of 
 John Taylor, 1728; an answer to T. Barclay s 
 persuasive, a defence of Presbyterian ordination, 
 1729; observations historical and practical on 
 the rise and primitive state of New England, with 
 special reference to the first church in Boston, a 
 century sermon, Aug. 23, 1730; pleas of gospel 
 impenitents refuted in two sermons, 1730 ; the 
 Divine right of deacons, 1731 ; to a young woman 
 under sentence of death, 1733 ; a sermon, occa 
 sioned by the visits and labors of Mr. Whitcficld, 
 1740; at a private family meeting, 1742 ; a pre 
 face to Fleming s fulfilling of the Scripture, 1743 ; 
 an apology for Mr. Whitefield, 1745; saints 
 united confession in disparagement of their own 
 righteousness, 1750; like precious faith obtained 
 by all the true servants of Christ, 1756; a 
 thanksgiving sermon for the conquest of Canada, 
 1760. Chauncy s Funeral Sermon ; Massachu 
 setts Gazette, June 22, 1769 ; Chandler s Life 
 of Johnson, 70 ; Hist. Coll. X. 164. 
 
 FOXCROFT, SAMUEL, first minister of New 
 Gloucester, Maine, died March 2, 1807, aged 
 about 73. He graduated at Harvard college in 
 1754. His name stands the second in the class, 
 the names being at that time arranged according 
 to the dignity of the family. The name of John 
 Hancock comes a little lower, and still lower the 
 names of Rev. Drs. Payson, Fiske, and West. 
 The church of N. G., was gathered, and he was 
 ordained in Jan., 1765. He was pastor twenty- 
 eight years. He had a strong understanding and 
 sound judgment. The atonement of Christ filled 
 his soul with joy. He knew nothing of the ter 
 rors and struggles of death, for he fell asleep sud 
 denly. Scott s and Moseley s Sermons. 
 
 FOXCROFT, FRANCIS, a physician in Brook- 
 field, died in 1814, aged 69. He graduated at 
 Harvard in 1764. 
 
 FRANCISCO, HENRY, died near Whitehall, 
 State of New York, Nov., 1820, aged 134. A 
 native of England, he was present at the corona 
 tion of Queen Anne. He had lived in this coun 
 try eighty or ninety years, and served in the 
 French and Revolutionary wars. 
 
 FRANKLIN, BEXJAMIN,LL. D., a philosopher 
 and statesman, died April 17, 1790, aged 84. 
 He was born in Boston Jan. 17, 1706. His 
 father, Josias, who was a native of England, was 
 a soap-boiler and tallow-chandler in that town. 
 
FRANKLIN. 
 
 FRANKLIN. 
 
 363 
 
 His mother was a daughter of Peter Folger, the 
 poet. At the age of eight years he was sent to a 
 grammar school, but at the age of ten his father 
 required his services to assist him in his business. 
 Two years afterwards he was bound as an appren 
 tice to his brother, James, who was a printer. In 
 this employment he made great proficiency, and, 
 having a taste for books, he devoted much of his 
 leisure time to reading. So eager was he in the 
 pursuit of knowledge, that he frequently passed 
 the greater part of the night in his studies. He 
 became expert in the Socratic mode of reasoning 
 by asking questions, and thus he sometimes em 
 barrassed persons of understanding superior to 
 his own. In 1721 his brother began to print the 
 New Fngland Courant, which was the third news 
 paper published in America. The two preceding 
 papers were the Boston News-Letter and Boston 
 Gazette. Young Franklin wrote a number of 
 essays for the Courant, which were so well re 
 ceived as to encourage him to continue his literary 
 labors. To improve his style he resolved to imi 
 tate Addison s Spectator. The method, which he 
 took, was to make a summary of a paper, after 
 he had read it, and, in a few days, when he had 
 forgotten the expressions of the author, to en 
 deavor to restore it to its original form. By this 
 means he was taught his errors, and perceived the 
 necessity of being more fully acquainted with the 
 synonymous words of the language. He was 
 much assisted also in acquiring a facility and va 
 riety of expressions by writing poetry. 
 
 At this early period the perusal of Shaftesbury 
 and Collins made him completely a sceptic, and 
 he was fond of disputing upon the subject of re 
 ligion. This circumstance caused him to be 
 regarded by pious men with abhorrence ; and on 
 this account, as well as on account of the ill- 
 treatment which he received from his brother, he 
 determined to leave Boston. His departure was 
 facilitated by the possession of his indenture, 
 which his brother had given him about the year 
 17-3, not from friendship, but because the general 
 court prohibited him from publishing the New 
 England Courant, and in order that it might be 
 conducted under the name of Benjamin Franklin. 
 He privately went on board a sloop, and soon ar 
 rived at New York. Finding no employment 
 here, he pursued his way to Philadelphia, and en 
 tered the city without a friend and with only a 
 dollar in his pocket. Purchasing some rolls at a 
 baker s shop, he put one under each arm, and, 
 eating a third, walked through several streets in 
 search of a lodging. There were at this time 
 two printers in Philadelphia, Andrew Bradford 
 and Mr. Kcimer, by the latter of whom he was 
 employed. Sir William Keith, the governor, 
 having been informed that Franklin was a young 
 man of promising talents, invited him to his 
 house, and treated him in the most friendly man 
 
 ner. He advised him to enter into business for 
 himself, and, in order to accomplish this object, to 
 make a visit to London, that he might purchase 
 the necessary articles for a printing-office. Re 
 ceiving the promise of assistance, Franklin pre 
 pared himself for the voyage, and, on applying for 
 letters of recommendation previously to sailing, 
 he was told that they would be sent on board. 
 When the letter-bag was opened there was no 
 packet for Franklin ; and he now discovered that 
 the governor was one of those men who love to 
 oblige everybody, and who substitute the most 
 liberal professions and offers in the place of ac 
 tive, substantial kindness. Arriving in London 
 in 1724, he was obliged to seek employment as a 
 journeyman printer. He lived so economically 
 that he saved a great part of his wages. Instead 
 of drinking six pints of beer in a day, like some 
 of his fellow-laborers, he drank only water, and 
 he persuaded some of them to renounce the ex 
 travagance of eating bread and cheese for break 
 fast and to procure a cheap soup. As his principles 
 at this time were very loose, his zeal to enlighten 
 the world induced him to publish his dissertation 
 on liberty and necessity, in which he contended 
 that virtue and vice were nothing more than vain 
 distinctions. This work procured him the ac 
 quaintance of Mandeville and others of that 
 licentious class. 
 
 He returned to Philadelphia in Oct., 1726, as 
 a clerk to Mr. Denham, a merchant ; but the 
 death of that gentleman in the following year in 
 duced him to return to Mr. Keimer in the capa 
 city of foreman in his office. He was very useful 
 to his employer, for he gave him assistance as a 
 letter-founder; he also engraved various orna 
 ments, and made printer s ink. He soon began 
 business in partnership with Mr. Meredith, but in 
 1729 he dissolved the connection with him. Hav 
 ing purchased of Keimer a paper, which had 
 been conducted in a wretched manner, he now 
 conducted it in a style which attracted much at 
 tention. At this time, though destitute of those 
 religious principles which give stability and eleva 
 tion to virtue, he yet had discernment enough to 
 be convinced that truth, probity, and sincerity 
 would promote his interests and be useful to him 
 in tlie world, and he resolved to respect them in 
 his conduct. Sept. 1, 1730, he married a widow, 
 whose maiden name was Read, and to whom six 
 years before he had pledged his fidelity, but had 
 neglected her when he was in London. The ex 
 penses of his establishment in business, notwith 
 standing his industry and economy, brought him 
 in a short time into embarrassments, from which 
 he was relieved by the generous assistance of 
 William Coleman and Robert Grace. In addi 
 tion to his other employments, he now opened a 
 small stationer s shop. But the claims of busi 
 ness did not extinguish his taste for literature and 
 
364 
 
 FRANKLIN. 
 
 FRANKLIN. 
 
 science. He formed a club, which he called the 
 junto, composed of the most intelligent of his 
 acquaintance. Questions of morality, politics, or 
 philosophy were discussed every Friday evening, 
 and the institution was continued almost forty 
 years. As books were frequently quoted in the 
 club, and as the members had brought their books 
 together for mutual advantage, he was led to form 
 the plan of a public library, which was carried 
 into effect in 1731, and became the foundation of 
 that noble institution, the library company of 
 Philadelphia. In 1732 he began to publish Poor 
 Richard s almanac, which was enriched with max 
 ims of frugality, temperance, industry, and integ 
 rity. So great was its reputation, that he sold 
 ten thousand annually, and it was continued by 
 him about twenty-five years. The maxims were 
 collected in the last almanac in the form of an 
 address, called the way to wealth, which has ap 
 peared in various publications. In 173G he was 
 appointed clerk of the general assembly of Penn 
 sylvania, and in 1737 postmaster of Philadelphia. 
 The first fire company was formed by him in 
 1738. When the frontiers of Pennsylvania were 
 endangered in 1744, and an ineffectual attempt 
 was made to procure a militia law, he proposed a 
 voluntary association for the defence of the prov 
 ince, and in a short time obtained ten thousand 
 names. In 1747 he was chosen a member of the 
 assembly, and continued in this station ten years. 
 In all important discussions his presence was con 
 sidered as indispensable. He seldom spoke, and 
 never exhibited any oratory ; but by a single ob 
 servation he sometimes determined the fate of a 
 question. In the long controversies with the 
 proprietaries or their governors, he took the most 
 active part, and displayed a firm spirit of liberty. 
 He was now engaged for a number of years in 
 a course of electrical experiments, of which he 
 published an account. His great discovery was 
 the identity of the electric fluid and lightning. 
 This discovery he made in the summer of 1752. 
 To the upright stick of a kite he attached an iron 
 point; the string was of hemp, excepting the 
 part hold in his hand, which was of silk ; and a 
 key was fastened where the hempen string termi 
 nated. With this apparatus, on the approach of 
 a thunder-storm, he raised his kite. A cloud 
 passed over it, and, no signs of electricity appear 
 ing, he began to despair ; but observing the loose 
 fibres of his string to move suddenly toward an 
 erect position, he presented his knuckle to the 
 key, and received a strong spark. The success 
 of this experiment completely established his 
 theory. The practical use of this discovery, in 
 securing houses from lightning by pointed con 
 ductors, is well known in America and Europe. 
 In 1753 he was appointed deputy postmaster- 
 general of the British colonies, and in the same 
 year the academy of Philadelphia, projected by 
 
 him, was established. In 1754 he was one of the 
 commissioners who attended the congress at Al 
 bany, to devise the best means of defending the 
 country against the French. He drew up a plan 
 of union for defence and general government, 
 which was adopted by the congress. It was how 
 ever rejected by the board of trade in England, 
 because it gave too much power to the repre 
 sentatives of the people, and it was rejected by 
 the assemblies of the colonies, because it gave too 
 much power to the president-general. After the 
 defeat of Braddock he was appointed colonel of 
 a regiment, and he repaired to the frontiers and 
 built a fort. In 1757 he was sent to England as 
 the agent of Pennsylvania, and, while residing 
 there, was appointed agent of Massachusetts, 
 Maryland, and Georgia. He now received the 
 reward of his philosophical merit. He was cho 
 sen a fellow of the royal society, and was honored 
 with the degree of doctor of laws by the univer 
 sities of St. Andrews, Edinburgh, and Oxford, 
 and his correspondence was sought by the most 
 eminent philosophers of Europe. During his 
 residence in England he published a pamphlet, 
 showing the advantages which would spring from 
 the conquest of Canada, and he formed that ele 
 gant instrument, which he called the harmonica. 
 He returned in 1762, and resumed his seat in the 
 assembly ; but in 1764 was again sent to London 
 as an agent for the province to procure a change 
 of the proprietary government. In 1766 he was 
 examined at the bar of the house of commons 
 respecting the repeal of the stamp act ; and there 
 he evinced the utmost possession and an aston 
 ishing accuracy and extent of information. Dur 
 ing the same and the following year, by visiting 
 Holland, Germany, and France, he became ac 
 quainted with most of the literary characters of 
 Europe. In 1773 some letters of Hutchinson, 
 Oliver, and others in Massachusetts falling into 
 his hands, he sent them to the legislature of that 
 State ; but he ever refused to tell how he pro 
 cured them. It is now known that he received 
 them from Dr. Williamson. He returned to 
 America in 1775, and the day after his arrival 
 was elected a member of congress. He was sent 
 to the camp before Boston to confirm the army in 
 their decisive measures, and to Canada to per 
 suade the citizens to join in the common cause. 
 In this mission, however, he was not successful. 
 He was in 1776 appointed a committee with John 
 Adams and Edward Ilutledge to inquire into the 
 powers with which Lord Howe was invested in 
 regard to the adjustment of our differences with 
 Great Britiain. When his lordship expressed his 
 concern at being obliged to distress those whom 
 he so much regarded, Dr. Franklin assured him 
 that the Americans, out of reciprocal regard, 
 would endeavor to lessen, as much as possible, the 
 pain which he might feel on their account, by 
 
FRANKLIN. 
 
 taking the utmost care of themselves. In the 
 discussion of the great question of independence, 
 he was decidedly in favor of the measure. He 
 was in the same year chosen president of the 
 convention, which met in Philadelphia to form a 
 new constitution for Pennsylvania. The single 
 legislature and the plural executive seem to have 
 been his favorite principles. In the latter end of 
 the year 177G he was sent to France to assist in 
 negotiation with Mr. Arthur Lee and Silas Deane. 
 He had much influence in forming the treaty of 
 alliance and commerce, which was signed Feb. 6, 
 1778, and he afterwards completed a treaty of 
 amity and commerce with Sweden. In conjunc 
 tion with Mr. Adams, Mr. Jay, and Mr. Laurens, 
 he signed the provisional articles of peace Nov. 
 30, 1782, and the definitive treaty Sept. 30, 1783. 
 While he was in France he was appointed one of 
 the commissioners to examine Mesmer s animal 
 magnetism, in 1784. Being desirous of returning 
 to his native country, he requested that an ambas 
 sador might be appointed in his place, and on 
 the arrival of his successor, Mr. Jefferson, he im 
 mediately sailed for Philadelphia, where he ar 
 rived in Sept., 1785. He was received with 
 universal applause, and was soon appointed pres 
 ident of the supreme executive council. In 1787 
 he was a delegate to the grand convention which 
 formed the constitution of the United States. 
 Some of the articles which composed it did not 
 altogether please him, but for the sake of union 
 he signed it. In the same year he was appointed 
 the first president of two excellent societies which 
 were established in Philadelphia, for alleviating 
 the miseries of public prisons, and for promoting 
 the abolition of slavery. A memorial of the lat 
 ter society to congress gave occasion to a debate 
 in which an attempt was made to justify the 
 slave trade. In consequence of this, Dr. Franklii 
 published in the Federal Gazette, March 25, 1789 
 an essay, signed Historicus, communicating a pre 
 tended speech, delivered in the divan of Algiers 
 in 1G87, against the petition of a sect callec 1 
 Erika, or Purists, for the abolition of piracy anc 
 slavery. The arguments urged in favor of the 
 African trade, by Mr. Jackson, of Georgia, are 
 here applied with equal force to justify the plun 
 dcring and enslaving of Europeans. In 1788 he 
 retired wholly from public life, and he now ap 
 proachcd the end of his days. lie had beei 
 afflicted for a number of years with a complica 
 tion of disorders. For the last twelve month 
 he was confined almost entirely to his bed. Ii 
 the severity of his pains he would observe, tha 
 he was afraid he did not bear them as he ought 
 and he expressed a grateful sense of the manj 
 blessings received from the Supreme Being, wh 
 had raised him from Ins humble origin to sue! 
 consideration among men. He had only tw< 
 children : William Franklin, who was governor o 
 
 FRANKLIN. 
 
 365 
 
 few Jersey, and a daughter, who married Wm. 
 5achc. The following epitaph was written by 
 imself many years previously to his death ; 
 robably suggested by Woodbridge s lines on 
 ohn Cotton : 
 
 " The both- of 
 Benjamin Franklin, printer, 
 Like the cover of an old book, 
 
 Its contents torn out. 
 And stript of its lettering and gilding, 
 
 Lies here, food for worms ; 
 
 Yet the work itself shall not be lost, 
 
 For it will, (as he believe,) appear once more 
 
 In a new 
 
 And more beautiful edition, 
 Corrected and amended 
 
 by 
 The Author." 
 
 But although he thus expressed his hope of 
 uturc happiness, yet from his memoirs it does 
 not appear whether this hope was founded upon 
 he mediation of Jesus Christ. Some have even 
 considered him as not unfriendly to Infidelity; 
 mt the following anecdote seems to prove that in 
 lis old age he did not absolutely reject the Scrip- 
 ures. As a young gentleman was one day ridi- 
 uling religion as a vulgar prejudice, he appealed 
 to Dr. Franklin, expecting his approbation. 
 Young man," said the philosopher emphatically, 
 it is best to believe." President Stiles addressed 
 letter to him, dated Jan. 28, 1790, in which he 
 expressed a desire to be made acquainted with 
 liis sentiments on Christianity. The following i<< 
 an extract from it : " You know, sir, I am a 
 Christian ; and would to Heaven all others were 
 as I am, except my imperfections. As much as I 
 know of Dr. Franklin, I have not an idea of his 
 religious sentiments. I wish to know the opinion 
 of my venerable friend concerning Jesus of Naz 
 areth. He will not impute this to impertinence 
 or improper curiosity in one who for many years 
 has continued to love, estimate, and reverence 
 his abilities and literary character with an ardor 
 of affection. If I have said too much, let the re 
 quest be blotted out and be no more." To this 
 Dr. Franklin replied, March 9, but a few weeks 
 before his death: "I do not take your curiosity 
 amiss, and shall endeavor, in a few words, to 
 gratify it. As to Jesus of Nazareth, my opinion 
 of whom you particularly desire, I think the sys 
 tem of morals, and his religion, as he left them to 
 us, the best the world ever saw, or is likely to 
 see ; but I apprehend it has received various cor 
 rupting changes ; and I have, with most of the 
 present dissenters in England, some doubts as to 
 his divinity." It may not be unnecessary to re 
 mark, that, if we may credit Dr. Priestley, Dr. 
 Franklin was not correct in estimating the senti 
 ments of a majority of the dissenters in England. 
 To Thomas Paine, concerning the proposed pub 
 lication of his age of reason, Dr. F. wrote : " I 
 would advise you not to attempt unchaining the 
 tiger, but to burn this piece before it is seen by 
 
FRANKLIN. 
 
 FREEMAN. 
 
 any other person. If men are so wicked with 
 religion, what would they be, if without it ? " 
 
 Dr. Franklin acquired a high and deserved 
 reputation as a philosopher, for his philosophy 
 was of a practical and useful kind, and he seemed 
 to be continually desirous of advancing the wel 
 fare of society. In company he was sententious 
 and not fluent, and he chose rather to listen to 
 others than to talk himself. Impatient of inter 
 ruption, he often mentioned the custom of the 
 Indians, who always remain silent for some time, 
 before they give an answer to a question. When 
 he resided in France as a minister from this 
 country, it has been thought that he was some 
 what intoxicated by the unbounded applauses 
 which he received, and was too much disposed to 
 adopt the manners of the French. One of his 
 colleagues was immersed in the pleasures of a 
 voluptuous city, and between himself and the 
 other, Mr. Lee, there was some collision. 
 
 He published experiments and observations 
 on electricity, made at Philadelphia, in two parts, 
 4to., 1153; new experiments, 1754; a historical 
 view of the constitution and government of Penn 
 sylvania, 1759 ; the interest of Great Britain con 
 sidered with respect to her colonies, 1760 ; his 
 experiments, with the addition of explanatory 
 notes, and letters and papers on philosophical 
 subjects, 17G9; political, miscellaneous, and phi 
 losophical pieces, 1779; and several papers in the 
 transactions of the American philosophical soci 
 ety. Two volumes of his essays, with his life, 
 brought down by himself to the year 1730, were 
 published in England in 1792. A collection 
 of his works was first published in London in 
 1806, entitled, the complete works, in philos 
 ophy, politics, and morals, of Dr. Franklin, 
 first collected and arranged, with a memoir of 
 him, 3 vols., 8vo. Franklin s Life; Holmes 1 
 Life of Stiles, 309, 310. 
 
 FRANKLIN, JAMES, a brother of Benjamin, 
 published a newspaper in Boston in 1721, and the 
 Rhode Island Gazette in 1732, the first paper in 
 that State. 
 
 FRANKLIN, WILLIAM, the last royal governor 
 of New Jersey, the son of Dr. Franklin, died in 
 England Nov. 17, 1813, aged 82. He was born 
 about 1731. He was a captain in the French 
 war, and served at Ticonderoga. After the peace 
 of Paris he accompanied his father to England. 
 Going to Scotland, he became acquainted with 
 the Earl of Bute, who recommended him to Lord 
 Halifax, and by the latter he was appointed gov 
 ernor of New Jersey in 1763. He continued in 
 office, firm in loyalty, till the beginning of the 
 Revolution, when the whigs, in July, 1776, sent 
 him to Connecticut. On his release he sailed to 
 England, and obtained a pension for his losses. 
 His first wife was a West Indian, by whom he 
 had a son ; his second wife was a native of Ire 
 
 land. His son, William Temple Franklin, editor 
 of the works of Dr. F., died at Paris May 25, 
 1823. Pub. Char: IV. 189-203. 
 
 FRANKLIN, WILLIAM, a botanist, died at 
 Franklin Sept. 1, 1819. He was born near Wil 
 mington, Delaware ; was a surgeon in the navy 
 before 1812, and during the war was stationed at 
 St. Mary s. He explored Florida, Georgia, and 
 South Carolina. He was surgeon in the frigate 
 Congress, sent to South America in 1818 ; and 
 one of the scientific men of the expedition to 
 Red Stone river in 1819, but illness compelled 
 him to leave his companions in Missouri. 
 
 FRAZAR, REBECCA, Miss, died in Duxbury in 
 1840, aged 72, much esteemed. She left 500 dol 
 lars to the church for the communion service, and 
 the same sum to the Pilgrim society at Plymouth. 
 
 FREEMAN, NATHANIEL, a physician and brig 
 adier-general, died Sept. 27, 1820, aged 66. He 
 was a descendant of Edmund F., an early settler 
 of Sandwich, Mass., and whose sons, John and 
 Edmund, married the daughters of Gov. Prince. 
 He was born at Dennis in April, 1741, and soon 
 afterwards his father removed to Mansfield, Conn. 
 Having studied medicine with Dr. Cobb, of 
 Thompson, he settled in Sandwich. Being a pat 
 riot of the Revolution, he performed various im 
 portant services for his country as a member of 
 the legislature and as colonel of the militia. He 
 was also register of probate forty-seven years, and 
 judge of the common pleas thirty years. At the 
 age of sixty-three he retired from the practice of 
 physic. By two marriages he had twenty chil 
 dren, eighteen of whom lived to adult age. He 
 was a brother of Jonathan F., of Hanover, N. H. 
 He had collected a large library in medicine and 
 theology. In early life he joined a Calvinistic 
 church ; in his meridian he became a follower of 
 Priestley ; at a later period he returned to his first 
 faith, in which he lived many years and died. 
 Thacher s Medical Biography, 
 
 FREEMAN, SAMUEL, judge, died at Portland 
 in June, 1831, aged 88. He was a descendant of 
 Samuel F., of Watertown in 1630, and was the 
 son of Enoch Freeman, judge of the court of 
 common pleas and of probate, who died at Port 
 land Sept. 2, 1788, aged 81. He was judge of 
 probate many years. He published the town 
 officer, 6th edit. ; American clerk s magazine, 
 6th edit., 1805. 
 
 FREEMAN, JAMES, D.D., pastor of the stone 
 chapel society, Boston, died Nov. 14, 1835, aged 
 76. He was born in Charlcstown in 1759, was 
 graduated at Harvard college in 1777, and in 
 1782 became pastor of his church. The liturgy 
 he altered so as to conform to the Unitarian or 
 Socinian doctrine ; and as Bishop Provost declined 
 to ordain him, he was ordained by his society 
 alone Nov. 18, 1787. This chapel was formerly 
 called King s chapel. The first Episcopal church 
 
FREEMAN . 
 
 FRENEAU. 
 
 3G7 
 
 in New England thus became the first Unitarian. 
 He had two colleagues, Mr. Cary and Mr. Green 
 wood, lie was one of the founders of the Mas 
 sachusetts historical society, and a memoir of him 
 by Mr. Greenwood is in historical collections, 3d 
 series, vol. V. He published two volumes of ser 
 mons in 1812 and 1829; and in 1832 he pub 
 lished both, with a sermon on necessity, in one 
 volume. 
 
 FltEEMAX, SARAH, the widow of Jonathan 
 F., one of the first settlers of Hanover, N. H., 
 died in Oct., 1846, aged 97. She was a woman 
 of eminent piety; her husband was long a re 
 spected magistrate and judge. Of their sons, 
 Peyton It. is an aged lawyer in Portsmouth, and 
 Asa a lawyer in Dover, and another son a physi 
 cian in Ballston, N. Y. 
 
 FREEMAN, CHARLES, minister of Limerick, 
 Me., died in 1853, aged about Gl. He was the 
 son of Judge F., of Portland, was graduated at 
 Bowdoin college in 1812, and ordained in 1820. 
 He was one of the oldest o f ministers in Maine, 
 one of seven who had never changed their par 
 ish. He published an account of Limerick in the 
 Maine historical collections, vol. I. 
 
 FREEMAN, NATHANIEL, died at Easton, Conn., 
 June 23, 1854, aged 76, long the minister of 
 Easton and Greenfield, an earnest and efficient 
 preacher. In the view of death he had peace. 
 
 FRELINGHUYSEN, THEODORE JAMES, min 
 ister of the Reformed Dutch church at Raritan, 
 New Jersey, died in 1754. He came from Hol 
 land in the year 1720. His zealous labors in 
 preaching the pure doctrines of the gospel, es 
 pecially in inculcating the necessity of an entire 
 renovation of the corrupt heart, were eminently 
 useful in a number of towns. He was a member 
 of the assembly of Dutch ministers in 1738, 
 which formed the plan of a coetus, or assembly of 
 ministers and elders in this country, though sub 
 ordinate to the classis of Amsterdam. This prop 
 osition convulsed the Dutch churches in America, 
 for it was apprehended, and the apprehension 
 was verified, that these churches would be led in 
 time to throw off entirely their subjection to a 
 distant ecclesiastical body. Mr. Frelinghuysen 
 was an able, evangelical, and eminently successful 
 preacher, lie left five sons, all ministers, and two 
 (laughters, married to ministers. Among his 
 sons were Rev. Theodore F., minister of Albany, 
 eloquent, active, and pious, succeeded by Wes- 
 terlo, and Rev. JohnF., who preached at Raritan. 
 Christian s Magazine, II. 4, 5 ; Prince s Chris 
 tian History for 1744. 
 
 FRELINGHUYSEN, FREDERIC, general, a 
 senator of the United States, died April 13, 1804, 
 aged 51 on the day of his death. He was the 
 son of Rev. John F., of Raritan, and grandson of 
 the preceding, lie graduated at Princeton in 
 1770. In the war of the Revolution he fought 
 
 for his country. As a captain, it is said that in 
 the battle of Trenton, Dec., 1776, he shot Rhalle, 
 the Hessian commander. He was a member of 
 the old congress, before the adoption of the con 
 stitution, in 1789, and was afterwards, under the 
 administration of Washington, a senator from 
 New Jersey. Of Princeton college he was one 
 of the trustees. lie was buried near Millstone. 
 His son, Theodore Frelinghuysen, is president of 
 New Brunswick college. 
 
 FRELINGIIUYSEN, CHARLOTTE, the wife of 
 President Theodore Frelinghuysen, died at New 
 Brunswick, N. J., April 11, 1854. She was the 
 chosen and suitable companion of a man of emi 
 nence and worth ; adorned with every excellence ; 
 the delight of her many friends. Her maiden 
 name was Mercer, and she was a native of 
 Newark. 
 
 FRENCH, JONATHAN, minister of Andover, 
 Mass., a descendant of John F., who lived in 
 Dorchester in 1639, was born at Braintree Jan. 
 30, 1740, graduated at Harvard college in 1771, 
 was ordained Sept. 22, 1772, as successor of Sam 
 uel Phillips, and died July 28, 1809, aged 69. 
 His daughter married Rev. Samuel Stearns, of 
 Bedford ; his son, Dr. Jonathan, is the minister 
 of North Hampton, N. II. At the age of six 
 teen Mr. French was a soldier, a drummer in the 
 French war, and afterwards was stationed as a ser 
 geant at castle William, near Boston. His desire 
 to obtain an education, although at an uncommon 
 age, was encouraged by several literary gentle 
 men, with whom he became acquainted at the 
 castle. Gov. Bowdoin liberally assisted him. In 
 the Revolutionary war he partook of the patriotic 
 spirit of that period. On hearing of the battle 
 of Breed s hill, he took his musket and his sur 
 gical instruments and repaired to the army. He 
 was a faithful, useful preacher. During his minis 
 try five hundred and six were added to the 
 church. He published a sermon against extor 
 tion, 1777; at the ordination of Daniel Oliver, 
 1787 ; of Abicl Abbot, 1795 ; of James Kendall, 
 1800; of Jonathan French, 1801; at the elec 
 tion, 1796; at a thanksgiving, 1798; at a lecture, 
 1805. Alden s Memoirs of F. 
 
 FRENCH, HENRY S. G., missionary at Siam 
 died Feb. 14, 1842, aged 35. Born in Boscawen, 
 N. H., he graduated at Yale in 1834, and at An 
 dover theological seminary in 1837 ; and sailed 
 for Siam in 1839. Though he looked for years of 
 labor for the benefit of the heathen, they were 
 but few. He said to his alarmed Siamese attend 
 ants, " I am not afraid to die." 
 
 FRENEAU, PHILIP, a poet, died at Freehold, 
 N. J., Dec. 18, 1832, aged about 80; inconse 
 quence of losing his way and getting mired in a 
 bog in the evening. He was born in New Jersey, 
 and graduated at Princeton in 1771. His poems 
 were written between 1768 and 1793. The first 
 
368 
 
 FRENEAU. 
 
 FROST. 
 
 edition was in 1786; the third was published in 
 1809, in 2 vols. 
 
 FRENEAU, PETER, brother of the preceding, 
 died in Charleston, S. C., in Oct., 1814, aged 56. 
 Before 1795 he edited and published the Charles 
 ton City Gazette, which he sold out in 1810. Mr. 
 Jefferson appointed him commissioner of the loan 
 office in South Carolina. He was a forcible 
 writer and a man of great learning. lie knew 
 the Greek, Latin, French, Spanish, Portuguese, 
 and Italian languages. By residing a few days in 
 his cottage out the city he imbibed a fatal 
 miasma. 
 
 FREY, JOSEPH S. C. F., died in Pontiac, Mich., 
 June 5, 1800, aged 78, known in England as 
 " The converted Jew." He was active in forming 
 the London Jews society ; he came to this coun 
 try in 1816. He was a Baptist minister. He 
 published several works ; among them, " Joseph 
 and Benjamin," examining the argument of the 
 Jews. 
 
 FRINK, JOHN, a distinguished physician, died 
 at Rutland, Worcester county, Mass., in 1807. 
 
 FRISBIE, LEVI, minister of Ipswich, Mass., 
 died Feb. 25, 1806, aged 57. He was the son of 
 Elisha F. of Branford, Conn., and was born in 
 April, 1748. In 1767, having the character of a 
 pious youth of promising talents, he was placed 
 under the patronage of Dr. Whcelock, with a 
 special view to the missionary service. He en 
 tered Yale college, whe^e he continued more than 
 three years ; but his collegial studies were com 
 pleted at Dartmouth college, where he was grad 
 uated, in the first class, in 1771. In June, 1772, 
 he and David Macclure set out on a mission to 
 the Delaware Indians west of the Ohio, and he 
 returned in Oct., 1773. He was ordained in 
 1775, and then continued his missionary career. 
 After extending his labors to different parts of 
 the country and into Canada, the convulsed state 
 of America obstructed his progress. He was set 
 tled the minister of the first church in Ipswich, as 
 successor of Nathaniel Rogers, Feb. 7, 1776. 
 His widow died April, 1828, aged 77. He was 
 a faithful, evangelical preacher, whose labors at 
 different periods it pleased God to render emi 
 nently useful. His discerning mind was strength 
 ened by a close application to study, and furnished 
 with the most useful knowledge ; and all his ac 
 quisitions were consecrated to moral and religious 
 purposes. His life displayed the humility, meek 
 ness, and benevolence of the Christian. Inter 
 esting and instructive in conversation, remarkably 
 tender of the character of others, upright, sin 
 cere, and affectionate in all the relations of life, 
 he was respected and beloved. His distrust of 
 himself led him to place his entire dependence 
 upon God, and to ascribe all hope to the riches 
 of Divine mercy in Jesus, the Redeemer. lie 
 published an oration on the peace, 1783 ; on the 
 
 death of Moses Parsons, 1784 ; two sermons on a 
 day of public fasting ; at a thanksgiving ; an 
 eulogy on Washington, 1800; before the society 
 for propagating the gospel among the American 
 Indians, 1804. Himtiiigton s Funeral Sermon ; 
 Panoplist, I. 471, 572; Wheclock s Narratives. 
 
 FRISBIE, LEVI, professor of moral philosophy 
 at Harvard college, died at Cambridge July 9, 
 1822, aged 38. He was the son of the preceding, 
 and was born at Ipswich in 1784. After gradu 
 ating in 1802, he engaged in the study of the law ; 
 but an affection of his eyes, Avhich proved to be a 
 permanent evil, obliged him to desist. In 1805 
 he was appointed Latin tutor, and professor of 
 moral philosophy in 1817. He was an admirable 
 teacher and lecturer. His inaugural address was 
 published in 1817, and after his death Prof. 
 Norton published his miscellaneous writings, with 
 notices of his life and character, 8vo., 1823. 
 
 FRCELIGH, SOLOMON, I). 1)., minister of 
 Scranenburg, N. J., died Oct. 8, 1827, aged 78. 
 He was a pastor forty years, lie had an honor 
 ary degree at Princeton in 1774. 
 
 FROMENTIN, ELIGIUS, senator of the United 
 States from Louisiana, died Oct. 6, 1822. He 
 was elected in 1813, and was succeeded by James 
 Brown in 1819. In 1821 he succeeded Mr. Win 
 ston as judge of the criminal court of Orleans; 
 and was appointed judge of the western district 
 of Florida. Gen. Jackson, the governor, having 
 demanded in vain certain documents of Col. 
 Callava, the late Spanish governor, threw him 
 into prison, from which he was relieved by a writ 
 of habeas corpus, granted by Judge Fromentin. 
 This act of judicial authority occasioned a long 
 and bitter altercation with the general, who 
 claimed the supreme power. For the sake of 
 quietness, Judge F. resigned his office and re 
 turned to the practice of the law at New Orleans, 
 where he died of the yellow fever. His wife died 
 the preceding day. They had no children. He 
 is a remarkable instance of the instability of hu 
 man affairs. He published observations on a bill 
 respecting land titles in Orleans. 
 
 FRONTENAC, Louis, count, governor-gen 
 eral of Canada, succeeded Courcelles in 1678, and 
 in the spring of the following year built upon 
 lake Ontario the fort which bore his name. He 
 was recalled in 1682, but was reinstated in his 
 office in 1689. He died Nov. 28, 1698, aged 77. 
 His exertions conduced in a great degree to the 
 protection and prosperity of Canada ; but he was 
 a man of haughty feelings, suspicious, revengeful, 
 and outrageous. Notwithstanding his professions 
 of regard to religion, it was very evident, that he 
 was almost completely under the influence of am 
 bition. Charltvoix, I. 444-469, 543-570; II. 
 43, 237 ; Jlolmcs. 
 
 FROST, JOHN, brigadier-general, died in Kit- 
 tery, Me., in 1810, aged 72. Born in that town, 
 
FROST. 
 
 FULTON. 
 
 369 
 
 he served as an officer in the French and Revo 
 lutionary wars, and fought in various battles, lie 
 was present with his regiment at the surrender of 
 Burgoync. After the close of the war he sus 
 tained various civil offices. 
 
 FROST, EDMUND, missionary to Bombay, was 
 a native of Brattleborough, Vt, and, after gradu 
 ating at Middlebury college, studied theology at 
 Andover. He was ordained at Salem Sept. 25, 
 1823, and embarked with his wife, a native of 
 Chester, N. H., on the 27th, for Calcutta. June 
 28, 1824, he arrived at Bombay, and joined the 
 missionaries, Mr. Hall and Mr. Graves. But he 
 died of a pulmonary complaint Oct. 18, 1825. 
 
 FROST, JOHN, an early preacher in Oneida 
 county, X. Y., was a graduate of Williams college 
 in 1806; was of the theological seminary, at An 
 dover, in 1810 ; and died at Waterville, N. Y., in 
 1842, aged about 56. For nearly twenty years 
 he was pastor of the church in Whitesborough. 
 He was a preacher at Waterville, at the time of 
 his death. 
 
 FROTIIIXGHAM, JOHN, judge, died at Port 
 land in 1826, aged 76. lie was a graduate of 
 Harvard in 1771. He discharged well the duties 
 of various offices. lie was judge of probate from 
 1804 to 1811, when that court was dissolved. 
 
 FROTIIIXGHAM, WILLIAM, minister of Bel 
 fast, Me., died June 24, 1852, aged 77. Born in 
 Cambridge, Mass., he graduated in 1799; was 
 minister of the third church in Lynn from 1804 
 to 1817 ; and was settled at Belfast in 1819. 
 
 FRYE, JONATHAN, chaplain to Capt. Love- 
 well s company, was a native of Andover, and 
 graduated at Harvard college in 1723. In Love- 
 Avell s fight with the Indians at Piclv\vacket, or 
 Fryeburg, in May, 1725, he was killed. 
 
 FRYE, JOSEPH, general, died in 1794, aged 68. 
 He was born in Andover, Mass., in April, 1711, 
 and was colonel at the capture of fort William 
 Henry in 1757. In 1775, he was provincial 
 major-general. He removed to Fryeburg among 
 the early settlers ; and from him the town re 
 ceived its name. 
 
 FRYE, JAMKS, colonel, was born at Andover, 
 and died Jan. 8, 1776, aged 66. He was a 
 colonel in the battle of Bunker Hill, and animated 
 his soldiers, saying : " This day, thirty years ago, 
 I was at the taking of Louisburg, when it was 
 surrendered to us. It is a fortunate day for 
 America. We shall certainly beat the enemy." 
 His mistake is no reproach to his bravery. 
 
 FRYE, PETER, died in Camberwcll, near Lon 
 don, on his birth-day, Feb. 1, 1820, aged 97. 
 Born in Andover, he graduated at Harvard in 
 1744, and was schoolmaster in Salem seven 
 years, justice of the common pleas, and register 
 of probate for Essex. He was a loyalist. 
 
 FRYE, SIMON, judge, was among the first set 
 tlers of the town of Fryeburg, Me., where he 
 47 
 
 died in Nov., 1822, aged 82. He was a patriot 
 of the Revolution, and sustained various impor 
 tant offices ; was a member of the council, and 
 judge of the common pleas for York, and chief 
 justice of Oxford. He reared up a numerous 
 family. 
 
 FULLER, SAMUEL, a physician, one of the 
 settlers of Plymouth in 1620, was a regularly ed 
 ucated physician. . His practice extended to Mas 
 sachusetts. A prevailing sickness called him to 
 Salem in 1628 and 1629. Besides being a sur 
 geon and physician, he was also a useful deacon 
 of the church. He died of a fever at Plymouth 
 in 1633. He bequeathed to his "sister," Alice 
 Bradford, 12 shillings to buy a pair of gloves. 
 His wife then was her sister. Thacher. 
 
 FULLER, SAMUEL, first minister of Middlebo- 
 rough, Mass., died Aug. 17, 1695, aged 70. He 
 was a deacon at Plymouth, and emigrated to Mid- 
 dleborough, and occasionally preached and was 
 very useful for sixteen years, until a church was 
 formed and he was ordained in 1694. 
 
 FULLER, ABRAHAM, judge, died in Newton, 
 Mass., in 1794. He was a patriot of the Revo 
 lution, and held various public offices. As head of 
 the committee of the provincial congress at Con 
 cord, he took charge of the military papers and 
 removed them safely, so that they escaped the 
 hands of the British troops. He left 1 ,000 dol 
 lars toward founding an academy in Newton. 
 
 FULLER, TIMOTHY, died at Groton, Mass., 
 Oct. 1, 1835, aged 57. He was a graduate of 
 Harvard in 1801, a lawyer, and a member of 
 congress from 1817 to 1825. Madame D Ossoli 
 was his sister. 
 
 FULLER, HENRY H., died at Concord, Mass., 
 Sept. 15, 1852, aged 62. Born in Princeton, he 
 graduated at Harvard in 1811. His practice as a 
 lawyer was at the Suffolk bar : he was thirty years 
 in the profession. 
 
 FULTON, ROBERT, a celebrated engineer, died 
 -Feb. 14, 1815, aged 50. He was of Irish descent, 
 and was born in Little Britain, Lancaster county, 
 Penn.,in 1765. His genius disclosed itself at an 
 early period. He was attracted to the shops of 
 mechanics; and at the age of seventeen he 
 painted landscapes and portraits in Philadelphia. 
 Thus he was enabled in part to purchase a small 
 farm for lu s widowed mother. At the age of 
 twenty-one he, by the advice of his friends, re 
 paired to London to place himself under the 
 guidance of Mr. West, the painter, and by him 
 i was kindly received and admitted as an inmate 
 of his house for several years. Prosecuting his 
 ; business as a painter, he spent two years in I)ev- 
 ! onshire, where he became acquainted with the 
 Duke of Bridgcwater and with Lord Stanhope, 
 well known for his attachment to the mechanic 
 arts. In 1793 he engaged in the project of im 
 proving inland navigation, and in 1794 obtained 
 
370 
 
 FULTON. 
 
 patents for a double inclined plane, and for ma 
 chines for spinning flax and making ropes. The 
 subject of canals now chiefly occupied his atten 
 tion, and at this period, in 1796, his work on 
 canals was published. In his profession of a civil 
 engineer he was greatly benefited by his skill in 
 drawing and painting. lie went to Paris in 1797, 
 and, being received into the family of Joel Bar 
 low, he there spent seven years, studying chemis 
 try, physics, and mathematics, and acquiring a 
 knowledge of the French, Italian, and German 
 languages. To him Barlow dedicated his Colum- 
 biad. In Dec., 1797, he made his first experiment 
 on submarine explosion in the Seine, but without 
 success. His plan for a submarine boat was af 
 terwards perfected. In 1801, while he was resid 
 ing with his friend, Mr. Barlow, he met in Paris 
 Chpacellor Livingston, the American minister, 
 wh< explained to him the importance in America 
 of i avigating boats by steam. Mr. Fulton had 
 alre-dy conceived the project as early as 1793, as 
 appears by his letter to Lord Stanhope, Sept. 30. 
 He -iow engaged anew in the affair, and at the 
 con. -aon expense of himself and Mr. Livingston 
 buiir a boat on the Seine in 1803, and successfully 
 navigated the river. The principles of the steam 
 engi.ie he did not invent; he claimed only the 
 app : cation of water-wheels for propelling vessels. 
 In ] ec., 1806, he returned to this country ; and he 
 and Mr. Livingston built in 1807 the first boat, 
 the Clermont, one hundred and thirty feet in 
 length, which navigated the Hudson at the rate 
 of five miles an hour. In Feb., 1809, he took out 
 his first patent. In 1810 he published his tor 
 pedo war. In 1811 and 1812 he built two steam 
 ferry-boats for crossing the Hudson ; he contrived 
 also very ingenious floating docks for the recep 
 tion of these boats. In 1813 he obtained a pat 
 ent for a submarine battery. Conceiving the 
 plan of a steam man-of-war, the government in 
 March, 1814, appropriated 320,000 dollars for 
 constructing it, and appointed him the engineer. 
 In about four months she was launched, with the 
 name of Fulton, the first. He was employed in 
 improving his submarine boat, when he died sud- 
 denlv. His wife, whom he married in 1808, was 
 Harriet, daughter of Walter Livingston. His 
 features were strong and interesting ; his man 
 ners easy ; his temper mild ; in his domestic and 
 social relations he was affectionate, kind, and gen 
 erous. The two inventions of the cotton gin by 
 Whitney and of steam navigation by Fulton have 
 an incalculable effect on the prosperity of this 
 country, and may show the bearing of genius, 
 invention, science, and skill on national wealth. 
 The following is a brief explanation of some of 
 his inventions, besides the steamboat : 1. By the 
 machine for making ropes, which can stand in a 
 ^oom forty feet square, the ropeyarns are put on 
 spools, and any sized cordage made by one man. 
 
 GADSDEN. 
 
 2. The submarine boat had a main-sail and jib 
 like a sloop ; the mast and sails could be taken in 
 and the boat dive under water in one minute, and 
 be rowed and steered by a compass. Thus a tor 
 pedo could be fixed to the bottom of ships of 
 war. Mr. F. and three others continued under 
 water one hour. He supposed, that five men 
 might continue under water six hours and rise 
 fifteen miles from the place, where they went 
 down. 3. The torpedo is a copper case, contain 
 ing fifty or one hundred pounds of powder, dis 
 charged by a gun lock, which strikes by means of 
 clockwork, set to any short time. lie proposed 
 to attach it to a rope of sixty or eighty feet, and 
 to fasten it by a gun harpoon to the bow of a ves 
 sel, whose motion would draw it under her bot 
 tom, and thus she would be blown up. A few 
 row-boats, each with a torpedo, might attack a 
 ship of war, and be pretty sure to succeed. 
 Colden s Life of Fulton ; Encyc. American. 
 
 FUIIMAN, lliciuiiD, ].). I)., an eminent Bap 
 tist minister of Charleston, S. C., died Aug. 25, 
 1825. He had been nearly forty years the pastor 
 of a church in Charleston, having previously been 
 the minister of Statesburgh from 1774 to 1787. 
 He furnished llamsay with a statistical account of 
 Camden, and published a sermon on the death of 
 Oliver Hart, 1796. 
 
 GADSDEN, CiiiusToriiER, lieutenant-gover 
 nor of South Carolina, and a distinguished friend 
 of his country, died Aug. 28, 1805, aged 81. He 
 was born in Charleston in 1724. He was ap 
 pointed one of the delegates to the congress, 
 which met at New York in Oct., 1765, to petition 
 against the stamp act. He was also chosen a 
 member of the congress which met in 1774. He 
 was among the first, who openly advocated repub 
 lican principles, and wished to make his country 
 independent of the monarchical government of 
 Great Britain. " The decisive genius," says ] lam- 
 say, " of Christopher Gadsdcn in the south and 
 of John Adams in the north at a much earlier 
 day might have desired a complete separation of 
 America from Great Britain ; but till the year 
 1776, the rejection of the second petition of con 
 gress, and the appearance of Paine s pamphlet, 
 common sense, a reconciliation with the mother 
 country was the unanimous wish of almost every 
 other American." During the siege of Charles 
 ton in 1780 he remained within the lines with five 
 of the council, while Governor Ilutledge, with the 
 other three, left the city, at the earnest request of 
 Gen. Lincoln. Several months after the capitu 
 lation he was taken out of his bed, Aug. 27th, 
 and with most of the civil and military officers 
 transported in a guard ship to St. Augustine. 
 This was done by the order of Lord Cornwallis, 
 and it was in violation of the rights of prisoners 
 on parole. Guards were left at their houses, and 
 the private papers of some of them were exam- 
 
GADSDEX. 
 
 incd. A parole was offered at St. Augustine; but 
 such was his indignation at the ungenerous treat 
 ment which he had received, that he refused to 
 accept it, and bore a close confinement in the 
 castle for forty-two weeks with the greatest forti 
 tude. In 1782, when it became necessary, by the 
 rotation established, to choose a new governor, he 
 was elected to this office ; but he declined it on 
 account of his age. lie continued, however, his 
 exertions for the good of his country, both in the 
 assembly and council, and notwithstanding the 
 injuries he had suffered and the immense loss of 
 his property he zealously opposed the law for con 
 fiscating the estates of the adherents to the Brit 
 ish government, and contended, that sound policy 
 required us to forgive and forget. Boiccn s 
 Fun. Ser. ; Ramsay s Rev. of Car. I. 35, 55, 
 61, 164; II. 125, 349. 
 
 GADSDEN, CHRISTOPHER, D.D., bishop of 
 South Carolina, died at Charleston June 25, 1852, 
 aged 67. He was a grandson of Gen. Christo 
 pher G., and was graduated at Yale in 1804. 
 After having the charge of several churches he 
 was elected bishop in 1840, as successor of Bishop 
 Bowen. lie was a man of learning, eloquence, 
 and piety. He published a sermon on the death 
 of Bishop Dehon, 1817. 
 
 GAFFIELD, BI-XJAMIX, was drowned in at 
 tempting to cross the river in order to escape the 
 Indians, who attacked Hinsdale, N. H., in 1755. 
 His wife, Eunice, was carried a prisoner to Can 
 ada and sold to the French. She was sent to 
 France, and thence to England ; and at last was 
 liberated. She married a Mr. Pratt, and died at 
 Dana, Mass., in 1830, aged 97. 
 
 GAGE, THOMAS, or Friar Thomas of St. Mary, 
 a Catholic missionary, was an Irishman educated 
 at St. Omer s, and joined the Dominicans. In 
 1625 he went out from Spain to Mexico with a 
 band of missionaries, destined for the Philippine 
 islands ; but, not relishing so distant a mission, he 
 fled to Gautimala, where and in other neighbor 
 ing places he lived as a missionary to the Indians 
 ten or eleven years. In 1637 he escaped to Eng 
 land and became a Protestant minister at Deal. 
 He published a new survey of the West Indies, 
 giving an account of his mission to New Spain 
 and of his travels ; second edit. 1655 ; 4th edit. 
 1699 ; 4th edit, in French, 1720. It is a curious 
 and interesting book; though Clavigero, an Ital 
 ian, might well after the laspe of one hundred 
 years decry it and represent it as full of falsehood, 
 for it unveils much of the secrets of Catholicism 
 and describes the pope as antichrist. 
 
 GAG E, THOMAS, the last governor of Massa 
 chusetts appointed by the king, died in England 
 in April, 1787. After the conquest of Canada 
 in 1700, lie was appointed governor of Montreal. 
 At the departure of Gen. Amherst in 1763, he 
 succeeded him as commander in chief of his 
 
 GAIXE. 
 
 371 
 
 majesty s forces in America ; he was appointed 
 governor of Massachusetts, and arrived at Bos 
 ton May 13, 1774. He was a suitable instrument 
 for executing the purposes of a tyrannical minis 
 try and parliament. Several regiments soon fol 
 lowed him, and he began to repair the fortifica 
 tions upon Boston neck. The powder in the 
 arsenal in Charlestown was seized ; detatchmcnts 
 were sent out to take possession of the stores in 
 Salem and Concord ; and the battle of Lexington 
 became the signal of war. In May, 1775, the pro 
 vincial congress declared Gage to be an inveterate 
 enemy of the country, disqualified from serving 
 the colony as governor, and unworthy of obedi 
 ence. From this time the exercise of his func 
 tions was confined to Boston. In June he issued 
 a proclamation, offering pardon to all the rebels, 
 excepting Samuel Adams and John Hancock, and 
 ordered the use of the martial law. But the 
 affair of Breed s hill a few days afterwards proved 
 to him that he had mistaken the character of the 
 Americans. In Oct. he embarked for England, 
 and was succeeded in the command by Sir Wil 
 liam Howe. His conduct toward the inhabitants 
 of Boston, in promising them liberty to leave the 
 town on the delivery of their arms, and then 
 detaining many of them, has been reprobated for 
 its treachery. Stcdman, I. 95-110; Gordon; 
 Holmes; Marshall, I. 391,446; n. 163, 185, 276; 
 in. 21; Warren, I. 127-132, 241. 
 
 GAGElt, WILLIAM, an eminent surgeon and 
 physician, came to Charlestown, Mass., in 1630, 
 but soon fell a victim to the spotted fever. He 
 died Sept. 20, 1630. 
 
 GAGElt, WILLIAM, minister of Lebanon, 
 Conn., died in 1739, aged about 39. He gradu 
 ated at Yale in 1721, and was the predecessor of 
 E. Whcelock. 
 
 GAILLAHD, Joiix, senator of the United 
 States from South Carolina, was a native of St. 
 Stephen s district. He voted for the war of 1812. 
 Called repeatedly to preside over the senate in the 
 absence of the vice president, he presided with great 
 impartiality. He died at Washington Feb. 26, 
 1826. He was a man of a vigorous understand 
 ing and inflexible integrity ; firm in friendship ; 
 fixed in his political principles ; yet in all the 
 conflicts of parties maintaining the courtesy, 
 which is too often forgotten. 
 
 GAINE, HUGH, a bookseller in New York, 
 was born in Ireland. In 1752 he published the 
 New York Mercury, and soon opened a book-shop 
 in Hanover square, and continued in his profitable 
 business forty years. He died April 25, 1807, 
 aged 81. In a poetical version of his petition at 
 the close of the war, he is made to express the 
 principle by which many others have been found 
 to be governed : 
 
 " And I always adhere to the sword that is longest, 
 And stick to the party that s like to be strongest." 
 
 TJiomas, II. 103, 301, 483. 
 
372 
 
 GAINES. 
 
 GALLISOX. 
 
 GAIXES, EDMUND PENDLETON, major-general, 
 died at New Orleans June 6, 1849, aged 72. 
 Born in Culpepper county, Va., he was named 
 after his grand-uncle. His father removed to 
 East Tennessee, where the son was a lieutenant 
 in Indian warfare at the age of eighteen. In 
 1801 he was appointed military collector at 
 Mobile. In 1806 he arrested Aaron Burr. 
 Afterwards he became a lawyer ; but in the war 
 of 1812 he resumed his position of captain. He 
 commanded a regiment at the battle of Chryst- 
 ler s Field in 1813. The next year he was a brig 
 adier-general, and made a successful defence at 
 fort Erie; but, being wounded by a shell, he re 
 signed the command to Gen. Ripley. Under 
 Jackson he was engaged in the Creek and Semi- 
 nole wars. He was a man of great simplicity of 
 character, and of integrity. A short time before 
 his death his wife came in possession of a large 
 property. 
 
 GAIR, THOMAS, pastor of the second Baptist 
 church in Boston, died April 27, 1790, aged 35. 
 Born in Boston, he graduated at Providence in 
 1777, and was for ten years a minister at Med- 
 field. He succeeded Mr. Skillman in B. in 1787 ; 
 and Dr. Baldwin was his successor. He pub 
 lished a sermon at the ordination of T. Green, 
 1783. 
 
 GALATZLN, DEMETRIUS AUGUSTINE, died at 
 Loretto, Cambria Co., Pa., May 6, 1840, aged 70. 
 He was born at Munster in Germany in 1770. 
 His father was Prince de Galitzin, of Itussia. He 
 arrived at Baltimore in 1792 ; having studied the 
 ology, he took up his abode in the wilderness of 
 Cambria county, and gathered around him a Cath 
 olic population of three or four thousand. It is 
 said he expended a princely fortune. In a rude 
 log cabin he spent thirty years. 
 
 GALE, BENJAMIN, a physician, was born on 
 Long Island in 1715, but his parents soon re 
 moved to Goshen, N. Y. He graduated at Yale 
 college in 1733. Having studied with Jared 
 Eliot, of Killingsworth, he married his daughter, 
 and settled in that town, where he died in 1790, 
 aged 75. He was an eminent physician and ag 
 riculturist, and was deeply concerned also in 
 politics. He invented a drill plough ; he wrote a 
 dissertation on the prophecies ; he published a 
 treatise on the inoculation for the small pox, 
 about 1750. His method of a preparatory course 
 of mercury was commended in England. The 
 same was employed in 1745 by Dr. Thompson, of 
 Pennsylvania, and Dr. Morison, of Long Island. 
 In the transactions of the royal society, vol. LV., 
 he published historical memoirs on inoculation, 
 and account of the cure by salt of the bite of the 
 rattlesnake. Thachcr. 
 
 GALES, JOSEPH, died at Raleigh, N. C., Aug. 
 24, 1841, aged 80. He was the father of Joseph 
 G., of Washington. Born in England, he was a 
 
 printer and bookseller in Sheffield ; he emigrated 
 to Philadelphia in 1794, and in 1799 to Raleigh. 
 For forty years he published the Raleigh Regis 
 ter. He was blameless, benevolent, pious. 
 
 GALLATIN, ALBERT, died at the house of his 
 son-in-law in Astoria, L. I., Aug. 12, 1849, aged 
 88. He was born in Switzerland Jan. 29, 1761. 
 His ancestor, John G., secretary to the Duke of 
 Savoy, emigrated to Geneva. Graduating in 
 1779, he came to America in 1780. He com 
 manded a fort at Machias ; then became a tutor 
 in French at Cambridge ; thence he proceeded to 
 Virginia. Receiving now his patrimony, he made 
 the purchase of new lands. He settled in Fav- 
 ette county, on the Monongahela, and became 
 soon a prominent member of the legislature of 
 Pennsylvania, and then a member of congress. 
 In 1793 he was a senator of the United States 
 for a short time. Mr. Jefferson called him in 
 1801 to be secretary of the treasury. In 1813 he 
 was sent with others to negotiate with Great 
 Britain under the mediation of Russia; and he 
 afterwards assisted at Ghent in the treaty of 
 peace. From 1816 to 1823 he was minister at 
 Paris. After 1828 he became a citizen of New 
 York. He was president of the national bank 
 from 1831 till he was succeeded by his son James 
 in 1839; he was also president of the New York 
 historical society. His wife, Hannah, daughter of 
 James Nicholson, of New York, whom he mar 
 ried about 1794, died May 14, 1849, aged 82; 
 amidst the varied scenes of her life she was 
 never unmindful of Ircr religious duties. He 
 wrote against war and on the currency, and pub 
 lished elaborate essays on the Indian languages. 
 Evening Post ; Boston Advertiser, Aug. 15. 
 
 GALLAUDET, PETER W., died at Washing 
 ton May 17, 1843, aged 88. He was a soldier of 
 the Revolution. He toiled untiringly in estab 
 lishing the Washington manual labor school, and 
 the Howard institution was acquainted with his 
 devotion to the cause of Christian charity. 
 
 GALLAUDET, THOMAS HOPKINS, LL. D., 
 died in Hartford Sept. 10, 1851, aged 63. Born 
 in Philadelphia Dec. 10, 1787, he graduated at 
 Yale in 1805. After serving some years as a 
 tutor, he studied theology, and was licensed to 
 preach in 1814. But now he turned his atten 
 tion to the instruction of deaf mutes. After vis 
 iting Europe, he opened the asylum for the deaf 
 and dumb at Hartford in 1817, but from ill 
 health resigned his place in 1830, and engaged in 
 other philanthropic labors. In 1838 he was chap 
 lain at the insane hospital. II. Barnard delivered 
 a discourse on his character in 1852. His monu 
 ment was erected by the deaf and dumb Sept. 6, 
 1854. He published various discourses in 1818, 
 1821, 1824; 6 vols. of annals of the deaf and 
 dumb. 
 
 GALLISON, JOHN, a lawyer, was born at Mar- 
 
GALLOWAY. 
 
 blchead in Oct., 1788. His mother was sister of [ 
 Judge Scwall. After practising law for a short 
 time in Marblehead, he removed to Boston, 
 where, for a year or two, he was the editor of the 
 Weekly Messenger. He died Dec. 25, 1820, 
 aged 32. He published reports of cases decided 
 in the circuit court, 2 vols., 1817 ; address to the 
 peace society, 1820. 
 
 GALLOWAY, JOSEPH, an eminent lawyer in 
 Pennsylvania, died in England in Sept., 1803. 
 He was a member of the assembly of that prov 
 ince in May, 1764, when the subject of a petition 
 in favor of a change of the government from that 
 of a proprietary to a royal government was dis 
 cussed. John Dickinson was opposed to the 
 petition, and Mr. Galloway answered his speech 
 with much warmth. Both speeches were printed, 
 and Mr. Dickinson, after an ineffectual challenge, 
 wrote his " Answer to a piece, called the speech 
 of Joseph Galloway." After having been for 
 some time speaker of the house of assembly, he 
 was appointed a member of the first congress in 
 1774. He afterwards deserted the American 
 cause, joining the British at New York in Dec., 
 1776, and remained with the army till June, 
 1778. His counsels and exertions were of little 
 avail against the resolute spirit of millions, deter 
 mined to be free. By his own account he aban 
 doned an estate of the value of 40,000 pounds. 
 In 1779 he was examined before the house of 
 commons on the transactions in America, and his 
 representation did not do much credit to the 
 British commanders. The preface to his speech, 
 which was published in 1764, was written by Dr. 
 Franklin, who supported the same cause. It 
 presents a history of the proprietary government. 
 Mr. Galloway published also observations on the 
 conduct of Sir William Howe, in which, notwith 
 standing his attachments, he discloses and repre 
 hends the shocking brutality of the British troops, 
 especially in New Jersey. The following work, it 
 is believed, is the production of his pen : brief 
 commentaries upon such parts of the revelation 
 and other prophecies as immediately refer to the 
 present times, London, 1802. He published a 
 letter to Howe on his naval conduct ; letters to a 
 nobleman on the conduct of war in the middle 
 colonies, 1779; reply to the observations of Gen. 
 Howe; cool thoughts on the consequences of 
 American independence ; candid examination of 
 the claims of Great Britain and her colonies ; re- 
 flectiona on the American rebellion, London, 1780. 
 Hist. Coll. II. 93; Monthly Review, XXXII. 
 67 ; LXI. 71; Franklin s Works, ill. 163. 
 
 GALLUP, JOSEPH A., M. I)., founder of the 
 medical institution in Woodstock, Vt., died Oct. 
 12, 1849, aged 80. 
 
 GALUS11A, JONAS, governor of Vermont, died 
 at Shaftsbury in Oct., 1834. 
 
 GAM AGE, WILLIAM, M. D., a physician in 
 
 GANG. 
 
 373 
 
 Boston, was the son of Dr. Wm G., of Cam 
 bridge, who died Jan. 1, 1821, aged 76. He 
 graduated at Harvard college in 1802, and died 
 Oct. o, 1818, aged 37. lie published several arti 
 cles in the New England journal of medicine, and 
 some account of the fever of 1817 and 1818, with 
 remarks on typhus. 
 
 GAMAGE, JONATHAN , died at Fryeburg in 
 \ug., 1843, aged 90, in consequence of the ex 
 citement of attending the Bunker Hill celebration 
 at Charlestown, occasioning the loss of reason. 
 A fellow soldier of the same age, Josiah Cleavc- 
 land, died from the same cause. 
 
 GAMBOLD, JOHN, Moravian missionary, re 
 sided at Spring Place among the Cherokees in 
 
 1817, when he was visited by Mr. Cornelius. By 
 his labors Mr. Ilicks became a Christian convert. 
 In 1827 he resided within thirty miles of Spring 
 Place, at Oochelogy, and in that year he died, 
 Nov. 6th, after a long period of weakness and 
 suffering. He was a faithful servant of his 
 Master. 
 
 GANNETT, CALEB, minister of Amherst and 
 Cumberland, N. S., died at Cambridge April 25, 
 
 1818, aged 72. He was born in Bridgewater, 
 Mass., Aug. 22, 1745, graduated at Harvard col 
 lege in 1763, and was ordained Oct. 12, 1767 ; 
 but from inadequate support returned to New 
 England in 1771. For some years he was a tutor 
 in the college, and steward from 1780 till his 
 death. He married a daughter of President 
 Stiles. In the transactions of the American 
 academy, vols. I. and II., he published observa 
 tions of an eclipse, and two papers on the aurora 
 borealis. 2 Hist. Coll. viil. 277-285. 
 
 GANO, JOILN, minister in New York, died Aug. 
 10, 1804, aged 77. He collected the first Baptist 
 society in that city, and was ordained its pastor in 
 1762. Early espousing the cause of his country 
 in the contest with Great Britain, at the com 
 mencement of the war he joined the standard of 
 freedom in the capacity of chaplain. His preach 
 ing contributed to impart a determined spirit to 
 the soldiers, and he continued in the army till the 
 conclusion of the war. When a lieutenant, after 
 uttering some profane expressions, accosted him, 
 saying, " Good morning, Dr. Good Man," he re 
 plied, " You pray early this morning." The 
 reproved man said, "I beg your pardon." "O," 
 retorted Mr. G., " I cannot pardon you ; carry 
 your case to God." He left his society in New 
 York in 1788, and removed to Kentucky. He 
 died at Frankfort, resigned to the Divine will, 
 and in the hope of everlasting blessedness in the 
 presence of his Redeemer. Memoirs of his life, 
 written principally by himself, were published in 
 12mo., 1806. ftano s Memoirs. 
 
 GANO, STEPHEN, D. D., son of the preceding, 
 died at Providence Aug. 28, 1818, aged 65, in the 
 thirty-sixth year of his ministry. Besides editing 
 
374 
 
 GANSEVOORT. 
 
 GARDINER. 
 
 the memoirs of his father, he published a sermon 
 at the ordination of J. Bradley, 1801. 
 
 GANSEVOORT, PETER, JR., brigadier-general, 
 died July 2, 1812, aged 62. He was born in Al 
 bany July 17, 1749. With the -rank of major he 
 accompanied Montgomery to Canada in 1775. 
 He commanded at fort Stamvix, as colonel, when 
 it was besieged by St. Leger in 1777. He reso 
 lutely defended the post from Aug. 2 to 22, until 
 the approach of Arnold dispersed the Indians and 
 gave him relief. For his gallant defence he re 
 ceived the thanks of congress. In 1781 he was 
 appointed brigadier-general by the State. After 
 the war he was military agent and intrusted with 
 other offices. He was brave, intelligent, and 
 faithful, and highly respected. 
 
 GARDEN, ALEXANDER, an Episcopal minister, 
 was born in Scotland in 1685, came to Charleston 
 about 1720, and died in 1756, aged 70. He was 
 the faithful commissary of the bishop of London 
 for the Carolinas, Georgia, and the Bahama islands. 
 He was a man of learning and of charity. A 
 tenth of his income he gave to the poor. He 
 published six letters to Mr. Whitefield, 1740 ; 
 doctrine of justification vindicated ; two sermons, 
 1742. Ramsay, II. 10,466. 
 
 GARDEN, ALEXANDER, D. D., F. R. S., a 
 physician, was the son of Rev. A. G., of Birse, 
 Aberdeen, who died about 1784. Having studied 
 physic at Edinburgh, he came to Charleston, S. C., 
 about 1750, and by his practice of thirty years 
 acquired a fortune. In 1783 he returned to 
 Europe, and died in London April 15, 1791, aged 
 63. He was much devoted to the study of natural 
 history, particularly of botany, and made a num 
 ber of communications on those subjects to his 
 philosophical friends in Europe. In compliment 
 to him the greatest botanist of the age gave tbe 
 name of Gardenia to one of the most beautiful 
 flowering shrubs in the world. He introduced 
 into medical use the Virginia pink root as a ver 
 mifuge, and published in 1764 an account of its 
 medical properties, with a botanical description ; 
 a second edition, 1772. Tltaclter ; Ramsay s 
 Review of Medicine, 42, 44 ; Miller s Retrospect, 
 I. 319. 
 
 GARDINER, CHRISTOPHER, an adventurer, to 
 be remembered for nothing good, came to Mas 
 sachusetts in 1630 with pretensions to piety, but 
 bringing with him " a comely young woman, 
 whom he called his cousin." He would have been 
 better received in such a new colony as that of 
 the Mormons in Utah, where there is no scruple 
 about allowing seven wives. But in the old Bay 
 State Gardiner was arrested in 1631 on the 
 charge of having two wives in England. In re 
 venge, he, in 1632, with Morton, presented a pe 
 tition to the king against the colony, accusing the 
 colonists of intended rebellion. 
 
 GARDINER, LION, an early settler in Connec 
 
 ticut and New York, and a man of character and 
 influence, died in 1663 at East Hampton, Long 
 Island. A native of England, bred to the pro 
 fession of arms, an engineer, he engaged in the 
 wars of Holland, where he became connected with 
 Peters, Davenport, and other Puritans, and was 
 induced to proceed to Saybrook in the service of 
 the patentees, in making -a city, towns, and forts. 
 He embarked with his Avife, Mary "Wilemson, an 
 excellent Hollander lady, in 1635, and crossed 
 the ocean in a small craft of twenty-five tons, and 
 arriving at Saybrook Nov. 28, commenced its set 
 tlement. The next year he built tbe fort. His 
 policy was to live in peace with the Indians. His 
 son David, born April 29, 1636, was the first 
 white child born in Connecticut. He purchased 
 of the sachem Wyandanch the island now called 
 Gardiner s Island, of three thousand acres. Here 
 he settled as a farmer in 1639, the first English 
 settlement in New York. In 1648 he became a 
 proprietor of East Hampton, to which place he 
 removed in 1653, and lived there ten years. His 
 influence over the Montaukett Indians was great 
 and important. All his large estate he bequeathed 
 to his wife, who survived him two years ; and, 
 dying, Gardiner s Island was entailed upon her son 
 David, and it has descended through eight pro 
 prietors, from David to John, and from John to 
 David, to the present generation, the descent 
 from father to son not having been broken. 
 President Tyler married into this family. A me 
 moir" is in historical collections, 3d series, vol. X. 
 
 GARDINER, SYLVESTER, a physician, was 
 born in Rhode Island in 1717. His grandfather 
 emigrated from England. Having studied his 
 profession several years in France and England, 
 he practised physic very successfully in Boston ; he 
 also established a very profitable drug-shop. Ac 
 quiring great wealth, he connected himself with the 
 Plymouth land company, and purchased exten 
 sive tracts of land in Maine. At the commence 
 ment of the Revolution he was a tory re 
 fugee, and of his large estate was able to take 
 with him only 400 pounds. His lands, about 
 one hundred thousand acres, were confiscated and 
 sold at auction ; but his heirs, through some in 
 formality, were re-invested with the property. 
 After the war he returned to Newport, where 
 he died of a malignant fever, Aug. 8, 1786, aged 
 68. He displayed in his life the moral virtues 
 and a regard to the duties of religion. In his 
 will he bequeathed ten acres and a small sum of 
 money for the Episcopal society in Gardiner, and 
 directed the small house of worship to be finished ; 
 but it was soon burnt by an insane man, McCaus- 
 land, in 1773. Tkaclier; Greenleaf s Eccles. 
 Sketches, 227. 
 
 GARDINER, JOHN SYLVESTER JOHN, D. D.. 
 Episcopal minister in Boston, became assistant to 
 Dr. Parker April 12, 1792, and died at Harrow- 
 
GARDNER. 
 
 gate Springs, England, July 2G, 1830, aged 65. 
 lie was distinguished for his literary attainments, 
 and zealous for what he regarded as the Armin- 
 ian and Trinitarian tenets of the Episcopal 
 church, and no less zealous in politics. He pub 
 lished a sermon at the ordination of J. Bowers, 
 1802; before the humane society; before the 
 charitable fire society, 1803; on the death of 
 Bishop Parker, 1804; of Dr. Lloyd, and D. 
 Sears ; of Geo. Higginson, and Thomas C. Amory, [ 
 1812; at a fast, 1808, and 1812 ; before a female 
 asylum, 1809; on the Divinity of Jesus Christ, 
 1810; preservative against Unitarianism, 1811; 
 before the society of donations, 1813. 
 
 GARDNER, NATHANIEL, died in Boston in 
 1760, aged about 41. He graduated in 1739, 
 and was many years usher in the Latin school 
 under the celebrated Lovell. He was honored 
 for his classical taste and acquirements. He 
 published some English poems, and a Latin 
 translation of "Watts ode on the nativity of 
 Christ. Monthly Anthology, iv. 38. 
 
 GARDNER, JOHN, minister of Stow, died Jan. 
 10, 1775, aged 79. lie was born in Charlcstown ; 
 graduated at Harvard in 1715; and Avas settled 
 in 1718. His predecessor, the first minister, was 
 John Evelcth ; his successors, Jonathan Newell in 
 1774, and John L. Sibley in 1829. 
 
 GARDNER, GEORGE, a benefactor of Harvard 
 college, died at Salem in 1773. He Avas gradu 
 ated in 1762, and was a merchant. He bequeathed 
 to the college 4,867 dollars, for the education of 
 poor scholars ; 1,466 to the poor of Salem ; and 
 7,333 to the marine society for superannuated sea 
 men. The legacies became due on the death of 
 his brother, Weld G., in Nov., 1801. 
 
 GARDNER, HENRY, first treasurer of Massa 
 chusetts, in the time of the Revolution, died in 1782, 
 aged about 52. He was the son of Rev. Mr. G., of 
 Stow, and graduated at Harvard in 1750. From 
 1757 he was a member of the general court until 
 the Revolution ; and then was the faithful, patri 
 otic treasurer, till his death. He was also coun 
 cillor, and judge of the court of common pleas 
 for Middlesex. In every office he manifested in 
 tegrity, prudence, firmness. He was also a pious 
 man and humble Christian ; and in the faith and 
 hopes of the gospel he died in peace. 
 
 GARDNER, JOSEPH, died at Boston April 3, 
 1806, aged 92. A graduate of Cambridge in 
 1732, he was settled May 15, 1740, as colleague 
 with Rev. N. Clap of Newport ; but was dismissed 
 in 1743. He was justice of the common pleas 
 for Suffolk. 
 
 GARDNER, FRANCIS, minister of Leominster 
 more than half a century, died in 1814, aged 76. 
 Born in Stow, he graduated at Harvard in 1755. 
 His son, John, died in Aug., 1856, aged 89. He 
 published a thanksgiving sermon, 1795 ; half-cen 
 tury, 1812. 
 
 GASTON. 
 
 375 
 
 GARDNER, PEREGRINE, colonel, died in Wt-st 
 Bloomficld, N. Y., April 13, 1838, aged 72. He 
 Avas a native of Nonvich, Conn. He and his Avife 
 were the first inhabitants of W. B., in 1789, from 
 Utica to Buffalo being almost an entire Avilderness. 
 In the Avar of 1812 he Avas Avounded and taken pris 
 oner. He Avas a good citizen, a benevolent man, an 
 eminent Christian. He Avas accustomed to do 
 Avhat to some would be harder than to meet the 
 face of an enemy in Avar ; he Avas accustomed to 
 ask of a stranger, Avith a spirit of affection, " Do 
 you love the Saviour ? " 
 
 GARDNER, HENRY, Dr., died in Charles- 
 tOAvn, Mass., Aug. 22, 1854, aged 81. Born in 
 C., he graduated at Harvard in 1797. 
 
 GARLAND, HUGH A., died in St. Louis Oct. 
 14, 1854, an eminent laAvyer, a native of Virginia. 
 He Avas clerk of the house at Washington from 
 1836 to 1841. He published a life of John Ran 
 dolph. 
 
 GARNETT, JAMES MERCER, died in ElmAvood, 
 Essex county, Va., May, 1843, aged 62. He Avas 
 a member of Congress, from 1805 to 1809. His 
 life Avas much and honorably deA - oted to the 
 cause of education and agriculture; his public 
 addresses Avere A ery acceptable. 
 
 GARRARD, JAMES, goA-ernor of Kentucky 
 from 1796 to 1804, Avas a native of Virginia, and 
 an officer of the Revolution. He Avas among the 
 first adventurous settlers of Kentucky, and died 
 at Mount Lebanon, Bourbon county, Jan. 19, 
 1822, aged 73. 
 
 GARRETSON, CATHERINE, died at Red Hook 
 in 1749, aged 96 years and 9 months. She Avas 
 the sister of Chancellor LiA ingston, and the 
 AvidoAV of F. Garretson, a Methodist minister. 
 
 GARRETT, JAMES, missionary printer for 
 tAvelve years, died at Bombay July 17, 1831. 
 The day before his death he summoned his tAvcnty 
 Avorkmen to his bedside, and addressed them in 
 Mahratta, and exhorted them to repent and to 
 believe in Christ as their only Saviour ; with tears 
 they heard the last counsels of a dying Christian. 
 Mr. G. lived in Utica, Avhen he entered the mis 
 sionary service. An account of his death is in 
 the Missionary Herald, 1832. 
 
 GASSETT, HENRY, a merchant, died in Bos 
 ton Aug. 15, 1855, aged 81. He Avas a graduate 
 of 1795. He Avas of Huguenot descent, from 
 Henri Gachet, Avho came from Rochelle to Taun- 
 ton. In time the name Avas Anglicised. Three of 
 his sons Avere also graduates of Han r ard. His 
 pen and Avealth Avere in his zeal for truth and vir- 
 tue employed in opposing the masonic society. 
 
 GASTON, WILLIAM, LL. D., a judge of North 
 Carolina, died at Raleigh Jan. 23, 1844, aged 66. 
 His father, Dr. Alexander G., born in Ireland of 
 Huguenot ancestry, lived at NeAvbern, and Avas 
 shot by the tories Aug. 20, 1781, William being 
 then only three years old. His mother, Margaret 
 
376 
 
 GATES. 
 
 GAY. 
 
 Sharpc, born in England, ever afterwards a widow, 
 devoted herself to the education of her son. 
 "When he returned with honor from Princeton 
 college in 1790, the first thing she did was to lay 
 her hands on his head, as he knelt before her, 
 exclaiming, " My God, I thank thee ! " Her 
 pious spirit survived the withering influence of 
 popery. She lived thirty-one years after the 
 death of- her husband; but never made a visit 
 except to the sufl ering poor. He graduated at 
 Princeton in 179G; and was a senator of North 
 Carolina, and a representative in congress in 1813. 
 
 GATES, HORATIO, a major-general in the army 
 of the United States, died April 10, 1806, aged 
 77. He was a native of England. In early life 
 he entered the British army, and laid the founda 
 tion of his future military excellence. He was aid 
 to Gen. Monkton at the capture of Martinico ; 
 and after the peace of Aix la Chapelle, he was 
 among the first troops which landed at Halifax 
 under Gen. Cornwallis. He was with Braddock 
 at the time of his defeat in 1755, and was shot 
 through the body. When peace was concluded, 
 he purchased an estate in Virginia, where he re 
 sided until the commencement of the American 
 Avar in 1775, when he was appointed by congress 
 adjutant-general, with the rank of brigadier-gen 
 eral. He accompanied Washington to Cambridge, 
 when he went to take command of the army in 
 that place. In June, 1776, Gates was appointed 
 to the command of the army of Canada. He was 
 superseded by Gen. Schuyler in May, 1777, but 
 in August following he took the place of this offi 
 cer in the northern department. The success, 
 which attended his arms in the capture of Bur- 
 goyne in October, filled America with joy. Con 
 gress passed a vote of thanks, and ordered a medal 
 of gold to be presented to him by the president. 
 His conduct towards his conquered enemy was 
 marked by delicacy, which does him the highest 
 honor. He did not permit his own troops to wit 
 ness the mortification of the British in depositing 
 their arms. After Gen. Lincoln was taken pris 
 oner, he was appointed, June 13, 1780, to the 
 command of the southern department. Aug. 
 16, he was defeated by Cornwallis at Camden. 
 He was superseded Dec. 3, by Gen. Greene ; but 
 was in 1782 restored to his command. 
 
 After the peace he retired to his farm in Berke 
 ley county, Va., where he remained until the year 
 1790, when he went to reside at New York, hav 
 ing first emancipated his slaves, and made a pe 
 cuniary provision for such as Avere not able to 
 provide for themselves. Some of them would not 
 leave him, but continued in his family. On his 
 arrival at New York the freedom of the city was 
 presented to him. In 1800 he accepted a seat in 
 the legislature, but he retained it no longer than 
 he conceived his services might be useful to the 
 cause of liberty, which he never abandoned. His 
 
 political opinions did not separate him from many 
 respectable citizens, whose views differed widely 
 from his own. A few weeks before his death he 
 wrote to his friend, Dr. Mitchill, then at Wash 
 ington, on some business, and closing his letter, 
 dated Feb. 27, 1806, with the following words: 
 " I am very Aveak and have evident signs of an 
 approaching dissolution. But I have lived long 
 enough, since I have lived to see a mighty peo 
 ple animated Avith a spirit to be free, and goA - 
 crned by transcendent abilities and honor." He 
 retained his faculties to the last. He took pleas 
 ure in professing his attachment to religion, and 
 his firm belief in the doctrines of Christianity. 
 The will, Avhich Avas made not long before his 
 death, exhibited the humility of his faith. In an 
 article, dictated by himself, he expressed a sense 
 of his own umvorthiness, and his reliance solely 
 on the intercession and sufferings of the Re 
 deemer. In another paragraph he directed that 
 his body should be privately buried, Avhich was 
 accordingly done. His AvicloAV died in 1810. 
 Gen. Gates was a Avhig in England, and a repub 
 lican in America. He Avas a scholar, Avell versed 
 in history and the Latin classics. While he Avas 
 just, hospitable, and generous, and possessed a 
 feeling heart, his manners and deportment yet 
 indicated his military character. Marshall, II. 
 237 ; III. 3, 226, 273, 336 ; IV. 169-182, 324, 596 ; 
 Brissot, Nouv. Voy. II. 50; Sicdman, l. 336, 
 342; II. 200, 233 ; Gordon, II. 276, 572 ; III. 391, 
 439, 472 ; IV. 26. 
 
 GAY, EBENEZF.R, D. D., minister of Hingham, 
 Mass., Avas born Aug. 26, 1696. He Avas graduated 
 at Harvard college in 1714, and ordained June 
 11, 1718, as successor of John Norton. The first 
 minister Avas P. Hobart. These three ministers 
 preached about one hundred and fifty years. Dr. 
 Gay died March 18, 1787, aged 90, in the sixty- 
 ninth year of his ministry. He Avas succeeded by 
 Dr. Ware. lie died unmarried. His mental 
 pOAvers Avere continued to him in an uncommon 
 degree till his death. On the day Avhich com 
 pleted the eighty-fifth year of his age, he preached 
 a sermon, Avhich Avas much celebrated and Avas 
 reprinted in England. Dr. Chauncy pronounces 
 him to have been one of the greatest and most 
 valuable men in the country. His sentiments Avere 
 not so rigid as those of some of his brethren in 
 the ministry ; but he Avas zealous for the interests 
 of practical goodness, lie published a sermon at 
 the ordination of Joseph Green, 1725; of Eb. 
 Gay, Jr., 1742 ; of J. Mayhew, 1747; of J. Dorby, 
 1752; of E. Carpenter, 1753; of G. liaAvson, 
 1755 ; of Bunker Gay, 1763 ; of C. Gannett, 1768 ; 
 at the artillery election ; on the transcendent 
 glory of the gospel, to which is added a pillar of 
 salt to season a corrupt age, 1728; on the death 
 of John Hancock, 1744; at the election, 17!.;; 
 at the convention, 1746 ; Dudlcian lecture, 1759 ; 
 
GAY. 
 
 two sermons on the death of Dr Mayhew, 17GG; 
 thanksgiving sermon, 1771; the old man s calen 
 dar, 1781. Shute s Funeral Sermon; Hist. 
 Coll. x. 159; Mass. Centinel, March 30, 1787. 
 
 GAY, EBENEZER, D. D., died at Suffield, Conn., 
 March or April, 1796, aged 77, having been in 
 the ministry fifty-three years. Born in Dcdham, ! 
 he graduated at Harvard in 1737. Of six brothers, 
 
 O 
 
 four were above 70. lie was a nephew of E. G., 
 of Ilingham. Bunker Gay, minister of Ilinsdale, 
 N. II., who died in 1814, was his brother. His 
 son, Ebenezer, a graduate of Yale in 1757, was 
 settled as his colleague or successor in 1793, and 
 died in 1837. He had a strong mind and was 
 respectable for learning. 
 
 GAY, BUNKER, brother of Dr. E. G., and min 
 ister of Ilinsdale, N. H., died in Feb., 1815, aged 
 80. He graduated at Harvard in 1760, and was 
 ordained in 1763. He was born in Ilingham, Mass.; 
 and his father, Nathaniel, was the son of John, 
 whose father was also John, of Dedham in 1635, 
 the ancestor of the Gays of Massachusetts and 
 Connecticut. He published the accomplished 
 judge, a sermon at Keene; also, on the death of 
 llev. L. Hedge at Warwick. 
 
 GAY, SETH, a useful and venerable citizen of 
 Gardiner, Me., died Jan. 30, 1851, aged 89. 
 
 GAY, SAMUEL, minister in Hubbardston, died 
 Oct. 16, 1848, aged 64. He was born in South 
 Dedham, and a graduate of Harvard in 1805. 
 Ordained Oct. 16, 1810, in 1827 in consequence 
 of a division among his people a new Calvinistic 
 church was formed, of which he was the pastor 
 till 1841, when he resigned and lived respected in 
 retirement. He preached on the Sabbath but 
 one before his death. He died suddenly. While 
 at work in his field, he fell and expired. 
 
 GAY, MARTIN, M. D., died in Boston Jan. 12, 
 1850, aged 46 ; son of Ebenezer Gay, of Ilingham. 
 
 GAYLOIiD, WILLIAM, minister in Norwalk, 
 died Jan. 3, 1767, aged 57, in the thirty-fourth 
 year of his ministry. His parish was called 
 Wilton. lie graduated at Yale in 1730. 
 
 GAYLORD, NATHANIEL, died at West Hart- 
 land, Conn., May 8, 1841, aged 90, the oldest 
 pastor in the State. He graduated at Yale in 
 1774. His end was peace. 
 
 GAYLORD, LEVI, major, died in Geneva, 
 Ohio, in 1846, aged 83. He was a Revolutionary 
 soldier, born in Farmington, Conn. 
 
 GEDNEY, RACHAEL, died in New York, Nov. 
 26, 1848, aged 107, the last of the Mohegans. 
 Born at Mamaroneck, her father belonged to the 
 T appaii tribe ; her mother was a Mohcgan. She 
 married a Malay. 
 
 GEE, JOSHUA, minister in Boston, the son of 
 Joshua, was graduated at Harvard college in 
 1717, and ordained pastor of the second or old 
 north church, as colleague with Cotton Mather. 
 Dec. 18, 1723. In 1732 he received for his col- 
 48 
 
 GENET. 
 
 377 
 
 league Samuel Mather, but a separation occurred, 
 and a new church was built for Mr. Mather. He 
 died May 22, 1748, aged 50. His wife, the 
 daughter of Rev. Mr. Rogers, of Portsmouth, an 
 accomplished woman, died in 1730, aged 29. A 
 sermon on her death was published by P. Thacher. 
 lie possessed a strong and penetrating mind. 
 His powers of reasoning were very uncommon. 
 Few were more discerning, or could more com 
 pletely develop a subject. He possessed also a 
 considerable share of learning. His foible was a 
 strange indolence of temper. lie preferred talking 
 with his friends to every thing else. He pub 
 lished in 1743 a letter to Nathaniel Eells, moder 
 ator of a convention of pastors in Boston, contain 
 ing some remarks on their printed testimony 
 against disorders in the land. From this pam 
 phlet it appears, that there was present in the 
 convention not one-third of the pastors in Massa 
 chusetts, and that of these, seventy in number, 
 but a small majority voted for the last paragraph 
 of the testimony, which caused such debates re 
 specting an attestation to the work of God s grace 
 in a remarkable revival of religion among the 
 churches. Mr. Gee complains of the testimony, 
 that it is partial ; that it speaks of the prevalence 
 of antinomian but not of Arminian errors ; that it 
 holds up to view the disorders consequent upon the 
 revival, and not the great and beneficial effects of 
 the revival itself. He was one of the assembly of 
 ministers, who met in Boston, July 7, 1743, and 
 gave their attestation to the progress of religion in 
 this country. lie published also a sermon on 
 the death of Cotton Mather, 1728; two sermons, 
 entitled, the strait gate and the narrow way infi 
 nitely preferable to the wide gate and broad way, 
 1729. Histor. Coll.x. 157; Prince s Christian 
 Hist. I. 164. 
 
 GEISSENHAMER, FREDERICK W., D. D., 
 a German Lutheran minister in New York city, 
 died in 1838, aged 66. 
 
 - GELSTON, DAVID, collector of New York, 
 died at Greenwich in Sept., 1828, aged 85. He 
 was a member of the assembly in 1775 and a 
 Revolutionary patriot. He was collector from 
 1801 to Dec., 1820. 
 
 GEMMIL, JOHN, died in Pennsylvania in 1815. 
 He was principal of the academy in Westchester, 
 and had been the minister of the united church in 
 New Haven, Conn., over which he was installed 
 Nov. 7, 1798. 
 
 GENET, EDMOND CHARLES, died at Jamaica, 
 L. I., July 14, 1834, aged 71, formerly minister 
 from France in 1793. He married a daughter of 
 George Clinton ; and in 1814 a daughter of Sam 
 uel Osgood. He took an interest in promoting 
 improvement in agriculture and in the arts and 
 sciences. On his arrival at Charleston as minis 
 ter, he authorized the arming of vessels in that 
 port against nations with whom we were at peace ; 
 
378 
 
 GERRISII. 
 
 GIBBS. 
 
 for which offensive conduct Washington asked his 
 recall. .& 
 
 GERRISII, JOSEPH, minister of Wcnham, 
 Mass., the sou of Capt. Win. G., of Newbury, 
 was born March 23, 1650 ; graduated in 1GG9; 
 was ordained as successor, of A. Newman in 1673; 
 and died Jan. 6, 1720, aged 69. His wife was a 
 daughter of Maj. Waldrou of Dover : his son, 
 Joseph, was a minister. His brothers, Benjamin 
 of Salem, John of Dover, and Moses of Newbury, 
 with many of their descendants, were distin 
 guished men. John Dunton calls him Mr. Geery : 
 his description of him is thus given : " the phi 
 losopher is acute, ingenious, and subtle. The 
 dicine curious, orthodox, and profound. The 
 man of majestic air, without austerity or sour 
 ness ; his aspect is masterly and great, yet not 
 imperious or haughty. The Christian is devout 
 without moroseness or starts of holy frenzy and 
 enthusiasm. The preacher is primitive, without 
 the accessional colors of whining or cant ; and 
 methodical, without intricacy, or affectation, and, 
 which crowns his character, he is a man of a public 
 spirit, zealous for the conversion of the Indians, 
 and of great hospitality to strangers. He gave 
 us a noble dinner, and entertained us with such 
 pleasant fruits, as, I must own, Old England is a 
 stranger to." 2. Hist. Coll. n. 120. 
 
 GEIIRISH, JACOB, colonel, a Revolutionary 
 patriot, died at Newbury in 1817, aged 77. 
 
 GERRY, ELBRIDGE, vice-president of the 
 United States, died suddenly at "Washington 
 Nov. 13, 1814, aged 70. He was born in Mar- 
 blehead, Mass., July 17, 1744. His father, a 
 merchant, came to this country in 1730 and died 
 in 1774. After graduating at Harvard college in 
 1762, he devoted himself for several years to 
 commercial pursuits, and acquired a competent 
 estate. Being a member of the legislature in 
 1773, he was appointed on the important commit 
 tee of inquiry and correspondence. In his patri 
 otic labors he was the associate of Adams, Han 
 cock, and Warren. The provincial congress of 
 1775 appointed him on the committee of pub 
 lic safety and supplies. The committee had 
 been in session at Menotomy, then a part of 
 Cambridge. Mr. Gerry and Col. Orne were in 
 bed, when the approach of the British troops 
 induced them to flee half-dressed to a neighbor 
 ing corn-field, where they remained, while the 
 troops searched every apartment of the house in 
 order to find them. To the provincial congress 
 he proposed the very important measure of pass 
 ing laws for the encouragement of privateers and 
 for the establishment of a court of admiralty ; 
 and he and Mr. Sullivan were the committee to 
 draw up the act for that purpose. Elected to the 
 continental congress, he took his seat Feb. 9, 
 1776, and continued in that body with some inter 
 vals until Sept., 1785. He served on various im 
 
 portant committees. His skill in finance rendered 
 him particularly useful. In 1787 he was deputed 
 to the convention which framed the constitution 
 of the United States. He was opposed to the 
 plan adopted, deeming the executive and judicial 
 powers perilous, and some of the legislative pow 
 ers ambiguous and dangerous, and thinking that 
 the constitution had few federal features and was 
 rather a system of national government. He re 
 tained his objections. In 1809, the writer of this 
 heard him express his opinion, that the president 
 had powers which few were aware of, and which 
 he hoped would never be exerted. Under the 
 constitution he served four years as a member of 
 congress. In 1797 he was appointed by Mr. 
 Adams minister to the French republic, with Mr. 
 Marshall and Gen. Pinckney. When, in 1798, 
 his colleagues were sent away from France, he 
 was invited to remain. His services were useful 
 in preserving peace. In 1810 he was elected 
 governor as successor of Mr. Gore, and was suc 
 ceeded in 1812 by Mr. Strong. March 4, 1813, 
 he was inaugurated the vice president of the 
 United States, Mr. Madison being president. His 
 daughter married James T. Austin of Boston, 
 the author of memoirs of his Life. Goodrich s 
 Lives; Austin s Life of Gerry. 
 
 GIBBON, JAMES, major, died at Richmond, Va., 
 July 1, 1835, at an advanced age. He was the 
 collector of customs. Under Gen. Wayne he was 
 the hero of Stony Point, when out of twenty men 
 seventeen were killed or wounded. He was 
 greatly respected. 
 
 GIBBONS, EDWARD, general, died Dec. 9, 
 1654. He came to this country as early as 1629 ; 
 in a few years he was a representative of Boston ; 
 from 1649 to 1651 he was major-general, in which 
 office, elective by the people annually like that of 
 governor, he was succeeded by Robert Sedgwick. 
 He was a worthy member of Mr. Wilson s church. 
 Having advanced to La Tour more than 2500 
 pounds, secured by mortgage of his fort and lands 
 in Acadia, when D Aulnay captured La Tour s 
 fort, Maj. Gibbons was by the loss "quite undone." 
 2 Hist. Coll. vi. 498. 
 
 GIBBS, HENRY, minister of Watertown,Mass., 
 died Oct. 21, 1723, aged 55. The son of Robert, 
 an eminent merchant of Boston, he graduated at 
 Harvard in 1685, and was ordained in 1697. His 
 wife was Mercy, daughter of William Grecnough ; 
 and of his daughters, Mercy married Rev. Benja 
 min Prescott, of Danvers, and Margaret married 
 Rev. Dr. Applcton, of Cambridge; and among 
 his descendants is Professor Josiah W. Gibbs. 
 
 GIBBS, WILLIAM, minister of Simsbury, Conn., 
 died in 1777, aged about 63. He graduated at 
 Harvard in 1734. 
 
 GIBBS, GEORGE, colonel, died at Newtown, 
 near New York, Aug. 5, 1833, aged 57. He was 
 a patron of science, especially of mineralogy. 
 
GIBSON. 
 
 GILBERT. 
 
 379 
 
 lie was the original proprietor of the cabinet at 
 Yale college. 
 
 GIBSON, RICHARD, a scholar, came from Eng 
 land about 1G33, and was a minister to a fishing 
 plantation at Richman s Island, then at Piscata- 
 quack and the Isle of Shoals. Being " addicted 
 to the hierarchy," and writing an offensive letter, 
 he was summoned before the court at Boston; 
 but as he purposed to return to England he 
 escaped any punishment. Wintlirop,ll. 66. 
 
 GIBSON, JOHN, general, a soldier of the 
 French and Revolutionary wars, died in May, 
 1822, aged 81. He was born in Lancaster, Pcnn., 
 in May, 1740, and was well educated. lie early 
 served under Gen. Eorbcs in the expedition to fort 
 du Quesnc, which was occupied Nov. 25, 1758, 
 and called Pittsburg. Here he remained as an 
 Indian trader. In 1763 he was captured by the 
 Indians, and adopted by a squaw, whose son he 
 had slain in battle. He had thus opportunity to 
 acquire a knowledge of several Indian languages. 
 On being released, he again settled at Pittsburg. 
 In 1774 he was an important agent in making the 
 Indian treaty, entered into by Gov. Dunmore. 
 On this occasion Logan s celebrated speech was 
 delivered, of which Col. Gibson was the interpre 
 ter. On the commencement of the Revolutionary 
 war he was appointed the colonel of a Virginia 
 regiment, of which he was in command at the 
 close of the war. Residing at Pittsburg, he was 
 in 1788 a member of the Pennsylvania conven 
 tion ; he was also associate judge and major-gen 
 eral of the militia. In 1800 he was appointed 
 secretary of the territory of Indiana, Gen. Harri 
 son being governor; an office which he held till 
 the territory became a State in 1810. Being 
 afflicted with an incurable cataract, he removed 
 to " Braddock s fields," near Vincenncs, the resi 
 dence of his son-in-law, George Wallace, where 
 he died. 
 
 GIBSON, SAMUEL, a slave, lived in the West 
 Indies and in Guilfbrd, Conn. After being liber 
 ated he opened, about the beginning of this cen 
 tury, a grocery shop at Hartford, and acquired 
 property, and was held in respect for his integ 
 rity. The son of his last master was his clerk, 
 and to him he left his property. Let it not be 
 said that the blacks, incapable of taking care of 
 themselves, must have masters. 
 
 GILBERT, HUMPHREY, Sir, a distinguished 
 navigator to America, was born at Dartmouth, in 
 Devonshire, England, in 1539. His mother be 
 coming a widow, married Mr. Raleigh, by whom 
 she had the celebrated Sir Walter Raleigh. Gil 
 bert was educated at Eton and Oxford ; but he 
 forsook an academical life for a military, and was 
 knighted in reward of his services in Ireland. On 
 the llth of June, 1578, he obtained of Queen 
 Elizabeth letters patent, authorizing him to take 
 possession of all remote lands, unocupicd by any 
 
 Christian prince or people, conferring upon him 
 certain rights and privileges, and prohibiting all 
 persons from attempting to settle within two 
 hundred leagues of any place -which he should 
 occupy. This was the first charter for a colony 
 granted by the crown of England. A violent 
 storm, obliging him to return, frustrated his 
 hopes in his first voyage. He sailed a second 
 time June 11, 1583, with five ships. On his arri 
 val at St. John s harbor, Newfoundland, he found 
 there thirty-six fishing vessels of various nations, 
 which refused him entrance ; but on producing his 
 commission no further opposition Avas made to 
 him. lie entered the harbor on the 3d of August, 
 and on the fifth took possession of the country 
 for the crown of England, in consequence of the 
 discovery of the Cabots. This transaction is the 
 foundation of the right and title of the crown of 
 England to the territory of Newfoundland, and to 
 the fishery on its banks. The vessel, in which he 
 sailed, foundered on the 9th of September, and 
 all on board perished. A short time before, the 
 people in another vessel in company heard him 
 say, as he was sitting in the stern, " We are as near 
 heaven by sea as by land." 
 
 GILBERT, RALEIGH, a patentee of New Eng 
 land, nephew of Sir Walter Raleigh, commanded 
 a vessel in the expedition of one hundred men, 
 who attempted a settlement at the mouth of the 
 Sagadahoc or Kennebec in 1607. They sailed 
 from Plymouth the last of May ; arrived at Mon- 
 hcgan Island Aug. 11; and soon landed on the 
 west shore of Kennebec at Cape Small Point, now 
 in Phipsburg. They built a fort and called it St. 
 George. Dec. 5th the two ships returned, leaving 
 forty-five persons. George Popham was chosen 
 president and Gilbert the admiral. In the spring, 
 when supplies were brought, intelligence was 
 received of the death of Sir John Gilbert, to 
 whom Raleigh Gilbert was the heir: he there 
 fore determined to return, and, Mr. Popham hav 
 ing died, and the store-house being burnt, the 
 whole colony went back with him to England, to 
 the great discouragement of " the first under 
 takers." 
 
 GILBERT, THOMAS, minister of Topsfield, 
 Mass., died in 1673, aged 63. He came from 
 Ealing in England, where he had been pastor, 
 and was among the first of ministers who were 
 deprived of office for nonconformity. Noncon 
 formists 1 Memorial, II. 446. 
 
 GILBERT, BENJAMIN, published an account of 
 his captivity and that of his family by the Indi 
 ans, Philadelphia, 1784. 
 
 GILBERT, JAMES, a physician, was born in 
 New Haven, Oct. 25, 1779, and graduated at Yale 
 college in 1800. After practising eight years in 
 New Haven, he in 1814 visited Paris and London 
 for his improvement, and returned in 1815. He 
 died of a pulmonary complaint at sea, Feb, 11, 
 
380 
 
 GILBERT. 
 
 OILMAN. 
 
 1818, aged 39. As a surgeon he had few supe 
 riors. His religious views gave him peace in 
 death. Thachcr, II. 247-249. 
 
 GILBERT, a slave, died near Stanton, Va., Feb. 
 19, 1844, aged 112. He was a servant of Wash 
 ington at Braddock s defeat. 
 
 GILBERT, ELIPIIALET, W., D. 1)., died at 
 Philadelphia July 31, 1853, aged about GO, for 
 merly president of the Delaware college. He was 
 clerk of the General Assembly, new school. 
 
 GILDERSLEEVE, HENRY, died in Kingston, 
 Canada, in 1851, aged 66. Once an extensive 
 ship-builder in Chatham, Conn., he removed in 
 1816 to K., where he launched the first steam 
 boat on lake Ontario. 
 
 GILE, SAMUEL, D. D., minister of Milton, 
 died Oct. 16, 1836, aged 56. He was born in 
 Plaistow, N. II., July 23, 1780, son of Maj. Eze- 
 kiel Gile, a soldier of the Revolution ; and grad 
 uated at Dartmouth college in 1804. His theo 
 logical studies he began with Rev. J. French, 
 Andover; he was ordained as the successor of 
 Dr. McKeen at Milton, Feb. 18, 1807. He was 
 an eminent preacher and excellent man ; but, ow 
 ing to parochical difficulties arising from a diver 
 sity of religious opinions, he was dismissed Jan. 
 6, 1834, by an exparte council, whose authority he 
 never acknowledged, lie believed the evangeli 
 cal or orthodox doctrines of New England ; and 
 his church adhered to him. On the day of his 
 death he assisted in the public services in the fore 
 noon ; but as the people were assembling for the 
 afternoon worship he died, after an illness of one 
 hour, with which he was seized as he sat down to 
 his table at dinner. Dr. Gile had extraordinary 
 gifts in prayer, having freedom, richness, power, 
 and sublimity ; few were so appropriate and copi 
 ous in the use of scriptural passages. Prudence, 
 tenderness, benevolence, humility, meekness, pa 
 tience were traits in his character. Many were 
 his domestic afflictions in the loss of children ; 
 severe were his trials as a minister ; but his Chris 
 tian virtues were always resplendent. 
 
 GILES, JOHN, died in Newburyport Sept. 28, 
 1824, aged 69, the senior pastor of the second 
 Presbyterian church. He was born in England, 
 and settled July 20, 1803. He published oration 
 July 4, 1809; two sermons on the fast, 1812. 
 
 GILES, WILLIAM BRANCH, governor of Vir 
 ginia, was for many years a member of congress. 
 He was a representative as early as 1796. In 
 1802 he voted for the repeal of the judiciary law, 
 and in 1812 he voted for the war. He was 
 elected to the senate in Jan., 1811, and resigned 
 his office in Oct., 1815. He was again a candi 
 date for election to the senate in 1825, but his 
 rival, Mr. Randolph, was chosen. In 1826 he was 
 chosen governor and continued in office till 1829. 
 He died at his residence, the Wigwam, Amelia 
 county, Dec. 8, 1830, at an advanced age. He 
 
 published a speech on the embargo laws, 1808; 
 in Nov., 1813, political letters to the people of 
 Virginia; a series of letters, signed a Constituent, 
 in the Richmond Enquirer of Jan., 1818, against 
 the plan for a general education ; in April, 1824, 
 a singular letter of invective against President 
 Monroe and Mr. Clay for their " hobbies," " the 
 South America cause, the Greek cause, Inter 
 nal Improvements, and the Tariff." In Nov., 
 1825, he addressed a letter to Judge Marshall, 
 disclaiming the expressions, not the general senti 
 ments, in regard to Washington, ascribed to him 
 in debate of 1796 in the life of Washington, V. 
 722. 
 
 GILL, MOSES, died in Boston May 20, 1800, 
 aged 66. He was several years lieutenant-gover 
 nor, and acting governor on the death of Sumner, 
 from June, 1799, to his death. He was an early 
 benefactor of Leicester academy, giving 150 
 pounds. He was a Boston merchant of wealth. 
 As he married a daughter of Thomas Prince, the 
 annalist, he acquired a large landed estate in 
 Princeton, of which Dr. P. was one of the proprie 
 tors ; and there he built him a mansion. lie was 
 a patriot of 1775, and was ever after in public office. 
 Washburn s Sketch of Leicester Academy. 
 
 GILLET, ALEXANDER, minister of Farming- 
 ton, Conn., died in Jan., 1826, aged 76. He 
 graduated at Yale in 1770. 
 
 GILLET, ELIPIIALET, D. D., died at Hallowell, 
 Me., Oct. 19, 1848, aged about 80. A graduate 
 of Dartmouth in 1791, he was long the minister 
 of Hallowell. In his last years he was the secre 
 tary and agent of the Maine missionary society. 
 He published a sermon at the ordination of II. 
 Wallis, 1795; of J. Dane, 1803; of II. Loomis, 
 1812; before missionary society, 1810; fast ser 
 mon, 1811. 
 
 GILLEY, JOHN, died at Augusta, Maine, July 
 9, 1813, aged 124. He was a native of Ireland. 
 When he came to fort Western, about 1755, to 
 enlist as a soldier, Capt. Howard deemed him too 
 old. He had enjoyed fine health, and was singu 
 larly active and vigorous. In 1811 he could walk 
 four miles to the bridge. 
 
 GILMAN, JOSEPH, judge, died at Marietta in 
 1806, aged 70. He was born in Exeter, N. H., 
 a grandson of John, who emigrated from Norfolk, 
 Eng., in 1637. He was a patriot of the Revolu 
 tion, then an associate of the Ohio company in 
 1789. He was a United States judge for the 
 Northwest Territory. His wife, Rebecca Ives, 
 was an accomplished woman. Hildrdli. 
 
 GILMAN, TRISTRAM, minister of North Yar 
 mouth, Me., died April 1, 1809, aged 74. He 
 was the son of Rev. Nicholas G., of Durham, 
 N. H., who died April 13, 1748, aged 41, and a 
 descendant of Edward G., of Exeter. He was 
 born in 1735, graduated at Harvard college in 
 1757, and was ordained Dec. 8, 1769, as sue- 
 
OILMAN. 
 
 cessor of Edward Brooks. Ills successor, Fran 
 cis Brown, married his daughter. He was a 
 faithful, useful, highly respected minister. A re 
 vival of religion attended his labors in 1791 and 
 1792, when 132 members were added to the 
 church. During the whole period of his minis 
 try 293 were admitted and 1344 baptized. He 
 was the first president of the Maine missionary 
 society. He published a sermon on the death of 
 D. Mitchell, 1796. Panoplist, v. 1-4. 
 
 OILMAN, JOIIN TAYLOR, governor of New 
 Hampshire, died at Exeter Aug. 31, 1828, aged 
 74. He was the son of Nicholas Oilman and 
 Ann Taylor, daughter of Ilev. John Taylor, of 
 Milton, Mass., born at Exeter Dec. 19, 1753. 
 Older ancestors were Daniel, Nicholas, and John. 
 He received the usual education of those who 
 were not designed for the learned professions. 
 The morning after the news of the battle of Lex 
 ington he marched as a volunteer with a hundred 
 others, to Cambridge. He was also employed to 
 assist his father, the treasurer of the State. In 
 Oct., 1780, he was the delegate from New Hamp 
 shire to the convention at Hartford, to provide 
 for the common defence. After being a member 
 of congress in 1782, he succeeded his father as 
 treasurer in 1783. When the confederated gov 
 ernment appointed three commissioners to settle 
 the accounts of the different States, he was joined 
 with Irvine and Kean. On resigning this place 
 in 1791 he was re-chosen treasurer of New Hamp 
 shire, and was very faithful and useful. In 1794 
 he was chosen governor, as successor to Bartlett, 
 and was annually re-elected until 1805, when he 
 was succeeded by Langdon. He was again 
 elected in 1813, and the two next years, but de 
 clined, and was succeeded in 1816 by Plumer, 
 whom he had succeeded in 1813. The legislature 
 in a farewell address acknowledged his long and 
 important services. In the political divisions of 
 the times he was known as a decided federalist. 
 American Annual Register, 1827-9, r>. 182-194. 
 
 OILMAN, NICHOLAS, a senator of the United 
 States from New Hampshire, died at Philadelphia 
 May 3, 1814. He was a member of congress 
 from 1789 to 1797, and a senator from 1805 to 
 1814. 
 
 OILMAN, NATHANIEL, died Jan. 26, 1847, 
 aged 88. He was State treasurer of New Hamp 
 shire. 
 
 OILMAN, BENJAMIN IVES, a merchant, died at 
 his son s, in Alton, 111., in 1833, aged 68. Born in 
 Exeter, N. II., in 1765, he accompanied his pa 
 rents to Marietta in 1789. His wife was Hannah, 
 daughter of Rev. Dr. Robbins, of Plymouth ; his 
 journey with her to the west in 1790 was on 
 horseback, twenty-five or thirty days in crossing 
 the mountains. He became a rich merchant in 
 Marietta. Such were the perils of those times, 
 that while at work on his lot with liis man Rob- 
 
 GIRARD. 
 
 381 
 
 ert, the latter was shot by the Indians, while he 
 escaped. From 1801 to 1808 he was engaged in 
 shipbuilding. In 1813 he removed to Philadel 
 phia. His wife became a most useful member of 
 the church at Marietta in 1811. She died in 
 1836. Ilildretlis Biographical Memoirs. 
 
 OILMAN, JOSEPH, Dr., died at Wells, Me., 
 Jan. 4, 1847, aged 75. He was son of Ilev. T. 
 Oilman. He was president of the medical society 
 of Maine. His religious character commenced in 
 1791, in a revival under his father s preaching. 
 He listened to every call of the poor. N. Y. Ob 
 server, Jan. 23. 
 
 GILMER, THOMAS W., secretary of the navy, 
 died on board the U. S. steamer Princeton by the 
 bursting of a large gun, Feb. 28, 1844. He was 
 of Charlottesville, Va. 
 
 GILMORE, ADDISON, died at Watertown, 
 Mass., Jan 10, 1851, aged about 47. Born in 
 Windsor Co., Vt, he came to Boston, and by in 
 dustry, energy, and judgment, was successful in 
 various business. He was president of the West 
 ern railroad. 
 
 GIRARD, STEPHEN, a man of wealth, died at 
 Philadelphia Dec. 26, 1831, aged 81, leaving an 
 estate of ten or fifteen millions of dollars. He 
 was a native of Bordeaux in France, came to this 
 country before the Revolution, and had lived in 
 Philadelphia about fifty years. He was first a 
 cabin-boy, then the mate of a ship, then the 
 keeper of a tap-shop, afterwards a merchant down 
 to the year 1811, and for the remainder of his 
 life a banker. The notes of his bank were deemed 
 as good as those of any incorporated institution. 
 In 1811 he purchased the banking-house and 
 1,200,000 dollars worth of the stock of the old 
 bank of the United States, and commenced bank 
 ing in 1812. At last his bank capital was in 
 creased to five millions. His other property was 
 in real estate in the city, stock in the Schuylkill 
 navigation and Chesapeake canal companies, lands 
 in Mississippi, shipping, etc. He owned the great 
 square between Eleventh and Twelfth and Chest 
 nut streets. His particular bequests amount to 
 upwards of three millions; the residue of his es 
 tate is given to Philadelphia, for improvements in 
 the city. The following are some of the thou 
 sands of dollars bequeathed : two to a brother, 
 ten to several nephews and nieces, ten to the or 
 phans asylum, ten to purchase wood for the poor, 
 ten to the society of shipmasters, twenty to the 
 asylum for the deaf and dumb, twenty to the free 
 mason s lodge, thirty to the Pennsylvania hospital, 
 one hundred and ten to the city, one hundred and 
 twenty in various legacies to individuals, three 
 hundred to the State for internal improvements, 
 and two millions for a college for poor white 
 children. The building was to be of three stories, 
 110 feet by 160, to be erected at Peel Hall, on 
 the Ridge Road, Perm Township, to be inclosed 
 
382 
 
 GIST. 
 
 by a -wall ten feet high, capped with marble, " and 
 guarded with irons on the top." The scholars 
 are to be orphans from Pennsylvania, New York 
 (the first port at which he arrived), and New Or 
 leans (the first port at which he traded as first 
 officer), and must be between six and ten years 
 old ; when between fourteen and eighteen years 
 old they are to be bound out by the corporation 
 of the city to mechanical trades, agriculture, etc. 
 There is also the following provision : "I enjoin 
 and require, that no ecclesiastic, missionary, or 
 minister of any sect whatever, shall ever hold or 
 exercise any station jr duty whatever in the said 
 college, nor shall any such person ever be admit 
 ted for any purpose, or as visitor, within the 
 premises appropriated to the purposes of said 
 college." He wished that the orphans, after they 
 left the college, might adopt " such religious ten 
 ets as their matured reason may enable them to 
 prefer." He thus wished to carry into effect the 
 exploded project of Itousseau, not considering 
 that the religious sentiments and character are 
 necessarily settled, for the most part, before a 
 young man is sixteen or eighteen years of age; 
 not considering that, whether for learning or re 
 ligion, an early training of children and youth is 
 important. However, while ecclesiastics may not 
 see the inside of Mr. Girard s iron-capped college 
 walls, his -teachers are to inculcate " the purest 
 principles of morality." Those teachers will be 
 either Infidels or Christians; if Christians, they 
 will teach their pupils the only pure morality 
 from the revealed code of moral instruction in 
 the New Testament of Jesus Christ, including 
 that fear and love of God, which constitute the 
 sole basis of moral virtue. His bequests were 
 large, but true liberality may be seen in the life of 
 Solomon Goodell. 
 
 GIST, MOIIDECAI, a brigadier-general in the 
 American war, commanded one of the Maryland 
 brigades in the battle of Camden, Aug. 1C, 1780. 
 In Aug., 1782, he defeated a party of the British 
 at Combakee ferry. He died at Charleston, S. C., 
 in Sept., 1792. Marshall, IV. 178; Holmes. 
 
 GIUSTINIANI, Louis, D. D., died July 17, 
 1855, aged 58. A native of Rome, he became a 
 Protestant by reading Father Clement, a discus 
 sion between a Jesuit and a Protestant, and left 
 the church of Rome in 1828. He was a member 
 of the old school Presbytery of Cincinnati. 
 
 GLADWIN, major-general, died at Stebbing, 
 England, in Sept., 1791. He was an officer in 
 Braddock s defeat, and was wounded. In July, 
 1763, he commanded at Detroit, and defended it 
 with great bravery and vigilance against Pontiac, 
 a Miami chief, the boldest leader among the 
 Indians. 
 
 GLEASON, CHAKLES, minister of Dudley, 
 died in 1790, aged about 72. He graduated at 
 Harvard in 1738. 
 
 GODDARD. 
 
 GLEASON, BENJAMIN, a public orator early in 
 this century, graduated at Brown university in 
 1802. He published address at Providence, 1802 ; 
 masonic addresses at Reading, Boston, and Mon 
 treal, in 1803, 1807, and 1812; oration July 4, at 
 Charlcstown 1805 and 1809; at Hingham, 1807; 
 on the death of Washington, 1800 ; geography, 
 1814. 
 
 GLEN, HENRY, died at Schcnectady in 1814, 
 aged 73. He took an active part in the Revolu 
 tionary war, and was a member of congress eight 
 years. 
 
 GLENN, JAMES, governor of South Carolina, 
 entered on this office Jan., 1744, and was suc 
 ceeded by Lylleton in 1755. Toward the close of 
 his peaceable administration he concluded a treaty 
 with the Cherokee warriors in their own country, 
 and acquired a cession of territory, which con 
 duced much to the prosperity of the colony. He 
 published a description of South Carolina, 8vo., 
 London, 1701. 
 
 GLEZEN, LEVI, preceptor of the academy at 
 Lenox, Mass., died in 1842, aged 68. He grad 
 uated at Williams college in 1798. 
 
 GLOVER, THOMAS, published in vol. xi. of 
 transactions of the royal society, an account of 
 Virginia, its situation, temperature, productions, 
 etc. He relates, that when alone in a sloop in 
 the Rappahannock, three leagues from the mouth, 
 he heard " a great rushing and flashing of the 
 water," and that looking, he saw near him " a 
 most prodigious creature, much resembling a 
 man, standing right up in the water, with his 
 head, neck, shoulders, breast, and waist to the 
 cubits of his arms above water. His skin was 
 tawny, much like that of an Indian ; his head 
 pyramidal and sleek, without hair ; his eyes 
 large and black, and so were his eyebrows ; his 
 mouth very wide, with a broad, black streak on 
 the upper lip, turning upwards at each end like 
 mustaches ; his countenance grim and terrible." 
 After gazing a sufficient time at Mr. Glover, the 
 animal plunged down, and cast his tail above 
 water, like the tail of a fish. He speaks also of 
 a dreadful storm in Aug., 1CG7, which lasted 
 three days, destroying the tobacco, etc. 
 
 GLOVER, PELATIAH, second minister of Spring 
 field, preached first in that town July 3, 1659. 
 He succeeded Mr. Moxon in 1661, and died 
 March 29, 1692, aged 55, being succeeded by Mr. 
 Brewer. He was born in Dorchester, and was of 
 distinguished talents and piety. Mr. Hubbard 
 says he was a great student, and much given to 
 books. 
 
 GLOVER, ANNA, widow, died at Pelham, N. Y., 
 in 1767, aged 106. 
 
 GODDARD, WILLIAM, a printer, the son of 
 
 Dr. Giles G., postmaster at New London, Conn., 
 
 was born in 1740. In 1762 he commenced the 
 
 j Providence Gazette ; in 1766 he went to Phila- 
 
GODDARD. 
 
 delphia and commenced the Pennsylvania Chron 
 icle, under the patronage of Joseph Galloway ; 
 in 1773 he commenced the Maryland Journal at 
 Baltimore, where he formed an intimate acquain 
 tance with Gen. Charles Lee, who bequeathed him 
 a part of his estate in Berkeley county. In 1775 
 Franklin appointed him comptroller of the post- 
 office. In 1792 he relinquished the Journal, and 
 afterwards resided in Rhode Island. He died at 
 Providence Dec. 23, 1817, aged 77. He married 
 a Miss Angcll, of Providence, taking, as his 
 friends said, " an angel for his wife." He pub 
 lished a history of the Pennsylvania Chronicle, 
 1770. Thomas, I. 427 ; n. 63, 134-140. 
 
 GODDARD, CALVIN, judge, died in Norwich, 
 Conn., April 2, 1842, aged 73. His father, Dan 
 iel, of Shrewsbury, Mass., was the son of Edward, 
 and he the son of William, who came from Nor 
 folk, England, in 1666. He graduated at Dart 
 mouth in 1786. He practised law in Plainfield, 
 Conn., and thence removed to Norwich. He was 
 a member of congress in 1801, and a judge of 
 the supreme court from 1815 for three years. He 
 was an excellent man, a lover of truth, benevo 
 lent, of strong attachments. Near his dwelling 
 is the cemetery of the old Mohegan tribe of In 
 dians. His wife was Alice, daughter of Rev. 
 Lcvi Hart, and grand-daughter of Dr. Bellamy. 
 They had six children, of whom three were of the 
 profession of the law, in Ohio and New York city. 
 
 GODDARD, WILLIAM G., died suddenly at 
 Providence Feb. 16, 1846, aged 52. He was pro 
 fessor of belles-lettres in Brown university. 
 
 GODDAItD, JOSIAII, Baptist translator of the 
 New Testament into Chinese, died in China in 
 1854. He was a graduate at Providence in 
 1835, and studied theology at Newton. He at 
 first spent some years at Bankok, in Siam, where 
 he studied the Chinese language. About 1844 he 
 went to Ningpo and commenced the work of 
 translation. About 1853 he finished the revision 
 of the New Testament in Chinese, and saw it rap 
 idly printed. In one day he gave away a thousand 
 copies to the learned assembled at Shanghai from 
 different cities. 
 
 GGDFHEY, THOMAS, the inventor of Hadley s 
 quadrant, died in Dec., 1749. He was by trade a 
 glazier in the city of Philadelphia. The extent 
 of his education was only to read and write, and 
 apply the common rules of arithmetic. Having 
 met with a mathematical book, he was so de 
 lighted with the study, that, without an instructor, 
 he soon made himself master of it, and of every 
 book of the kind which he could procure in Eng 
 lish. Finding that the knowledge of the Latin 
 would open to him new treasures of mathematical 
 science, he applied himself to the study of that 
 language, till he was enabled to read a Latin 
 author on his favorite subject. He then borrowed 
 Newton s principia of Mr. Logan, to whom, about 
 
 GODFREY. 
 
 383 
 
 the year 1730, he communicated his invention of 
 the quadrant. The royal society of London, 
 being made acquainted with it in 1732, by means 
 of Mr. Logan, sent Mr. Godfrey, as a reward, 
 household furniture to the value of 200 pounds. 
 Money was not sent on account of a habit of in 
 temperance, to which the artist was subject. The 
 following is an account of the invention, and of 
 the method by which he was deprived of the 
 honor of the invention. While replacing a pane 
 of glass on the north side of Arch street, opposite 
 a pump, a girl, after filling her pail, placed it on 
 the pathway. Turning round, Godfrey observed 
 the rays of the sun reflected from his window into 
 the bucket of water. He was thus led to con 
 ceive, that if by reflection he could draw the sun 
 down to the horizon, he should have an instru 
 ment incomparably superior to the pig-yoke, then 
 in use. He formed his model in wood, and car 
 ried pieces to Charles Hamm, who completed for 
 him an instrument in brass. This was committed 
 to Godfrey s brother, a captain in the West India 
 trade, who, on arriving at Jamaica, and exhibiting 
 the quadrant to some officers of the British navy, 
 was tempted by a Captain Iladley to sell it to 
 him for a large sum of money. Iladley carried 
 the instrument to London and placed it in the 
 hands of his brother, a mathematical instrument 
 maker in the Strand, and obtained a patent. Ac 
 cording to another account, John Iladley, com 
 manding a vessel in the Delaware, was allowed to 
 see the instrument, and took a description of it. 
 The American Encyclopedia states that, May 13, 
 1731, John Iladley, vice-president of the royal 
 society, presented a paper, describing the quad 
 rant, and that the society decided that both Ilad 
 ley and Godfrey were entitled to the honor of the 
 j invention. He was a member of a literary club, 
 | established by Dr. Franklin, and having confined 
 his attention to mathematical pursuits, he was 
 almost insufferable in conversation, requiring an 
 r unusual precision in everything which was said, 
 continually contradicting, and making trifling dis 
 tinctions. Miller s Retrospect, I. 468 ; American 
 I Mag. for July and August, 1758 ; Franklin s 
 \Life; Preface to Godfrey s Poems; Boston 
 \ Chronicle, Aug. 1, 1821 ; National Register, iv. 
 155. 
 
 GODFREY, THOMAS, a poet, the son of the 
 preceding, died near Wilmington, N. C., Aug. 3, 
 1763, aged 26. lie was born in Philadelphia in 
 1736. The only advantages of education which 
 he enjoyed were found in a common English 
 school. Such, however, was his desire of knowl 
 edge, that he prosecuted his studies with unwea 
 ried diligence ; and, having perused the best of 
 the English poets, he soon exhibited proofs of 
 poetical talents. He had a fine ear for music, and 
 a taste for painting. After the death of his father 
 he was put an apprentice to an ingenious watch- 
 
384 
 
 GODMAN. 
 
 GODMAN. 
 
 maker ; but the muses and graces, poetry and 
 painting, stole his attention. He devoted all his 
 hours of release from mechanical labor to writing 
 the poetical pieces, which were published in the 
 American Magazine. At length he was recom 
 mended to a lieutenant s commission in the Penn 
 sylvania forces, raised in 1758 for an expedition 
 against fort du Qucsne. In this station he con 
 tinued till the troops were disbanded, lie was 
 settled in the succeeding spring as a factor in 
 North Carolina, where he continued upwards of 
 three years. He died of a fever, occasioned by 
 violent exercise in a very warm day. With an 
 amiable disposition and an engaging diffidence 
 and modesty of manners, he united an integrity 
 of character which procured him esteem and re 
 spect. The productions of his pen were collected 
 by his friend, Mr. Evans, and published in 1765, 
 entitled, Juvenile poems on various subjects, with 
 the prince of Parthia, a tragedy. Account Pre 
 fixed to Poems; American Museum, VI. 471,472. 
 GODMAN, JOHN D., an eminent anatomist 
 and naturalist, died April 17, 1830, aged 31. He 
 was born at Annapolis, in Maryland. His parents 
 died while he was yet young. Being without 
 property, he was indented an apprentice to a 
 printer in Baltimore ; but, disgusted with the 
 employment, he entered as a sailor, in 1813, in 
 the flotilla, then stationed in the Chesapeake. At 
 the close of the war, being allowed to follow his 
 own inclinations, he commenced the study of 
 medicine at the age of fifteen, at first under Dr. 
 Lucket, of Lancaster, but soon under Dr. Da- 
 vidge, of Baltimore, professor of anatomy. He 
 was indefatigable in his toils to acquire learning. 
 Before he graduated, he was called to supply the 
 place of his preceptor in the anatomical chair ; 
 and he lectured for several weeks with such en 
 thusiasm and eloquence as to gain high applause. 
 Soon after he obtained his degree, he settled in a 
 small village in Anne- Arundel county, and entered 
 with energy upon the active duties of his profes 
 sion. At this period he commenced the study of 
 natural history, for which he ever afterwards had 
 a strong passion. He removed to Baltimore, and, 
 after his marriage, to Philadelphia. Being invited 
 to the professorship of anatomy in the college of 
 Ohio, he spent a year at the west, and then re 
 turned to Philadelphia, where he willingly retired 
 from the field of practice and devoted himself to 
 scientific pursuits. Determined to be a thorough 
 teacher of anatomy, he opened a room for private 
 demonstrations, and in the first winter had a class 
 of seventy students. His incessant toils and ex 
 posure to the foul atmosphere of the dissecting- 
 room, laid the foundation of the disease of which 
 he died. After prosecuting his anatomical labors 
 four or five years, he was chosen professor of 
 anatomy in llutgers medical college in New York. 
 "With a broken constitution, he was compelled, 
 
 before the completion of his second course of lec 
 tures, to retire from the school and to seek a 
 milder climate. After passing the winter in Santa 
 Cruz, he settled in Germantown, near Philadel 
 phia. His disease was still advancing ; yet, with 
 unabated ardor, he prosecuted his literary and 
 scientific employments, not for fame, but for the 
 support of his family and the welfare of his fel 
 low-men. 
 
 Dr. Godman, like many other young physi 
 cians, adopted the Infidelity and Atheism of the 
 French naturalists of the last century. For a 
 time he not only rejected revelation, but was 
 blind to the strong proofs of the existence of 
 God, which are presented continually to the eye 
 of the anatomist and the student of nature. A 
 depraved, unrenewed heart extinguished the light 
 of reason. But, while lecturing at New York in 
 the winter of 1827, he visited the death-bed of a 
 student of medicine, in whose joyous anticipations 
 of heaven and triumph over death, he saw a phe 
 nomenon which philosophy could not comprehend. 
 This event led him to read the Bible, and the 
 secret was unfolded. From this time he studied 
 the Scriptures. He obtained the Christian hope ; 
 and he died in peace, in his last hour commend 
 ing his family to the Father of the fatherless and 
 the widow s God, then, with uplifted eyes and 
 hands, and a beaming countenance, resigning his 
 spirit to his Redeemer. In the last sickness of 
 his friend, Dr. Judson, an Infidel, the brother of 
 the missionary, he addressed to him a letter, which 
 was the means of his conversion, pointing out the 
 way of conquering the fear of death. " Philos 
 ophy is a fool, and pride a madman. Many per 
 sons die with what is called manly firmness ; they 
 put on as smooth a face as they can, to impose on 
 the spectators, and die firmly. But this is all de 
 ception ; the true state of their minds at the very 
 time, nine times out of ten, is worse than the 
 most horrible imaginings even of hell itself. But 
 the man who dies as a man ought to die, is the 
 humble-minded, believing Christian. He does 
 not die manfully, but he rests in Jesus." 
 
 Dr. Godman was a distinguished scholar. With 
 a limited education, he yet acquired a knowledge 
 of the Latin, Greek, French, Spanish, and Italian 
 languages. His industry was astonishing. It 
 was his purpose to accomplish thoroughly what 
 ever he undertook. He concentrated all his pow 
 ers upon the pursuit in which he was engaged. 
 The most striking character of his mind was a 
 fertile fancy, yet controlled by a sound judgment. 
 His talent at description is exhibited in his history 
 of American quadrupeds and his rambles of a 
 naturalist. His addresses are compositions of 
 highly-wrought eloquence. At one time he was 
 the principal editor of the Philadelphia journal 
 of the medical and physical sciences. He wrote 
 the articles on natural history for the American 
 
GOEIUNG. 
 
 Encjcrjpedia to the end of letter C M bcddes nu 
 merous papers in the periodical journals of the 
 day. lie published the western quarterly re 
 porter of medical science, etc., Cincinnati, 1822 ; 
 account of irregularities of structure and morbid 
 anatomy ; contributions to physiological and pa 
 thological anatomy ; Bell s anatomy, with notes ; 
 anatomical investigations, comprising descriptions 
 of various fascia? of the body, 1824 ; American 
 natural history, with engravings, 3 vols., 1828; 
 addresses on various public occasions, 1829 ; 
 rambles of a naturalist. Prof. SewalVs Eu 
 logy. 
 
 GOERIXG, JACOB, minister of the German 
 Lutheran church in York, Penn., commenced the 
 labors of the sacred office when only twenty years 
 of age, and it pleased God to give such success to 
 his faithful exertions at this early period of life, 
 that a revival of religion always attended his 
 preaching. He died in 1807, aged 52. He was 
 a president of the synod of the German Lutheran 
 church in the States of Pennsylvania, Maryland, 
 and Virginia. He was a man of profound eru 
 dition, and among the languages with which he 
 was acquainted, the Hebrew and Arabic were his 
 favorites. Though warmly interested in his coun 
 try s welfare, he yet declined a civil station, in 
 which his fellow-citizens would gladly have placed 
 him, dedicating himself wholly to the ministry. 
 He died in the full assurance of obtaining and 
 enjoying a perpetual happiness through the mer 
 its of lu s Redeemer. Brown s American Regis 
 ter, n. 84, 85. 
 
 GOFFE, WILLIAM, one of the judges of King 
 Charles I., and a major-general under Cromwell, 
 died about 1679. He left London before Charles 
 II. was proclaimed, and arrived at Boston with 
 General AVhalley in July, 1G60. Governor Ende- 
 cott gave them a friendly reception. But when 
 the act of indemnity arrived in Nov., and their 
 names were not found among those to whom par 
 don was offered, the government of Massachu 
 setts was alarmed. Perceiving their danger, they 
 left Cambridge, where they had resided, Feb. 26, 
 1661, and arrived at New Haven March 7th. 
 They were here concealed by Deputy-governor 
 Leet and Mr. Davenport. From New Haven 
 they went to West Rock, a mountain three hun 
 dred feet in height, at the distance of two or 
 three miles from the town, where they were hid in 
 a cave. They afterwards lived in concealment at 
 Milford, Derby, and Branford, and in Oct., 1664, 
 removed to Hadley, in Mass., and were concealed 
 for fifteen or sixteen years in the house of Mr. 
 Russcl, the minister. On the 1st of Sept., 1675, 
 the town of Hadley was alarmed by the Indians 
 in the time of public worship, and the people 
 were thrown into the utmost confusion. But sud 
 denly an aged, venerable man, in uncommon 
 dress, appeared in the midst of them, revived 
 49 
 
 GOODALE. 
 
 385 
 
 their courage, and, putting himself at their head, 
 led them to the attack and repulsed the enemy. 
 The deliverer of Hadley immediately disappeared, 
 and the inhabitants, overwhelmed with astonish 
 ment, supposed that an angel had been sent for 
 their protection. He died in Hadley. Under 
 the oppression of constant fear during his resi 
 dence in this country, his mind seems to have 
 found some relief in the consolations of religion. 
 Stiles History of the Judges ; Ilulcldnson, 
 I. 215-219,532; Holmes. 
 
 GOLD, HEZEKEAH, minister of Cornwall, Conn., 
 died May 31, 1790, aged 59. He graduated at 
 Yale in 1751. His wife was Sarah, the sister of 
 Judge Sedgwick ; she died in 1766, aged 27. 
 Among their children were Thomas Gold, a law 
 yer of Pittsfield, whose daughter, Maria, married 
 Nathan Appleton, of Boston, and was the mother 
 of Mrs. Longfellow ; and Thomas Ruggles Gold, 
 a lawyer at Whitesborough, N. Y. 
 
 GOLDSBOROUGII, ROBERT, a patriot of the 
 Revolution, was graduated at Philadelphia college 
 in 1760, and was afterwards attorney-general of 
 Maryland, which office he resigned in 1768. In 
 Aug., 1775, he was elected to congress, and em 
 barked his large fortune in the cause of his coun 
 try. He died at Cambridge, Md., Dec. 31, 1788. 
 
 "GOLDSBOROUGH, CHARLES W., died in 
 Washington Dec. 14, 1843, one of the oldest and 
 most respected inhabitants of the city. He was 
 chief of the bureau of provisions and clothing of 
 the navy department. He published a naval his 
 tory of the United States. 
 
 GOLDSMITH, JOHN, D. D., died at Newton, 
 L. I., April 6, 1854, aged nearly 60, pastor of the 
 church thirty-four years, president of the L. I. 
 bible society. He was the son of Benjamin G. 
 Goldsmith, who was forty-six years minister at 
 Riverhead. He graduated at Nassau Hall in 
 1815. Dr. Spring preached his funeral sermon, 
 as he did that of his predecessor. 
 
 GOLDTRAP, THOMAS W., died in Philadelphia 
 in 1846, bequeathing to the widows society and 
 to the orphans each 2,OOC dollars ; to the associ 
 ation for colored orphans the same ; to Wills hos 
 pital and to the apprentices library 1,000 dollars 
 each. 
 
 GOOCH, WILLIAM, Sir, major-general, and 
 governor of Virginia from 1727 to 1749, sustained 
 an excellent character, and was popular in his ad 
 ministration. He had superior military talents, 
 and commanded the forces in the unsuccessful 
 attack on Carthagena in 1740. When a slave in 
 Williamsburg bowed to him in the street, he 
 bowed in return. He said, " I cannot suffer a 
 slave to exceed me in good manners." 
 
 GOODALE, NATHAN, major, died in the spring 
 of 1793 at Sandusky, aged 50. He had been 
 captured by the Indians, and died of sickness. A 
 native of Brookfield, he was an officer in the war, 
 
386 
 
 GOODALL. 
 
 GOODRICH. 
 
 and was wounded, lie emigrated to Ohio in 
 1788, and the next year settled at Belpre. Ilil- 
 dretli. 
 
 GOODALL, HEKVEY, died in Africa in 1850. 
 He was a Baptist missionary, sent out to explore 
 Central Africa and to pstablish missions in Soudan. 
 
 GOODELL, SOLOMON, a man of liberality, 
 died at Jamaica, Vt., in Sept., 1815, aged 70. At 
 no time was his property worth 5,000 dollars. 
 He was a farmer, living in a rude spot in the 
 neighborhood of the Green Mountains. All his 
 property was gained by severe personal labor, and 
 saved by strict frugality ; yet his liberality was 
 such as might shame Mr. Girard, the possessor of 
 millions of dollars. About the year 1800 he 
 gave 100 dollars to the Congregational missionary 
 society, and the same sum for several successive 
 years. When the American board of foreign 
 missions was established, he sent notice that he 
 wished to subscribe 500 dollars for immediate use, 
 and 1,000 for the fund, while yet it was in his 
 power to forward only 50 dollars as earnest 
 money. He fulfilled his engagement, and paid 
 interest on the proposed 1,000 until he made pro 
 vision for its payment just before his death, add 
 ing to it another 1,000. The amount of his 
 donations for missions to the heathen, besides 
 other charities, was 3,686 dollars. He had also 
 provided for his children and his wife. He was a 
 Baptist, yet most of his donations were intrusted 
 to the hands of his fellow Christians, not Bap 
 tists. In this way he proved that he was no sec 
 tarian ; not, like Mr. Girard, by condemning all 
 religions alike. The power that moved him to 
 his self-denying distributions in his life, not, like 
 Mr. Girard, when he could hold and accumulate 
 no longer, was a settled religious principle ; a 
 conviction that all his property was the gift of 
 God, and that it was his duty to employ it for the 
 highest and noblest of all purposes, that of pro 
 moting the knowledge of the gospel of his Re- 
 deemer and the ineffable blessedness of eternal 
 salvation through that knowledge among his fel 
 low-men, whom he was bound to love, as he loved 
 himself. 
 
 GOODHUE, JOSIAH, minister of Dunstable, 
 Mass., died in 1797, aged about 62. He gradu 
 ated at Harvard in 1755. 
 
 GOODHUE, BEXJAMIX, formerly a senator 
 of the United States, died at Salem in 1814, 
 aged 66. 
 
 GOODRICH, WILLIAM, one of the first set 
 tlers of Hartford, died in 1676. He came from 
 Watertown in 1636 with his brother John. 
 Goodwin gives the names of hundreds of his de 
 scendants. 
 
 GOODRICH, DAVID, colonel, son of the pre 
 ceding, died in Wethersfield, Conn., in 1755, 
 aged 87. He was a lieutenant-colonel in the old 
 French war. Among his many children were 
 
 Col. Elizur, who died in 1774, aged 81; and 
 Hezekiah, whose daughter, Honor, married Rev. 
 Joshua Belden, of W., who lived to a venerable 
 age as pastor of Newington society, dying in 
 1813, aged 89. 
 
 GOODRICH, ELIZUR, 1). D., minister of Dur 
 ham, Conn., was born in Wethersfield, 1734, and 
 was graduated at Yale college in 1752. He was 
 ordained to the work of the ministry Nov. 24, 
 1756. After his character as an excellent minister 
 and a friend of literature was established, he was 
 chosen in 1776 a member of the corporation of Yale 
 college. He died at Norfolk Nov. 21, 1797, aged 
 63. He was the son of ] )eacon David G., of Weth- 
 crsfield, Conn., who died in 1785, aged 90 ; and 
 he was the son of Col. David G., of W., who died 
 in 1655, aged 87. The father of the latter was 
 Ensign William G., one of the first settlers of 
 Wethersfield, who came from Watertown, Mass., 
 about 1636, and died in 1676. His wife was 
 Katharine, daughter of Elihu Chaunccy. Dr. D. 
 Smith married his daughter. Dr. Goodrich con 
 ciliated the esteem of his acquaintance, and was 
 faithful in all the relations of life. He was dis 
 tinguished for his literary arid scientific acquire 
 ments, as well as for his piety and patriotism. As 
 a preacher, he followed the examples of the 
 apostles, preaching repentance and faith. He 
 taught his hearers that man was depraved, and 
 guilty, and lost, condemned by the law, and hav 
 ing no hope but in Christ, and that salvation was 
 of grace and not of works. He published a ser 
 mon at the ordination of R. Newton, 1761 ; of S. 
 Goodrich, 1787 ; at the installation of B. Board- 
 man, 1784. Diviglifs Funeral Sermon. 
 
 GOODRICH, CIIAUNCEY, lieutenant-governor 
 of Connecticut, the son of the preceding, was 
 born at Durham, Oct. 20, 1759 ; was graduated 
 in 1776 at Yale college, where he was a tutor 
 from 1779 to 1781. Engaging in the practice of 
 the law at Hartford, he soon rose to eminence. 
 From 1794 to 1800 he was a representative in 
 congress, and senator from 1807 until his resigna 
 tion in 1813, when he was chosen lieutenant-gov 
 ernor, lie was also mayor of Hartford. He 
 died suddenly of a dropsy in the heart, Aug. 18, 
 1815, aged 55. He survived two wives, but left 
 no children. He was a man of energy of mind, 
 of integrity, moderation, and amenity of manners. 
 Several months before his death he applied for 
 admission to the church, but, in consequence of 
 his infirmity of body, had not been received. He 
 remarked : " A moral life of itself is nothing for 
 the salvation of the soul. I have lived a moral 
 life in the estimation of the world ; but I am a 
 bundle of iniquity in the sight of a holy God. If 
 there were not an atonement, I must be con 
 demned and miserable forever." Strong s Fu 
 neral Sermon. 
 
 GOODRICH, CHARLES, a first settler of Pitts- 
 
GOODRICH. 
 
 field, Mass., died Nov. 15, 1816, aged 96. He 
 was the son and sixteenth child of David, and 
 grandson of William, the first settler of Wethers- 
 field; and born April 6, Old Style, 1720. Good 
 win is mistaken in his account of him, p. 79. He 
 was one of the converts under Whitefield, and 
 removed to Pontoosuck, now Pittsficld, in 1753, 
 when there was but one building in the place, the 
 house of Solomon Deming ; and he introduced 
 and held the first plough. He was in the battle 
 of Bcnnington. He was a member of the provin 
 cial congress in 1774 ; he was also a judge of 
 the common pleas. His son Charles, a graduate 
 of Yale in 1797, is a preacher at Havana, Che- 
 mung county, N. Y. ; his grandson, Charles S. J., 
 is a physician in Brooklyn. 
 
 GOODRICH, HANNAH, died unmarried atVer- 
 non, Conn., in July, 1820, aged 100 on the day 
 of her death. 
 
 GOODRICH, SAMUEL, son of Dr. Elizur G., 
 and the minister of Ridgefield and Berlin, died 
 April 19, 1835, aged 72. His wife was Elizabeth, 
 a daughter of Col. John Ely. Of his daughters, 
 Elizabeth married Rev. Xoah Coe ; Abigail mar 
 ried Rev. Samuel Whittlesey ; Emily Chaunccy 
 married Rev. Darius Mead. Rev. Charles Au 
 gustus Goodrich, a graduate of 1812, is his son. 
 He published a sermon at the ordination of C. A. 
 Goodrich at Worcester. 1816. 
 
 GOODRICH, ELIZUR, LL. D., died at New 
 Haven, Nov. 1, 1849, aged 88. Jefferson re 
 moved him from the office of collector of customs, 
 and avowed in a letter his purpose and principle of 
 removals. He was born in Durham, the son of 
 Dr. E. G. : graduated at Yale in 1779 ; and was a 
 member of congress and judge of probate. Prof. 
 Chauncey Allen Goodrich is his son. He was also 
 mayor of the city, and nine years professor of law 
 in Yale college. His life was one of temperance, 
 integrity, and virtue. 
 
 GOODWIN, EZRA S., minister of Sandwich, 
 died Feb. 5, 1833, aged 45. He was a native of 
 Plymouth, a graduate of 1807. He published a 
 sermon in the liberal preacher, III. 9 ; address to 
 peace society, 1830; ancient and modern ortho 
 doxy, 1831; Alice Bradford, a present ; a piece in 
 tracts of Unitarian association, No. 66. A memoir 
 of him is in Historical Collections, 3d series, 
 vol. v. 
 
 GOODWIN, GEORGE, died in Hartford in May, 
 1844, aged 87, formerly publisher of the Hartford 
 Courant. 
 
 GOODWIN, NATHANIEL, died at Hartford, 
 May 29, 1855, aged 73, the son of Nathaniel G. 
 and Anne Sheldon. His other ancestors, ascend 
 ing, were Daniel, Nathaniel, Nathaniel, and 
 Osias, who was one of the first settlers of 
 Hartford, and died in 1683, aged 87. After serv 
 ing for years creditably as an apprentice to the 
 Websters, printers in Albany, he became a 
 
 GOOKIN. 
 
 387 
 
 teacher and aland surveyor. At Hartford he held 
 many important public trusts. He was treasurer 
 many years, judge of probate, and clerk. He was 
 much employed in settling intestate estates, and 
 was held in high respect as a man of probity. 
 He died worth about 150,000 dollars, about half 
 of which he bequeathed to his nephew, Daniel. 
 Though never married, the subject of genealogy 
 engaged much of his attention. He published an 
 account of the " descendants of Thomas Olcott," 
 and then of the " Foote Family. He only com 
 menced, before he died, the publication of his 
 " genealogical notes, or contributions to the family 
 history of some of the first settlers of Connecticut 
 and Massachusetts," which was published in 1856, 
 pp. 362. A memoir of Mr. G. is prefixed. 
 
 GOOKIN, DANIEL, author of the Historical 
 Collections of the Indians in New England, and 
 major-general of Massachusetts, died March 19, 
 1687, aged 75. He was born in the county of 
 Kent, in England. He came to Virginia in 
 1621 with his father, who brought cattle to the 
 colony from Ireland, and who established himself 
 at a plantation, called Newport s News. In the 
 year 1642, Mr. Thomson and other ministers from 
 Massachusetts were sent to Virginia, to preach the 
 gospel to a people but little acquainted with the 
 truth. W r hen they were forced to withdraw from 
 this colony, because they would not conform with 
 the church of England, such was the attachment 
 of Mr. Gookin to their preaching, that he soon 
 followed them. In 1644 he removed with his 
 family to New England, and settled in Cambridge, 
 that he might enjoy the ordinances of the gospel 
 in their purity. Soon after his arrival he was ap 
 pointed captain of the military company in Cam 
 bridge, and a member of the house of deputies. 
 In 1652 he was elected assistant or magistrate, 
 and four years after was appointed by the general 
 court superintendent of all the Indians, who had 
 submitted to the government of Massachusetts. 
 He executed this office with such fidelity, that he 
 was continued in it till his death. In 1656 he 
 visited England, and had an interview with Crom 
 well, who commissioned him to invite the people 
 of Massachusetts to transport themselves to Ja 
 maica, which had been conquered from the Span 
 iards. In 1662 he was appointed, with Mr. 
 Mitchell, one of the licensers of the printing 
 press in Cambridge. When Philip s war com 
 menced in 1675, several severe laws were passed 
 against the friendly Indians, to whom religious in 
 struction had been imparted, through apprehen 
 sion that they would join the enemy, and the rage 
 of the people against their red-colored brethren 
 was violent and alarming. Mr. Eliot stood forth 
 as the friend and protector of the Indians, and 
 Mr. Gookin, who had zealously co-operated with 
 Mr. Eliot in his benevolent exertions, and who fre 
 quently accompanied him in his missionary tours, 
 
388 
 
 GOOKIN. 
 
 GORDON. 
 
 was equally their friend. He was the only magis 
 trate who endeavored to prevent the outrages of 
 the populace. He was in consequence much 
 abused, and even insulted as he passed the streets ; 
 but he had too much of the elevation of Christian 
 virtue to feel any resentment, and the effects of 
 licentiousness did not inspire him with the desire 
 of abridging the liberties of the people. He soon, 
 however, recovered the esteem and confidence 
 which he had lost, by firmly resisting the attempts 
 which were made to destroy the charter of Mas 
 sachusetts. In 1681 he was appointed major-gen 
 eral of the colony, and he continued in the magis 
 tracy till the dissolution of the charter in 1686. 
 In the inscription upon his monument in the 
 burying-ground in Cambridge, his name is written 
 Cookings. Such was his poverty, that Mr. Eliot, 
 in a letter to Mr. Boyle, not long after his decease, 
 solicits that charitable gentleman to bestow ten 
 pounds upon his widow. He was a man of good 
 understanding, rigid in his religious and political 
 opinions, zealous and active, of inflexible integrity 
 and exemplary piety, disinterested and benevo 
 lent, a firm patriot, and uniformly and peculiarly 
 the friend of the Indians, who lamented his death 
 with unfeigned sorrow. His two sons, Daniel 
 and Nathaniel, were ministers; the former of 
 Sherburne, whose care extended also to the In 
 dians at Natick, and the latter of Cambridge, who 
 was ordained Nov. 15, 1682, and died Aug. 7, 
 1692, aged 33. He was succeeded by Mr. 
 Brattle. 
 
 Mr. Gookin wrote in 1674 historical collections 
 of the Indians in New England, which remained 
 in manuscript, till it was published by the Massa 
 chusetts historical society in 1792, In this work 
 he gives many interesting particulars of the vari 
 ous tribes of Indians, of their customs, manners, 
 religion, and government, and of the exertions 
 which were made to civilize them, and to bring 
 them to an acquaintance with the Christian reli 
 gion. He also wrote a history of New England ; 
 but it is not known that the manuscript is now in 
 existence.//^. Coll. I. 228, 226; YII. 23; 
 Holmes Hist, of Cambridge; Hutcliinson; Mag- 
 nalia, II. 21 ; Johnson s Wond.-Work. Prov. 109, 
 192 ; Stith, 205. 
 
 GOOKIN, NATHANIEL, minister of Hampton, 
 N. II., was the son of Ilcv. N. Gookin, of Cam 
 bridge, and was graduated in 1703. He was or 
 dained in 1710 as successor of John Cotton. 
 After a prudent and faithful ministry of about 
 twenty-four years, he died in 1734, aged 46. His 
 son, Nathaniel, was settled in North Hampton, 
 N. II., in 1739, and died in 1766. His grandson, 
 Judge Daniel, died at Saco in 1831, aged 75. 
 Mr. Gookin published three sermons, occasioned 
 by the earthquake in Oct., 1727, to which is 
 added an account of the earthquake, and some- 
 tiling remarkable of thunder and lightning in 
 
 Hampton. Hist. Coll. YII. 55 ; Slmrtleff s Ser 
 mon at Ordination of Mr. Gookin, 1739. 
 
 GORDON, WILLIAM, 1). 1)., minister of Rox- 
 bury, Mass., and a historian of the American 
 war, died at Ipswich, England, Oct. 19, 1807, 
 aged 77. He was a native of Hitchin. He was 
 early settled as a pastor of a large Indepen 
 dent church at Ipswich, but after many years he 
 removed in consequence of some uneasiness occa 
 sioned by his reprehension of the conduct of one 
 of his principal hearers in employing his work 
 men on public business on the Lord s day. After 
 the death of Dr. David Jennings, he was chosen 
 to be his successor in the church at Old Gravel 
 lane, Wapping. Here he might have continued 
 much respected, but in the year 1770, his par 
 tiality to America induced him to force himself 
 away, in order to settle in this country. After 
 having preached about a year to the third church 
 in Itoxbury, he was ordained its minister July 6, 
 1772. He took an active part in public measures 
 during the war with Great Britain, and was 
 chosen chaplain to the provincial congress of 
 Massachusetts. While in this office he preached 
 a fast sermon, which strongly expressed his politi 
 cal sentiments. In 1776 he formed the design of 
 writing a history of the great events in America. 
 Besides other sources of information, he had re 
 course to the records of congress, and to those of 
 New England, and was indulged with the perusal 
 of the papers of Washington, Gates, Greene, 
 Lincoln, and Otho Williams. After the conclu 
 sion of the war he returned to his native country 
 in 1786, and in 1788 published the work, which 
 had for several years occupied his attention. 
 It produced him 300 pounds. After spending 
 some time in London, where he had many friends, 
 he obtained a settlement at St. Neots in Hunting 
 donshire. This situation was much inferior to 
 either of the former settlements which he had en 
 joyed. The congregation gradually declined, in 
 consequence of his want of that popular address, 
 to which they had been accustomed, and of the 
 failure of his mental powers. The infirmity of 
 his mind was at length so visible, that his friends 
 advised his resignation, and raised a subscription 
 for him. He afterwards returned to Ipswich, 
 England, where he had some agreeable con 
 nections left. Here he preached a few occasional 
 sermons ; but his memory soon failed him to such 
 a degree as to render him unfit for all public ser 
 vice. After living to experience the melancholy 
 extinction of the powers of his mind, he died at 
 Ipswich. 
 
 In his religious sentiments Dr. Gordon was a 
 strict Calvinist ; yet he possessed a liberal mind, 
 and a very sociable disposition. He was even 
 sometimes facetious. Though his temper was 
 warm, he was yet friendly and benevolent. His 
 sermons were composed with care; but, as they 
 
GORDON. 
 
 GORGES. 
 
 were written in a very systematical form, and 
 were read with slavish adherence to his notes, he 
 was not interesting as a preacher. lie published 
 a plan of a society for making provision for wid 
 ows, by annuities for life, 1772 ; a sermon at a 
 fast; at two thanksgivings, 1775; before the 
 house of representatives, 1775; at the election 
 1775; before the general court on the anniver 
 sary of Independence, 1777; doctrine of univer 
 sal salvation examined and shown to be unscrip- 
 tural, 1783. His history of the rise, progress, 
 and establishment of the Independence of the 
 United States of America, in 4 vols. 8vo. 1788, 
 though not written with elegance, is allowed to 
 have considerable merit as a minute and in gen 
 eral a faithful narrative of facts. Before he came 
 to this country he published an abridgment of 
 President Edward s treatise on the affections. 
 Prcf. to his Hist, of American War; Monthly 
 Ilepos., London, for Nov. 1807. 
 
 GORDON, WILLIAM, attorney-general of the 
 State of New Hampshire, died at Boston in May, 
 1802, aged 39. He was graduated at Harvard 
 college in 1779. His residence was at Amherst. 
 He was a senator in the State legislature and a 
 member of congress. 
 
 GORE, CHRISTOPHER, governor of Massachu 
 setts, died March 1, 1827, aged 68. He was 
 born in Boston in 1758, and was the son of a re 
 spectable mechanic, who at the beginning of the 
 Revolution, as he adhered to the royal govern 
 ment, went to Halifax, but afterwards returned to 
 Boston. He was graduated in 1776, and after 
 studying law with Judge Lowell, engaged in ex- I 
 tensive and lucrative practice. In 1789 he was! 
 appointed first United States attorney for the dis- | 
 trict of Massachusetts, in the execution of which j 
 office he met with difficulties, but he resolutely 
 pursued the course of duty. In 1796 he was 
 appointed colleague with AViliiam Pinkney, a 
 commissioner under the fourth article of Jay s 
 treaty, to settle our claims for spoliations. By 
 his efforts, when in England, he recovered sums 
 to a vast amount for our citizens ; his argument 
 on that class of captures, which were made under 
 the rule of 1756, was elaborate and powerful. 
 As his commission lasted nearly eight years, he 
 remained abroad till 1804. In the preceding year 
 he had been left by his intimate friend, Rufus 
 King, minister to England, chargt - d affaires. 
 After his return he was chosen, in 1809, governor 
 of Massachusetts, as successor of Sullivan ; but 
 the next year the people chose Mr. Gerry in his 
 place. In 1814 he was appointed senator to con 
 gress, in which capacity he served about three 
 years, and then withdrew into final retirement. 
 His residence was a beautiful seat, about nine 
 miles from Boston, at Waltham, whence he was 
 accustomed frequently to walk into town. An 
 excruciating disorder embittered his last years. 
 
 Having no children, Mr. Gore left valuable be 
 quests to the American academy and the histori 
 cal society, of which he was a member ; and he 
 made Harvard college, of which he had been a 
 fellow or trustee, his residuary legatee. With 
 the literature of the day he had kept himself 
 familiarly acquainted, and he was an excellent 
 classical scholar. His mind was acute and dis 
 criminating; his morals pure ; his manners digni 
 fied and elegant. He published a masonic oration, 
 1783. American Ann. Pcy. 1826-7, p. 339-341. 
 
 GORGES, FERDINANDO, Sir, proprietor of the 
 province of Maine, died in 1647. He was the 
 governor of Plymouth and an early member of 
 the Plymouth company in England. In 1606 he 
 and Chief-justice Popham sent out Challons in a 
 ship of fifty tons for discovery, but the vessel was 
 captured by the Spaniards. In the next year 
 George Popham and Raleigh Gilbert were sent 
 out to the Ivennebec. In 1619 he sent Capt. 
 Dcrmer to Monhegan. Desirous of engaging the 
 Scotch in the settlement of New England, he 
 promoted the patent of Nova Scotia to Sir Wm. 
 Alexander, Sept. 10, 1621. In 1622 the council 
 of Plymouth, established by new charter in 1620, 
 made to him and J. Mason a grant of the lands 
 between the Merrimac and Sagadahoc, reaching 
 back to the lakes, called Laconia. The next 
 year a settlement was commenced at Pascataqua. 
 In 1639 he obtained from the crown a confirma 
 tory grant of the land fcom Pascataqua to Saga 
 dahoc, called the province of Maine, in compli 
 ment to Queen Henrietta, who held as her estate 
 the province of Maine in France. He was made 
 lord palatine. He incorporated the village of 
 Agamenticus, or York, into a city, called Gorge- 
 ana; but the colony did not prosper. This estate 
 fell to his son, John Gorges, who neglected the 
 province, so that in 1652 they placed themselves 
 under Massachusetts. He expended 20,000 
 pounds in his American enterprises. He pub 
 lished narrative of his proceedings relative to the 
 settlement of New England, contained in the 
 work of his grandson, Ferdmando, 1659. In 
 closing his narrative he asks, " What can be more 
 pleasing to a generous nature, than to be exer 
 cised in doing public good ; and what monument 
 so durable as erecting of houses, villages, and 
 towns ; and what more pious, than advancing of 
 Christian religion amongst people, who have not 
 known the excellency thereof? " In this work 
 Dr. Belknap found materials for his history of 
 Gorges. Belknap s Biog. l. 346-393. 
 
 GORGES, FEKDIXANDO, grandso n of the pre 
 ceding, succeeded to the rights of his father, 
 John. On the restoration he petitioned the king 
 against the usurpation of Massachusetts. Com 
 missioners, Carr, etc., were sent over to adjust 
 the affairs of government. But in 1677 he was 
 induced to sell his rights to Massachusetts for 
 
390 
 
 GORDON. 
 
 GORTON. 
 
 1250 pounds. The territory, thus acquired, was 
 first formed into the two counties of York and 
 Cumberland. He published a description of New 
 England, entitled " America painted to the life," 
 London, 16,39, containing the narrative by his 
 grandfather, as well as descriptions of his own. 
 In some editions, Johnson s wonder-working 
 providence is also annexed. 
 
 GORIIAM, JOHN, colonel, died at Barnstable, 
 in 1717, aged Go. He was distinguished in the 
 war against the French and Indians. 
 
 GORIIAM, NATHANIEL, president of congress, 
 was born in Charlestown, Mass., in 1738, and 
 died June 11, 1796, aged 58. He was often a 
 member of the legislature, and in 1784 was elected 
 to congress, and was chosen president June 6, 
 1786. He was also a judge of the court of com 
 mon pleas for several years. As a member of the 
 convention he assisted in forming the constitution 
 of the United States. Eliot ; Welsh s Eulogy. 
 
 GORIIAM, NATHANIEL, son of the preceding, 
 one of the first settlers of the " Genesee country," 
 died at Canandaigua Oct. 22, 1826, with the char 
 acter of a worthy citizen. Massachusetts having 
 received of New York the right of pre-emption 
 of about six millions of acres, sold their right of 
 the eastern one-third, or two millions, to Nathaniel 
 Gorham and Oliver Phelps, in 1788, for 300,000 
 pounds. In July they held a treaty with the 
 five nations of Indians and obtained their release. 
 Mr. Phelps began the .settlement in 1789. In 
 1790 one million of " Phelps and Gorham s pur 
 chase " was sold to 11. Morris, and he, in 1792, 
 sold to C. Williamson. 
 
 GORIIAM, WILLIAM, judge, died in Gorham, 
 Me., in 1804. A native of Massachusetts, he 
 went early on public business to Nova Scotia, and 
 in 1772 removed to Gorham. In 1782 he was 
 judge of probate ; in 1789, judge of common 
 pleas. He was a man of solid talents, and good 
 judgment, and a Christian. 
 
 GORIIAM, JOHN, M. D., physician in Boston, 
 graduated at Harvard college in 1801, and studied 
 his profession at Edinburgh. In 1809 he was 
 appointed adjunct professor of chemistry and 
 materia medica at Cambridge; and in 1818, pro 
 fessor of chemistry and mineralogy. He died 
 suddenly March 29, 1829, aged 46. He published 
 inaugural address, 1817 ; elements of chemical 
 science, 2 vols. 8vo. 1819. 
 
 GORHAM, BENJAMIN, died in Boston Sept. 
 27, 1855, aged 80; a graduate of 1795. His 
 father, Nathaniel G., of Charlestown, was presi 
 dent of the continental congress ; his brother was 
 a pioneer of western New York. Studying law, 
 he was the associate of Prescott, Jackson, Par 
 sons, Gore, Dexter, Sullivan, Cabot, Ames, Otis, 
 Parker, and Lowell. He was also a faithful rep 
 resentative and senator in congress. By marriage 
 he was connected with Judge Lowell and J. C. 
 
 Jones. In private life he loved to talk, and he 
 talked well. Boston Advertiser, July 16, 1856. 
 
 GORHAM, MARY, died in Stratford, Conn., 
 Jan. 2, 1837, aged 74, widow of Capt. Nehemiah 
 G., an officer of the Revolution. She was a 
 memorable example of humility, of submission 
 and patience, of peace and hope, in a long-con 
 tinued sickness. 
 
 GORTON, SAMUEL, the first settler of War 
 wick, R. I., died after 1676, at an advanced age. 
 He came to this country in 1636, and in a few 
 years occasioned much disturbance in the church 
 of Boston by the wild sentiments on religion 
 which he advanced. He soon went to Plymouth, 
 in which colony he was subjected to corporal pun 
 ishment for his errors, and whence he removed in 
 June, 1638, to Rhode Island. At Newport he 
 received the same discipline, on account of his 
 contempt of the civil authority. He purchased 
 some land near Pawtuxet river, in the south part 
 of Providence, in Jan., 1641. Under the cover 
 of this purchase he encroached upon the lands of 
 others, and, complaints having been entered 
 against him in the court of Massachusetts, he 
 was required to submit himself to the jurisdiction 
 of that colony, and to answer for his conduct. 
 This summons he treated with contempt ; but, 
 being apprehensive that he was not in a place of 
 safety, he crossed the river at the close of 1642, 
 and with eleven others purchased of Miantun- 
 nomu, the Narragansett sachem, a tract of land 
 at Mishawomet, for which he paid 144 fathoms of 
 wampum. The deed was signed Jan. 17, 1643. 
 The town, of which he now laid the foundation, 
 was afterwards called Warwick. In May follow 
 ing, he and his party were seized by order of the 
 general court of Massachusetts, and carried to 
 Boston, where he was required to answer to the 
 charge of being a blasphemous enemy of the 
 gospel and its ordinances, and of all civil gov 
 ernment. His ingenuity embarrassed the judges, 
 for, while he adhered to his own expressions, 
 which plainly contradicted the opinions which 
 were embraced in Massachusetts, he yet, when ex 
 amined by the ministers, professed a coincidence 
 with them generally in their religious sentiments. 
 The letter which he wrote to the governor, before 
 his seizure, was addressed " to the great, honored, 
 idol gentleman of Massachusetts," and was filled 
 with reproaches of the magistrates and ministers; 
 but in his examination he declared that he had 
 reference only to the corrupt state of mankind in 
 general. He had asserted that Christ suffered 
 actually before he suffered under Pilate ; but his 
 meaning was, as he said, that the death of Christ 
 was actual to the faith of the fathers. The ordi 
 nances, he thought, were abolished after the rev 
 elation was written, and thus he could admit that 
 they were the ordinances of Christ, because they 
 were established for a short time by him. But 
 
GOSXOLD. 
 
 GOULD. 
 
 391 
 
 this equivocation did not avail him. His opinions 
 were undoubtedly erroneous. All the magis 
 trates but three were of opinion that he should 
 be put to death, but the deputies were in favor of 
 milder measures. Gorton, with a number of his 
 companions, was sentenced to imprisonment and 
 hard labor, and prohibited from passing the limits 
 of the town to which he was sent, and from prop 
 agating his heresies, under pain of death. After 
 a few months, the dissatisfaction of many people 
 with his imprisonment, and other causes, induced 
 the court to substitute banishment in its place. In 
 1644 he went to England with a deed from the 
 Xarragansctt Indians, transferring their territory 
 to the king ; and he obtained an order from par 
 liament, securing to him the peaceable possession 
 of his. lands, lie arrived at Boston in 1G-48, and 
 thence proceeded to Shawomet, which he called 
 "Warwick, in honor of the Earl of Warwick, who 
 had given him much assistance in effecting his 
 object. Here he officiated as a minister, and dis 
 seminated his doctrines, in consequence of which 
 a large part of the descendants of his followers 
 have neglected all religion to the present day. 
 Without the advantages of education, he made 
 himself acquainted with the Hebrew and Greek 
 languages, that he might better understand the 
 Scriptures, though he had affected to despise 
 human learning. He violently opposed the Qua 
 kers, as their principles were hostile to his anti- 
 nomian sentiments. He believed that the suffer 
 ings of Christ were within his children, and that 
 he was as much in this world at one time as at 
 another ; that all which is related of him is to be 
 taken in a spiritual sense ; that he was incarnate 
 in Adam, and was the image of God, wherein he 
 was created. He published simplicity s defence 
 against the seven-headed policy, which was an 
 swered by Mr. Winsknv ; antidote against Phari 
 saical teachers ; saltmarsh returned from the dead, 
 1605; a glass for the people of New England. 
 Winthrop, 309-318, 325; Morton, 117, 120; 
 Hntddnson,l. 72, 117-124, 549; Coll. II int. SOL: 
 IX. 35-38 ; Holmes ; Cullender, 36, 37 ; Mayna- 
 lia. Ml. 11. 
 
 GOSXOLD, BARTHOLOMEW, an intrepid mari 
 ner of the west of England, sailed fron: Falmouth 
 for the coast of America March 26, 1602. In 
 stead of approaching this country by the way of 
 the West Indies, he was the first Englishman who 
 directly crossed the ocean. He discovered land 
 May 14th, and a cape on the 15th, near which he 
 caught a great number of cod. from which cir 
 cumstance lie named the land Cape Cod. The 
 Indians, whom he met at different places, wore 
 ornaments of copper, and used the pipe and to 
 bacco. He passed Sandy Point, and in a few days 
 came to an island, which he named Martha s 
 Vineyard, as there were many vines upon it. 
 This is supposed to have been, not the island 
 
 which now bears that name, but the small island, 
 which is called Xo man s land. He resided three 
 weeks on the most western of the Elizabeth 
 islands, on which he built a fort and store-house. 
 But, finding that he had not a supply of provis 
 ions, he gave up the design of making a settle 
 ment. The cellar of his store-house was discov 
 ered by Dr. Belknap in 1797. After his return 
 to England he embarked in an expedition to Vir 
 ginia, where he was a member of the council. 
 But he died soon after his arrival, Aug. 22, 1007. 
 
 Belknap, II. 100-122; Holmes; Purcltas, IV. 
 1690; v. 1646-1653; Stith, 30, 35, 45; British 
 Empire, I. 353 ; Harris 1 Voyages, \. 816; Uni 
 versal History, xxxix. 269, 270. 
 
 GOSS, THOMAS, minister of Bolton, died in 
 1780, aged about 63. He graduated at Harvard 
 in 1737. 
 
 GOSS, EBEXEZER, Dr., died in Paris, Me., in 
 1825, aged 84. He came from Concord, X. II., 
 and had lived fifty years in Maine. 
 
 GOUGH, HANNAH, widow of Joseph G., died 
 in Xew York Oct. 19, 1845, aged 109 years, 11 
 months, in full possession of her faculties. 
 
 GOULD, THOMAS, a Baptist minister, came 
 from England to Boston before 1687. Snow s 
 History of Boston. 
 
 GOULD, EBEXEZER, a minister in Middletown, 
 Conn., died in 1778, aged about 75. He gradu 
 ated at Yale in 1723. 
 
 GOULD, JAMES, LL. ])., died at Litchfieid, 
 I Conn., May 11, 1838, aged 67. A native of 
 Branford, he graduated at Yale in 1791, became 
 a distinguished lawyer and judge cf the supreme 
 court of Connecticut, and for many years was the 
 j associate of Mr. Reeve, as a professor in the law 
 | school at Litchfieid, after whose death he con- 
 j ducted it for a few years, lie was learned, ac- 
 I complished, amiable and affectionate. He pub 
 lished principles of pleading in civil actions, 1832. 
 
 Jlullister s History of Connecticut. 
 GOULD, JOHN W., son of Judge J. Gould, died 
 
 at sea Oct. 1, 1838, aged 23. His writings were 
 published in a volume, with a sketch of his life, 
 1839. The forecastle yarns were published sep 
 arately in 1854. Cyclopedia of Amer. Lit. 
 
 GOULD, M. WOODBKIDGE, died in Southamp 
 ton in 1838. She was born in Nov., 1787, the 
 only daughter of Dr. S. Woodbridge, of South 
 ampton, the minister of which place, Rev. V. 
 Gould, she married. She was a scholar. In his 
 absence his many pupils in Greek and Latin re 
 cited to her; and she had great piety as well as 
 talents. Her character is described at length in 
 the Recorder of July 20, 1838. 
 
 GOULD, ALEXANDER, died at Elliot April 19, 
 1844, aged 93 : he was in Bunker Hill battle. A 
 Captain Benjamin Gould was wounded in the bat 
 tle of Lexington, who died about 1846, aged 90 : 
 his residence, it is supposed, was Boston. 
 
392 
 
 GOULD. 
 
 GRAHAM. 
 
 GOULD, Vccsox, died in 1841, aged 67. Born 
 in Sharon, Conn., he graduated at Williams col 
 lege in 1797. lie succeeded Mr. Judd as minis 
 ter of Southampton, Mass., and was minister from 
 1801 to 1832, when he resigned. From 1833 to 
 1836 he was a minister in Bernardston. lie 
 published a sermon at the ordination of S. Clark, 
 1808. 
 
 GOULD, DAXIEL, minister of Rumford, Me., 
 died May 21, 1842, aged 90. He was two years 
 in the war ; then a graduate of Harvard in 1782, 
 and a much respected minister. 
 
 GOULD, WILLIAM M., died in New York June 
 16, 1852, aged 36; author of zephyrs from Italy, 
 a book of travelling sketches. 
 
 GOULD, WILLIAM, general, died in Caldwell, 
 N. J., Feb. 12, 1847, aged 89. He was in the bat 
 tle of Monmouth. In 1784 he and others formed 
 the church, of which he was a worthy officer. 
 His death was that of a humble, penitent man, 
 yet full of faith in Christ, in whom was his " only 
 hope." 
 
 GOULD, BULAII II., wife of Maj. D. Gould, of 
 Sharon, Conn., died May 22, 1856, aged 66. She 
 was a woman of eminent piety, of unwearied in 
 dustry, of rare benevolence. For many years as 
 a milliner she toiled to gain property for good 
 uses. Her gains of 350 dollars a year for ten 
 years she devoted to charity, giving about 1700 
 dollars to the American board, and 900 to the 
 home missions, and 300 to the Bible society. 
 N. Y. Observer, June 29. 
 
 GOULD1NG, THOMAS, D. D., minister of Co 
 lumbus, Ga., died in July, 1848, aged 62. After 
 preaching he died within an hour from an affec 
 tion of the heart. 
 
 GRAEME, THOMAS, Dr., a distinguished phy 
 sician in Philadelphia for near half a century, 
 died about 1774. He was collector of the port. 
 He was a native of Scotland, a graduate in med 
 icine. His residence was Graeme park, about 
 twenty miles from the city. His wife was the 
 daughter of Sir Wm. Keith ; his daughter was 
 Mrs. Ferguson. Portfolio, new series, I. 520. 
 
 GRAFTOX, JOSEPH, a useful pastor, died at 
 Newton Dec. 16, 1836, aged 77. He was for 
 nearly half a century the Baptist minister of 
 Newton. He was born at Newport, R. I. He 
 published a piece on baptism and a funeral sermon. 
 
 GRAHAM, JOHN, first minister of Southbury, 
 Conn., died in Dec., 1774, aged 80. He was a 
 descendant of one of the marquises of Montrose, 
 born in Edinburgh in 1694, and educated at Glas 
 gow. He studied physic. Emigrating to this 
 country with the Londonderry people in 1718, he 
 lived at first in Exeter, N. H. ; but, after he be 
 came a preacher, he was ordained as the first 
 minister of Stafford, Conn., May 25, 1723. The 
 settlement of the town began in 1719. Suffering 
 
 with his family from want of the necessaries of 
 life, he was dismissed in 1731 for inadequate sup 
 port. After living a short time in Lebanon, he 
 was settled Jan. 17, 1733, as the first minister of 
 the second church in Woodbury, in a village which 
 is now the town of Southbury. Here he passed 
 more than forty years, useful and respected. He 
 had a colleague, Mr. Wildman, in 1766. In the 
 revival of religion in New England about 1740, 
 he zealously engaged in promoting it by his labors. 
 He married, in Exeter, Love Sanborn ; and there 
 his son John was born in 1722. His second wife 
 was Abigail, the daughter of Rev. Isaac Chauncy 
 of Hadley. His daughter, Love Graham, married 
 first Mr. Brinkerhoft, who lived on the Hudson 
 river, and next Rev. Jonathan Lee of Salisbury ; 
 she was the mother of Rev. Dr. Chauncy Lee. 
 Three of his sons, graduates of 1740, 1747, and 
 1760, were ministers: John of Suffield, Chauncy 
 of Fishkill, and Richard C. of Pelham, Mass. 
 His sons, Andrew and Robert, were physicians. 
 Robert lived at White Plains, and was judge of 
 the common pleas and the admiralty courts. Rev. 
 John G. died in West Suffield in 1796, aged 74. 
 Mr. Graham wrote, in 1732, a ballad against the 
 church of England. It exists in manuscript. He 
 published also a tract on the same subject, and a 
 rejoinder to Johnson s answer. They call him 
 Dr. Graham, perhaps because he was once a phy 
 sician. 
 
 GRAHAM, ANDREW, an eminent physician, and 
 patriot of the Revolution, was the son of the pre 
 ceding, and was for many years the representa 
 tive of Woodbury. lie was the surgeon of the 
 troops in the action at Danbury ; and in the battle 
 of the White Plains was taken prisoner, and not 
 released till the surrender of Cornwallis. lie 
 died in 1785. Graham s Vermont, 6, 7. 
 
 GRAHAM, ISABELLA, a pious and benevolent 
 lady of New York, was born in Scotland July 29, 
 1742; in 1765 she married Dr. John Graham, 
 and accompanied him with his regiment to Niag 
 ara, and thence to Antigua, where he died in 
 1774. She came in 1789 to New York, where 
 for many years she superintended a school for the 
 instruction of young ladies. By her efforts the 
 widow s society, the orphan asylum society, and 
 the society for the promotion of industry were in 
 stituted. She died July 27, 1814. Mr. Bethune 
 married her daughter. Dr. Mason published in 
 teresting memoirs of her life. 
 
 GRAHAM, JOHN AXDKEW, LL. D., died at 
 New York Aug. 29, 1841, aged 77. He was the 
 son of Dr. Andrew Graham, of Woodbury, the 
 sixth of his nine children. Born in 1764, in the 
 early part of his life he resided at Burlington, 
 Vt, and about 1795 he went to London as agent 
 to the Episcopal church of Vermont, and resided 
 there several years. On his return he lived at 
 
GRAHAM. 
 
 GRANT. 
 
 393 
 
 Now York. Ho published sketch of Vermont, 
 London, 1797 ; speeches in the New York courts, 
 1 812. 
 
 GRAHAM, WILLIAM M., colonel, fell in battle 
 in Mexico Sept. 8, 1847. He was born in Vir 
 ginia, and had fought the Indians in Florida in 
 various battles. 
 
 GRAHAM, JOSEPH, general, died Nov. 12, 
 1836, aged 77, in Lincoln county, N. C. He was 
 born in Chester, Penn., in 1759, and in the State 
 to which he emigrated sustained various public 
 offices. For forty years he was a member of the 
 Presbyterian church. He was frugal and liberal ; 
 he lived to see his children rise to eminence, and 
 he died in the assurance of a happy immortality. 
 
 GRAHAM, ISAAC GILBERT, M. 1)., died Sept. 
 1, 1848, aged 88. He was born in Southbury, 
 Conn., son of Dr. Andrew G.,and was surgeon in 
 army at West Point. At the close of the war he 
 settled at Unionville, N. Y., and there lived more 
 than sixty years, a benevolent physician, a sin 
 cere and humble believer in the Christian faith. 
 
 GRAHAM, ALEXANDER J., died at New Leba 
 non, N. Y., July 23, 1850, aged 24; a missionary 
 to the Choctaws. The son of Charles I. Graham, 
 of Newark, he was educated at Princeton college 
 and seminary; then took charge of the Spencer 
 academy, Arkansas, devoting himself to the ser 
 vice of forty Indian boys. But he soon died. 
 N. Y. Observer, Aug. 3. 
 
 GRAHAM, SYLVESTER, died at Northampton, 
 Mass., Sept. 11, 1851, aged 56. He was the son 
 of Rev. John G., of Suffield. For some years 
 he was a preacher ; then for the rest of his life a 
 public lecturer on total abstinence from animal 
 food, which he recommended ; on temperance, and 
 on other subjects. lie published lectures on the 
 science of human life, 2 vols., and other lectures. 
 Dr. Titus Cornwell, a resident in Illinois, died in 
 1855, bequeathing four-fifths of an estate of from 
 7,000 to 10,000 dollars, the interest to be em 
 ployed for the benefit of schools in Greene county, 
 in the distribution annually of Graham s and Al- 
 cott s lectures. 
 
 GRAHAM, DAVID, an eminent lawyer in New 
 York, died of the consumption at Nice, in Italy, 
 May 27, 1852, aged 46. He was skilled in argu 
 ing criminal and other jury cases. He was one 
 of the commissioners for framing the new code of 
 procedure in New York. 
 
 GRAHAM, AUGUSTUS, died in 1851. By his 
 will, dated April and Oct., 1851, he bequeathed 
 about 100,000 dollars to a multitude of institu 
 tions. Among the largest of his bequests were 
 27,000 to the Brooklyn institute; 12,000 for lec 
 tures on the attributes of God seen in his works ; 
 10,000 to the colonization society, and the same 
 to the Unitarian association in Boston. N. Y. 
 Observer, Dec. 11. 
 
 GRAHAM, JOHN B., died of apoplexy in 
 50 
 
 Brooklyn, N. Y., in March, 1853. He and his 
 brother Augustus, who died in 1852, were natives 
 of Scotland, and lived in B. about forty years ; 
 they were rich and generous, the founders of the 
 Brooklyn institute, home for aged females, and 
 the city hospital. 
 
 GRAHAM. MARGARET, Mrs., died in Lexing 
 ton, Va., Sept. 25, 1853, aged 83 ; the daughter 
 of William Alexander, and the sister of Dr. Ar 
 chibald A. When young she rode forty miles to 
 attend a remarkable religious meeting at the 
 Peaks of Otter, and became soon religious, and 
 made her profession with her brother under a 
 large tent, as there was no church at Lexington. 
 She lived as a Christian more than fifty years. 
 
 GRAHAM, JOILV, minister plenipotentiary to 
 the court of Brazil, died at Washington August 
 6, 1820, aged 46. His ill health had induced 
 him to return. While a member of the legisla 
 ture of Virginia, he was appointed secretary to 
 the American legation in Spain; afterwards sec 
 retary for the territory of Louisiana ; then chief 
 clerk in the department of State. In 1818 he 
 went on a mission with Rodney and Bland for 
 political information to Buenos Ayres. His long 
 and valuable report was made Nov. 5, 1818, and 
 is among the printed State papers. His worth 
 was attested by letters of Madison and Monroe, 
 published in Nat. Intell., Aug. 29, 1820. 
 
 GRANGER, GIDEON, postmaster-general of 
 the United States, died Dec. 31, 1822. He 
 was born at Suffield, Conn., July 19, 1767, the 
 son of Gideon Granger, and graduated at Yale 
 college in 1787. He soon became eminent as a 
 lawyer. Through his exertions in the legislature 
 Connecticut is chiefly indebted for its large school 
 fund. In 1801 Mr. Jefferson appointed him post 
 master-general in the place of J. Habersham, in 
 which office he continued till 1814, when, being 
 displaced and succeeded by Meigs, he removed to 
 Canandaigua, N. Y. As a member of the senate 
 of New York in 1819, he promoted internal im 
 provements. He gave one thousand acres of land 
 for the benefit of the canal. His wife was the 
 sister of Mr. Pease, assistant postmaster-gen 
 eral. He was tall, dignified, and commanding, 
 yet affable ; a man of integrity and distinguished 
 talents. His political writings were under the 
 signature of Senectus, on the school fund, and of 
 Algernon Sidney in 1809, and Epaminondas in 
 1820, in favor of the administrations of Jefferson 
 and of Gov. Clinton. 
 
 GRANGER, DANIEL T., died at Eastport, Me., 
 Dec. 27, 1854, aged about 48. He graduated at 
 Bowdoin in 1826, and was a lawyer of eminence 
 and integrity. 
 
 GRANT, ANNA, a widow, died at Rowley in 
 1801, aged 105. 
 
 GRANT, Mrs., a colored woman, died at Pitts- 
 field in 1845, aged more than 100 ; and another 
 
394 
 
 GRANT. 
 
 GRAYSON. 
 
 colored woman, Dinah, Avife of Thomas Brown, 
 died at P. in the same year, aged 92. 
 
 GRANT, ASAHEL, M. D., missionary, died at 
 Mosul of typhus fever April 24, 1844, aged 36. 
 He was born in Marshall, N. Y., and embarked 
 May, 1835. His wife, Judith Campbell of Cherry 
 Valley, died at Ooroomiah in 1839. A memoir 
 of him by A. C. Lathrop was published 1846, and 
 one by Mr. Laurie in 1853. A memoir of his 
 wife was published with that of Mrs. E. Dwight. 
 
 GRASSE, FRANCOIS JOSEPH PAUL, count de, 
 commander of the French fleet in the American 
 service in the Revolutionary war, died in France 
 Jan. 15, 1788, aged 65. His family were exiles 
 in the Revolution of France. His son in 1795 
 commanded a man-of-war in the British service. 
 
 GRATIOT, CHARLES, general, died in May, 
 1855, formerly chief of the engineer corps. 
 
 GRAUPNER, GOTTLIEB, professor of music, 
 died in Boston April 15, 1836, aged 70. 
 
 GRAVES, THOMAS, judge of the supreme 
 court of Massachusetts, died in 1747, aged about 
 65. He graduated at Harvard in 1703. 
 
 GRAVES, ALLEN, missionary at Bombay, died 
 Dec. 30, 1843, aged 51. Born at Rupert, Vt., he 
 graduated at Middlebury in 1812, at Andover sem 
 inary in 1816, and embarked for Bombay in 1817. 
 He visited the United States in 1832. His wife 
 was Mary Lee of Rupert. 
 
 GRAY, ELLIS, minister in Boston, died Jan. 7, 
 1753, aged 36. lie graduated at Harvard in 
 1734, and was ordained in 1738. As a preacher 
 he was earnest and pathetic. He published a 
 sermon at the ordination of T. Maccarty, 1742. 
 Mather s Fun. Sermon. 
 
 GRAY, JAMES, colonel, died in Stockbridge, 
 Mass., in 1782. He was commissary-general 
 for the northern department during the war ; but 
 ill health compelled him to resign. His daughter, 
 Mrs. Hunt, died in 1788, and his daughter, Mrs. 
 Bidwell, died in 1808. Mrs. Gray died in 1809. 
 She was an eminent Christian, a member of Dr. 
 West s church forty years. 
 
 GRAY, WILLIAM, lieutenant-governor of Mas 
 sachusetts, an eminent merchant, died Nov. 4, 
 1825, aged 74. He was born in Lynn, of hum 
 ble parentage, about 1751. He was early an ap 
 prentice to Samuel Gardner, and then to Richard 
 Derby, merchants of Salem. Entering upon 
 commercial pursuits at a favorable period, he 
 conducted his business with sound judgment and 
 unwearied industry. Though he acquired a very 
 large fortune, his simple habits remained unal 
 tered. In the period of the embargo in 1808, 
 he abandoned the party to Avhich he had been 
 attached, and espoused the side of the govern 
 ment, and it is said that the political excitement, 
 awakened against him, induced him to remove to 
 Boston. In 1810 he was elected lieutenant-gov 
 ernor, Mr. Gerry being chosen governor. Mrs. 
 
 Gray died in 1823. His sons were William II. 
 and Henry. 
 
 GRAY, HARRISON, died at Boston in Aug., 
 1846, aged 54. lie was a bookseller, formerly 
 of the firm of Hilliard, Gray & Co. He was 
 zealous in the temperance cause, and a member 
 of various charitable societies. 
 
 GRAY, THOMAS, D. I)., died at Jamaica Plain, 
 near Boston, June 1, 1847, aged 75. A graduate 
 of 1790, he was long the minister of a parish in 
 Roxbury. He published a sermon before the 
 humane society ; on abolition of slave trade, 
 1818; artillery election sermon, 1819; on opin 
 ions of the day, 1822 ; the death of Gov. Eustis ; 
 notice of Rev. John Bradford and sketch of 
 Roxbury churches, 1825 ; on industry, fervor, and 
 religion. 
 
 GRAY, JOSEPH B. MONTAGUE, M. D., died in 
 South Berwick, Me., Nov. 1, 1856, aged 38. He 
 was principal of Berwick academy, late of Essex, 
 England, an accomplished scholar and successful 
 teacher. He contributed to the reviews learned 
 writings upon subjects of classical literature. He 
 edited a Greek classic, now in use at Cambridge. 
 
 GRAY", FREDERIC T., died in Boston March 9, 
 1855, aged 51. He was for some time an asso 
 ciate with Dr. Tuckerman as a city missionary ; 
 then a colleague of Mr. Dean and his successor 
 for fifteen years. In ill health, he went in 1853 
 to San Francisco and had the charge of the Uni 
 tarian society. 
 
 GRAYDON, ALEXANDER, naval captain in 
 the Revolutionary war, after the peace entered on 
 the profession of the law, and lived in Dauphin 
 county, Penn. He died at Philadelphia May 2, 
 1818, aged 66. He published authentic memoirs 
 of a life chiefly passed in Pennsylvania, etc., 1811. 
 
 GRAY T SON, WILLIAM, a senator of the United 
 States, died March 12, 1790. He was a native 
 of Virginia, and was appointed a representative 
 to congress from that State in 1784, and contin 
 ued a number of years. In June, 1788, he was 
 a member of the Virginia convention, which was 
 called for the purpose of considering the present 
 constitution of the United States. In that assem 
 bly, rendered illustrious by men of the first tal 
 ents, he was very conspicuous. His genius united 
 with the eloquence of Henry in opposing the 
 adoption of the constitution. While he acknowl 
 edged the evils of the old government, he was 
 afraid that the proposed government would 
 destroy the liberty of the States. His principal 
 objections to it were, that it took from the States 
 the sole right to direct taxation, which was the 
 highest act of sovereignty; that the limits be 
 tween the national and State authorities were not 
 sufficiently defined ; that they might clash, in 
 which case the general government would prevail ; 
 that there was no provision against raising such 
 a navy as was more than sufficient to protect 
 
GREELEY. 
 
 our trade, and thus would excite the jealousy of 
 European powers and lead to Avar; and that 
 there Avere no adequate checks against the abuse 
 of power, especially by the president, who Avas 
 responsible only to his counsellors and partners 
 in crime, the members of the senate. After the 
 constitution Avas adopted, Colonel Grayson Avas 
 appointed one of the senators from Virginia in 
 1789. His colleague Avas Richard Henry Lee. 
 His great abilities were united with unimpcached 
 integrity. Gazette of United States, I. 395 ; 
 Debates in Virginia Convention. 
 
 GREELEY, ZACCHEUS, died in Londonderry, 
 N. H., June 16, 1846, aged 93. His widow, 
 Mary Woodburn, died in Wayne, Erie county, 
 Penn., July 27, 1855, aged 68, a Avoman amiable, 
 and of a strong mind. These were the parents of 
 Horace Grecley of NCAV York. 
 
 GREEN, SAMUEL, a printer, the son of Bar- 
 tholomeAV Green of Cambridge, Avas fifteen years 
 old when he arrived in 1630. He succeeded to 
 the business of Daye in printing at Cambridge 
 about 1649, and died Jan. 1, 1702, aged 86. He 
 was a pious and benevolent man. He had nine 
 teen children. His descendants were a race of 
 printers ; living in Boston, NCAV London, Nor- 
 Avich, Hartford, New Haven, and also in Vermont 
 and Maryland. He printed the laAvs in 1660; 
 and also, at the expense of about 1200 pounds, 
 paid by the commissioners in NCAV England, the 
 folloAving in the Indian language ; the psalter, 
 Eliot s catechism, Baxter s call, the New Testa 
 ment, and one thousand copies of the Bible, 
 1683- The psalter Avas first printed by Daye in 
 1639, the first printed book in NCAV England : the 
 Cambridge Platform Avas by Green in 1649. 
 George Biinlcy is preparing a history of printing 
 in America, in the century ending 1700. A 
 second edition of the Bible, begun in 1680, Avas 
 completed in 1686. Thomas gives a long list of 
 the books printed by him. Thomas, l. 235-264. 
 
 GREEN, HENRY, the first minister of Reading,- 
 Mass., died in 1648. He came from England. 
 The church was gathered in 1644; and he Avas 
 probably then ordained. 
 
 GREEN, BARTHOLOMEW, a printer, the son 
 of Samuel, died Dec. 28, 1732. He began busi 
 ness in Boston in 1690 ; and commenced a weekly 
 paper, the Boston News-Letter, April, 1704, for 
 John Campbell, postmaster, and after eighteen 
 years published it on his oAvn account. This Avas 
 the first newspaper in the British colonies. Like 
 his father he Avas distinguished for piety and be 
 nevolence, and Avas a deacon of the old south 
 church. His son, Bartholomew, a printer in 
 Boston, was the grandfather of Joseph Dennie. 
 - Thwax,\. 283, 321. 
 
 GREKX, JOSEPH, pastor of Salem village, died 
 Nov. 2(>, 1715, aged 39. He Avas the son of John J 
 Green, marshal general of the colony, and a i 
 
 GREEN. 
 
 395 
 
 grandson of PcrciA al Green, who lived in Cam 
 bridge from 1636 till his death in 1640. He 
 graduated in 1695, and was ordained in 1697. 
 He healed the difficulties, which sprung up under 
 Mr. Parris. The church record declares him 
 "The choicest floAver and goodliest tree in the 
 garden of our God." His Avife Avas Elizabeth, 
 daughter of Rev. Joseph Gerrish ; he Avas the 
 father of Joseph Green, a merchant of Boston, 
 Avho died in 1765. J. Barnard placed him 
 among "worthy and learned divines." A sermon 
 on his death by T. Blowers, and a poem by 
 N. Noyes, were published. 
 
 GREEN, TIMOTHY, a printer, the son of Sam 
 uel, and grandson of Samuel G. of Cambridge, 
 after conducting a press thirteen years in Boston, 
 removed to NCAV London in 1714, by encourage 
 ment of the government of Conn., having a 
 salary of 50 pounds a year. He Avas pious and 
 benevolent, cheerful and facetious. Of the church 
 at NeAv London he Avas a deacon. He died May 
 5, 1757, aged 78. Three of his sons were print 
 ers. 
 
 GREEN, JOSEPH, a poet, Avas born in Boston 
 in 1706; graduated at Harvard college in 1726; 
 and afterwards devoted himself to commercial 
 pursuits. He had a vein of humor and satire, 
 Avhich he freely indulged, associated with a club 
 of Avits, not sparing the measures of the govern 
 ment ; but at the beginning of the Revolution he 
 Avent to England, and died in 1780, aged 74. He 
 wrote a burlesque on a psalm of Mather Byles ; 
 he ridiculed the freemasons in the entertainment 
 for a winter s CA ening in 1750; he wrote also the 
 land bank ; account of the celebration of St. 
 John ; and lamentation on Mr. Old Tenor. 
 Spec. Amer. Poet. i. 133-139. 
 
 GREEN, JOHX, an excellent portrait painter 
 of Philadelphia, was the friend of Godfrey the 
 poet who died in 1763, and Avrote an elegy to his 
 memory, Avhich is prefixed to his poems. 
 
 GREEN, JONAS, died at Annapolis, Maryland, 
 April 10, 1767. He had published the Maryland 
 Gazette nearly thirty years. 
 
 GREEN, JOSEPH, minister of the east parish 
 of Barnstable, died Oct. 4, 1770, aged 79. He 
 Avas born in Boston ; graduated at Harvard in 
 1720; and was ordained May 12, 1725. He 
 published a sermon at the ordination of his son 
 Joseph, at Marshfield, 1753. 
 
 GREEN, JACOB, minister of Hanover, N. J., 
 died in May, 1790, aged 68. He Avas a native of 
 Massachusetts, and graduated at Harvard in 1744. 
 He accompanied Mr. Whitefield to N. J. in 
 1745, and studied theology Avith Jonathan Dick 
 inson and Mr. Burr. His Avife Avas the daughter 
 of Rev. John Pierson, of Woodbridge. Mr. 
 Green Avas one of the original trustees of the col 
 lege, of which his son, Ashbel Green, Avas ftftcr- 
 Avards the president. 
 
396 
 
 GREEN. 
 
 GREENE. 
 
 GREEN, ROLAND, minister of Marshfield, 
 Mass., died July 4, 1808, aged 70, in the forty- 
 seventh year of his ministry. lie graduated at 
 Harvard in 17*38, and was ordained at Norton in 
 1761, as successor of Ebenezer White, deceased. 
 
 GREEN, FRANCIS, a merchant in Boston, son 
 of Benjamin G., of Halifax, and grandson of 
 Rev. Joseph G., was graduated at Harvard college 
 in 1760. At the beginning of the Revolution he j 
 repaired to England. On his return in 1799, he j 
 resided at Medford, where he died April 21, 1809, j 
 aged 67. Having two children who were deaf 
 and dumb, he placed them at Edinburgh under 
 the skilful care of the Braid woods. He published 
 a dissertation on the art of imparting speech to 
 the deaf and dumb, London, 1783. After his re 
 turn he wrote essays on the same subject in the 
 newspapers, and translated the letters of the 
 Abbe L Epee. 
 
 GREEN, JOHN, a physician, died at Worcester 
 Nov. 29, 1799, aged 63. He was the son of Dr. 
 Thomas G., who was a native of Maiden, Mass., 
 and one of the first settlers of Leicester, having 
 his first lodging in the cave of a rock. Born in 
 1736, lie studied with his self-taught father; set 
 tled at Worcester ; and was extensively employed. 
 His wife was the daughter of Brigadier Ruggles 
 of Hard wick ; he had many children. His son, 
 John, a physician, more distinguished than him 
 self, was born in 1763, and died at Worcester Aug. 
 11, 1808, aged 45. Never in his practice was he 
 known to accept the proffer of strong drink for 
 his refreshment. Thacher. 
 
 GREEN, JAMES, major-general, died at Long 
 Branch, N. J., Sept., 1811. He was an officer in 
 the Revolutionary war. 
 
 GREEN, LEMUEL, died in Philadelphia in 
 1831, aged 79, a Methodist minister. 
 
 GREEN, SAMUEL, a minister in Boston, died in 
 Nov., 1834, aged 41. He was born in Stoneham, 
 and was a graduate of Harvard in 1816. Me 
 moirs of him by R. H. Storrs were published in 
 1836. He published a tract, called More than a 
 hundred arguments for the Divinity of Christ. 
 
 GREEN, JOSHUA, judge, died in Wendell in 
 1847. A native of Boston, he graduated at Har 
 vard in 1784 ; his father, Joshua, was a graduate 
 of 1749. For more than fifty years he was a 
 most useful and respected citizen. He was the 
 father of Dr. Joshua Green, of Groton. 
 
 GREEN, JACOB, M. D., died Feb. 1, 1841, at 
 Philadelphia ; professor of chemistry in Jefferson 
 college, the author of a monogram of the trilo- 
 bites. 
 
 GREEN, ASHBEL, D. D., died in Philadelphia 
 May 19, 1848, aged nearly 86. He was the son 
 of Jacob Green, who was forty years the minister 
 of Hanover, N. J., and who was a native of his 
 ancestral town of Maiden. He graduated at 
 Nassua Hall at the age of twenty-one ; the con 
 
 gress then sitting at Princeton, Washington at 
 tended at commencement. He was then four 
 years a tutor and professor. Next settled as a col 
 league with Dr. Sprout, at Philadelphia, he was 
 a very acceptable preacher for twenty-five years, 
 till in 1812 he was chosen president of Princeton 
 college, from which he withdrew in 1823, when 
 past sixty. In Philadelphia he now lived again 
 and preached to the poor, and edited the monthly 
 Christian Advocate. He died in great peace. He 
 was regarded as a man of an indomitable will, of 
 self-control, and skilful in business. He was the 
 father of Princeton seminary. His autobiography 
 was published in a large volume in 1849, com 
 menced when eighty-one years old, and finished 
 by Drs. Jones, Plumer, and Murray. 
 
 GREEN, Dr. EZRA, died in Dover, N. H., July 
 25, 1847, aged 101 years and about a month. 
 Born in Maiden, Mass., he graduated in 1765 ; at 
 his death he was the oldest graduate of Harvard. 
 In 1775 he joined the army, and was a surgeon in 
 the Ranger, commanded by Paul Jones, continu 
 ing in the navy till 1781. He was afterwards a 
 merchant in Dover, and a member of the conven 
 tion for adopting the constitution of the United 
 States. After passing the age of eighty he assisted 
 in forming a Unitarian society. At his death he 
 was in the full possession of his faculties. 
 
 GREEN, AARON, minister of Maiden, died at 
 AndoverDec. 23, 1853, aged 89. A graduate of 
 1789, he was ordained Sept. 30, 1795, and re 
 signed his office in 1827, and soon removed to 
 Andover. He survived all his class. He pub 
 lished a discourse on the death of Washington, 
 1800. 
 
 GREENE, CHRISTOPHER, lieutenant-colonel, 
 a Revolutionary officer, died in 1781, aged 44. 
 He was born in Warwick, R. I., in 1737. In 
 1775 he was a major under his relative, Gen. N. 
 Greene. He accompanied Arnold through the 
 wilderness. At the seige of Quebec, being in the 
 command of a company, he was taken prisoner. 
 After being exchanged, Washington intrusted 
 him with the command of fort Mercer on the 
 Delaware, commonly called Red Bank, where he 
 was attacked by Col. Donop and his Hessians, 
 whom he repulsed. Donop was slain. For this 
 service congress voted him a s\vord, which was 
 presented to his eldest son in 1786. In 1778 he 
 was with the army under Sullivan. In the spring 
 of 1781, having been posted on Croton river, he 
 was surprised by a corps of refugees and barbar 
 ously murdered. 
 
 GREENE, CALEB, chief justice of R. I., died 
 at Coventry in Jan., 1794, at an advanced age. 
 
 GREENE, NATHANIEL, a major-general of the 
 army of the United States, died June 19, 1786, 
 aged 46. He was born in Warwick, R. I., about 
 the year 1740. His parents were Quakers. His 
 father was an anchorsmith, who was concerned in 
 
GREENE. 
 
 some valuable iron works, and transacted much 
 business. While he was a boy, he learned the 
 Latin language chiefly by his own unassisted in 
 dustry. Having procured a small library, his 
 mind was much improved, though the perusal of 
 military history occupied a considerable share of 
 his attention. Such was the estimation in which 
 his character was held, that he was at an early 
 period of his life chosen a member of the assem 
 bly of 11. I. After the battle of Lexington had 
 enkindled at once the spirit of Americans through 
 out the whole continent, Mr. Greene, though edu 
 cated in the peaceful principles of the Friends, 
 could not extinguish the martial ardor which had 
 been excited in his own breast. Receiving the 
 command of three regiments with the title of 
 brigadier-general, he led them to Cambridge; in 
 consequence of which the Quakers renounced all 
 connection with him as a member of their reli 
 gious body. On the arrival of Washington at 
 Cambridge, he was the first who expressed to the 
 commamler-in-chief his satisfaction in his ap 
 pointment, and he soon gained his entire confi 
 dence, lie was appointed by congress major- 
 general in Aug., 1776. In the battles of Trenton 
 Dec. 2Gth, and of Princeton Jan. 3, 1777, he was 
 much distinguished. He commanded the left 
 wing of t he American army at the battle of Ger- 
 mantcwn, Oct. 4th. In March, 1778, he was 
 appointed quartermaster-general, which office he 
 accepted, on condition that his rank in the army 
 should not be aft ected, and that he should retain 
 his command in the time of action. This right he 
 exercised June 28th, at the battle of Monmouth. 
 His courage and skill were again displayed Aug. 
 29th, in Rhode Island. He resigned in this year 
 the office of quartermaster-general, and was suc 
 ceeded by Col. Pickering. After the disasters, 
 which attended the American arms in South 
 Carolina, he was appointed to supersede Gates, 
 and he took the command in the southern depart 
 ment Dec. 3, 1780. Having recruited the army, 
 which had been exceedingly reduced by defeat 
 and desertion, he sent out a detachment under 
 the brave Gen. Morgan, who gained the impor 
 tant victory at the Cowpens Jan. 17, 1781. Greene 
 effected a junction with him Feb. 7, but on ac 
 count of the superior numbers of Cornwallis, he 
 retreated with great skill to Virginia. Ilavin 
 received an accession to his forces, he returned to 
 North Carolina, and in the battle of Guilford, 
 March loth, was defeated. The victory, however, 
 was dearly bought by the British, for their loss 
 was greater than that of the Americans, and no 
 advantages were derived from it. In a few days 
 Cornwallis began to march toward Wilmington, 
 leaving many of his wounded behind him, which 
 had the appearance of a retreat, and Greene fol 
 lowed him for some time. But, altering his plan, 
 he resolved to recommence offensive operations in 
 
 GREENE. 
 
 397 
 
 South Carolina. He accordingly marched directly 
 to Camden, where, April 2<3th, he was engaged 
 with Lord Rawdon. Victory inclined for some 
 time to the Americans ; but the retreat of two 
 companies occasioned the defeat of the whole 
 army. Greene retreated in good order, and took 
 such measures as effectually prevented Lord 
 Rawdon from improving his success, and obliged 
 him, in the beginning of May, to retire beyond the 
 Santce. While he was in the neighborhood of San- 
 tee, Greene hung in one day eight soldiers, who 
 had deserted from his army. For three months 
 afterwards there was no instance of desertion. A 
 number of forts and garrisons in South Carolina 
 now fell into his hands. He commenced the siege 
 of Ninety-six May 22, but he was obliged, on the 
 approach of Lord Rawdon in June, to raise the 
 siege. The army, which had been highly en 
 couraged by the late success, was now reduced to 
 the melancholy necessity of retreating to the ex 
 tremity of the State. The American commander 
 was advised to retire to Virginia ; but to sugges 
 tions of this kind, he replied : " I will recover 
 South Carolina, or die in the attempt." Waiting 
 till the British forces were divided, he faced about, 
 and Lord Rawdon was pursued in his turn, and 
 was offered battle after he reached his encamp 
 ment at Orangeburgh, but he declined it. Sept. 
 8th, Greene covered himself with glory by the 
 victory at the Eutaw Springs, in which the Bri 
 tish, who fought with the utmost bravery, lost 
 one thousand and one hundred men, and the 
 Americans about half that number. For his good 
 conduct in this action, congress presented him 
 with a British standard and a golden medal. This 
 engagement may be considered as closing the 
 Revolutionary war in South Carolina. During the 
 remainder of his command he had to struggle 
 with the greatest difficulties from the want of sup 
 plies for his troops. Strong symptoms of mutiny 
 appeared, but his firmness and decision completely 
 quelled it. 
 
 After the conclusion of the war he returned to 
 Rhode Island, where the greatest dissensions pre 
 vailed, and his endeavors to restore harmony were 
 attended with success. In Oct., 1785, he sailed 
 to Georgia, where he had a considerable estate not 
 far distant from Savannah. Here he passed his 
 time as a private citizen, occupied by domestic 
 concerns. While walking without an umbrella, 
 the intense rays of the sun overpowered him, 
 and occasioned an inflammation of the brain, of 
 which he died. Congress ordered a monument 
 to be erected to his memory at the seat of the 
 federal government. His widow married Phineas 
 Miller, the co-partner of Eli Whitney, inventor 
 of the cotton gin. His youngest daughter, Mrs. 
 Louisa C. Shaw, died at Cumberland Island in 
 April, 1831. His eldest surviving brother, Wil 
 liam, died at East Greenwich in Oct., 182G, aged 
 
398 
 
 GREENE. 
 
 GREEXOUGH. 
 
 83. He possessed a humane and benevolent dis 
 position, and, abhorring the cruelties and ex 
 cesses of which partisans on both sides were 
 guilty, uniformly inculcated a spirit of moderation. 
 Yet he was resolutely severe, when the preserva 
 tion of discipline rendered severity necessary. In 
 the campaign of 1781 he displayed the prudence, 
 the military skill, the unshaken firmness, and the 
 daring courage which are seldom combined, and 
 which place him in the first rank of American offi 
 cers. His judgment was correct, and his self- 
 possession never once forsook him. In one of 
 his letters he says, that he was seven months in 
 the field without taking off his clothes for a single 
 night. It is thought that he was the most en 
 deared to the commander-in-chief of all his asso 
 ciates in arms. Washington often lamented his 
 death with the keenest sorrow. Sketches of his 
 life were published by Mr. Johnson, also by Dr. 
 C. Cakhvell. Hill/louse s Oral, on his death; 
 American Mus. II. ill. VIL; Mass. Mag. IV. 616, 
 671; Gordon; Marshall ; Ramsay s S. C. ii.; 
 Holmes; Stedman, 11.376; Warren, III. 56-59. 
 
 GREENE, WILLIAM, governor of R. I, died 
 at Warwick in ])ec., 1809. 
 
 GREENE, GRIFFIN, died at Marietta June, 
 1804, aged 55, one of the ablest of the Ohio 
 company s settlers. He was born in Warwick, 
 R. I., and was a cousin of Gen. N. Greene, with 
 whom he Avorked at the same forge in the manu 
 facture of anchors. In 1794 he led the expedi 
 tion to discover the Salt springs near the Scioto. 
 He was postmaster at M. Ilildreth s Biog. 
 Memoirs. 
 
 GREENE, PETER, Dr., died at Concord, N. II., 
 April, 1828, aged 83. 
 
 GREENE, GARDINER, president of the Branch 
 Bank of the United States, died in Boston Dec. 
 19, 1832, aged 79. He was a man of great 
 wealth. 
 
 GREENE, ASA, M. D., a bookseller in New 
 York, died in 1839, aged 49. He graduated at 
 Williams college in 1813, and went to New York 
 about 1830. lie published various humorous 
 pieces, as the life of Dr. Duckworth ; the perils of 
 Pearl street ; a glance at New York, 1837. 
 Cycl. of Lit. 
 
 GREENE, THOMAS, Dr., of Providence, died 
 at Hartford in 1840, aged 76. 
 
 GREENE, ALPHEUS S., Dr., died in Utica 
 Jan. 25, 1851, aged 64. He had held many 
 offices of trust. 
 
 GREENHOW, ROBERT, M. D., died in Cali 
 fornia in 1854, aged 54. He was born in Rich 
 mond, Va. His father was Robert, mayor of the 
 city ; his mother perished in the burning of the 
 theatre, lie studied physic in New York ; in 
 1828 he was appointed translator in the depart 
 ment of State at Washington ; in 1850 he went 
 to California. He died in consequence of falling 
 
 in the night into a pit in the streets of California. 
 He published a history of Oregon and California. 
 Cycl. of Lit. 
 
 GREENLEAF, STKPIIKX, sheriff of Suffolk, 
 died Jan. 26, 1797, aged 92. The son of Rev. 
 Daniel of Yarmouth, he graduated at Harvard in 
 1723. 
 
 GREENLEAF, DANIEL, minister of North 
 Yarmouth, Me., died in Boston in 1763, aged 88. 
 He graduated at Harvard in 1699. 
 
 GREENLEAF, Moras, died at Williamsburg, 
 Me., March 20, 1834, aged 55. He was the son 
 of Moses, of Newburyport, who removed to New 
 Gloucester, where he died, leaving other sons, 
 Simon and Jonathan. He published statistical 
 view of Maine, 1816 ; a survey of Maine, 1829. 
 
 GREENLEAF, SIMON, LL. D., an eminent 
 lawyer, died at Cambridge Oct. 6, 1853, aged 69. 
 He was born in Newburyport Dec. 5, 1783, and 
 practised law in Maine. In 1854 he succeeded 
 Mr. Ashmun as Royall professor of law in Har 
 vard, and removed to Cambridge. On the death 
 of Judge Story he took the chair of the Dane 
 professorship, which he resigned in 1848. Never 
 educated at a college, he was yet worthy of the 
 honors he received from Harvard. A Christian 
 of the Episcopal church, he M - as distinguished for 
 his virtues. For years he was president of the 
 Massachusetts bible society. The fugitive slave 
 law he abhorred, notwithstanding the opinion of 
 his friend, Mr. Webster. He published reports 
 in 9 vols. ; a volume of over-ruled cases ; on evi 
 dence, 3 vols., 1842-1853; Cruise s digest of real 
 law, with annotations, 1846; an examination of 
 the testimony of the four evangelists by the rides 
 of evidence, with the trial of Jesus: rcpublished 
 in England. 
 
 GREENOUGH, THOMAS, the last of the tribe 
 of Nobscussett Indians, died in the alms-house at 
 Yarmouth, Jan., 1837, aged 90. 
 
 GREENOUGH, WILLIAM, minister of Newton, 
 Mass., died Nov. 10, 1831, aged 75. The son of 
 Deacon Thomas G. of Boston, he was born June 
 29, 1756 ; his mother was Sarah Stoddard, the 
 daughter of David, the son of Simon, who was the 
 brother of Rev. Solomon Stoddard. He graduated 
 at Yale in 1774; and was ordained in 1781. He 
 was a faithful and useful minister. Of his chil 
 dren by his wife Abigail, the daughter of Rev. S. 
 Badger, were Sarah, married to Josiah Fuller; 
 and Abigail, married to Robert H. Thayer ; and 
 William, the father of William W. Greenough. 
 He published charges at the installation of Mr. 
 Fay and Dr. Griffin ; also, a sermon before the 
 society for foreign missions, 1814. 
 
 GREENOUGH, HORATIO, a sculptor, died in 
 Somcrville, Mass., in Dec., 1852, aged 47. Born 
 in Boston Sept. 6, 1805, he graduated in 1825; 
 and proceeded soon to Italy, where he spent most 
 of his remaining life. He principally lived in 
 
GREENSMITH. 
 
 GREW. 
 
 399 
 
 Florence. He was a very eminent sculptor, 
 and a kindly, generous man. His brother, 
 John, a painter, died in Paris Nov. 16, 1852 
 aged 51 ; he was a graduate of 1824. On 
 hearing of his death, the American artists at 
 Home held a meeting, which was addressed by 
 Thomas Crawford and William W. Story ; and 
 where among other resolutions, it was resolved in 
 respect to him : " He is fairly entitled to be con 
 sidered as the pioneer of American sculpture. 
 His works are marked by purity of conception, 
 correctness of taste, graceful design, and rare deli 
 cacy of sentiment. He also won the friendship 
 and regard of all who knew him." Among his 
 early productions are the Medora, the Chanting 
 Cherubs, the Angel Abdiel. His last great work, 
 at Washington, is a group symbolizing the triumph 
 of civilization, received from Florence since his 
 death. His writings are contained in a memorial 
 published in 1853. 
 
 GREENSMITH, Mrs., . a witch, was executed 
 as a witch at Hartford, Conn., in 1652. Peters 
 says, she was " the first witch." 
 
 GREENUP, CHRISTOPHER, governor of Ken 
 tucky, died at Frankfort in May, 1818. He suc 
 ceeded Garrand from 1804 to 1808, when he was 
 succeeded by Charles Scott. He was a brave 
 patriot of the Revolution, and participated in the 
 perils of war. He was for years a faithful and 
 able member of the state and national legislature. 
 In the public estimation he was the most useful 
 man in Kentucky. 
 
 GREEN WOO]), THOMAS, minister of Seekonk, 
 Mass., died in 1720, aged 50. He was born at 
 Plymouth, and graduated at Harvard in 1690. 
 He was succeeded by John Greenwood, who died 
 in 1766, ciged about 70. He was born at See 
 konk, and graduated at Harvard in 1717. 
 
 GREENWOOD, ISAAC, first professor of math 
 ematics at Harvard college, was graduated in 
 1721; was elected professor in 1728, and after 
 ten years was dismissed. He afterwards went to 
 Carolina, where he died in 1745. lie published 
 an arithmetic, 1729; and a philosophical discourse 
 on mutability, etc., occasioned by the death of 
 Mr. llollis, the founder of the professorship, in 
 1731. 
 
 GREENWOOD, JOHN, minister of Rehoboth, 
 died in 1766, aged about 69. He graduated at 
 Harvard in 1717. 
 
 GREENWOOD, MARY LANGDON, died in Bos 
 ton in July, 1855, aged 80, the mother of Rev. 
 F. W. P. Greenwood. Her mind Deceived the 
 finest culture, and she had great excellencies of 
 character. She early wrote a dialogue on female 
 education, published in Bingham s American Pre 
 ceptor. 
 
 GREENWOOD, FRANCIS W. P., D. ])., min 
 ister of King s chapel, Boston, died Aug. 2, 1843, 
 aged about 50. He graduated at Harvard in 
 
 1814, and was first settled in Baltimore. He 
 lived in Boston from 1823, about twenty years. 
 He was an accomplished scholar and naturalist. 
 He published sermons at the ordination of W. P, 
 Lunt, 1828; of W. Newell, 1830; of J. W. 
 Thompson, 1832; and of S. May, 1834; history 
 of king s chapel, 1833 ; sermon to the female 
 asylum; artillery election sermon, 1826; on the 
 Lord s supper ; on death of C. Gore ; collection 
 of psalms and hymns ; the theology of the Cam 
 bridge divinity school, 1830 ; on fast day. A 
 volume of his sermons was published. Boston 
 Advertiser, Aug. 19, 1843. 
 
 GREENWOOD, ETHAN A., died in Hubbards- 
 ton May 3, 1856, aged nearly 80. He was long 
 a proprietor of the New England Museum in 
 Boston, and a painter. 
 
 GREGG, Captain, was scalped by the Indians 
 
 near fort Stamvix, N. Y., in the summer of 1777, 
 
 and left for dead. But his life was preserved l>y 
 
 ! the affection and good offices of his dog. He 
 
 I went out with a corporal to shoot pigeons, when 
 
 I some Indians, unseen, fired upon him and wounded 
 
 I him, so that he fell, and killed his companion. 
 
 Seeing an Indian approaching him, and unable to 
 
 resist him, he feigned to be dead ; but received 
 
 several blows on his head from the tomahawk of 
 
 the savage, and was then scalped. As he revived 
 
 and could move a little, his dog yelped and 
 
 whined ; but soon ran off to some men, who were 
 
 fishing at the distance of a mile, and whined, and 
 
 then moved in a certain direction repeatedly, so 
 
 that they concluded to follow him, and he led 
 
 them to his master, whom they conveyed to the 
 
 fort ; and he survived his perilous wounds. 
 
 Du itjld s Travels, vol. ill. 
 
 GREGG, "WILLIAM, colonel, an officer of the 
 Revolution, died Sept. 16, 1824, aged nearly 94. 
 He was born at Londonderry, N. II., Oct. 21, 
 1730, being the son of Capt. John G., and the 
 grandson of Capt. James G., one of the first set 
 tlers of that town. He was engaged in the battle 
 of Bennington under Stark. After the war he 
 retired to his farm. 
 
 GREGG, JARVIS, professor of rhetoric in West 
 ern Reserve college, died in Hudson, Ohio, June 
 28, 1836 ; a graduate of Dartmouth in 1828. He 
 died suddenly of the scarlet fever ; he had been 
 married but a short time. For piety, scholarship, 
 and manners he was highly esteemed. 
 
 GRENNELL, GEORGE, died in Greenfield, 
 Mass., in 1844, aged 93, the oldest inhabitant of 
 G. lie was the father of George Grennell. 
 
 GREW, THEOPHILUS, professor of mathemat 
 ics in the college of Philadelphia, died in 1759. 
 lie had been a teacher in Kent county, and in an 
 academy at Philadelphia. For his scientific at 
 tainments and skill as an. instructor he was dis 
 tinguished. Nathaniel Evans honored his memory 
 by some poetic lines. He was supposed to be a 
 
400 
 
 GRLDLEY. 
 
 GRIFFIN. 
 
 grandson of the English botanist, who, in 1676, 
 first suggested the sexual doctrine of vegetables 
 to the royal society of London. 
 
 GRIDLEY, JEREMY, attorney-general of the 
 province of Massachusetts, died Sept. 10, 1767, 
 aged about 62. He was graduated at Harvard 
 college in 1725. He was editor of the Weekly 
 Rehearsal, a newspaper, which commenced in 
 Boston Sept. 27, 1731, and continued only for 
 one year. He soon became pre-eminent as a 
 lawyer, and was appointed king s attorney. In 
 this capacity he in 1761 defended the writs of as 
 sistance, which the custom-house officers had ap 
 plied for to the superior court, and by which they 
 would be authorized to enter at their discretion 
 suspected houses. He was opposed with great 
 force of argument by his former pupil, Mr. Otis. 
 Pie was colonel of the first regiment of militia, 
 and grand master of the free-masons. His 
 strength of understanding, and his extensive 
 knowledge, particularly his intimate acquaintance 
 with classical literature, gave him the first rank 
 among men of intellect and learning, while his 
 thorough knowledge of the canon and civil law 
 placed him at the head of his profession. He 
 possessed at the same time a sensibility of heart, 
 which endeared him to all who were connected 
 with him in social and domestic life. His forti 
 tude in his last moments resulted from the princi 
 ples of religion. Hist. Coll. III. 301; V. 212; 
 Boston Post-Boy, Sept, 14, 1767 ; Minot, 1.88-90 ; 
 Gordon, I. 141. 
 
 GRIDLEY, RICHARD, major-general, brothei 
 of the preceding, died at Stoughton June 20, 
 1796, aged 84. He Avas born in Boston in 1711. 
 In 1746 he was engineer in the reduction of 
 Louisbourg. In 1755 he again entered the army 
 as chief engineer and colonel of infantry. Under 
 Winslow he was concerned in the expedition to 
 Crown Point in 1756, and constructed the fortifi 
 cations on Lake George. He served under Am- 
 herst in 1758, and was with Wolfe on the plains 
 of Abraham. For his services Magdalen Island 
 was given him, with half pay. At the commence 
 ment of the Revolution he was appointed chief 
 engineer. He skilfully laid out the works in for 
 tification of Breed s hill, the day before the battle 
 of June 17th, in which he was wounded. His 
 daughter, Jane, who married Elijah Hunt, of 
 Northampton, died in 1818, aged 80. 
 
 GRIDLEY, ELXATHAN, a missionary at Smyrna, 
 was boru in Farmington, Conn. ; was graduated 
 at Yale college in 1820, and studied theology at 
 Andovcr. He also studied physic. He was or 
 dained as a missionary Aug. 25, 1825, and sailed 
 with Mr. Brewer Aug. 16, 1826. After his arri 
 val at Smyrna, he studied modern Greek and 
 Turkish. In June, 1827, he accompanied a friend 
 to Endurouk, a Greek village, six miles from Cai- 
 saria, in the interior of Asia Minor. There he 
 
 died Sept. 27, 1827, aged 31. Proposing to as 
 cend Mount Argeus, which is about thirteen thou 
 sand feet high, covered with perpetual snows, he 
 with much fatigue, Sept. 13th, approached Avithin 
 three or four hundred feet of the summit, when 
 he was prevented from advancing by perpendic 
 ular rocks. The next day he suffered from the 
 headache and soon fell a victim to a malignant 
 fever, occasioned, probably, by his imprudence. 
 Missionary Herald, April, 1828. 
 
 GRIDLEY, ELIJAH, died at Granby June 10, 
 1834, aged 74. Born in Berlin, a graduate of 
 Yale in 1788, he was first the minister of Mans 
 field, then of Granby. He was the father of R. 
 W. Gridley. 
 
 GRIDLEY, RALPH W., died at Ottawa, 111., 
 Feb. 2, 1840, aged 46 ; a graduate of Yale in 
 1814. Before he removed to the west he was the 
 minister of Williamstown, and eminently suc 
 cessful. 
 
 GRIFFIN, CYRUS, president of congress, was 
 a native of England; in 1778 he was elected a 
 delegate to congress from Virginia, and again in 
 1787. Under the constitution he was a judge of 
 the district court from Dec., 1789, for twenty-one 
 years. At his first court John Marshall was ad 
 mitted as counsel. He died at Yorktown Dec. 
 10, 1810, aged 62. 
 
 GRIFFIN, EDMUND D., a distinguished writer, 
 died Sept. 1, 1830, aged 26. He was the second 
 son of George Griffin, and was born at Wyoming, 
 Penn., Sept. 10, 1804. His mother was the 
 daughter of Col. Zebulon Butler, who commanded 
 in the defence of Wyoming, when it was deso 
 lated by the British and Indians in 1778. His 
 parents removing to New York, he was at the age 
 of twelve placed under the instruction of David 
 Graham, of that city. With unequalled ardor he 
 now pursued the various branches of study, gain 
 ing the highest rank in the school. In this 
 school it was an excellent arrangement, which re 
 quired frequent exercises in composition. \ oting 
 Griffin wrote nine little volumes of essays, and 
 thus acquired a rich flow of language and remark 
 able copiousness and energy of thought. At the 
 age of fourteen Mr. Graham s school being 
 discontinued, he was transferred to that of Mr. 
 Nelson, a celebrated blind teacher. In 1823, at 
 the age of eighteen, he was graduated at Colum 
 bia college with the highest honors of his class. 
 After prosecuting the study of law about two 
 months in the office of his father, he determined 
 to prepare for the ministry, and entered on his 
 studies in the seminary of the Episcopal church, 
 although none of his family were then Episcopa 
 lians. One motive which influenced him in his 
 choice was his repugnance to the doctrines of 
 Calvinism. In Aug., 1826, he was admitted to 
 deacon s orders, and soon became an assistant 
 preacher in the church in Hamilton square, and 
 
GRIFFIN. 
 
 GRIMKE. 
 
 401 
 
 also associate with Dr. Lycll. In the hope of 
 promoting his ultimate usefulness, he visited 
 Europe in 1828. Arriving in November at Paris, 
 he there passed two months, and crossed the 
 Alps into Italy. He set sail on his return April 
 1, 1830, and in the short passage of sixteen days 
 reached New York. Being immediately invited, 
 in the absence of the professor, to deliver in the 
 college a course of lectures on the history of lit 
 erature, he performed this service in May and 
 June. The lectures, which are published, related 
 to Roman and Italian and English literature, and 
 are " a noble monument of promptitude, dili 
 gence, and knowledge." From a journey of re 
 creation he returned to New York Aug. 25th, and 
 three days after was seized with an acute disease, 
 an inflammation of the bowels, which terminated 
 his life. lie died in meek submission and joyful 
 trust in the Redeemer, admonishing others to 
 pursue the course to a blessed immortality. On 
 reviving, after a spasm which seemed to be fatal, 
 he said, with a smile of inexpressible sweetness, 
 " I did not get off that time ; " but, checking him 
 self, he added, " That was a rebellious thought ; 
 I must wait God s time to die." He was buried 
 by the side of his beloved sister. Language can 
 not depict the desolation which must have come 
 over the heart of a father enthusiastically attached 
 to a son of such promise. Such a blow, however 
 alleviated by the memorials of the genius and by 
 the virtuous fame of the departed youth, would 
 seem to be insufferable without the hope of a re 
 union in the world of holiness and joy. Probably 
 America cannot boast of any young man, who, at 
 so early a period, reached such a height of learn 
 ing and eloquence. He had taste, and feeling, 
 and enthusiasm, and his powers of description 
 are unrivalled. His poetical talents were of a 
 high order. Two volumes of his works have 
 been published, with the title, Remains of Ed 
 mund D. Griffin, compiled by Francis Griffin; 
 with a biographical memoir of the deceased, by 
 John McVickar, 1). D., 2 vols. 8vo. 1831. Among 
 the pieces in his Remains are his lectures and a 
 journal of his travels. 
 
 GRIFFIN, EDWARD DOER, D. D., died at 
 Newark Nov. 8, 1837, aged 67, being born in 
 East Haddam Jan. 6, 1770. His mother was Eve 
 Dorr, of Lyme ; her mother a sister of Gov. 
 Griswold. His uncle was Rev. E. Dorr, of Hart 
 ford. One of his brothers was George G., of 
 New York. Graduating at Yale .in 1790, he was 
 installed as colleague pastor with Dr. McWhorter 
 at Newark in 1801. He became professor of sa 
 cred rhetoric at Andovcr in 1808; minister of 
 Park-street church in Boston in 1811. He re 
 turned to Newark in 1815, and was president of 
 Williams college from 1821 to 1836. His wife, 
 Frances, a daughter of Rev. Joseph Huntington, 
 51 
 
 of Coventry, died July 25, 1837. He himself died 
 in the family of his son-in-law, Dr. L. A. Smith. 
 When Dr. Griffin was a minister in Boston, he 
 delivered a course of evening lectures, which 
 excited much attention, and drew multitudes to 
 hear him from among those whose views he con 
 troverted. He was bold and eloquent in his 
 discourses. They were afterwards published as 
 his Park-street lectures. His memoirs, compiled 
 from his own writings by Rev. W. B. Sprague, 
 were published, 8vo., 1839. He published a ser 
 mon on the death of Dr. Macwhorter, 1807 ; 
 farewell at Newark ; inaugural oration at Andover, 
 1809 ; at the dedication of Park-street church, 
 1810; Park-street lectures, 8vo., 1813; dedica 
 tion sermon at Sandwich ; plea for Africa, a ser 
 mon, 1817; before the foreign missionary society, 
 New York ; on the extent of the atonement, 
 12mo., 1819 ; before American education society, 
 1825; letter on open communion, 1829; address 
 to Bible class society. Griffin s Memoirs, by 
 Sprague. 
 
 GRIFFITH, DAVID, D. D., of Virginia, died at 
 Philadelphia in Aug., 1789. 
 
 GRIFFITTS, SAMUEL POWELL, M. D., a phy 
 sician in Philadelphia, was born in that city July 
 21, 1759. His medical education was completed 
 during his residence of three years in Europe. 
 After his return he practised more than forty 
 years, till his death, May 12, 1826, aged 67. He 
 was a Quaker. Every morning he read the New 
 Testament in Greek or Latin. He was seldom 
 absent from religious meetings. During the 
 prevalence of the yellow fever in various years he 
 never deserted his post. Yet he believed the 
 fever to be contagious. The establishment of the 
 dispensary and other charitable societies were 
 promoted by his efforts. Of the eclectic reper 
 tory he was one of the editors. Thaclier, I. 
 275-285. 
 
 GRIMKE, JOHN F., judge of the supreme 
 court of South Carolina, was a colonel in the war 
 of the Revolution. He died in 1819. He pub 
 lished a revised edition of the laws of South Car 
 olina to 1789; on the duty of justices of the 
 peace ; a probate directory. 
 
 GRIMKE, THOMAS SMITH, LL. D., son of the 
 preceding, died near Columbus, Ohio, Oct. 12, 
 1834, aged 48. A native of Charleston, he was a 
 graduate of Yale in 1807, and by profession a 
 lawyer. He died of the cholera, being on his way 
 to Columbus. He wrote much on peace and war. 
 His notions were the extreme notions of the Qua 
 kers, that even a defensive war is wicked ; that a 
 ruler may not protect his people by the sword ; 
 that the people may not protect themselves from 
 an enemy. Although he thus misconstrued the 
 precept, " Resist not evil," yet he was not likely 
 to misconstrue the other precept, " Give to him 
 
402 
 
 GRIMSHAW. 
 
 GRISWOLD. 
 
 that asketh of thee," by yielding his estate to a 
 robber, who should demand it. Being asked 
 what he would do if he was the mayor of Charles 
 ton, and a pirate ship should approach the harbor, 
 whether he should think it wrong to fire a gun 
 upon that ship ? he replied in writing that he 
 should call together the Sabbath-school children 
 and lead them in procession to meet the pirates, 
 who, by such a sight, would be subdued into for 
 bearance ; and the city would be unharmed. His 
 literary views were rather peculiar. He would 
 exclude the classics and the mathematics from 
 making a part of the general education; and as 
 to English orthography, he would write in the 
 following forms the words which they designate, 
 namely: disciplin, respit, believ, creativ, excel- 
 ent, ilustrious, efectual, iresistible ; burys, buryd, 
 varys, varyd, hurrys, hurryd, etc. But he has 
 not gained any followers. He published ad 
 dresses on science and education ; on the Bible as 
 a class-book, 1830; on Sunday schools in the 
 Mississippi valley ; at the Sunday-school jubilee, 
 1831; on the truth and beauty of the principles 
 of peace ; oration before the Cincinnati, 1809 ; 
 before the Phi Beta Kappa society, 1830 ; report 
 on a code of law, 1827. 
 
 GRIMSHAW, WILLIAM, died at Philadelphia 
 in 1852, in ad ranced years. He was a grammarian 
 and historian. He published a history of the 
 United States, 12mo., 1826. 
 
 GRISCOM, JOHN, LL. D., died at Burlington, 
 N. J., Feb. 26, 1852, aged 77. He was a distin 
 guished physician and learned man. He was 
 professor of chemistry and natural philosophy 
 in New York institute. He published a year in 
 Europe in 1818 and 1819, 2 vols., 1823 ; a dis 
 course on character and education, 1823. 
 
 GRISWOLD, GEORGE, minister in Lyme, Conn., 
 died in 1761, aged about 64. He graduated at 
 Yale in 1717. 
 
 GRISWOLD, MATTHEW, LL. D., governor of 
 Connecticut, died at Lyme in April or May, 1799, 
 aged 83. He had been a judge of the supreme 
 court and lieutenant-governor before he was gov 
 ernor. 
 
 GRISWOLD, ROGER, governor of Connecticut, 
 was the son of Matthew Griswold, who was chief 
 justice, and the governor after Trumbull from 
 1784 to 1785, when he was succeeded by Hunting- 
 ton. He was born at Lyme May 21, 1762. His 
 mother was the daughter of Gov. R. Wolcott. 
 Having graduated at Yale college in 1780, he 
 studied law. In 1794 he was elected a member 
 of congress, and was for many years a distin 
 guished member of the federal party. In 1801 
 he declined the appointment offered him by Mr. 
 Adams, of secretary of war ; probably because 
 the accession of Mr. Jefferson would in a few days 
 remove him. In 1807 he was appointed a judge 
 of the supreme court of the State. He was also 
 
 lieut.-governor from 1809 till May, 1811, when he 
 was elected governor in opposition to Mr. Tread- 
 well. He refused to place four companies under 
 Gen. Dearborn, at the requisition of the presi 
 dent, for garrison purposes, deeming the requi 
 sition unconstitutional, as they were not wanted 
 to " repel invasion, etc." For four or five years 
 he was afflicted with paroxysms of suffering. An 
 eulogium on him was pronounced at New Haven 
 by D. Daggett, before the general assembly. His 
 successor was John Cotton Smith. 
 
 GRISWOLD, STANLEY, judge of Illinois terri 
 tory, died at Shawneetown Aug. 21, 1815. He 
 was born at Torrington, Conn. ; was graduated at 
 Yale college in 1786 ; was for some years the 
 minister of New Milford,but relinquished theology 
 for secular pursuits. He edited in 1803 a paper 
 at Walpole, N. H. Removing to Ohio, he was 
 chosen a senator of the United States in 1809, 
 and afterwards was appointed judge. He pub 
 lished a discourse, 1800 ; a sermon at Walling- 
 ford March 11, 1801, to the friends of Mr. Jef 
 ferson, who had become president ; the good land 
 we live in, a sermon, 1802. 
 
 GRISWOLD, SOLOMON, died in Windsor, O., 
 in June, 1834, aged 80; an early settler and an 
 officer of the Revolution. 
 
 GRISWOLD, SIMEON, died at Nassau, N. Y., 
 Dec. 17, 1843, aged 90. He was a soldier of the 
 Revolution, and lived most of his days in Pitts- 
 field, Mass. 
 
 GRISWOLD, BENJAMIN, missionary to Africa, 
 died on the Gaboon river July 14, 1844. Born in 
 Randolph, Vt., in 1811, he graduated at Dart 
 mouth in 1837, and studied theology at Andover 
 and New Haven. He embarked for Cape Palmas 
 in Dec., 1841. The fatigue of an exploring tour 
 and of surgical labors was perhaps the cause of 
 his death. Mrs. Mary II. Griswold, his widow, 
 died in Africa in Feb., 1849; she was cheerful, 
 energetic, and useful; converts mourned her 
 death. 
 
 GRISWOLD, DARIUS O., a minister at Sar 
 atoga Springs, died Dec. 27, 1841, aged 54. He 
 had been laid aside by paralysis for two years. 
 He graduated at Williams college in 1808. He 
 was social, generous ; of high attainments as a 
 scholar; as a preacher "solemn, and an un dissem 
 bled Christian. He was first settled in Bloom- 
 field; then in Saratoga in 1817; in Watertown, 
 Conn., from 1823 to 1833 ; then again in Saratoga 
 six years. 
 
 GRIS WOLD, ALEXANDER V., D. D., bishop of 
 the eastern diocese, died very suddenly at Boston, 
 Feb. 15, 1843, aged 76. He published conven 
 tion sermon, 1811; also, 1817; addresses and 
 charges and pastoral letters, 1816-1821. 
 
 GRISWOLD, JOHN, minister in Pawlet, Vt., 
 died May 4, 1852, aged 87. He was a native of 
 Lebanon and a graduate of Dartmouth in 1789. 
 
GROS. 
 
 In his labors he was very useful ; but he was for 
 years laid up by his infirmities. 
 
 GROS, JOHN DANIEL, D. D., a professor of 
 
 moral philosophy in Columbia college, and minis 
 ter in the city of Xew York, was a German. 
 During the Revolutionary conflict he was a min 
 ister of a Dutch Reformed church on the frontier 
 of the State, and was exposed to many perils. 
 After the war he removed to New York. Ik- 
 died at Canojoharic May 25, 1812, aged 75. lie 
 published natural principles of rectitude, etc., a 
 systematic treatise on moral philosophy, Svo., 
 1795. 
 
 GROSVEXOR, THOMAS, colonel, a patriot of 
 the Revolution, died in Pomfret, Conn., in 1825, 
 aged about 80. He graduated at Yale college in 
 1765 ; was an officer and was wounded in the 
 battle of Bunker Hill ; and at the termination of 
 the war held the rank of colonel. For about 
 twenty years he was the judge of probate, and 
 also chief justice of the court of common pleas 
 until he was seventy. 
 
 GROSVEXOR, DANIEL, minister of Grafton, 
 Mass., and Paxton, died July 22, 1834, aged 85, 
 a patriot of the Revolution. After the battle of 
 Lexington he marched with a company of minute 
 men, carrying his musket, to Cambridge. Born 
 in Pomfrct, lie graduated at Yale in 1769; from 
 1774 to 1788 was in Grafton; from 1794 to 1802 
 was minister of Paxton. Ebenezer G. preached 
 the sermon at 1m ordination in 1774. Rev. 
 Cyrus P. G. was his son. lie published a ser 
 mon at the ordination of J. Bailey, 1784. 
 Washbum s Leicester Academy. 
 
 GROSVEXOR, DEBORAH, widow of the pre 
 ceding, died in Petersham Sept. 11, 1841, aged 
 85. The daughter of Dr. Hall of Sutton, at the 
 age of fifteen she joined the church; and she 
 adorned her profession seventy years. Religion 
 controlled her life; to every good work she was 
 ready. Of ten children she saw three die in the 
 triumphs of faith, and the other seven were pro 
 fessors of religion. The bible was ever her daily 
 companion. 
 
 GROSVEXOR, THOMAS PEABODY, a member 
 of the fourteenth congress, died April 25, 1817, 
 aged 37. He was born in Pomfret, Conn. ; grad 
 uated at Yale college in 1800 ; and was a distin 
 guished lawyer at Hudson, X. Y., when he was 
 elected a member of congress, in which body his 
 eloquence was very powerful. He died of the 
 consumption, at Judge Hanson s near Baltimore. 
 His wife was Mary Jane Hanson, of Maryland, 
 of whose life he published memoirs a short time 
 before his own death. Elisha Williams married 
 his sister. 
 
 GROTZ, PHILIP T., died at Stone Arabia, 
 N. Y., Dec. 1, 1809, having been in the Lutheran 
 ministry more than tliirty years. He was a native 
 
 GUESS. 
 
 403 
 
 of "Wurtcmbcrg, highly esteemed for classical 
 learning and zeal for religion. 
 
 GROUT, Mrs., wife of Alden G., missionary 
 to Africa, died at Port Elizabeth Feb. 24, 1836, 
 aged 31. Her name was Hannah Davis, of 
 Ilolden. She went to Cape Town in 1834. 
 
 GROVER, STEPHEN, first minister of Caldwell, 
 X. J., died June 22, 1836, aged 77, having been 
 the pastor forty-nine years. He was the son of 
 Joseph, of Tolland, Conn., and graduated at Dart 
 mouth in 1786. His widow died at Newark 
 July 13, 1847, aged 87 ; she was early pious, and 
 read the Bible through once a year for forty 
 years. An aged minister of the same name, who 
 was from Xew Jersey, was pastor of Pittstown 
 near Canandaigua in 1804. His brother, Joseph, 
 a minister, graduated at Dartmouth in 1773, and 
 died in 1826. 
 
 GRUBE, BERNIIARD ADAM, a Moravian mis 
 sionary, the first who was sent among the Dela- 
 wares, died at Bethlehem March 20, 1808, aged 
 93 years. He was well acquainted with the Del 
 aware language. It is remarkable that he, and 
 his brethren, Youngman and Zeisberger, after 
 suffering so many hardships, should reach so great 
 an age. Some years before 1765 he preached to 
 the Indians in Pennsylvania. He afterwards was 
 a minister at Lititz in the same State. Ilecke- 
 ivdder. 
 
 GRUXDY, FELIX, a senator, died at Xash- 
 A-ille, Tenn., Dec. 19, 1840, aged 63. After being 
 a member of the legislature of Kentucky, he was 
 elected a judge of the supreme court in 1806. He 
 afterwards practised law in Tennessee. In 1811 
 he was elected a member of congress, and re 
 mained till 1814 or 1815 ; in 1829 he was a sen 
 ator of the United States, and again in 1840 ; in 
 1838 he was appointed U. S. attorney-general. 
 He had a good character as a Christian. He pub 
 lished an eulogy on Adams and Jefferson. 
 
 GRYMES, JOHN It., an eminent lawyer, died 
 in Xew Orleans in 1854, aged 68. Born in Vir 
 ginia, he emigrated to Louisiana in 1808 ; and 
 after the close of the war of 1812, was district 
 attorney of the United States, and attorney- 
 general. 
 
 GUESS, GEORGE, or SEQUOYAH, the inventor 
 of the Cherokee alphabet, died in the town of San 
 Fernando, in Aug., 1843, aged about 70. In 1842 
 he with a few other Indians roved into the Mexi 
 can territory and suffered much by sickness. His 
 residence was near "Willstown, perhaps fifty miles 
 from Brainerd. He invented and* first wrote the 
 Cherokee language about 1824, comprising it in 
 eighty-five characters, each of which expresses an 
 English syllable. The characters have been 
 learned in one day, so that the language could 
 be expressed in speech. But to understand the 
 import of all words and combinations would re- 
 
404 
 
 GUNN. 
 
 HAKLUYT. 
 
 quire a long time, as in the case of other languages. 
 Into this language, Rev. Samuel A. Worcester, 
 the missionary, has translated and printed a part 
 of the New Testament, and some portions of the 
 Old Testament. In 1856, after a residence of 
 thirty-one years among the Cherokecs as their 
 faithful teacher, Mr. W. made a visit for the first 
 time to his relatives and friends in New England. 
 Mr. Guess was an ingenious silversmith and small 
 farmer. Unreclaimed from the Cherokee hea 
 thenism, it is said, that when he saw the use made 
 of his characters in translating the bible into 
 Cherokee, he lamented his invention. 
 
 GUNN, JAMES, general, died suddenly in Louis 
 ville, Geo., July 30, 1801. He was a member of 
 congress from 1789 to 1801. 
 
 GUNN, ALEXANDER, 1). D., minister of the 
 Reformed Dutch church at Bloomingdale, N. Y., 
 died Sept. 18, 1829. His widow died in 1831. 
 He published memoirs of the late Dr. Livingston. 
 
 GUNNISON, J. W., captain, was killed by the 
 Utah Indians Nov. 25, 1853. He Avas a topo 
 graphical engineer ; his useful services were em 
 ployed along the coast of Florida, and ten years 
 in a survey of the northwestern lakes, in the Salt 
 lake region, and on a railroad route to the 
 Pacific. 
 
 GURLEY, JOHN, minister in Lebanon, Conn., 
 died Feb. 27, 1812, aged 63, in the thirty-seventh 
 year of his ministry. He graduated at Yale in 
 1773, and succeeded E. Wheelock. His widow, 
 Mary, married Gen. A. Peters, and died in 1837, 
 aged 80. His son John W. G., attorney-general of 
 Louisiana, died, killed in a duel, in 1807. His 
 daughter Mary married Rev. Dr. Gillett, of 
 Maine. His son, Rev. Ralph R. Gurley, lives in 
 Washington. His daughter, Abby, is the widow 
 of Prof. Hinckley of Mississippi. 
 
 GUTCH, ROBERT, Episcopal minister at Bath, 
 Me., came from England, and died about 1675. 
 
 GWINNETT, BUTTON, a member of congress, 
 died May 27, 1777, aged 44. He was born in 
 England about 1732, and after he came to this 
 country purchased a large tract of land in Geor 
 gia, and devoted himself to agricultural pursuits. 
 Elected to congress in 1776, he signed the Decla 
 ration of Independence. At this period he was a 
 competitor with Col. Lackland MTntosh for the 
 office of brigadier-general, and formed a settled hos 
 tility to his successful rival. Being afterwards pres 
 ident of the council, he nominated a subordinate 
 officer to the command of an expedition against 
 Florida. The -expedition failed, and by conse 
 quence Mr. Gwinnett failed to be elected governor 
 in May, 1777. In the mortification of his adver 
 sary, MTntosh exulted. In the result Mr. G. 
 challenged him. Fighting at the distance of 
 twelve feet, both were wounded, and Mr. G. died 
 of his wounds. In his miserable death may be 
 
 seen the effects of envy, rivalry, and hatred. Had 
 he possessed the spirit of the gospel he would not 
 thus have perished. Had he been governed by 
 moral and religious principles, he might have been 
 the ornament of his State. GoodriclCs Lives. 
 
 HABERSIIAM, JOSEPH, postmaster-general 
 of the United States, died in Nov., 1815, aged 65. 
 He was the son of James II., a merchant of 
 Savannah, who died at Brunswick, X. J., Aug. 
 29, 1775. He served with reputation in the Rev 
 olutionary war, and had the rank of lieutenant- 
 colonel. In 1785 he was a member of congress; 
 in 1795 he was appointed postmaster-general, but 
 resigned the place in 1800. In 1802 he was 
 president of the branch bank in Savannah, where 
 he died. 
 
 HAG AN, JAMES, a physician and editor, was 
 an Irishman, who lived in Virginia and Philadel 
 phia, and who established the Vicksburg Senti 
 nel, Miss. His fate may well be a warning to 
 editors, who make intemperate and abusive at 
 tacks upon their fellow-men. He fell in a street 
 fight in Vicksburg, June 7, 1843, aged 38. 
 
 HAGNER, PETER, auditor of the treasury, 
 died in Washington July 16, 1850, aged 79. 
 Born and educated in Philadelphia, he was ap 
 pointed in 1793 an accountant of war. He served 
 faithfully under every president from Washington 
 to Taylor, fifty-seven years, modest, laborious, 
 patriotic, of unwavering integrity. He was often 
 intrusted Avith the settlement of large claims. 
 No public officer had a higher character in the 
 estimation of congress. 
 
 HAINES, CHARLES G., adjutant-general of 
 New York, was born in Canterbury, N. II., and 
 was early thrown upon the resources of his own 
 mind. He graduated at Middlebury in 1816. In 
 1818 he removed to the city of New York. As a 
 lawyer he was respectable; but his talents were 
 of a popular kind, and he gave himself to politics. 
 He supported Mr. Clinton. No young man, per 
 haps, ever acquired so much influence. He died 
 of the consumption at Bloomingdale July 3, 1825, 
 aged 32. His writings were numerous. He pub 
 lished considerations on the canal, 1818; memoir 
 of T. A. Emmet, 1829. New York Statesman, 
 July 8. 
 
 HAINES, JESSE, died in Lycoming county, 
 Penn.,in Sept., 1856, quite aged. He was known 
 and esteemed as a minister of the society of 
 Friends over seventy years. 
 
 IIAKLUYT, RICHARD, a geographer, was born 
 in 1553, and died in 1616. He was buried at 
 Westminster Abbey. To him Sir Walter Raleigh 
 assigned his patent for discoveries in America, 
 and he was appointed one of the company. Pur- 
 chas made use of his manuscripts. He published 
 voyages, navigations, traffiques, and discoveries of 
 the English nation, fol., 3 vols., 1589-1600 ; Vir- 
 
HALE. 
 
 ginia richly valued, by the description of Florida, 
 1G09. An edition of his works was published, 5 
 vols., 4to., 1809-1812. 
 
 HALE, JOHN, first minister of Beverly, Mass., 
 the son of Robert II., was born at Charlestown 
 June 3, 1G36; graduated in 10,37; was ordained 
 Sept. 20, 1GG7, and was chaplain in the expedi 
 tion to Canada in 1G90. lie died May 15, 1700, 
 aged G3. In the witchcraft delusion of 1G92, be 
 ginning in the family of Mr. Parris, he was de 
 luded, and approved of the judicial measures. 
 His modest inquiry into the nature of witchcraft 
 was published in 1702, indicating a wise change 
 of his views. His account of the witchcraft was 
 made use of by C. Mather, in Magnalia, vi. 79. 
 A memoir of him is in Hist. Coll., 3d series, vol. 
 vii. Sprague s Annals. 
 
 HALE, JAMES, the first minister of Ashford, 
 Conn., died Nov. 22, 1742, aged 57. Born in 
 Beverly, the son of Rev. John II., he graduated 
 at Harvard in 1703, and was a tutor at Yale in 
 1707, and was ordained in 1718. His mother, 
 for his father was three times married, was Mrs. 
 Sarah Noyes of Xewbury. His younger brother 
 Samuel, who lived in Xewbury, was the father of 
 Richard, and grandfather of Nathan, of Coventry, 
 of Revolutionary memory. Sprague s Annals. 
 HALE, MOSES, minister of Byfield parish, in 
 Ncwbury, Mass., died Jan. 1G, 1743-4, aged 65. 
 He was the son of John, and grandson of Thomas 
 of Xewbury, born July 10, 1678; was graduated 
 at Harvard in 1699 ; and was ordained Nov. 17, 
 170G. His successor was Moses Parsons. 
 
 HALE, NATHAN, captain, a Revolutionary offi 
 cer, was a descendant of the preceding. He was 
 the son of Richard II., of Coventry, Conn., and 
 graduated at Yale college in 1773, with high 
 reputation. In the war he commanded a com 
 pany in Col. Knowlton s regiment, and was with 
 the army in the retreat from Long Island in 
 1776. Washington having applied to Knowltoa 
 for a discreet and enterprising officer to penetrate 
 the enemy s camp and procure intelligence, Hale 
 passed in disguise to the British camp, but on his 
 return was apprehended and carried before Lord 
 Wm. Howe, by whom he was ordered for execu 
 tion the next morning. He was denied a bible 
 and the aid of a clergyman. The letters, full of 
 fortitude and resignation, which he had written to 
 his mother and sister, were destroyed. He was 
 hung, regretting that he had but one life to lose 
 for his country ; though executed in a brutal man 
 ner as a spy, he was firm and composed. In edu 
 cation and talents he was superior perhaps to 
 Andre, who died also as a spy; in patriotic devo 
 tion to his country, hazarding in her sacred cause 
 not only life but honor and home, no one was 
 superior to him. Ihvight honored him by some 
 lines on his death. His life by I. W. Stuart was 
 
 HALL. 
 
 405 
 
 published in 1856. American Eemcmb. 1782, 
 p. 285 ; Knapp s Led. 254-255. 
 
 HALE, NATHAN, died in Goshcn, Conn., Sept. 
 6, 1813, at an advanced age. He graduated at 
 Yale in 1769. lie was judge of the county- 
 court, much respected as a man of integrity and 
 piety. His son, Jonathan Lee Hale, minister of 
 Windham, Me., died at Skidaway, Geo., Jan. 15, 
 1835, aged 43 ; a graduate of Middlebury in 1819, 
 of Andover, 1822. 
 
 HALE, DAVID, minister of South Coventry, 
 Conn., died in 1822, aged about 57. He gradu 
 ated at Yale in 1785. His widow 1 , Lydia, re 
 markable for piety and for mental and physical 
 vigor, died at Rockville in 1849, aged 85. These 
 were the parents of David Hale, editor of the 
 Journal of Commerce at New York. 
 
 HALE, ENOCH, the first minister of West- 
 hampton, Mass., died in Jan., 1837, aged 83. 
 Born in Coventry, Conn., the son of Richard, he 
 was the brother of Capt. Nathan Hale, of Revo 
 lutionary memory. lie graduated at Yale in 
 1773, and was settled in 1779. His widow, Oc- 
 tavia, died in 1839, aged 85. He was a faithful, 
 respected, and useful minister. Mr. Hale was 
 the father of Nathan Hale, the editor of the Bos 
 ton Advertiser. He published a fast sermon, 
 1804. 
 
 HALE, ENOCH, M. D., died in Boston in 1848, 
 aged 60 years or more. He was the son of Rev. 
 Enoch Hale, of "Westhampton. His grandfather 
 was Deacon Richard, of Newburyport, and Cov 
 entry, Conn. ; and lie was the son of Samuel, of 
 Newbury, Mass. ; and Samuel was the son of Rev. 
 John Hale of Beverly, and of Sarah Noycs. He 
 published Dr. Holyoke s journal, with a memoir, 
 in the memoirs of American academy; on animal 
 heat by respiration, 1813 ; Boylston prize disserta 
 tions, 1821. 
 
 HALE, WILLIAM, Dr., died at Hollis, N. H., 
 Oct. 10, 1854, aged 91. He was the son of Dr. 
 John Hale, a surgeon in Col. Cilley s regiment in 
 the Revolutionary war. 
 
 HALE, DAVID, editor of the Journal of Com 
 merce, New York, died at Frcdericksburg, Va., 
 whither he went in ill health, Jan. 20, 1849. lie 
 was the son of Rev. David Hale, of South Cov 
 entry, now called Lisbon, Conn. At first he was 
 a merchant in Boston, but unsuccessful ; then an 
 auctioneer. As proprietor and distinguished ed 
 itor of the Journal of Commerce, he prospered 
 and had a wide influence. He was an efficient 
 member of the Congregational church in New 
 York. 
 
 HALL, TiiEOPHlLL S, first minister of Meriden, 
 Conn., died March 25, 1767, aged 59. lie was a 
 graduate of Yale in 1727, and ordained Oct. 29, 
 1729. One of his sons was Avery Hall, minister 
 of Rochester, N. H. ; a daughter married Rev. 
 
406 
 
 HALE. 
 
 HALL. 
 
 A. Lee, of Norwich. He had strong intellectual 
 powers, was a strong advocate of civil and relig 
 ious liberty, and was much esteemed as a preacher. 
 He published two discourses on the death of Rev. 
 Isaac Stiles ; two on faith ; and a sermon at the 
 ordination of Rev. M. Meriam. 
 
 HALL, PRINCE, a negro, master of a masonic 
 lodge in Boston, was born about 1738. After the 
 peace a masonic charter was obtained from Eng 
 land; but it seems that white masons, out of 
 pride, would not acknowledge the African lodge. 
 Mr. Hall said, " There are to be seen the weeds 
 of pride, envy, tyranny, and scorn, in this garden 
 of peace, liberty, and equality." .He published 
 two masonic charges, 1792, 1797. 
 
 HALL, SAMUEL, minister of Cheshire, Conn., 
 died in 1776, aged 80, in the forty-second year of 
 his ministry. He graduated at Yale in 1716, and 
 was a tutor two years. His daughter, Ann, mar 
 ried Rev. "VVarham Williams. He published a 
 sermon on the small pox, 1732 ; an election ser 
 mon, 1746. 
 
 HALL, DAVID, D. D., minister of Sutton, 
 Mass., died May 8, 1789, aged 84, in the sixtieth 
 year of his ministry. He was the son of Joseph, 
 of Yarmouth, and graduated at Harvard in 1724, 
 and was ordained in 1729. In five years eighty- 
 one were added to the church ; in 1743 there were 
 added ninety-eight persons. He experienced 
 trouble from the Separatists. He was the friend 
 of Jonathan Edwards, and as a member of the 
 council resisted his dismission from Northampton. 
 Of his twelve children, one daughter married Rev. 
 Aaron Putnam, of Pomfret, and another Rev. 
 Daniel Grosvenor, of Grafton. He published a 
 thanksgiving sermon on the reduction of Canada, 
 1760; a half-century sermon, 1779. Sprague s 
 Annals. 
 
 HALL, LYMAN, governor of Georgia, was a 
 native of Conn., and graduated at Yale college in 
 1747. Having studied medicine, he established 
 himself at Sudbury, Ga. He early and zealously 
 espoused the cause of his country. His efforts 
 were particularly useful in inducing the Georgians 
 to join the American confederacy. In May, 
 1775, he Avas a member of congress, and signed 
 the Declaration of Independence, and continued 
 in that body to the close of 1780. While the 
 British had possession of Georgia, they confiscated 
 his property. In 1783 he was elected governor; 
 the next year he was succeeded by J. Houston. 
 He died in Feb., 1791, aged 66. Though warm 
 and enthusiastic, he had the guidance of a sound 
 judgment. Goodrich s Lives. 
 
 HALL, SAMUEL, a printer in Boston, died Oct. 
 30, 1807, aged 67. He was a correct printer. 
 From the beginning to the end of the war he 
 conducted a firm, republican paper. He did 
 good service to his country. He was a patriot of 
 integrity and equanimity. 
 
 HALL, AAEON, minister of Keene, N. II., died 
 in 1815, aged 62, having been pastor thirty-six 
 years. He was zealous for the truth, but candid 
 and pacific. He died in Christian hope and joy. 
 Panoplist, XI. 95. 
 
 HALL, WILLIAM, first minister of Grafton, Vt., 
 died in 1823, aged 78. Born in Woburn, he 
 graduated at Harvard in 1776, and was settled in 
 1788. 
 
 HALL, GORDON, first American missionary at 
 Bombay, died March 20, 1826, aged 42. He 
 was born in West Granville, now Tolland, Mass., 
 and was graduated at Williams college in 1808, 
 the first scholar in his class. Having studied the 
 ology, he refused an invitation to settle in Con 
 necticut, saying, " Wo is me if I preach not the 
 gospel to the heathen." Offering himself as a 
 missionary to the American board of commis 
 sioners for missions, he was ordained at Salem, 
 with Newell, Judson, Nott, and Rice, Feb. 6, 1812, 
 and in the same month sailed for Calcutta. An 
 other band of missionaries, consisting of Bard- 
 well, Meigs, Poor, Richards, and Warren, sailed 
 for Ceylon in Oct., 1812, followed by Graves and 
 Nichols in 1817, and by Winslow, Spaulding, 
 Woodward, and Dr. Scudder in 1819. Mr. Hall 
 arrived at Bombay in Feb., 1813, and there spent 
 thirteen years in his benevolent toils, with a pur 
 pose unaltered and zeal unquenched. He had 
 just revised the New Testament in Mahratta, 
 when, as he was on a journey in the interior, he 
 was seized with the cholera, which proved fatal in 
 eight or nine hours. His widow, a native of Eng 
 land, is still living, 1856, with her son, Gordon 
 Hall, one of the ministers of Northampton. His 
 mother, Elizabeth, died in 1834, aged 91. He 
 was a man of great force of mind and decision of 
 character, of ardent piety, and of entire devoted- 
 ness to the work of a missionary. His vigorous 
 frame and habits of life fitted him to endure 
 the hardships of a missionary. His qualifica 
 tions of every kind for the work to which he 
 devoted his life, were very uncommon. He pub 
 lished a sermon on foreign missions, 1812. His 
 appeal to the American Christians in behalf of 
 the twelve millions speaking the Mahratta lan 
 guage, was published in the Missionary Herald, 
 Oct., 1826. He wrote, also, with Newell, the con 
 version of the world, or the claims of six hundred 
 millions, etc., 2d edit., 1818. The New Testa 
 ment in Mahratta was printed at the mission press 
 in Bombay in 1826. Missionary Herald, Oct., 
 1826; Sprague s Annals. 
 
 HALL, JOHN E., editor of the Portfolio, died 
 at Philadelphia June, 1829, aged 44. He pub 
 lished American law journal, 6 vols.. 1808-1817. 
 
 HALL, ELIJAH, captain, died at Portsmouth, 
 N. 1L, in 1830, aged 87. In the Revolutionary 
 war he was a lieutenant in the navy, and sailed 
 under John Paul Jones. 
 
HALL. 
 
 HALL, ALANSON C., missionary, died in Pu- 
 laski, Tcnn., April 13, 1840. He left Auburn 
 theological school in 1834, and embarked for Cey 
 lon. His wife died there. Disease soon com 
 pelled him to return. He died of the consumption. 
 His last words were, " I triumph." 
 
 HALL, FREDERIC, M. I)., LL. D., of Wash 
 ington city, died in Peru, 111., July 27, 1843, aged 
 64. He was born in Vermont, graduated at 
 Dartmouth College in 1803, and was professor of 
 natural philosophy in Middlcbury college ; after 
 wards president of Mt. Hope college, near Balti 
 more. At the time of his death he was professor 
 of chemistry in Columbia college, Washington. 
 He was a benefactor of Dartmouth college, giving 
 to it a cabinet of minerals and some thousands of 
 dollars in money. lie published a eulogy on 
 Solomon Metcalf Allen, at Middlebury college, 
 1818 ; statistics of Middlebury in Mass, historical 
 collections, 2d series, vol. IX. 
 
 HALL, CHARLES, D. D., died at Newark, X. J., 
 Oct. 31, 1853, aged 55. A native of the State of 
 New York, he graduated at Hamilton college in 
 1825. He was for years secretary of the Amer 
 ican home missionary society, associated with Dr. 
 Badger. He was principal editor of the Home 
 Missionary. He was a scholar, and had sound 
 judgment and a devoted piety; in a mysterious 
 providence he was taken away in the midst of ex 
 tensive usefulness. 
 
 HALL, CHAUXCET A., M. D., died at Madison, 
 Wisconsin, May 8, 1856, of congestion of the 
 lungs, aged 43. He was the son of Dr. Eli Hall, 
 of Blandford, Mass., a graduate of Amherst in 
 1833. He was many years an excellent physi 
 cian in Northampton, connected with the water- 
 cure establishment on Hound Hill ; then two 
 years in Hartford. His wife, in going out to him, 
 met his remains at Detroit. He was buried at 
 Brattleborough, Vt., his native place. 
 
 HALL, WILLIAM, general, died in SumnerCo., 
 Tenn., in Oct., 1856, aged 82. lie had been a 
 member of congress. 
 
 HALL AD AY, ALBERT R., a missionary to 
 Persia, died in Albemarle, Va., Oct. 18, 1856. 
 He had, since his return from P., been recently 
 chosen president of Hampden Sydney college. 
 
 HALLOCK, JEREMIAH, minister of West Sims- 
 bury, near Canton, Conn., died June 23, 1826, 
 aged 68, in the forty-first year of his ministry. 
 He was the son of William, of Brookhaven, Long 
 Island, who removed, when Iris son was young, to 
 Goshen, Mass. Here he toiled on his father s 
 farm until twenty-one years old, twice being callcc 
 out as a soldier in the war. He studied theology 
 four years with T. Dwight, of Northampton, and 
 with others, and was ordained in 1785. He went 
 on an early mission to Vermont about 1801. As 
 a diligent and faithful preacher God often blesset 
 his labors with remarkable revivals, in the vcars 
 
 HALLOCK. 
 
 407 
 
 1798,1799, 1805, 1812,1813, 1816,and 1821. With 
 mt little education, he preached with a warm 
 icart and with wonderful power. With little ac- 
 ion, and none of the graces of oratory, he found 
 a way to the souls of his hearers ; it was by his 
 sincerity, simplicity, affection, and earnestness. 
 Some one called him the apostle John. In 
 irayer, which was his element, he was humble, 
 solemn, fervent. His intellect was not of an in 
 ferior order. He was original ; he had a graphic 
 )ower ; his imagery was vivid. His only daugh 
 ter died of the spotted typhus fever in 1813, aged 
 14. His son, Jeremiah Humphrey Ilallock, was 
 raduatcd at Williams in 1810, was a judge in 
 Ohio, and died in 1847. His widow died in the 
 year of his own death, 1826. The godly pastor, 
 is the title of a memoir of his life, by C. Yale, 
 with a sketch of his brother Moses. His only 
 printed sermon was preached at the dedication of 
 his meeting-house in 1815. Sprayuc s Annals. 
 HALLOCK, MOSES, the first minister of Plain- 
 Held, Mass., died July 17, 1837, aged 77. He 
 had been settled nearly forty-five years. He was 
 the brother of Jeremiah II. His father removed 
 to Goshen, near Northampton, when he was 
 young. He graduated at Yale in 1788, and was 
 ordained July 11, 1792. During his ministry 
 there were several remarkable revivals of religion. 
 lie had received 35 1 members of the church previ 
 ously to 1831, when his colleague was settled. Ac 
 customed to receive students into his family and to 
 teach them, the whole number was 304, of whom 
 thirty were females, fifty became ministers, and 
 seven missionaries to the heathen. Of these last 
 were James and William Richards, Parsons, and 
 Fisk, Jonas King, Ferry, and II. Ilallock. lie 
 was meek, humble, kind, holy, exhibiting all the 
 excellencies of the Christian character. Three 
 weeks before his death Mr. Richards, the mission 
 ary from the Sandwich Islands, introduced to him 
 a native, and said, "This is my teacher." The 
 boy exclaimed in the language of his country, 
 " Day most gone ; sun most down ; most supper 
 time." Then Mr. II. offered a most fervent 
 prayer. When he was buried, his old blind dea 
 con, James Richards, the father of the missionary, 
 the last of his original church, was led up to his 
 coffin, and, as he felt the face of his pastor, he 
 burst into a flood of tears, saying, " Farewell for 
 time!" Of his three sons, Gerard is the editor 
 of the New York Journal of Commerce ; William 
 Allen is secretary of the American tract society ; 
 Iloman was missionary printer thirteen years at 
 Malta and Smyrna. His wife, Margaret Allen, 
 of Chilmark, Martha s Vineyard, died in 1835. 
 His father died in 1815, aged 85, leaving one 
 word for future generations, received from his 
 father, " Remember, there is a long eternity ! " 
 The deacon of his church was Joseph Beals, who 
 died in 1813, the original of " The Mountain 
 
408 
 
 HALLOCK. 
 
 HAMILTON. 
 
 Miller," referred to in the popular tract of that 
 name. C. Yale s Sketch of his Life; Holland, 
 II. 265 ; Spragne s Annals. 
 
 HALLOCk, MARTHA, died at Plainfield, Mass., 
 in 1852, aged 56, the daughter of Ilev. Moses II. 
 She was poor. She gave five dollars to each of 
 five benevolent societies, and her spectacles to a 
 friend, and said, "Nothing but the soul now!" 
 
 IIALSKY, JOHN T., died in Elizabethtown 
 July 2, 1842, aged 45. He was a preacher, and 
 also a public benefactor as long the excellent 
 teacher of a flourishing school. 
 
 HALSEY, WILLIAM, mayor of Newark, N. J., 
 died Aug. 16, 1843, aged 78. He was a judge of 
 the common pleas. He had lived half a century 
 in Newark, and was active and enterprising. 
 
 HALSTED, ROBERT, Dr., died at Elizabeth- 
 town, N. J., in 1825, aged 79. 
 
 HAMILTON, ANDREW, an eminent lawyer of 
 Philadelphia, died Aug. 4, 1741. He had been 
 speaker of the house of assembly, but he re 
 signed this office in 1739 on account of his age 
 and infirmities. lie filled several stations with 
 honor, integrity, and ability. In Zenger s trial at 
 New York he acquired much reputation as a law 
 yer. His son, James Hamilton, was repeat 
 edly governor of Pennsylvania between the years 
 1748 and 1771. Fraud s History of Pennsyl 
 vania, n. 216-219. 
 
 HAMILTON, ALEXANDER, first secretary of 
 the treasury of the United States, of Scotch or 
 English descent, died July 12, 1804, aged about 
 47. He was born in the island of Nevis in 1757. 
 At the age of sixteen he accompanied his mother 
 to New York, and entered a student of Columbia 
 college, in which he continued about three years. 
 While a member of this institution the first bud 
 dings of his intellect gave presages of his future 
 eminence. The contest with Great Britain called 
 forth the first talents on each side, and his juve 
 nile pen asserted the claims of the colonies 
 against very respectable writers. His papers ex 
 hibited such evidences of intellect and wisdom, 
 that they were ascribed to Mr. Jay. At the age 
 of eighteen he entered the army as an officer of 
 artillery. The first sound of war awakened his 
 martial spirit, and as a soldier he soon conciliated 
 the regard of his brethren in arms. It was not 
 long before he attracted the notice of Washing 
 ton, who in 1777 selected him as an aid, with the 
 rank of lieutenant-colonel. Throughout the cam 
 paign, which terminated in the capture of Lord 
 Cornwallis, he commanded a battalion of light 
 infantry. At the siege of York in 1781, when the 
 second parallel was openod, two redoubts, which 
 flanked it and were advanced three hundred yards 
 in front of the British works, very much annoyed 
 the men in the trenches. It was resolved to pos 
 sess them, and, to prevent jealousies, the attack 
 of the one was committed to the Americans, and 
 
 of the other to the French. The detachment of 
 the Americans was commanded by iho Marquis de 
 Lafayette, and Col. Hamilton, at his own earnest 
 request, led the advanced corps, consisting of two 
 battalions. Towards the close of the day, Oct. 
 14th, the troops rushed to the charge without 
 firing a single gun. The works were carried with 
 but little loss. 
 
 Soon after the capture of Cornwallis, Hamilton 
 sheathed his sword, and, being encumbered with 
 a family destitute of funds, at the age of twenty- 
 five applied to the study of the law in New York. 
 In this profession he soon rose to distinction. 
 But his private pursuits could not detach him 
 from a regard to the public welfare. The vio 
 lence which was meditated against the property 
 and persons of all who remained in the city dur 
 ing the war, called forth his generous exertions, 
 and, by the aid of Governor Clinton, the faithless 
 and revengeful scheme was defeated. In July, 
 1782, he Avas chosen a member of congress. He 
 was chairman of the committee which reported a 
 resolution to provide a sinking fund to pay the 
 national debt. In 1786 he was chosen a member 
 of the assembly of New York, and he introduced 
 and ably supported the bill for acceding to the as 
 sumed independence of Vermont. A more im 
 portant affair now demanded his talents. After 
 witnessing the debility of the confederation he 
 was fully impressed with the necessity of an ef 
 ficient general government, and he was appointed, 
 with two others, in 1787, a member of the federal 
 convention for New York. He assisted in form 
 ing the constitution of our country. It did not 
 indeed completely meet his wishes. He was 
 afraid that it did not contain sufficient means of 
 strength for its own preservation, and that in con 
 sequence we should share the fate of many other 
 republics, and pass through anarchy to despotism. 
 He was in favor of a more permanent executive 
 and senate. He wished for a strong government, 
 which would not be shaken by the conflict of dif 
 ferent interests through an extensive territory, 
 and which should be adequate to all the forms of 
 national exigency. He was apprehensive that the 
 increased wealth and population of the States 
 would lead to encroachments on the union, and 
 he anticipated the day when the general govern 
 ment, unable to support itself, would fall. But, 
 believing the constitution to be incomparably su 
 perior to the old confederation,. he exerted all his 
 talents in its support, though it did not rise to 
 his conception of a perfect system. By his pen, 
 in the papers signed Publius, and by his voice in 
 the convention of New York in the summer of 
 1788, he contributed much to its adoption. When 
 the government was organized in 1789, Washing 
 ton placed him at the head of the treasury. In 
 his reports he proposed plans for funding the 
 debt of the union and for assuming the debts of 
 
HAMILTON. 
 
 the respective States, for establishing a bank and 
 mint, and for procuring a revenue. He wished 
 to redeem the reputation of his country by satis 
 fying her creditors, and combine with the govern 
 ment such a monied interest as might facilitate 
 its operations. But, while he opened sources of 
 wealth to thousands by establishing public credit, 
 and thus restoring the public paper to its original 
 value, he did not enrich himself. He did not take 
 advantage of his situation, nor improve the oppor 
 tunity he enjoyed for acquiring a fortune. Though 
 accused of amassing wealth, he did not vest a dol 
 lar in the public funds. 
 
 In the early stage of the administration, a dis 
 agreement existed between Mr. Hamilton and the 
 secretary of State, Mr. Jefferson, which increased 
 till it issued in such open hostility, and introduced 
 such confusion in the cabinet, that Washington 
 found it necessary to address a letter to each, 
 recommending forbearance and moderation. Mr. 
 Hamilton was apprehensive of danger from the 
 encroachment of the States, and wished to add 
 new strength to the general government; while 
 Mr. Jefferson entertained little jealousy of the 
 State sovereignties, and was rather desirous of 
 checking and limiting the exercise of the national 
 authorities, particularly the power of the execu 
 tive. Other points of difference existed, and 
 reconciliation could not be effected. In the begin 
 ning of 1793, after intelligence of the rupture 
 between France and Great Britain had been 
 received, Hamilton, as one of the cabinet of the 
 president, supported the opinion, that the treaty 
 with France was no longer binding, and that a 
 nation might absolve itself from the obligations 
 of real treaties, when such a change takes place 
 in the internal situation of the other contracting 
 party, as renders the continuance of the connec 
 tion disadvantageous or dangerous. He advised 
 therefore, that the expected French minister 
 should not be received in an unqualified manner. 
 The secretary of State on the other hand was of 
 opinion, that the Revolution in France had pro 
 duced no change in the relations between the two 
 countries, and could not weaken the obligation of 
 treaties ; and this opinion was embraced by 
 Washington. The advice of Hamilton was fol 
 lowed in regard to the insurrection in Pennsylva 
 nia in 1794, and such a detachment was sent out 
 under his own command, that it was suppressed 
 without effusion of blood. He remained but a 
 short time afterwards in office. As his property 
 had been wasted in the public service, the care of 
 a rising family made it his duty to retire, that by 
 renewed exertions in his profession he might 
 provide for their support. He accordingly re 
 signed his office on the last of Jan., 1795, and 
 was succeeded by Mr. Wolcott. Not long after 
 this period, as he was accused of peculation, he 
 was induced to repel the charge, and in doing this 
 52 
 
 HAMILTON. 
 
 409 
 
 rie thought it necessary to disclose a circumstance 
 which it would have been more honorable to his 
 character to have left in oblivion. This was an 
 adulterous connection with a Mrs. Reynolds, while 
 he was secretary of the treasury. When a pro 
 visional army was raised in 1798, in consequence 
 of the injuries and demands of France, Washing 
 ton suspended his acceptance of the command of 
 it on the condition, that Hamilton should be his 
 associate and the second in command. This 
 arrangement was accordingly made. After the 
 adjustment of our dispute with the French repub 
 lic, and the discharge of the army in the summer 
 of 1800, he returned again to his profession in 
 the city of New York. In this place he passed 
 the remainder of his days. 
 
 In June, 1804, Col. Burr, vice president of the 
 United States, addressed a letter to Hamilton, 
 requiring his acknowledgment or denial of the use 
 of any expression derogatory to the honor of the 
 former. This demand was deemed inadmissible, 
 and a duel was the consequence. After the close 
 of the circuit court, the parties met at Hoboken, 
 July llth, and Hamilton fell on the same spot, 
 where his son Philip, aged 19, three years before 
 had fallen, in obedience to the same principle of 
 honor, and in the same violation of the laws of 
 God and of man. He was carried into the city, 
 and, being desirous of receiving the sacrament of 
 the Lord s supper, he immediately sent for Dr. Ma 
 son. As the principles of his church prohibited 
 him from administering the ordinance in private, 
 this minister of the gospel informed Hamilton, that 
 the sacrament was an exhibition and pledge of the 
 mercies, which the Son of God has purchased, 
 and that the absence of the sign did not exclude 
 from the mercies signified, which were accessible 
 to him by faith in their gracious Author. He 
 replied, " I am aware of that. It is only as a 
 sign that I wanted it." In the conversation 
 which ensued, he disavowed all intention of tak 
 ing the life of Col. Burr, and declared his abhor 
 rence of the whole transaction. When the sin, 
 of which he had been guilty, was intimated to 
 him, he assented \vith strong emotion ; and when 
 the infinite merit of the Redeemer, as the propi 
 tiation for sin, the sole ground of our acceptance 
 with God, was suggested, he said with emphasis, 
 "I liare a tender reliance on the mercy of the 
 Almighty through the merits of the Lord Jesus 
 Christ." Bishop Moor was afterwards sent for, 
 and, after making suitable inquiries of the peni 
 tence and faith of Gen. Hamilton, and receiving 
 his assurance, that he would never again, if re 
 stored to health, be engaged in a similar transac 
 tion, but would employ all his influence in society 
 to discountenance the barbarous custom, admin 
 istered to him the communion. After this his 
 mind was composed. Like his antagonist, Mr. 
 Burr, he was small in person and short in stature. 
 
410 
 
 HAMILTON. 
 
 HAMLIN. 
 
 His widow, Elizabeth, a daughter of Gen. Schuy- 
 ler, died at Washington Nov. 9, 1854, aged 97. 
 
 In assigning the reasons for accepting the chal 
 lenge of Col. Burr, while he seems to intimate his 
 apprehensions that the debility of the general 
 government would be followed by convulsions, he 
 also alludes to the demand, which, in such an 
 event, might be made upon his military talents. 
 His words are, "the ability to be in future useful, 
 whether in resisting mischief or effecting good, in 
 those crises of our public affairs, which seem 
 likely to happen, would probably be inseparable 
 from a conformity with public prejudice in this 
 particular." With all his pre-eminence of talents 
 he is yet a melancholy proof of the influence, 
 wliich intercourse with a depraved world has in 
 perverting the judgment. In principle he was 
 opposed to duelling, his conscience was not hard 
 ened, and he was not in different to the happiness 
 of his wife and children ; but no consideration 
 was strong enough to prevent him from exposing 
 his h fe in single combat. His own views of use 
 fulness were followed, in contrariety to the injunc 
 tions of his Maker and Judge. lie had been for 
 some time convinced of the truth of Christianity, 
 and it was his intention, if his life had been 
 spared, to have written a work upon its evidences. 
 
 He published the letters of Phocion, which 
 were in favor of the loyalists after the peace, in 
 two pamphlets, 1784. The Federalist, a series 
 of essays, which, under the signature of Publius, 
 appeared in the public papers in the interval be 
 tween the publication and the adoption of the 
 constitution of the United States, and which was 
 designed to elucidate and support its principles, 
 was written by him in conjunction with Mr. Jay 
 and Mr. Madison. The Washington City Gazette, 
 Dec. 22, 1817, states indirectly on the authority 
 of Mr. Madison himself, that Hamilton wrote all 
 the numbers excepting Numbers 2, 3, 4, 5, and 64, 
 which were written by Mr. Jay ; and Numbers 
 10, 14, 17, 18, 19, 21, 37 to 58 inclusive, 62 and 
 63, which were written by Mr. Madison. This 
 work has been published in two volumes, and is 
 held in the highest estimation. His reports while 
 secretary of the treasury are very long, and dis 
 play great powers of mind. Some of them are 
 preserved in the American museum. In the re 
 port upon the manufactures he controverts the 
 principles of Adam Smith. In the papers signed 
 Pacificus, written in 1793, while he justified the 
 proclamation of neutrality, he also supported his 
 opinion, that we were absolved from the obliga 
 tion of our treaties with France, and that justice 
 was on the side of the coalition of the European 
 powers for the re-establishment of the French 
 monarchy. A series of essays in defence of the 
 British treaty, under the signature of Camillus, 
 was written by him in the summer of 1795. He 
 published also observations on certain documents, 
 
 etc., being a defence of himself against the charge 
 of peculation, 1797 ; the stand, or essays signed 
 Titus Manlius, designed to awaken this country 
 to a sense of its danger from France, 1798; and 
 a letter concerning the public conduct and char 
 acter of his excellency John Adams, president of 
 the United States, 1800. In this letter he en 
 deavors to show, that the Venerable patriot, who 
 was more disposed than himself to maintain peace 
 with France, was unworthy of being replaced in 
 the high station, which he occupied. His writ 
 ings were collected and published in three vols. 
 1810. Mason s Oral, on Ms death; Notfs Dis 
 course ; Morris 1 Fun. Oration ; Otis Eulogy ; 
 Ames Sketch; Marshall, v. 131, 350-360, 607- 
 611 ; Life by Eenwick, and his Son. 
 
 HAMILTON, PAUL, secretary of the navy of 
 the United States, was the governor of South 
 Carolina from 1804 to 1806, when he was suc 
 ceeded by Charles Pinckney. He was secretary 
 of the navy in the administration of Mr. Madison 
 from 1809 to 1813; and he died at Beaufort 
 June 30, 1816. He was a patriot of the Ilevolu- 
 tion. 
 
 HAMILTON, ANDREW, major, died in Abbe 
 ville district, South Carolina, Jan. 17, 1835, aged 
 94. 
 
 HAMILTON, SAMUEL R, a prominent lawyer 
 in New Jersey died at Trenton Aug. 14, 1856, 
 aged 66. 
 
 HAMILTON, ELIZABETH, widow of Gen Alex 
 ander H., died in Washington Nov. 9, 1854, aged 
 97, the daughter of Gen. Philip S. Schuyler of 
 Albany. She survived her husband more than 
 half a century. 
 
 HAMLIN, HENRIETTA AXNA LORAINE, a mis 
 sionary in Turkey, was the daughter of the Itev. 
 Dr. Jackson of Dorset, Vermont, and was born 
 May 9, 1811. Her little dying sister bequeathed to 
 her, when an infant, her own name, Anna Loraine, 
 saying, " I shall not want it any longer." Among 
 the schools she attended were the academy of 
 Haverhill, Mass., and the female academy at An- 
 dover. At this last place she formed a friendship 
 with Margarette, daughter of Professor Woods, 
 now Mrs. Lawrence, \vho has published the me 
 morials of her friend. She was married Sept. 
 3, 1838, to Key. Cyrus Hamlin, and with him 
 sailed for Smyrna from Boston Dec. 3. In a few 
 weeks they reached Constantinople, where she 
 spent the remainder of her days, till near the 
 close, the helpmeet of her husband in ceaseless, 
 toils and cares and prayers for the advancement 
 of the kingdom of Christ. In her failing health 
 her husband sailed with her, Oct. 5, 1850, for the 
 beautiful island of llhodes. There she died Nov. 
 14, aged 39, leaving five daughters. For a knowl 
 edge of the high excellence of her character, of 
 her intelligence and loveliness and eminent useful 
 ness, the reader is referred to Mrs. Lawrence s 
 
HAMMOND. 
 
 HANCOCK. 
 
 411 
 
 " memorials," a book of unequalled interest and 
 value, wlu ch can hardly be read without admira 
 tion, and tears of sympathy, and spiritual profit. 
 After ten months her remains were removed to 
 Pera, at Constantinople. On her monument are 
 the words, "Peace, perfect peace!" Her 
 youngest child sleeps with her ; Mary Van Len- 
 nep is also buried there. From the height of 
 this cemetery the city is seen and the waters of 
 Marmora. 
 
 Dr. Hamlin, after an absence of eighteen 
 years, made a short visit to this country in 1856, 
 and failed not to repair to the village, where he 
 was united with his beloved early companion, now 
 sleeping in the dust in the far distant Pera. But 
 O, how changed ! The old mansion-house, and 
 its tenants, and the beautiful grove, where he 
 held conferences with lu s beloved, were gone, as 
 he said to the writer, his old friend ; but the high 
 elm before the door, and the fields, and the moun 
 tains, and the heavens above remained. In those 
 heavens he by faith cherished the hope of meeting 
 again the departed. Without this hope how- 
 wretched were human life ? Has he not then 
 chosen a good work, to communicate the gospel 
 to the misguided millions of the east? As to our 
 country villages, who can enumerate the excellent 
 women they have nurtured for the world s benefit? 
 
 HAMMOND, WILLIAM, an early settler of 
 Massachusetts in 1636, died Oct. 8, 1662, aged 
 94. Elizabeth, probably his widow, died at 
 Watertown 1669, aged 90 ; she is regarded as 
 the sister of William Penn. 
 
 HAMMOND, LAWRENCE, died at Boston in 
 1699. lie was a freeman in 1666 ; a representa 
 tive of Charlestown for six years from 1672. 
 Others of the name of Hammond lived early at 
 Sandwich. ^Rochester, and Hingham. 
 
 HAMMOND, JOHN, a Baptist minister, died at 
 Coventry, II. I., in 1840, aged 84. 
 
 HAMMOND, CIIAIILES, died in Cincinnati 
 April 3, 1840, aged 60. He was a lawyer of 
 eminence, and reporter of the superior court of 
 Oliio. As editor of the Cincinnati Gazette he 
 was very distinguished. 
 
 HAMMOND, JALEZ, D., died in Cherry Val 
 ley Aug. 18, 1855 ; a member of congress. He 
 published Julius Mclbourn, the political history 
 of N. Y., and the life and times of Silas Wright. 
 
 HAMPTON, WADE, brigadier-general, died 
 Feb. 4, 1835, aged 80, at Columbia, S. C. lie 
 served in the Revolutionary war ; he commanded 
 at Plattsburg in Nov., 1813, and made an unsuc 
 cessful expedition into Canada, co-operating with 
 Wilkinson. He had a plantation at Orima point, 
 seventy miles from New Orleans, and in 1820 was 
 the owner of four-hundred slaves, and by their 
 labor obtained at one crop five hundred hogs 
 heads of sugar and one thousand bales of cotton, 
 said to be worth 150,000 dollars. His slaves, in 
 
 all about three thousand in number, the engines 
 of his wealth, says Schoolcraft, were scarcely fed 
 or clothed in any way bordering on humanity, the 
 common allowance for food being one quart of 
 corn a day. Is it possible, that any man of com 
 mon reason could, on reflection, think, because he 
 had bought or inherited slaves, that he had a 
 right to the unrequited toils of his fellow men, 
 living in luxury on their toils, and not even teach 
 ing them the gospel of salvation, that after the 
 extorted labors and miseries of the present life 
 they might cherish the hope of justice, and kind 
 ness, and happiness beyond the grave ? 
 
 HANCOCK, JOHX, minister of Lexington, 
 Mass., was born in Cambridge, the son of Nathan 
 iel, in 1671, and was graduated at Harvard col 
 lege in 1689. He was ordained Nov. 2, 1698. 
 After a ministry of more than half a century, he 
 died very suddenly Dec. 6, 1752, aged 81. Two 
 of his sons were ministers, one of whom, Eben- 
 ezer, was settled as his colleague Jan. 2, 1733, 
 and died Jan. 28, 1740. Mr. Hancock possessed 
 a facetious temper, and in general his wit was 
 used with discretion. Being a friend to peace he 
 exerted himself, and with success, to preserve 
 harmony in his parish. By his brethren in the 
 ministry he was highly respected and beloved, 
 and as he was for many years senior minister in 
 the county, his services were frequently requested 
 in ecclesiastical councils. He had given the 
 charge to twenty-one ministers. He retained 
 uncommon vigor to the last. Some interesting 
 anecdotes are in Sprague s annals of the American 
 pulpit. He published the election sermon, 1722 ; 
 a sermon preached in Boston, 1724 ; at the ordi 
 nation of his son, 1726 ; at the installation of 
 T. Harrington, 1748. Appleton s Fun. Sermon. 
 
 HANCOCK, JOHN, minister of Braintree, 
 now Quincy, Mass., was the son of the preceding, 
 and was graduated at Harvard college in 1719. 
 He was ordained as successor of Joseph Marsh, 
 Nov. 2, 1726. He died May 7, 1744, aged 41. 
 Possessing good talents, he applied with diligence 
 to the studies of the ministerial office. During 
 the revival of religion in America a short time 
 before his death, it was his wish to guard his peo 
 ple against what he considered as enthusiasm on 
 the one hand, and against infidelity and indiffer 
 ence to religion on the other. After a life of up 
 rightness and sobriety, he expressed in his last 
 moments the satisfaction which he felt in the tes 
 timony of a good conscience, and looked for the 
 mercy of the Lord Jesus to eternal life. He 
 published a sermon on the death of E. Quincy, 
 1738 ; a century sermon, Sept. 16, 1739 ; on the 
 good work of grace, 1743 ; unqualified ministry; 
 an expostulatory and pacific letter in reply to Mr. 
 Gee, 1743; the examiner, or Gilbert against Ten- 
 nent, 1748. Gay s Funeral Sermon. 
 
 HANCOCK, TIIOJUS, a benefactor of Harvard 
 
412 
 
 HANCOCK. 
 
 HANCOCK. 
 
 college, was the son of Mr. Hancock, of Lexing 
 ton, and died in Boston Aug. 1, 1764. His por 
 trait at full length is in the philosophy chamber 
 of the college. His nephew, Gov. Hancock, in 
 herited most of his property ; but he bequeathed 
 1,000 pounds sterling for founding a professorship 
 of the Hebrew and other oriental languages in 
 Harvard college; 1,000 pounds to the society for 
 propagating the gospel among the Indians in 
 North America ; and GOO pounds to the town of 
 Boston toward erecting a hospital for the recep 
 tion of such persons as are deprived of their rea 
 son. Stephen Scwall, the first Hancock professor 
 of Hebrew in the university of Cambridge, was 
 inducted into his office in 1765. Ann. Reg. for 
 17G4, 116; Holmes. 
 
 HANCOCK, JOHN, LL. D., governor of 
 Mass., the son of llev. John Hancock, of Brain- 
 tree, Quincy parish, died Oct. 8, 1793, aged 56. 
 He was born Jan. 12, 1737. He was graduated 
 at Harvard college in 1754. On the death of his 
 uncle, Thomas Hancock, he received a very con 
 siderable fortune, and soon became an eminent 
 merchant. In 17G6 he was chosen a member of 
 the house of representatives for Boston, with 
 James Otis, Thomas Cushing, and Samuel Adams. 
 The seizure of his sloop, Liberty, in 1768, for 
 evading the laws of trade, occasioned a riot, and 
 several of the commissioners of customs narrowly 
 escaped with their lives. As the controversy with 
 Great Britain assumed a more serious shape and 
 affairs were hastening to a crisis, he evinced his 
 attachment to the rights of his country. He and 
 John Adams spent the night before the battle of 
 Lexington at the house of Rev. Mr. Clark. He 
 employed himself in cleaning his gun ; but Adams 
 said to him, clapping him on the back, " That is 
 not our business, we belong to the cabinet." He 
 was president of the provincial congress in 1774. 
 June 12th of the following year, Gen. Gage issued 
 his proclamation, offering pardon to all the rebels, 
 excepting Samuel Adams and John Hancock, 
 " whose offences," it is declared, " are of too flagi 
 tious a nature to admit of any other consideration 
 than that of condign punishment." Mr. Hancock 
 was at this time a member of the continental con 
 gress, of which he was chosen president May 24th, 
 in the place of Peyton Randolph, who was under 
 the necessity of returning home. In this office, 
 as the head of the illustrious congress of 1776, he 
 signed the Declaration of Independence. In 
 consequence of the ill state of his health, he took 
 his leave of congress in Oct., 1777, and received 
 their thanks for his unremitted attention and 
 steady impartially in discharging the duties of his 
 office. Henry Laurens was his successor. 
 
 On the adoption of the present constitution of 
 Massachusetts, he was chosen the first governor 
 in Oct., 1780, and was annually re-elected and 
 
 continued in that office till Feb., 1785, when he 
 resigned. In 1787 he was again chosen in the 
 place of Mr. Bowdoin, and remained in the chair 
 till his death. His administration was very pop 
 ular. It was apprehended by some, that on his 
 accession the dignity of government would not 
 be sufficiently maintained; but his language on 
 assuming the chair was manly and decisive, and by 
 his moderation and lenity the civil convulsion was 
 completely quieted without the shedding of blood 
 by the hand of the civil magistrate. Fourteen 
 persons, who received sentence of death, were 
 pardoned. In his public speeches to the legisla 
 ture he acquitted himself with a degree of popu 
 lar eloquence, which is seldom equalled. In one 
 of his last acts as governor he supported in a dig 
 nified manner the sovereignty of the individual 
 States. By a process commenced against Mas 
 sachusetts in favor of William Vassal, he was 
 summoned by a writ to answer to the prosecution 
 in the court of the United States. But he de 
 clined the smallest concession which might lessen 
 the independence of the State, whose interests 
 were intrusted to his care, and he supported his 
 opinion with firmness and dignity. Litigations of 
 this nature were soon afterwards precluded by an 
 amendment of the constitution of the United 
 States. Mr. Hancock is represented as not pos 
 sessing extraordinary powers of mind, and as not 
 honoring the sciences very much by his personal 
 attentions. But he was easy in his address, pol 
 ished in his manners, affable and liberal ; and as 
 president of congress he exhibited a dignity, 
 impartiality, quickness of conception, and con 
 stant attention to business, which secured him 
 respect. As the chairman of a deliberative body, 
 few could preside with such reputation. In the 
 early periods of his public career, it has been said 
 that he was somewhat inconstant in his attach 
 ment to the cause of his country. Though this 
 representation should be true ; yet from the com 
 mencement of the war, the part which he took 
 was decided and uniform, and his patriotic exer 
 tions are worthy of honorable remembrance. By 
 the suavity of his manners and his insinuating ad 
 dress he secured an almost unequalled popularity. 
 He could speak with ease and propriety on every 
 subject. Being considered a republican in prin 
 ciple and a firm supporter of the cause of freedom, 
 whenever he consented to be a candidate for gov 
 ernor, he Avas chosen to that office by an undisputed 
 majority. In private life he was charitable and 
 generous. With a large fortune he had also a 
 disposition to employ it for useful and benevolent 
 purposes. The poor shared liberally in his 
 bounty. He was also a generous benefactor of 
 Harvard college. His widow, Dorothy, the 
 daughter of Edmund Quincy, married Capt. Scott, 
 and died in 1830, aged 83. He published an 
 
HANCOCK. 
 
 HARPER. 
 
 413 
 
 oration, which he delivered on the Boston massa 
 cre, 1774. Thacher s Sermon on his death; 
 Gordon, I. 508, 231; II. 31; III. 18-21, 498; 
 Warren, I. 212-215, 430; Minot s Hist. Insur. 
 179, 184; Holmes. 
 
 HANCOCK, MARTHA M., wife of Rev. J. W. 
 IL, missionary among the Sioux Indians, died in 
 lied Wing, Minnesota, 1851. She was daughter 
 of Wm. Iloughton, of Dana, Mass. 
 
 IIANFOKD, THOMAS, the first minister of 
 Norwalk, Conn., was ordained in 1654, and offi 
 ciated nearly forty years. S. Buckingham suc 
 ceeded him in 1097. 
 
 HANNA, JOHN ANDRE, general, died at Har- 
 risburg, Pa., in 1805, aged 43. He was a mem 
 ber of congress, repeatedly elected, firmly at 
 tached to the principles of the Revolution. 
 
 HANSON, JOHN, president of congress from 
 1781 to 1783, was a delegate from Maryland, and 
 a distinguished friend of his country. He died in 
 Prince George county Nov. 13, 1783. 
 
 HANSON, ALEXANDER CONTEE, a senator of 
 the United States, died at Belmont April 23, 
 1819, aged 33. He was the grandson of the pre 
 ceding, and the son of Alex. F. II., chancellor of 
 Maryland, who died in 1806. He edited with 
 Mr. Wagner the Federal Republican at Balti 
 more. The printing establishment, after the 
 declaration of war in 1812, was attacked by a 
 mob, on which occasion Mr. Hanson s friends, 
 Gens. Lingan and Lee, were wounded. Elected 
 to congress in the same year, he was a distin 
 guished opposer of the administration. In 1816 
 he was appointed a senator in the place of Gen. 
 Harper. At the age of twenty-four, in Jan., 
 1810, he was guilty of the folly and crime of 
 fighting a duel, occasioned by political contro 
 versy, with Capt. Gordon of the navy. 
 
 HARBY, ISAAC, died in New York in 1828, 
 aged 40. He was a literary man ; was born and 
 educated in Charleston, S. C. A selection from 
 his writings was published in 1829. It contains 
 Alberti, a play, discourses, and essays. Cijcl. 
 American Lit. 
 
 HARDENBERGH, JACOBUS R., D. D., first 
 president of Queen s college in New Jersey, died 
 in Nov., 1790. He was a native of this country. 
 He was not favored with many advantages in the 
 early part of his education, yet with a powerful 
 mind and habits of persevering application he 
 made great progress in knowledge. He was or 
 dained by that party in the Dutch churches, 
 which was denominated the Cuetus, and was its 
 most distinguished and able supporter. He cheer 
 fully exerted himself with Dr. Livingston in 1771, 
 when he was minister of Raritan, to heal the 
 division of the Dutch churches, and a union was 
 completed in the following year. After the char 
 ter of Queen s college at New Brunswick was ob 
 tained in 1770, he was the first president, and 
 
 died in that office. This institution was designed 
 for educating young men for the ministry. Dr. 
 Ilardenbergh s piety was ardent ; his labors inde 
 fatigable ; and his ministry greatly blessed. 
 Christian s Mag. II. 13, 270. 
 
 HARDLN, BENJAMIN, a member of congress 
 from Kentucky, from 1815 to 1837, died in 1852. 
 
 HARIOT, THOMAS, born in Oxford, England, 
 died in 1621. He accompanied Raleigh to Amer 
 ica, and published an account of the discovery of 
 Virginia. It is in Ilakluyt, vol. 3. 
 
 IIARKER, SAMUEL, pastor of a church at 
 Blackriver, East Jersey, was settled about 1752. 
 He published in 1761, "Predestination consistent 
 with general liberty ; " in consequence of which 
 the synod of New York and Philadelphia exclud 
 ed him from their body and voted him to be dis 
 qualified to preach. He then published an " ap 
 peal from the synod to the Christian world," in 
 1763. 
 
 IIARLOW, LYDIA, widow, died in Minot, Me., 
 Aug. 30, 1846, aged 103 years, 8 months. She 
 was born in Plymouth, near Monument pond, the 
 daughter of Isaac Harlow; she married Ebenezer 
 Harlow. 
 
 HARMAR, JOSIAH, brigadier-general, died in 
 Aug., 1813. He in 1784 conveyed to France the 
 ratification of the definitive treaty. In 1785 he 
 was appointed colonel and commander of the 
 forces on the northwestern frontier. In the war 
 against the Indians he marched Sept. 30, 1790, 
 from fort Washington, and had an army of 1453 
 men. His detachment had several engagements 
 with Indians. In the last Col. Harding was 
 defeated, near Chillicothe, with the loss of Maj. 
 Fontaine, aid to the general, and Maj. Wyllys, 
 and upwards of 180 men. The Indians lost 120 
 warriors and 300 wigwams burnt. After this 
 defeat, called Harmar s defeat, he returned to fort 
 Washington: St. Clair was in command the next 
 year, lie died on the Schuylkill, near Philadel 
 phia. 
 
 HARMON, JOHNSON, colonel, a commander 
 against the Indians in Maine, was a native of York, 
 and served under Col. Wcstbrook in his expedi 
 tion to the upper falls of the Androscoggin in 
 Feb., 1723; and in Sept. was at Arousic, under 
 Col. Walton. In Aug., 1724, he and Col. Moul- 
 ton proceeded against the Indian village of Nor- 
 ridgewock, and killed father Ralle, and dispersed 
 the Indians. He resided in his last days at Harps- 
 well, where he died and where his descendants 
 remain. 
 
 HARPER, ROBERT GOODLOE, major-general, 
 a senator of the United States, died Jan. 15, 1825, 
 aged 60. He was bom near Frcdericksburg, 
 Virginia, in 1765. His parents, who were poor, 
 emigrated when he was young to Granville, North 
 Carolina. At the age of fifteen hejoined a troop 
 of horse and served for a short time under Greene, 
 
414 
 
 HARPER. 
 
 HARRIS. 
 
 While a member of Princeton college, where he 
 graduated in 1785, he was a teacher of one or 
 two of the lower classes. He soon afterwards 
 embarked for Charleston, S. C., where he arrived 
 a stranger, with but a dollar or two in his pocket. 
 A gentleman, of whose son he had been the 
 teacher, offered him his assistance and friendship, 
 and introduced him to a lawyer, with whom he 
 studied the profession of the law. In a year he 
 began the practice. He settled in the interior, 
 and soon entered upon public life and was chosen 
 a member of congress. In that body he became 
 very distinguished. He was an earnest supporter 
 of the measures of Washington, and was known 
 as a decided federalist. After the accession of 
 Mr. Jefferson in 1801, he retired from congress, 
 and, having married the daughter of Charles Car 
 roll, he entered upon the practice of the law at 
 Baltimore. He was employed in the defence of 
 Judge Chase, when he was impeached. It was 
 by Maryland, that he was elected a member of 
 the senate. In 1819 and 1820 he visited Eng 
 land, France, and Italy with his family. After his 
 return he engaged with zeal in promoting the 
 interests of the American colonization society. 
 After being engaged on the preceding day in a cause 
 before the circuit court, he died suddenly. He 
 had been subject to the angina pectoris : having 
 breakfasted, he arose from the table and was 
 standing with a newspaper in his hand, when he 
 suddenly fell, and died before medical aid could 
 be procured. It is worthy of remark, that he 
 had just offered himself as a candidate for elec 
 tion to congress in the autumn of the next year ; 
 so uncertain and vain are the hopes of men in 
 regard to the future. One of the reports of the 
 colonization society contains an able and long 
 discussion, which he wrote. He published also 
 address on the British treaty, 1796; observations 
 on the dispute between the United States and 
 France, 1797 ; letter on the proceedings of con 
 gress ; letters to his constituents, March, 1801 ; 
 correspondence with Robert Walsh respecting 
 Germany ; address on the Russian victories, 1813 ; 
 on the triumphs in Germany; select works, 1814. 
 Encycl. Americana. 
 
 HARPER, WILLIAM, died Oct. 10, 1847. He 
 was chancellor of South Carolina, appointed in 
 1835; an eminent jurist. 
 
 HARRINGTON, TIMOTHY, minister of Lancas 
 ter, Mass., died Dec. 18, 1795, aged 80. He was 
 born in Waltham ; graduated at Harvard in 1737, 
 and was settled in 1741, pastor of the church 
 in the lower Ashuelot, now Swanzey, N. II., from 
 which place he was driven by the savages in 1747. 
 In the following year he was settled at Lancaster, 
 where he continued till his death. Mr. Thayer 
 was settled as his colleague in 1793. He was 
 uncommonly mild, affable, and benevolent. To 
 the poor he was very liberal. He relinquished to 
 
 Ashuelot the property which he received as the 
 first minister of the town. As a minister he was 
 faithful and useful. He published a century ser 
 mon, 1753; a discourse on the ill-boding symp 
 toms of a stupid people, 1756. 
 
 HARRINGTON, TiiEomiLUs, a judge of the 
 supreme court of Vt., died in Clarendon in 1813. 
 
 HARRINGTON, LEWIS, commodore, died at 
 Washington Oct. 12, 1851, aged 69. At the 
 blockade of the Tripoli he was in the President ; 
 in 1813 he commanded the Peacock, and, April 
 19, captured the Epervier. In the war he took 
 nineteen vessels. 
 
 HARRIS, SAMUEL, a Baptist minister, called 
 the apostle of Virginia, was born in Hanover 
 county Jan. 12, 1724. Removing to Pittsylvania 
 co., he there sustained various offices, was colonel 
 of the militia, captain of Mayo fort, and commis 
 sioner for the fort and army. He was baptized 
 about 1758. He soon preached diligently, but 
 was not ordained until 1769. His pious zeal met 
 the usual return of persecution. He was once 
 pulled clown from his stand, as he was preaching, 
 and dragged by the hair, and once knocked 
 down. Having much property, he devoted the 
 greater part to charitable purposes. In his 
 power over the affections of his hearers he was 
 thought to be equal to Whitefield. The Virgin 
 ians say, he seemed to pour fourth streams of 
 lightning from his eyes. His worldly offices he 
 resigned, as he ascribed to them the diminution 
 of his religious enjoyments. In 1774 the general 
 association of separate Baptists, wishing to re 
 establish the primitive order, as mentioned Ephes. 
 4: 11., chose Mr. Harris apostle, and ordained 
 him by the hands of every minister in that body. 
 No other instance of such an extraordinary ap 
 pointment is recollected. The following anec 
 dotes may illustrate his character. Meeting a 
 pardoned criminal, who showed him his pardon 
 received at the gallows, he asked, " Have you 
 shown it to Jesus Christ ? " " No, Mr. H., I want 
 you to do it for me." Accordingly the old man 
 dismounted and kneeled, and, Avith the pardon in 
 one hand and the other on the offender s head, 
 rendered thanks and prayed for God s pardon. 
 lie once requested a debtor to pay him in wheat, 
 as he had a good crop ; but the man replied that 
 he did not intend to pay until he was sued. Un 
 willing to leave preaching to attend a vexatious 
 suit, he wrote a receipt in full and presented it to 
 the man, saying, he had sued him in the court of 
 heaven ; he should leave the affair with the head 
 of church, with whom he might settle another 
 day. The man soon loaded his wagon and sent 
 the wheat, Benedict, n. 330-339. 
 
 HARRIS, TUCKER, M. D., a physician of 
 Charleston, S. C., was born in that city in 1747; 
 studied at Edinburgh ; served his country as a 
 physician in the Revolutionary war; and died 
 
HARRIS. 
 
 July 6, 1821, aged 73. He sustained an excellent 
 character and was known as a friend of religion. 
 lie published some essays in the medical journal 
 of Philadelphia. Thaclier s Mcd. Biog. 
 
 HARRIS, WILLIAM, D. IX, president of Co 
 lumbia college, died in 1829, aged about 43. lie 
 was born in Springfield, Mass. He was first a 
 preacher in Marblehead. He published a sermon 
 on the death of Mrs. Roads ; a sermon at the 
 Episcopal convention, 1799. 
 
 HARRIS, ANDREW, M. D., died at Canterbury, 
 Conn., May 28, 1840, aged 52, a distinguished 
 physician. Dying of the consumption, his last 
 days were devoted to religion, to the study of 
 truth, and the exercises of faith. 
 
 HARRIS, WALTER, D. D., minister of Dun- 
 barton, N. II., died Dec. 25, 1843, aged 82. lie 
 was the son of Nathaniel of Lebanon, Conn., and 
 served three years in the war before he was 
 nineteen years old. His only brother fell in bat 
 tle. He bought him a farm in Lebanon, X. II., 
 intending to be a farmer ; but, becoming religious 
 in a revival there, he determined to be a minister. 
 He graduated at Dartmouth in 1786; studied 
 theology with Dr. Emmons; and was ordained at 
 Dunbarton Aug. 26, 1789. He was an excellent 
 preacher and pastor. He had three wives, one of 
 whom, the mother of his children, was of the 
 name of Fisher of Franklin, Mass., and the next 
 was the widow of Rev. John Cleveland of 
 Wrentham. He published sermons on the death 
 of the wife of Rev. A. Burnham ; of Samuel 
 Burnham; of the third wife of Rev. A. Burnham, 
 1815; of Mrs. Morrill ; a fast sermon, 1799; at 
 thanksgiving, 1812; at the ordination of A. Burn- 
 ham ; of E. Corser ; doctrine of decrees encour 
 agement to the use of means, 1814; on false 
 teachers ; to a cent society ; at Reading ; on the 
 Sabbath; to freemasons, 1823 ; before the pasto 
 ral convention, 1834. Sprague s Annals. 
 
 HARRIS, JOHN, judge of the supreme court 
 of X. II., died at Hopkinton April 23, 1845, aged 
 74; a graduate of Harvard in 1791. 
 
 HARRIS, WILLIAM COFFIN, a teacher, was 
 born in Portsmouth March 17, 1788, was gradu 
 ated at Harvard in 1807, and died at Portsmouth 
 Nov. 22, 1853, aged 65. At Portsmouth and at 
 Xewington he was a distinguished teacher be 
 tween thirty and forty years. He fell down in 
 a fit in his school-room, and lived but ten minutes. 
 
 HARRIS, THADDEUS M., D. D.,died in Dor 
 chester April 3, 1842, aged 72. He was a grad 
 uate of 1787, of Harvard, of which he was for 
 years the librarian. When he was a junior 
 in college, he needed some new clothing, and his 
 mother, in her poverty, asked him to procure in 
 some way a little money for the purpose. Goin 
 to meet her with a small sum, he gave it away to 
 a crippled, hungry soldier, who asked his aid. 
 As he went on, in great distress from having 
 
 HARRISON. 
 
 415 
 
 nothing to put into his mother s hands, he thought 
 something adhered to the end of his rough cane, 
 cut on the road ; and lo ! it was a gold ring, hav 
 ing engraved on it, " God speed thee, friend." 
 This sold for the money wanted ; the moral lesson 
 was invaluable. The titles of his discourses, 
 books, and various writings, contained in a manu- 
 cript in my hands, occupy eight folio pages. 
 Some of them are the masonic constitution, 4to., 
 1792; the natural history of the Bible, 1 vol., 
 1793; minor encyclopedia, 4 vols. 1803; account 
 of Dorchester, 1804 ; journal of a tour to the 
 northwest, 8vo., 1805; volume of masonic dis 
 courses ; beauties of nature delineated ; hymns 
 for the Lord s supper ; discourse at Plymouth, 
 1808; to the memory of James Bowcloin, 1811; 
 memoir of father Rasles, in the historical collec 
 tions ; memorials of the first church in Dorches 
 ter, 1830; memorials of James Oglethorpe, 1841. 
 His ordination at Dorchester was Oct. 23, 1793 ; 
 and there he spent the remainder of his h fe. 
 There have been in this country few so industri 
 ous scholars and such voluminous writers. 
 
 HARRIS, THADDEUS WILLIAM, M. D., libra 
 rian of Harvard college, died at Cambridge of 
 dropsy of the chest Jan. 16, 1856, aged 60; the 
 son of T. M. Harris of Dorchester. He gradu 
 ated in 1815, and acquired reputation as a physi 
 cian in Dorchester. In 1831 he was chosen libra 
 rian as the successor of Mr. Pierce, and remained 
 in office till his death, an assiduous, faithful libra 
 rian. He was succeeded by Rev. John L. Sib- 
 Icy. He was highly skilled in natural history ; 
 as an entomologist he had no equal. By his writ 
 ings he contributed to the dissemination of 
 knowledge. His tract on insects injurious to 
 vegetation was published by the legislature. He 
 published a discourse to horticultural society, 1832. 
 Boston Advertiser, July 16, 1856. 
 
 HARRIS, WILLIAM THADDEUS, LL. D., died 
 Oct. 19, 1854, aged 28. The son of Dr. T. W. 
 Harris, he graduated in 1846. An early ancestor 
 was Thomas of Boston, who died 1680; next 
 Benjamin, Capt. William, a teacher in Boston and 
 officer of the Revolution, the father of Rev. Dr. 
 T. M. Harris of Dorchester, who was the grand 
 father of the subject of this article. He pub 
 lished Cambridge epitaphs, 1845. 
 
 HARRISOX, ROBERT HANSON, a patriot of 
 the Revolution, sustained the office of chief jus 
 tice of the general court of Maryland. He de 
 clined in 1789 the appointment of judge of the 
 supreme court of the United States, and died at 
 his residence on the Potomac, in Charles county, 
 April 2, 1790, aged 45. His talents were dis 
 tinguished, and he enjoyed in a high degree the 
 confidence of his fellow citizens. 
 
 HARRISOX, BENJAMIN, governor of Virginia, 
 died in April, 1791. He was a patriot of the 
 Revolution. His father and grandfather, having 
 
416 
 
 HARRISON. 
 
 HART. 
 
 the name of Benjamin, lived at Berkeley, on the 
 banks -of James river, in view of the seaports of 
 Petersburg and Richmond. His father, who mar 
 ried the daughter of Mr. Carter, surveyor-general, 
 was killed with two of his daughters by lightning. 
 About 1761 he became a member of the legisla 
 ture, and in 1774 a member of congress, in which 
 body for several years he rendered important ser 
 vices. On signing the Declaration of Indepen 
 dence, being quite corpulent, he said to Mr. Gerry, 
 who was slender and thin, after putting his 
 name to the instrument, " When the time of hang 
 ing shall come, I shall have the advantage of 
 you ; it will be over with me in a minute, but you 
 will be kicking in the air half an hour after I am 
 gone." In 1777 he resigned his seat in congress. 
 From 1782 to 1784 he was the popular governor 
 of Virginia, and was succeeded by Henry. He 
 was afterwards a member of the convention for 
 adopting the constitution of the United States. 
 He died of the gout. His health had been im 
 paired by his free manner of living. His wife 
 was Elizabeth, daughter of Col. William Bassett. 
 His third son was Gen. William Henry Harrison. 
 Goodrich s Lives. 
 
 HARRISON, BENJAMIN, a tall man, Avas a na 
 tive of Virginia, and died in Georgia in April, 
 1818, aged 44. He was, by accurate measure 
 ment, seven feet, two inches and a half in height. 
 
 HARRISON, RICHARD, an eminent lawyer, 
 died at New York Dec. 6, 1829, aged 81. 
 
 HARRISON, RICHARD, auditor and treasurer 
 of the United States, died at Washington July 
 10, 1841, aged 91. He was five years consul at 
 Cadiz ; auditor fifty-five years, appointed by 
 Washington. He was highly esteemed as a man 
 of abilities and integrity. 
 
 HARRISON, WILLIAM HENRY, president of 
 the United States, died April 4, 1841, aged 68. 
 He was born in Charles City Co., Va., Feb. 9, 
 1773, being the son of Benjamin II., governor of 
 Virginia, lie was educated at Hampden Sydney 
 college. He received from Washington a mili 
 tary commission in 1791. He fought under 
 Wayne. After the battle of Miami Rapids he 
 was made captain, and placed in command of fort 
 Washington. In 1797 he was appointed secre 
 tary of the Northwest Territory. In 1799 he 
 was a delegate to congress. Being appointed 
 governor of Indiana, he was also superintendent 
 of Indian affairs, and negotiated thirteen treaties. 
 He gained a great victory in the battle of Tippe- 
 canoe, Nov. 7, 1811. In the war with Great 
 Britain he was commander of the northwest 
 army, and was distinguished in the defence of fort 
 Meigs and the victory of the Thames. In 1816 
 he was in congress, and in 1828 minister to the 
 republic of Colombia. On his return he resided 
 at North Bend, in Ohio, upon his farm. He was 
 elected president by 234 votes out of 294. In 
 
 ducted into his office March 4, 1841, he died in 
 one month. Among the last utterances of his 
 lips he expressed a desire for the perpetuity of 
 the constitution and the preservation of its prin 
 ciples. For many months he never omitted 
 reading the Scriptures every night before retiring 
 to rest. On the third day of his illness he spoke 
 of his long persuasion of the Christian truth, and 
 his regret that he was not a member and a com 
 municant in a church. 
 
 HARRISON, ROGER, minister of Tolland, 
 Mass., died in 1853, aged 84. Born in Branford, 
 Conn., he graduated at Yale in 1792; was or 
 dained in 1798, and dismissed in 1822. He had 
 great skill and power in music with his voice. 
 Spr ague s Annals. 
 
 HART, WILLIAM, minister of Saybrook, Conn., 
 died July 11, 1784, aged 71, in the forty-eighth 
 year of his ministry. He was the son of Rev. 
 John II., of East Guilford, and was graduated 
 at Yale college in 1732 and ordained Nov. 17, 
 1736. Mr. Hotchkiss was his colleague. He 
 first gave the name of llopkintonian to certain 
 doctrines which he opposed. Dr. Hopkins re 
 plied to his dialogue. He published nature of 
 regeneration, 1742; with Jonathan Todd, narra 
 tive of proceedings at Wallingfbrd, in regard to 
 the settlement of J. Dana, 1759 ; remarks on 
 dangerous errors, against the Hopkinsians, 1770 ; 
 a dialogue, and a sermon, which was never 
 preached and never will be, against the same ; 
 remarks on Edwards dissertation on the nature 
 of virtue, 1771, which was answered by Dr. Hop 
 kins ; a treatise of qualifications for the sacra 
 ments, 1772. Devotion s Funeral Sermon , 
 Sprague s Annals. 
 
 HART, JOHN, first minister of East Guilford, 
 now Madison, Conn., died March 4, 1732, aged 
 48, in the twenty-fifth year of his ministry. 
 Bora in Farmington, he graduated at Yale in 
 1703 ; he made the whole second class, as N. 
 Chauncey did the first. The college was then at 
 Killingworth. He was ordained in 1707. In 
 1722 he was associated for a time with Cutler and 
 others, who doubted the validity of Presbyterian 
 ordination. In his last years he had distressing 
 bodily infirmities. His wives, by all of whom he 
 had children, were Ilcbekah Hubbard of Boston, 
 Sarah Bull of Hartford, and Mary Hooker of 
 Farmington. He was an eminent preacher and 
 a humble Christian. Spraguc s Annals. 
 
 HART, OLIVER, minister of Charleston, S. C., 
 died Dec. 31, 1795, aged 72. He was born at 
 Warminster, Bucks county, Pcnn., July 5, 1723. 
 At the age of eighteen he was impressed with the 
 importance of religion, and was baptized. He 
 was ordained at Southampton Oct. 18, 1749, and 
 in the same year went to Charleston, where he 
 succeeded Mr. Chanler, and was minister of the 
 Baptist church in that city for thirty years. In 
 
HART. 
 
 HART. 
 
 417 
 
 such estimation was his character for patriotism 
 and talents held by the council of safety of Caro 
 lina, that at the beginning of the Revolution he 
 was appointed by them, with William Tennent, to 
 visit the frontiers, in order to reconcile some of 
 the disaffected inhabitants to the change which 
 occurred in public affairs. In Feb., 1780, the 
 warm interest which he took in promoting the 
 American Revolution, induced him to leave 
 Charleston, lest he should fall into the hands of 
 the British, who were about to besiege the city. 
 In Dec. following he was settled at Hopewell in 
 New Jersey, where he remained till his death. 
 
 Mr. Hart possessed strong powers of mind. 
 His imagination was lively and his judgment 
 sound. Though not favored with a liberal educa 
 tion, by diligent study and habitual reflection he be 
 came very respectable for his knowledge of Chris 
 tian truth. He was a uniform advocate of the 
 doctrines of free and sovereign grace. As a 
 preacher his manner was pleasing and his de 
 livery animated. As a citizen he was a firm and 
 decided patriot. He possessed a liberal spirit, 
 and exhibited the beneficence which he recom 
 mended. In his last moments he enjoyed the 
 consolations of the gospel, resting his hopes upon 
 the righteousness of Christ. He published sev 
 eral sermons and tracts, namely: dancing ex 
 ploded ; a discourse on the death of William Ten 
 nent ; the Christian temple ; a circular letter on 
 Christ s mediatorial character ; America s remem 
 brancer ; a gospel church portrayed, and a thanks 
 giving sermon, 1789. He had a turn for poetry, 
 and wrote much, though none of his productions 
 were published. Many of his papers and of his 
 best books were destroyed by the British army. 
 Holers and Furman s Discourses on Ms death. 
 
 HART, JOHN, a patriot of the Revolution, died 
 in 1780. He was the son of Edward Hart, of 
 Hopewell, X. J. He was a member of the con 
 gress of 1774, and in 1776 signed the Declaration 
 of Independence. In the latter part of this year 
 his farm was pillaged by the enemy and his fam 
 ily dispersed. The alarm and distress of these 
 occurrences caused the death of his wife, whose 
 name was Scudder. After the evacuation of New 
 Jersey he again collected his family; but his 
 health was now failing him. He in his religious 
 profession was a Baptist, and sustained an excel 
 lent character. Great confidence was reposed in 
 the wisdom and judgment of " honest John 
 Hart." Goodrich s Lives. 
 
 HART, LEVI, D. I)., minister of Preston, Conn., 
 now Griswold, died Oct. 27, 1808, aged 69. He 
 was the son of Thomas II., of Southington, and 
 was graduated at Yale college in 1760. While a 
 member of college he made a public profession of 
 that religion which regulated his whole life. Hav 
 ing pursued the study of divinity for some time 
 with Dr. Bellamy, whose daughter, Rebecca, he 
 53 
 
 afterwards married, he was settled Nov. 4, 1762, 
 as the minister of the second church in Preston. 
 Here he continued to perform the various duties 
 of the sacred office until a short time before his 
 death. Receiving as the gift of God a sound 
 and vigorous mind, it was much improved by his 
 scientific and literary acquisitions. Many young 
 men were trained up by him for the ministry. As 
 he united a keen discernment of character to a 
 social and communicative turn of mind, and was 
 always governed by the desire of promoting the 
 interests of religion, he was very useful in his 
 private intercourse with his people, as well as in 
 his public labors. He sought out the abodes of 
 affliction, of poverty, and of distress ; and, while 
 he soothed the poor by his conversation, he was 
 enabled, also, by an exact economy, to contribute 
 something from a small salary for the relief of 
 their wants. His disposition Avas placid ; his 
 manners amiable and unassuming; and in the 
 various relations of life he was faithful and affec 
 tionate. He engaged in the support of mission 
 ary institutions, and the progress of the gospel 
 was the theme of his correspondence with a num 
 ber of respectable friends of religion in Europe. 
 He preached and published a funeral sermon for 
 Dr. Hopkins, in 1803. He published also a ser 
 mon at ordination of J.Benedict, 1771; of J. 
 Smith, 1772; of A. Holmes, 1785; of W. Pat 
 ten, 1786 ; of A. Chase, 1787 ; of J. Wilder, 
 1790; a sermon on liberty, 1774; on the death 
 of Mrs. Woodbridge, 1775 ; of J. Huntington, 
 1786; of N. Eells, 1786; of his wife, 1789; of 
 Mrs.King, 1791; of Washington, 1799; of Dr. 
 Hopkins, 1803 ; at election, 1786. Panoplist 
 and Missionary Magazine, I. 287 ; Sprayue s 
 Annals. 
 
 HART, IRA, minister of Stonington, Conn., 
 died in 1829. He graduated at Yale in 1792. 
 
 HART, THOMAS, colonel, died in Kentucky. 
 His widow, Susannah, died at Lexington in 1832, 
 aged 86 ; she was the mother of Mrs. Henry 
 Clay, Mrs. Dr. Prindle, Mrs. James Brown, and 
 of Capt. Hart, who fell on the river Raisin. 
 
 HART, LUTHER, minister of Plymouth, Conn., 
 died April 25, 1834, aged 50. Born in Goshen, 
 the son of David, he became early pious in a re 
 vival in the region where he lived, in 1799. He 
 graduated with honor at Yale in 1807, and was 
 ordained in 1810. More than four hundred were 
 added to his church during his ministry, especially 
 in 1812, 1824, 1827, and 1831. He was a princi 
 pal writer for the Christian Spectator. He wrote 
 an able tract on Presbyterian ordination. He pub 
 lished, also, a Christmas sermon, salvation for lost 
 men, 1818 ; at installation of I). O. Griswold; on 
 the death of A. Gillet, with a memoir, 1826 ; a 
 memoir of A. Pettingill, 1834. Sprague s An 
 nals. 
 
 HART, JOHN, Dr., died at South Reading 
 
418 
 
 HART. 
 
 HASSLER. 
 
 April 27, 1836, aged 84. Born in Ipswich in 
 1752, the son of John, a lawyer and noted musi 
 cian, he joined Prescott s regiment in the be 
 ginning of the war, and afterwards, till its close, 
 was surgeon of the 2d Massachusetts regiment. 
 He settled at Reading in 1782. He was five 
 years in the senate, and was a venerable patriot 
 and a Christian. When chosen to a public office, 
 instead of making a treat, as was customary, he 
 gave the money to buy books for schools. 
 
 HART, LUTHER W., Dr., died in Marshall, 
 Mich., Sept, 10, 1842, aged 64. A native of 
 Berlin, and a graduate of Williams college, he 
 was thirty years a physician in Durham, N. Y. ; 
 then, as a pioneer, he removed to Marshall. He 
 was a scholar and a patron of education ; a sup 
 porter of the institutions of the gospel ; a man 
 of virtue and worth. 
 
 HART, RUTH, widow of Gen. Selah II., died 
 in Kensington, Conn., Jan. 15, 1844, aged 101; 
 a woman of great excellence. She gave to her 
 own Congregational church 1000 dollars, and 500 
 dollars to Yale college for a scholarship for pious 
 students. 
 
 HART, JOSEPH C., died in Santa Cruz July 23, 
 1855, American consul at S. C. ; author of Marian 
 Coffin, and other works. 
 
 HARTWELL, BENJAMIN, Dr., died April 17, 
 1844, aged 85, in Shirley ; the first physician set 
 tled in the town, and the only one for thirty-five 
 years. He was a Revolutionary pensioner. 
 
 HARVARD, JOHN, the founder of Harvard 
 college, died in Chaiiestown Sept. 14, 1638, aged 
 about 30. He graduated at Emanuel college in 
 Cambridge, England, in 1631, and was received 
 into the church at Charlestown in 1637. He had 
 been a minister in England, and he preached 
 a short time in Charlestown. He left a legacy 
 of 779 pounds to the school at Newton, or Cam 
 bridge. The next year the general court con 
 stituted it a college. The first president was 
 Mr. Dunster. Precisely one hundred and ninety 
 years after his death a granite monument was 
 erected to his memory, Sept. 26, 1828, on die top 
 of the burying-hill in Charlestown. On this oc 
 casion Edward Everett delivered an address to a 
 large company, including the officers and students 
 of the college. The expense was provided for by 
 the payment of one dollar each by many gradu 
 ates. The monument is a solid obelisk, fifteen 
 feet high, four feet square at the bottom, two at 
 the top, weighing twelve or thirteen tons, brought 
 from the quarry at Quincy. On the eastern face 
 is the name of Harvard in high relief; beneath it 
 is an inscription in English on a white marble 
 tablet, and on the tablet of the west side, looking 
 tovv ard the college, an inscription in Latin. 
 Magnalia, iv. 126; Everett s Address; Nisi. 
 Coll. I. 242; Neal, I. 199; Holmes, I. 247; 
 Hutckinson,!. 90. 
 
 HARVEY, BENJAMIN, died at Frankfort, Her- 
 kimer Co., N. Y., March 18, 1847, aged 112 
 years. He was seventy years a Baptist minister ; 
 and he preached only a short time before his 
 death. His voice was strong, and his manner 
 animated. 
 
 HASEY, ISAAC, first minister of Lebanon, Me., 
 died in 1812, aged about 70. He graduated at 
 Harvard in 1762, and was settled in 1765. 
 
 HASKELL, JONATHAN, major, died at Belpre 
 in Dec., 1814, aged 39. He was born in Roches 
 ter, Mass., was an officer in the army, and emi 
 grated to Ohio in 1788. Ilildrctli. 
 
 HASKELL, SAMUEL, died at New Rochclle 
 Aug. 24, 1845, aged about 75. He graduated at 
 Yale in 1790, and was the oldest Episcopal min 
 ister in the State of New York, having preached 
 his first sermon in Trinity church, New York, 
 fifty years before his death. He was a soldier in 
 the battle of Bunker Hill. 
 
 HASKELL, DANIEL, president of Burlington 
 college, Vt., died at Brooklyn, N. Y., Aug. 9, 
 1848, aged 64. Born in Preston, Conn., he was 
 a graduate of Yale in 1802, then a teacher at 
 Norwich. He had a good pupil in Mrs. Sigour- 
 ney. He was pastor at Middletown and Litch- 
 field, Conn., and at St. Albans and Burlington, Vt. 
 He was then from 1821 to 1824 the president 
 of the Vermont university ; but during the last 
 ten or fifteen years of his life he resided in 
 Brooklyn, N. Y. Dr. Cox, his minister, describes 
 him as a man of theological erudition, of high 
 attainments in science and literature, of deep rev 
 erence toward God, and of great strength and 
 soundness of mind, with one exception, that he 
 was subject to a strange monomania. He imag 
 ined that he had died in some other world, in 
 which he proved a rebel against God, and for his 
 rebellion he was placed in his present abode and 
 was no longer a probationer for eternity. Hence 
 he would never pray. On all other subjects he 
 was sane, learned, and instructive. What cause 
 of thankfulness we have to God for preserving 
 our faculties unimpaired? He edited McCul- 
 loch s geographical dictionary. He published a 
 sermon at the ordination of H. S. Johnson, 1814 ; 
 of R. A. Avery, 1824; a gazetteer of the United 
 States, with J. C. Smith, 1843 ; a chronology of 
 the world, 1845. Sprague s Annals. 
 
 HASSELTINE, JOHN, deacon, died at West 
 Bradford in June, 1837, aged 80, the father of 
 Mrs. Judson. 
 
 HASSLER, FERDINAND R., director of the 
 United States coast-survey, died in Philadelphia 
 Nov. 20, 1843, aged 74. A native of Geneva, he 
 came to this country about 1810, introduced by 
 Mr. Gallatin, and was superintendent as early as 
 1816. His high attainments as a mathematician 
 and man of science, and his faithfulness were 
 universally acknowledged. His survey of the 
 
HASTINGS. 
 
 IIAVEN. 
 
 419 
 
 coast commenced in 1832. He was succeeded 
 by Professor Bache. His mathematical and as 
 tronomical writings are valuable, especially his 
 papers in the American philosophical transactions, 
 relating to the coast survey. 
 
 HASTINGS, GEORGE, died at Chatanooga, in 
 Tennessee, whither he had gone on account of 
 his health, Sept. 2, 1854. He was late pastor of 
 the American Protestant chapel in the city of 
 Home, Italy. When past speaking he wrote with 
 a pencil, " The peace of this last hour of suf 
 fering is worth a life of great privation in the 
 gospel ministry." He opened his eyes in assent, 
 as they read this to him, and then closed them in 
 death. 
 
 HATCH, ELISIIA, died in Bristol, Me., in 18-13, 
 aged 100. 
 
 HATCH, NYMPHAS, died at Leominster in 
 Aug., 1850, aged 79. He graduated at Harvard 
 in 1797, and was a minister at Tisbury, Martha s 
 Vineyard, from 1801 to 1820. 
 
 HATCIICOCK, THOMAS, died in Richmond 
 Co., N. C., April 13, 1818, aged 125. He left 
 sons, aged 93, 87, and 1G. 
 
 HATHORN, WILLIAM, died at Salem after 
 1651, described by Johnson as " a godly captain of 
 rhetorical volubility of speech, much used in pub- 
 He service." 
 
 HAVEN, ELIAS, minister in Wrentham, Mass., 
 died in 1754, aged 40. He graduated at Har 
 vard in 1733, and was ordained in 1738. 
 
 HAVEN, SAMUEL, D. D., minister of Ports 
 mouth, N. II., died March 3, 1806, aged 78. He 
 was born in Framingham, Mass., Aug. 16, 1727, 
 the son of Joseph, and was graduated at Harvard 
 college in 1749. During a revival of religion his 
 mind was impressed by the truths of God, and 
 he was a great admirer of the preachers, whose 
 labors appeared to be blessed by the Holy Spirit. 
 He was ordained May 6, 1752. His first wife 
 was the daughter of Dr. Appleton, of Cambridge. 
 His second wife, who closed his eyes, died herself 
 in a few hours afterwards. They were both 
 buried at the same time, and twelve children fol 
 lowed them to the grave. Dr. Haven possessed 
 respectable talents, and was acquainted with va 
 rious departments of science. His mind was 
 rather sprightly, than inclined to abstruse re 
 searches and deep investigation. Having paid 
 considerable attention to the study of physic, his 
 usefulness was thus increased among his people. 
 In his theological sentiments he was moderately 
 Calvinistic, though in the latter part of his life he 
 possessed a spirit of Catholicism and charity so 
 excessive, as led him privately to speculate with 
 ] )r. Chauncy on the sentiment of universal resti 
 tution. But he never proclaimed this sentiment 
 from the pulpit, and he declared that he never 
 meant to risk his salvation on that ground. He 
 excelled in the tender and sympathetic. In 
 
 scenes of affliction and sorrow he was a son of 
 consolation. On funeral occasions, for variety, 
 copiousness, tenderness, and pertinency of ad 
 dress he was rarely equalled ; and he was often 
 instrumental in awakening the careless and con- 
 thc unconvinced. Bv his first marriage 
 
 to Mchetabel Appleton he had eleven children ; 
 by his second he had six children. His sons, Sam 
 uel, Nathaniel Appleton, and Charles Chauncy, 
 graduated at Harvard in 1772, 1779, and 1804. 
 
 He published the following sermons : at the 
 request of ministers of N. II., 1760; on the 
 death of George II. and the accession of George 
 III., 1761 ; on the conclusion of the war and the 
 declaration of peace, 1763 ; at the ordination of 
 Jeremy Belknap, 1767 ; on the death of Henry 
 Sherburne, 1767 ; of B. Stevens, 1791 ; the ever- 
 living redeemer, 1768; at Cambridge, 1771; at 
 Medfield, 1771; at the election, 1786; on the 
 reasonableness and importance of practical reli 
 gion, 1794; the Dudleian lecture, 1798; after the 
 ordination of T. Alden as his colleague, 1800. 
 Buckminstcr s sermon on his deatli ; Sprague s 
 Annals. 
 
 HAVEN, JASOX, minister of Dedham, Mass., 
 died May 17, 1803, aged 70. He was born at 
 Framingham March 13, 1733, the son of Moses, 
 and was graduated at Harvard college in 1754. 
 He was ordained pastor of the first church in 
 Dedham Feb. 5, 1756. In his old age, his im 
 paired health rendering a colleague necessary, 
 Joshua Bates was ordained March 16, 1803. He 
 was furnished with talents for the acceptable dis 
 charge of the various duties of the sacred office. 
 His discourses were very evangelical ; he was 
 eminent in prayer ; and his appearance and man 
 ners uniformly accorded with his station. Be 
 sides several smaller works, he published the fol 
 lowing sermons : on the thanksgiving, 1758 ; at 
 the artillery election, 1761 ; at a private meeting, 
 1761 ; at the ordination of -Edward Brooks, 1764 ; 
 of E. Ward, 1771 ; of M. Everett, 1774 ; of S. 
 Palmer, 1792 ; election sermon, 1769 ; on the 
 death of Hannah Richards, 1770; of Samuel 
 I) unbar, 1783 ; a sermon to his own people forty 
 years after his ordination, Feb. 7, 1796. Pren- 
 tiss Sermon on his death ; Sprague s Annals. 
 
 HAVEN, NATHANIEL APPLETOX, editor of the 
 Portsmouth Journal, died of the scarlet fever 
 June 3, 1826, aged 36. He was the grandson of 
 Dr. S. Haven of Portsmouth, was the son of 
 Nathaniel A. II., who was a member of congress 
 in 1809, and died March, 1831, aged 69. He was 
 graduated at Harvard college in 1807, and set 
 tled as a lawyer at Portsmouth. His wife, the 
 daughter of John Haven, survived with five chil 
 dren. He wrote some pieces of poetry, and many 
 valuable articles for the Journal, which he edited 
 from 1821 to 1825. lie wrote also for the N. A. 
 Review. He was a member of one of the 
 
420 
 
 HAVEN. 
 
 churches in Portsmouth, and for six years super 
 intended a Sabbath school. His remains, with a 
 memoir by Gco. Ticknor, were published, 1827. 
 N. II. Hist. Coll. II. 229-235. 
 
 HAVEN, SAMUEL, died in Roxbury Sept. 1, 
 1847, aged 76. He graduated at Harvard in 
 1789, and was a judge of the county court, and 
 register of probate. 
 
 HAVEN, JOSEPH, died in Amherst, Mass., 
 Oct. 15, 1851, aged 65. Born in Holden, he grad 
 uated at Harvard in 1810, and was minister of 
 Dennis from 1814 till 1826, when from ill health 
 he was dismissed. He became the minister of 
 Billerica in 1836, but in five or six years was con 
 strained by the state of his health to terminate 
 his labors as a pastor. He was the father of 
 Prof. Haven, of Amherst. 
 
 HAVILAND, JOHN, a distinguished architect, 
 died in Philadelphia March 28, 1852, aged 60. 
 The tombs by him constructed were praised for 
 their execution. 
 
 HAWES, AYLETT, Dr., died in Culpepper 
 county, Va., April, 1834. He liberated one hun 
 dred and ten slaves, and removed them to 
 Liberia. 
 
 HAWKINS, JOHN, an Indian chief, sagamore 
 of Pennacook, had the name of Kancamagus, but 
 the English called him Hawkins, Hakins, or 
 Hogkins. He killed Maj. Waldron and his 
 family. By Church his wife was taken prisoner 
 in 1690. The following letter to the governor of 
 New Hampshire, May 15, 1685, is a specimen of 
 his English learning : " Honor governor, my 
 friend, You my friend I desire your worship 
 and your power, because I hope you can do som 
 great matters this one. I am poor and naked 
 and I have no men at my place because I afraid 
 allwayes Mohogs he will kill me every day and 
 night. If your worship when please pray help me 
 you no let Mohogs kill me at my place at Mala- 
 make river called Paunkkog, and Nuttukkog, ] 
 will submit your worship and your power. And 
 now I want pouder and such alminishon, shatt 
 and guns, because I have forth at my horn and 1 
 plant theare. This all Indian hand, but pray you 
 do consider your humble servant JOHN 1IOG- 
 KINS." In another letter he said : " If my Indian 
 he do you long pray you no put your law because 
 som my Indians fooll, som men much love drunk 
 then he no know what he do, may be he do mis 
 chief when he drunk if so pray you must let me 
 know what be done because I will ponis him what 
 he have done." He called himself " Indian sog- 
 mon." Farmer s Belknap, I. 508. 
 
 HAWKINS, BENJAMIN, colonel, long a usefu 
 agent for Indian affairs, died at the Creek agency 
 in May, 1816. On the settlement of his account; 
 by his brother, there was found a balance due 
 from the government of 200,000 dollars. His 
 
 HAWLEY. 
 
 larrative of the Creeks was published among the 
 mblic documents in Dec., 1801. 
 
 HAWK S, JOHN, an officer in the Indian wars, 
 lommanded fort Massachusetts in Hoosac, when 
 t was captured in 1746. After his return from 
 captivity he was sent with a flag to Canada, to 
 n ocure the release of Samuel Allen of Deerficld, 
 of Nathan Blake of Kcenc, and of others. He set 
 out in Feb., 1748. It Avas with reluctance, that Al- 
 en, who had resided among the Indians only eigh- 
 :ccn months, left them ; nor did his Indian attach 
 ments cease in old, age. He rose to the rank of 
 lieut.-colonel, in the war of 1756. 
 
 HAWLEY, THOMAS, minister of Ridgcficld, 
 Conn., died Nov. 8, 1738, aged about 50. He 
 was born in Northampton, Mass. ; graduated at 
 Harvard in 1709; was ordained in 1713, and was 
 also town clerk from 1714 till his death. His 
 daughter married Hev. N. Birdseye, who lived 
 103 years. 
 
 HAWLEY, JOSEPH, distinguished as a states 
 man and patriot, died March 10, 1788, aged 64. 
 He was born in Northampton, Mass., and was 
 graduated at Yale college in 1742. He engaged 
 in the practice of the law in his native town. In 
 this science he became a great proficient, and was 
 one of the most distinguished counsellors in the 
 province. Among his other studies he attained 
 to such an eminence of knowledge in political his 
 tory and the principles of free government, that 
 during the disputes between Great Britain and 
 the colonies, he was regarded as one of the ablest 
 advocates of American liberty. His integrity 
 both in public and in private life was inflexible, 
 and was not even questioned by his political op 
 ponents. He was repeatedly elected a member 
 of the council, but refused in every instance to 
 accept the office, as he preferred a seat in the 
 house of representatives, where his character for 
 disinterested patriotism, and his bold and manly 
 eloquence gave him an ascendancy which has sel 
 dom been equalled. He was first elected a mem- 
 of the legislature 1764. In the latter part of 
 1776, Maj. Hawlsy was afflicted with hypochon- 
 driacal disorders, to which he had been frequently 
 subject in former periods of his life ; and after 
 this he declined public business. A letter, which 
 he wrote in 1760, preserved in the life of Ed 
 wards, does him the highest honor, for it proves 
 him not incapable of humbling himself for his 
 failings. He had been active in effecting the re 
 moval of Mr. Edwards from Northampton, and 
 he deplores the part which he took in that affair. 
 HAWLEY, GIDEON, many years a missionary 
 to the Indians, died Oct. 3, 1807, aged 80. He 
 was born at Stratfield, now Bridgeport, Conn., 
 and was graduated at Yale college in 1749. He 
 commenced his missionary labors in Feb., 1752, 
 at Stockbridge. In this year he preached at 
 
IIAWLEY. 
 
 HAYES. 
 
 421 
 
 Pittsfield the first sermon ever preached there, 
 in the bark-covered house of Mr. Willard. In 
 September he made an excursion to Schoharic, 
 in the country of the Mohawk Indians, and after 
 his return to Stockbridgc, he opened his school 
 again at the beginning of winter under the patron 
 age of Mr. Edwards. Here he was the instruc 
 tor of the children of a number of Mohawk, 
 Oncida, and Tuscarora families, and preached to 
 them on the Sabbath. It being determined by 
 the commissioners for Indian affairs in Boston, to 
 establish a mission in the country of the Iroquois, 
 or Indians of the Six Nations, he engaged in the 
 plan. In May, 1753, he commenced his journey 
 towards the wilderness, accompanied by Timothy 
 Woodbridge, a gentleman of abilities, and of 
 great influence among the Indians. Having 
 visited Sir William Johnson at his seat upon the 
 Mohawk river, and secured his patronage, they 
 proceeded toward the head of the Susquehannah, 
 adoring every night and morning that kind Provi 
 dence, which attended and preserved them in the 
 recesses of the forest. On the fourth of June 
 they reached the place of their destination, Ou- 
 ohoghgwage, or, as it is sometimes called, Otigh- 
 quauga, upon the Susquehannah river. Here an 
 interview was held with the Indians, who gave 
 them a good reception. July 31, 1754, Mr. Haw- 
 ley was ordained at Boston, that his usefulness 
 might be increased by being authorized to admin 
 ister the ordinances of the gospel. He soon re 
 turned to Onohoghgwage, and was there till 
 May, 1756, when the French war obliged him to 
 withdraw from that country. He went to Boston 
 in June, and, entering as chaplain in the regi 
 ment of Col. Gridley, he soon joined the army 
 above Albany, which was destined against Crown 
 Point. After the campaign he made an attempt 
 to return to the place of his mission, but was de 
 terred by the dangers of the enterprise. A 
 church was established here by Dr. Forbes in 
 1762. In December, Mr. Hawley went to Stock- 
 bridge, where he spent the winter. In 1757 the 
 commissioners of the society for propagating the 
 gospel persuaded him to visit the tribe of Indians 
 at Marshpee, whose pastor, Mr. Briant, had been 
 dismissed, and who were dissatisfied with the 
 labors of Mr. Smith. Here he was installed 
 April 10, 1758, and passed the remainder of his 
 life, being occupied in this place more than half a 
 century in benevolent exertions to enlighten the 
 darkened mind, and to promote the salvation of 
 his Indian brethren. In his last sickness he ob 
 served : " I have hope of acceptance with God, 
 but it is founded wholly on free and sovereign 
 grace, and not at all on my own works. It is 
 true, my labors have been many ; but they have 
 been so very imperfect, attended with so great a 
 want of charity and humility, that I have no hope 
 in them as the ground of my acceptance." An 
 
 extensive correspondence Avas the source of much 
 satisfaction to him. As a missionary he was 
 peculiarly well qualified, for there was a dignity 
 in his manner and an authority in his voice 
 which had great influence with the Indians. He 
 published in the collections of the historical so 
 ciety biographical and topographical anecdotes 
 respecting Sandwich and Marshpee, and an inter 
 esting letter, giving a narrative of his journey to 
 Onohoghgwage. Fanoplist, III. 431; Hist. 
 Coll. ill. 188-193 ; IV. 50-67 ; Sprayue s An 
 nals. 
 
 HAWLEY, JAMES, son of Rev. Gideon II., 
 minister of Pembroke, Mass., died in early life, 
 Oct. 8, 1800, aged 27. He was graduated at 
 Harvard in 1792 ; was a tutor there in 1797-98, 
 and ordained in May, 1798. President Dwight 
 was at his father s house when the son was there 
 on his dying bed. Dwiylifs Travels, vol. II. ; 
 Sprayue s Annals. 
 
 HAAVLEY, STEPHEN, first minister of Bethany, 
 in Woodbury, Conn., died in 1804, aged about 65. 
 lie graduated at Yale in 1759, and was settled in 
 1762. 
 
 HAWLEY, RUFUS, Rev., died at Farmington, 
 Conn., in Jan., 1826, aged 85. He graduated at 
 Yale in 1767. 
 
 IIAWLEY, WILLIAM AGUR, minister of Plain- 
 field, Mass., died May 20, 1854, aged 66. He 
 was born in Huntington, Conn., and graduated at 
 Williams college in 1815. He studied theology 
 with Dr. Catlin, and was ordained at Hinsdale in 
 July, 1817. Dismissed in 1841, he was in the 
 same year installed at Plainfield, and dismissed 
 in 1847. He died in peace at the house of his 
 son-in-law, Braincrd Smith, in Sundcrland. He 
 was a faithful and useful and successful preacher 
 and pastor. 
 
 HAY, GEORGE, judge of the United States 
 court for the eastern district of Virginia, was for 
 many years attorney of the United States, in 
 which capacity he was the prosecutor of Aaron 
 Burr. As a Virginia legislator he was distin 
 guished. On his return from the Springs, whither 
 he was induced to repair by ill health, he died in 
 Albemarle county Sept. 18, 1830. His wife was 
 the daughter of President Monroe. His political 
 writings, signed " Ilortensius," gave him some 
 celebrity. He wrote also a treatise against the 
 usury laws; the life of John Thompson; and a 
 treatise on emigration, 1814, of which a review 
 was ascribed to J. Lowell. 
 
 HAYES, JOEL, minister of South Iladlcy, 
 Mass., died July 29, 1827, aged 74, having been 
 pastor forty-five years. He graduated at Yale in 
 1773. His predecessors were Grindall Rawson 
 and John Woodbridge. 
 
 HAYES, AViLLiAM A., judge, died of a disease 
 of the heart in South Berwick, Me., April 15, 
 1851, aged 67. Born in North Yarmouth, he 
 
422 
 
 HAYNE. 
 
 graduated at Dartmouth in 1805, and for a year 
 taught Moor s school. For forty years he prac 
 tised law in Berwick. He was judge of probate. 
 HAYNE, ISAAC, a patriot of the llevolution, 
 died Aug. 4, 1781. He was a native of South 
 Carolina. In the beginning of the war he lived 
 on his plantation, with an ample fortune ; yet he 
 served as a captain of artillery, being also a sen 
 ator in the legislature. Disgusted with the pro 
 motion of a younger officer over him, he resigned 
 his commission and served as a private soldier at 
 the siege of Charleston. At its capitulation May 
 12, 1780, he was taken prisoner, but was allowed 
 to return home on parole, under an engagement 
 not to bear arms. In 1781 he was required by 
 the British commander to bear arms or to return 
 to Charleston; he refused to do cither, but at 
 length was induced to repair to the city on the 
 assurance of being allowed to return when he 
 should engage to demean himself as a British 
 subject so long as a British army occupied the 
 country. At Charleston he was threatened with 
 close confinement, unless he subscribed a declara 
 tion of his allegiance to the British king, with an 
 engagement to bear arms in support of the royal 
 government. He subscribed the declaration, but 
 expressly objected to the clause requiring him to 
 bear arms, and was assured that this would not 
 be required. Thus he was able to return to his 
 family, sick with the small pox. One of his chil 
 dren was dead, and his wife soon expired. After 
 a time he was summoned to repair to the British 
 standard, in disregard of the assurance he had 
 received. Deeming himself, in consequence, ab 
 solved from his engagement, he joined the Amer 
 ican army in command of a regiment, and in July, 
 1781, sent out a detachment, which captured Gen. 
 Williamson. For his recovery the whole British 
 cavalry was ordered out, and Col. Hayne fell into 
 their hands. He was thrown into prison in 
 Charleston, and soon ordered by Lord llawdon 
 and Col. Balfour to be hanged for taking arms 
 against the British government, after he had be 
 come a subject. The sentence, notwithstanding 
 various petitions and the entreaties of his chil 
 dren on their knees, was executed. On the 
 morning of his execution he delivered to his son 
 of thirteen years some papers to be sent to con 
 gress, and added, " Go, then, to the place of 
 my execution, and receive my body." Thus fell, 
 in the bloom of life, a brave officer and good cit 
 izen. Gen. Greene issued a proclamation Aug. 
 20th, saying he should make reprisals. Lord 
 liawdon s pamphlet in justification of his conduct 
 was examined in the first number of the Southern 
 Review. The minute history of this affair, given 
 by Lee, particularly the letter of Col. Hayne to 
 Lord llawdon and Col. Balfour, cannot fail to 
 awaken strong feelings of indignation at the con 
 duct of those officers who ordered his execution. 
 
 HAYNES. 
 
 Col. Hayne was not a spy, who might be forthwith 
 executed. He was either a prisoner of war or a 
 British subject. If a prisoner of war, he could 
 not be executed for his lawful conduct in the ex 
 ercise of arms; if a British subject, he had a 
 right to a formal trial. The court of inquiry was 
 not a court of trial. Besides, as he returned to 
 his home in the character of a British subject, 
 when the country west of the Edisto, in which he 
 lived, fell under the protection of the American 
 arms, he could no longer be considered as a Brit 
 ish subject. The effect of his execution was .to 
 sharpen by pity and revenge the swords of the 
 Americans. Lee s Memoirs, II. 252-274; Earn- 
 say, I. 453-400; Remembrancer for 1782, p. 121. 
 
 HAYNE, ROBERT Y., major-general, died 
 Sept. 24, 1839, aged 47. He was born near 
 Charleston, S. C., Nov. 10, 1791. His early ad 
 vantages were limited to a school education. He 
 studied law with Langdon Cheves, and soon took 
 a high rank as a lawyer. In 1814 he was in the 
 legislature ; in 1818 he was speaker ; and he was 
 a senator of the United States from 1822 to 1832. 
 In the " Union and State rights convention," as 
 chairman of the committee in 1832 he reported 
 the ordinance of nullification. He was governor 
 from 1832 to 1834, and in 1837 was chosen pres 
 ident of the Charleston, etc., railroad company. 
 He died at Asheville, N. C. He was clear in 
 judgment, fluent in speech, and endowed with a 
 persuasive eloquence. Few men enjoyed a higher 
 degree of public confidence ; and he was of spot 
 less integrity in private life. His debate with 
 Mr. Webster in the senate in 1830 gave impres 
 sion of his talents. 
 
 HAYNES, JOHN, governor of Massachusetts 
 and of Connecticut, died March 1, 1654. He was 
 a native of Essex, in England, and arrived at 
 Boston in company with Mr. Hooker in 1033. 
 He was soon chosen an assistant, and in 1G35 gov 
 ernor. The next year he was succeeded by Mr. 
 Vane. In 1636 he removed to Connecticut, of 
 which colony he was one of the principal founders. 
 He was elected its first governor in April, 1639, 
 and was replaced in this office every second year, 
 which was as often as the constitution would per 
 mit, till his death. He was distinguished for his 
 abilities, prudence, piety, and public spirit, being 
 considered as in no respect inferior to Governor 
 Winthrop. His estate and talents were devoted 
 to the interests of the colony of Connecticut. He 
 paid strict attention to family worship, and the 
 religious instruction of his children. His son, 
 Joseph Haynes, was the minister of the first 
 church in Hartford ; but the name is not new 
 borne up by his descendants. Joseph s daughter, 
 Sarah, married licv. Mr. Picrpont, of New Haven, 
 and died young, leaving a daughter, Abigail, who 
 married Itev. Joseph Noyes. The governor s son, 
 John, lived also in Hartford, and his daughter 
 
IIAYNES. 
 
 HEATH. 
 
 423 
 
 Mary married, 1. E. Lord ; 2. Capt. Roswell Sal- 
 tonstall ; 3. President Clap. Her daughter, Mary 
 Saltonstall, married Col. Whiting, of New Haven, 
 in 1769, or before. Gov. Haynes daughter Ruth 
 married Samuel Wyllis, of Hartford, and Mabel 
 married James Russell, of Charlestons, Mass. 
 TrumbulCs Connecticut, I. 34, 223, 224; Mag 
 nolia, II. 17 ; Hutchinson, I. 34, 43, 53 ; Holmes. 
 HAYXES, LEMUEL, a colored and faithful and 
 useful minister, died Sept. 28, 1833, aged 79, at 
 Granville, N. Y. . He was born at Granville, 
 Mass., and was brought up by Deacon D. Rose. 
 He pursued his studies by the light of pine knots. 
 After preaching five years in Granville, Mass., and 
 three in Torringford, he was for many years the 
 much respected Congregational minister of West 
 Rutland, Vt. ; afterwards he preached three or 
 four years in Manchester and eleven in Granville, 
 N. Y. His wife was a white woman. After 
 hearing Mr. Ballou, the Universalist, preach, he 
 followed him with his famous, unequalled sermon 
 on the words of Satan, " Thou shalt not surely 
 die," which has been widely read. Being once 
 introduced to a Universalist preacher, he took him 
 by the hand, saying, "Well, you are the per 
 son who preaches that a man may He, steal, and 
 murder, and after all go to heaven ; are you not ? " 
 " No," replied he, " I preach no such thing." 
 " But you believe so, do you not ? " was the final 
 question. When the young men of another par 
 ish rallied his friends on their having a " colored 
 minister," the reply was : 
 
 " His soul is pure, 
 All white! Snow white!" 
 
 He published, besides his famous sermon, one 
 at the ordination of R. Parmelee, 1791. Dr. Coo- 
 ley published his memoirs. Sprague s Annals. 
 
 HAYS, JACOB, died in New York June 21, 1850, 
 aged 79 ; high constable for nearly fifty years. As 
 a detector of rogues he had unparalleled skill and 
 success. Such was his memory of persons, that he 
 never forgot one on whom he fixed his attention. 
 
 HAY WARD, LEMUEL, M. D., physician in Bos 
 ton, died March 20, 1821, aged 72. He was born 
 in Braintree, and graduated at Harvard college in 
 1708. lie was a fellow student with Eustis, under 
 Warren. He commenced the practice at Jamaica 
 Plain ; was appointed surgeon in the general hos 
 pital of the army in 1775; and removed in 1783 
 to Boston. He was an excellent physician, and 
 from early life a professor of the Christian reli 
 gion. Thachcr s Medical Biography. 
 
 HAYWARD, NATHAN, Dr., died at Plymouth, 
 Mass., June 16, 1848, aged 84; long an active 
 physician. 
 
 HAYWOOD, HENRY, a minister in South Car 
 olina, arrived in Charleston from England in 
 1739, from which time till his death, in 1755, he 
 was minister to the Socinian Baptists in that city. 
 lie translated into English Dr. Whitby s treatise 
 
 on original sin, and had prepared for the press a 
 large volume in defence of Dr. Whitby against 
 Dr. Gill, and also a catechism. Miller, n. 365. 
 
 HAZARD, EBENEZER, postmaster-general of 
 the United States, was a native of Philadelphia, 
 and graduated at Princeton college in 1762. In 
 1782 he succeeded Mr. Bache as postmaster, and 
 continued in office until the adoption of the con 
 stitution in 1789. He died June 13, 1817, aged 
 72. His daughter married Ebenezer Rockwood, 
 of Boston. He published a valuable work in ref 
 erence to American history, which is often quoted, 
 namely : Historical collections, 2 vols., 4to., 1792, 
 1794; also, remarks on a report concerning the 
 western Indians, in 2 historical collections, iv. 
 
 HAZARD, ENOCH, Dr., died at Newport May 
 7, 1844, aged 72. For more than forty years he 
 attended to his profession with faculties unim 
 paired. 
 
 HAZEN, MOSES, brigadier-general, a soldier 
 of the Revolution, commanded a corps, called 
 "congress own regiment." He died at Troy, 
 N. Y., Jan. 30, 1802, aged 69. 
 
 1IEALY, JOHN, died at Baltimore June 19, 
 1848, aged 83, for fifty years the minister of the 
 first Baptist church in B., and the originator of 
 the first Sunday school in the United States. 
 
 HEARD, JOHN, died at Ipswich Aug. 11, 
 1834, aged 90, a man of benevolence and eminent 
 piety, a senator, and one of the electors of presi 
 dent. 
 
 HEATH, WILLIAM, major-general in the army 
 of the Revolution, died at Roxbury, Mass., Jan. 
 24, 1814, aged 77. He was born March 2, 1737, 
 at Roxbury, of which town one of his ancestors 
 was a settler in 1636, and was bred a farmer. In 
 1775 he was appointed provincial brigadier, and 
 also brigadier of the United States, June 22, and 
 Aug 9, 1776. major-general. When the army re 
 moved to New York, he commanded near King s 
 bridge. In 1777 he was intrusted with the com 
 mand of the eastern department near Boston, and 
 the prisoners of Saratoga fell under his care. In 
 June, 1779, he returned to the main army, and 
 commanded the troops on the Hudson, and in 
 that station, for the most part, he remained until 
 the close of the war. In 1793 he was appointed 
 judge of probate for the county of Norfolk. He 
 was several times one of the electors of president. 
 He pubh shed memoirs of Maj-Gen. Heath, con 
 taining anecdotes, details of skirmishes, battles, 
 etc., during the American war, 8vo., 1798. Not 
 withstanding the indications of an excusable 
 vanity and simplicity, it exhibits him as an honest, 
 faithful patriot, and presents many interesting 
 occurrences of the war. He says of himself, 
 " he is of middling stature, light complexion, 
 very corpulent, and bald-headed." He was the 
 last surviving maj. -general of the Avar. HcallCs 
 Memoirs. 
 
IIEBARD. 
 
 HENDREN. 
 
 HEBARD, STORY, teacher of the mission sem 
 inary at Beyroot, died at Malta in June, 1841, 
 aged 38. His health had been poor for a year : 
 he was on his way to England. Born in Leb 
 anon, N. II., he graduated at Amherst college 
 in 1828, and at Andover seminary in 1834, and 
 embarked for his field of labor Dec. 3, 1835. 
 
 HEBARD, REBECCA, missionary, wife of Story 
 Hebard, died at Beyroot, Feb., 1840. Her name 
 was Rebecca W. Williams, of East Hartford. 
 She embarked for B. in 1835, and was married in 
 1836. The scenes of her death-bed were strik 
 ing, her exhortation to the Bishops Carabet 
 and Jacob Aga, and their prayer for her; and 
 her address of half an hour to the boys of the 
 seminary, pointing them to the Lamb of God, 
 directing their weeping eyes to the mansions of 
 glory, she was about to enter. 
 
 HECKEWELDER, JOHN, a Moravian mission 
 ary, died at Bethlehem, Penn., Jan. 21, 1823, 
 aged nearly 80. He was born in Bedford, Eng 
 land, March 12, 1743, and came with his father to 
 Pennsylvania in 1754. He was bred a cooper 
 and joiner. In 1771 he commenced his benevo 
 lent labors amongst the Indians, and was devoted 
 to their instruction for many years, amidst many 
 perils and hardships. Such men, and not blood 
 stained warriors, are deserving of honor, though 
 they seek it not. In 1786 he returned to Beth 
 lehem. As he had acquired a perfect knowledge 
 of the Delaware language, and was well acquainted 
 with Indian affairs, he was repeatedly requested 
 by Washington to accompany missions to the In 
 dians for pacific purposes. In 1797 he went to 
 Ohio in order to superintend the remnants of his 
 Indian congregation, to whom congress had 
 granted lands on the Muskingum. In 1810 he 
 returned to Bethlehem. Dr. Wistar persuaded 
 him to communicate to the world the result of 
 his observations. He published correspondence 
 with Mr. Du Ponceau concerning the languages 
 of the Indians, 1819; account of the history, 
 manners, etc., of the Indian nations, etc., in tran 
 sact, of hist, committee of American phil. soc., 
 vol. I.; this was translated into French, 1822 ; com 
 munications on the .same subjects, 1822; some 
 papers for Barton s med. journal; a paper on the 
 bird Nine-Killer, and the big naked bear, Ameri 
 can phil. tr. vol. iv.; on the beaver, vol. VI.; narra 
 tive of the missions among the Delaware and 
 Mohegan Indians, 1821 ; words and dialogues of 
 Delaware Indians in Philadelphia historical trans., 
 vol. I. He wrote also books and pamphlets in 
 the German language, and left many manuscripts. 
 Encyc. Amer. 
 
 HEDDING, ELIJAH, D. D., a Methodist 
 bishop, died April 9, 1852, at Poughkeepsie, aged 
 72. lie was the respected senior of the five 
 Methodist bishops. 
 
 HEDGE, LEVI, LL. D., died at Cambridge in 
 
 1854, aged about 74. A graduate of 1792, he was 
 a tutor and professor at Harvard thirty-seven 
 years ; professor of logic and metaphysics from 
 1810 to 1827, and Alford professor of theol 
 ogy from 1827 to 1832. He published elements 
 of logic, 1816 ; eulogy on Joseph McKean, 1818; 
 Brown s philosophy abridged, 2 vols., 1827. 
 
 IIEIIL, MATTHEW, bishop of the church of the 
 United Brethren, died in Lancaster, Pa., in 1787, 
 aged 82. 
 
 HEISTER, JOSEPH, general and governor, 
 died at Reading, Pa., June 10, 1832, aged 81. 
 He was a soldier of the Revolution. 
 
 HELYER, JONATHAN, minister of Newport, 
 R. I., died May 27, 1745, aged about 27. Born 
 in Boston, he graduated at Harvard in 1738, and 
 was ordained as colleague to T. Clap, June 20, 
 1744. He was a man of great worth and high 
 promise. Sprague s Annals. 
 
 HEMINGWAY, JACOB, first minister of East 
 Haven, Conn., died in 1754, aged about 70. He 
 graduated at Yale in 1704, was settled in 1711, 
 and was succeeded by N. Street. He published 
 the election sermon, 1740. 
 
 HEMMENWAY, PHINEAS, minister of Town- 
 send, Mass., died May 20, 1760, aged 55. A 
 brother of Ralph II., of Framingham, he was 
 graduated at Harvard in 1730, and was ordained 
 in 1734. M. Hemmenway, D. D., was bis 
 nephew. Sprat/tie s Annals. 
 
 HEMMENWAY, MOSES, D. D., minister of 
 Wells, Me., a descendant of Ralph II., who lived 
 in 1034 at Roxbury, was born in Framingham, 
 and graduated at Harvard college in 1755 ; was 
 ordained Aug. 8, 1759; and died April 5, 1811, 
 aged about 76, having been a minister fifty-one 
 years. His wife, the daughter of Mr. Jefi erds, 
 one of his predecessors, died Nov., 1824, aged 
 84. He was a faithful preacher and a learned the 
 ologian. His controversies were conducted with 
 fairness and candor. He published seven ser 
 mons on the obligation of the unregeneratc to 
 strive for eternal life, 1767; a pamphlet on the 
 same subject, against Dr. Hopkins, pp. 127, 
 1772 ; remarks on Hopkins answer, pp. 166, 
 1774; on baptism, 1781; at the election, 1784; 
 discourse concerning the church, 1792 ; at the 
 ordination of M. Calef, 1795. Oreenleafs 
 Sketches, app. 4-9 ; Spr ague s Annals. 
 
 HENCHMAN, NATHANIEL, minister of Lynn, 
 Mass., died Dec. 23, 1761, aged about 63. Born 
 in Boston, he graduated at Harvard in 1717, and 
 was ordained in 1721. He published sermon on 
 the death of John Burrill, 1721; at the ordina 
 tion of J. Varney, 1733 ; reasons for not admit 
 ting Mr. Whitcfield into his pulpit, 1745 ; letter 
 to Mr. Hobby concerning Mr. Whitefield. 
 
 HENDREN, JOHN, D. D., an aged minister of 
 Churchville, Va., died in Nov., 1856, during a 
 session of the Synod, of Avhich he was a member. 
 
HENDRICK. 
 
 HENRY. 
 
 425 
 
 To his brethren, as he was about to die, he sent a 
 most touching message. He was highly respected. 
 
 HENDRICK, a Mohawk chief, was the son of 
 a Mohegan chief, called the Wolf, by a Mohawk 
 woman. He married Hunnis, daughter of a Mo 
 hawk chief. He was consulted in 1751, by the 
 commissioners of Massachusetts, on the project 
 of removing the Mohawks to Stockbridge, to be 
 instructed by Mr. Edwards. There were then 
 about thirteen chiefs of the tribe of the Caunee- 
 yenkees or proper Mohawks ; seven living at 
 Caunaujohhaury, and six at Tewauntaurogo. The 
 other tribes were the Oneiyutas, of which the vil 
 lage Onohquauga was two hundred miles from 
 Albany, the Tuscaroroes, the Quiuquuhs, the 
 Onoontaugas, the Chonuntoowaunees or Senecas, 
 the three last being chiefly in the French interest. 
 He attended the congress at Albany for a treaty 
 with the Six Nations in June, 1754. In the next 
 year he joined Sir AVilliam Johnson with a body 
 of two hundred Mohawks and marched to meet 
 Baron Dieskau. When it was ascertained that 
 the enemy, after marching from the South Bay 
 to the Hudson, four miles from fort Edward, were 
 now advancing to attack Johnson at fort Wm. 
 Henry or fort George, a council of war was called 
 Sept. 8. It was proposed to send a detachment 
 to meet the enemy ; when the number was men 
 tioned to Hendrick, he replied : " If they are to 
 fight, they are too few ; if they are to be killed, 
 they are too many." When it was proposed to 
 send out the detachment in three parties, Hen 
 drick took three sticks, and said : " Put these to 
 gether, and you can t break them ; take them one 
 by one, and you will break them easily." From 
 respect to his judgment, twelve hundred men 
 were sent out, commanded by Col. Williams. 
 At Rocky Brook, four miles from fort George, 
 they fell into an ambuscade, because Hendrick 
 had been too late sent out as a flank guard ; and 
 in the action the old and valiant warrior and 
 faithful friend of the English was mortally 
 wounded. Holmes, H. 63 ; Dwiglit, ill. 363 ; 
 Manic, 35, 37. 
 
 HENDRICKS, WILLIAM, governor of Indiana, 
 died in Madison May 16, 1850, aged 67. He 
 was the first representative of the State in con 
 gress, governor from 1822 to 1825, and senator 
 of the United States. He had a strong mind 
 and strong attachments ; he had long been a pro 
 fessor of religion. 
 
 1IENLNG, WILLIAM, presiding judge of the 
 court of appeals of Virginia, died at his seat in 
 Chesterfield, Va., in Feb., 1824, aged 89. He 
 was a Revolutionary patriot and an upright judge. 
 
 HENING, WILLIAM WALKER, clerk of the 
 chancery court for the Richmond district, Va., 
 died March 31, 1828. With great industry and 
 research he collected the statutes of Virginia 
 do mi to 1792. He published the New Virginia 
 54 
 
 justice, called Hening s justice, 3d ed., 1820 ; 
 statutes at large, being a collection of all the laws 
 of Virginia from the first session in 1619, 13 vols., 
 8vo., 1823 ; and with Wm. Munford, reports in 
 the supreme court of appeals, 4 vols., 1809-1811. 
 He was also the editor of Francis maxims of 
 equity. 
 
 HENNEPIN, Louis, a French missionary, 
 was born in 1640 ; embarked for Quebec in 1675 ; 
 and during six or seven years explored Canada 
 and Louisiana. In 1680 he was taken prisoner 
 one hundred and fifty leagues from the mouth of 
 the Illinois, and carried in to the country of the 
 Naudowessies and Issati. He gave the name of 
 the falls of St. Anthony, and the river St. Fran 
 cis. He published description de la Louisiane, 
 12mo., 1683 ; the same in Dutch, 1688 ; new 
 discovery of a vast country in America, with a con 
 tinuation, London, 1698 ; Nouveau voyage dans 
 1 Amerique, Sept., 12mo., 1711 et 1720. School- 
 craffs Trav. Intr. 
 
 HENRY, PATRICK, governor of Virginia, and 
 a most eloquent orator, died June 6, 1799, aged 
 nearly 63. He took an early and decided part in 
 support of the rights of his country against the 
 tyranny of Great Britain. In the year 1765, he 
 was a member of the assembly of Virginia, and 
 he introduced some resolutions, Avhich breathed a 
 spirit of liberty, and which were accepted by a 
 small majority May 29. These were the first res 
 olutions of any assembly occasioned by the stamp 
 act. One of the resolutions declared, that the 
 general assembly had the exclusive right and 
 power to lay taxes and impositions upon the in 
 habitants of the colony. Such was the warmth, 
 excited in the debate, that Mr. Henry, after de 
 claiming against the arbitrary measures of Great 
 Britain, added, " Caesar had his Brutus, Charles 
 
 the first his Cromwell, and George the third " 
 
 when the speaker of the house cried out " Trea 
 son ! " and the cry was echoed from every part of 
 the house. Mr. Henry finished the sentence with 
 firm emphasis " may profit by the example. 
 If this be treason, make the most of it." Mr. 
 Henry left a paper for his executors, in which he 
 speaks of the resolutions of 1765, which closes 
 with these words : " If they [the people] are 
 wise, they will be great and happy. If they are 
 of a contrary character, they will be miserable. 
 Righteousness alone can exalt them as a nation. 
 Reader, whoever thou art, remember this ; and 
 in thy sphere practice virtue thyself and encour 
 age it in others." He was elected in 1774 one 
 of the deputies from Virginia to the first congress, 
 and was in this year one of the committee which 
 drew up the petition to the king. In May, 1775, 
 after Lord Dunmore had conveyed on board a ship 
 a part of the powder from the magazine of Wil- 
 liamsburg, Mr. Henry distinguished himself by 
 assembling the independent companies of Han- 
 
426 
 
 HENRY. 
 
 over and King William counties, and directing 
 them towards Williamsburg with the avowed 
 design of obtaining payment for the powder, or 
 of compelling to its restitution. The object was 
 effected, for the king s receiver-general gave a bill 
 for the value of the property. The governor im 
 mediately fortified his palace, and issued a proc 
 lamation, charging those, who had procured the 
 bill, with rebellious practices. This only occa 
 sioned a number of county meetings, which ap 
 plauded the conduct of Mr. Henry, and expressed 
 a determination to protect him. In Aug., 1775, 
 when a new choice of deputies to congress was 
 made, he was not re-elected, for his services were 
 now demanded more exclusively in his own State. 
 After the departure of Lord Dunmore he was 
 chosen the first governor in June, 1776, and he 
 held this office several succeeding years, bending 
 all his exertions to promote the freedom and 
 independence of his country. In the beginning 
 of 1778 an anonymous letter was addressed to 
 him with the design of alienating his affections 
 from the commander-in-chief. He inclosed it to 
 Washington, both to evince his friendship and to 
 put him on his guard. In another letter, written 
 a few days afterwards, when he had heard of a 
 plan to effect the removal of Washington, he says 
 to him, " While you face the armed enemies of 
 our liberty in the field, and, by the favor of God, 
 have been kept unhurt, I trust your country will 
 never harbor in her bosom the miscreant, who 
 would ruin her best supporter ; but when arts, 
 unworthy of honest men, are used to defame and 
 traduce you, I think it not amiss, but a duty, to 
 assure you of that estimation in which the public 
 hold you." 
 
 In June, 1788, he was a member, with other 
 illustrious citizens of Virginia, of the convention 
 which was appointed to consider the constitution 
 of the United States ; and he exerted all the force 
 of his masterly eloquence, day after day, to pre 
 vent its adoption. He contended that changes 
 were dangerous to liberty ; that the old confed 
 eration had carried us through the war, and se 
 cured our independence, and needed only amend 
 ment; that the proposed government was a 
 consolidated government, in which the sovereignty 
 of the States would be lost, and all pretensions 
 to rights and privileges would be rendered inse 
 cure ; that the want of a bill of rights was an 
 essential defect; that general warrants should 
 have been prohibited ; and that to adopt the con 
 stitution with a view to subsequent amendments 
 was only submitting to tyranny in the hope of 
 being liberated from it at some future time. He 
 therefore offered a resolution, containing a bill of 
 rights and amendment for the greater security of 
 liberty and property, to be referred to the other 
 States before the ratification of the proposed 
 form of government. His resolution, however, 
 
 HENRY. 
 
 was not accepted. The arguments of Pendleton, 
 Randolph, Madison, and Marshall prevailed 
 against the eloquence of Henry, and the consti 
 tution was adopted, though by a small majority. 
 Mr. Henry s bill of rights and his amendments 
 were then accepted and directed to be transmitted 
 to the several States. Some of these amend 
 ments have been ingrafted into the federal constitu 
 tion, on which account, as well as on account of 
 the lessons of experience, Mr. Henry in a few 
 years lost in a degree his repugnance to it. As 
 he had opposed the constitution with all the force 
 of his eloquence, because endangering the sover 
 eignty of the States, his support of the constitu 
 tion afterwards presents a memorable example to 
 all the nullifiers of the constitution, to all who 
 would resist the supreme law of the land and en 
 danger the union. He offered himself a short 
 time before his death a candidate for the hovse 
 of delegates, and in his address said to the peo 
 ple, in consequence of some proceedings of the 
 assembly, " The State has quitted the sphere 
 in which she has been placed by the constitution. 
 What authority has the County of Charlotte to 
 dispute obedience to the laws of Virginia? And 
 is not Virginia to the Union what the County of 
 Charlotte is to her? Opposition on the part of 
 Virginia to the acts of the Federal Government 
 must beget their enforcement by military power. 
 This will produce civil war ; civil war, foreign alli 
 ances; and foreign alliances must end in subjuga 
 tion to the powers called in. Pause and consider. 
 Rush not, I conjure you, into a condition, from 
 which there is no retreat." " You can never ex 
 change the present government but for a mon 
 archy. If the Administration have done wrong, 
 let us all go wrong together, rather than split 
 into factions, which must destroy that union, on 
 which our existence hangs." After the resigna 
 tion of Mr. Randolph in Aug., 179o, he was nom 
 inated by President Washington as secretary of 
 State, but considerations of a private nature in 
 duced him to decline the honorable trust. In 
 Nov., 1796, he was again elected governor of Vir 
 ginia, and this office also he almost immediately 
 resigned. In the beginning of the year 1799, he 
 was appointed by President Adams as an envoy 
 to France, with Messrs. Ellsworth and Murray. 
 His letter in reply to the secretary of State is 
 dated in Charlotte county, April 16th, and in it ha 
 speaks of a severe indisposition, to which he was 
 then subject, and of his advanced age and increas 
 ing debility, and adds, " Nothing short of absolute 
 necessity could induce me to withhold my little 
 aid from an administration, whose abilities, patri 
 otism, and virtue deserve the gratitude and rever 
 ence of all their fellow citizens." Governor 
 Davie of North Carolina was in consequence ap 
 pointed in his place. He lived but a short time 
 after this testimony of the respect in which his 
 
HENRY. 
 
 talents and patriotism were held. He died at 
 lied Hill in Charlotte county. By his first wife 
 he had six children, of whom two survived him ; 
 by his second wife he had six sons and three 
 daughters, who survived him. By judicious pur 
 chases of lands he left his family rich. His 
 widow married the late Judge Winston, and died 
 in Halifax county, Feb. 15, 1831. 
 
 He was a man of eminent talents, of ardent 
 attachment to liberty, and of most commanding 
 eloquence. The Virginians boast of him as an 
 orator of nature. His general appearance and 
 manners were those of a plain farmer. In this 
 character he always entered on the exordium of 
 an oration. His unassuming looks and expres 
 sions of humility induced his hearers to listen to 
 him with the same easy openness, with which they 
 would converse with an honest neighbor. After 
 he had thus disarmed prejudice and pride and 
 opened a way to the heart, the inspiration of his 
 eloquence, when little expected, would invest him 
 with the authority of a prophet. With a mind 
 of great powers and a heart of keen sensibility, 
 he would sometimes rise in the majesty of his 
 genius, and, while he filled the audience with ad 
 miration, would with almost irresistible influence 
 bear along the passions of others with him. 
 
 In private life he was as amiable and virtuous 
 as he was conspicuous in his public career. He 
 was temperate. He never uttered a profane ex 
 pression, dishonoring the name of God. He was 
 kind and hospitable, friendly to his neighbors, 
 punctual, and faithful to his promise. Yet it was 
 thought, that the love of money was too strong a 
 passion in his heart, rendering him exorbitant in 
 his fees, and leading him to partake in the profit 
 of the Yazoo speculation ; and that he was also 
 too vain of his wealth. If this be true, it will 
 detract from his excellence of character. He said 
 to a friend, just before his death, who found him 
 reading the Bible, " Here," said he, " is a book 
 worth more than all the other books that were 
 ever printed; yet it is my misfortune never to 
 have found time to read it, with the proper atten 
 tion and feeling, till lately. I trust in the mercy 
 of heaven that it is not yet too late." He was 
 not a member of any church. His principles of 
 liberty and regard to Christianity led him to de 
 plore the practice of slavery. On this subject, in 
 a letter written in 1773, he inquires : " Is it not 
 amazing, that at a time when the rights of hu 
 manity are defined and understood with precision, 
 in a country above all others fond of liberty ; that 
 in such an age and such a country we find men, 
 professing a religion, the most humane, mild, 
 gentle, and generous, adopting a principle as re 
 pugnant to humanity as it is inconsistent with the 
 Bible, and destructive to liberty ? Would any one 
 believe, that I am master of slaves of my own 
 purchase ? I am drawn along by the general in- 
 
 HENRY. 
 
 427 
 
 convenience of living here without them. I will 
 not I cannot justify it. I believe a time will 
 come, when an opportunity will be offered to 
 abolish this lamentable evil. Every thing we can 
 do is to improve it, if it happens in our day ; if not, 
 let us transmit to our descendants, together with 
 our slaves, a pity for their unhappy lot, and an 
 abhorrence of slavery." With what astonishment 
 and indignation, had he lived till 1856, would he 
 have seen a sober recommendation, by unprincipled 
 southern editors and one governor, of the revival 
 of the slave trade ? In another letter to Archi 
 bald Blair, written a few months before his death, 
 after lamenting the violence of parties in Vir 
 ginia, and reprobating French infidelity, and 
 manners, and politics, he adds : " I am too old and 
 infirm ever again to undertake public concerns. 
 I live much retired, amidst a multiplicity of bles 
 sings from that gracious Ilulcr of all things, to 
 whom I owe unceasing acknowledgments for his 
 unremitted goodness to me. And if I were per 
 mitted to add to the catalogue one other blessing, 
 it should be, that my countrymen should learn 
 wisdom and virtue, and in this their day to know 
 the things that pertain to their peace." Mr. 
 Wirt s very interesting life of Henry was pub 
 lished, 3d edit., 8vo., 1818. 
 
 HEXltY, ALEXANDER, a traveller, died at 
 Montreal April 4, 1824, aged 84. He was born 
 in New Jersey in Aug., 1739. In 1760 he ac 
 companied the expedition of Amherst, and was 
 present at the reduction of fort de Levi, near 
 Ontario, and the surrender of Montreal. In de 
 scending the river he lost three boats of merchan 
 dize, and saved his life by clinging to the bottom 
 of one of them. Immediately after the conquest 
 of Canada, in his enterprising spirit he engaged 
 in the fur trade. He visited the upper lakes in 
 1760, and during sixteen years travelled in the 
 northwestern parts of America, and was in many 
 scenes of hardship and peril. He was a man of 
 warm affections, domestic habits, and a generous 
 mind. lie published an interesting book, written 
 with simplicity : Travels in Canada and the In 
 dian territories, between the years 1760 and 1776, 
 8vo., New York, 1809. 
 
 HEXltY, JOHN JOSEPH, presiding judge of 
 the second district of Pennsylvania, was the son 
 of Wm. II., of Lancaster, a skilful mechanic, in 
 ventor of the screw auger, and commissary of the 
 troops at the beginning of the war. He was 
 born Nov. 4, 1758. At the age of seventeen he 
 entered the army in 1775, and accompanied Ar 
 nold through the wilderness of Maine to Quebec. 
 In the attack on the city he was wounded and 
 taken prisoner. Having afterwards studied law, 
 he practised from 1785 till 1793, when he was 
 appointed judge. He died about the year 1810 
 at Paxton, Dauphin county, aged 52. His wife 
 was the sister of Stephen Chambers. His inter- 
 
428 
 
 HENRY. 
 
 HERSEY. 
 
 esting account of the expedition across the wil 
 derness to Quebec was published at Lancaster, 
 12mo., 1812. 
 
 HEXIIY, WILLIAM, general, a soldier of the 
 Revolution, died in Christian county, Ky., in 1824, 
 aged G3. At an early age he entered the army, 
 and fought at the battles of Guilford and the 
 Cowpens. Removing to Kentucky, he was much 
 engaged in the Indian warfares, so harassing to 
 the early settlers. He participated in the hard 
 ships of Scott s and Wilkinson s campaigns. 
 
 HENRY, T. CHARLTON, D. D., minister of 
 Charleston, S. C., was the son of Alexander 
 Henry, of Philadelphia, president of the Sabbath 
 school union, and was graduated at Middlebury 
 college in 1814. He was the pastor of the 2d 
 Presbyterian church at C., and died Oct. 5, 1827, 
 aged 37. For talents, acquisitions, holy zeal, and 
 usefulness in the ministry, few are superior to him. 
 He published an inquiry into the consistency of 
 popular amusements with a profession of Chris 
 tianity, 1825 ; letters to a friend to relieve an 
 anxious inquirer, with memoirs by Th. Lewis, 
 London. 
 
 HENRY, ALEXANDER, a merchant, died at 
 Philadelphia, Aug. 13, 1847, aged 81. Born in 
 Scotland, in his eighteenth year he arrived at 
 Philadelphia in 1783. He first was a clerk at 
 250 dollars a year. As he entered upon business 
 on his own account, he was highly prosperous, and 
 acquired a large estate, in the use of which he 
 was charitable and generous. An elder in the 
 Presbyterian church, he performed important ser 
 vices in the cause of Christ. Before a tract soci 
 ety was formed, he distributed tracts ; he was 
 president of the board of education and of other 
 societies, which, on account of his death, passed 
 commendatory resolutions. A notice of him is in 
 the Merchant s Magazine, Jan., 1856. Dr. Mc 
 Dowell published a sermon on his death. 
 
 HENRY, ROBERT, D. D., died at Columbia, 
 S. C., Feb. 6, 1856 ; for many years professor of 
 Greek literature in South Carolina college. 
 
 HENSHAW, DAVID, died at Leicester, Mass., 
 Nov. 11, 1852, aged 62. He w as the son of 
 David, and grandson of Daniel, who went from 
 Boston to Leicester in 1748. His earlier ancestor 
 was Joshua, of Dorchester, in 1668. He was 
 successful in commerce, and was collector of the 
 port of Boston for eight years from 1830. He 
 was appointed secretary of the navy in 1843, but 
 was rejected by the senate. 
 
 HENSHAW, JOHN P. K., D. D., bishop of 
 Rhode Island, died July 20, 1852, aged about 62. 
 Born in Middletown, Conn., he graduated at Mid 
 dlebury in 1808, and, after being a rector at Bal 
 timore many years, was consecrated bishop in 
 1843. 
 
 HENTZ, N. M., professor, died at Marianna, 
 Florida, Nov. 4, 1856. He was the husband of 
 
 Caroline Lee Hcntz. Born in France, after he 
 came to this country he was associated with 
 George Bancroft in his school at Round Hill, 
 Northampton. He was a man of varied accom 
 plishments. He published papers on the alligator 
 and on new species of insects in the American 
 philosophical transactions ; Tadenskund, the last 
 king of the Lenape, 12mo., 1825. 
 
 HENTZ, CAROLINE LEE, died at Marianna, 
 Florida, Feb. 11, 1856. She was the daughter or 
 Gen. John Whiting, and sister of Gen. Henry W. 
 She at the age of twelve wrote a novel and a 
 tragedy. Married to Prof. Hentz, she lived at 
 Chapel Hill, N. C. ; then near Cincinnati ; then at 
 Florence, Ala., and at Tuscaloosa. She was an 
 excellent teacher, pleasing in appearance, and her 
 conversational powers were of a high order. She 
 published De Lara, or the Moorish bride ; the 
 mob cap, Aunt Mercy, the blind girl, the peddler, 
 the Village anthem ; Lovell s folly, a novel ; and 
 Ernest Linwood, 1856. Cycl. Arner. Lit. 
 
 HERKIMER, general, of the militia of New 
 York, was of German descent. When St. Leger, 
 in 1777, invested fort Stanwix, afterwards called 
 fort Schuyler, at the head of Mohawk river, Hcr- 
 kimer, with the militia of Tryon county, hastened 
 to the relief of Col. Gansevoort. On his ap 
 proach he was ambuscaded in August, about six 
 miles from the fort, near Oneida creek. Though 
 mortally wounded in his legs, he seated himself 
 upon a stump and heroically encouraged his men 
 to the fight ; but his party was defeated with the 
 loss of four hundred men. Congress ordered a 
 monument to his memory. Holmes, II. 270 ; 
 Ilist. Coll. II. 108. 
 
 HERRERA, ANTONIO DE, a Spanish historian, 
 was born in 1559, and died in 1625. He pub 
 lished in Spanish a general history of the West 
 Indies, 1601 ; also, 1615. The same has been 
 published in various editions and languages. It 
 gives an account of discoveries from 1492 to 1553. 
 The history of America, translated by J. Stevens, 
 was published at London, 2d edit, 6 vols., 1740. 
 
 HERSEY, EZEKIEL, an eminent physician of 
 Ilingham, Mass., and a benefactor of Harvard 
 college, was graduated at that seminary in 1728, 
 and died Dec. 9, 1770, aged 62. His widow mar 
 ried Capt. Derby, of Salem, and, in fulfilment of 
 his wishes, established an academy at Ilingham, 
 calling it Derby instead of Hersey academy. Dr. 
 II. was remarkably humane and benevolent, and 
 had extensive practice as a surgeon. He be 
 queathed to the college 1000 pounds towards 
 founding a professorship of anatomy and surgery. 
 His widow also gave the same sum for the same 
 purpose. Dr. AVarren was the first who was es 
 tablished on this foundation. Holmes. 
 
 HERSEY, ABNER, an eminent physician of 
 Barnstable, Mass., died Jan. 9, 1787, aged 65. 
 He was the brother of the preceding, the son of 
 
HERVEY. 
 
 James Hersey. He studied physic with his 
 brother James, of Barnstable, and on his decease 
 succeeded to his practice. Dr. Thacher was his 
 pupil. He had many singularities. His dress 
 was loose, lined throughout with baize. He had 
 a great coat made of seven calf-skins, to protect 
 him from the rain. He was hypochondriacal, ca 
 pricious, whimsical, and churlish ; and domestic 
 peace was a stranger to his family. He had no 
 children. He bequeathed to Harvard college 
 500 pounds toward the establishment of a pro 
 fessorship of the theory and practice of physic. 
 The first professor in this department was Dr. 
 "VVaterhouse. Dr. Hersey also bequeathed about 
 500 pounds, the interest of which he directed to 
 be applied annually to the purchase of religious 
 publications, which should be distributed in all 
 the towns on Cape Cod. He directed what books 
 should be selected for a hundred years ; after the 
 expiration of which time the ministers and dea 
 cons of the thirteen parishes, to whose care his do 
 nation is intrusted, are authorized to select any 
 religious books at their pleasure, excepting on 
 every fourth year. On the petition of the parties 
 the legislature authorized the division of the prop 
 erty among the churches interested. Thacher. 
 
 HERVEY, WILLIAM, missionary to Bombay, 
 died May 13, 1832, aged 33. He was born at 
 Kingsbury, N. Y., and graduated at Williams 
 college in 1824, where he was a tutor; studied 
 theology at Princeton ; was ordained as a mis 
 sionary in 1829. His disease was the cholera. 
 Mr. Read s letter on his death is in the Mission 
 ary Herald for 1832. He toiled in the East only 
 one year ; but his example might do good for 
 many a year after his departure from life. 
 
 HERVEY, ELIZABETH, wife of William Her- 
 vey, missionary to Bombay, died May 2, 1831, 
 aged 33. She was the daughter of Deacon Jacob 
 Smith, of Hadley, Mass. Her grandmother, who 
 died at the age of 101, could count among her 
 descendants twenty-one ministers. She died 
 peacefully soon after her arrival. Her character 
 is described in Missionary Herald for 1831 and 
 1832. Her husband died the next year. 
 
 HERWIG, LEOPOLD, a musical teacher, died 
 in Boston, suddenly, of an affection of the heart, 
 Nov. 1, 1845, aged 34. He led the orchestra at 
 a concert the same evening. 
 
 HEULET, J., died in Groton, Conn., in 1821, 
 aged 95, father by one wife of 27 children. 
 
 HEWARD, JOSEPH, died in Broomfield, Me., 
 Nov. 11, 1851, aged 93. He served in the war, 
 and was in Morgan s rifle regiment. 
 
 HEWITT, ALEXANDER, published an historical 
 account of South Carolina and Georgia, 2 vols., 
 London, 1779. 
 
 HEWES, JOSEPH, a patriot of the Revolution, 
 was born in 1730 in New Jersey. His parents 
 were Quakers. At the age of thirty he settled 
 
 HIACOOMES. 
 
 429 
 
 as a merchant at Edenton, N. C. In 1774 he 
 was a member of congress, and was appointed on 
 the committee to state the grievances of congress. 
 Although a merchant, he entered heartily into 
 the plan of non-importation. He signed the 
 Declaration of Independence in 1776, and re 
 mained in congress, with the exception of a year, 
 till his death at Philadelphia, Nov. 10, 1779, aged 
 49. He left a large fortune, but no children. It 
 is said that when, in 1775, the Quakers put forth 
 a " testimony " against the proceedings of con 
 gress, he withdrew from the sect. Goodrich s 
 Lives; Encyclopedia Americana. 
 
 IIEWES, ROBERT, Dr., died in Boston in 1830, 
 aged 79. He was long a celebrated fencing-mas 
 ter and bone-setter. He published rules for 
 sword-exercise of cavalry, 12mo., 1813. 
 
 HEYWARD, THOMAS, judge, a patriot of the 
 Revolution, died in March, 1809, aged 63. He 
 was born at St. Luke s, S. C., in 1746, the son of 
 Col. Daniel H., a wealthy planter. Having stud 
 ied law at the temple in London, he spent some 
 years in a tour on the continent of Europe. On 
 his return he practised law. In 1775 he was ap 
 pointed a member of congress in the place of 
 Mr. Rutledge, and in 1776 signed the Declaration 
 of Independence. In 1778 he was appointed 
 judge of the civil and criminal courts. At the 
 capture of Charleston, May 12, 1780, he bore 
 arms and fell into the hands of the enemy, and 
 was sent to St. Augustine. His plantation was 
 plundered, and he lost one hundred and thirty 
 slaves, who were probably transported to Jamaica. 
 Having at last permission to sail to Philadelphia, 
 he narrowly escaped drowning, having fallen over 
 board. In 1798 he relinquished his judicial 
 duties. By his two wives, whose names were 
 Matthews and Savage, he had children. With 
 an ardent disposition he yet had a sound judg 
 ment, and was honest, firm, and fearless. Jjiog. 
 Amer. ; Goodrich. 
 
 HIACOOMES, the first Indian in New Eng 
 land who was converted to Christianity, and a 
 minister at Martha s Vineyard, lived upon this 
 island when a few English families first settled 
 there in 1642. Under the instruction of Thomas 
 Mayhew he eagerly received the truths of the 
 gospel. Having learned to read, he in 1645 
 began to teach his copper-colored brethren the 
 Christian doctrines, and he did not labor in vain. 
 A number of them were soon impressed with a 
 sense of their guilt in living as they had lived 
 and sought for pardon from him who is the pro 
 pitiation for the sins of the world. The sachems 
 and pawaws, or priests, did not observe this pro 
 gress of Christianity with indifference. While 
 the latter threatened to destroy all the praying 
 Indians with witchcraft, their menaces were par 
 ticularly directed against Iliacoomes ; but he said 
 to them, "I believe in God, and put my trust in 
 
430 
 
 HICKS. 
 
 II1GGINSON. 
 
 him; therefore all the pawaws can do me no 
 hurt." In 1650, when he lost a young child, the 
 funeral was performed in the English manner. 
 The mourners did not discolor their faces, nor 
 deposit any utensils or goods in the grave, nor 
 howl over the dead. After the death of Mr. 
 Mayhew in 1657, he continued his benevolent 
 labors, though he greatly lamented the loss of 
 that good man, by whom he had been enlightened 
 in the knowledge of the truth, and whose in 
 structions gave him the power of instructing 
 others. August 22, 1670, an Indian church was 
 regularly formed on Martha s Vineyard, and Ilia- 
 coomcs and Tackanash were ordained its pastor 
 and teacher by Eliot and Cotton. Hiacoomes 
 survived his colleague, and died about the year 
 1690, aged near 80. In 1698 his son, John Hia 
 coomes, was a preacher and schoolmaster at 
 Assawampsit, or Middleborough. He was a 
 faithful and successful minister, slow in speech, 
 grave in manners, and blameless in his life. He 
 was courageous in reprehending the Indians for 
 worshipping their false gods and adhering to 
 their pawaws. He was not elated by the high 
 office which he sustained, but ever continued 
 humble. At the ordination of Mr. Japhet, who 
 succeeded Tackanash, as Ins colleague, he prayed, 
 imposed hands, and gave the charge with much 
 propriety. In his last sickness he expressed the 
 hopes of a Christian, and gave good exhortations 
 to those around ; and at his death he without 
 doubt entered into that rest from which many of 
 the learned and refined, who love not the Lord 
 Jesus Christ, will be excluded. Mayhew s In 
 dian Converts; Mather s Magnolia, III. 199. 
 
 HICKS, ELIAS, a Quaker, died at Jericho, Long 
 Island, Feb. 27, 1830, aged 81. His wife, Jemima, 
 with whom he had lived in harmony fifty-eight 
 years, died in 1829. In the last years of his life 
 he was the cause, by some new doctrines which 
 he advanced, of a great discord and division 
 among the Friends. 
 
 HICHBO11N, BENJAMIN, a Boston patriot, died 
 in 1817, aged about 70. He delivered an oration 
 at Boston March 5. 1777, which was published in 
 4to. ; an oration at Boston July 4, 1784. 
 
 HIDDEX, SAMUEL, first minister of Tamworth, 
 N. II., died in 1837, aged 77, in the forty-sixth 
 year of his ministry. Born in llowley, Mass., he 
 graduated at Dartmouth in 1791. He was or 
 dained in 1792 on a rock near where the meeting 
 house was afterwards built. Settled in a country 
 almost a wilderness, his holy zeal led him to 
 preach the gospel widely around him. To his 
 own church more than five hundred were added. 
 His son William was a deacon. He was greatly 
 respected and beloved. In death he had triumph. 
 He said, " Just draw back the veil, and I am 
 there ! " His lyre, for he loved sacred music, 
 was tuned for the last song : 
 
 " Angels, roll the rook away! 
 Death, yield up the mighty prey! " 
 
 The rock, on which he was ordained, is near his 
 grave ; the rock of his hopes standeth forever ! 
 His memoir was published in 1842. 
 
 HIGGINBOTHAM, THOMAS, died in Amherst 
 county, Va., in Feb., 1835. He emancipated fifty 
 slaves. 
 
 HIGGIXS, DAVID, a venerable minister, died 
 at Bath, N. Y., in June, 1842, aged 81, pastor of 
 the first Presbyterian church in that town. Born 
 at Haddam, he graduated at Yale in 1785. He 
 was first settled at Lyme for eighteen years, then 
 at Auburn, N. Y. He was an early, earnest, and 
 faithful laborer in the vineyard of Western New 
 York. In his old age he preached at Norwalk, 
 Ohio, and by one account he died there. 
 
 HIGGINSON, FRANCIS, first minister of Salem, 
 Mass., died in Aug., 1630, aged 42. After re 
 ceiving his education at Emanuel college in Cam 
 bridge, he became the minister of a church at 
 Leicester, in England. Here he devoted himself 
 to the duties of his office, bending all his efforts 
 to produce that renovation of heart and holiness 
 of life, without which no man can see the king 
 dom of God. While his popular talents filled his 
 church with attentive hearers, such was the divine 
 blessing upon his labors, that a deep attention to 
 religious subjects was excited among his people, 
 and he witnessed with pleasure the progress of 
 uprightness, benevolence, and piety among the 
 dishonest, the selfish, and the impious. Becom 
 ing at length a conscientious nonconformist to 
 the rites of the English church, some of which 
 he thought not only were unsupported by 
 Scripture, but corrupted the purity of Christian 
 worship and discipline, he was excluded from the 
 parish pulpit. But he obtained liberty to preach 
 a lecture in Leicester, and often attended private 
 meetings for prayer and religious conference with 
 a number of excellent Christians. As the spirit 
 of ecclesiastical tyranny became more jealous and 
 rigorous, information was lodged against him, and 
 while he was daily expecting to be dragged away 
 by pursuivants to the high commission court, a 
 kind Providence interposed remarkably in his 
 favor, and provided for him a place of security. 
 One day two messengers came to his house, and 
 with loud knocks cried out, " Where is Mr. Hig- 
 ginson ? We must speak with Mr. Higginson ! " 
 His wife ran to his chamber and entreated him 
 to conceal himself; but he replied that he should 
 acquiesce in the will of God. He went down, and 
 as the messengers entered the hall they presented 
 him with some papers, saying, in a rough manner, 
 " Sir, we came from London, and our business is 
 to convey you to London, as you may see by those 
 papers." "I thought so," exclaimed Mrs. Hig 
 ginson, weeping ; but a woman s tears could have 
 little effect upon hard-hearted pursuivants. Mr- 
 
IIIGGINSON. 
 
 HJGGIN8ON. 
 
 431 
 
 Iligginson opened the packet to read the form of 
 his arrest, but, instead of an order from Bishop 
 Laud for his seizure, he found a copy of the char 
 ter of Massachusetts, and letters from the gover 
 nor and company, inviting him to embark with 
 them for New England. The sudden transition 
 of feeling from despondence to joy inspired him 
 with the same good humor which induced his 
 friends to act the part of his enemies, and a pleas 
 ant interview succeeded. 
 
 Having sought advice and implored the Divine 
 direction, he resolved to accept the invitation. In 
 his farewell sermon, preached before avast assem 
 bly, he declared his persuasion, that England 
 would be chastised by war, and that Leicester 
 would have more than an ordinary share of suf 
 ferings. It was not long before his prediction was 
 verified. It is not meant that he claimed the 
 power of foretelling future events ; but he could 
 reason with considerable accuracy from cause to 
 effect, knowing that iniquity is generally followed 
 by its punishment, and he lived in an age when it 
 was usual for ministers to speak with more confi 
 dence, and authority, and efficacy, than at pres 
 ent. He sailed from Gravesend April 25, 1G29, 
 accompanied by Mr. Skclton, whose principles ac 
 corded with his own. When he came to the Land s 
 End he called his children and the other passen 
 gers on deck to take the last view of their native 
 country; and he now exclaimed : " Farewell Eng 
 land, farewell the church of God in England, and 
 all the Christian friends there. We do not go to 
 America as Separatists from the church of Eng 
 land, though we cannot but separate from its cor 
 ruptions." lie then concluded with a fervent 
 prayer for the king, church, and state in England. 
 He arrived at Cape Ann June 27, 1629, and hav 
 ing spent the next day there, which was Sunday, 
 on the 29th he entered the harbor of Salem. 
 July the 20th was observed as a day of fasting by 
 the appointment of Gov. Endicott, and the church 
 then made choice of Mr. Iligginson to be their 
 teacher, and Mr. Skelton their pastor. Each with 
 the assistance of some of the gravest members of 
 the church laid his hands at this time on the other 
 with prayer. A more solemn investiture took 
 place August Gth, when about thirty persons ac 
 cepted a confession of faith and church covenant, 
 which had been drawn up by Mr. Iligginson, and 
 the two ministers were again ordained by the im 
 position of hands. Governor Bradford and others 
 from the church of Plymouth gave them the right 
 hand of fellowship. As both these ministers had 
 been ordained by bishops in England, and as Mr. 
 Iligginson professed not to be a separatist from the 
 established church, this ordination cannot be con 
 sidered as investing them with the sacred office, 
 but only as introducing them to the pastoral care 
 of a particular flock. Thus auspicious was the 
 commencement of the settlement of Naumkeak, 
 
 or Salem ; but the scene was soon changed. Dur 
 ing the first winter about one hundred persons 
 died, and Mr. Iligginson was soon seized with a 
 hectic, which terminated his days. In his last 
 sickness he was reminded of his benevolent exer 
 tions in the service of the Lord Jesus Christ. To 
 consoling suggestions of this kind he replied, "I 
 have been an unprofitable servant, and all my de 
 sire is to win Christ, and be found in him, not 
 having my own righteousness." His family, con 
 sisting of his wife and eight children, whom he 
 was about to leave without a suitable provision for 
 their maintenance, he cheerfully commended to 
 the care of God, being fully persuaded that his 
 favor would attend them. 
 
 He was a zealous and useful preacher, mild 
 in his doctrines, but strict in discipline. He ad 
 mitted none into the church without satisfactory 
 evidence that they were truly religious, and ex 
 cluded the ignorant and immoral from the table 
 of the Lord. In his deportment he was grave, 
 and pure in morals, and, though not rash in his 
 decisions, he was not easily shaken from his pur 
 poses. In his person he was slender and not tall. 
 His son, Francis Iligginson, went to Europe, and 
 after residing some time as a student at Leyden, 
 was settled as a minister at Kerby Steven in 
 Westmoreland, England, where he died about 
 the year 1G70, aged 54. He was the first who 
 wrote against the Quakers, and he published also 
 a Latin treatise concerning the five principal 
 lights, uncreated and created light, and the light 
 of nature, grace, and glory. 
 
 Mr. Higginson, of Salem, wrote an account of 
 his voyage, which is preserved in Hutchinson s 
 collection of papers. He wrote also a short ac 
 count of that part of Massachusetts, which was 
 now settling, and of the Indians, entitled, New 
 England s plantation, or a short and true descrip 
 tion of the commodities and discommodities of 
 that country, 1630. It has been reprinted in the 
 collections of the historical society. This curious 
 account is generally correct, though the isle of 
 slates, and the marble, and the lions existed only 
 in report and imagination. Maynalia, I. 18, 
 19; ill. 70-75; Coll. Hist. Soc. I. 117-124; 
 VI. 231, 242-244; ix. 2-3 ; Sprague s Annals. 
 
 HIGGINSON, JOHN, minister of Salem, Mass., 
 died Dec. 9, 1708, aged 92. He was the son of 
 the preceding, and was born in England Aug. 6, 
 1616. Some time after the death of his father, 
 with whom he came to this country in 1629, he 
 was the instructor of a school at Hartford, his 
 mother with six of her children being somewhat 
 dependent upon his exertions for her support. 
 Having become a preacher, he was chaplain at 
 Saybrook fort a number of years. In 1641 he 
 went to Guilford, and preached about two years 
 as an assistant to Mr. Whitfield, whose daughter 
 he married. In 1643 he was chosen one of the 
 
432 
 
 HIGGINSON. 
 
 seven pillars of Guilford. The practice of choos 
 ing from among the brethren seven persons, who 
 were called pillars, to whom the other church- 
 members were gathered, had before been adopted 
 in New Haven and Milford. After the church 
 was completely organized in Guilford in 1643, 
 Mr. Higginson was elected teacher to assist Mr. 
 Whitfield ; but he was not ordained. About 
 the year 1650 Mr. Whitfield returned to Eng 
 land, and Mr. Higginson remained as teacher of 
 the church. But in 16,39 he left that town with 
 the intention of revisiting his native country. On 
 his arrival at Salem he was persuaded to preach 
 one year in the church, where his father had been 
 settled, and was ordained in Aug., 1660. Here 
 he continued near half a century till his death. 
 He had been seventy-two years in the ministerial 
 office. His colleague, Mr. Nicholas Noyes, says 
 of him in his elegy : 
 
 " For rich array cared not a fig, 
 And wore Elisha s periwig; 
 At ninety-three had comely face, 
 Adorned with majesty and grace : 
 Before he went among the dead, 
 lie children s children s children had." 
 
 By his second wife he had two daughters, one 
 of whom married Jeremy Dummer. By his first 
 wife he had seven children. John was of the gov 
 ernor s council and lived in Salem ; Nathaniel 
 graduated at Harvard in 1670, went to England, 
 was employed in the tower, was governor of fort 
 St. George in the East Indies, and at last a mer 
 chant in London, where he died in 1708 ; Thomas 
 went to England and was a goldsmith, and sailing 
 from Arabia was never heard of again ; Francis 
 was educated at Cambridge in England, and died 
 young ; and Henry, a merchant, died in Barba- 
 does in the West Indies, in 1685. At his ordina 
 tion the hands of the deacons and one of the 
 brethren were imposed in the presence of the 
 neighboring churches and elders. Whether they 
 united in this ceremony is not known, but Mr. 
 Norton, of Boston, gave the right hand of fellow 
 ship. Mr. lligginson was at first zealous against 
 the Quakers, and he lived to lament that his zeal 
 was so warm. As a preacher he was highly re 
 spected. Judge Sewall calls him, " that aged 
 and venerable divine ; " and l)r. Mather speaks 
 of him, in the eighty-eighth year of his age, as 
 then performing the duties of his office with such 
 manly, pertinent, judicious vigor, and with so lit 
 tle decay of his intellectual abilities, as excited 
 admiration. In his worldly affairs he was often 
 embarrassed, being supported during part of his 
 ministry by voluntary contribution. It is consid 
 erable evidence of his good sense and of his 
 benevolence, that he took no part in the proceed 
 ings relating to witchcraft in 1692. Some of his 
 letters are in the Historical Collections, 3d series. 
 He published an election sermon, entitled, the 
 
 HILL. 
 
 cause of God and his people in New England, 
 1663 ; our dying Saviour s legacy of peace to his 
 disciples in a troublesome world, with a discourse 
 on the duty of Christians to be witnesses unto Christ, 
 unto which is added some help to self-examina 
 tion, 1686 ; an attestation to Dr. Mather s mag- 
 nalia, or church history of New England, prefixed 
 to that work, and dated, 1697 ; a testimony to 
 the order of the gospel in the churches of New 
 England with Mr. Hubbard, 1701 ; an epistle to 
 the reader, prefixed to Hale s inquiry into the na 
 ture of witchcraft, 1702 ; a preface to Thomas 
 Allen s invitation to thirsty sinners ; the deplor 
 able state of New England, 1708. Magnolia, 
 in. 66, 76 ; Coll. Hist. Soc. \i. 243, 244, 259- 
 294,271,272; Sprague s Annals. 
 
 HIGHTOWN, JOSHUA, died in Marengo county, 
 Ala., Aug., 1844, aged 126. Family records at 
 test his age. He was wounded at Braddock s 
 defeat, and was also a soldier of the llevolution. 
 
 HILDRETII, HOSEA, died at Sterling July 10, 
 1835, aged 53. Born in Chelmsford in 1782, a 
 graduate of Harvard in 1805, he was a minister 
 for some years at Gloucester, Mass., afterwards 
 secretary of the Massachusetts temperance so 
 ciety. He published discourse at Exeter acad 
 emy, 1825; Dudlcian lecture, 1829; lives of 
 evangelists and apostles, 1830. 
 
 HILL, ABRAHAM, died at Oxford, Mass., June 
 8, 1788, aged 69. Born at Cambridge, he gradu 
 ated at Harvard in 1737, and was the minister of 
 Shutcsbury from 1762 to 1778, when he was dis 
 missed. Hand s sermon at his ordination was 
 published. Sprague s Annals. 
 
 HILL, HENRY, a merchant in Boston, died 
 July 7, 1828, aged 92. He graduated in 1756. 
 
 HILL, EBENEZER, minister of Mason, N. IT., 
 died May 27, 1854, aged 88. He was born at 
 Cambridge, Mass., Jan. 29, 1766, was graduated 
 at Harvard in 1786, and ordained Nov. 3, 1790. 
 He had been settled more than fifty years. lie 
 published a sermon on the death of Ruth Batch- 
 eller, another on the death of William K. Batch- 
 eller, 1811. Seth Payson s sermon at his ordina 
 tion was published. 
 
 HILL, ISAAC, governor of N. II., died at 
 Washington March 22, 1851, aged 63. Born in 
 Cambridge, his parents removed when he was a 
 boy to Ashburnham. With little education he 
 became a printer, and as editor issued the New 
 Hampshire Patriot in 1809. It gained a wide 
 circulation and great influence in the party called 
 republican. In 1829 Jackson appointed him 
 second comptroller of the treasury ; but the next 
 year his nomination was rejected by the senate. 
 In 1831 he was chosen senator for six years, but 
 resigned in 1836 to accept the office of governor 
 of N. II., to which place he Avas rcchoscn in 
 1837 and 1838. In 1840 he was sub-treasurer 
 at Boston. He had long been pension agent. 
 
HILL. 
 
 lie and two sons established Hill s New Hamp 
 shire Patriot, which was united with the Pat 
 riot in 1847. He published also the Farmer s 
 Monthly Visitor. 
 
 HILL, WILLIAM, I). D., died in Winchester, 
 Va., Nov. 16, 1852, aged 83. He was the minister 
 of W. from 1800 to 1838, and afterwards in Alex 
 andria and elsewhere. He was a powerful ex 
 temporaneous preacher; a man generous and 
 impetuous. He opposed what is called the ex 
 scinding act of his church in 1838, and joined 
 the New School Assembly. For the last five 
 years he lived in retirement with his children. 
 N. Y. Observer, Dec. 2. 
 
 HILL, EBENEZER, died in Mason, N. H., May 
 20, 18,34, aged 88. A native of Cambridge, a 
 graduate of Harvard in 1796, he was the minister 
 of M. sixty-three years, having a colleague seven 
 teen years. N. Y. Observer, July 6. 
 
 HILLIIOUSE, WILLIAM, judge, died Jan. 12, 
 1816, aged 87. He was the son of James H., 
 iirst minister of the second church in New Lon 
 don, now Montville, who was a native of Ireland, 
 and was installed Oct. 3, 1722, and died in 1740. 
 He was born in 1727, and was for fifty years a 
 member of the legislature; for forty years a 
 judge of the court of common pleas, and also 
 judge of probate." During the Revolutionary war 
 he was one of the council of safety. His seat in 
 the council he resigned in 1808, and died at 
 Montville. He was a man of integrity, a Chris 
 tian, and an unshaken patriot. 
 
 HILLIIOUSE, JAMFS ABRAHAM, a distin 
 guished lawyer, the brother of the preceding, was 
 born at New London about 1729. He was grad 
 uated at Yale college in 1749, and was tutor from 
 1750 to 1756. He afterwards practised law at 
 New Haven, where he died Oct. 3, 1775, aged 
 46. His widow, Mary, died July, 1822, aged 87. 
 He had a high reputation as an advocate, and was 
 a zealous supporter of the rights of his country. 
 His Christian life was exemplary ; he was adorned 
 by meekness, humility, and charity. Holmes 
 Life of Stiles, 66. 
 
 1IILL1IOUSE, JAMES, LL. D., died of apo 
 plexy, suddenly, at New Haven Dec. 29, 1832, 
 aged 78. He was born at Montville Oct. 21, 
 1754, and was graduated at Yale in 1773. Hav 
 ing studied law, he took an active part in the 
 Revolutionary struggle. A member of congress 
 in 1791, he was chosen a senator in 1794, and 
 continued in the senate sixteen years, resigning 
 his seat in 1810. He was then commissioner of 
 the school fund of Conn, for fifteen years. From 
 1782 for fifty years he was treasurer of the col 
 lege. In 1825 he undertook the construction of 
 the Farmington and Hampshire canal, in which 
 he sunk much property, a railroad having taken 
 the place of the canal. His wife was a daughter 
 55 
 
 HIL^IARD. 
 
 433 
 
 of Col. M. Woolsey, of Dosoris. Bacon s 
 Sketch. 
 
 IIILLI-IO USE, JAMES ABRAHAM, a poet, died 
 at New Haven, Jan. 5, 1841, aged 51. The son 
 of the preceding, he was graduated at Y r ale in 
 1808; and was distinguished for his acquirements, 
 taste, and character. He published Percy s 
 Masque, 1820 ; Hadad ; and the judgment. His 
 whole works were published in 2 vols., 12mo., 
 1839, entitled dramas, discourses, and other 
 pieces. 
 
 IIILLIARD, TIMOTHY, minister of Cambridge, 
 Mass., died May 9, 1790, aged 43. He was born 
 in Kensington, N. II., in 1746, and was graduated 
 at Harvard college in 1764. In 1768 he was ap 
 pointed chaplain of castle William, and after offi 
 ciating a few months was elected a tutor of the col 
 lege, in which he was educated. He was ordained 
 the minister of Barnstable April 10, 1771, as the 
 successor of Mr. Green ; but after continuing his 
 benevolent exertions in this place for twelve 
 years, respected and beloved by his people, he 
 was induced in consequence of his impaired 
 health, occasioned by the dampness of the sea air, 
 to request a dismission, which was given him 
 April 30, 1783. He was succeeded by John Mel- 
 len. On the 27th of Oct., he was installed at 
 Cambridge, as colleague Avith Dr. Appleton. He 
 was peculiarly well qualified for the conspicuous 
 station, in which by Divine providence he was 
 now placed ; for he possessed an easy and pleas 
 ing elocution, and a devotional manner, and his 
 discourses were pure in language, and replete 
 with judicious sentiments, well arranged, instruc 
 tive, and truly evangelical. But the power of 
 doing good was continued to him but a few years. 
 In the midst of his usefulness and with increasing 
 reputation, he died suddenly. A short time be 
 fore he expired, he expressed his full confidence 
 in God, and said, that he enjoyed those consola 
 tions which he had endeavored to impart to 
 others. AVhile he was respected for his talents 
 and acquisitions, and made himself pleasing in 
 social intercourse, he also possessed an amiable 
 temper, kind and sympathetic feelings, and the 
 genuine benevolence of the gospel. Though firm 
 in the maintenance of his religious sentiments, he 
 was yet conspicuous for his candor. He published 
 two fast sermons, 1774; a sermon at the execu 
 tion of three persons, 1785 ; at the ordination of 
 Henry Ware, 1788; of Bczaleel Howard; of 
 John Andrews, 1789 ; and a Dudleian lecture, 
 1788. Willard s Funeral Sermon; Holmes 
 Hist, of Cambridge; Coll. Hist. Soc. III. 16; 
 VII. 63-67 ; Sprague s Annals. 
 
 IIILLIARD, WILLIAM, the son of Rev. Tim 
 othy II., of Cambridge, was a bookseller in Cam 
 bridge and Boston, and died at Cambridge, April 
 27, 1836, aged 57. He was descended from 
 
434 
 
 HILLIAHD. 
 
 IIINSDALE. 
 
 Emanuel Ililliard of Hampton, N. II., who was 
 lost with six others in a boat in 1657. In the old 
 records his name stands Em. Ililliar. Timothy 
 of Hampton, in 1686, was probably his son. Mr. 
 William Ililliard was among the early and exten 
 sive booksellers of Boston, and was a man of 
 great worth and highly respected. Through his 
 purchase of the ancient libraries of monasteries 
 in Germany, Dr. Homer procured valuable docu 
 ments, illustrating the labors of the reformers in 
 biblical learning. He left two sons, Francis, a 
 lawyer in Boston, and William. He published 
 address to charitable mechanic association, 1827 ; 
 to masons, 1829. Sprac/ne s Annals. 
 
 HILLIAHD, TIMOTHY, Episcopal minister in 
 Portland, Me., the son of liev. Timothy II., of 
 Cambridge, died in Claremont, N. II., Jan. 2, 
 1842, aged 64. He was born in Barnstable, grad 
 uated with his brother Joseph at Harvard in 1793, 
 and was rector at Portland from 1803 to 1808. 
 
 HILLIARD, JOSEPH, the son of Rev. Timothy 
 H., died at Berwick, Maine, in 1843, aged 69. 
 Pie was graduated at Harvard in 1793, and was 
 the minister of Berwick from 1797 to 1825, when 
 he was dismissed. 
 
 HILLS, EBENEZER, a colored man, died in 
 Vienna, N. Y.,Aug. 3, 1849, aged 110. lie was 
 born a slave at Stonington, and was free at the 
 age of 28. He served through the Avar, was in 
 various battles, and was present at the surrender 
 of Burgoync. Can it be right to deny to such a 
 man, of a black color, the right of voting, given 
 to the most ignorant, freshly-arrived white Irish 
 man? 
 
 HILLYER, ASA, D. 1)., minister of Orange, 
 N. J., died Aug. 28, 1840, aged 76 ; a graduate 
 of Yale in 1786. He was a native of Massa 
 chusetts. 
 
 HILTON, EDWARD, the first settler of New 
 Hampshire, was sent over by the proprietors of 
 Laconia, with his brother William and David 
 Thompson in 1623. He set up a stage for fishery 
 at Dover. After fifteen or twenty years he re 
 moved to Squamscot patent, or Exeter, where he 
 died about 1671, leaving an estate of 2200 
 pounds. He left sons Edward, William, Samuel, 
 and Charles. His descendants and those of his 
 brother are numerous in N. II. and Maine. 
 
 HILTON, WINTHROP, colonel, the grandson 
 of the preceding, was killed by the Indians, while 
 at work in the woods of Epping in 1710. He 
 accompanied Church in his expedition in 1704; 
 and in 1705, with two hundred and fifty English 
 and twenty Indians, went against Norridgewock 
 on snow shoes and burned the Indian wigwams 
 and chapel. He was the son of Edward, and his 
 mother Ann was the daughter of Rev. S. Dudley 
 and Ann Winthrop, the son and daughter of Gov 
 ernors Dudley and Winthrop. 
 
 HINCKLEY, THOMAS, the last governor of 
 
 Plymouth, died at Barnstable in 1705, aged 75. 
 He was the son of Samuel II., who lived in Scit- 
 uate in 1636, removed to Barnstable in 1639, and 
 died in 1662. lie M~as born about 1630. lie 
 was chosen governor in 1680, and continued in 
 office, except when interrupted by Andros, till 
 the union of the old colony with Mass., in 1692. 
 Among the manuscripts of the New England, or 
 old south church library, which were deposited in 
 1817, in the historical library, are 3 vols. folio of 
 papers, collected by Gov. Hiiickley. 
 
 IIINCKLEY, SAMVEL, register and judge of 
 probate many years, died at Northampton in 1840, 
 aged 83. He was a graduate of Yale in 1781, a 
 descendant of Samuel, who lived in Scituate in 
 1638. 
 
 HINDE, Doctor, family physician of General 
 Wolfe, was a native of England, born in 1737, 
 and was with Wolfe when he fell on the plains 
 of Abraham Sept. 13, 1759. lie afterwards set 
 tled in Virginia in the neighborhood of Patrick 
 Henry, whom he accompanied, when he marched 
 against Lord Dunmore. His practice as a phy 
 sician and surgeon was extensive both in Virginia 
 and Kentucky, whither he removed. He died in 
 Newport, Ivy., in 1829, aged 92. Educated an 
 Episcopalian, he became a deist, and ridiculed 
 Christianity. When his wile and daughter 
 attached themselves to the Methodists, in his 
 rage he banished his daughter from his house, 
 and to cure his wife of her insanity he applied a 
 blister to her spine. But, as he used to say, 
 " God turned the huge blister upon his own 
 heart." Her meekness and fortitude under this 
 malignant cruelty awakened his attention to the 
 religion which sustained her ; and in the result 
 he became a Methodist. For nearly half a cen 
 tury he was a devout adherent of that sect of 
 Christians. No waking hour ever passed, who 
 ever might be present, in which he did not utter 
 some expression of admiration for the Christian 
 faith. No patient was visited without first pray 
 ing in secret for success, nor without assembling 
 the family, on his arrival at the house, and pray 
 ing for the recovery of the sick. West. Journ. 
 Med. and Plnjs. Sciences. 
 
 HINMAN, EPHRAIM, general, died in Ilox- 
 bury, Conn., Dec. 11, 1829, aged 76. He was the 
 son of David of Southbury; and removed in 1784 
 to lloxbury, where he was thirty years a mer 
 chant. He was a man of dignified appearance 
 and was fond of military life; he was made brig 
 adier-general in 1805. The close of his life was 
 marked by humility and attachment to the ortho 
 dox faith. One of the Hinman family, Royal 
 R. Hinman, late secretary of Conn., now of the 
 city of New York, is publishing, in successive 
 numbers, a catalogue of the first Puritan settlers 
 of Conn. No. 5 was published 1856. 
 
 IIINSDALE, ABEL K., missionary to the Nes- 
 
IIINSDALE. 
 
 HOAR. 
 
 435 
 
 torians, died in Dec., 1842. A native of Torring- 
 ton, Conn., he graduated at Yale college in 183.3; 
 in Jan., 1841, he sailed from Boston. He had a 
 quenchless zeal to promote God s glory, but he 
 was permitted to toil only a short time in the 
 missionary field. 
 
 HINSDALE, NANCY, Miss, died in Troy May 
 16, 1 85 >, aged 82; a useful teacher of females. 
 She was the daughter of llev. Theodore II., of 
 Windsor, Conn. In 179G she commenced the 
 buisnessof teaching in Pittsficld, Mass. In 1830 
 she removed to Troy. In her last hours she ex 
 claimed, " Blessed hope ! blessed hope ! " N. Y. 
 Observer, June 26. 
 
 HINSDELL, EBENEZER, a descendant of Rob 
 ert Ilinsdale of Dedham in 1638, and afterwards 
 of Deerfield, died in 1763, aged about 56. He 
 graduated at Harvard in 1727, and was ordained, 
 with Stephen Parker and Joseph Seccomb, as a 
 missionary to the Indians, in 1733, when Dr. 
 Sewall preached the ordination sermon. 
 Sprague s Annals. 
 
 HITCHCOCK, GAD, D. D., minister of Pem 
 broke, Mass., was graduated at Harvard college 
 in 1743, and after a ministry of fifty-five years 
 died Aug. 8, 1803, aged 85. He was frank, affa 
 ble, and hospitable; in his old age many profited 
 by his instructions. He published a sermon to a 
 military company, 1757 ; at the ordination of E. 
 Hitchcock, 1771; at the election, 1774; anniver 
 sary at Plymouth, Dec., 1774 ; Dudleian lecture, 
 1779. 
 
 HITCHCOCK, ENOS, D. D., minister of Provi 
 dence, Rhode Island, died Feb. 27, 1803, aged 
 58. He was a native of Springfield, Mass., and 
 was graduated at Harvard college in 1767. He 
 was ordained in 1771, a colleague of the aged 
 Mr. Chipman, pastor of the second church in 
 Beverly. At the commencement of the war his 
 zeal for his country s rights induced him to be 
 come a chaplain in the American army. Believ 
 ing that his duty to the public and to his family 
 required that his connection with the church in 
 Beverly should be dissolved, he was dismissed in 
 1780. In intervals of leisure from duty in the 
 camp he preached at Providence, and was installed 
 Oct. 1, 1783. Distinguished by active, habitual 
 benevolence through life, at his death he be 
 queathed 2500 dollars for the establishment of a 
 fund for the support of the ministry in his society. 
 He paid great, attention to the education of youth, 
 and, while he wrote upon the subject, he projected 
 and promoted the establishment of free schools. 
 He was an excellent preacher and died in peace. 
 He published a book of catechetical instructions 
 and forms of devotion for children and youth ; 
 memoirs of the Bloomsgrove family, a work on 
 education, 2 vols., 12mo., 1790 ; discourse on na 
 tional prosperity; farmer s friend, 12mo., 1793; 
 at a dedication ; on education; new years; a ser 
 
 mon at the dedication of his meeting-house, 1795 ; 
 an essay on the Lord s supper ; at the ordination 
 of A. Flint, 1791; of Jonathan Gould, 1793; of 
 E. Fiske, 1799 ; on the death of Washington ; 
 of Mrs. S. Bowcn, 1800. Tapijan s Sermon 
 on his death. 
 
 HITCHCOCK, SAMUEL, died at Burlington, 
 Vt., in 1814, or end of 1813, aged 59, a judge of 
 the circuit court of the United States. He grad 
 uated at Harvard in 1777. 
 
 HITCHCOCK, SAMUEL J., judge, died at New 
 Haven Aug. 31, 1845, aged 59. Born in Bethle 
 hem, a graduate at Yale of 1809, he was a judge 
 of a county court and the principal instructor 
 in Yale college law school. 
 
 HITCHCOCK, HARVEY R., missionary to the 
 Sandwich Islands, died in 1855. 
 
 HITE, ISAAC, major, an officer of the Revolu 
 tionary war, died at Bellegrave, Va., Nov. 30, 
 1836, aged 80. 
 
 HOAR, LEONARD, M. D., president of Harvard 
 college, died Nov. 28, 1675, aged about 45. He 
 was graduated in that seminary in 1650, and in 
 1653, went to England and took the degree of 
 doctor in medicine at the university in Cambridge. 
 He was afterwards settled as a minister of Wen- 
 stcd in Sussex, from which parish he was ejected 
 for his nonconformity in 1662. He returned to 
 this country in 1672, and preached a short time 
 as an assistant to Thomas Thacher, at the south 
 church in Boston. In July he was chosen presi 
 dent, to supply the loss of Mr. Chauncy, and was 
 inducted into this office Sept, 10th. As a scholar 
 and a Christian he was very respectable; but 
 being deficient in a spirit of government, and fall 
 ing under the displeasure of a few men of influ 
 ence in the neighborhood, the students were thus 
 encouraged to array themselves against him, and 
 his situation was rendered so unpleasant that he 
 was under the necessity of resigning his office 
 March 15, 1675. He was succeeded by Mr. 
 Oakes. The injuries which he had suffered visi 
 bly affected his health, and induced a consump 
 tion, of which he died. While he was president, 
 there was a contribution through the colony for 
 erecting a new building for the college, and 1895 
 pounds were collected. A valuable letter of Dr. 
 Hoar to Josiah Flint, giving him direction in his 
 studies, is published in the collections of the his 
 torical society. Maynalia, iv. 129; Collect. 
 Historical Society, VI. 100-108. 
 
 HOAR, JOHN, died at Concord, Mass., in 1701; 
 he had lived there since 1660. Mrs. Rowlandson 
 was by him restored from Indian captivity. His 
 son, Daniel, was the great grandfather of Samuel, 
 the following. 
 
 HOAR, SAMUEL, LL. D., died at ConcowJ, 
 Mass., Nov. 2, 1856, aged 78. Born in Lincoln 
 May 18, 1778, he graduated at Harvard in the 
 large and distinguished class of 1802. He 
 
436 
 
 HOBART. 
 
 HOBAKT. 
 
 practised law with success for more than half a 
 century in Concord ; and he was a respected and 
 honored citizen, who was elected to various offi 
 ces, the duties of which he most faithfully dis 
 charged. In the State he was a representative, 
 councillor, and senator, and a member of congress 
 in 1836. His mission to South Carolina is a mat 
 ter of historical record. Some negro free citizens 
 of Massachusetts, seamen in northern vessels, 
 were imprisoned at Charleston for no crime, but 
 under certain police regulations of the city con 
 cerning the blacks. The government of Massa 
 chusetts sent Mr. H. to Charleston to commence 
 a suit against the perpetrators of the offence in 
 the United States court. He was prevented 
 from executing his purpose by a mob of white 
 citizens, who drove him from the city Dec. 5, 
 1844; and the legislature in a distant city on the 
 same day passed resolutions, authorizing the gov 
 ernor to do what the mob had already done. To 
 the slaveholders of the south, who subsist by the 
 extorted labor of slaves, inherited, or pur 
 chased, or begotten by themselves, and their own 
 children, the sacred obligations of the constitu 
 tion in regard to the rights of all free citizens of 
 the United States, whether of a lighter or darker 
 hue, are deemed of no importance, compared with 
 the imagined security of " their own institution," 
 as in soft words slavery is called. It is to be 
 hoped the day will come, when they will respect 
 not only the rights of the Northern States but 
 the rights of their own offspring and of the de 
 scendants of men kidnapped and brought to this 
 country by the God-abhorred race of men-stcalers. 
 Mr. Hoar was a worthy member of the Unita 
 rian church in Concord. He took a leading part 
 in the cause of temperance. His wife, who sur 
 vived him, was a daughter of Roger Sherman of 
 Conn. Judge E. Rockwood Hoar, named after a 
 classmate, is his son, with two other sons and two 
 daughters. His classmate, William Minot, has 
 been asked to prepare a memoir of Mr. Hoar. 
 He published a speech in congress on slavery in 
 the district of Columbia, 1836. 
 
 HOBART, PETER, first minister of Hingham, 
 Mass., the son of Edmund II., was born in Hing 
 ham, England, in 1604, and was educated at the 
 university of Cambridge. After he began to 
 preach, the impositions of the prelatical party in 
 duced him to come to this country. He arrived 
 June 8, 1635, and in Sept. he began, with a num 
 ber of his friends, a new plantation at Hingham. 
 Here he continued till his death, Jan. 20, 1679, 
 aged 74. Four of his sons were respectable min 
 isters, Joshua of Southold, L. I., Jeremiah of 
 Topsfield and Haddam, Gershom of Groton, 
 M^ass., and Nehemiah of Newton. Mar/nalia, 
 III. 153-155; Winthrop, III., 222; Sprague s 
 Annals. 
 
 HOBART, GERSHOM, second minister of Gro 
 
 ton, died in 1707, aged 62. Born in Hingham, 
 the son of Rev. P. H., he graduated at Harvard in 
 1667. He was settled in 1679. succeeding S. 
 "Willard, and was succeeded by D. Bradstreet, 
 Trowbridge, Dana, and Chaplin. 
 
 HOBART, NEHEMIAH, minister of Newton, 
 the son of Rev. Peter H., was born Nov. 21, 1648, 
 and was graduated at Harvard college in 1667. 
 After preaching two years at Newton, he was 
 ordained Dec. 23, 1674, as successor of Mr. Eliot, 
 and died Aug. 12, 1712, aged 63. Mr. Cotton 
 succeeded him. He was humble, pious, and 
 learned. He published a sermon entitled, the 
 absence of the Comforter described and lamented. 
 Hist. Coll. V. 267-269; IX. 169. 
 
 HOBART, JEREMIAH, minister of Haddam, 
 Conn., died in 1715, aged 84; or, by another ac 
 count, in 1717, aged 86. lie died on Sunday in 
 his chair after returning from public worship. 
 The son of Rev. Peter II., of Hingham, he grad 
 uated at Harvard in 1650, and afterwards became, 
 from 1672 to 1680, the minister of Topsfield. 
 Thence he removed, in 1683, to Hempstead, on 
 Long Island ; but, his people neglecting to give 
 him adequate support, he left them, and was set 
 tled in the ministry at Haddam Nov. 14, 1700. 
 One of his daughters was the mother of David 
 Brainerd. 
 
 HOBART, JOSHUA, died at Southold, Long 
 Island, in 1717, aged 88, in the forty-sixth year of 
 his ministry. The son of Rev. Peter H., he grad 
 uated at Harvard in 1650, in the class of his 
 younger brother, Jeremiah, and was ordained at 
 Southold in 1674. 
 
 HOBART, NEHEMIAH, minister of Cohasset, 
 died in 1740, aged 42; the son of David, and 
 grandson of Rev. Peter H. He was a graduate 
 of Harvard in 1714. 
 
 IIOBART, NOAH, minister of Fail-field, Conn., 
 died Dec. 6, 1773, aged 68, in the forty-first year 
 of his ministry. He was the grandson of Rev. 
 Peter H., and the son of David, of Hingham. 
 He was graduated at Harvard college in 1724, 
 and was ordained Feb. 7, 1733, as the successor 
 of Joseph Webb. In a few years a number of 
 persons in Fairfield county adopted the Episco 
 palian worship, separating themselves from the 
 Congregational churches, and some of the Epis 
 copal missionaries represented the ministers of 
 the country as not the true ministers of Christ. 
 In consequence of this he was induced to write 
 upon the subject of Presbyterian ordination, and 
 to vindicate its validity in a sermon, which he 
 preached at the close of the year 1746. In an 
 swer to him Mr. Wetmore wrote his vindication 
 of the professors of the church of England. A 
 controversy now commenced, in which Mr. Hobart 
 had for his opponents Dr. Johnson, Mr. Wetmore, 
 Mr. Beach, and Mr. Caner. He contended that 
 the inhabitants of the American plantations were 
 
HOBART. 
 
 not obliged by any laws of God or man to con 
 form to the prelatic church, as established in the 
 south part of Great Britain ; that it was not pru 
 dent to embrace the Episcopal communion ; and 
 that it was not lawful for members of the New 
 England churches to separate from them and pro 
 duce a schism. He also animadverted upon the 
 conduct of the society for propagating the gospel 
 in foreign parts, and upon the misrepresentations 
 of its missionaries. This controversy lasted a 
 number of years. He buried two wives, eight 
 children, and 1093 parishioners. His first wife, 
 whom he married Sept. 22, 1735, was Ellen Sloss. 
 His relict, Priscilla, died at Plymouth July, 1798, 
 aged 92. lie was her third husband, as she was 
 his third wife. In his life he exhibited the virtues 
 and in his death the resignation and peace of the 
 Christian. Not long before his departure from 
 the world, as some one remarked to him that he 
 was going to receive his reward, he replied, " I 
 am going, I trust, to receive the mercy of God 
 through Jesus Christ," He had few equals in 
 this country for acuteness of genius and learning. 
 A sound judgment, a retentive memory, and an 
 uncommonly social and communicative temper, 
 joined to a knowledge of books, and an extensive 
 acquaintance with most branches of science, es 
 pecially with history and divinity, which were his 
 favorite studies, rendered his conversation very 
 interesting and useful. In the public offices of 
 religion he acquitted himself with graceful dig 
 nity, and with a solemnity which indicated a deep 
 impression of the majesty of that Being, in whose 
 presence he appeared. In his preaching he ad 
 dressed himself to the understanding rather than 
 to the imagination and passions, inculcating the 
 great doctrines of regeneration, of repentance 
 toward God and faith in Jesus Christ, and press 
 ing with earnestness upon his hearers the neces 
 sity of that holiness, without which no man will 
 be admitted to heaven. He published a sermon 
 at the ordination of Noah Welles, 1747 : a se 
 rious address to the members of the Episcopal 
 separation in New England, 1748 ; election ser 
 mon, 1750 ; a second address to the members of 
 the Episcopal separation in New England, 1751 ; 
 a vindication of the piece entitled, the principles 
 of Congregational churches, etc., applied to the 
 case of the late ordination at Wallingford, occa 
 sioned by remarks made thereon by Mr. Hart, 
 1761; on the execution of I. Frazier, 1768. 
 Welles Funeral Sermon; Holmes; Sprague s 
 Annals. 
 
 HOB ART, JOHN SLOSS, judge of the district 
 court of New York, was the son of the preceding, 
 and died Feb. 4, 1805, aged G6, having sustained 
 through life a blameless character. During the 
 war he was placed in some of the most important 
 and confidential stations in New York. Mr. Jay, 
 Mr. Hobart, and Mr. Yatcs were appointed the 
 
 HOBBY. 
 
 437 
 
 three judges of the supreme court, first appointed 
 after the Revolution. This place he held for a 
 number of years. In 1798 he was chosen a sen 
 ator of the United States. 
 
 HOBART, JOHN HENRY, D. D., bishop of New 
 York, and professor of theology and eloquence in 
 the theological seminary, died Sept. 12, 1830, 
 aged 55. He was born at Philadelphia, and 
 graduated at Princeton in 1793, and was a tutor 
 from 179G to 1798. After being for some years 
 assistant minister of Trinity church, New York, 
 he was consecrated bishop May 29, 1811. He 
 was also rector of Trinity parish. The parish in 
 cludes Trinity church, St. Paul s chapel, and St. 
 John s ; and the rector had three assistant minis 
 ters. Dr. Hobart s predecessors in the rector 
 ship were Win. Veazie from 1696 to 1746 ; Henry 
 Barclay from 1746 to 1764 ; Sam. Auchmuty 
 from 1764 to 1777 ; Charles Inglis, afterwards 
 bishop of Nova Scotia, from 1777 to 1783 ; Sam. 
 Provoost from 1783 to 1800 ; Benjamin Moore 
 from 1800 to 1816. While at Auburn in the 
 performance of his official duties, he died sud 
 denly, and was buried at New York. His notions 
 concerning the necessity of Episcopal ordination 
 caused him to be ranked among the high-church 
 men. He had a controversy on the subject with 
 Dr. Mason, who wrote in the Christian s magazine ; 
 and a controversy with Rev. J. C. Jones, an Epis 
 copalian, 1811. A collection of sermons on his 
 death, with his life, was published in 1831. He 
 published a companion for the festivals and fasts, 
 1804 ; a thanksgiving sermon ; charge to the 
 clergy, 1815 ; address to the New York Bible and 
 common prayer-book society, 1816; to the Epis 
 copal missionary society, 1817; sermons in 2 
 vols., 8vo., London, 1824; a discourse comparing 
 the United States with England, 1825. 
 
 HOBBAMOC, an Indian, was a Pinese, or 
 chief captain of Massassoit. He repaired to 
 Plymouth in July, 1621, to live among the set 
 tlers as their friend, and he proved faithful till 
 his death. He was the guide of Capt. Standish, 
 when he went, Aug. 14th, against Corbitant at 
 Namasket ; and he fought bravely by his side in 
 1623. He also accompanied the governor to 
 Manomet in 1623 ; and was the guide of Wins- 
 low and John Ilampden when they visited Mas 
 sassoit in the same year. Hubbard describes him 
 as " a proper, lusty young man." Hist. Coll. ; 
 Prince. 
 
 IIOBBIE, SELAII R., major, first assistant 
 postmaster-general, died in Washington March 
 24, 1854, aged 57. He first served as a member 
 of congress from Delaware county, N. Y. From 
 1829 to 1850, and subsequently, his services in 
 the post-office department were very important. 
 His wife was a daughter of Gen. Root, of Delhi, 
 N. Y. 
 
 HOBBY, WILLIAM, minister of Reading, Mass., 
 
438 
 
 HODGE. 
 
 was graduated at Harvard college in 1725, and 
 died June 18, 1765, aged 57, in the thirty-third 
 year of his ministry. His natural endowments 
 and acquirements were uncommon. He preached 
 with fluency, and copiousness, and fervor, and 
 much promoted the cause of evangelical faith, 
 which he zealously espoused. As he went down 
 to the grave, he had a joyful, triumphant hope 
 of eternal life. He left behind him a serious ad 
 dress to his people, as from the dead, charging 
 them to choose as his successor a faithful preacher 
 of the gospel, which is in Massachusetts mission 
 ary magazine, v. ,371-375. He published a vin 
 dication of the itineracy and conduct of White- 
 field, 1745 ; self-examination in its necessity and 
 advantages, 1746 ; artillery election sermon, 1747 ; 
 vindication of the protest against Jonathan Ed 
 wards dismission, 1751. 
 
 HODGE, HANNAH, Mrs., died in Philadelphia 
 Dec. 17, 1805, aged 84. She was a woman of 
 memorable Christian excellence. She was of 
 English and Huguenot descent, and became early 
 pious, joining the church formed by Gilbert Ten- 
 nent in Philadelphia in 1743, one of the first mem 
 bers, and for more than sixty years its ornament. 
 She performed no deeds which gain the applause 
 of the world ; but she was a woman of deep piety 
 and active benevolence. Her husband, who died 
 in 1783, left her his estate, wliich, after her death, 
 was to be a fund for the education in Princeton 
 college of poor young men, destined for the min 
 istry. But she continued his business, the profits 
 of which she expended in charity. She had good 
 common sense, strong passions under control, 
 great affability and kindness ; and she was hum 
 ble and truly pious. Assembly s Magazine, 1806. 
 
 HODGES, A. W., a murderer, was hung in 
 Tortola May 4, 1811, for whipping to death one 
 of his slaves. Though the jury recommended 
 him to mercy, the governor would not listen to 
 the recommendation. He was a member of the 
 executive council. 
 
 HODKINSON, JOHN, a distinguished theatri 
 cal performer, died at Washington in 1805, aged 
 38. He came from England in 1792. His wife, 
 a distinguished actress, died in 1804. He pub 
 lished a narrative of the old American company 
 of comedians. 
 
 HOFFMAN, JOSIAH OGDEN, judge, died at 
 New York Jan. 24, 1837. He was a judge of 
 the supreme court of the city. 
 
 HOFFMAN, MICHAEL, died at Brooklyn Sept. 
 27, 1848, aged 60. He lived first as a physician 
 in Hcrkimer county, and was long a member of 
 congress. He was a canal commissioner in 1833. 
 For years a member of the assembly, he showed 
 the talents of a debater, and statesman, and finan 
 cier, and the honest devotion of a patriot to the 
 interests of the State of New York. 
 
 HOFFMAN, DAVID, LL. D., died at New York 
 
 HOLDEN. 
 
 Nov. 11, 1854, aged nearly 70. Born in Balti 
 more, he was a lawyer and for twenty years pro 
 fessor of law in Maryland university. He pub 
 lished a course of legal study, 1817 ; legal outlines, 
 1836 ; miscellaneous thoughts ; and Viator, 1841 ; 
 legal hints, 1846. He had prepared chronicles, 
 etc., in several volumes. Ci/c. of Amer. Lit. 
 
 HOFFMAN, OGDEN, died in New York May 
 1, 1856, aged 62 ; a distinguished lawyer, lie 
 was a son of Judge Josiah Ogden Hoffman ; he 
 commenced the practice in Goshen. For years 
 after 1836 he was a member of congress. His 
 second wife, Virginia, daughter of S. L. Southard, 
 survived him. 
 
 HOGE, MOSES, D. D., president of Hampden 
 Sidney college, Virginia, died at Philadelphia in 
 July, 1820, aged 60. His son, Rev. Samuel Da- 
 vies Hoge, professor of natural sciences in the 
 university of Ohio, died at Athens, O., Dec. 25, 
 1826, aged 33. After the death of Dr. Hoge, a 
 volume of his sermons was published. 
 
 IIOLBPtOOK, ABIAII, a schoolmaster in Bos 
 ton, was master of the south writing school, and 
 died Jan. 27, 1769, aged 50. He was an exem 
 plary Christian. He brought penmanship to a 
 perfection before unknown in this country. A 
 specimen of his skill is in the library of Harvard 
 college. 
 
 HOLBROOK, AMOS, Dr., died at Milton, Mass., 
 in June, 1842, aged 88. 
 
 HOLB11OOK, JOSIAH, died near Lynchburg, 
 Va., by falling into Black Hock Creek while on a 
 geological excursion, June 17, 1854, aged 65. He 
 was born at Derby, and was a graduate of Yale 
 in 1810. He devoted himself to the cause of 
 popular education, and diffused a love of min 
 eralogy. 
 
 HOLCOMB, REUBEN, minister of Sterling, 
 Mass., died in 1826, aged about 72. He gradu 
 ated at Yale in 1774, and succeeded J. Mellen in 
 1779. He left 1200 dollars to missionary and 
 education societies, and 250 dollars to the minis 
 terial fund of Boylston. 
 
 HOLCOMBE, HENRY, D. D., minister of the 
 first Baptist church in Philadelphia, died May 22, 
 1824, aged 61. 
 
 HOLDEN, SAMUEL, a benefactor of the prov 
 ince of Massachusetts, died in London in 1740. 
 A sermon on his death was preached in Boston 
 by Dr. Colman, before the general court. Mr. 
 Holden was at the head of the dissenters in Eng 
 land, and at the head of the bank of England. 
 Such was his benevolence and regard to religion, 
 that he sent to Dr. Colman thirty-nine sets of 
 Baxter s practical works, in four massy folios, to 
 be distributed among our churches. The amount 
 of his charities for promoting the gospel and 
 other useful purposes was 4,847 pounds. After 
 his death his widow and daughters gave in the 
 same liberal and benevolent spirit 5,585 pounds. 
 
HOLLAND. 
 
 Holdcn chapel for the college at Cambridge was 
 built by their donation. Mr. Holdcn was a man 
 of unfeigned piety. He says in a letter : " I hope 
 mv treasure is in heaven, and would to God my 
 heart were more there. Abstract from God and 
 futurity, I would not accept of an eternity here in 
 any given circumstances whatever." Caiman s 
 Sermon. 
 
 HOLLAND, ABRAHAM, Dr., died at Walpole, 
 N. H., March 1, 1847, aged 96. He was a grad 
 uate of 1779. 
 
 HOLLEXBACK, MATTHIAS, judge, a patriot 
 of the llevolution, died at Wilkesbarre Feb. 18, 
 1829, aged 76. He was an early settler in the 
 valley of Wyoming. When the valley was deso 
 lated by the Indians under Butler, he was one of 
 the few who escaped, while his corps was mostly 
 destroyed. In the Revolutionary army he was a 
 lieutenant, and afterwards engaged in the pro 
 fession of the law. He had a sound judgment 
 and much decision of character. 
 
 HOLLEY, HORACE, LL. D., president of Tran 
 sylvania university, Kentucky, died July 31, 1827, 
 aged 46. He was born in Salisbury, Conn., Feb. 
 13, 1781; was graduated at Yale college in 1803; 
 in 1805 was ordained as the minister of Greenfield 
 Hill, Fail-field, and in 1809 installed the minister 
 of Ilollis street, Boston. In 1818 he became the 
 president of the university of Kentucky in Lex 
 ington, but was induced to resign his office in 
 1827. On his voyage to New York he died of 
 the yellow fever. He was settled in Connecticut 
 as a Calvinist ; but, renouncing his early faith, he 
 was at Boston a Unitarian. In Kentucky his re 
 ligious views occasioned much excitement. Some 
 accused him of being openly a Deist. It was 
 found that the college would not flourish under 
 his care. He published a discourse on the death 
 of Col. James Morrison, 1823. His memoirs 
 were written by his widow. 
 
 HOLLEY, MARY AUSTIN, died at New Or 
 leans Aug. 2, 1846, widow of Rev. Horace II. 
 She emigrated to Texas under the protection of 
 Gen. S. T. Austin; and she published a history 
 of Texas. 
 
 HOLLINGSHEAD, WILLIAM, D. D., minister 
 of Charleston, S. C., was the son of Wm. II., of 
 Wakefield, Penn. He graduated at the univer 
 sity of Pennsylvania in 1770. About the year 
 1783 he succeeded Mr. Tcnnent as the pastor of 
 the Congregational church in Charleston, where 
 he died Jan. 26, 1817. J. Keith was associate 
 pastor in 1788. lie was a distinguished theologian. 
 He published a sermon on opening the new 
 meeting-house, 1787 ; on the advantages of public 
 worship, 1794; commemorative of Gen. Moultrie, 
 1805. Spraguc s Annals. 
 
 IIOLLIS, THOMAS, a most liberal benefactor 
 of Harvard college, was born in England in 
 1659, of pious parents, and, being impressed by 
 
 HOLMES. 
 
 439 
 
 religious truth and having embraced the principles 
 of the Baptists, was baptized in 1679. He died 
 in Feb., 1731, aged about 72. He was for many 
 years an eminent merchant, and, while success 
 attended his exertions, it pleased God to incline 
 him also to charitable and benevolent deeds in 
 proportion to his wealth. He founded two pro 
 fessorships in Harvard college, the professorship 
 of divinity and mathematics. He also presented 
 a valuable apparatus for mathematical and philo 
 sophical experiments, and at different times aug 
 mented the library with many valuable books. In 
 1727 the net produce of his donation, exclusive 
 of gifts not vendible, amounted to 4900 pounds, 
 the interest of which he directed to be appropri 
 ated to the support of the two professors, to the 
 treasurer of the college, and to ten poor students 
 in divinity. The liberality of Mr. Ilollis seemed 
 to proceed from a pious heart. He says in a let 
 ter, after speaking of some of his efforts to do 
 good : " I think not hereby to be justified. My 
 rejoicing is in Christ, my God and Saviour." He 
 also ascribes all that he was, " to rich, free, and 
 sovereign, electing love." Being a Calvinist in 
 his sentiments, he required his professor of divinity 
 to be " of sound or orthodox principles." Still 
 he was not governed by a sectarian spirit ; he did 
 not require the preference of his own Baptist 
 denomination ; but the professorship was open to 
 every one, who, in his view, embraced the impor 
 tant and fundamental doctrines of the gospel. 
 His first professor was Dr. Wigglesworth. His 
 nephew, Thomas Ilollis, who died in 1774, had a 
 most ardent attachment to liberty, and endeavored 
 to promote it by the publication and distribution 
 of books which vindicate the rights of man. His 
 benefactions to the library of Harvard college 
 amounted to about 1400 pounds. Colman s and 
 Wigglesicortli s Sermons ; Grecmcood s Discourse 
 and liudd s Poem on Jiis death ; Memoirs of T. 
 Ilollis, l. 1; n. 598-601; Morse s True Reasons, 
 etc. ; Holmes. 
 
 HOLMES, JOHX, minister of Duxbury, Mass., 
 died Dec. 24, 1675. Although he was not a 
 graduate of the college at Cambridge, he studied 
 theology with President Chauncy in 1658; and 
 soon succeeded 11. Partridge, the first minister of 
 Duxbury, and was the pastor about thirty-seven 
 years. His successors were Wiswall, Robinson, 
 Veazie, Turner, and Drs. S anger and Allyn. As 
 Elder Brewstcr built a house in D. and lived there 
 for a time, some have regarded him as the first 
 teacher of the people. 
 
 HOLMES, OBADIAH, Baptist minister, died at 
 Newport, 11. I., in 1682, aged 75. He was of 
 Salem church before 1639, and became a Baptist 
 at Rehoboth. His descendants were estimated at 
 five thousand in 1790. Benedict s Hist. Baptists. 
 
 HOLMES, DAVID, governor of Mississippi, 
 died Aug. 20, 1832. 
 
HOLMES. 
 
 IIOLYOKE. 
 
 HOLMES, ABIEL, D. D., died at Cambridge 
 June 4, 1837, aged 73. A native of Woodstock, 
 Conn., the son of Dr. David H., a patriot who died 
 in 1779, he graduated at Yale in 1783 ; was pastor 
 of a church in Midway, Geo., as successor of 
 Moses Allen, from 1785 to 1791 ; and in 1792 
 was settled at Cambridge, Mass., over the first 
 church, and remained pastor till 1832, when he 
 was dismissed. His first wife was the daughter 
 of President Stiles ; his second the daughter of 
 Judge Oliver Wendell. A memoir of him by Dr. 
 Jcnks, is in hist, coll., 3d series, vol. VII., to which 
 is added a list of his numerous sermons and other 
 writings, which also may be seen in Dr. Sprague s 
 annals of the American pulpit. He published 
 nearly thirty sermons and disquisitions ; among 
 them sermons on the deaths of Gov. Sumner, 
 Washington, President Willard, and Drs. Tappan 
 and Osgood; a century sermon, 1801; at Ply 
 mouth, 1806 ; on the landing at Plymouth, 1820 ; 
 history of English translations of the bible; at 
 ordination of D. Kendall, 1803 ; of W. Bascom, 
 1805; of J. Bartlett, 1811; of T. B. Gannett, 
 1814; of H. Hildreth, 1825 ; at the inauguration 
 of E. Porter, 1812; two discourses on the second 
 century, 1821; convention sermon, 1819; Dud- 
 leian lecture, 1810; to the antiquarian society, 
 1814; the life of Stiles, 1798; American annals, 
 in 2 vols., 1805 ; a new edition, 1829. Sprague s 
 Annals. 
 
 HOLMES, JOHN, died at Portland, Me., July 
 7, 1843, aged 70. He was born on Cape Cod, 
 but in early life removed to Maine, and, residing 
 at Alfred, became eminent as a lawyer. He was 
 a distinguished member of the convention which 
 framed the constitution of Maine, and its first 
 senator. He was a representative in congress, 
 1817-1820; and senator, 1820- 27, and 1828- 33. 
 At the time of his death he was district attorney 
 for Maine. He was many years a trustee of 
 Bowdoin college. 
 
 HOLMES, JABEZ, M. D., died at Bristol, R.I , 
 Nov. 4, 1851. He was vice-president of the 
 medical society, and had been in extensive practice 
 nearly forty years. 
 
 HOLT, JOHN, a printer in New York, died Jan. 
 30, 1784, aged 64. He was a native of Virginia, 
 and settled as a merchant in Williamsburg, of 
 which place he was elected mayor. Being un 
 successful in business, he repaired in 1760 to 
 New York, where he published the New York 
 Gazette and Postboy, and in 1766, the New York 
 Journal. In the Revolution he was a firm whig ; 
 he was an excellent writer in favor of his country. 
 While the British had possession of the city, he 
 published his journal at Esopus and Poughkeep- 
 sie ; he inserted in it Burgoync s boastful procla 
 mation, and subjoined, "pride goeth before 
 destruction, and a liaugldy spirit before a fall." 
 By the enemy he lost much property. His widow 
 
 printed a memorial of him on cards, which she 
 distributed among her friends. Thomas, II. 105. 
 
 HOLT, NATHAN, minister of Danvers, Mass., 
 died Aug. 2, 1792, aged 67. Born in Andover, 
 he graduated at Harvard in 1757, and was or 
 dained Jan. 3, 1759. Rev. T. Phillips preached 
 his ordination sermon. 
 
 HOLT, FIFIELD, minister of Bloomfield, Me., 
 died Nov. 15, 1830, aged about 45. Born in 
 Hollis, N. H., he graduated at Middlebury, 1810, 
 and studied theology at Andover. He was set 
 tled in 1815 with liberty to employ half his time 
 in missionary labors. For years he thus preached 
 the gospel faithfully in the missionary settlements. 
 His ardent feelings gave an acceptable unction to 
 his public ministrations. He was familiar and 
 affectionate. Tappan s Sermon. 
 
 HOLT, THOMAS, minister of Hardwick, Mass., 
 died in 1836, aged 74. Born in Meriden, Conn., 
 he graduated at Yale in 1784, was settled in 
 1789, and was dismissed in 1805. He was then 
 the minister of Chebacco church in Ipswich, from 
 1809 to 1813 ; and afterwards lived on a farm in 
 Hardwick. He published a sermon at the ordi 
 nation of Reed Paige. 
 
 HOLT, PETER, minister of Epping, died at 
 Greenfield, N. H., March 25, 1851, aged about 80. 
 He was a graduate of Harvard in 1790 ; and his 
 classmate, Benjamin Hasey, a lawyer of Tops- 
 ham, Me., died on the previous day, March 24th. 
 He was twenty-eight years the minister of Epping, 
 six at Exeter, and eight at Peterborough. 
 
 HOLT, CHARLES, an aged newspaper editor, 
 died at Jersey City July 30, 1852. 
 
 IIOLTEN, SAMUEL, president of congress, was 
 born in Danvers, Mass., June 9, 1738, and settled 
 in that town as a physician. In the Revolution 
 he zealously espoused the cause of his country. 
 In 1778 he was elected a member of congress, 
 and continued in that body five years. He was 
 again elected in 1793 ; and in 1796 was appointed 
 judge of probate for the county of Essex, which 
 office he resigned in May, 1815, after having been 
 in public stations forty-seven years. He died in 
 Christian peace Jan. 2, 1816, aged 77. With a 
 majestic form, a graceful person, and engaging 
 manners, he was eminently popular. Of all the 
 public and private virtues he was a bright ex 
 ample; and he was pious from early life. 
 Thacher. 
 
 HOLYOKE, EDWARD, president of Hanard 
 college, died June 1, 1769, aged nearly 80. He 
 was born in Boston, 1689, the son of Elizur. He 
 was graduated in the seminary in 1705, and, after 
 being a tutor for a few years, vvas ordained the 
 minister, of a new society in Marblehead, April 
 25, 1716. He continued in this place until 1737, 
 when he was elected president. He was inducted 
 into this office as the successor of President 
 Wadsworth Sept. 28th. He retained the vigor 
 
HOLYOKE. 
 
 HOMLS. 
 
 441 
 
 of his mind and considerable strength of body, 
 and discharged the duties of his station until a 
 few months before his death. He was succeeded 
 by Mr. Locke. As a minister of the gospel, while 
 he contended for the free and sovereign grace of 
 God in our salvation, he was also zealous for good 
 works, and by his benevolence, uprightness, and 
 the uniform integrity of his conduct he exempli 
 fied the lessons, which he inculcated upon others. 
 His excellence as a preacher was such as gained 
 him a high reputation. At the head of the uni 
 versity he possessed a dignity peculiar to himself. 
 His majestic appearance, his speech, and demeanor 
 were calculated to impress with awe; but, not 
 withstanding his air of dignity and authority, he 
 was humble in heart. He sought not praise from 
 men, but endeavored to secure the approbation of 
 God. Having a vigorous constitution, and know 
 ing the value of time, his hours were appropriated 
 to particular duties, and he was remarkable for 
 his punctuality, exactness, and order. He was 
 eminent in the various walks of literature, but he 
 principally exceUcd in acquaintance with mathe 
 matics and natural philosophy. He published an 
 election sermon ; at the ordination of J. Diman, 
 1737; at a convention of ministers, 1741; an an 
 swer to Mr. Whitefield, 1744. Appleton s Ser 
 mon on his death ; SewalVs Orat. Funeb.; Ifist. 
 Coll. viii. 70-75 ; x. 158 ; Holmes ; Sprayae s 
 Annals. 
 
 HOLYOKE, EDWARD AUGUSTUS, M. D., a 
 physician of Salem, Mass., son of the preceding, 
 was born in Marblehead Aug. 13, 1728, graduated 
 at Harvard college in 1746, and died at Salem 
 March 31, 1829, aged 100 years and between 7 and 
 8 months. He was born just one hundred years 
 after the settlement of Salem. He was married, 
 first in 1755, and a second time in 1759. By his 
 second wife he had twelve children, of whom only 
 two survived him. He had been a practising phy 
 sician in Salem seventy-nine years ; for two years 
 he had no case excepting a whitlow ; for many 
 years he had almost all the practice in the town ; on 
 some days he made one hundred visits, and at one 
 period, as he said, there was not a dwelling-house 
 in Salem which he had not visited professionally. 
 He enjoyed during his long life almost uninter 
 rupted health, which may be ascribed to his exer 
 cise, and great temperance, to the calmness and 
 cheerfulness of his disposition, his virtuous prac 
 tice, and his pious sentiments. On his centennial 
 anniversary, Aug. 13, 1828, about fifty medical 
 gentlemen of Boston and Salem gave him a pub 
 lic dinner, when he appeared among them with a 
 firm step and cheerful look. He smoked his pipe 
 with them at the table, and gave an appropriate 
 toast relating to the medical society and its mem 
 bers. A memoir of his life and character has 
 been published. 
 
 HOLYOKE, ELIZUR, minister of Boxford, 
 56 
 
 Mass., died in 180G, aged 75. Born in Boston, 
 he graduated at Harvard in 1750; he was settled 
 in 1759. 
 
 IIOLYOKE, SAMUEL, a teacher of music, died 
 at Concord, N. II., in Feb., 1820. He graduated 
 at Harvard 1789. He published Columbian re 
 pository of sacred harmony; occasional music, 
 Exeter, 1802. 
 
 HOMER, GEORGE JOT, died in Boston June 
 7, 1845, aged 63. He was a merchant of the firm 
 of Homes & Homer, and a man of unceasing and 
 memorable beneficence. Even when young, with 
 an income of 500 dollars, he gave half of it in 
 charity ; and in this manner he gave through life. 
 His son, Rev. B. Homer, died before him. 
 
 HOMER, JONATHAN, I). D., died at Newton, 
 Mass., Aug. 11, 1843, aged 84. He was descended 
 from John, who came to Boston in 1670. His 
 father was Michael, a mason. He graduated at 
 Harvard in 1777. He was pious and learned. 
 His great affliction was the loss of his son, Jona 
 than, a graduate of 1803, who died the next year. 
 He devoted much time to a comparison of old 
 editions of the Bible. A part of Dr. Codman s 
 sermon on his death was published in the Boston 
 Recorder of Aug. 17. He published artillery 
 election sermon, 1790 ; a century sermon, Dec 
 25, 1791 ; a history of Newton in hist, coll., vol. 
 I; mourner s friend, a sermon, 1793; the way of 
 God vindicated, on the death of his only child, 
 1804 ; before the society for promoting Christian 
 knowledge, 1828. Sprague s Annals. 
 
 HOMER, WILLIAM BRADFORD, minister of 
 South Berwick, Me., died March 22, 1841, aged 
 24. He had been settled only four months. He 
 graduated at Amherst in 1836. His father was 
 George J. Homer of Boston ; his mother was a 
 descendant of Gov. Bradford. His writings were 
 edited by E. A. Park, who also published a me 
 moir of him, 2d ed., 1849. 
 
 HOMER, ELMIRA, the last of the Turkey Hill 
 Indians, died at the ancient wigwam of the tribe 
 in New Milford, Conn., in Dec., 1852. About the 
 same time died Sally Maminash, the last of the 
 Indians at Northampton. 
 
 HCMES, WILLIAM, minister of Martha s Vine 
 yard, died June 20, 1746, aged 83. He was born 
 in 1663 in the north of Ireland, and was liberally 
 educated. He came to this country in 1686, and 
 taught a school three years on the Vineyard ; 
 then returned to Ireland and was ordained in 1692 
 the minister of Strabane. He came again to this 
 country in 1714, and in 1715 was settled at Chil- 
 mark, where he died. His son, Cant. Robert 
 Homes, married Mary, a sister of Dr. Franklin ; 
 a daughter married Col. Jonathan Allen of Chil- 
 mark. He was a learned, judicious, orthodox the 
 ologian, attached to the Presbyterian forms, and 
 eminently pious. He published a sermon on the 
 Sabbath ; on the public reading of the Scriptures ; 
 
442 
 
 HOMES. 
 
 HOOKER. 
 
 on church government, 1732 ; on secret prayer ; 
 on the government of Christian families, 1747. 
 
 HOMES, HEXKY, died in Middleborough, Mass., 
 Oct. 19, 1845, aged G9. His father, William, died 
 in Boston in 1825, aged 83 ; and his father, Wil 
 liam, a goldsmith, who married Itebecca, daughter 
 of Thomas Dawes, died in 1789, aged 69. The 
 last was the son of Capt. Robert, who married 
 Mary, the sister of Dr. Franklin ; and he was the 
 son of Rev. W. Homes of Martha s Vineyard. 
 He was senior partner of the firm of Homes, Ho 
 mer & Co., Boston. George J. Homer died a 
 short time before him, June 7, 1845. Of such 
 integrity was he, that he received from London a 
 very honorable token of respect from a house, 
 with which he had for forty or fifty years trans 
 acted business. He was a man of benevolence, 
 charity, and piety, one of the founders of Park 
 street church. For more than forty years he and 
 his partner were not only united in business 
 but in Christian labors. Before the tract so 
 ciety was formed, their store was a depository of 
 religious tracts ; before the education society, they 
 were accustomed to make loans to young men. 
 The writer of this has now in his library a folio 
 Greek testament, given to him as a student in the 
 ology half a century ago by Mr. Homes. He ac 
 cumulated property not for self-indulgence 
 but to do good with it from day to day, in a mul 
 titude of charitable ways, instead of reserving it 
 for a huge, fame-drawing bequest. To what lay 
 man has the religious state of Boston for the last 
 half-century been more indebted than to Henry 
 Homes ? His son was the well-known missionary 
 in Constantinople. His last words were, " Lord 
 Jesus, come quickly ! " Dr. E. Beecher s Serm. 
 on his death in Recorder, Oct. 30. 
 
 HONE, PHILIP, died at New York, May 5, 
 1851, aged 70; a merchant and philanthropist. 
 
 HONEYWOOD, ST. JOHN, a poet, died Sept. 
 1, 1798, aged 33. He was born in Leicester, 
 Mass., in 1764. His father, a man of literature, 
 who came from England, died as a surgeon in the 
 American army at Ticonderoga in 1776. By the 
 generosity of individuals he was educated, and 
 was graduated at Yale college in 1782. Having 
 studied law at Albany, he settled in the practice 
 at Salem, N. Y., where he died. His miscellane 
 ous writings, prose and verse, were published in 
 1801. Specimens American Poetry, II. 43. 
 
 HONTAN, BARON LA, a traveller, was an officer 
 of the French army, and first went out to Quebec 
 in 1683. For four years he was stationed chiefly 
 at Chambly, fort Frontenac, Niagara, St. Joseph 
 at lake HTiron, and the Sault de St. Marie. In 
 1688 he was at Michilimackinac, and at Green 
 Bay in 1689, and thence he proceeded to the Mis 
 sissippi. Some of his accounts are the inventions 
 of a traveller, particularly his account of Long 
 river, which he ascended eighty-four days, and of 
 
 various tribes of Indians. He was an infidel as 
 to religion. His travels were published in French 
 2 A - ols., 12mo., 1705; and in English, 1732. 
 
 HONYMAN, ROBERT, M. D., a physician, Avas 
 a native of Scotland ; for some years was a sur 
 geon in the British navy ; came to this country in 
 1774, and settled in Louisa, Virginia; was for a 
 time a surgeon in the army ; and after most skil 
 ful medical toils for half a century, died in 1824. 
 He read the Greek, Latin, French, and Italian, 
 and with unwearied industry read almost all the 
 most valuable books in English, making extraor 
 dinary attainments in literature. His life was 
 honorable and upright. T/tacher. 
 
 HOOKE, WILLIAM, minister of New Haven, 
 after he came to this country was a preacher at 
 Taunton ; was settled at New Haven in 1644, the 
 colleague of Davenport ; returned to England in 
 1656 and was Cromwell s chaplain ; and died 
 March 21, 1678, aged 77. He was by marriage 
 a cousin of Cromwell, and brother-in-law of G. 
 Whalley. He published a discourse on the wit 
 nesses ; also, New England s tears for old Eng 
 land s fears, a fast sermon at Taunton, July 
 23, 1640. His description in this sermon of 
 the horrors of a civil war and of the battle field 
 is very striking. " Here ride some dead men, 
 swagging in their deep saddles ; there fall others 
 alive upon their dead horses ; death sends a mes 
 sage to those from the mouth of the muskets. In 
 yonder file is a man, that hath his arm struck off 
 from his shoulder, another by him hath lost his 
 leg ; here stands a soldier with half a face, there 
 fights another upon his stumps. A day of battle 
 is a day of harvest for the devil." He published 
 also a sermon on Job n. : 12, in 1641 ; a sermon 
 in New England in behalf of Old England, 1645; 
 the privileges of the saints on earth beyond those 
 in heaven, 1673; a discourse of the gospel day; 
 the slaughter of the witnesses ; a sermon in the 
 supplement to the morning exercises. Bacon s 
 Historical Discourse; Sprayue s Annals. 
 
 HOOKER, THOMAS, the first minister of Cam 
 bridge, Mass., and one of the founders of the 
 colony of Connecticut, died of an epidemical fever 
 July 7, 1647, aged 61. He was the son of Thomas, 
 and was born in Leicestershire, England, in 1586, 
 and was educated at Emanuel college, Cambridge. 
 In his youth he had such a deep sense of his 
 guilt, as filled his mind with anguish ; but at 
 length he found peace through the blood of the 
 Redeemer, and an exemplary life of piety and 
 goodness proved that his hope would not make 
 him ashamed. After preaching for some time in 
 London, he was chosen lecturer and assistant to 
 Mr. Mitchell at Chelmsford in 1626. He was re- 
 remarkably successful in his labors ; but, being 
 silenced in about four years for his nonconformity, 
 he established a grammar school, and continued 
 to exert his Avhole influence for the Christian 
 
HOOKER. 
 
 cause. Forty-seven conforming clergymen in his 
 neighborhood petitioned the bishop of London on 
 his behalf; but Laud was of too imperious and 
 determined a spirit to suffer any circumstance to 
 shake him from his purpose, when he had an 
 opportunity to lay his hands upon a Puritan. Mr. 
 Hooker was obliged to flee to Holland about the 
 year 1G30, and he preached sometimes at Delft, 
 and sometimes at Rotterdam, being an assistant 
 to the celebrated Dr. Ames. 
 
 In 1633 he came to New England in company 
 with Mr. Cotton and Mr. Stone, and was settled 
 with the latter at Newton, or Cambridge, October 
 11, being ordained by the imposition of the hands 
 of the brethren of the church. In June, 1GI3G, he 
 removed with a hundred others to a fertile spot 
 on the banks of the Connecticut river, which they 
 called Hartford, having travelled through the wil 
 derness with no other guide than a compass. In 
 this new colony he had great influence in estab 
 lishing the order of the churches. As he was 
 dying, he said, " I am going to receive mercy ; " 
 and then closed his own eyes, and expired with a 
 smile on his countenance. He was a remarkably 
 animated and interesting preacher. With a loud 
 voice, an expressive countenance, and a most com 
 manding presence, he delivered the truths of God 
 with a zeal and energy seldom equalled. He ap 
 peared with such majesty in the pulpit, that it was 
 pleasantly said of him, that " he could put a king 
 into his pocket." He has been called the Luther 
 and Mr. Cotton the Mclancthon of New England. 
 It was his custom, it seems, to preach without his 
 notes. On a visit to Massachusetts in May, 1G39, 
 he preached on the Sabbath at Cambridge, and 
 Governor Winthrop went from Boston to hear 
 him. Having named his text in the afternoon, he 
 proceeded about a quarter of an hour with great 
 loudness of voice and vehemence of manner, when 
 suddenly he found himself entirely at a loss what 
 to say. After several ineffectual attempts to pro 
 ceed, he observed to the assembly, that what he 
 intended to have spoken was taken from him, 
 and, requesting them to sing a psalm, withdrew 
 for half an hour. He then returned and preached 
 about two hours with wonderful pertinency and 
 vivacity. After the sermon, he said to some of 
 his friends, " We daily confess, that we can do no 
 thing without Christ ; and what if Christ should 
 prove this to be the fact before the whole congre 
 gation ? " Dr. Ames declared, that he never met 
 with Mr. Hooker s equal cither in preaching or 
 disputation. 
 
 While he lived in lu s native country, he was in 
 vited to preach in the great church of Leicester, 
 and one of the chief burgesses set a fiddler in the 
 churchyard to disturb the worship. Mr. Hooker 
 elevated his voice to such a pitch and spoke with 
 euch animation, as to rouse the curiosity of the 
 man and attract him to the church door. There 
 
 HOOKER. 
 
 443 
 
 he listened, and such solemn truths reached his 
 cars, a-s by the blcsfing of God were the means of 
 his salvation; Though his own preaching was 
 generally very practical and experimental, he ad 
 vised young ministers to preach the whole system 
 of divinity, both for their own benefit and that of 
 their people. In the government of the church 
 he would propound nothing for decision till it had 
 been previously considered by some of the prin 
 cipal brethren, and said, " The elders must have a 
 church in a church, if they would preserve the 
 peace of the church." Though naturally irascible 
 in his temper, he acquired a remarkable command 
 of his passions. He was condescending, benevo 
 lent, and charitable. It was no uncommon act of 
 beneficence with him to give five or ten pounds to 
 the necessitous. At a time when there was a 
 great scarcity at Southampton upon Long Island, 
 he with some friends sent the inhabitants a small 
 vessel, freighted with corn. His benevolence was 
 united with piety. One day in every month he 
 devoted to private prayer and fasting, and he 
 used to say, that prayer was the principal part of 
 a minister s work. In his family he exhibited a 
 lively devotion, and all, who resided under his 
 roof, were instructed and edified by him. His 
 sister, Dorothy, married in England John Ches 
 ter, the father of Leonard. Another sister, Mary, 
 married Rev. Roger Newton of Farmington. 
 
 His most celebrated work, entitled, a survey 
 of the sum of church discipline, was published in 
 England in 4to., 1648, under the inspection of the 
 famous Dr. Thomas Goodwin, who says, "As 
 touching this treatise and the worthy author of it, 
 to preface any thing by commendation of either 
 were to lay paint upon burnished marble, or add 
 light unto the sun." In this work Mr. Hooker 
 contends, that each church has in itself full power 
 to exercise all church discipline, but that there is 
 a necessity for consociations, which may proceed 
 against a church, pertinaciously offending, with a 
 sentence of non-communion. Mr. John Higgin- 
 son transcribed from his manuscripts about two 
 hundred sermons, and sent them to England ; 
 and near one-half of them were published. The 
 titles of some of his discourses and treatises are 
 the following : the soul s preparation for Christ ; 
 the soul s humiliation ; exaltation ; vocation ; im 
 plantation ; the unbeliever preparing ; of self- 
 denial ; duty and dignity of saints ; on the Lord s 
 prayer ; on church discipline ; four treatises on 
 the carnal hypocrite, the church s deliverance, the 
 deceitfumess of sin, the benefits of afflictions, 
 1638 ; the soul s possession ; pattern to perfec 
 tion ; saint s guide ; the application of redemption ; 
 on Christ s last prayer, 1656 ; and the poor, doubt 
 ing Christian draAvn to Christ. The seventh edition 
 of this last excellent work was published at Boston 
 in 1743. Magnolia, III. 58-68; Hist. Coll., VII. 
 38-41 ; Trumbull s Connect., I. 10, 48, 55, 306. 
 
444 
 
 HOOKER. 
 
 HOPKINS. 
 
 HOOKER, SAMUEL, the second son of Rev. 
 Thomas Hooker, and the second minister of Far- 
 mington, Conn., died in 1697, aged about Go. He 
 graduated at Harvard in 1633, and was ordained 
 the successor of Roger Newton in 1658, according 
 to one account, in July, 1G61, according to an 
 other. As Mr. Newton was installed at Milford 
 in 1660, if Mr. II. was ordained in 1658, it must 
 have been as his colleague. He was a fellow of 
 Harvard college. Of his eleven children Mary 
 married Rev. Mr. Pierpont, of New Haven, and 
 was the mother of Sarah, the wife of Jonathan 
 Edwards. Sprague s Annals. 
 
 HOOKER, NATHANIEL, minister of West Hart 
 ford, Conn., died June 9, 1770, aged 32, and was 
 succeeded by Mr. Perkins. He was the son of 
 Capt. Nathaniel, a descendant of Thomas H. ; 
 his mother was Eunice, a daughter of Gov. Tal- 
 cott. A graduate of Yale in 1755, he was or 
 dained in Dec., 1757. He was a diligent, faithful 
 minister. A scholar, and having a lively fancy, 
 his discourses abounded in imagery. His senti 
 ments were liberal and catholic. Feeble in health 
 for eight years, he sometimes had transports in 
 his views of future glory. He left a daughter, 
 but no son. He had brothers, James and Hor 
 ace. He published a sermon, "the invalid in 
 structed," 1763. Six of his sermons were pub 
 lished in 1771. 
 
 HOOKER, JOIIN, minister of Northampton, 
 Mass., was a descendant of Thomas H., being 
 his great grandson, and was a native of Farming- 
 ton. The son of John, who was the grandson of 
 Rev. S. H., of Farmington, he was graduated at 
 Yale college in 1751, and was ordained at North 
 ampton in 1754. After a ministry of about 
 twenty-three years, he died of the small pox Feb. 
 6, 1777, aged 48, deeply regretted by the people 
 of his charge, who, in testimony of their affection 
 and his virtues, erected a handsome monument to 
 his memory. Having early imbibed the genuine 
 spirit of Christianity, he uniformly exhibited the 
 evidence of it in his life. He was an able and 
 faithful minister, of distinguished learning, pene 
 tration, and prudence, of uncommon suavity of 
 temper, and the most engaging manners. His 
 widow, Sarah, daughter of John Worthington, of 
 Springfield, died in 1817, aged 85. He published 
 a sermon at the ordination of Thomas Allen, of 
 Pittsfield, 1764, and a sermon on the death of 
 John Hunt, of Boston, 1776, both of which ser 
 mons furnish honorable testimony of his piety and 
 talents. Sprague s Annals. 
 
 HOOKER, ASAIIEL, minister of Norwich, Conn., 
 died April 19, 1813, aged 51. He was a descen 
 dant of Thomas II., and was born in Bethlem in 
 1762. After the age of twenty he became a 
 member of the church in Farmington, whither 
 his parents had removed. His own efforts to ob 
 tain an education were aided by the benevolence 
 
 of others. He was graduated at Yale college in 
 1789, and was ordained in Sept., 1791, at Goshen, 
 where, in 1799, his labors were eminently blessed, 
 about eighty persons being added to the church. 
 There was also a revival in 1807. At this period 
 of his life about twenty young men studied theol 
 ogy with him. In consequence of ill health he 
 was dismissed in June, 1810. Jan. 16, 1812, he 
 was installed at Chelsea, or Norwich city, as the 
 successor of Walter King, who had been dis 
 missed. But he died the next year. His 
 wife was Phebc, daughter of Timothy Edwards, 
 of Stockbridge. His only son is Prof. Edward 
 W. Hooker, D. I)., the minister of Bennington, 
 Vt. One of his daughters is the widow of Elias 
 Cornelius ; another married Rev. Dr. Peck. Mr. 
 Hooker was succeeded by Alfred Mitchell. He 
 published five occasional sermons, among which 
 are a sermon at the election, 1805 ; at the ordina 
 tion of John Keep, 1805 ; of James Beach, 1806. 
 Panoplist,~x.l. 43, 97, 145; Sprague s Annals. 
 
 HOOKER, THOMAS, Dr., died in Rutland, Vt., 
 April 14, 1836, aged 57. His wife was Sally, a 
 daughter of Col. John Brown, of the Revolution. 
 His son is the minister of Falmouth, Mass. 
 
 HOOPER, WILLIAM, minister in Boston, died 
 April 14, 1767. He was a native of Scotland, and 
 was first settled May 18, 1737, as the Congrega 
 tional minister of the west church, and then 
 Episcopal minister of Trinity church Aug. 28, 
 1747, as successor of A. Davenport, the first rec 
 tor. His successors were Walter, Parker, and 
 Gardiner. He had talents and eloquence. He 
 published, the Apostles neither impostors nor en 
 thusiasts, 1742 ; a sermon on the death of Thomas 
 Greene, 1763. 
 
 HOOPER, WILLIAM, a patriot of the Revolu 
 tion, son of the preceding, died Oct., 1790, aged 
 48. After graduating at Harvard college in 1760, 
 he studied law with James Otis, and settled at 
 Wilmington, N. C. In 1774 he was elected a 
 member of congress, and drew up in 1775 the ad 
 dress to the inhabitants of Jamaica. In 1776 he 
 signed the Declaration of Independence. His 
 embarrassed private affairs induced him to resign 
 his place in Feb., 1777. Goodrich. 
 
 HOOPER, LUCY, Miss, died at Brooklyn, N. Y., 
 Aug. 1, 1841, aged 25. Born in Newburyport, 
 she lived in her last ten years in Brooklyn. Her 
 poetical works were published in 1848. Cycl. 
 Amer. Lit.; Boston Recorder, Aug. 21, 1856. 
 
 HOOPER, ROBERT, died at Marblehead June 
 2, 1843, aged 77. He M as highly esteemed, a 
 man of integrity and disinterestedness, and a de 
 vout Christian. 
 
 HOPKINS, ED\VARD, governor of Connecticut, 
 and a benefactor of Harvard college, died in 
 1657, aged 57. He was an eminent merchant in 
 London, and arrived at Boston with Mr. Daven 
 port in the summer of 1637. He soon removed 
 
HOPKINS. 
 
 to Connecticut, choosing rather to establish him 
 self at Hartford, than to join Mr. Davenport and 
 Mr. Eaton, whose daughter-in-law he married, at 
 New Haven. He was chosen a magistrate in 
 1G39, and governor of Connecticut every other 
 year from 1G40 to 1G54. Mr. Haynes was the 
 alternate governor. He afterwards went to Eng 
 land, where he was chosen warden of the English 
 fleet, commissioner of the admiralty and navy, 
 and a member of parliament. He died in Lon 
 don. His young wife, the sister of David Yale, a 
 merchant of Boston, became deranged about 
 1642, and died in 1G98. Governor -Winthrop 
 says, she had written many books, and he as 
 cribes the loss of her reason to her " giving her 
 self wholly to reading and writing ; " and he 
 adds, that if she had attended her household af 
 fairs, and not "meddled in such things as are 
 proper to men, whose minds are stronger, etc., 
 she had kept her wits." He was a wise and up 
 right magistrate, and a man of exemplary piety 
 and extensive charity. He bequeathed most of 
 his estate in New England, estimated at about 
 1000 pounds, to trustees in Connecticut, for the 
 support of grammar schools in New Haven and 
 Hartford ; and 500 pounds out of his estate in 
 England for promoting the kingdom of the Lord 
 Jesus, which donation was considered as made to 
 Harvard college and the grammar school in Cam 
 bridge, and, by virtue of a decree in chancery, 
 was paid in 1710. With this money real estate 
 was purchased in a township named Ilopkinton, 
 in honor of the donor, and the legislature of the 
 State has made such addition to the fund, that 
 six bachelors may now reside at Harvard college, 
 and seven boys at the grammar school. Mag- 
 nalia,li. 22-25; Hutcldnson, I. 82, 101; Trum- 
 lull, I. 241. 
 
 HOPKINS, SAMUEL, minister of "West Spring 
 field, Mass., died Oct. G, 1755, aged 61, in the 
 thirty-sixth year of his ministry. He was grad 
 uated at Yale college in 1718, and was ordained 
 June 1, 1720. He was much beloved and es 
 teemed. His wife was Esther, a daughter of 
 Ilev. Timothy Edwards. One of his daughters, 
 Hannah, married Col. Worthington. He pub 
 lished historical memoirs relating to the Ilousa- 
 tunnuk Indians, or an account of the methods 
 used for the propagation of the gospel among that 
 heathenish tribe under the ministry of John Ser 
 geant, etc., 4to., 1753. Breck s Cent. Serm. ; 
 Spraguds Address. 
 
 HOPKINS, SAMUEL, D. D., minister of Had- 
 ley, Mass., son of the preceding, was born Oct. 
 20, 1729 ; was graduated at Yale college in 1749, 
 and was tutor ; was ordained Eeb., 1755 ; and 
 after a ministry of fifty-six years died March 8, 
 1811, aged 81. He had a paralysis in 1809, and 
 in 1810, John Woodbridge was ordained as his 
 colleague. His first wife was the relict of Ilev. 
 
 HOPKINS. 
 
 445 
 
 Chester Williams and daughter of Col. Porter ; 
 his second was Miss Margaret Stoddard. The 
 daughter of Mrs. Williams, his wife, married Rev. 
 N. Emmons. Of his eight children by his first 
 wife, four were married to ministers ; to Drs. 
 Spring and Austin, L. Worcester, and W. Riddel. 
 His character and useful labors were described by 
 Dr. Lyman in a funeral sermon. He published 
 discourses on infant membership ; a half-cen 
 tury sermon, 1805. Spr ague s Cent. Address 
 at W. Springfield; Sprague s Annals. 
 
 HOPKINS, SAMUEL, D. D., an eminent theo 
 logian, from whom the Christians, called Hop- 
 kinsians, derive their name, died at Newport Dec. 
 20, 1803, aged 82. He was a descendant of 
 John II., one of the first settlers of Hartford, by 
 Stephen of Hartford, John of Waterbury, and 
 next his own father Timothy of Waterbury; 
 and not a descendant of Gov. Hopkins. He was 
 born in Waterbury, Conn., Sept. 17, 1721. He 
 lived with his parents, employed in the labors of 
 agriculture, until he entered his fifteenth year ; 
 and such was the purity of manners among the 
 youth of this place, that he never heard from any 
 of them a profane expression. After having 
 been placed for a short time under the tuition of 
 Mr. Graham of Woodbury, he entered Yale col 
 lege, where he was graduated in 1741. While a 
 member of that institution he made a public pro 
 fession of religion. lie diligently studied the 
 Scriptures and was constant in his secret devo 
 tions ; but he was afterwards convinced, that he 
 did all this Avithout any true love to the character 
 of God, and that as yet he was .ignorant of that 
 religion, which has its seat in the heart. It was 
 during the remarkable attention to the things of 
 a better world, excited in the college and town of 
 New Haven by the preaching of Mr. Whitefield 
 and Gilbert Tennent in the year 1741, that his 
 false confidence was shaken. Such was the extra 
 ordinary zeal for religion, which was at that time 
 called into action, that a number of the members 
 of the college were impelled to visit their fellow 
 students without regard to the distinction of class 
 es, and to speak to them of the important con 
 cerns of eternity. At this period David Urainerd, 
 then a student, entered the room of Mr. Hop 
 kins, and though he could draw nothing from him 
 and found him completely reserved, yet he made 
 a remark, which sunk into his heart. He ob 
 served, that it was impossible for any man to be a 
 real Christian, who was not sometimes deeply- 
 affected in contemplating the character of Christ. 
 Mr. Hopkins could not but admit, that a warm 
 affection for the Redeemer would exist in those 
 who had been saved by him from their sins, and, 
 as he was conscious of no such love to the Son of 
 God, he became convinced, that he was destitute 
 of the spirit of the gospel. The sense of his 
 ignorance and of his sin impelled him to seek 
 
446 
 
 HOPKINS. 
 
 HOPKINS. 
 
 instruction and supplicate mercy. At length he 
 was enlightened with the knowledge of the way 
 of salvation. The character of Jesus Christ, as 
 a mediator between God and man, filled him 
 with joy, to which he had before been a stranger. 
 Still, he did not indulge the hope that he was a 
 Christian. His mind was for some time princi 
 pally occcupied by the consideration of his unwor- 
 thiness, helplessness, and guilt. Many whole 
 days he spent in fasting and prayer. In Sept., 
 1741, he retired to his father s house, and lived a 
 recluse for a number of months, except when he 
 could hold intercourse with persons zealous in 
 religion. In Dec., he went to Northampton, to 
 pursue the study of divinity with Mr. Edwards. 
 In July, 1743, he went to Houssatonnoc, now 
 Great Harrington, where he was ordained Dec. 
 28, 1743. At this time there were only thirty 
 families in the place. Here he continued till 
 Jan. 18, 17G9, when he was dismissed by an 
 ecclesiastical council. This event was occasioned 
 by the diminution of his society and the want of 
 support. An Episcopal church had been estab 
 lished in the town in order to escape the tax for 
 the maintenance of a minister of the gospel. He 
 was again settled in the ministry at Newport, 
 II. I., April 11, 1770. There were some circum 
 stances, attending his establishment in this place, 
 which were remarkable, and which prove that 
 the hearts of all men are in the hands of God, 
 and may be turned, as the rivers of water are 
 turned. After he had been with this people some 
 time, a meeting was called, and it was voted not 
 to give him an invitation to settle among them. 
 Many were dissatisfied with his sentiments. He 
 accordingly made his preparations to leave them, 
 and on the Sabbath preached a farewell discourse. 
 This sermon was so interesting and impressive, 
 that a different vote was immediately and almost 
 unanimously passed, and he consented to remain. 
 For about four years he was unwearied in the 
 discharge of his pastoral duties, preaching a 
 lecture every week in addition to the services of 
 the Sabbath, and seizing every opportunity to im 
 part religious instruction. The war of the llevo- 
 lution interrupted his benevolent labors. In Dec., 
 1776, when the British took possession of New 
 port, he left the town, and retired to his family, 
 which he had before sent to Great Barrington. 
 During the summer of 1777 he preached at 
 Newburyport in a congregation, which was 
 thought to be the largest in America. Its pastor, 
 Mr. Parsons, died a short time before. He after 
 wards preached in Canterbury and Stamford. In 
 the spring of 1780 he returned to Newport, 
 which had been evacuated by the British in the 
 fall of the preceding year. He found his church 
 and congregation much diminished. The meet 
 ing-house had been made a barrack for soldiers. 
 That portion of his former society, which had 
 
 remained in the town, had become so impover 
 ished that he had no prospect of a maintenance. 
 Yet such was his benevolence, that he preached 
 to them a year, supported entirely by a few gen 
 erous friends, and, Avhen he received a pressing 
 invitation to settle at Middleborough, the request 
 of his people induced him to decline it. From 
 this time till his death his maintenance was de 
 rived entirely from a weekly contribution and the 
 donations of his friends. But he was contented 
 with his humble circumstances, and in a situation, 
 which would have filled most minds with the 
 greatest anxiety, he cast himself upon the provi 
 dence of God, and experienced through a course 
 of years many remarkable interpositions in his 
 favor. His wants were always supplied. Jan., 
 1799, a paralytic affection deprived him of the 
 use of his limbs, although his mental powers 
 were uninjured. But he afterwards recovered 
 from this attack, so as to be able to preach. 
 
 Dr. Hopkins was a very humble, pious, and 
 benevolent man. His views of his own character 
 were always very abasing. This humility per 
 vaded his whole conduct. It preserved him from 
 that overbearing zeal which is the offspring of 
 self-confidence and pride. In his intercourse 
 with persons of sentiments different from his 
 own, he exhibited the greatest mildness and can 
 dor. As truth was his object, and he never dis 
 puted for victory, he sometimes carried conviction 
 to an opponent by the force of arguments. He 
 sympathized in the distresses of others. lie took 
 delight in relieving the wants of the poor. 
 Though he had but little to bestow, yet many 
 were gladdened by his liberality. On one occa 
 sion he contributed 100 dollars for promoting the 
 gospel among the Africans. His life was spent 
 chiefly in meditation ; his preaching had but little 
 effect. He sometimes devoted to his studies 
 eighteen hours in a day. With respect to his 
 views of divine truth, he embraced the Calvinis- 
 tic doctrines ; and it is principally by the conse 
 quences which he drew from these doctrines, that 
 his name has been rendered famous. He fully 
 admitted the doctrine of the entire depravity of 
 the human heart and the sinfulness of all the 
 doings of the unregenerate ; but thought there 
 was a discordance between this doctrine and the 
 preaching of some of the Calvinistic divines, who 
 exhorted the unregenerate as such to perform 
 certain acts as the appointed way to obtain that 
 grace, which should renew their hearts and make 
 them holy. If men before conversion could do 
 nothing that was pleasing to God, he concluded, 
 they could do nothing to procure the influences 
 of the Holy Spirit. Instead, therefore, of exhort 
 ing sinners to use the means of grace in order to 
 obtain the divine assistance to enable them to 
 repent, when it was acknowledged, that in the 
 use of the means of grace they would be entirely 
 
HOPKINS. 
 
 HOPKINS. 
 
 447 
 
 sinful, he thought it a sacred duty, incumbent on 
 the ministers of the gospel, to imitate the preach 
 ing of the Lord Jesus, their Master, and to call 
 upon men immediately to repent and yield them 
 selves to the love of God. lie thought that re 
 ligious advantages, if in the use of them the 
 unregencrate were not converted, would but 
 increase guilt, as in this case there would be a 
 greater resistance to the truth. Another senti 
 ment, which is considered as one of the peculiar 
 sentiments of Dr. Hopkins, is that the inability 
 of sinners is moral and not natural ; but this is 
 only saying, that their inability consists in disin 
 clination of heart or opposition of will to Avhat is 
 good. Combining the Calvinistic doctrine, that 
 God has foreordained whatsoever comes to pass, 
 with his views of the nature of sin as consisting 
 entirely in the intention or disposition of the 
 mind, he inferred, that it was no impeachment 
 xipon the character of the most righteous disposer 
 of all events to say, not merely that he decreed 
 the existence of sin, but that he exerted his own 
 power to produce it. The design being benevo 
 lent, he contended that this agency is no more an 
 impeachment of the divine character, than the 
 bare permission of sin. This is another of his 
 peculiarities. In this he differed from President 
 Edwards, who maintained, that sin was " not the 
 fruit of any positive agency or influence of the 
 Most High," and who said, " if by the author of 
 sin he meant the sinner, the agent, or actor of 
 sin, or the doer of a wicked thing ; so it would 
 be a reproach and blasphemy to suppose God to 
 be the author of sin." It may indeed well excite 
 astonishment, that a man of intelligence and 
 piety should be so bewildered in metaphysics, as 
 to ascribe to God the efficient production of all 
 sinful volitions, and yet deem himself responsible 
 for such volitions. From his views of the nature 
 of holiness, as consisting in disinterested benevo 
 lence, he also inferred, that a Christian should be 
 willing to perish forever, to be forever miserable, 
 if it should be for the glory of God and the good 
 of the universe, that he should encounter this 
 destruction. Instead of the Calvinistic doctrine 
 of the strict imputation of Adam s sin and of the 
 righteousness of Christ, he chose rather to adopt 
 the language of Scripture, that on account of the 
 first transgression men were made or constituted 
 sinners, and that men are justified on account of 
 the righteousness of Christ, or through the re 
 demption which there is in him. 
 
 He published a life of Edwards ; three sermons, 
 entitled, sin, through divine interposition, an ad 
 vantage to the universe ; and yet tin s no excuse 
 for sin or encouragement to it, 1759 ; an inquiry 
 concerning the promises of the gospel, whether 
 any of them arc made to the exercises and doings 
 of persons in an unregenerate state, containing re 
 marks on two sermons by Dr. Mayhew, 1763 ; on 
 
 the divinity of Christ, preached in Boston, 17G8 ; 
 two sermons on Itomans vn. 7, and John I. 13, 
 17G8, rcpublished 1793; the true state and char 
 acter of the unregenerate, being an answer to 
 Mr. Mills, 17G9 ; animadversions on Mr. Hart s 
 dialogue, 1770 ; an inquiry into the nature of true 
 holiness, with an answer to Drs. Ilemmenway and 
 Mather, 1773; of this a second edition was pub 
 lished in 1791 ; a dialogue, showing it to be the 
 duty and interest of the American States to eman 
 cipate all their African slaves, 177G; an inquiry 
 concerning the future state of those who die in 
 their sins, 1783 ; a system of doctrines contained 
 in divine revelatian, to which is added a treatise 
 on the millennium, 2 vols., 8vo., 1793 (it is on this 
 system of divinity that the reputation of the au 
 thor principally rests) ; the life of Susannah An 
 thony, 179G ; the life of Mrs. Osborn, 1798 ; and 
 a volume of sermons. He left behind him sketches 
 of his life, written by himself; a dialogue on the 
 nature and extent of true Christian submission, 
 and an address to professing Christians, all of 
 which were published by Dr. West, of Stock- 
 bridge, in 1805. IIo2)kins Life; Sprague s 
 Annals. 
 
 HOPKINS, DANIEL, D. D., the brother of the 
 preceding, after a ministry of thirty-six years, 
 died Dec. 14, 1814, aged 80. He was born at 
 AVaterbury Oct. 16, 1734, being the son of Tim 
 othy II. and Mary Judd. At the age of fourteen 
 he lost his father, and the care of his education 
 devolved upon his brother Samuel. He was 
 graduated at Yale college in 17.38, removed to 
 Salem, Mass., in 17GG, and for twelve years was 
 chiefly employed as a teacher of youth, and was 
 ordained as successor of Dr. Whitaker, who had 
 become a Presbyterian, in Nov., 1778. He was a 
 respected and useful minister, llev. Brown Em 
 erson, D. D., married his daughter. His wife 
 was a daughter of John Saunders. Just before 
 his death he repeated the lines : 
 
 " Jesus, with all thy saints above 
 
 My tongue would bear her part 
 Would sound aloud thy saving love, 
 And sing thy bleeding heart." 
 
 He published a sermon on Washington s death, 
 and one at a dedication, 1805. Most of his works 
 were published in 1853, with a memoir by Pro 
 fessor Park. Panopl., XII. 42 ; Spra guds Annals. 
 
 HOPKINS, STEPHEN, governor of llhode 
 Island, died July 13, 1785, aged 78. He was 
 born at Scituate March 7, 1707, and was bred a 
 farmer. In 1742 he removed to Providence and 
 engaged in mercantile business. lie was from 
 1751 to 1754 chief justice of the superior court. 
 In 1755 he was elected governor, and remained 
 in office, excepting four years, till 17G8. In 1774 
 he was a member of congress. His signature to 
 the Declaration of Independence indicates a 
 trembling hand j this was owing to a nervous af- 
 
448 
 
 HOPKINS. 
 
 fection. His heart did not tremble. He retired 
 from congress in 1779. He published, at the 
 order of the assembly, rights of the colonies ex 
 amined, 1705; and an account of Providence, in 2 
 historical collections, IX. 166-203. Goodrich. 
 
 HOPKINS, LEMUEL, a physician, a descendant 
 of Gov. Hopkins, was born in Waterbury June 
 19, 1750. At Litchfield, where he practised 
 physic from 1776 to 1784, he acquired celebrity, 
 and the singularity of his appearance, manners, 
 and opinions, attracted general notice. About 
 the year 1784 he removed to Hartford, where he 
 had a high reputation and extensive practice as a 
 physician till his death, April 14, 1801, aged 50. 
 It is supposed that his erroneous practice in his 
 own case was the cause of his death. Apprehen 
 sive of the pulmonary consumption, for a pain in 
 his side he was repeatedly bled, against the re 
 monstrance of his medical friends, and he other 
 wise reduced his strength and brought on a 
 hydrothorax. His widow died at New York in 
 Sept., 1826. He was tall, lean, stooping, with 
 large features, and light, staring eyes. In his 
 early life he admired the Infidel philosophers of 
 France ; in his last days he read the Bible. As 
 a physician he was remarkable for his unceasing 
 attention to his patients, sometimes devoting to 
 one patient whole days and nights. Once, on 
 being called to a child sick with the scarlet fever 
 in a family to which he was a stranger, he en 
 tered the room without saying a word, and, see 
 ing the child loaded with bed-clothes in a heated 
 room, he seized the child in his arms and rushed 
 out of the house, followed with cries and broom 
 sticks, for his appearance was uncouth and ugly. 
 But, resting in a cool shade, he called for wine, 
 and had the pleasure of seeing the child restored 
 to health. He was a man of learning, and a 
 poet. He wrote for Barlow the beautiful version 
 of psalm 137, beginning with the words, "Along 
 the banks, where Babel s current flows." Asso 
 ciated with Trumbull, Barlow, Alsop, and others, 
 he wrote parts of the Anarchiad, the echo, politi 
 cal green-house, the guillotine, and other essays. 
 Three of his productions were published in the 
 American poems, the hypocrite s hope, the 
 cancer quack, and a poem on Ethan Allen. The 
 Anarchiad was a satirical political poem in twenty- 
 four numbers ; and these writings appeared in 
 the newspapers from 178G to 1793. TliaclieSs 
 Medical liioyraplty ; Specimens American Po- 
 etry, I. 272-284. 
 
 HOPKINS, ASA, died in New Haven Oct. 31, 
 1838, aged 59. Born in Litchfield, he there spent 
 most of a useful life. His widow died in 1855. 
 By his will his estate was to be divided thus : to the 
 Northfield society in Litchfield 3,000 dollars ; to 
 the church 300 ; to his native school 600 ; to 
 the Bible society 500 ; to the American board 
 of foreign missions 250 ; to the tract society 250 ; 
 
 HOPKINSON. 
 
 to Connecticut missionary society 250; the re 
 mainder, 7,000, to Northfield society. 
 
 HOPKINS, JOHN, died at Northampton Jan. 
 9, 1842, aged 72. He was a Christian professor, 
 and among his family connections was a remark 
 able number of ministers, namely : his father, Dr. 
 Samuel II., of Hadley, and his grandfather, Sam 
 uel II., of West Springfield, his grandmother, 
 too, was the daughter of Rev. Mr. Stoddard, and 
 sister of President Edwards, the son of a minis 
 ter. His mother was the widow of Rev. Chester 
 Williams, of Hadley ; her son was Rev. N. Wil 
 liams ; her daughter married Dr. Emmons, whose 
 daughter married Dr. Ide, of Medway. Two of 
 his sons were ministers, and his daughter married 
 President Wheeler, of Burlington. Four of his 
 sisters married ministers, Dr. Spring, of New- 
 buryport, Dr. Austin, of Worcester, and William 
 Riddell and Leonard Worcester. His nephews 
 arc Rev. Dr. Gardiner Spring, of New York, Rev. 
 Samuel Spring, Rev. Samuel II. Riddell, and Rev. 
 Leonard Worcester, of Peacham,Vt. ; of Mrs. W. s 
 sons are the ministers, Rev. Samuel A. Worcester, 
 missionary, Rev. Evarts Worcester, deceased, 
 Rev. Isaac R. Worcester, of Littleton, and Rev. 
 John II. Worcester, of St. Johnsbury. The con 
 nections of such a family must have many calls to 
 be sober-minded and religious. 
 
 HOPKINS, ASA T., D. D., pastor of the first 
 church in Buffalo, died Nov. 27, 1847. Born in 
 Hartford, he was graduated at Yale in 1826. 
 
 HOPKINSON, FRANCIS, district judge of the 
 United States for Pennsylvania, died May 9, 1791, 
 aged 53. After passing two years in England, he 
 settled at Bordentown, N. J. He was a member 
 of congress in 1776, in which year he signed the 
 Declaration of Independence. He held an ap 
 pointment in the loan office for several years, and 
 afterwards succeeded George Ross, as judge of 
 the admiralty for the State of Pennsylvania. In 
 this station he continued till the year 1790, when 
 he was appointed by Washington a judge of the 
 district court. He was a person whose stature 
 was a little below the common size, whose features 
 were small, but uncommonly animated, and \vhose 
 speech and motions indicated the activity of his 
 mind. He was distinguished for his wit in con 
 versation, but it was mild and elegant. He con 
 tributed not a little towards promoting the inde 
 pendence of America ; not, however, by labored 
 discussions, but by his inimitable humor and satire. 
 He began in 1775 with a small tract, entitled, a 
 pretty story, in which, in an allegorical manner, 
 he exposed the tyranny of Great Britain towards 
 America, and he concluded his contributions to 
 his country in this way with the history of the 
 new roof, which ought to be read with interest, 
 while the citizens of the United States are shel 
 tered under their present form of national gov 
 ernment. His battle of the kegs has been much 
 
IIOPKINSON. 
 
 HOVEY. 
 
 449 
 
 admired for its wit. A few years before his death, 
 in consequence of an act of the assembly for cut 
 ting down the trees of Philadelphia, in order to 
 guard against fire and the evils of stagnant air, 
 he wrote a humorous speech of a standing mem 
 ber of the assembly against the act, and rescued 
 the devoted trees from the impending destruction. 
 His satires on newspaper scandal had the effect to 
 restrain for a number of months the licentiousness 
 of the press. His specimen of modern learning, 
 in an examination of the properties of a salt box, 
 is a piece of exquisite humor. His opinions on 
 education were somewhat peculiar. He often rid 
 iculed in conversation the practice of teaching 
 children the English language by means of gram 
 mar. He considered most of the years, which 
 were spent in learning Greek and Latin, as lost, 
 ajid he held several of the arts and sciences, which 
 are taught in colleges, in great contempt. To 
 his poetical talents he united uncommon excel 
 lence in music, and some knowledge of painting. 
 Besides the above works, he published science, a 
 poem, 17G2. After his death his miscellaneous 
 essays and occasional writings were published in 
 three vols., Svo., 1792. Mass. Mag., III. 750-753 ; 
 American Museum, III. 165 ; IX. 39. 
 
 IIOPKIXSON, JOSEPH, judge, died at Philadel 
 phia in Jan., 1842, aged 71. The son of Francis 
 II., he was educated at the university of Penn 
 sylvania, and practised law at Easton and Phila 
 delphia. He was appointed in 1828 judge of the 
 district court. He was president of the Phila 
 delphia academy of fine arts. He wrote the song, 
 " Hail Columbia," in 1798. Cyd. Am. Lit. 
 
 HOPPER, ISAAC T., died in New York May 7, 
 1852, aged 80. Born in 1771 in West Jersey, he 
 resided many years in Philadelphia, and was in 
 spector of prisons ; a man of benevolence. His 
 life was written by Mrs. Child. 
 
 IIORRY, ELIAS, died at Charleston, S. C., 
 Sept. 17, 1834, aged 91 ; a descendant of the 
 Huguenots. He gave 10,000 dollars to Charles 
 ton college for a professorship of moral philosophy. 
 
 IIORSMANDER, DANIEL, chief justice of Mew 
 York, a native of Great Britain, came to the prov 
 ince about 1730, and was recorder of the city and 
 president of the council. He died in Sept., 1778, 
 and was buried in Trinity churchyard. He pub 
 lished the New York conspiracy, or the history of 
 the negro plot, 1742; republished 1810. Of the 
 conspirators to burn the city fourteen were burnt, 
 and eighteen hanged, with ten whites. 
 
 IIOSACK, DAVID, M. D., LL. D., died of 
 apoplexy, at New York, Dec. 23, 1835, aged G6. 
 His father came from Scotland to New York. 
 Ho graduated at Princeton in 1789; was med 
 ically educated at Edinburgh, and was at the 
 head of his profession in New York. He was 
 professor of the theory and practice in the med 
 ical institution, an eloquent and able teacher ; a 
 57 
 
 liberal promoter of the arts. lie published a 
 history of the Erie canal; a life of De Witt Clin 
 ton ; an address on temperance ; introductory 
 discourse, with a tribute to Rush, 1813; treatment 
 of the typhoid, 1815; envision; system of nosol 
 ogy, 1818; on the peripncumonia, etc. ; on febrile 
 contagion; the surgery of the ancients; syllabus 
 of lectures on botany, also on the theory and 
 practice ; course of studies ; memoir of Hugh 
 Williamson ; discourses before the historical and 
 horticultural societies ; medical essays, 2 vols. ; ob 
 servations on the medical character; plants in 
 botanic garden ; medical and philosophical regis 
 ter, with J. W. Francis, 4 vols. ; and other tracts. 
 
 Memoir by Dr. Francis. 
 
 HOSMER, STEPHEN, minister of East Had- 
 dam, Conn., died in 1749, aged about 70. He 
 was a graduate of Harvard in 1699. He pub 
 lished election sermon, 1720. 
 
 HOSMER, STEPHEN TITUS, chief justice of 
 Connecticut, died Aug. 6, 1834, aged 76 ; a grad 
 uate of Yale in 1782. 
 
 HOTCIIKIN, BERIAH, died at Plattsburgh, 
 N. Y., 1829. He was Mr. at Yale, 1794. 
 
 IIOTCIIKISS, FREDERIC W., minister of Say- 
 brook, died March 31, 1844, aged 81. A native 
 of New Haven, he graduated in 1778, and was 
 ordained colleague with Win. Hart Sept, 24, 
 1783; the ministry of both exceeded a century. 
 He was aid to the commanding officer in 1779 in 
 resisting a British attack, and then lost his father 
 and two uncles. He was pastor sixty years, 
 highly respected, useful, and venerable. He pub 
 lished the cross of Christ the Christian s glory, 
 1801; a half-century sermon, 1833; a sermon at 
 the end of the sixtieth year of his ministry, 1843. 
 
 Sprague s Annals. 
 
 HOUGH, GEORGE, a respected printer in Con 
 cord, N. II., died in 1830, aged 72. He was the 
 father of G. II. Hough, Baptist missionary to 
 Burmah, who died before him. 
 - IIOUGHTON, DOUGLASS, Dr., geologist of 
 Michigan, died Oct. 13, 1845, aged 36. He was 
 born in Troy, N. Y., and educated at the Renssel- 
 aer institute, in which he became a professor of 
 chemistry and natural history. In 1831 he was 
 surgeon and botanist to the expedition to the west. 
 Settling in Detroit, he was appointed State geol 
 ogist in 1837. In a snow storm he was drowned 
 with two men at the mouth of Eagle river, on 
 Lake Superior. He was an associate of various 
 learned associations. He was nearly ready to 
 make his last report for eight years. Though 
 young, he had a high rank among scientific men, 
 and was greatly esteemed. 
 
 1IOVEY, JOHN, second minister of Ivenne- 
 bunkport, Me., died in 1773, aged about 70. 
 Born in Ncwbury, he graduated at Harvard in 
 1725, and was settled in 1741. 
 
 1IOVEY, IVORY, minister of Plymouth, Mass., 
 
450 
 
 HOVEY. 
 
 HOWARD. 
 
 died Nov. 4, 1803, aged 89. He was born at 
 Topsfiekl July 14, 1714; was graduated at Har 
 vard college in 1735, and was ordained minister 
 of Metapoiset, the second parish of Rochester, 
 Oct. 29, 1740. Having devoted much attention 
 to the study of physic, he in 1744 commenced the 
 practice, and was the principal physician of Meta 
 poiset till his dismission in 1765. lie was after 
 wards installed, April 18, 1770, at Monument 
 Ponds, in Plymouth, where he passed the re 
 mainder of his life. He had preached about 
 sixty-five years, and during that time kept a jour 
 nal, designed to promote his improvement in 
 Christian excellence, wliich he left behind him in 
 about seven thousand pages of short hand. Ex 
 tracts from it are preserved in the Pascataqua 
 magazine. He was one of the best of men, being 
 distinguished for meekness, humility, and piety. 
 He published a sermon on leaving Metapoiset, 
 and one on the subject of mortality. 
 
 HOVEY, SYLVESTER, died at Hartford, Conn., 
 May 6, 1840,aged43. A native of Conway, he grad 
 uated at Yale in 1819. He was a tutor and pro 
 fessor of mathematics at Williams and Amherst 
 colleges, skilled in various sciences, highly re 
 spected and beloved. He died in peace ; his last 
 efforts to do good were by letters from his sick 
 chamber ; in this way one young man was brought 
 to the knowledge of the way of life. Mrs. Sig- 
 ourney described him as 
 
 " Sublime in science, yet with meekness clad, 
 Clear-minded, eloquent in thought and speech, 
 And full of love for truth." 
 
 He published letters from the West Indies. 
 
 HOWARD, SIMEON, D. D., minister in Boston, 
 died Aug. 13, 1804, aged 71. He was born at 
 Bridgewater May 10, 1733, and was graduated at 
 Harvard college in 1758. He was afterwards an 
 instructor of youth for several years. Soon after 
 he began to preach, he was invited to the province 
 of Nova Scotia, where he officiated about a year. 
 In 17G6 he was elected a tutor of Harvard col 
 lege ; and May G, 1767, was ordained pastor of 
 the west church in Boston, as successor to Dr. 
 Mayhew. He continued in this station till his 
 death, and was succeeded by Charles Lowell. 
 He heartily engaged in promoting the American 
 Revolution, and participated in the joy expe 
 rienced on the acknowledgment of our indepen 
 dence. In the various relations of life he was 
 faithful and exemplary. In his theological senti 
 ments he differed from the first fathers of the 
 New England churches, for he rejected the sys 
 tem of Calvin. Towards those who differed from 
 him, he was indulgent in his thoughts, and tole 
 rant in his conduct. He never could approve of 
 a sarcastic and irreverent way of speaking of ob 
 jects, which any sincere believer might deem 
 Bacrcd. He was indeed so mild and gentle, that 
 
 he could not express severity which he never 
 felt. There was a serenity upon his countenance 
 which indicated the peace that constantly dwelt 
 in his heart. He was remarkable for humility. 
 While he never mentioned either his virtues or 
 his faults, it was evident to all who were inti 
 mately acquainted with him, that he had a hum 
 ble sense of his own talents and moral attainments. 
 He was endeared to his people, for he interested 
 himself in their welfare, and endeavored to render 
 them virtuous and good. All wno knew him 
 were delighted with the modesty, mildness, and 
 benevolence, which he exhibited. He published 
 a sermon at the artillery election, 1773 ; on the 
 death of his wife, 1777; to freemasons, 1778; on 
 not being ashamed of the gospel, occasioned by 
 the death of Dr. Winthrop, 1779; at the elec 
 tion, 1780 ; at the ordination of T. Adams, 1791. 
 Monthly Antliol. I. 476; m. 115-119. 
 
 HOWARD, JOHX EAGER, governor of Mary 
 land, died Oct. 12, 1827, aged 75. He was born 
 June 4, 1752, in Baltimore county, Maryland. 
 His grandfather came to this country about 
 1G85 and obtained a grant of land, which is 
 still in the family. His father, Cornelius, mar 
 ried Ruth Eager, grand-daughter of George 
 Eager, whose estate, procured soon after the 
 charter, now makes a considerable part of the 
 city of Baltimore. Mr. Howard entered the army 
 in 1776 as a captain in the regiment of Col. J. C. 
 Hall ; in the following years he was promoted, 
 till finally he succeeded Lieut.-Col. Ford in the 
 command of the 2d Maryland regiment. He was 
 an efficient coadjutor of Greene during the cam 
 paign in the south, distinguishing himself at the 
 battle of Cowpens, when, says Lee, " he seized 
 the critical moment, and turned the fortune of the 
 day;" also at Guilford and the Eutaws. He was 
 in the engagements of White Plains, German- 
 town, Monmouth, Camden, and Hobkirk s Hill. 
 Having been trained to the infantry service, he 
 was remarkable for pushing into close battle with 
 fixed bayonet. At Cowpens this mode of fight 
 ing was resorted to for the first, time in the war ; 
 but afterwards the Maryland line was often put 
 to this service. In this battle he had in his hands 
 at one time the swords of seven officers, who had 
 surrendered to him personally. On this occasion 
 he saved the life of the British general, O Hara, 
 whom he found clinging to nis stirrup and asking 
 quarter. When the army was disbanded he re 
 tired to his patrimonial estate near Baltimore. 
 He soon afterwards married Margaret, the daugh 
 ter of Benjamin Chew, of Philadelphia, a lady 
 of courteous manners and elegant hospitality. 
 In Nov., 1788, he was chosen governor of Mary 
 land, and continued in this office three years. 
 From the autumn of 1796 till March, 1803, he 
 was a senator of the United States. His estate 
 was increased in a high degree in value by the 
 
HOWARD. 
 
 growth of Baltimore, which extended so as to 
 embrace in its streets the shades which sheltered 
 the retired soldier. His old age was the object 
 of regard and veneration. In more than one letter 
 Washington expressed to him his confidence and 
 esteem. Am. Ann. Reg., 1826-7, p. 137-139. 
 
 HOWARD, BENJAMIN, brigadier-general, died 
 at St. Louis in Oct., 1814. He had been a mem 
 ber of congress from Kentucky, and was late gov 
 ernor of the Missouri territory. 
 
 HOWARD, BEZALEEL, minister of Springfield, 
 died in 1837. A native of Bridgewatcr, he was 
 ordained as the successor of Mr. Breck April 27, 
 1785, and was dismissed on account of ill health 
 at the ordination of his successor, S. Osgood, Jan. 
 25, 1809. He published a sermon at the ordina 
 tion of A. Pratt, 1790 ; of A. Steward, 1793 ; of 
 Benj. R. Woodbridge, 1799. 
 
 HOWARD, ABISHAI, Dr., died in Sturbridge 
 Dec., 1844, aged 76; a physician and Christian, 
 making liberal bequests to benevolent objects. 
 
 HOWDEE, SARAH, the last of the Queen 
 Awashunk tribe of Indians, died May, 1827, at 
 Little Compton, R. I. 
 
 HOWE, PEHLEY, minister of Killingly, Conn., 
 died in 1753, aged about 42. He graduated at 
 Harvard in 1731, was the minister of Dudley, 
 Mass., from 1735 to 1743, and was installed at 
 Killingly in 1746. At the time of his death, his 
 son Joseph, afterwards a minister, was only six 
 years old. Sprac/ue s Annals. 
 
 HOWE, JOSEPH, son of Rev. Perley II., min 
 ister of the new south church in Boston, died in 
 Hartford Aug. 25, 1775, aged 28. He graduated 
 at Yale in 1765 at the age of eighteen, the first 
 scholar in his class. He was licensed to preach 
 in 1769, and was soon appointed a tutor at Yale. 
 In 1772 he was settled at Boston as the successor 
 of Rev. Penuel Bowen. The storm of war drove 
 him from the city early in 1775 ; in the same 
 year he died. lie was a minister of high talents 
 and promise, and of almost unequalled elocution. 
 Yet no stone marks the spot of his burial. 
 Spraciue s Annals. 
 
 HOWE, GEORGE, lord viscount, was the eldest 
 son of Sir E. Scrope, second lord viscount Howe 
 in Ireland. He commanded five thousand British 
 troops, which arrived at Halifax in July, 1757. 
 In the next year, when Abercrombie proceeded 
 against Ticonderoga, in an attack on the advanced 
 guard of the French in the woods Lord Howe 
 fell on the first fire, in July, 1758, aged 33. In 
 him, says Mante, " the soul of the army seemed 
 to expire." By his military talents and many 
 virtues he had acquired esteem and affection. 
 Massachusetts erected a monument to his mem 
 ory in Westminster Abbey, at the expense of 
 250 pounds. Holmes, II. 8L> ; Mmtle, 147. 
 
 HOWE, RICHARD, earl, an English admiral, 
 brother of the preceding, died Aug. 5, 1799, aged 
 
 HOWE. 
 
 451 
 
 73. On the death of his brother he succeeded to 
 his title and estate. He commanded the British 
 fleet which arrived at Staten Island July 12, 
 1776, and was one of the commissioners to oner 
 proposals of peace. In July, 1777, he convoyed 
 the two hundred and seventy transports, in which 
 the British army sailed from New York to the 
 Cheaspeake. In the winter he repaired to New 
 port, as a safe harbor. This place, when threat 
 ened by the Americans and French, he relieved 
 Aug. 30, 1778, arriving from New York with one 
 hundred sail of ships. In Sept. he resigned the 
 command to Admiral Gambler. June 1, 1794, 
 he obtained a victory over the French. A severe 
 letter to Lord Howe on his naval conduct in the 
 American war was published in 1779, in all prob 
 ability written by Lord Sackville, the minister or 
 secretary for the colonies. He published a nar 
 rative of the transactions of the fleet, etc., 1779. 
 
 HOWE, Sir WILLIAM, general, brother of the 
 preceding, died in 1814. He was the successor 
 of Gage, in the command of the British forces in 
 America, arriving at Boston in May, 1775, with 
 Burgoyne. He commanded in the battle of 
 Bunker Hill. In Sept., 1776, he took possession 
 of New York. With his brother he was a com 
 missioner for peace. In July, 1777, he sailed for 
 Chesapeake; entered Philadelphia Sept. 27th; 
 and defeated the Americans at Germantown Oct. 
 4th. In May, 1778, he was succeeded by Clinton. 
 He published a narrative as to his command in 
 North America, 2d ed., 1780. 
 
 HOWE, NATHANIEL, minister of Hopkinton, died 
 Feb. 15, 1837, aged 72, in the forty-sixth year of 
 his ministry, respected for his talents and virtues. 
 Born in Ipswich, a graduate of Harvard in 1786, 
 he was ordained Oct. 5, 1791 ; he had a colleague 
 in 1830. In the gift of prayer he was remarka 
 ble ; he had an excellent character as a minister. 
 His century sermon in 1815 excited attention. 
 He said in it, " Do you know by what means I 
 have become so rich, as to have a great house, 
 etc. ; a farm, a herd of cattle, a flock of sheep, 
 etc. The principal reason is this, because I have 
 been doing your business and neglecting my 
 own." He then explains, that he had been 
 obliged to support himself on account of the neg 
 lect of his people. His son Appleton, a gradu 
 ate of 1815, has been a senator. He published 
 a sermon on the death of three persons, 1808; 
 the century sermon mentioned ; design of John s 
 baptism, 1819; a reply to Dr. Baldwin, 1820; 
 a catechism, with questions and proverbs. 
 Sprague s Annals. 
 
 HOWE, JOHN, major, a brave officer of the 
 Revolution, died near Flemington, N. J., Dec. 
 15, 1843, aged 90. 
 
 HOWE, ZADOCK, M. D., died at Billcrica, 
 Mass., Feb. 8, 1851, after a long successful pro 
 fessional career, highly respected. 
 
452 
 
 HOWELL. 
 
 HUBBARD. 
 
 HOWELL, RICHARD, governor of New Jer 
 sey, died April 28, 1802, aged 47. lie was a 
 native of Delaware, but commanded a New Jer 
 sey regiment from 1776 till 1779, when in conse 
 quence of a new arrangement of the army he 
 resumed the profession of the law. In 1788 he 
 was appointed clerk of the supreme court, which 
 office he held till June, 1793, when he was chosen 
 governor of the State. To this place he was 
 eight years successively elected. He possessed a 
 cultivated mind, and was benevolent in his life. 
 
 HOWELL, DAVID, LL. D., judge, died July 
 29, 1824, aged 77. He was born in New Jersey, 
 and graduated at Princeton, 1766. Removing to 
 Rhode Island, he was appointed professor of 
 mathematics and afterwards of law in the univer 
 sity. Devoting himself to the practice of the law 
 at Providence, he was chosen judge of the su 
 preme court. He was also a member of the old 
 congress; and in 1812, was appointed district 
 judge for Rhode Island, which office he sustained 
 till his death. He was a man of distinguished 
 talents and learning. 
 
 HOWELL, SILAS, died in Portland, Maine, in 
 May, 1846, aged 101. 
 
 HOWELL, NATHANIEL W., judge, died at 
 Canandaigua, N. Y., Oct. 16, 1851, aged 82. He 
 was eminent as a jurist. 
 
 ROWLAND, Jonx, a pilgrim of 1620, was a 
 member of Gov. Carver s family, and married his 
 daughter Elizabeth. On his voyage in a storm 
 he fell overboard, but escaped death by clinging 
 to the topsail halliards, which hung in the water. 
 He lived in Plymouth, Duxbury, and Kingston. 
 In the last town he died Feb. 22, 1672, aged 80. 
 The records speak of him as " a godly man and 
 an ancient professor of the ways of Christ." He 
 was a deputy, assistant, and one of the leading 
 men of the colony. He was buried at Plymouth. 
 His widow died 1687, aged 80. His sons were 
 John, Jabez, Isaac, Joseph ; his daughter Desire 
 married John Gorham; Hope married J. Chip- 
 man ; Elizabeth married E. Hicks ; Lydia mar 
 ried J. Brown; Ruth married T. Cushman. His 
 son John married Mary Lee, 1651, daughter 
 of Mary, and settled in Barnstable, Joseph in 
 Plymouth, Isaac in Middleborough, and Jabez in 
 Bristol, whose grandson John died in Providence 
 Nov. 5, 1854, at the great age of 97, a man of 
 moral worth, and skilled in antiquarian researches 
 in regard to the history of the pilgrims. He was 
 president of the R. I. historical society. 
 
 HOWLANI), JOHN, the minister of Carver, 
 Mass., died Nov. 4, 1804, aged 83. He was the 
 son of the second John of Barnstable ; gradu 
 ated at Harvard in 1741, and was ordained in 
 1746. His wife was the daughter of Rev. Dan 
 iel Lewis of Pembroke. His daughter Anna 
 married Rev. Ezra Weld of Braintree. 
 
 HOWOOSWEE, ZACHARY, an Indian minis 
 
 ter, died at Gayhead, Martha s Vinej-ard, July, 
 1821, aged 84. 
 
 HOYT, ARD, missionary to the Cherokees, was 
 a settled minister of Wilkesbarre, Pa., when he 
 offered his services to the American Board. In 
 Nov., 1817, he proceeded with his family to 
 Brainerd, and in 1824 to Willstown, where he 
 died Feb. 18, 1828, aged 57. He died very sud 
 denly, but was able to say, lifting his eyes in rap 
 ture to heaven, " I m going." The Cherokees 
 were strongly attached to him. By his labors 
 Catherine Brown and others were converted. He 
 was indeed a most valuable missionary. His 
 journals were read with great interest. 
 
 HOYT, EPAPIIRAS, general, was born Dec. 31, 
 1765, and died at Dcerfield, Mass., Feb. 8, 1850, 
 aged 84. He published several works on mili 
 tary affairs, one of which was on cavalry discipline, 
 1797. His antiquarian researches were published 
 in 1824, containing a history of Indian wars, es 
 pecially in reference to the Connecticut river set 
 tlements. 
 
 HUBBARD, WILLIAM, minister of Ipswich, 
 Mass., and a historian, died Sept. 14, 1704, aged 
 82. He was born in the year 1621, the son of 
 William of Ipswich and Boston, and was gradu 
 ated at Harvard college in the first class in 1642. 
 The time of his ordination is not known, but it is 
 supposed to have been about the year 1657, as 
 colleague with Mr. Cobbet. In his old age John 
 Rogers was settled with him in 1692. His wife 
 was Margaret, the daughter of Nathaniel Rogers. 
 His second marriage in 1694 to Mrs. Mary Pear 
 son displeased his parish, on account of her 
 sphere in life. His son Nathaniel was a judge 
 of the superior court. He was a man of learn 
 ing, and of a candid, benevolent mind. He wrote 
 a valuable history of New England, for which the 
 State paid him 50 pounds. It was used by 
 Mather in writing his magnalia, by Hutchinson, 
 and by Dr. Holmes. At last it was published in 
 the Mass, historical collections, 2d series, vols. V. 
 and VI. He published an election sermon, enti 
 tled the happiness of a people in the wisdom of 
 their rulers directing and in the obedience of their 
 brethren, etc., 1676 ; the present state of New 
 England, being a narrative of the troubles with 
 the Indians from the first planting thereof in 1607 
 to 1677, but chiefly of the two last years, 1675 
 and 1676, to which is added a discourse about the 
 war with the Pequots, 4to., 1677 ; a fast sermon, 
 1682 ; a funeral discourse on Gen. Dcnison, 1684 ; 
 a testimony to the order of the gospel in the 
 churches of New England, with Mr. Higginson, 
 1701. Ilutcldnson, II. 147; Holmes; Hist. 
 Coll. ; Sprague s Annals. 
 
 HUBBARD, JONATHAN, the first minister of 
 Sheffield, Mass., died July 6, 1765, aged 61. He 
 was born in Sunderland, and graduated at Yale in 
 1824. The church was formed and he was set- 
 
IIUBBARI). 
 
 HUDDY. 
 
 453 
 
 tied Oct. 22, 1735 : he was dismissed in 1764. 
 John Keep succeeded him. He had a sound 
 mind, and was active and lively. 
 
 IIUBBARD, JOHN, minister of Meriden, Conn., 
 died Nov. 18, 1786, aged 59. The son of Col. 
 John II., of New Haven, he was graduated at 
 Yale in 1744, and was ordained June 22, 1769. 
 Several pamphlets were occasioned by his ordina 
 tion. He was useful and beloved. Sprague s 
 Annals. 
 
 HUBBARD, LEVERETT, M. D., president of 
 the Connecticut medical society, died at Hartford 
 in 1794, aged 70. He graduated at Yale in 1744, 
 and was an eminent physician. 
 
 IIUBBARD, JOHN," minister of Northfield, 
 Mass., died Nov. 28, 1794, aged 69, in tjie forty- 
 fifth year of his ministry. Born in Ilatfield, he 
 graduated at Yale in 1747. He was ordained 
 May 30, 1750. 
 
 HUBBARD, EBENEZER, minister of Marble- 
 head, Mass., died Oct. 15, 1800, aged 42, in the 
 fourteenth year of his ministry. He was born at 
 Concord, graduated at Harvard in 1777, and was 
 ordained Jan. 1, 1783. E. Stone preached his 
 ordination sermon. He published a sermon at 
 the ordination of A. Orne, 1796. Spraguc s 
 Annals. 
 
 HUBBARD, JOHN, professor of mathematics 
 and natural philosophy at Dartmouth college, 
 died in 1810, aged 51. Born inTownsend, Mass., 
 he graduated at Dartmouth in 1785; and, having 
 studied theology, became the preceptor of New 
 Ipswich and Deerfield academies, and was also 
 judge of probate in Cheshire county. lie suc 
 ceeded Prof. Woodward at Dartmouth in 1804, 
 and was succeeded by Prof. Adams. He pub 
 lished an oration on the 4th of July, 1799; rudi 
 ments of geography, 1803 ; American reader, 
 1808; essay on music. 
 
 HUBBARD, BELA, D. D., Episcopal minister 
 in New Haven, died in 1812, aged about 75. He 
 graduated at Yale in 1758. He succeeded Mr. 
 Palmer in 1767. 
 
 HUBBARD, POLLY, Miss, died at Fowlerville, 
 N. Y., Dec. 29, 1837, aged 63 ; her sister Sally, 
 the wife of Wells Fowler, died the preceding day. 
 The loss of two such eminently pious women in a 
 new church is great. They were daughters of 
 deacon James Ilubbard, of Pittsfield, Mass. In a 
 religious meeting of females, Miss II. could do 
 two things well : she could guide and support a 
 conversation on religious subjects, and she could 
 pray. God has enriched our churches with a 
 multitude of such women, of whom the world, 
 which they bless, knows nothing. To the prayers 
 and toils of such women revivals of religion may 
 often be ascribed, in one of which her sister had 
 the happiness of seeing her husband, one son and 
 his wife, a daughter, also two daughters and their 
 husbands, united at the same time to the church. 
 
 With their work let a fashionable woman s work 
 this present season of 1856, at Saratoga, be con 
 trasted, displaying sixty different costly dresses, 
 made up at New York. The name of a vain and 
 useless woman of extravagance and folly may well 
 pass into oblivion ; the righteous shall be in re 
 membrance. 
 
 HUBBARD, RICHARD, mayor of Middletown, 
 Conn., died in 1839, aged 47. He graduated at 
 Yale in 1813. 
 
 HUBBARD, THOMAS, M. D., professor of sur 
 gery at Yale college, died at New Haven June 13, 
 1838, aged 63. 
 
 IIUBBARD, SAMUEL, judge, died at Boston 
 Dec. 24, 1847, aged 62. Born in Boston, he 
 graduated at Yale in 1802. For a few years he 
 practised law in Biddcford, then in Boston. In 
 1842 he was appointed a judge of the supreme 
 court. For years he was one of the board of 
 commissioners for foreign missions. He was 
 learned, upright, judicious, and expert in business. 
 
 IIUBBARD, CALEB, major, died in Sunderland 
 April 7, 1850, aged 96, an officer of the Revolu 
 tion. 
 
 HUBBARD, JONATHAN H., judge of the su 
 preme court of Vt., died at Windsor Sept. 20, 
 1849, aged 81; a member of congress, 1809-1811. 
 
 IIUBBARD, SAMUEL DICKINSON, LL. D., post 
 master-general, died of a spinal complaint at 
 Middletown, Conn., Oct. 8, 1855, aged 55. He 
 graduated at Yale in 1819. 
 
 IIUBBELL, WOLCOTT, died at Lanesborough 
 Oct. 26, 1840, aged 85. He was a magistrate, 
 senator, and Christian. N. Y. Observer, Nov. 
 28. 
 
 IIUBBELL, WALTER, died in Canandaigua 
 March 25, 1848, aged 53 ; a lawyer and an active 
 Christian, a useful teacher in bible classes and 
 Sunday schools. Daggctfs Sermon. 
 
 IIUBBELL, MARTHA STONE, wife of Rev. 
 Stephen Hubbell of North Stonington, died Aug. 
 8, 1856, aged 42. She wrote " Shady Side." 
 
 HUBBELL, MARY ELIZABETH, the only 
 daughter of the preceding, died at Stonington, 
 Conn., in June, 1856, aged 20, the authoress of 
 pieces, signed Leila Linwood. 
 
 IIUDDY, JOSHUA, captain, was taken prisoner 
 in a small fort on Tom s river, New Jersey, by a 
 party of tory refugees in March, 1782, and carried, 
 with his company, to New York. On the 8th of 
 April, he and two others were sent by the board 
 of loyalists to Middletown Point or Sandy Hook, 
 to be exchanged under the care of Capt. Lippen- 
 cot, who reported on his return, that he had ex 
 changed the two as directed, and that " Huddy 
 had been exchanged for Philip White." He had, 
 in fact, of his own authority, hung him on a tree 
 on the Jersey shore. The case of Philip White, 
 the tory, was this. Having been taken prisoner, 
 as some light horse were conveying him to Free- 
 
454 
 
 HUDSON. 
 
 hold at the end of March, he attempted to escape ; 
 though called upon to surrender, he continued to 
 run, and as he was about to leap into a bog he 
 was cut down by a sword. Gen. Washington, 
 April 21, 1778, demanded of Gen. Clinton the 
 delivery of Lippencot, the murderer of White ; 
 but the board of loyalists interposed for his pro 
 tection. On the failure of compliance with his 
 demand, Gen. Washington selected by lot Capt. 
 Asgill of the guards, taken at Yorktown, and 
 fixed the time and place of his execution. Mrs. 
 Asgill, the mother, wrote to M. Vergennes, the 
 French minister, and begged his interference, 
 describing her distress and that of her family. 
 Her pathetic appeal was published. In conse 
 quence of it, Vergennes interposed with Washing 
 ton, and by order of congress Asgill was released 
 in Nov. Capt. Asgill was afterwards Sir Charles 
 A., general; and died in 1823, aged 70. 
 
 HUDSON, HENRY, an eminent navigator, was 
 an Englishman, who explored a part of the coast 
 of Greenland in the years 1C07 and 1608, while 
 seeking a passage to Japan and China. After 
 his return to England from his second voyage, he 
 went over to Holland, and the Dutch East India 
 company gave him the command of a ship for 
 discovery. He sailed March 25, 1G09, and, after 
 passing along the coast of Lapland, crossed the 
 Atlantic, and discovered Cape Cod, at which place 
 he landed. He then pursued his course to the 
 Chesapeake, and on his return along the coast 
 entered the river in the State of New York, which 
 bears his name, and ascended as far as where the 
 city of Albany now stands. A settlement was 
 soon after made upon this river by the Dutch. 
 In 1610 he was again fitted out by some gentle 
 man to discover a passage to the south sea, and 
 in this voyage he discovered the extensive bay to 
 the north, which bears his name. He drew his 
 ship into a small creek, Nov. 3, and it was frozen 
 up during the winter. Uncommon flights of wild 
 fowl furnished provision, without which supply 
 the crew must have perished. In the spring of 
 1611 he made several efforts to complete his dis 
 coveries, but was obliged to abandon his enter 
 prise and make the best of his way home. Pie 
 distributed to his men with tears in his eyes all 
 the bread he had left, which was only a pound to 
 each ; though it is said that other provisions were 
 afterwards found in the ship. In his uneasiness 
 and despair, he let fall threatening words of set 
 ting some of his men on shore ; upon which a 
 few of the sturdiest, who had been very mutinous, 
 entered his cabin in the night, tied his arms be 
 hind him, and set him adrift in the shallop at the 
 west end of the straits, with his son and seven of 
 the most sick and infirm of his men. lie was 
 never heard of again. The crew proceeded with 
 his ship for England. Four of them were killed 
 by the savages, as they went on shore near the 
 
 HULL. 
 
 strait s month, and the rest, ready to die for want, 
 arrived at Plymouth in Sept., 1611. He published 
 divers voyages and northern discoveries, 1607 ; a 
 second voyage for finding a passage to the East 
 Indies by the northeast, 1608. Accounts of his 
 other voyages were published; but they were not 
 written by himself. Some of them are pre 
 served in the third volume of Purchas pilgrims. 
 Belknap s Biog. I. 394-407 ; New and Gen. 
 Biog. Diet. 
 
 HUGER, ISAAC, brigadier-general in 1777, died 
 in South Carolina in 1780, a patriot and soldier of 
 the Revolution. D. Huger and J. Huger, states 
 men, also of South Carolina, died in 1799 and 
 1804. 
 
 HUIT, EPHRAIM, minister of Windsor, Conn., 
 came from England and was settled as colleague 
 with Mr. Warham in 1639, and died Sept. 4, 
 1644. He was a man of superior talents and 
 eminent usefulness. Johnson says of him : 
 
 " And Huit had his arguings strong and right." 
 
 His name is also written Heuet and Ilewett. He 
 published the prophecy of Daniel explained, 4to., 
 1643. 
 
 HULL, JOSEPH, minister at Weymouth, Mass., 
 was settled in 1635, and resigned in 1639. 
 
 HULL, WILLIAM, general, governor of Michi 
 gan Territory, died Nov. 29, 1825, aged 72. 
 Born at Derby, Conn., he graduated at Yale in 
 1772. He was a brave and useful officer of the 
 Revolutionary war. In 1796 he was chosen 
 major-general in the militia of Massachusetts. 
 In 1805 he was appointed governor of the Michi 
 gan Territory, in which office he was succeeded 
 by Lewis Cass in 1814. At the beginning of the 
 war he was requested to command the north 
 western army. He surrendered with two thousand 
 men at Detroit, to the British Gen. Brock, Aug. 
 15, 1812. A court martial was ordered to try 
 him on several charges, and he was actually in 
 1814 sentenced to be shot, but for his Revolution 
 ary services and his age recommended to mercy. 
 The president approved the sentence and remitted 
 the execution. Gen. Hull died at his residence 
 in Newton, near Boston. His relict, Sarah, died 
 in Aug., 1826. In his defence he makes state 
 ments, which ought to be taken into considera 
 tion, before it shall be concluded that the sentence 
 was just. Being governor of Michigan, as well as 
 general, he was bound to consult the safety of the 
 frontier settlers, who were threatened by a horde 
 of savages. His army was in effective force only 
 one-third of the forces of Brock. He could hope 
 for no co-operation on the part of Gen. Dearborn 
 on the Niagara, who had entered into an armistice, 
 and thus threw the enemy upon him ; the Bri 
 tish commanded lake Erie; and a part of his 
 own forces under Cass and McArthur had been 
 sent to the river Raisin. Under these circum- 
 
HULL. 
 
 HUMPHREYS. 
 
 455 
 
 stances, with six hundred Indians already present 
 with the BritNh army; cut off by the lake and the 
 wilderness from his supplies and reinforcements ; 
 he savs, that he deemed it a sacred duty, which 
 he owed to his fellow citi/cns under his govern 
 ment, to negotiate a capitulation, which secured 
 their safety. We must put treachery out of the 
 question. The only inquiry is, whether a brave 
 lie volution ary officer was absolutely a coward at 
 Detroit? It has been often the case, that rash 
 heroes have occasioned a pitiable and useless de 
 struction of life. It was so in the action at 
 Minisink. When St. Clair retreated from Ticon- 
 deroga in 1777, there was a great clamor against 
 him; but the measure was wise and indispensable 
 to the safety of the army. He published defence 
 of himself, 1814 ; memoirs of the campaign of 1812, 
 with a sketch of his He volution ary services, 1824. 
 His Revolutionary services and campaign of 1812, 
 by his daughter Maria Campbell, and J. F. 
 Clarke, was published 1848. Holmes, II. 470. 
 
 HULL, AKAETIUS B., minister in Worcester, 
 Mass., died in 1826, aged 47. Born in Wood- 
 bridge, Conn., he graduated at Yale in 1807; was 
 a tutor for six years ; then was ordained over the 
 first church in W., in 1821. He was a man of 
 great intelligence, and of a fine taste, and a faith 
 ful minister. Sprague s Annals. 
 
 HULL, ISAAC, a naval commander, died at 
 Philadelphia Feb. 13, 1843, aged 08. He was 
 born at Derby, and was forty-five years in the 
 service of his country. Bred to the sea, at the 
 first establishment of the navy he was appointed 
 lieutenant. In 1800 he cut out the French letter- 
 of-marquc> the Sandwich, from a port in St. 
 Domingo. In the war of 1812 he commanded 
 the Constitution frigate of forty-four guns. Aug. 
 19, after an action of thirty minutes he cap 
 tured the Gucrriere, Capt. I) acres, carrying fifty 
 guns. After this period he Avas for some time 
 employed in settling the estate of a deceased 
 brother. 
 
 HUME, ROBERT W., missionary, died in 1855. 
 He had been for fifteen years a much respected 
 member of the mission to Bombay. 
 
 HUMMING-BIRD, General, a Choctaw chief, 
 was from his youth a friend of the United States, 
 and fought many battles by the side of white men 
 against the red people. In the expedition of 
 Wayne and Scott in 1794, against the Shawnees 
 and Delawares, he commanded sixty Choctaw war 
 riors. In the war against the Creeks and British 
 he also distinguished himself. He died at Nash 
 ville, Tenn., Dec. 23, 1827, aged 75, and was 
 buried by Col. Ward, the agent, with the honors 
 of war. His commission and silver medal, re 
 ceived from Washington, were placed in his coffin. 
 
 HUMPHREY, JAMES, first minister of Athol, 
 Mass., died in 179G, aged 73. Born in Dorches 
 
 ter, he graduated at Harvard in 1744, was settled 
 in 1750, and resigned in 1782. 
 
 HUMPHREY, JOHN, died at Pittsficld Dec. 2, 
 1854, aged 38. The son of Rev. Dr. Humphrey, 
 he graduated at Amherst college in 1835, and 
 was pastor of the Winthrop church in Charles- 
 town, Mass., from which he was removed by rea 
 son of ill health. Then he was settled at Bing- 
 hamton, N. Y.; at last was appointed professor 
 of moral philosophy at Hamilton college. Se 
 lections from his sermons with memoirs by W. J. 
 Budington were published in 185G. 
 
 HUMPHREYS, DANIEL, minister of Derby, 
 Conn., died in 1787, aged about 75. He was 
 graduated at Yale in 1732, and Avas ordained the 
 next year. He Avas one of the ministers Avho 
 zealously promoted the rc\ ival of religion about 
 1740. Sprar/ue s Annals. 
 
 HUMPHREYS, DAVID, colonel, died Feb. 21, 
 1818, aged G5. He Avas the son of Daniel II., the 
 minister of Derby, Conn., Avas born in 1753, and 
 graduated at Yale college in 1771, and soon Avent 
 to reside in the family of Col. Phillips of Phillips 
 manor, NCAV York. He early entered the army 
 as a captain ; in 1778 he Avas a major and aid to 
 Gen. Putnam; in 1780 he Avas selected as Wash 
 ington s aid, Avith the rank of colonel, and re 
 mained in his family to the end of the Avar, 
 enjoying his confidence and friendship. His com 
 petitors for the place of aid Avcre Tallmadge, 
 Hull, and Alden. For his valor at the siege of York 
 congress honored him AA ith a SAVord. In 1784 he 
 accompanied Jefferson to Paris, as secretary of 
 legation, accompanied by his friend Kosciusko. 
 He returned in 1786, and Avas elected to the leg 
 islature from Derby. Being appointed to com 
 mand a regiment, raised for the Avcstern service, 
 he resided for some time at Hartford, and Avith 
 Trumbull, BarloAv, and Hopkins, Avrote the Anar- 
 chiad. In 1788 he Avent to reside with Wash 
 ington, and continued with him till he Avas ap 
 pointed in 1790 minister to Portugal. He sailed 
 in 1791 ; and soon after his return in 1794 Avas 
 appointed minister plenipotentiary to Spain. He 
 concluded treaties Avith Tripoli and Algiers. In 
 1802 he Avas succeeded by Pinckncy. In his last 
 years he devoted much care to the rearing of 
 merino sheep. In 1812 he took the command of 
 the militia of Connecticut. He died suddenly, of 
 an organic affection of the heart, at NCAV Haven. 
 His wife, whom he married in 1797, Avas the 
 daughter of John Bulkier, an English merchant 
 at Lisbon of great Avealth. He published in 
 1782 a poetical address to the armies of the 
 United States, Avhich was much celebrated. His 
 other works are poems on the happiness of Amer 
 ica ; on the future glory of the United States ; on 
 the industry of the United States ; on the love of 
 country ; on the death of Washington. lie 
 
HUNN. 
 
 IIUNTINGTON. 
 
 wrote also the life of Putnam, 1788; the widow 
 of Malabar, a tragedy, from the French, 1790; 
 and several political tracts and orations. A col 
 lection of his poems and tracts, including most 
 of his writings, was published at New York, 8vo., 
 1790 and 1804. Spec. American Poetry, l. 259- 
 272. 
 
 HUNN, NATHANIEL, the first minister of Read 
 ing, Conn., died in 1749. lie graduated at Yale 
 in 1731, and was settled in 1733. He published 
 the election sermon, 1747. 
 
 HUNNEWELL, WALTER, Dr., died in Water- 
 town Oct. 19, 1855, aged 86. Born in Cam 
 bridge, a graduate of 1787, he studied with Dr. 
 Spring ; his useful professional life was spent in W. 
 
 HUNT, JOHN, minister of Boston, died at his 
 father s house in Northampton Dec. 20, 1775, 
 aged 31. He and John Bacon were settled over 
 the old south church in Boston Sept. 26, 1771. 
 In the war in 1775, he was shut out of Boston; 
 his church was used as a riding-school. He died 
 of a pulmonary complaint. He was a preacher 
 of eminence and high promise. He published 
 a sermon at his ordination ; one on the death of 
 Sarah Gill, 1771. Hooker s Funeral Sermon ;\ 
 Spragtte s Annals. 
 
 HUNT, EBENEZER, M. D., a physician of 
 Northampton, was born there in 1744; was grad 
 uated at Harvard college in 1764; and studied 
 with Dr. Pyncheon of Springfield. He died Dec. 
 26, 1820, aged 76, having practised physic more 
 than fifty years, and in that time never having 
 sued any person for any debt, incurred by medi 
 cal attendance. For several years he was a 
 member of the senate. Thaclier. 
 
 HUNT, WILLIAM G., died in Nashville, Tenn., 
 Aug. 13, 1833, aged 42. He was a graduate of 
 Harvard in 1810 ; and a man of talents, and 
 learning, and worth. He lived at first in Boston. 
 He edited the National Banner. 
 
 HUNT, WILLIAM W., minister at North Am- 
 herst, Mass., died Oct. 5, 1837, aged 41. He | 
 graduated at Williams college in 1820, at An- 
 dover seminary in 1824. His sermons with a 
 memoir were soon published. 
 
 HUNT, LITTLETON, died in Gwinnett county, 
 Ga., March 12, 1843, aged 107, a soldier of the 
 Revolution, present at the battle of Guilford, and 
 wounded at Eutaw Springs. 
 
 HUNTER, WILLIAM, M. D., a physician of 
 Newport, K. I., was a native of Scotland; came to 
 this country about 1752; and gave, in 1754-6, 
 the first lectures on anatomy delivered in New 
 England. He died in 1777. His wife was the 
 daughter of Godfrey Malbonc, a rich merchant. 
 His son, William, was a senator of the United 
 States. Tliaclier. 
 
 HUNTER, ANDREW, a chaplain in the navy, 
 died at Washington in Feb., 1823, aged 75. In 
 the Revolutionary war he was a brigade chaplain. 
 
 Probably he was the A. II. who was of the class 
 of A. Burr at Princeton in 1772. 
 
 HUNTER, WILLIAM L., died in Newport Dec., 
 1849, aged 75. He was a lawyer, a senator in 
 congress from 1811 to 1821, and in 1842 minister 
 to Brazil. His style as a speaker was ornate and 
 more oratorical than was common at the bar. He 
 devoted much study in his last years to the sub 
 ject of religious liberty. 
 
 IIUNTINGTON, JOHN, minister of third church 
 in Salem, Mass., died May 30, 1766, aged 29. 
 The son of John II. of Norwich, Conn., he grad 
 uated at the college of New Jersey in 1759, and 
 was ordained Sept. 28, 1763. He died of the 
 consumption. He was a man much esteemed for 
 his talents and piety. Sprague s Annals. 
 
 HUNTINGTON, HEZEKIAII, died at New Lon 
 don in 1773, aged 76. He was chief judge of the 
 county court, a respected, useful, religious man. 
 Lord s Sermon. 
 
 HUNTINGTON, SAMUEL, governor of Con 
 necticut, died at Norwich Jan. 5, 1796, aged 63. 
 He was the eldest son of Nathaniel II., a farmer 
 of Windham, and was born in 1732. In his youth 
 he gave indications of an excellent understand 
 ing. Without the advantages of a collegial 
 education he acquired a competent knowledge of 
 the law, and was early admitted to the bar ; soon 
 after which he settled in Norwich in 1760, and in 
 a few years became eminent in his profession. 
 In 1764 he was a representative in the general 
 assembly, and the following year was appointed 
 king s attorney, which office he filled with repu 
 tation, until more important services induced him 
 to relinquish it. In 1774 he was made an assist 
 ant judge of the superior court. In 1775 he was 
 elected into the council, and in the same year 
 chosen a delegate to congress. In 1779 he was 
 president of that honorable body, and was re- 
 chosen the following year. After this year he 
 resumed his scat in the council and on the bench. 
 In 1783 he was again a member of congress. In 
 1784 he was appointed chief justice. He was 
 placed in the chair of the chief magistrate in 1786, 
 as successor of (Jov. Griswold, and was annually 
 re-elected till his death. His wife, Martha, the 
 daughter of Eb. Devotion, minister of Windham, 
 died June 4, 1794. Having no children, he 
 adopted two children of his brother, Joseph ; one 
 of whom was the governor of Ohio, and the other 
 married Rev. Edward D. Griffin. His elder broth 
 er, Nathaniel, minister of East Windsor, or El 
 lington, was ordained in 1749 and died in 1756, 
 aged 32. Gov. II. was an exemplary professor 
 of religion. He is one of those men, who by 
 the force of genius, by industry, patriotism, and 
 integrity, rose to eminent usefulness and honor. 
 Strong s Funeral Sermon ; Goodrich; Diciijld, 
 II. 43. 
 
 HUNTINGTON, JOSEPH, D. D., minister of 
 
HUNTINGTON. 
 
 Coventry, Conn., died in 1795, aged about 53. 
 He was graduated at Yale college in 17G2. One 
 daughter married Rev. Mr. Griffin ; another Mr. 
 Jones, and she was the mother of two eminent 
 men of Philadelphia, Judge Joel Jones and llcv. 
 Dr. Joseph Iluntington Jones. His brothers 
 were llev. Enoch II. of Middlctown, and Gov. 
 Samuel II. It is said, that many copies of his 
 work on future punishment remaining in the 
 family, Mrs. Jones " caused them to pass off in 
 smoke and flame." He is well known as the 
 author of a work, entitled, Calvinism improved, 
 or the gospel illustrated as a system of real 
 grace, issuing in the salvation of all men, which 
 Mas published, after his death, in 1796. It was 
 answered in the same year by Dr. Strong. It is 
 probable, that he adopted the notion of universal 
 salvation, as many others have, in consequence 
 of erroneous views of the divine sovereignty. 
 Ascribing to God an " Unalterable decree, in 
 cluding every thought, volition, or inclination of 
 all moral agents, every being and mode of be 
 ing, every circumstance, connection, and conse 
 quence throughout the whole system of being ; " 
 it would very naturally seem to him unjust, that 
 any man should be punished forever. He says, 
 " If any are in extreme sufferings to endless du 
 ration, in this case they must be infinite losers by 
 that existence, which the God of love forced upon 
 them." But surely Scripture does not ascribe to 
 God any decree or agency to produce sin ; on the 
 contrary, it declares expressly that God tempteth 
 no man to sin. Throughout the Bible, man is re 
 garded as a moral agent, self-acting, and, if sin 
 ful, with unforced volition choosing evil. Hence 
 he is responsible, and destined to answer for him 
 self in the final judgment. Setting out with the 
 grand error of absolute decree of sin, and pro 
 duction of it by God s power, and the consequent 
 denial of human responsibleness, Dr. II. founds 
 his argument for universal salvation on another 
 error in regard to the atonement of Christ, which, 
 he thought, included the endurance of all the pun 
 ishment threatened the sinner, and thus a satis 
 faction of the law, so that all sinful men are 
 released from its curse. Hence he says, by a 
 wild perversion of the plain language of scrip 
 ture, that sinners " in their surety, vicar, or sub 
 stitute, i. e. in Christ, the head of every man, go 
 away into everlasting punishment, in a true gos 
 pel sense. In him they suffer infinite punishment, 
 i. e. he suffers for them, in their room and stead." 
 By another strange perversion, revolting to com 
 mon sense, he represents that in the day of judg 
 ment, not men of all nations, but " characters 
 shall be separated one from another, as a shep 
 herd divideth the sheep from the goats." " The 
 character of sinners was always at God s left hand 
 and always Avill be." In the resurrection he main 
 tains that our sins will arise, " in the holy voice 
 58 
 
 HUNTINGTON. 
 
 457 
 
 of the law," and that this will be the only resur 
 rection to condemnation and everlasting shame 
 and contempt, while all men will arise to ever 
 lasting life. It is by such strange departure from 
 scripture and common sense, that error is built 
 up and miserable men are deluded. 
 
 Dr. Iluntington published a sermon on the 
 vanity and mischief of presuming on things be 
 yond our measure, 1774; a plea in the cause of 
 Mrs. Fisk, excommunicated for marrying a pro 
 fane man, 1779 ; address to his anabaptist breth 
 ren, 1783; election sermon, 1784; installation of 
 J. Ellis, 1785 ; on death of J. Howard, 1789; on 
 the atonement, 1791 ; on the death of Mrs. Strong, 
 1793. After his death his work on universal 
 salvation was published, called Calvinism improved. 
 Sprague s Annals. 
 
 HUNTINGTON, ENOCH, minister of Middle- 
 town, Conn., died in 1809, aged about 70. He 
 graduated at Yale in 1759. He succeeded "W. 
 Russell and was succeeded by Dan Iluntington. 
 The pastor of Westfield church in Middletown 
 was David Huntington, who graduated at Dart 
 mouth in the third class in 1773, and died in 1811, 
 aged about 60. He published a sermon at the 
 ordination of E. Parsons, 1773; a sermon on 
 political wisdom, 1786. 
 
 HUNTINGTOX, ASAIIEL, minister of Topsfield, 
 died April 22, 1813, aged 52. He left an unfin 
 ished sermon, written on the day of his sickness, 
 on the text, " Be ye also ready." He was born 
 in Franklin, Conn., once a part of Norwich, in 
 which town his ancestors lived. His grandfather 
 was Deacon Christopher II. He graduated at 
 Dartmouth in 1786, the first scholar in his class. 
 He was ordained in 1789. He was an excellent 
 minister and teacher. His wife was Alethea Lord 
 of Pomfret, of whom there is a portrait in Cleave- 
 land s address. She was the daughter of Dr. 
 Elisha L., and died in 1830, aged 83. Dr. Elisha 
 of Lowell and Asahel II. of Salem are his sons. 
 Tojy-ifield Celebration ; N. Cleaveland s Address. 
 
 HUNTIXGTON, JEDIDIAH, general, died Sept. 
 25, 1818, aged 75. He was born in Norwich, 
 Conn., Aug. 15, 1743, and was graduated at Har 
 vard college in 1763, on which occasion he pro 
 nounced the first English oration ever delivered 
 at commencement. He soon engaged in com 
 mercial pursuits in Norwich. At the age of twenty- 
 three he made a profession of religion. Entering 
 the army in command of a regiment in 1775, he 
 was in May, 1777, appointed by congress a briga 
 dier-general. After the war, during which he 
 had the esteem and confidence of Washington, he 
 was sheriff of the county and treasurer of the 
 State. In 1789 he was appointed collector of the 
 port of New London, an office which he held 
 twenty-six years, resigning it in 1815. His first 
 wife, the daughter of Gov. Trumbull, died at 
 Dedham in 1775, while he was on his way to join 
 
458 
 
 HUXTIXGTOX. 
 
 HUH]). 
 
 the army at Cambridge. His relict, the sister of 
 Bishop Moore of Virginia, died in March, 1831. 
 With the courage of the soldier he combined the 
 humble graces of the Christian. He was an offi 
 cer 6f the church, a member of the American 
 foreign mission society from its organization, and 
 a zealous supporter of various charitable institu 
 tions. His own charities were unequalled in Con 
 necticut. Panoplist, XV. 143. 
 
 HUXTIXGTOX, EBENEZER, major-general, 
 died at Norwich, Conn., in June, 1834, aged 79. 
 He graduated at Yale college in 1775, and joined 
 the army near Boston in the same year. He rose 
 in rank in successive years; in 1779 he was ap 
 pointed lieutenant-colonel, and was present at the 
 surrender of Cornwallis. He was twice elected a 
 member of congress. In 1799 he was appointed, 
 at the request of Washington, brigadier-general 
 in the army then raised. 
 
 HUNTTNGTON, HEZEKIAII, died at Middle- 
 town, Conn., May 27, 1842, aged 83. He was 
 United States attorney for Connecticut. 
 
 HUXTIXGTOX, JOSHUA, minister of Boston, 
 son of Jedidiah II., was born Jan. 31, 1786, 
 and graduated at Yale college in 1804. During 
 a revival in 1802 he became pious. He was or 
 dained colleague with Dr. Ecklcy, May 18, 1808, 
 and on his return from a journey for his health 
 to Canada, died at Groton Sept. 11, 1819, aged 
 33. He was a very faithful and useful minister, 
 and a humble, disinterested, excellent Christian. 
 When, in his sickness, told that he was about to 
 meet his father, he replied, " Yes ; it will be a 
 glorious meeting." He published memoirs of the 
 life of Abigail Waters, 1817. Panoplist, xvi. 
 529-535 ; Spragne s Annals. 
 
 HUXTIXGTOX, SUSAN, wife of the preceding, 
 the daughter of Achilles Mansfield, minister of 
 Killingworth, Conn., was born Jan. 27, 1791. 
 Her mother was the grand-daughter of Jared 
 Eliot, minister of K., a descendant of the " Indian 
 apostle." At the age of sixteen she made a pro 
 fession of religion. She was married May 18, 
 1809. After surviving her husband four years, 
 she died in Boston Dec. 4, 1823, aged 32. Her 
 four surviving children became partakers of the 
 same grace in which their parents rejoiced. She 
 was very intelligent and remarkably pious. She 
 wrote a letter to a friend recovered from sickness, 
 which is tract Xo. eighty-eight of the American tract 
 society, and the story of Little Lucy. Her me 
 moirs by B. B. Wisncr, with an introductory essay 
 and poem by James Montgomery, were published, 
 third edition, 1829, containing her letters, journal, 
 and some pieces of poetry. Five editions have 
 been published in Scotland. 
 
 HUXTIXGTOX, SAMUEL, governor of Ohio, 
 died at Painesville July 7, 1817, aged 49. He 
 was the son of Dr. H. of Coventry, and the 
 adopted son of Governor H. of Connecticut, was 
 
 born in 17G5, and graduated at Yale college in 
 1785. Removing in 1801 to Ohio, he was there 
 appointed chief justice. In 1808 he was elected 
 governor, as successor of Tiffin, the first governor; 
 in 1810 he was succeeded by Meigs. 
 
 IIUXTIXGTOX, GEORGE, died at Rome,N. Y., 
 Sept. 23, 1842, aged 71 ; an early settler, and pa 
 triarch of the village. There was but one house 
 when he settled. He was a merchant, a man of 
 talents and integrity. 
 
 HUXTIXGTOX, ZACHARIAH, general, died at 
 Xorwich, Conn., June 23, 1850, aged 86. 
 
 HUXTIXGTOX, JABEZ W., judge, died in 
 Xorwich Xov. 1, 1847, aged 59. He graduated 
 at Yale in 1806, and was a member of congress 
 from 1829 to 1834. He was a judge of the su 
 perior court of C., and a senator of the United 
 States in 1840 and in 1845. He had a high char 
 acter for talents, integrity, and patriotism. 
 
 IIUXTIXGTOX, JABEZ, deacon, died in Nor 
 wich Aug. 16, 1848, aged 81. The son of Gen. 
 Jedediah H., he graduated at Yale in 1784. He 
 was president of Norwich bank, and connected 
 with it for fifty years. Mrs. Sarah L. Smith, the 
 missionary, was his daughter. His widow, Sarah 
 Lanman H., died Feb. 19, 1850, aged 84; an in 
 telligent Christian, blind in her last years. 
 
 HUXTIXGTOX, NEHEMIAH, died in Peter 
 borough, N. Y., in 1855, aged 78. His father 
 removed from Bozrah to Lebanon, N. II., in 1780. 
 He graduated at Dartmouth in 1804, and was a 
 sound lawyer and ripe scholar, a Christian, and an 
 elder in the church ; a man rich in good deeds. 
 
 HUXTOOX, JONATHAN, governor of Maine, 
 died at Fail-field in Oct., 1851, aged 70. 
 
 HUXTTIXG, JONATHAN, died at Southold, L. I., 
 Dec. 30, 1850, aged 72. A graduate of Yale in 
 1804. he was the minister of Southold twenty-one 
 years, and after his dismission in 1828 supplied 
 various pulpits. 
 
 IIURD, CARLTON, D. I)., minister of Fryeburg, 
 Me., died Dec. 6, 1855, aged nearly 60. Born at 
 Newport, X. II., he graduated at Dartmouth in 
 1818. He was settled in 1823, and was an able 
 and laborious minister. He delivered some dis 
 courses on the Revelation, in the last of which he 
 gave notice that his next and last would be on 
 " the great white throne." The cause of his death 
 was a cold, taken by preaching a funeral sermon 
 near the open door of a private house. His re 
 collections of his daughter were published, with a 
 portrait by Sartain, 2d edition, 1847. Her 
 name was Marion Lyle Ilurd. 
 
 HURD, ISAAC, minister in Exeter, X. H., died 
 in South Reading Oct. 4, 1856, aged 70. Born 
 in Charlestown, he graduated at Harvard in 1 806, 
 and was ordained in Lynn Sept. 15, 1813, being 
 then a Unitarian ; but, becoming a Trinitarian, he 
 was dismissed in 1816, and the next year was in 
 stalled over the second church in Exeter, where 
 
HURLBUT. 
 
 HUTCHINSON. 
 
 459 
 
 he continued till his decease. He was a diligent 
 student, a good scholar, amiable, exemplary, and 
 faithful. 
 
 HURLBUT, JAMES, a physician, was born in 
 Berlin, Conn., in 1717, but lived in his latter years 
 at Wethersficld, where he died April 11, 1794, 
 aged 77. He was a learned and skilful physician. 
 No physician was better acquainted with our indi 
 genous matcria medica ; he employed the blood 
 root, geranium, cornus, trillium ; the cornus nor- 
 vegica in strangury. Although he was the greatest 
 genius in the medical profession in Connecticut, 
 he was in his last years a miserable drunkard, an 
 enormous eater of opium, a poor dependent on 
 charity. Thacher. 
 
 HURLBUT, MARTIN LUTHER, died in South 
 ampton in 1842, aged 61. He graduated at Wil 
 liams: college in 1804. He was eminent as a teach 
 er, and lived at Charleston, S. C., as well as at S. 
 His son, William Henry, a graduate of Harvard 
 in 1847, is known at Cambridge as a scholar; he 
 is the author of an interesting book relating to 
 one of the West India islands. 
 
 IIUTCHINS, THOMAS, geographer-general of 
 the United States, died at Pittsburgh April 28, 
 1789. He was born in Monmouth county, New 
 Jersey. Before he was sixteen years of age he 
 went to the western country, and was soon ap 
 pointed ensign in the army. He distinguished 
 himself at fort Pitt, the plan of which he laid 
 out, and which was executed by him under Gen. 
 Bouquet. He afterwards lived several years in 
 Louisiana, and was engaged in a variety of bat 
 tles with the Indians while with the army in West 
 Florida. He here obtained a captain s commis 
 sion in the British army ; but, being much at 
 tached to America, he found it necessary to relin 
 quish it. He was in London at the commencement 
 of the war in 1775, and his zeal in the cause of 
 his country induced him to refuse some excellent 
 offers which were made him in England. Being 
 suspected in 1779 of holding a correspondence 
 with Franklin, then in France, he was thrown 
 into a dungeon, and lost 12,000 pounds in one 
 day. In this dark and loathsome place he was 
 kept six weeks. He was then examined and lib 
 erated. After this he went to France and sailed 
 thence to Charleston, where he joined the army 
 under Gen. Greene. It was not long before he 
 was appointed geographer-general of the United 
 States. He was esteemed and beloved, being re 
 markable for piety, charity, and benevolence. 
 Under the vicissitudes of life he was patient and 
 resigned to the Divine will. Dr. Morse was much 
 indebted to him in the compilation of his Amer 
 ican gazetteer. He published an account of 
 Bouquet s expedition against the Ohio Indians in 
 17(54, with a map and plates, 17(>5; a description 
 of Virginia, Pennsylvania, Maryland, North Caro 
 lina, etc., with maps, London, 1778; and a his 
 
 torical narrative and topographical description of 
 Louisiana and West Florida, 1784. 
 
 HUTCHINSON, ANN, an artful woman, who 
 occasioned much difficulty in New England soon 
 after its first settlement, came from Lincolnshire 
 to Boston in 1036, and was the wife of Wm. II., 
 a representative of Boston. She was an admirer 
 of Mr. Cotton. The members of his church used 
 to meet every week to repeat his sermons, and 
 discourse on doctrines. She set up meetings for 
 women, and soon had a numerous audience. Af 
 ter repeating the sermons of Mr. Cotton she 
 added reflections of her own ; she advocated er 
 roneous sentiments, and warped the discourses of 
 her minister to coincide with her own opinions. 
 She asserted that believers are personally united 
 with the spirit of God ; that commands to work 
 out salvation belong only to such as are under a 
 covenant of works ; that sanctification is not suf 
 ficient evidence of a good state ; and she pre 
 tended to immediate revelation respecting future 
 events. She soon threw the whole colony into a 
 flame. Those who opposed her were said to be 
 in favor of a covenant of works, and those who 
 supported her were said to be vindicating a cove 
 nant of grace. The progress of her sentiments 
 occasioned the synod of 1637, the first synod in 
 America. This convention of ministers con 
 demned eighty-two erroneous opinions, then prop 
 agated in the country. Mrs. Hutchinson, after 
 this sentence of her opinions, was herself called 
 before the court in November of the same year, 
 and, being convicted of traducing the ministers 
 and advancing errors, was banished the colony. 
 Her trial is published in the appendix of the sec 
 ond volume of Hutchinson. She discovers art, 
 spirit, and talents. The church in Boston excom 
 municated her for many evils in her conversation 
 as well as for corrupt opinions. She went with 
 her husband to Rhode Island. In the year 1642, 
 after her husband s death, she removed into the 
 Dutch country beyond New Haven, and the next 
 year she, her son Francis, and most of her family 
 of sixteen persons were killed by the Indians. 
 Hist. Soc. vii. 16, 17; IX. 28, 29; Hutchinson, 
 I. 55-57, 66, 70-73 ; Magnolia, VII. 17-20 ; Win- 
 tlirop. 
 
 HUTCHINSON, THOMAS, died in Boston Dec. 
 3, 1739, aged 64. lie was the father of Gov. H. 
 He was long a member of the council, and de 
 serves remembrance for his good deeds. He was 
 a worthy member of the church. For thirty 
 years or more he gave away secretly to the poor 
 20 or 30 pounds in each year, at a season in 
 which he had received some special favor in God s 
 providence. He gave to the town the north Latin 
 school-house, and was at half the expense of the 
 north writing-school. Mather published a sermon 
 on his death. 
 
 HUTCHINSON, THOMAS, governor of Massa- 
 
460 
 
 HUTCHINSON. 
 
 HUTCHINSON. 
 
 chusetts, died June 3, 1780, aged 68. A de 
 scendant of Mrs. Ann H., he was the son of Col. 
 Thomas H., a distinguished merchant and mem 
 ber of the council, and a most benevolent and 
 excellent man, who died in 1739. lie was born 
 Sept. 9, 1711, and graduated at Harvard college 
 in 1727. He applied himself first to mercantile 
 business, but without success. He then engaged 
 in the study of the common law of England, and 
 the principles of the British constitution, with 
 reference to his employment in public life. For 
 ten years he was a representative, and the speaker 
 of the house three years. In 1752 he succeeded 
 his uncle Edward, a judge of probate; he was a 
 member of the council from 1749 to 1766, and 
 lieut. -governor from 1758 to 1771; in 1760 he 
 was appointed chief justice after the death of 
 Judge Sewall. This appointment displeased the 
 Otis family, the father having had the promise of 
 a scat on the bench. At one time he held the 
 offices of councillor, judge of probate, chief jus 
 tice, and lieutenant-governor. His respect to 
 religious institutions, his sympathy with the dis 
 tressed, his affability, his integrity, industry, and 
 talents, procured .in a very high degree the public 
 confidence. The stamp act being passed, Andrew 
 Oliver, one of the council, and brother-in-law of 
 Mr. Hutchinson, was appointed distributor of 
 stamps. The law was to go into effect Nov. 1, 
 1765. A few months before that time, Jared In- 
 gersoll, the distributor for Connecticut, arrived in 
 Boston from London. When he left town, Mr. 
 Oliver accompanied him a short distance, in con 
 sequence of which he was hung in effigy on the 
 great tree at South Boston, and a mob destroyed 
 a building which he had erected, supposed to be 
 designed for a stamp office, and also destroyed 
 the furniture of his house. Mr. Oliver immedi 
 ately resigned his office. In the evening the mob 
 thanked him, and made a bonfire on Fort hill near 
 his house. The next evening the house of Mr. 
 Hutchinson was attacked, a report being spread 
 that he had written letters in favor of the stamp 
 act ; but the chief damage was the breaking of 
 the windows. In a few evenings there was a more 
 formidable assault. The merchants being dis 
 pleased with the officers of the customs and the 
 admiralty, a mob was collected in the evening of 
 Aug. 26th in King street, and well supplied with 
 strong drink. Having first plundered the cellar 
 of the comptroller of the customs of the wine and 
 spirits, the rioters proceeded with intoxicated rage 
 to the house of Mr. Ilutchinson, and, splitting 
 the doors to pieces with broad axes, they de 
 stroyed or cast into the street everything which 
 was in the house, and kept possession until day 
 light. The damage was estimated at 2,500 
 pounds, besides the loss of a great collection 
 of public and private papers. He received a 
 grant for liis losses. The governor was that 
 
 night at the castle. The town the next day 
 voted their abhorrence of the riot ; but no person 
 was punished ; even six or eight persons who were 
 imprisoned for this affair were released by a com 
 pany, who, by threats, obtained the keys of the 
 prison from the prison-keeper. 
 
 The political controversy continued during the 
 remainder of Bernard s administration from 1765 
 to 1770; and Mr. Hutchinson, by taking his seat 
 in the council in 1767 without being chosen, and 
 merely in consequence of his office of lieut.-gov- 
 ernor, excited a clamor against him. He charged 
 it upon Mr. llawlcy s resentment for something 
 which had occurred in the court of common law. 
 But the claim to a seat was voluntarily aban 
 doned, though Mr. II. thought, that the early 
 practice sanctioned the claim. In a few days, 
 however, he was appointed by the house to an 
 important post, that of one of the commissioners 
 for settling the boundary with New York. In 
 1768 the arrival of the troops at Boston increased 
 the popular excitement against the lieut. -govern or. 
 At the request of the governor he accompanied 
 the sheriff to the manufactory house, to advise the 
 occupants to leave it, as it belonged to the State and 
 was at the disposal of the governor, who had ap 
 propriated it for the use of the troops ; but the 
 occupants, encouraged by " the first-rate sons of 
 liberty," held their ground. When Gov. Bernard 
 left the province in 1769, the administration de 
 volved on Mr. Ilutchinson, the lieut. -governor. 
 In the next year the Boston massacre, as it was 
 called, occurred, and inflamed the public mind ; 
 he had also a long controversy with the as 
 sembly, on his proroguing the assembly to 
 Cambridge, by order of the king ; the council 
 was also opposed to him. At this period, in med 
 itating on the future, he concluded, that it would 
 be prudent for him to remain chief justice, and to 
 pass his days in peace ; and his wishes he com 
 municated to the British government. In the 
 mean time, however, his commission as governor 
 was received in March, 1771, Andrew Oliver being 
 nominated lieut. -governor, and Tho. Flucker sec 
 retary in his stead. Unhappily for himself, he 
 accepted the appointment, for from this time till 
 his departure for England in 1774, he was in con 
 stant dispute with the assembly and council. 
 Among the subjects of controversy were the pro 
 vision made for his support by the crown, which 
 paid him a salary of 1500 pounds, and the pro 
 vision made in the same way for the judges. By 
 his speech Jan. 6, 1773, asserting the supreme 
 authority of parliament, he provoked a discussion 
 by the council and house, which it would have 
 been wiser not to have awakened. Indeed, the 
 minister recommended to him not to renew the 
 discussion. In 1772 Dr. Franklin procured some 
 confidential letters of Gov. H., and others, and 
 sent them in the autumn to Samuel Cooper, with 
 
HUTCIIINSON. 
 
 HUTCHIXSON. 
 
 461 
 
 an injunction, that they should not be copied nor 
 published. Mr. Cooper put them into the hands 
 of the speaker, with permission to show them to 
 five persons. Thus they were kept six or eight 
 months. In June, 1773, they were communicated 
 to the legislature in secret session. In order to 
 obviate the difficulty of the restriction and to 
 make them "public, Mr. II. says, that Mr. Han 
 cock presented to the house copies of the letters, 
 which some one in the street had put into his 
 hands ; and the next day, in consequence of 
 copies being abroad, the person to whom they were 
 sent gave his consent to the publication. It has 
 been recently asserted, that Mr. Williamson ob 
 tained them from a public office ; but this is 
 probably a mistake. They were written to 
 Thomas Whately, a member of parliament, who 
 at the time was out of office, and in opposition to 
 the ministry, and the ministry never saw them. 
 In the letters also there was no sentiment but 
 what the governor had openly expressed in his 
 addresses to the legislature. The council indeed 
 reproached him for saying, " there must be an 
 abridgment of what are called English liberties ;" 
 but this was no more than what had been said 
 openly in his speech at the last meeting, the 
 whole paragraph was, " I never think of the meas 
 ures necessary for the peace and good order of the 
 colonies without pain ; there must be an abridg 
 ment of what are called English liberties ; I 
 doubt whether it is possible to project a system of 
 government in which a colony, three thousand 
 miles distant, shall enjoy all the liberty of the 
 parent state." The writers of the other letters 
 were Andrew Oliver, Charles Paxton, Thomas 
 Moffatt, llobert Auchmuty, Nathaniel Rogers, 
 and George Home. Gov. II. complained, that his 
 letters were united with the other letters, of which 
 he knew nothing, and that he was made respon 
 sible for all. Franklin remarked, in regard to 
 the restriction under which he sent the letters, 
 " possibly, as distant objects seen only through a 
 mist appear larger, the same may happen from 
 the mystery in this case." For their concern in 
 obtaining these letters, Dr. Franklin and Mr. 
 Temple were removed from office. Mr. II. 
 thought, that the letters had been in the posses 
 sion of a member of parliament, not Mr. Whately, 
 and by him given to Dr. Franklin. The last pub 
 lic difficulty was the affair of the tea. A part of 
 it had been consigned to two sons of the gov 
 ernor, a part to Richard Clark and sons, and a 
 part to Benj. Faneuil and Josh. Winslow. On 
 the arrival of the first ship with tea, a " body 
 meeting " of the town and neighborhood was 
 called at old south church, on Tuesday, Nov. 30th, 
 and it was resolved, that the tea should be sent 
 back ; Mr. Rotch, the owner, being required not 
 to enter the tea, and Capt. Hall, the master, not 
 to land it. By order of the town the ship was 
 
 brought from below the castle to a wharf, and a 
 watch of twenty-five men was appointed for secur 
 ing the ship. The governor sent a sheriff, who 
 read a proclamation for the dispersion of the pub 
 lic, but a general hiss followed, and it was unani 
 mously voted to proceed in defiance of the gov 
 ernor, and compel the owner and master to 
 engage to send the tea back in the same vessel. 
 When two other vessels arrived, the committee of 
 safety required them to be brought to the same 
 wharf. There was a difficulty in the return of the 
 ships, for no clearance could be obtained from the 
 custom-house, and no pass by the castle from the 
 governor. As there were several men-of-war in 
 the harbor, an attempt to get to sea without a 
 pass would be ineffectual. It was apprehended, 
 too, that the collector would demand the duties, 
 and seize the ship and goods, in the proper dis 
 charge of his office. Another " body " meeting 
 was therefore summoned Dec. 14, 1773, of the 
 people of Boston and the adjacent towns, who en 
 joined the owner of the ship to apply for a clear 
 ance and a pass, which were refused. When the 
 governor s answer was returned to the "body," 
 they dissolved the meeting and repaired to the 
 wharf as a guard to the destroyers of the tea. 
 About fifty men, covered with blankets and ap 
 pearing like Indians, had previously marched by 
 the old south church, and gone on board the ves 
 sel. On the arrival of the " body," the " Indians" 
 in two or three hours hoisted out of the holds of 
 the ship three hundred and forty-two chests of 
 tea and emptied them into the sea. The gov 
 ernor was much blamed in England for not 
 granting a pass ; but he could not have done it 
 without violating his oath, as the laws of the cus 
 tom-house had not been observed. Nor could 
 he secure the tea in the town without bringing 
 the regiment from the castle, or by marines from 
 the men-of-war. This would have brought on a 
 contest. In fact, the sons of liberty had annihi 
 lated all the powers of government. There was 
 not a judge, justice of the peace, or sheriff, who 
 could venture to withstand the inflamed, deter 
 mined people. Feb. 24, 1774, he informed the 
 legislature by message, that he had obtained his 
 majesty s leave to go to England, and that he 
 should soon avail himself of it. Gen. Gage ar 
 rived May 1 ith, but Mr. II. was assured of the 
 king s intention to reinstate him, when Gen. 
 Gage s services should be elsewhere required, and 
 that he should not suffer by the loss of his com 
 mission. He sailed for England June 1st. 
 
 After the publication of the letters in 1773, 
 the council and house voted an address for the 
 removal of the governor. His friend, Israel 
 Mauduit, petitioned for a hearing before the privy 
 council, which was granted Jan. 29, 1774, Mr. 
 Wcdderburne defending the governor, and Mr. 
 Dunning and John Lee being on the other side. 
 
462 
 
 HUTCHIXSON. 
 
 HYDE. 
 
 The decision was in favor of " the honor, integ 
 rity, and conduct " of the governor, and was ap 
 proved by the king. In Massachusetts Jonathan 
 Sewall ably deicnded him under the signature of 
 Philalethes. After his arrival in England, the 
 unprosperous state of affairs in America deprived 
 him of the offices and rewards he may have ex 
 pected, though he received a pension. He lived 
 at Brompton, near London. The death of his 
 youngest son, William, in Feb., 1780, most deeply 
 afflicted him ; and he himself died in June, and was 
 buried at Croydon. His son, Thomas, died in 
 England in 1811, aged 71, and Elisha, in 1824, 
 aged 80. His brother, Foster II., was a judge 
 of the supreme court. Mr. Hutchinson was a 
 man of a good character, of unwearied industry, 
 and of respectable talents. But it was his fortune 
 to live at a Revolutionary period, and in the very 
 focus of the popular excitement. His political 
 views he candidly and manfully explained to the 
 legislature in many speeches and messages, which 
 display his learning, temper, and abilities. If any 
 man deserved the gratitude of the British admin 
 istration, it was he. Though a baronetcy was 
 offered, which he declined for private reasons , 
 yet was he treated with neglect. Had the " rebel 
 lion " been put down the first year, he would have 
 been deemed worthy of the highest honors, so 
 much does the estimation of men depend on suc 
 cess. Massachusetts, amidst all the vituperations 
 against him for encouraging the ministers in their 
 measures to keep the colonies in a state of de 
 pendence, has one cause to remember him with 
 gratitude, for when the commissioners, Brattle, 
 Hawley, and Hancock, met those of New York 
 at Hartford, May 12, 1773, it was his advice only, 
 which prevented them from abandoning the claim 
 of Mass, to the western territory of New York, 
 which was retained and sold for a large sum. He 
 deserves great honor also for his labors in regard 
 to the history of Massachusetts. He published 
 a brief state of the claim of the colonies, etc., 
 1764 ; the history of the colony of Massachusetts 
 Bay, from the first settlement thereof in 1628 
 until the year 1750, in 2 vols., 8vo., the first in 
 1760, and the second in 1767; and a collection 
 of original papers relative to the history of the 
 colony of Massachusetts Bay, 8vo., 1769. Those 
 works are held in high estimation by those who 
 are searching into the history of our country. 
 His grandson, Rev. John II., of Trentham, Eng., 
 published from his manuscripts a third volume of 
 the history of Massachusetts, from 1749 to 1774, 
 8vo., London, 1828. There was promised many 
 years ago a biography of Gov. II. by the same 
 descendant. Warren ; Gordon ; Minot ; IIulc/i- 
 ins on s Hist. 
 
 HUTCHINSON, JAMES, M. I)., professor of 
 materia medica and chemistry in the university of 
 Pennsylvania, died at Philadelphia of the yellow 
 
 fever Sept. 6, 1793, aged 51. One of his sons 
 was consul at Lisbon. Thadier. 
 
 HUTCIIIXSON, ISRAEL, colonel, an officer in 
 the Revolutionary war, died at Danvcrs, Mass., 
 in 1811, aged 84. 
 
 HUTCHINSON, AARON, the minister of Graf- 
 ton, Mass., died in 1800, aged 76. Born in He 
 bron, Conn., he graduated at Yale in 1747, and 
 was settled in 1750, and resigned in 1772, and 
 was succeeded by D. Grosvenor. In 1775 he 
 engaged to preach for five years in the towns of 
 Pomf ret, Woodstock, and Hartford, Yt. In 1776 
 he removed his family of ten children to Yer- 
 mont, having a farm in Pomfret, preaching in the 
 vicinity till his death. He had memory and a 
 strong mind, but was unpolished and eccentric. 
 In his whole life he was prevented from preach 
 ing by ill health only two Sabbaths. He pub 
 lished at Grafton a sermon on valor for the truth. 
 Dr. Tucker replied to the sermon. When some 
 of his people found him digging at the bottom 
 of a well, " Really," said Dr. Tucker, " that was 
 veritas inputeo." He published also a reply to 
 Tucker, 1768; a sermon after the execution of 
 Arthur; two sermons as he left his people, 1772 ; 
 a sermon, 1772; at Pelham, 1773. Sprague s 
 Annals. 
 
 IIUTCHINSON, AARON, died in 1843, aged 
 upwards of 90. The son of Rev. Aaron II. of 
 Grafton, Mass., he graduated at Harvard in 1770. 
 He was a lawyer in Grafton, N. II., and in Leba 
 non, N. II., where he died. His son, Henry, a 
 lawyer at Hanover, N. II., and at N. Y., married 
 Mary, a daughter of Professor Woodward. 
 
 HUTCHINSON, ANDERSON, chief justice of 
 Texas, died at Jackson, Miss., Dec. 31, 1852. He 
 was the author of a code, and manual of forms. 
 
 HYDE, ALVAN, D. D., minister of Lee, Mass., 
 died suddenly Dec. 4, 1833, aged 65. Born in 
 Franklin, Conn., the son of Joseph, he graduated 
 at Dartmouth in 1788. and was settled June 6, 
 1792. He was highly respected as a pious, faith 
 ful, and successful minister, and as a teacher of 
 young men destined for the ministry. His suc 
 cessor from 1834 to 1838 was J. N. Danforth. 
 His brethren in Berkshire were Judson, West, 
 Catlin, Shepard, Allen, and Collins. His son, 
 Alvan, a graduate of Williams in 1815, was set 
 tled as a minister at Madison, Ohio, and died in 
 1824, at Lee, aged 30. A memoir of Dr. Hyde 
 was published in 1834. He published the follow 
 ing sermons : at thanksgiving, 1796 ; on the death 
 of Mrs. West and II. W. Dwight, 1804; of Mrs. 
 Bassctt, of Mrs. Benton ; of Rev. D. Perry, 1817 ; 
 of Madam 1). Williams, 1833 ; on the conjugal 
 relation, 1815 ; at the ordination of A. Clark, 
 1807; of A. Hyde, Jr., 1819; the power of Christ 
 in the salvation of believers, 1810; on the land 
 ing at Plymouth, 1820 ; on temperance, 1829 ; 
 sketches of the life of Rev. Dr. West, 1819; 
 
HYDE. 
 
 INMAN. 
 
 463 
 
 an essay on the state of infants,1830. Sprague s 
 Anna!*. 
 
 HYDE, NANCY MAIIIA, died at Norwich, Conn., 
 March 26, 18 1(5, aged 24. She was the daughter j 
 of Elishn Hyde, who died in 1813. For a few 
 years she was a teacher of young ladies, well 
 qualified, skilful in painting and embroidery. Her 
 writings, with a sketch of her life by her friend 
 and neighbor, Miss Huntley, afterwards Mrs. Sig- 
 ourney, were published in 1816. 
 
 ILLSLEY, ISAAC, collector of the port of Port 
 land, Me., appointed by Jefferson, died Oct. 17, 
 18,33, aged 88. 
 
 DILAY, GEORGE, published a topographical 
 description of the western territory of North 
 America, 8vo., London, 1792; the same, with a 
 supplement by J. Filson, 2 vols., New York, 
 1793. 
 
 INCE, JONATHAN, a distinguished mathemati 
 cian, died in 1657. He graduated at Harvard in 
 1650, in the class of President Hoar. 
 
 IXG ALLS, WILLIAM, M. D., professor of an at 
 om}- in Brown university, died at Wrentham, 
 Sept. 8, 1851, aged 82. Born in Newburyport, 
 the son of "William, his earlier ancestor, Edmund 
 of Lynn, came from Lincolnshire in 1629. He 
 was a graduate of Harvard in 1790 ; the only sur 
 vivor of his class is Josiah Quincy. He was long 
 an eminent physician in Boston. 
 
 INGERSOLL, JONATHAN, minister of Ridge- 
 field, Conn., died in 1778, aged about 62. lie 
 was graduated at Yale in 1736. He published 
 election sermon, 1761. 
 
 INGERSOLL, JARKD, a judge of the admiralty 
 court, died in New Haven in Aug., 1781, aged 
 about 60. He was born in Milford, Conn., in 
 1722; was graduated at Y T ale college in 1742; 
 settled at New Haven as a lawyer, and was agent 
 of the colony in England in 1757 ; but being ap 
 pointed distributor of the stamps in Connecticut, 
 under the stamp act, he lost his popularity. The 
 people of New Haven compelled him to resign 
 Aug. 24, 1765. Not deeming this resignation 
 explicit, a large company from the eastern part 
 of Connecticut set out on a journey to New Ila- 
 vcn. They met Mr. I. at "Wethersfield, when they 
 compelled him to resign and cry out, three times, 
 Liberty and Property. The next day five hun 
 dred men escorted him to Hartford. On being 
 appointed admiralty judge for the middle district, 
 about the year 1780, he removed to Philadelphia ; 
 but in consequence of the Revolution he returned 
 to New Haven. 
 
 INGEKSOLL, SAMUEL B., minister of Shrews 
 bury, Mass., died in 1820. He succeeded Dr. 
 Sunnier. He graduated at Yale in 1817, and in 
 three years died in the year of his settlement. 
 His sermon at Shrewsbury June 18, 1820, was 
 published, with a memoir. 
 
 IXGERSOLL, JARED, LL. D., judge of the 
 
 district court of Philadelphia, the son of Judge 
 Jarcd, died Oct. 31, 1822, aged 73. He was 
 graduated at Yale college in 1766, and attained 
 a high rank as a lawyer in Philadelphia. Tie was 
 also a member of congress, and of the convention 
 which framed the constitution of the United States. 
 The office of attorney-general of Pennsylvania he 
 resigned in 1816. At the time of his death he 
 was judge. In 1812 he was the Federal candi 
 date for the office of vice-president of the United 
 States. 
 
 INGERSOLL, JONATHAN, LL. D., judge, and 
 lieut.-governor of Connecticut, died Jan. 12, 1843, 
 aged 76. He was born in Ridgefield, the son of 
 Rev. Jonathan I., and was graduated at Yale in 
 1766. lie settled at Xew Haven and became emi 
 nent in the profession of the law. During the last 
 thirty years of his life he was in many unsought 
 public employments, and in all enjoyed the per 
 fect confidence of his fellow citizens. He was ap 
 pointed judge in 1798, but resigned in 1801, and 
 was chosen lieut.-governor in 1816. He left a 
 wife and seven children. His daughter, Grace, 
 married to Peter Grellet, died in Paris, 1816. 
 He was a patriot, statesman, and incorruptible 
 judge. Of the episcopal church he was from 
 early life a member ; his life evinced his benevo 
 lence and piety ; he was eminently a man of 
 prayer. He lived and died without reproach ; 
 yet at death he had no proud confidence ; his re 
 liance was on the mercy of the Redeemer. 
 
 IXGERSOLL, JAMES, died in Boston 1851, be 
 queathing to various societies 20,000 dollars. 
 
 INGLES, JOHN, colonel, a brave officer dur 
 ing the Revolutionary war, died near Raleigh, 
 X. C., Oct. 10, 1816, aged 77. He was an emi 
 grant Scotchman, and was commended by Steuben 
 as one of the best of disciplinarians. 
 
 IXGLIS, CHARLES, 1). I)., bishop of Nova 
 Scotia, died in February or March, 1816, aged 82. 
 He was rector of Trinity church, New York, in 
 1777, and for some years; but he fled as a tory, 
 and was succeeded by Mr. Provoost. His son, 
 John, Avas made bishop in 1825 ; and died in Lon 
 don in Nov., 1850. He published an answer to 
 Panic s Common Sense, in Feb., 1776, which 
 made him obnoxious to the patriots. Observer, 
 Jan. 16, 1851. 
 
 INGLIS, JAMES, D. D., minister of Baltimore, 
 and an eloquent preacher, died Aug. 15, 1820. 
 A volume of his sermons was soon afterward 
 published. 
 
 INGRAM, DAVID, wrote travels in America in 
 1582 ; published in Ilakluyt. 
 
 INMAN, RICHARD, died in "Wilkesbarre, Penn., 
 in 1831, aged 77. He lost four brothers in In 
 dian battles and skirmishing in 1778. He left a 
 large family of children, who removed still farther 
 west. 
 
 INMAN, HENRY, died at New York Jan. 17, 
 
464 
 
 INMAX. 
 
 IVES. 
 
 1846, aged 44, a distinguished painter, and presi 
 dent of the National academy of the arts of de 
 sign. He was born in Utica, and studied under 
 Jarvis. lie was chiefly skilled in portrait paint 
 ing, working rapidly, and having a peculiar free 
 dom and grace of pencil. He was an artist of 
 fine powers, producing delightful pictures. 
 
 INMAN, JOHN, died in New York March 30, 
 1850, aged 40. He was a brother of Henry In- 
 man, a native of Utica, and educated for the law, 
 but spent his life in literary and editorial labors. 
 On his return from Europe, he was connected 
 with the Standard and the New York Mirror, and 
 with the Commercial Advertiser, of which he be 
 came chief editor on the death of Col. Stone. 
 For some years he edited the Columbian maga 
 zine. 
 
 IREDELL, JAMES, judge, was appointed a 
 judge in North Carolina in 1777, and in 1790, a 
 judge of the supreme court of the United States. 
 lie died in Edenton in October, 1799. James I., 
 probably his son, was governor in 1827. 
 
 IREDELL, JAMES, governor of North Caro 
 lina in 1827, died in 1853, aged 65. He was also 
 judge of the superior court, and a senator of the 
 United States from 1828 to 1831. 
 
 IRVIN, CALLENDER, general, died at Philadel 
 phia in 1841. He was commissary-general of 
 supplies, and president of the Cincinnati, much 
 respected. 
 
 Ill VINE, WILLIAM, major-general, died July 
 30, 1804, aged 63. He was born in Ireland. 
 Educated for the medical profession, he served as 
 a surgeon on board of a British ship in the war 
 which began in 1754, and after the peace of 1763 
 settled at Carlisle, Penn. In 1774 he was a mem 
 ber of the state convention. In 1776 he served 
 in Canada, and accompanied Col. Thompson, who 
 was dispatched by Gen. Sullivan from Sorelle to 
 dislodge the enemy from Trois Rivieres ; but was 
 taken prisoner June 16th, and remained as such 
 at Quebec nearly two years, until he was ex 
 changed in April, 1778. On his release he was 
 promoted to the command of the second Penn 
 sylvania regiment. In 1781 the defence of the 
 northwestern frontier, threatened by the British 
 and Indians, was intrusted to him. After the 
 war he was elected a member of congress. Dur 
 ing the whiskey insurrection of 1794 he was a 
 commissioner to the insurgents on the part of the 
 State, and, his peaceful mission having failed, he 
 was more successful at the head of the militia. 
 Removing about this time from Carlisle to Phila 
 delphia, he way appointed intendant of military 
 stores. 
 
 IRVINE, JAMES, general, a Revolutionary offi 
 cer, died at Philadelphia, April, 1819, aged 84. 
 He was a colonel in 1776; in 1782 a major-gen 
 eral in Pennsylvania. 
 
 IRVING, SIIIKLEY, a physician of Portland, 
 
 Me., died in Boston in July, 1813, aged 54. He 
 was the son of John Irving and the grandson of 
 Gov. W. Shirley. He entered Harvard college 
 in 1773, but the war interrupted his studies. For 
 many years he was a highly esteemed physician 
 in Portland. In his last years he suffered from an 
 affection of the lungs, and was induced to return 
 to Boston. He was of an equable temper, of un 
 bending integrity, affable and benevolent, as well 
 as learned without pedantry. Dr. S. W. Wil 
 liams Med. Jjioff. 
 
 IRVING, WILLIAM, a literary merchant, was a 
 member of congress from New York city from 
 1812 to 1818, and one of the committee of com 
 merce and manufactures. He died Nov. 9, 1821. 
 He was the brother of Washington Irving, of 
 whose " Salmagundi " he wrote some papers. 
 
 IRVING, MATTHEW, a physician, died at 
 Charleston, S. C., in Sept., 1827. He was a dis 
 tinguished physician and scholar, and a patriot of 
 the Revolution. 
 
 IRWIN, JARED, general, governor of Georgia, 
 wns a soldier of the Revolution. He was a mem 
 ber of the convention which adopted the con 
 stitution in 1789; was governor from 1796 to 
 1798, and also from 1806 to 1809, when he was 
 succeeded by Mitchell; and died March 1, 1818, 
 aged 68. 
 
 ISHAM, JIRAII, general, died at New London, 
 Conn., in 1842, aged 54. Born in Colchester, he 
 graduated at Yale in 1797; was a lawyer at New 
 London, much respected, state s attorney, mayor, 
 and judge of probate ; also major-general of the 
 militia in the war of 1812. His three wives were 
 Lucretia, daughter of Dr. L. Hubbard of New 
 Haven, Lucretia Starr, and Elizabeth C. Trott of 
 New London. He left twelve children. 
 
 IVES, LEVI, M. D., a physician, was born in 
 1750, and died at New Haven, Conn., Oct. 17, 
 1826, aged 76. He was one of the founders of 
 the New Haven medical society, and one of the 
 conductors of the " Cases and Observations," a 
 medical journal at New Haven, the first in this 
 country. With professional skill, he acquired 
 only a competence. While he regarded the 
 temporal weli are of his patients, he had a deeper 
 solicitude for their spiritual interests. 
 
 IVES, JESSE, minister of Norfolk, Conn., died 
 in 1805, aged about 69. He graduated at Yale 
 in 1758, in the class of Dr. Hopkins. 
 
 IVES, REUBEN, Episcopal minister, died in 
 Cheshire, Conn., Oct. 14, 1836, aged 75. He 
 was a graduate of Yale in 1786. 
 
 rVES, ANSEL W., a physician, died in New 
 York Feb. 2, 1838, aged 50." Born in Woodbury, 
 Conn., a farmer s son, he was accustomed as he 
 went to his toils in the field to carry a book in his 
 pocket; then he taught school; then studied 
 physic with Dr. North of New London, Dr. 
 Wliitc of Fishkill, and Dr. Mott of New York. 
 
IZARD. 
 
 As a physician his practice continually increased. 
 In 1827 he became a member of the Presbyterian 
 church. He wrote for the medical journals. His 
 paper on the humulus lupulus gained him reputa 
 tion. He rcpublished with notes Paris pharma- 
 cologisc, and Hamilton on mercurial remedies ; 
 and on the influenza of 1815. Williams Med. 
 Biog. 
 
 IZARD, RALPH, a senator of the United 
 States from South Carolina, from 1789 to 1795, 
 was a distinguished and eloquent statesman. In 
 the judgment of Washington, no man was more 
 honest in public life. There was an enthusiasm 
 in his political sentiments ; but his patriotic mo 
 tives were unquestionable. In the senate he had 
 the confidence of all parties. He died at South 
 Bay, May 30, 1804, aged 66. His wife was Alice, 
 daughter of Peter Delancey of New York. 
 
 IZARD, GEORGE, general, governor of the 
 Arkansas territory from 1825 to 1828, died at 
 Little Rock, in consequence of the gout, Nov. 22, 
 1828. He was a native of South Carolina. After 
 a classical education and travelling in Europe he 
 entered the army as a captain of artillery and 
 rose to the rank of major-general. At one period 
 of the late war he commanded the division on the 
 northwestern frontier. After the war he resided 
 near Philadelphia till he was appointed successor 
 of Gov. Miller. In his office of governor he was 
 faithful and had the confidence of the people. 
 
 JACKMAN, ABEL, colonel, died in 1820, in 
 Corinth, Me., aged 58. In assisting to hive a 
 swarm of bees he was so stung as to die in ten 
 minutes. Who is secure against death? 
 
 JACKSON, EDWARD, died at Newton, Mass., 
 in 1681, aged 78. He came from England in 
 1645. To Harvard college he gave four hundred 
 acres of land in Billerica and other property. 
 His descendants were numerous : one of his 
 daughters married Rev. N. Hobart. 
 
 JACKSON, JOSEPH, minister of Brookline, 
 Mass., died July 22, 1796, aged 61, and was suc 
 ceeded by John Pierce. Born in Boston, he grad 
 uated at Harvard in 1753 ; was a tutor some 
 years; and was ordained April 9, 1760. He was 
 an excellent and acceptable preacher ; but through 
 his modesty we cannot judge of his merit from his 
 writings, for he never would consent to publish a 
 sermon, although he was often requested. 
 
 JACKSON, JONATHAN, died in Boston in 1810, 
 aged 67. He was the son of Edward, a mer 
 chant, who graduated in 1726, and died in 1757, 
 whose only sister married Judge Wendell. Mr. J. 
 was graduated at Harvard in 1761, and was after 
 wards treasurer of the college and of the State. 
 He was a member of the provincial congress, and 
 of congress in 1781 ; the first marshal of Massa 
 chusetts district, and inspector of excise. His 
 sons, Judge Charles and Dr. James, were men of 
 eminence. Taking an early part in the American 
 59 
 
 JACKSON. 
 
 4G5 
 
 struggle for freedom, and being the owner of a 
 slave, named Pomp, he felt the obligation of set 
 ting him free. He therefore liberated him by a 
 noble document, recorded in the Suffolk probate 
 office, and dated two weeks before the Declara 
 tion of Independence, saying : " I, Jonathan Jack 
 son of Newburyport, in consideration of the im 
 propriety I feel and have long felt in holding any 
 person in constant bondage, more especially at the 
 time when my country is so warmly contending 
 for the liberty every man ought to enjoy," and 
 then declares, that he has given freedom to his 
 " negro man Pomp." This man lived, served in 
 the cause of freedom during the war, and died in 
 Andover, near Pomp s pond, in 1822, aged about 
 94. Washington had the same feelings with 
 Jackson, and ordered his slaves to be liberated on 
 the death of his wife, as there were obstacles to 
 their earlier liberation. F. Jackson s Ilist. of 
 Newton. 
 
 JACKSON, HALL, M. D., a physician, died 
 Sept. 28, 1797, in consequence of being overset 
 in his gig while riding to visit a patient. He was 
 the son of Dr. Clement Jackson of Portsmouth, 
 N. II., who died Oct. 10, 1788, aged 82. After 
 studying with his father, he attended the medical 
 lectures in London during three years. On his 
 return he settled in his native town, where he was 
 eminent not only as a physician, but particularly 
 as a surgeon. He frequently performed the op 
 eration of couching the eye. His habits were 
 social, and he Avas a welcome guest in every circle. 
 The culture of the foxglove in New England was 
 introduced by him. He published a tract on the 
 malignant sore throat which prevailed from 1784 
 to 1786. Thaclicr. 
 
 JACKSON, JAMES, governor of Georgia, died 
 at Washington March 18, 1806, aged 48. He 
 was a native of England and came to this coun 
 try at the age of fourteen in 1772. Early in the 
 war he joined the army; in 1778 he was chosen 
 brigadier major; in 1781 he commanded the 
 legionary corps of the State. When the British 
 evacuated Savannah, July 12, 1782, he received 
 the keys. For his various services the assembly 
 of the State presented him with a house and lot 
 in Savannah. On the return of peace he engaged 
 with success in the practice of the law. In 1789 
 he was chosen a member of congress, and soon 
 afterwards a senator, which office he resigned in 
 1795. He was major-general of the militia; and 
 governor from 1798, till his election as senator in 
 the place of Gen. Gunn in 1801. His brother, 
 Gen. Abraham J., died in Georgia Jan., 1810. 
 Gov. Jackson had not strength of moral and 
 religious principle to restrain him from duelling. 
 He was an honorable murderer. In 1780 he 
 killed Lieut. Gov. Wells in a duel, and was him 
 self severely wounded in both knees. In conse 
 quence of a political controversy he fought a 
 
466 
 
 JACKSON. 
 
 duel with Col. R. "Watkins in June, 1802, and was 
 wounded in the hip. Five shots were exchanged. 
 In May, 1803, he complained that he had been 
 cruelly treated by Georgia, and that republics are 
 always ungrateful ; he thought the capital of 
 Wayne county ought to be called Jacksonville in 
 honor of himself. 
 
 JACKSON, LEVI, died at Chesterfield, N. H., 
 in 1821, aged 49. He graduated at Dartmouth 
 in 1799, and was six years preceptor of the acad 
 emy in Chesterfield, his native town ; afterwards 
 much in public service. 
 
 JACKSON, JAMES, Jr., M. D., died in Boston 
 March 27, 1834, aged only 24. He graduated at 
 Harvard at the age of eighteen ; studied medicine 
 with his father, the eminent physician, who still 
 lives; was in Paris and Great Britain from 1831 
 to 1833, when he returned, ready for practice. 
 He took rooms and sent out an advertisement ; 
 but he did not enter them, for in the same month he 
 died. His afflicted father published a memoir of 
 him in 8vo. He published a Boylston prize dis 
 sertation on pneumonia. 
 
 JACKSON, RICHARD S., died at Providence 
 April 18, 1838, aged 74. He was a member of 
 congress from 1808 to 1815. A merchant, he 
 was among the first to engage in the cotton man 
 ufacture, and was a man of integrity and religion, 
 the associate of various literary, benevolent, and 
 religious institutions. 
 
 JACKSON, THOMAS, Episcopal minister, died 
 at Alexandria, district of Columbia, in Nov., 1838, 
 aged 56. 
 
 JACKSON, HENRY, M. D., LL. D., professor 
 of mathematics, etc., in the university of Georgia, 
 died near Athens in 1841, aged 62. He went 
 with Crawford as secretary of legation to France, 
 and was absent from 1814 to 1817, resuming his 
 college duties on his return, but retiring in 1828. 
 
 JACKSON, WILLIAM, D. D., minister of Dor 
 set, Vt., died in 1842, aged 74. He was born in 
 1768, at Cornwall, Conn., and graduated at Dart 
 mouth college in 1790. Having studied theology 
 with Dr. Emmons and Dr. Spring, he was or 
 dained in 1796. His wife, Susanna Cram of 
 Brentwood, N. H., was a descendant of John 
 Rogers. She survived her husband. Born in 
 1771, she died in 1848, aged 77. Her remark 
 able letters may be read in the memoirs of her 
 daughter, Henrietta Anna Lorain Hamlin, the 
 wife of the missionary, Dr. H. Dr. Jackson was 
 an eminently pious and useful minister, as may be 
 gathered from the book just referred to. In nine 
 revivals five hundred were added to his church, of 
 whom fourteen became preachers. Though he well 
 studied and arranged his sermons, he did not 
 write them out in full. Of his church was good 
 Deacon Kent, worthy of perpetual honor, a man 
 of faith and prayer, who died near a hundred 
 years of age. At the age of ninety-two he made 
 
 JACKSON. 
 
 a memorable prayer at the bedside of his dying 
 pastor, saying, with more expansion of language, 
 but in substance, "Lord, we remember how thy 
 servant has preached and with what wonderful 
 power and success; but now we fear thou art 
 about to take away our head. If so, though 
 we know not how to spare him, lead him 
 through the dark valley, safe from the malignant 
 spirits there ; conduct him to that blessed world, 
 where thou dwellest, that he may be in the pres 
 ence of thee, the Lamb of God, in the midst of 
 saints and angels, joining in their anthems of 
 praise forever." Dr. J s elder daughter married 
 Rev. John Maltby of Sutton and of Bangor. His 
 son, Dr. Samuel C.,was the minister of west par 
 ish in Andover, then agent of the board of edu 
 cation. Sprague s Annals. 
 
 JACKSON, ANDREW, President of the United 
 States, died near Nashville, Tennessee, June 8, 
 1845, aged 78. He was born at the Waxsaw 
 settlement, South Carolina, March 16, 1767. His 
 parents came from the north of Ireland and were 
 of Scotch descent. His early education he owed 
 to the kindness of a cousin. He engaged in the 
 war of the Revolution, in which he lost his two 
 brothers. At the age of twenty-one he practised 
 law in the back settlements of North Carolina. 
 When the territory was made into the State of 
 Tennessee, his residence was Nashville. In 1795 
 he assisted in forming its constitution. He was 
 soon a representative in congress and a senator in 
 1797; then a judge of the supreme court. He 
 was . appointed a major-general, and in 1814, he 
 received the like appointment in the army of the 
 United States. His victory over the British at 
 New Orleans was Jan. 8, 1815. The Seminole 
 war he conducted in 1817-1818. In 1821 he was 
 governor of Florida. He was chosen president 
 in 1828, and again in 1832, thus being in office 
 eight years, succeeding J. Q. Adams and being 
 followed by Mr. Van Buren. Some events of his 
 administration were the removal of the deposits 
 from the United States bank, and the suppression 
 of the nullification movement in South Carolina. 
 In earlier life, in the absence of all moral and re 
 ligious principle he fought several duels ; was 
 wounded; and in 1804 killed Moses Dickenson in 
 a duel, an act which must have embittered his 
 whole life. In old age he was a member of the 
 Presbyterian church. He died in great peace, 
 confiding in the grace of the Redeemer, and ex 
 pressing his hope of salvation, " through the mer 
 its and blood of our blessed Lord and Saviour." A 
 letter of Mr. Jefferson has lately been published, 
 in which he speaks of Gen. Jackson : " I feel 
 much alarmed at the prospect of seeing him pres 
 ident. His passions are terrible. When I was 
 president of the senate he was a senator ; and he 
 could never speak, on account of the rashness of 
 his feelings. I have seen him attempt it repeat- 
 
JACKSON. 
 
 edly, and as often choke with rage." It deserves 
 the consideration of a people intrusted with the 
 4>ower of choosing their own rulers, whether they 
 can be justified by any principle of duty or by a 
 wise regard to their own security in elevating a 
 murderer to the highest rank in the community ? 
 Whether, if they do this, they must not make a 
 poor claim to be regarded as an intelligent and 
 virtuous people, worthy of God s gift of freedom ? 
 
 JACKSON, HENRY, deacon, died in Portland 
 Aug., 18,30, aged 67, an esteemed teacher in 
 Portland nearly fifty years. 
 
 JACKSON, WILLIAM, died at Newton Feb. 27, 
 1855, aged 71. In early life he was dissatisfied 
 with Mr. Holly s ministry in Boston and went to 
 hear Mr. Channing ; but he was led by the tri 
 umphant death of his wife to renounce Unitarian- 
 ism. For the last forty years he was a pillar of 
 the church at Newton Corner. As he was about 
 to die, he was asked, if the Saviour was precious. 
 He replied, " precious, very precious." While a 
 member of congress he met regularly for prayer 
 with a small band of Christians. He toiled for 
 temperance and in the anti-slavery cause. 
 
 JACKSON, CHARLES, LL. D., judge, died in 
 Boston Dec. 13, 1855, aged 80. Born in New- 
 buryport, the son of Jonathan J., a merchant, he 
 graduated in 1793 at Harvard with the highest 
 honors of a distinguished class. He studied law 
 with Judge Parsons, and practised in Newbury- 
 port until appointed a judge of the supreme court 
 in 1813, when he removed to Boston. After ten 
 years he was induced by ill health to withdraw 
 from office, but remained at the head of his pro 
 fession. His services were most important on 
 the commission, which reported in 1835 the 
 Revised Statutes of Mass. From 1825 to 1834 
 he was of the corporation of Harvard college. 
 Of his brothers, ])r. James Jackson survived him. 
 As a Christian believer he calmly awaited the 
 summons of death. He was the last survivor, 
 but one, of his class. Boston Advertiser, July 
 1G, 185G. 
 
 JACOB, HENRY, a Puritan minister, came to 
 Virginia in 1624 ; but died soon after his arrival. 
 He left England and joined Robinson in Holland, 
 being an Independent as to church government. 
 He published in 1610 at Leyden, a treatise on 
 Christ s true, visible, and material church. He- 
 turning to England, he founded the first Inde 
 pendent or Congregational church, of which he 
 was chosen pastor with prayer and imposition of 
 hands. After about eight years he came to 
 America, and was succeeded by Mr. Lothropp. 
 Sprague s Annals. 
 
 JACOB, STEPHEN, chief justice of Vermont, 
 died at Windsor in Feb., 1817, aged 61. He 
 graduated at Yale in 1778, in the class of Barlow 
 and Wolcott. 
 
 JAMES. 
 
 467 
 
 JACOB, JOHN I., a Methodist minister, died in 
 Hampshire, Va., in 1839, aged 81. 
 
 JACOBS, PIIEBE ANN, once a slave, died at 
 Brunswick, Me., and was buried March 3, 1850. 
 She was honored in her death. President Allen, 
 in whose family she had lived many years, came 
 with two daughters several hundred miles, from 
 Northampton, merely to attend her funeral. 
 Rev. Dr. Adams, of Brunswick, made an affecting 
 and eloquent speech. Her pall-bearers were Gov 
 ernor Robert Dunlap, Dr. Lincoln, Professor 
 Packard, Joseph McKeen, and others. She was 
 placed by the side of her friends, Mrs. Allen and 
 her daughter Maria Malleville. Why was she 
 thus mourned and honored? Because she was a 
 Christian, and an eminent Christian. She had 
 been thirty years a most worthy member of the 
 church in Brunswick. Her friend, Mrs. Adams, 
 died the same night. Dr. Adams said, that if 
 his beloved companion, then lying dead, to be 
 buried the next day, could have chosen an attend 
 ant spirit in her upward flight, doubtless she 
 would have chosen Phebe. "Black Phebe!" he 
 exclaimed, " she has sometimes been called ; but 
 her soul is whiter and purer than the light, and her 
 heavenly garments are more resplendent than the 
 sun shining in his brightness ! " Mrs. Upham, the 
 wife of Professor Upham,wrote a brief memoir of 
 Phebe, which has been extensively circulated. Let 
 her lofty thoughts and Christian virtues and ele 
 vated character be contrasted with the unblush 
 ing project of a slaveholder, the present Governor 
 Adams of South Carolina, who, in his message at 
 this period, when I am writing, says : " To main 
 tain our present position we must have cheap 
 labor also. This can be obtained in but one way 
 by re-opening the African slave-trade!" Let any 
 intelligent and Christian man make the compari 
 son, and his soul will burn with indignation as he 
 thinks of the governor of a southern State in this 
 year, 1856. Jefferson, in his views of human 
 rights, lamented the existence of slavery ; Wash 
 ington provided for the emancipation of his 
 slaves. But, pure selfishness, in the absence of all 
 sense of justice, and humanity, and human broth 
 erhood, would not only hold fast those men who 
 are now under hard oppression, but would gather 
 a new multitude of bondsmen from the coast of 
 Africa. All the noble women must revolt at the 
 continuance of slavery, which, besides its hard 
 oppression, annihilates all the sanctity of mar 
 riage. 
 
 JAFFREY, GEORGE, chief justice of New 
 Hampshire, died at Portsmouth in 1749, aged 
 about 67. Born in Newcastle, he graduated at 
 Harvard in 1702. He was councillor and treasu 
 rer, and a judge at different periods. 
 
 JAMES, an Indian sagamore at Lynn, Mass., 
 died of the small pox in 1633, with most of his 
 
468 
 
 JAMES. 
 
 JAMES. 
 
 people, and John, sagamore, at "VVinnesimet. 
 The eastern Indians, the Tarratines, made a cap 
 tive of his wife, but she was liberated. Hubbard. 
 JAMES, THOMAS, first minister of Charlestown, 
 Mass., died in England about 1678, aged 86. He 
 was born in 1592 ; came from Lincolnshire, where 
 he had been a minister, to Boston June 5, 1632 ; 
 and when the church in Charlestown was organ 
 ized Nov. 2, by dismissions from the Boston 
 church, he was appointed the pastor. Mr. 
 Symmes was ordained his associate, as teacher, 
 Dec. 22, 1634, and not in 1652, as Dr. Bartlett 
 states in his history of Charlestown. The suc 
 ceeding ministers were Harvard, Allen, Shepard, 
 Morton, Bradstreet, Stevens, Abbot, Prentice, 
 Paine, and Morse. After a short time he was dis 
 missed. Gov. "VVinthrop relates, that Satan 
 stirred up a spirit of discord between Mr. James 
 and many of his people, on which Mr. Savage 
 remarks, that " few in the present age would at 
 tribute such a misfortune to the agency of Satan," 
 and that in our indictments for capital offences we 
 retained till lately " the absurd allegation," " be 
 ing moved and seduced by the instigation of the 
 devil." Mr. Savage is sincere in his disbelief of 
 the agency of Satan in tempting men to great 
 crimes and Christian men to discord; but he 
 certainly misjudges in his estimate of the general 
 opinion of the great body of Christians of vari 
 ous sects, who really believe that " he, who com- 
 mitteth sin, is of the devil," and also of the opin 
 ion of those who are not Christians, unless we 
 are to suppose, that in their daily conversation 
 they ascribe much to the tempter as a real being, 
 when they regard him as a nonentity. But 
 whether or not the devil was the sower of discord 
 at Charlestown, there arose a dissension between 
 Mr. James and the brethren. It is related, that 
 being " a melancholic man," he had uttered some 
 groundless, jealous surmises. A council advised 
 to his dismission which occurred in March, 1636. 
 He soon removed to New Haven. When at the 
 request of the people of Virginia three ministers 
 were sent to them , Mr. Thompson of Braintree, 
 and Mr. Knowles of Watcrtown set sail Oct. 7 
 or 8, 1642 ; they were long wind-bound at Rhode 
 Island. They put in at New Haven, where they 
 took in Mr. James as their companion. On the 
 rocks at Hell Gate they lost their pinnace. After 
 eleven weeks dangerous passage the vessel arrived 
 about Jan. 1, 1643, in Virginia. It fared with 
 them as with the apostles : the people heard them 
 gladly, but the rulers persecuted them, ordering 
 them to quit the country by a certain day, unless 
 ( they would conform to the English church. In 
 f June, 1643, Mr. Knowles returned to New Eng 
 land. Soon afterwards the great massacre by 
 the Indians occurred. Mr. James stated, that in 
 Maryland he saw forty Indians baptized in new 
 shirts given them as encouragement to receive the 
 
 ordinance, but that, being detained there, after a 
 while he saw the same Indians return to the Eng 
 lish, saying, they must have again new shirts, or 
 they would renounce their baptism. It is not 
 known at what time Mr. James returned to Eng 
 land; perhaps not till after 1650, when his son, 
 Thomas, was settled at East Hampton, L. I. In 
 England he was the minister of Xecdham in Suf 
 folk, but was silenced and ejected for nonconform 
 ity in 1662. Yet afterwards he preached to a 
 pretty numerous society. The clergyman, his 
 successor, would allow him to be buried nowhere 
 in the churchyard, but in " the unconsccrated 
 corner, left for rogues, etc." Mr. Calamy says, 
 "he was a very holy, good man;" and Johnson 
 speaks of his " learned skill and courteous 
 speech." 
 
 JAMES, THOMAS, son of the preceding, was 
 the minister of East Hampton, Long Island, from 
 1650 till his death in 1696. In 1695 lie sold his 
 estate for 500 pounds to John Gardenier of G. 
 Island. He was a faithful preacher. His body 
 he ordered to be laid in a position contrary to 
 that of his people, for what reason is not 
 known, perhaps as a testimony against some 
 prejudices as to the manner of burial. 
 
 JAMES, JOHN, major, a brave Revolutionary 
 officer in South Carolina, died in 1791, aged 59. 
 Born in Ireland, his father emigrated to this 
 country, and brought his son, an infant, in 1733, 
 and settled at a village called King s Tree. His 
 teacher was Rev. John Rae, also an emigrant. 
 In 1776 he marched at the head of a company in 
 defence of Charleston. In 1779 he served under 
 Moultrie, commanding one hundred and twenty 
 riflemen. Through him the distinguished corps, 
 known as Marion s brigade, was formed. By the 
 war he was reduced from wealth to poverty, every 
 house on his plantation being burnt. In the bat 
 tle of Eutaw his riflemen had each twenty-four 
 cartridges, and many of the men expended the 
 whole, taking good aim. His last clays were de 
 voted to the improvement of his property and 
 the education of his child ; and he departed hence 
 with the fortitude of a Christian hero. Ramsay s 
 South Carolina. 
 
 JAMES, WILLIAM, died at Albany Dec. 19, 
 1832, aged 63, leaving two or three millions of 
 dollars to nine heirs. He began as a clerk iii 
 1789. 
 
 JAMES, THOMAS C., M. D., died in Philadel 
 phia July 25, 1835, aged 69. He was educated 
 in Robert Proud s grammar school, then studied 
 medicine under Dr. Kuhn. In 1788 he went as 
 a surgeon to the Cape of Good Hope. He stud 
 ied in London and Edinburgh from 1790 to 1793, 
 when he returned to witness the ravages of the 
 yellow fever. In 1811 he was appointed profes 
 sor of midwifery in the university. He was mod 
 est, diffident, gentle, amiable. He was a diligent 
 
JAMIESOX. 
 
 student of the Bible in various languages. He 
 knew Hebrew, Greek, Latin, French, and Ger 
 man. He was one of the founders of the histor 
 ical society. As he was skilful, so was he a good 
 teacher in his department. Williams Medical 
 Biography. 
 
 JAMIESOX, ROBERT, died in South Carolina 
 in 1813, aged 104. His eye-sight had failed for 
 some years, but was restored before his death. 
 
 JAMIESOX, HORATIO G., M. D.,long an emi 
 nent surgeon in Baltimore, died in Aug., 1855, 
 aged 70. He published a work on cholera. 
 
 JAXSEX, HENRY, a member of the conven 
 tion at Albany, died in Sept., 1821. He was at 
 the capitol, had purchased a ticket to view Peale s 
 " Court of Death " in the senate chamber, and in 
 passing toward it fell and died. 
 
 JAQUES, STEPHEN, a notary public, died in 
 Newbury, his birthplace, in 1779, aged 94. He 
 was for a while a schoolmaster on Cape Cod. 
 
 JAQUES, RICHARD, minister of Gloucester, 
 Mass., died April 12, 1777, aged 77. Born at 
 Newbury, he was graduated at Harvard in 1720, 
 and was ordained in 1725. John Cleaveland jus 
 tified his church in 1765 from some strictures by 
 Mr. Jaques. 
 
 JAQUETT, PETER, major, died on the banks of 
 the Christiana in Delaware in Sept., 1834, aged 
 79 ; an officer of the Revolution, said to have 
 been engaged in thirty battles in the fit-Id. 
 
 JARMAN, JANE, Mrs., died near Wadesbor- 
 ough Feb. 22, 1835, aged 105. 
 
 JARVIS, ABRAHAM, D. D., bishop of Connec 
 ticut, was born in Xorwalk May 5, 1739, and was 
 graduated at Yale college in 1761. He was a 
 minister in Middletown from about 1764 to 1799, 
 when he removed to Cheshire, and in 1803 to 
 New Haven. He succeeded Bishop Seabury in 
 1797, and died May 3, 1813, aged 73. He pub 
 lished a sermon on the death of Bishop Seabury, 
 and a sermon on the witness of the Spirit. 
 
 JARVIS, CHARLES, M. D., a physician, died 
 Nov. 15, 1807, aged 58. He was the son of Col. 
 Leonard Jarvis, a merchant of Boston. His 
 mother was the grand-daughter of the celebrated 
 Col. Church. After graduating at Harvard col 
 lege in 17G6, he completed his medical education 
 in Europe. On his return he settled in Boston, 
 and rose to eminence in his profession. In the 
 Revolution he engaged zealously in the cause of 
 his country. For many years he was a member 
 of the legislature. As an orator he was impres 
 sive and powerful. With a bald head and aqui 
 line nose, he was called the bald eagle of the 
 Boston seat. In his politics he opposed Jay s 
 treaty and espoused the democratic side, of which 
 he was the leader in Boston. When the marine 
 hospital was established at Charlestown, he was 
 appointed by Jefferson its surgeon, and faithfully 
 discharged the duties of his office till his death. 
 
 JAY. 
 
 469 
 
 His wife was the sister of Sir Wm. Pepperell, and 
 the grand-daughter of the first baronet of that 
 name. He left no issue. His only sister married 
 Joseph Russell. Thaclier. 
 
 JARVIS, JOHN WESLEY, an eminent portrait 
 painter, died in Xew York Jan. 12, 1840. 
 
 JARVIS, SAMUEL FARMER, I). I)., LL. D., 
 died in Middletown, Conn., March 25, 1851, aged 
 64, son of Bishop A. Jarvis. In 1813 he was a 
 rector in Xew York, then a professor in the theo 
 logical seminary. lie removed to Boston in 
 1820, and went in 1826 to Europe, where he re 
 mained nine years. In 1835 he was professor in 
 the college at Hartford, and soon became rector 
 at Middletown, and then was appointed historio 
 grapher of the church. He published an intro 
 duction to the history of the church, with a har 
 mony of gospels, 8vo., 1845; Christian unity; 
 sermons on prophecy ; no union with Rome ; col 
 onies of heaven ; narrative as to his rectorship in 
 Boston ; Christ s conversation with Xicodemus, 
 1822; discourse on the religion of the Indians, in 
 vol. 3d of Xew York historical collections ; reply 
 to the Catholic Milner s end of controversy; the 
 church of the redeemed, or history of the media 
 torial kingdom, 2 vols., 1850. Cycl. of Lit. 
 
 JARVIS, RUSSELL, died in New York April 17, 
 1853, aged nearly 63. A native of Boston, he 
 graduated at Dartmouth in 1810. He was the 
 editor of the Philadelphia Ledger eight or ten 
 years, and, with Duff Green, also of the U. S. 
 Telegraph at Washington. He lost his wife and 
 two children in the burning of the Lexington 
 boat in the sound Jan 13, 1840. 
 
 JARVIS, LEONARD, died in Baltimore Nov. 16, 
 1855, aged 76. Born in Cambridge, he graduated 
 in 1797, and was a successful merchant in Boston 
 and Baltimore. He was generous to young mer 
 chants. By his will he devised the Jarvis build 
 ing, one-half to Harvard college and the other 
 half to several humane societies after the decease 
 of his widow, who was left with an income of 
 20,000 dollars a year. Boston Advertiser, July 
 16, 1856. 
 
 JARVIS, LEONARD, died at Surry, in Maino, 
 Sept, 18, 1854, aged nearly 73. He was a native 
 of Cambridge, Mass., and was graduated in 1800. 
 In early life he spent years abroad. In Maine he 
 was collector of Eastport, sheriff, and a demo 
 cratic member of congress from 1831 to 1833. 
 For a time he was navy agent for the port of 
 Boston. 
 
 JAY, JOHN, chief justice of the United States, 
 died May 17, 1829, aged 84. He was the great- 
 grandson of Pierre Jay, a Protestant merchant of 
 Rochclle, in France, who, on the revocation of 
 the edict of Nantes, fled to England. Augustus, 
 a merchant, the son of Pierre, emigrated to Xew 
 York, where, in 1697, he married Anne Maria, 
 daughter of Balthasar Bayard. Dying at the age 
 
470 
 
 JAY. 
 
 of 85, he left one son, Peter, who was born in 
 1704, and in 1728 married Mary, daughter of 
 Jacobus Van Cortlandt, of New York. About 
 the year 1746, Peter, a merchant, retired to his 
 estate at Rye, on Long Island Sound, whence he 
 was compelled to remove by the approach of the 
 British army. He died at Poughkeepsie in 1782. 
 John Jay, the son of Peter, was born in New 
 York December 12, 1745. He was educated 
 at King s college, where he graduated May 15, 
 1764, and in 1768 was admitted to the bar. In 
 1774 he married Sarah Livingston, the daughter 
 of William Livingston, afterwards governor of 
 New Jersey. Acquiring great reputation as a 
 lawyer, and presenting a rare union of the dig 
 nity and gravity of manhood with the energy of 
 youth, his fellow-citizens began to look up to him 
 as their future guide in the contest for liberty, j 
 He was appointed to the first American congress 
 in 1774. Being on the committee with Lee and 
 Livingston to draft an address to the people of 
 Great Britain, he was the writer of that eloquent 
 production, adopted Oct. 21, 1774. In the con 
 gress of 1775 he was on various important com 
 mittees, performing more services, perhaps, than 
 any member, excepting Franklin and J. Adams. 
 In May, 1776, he was recalled to assist in forming 
 the government of New York, and, in conse 
 quence, his name is not attached to the Declara 
 tion of Independence ; but, July 9th. he reported 
 resolutions in the provincial convention in favor of 
 the declaration. After the fall of New York and 
 the removal of the provincial assembly to Pough 
 keepsie, Mr. Jay retained his resolute patriotism. 
 The very eloquent address of the convention to 
 the people of New York, dated Fishkill, Dec. 23, 
 1776, and signed by A. Ten Broeck as president, 
 was written by him. March 12, 1777, he reported 
 to the convention of New York the draft of a 
 form of government, which was adopted, and 
 many of the provisions of which were introduced 
 into the constitutions of other States. From 
 May 3, 1777, to Aug. 18, 1779, he was chief jus 
 tice of the State, but resigned that office in con 
 sequence of his duties as president of congress. 
 The glowing address of that body to their con 
 stituents, dated Sept. 8, 1779, was prepared by 
 him. On the 29th Sept. he was appointed minis 
 ter plenipotentiary to the court of Spain. The 
 frigate in which he sailed, losing her masts in a 
 gale, was obliged to proceed to Martinique. He 
 reached Madrid April 4, 1780. In communicat 
 ing the resolution of congress of July 15, 1781, 
 yielding the navigation of the Mississippi to 
 Spain, he had the prudence to limit the propo 
 sition, so that it should have no force, unless a 
 treaty was made with Spain before a general peace. 
 This limitation was sanctioned by congress April 
 30, 1782. Being unsuccessful in his negotiation, 
 
 JAY. 
 
 Mr. Jay suspected some bad faith on the part of 
 France, but probably without reason. 
 
 Being appointed a commissioner to negotiate a 
 peace with Great Britain, he arrived at Paris June 
 23, 1782, and toiled incessantly to secure the in 
 terests of his country. His health now becoming 
 impaired, he went to Bath for its recovery. He 
 signed the definitive treaty at Paris Sept. 3, 1783. 
 The next year, having resigned his Spanish com 
 mission, he returned to New York, where he 
 arrived July 24, 1784. Congress had already ap 
 pointed him secretary of State for foreign affairs, 
 in the place of E,. 11. Livingston. In the difficult 
 circumstances of the country, the secretary was, 
 in effect, the head of the government. Mr. Jay s 
 services were of great importance. He drew up, 
 Oct. 13, 1786, an elaborate report on the rela 
 tions between this country and Great Britain. 
 Though not a member of the convention which 
 formed the constitution of the United States, he 
 was present at Annapolis and aided by his advice. 
 He also assisted Hamilton and Madison in writ 
 ing the Federalist. lie wrote numbers 2, 3, 4, 
 5, 64. His labors after the 5th number were in 
 terrupted by a wound in the forehead from a 
 stone in the doctor s mob. In the convention of 
 New York he contributed to the adoption of the 
 constitution. 
 
 For the high station of chief justice of the 
 United States, to which he was appointed by 
 Washington Sept. 26, 1789, he was eminently 
 qualified. In 1792 he was the unsuccessful can 
 didate of the federal party for the office of gover 
 nor of New York, against George Clinton ; but, 
 in 1795, he was elected against Robert Yatcs, 
 though he was at the time abroad, having been 
 appointed April 19,1794, minister plenipotentiary 
 to Great Britain. He effected the treaty which 
 bears his name, Nov. 19, 1794; a treaty which, 
 notwithstanding the clamors of political parti 
 sans friendly to France, was highly advantageous 
 to our country, as it stipulated for the surrender 
 of the northwestern posts, procured admission for 
 our vessels into India, and obtained payment for 
 spoliations amounting to nearly ten millions of 
 dollars. In 1798 he was re-elected governor 
 against J_l. 11. Livingston. The political excite 
 ment of the period rendered his station unquiet. 
 Longing for retirement, lie withdrew, at the end 
 of the term for which he was chosen, in the sum 
 mer of 1801, from the cares and honors of public 
 station, and passed the remaining nearly thirty 
 years of his life in retirement at his seat in Bedford, 
 Westchester county, where he died. His brother, 
 Sir James Jay, M. 1)., died in New York in NOT., 
 1815. His pious, excellent wife died in May, 1 802. 
 
 In his character there were great and peculiar 
 excellencies. The utmost prudence was combined 
 with invincible energy. At a period of life when 
 
JAY. 
 
 ambition is apt to bear sway, he abandoned all 
 the scenes of political agitation ; nor did he once 
 cast a lingering look behind. In his last years he 
 was much occupied in the study of the Scriptures, 
 particularly of the prophecies, and devoted to the 
 duties of religion and preparation for the scenes 
 of the future world. There is something refresh 
 ing in the view of his last years. Instead of 
 dwelling, like his co-patriots, Adams and Jefferson, 
 on the history of the past, or the agitating polit 
 ical occurrences of the day, and fighting anew the 
 battles of old time, his serene mind was absorbed 
 in the contemplation of the bright, and glorious, 
 and everlasting kingdom of God. Besides the 
 writings already mentioned, he published letters, 
 being the whole of the correspondence between 
 him and Lewis Littlepage, a young man, whom 
 Mr. Jay, when in Spain, patronized and took 
 into his family, 2d edit., 1786. His life was pub 
 lished by lu s son William, also by Renwick. 
 American Annual Register, 1827-9, p. 215-234. 
 
 JAY, PETEK AUGUSTUS, a lawyer, president of 
 the New York historical society, died Feb. 20, 
 1843. He was the eldest son of John Jay, and 
 his private secretary. In 1817 he was recorder 
 of New York ; and of the American bible society 
 he was a vice-president. 
 
 JAY , ANN, daughter of John Jay, died in New 
 York, in Nov., 1856; and a few days afterwards 
 died her sister, Maria Banyer, aged 75, widow of 
 Goldsborough Banyer, the last of the daughters 
 of John Jay. These sisters bequeathed more 
 than 34,000 dollars, distributed among the bible, 
 tract, missionary, and other charitable societies. 
 
 JEFFERSON, ELEAXOR, Mrs., died at Boston 
 May 9, 1737, aged 100. 
 
 JEFFERSON, PETER, father of Thomas Jef 
 ferson, died Aug. 17, 1757, aged 49. He was 
 born at Osborne s in Chesterfield, Va., in 1708, 
 and married in 1739 Jane Randolph, daughter 
 of Isham Randolph, of Goochland. He was 
 chosen, with Prof. Fry of William and Mary col 
 lege, to continue the boundary line between Vir 
 ginia and North Carolina. He was employed by 
 Mr. Fry to make the first map of Virginia. 
 About the year 1737 he settled at Shadwell, near 
 Monticello, being the third or fourth settler in 
 that part of Virginia. His wife, who lived till 
 17 70, survived him, with six daughters and two 
 sons. To his eldest son, Thomas, he left an es 
 tate at Monticello. The ancestor came from 
 Wales, near the mountain of Snowden. Jef- 
 ferson s Writings. 
 
 JEFFERSON, THOMAS, president of the 
 United States, died July 4, 1826, aged 83. He 
 was the son of Peter J., and was born at Shad- 
 well, Albermarle county, near Monticello, in Va., 
 April 2, 1713. His mother was Jane Randolph. 
 His early education was conducted by Mr. Doug 
 las and Mr. Maury, clergymen. In 1760 he went 
 
 JEFFERSON. 
 
 471 
 
 to William and Mary college, where he continued 
 two years. He derived great benefit from the in 
 structions of William Small, professor of mathe 
 matics, and afterwards lecturer on ethics, rhetoric, 
 and belles lettres. By his kindness he was placed 
 as a student of law at Williamsburg under his 
 intimate friend, George Wythe. In 1767 he 
 entered upon the practice of the law at the bar of 
 the general court. In 1769 he became a member 
 of the legislature for the county of his residence, 
 and so continued till the Revolution. Jan., 1772, 
 he married Martha Skelton, widow of Bathurst 
 Skclton, and daughter of John Wales, a lawyer 
 of much practice. By her he received property 
 about equal to his own patrimony. 
 
 In May, 1769, he was a member of the house 
 of burgesses. In the spring of 1773. he, with 
 Mr. Henry, R. H. Lee, F. L. Lee, and Dabney 
 Carr, his brother-in-law, at a private meeting, 
 agreed upon certain patriotic resolutions, which 
 were adopted by the house, and a committee of 
 correspondence with the other colonies was ac 
 cordingly appointed, of which Peyton Randolph, 
 the speaker, was made chairman. At this period 
 Mr. J. maintained the opinion, in which Wythe 
 agreed with him, that the British parliament had 
 no authority whatever over America. His views 
 were printed with the title, " A summary view of 
 the Rights of British America." It was reprinted, 
 a little altered, by Mr. Burke, as an opposition 
 paper in England. The other Virginia patriots, 
 Randolph, the Lees, Nicholas, and Pendleton, 
 concurred with John Dickinson, who allowed 
 that England had a right to regulate our com 
 merce and to lay duties for regulation but not for 
 revenue. 
 
 He took his seat in congress June 21, 1775, in 
 the place of Peyton Randolph, who had been re 
 called to the general assembly of Virginia. He 
 took with him the answer of the assemby, drawn 
 up by himself, to the conciliatory propositions of 
 Lord North. In congress he was immediately 
 placed on the committee to prepare a declaration 
 of the causes for taking up arms. He accordingly 
 drew up a paper ; but it not being deemed suffi 
 ciently conciliatory, he put it into the hands of 
 Mr. Dickinson, who was also on the committee ; 
 and he drew up the declaration which was 
 adopted, retaining only of Mr. Jefferson s the 
 four last paragraphs and half the preceding. 
 Mr. Dickinson also drew up the second petition 
 to the king, which Mr. Jefferson thought expressed 
 too much humility. In July, Mr. Jefferson drew 
 up the report on Lord North s conciliatory reso 
 lution. May 15, 1776, the convention of Virginia 
 instructed their delegates to propose in congress 
 a Declaration of Independence. Accordingly 
 Friday, June 7, R. H. Lee made the motion for 
 the Declaration of Independence. In the debate 
 which followed, it was argued by Wilson, R. R. 
 
472 
 
 JEFFERSON. 
 
 JEFFERSON. 
 
 Livingston, E. Ilutlcdge, Dickinson, and others, 
 that the measure, though ultimately to be adopted, 
 was yet now precipitate, and for various reasons 
 ought to be deferred. On the other hand the 
 measure was supported by J. Adams, Lee, Wythe, 
 and others. Of the thirteen States, all but four 
 voted for the motion on the 1st July, in committee 
 of the whole. South Carolina and Penn. voted 
 against it. Delaware was equally divided. The 
 delegates from New York, though in favor of the 
 motion, were excused from voting, being restrained 
 by their old instructions. The committee reported 
 their resolution to the house. July 2, the house 
 agreed to the resolution of the committee, all the 
 States but New York voting for it, South Caro 
 lina falling in for the sake of unanimity, and the 
 new members turned the votes of Delaware and 
 Pennsylvania. On the day of this vote the form 
 of the Declaration reported, drawn up by Mr. 
 Jefferson, was taken into consideration by the com 
 mittee of the whole. The debates continued till 
 Thursday the 4th, in the evening, when the De 
 claration was reported by the committee of the 
 whole, agreed to by the house, and signed by 
 every member present, except Mr. Dickinson. 
 July 9, the convention of New York approved of 
 the declaration, and their delegates signed July 
 15th. There was no sub-committeee for drawing 
 up the Declaration, though Mr. Jefferson showed 
 it to Dr. Franklin and Mr. Adams, who suggested 
 a few slight alterations. The other members of 
 the committee were R. Sherman and It. R. Liv 
 ingston. Several paragraphs were struck out by 
 congress, among which was the following : " lie 
 has waged cruel war against human nature itself, 
 violating its most sacred rights of life and liberty 
 in the persons of a distant people, who never 
 offended him, captivating and carrying them into 
 slavery in another hemisphere, or to incur miser 
 able death in their transportation thither. This 
 piratical warfare, the opprobrium of infidel power s, 
 is the warfare of the CHRISTIAN king of Great 
 Britain. Determined to keep open a market 
 where MEN should be bought and sold, he has 
 prostituted his negative for suppressing every leg 
 islative attempt to prohibit or restrain this exe 
 crable commerce." Mr. Jefferson supposed that 
 this clause was struck out in complaisance to 
 South Carolina and Georgia, who wished to con 
 tinue the importation of slaves, and that the 
 northern carriers also felt a little tender under 
 that censure. 
 
 This declaration was engrossed on parchment 
 and signed again Aug. 2d. The convention of 
 Pennsylvania named a new delegation July 2Qth, 
 leaving out Mr. Dickinson, and Willing, and 
 Humphreys, who had withdrawn, re-appointing the 
 three members, who had signed, Morris, who 
 had not been present, and five new ones, Rush, 
 Clymer, Smith, Taj lor, and Ross. These six were 
 
 permitted to sign, as indicating the assent of the 
 full delegation. Thornton, of New Hampshire, 
 signed as late as Nov. 4th, for reasons unknown. 
 
 Mr. Jefferson retired from congress Sept. 2, 
 1776, and took his seat in the legislature of Vir 
 ginia Oct. 7th. He drew up the bill for the estab 
 lishment of courts of justice; the bill declaring 
 tenants in tail to hold their lands in fee simple ; 
 the bill for religious freedom ; the bill for the re 
 vision of the laws, in regard to which the com 
 mittee were Pendleton, Wythe, Mason, Thomas 
 L. Lee, and himself. The work was done by Pen 
 dleton, Wythe, and Jefferson, from 1777 to June, 
 1779. Mr. Jefferson also proposed a bill for gen 
 eral education, providing schools for every hundred 
 or ward, and twenty-four higher schools, etc. 
 June 1, 1779, he was appointed governor, as suc 
 cessor of Mr. Henry. As one of the visitors of 
 William and Mary college, he procured the abol 
 ishment of the professorships of divinity and ori 
 ental languages, and substituted those of law, of 
 anatomy, medicine, and chemistry, and of modern 
 languages. After being governor two years, 
 thinking that at the time of invasion the public 
 might have more confidence in a military chief 
 magistrate, he resigned, and Gen. Nelson was ap 
 pointed to succeed him. 
 
 In Sept., 1776, the state of his family induced 
 him to decline the appointment then made, of 
 commissioner, with Franklin and Deane, to nego 
 tiate treaties with France. Dr. Lee was appointed 
 in his place. He was appointed on the commis 
 sion for peace June, 1781, but the state of his 
 family again kept him at home. He was again 
 appointed minister plenipotentiary, with others, 
 for negotiating peace, Nov. 13, 1782. This he 
 accepted, having two months before lost the cher 
 ished companion of his life, with whom he had 
 passed " ten years in uncheckered happiness." 
 But before he could sail for England news was 
 received of the signing of a provisional treaty of 
 peace. He therefore was excused from further 
 proceeding, and returned home May, 1783. He 
 took his seat at Trenton Nov. 4th, in congress, 
 which adjourned the same day to Annapolis. In 
 1784 he wrote notes on the establishment of a 
 money-unit, and of a coinage for the United 
 States, in opposition to the views of Robert Mor 
 ris, the financier, or of his assistant, Governeur 
 Morris. He proposed the money-system now in 
 use. To him we are indebted for the dollar as the 
 unit, and the very conveiiient decimal divisions, 
 and our present pieces of coin. This was an im 
 portant service. 
 
 As a member of congress Mr. Jefferson made 
 few speeches. He remarks : " I served with Gen. 
 Washington in the legislature of Virginia before 
 the Revolution, and, during it, with Dr. Franklin 
 in congress. I never heard either of them speak 
 ten minutes at a time, nor to any but the main 
 
JEFFERSON. 
 
 point, which was to decide the question. They 
 laid their shoulders to the great points, knowing 
 that the little ones would follow of themselves. 
 If the present congress CITS in too much talking, 
 how can it be otherwise in a body to which the 
 people send one hundred and fifty lawyers, whose 
 trade is to question everything, yield nothing, and 
 talk by the hour?" 
 
 In May, 1784, he was appointed, with Adams 
 and Franklin, a minister plenipotentiary to nego 
 tiate treaties of commerce with foreign nations. 
 He sailed from Boston with his eldest daughter, 
 July 5, in the Ceres, a merchant ship. After a 
 pleasant voyage of nineteen days from land to 
 land, he arrived at Cowcs July 26, and at Paris 
 Aug. 6th. He now printed his Notes on Virginia, 
 for which he had been collecting information since 
 1781. Dr. Franklin having returned in July, 
 1785, Mr. Jefferson was appointed his successor 
 at Paris, in which station he continued till he 
 solicited his recall in 1789, in order to place 
 his daughters in the society of their friends. He 
 arrived at Norfolk Nov. 23. While at Eppington, 
 in Chesterfield, at the residence of Mr. Eppes, he 
 received from President Washington the appoint 
 ment of secretary of State. At Monticello his 
 eldest daughter was married to Tho. M. Ran 
 dolph, the eldest son of the Tuckahoe branch of 
 Randolphs, afterwards governor of Virginia. He 
 arrived at New York March 21, 1790, and en 
 tered upon the duties of his office. On his way 
 he saw for the last time the venerable Franklin, 
 who put into his hands a narrative of his negoti 
 ations with the British ministry, by the interven 
 tion of Lord Howe and his sister. This paper 
 Mr. J. delivered to W. T. Franklin after Frank 
 lin s death. He apprehended it was suppressed 
 by the British government, and not published by 
 his grandson. In the office of secretary of State 
 Mr. Jefferson continued till the close of Dec., 1793, 
 when he resigned. lie was opposed to the funding 
 system and other measures of the administration, 
 and became the head of the republican party. 
 
 In a letter to Gen. Knox, Aug. 10, 1791, he 
 maintained, " that the Indians have a right to the 
 occupation of their lands, independent of the 
 States within whose chartered limits they happen 
 to be ; " that without their consent " no act of a 
 State can give a right to such lands;" and that 
 government will think itself bound to remove un 
 allowed settlements " by the public force." 
 
 In his retirement at Monticello Mr. J. says, in 
 Feb., 1794 : " I indulge myself in one particular 
 topic only ; that is, in declaring to my countrymen 
 the shameless corruption of a portion of the rep 
 resentatives of the first and second congress, and 
 their implicit devotion to the treasury." 
 
 On some appointment being offered him by 
 Washington, in Sept., 1794, he replied to the sec 
 retary, " No circumstances will ever more tempt 
 60 
 
 JEFFERSON. 
 
 473 
 
 me to engage in anything public." To Mr. Mad 
 ison, in Dec., 1794, he expressed a hope that his 
 friend might reach a more splendid post, that 
 of president of the United States ; adding, " I 
 ought, perhaps, to say, while I would not give up 
 my own retirement for the empire of the universe, 
 how I can justify wishing one, whose happiness I 
 have so much at heart as yours, to take the front 
 of the battle which is fighting for my security." 
 April 27, he wrote to Mr. Madison on the subject 
 of a republican candidate for president : " There 
 is not another person in the United States, who, 
 being placed at the helm of our affairs, my mind 
 would be so completely at rest for the fortune of 
 our political bark. As to myself, the subject had 
 been thoroughly weighed and decided on, and my 
 retirement from office had been meant from all 
 office, high or low, without exception." 
 
 Mr. Jefferson was chosen vice-president at the 
 close of 1796. Just before the election he wrote 
 to Mr. Madison, Dec. 17 : "The first wish of my 
 heart was, that you should have been proposed 
 for the administration of the government. On 
 your declining it, I wish anybody rather than my 
 self; and there is nothing I so anxiously hope, as 
 that my name may come out either second or 
 third." In case of an equal division, he expressed 
 a wish that congress would choose Mr. Adams. 
 To E. Rutledge he also wrote, Dec. 27 : "I retired 
 much poorer than when I entered the public ser 
 vice, and desired nothing but rest and oblivion. 
 My name, however, was again brought forward 
 without concert or expectation on my part (on my 
 salvation I declare it). I do not yet know the re 
 sult, as a matter of fact." 
 
 Mr. Jefferson was chosen president by congress 
 in Feb., 1801, he and Mr. Burr having an equal 
 number of the electoral votes. In this high office 
 he continued eight years, retiring in 1809 to Mon 
 ticello. There he passed the remainder of his 
 days, yet devoting the last years of his life to the 
 establishment of the university of Virginia at 
 Charlottcsville, about four miles from Monticello. 
 He died on the 4th of July, just fifty years from 
 the date of the Declaration of Independence. On 
 the same day, it is remarkable that Mr. Adams 
 also died. In the short intervals of delirium in 
 his last hours he seemed to dwell on the events 
 of the Revolution. He exclaimed, " Warn the 
 committee to be on their guard ! " For the most 
 part, during the last days of his life, his reason 
 was undisturbed. He expressed the anxious wish 
 that he might see the fiftieth anniversary of Inde 
 pendence. In a private memorandum he sug 
 gested that, if a monument should be erected, it 
 should be a small granite obelisk, with this in 
 scription : " Here lies buried Thomas Jefferson, 
 author of the Declaration of Independence, of 
 the statutes of Virginia for religious freedom, and 
 father of the university of Virginia." The young- 
 
474 
 
 JEFFERSON. 
 
 JEFFREIS. 
 
 est daughter of Mr. J., who married Mr. Eppcs, 
 died about May, 1804, leaving two children. His 
 eldest daughter, Martha, married to Mr. Ran 
 dolph, was left with eleven children. He was an 
 extensive farmer. He had three hundred and 
 fifty acres of corn, as many of clover, and the 
 same of potatoes, beans, and peas; yet there 
 were much greater Virginia planters. Some 
 plantations were of five thousand acres. One 
 master had seven hundred miserable slaves toiling 
 for his profit. 
 
 Not long before his death Mr. Jefferson wrote 
 an essay on lotteries, and solicited permission of 
 the legislature to sell his property at its just 
 value by lottery, that he might be able to pay his 
 debts. A lottery was granted Feb., 1826. It was 
 a humiliating expedient, for, undeniably, all lot 
 teries exert a most baneful, corrupting influence 
 on the morals of the people, and several of our 
 States have on this account interdicted them. 
 Relief by public charity would have been no dis 
 honor ; but the request of a lottery is no credit to 
 his philanthropy. His library was purchased by 
 congress in 1815, G,000 vols. for 24,000 dollars. " 
 
 Mr. Jefferson was tall, with a mild countenance, 
 a light complexion, and hair inclined to red. He 
 was interesting in social intercourse, but not elo 
 quent in debate. As the head of a political sect 
 he had a greater sway than ever any man had in 
 this country, excepting Washington. For the ac 
 complishment of his objects he spared no personal 
 efforts or pecuniary sacrifices. He wrote nothing 
 for the newspapers himself; but in Jan., 1799, he 
 stimulated E. Pendleton to write against Adams 
 administration, and in February he wrote to Mr. 
 Madison : " The engine is the press. Every 
 man must lay his purse and his pen under con 
 tribution. As to the former, it is possible I may 
 be obliged to assume something for you. As to 
 the latter, let me pray and beseech you to set 
 apart a certain portion of every post day to write 
 what may be proper for the public. Send it to 
 me." In the result he obtained the office of pres 
 ident. He kept his friends, for he never aban 
 doned them and gave them all the rewards in 
 his power. 
 
 The blindness of Mr. J. on the subject of re 
 ligion, while deeply lamented by the admirers of 
 his talents, is only a new proof that " the wisdom 
 of this world is foolishness with God." He seems 
 to have believed that God is a material being, 
 for his words are in letter 154 : " To say that 
 the human soul, angels, God are immaterial, 
 is to say that they are nothings, or that there 
 is no God, no angels, no soul." "When once 
 we quit the basis of sensation, all is in the 
 wind." Yet he believed, that after depositing his 
 material body in the grave, he should " ascend in 
 essence," and be a " looker-on from the clouds 
 above." His ignorance of the disclosures made 
 
 in the gospel, to say nothing of his setting him 
 self up, like Mahomet, as a rival teacher, in the 
 comparison which he makes between his own 
 doctrine and that of Jesus Christ, ought not to 
 be overlooked : " I am a materialist ; He takes 
 the side of spiritualism. lie preaches the efficacy 
 of repentance towards the forgiveness of sin ; I 
 require a counterpoise of good works to redeem 
 it," &c., (letter 151). Any person, acquainted 
 with the instructions of Jesus, any child in a Sun 
 day school, would have told the philosopher that 
 repentance means a real change of character, im 
 plying the performance of good works, and that 
 Jesus required men to bring forth " fruits meet 
 for repentance." 
 
 It appears most clearly from his letters, that 
 Mr. J. was a contemner of the religion of the 
 gospel. The amount of his faith seems to have 
 been, that there is a God, and that there will be 
 a future state of retribution. The standard of 
 duty, in his view, was reason or instinctive moral 
 sense, not the Bible. He did not consider how 
 easily, by strong passion and the practice of evil, 
 conscience is blinded and seared, and how neces 
 sary religious instruction is to preserve the power 
 of the moral sense. This philosopher imagined 
 that he found in the gospel, among many passa 
 ges of correct morality, " Much untruth, charla 
 tanism, and imposture," and he regarded Paul 
 as the chief of " the band of dupes and impos 
 tors," and the " first corrupter of the doctrines of 
 Jesus." And so he gravely attempts " to winnow 
 the grain from the chaff." He speaks of the min 
 isters of the gospel of various sects thus : " We 
 have most unwisely committed to the hicrophants 
 of our particular superstition the direction of 
 public opinion, that lord of the universe. We 
 have given them stated and privileged days to 
 collect and catechise us, opportunities of deliver 
 ing their oracles to the people in mass," &c. With 
 these views of the gospel, he, of course, when he 
 died, could not be cheered with the hopes which 
 are founded upon a belief that Jesus Christ was 
 the son of God. There is no Christian on the 
 earth, who would die as he died. lie published 
 summary view of the rights of British America, 
 2d. edit., 1774; declaration of independence, 
 1776; notes on Virginia, 1781; manual of parlia 
 mentary practice, for the use of the senate ; life 
 of Capt. Lewis, 1814; some papers in American 
 philosophical transactions, IV. His works, chiefly 
 letters, were published by his grandson, Thomas 
 Jefferson Randolph, 4 vols., 8vo., 1829. 
 
 JEFFRIES, JOUN, M. D., a physician, died 
 Sept. 16, 1819, aged 75. lie was the son of Da 
 vid Jeffries, and was born in Boston Feb. 5, 1744. 
 After graduating at Harvard college in l7Go, he 
 studied physic with Dr. Lloyd, and afterwards at 
 tended the medical schools of Great Britain. 
 From 1771 to 1774 he was the surgeon of a ship 
 
JENIFER. 
 
 of the line, lying in Boston harbor. His services 
 were required by the British commander for the 
 wounded at the battle of Bunker hill. Having 
 accompanied the British garrison to Halifax in 
 177G, he was appointed surgeon-general to the 
 forces of Nova Scotia, and also apothecary-gen 
 eral. He went to England in 1779, and being 
 appointed surgeon-major to the forces in America, 
 he repaired to Charleston and New York. At 
 the close of 1780 he resigned and commenced 
 the practice of his profession in London. Janu 
 ary 7, 1785, he crossed the British channel from 
 Dover to the forest of Guincs in a balloon. This 
 exploit procured him many friends in Paris and 
 London. But in 1790 he was induced to resume 
 his profession in his native country and town. 
 He kept for more than forty years a medical and 
 surgical diary. An inflammation, originating in 
 a hernia, which was caused by his efforts in his 
 first aerial voyage in 1784, caused his death. He 
 published a narrative of his two aerial voyages, 
 London, 1 786. Thachcr, 316-324. 
 
 JENIFER, DANIEL, died at Port Tobacco, Md., 
 Dec. 25, 1855, at an advanced age, a respected 
 and honored citizen. He was minister to Aus 
 tria, appointed by Harrison. 
 
 JENISON, SILAS H., governor of Vermont, died 
 in Shoreham in 1849, an esteemed and valuable 
 citizen. 
 
 JENKS, JOSEPH, governor of Rhode Island, 
 was the son of Joseph J. of Pawtuckct, who built 
 there the first house, and grandson of Joseph J., 
 a blacksmith, who came from England to Lynn 
 about 1045, and died in 1683. He was born in 
 105G ; was governor, after Cranston, from 1727 
 to 1732; and died June 15, 1740, aged 83. His 
 brother, William, a judge, died in 1765, aged 90; 
 his brother, Ebenezcr, was a minister at Provi 
 dence. Gov. J. was a member of the Baptist 
 church and a zealous Christian. His skeleton 
 was disinterred at Pawtucket in July, 1831, and 
 after ninety-one years was found nearly entire. 
 His thigh bones measured eighteen inches. He 
 was the tallest man in Rhode Island, standing 
 seven feet two inches without his shoes. 
 
 JENKINS, JOHN, a teacher of the art of pen 
 manship, died at Wilmington, Delaware, in Oct., 
 1822, aged 67. He was formerly of Boston. He 
 published the art of writing reduced to a plain 
 and easy system on a plan entirely new, second 
 edition, 1813. He was the first who reduced the 
 art to a system. WrifFord, Dean, Townes and 
 Carstairs followed his analysis. His book re 
 ceived the most ample testimonials to its une 
 qualled excellence from many distinguished men. 
 
 JENKINS, CHARLES, minister of Portland, 
 Maine, died Dec. 29, 1831, aged 45. He was 
 born in Barre, Mass., in 1786, and was graduated 
 at Williams college in 1813. He was afterwards 
 
 JENNISON. 
 
 475 
 
 preceptor of the academy at Westfield ; in 1816 
 he was appointed tutor at the college ; he was set 
 tled in the ministry at Greenfield, Mass., in 1820, 
 and installed at Portland, as the minister of the 
 third congregational society, in 1825. After a 
 short illness he died of the prevailing influenza. 
 He was highly esteemed and exerting a most im 
 portant and beneficial influence, when he was re 
 moved from life. His mind was of an original 
 cast and very fertile and vigorous. With a rich 
 poetical fancy, he gave an interest to the subjects 
 of his discussion. Sometimes, however, he failed 
 in simplicity of style and in adapting his method 
 of instruction sufficiently to the understandings 
 of minds less elevated than his own. With some 
 defect of this kind, which is to be ascribed in part 
 to his very originality, he was yet a most faithful 
 and useful preacher, and made himself under 
 stood in the hearts of the hypocritical and the 
 sinful. Disregarding the world s applause, he 
 steadily pursued the path of duty, declaring the 
 whole counsel of God, and seeking in every way 
 to advance the power of the gospel. He pub 
 lished three sermons on the obligations, duties, 
 and blessings of the Sabbath, with remarks on 
 the report in congress on Sabbath mails, 1830 ; 
 a sermon on the elevated nature of true piety, in 
 the national preacher, Dec., 1831. A volume of 
 his sermons was published after his death. 
 Christian Mirror, Jan. 5, 1832. 
 
 JENKINS, SAMUEL, died at Lancaster, Ohio, 
 Feb. 4, 1849, aged 115. Born in 1734, the slave 
 of Capt. Broadwater, of Fairfax county, Va., he 
 drove a wagon in Braddock s campaign. He had 
 been free forty years. 
 
 JENKS, DANIEL, chief justice of Providence 
 county court, R. I., died in July, 1774, aged 72. 
 Born in Pawtucket, he was judge nearly tliirty 
 years ; and from his youth a member of a Baptist 
 church. 
 
 JENNER, THOMAS, a preacher at Weymouth 
 and elsewhere, was admitted a freeman in 1636, 
 and was a representative in 1640. He was the 
 minister of W. from 1636 to 1640. 
 
 JENNESS, RICHARD, died at Deerficld, K H., 
 in 1819, aged 73. He was a senator and a judge 
 of the common pleas. 
 
 JENNLNGS, OBADIAH, D. D., minister at Nash 
 ville, Tenn., died Jan. 12, 1832, aged 52. 
 
 JENNINGS, JONATHAN, the first governor of 
 Indiana, died near Charlestown, July, 1835. He 
 had been a member of congress. 
 
 JENNLNGS, SAMUEL K., M. D., died at Bal 
 timore in Oct., 1854, aged 84. He was one of 
 the founders of the Methodist church, and for 
 years a professor in the medical college of Phila 
 delphia. 
 
 JENNISON, WILLIAM, minister of the east 
 church in Salem, died in 1750, aged 45. He 
 
476 
 
 JEXXISOX. 
 
 JOHX. 
 
 graduated at Harvard in 1724, and was minister 
 in S. from 1728 to 1736. His successors were 
 Diman, Bentley, and Flint. 
 
 JEXXISOX, WILLIAM, a teacher, died in Bos 
 ton Dec. 4, 1843, aged 86. He was a graduate 
 of Harvard in 1774, and was once a teacher in 
 New Brunswick, Pa., and La. 
 
 JEXXISOX, TIMOTHY L., M. D., died at Cam 
 bridge in 1845, aged about 82 ; a graduate of 
 1782. 
 
 JEROME, AMASA, minister of Wadsworth, 
 Ohio, died suddenly at Xew Hartford, Conn., in 
 1832, aged 57. Born at Stockbridge, Mass., he 
 graduated at Williams college in 1798, and was 
 settled at Xew Hartford in 1802, whence after 
 eleven years he was dismissed on account of ill 
 health. ftprayues Annals. 
 
 JEWETT, JEDIDIAII, minister of Rowley, died 
 in 1774, aged 68. Born in 11., he was graduated 
 at Harvard in 1726, and settled over the first 
 church in 1729 as the successor of Edward Pay- 
 son. He published a sermon at the ordination 
 of Y). Tappan. 
 
 JEWETT, DAVID, minister of Montville, 
 Conn., died in 1783, aged 66. He was a native 
 of Rowley, a graduate of Harvard in 1736 ; or 
 dained Oct. 3, 1739, just seventeen years from 
 the installation of James Hillhouse. Montville 
 was then Xew London, second church. He was 
 an accomplished gentleman, a good scholar, and 
 an eloquent preacher. During his ministry one 
 hundred and twenty-nine were added to the church ; 
 also twenty-one Indians living at Mohegan within 
 the town of Montville, whose names were nearly 
 all as follows : Cyrus and wife, widow Shokket, 
 Sarah Junco, Lucy Juneo, Henry Cochquid, Joshua 
 Xoncsuch, Hannah Xonesuch, Andrew Tantapan, 
 Joe Tanner, Betty Occom, Lizzy Ximrod, Lucy 
 Cochegun, John Xinnipoome, Sarah Occom, Anne 
 Uncas, Hannah Cooper, Sam Ashpo. After 1740 
 Ashpo set up a separate worship at Mohegan ; 
 other Indian preachers folloAved him, the last of 
 whom was John Cooper. Occom preached to 
 this church. 
 
 Immediately after the death of Mr. Jewctt s 
 son, Dr. David H. Jewett, in 1814 there was a 
 revival, in which sixty were in a few months added 
 to the church. May 6, 1823, the meeting-house, 
 standing on Raymond hill, was struck by light 
 ning and two persons were killed. There soon 
 followed a great revival, in which one hundred 
 persons were added to the church in one year. 
 
 JEWETT, DAVID, minister of Rockport, Mass., 
 died at the house of his son-in-law, Rev. Mr. 
 Whitney, at Waltham July 14, 1841, aged nearly 
 68. Born in Hollis,N. H., he graduated at Dart 
 mouth in 1801, and was settled successor of E. 
 Cleaveland Oct. 30, 1805. His faithful and suc 
 cessful labors continued thirty-one years, when 
 from ill health he resigned his office. His church 
 
 increased from ten members to more than two 
 hundred and fifty. Amidst a flood of Universalism 
 and Unitarianism, which overflowed cape Ann, he 
 was the instrument in Providence of saving his 
 church from being wrecked ; and to him great is 
 the debt of gratitude from the Orthodox church 
 of Gloucester and two churches of Rockport. A 
 most interesting event was the burial of his re 
 mains at R. after fifteen years. His son, William 
 R. Jewett of Plymouth, X. H., preached the ser 
 mon on the occasion, July 13, 1856 ; then at the 
 grave made an address, which was responded to 
 on the part of the people by Dr. Benjamin Has- 
 kell. His widow, who was Miss Reed of Marble- 
 head, still lives. The handsome granite monu 
 ment was erected at the expense of his grateful 
 people, who remembered his virtues ; and he now 
 sleeps in the midst of their fathers, his former 
 flock. He was a man of childlike simplicity and 
 Christian tenderness, but of an iron purpose, 
 resolute, fearless, unmovable. 
 
 JEWETT, THOMAS, Dr., an Infidel reclaimed, 
 died in Rindge, N. H., April 24, 1840, aged 69. 
 Until seven or eight years before his death he 
 was an Infidel and Universalist ; but in 1833 he, 
 out of regard to his family, burnt his Infidel 
 books. As soon as his last book was in ashes, he 
 felt, for the first time, a sense of guilt, which led 
 him to accept the gospel. He died in peace. 
 The tract, 351, " the Infidel reclaimed," relates to 
 him. In his sickness he talked earnestly with 
 hundreds, who called to see him. Among his 
 last words were these : " All is light ; I seem to 
 look right into heaven." " O, the joy and peace 
 in believing ! " "I long to drink of the water 
 that flows from God and the Lamb." 
 
 JEWETT, JOSEPH, colonel, died in Ashburn- 
 ham May 3, 1846, aged 85. He served in several 
 campaigns in the war of independence ; his life 
 was useful, and he was regarded as the father of 
 the town. At the age of 70 he made a profes 
 sion of his faith in Christ. 
 
 JEWETT, ISAAC A., died in Keene, N. H., in 
 1853, aged 44. Born in Burlington, Vt., he grad 
 uated at Harvard in 1830, and was a lawyer in 
 Cincinnati and Xew Orleans. In his last years 
 he lived at the north. He published passages in 
 foreign travel, 2 vols. ; and wrote letters from the 
 West Indies, published in the Christian Register 
 about 1850. 
 
 JIM, a negro, died in Shreveport April 19, 
 1856, aged 124 years and nearly 4 months : born 
 a slave of John Carter in Fredcricksburg, Va., 
 Dec. 24, 1731. 
 
 JOHX, an Indian sagamore, lived at Winne- 
 simet at the first settlement of Boston in 1630, 
 and was one of the principal chiefs of the Matta- 
 chusetts. He was courteous and friendly to the 
 new settlers, and endeavored to learn their lan 
 guage. In 1632 the Tarratines or Eastern Indians 
 
JOHN. 
 
 wounded him. In 1633 he and most of his peo 
 ple died of the small pox : he said, " I must die, 
 the God of the English is much angry with me, 
 and will destroy me." To Mr. Wilson, who 
 visited him in his sickness, he gave his son to be 
 taught the Christian religion. 2 Hist. Coll. III. 
 127 ; VI. 650. 
 
 JOHN, an old negro, died at Washington city 
 April 8, 1838, aged 115, drowned in the canal. 
 
 JOIINES, TIMOTHY, D. I)., a minister in Mor- 
 ristown, N. J., fifty-three years, died in 1794, aged 
 nearly 80. He was graduated at Yale in 1737. 
 From his hand Washington received the sacra 
 ment, as is related by Sparks. 
 
 JOIIXS, JEHIEL, died in Huntington, Vt., Aug. 
 12, 1840, aged 85. He built the first log house 
 in II., and brought his family in 1786. 
 
 JOHNSON, ISAAC, one of the founders of Mas 
 sachusetts, was a native of Clipsham, county of 
 llutland, England, and arrived at Salem June 12, 
 1630, with Gov. Winthrop in the chief ship of 
 the fleet, formerly the Eagle, but now named the 
 Arbella in honor of his wife. In July he, with 
 the governor and other gentlemen, proceeded to 
 Charlcstown. July 30th was a day of fasting, and 
 the church of Boston was founded at Charles- 
 town ; the four persons, who entered into cove 
 nant and laid the foundation of the church, were 
 Gov. Winthrop, Deputy-governor Dudley, Mr. 
 Johnson, and Mr. Wilson, afterwards the minister. 
 Five more were added August 1. The want of 
 good water at Cliarlestown induced Mr. Johnson 
 and others to remove to Shawmut, or Boston, 
 where was " an excellent spring." In August his 
 wife died at Salem : for an account of her sec the 
 next article. At the second court of assistants 
 in Charlestown, Sept. 7, Mr. Johnson was present. 
 Boston was settled under his conduct. He died 
 there on Thursday, Sept. 30, 1630. " He was a 
 holy man and wise, and died in sweet peace ; 
 leaving part of his substance to the colony. He 
 made a most godly end ; dying willingly ; pro 
 fessing his life better spent in promoting this 
 plantation, than it could have been any other 
 way." He had the largest estate of any of the 
 settlers, and was " the greatest furtherer of this 
 plantation." His lot in Boston was the square 
 between Trcmont, School, and Queen streets and 
 Cornhill ; and he was buried at the upper end of 
 his lot, which gave occasion for the first burying- 
 placc to be laid out around his grave. This is 
 now called the stone chapel grave-yard. His 
 house was on a hill near Tremont street. 
 Prince, 318-333. 
 
 JOHNSON, ARBELLA, wife of the preceding, 
 came with him to Salem in June, 1630, and died 
 about Aug. 30th, probably of a prevailing infec 
 tious fever, contracted on shipboard, and of which 
 many died. She was the daughter of Thomas, 
 third earl of Lincoln, who died in 1619, and sis- 
 
 JOHNSON. 
 
 477 
 
 ter of Theophilus, the fourth earl. Her sister, 
 Frances, married John, son of Sir Ferdinando 
 Gorges; her sister, Susan, married John Hum 
 phrey. She has been usually called the lady Ar 
 bella, and it was in honor of her that the admiral 
 ship of Winthrop s fleet, before called the Eagle, 
 received the name of the Arbella. The word, 
 indeed, by Johnson, Mather, Neal, Hutchinson, 
 and almost all our historians, excepting Prince, 
 has been written Arabella. Mr. Savage, in his 
 edition of Winthrop in 1825, has insisted upon 
 the propriety of following Prince, whose accuracy 
 is unquestioned, and who, doubtless, in the man 
 uscripts of which he made use, found the form 
 Arbella, as printed in his annals. Mr. Savage 
 testifies that the word is so written in the original 
 note of the meeting of the assistants on board 
 this ship ; that Winthrop so wrote the word, and 
 that Gov. Dudley so wrote it in a letter to the 
 countess of Lincoln, the mother of the lady. I 
 am able to strengthen the cause by a new argu 
 ment. The lady Arbella Johnson was probably 
 named after the lady known as the lady Arabella 
 Stuart, who died in the tower about twenty years 
 before the settlement of Massachusetts. In re 
 spect to her name, the English historians gener 
 ally have fallen into a mistake. Her name ought 
 to be written Arbella, and for these reasons : 
 Echard quotes the indictment against Raleigh, 
 etc., for sedition and "setting up the lady Ar 
 bella Stuart." Thus he wrote the name, and 
 thus, doubtless, he found it in the record. More 
 over, some years ago, in examining an English 
 book, I met with a fac simile of this lady s method 
 of writing her own name after her marriage to 
 Seymour, and the copy stands thus : " Arbella 
 Seymoure." We ought, then, to be satisfied, that 
 Arbella was the name of Isaac Johnson s wife, and 
 the name on the stern of the admiral ship. Shall 
 we now so write the name, or shall we accommo 
 date the orthography to what was probably the pro 
 nunciation of the English, who now give, in some 
 cases, a peculiar sound to the letter r, which we 
 are not accustomed to give ? Can we hope to in 
 duce the English to write Arbella Stuart ? Shall 
 we divide into the two belligerous factions of Ar- 
 bellans and Arabellans, and dispute, like the the 
 ologians of old, about a single letter ? Or shall 
 we fall in with the modern reformer, who stands 
 up for the primitive writing, and dares not substi 
 tute custom for the record ? Dr. Holmes, in his 
 second edition, has come out an Arbcllan. Mr. 
 Farmer, though contrary to his own antiquarian 
 principles, is an Arabellan. For my part, I have 
 concluded to be tolerant, especially as in my 
 book I happen to present the word in both 
 forms, and will embrace the partisans of both 
 sides in the compass of my charity. Savage s 
 WintJirop, I. 1, 34 ; Prince, 314 ; Holmes ; I. 206 ; 
 Farmer. 
 
478 
 
 JOHNSON. 
 
 JOHNSON, EDWARD, captain, an early New 
 England historian, died April 23, 1672, aged, 
 probably, upwards of 70. He came from Herne- 
 Hill, a parish in Kent, in 1630, probably in the 
 fleet of Gov. Winthrop, for, Oct. 19, he was 
 among the petitioners to be admitted as freemen. 
 In 1632 he was atMerrimac, residing there under 
 a license to trade, but his usual residence was 
 Charlcstown. When it was determined to erect 
 a new town, and church, now called Woburn, he 
 was one of the committee for that purpose. In 
 May, 1642, the town was incorporated ; it had 
 been called " Charlestown village." Aug. 14 the 
 church was formed, and Mr. Carter ordained 
 Nov. 22. In 1643 he went with Capt. Cook and 
 forty men to Providence, to seize Gorton. In 
 the same year he was chosen representative, and 
 was annually re-elected, excepting 1648, till 1671. 
 He was the speaker of the house in 1655. At 
 the incorporation of the town he was chosen re 
 corder, and he kept the records of the town until 
 about a year before his death. In 1665 he was 
 appointed on the committee with Bradstreet, Dan- 
 forth, and others, to meet the commissioners, 
 Nicolls, Carr, etc., who had been sent from Eng 
 land. He left five sons, Edward, George, Wil 
 liam, Matthew, and John, two of whom were 
 representatives of Woburn. His descendants are 
 numerous in Woburn and Burlington. John 
 Farmer, the author of the New England Gene 
 alogical Register, was a descendant. Capt. John 
 son was the author of a history of Massachusetts 
 from 1628 to 1852, which is of great value, not 
 withstanding the imperfections of its style. Its 
 title is, history of New England from the English 
 planting in 1628 till 1652 ; or, wonder-working 
 Providence of Zion s Saviour, 4to., London, 1654. 
 It has been reprinted in the historical collections, 
 second series, vols. n., in., iv., vil., vm., in which 
 work it fills about 230 pages. Short pieces of 
 poetry are interspersed in the work, as a kind of 
 sonnets on individuals, and in other forms, 
 amounting to about 1200 lines. We should be 
 glad at the present day to exchange this poetry 
 for a plain narrative of facts. Farmer; Chick- 
 ering s Dedication Sermon. 
 
 JOHNSON, ISAAC, captain, of Roxbury, was 
 one of the six captains slain by the Indians at the 
 capture of Narragansett fort, Dec. 19, 1675. 
 
 JOHNSON, WILLIAM, major, the son of Ed 
 ward, died at Woburn, Mass., in 1704. He was 
 a firm, inflexible assistant under the old colony 
 charter. Collections of Farmer fy Moore, vol. I. 
 
 JOHNSON, NATHANIEL, Sir, governor of South 
 Carolina seven or eight years, died in 1713. He 
 had been a soldier and a member of the house 
 of commons, and from 1686 to 1689 governor of 
 the leeward islands, Nevis, St. Christopher, etc. 
 He first came to Carolina as a private individual, 
 and engaged in various projects, as the culture of 
 
 JOHNSON. 
 
 silk, of grapes, of rice, the manufacture of salt, 
 the building of mills. He procured a legal es 
 tablishment of the Episcopal church, although 
 the majority of the people were opposed, and was 
 the means of introducing one hundred Episcopal 
 clergymen and forming parochial libraries. The 
 fort he built on the east end of James Island 
 bears his name. 
 
 JOHNSON, ROBERT, governor of South Caro 
 lina, died at Charleston May 3, 1735. He was 
 governor in 1719, and again from 1730 till the 
 period of his death. In 1731 he negotiated a 
 treaty with the Chcrokees. He proved himself 
 an efficient friend of Mr. Oglethorpc and the first 
 settlers of Georgia on their arrival at Charleston, 
 the assembly, at his suggestion, furnishing them 
 with one hundred and four head of cattle, twenty- 
 five hogs, twenty barrels of rice, and ten horse 
 men rangers for their protection. The settlement 
 of Purrysburgh, by six hundred Swiss under Col. 
 Peter Purry, was made in his administration. 
 
 JOHNSON, GABRIEL, governor of North Car 
 olina, remained in office from Nov., 1734, till his 
 death in 1752. In his administration much Avas 
 done for the establishment of order and the en 
 couragement of learning and religion, and the 
 colony prospered. 
 
 JOHNSON, WILLIAM, minister in Newbury, 
 Mass., died in 1772, aged 65. Born in N., he 
 graduated at Harvard in 1727, and was settled in 
 1732 over the fourth church. His successor was 
 Dr. Tappan. 
 
 JOHNSON, SAMUEL, D. D., first president of 
 King s college, New York, died Jan. 6, 1772, aged 
 75. He was born in Guilford, Conn., Oct. 14, 
 1696, and graduated at Yale college in 1714. In 
 Oct., 1716, the trustees and general court di 
 rected the college to be removed to New Haven, 
 and Mr. Johnson was chosen a tutor, in which 
 office he continued till March 20, 1720, when he 
 was ordained the minister of West Haven. Hav 
 ing an aversion to extemporary performances, it 
 was his practice to use forms of prayer, and to 
 write only one sermon in a month. He usually 
 preached the discourses of others, minuting down 
 only the heads, and expressing himself, when 
 his remembrance of the words of the author 
 failed him, in language of his own. Hav 
 ing embraced the Arminian doctrines and become 
 a convert to the Episcopalian worship and church 
 government, he resigned his charge at West Ha 
 ven, and embarked at Boston with President 
 Cutler for England Nov. 5, 1722. Having re 
 ceived ordination as a missionary for Stratford, he 
 arrived at that place in Nov., 1723. His prede 
 cessor and friend, Mr. Pigot, was immediately re 
 moved to Providence. Mr. Johnson was now the 
 only Episcopalian minister in Conn., and there 
 were but a few families of the English church in 
 the colony. They were not increased in Stratford 
 
JOHNSON. 
 
 by means of his labors, but in the neighboring 
 towns, where he sometimes officiated, many fami 
 lies conformed. The desire of escaping the Con 
 gregational tax by joining a church, whose minister 
 received a salary from a foreign society, and the 
 petty quarrels which exist in most congregations, 
 were causes, according to Mr. Hobart, of no in 
 considerable influence, in multiplying the Episco 
 palians. Between the years 1724 and 1736 Mr. 
 Johnson was engaged in a controversy on the 
 subject of Episcopacy with Mr. l^ickinson, Mr. 
 Foxcroft, and Mr. Graham. Entering on a new 
 course of studies, he procured the works of John 
 Hutchinson, and embraced many of his senti 
 ments. He regarded him as a person of a stupen 
 dous genius, little inferior even to that of Sir 
 Isaac Newton, whose principles he opposed ; and 
 he thought that in his writings he had discovered 
 many important ancient truths, had effectually 
 confuted the Jews, Infidels, Arians, and heretics 
 of other denominations, and proved that the 
 method of redemption by Jesus Christ was better 
 understood in the patriarchial and Mosaic ages 
 than was generally imagined. In 1754 he was 
 elected president of the college, which had been 
 lately instituted at New York. He went to that 
 place in April, and soon commenced his labors. 
 The charter was procured Oct. 31, 1754. In 
 March, 1763, he resigned, and was succeeded by 
 Myles Cooper. He passed the remainder of his 
 days in the peaceful retreat of Stratford, resuming 
 his former charge, and continuing in the ministry 
 till his death. 
 
 Dr. Johnson was in his person rather tall and 
 in the latter part of his life corpulent. He was 
 happy in a calmness of temper which was seldom 
 discomposed. Those who knew him generally 
 loved and revered him. The same good disposi 
 tion, which rendered him amiable in private life, 
 marked all his proceedings of a public nature, 
 and may be discovered in his controversial writ 
 ings. Benevolence was a conspicuous trait in his 
 character. He seldom suffered a day to pass 
 without doing to others some good offices relat 
 ing to their temporal or spiritual affairs. His 
 conversation was enlivened by the natural cheerful 
 ness of his disposition, yet in his freest discourse 
 he retained a respect to his character as a clergy 
 man. By his acquaintance with Dean Berkeley 
 he became a convert to the peculiar metaphysical 
 opinions of that great man. His piety was un- 
 miugled with gloom or melancholy, and he con 
 templated with admiration and gratitude the 
 wonderful plan of redemption, disclosed in the 
 gospel. An account of his life, written by Dr. 
 Chandler, was given to the public in 1805. He 
 published plain reasons for conforming to the 
 church, 1733; two tracts in the controversy with 
 Mr. Graham ; a letter from Aristocles to Au- 
 thades ; a defence of it in a letter to Mr. Dickin- 
 
 JOHNSON. 
 
 479 
 
 son; a system of morality, 1746, designed to check 
 the progress of enthusiasm ; a compendium of 
 logic, 1752 ; a demonstration of the reasonable 
 ness of prayer, 1761 ; a sermon on the beauties 
 of holiness in the worship of the church of Eng 
 land ; a short vindication of the society for propa- 
 ating the gospel; an English grammar and a 
 catechism, 1765; a Hebrew grammar, 1767 ; this 
 evinced an accurate acquaintance with that lan- 
 uage, and it was reprinted with improvements 
 in 1771 . Chandler s Life of Johnson ; Beach s 
 Fun. Sermon. 
 
 JOHNSON, STEPHEN, minister of Lyme in 
 Conn., died Nov. 8, 1786, aged 61. lie was 
 
 aduated at Yale in 1743, and was settled as the 
 successor of Jonathan Parsons in 1746. He 
 published election sermon, 1770 ; on the everlast 
 ing punishment of the wicked, in answer, to 
 Chauncy and others, 8vo., 1786. 
 
 JOHNSON, JACOB, minister of Groton, Conn., 
 died in 1794, aged about 76. He was graduated 
 at Y r ale in 1740, and settled over the third church 
 in Groton, 1748. 
 
 JOHNSON, WILLIAM MARTIN, Dr., a poet, 
 died at Jamaica, L. I., Sept. 21, 1797, aged 
 about 26. He was the son, real or stolen, of a 
 beggar, who intrusted him to the care of Capt. 
 Albee of Wrentham, Mass. He studied medi 
 cine with Dr. Gage of East Hampton, L. I. 
 Then he emigrated to Georgetown, S. C., where 
 he was a partner with Dr. Bromfield. He mar 
 ried and was in good business, when he soon lost 
 his health. He wrote this epitaph on a lady: 
 
 " Hero sleep in dust and wait the Almighty s will, 
 Then rise unchanged, and be an angel still." 
 
 Cycl. of American Lit. 
 
 JOHNSON, NOAH, died at Plymouth, N. H., 
 in Oct., 1798, aged 103. He was a deacon of the 
 church. He was a, soldier in Lovewell s battle 
 with the Indians at Fryeburg. 
 . JOHNSON, JOSHUA, was a graduate of Yale 
 in 1775; a minister of Dudley, Mass., from 1790 
 to 1796. He had been previously settled in 1784, 
 in Woodstock, Conn., north society. 
 
 JOHNSON, JOSHUA, commissioner of stamps, 
 died at Alexandria in April, 1802. He was 
 father-in-law of J. Q. Adams; and had been 
 American consul at London. 
 
 JOHNSON, JAMES, minister of North Fairfield, 
 Conn., died in 1810, aged about 70. He gradu 
 ated at Yale in 1760, in the class of Dr. Hart. 
 
 JOHNSON, BENJAMIN, judge of the supreme 
 court of llhode Island, died at West Greenwich 
 in 1813, aged 65. 
 
 JOHNSON, BAKER, colonel of the Pievolution- 
 ary army, died in Maryland in 1813. 
 
 JOHNSON, WILLIAM SAMUEL, LL. D., presi 
 dent of Columbia college, New Y ork, the eldest 
 son of Dr. Samuel, died Nov. 14, 1819, aged 92. 
 
480 
 
 JOHNSON. 
 
 JOHNSON. 
 
 He was born at Stratford Oct. 7, 1727 ; was grad 
 uated at Yale college in 1744; and soon rose to 
 eminence as a lawyer. He was not only a man 
 of science and literature, but also an eloquent 
 orator. In 176,5 he was* a delegate to the con 
 gress at New York; and in 1766 was an agent of 
 the colony to England. While there he formed 
 an acquaintance with illustrious men ; with Dr. 
 S. Johnson he corresponded for many years. He 
 returned in 1771, and in 1772 was appointed a 
 judge of the supreme court of Connecticut ; an 
 office which he relinquished in 1774. In 17 85 he 
 was a delegate to congress ; and in 1787 he was 
 a member of the convention which framed the 
 constitution of the United States. He was one 
 of the first senators from Connecticut, and with 
 Mr. Ellsworth drew up the bill for the judiciary 
 system. From 1792 to 1800 he was the presi 
 dent of Columbia college. After 1800 he lived 
 in his native village till his death. 
 
 JOHNSON, THOMAS, governor of Maryland, 
 died at Hose Hill Oct. 26, 1819, aged 87. He 
 was a native of Calvert county. In 1774 he was 
 appointed a member of congress, and was for sev 
 eral years in that body. After the devolution he 
 was the first governor, from 1777 to 1779, when 
 he was succeeded by Thomas S. Lee. He was 
 an associate justice of the supreme court of the 
 United States from 1791 till his resignation, from 
 ill health, in 1793. 
 
 JOHNSON, Sir WILLIAM, a major-general of 
 the militia of New York, and remarkable for the 
 ascendency which he gained over the Indians, 
 died July 11, 1774, aged 60. He was born in 
 Ireland about the year 1714, and was a nephew 
 of Sir Peter Warren, the naval hero, who dis 
 tinguished himself especially at the siege of 
 Louisbourg in 1745. Sir Peter, having married a 
 lady in New York, was induced to purchase large 
 tracts of land upon the Mohawk river and the 
 more interior parts of the country, and he sent 
 for his nephew, about the year 1734, to come to 
 America and take- the charge of his affairs. 
 Young Johnson accordingly took up his residence 
 upon a certain tract on the Mohawk, about thirty 
 miles from Albany, and cultivated an acquain 
 tance with the Indians, lie learned their lan 
 guage ; he studied their manners, that he might 
 be able to conciliate their regard; his situation 
 upon the river between Albany and Oswego pre 
 sented a fine opportunity for trade, and he carried 
 on a large traffic with them, supplying them with 
 such goods as they needed, and receiving in 
 return beaver and other skins ; at length he ac 
 quired an influence over them, which no other 
 man ever possessed. In 1755 he was intrusted 
 with the command of the provincial troops of 
 New York, and marched to invest Crown Point, 
 while Shirley proceeded towards Ontario agreea 
 bly to the plan of the campaign. General John 
 
 son, after the defeat of a detachment under Col. 
 Williams, which he had sent out, was attacked 
 himself in his camp on lake George Sept. 8th. 
 But as soon as his artillery began to play, the 
 Canadian militia and the Indians fled with precip 
 itation to the swamps. The French troops were 
 repulsed, and Baron Dieskau, their general, was 
 taken prisoner. The advantage, however, which 
 was thus gained, was not pursued, and his con 
 duct in not proceeding against Crown Point has 
 been the subject of reprehension. Even the suc 
 cess of the battle is to be attributed to the exer 
 tions of the brave Gen. Lyman. But Johnson, 
 who was wounded in the engagement, reaped the 
 benefits of the repulse of Dieskau, which was 
 magnified into a splendid victory. The house of 
 commons bestowed on him 5,000 pounds, and 
 the king conferred on him the title of baronet. 
 About this time also he was appointed superin 
 tendent of Indian affairs in New York. In the 
 year 1759 he commanded the provincial troops 
 under Brig.-Gcn. Prideaux, in the expedition 
 against Niagara. While directing the operations 
 of the siege, Prideaux was killed by the bursting 
 of a cohorn July 20th; but Johnson prosecuted 
 the plan, which had been formed, with judgment 
 and vigor. On the 24th of July the enemy made 
 an attempt to raise the siege, but were defeated 
 through the excellent dispositions and the cour 
 age of Johnson, and the next day the fort was 
 taken, and about six hundred men made prison 
 ers of war. This event broke oft the communi 
 cation which the French intended to establish 
 between Canada and Louisiana. When Amherst 
 embarked at Oswego in June, 1760, to proceed on 
 the expedition to Canada, Sir William brought to 
 him at that place one thousand Indians of the 
 Iroquois or five nations, which was the largest 
 number that had been seen in arms at one time 
 in the cause of England. He died at his seat at 
 Johnson hall, about twenty-four miles from 
 Schenectady, on the Mohawk river. lie left a 
 large sum of money to be employed in presents 
 to the Indians of the Mohawk castles, all of 
 whom, men, women, and children, had mourning 
 dresses presented them on his death. 
 
 Sir William possessed considerable talents as 
 an orator, and his influence over the Indians was 
 not a little owing to the impression made upon 
 them by means of his elocution. It has been 
 represented, that he was envious toward Shirley, 
 and endeavored to thwart him in his plans, by 
 discouraging the Indians from joining him; and 
 that in his private conduct he paid little respect 
 to those laws, the observation oi which only can 
 insure domestic peace and virtue. He had wives 
 and concubines, sons and daughters, of different 
 colors. He was zealous in supporting the claims 
 of Great Britain, which excited such agitation in 
 the colonies a few years before his death, and he 
 
JOHNSON. 
 
 JOHNSON. 
 
 481 
 
 exerted himself to promote the interest of the 
 church of England. The following anecdote 
 seems to evince that, in his dealings with the In 
 dians, who have a good reputation for cunning, 
 he was not outwitted by them. Having sent to 
 England for clothes finely laced, on their arrival, 
 Hendrick, the chief of the Mohawks, was dazzled 
 with their splendor, and began to think how 
 finely he should look dressed in a similar manner. 
 His vanity could not be resisted, and to gratify it 
 he hit upon the following expedient. He went 
 to Sir William one morning, and told him very 
 demurely, that in the preceding night he had 
 dreamed, that the baronet had generously pre 
 sented him with a suit of his laced clothes. The 
 solemn hint could not be mistaken or avoided, 
 and the Indian monarch went away pleased with 
 his successful ingenuity. In a few days, however, 
 Sir William accosted his majesty and made known 
 his dream, which was, that Hendrick had given 
 him a tract of land containing several thousand 
 acres. " The land is yours," said Hendrick, 
 " but now, Sir William, I never dream with you 
 again ; you dream too hard for me." He pub 
 lished a piece on the customs and language of 
 the Indians in philosophical transactions, vol. LXIII. 
 Dr. Eliot ; Annual Beg. for 1758, 1759, 
 1760, 17G6, 1774; Marshall, I. 385, 395, 446; 
 Wynne,ll. 44-52, 99-101. 
 
 JOHNSON, Sir JOHN, son of the preceding, 
 died in Jan., 1798. He succeeded his father in 
 his title, and was appointed major-general in his 
 place Nov., 1774. At the commencement of the 
 war he joined the British, and about the year 
 1776 persuaded the Mohawks to retire into Can 
 ada, from whence he repeatedly ravaged different 
 parts of New York, and in one expedition, in 
 which he destroyed the very settlement where he 
 formerly lived, he proved himself not very dissim 
 ilar in character to his savage companions. In 
 Aug., 1777, he invested fort Stanwix, and de 
 feated Herkimer. In Oct., 1780, Gen. Van 
 Kensselaer defeated him at Fox s mills. In 1796 
 he was appointed governor of Upper Canada, 
 lie died at Hampton, Canada. 
 
 JOHNSON, JOSEPH, an Indian preacher, was 
 born at Mohegan, near Norwich, Conn., about 
 1750. He was the son of Capt. Joseph Johnson, 
 who served near lake George in the French war 
 of 1757, and who was a man of piety. After 
 being educated at Mr. Wheelock s school at Leb 
 anon, as was also Occom, another Mohegan 
 preacher, he was sent, at the age of fifteen, as a 
 schoolmaster to the Six Nations of Indians in 
 New York, and was thus employed two years. 
 Afterwards " he wandered up and down in this 
 delusive world." Returning from a whaling 
 voyage in 1771, he repaired to his farm at Mohe 
 gan, and there, in a time of sickness brought on 
 by his vices, became a Christian convert by read- 
 Cl 
 
 ing the New Testament and Baxter s saints 
 rest. It would seem from his journal, which is 
 still preserved, that he experienced the deepest 
 conviction of sin. Afterwards he was licensed to 
 preach and was for years a missionary in the State 
 of New York. Being among the Six Nations in 
 1776, he received a letter from Washington, 
 dated at Cambridge Feb. 20th, saying: "Tell 
 them, that we don t want them to take up the 
 hatchet for us except they choose it ; we only 
 desire, that they will not fight against us. We 
 want that the chain of friendship should always 
 remain bright between our friends of the Six 
 Nations and us. We recommend you to them, 
 and hope, by your spreading the truths of the gos 
 pel among them, it will keep the chain bright." 
 His manuscript journal and sermons display his 
 talents and acquaintance with theology. 
 
 JOHNSON, JOHN, major, a painter, died about 
 1817. He was a brave officer in the Revolution 
 ary army. After the peace of 1783 he took up 
 the pencil, residing chiefly at Boston ; but he was 
 deficient in drawing, though with a correct eye 
 and steady hand. He was also a man of a vig 
 orous mind. His strong likenesses of some of 
 our fathers arc valuable. Knapp s Lectures, 193. 
 
 JOHNSON, SAMUEL B., lieutenant, an officer 
 of the navy, was born in New York and educated 
 a printer. In the war of 1812 he joined the 
 marine corps, and was for a time a prisoner in 
 Chili. He died on board the Macedonian, May 
 12, 1820. He published letters from Chili, 1816. 
 
 JOHNSON, JOHN, chancellor of Maryland, 
 died suddenly in Aug., 1824, aged about 52, sup 
 posed to be a graduate of Columbia college, New 
 York, in 1792. 
 
 JOHNSON, WILLIAM, colonel, died at Boon- 
 ville in Christian peace, June 1, 1834, aged 85, a 
 Revolutionary soldier. Born in Haverhill, he 
 lived many years in Boscawen. 
 
 JOHNSON, WILLIAM, judge of the supreme 
 court of the United States, died at Brooklyn 
 Aug. 4, 1834. His residence was Charleston, 
 S. C. He published the life of Gen. Greene, 2 
 vols., 4to., 1822; essay to philosophical society; 
 Nugae Georgicac, 1815; eulogy on Adams and 
 Jefierson, 1826. 
 
 JOHNSON, SAMUEL, died at Hallow-ell Nov. 
 16, 1836, aged 44. He was secretary and agent 
 of the Maine missionary society. His death 
 was occasioned by a slight injury of one of his 
 toes by a peg in a newly-mended boot. Born 
 in Georgetown, Mass., he graduated at Bowdoin 
 in 1817. lie was the minister of Alna from 
 1818 to 1828, and minister of Saco from 1828 to 
 1836, succeeding Dr. Jonathan Cogswell, and 
 afterwards uscfally employed in promoting the 
 missionary cause. He had power as a preacher. 
 As he was about to die, he sent a message to his 
 church, that he should be ready to meet them in 
 
482 
 
 JOHNSON. 
 
 JONES. 
 
 the world of glory, as one by one they should 
 enter. 
 
 JOHNSON, ALFRED, minister of Belfast, in 
 Me., died Jan. 12, 1837, aged 69. 
 
 JOHNSON, OSGOOD, principal of Andover 
 Academy, died May 9, 1837, aged 33 ; a graduate 
 of Dartmouth, 1828. He had talents, taste, lit 
 erature, and possessed manly and Christian virtues. 
 
 JOHNSON, MABIA PRESTON, Mrs., of Rupert, 
 Vt, wife of Stephen J., missionary to Siam, died 
 at Philadelphia Jan. 8, 1839. Ill health com 
 pelled her to return to this country. 
 
 JOHNSON, WILLIAM SAMUEL, judge, died at 
 Stratford Oct. 25, 1846, aged 85; a native of 
 S., and a graduate of 1779. He was a judge of 
 a county court. 
 
 JOHNSON, WILLIAM, died in New York in 
 July, 1848, aged about 80. Born in Middletown, 
 he graduated at Yale in 1788, and settled in the 
 law at New York. He was a reporter of the su 
 preme court and court of chancery. He published 
 a translation of Azuni s maritime law in 1806, 
 and a digest of cases decided in the courts of New 
 York, from 1799 to 1803, in 3 vols.; from 1808 
 to 1812; reports, etc., 20 vols., 1815, 1823; 
 digest of cases from 1799 to 1827, 2 vols., 1825 ; 
 do. from 1799 to 1823, 8vo. 
 
 JOHNSON, SAMUEL LEE, rector in Indian 
 apolis, Ind., died in 1848, aged 36. He gradu 
 ated at Kenyon college in 1839, and was several 
 years tutor. He established St. Mary s seminary 
 in I., and was its principal. He was a zealous and 
 faithful preacher. 
 
 JOHNSON, CHAPMAN, died at Richmond July 
 12, 1849; an eminent member of the bar, a lead 
 ing man in Virginia. 
 
 JOHNSON, RICHARD M., colonel, vice-presi 
 dent of the United States, died in Frankfort, 
 K.y., Nov. 19, 1850, aged about 70. From 1807 
 he was a representative in congress twelve years. 
 In the war he served under Harrison, and was 
 distinguished in the battle of the Thames. He 
 was afterwards a senator and representative. 
 His name as chairman is connected with a re 
 port against the suspension of the Sunday mails. 
 His death was by paralysis. 
 
 JOHNSON, THOMAS, a seaman, died at the 
 naval asylum, Philadelphia, in 1851, aged above 
 100. The old tar fought the Serapis with Paul 
 Jones in 1779. 
 
 JOHNSON, WALTER ROGERS, professor of 
 chemistry, died in Washington April 26, 1852, 
 aged 57. His death was caused by inhaling 
 noxious gas, while performing some chemical ex 
 periments in the Smithsonian institute. Born in 
 Leominister, Mass., he graduated at Harvard in 
 1819 ; was the preceptor of Germantown acad 
 emy, then professor of Chemistry in the college 
 at Philadelphia, and of the Smithsonian Institute. 
 
 JOHNSON, ISAAC, governor of Louisiana from 
 1845 to 1850, died in New Orleans in 1853. 
 
 JOHNSON, ELVIRA, Mrs., died in Hartford, 
 Conn., Sept. 21, 1856, aged 102. A Mr. Deems 
 died on the same day of the same age. 
 
 JOHNSON, ALFRED, judge, died at Belfast, 
 Me., in 1852, aged 62. Born in Newburyport, the 
 son of Rev. Alfred J., he was a resident in Belfast 
 in 1805, and graduated at Bowdoin in 1808. lie 
 was a member of the convention which formed 
 the constitution of Maine, and a judge of probate 
 eighteen years. He published an eulogy on 
 Adams and Jefferson, 1826. 
 
 JOHNSON, JOHN, chancellor of Maryland, 
 died at Baltimore Oct. 4, 1856. He was buried 
 at Annapolis, the place of his birth. 
 
 JOHNSTON, JOSIAH S., a senator of the 
 United States from Louisiana, died May 19, 1833, 
 killed on Red river forty miles above Alexandria, 
 by the explosion of a steamboat by gunpowder. 
 About fifteen others were killed. Born in Conn., 
 his father emigrated to Kentucky, and thence to 
 Louisiana. He was senator from 1824 till his 
 death. 
 
 JOHNSTON, SUSAN, widow of John J., from 
 Ireland, died at Sault St. Marie in 1843, aged 67. 
 She was a daughter of Wabojeeg, chief of the 
 Chippewa nation. 
 
 JOHNSTON, JOHN, a Christian merchant of 
 New York, died April 16, 1851, aged 69. His 
 character was described by Iris pastor, Dr. 
 McElroy. Observer, May 1. 
 
 JOHNSTON, JOHN, D. D., died in 1855, aged 
 77. He had been for half a century the pastor 
 of the Presbyterian church of Newburgh, N. Y., 
 and was an attached friend of Dr. Prime. There 
 was a revival in 1843 in his church, of which he 
 had the charge forty-eight years. 
 
 JOHNSTONE, SAMUEL, governor of North 
 Carolina from 1788 to 1790, was also a judge of 
 the superior court of the State. He died at 
 Stewarkey in Aug., 1816, aged 82. Gabriel 
 Johnstone was the governor before the Revolu 
 tion from 1734 to 1753. 
 
 JOLLIFFE, or JOLYFE, JOHN, died at a 
 great age in Boston in 1701; a man of useful 
 public services, and at a late period of his life a 
 member of the council. 
 
 JOLLY, HENRY, judge, died in Jersey, Ohio, 
 July 29, 1842, aged 84, a soldier of the Revolu 
 tion in Morgan s regiment. lie emigrated to 
 Ohio in 1782, and settled a township now bear 
 ing his name. He was judge of the common 
 pleas fourteen years. 
 
 JONES, MARGARET, of Charlestown, Mass., 
 was in June, 1648, executed as a witch. Ac 
 cording to Hubbard s account, she had " such a 
 malignant touch " that the person whom she 
 touched became immediately deaf, or was seized 
 
JONES. 
 
 JONES. 
 
 483 
 
 with some violent sickness ; and soon after her 
 execution a ship in the harbor, with one hundred 
 and twenty tons of ballast, rolled as if she would 
 have turned over. In did not occur to the histo 
 rian, that the movement of eighty horses, who were 
 on board, might have occasioned a little motion 
 of the ship. 
 
 JONES, JOHN, minister of Concord from about 
 1637 to 1644 ; then of Fairfield, where he died 
 about 1664, aged upwards of 70. He was the son 
 of William of Abergavenny, and was of Jesus col 
 lege, Oxford, in 1624, at the age of seventeen. 
 Coming to this country in 1635, he was ordained 
 pastor at Concord, and P. Bulkley teacher, April 
 6, 1637. The church was gathered in 1636. 
 His son John graduated at Harvard in 1643, in 
 the second class. Sprague s Annals. 
 
 JONES, HUGH, minister of Jamestown, pub 
 lished the present state of Virginia, 8vo., London, 
 1724. 
 
 JONES, ELIPHALET, minister of Huntington, 
 L. I., died in April, 1731, or after, aged 90 or 
 more. He was the son of John Jones, born 
 at Concord, Jan. 11, 1641; and was settled in 
 1677. 
 
 JONES, THOMAS, minister of Woburn, died in 
 1774, aged about 55. He graduated at Harvard 
 in 1741. 
 
 JONES, DAVID, judge of the supreme court of 
 New York, died Oct. 11, 1775. He was born in 
 Sept., 1699, at Oyster Bay, L. L, and from 1737 
 to 1758 was a member of the assembly, and for 
 thirteen years the speaker. In 1758 he received 
 the appointment of judge, which he resigned in 
 1773. During his whole life he was the firm ad 
 vocate of tbe rights of the people against royal 
 encroachments, and participated largely in the 
 public confidence and respect. 
 
 JONES, ISAAC, minister of Western (now 
 Warren), Mass., died in 1784, aged about 64. 
 He graduated at Yale in 1742. 
 
 JONES, HORATIO, Dr., died at Stockbridge, 
 Mass., April 26, 1813, aged 43. His widow died 
 in Middletown in 1851, aged 77. He was a de 
 scendant of Lewis Jones, a first settler of Water- 
 town, Mass. His father was Capt. Josiah J., of 
 S. He left an only daughter of ten years old. 
 He was eminent in his profession, a good surgeon, 
 and most sociable and popular. His conversion 
 was memorable. His wife and her friend, each of 
 whom had an irreligious husband, agreed to meet 
 in order to pray for the salvation of their hus 
 bands. They were heard ; and in a few months Dr. 
 J. died in peace ; and in about two years the two 
 neighbors, a merchant and his wife, had a peace 
 ful departure. According to llev. Dr. Hyde, who 
 preached his funeral sermon, " He left the world 
 like a Christian, with resignation to the Divine 
 will, and with enrapturing views of the mediation, 
 all-sufficiency, and glory of Jesus Christ." Just 
 
 before he closed his eyes, he extended his arms 
 and said : " Jesus, I expand my arms to receive 
 thce. Happy, happy, beyond expression ! Ye 
 spirits in yonder sky, receive my soul, and take it 
 to Jesus! " Who would not die thus, rather than 
 in the dark, unchcered, hopeless despondence of 
 the Infidel ? Panoplist, x. ; Williams Mcd. 
 Biog. 
 
 JONES, SAMUEL, I). D., of Pennsylvania, died 
 Feb. 7, 1814. He received an honorary degree 
 at the first commencement of Rhode Island col 
 lege in 1769. 
 
 JONES, WALTER, died in Westmoreland co., 
 Va., in 1816, aged 76; for many years a member 
 of congress. 
 
 JONES, JOHN, M. D., a physician, of Welch 
 extraction, died June 23, 1791, aged 62. He was 
 the son of Evan Jones, a physician, and was born 
 at Jamaica, Long Island, in 1729. After studying 
 physic with Dr. Cadwallacler at Philadelphia, he 
 completed his medical education in Europe, at 
 London, Paris, Leyden, and Edinburgh. On his 
 return he settled at New York and was particu 
 larly eminent as a surgeon. In the war of 1755 
 he served as a surgeon in the army. The French 
 commander, Dieskau, severely wounded, was at 
 tended by him. On the establishment of a med 
 ical school in New York, he was appointed pro 
 fessor of surgery. Soon after he settled in the 
 city the physicians agreed, for their own dignity, 
 to wear their hair in a particular bob, and, as he 
 refused to concur in the project, they refused to 
 consult with him. But he soon triumphed, and 
 the power of ridicule compelled the medical men 
 to wear their hair like other gentlemen. In the 
 Revolutionary war he left the city, when it was 
 occupied by the enemy. In 1780 he settled in 
 Philadelphia, where he was the physician of 
 Franklin and Washington. In his religious views 
 he was a Quaker. He published plain remarks 
 upon wounds and fractures, 1775. After his 
 death his pupil, J. Mease, published his surgical 
 works, with an account of his life, 8vo., 1795. 
 Ramsay s Review, 36 ; TJiacTier, 324-340. 
 
 JONES, JOHN PAUL, a naval commander, died 
 in Paris July 18, 1792, aged 45. He was born 
 at Arbingland, Scotland, July 6, 1747. His father 
 was a gardener of the name of Paul, for some 
 reason the son, when he lived in Virginia, assumed 
 the name of Jones. He early went to sea. After 
 being for some time in command of a vessel, he 
 engaged in commercial pursuits in the West In 
 dies. In 1773, on the death of his brother, he 
 resided in Virginia to settle his affairs. Soon 
 after the beginning of the war he commanded the 
 Providence of twelve guns and seventy men, in 
 which he cruised and took sixteen prizes. In 
 May, 1777, he was ordered to proceed to Paris 
 to arrange some naval operations with the Amer 
 ican commissioners. April 10, 1778, he sailed on 
 
484 
 
 JONES. 
 
 JONES. 
 
 a cruise in the Ranger, and alarmed the whole 
 coast of Scotland. He landed at Whitehaven, 
 and captured two forts with thirty cannon ; he 
 carried off also the plate from the house of the 
 Earl of Selkirk, at St. Mary s Isie, but he after 
 wards restored it. He returned to Brest with 
 two hundred prisoners of war. He sailed again 
 with a squadron of seven sail Aug. 14, 1779. His 
 own ship was the Bon Homme Richard, in which 
 after a desperate engagement off Flamborough 
 head he captured the British ship of war, Serapis, 
 of superior force, Sept. 24, 1779. His own vessel, 
 however, soon went down. For this exploit the 
 French king presented him with a golden sword. 
 Feb. 18, 1781, he arrived at Philadelphia. Con 
 gress passed a complimentary resolution and 
 voted him a golden medal. He afterwards super 
 intended at Portsmouth, N. H., the building of a 
 ship of war. After the restoration of peace he 
 went to Paris as agent for prize money. He was 
 soon invited to enter the Russian service with the 
 rank of rear admiral. But after serving a short 
 time in the Black sea, he was dissatisfied, was 
 calumniated at court, and had liberty from the 
 empress to retire. Returning to Paris, he died 
 in that city in neglect. Though most enterprising 
 and brave, he was irritable, vain, and of an im 
 petuous temper. An account of his life was 
 published in 1828 by J. II. Sherburne. Me 
 moirs, 1830. 
 
 JONES, NOBLE WIMBERLY, a physician, and a 
 patriot of the Revolution, died Jan. 9, 1805, aged 
 80. He was the son of Col. Noble J., one of the 
 first settlers of Georgia and judge in 1755. He 
 held a military commission in 1738, and in 1748 
 was associated in business with his father. 
 He was a member of the assembly in 1761 ; 
 in 1774 he was one of the first to stir up 
 the Revolutionary spirit in Georgia. In 1775 
 he was chosen a delegate to congress ; and 
 again in 1781. In the capture of Savannah in 
 Dec., 1778, by the British, he lost one of his 
 sons, and he himself fell into the hands of the 
 enemy at the capture of Charleston in May, 1780. 
 In Dec. he was sent a prisoner to St. Augustine. 
 In Aug., 1781, he was exchanged, and commenced 
 the practice of physic in Philadelphia. At this 
 period he was also a member of congress. In 
 Dec., 1782, he returned to Savannah. He was 
 soon induced to remove to Charleston, where he 
 lived in lucrative practice till Dec., 1788, when he 
 again settled at Savannah. In 1795 he was pres 
 ident of the convention which amended the State 
 constitution. He continued in the practice of his 
 profession till his death. He was not only emi 
 nent as a physician and statesman, but in the 
 relations of private life was amiable and exem 
 plary. He was temperate and abstemious, a lover 
 of neatness and order, of strict morality, and a 
 sincere believer in Christianity. Though attached 
 
 to the Episcopal church, he contributed liberally 
 to other religious societies. Tliaclier, 340-344. 
 
 JONES, WALTER, M. I)., a physician, died 
 Dec. 3.1, 1815, aged 70. He was born in Vir 
 ginia, and educated for medicine at Edinburgh 
 about 1770. On his return he settled in North 
 umberland county, where he had extensive prac 
 tice through life. For a few years he was a mem 
 ber of congress. On account of the originality 
 and strength of his mind, his extensive and vari 
 ous learning, and the captivating powers of his 
 conversation, he was one of the most extraordi 
 nary men. Timelier. 
 
 JONES, SAMUEL, died at Rye Neck, N. Y., in 
 1819, aged 85. He was the brother of Judge 
 David, and son of Capt. Thomas, who came from 
 the north of Ireland to Long Island in 1692 ; and 
 has been called the father of the New York bar. 
 His services were extremely important in organ 
 izing the judiciary system at the close of the Rev 
 olution. For industry, extensive acquirements, 
 and purity of character he presented a model for 
 the imitation of those who aim at high attain 
 ments in jurisprudence. New York Hist. Coll., 
 ill. 278. 
 
 JONES, WILLIAM, governor of Rhode Island, 
 was born in Newport in 1754, and during the war 
 was a captain of marines. At the capture of 
 Charleston he was made a prisoner. After being 
 some years the speaker of the house, he was 
 chosen governor in 1810 and remained in the 
 office till 1817. He died in April, 1822, at Prov 
 idence, aged G7. 
 
 JONES, STEPHEN, chief justice and judge of 
 probate for the county of Washington, Maine, 
 died in Boston Oct. 6, 1825, aged 86. He served 
 in the old French war, and was present when 
 Lord Howe was killed at Ticonderoga. Remov 
 ing to Machias, soon after its settlement, he lived 
 there more than fifty-six years, fulfilling his 
 various duties with great cheerfulness and in 
 tegrity. 
 
 JONES, CAVE, an Episcopal minister, died at 
 Brooklyn, L. L, Jan. 29, 1829, aged 59. He was 
 a chaplain in the navy. He published Hobart s 
 intolerance, and a solemn appeal to the church, 
 1811 ; which was answered by Hobart. 
 
 JONES, ABIEL, minister of Royalton, Vt., died 
 in 1829, aged 67. 
 
 JONES, JAMES, Dr., died near Smyrna, Del., 
 in 1830, aged 74. He was surgeon in the army, 
 and more than fifty years in the ministry of the 
 Baptist church, distinguished and respected. 
 
 JONES, EDWARD, colonel, died at Pittsbo- 
 rough, N. C., Aug. 8, 1841, aged 84, formerly 
 attorney-general. He was born in Ireland. At 
 the bar he was distinguished, and he was a scholar, 
 and witty and hospitable, highly esteemed. 
 
 JONES, THOMAS K., an eminent merchant in 
 Boston, died April 26, 1842, aged 83. 
 
JONES. 
 
 JOXES, THOMAS, minister of Gloucester, died 
 in Aug., 1846, aged 83. 
 
 JOXES, THOMAS P., M. D., died at Washing 
 ton March 11, 1848, aged 75. He had been 
 superintendent of the patent office and editor of 
 the Franklin Journal. 
 
 JOXES, JACOB, commodore, died in Philadel 
 phia July, 1850, aged S 2. lie fought a bloody 
 battle in the Wasp, capturing, Oct. 18, 1812, the 
 Frolic of superior force, for which several States 
 voted him a sword; but both vessels were soon 
 taken by the Poictiers, a 74-gun ship, and car 
 ried to Bermuda. He was afterwards appointed 
 to the command of the Macedonian. Temperate 
 himself, he deserves honorable mention as a pro 
 moter of temperance among his crew ; many 
 seamen Avere by him reclaimed from intoxication. 
 
 JOXES, XANCY, a colored woman, died at Ja 
 maica, L. I., July 17, 1851, aged 110. 
 
 JOXES, SAMUEL TAYLOR, D. D.,died at Bang 
 kok, Siam, Sept. 13, 1851, aged 49. He was 
 born in Xew Ipswich, a graduate of Amherst in 
 1825, and was a Baptist missionary to Burmah 
 in 1829. He translated the whole Xew Testa 
 ment into the Siamese in 1829. 
 
 JOXES, ROGER, major-general, died in Wash 
 ington June 15, 1852. Born in Virginia, he was 
 lieutenant in 1809; was distinguished in 1813 and 
 1814 on the Xiagara frontier, and Was adjutant- 
 general from 1825 until his death. 
 
 JOXES, SAMUEL, chief justice of Xew York, 
 died at Cold Spring, Long Island, Aug. 8, 1853, 
 aged 83. He was chancellor 1826-1828, chief 
 justice 1828-1847, and judge of the court of ap 
 peals, 1848. He was the eldest son of chief jus 
 tice Samuel Jones, who died in 1819, and great- 
 grandson of Capt. Thomas Jones, who came from 
 Strahane in Ireland in 1692, and settled on Long 
 Island, south side, leaving three sons, David, 
 William, and Thomas. David was a judge of the 
 supreme court; William, who died in 1779, was 
 the grandfather of the subject of this article, 
 Chancellor Jones. His father, Thomas, who died 
 in 1769, was the brother of Judges David and 
 Samuel Jones. At the age of eighty he returned 
 to his profession. 
 
 JOXES, PETER, or Kakewakwanaby, an Indian 
 chief and Wesleyan missionary, died near Brant- 
 ford, Canada, June 29, 1856, aged 54. It is be 
 lieved that he did more than any other man to 
 interest the public on both sides of the Atlantic 
 in behalf of the christianization and improvement 
 of the Indian tribes. 
 
 JORDAX, ROBERT, an Episcopal minister at 
 cape Elizabeth, died in 1679. He married a 
 daughter of John Winter, from whom he inher 
 ited a large landed estate. He removed to Ports 
 mouth in 1676. 
 
 JORDAX, CIIABLES, died near Speedsborough, 
 
 JUDD. 
 
 485 
 
 Anson co., N. C., July 12, 1803, aged 114. He 
 was born in April, 1689. Hunting was a favorite 
 amusement. 
 
 JOSEPH, FRA.NXTS, an Indian, died at Passa- 
 maquoddy in 1834, aged 99. He was a worthy 
 man, and governor of the Indians. In the war 
 of the Revolution he espoused the American 
 cause. 
 
 JOSSELYX, JOHN, an author, arrived in 
 Boston in 1663, and resided in Xew England a 
 number of years. He was brother to Henry 
 Josselyn, a councillor under the government of 
 Gorges. The following is the title of his princi 
 pal work : " Xew England s rarities discovered in 
 birds, fishes, serpents, and plants of that country; 
 together with the physical and chyrurgical reme 
 dies, wherewith the natives constantly use to cure 
 their distempers, wounds, and sores ; also a per 
 fect description of an Indian squaw in all her 
 bravery, with a poem not improperly conferred 
 upon her; lastly a chronological table of the most 
 remarkable passages in that country amongst 
 the English; illustrated with cuts, 1672." His ac 
 count of the natural history of the country is 
 amusing : " Some frogs, when they sit upon their 
 breech, are a foot high ; " " Barley frequently de 
 generates into oats," etc. He published also an 
 account of two voyages to Xew England, wherein 
 you have the setting out of a ship with the charges, 
 a description of the country, etc., 1674. Sulli 
 van s Maine, 332; Hutcldnson, I. 267, 268; 
 Douglass, II. 71. 
 
 JOY, JOSEPH GREEN, died at Xahant July 2i, 
 1850, aged 67, a man of refined taste and kindly 
 feeling, endeared to his friends. 
 
 JUDD, THOMAS, the first of the name of Judd 
 in this country, died at Xorthampton, Mass., Xov. 
 12, 1688, aged about 80. His descendants of the 
 name of Judd down to this time, eight or nine 
 generations, were more than 2600. He came 
 from England about 1633, and settled in Cam- 
 .bridge ; thence he removed in 1636 with the 
 colony to Hartford; and thence to Farmington 
 about 1644, where he was a first settler, one of the 
 seven pillars of the church, a deacon and man of 
 influence, many years deputy to the general court. 
 In 1679 he married Clemence, widow of Thomas 
 Mason of Xorthampton, to which town he re 
 moved, as she had a good estate and no children. 
 His own six sons and three daughters were all 
 married and had children. Two of his sons set 
 tled in Mattatuck or Waterbury. The daughter 
 of one of them, Mary, the daughter of Thomas, 
 was the mother of Rev. Dr. S. Hopkins. T. J. 
 was one of the eighty-four proprietors of Farm 
 ington and four or five other towns, so that large 
 tracts were distributed to his children. His de 
 scendant, Sylvester Judd of Xorthampton, has in 
 this year, 1856, published " Thomas Judd and his 
 
486 
 
 JUDD. 
 
 JUDD. 
 
 descendants," a genealogical work, containing 
 names and notices of 1882 persons, among whom 
 Benjamin occurs 499 times, William 370, Thomas 
 325. Judd s Genealogy. 
 
 JUDD, TIMOTHY, the brother of Rev. Jonathan 
 Judd, died in Westbury society in Waterbury, 
 Conn., in 1796, aged 82. He was a representa 
 tive of the town for more than twenty sessions of 
 the general court. He made full trial of matri 
 mony, for he had in succession five wives. 
 
 JUDD, JONATHAN, the first minister of South 
 ampton, Mass., died July 28, 1803, aged 83. He 
 was of the sixth generation from Thomas, and 
 the son of Capt. William of W T estbury in Water- 
 bury. He was graduated at Yale in 1741, in the 
 class of Dr. Hopkins and BucJl and of Wm. Liv 
 ingston. He was settled when the church was 
 formed, June 8, 1743. His house, standing in 
 1856, was palisaded in t vo French and Indian 
 wars. His four sons were each above six feet in 
 height. His ministry lasted sixty years. V. 
 Gould was his colleague in 1801. His wife was 
 Silence, the daughter of Capt. J. Sheldon of 
 Northampton; his second wife, in 1790, was Ruth, 
 widow of Ilev. A. Bidwell, and by her he had no 
 children. He was a faithful minister, an eminent 
 Christian, and a true patriot. During his minis 
 try, 691 persons were received into the church. 
 His sermons, about 3,000, were by his order com 
 mitted to the flames. He published a sermon to 
 the soldiers, 1759, and one in the select sermons. 
 Judd s Genealogy. 
 
 JUDD, WILLIAM, major, of the sixth genera 
 tion from Thomas, died at Farmington, Conn., in 
 1804, aged 61. He was the son of William of 
 Farmington. He graduated at Yale in 1763 ; 
 was a popular man, and many years a representa 
 tive. In the Revolutionary war he was an officer ; 
 and afterwards conspicuous in the democratic 
 ranks in the party divisions of his day. He pub 
 lished an address to the people only five days 
 before his death. 
 
 JUDD, JONATHAN SHELDON, Dr., son of Sol 
 omon of Westhampton, and of the eighth gener 
 ation from Thomas, died in Onondaga Hollow in 
 1813, aged 33. His daughter, Louisa Melissa, 
 has been many years a teacher at the south and 
 west. 
 
 JUDD, JONATHAN, son of Rev. Jonathan, died 
 unmarried at Southampton Jan. 30, 1819, aged 
 74. He graduated at Yale in 1765; taught Hat- 
 field grammar school a feAV years, and then was 
 engaged in mercantile business. His property 
 of 14,000 dollars went to his brothers, sisters, and 
 nephew, who gave 1,000 dollars to the Hampshire 
 education society. Sylvester Judd s Genealogy 
 of Judd. 
 
 JUDD, SYLVESTER, son of Rev. Jonathan J., 
 died in Westhampton Sept. 19, 1832, aged nearly 
 
 80. He was a farmer and trader, much employed 
 in public business. He was a representative and 
 a member of the convention to form the consti 
 tution of Massachusetts. By his wife, Hannah 
 Burt, he had eleven children. His grand-daughter, 
 Clarissa Lyman, married Rev. J. H. Bisbee, and 
 Theresa married Rev. George Lyman. His son, 
 Sylvester of Northampton, is known for his his 
 torical and antiquarian researches. Perhaps there 
 is no man who has made such a collection of 
 New England historical facts since the first dis 
 covery of our coast. 
 
 JUDD, EBEN WARNER, Dr., settled at Middle- 
 bury, Vt., about 1800, and died in 1837, aged 76. 
 He was of the seventh generation from Thomas. 
 He was a surveyor and was employed in the 
 northern parts of Vermont. lie lived for a while 
 in Northumberland, where the falls in the Con 
 necticut river were called Judd s falls. He dis 
 covered marble at Middlebury about 1802, and 
 erected a water-mill with sixty teethless saws for 
 sawing marble, which operated for years. A 
 daughter married Dr. Eells of Cornwall. Judd s 
 Genealogy. 
 
 JUDD, FREEMAN, brother of E. W. J., the son 
 of Stephen of Westbury, Conn., died in Lock- 
 port, N. Y., at the house of his son Alfred, in 
 1840, aged 84. He was a carpenter. He and his 
 brother served in the attack upon Quebec by 
 Arnold in 1775, and published a journal of their 
 movements from Boston to Quebec. He often 
 preached as a Methodist. 
 
 JUDD, DEMAS, of the seventh generation from 
 Thomas, died in Jefferson, N. Y., in 1841, aged 
 87. He was taken at fort Washington in the 
 Revolutionary war, and was confined in the Jer 
 sey prison ship. His wife died in 1840 ; they 
 had fourteen children. 
 
 JUDD, ELNATIIAN, Dr., of the seventh genera 
 tion from Thomas, died in Troy, Mich., in 1845, 
 aged 72. He was the father of Dr. Judd of the 
 Sandwich Islands. Born in Watertown, Conn., 
 he emigrated to Paris, N. Y., and was there a 
 respected physician for thirty years. He was a 
 Christian of fervent piety, and died in peace. 
 His daughter married A. B. Bates, attorney-gen 
 eral under the king of thfi Hawaiian Islands. 
 
 JUDD, SYLVESTER, a Unitarian minister, died 
 in Augusta, Me., Jan. 26, 1853, aged 39. The 
 son of Sylvester J. of Northampton, and grand 
 son of Rev. Jonathan J., he was of the eighth 
 generation from Thomas. He graduated at Yale 
 in 1836 ; studied theology at Cambridge ; and 
 was ordained Oct. 1, 1840. He was a public lec 
 turer, and published various discourses. He mar 
 ried Jane Elizabeth, daughter of Reuel Williams 
 of Augusta, and left three daughters. His life by 
 Miss A. Hall was published in a small volume. 
 In his New Year s sermon, a few weeks before his 
 
JUDD. 
 
 death, he inquired " Or will you follow your 
 pastor to the grave?" The next day he was 
 taken sick of bilious colic. He had a peculiar 
 frankness and independence, uttering his thoughts 
 boldly ; and he was a man of kindly sympathies, 
 highly esteemed by those who did not accord 
 with him in his religious notions. Mr. Judd pub 
 lished Margaret, a New England tale, 1845 ; an 
 edition in 2 vols., 1856; Philo, a poem in blank 
 verse ; and Richard Edney, a tale, 1850. In ref 
 erence to his book, Margaret, a tale, the artist, 
 Felix P. C. Darley, prepared in 18,36 thirty large, 
 beautiful illustrative plates, which were published 
 by Phillips, Sampson and Co., of Boston, at 10 
 dollars in boards. The church, in a series of dis 
 courses, was a posthumous work, 18,34. Cyclop, 
 of American Literature ; JudcVs Genealogy. 
 
 JUDD, Lois, widow of Elihu Judd of Bethel, 
 Conn., died at Wilton Aug. 23, 1855, aged 102 
 years and 10 months. Her maiden name was ! 
 Dikeman of Bethel. She married a second 
 husband ; but his name is not ascertained. 
 
 JUDKIXS, PHILIP, died at Parkman, Me., 
 Oct. 27, 1851, aged 103; a pensioner. 
 
 JUDSON, DAVID, minister of Newtown, Conn., 
 died in 1776, aged about 60. He was graduated 
 at Yale in 1738. He published church discipline, 
 a sermon, 1770; on church government, in reply 
 to Ross, 1773. 
 
 JUDSON, AXDREW, minister of Eastford in 
 Ashford, Conn., died in 1804, aged about 50. lie 
 graduated at Dartmouth in 1775. 
 
 JUDSON, EriiRAiM, minister of Sheffield, 
 Mass., died Feb. 23, 1813, aged 76. He was 
 born in Woodbury, Conn., the son of Capt. Elna- 
 than J., a descendant of William of Concord in 
 1635, and of New Haven. lie graduated at 
 Yale college in 1763. After being some years 
 the minister of Chelsea, or the second church of 
 Norwich, as the successor of Dr. Whitaker, he 
 was dismissed, and was succeeded by Walter King. 
 He was next settled as the minister of Taunton, 
 Mass. In May, 1789, he was settled at Sheffield 
 as the successor of John Keep. He was suc 
 ceeded by James Bradford. During his ministry 
 of twenty-two years only sixty were added to the 
 church. In the next fifteen years three hundred 
 and twenty-nine were added. He was mild, cour 
 teous, hospitable, and faithful as a preacher of 
 the gospel, yet a little eccentric. He published a 
 sermon at the ordination of J. Strong, 1789; of 
 E. Fitch, 1795; of II. Weeks and 1). Smith, 
 1799; two sermons in a collection. Sprague s 
 Annals. 
 
 JUDSON, ANN, missionary to Burmah, died 
 Oct. 24, 1826, aged 36. She was the daughter 
 of John Hasscltine of Bradford, Mass., and was 
 born Dec. 22, 1789. In early life she was gay, 
 enterprising, active, and eager for the acquisition 
 
 JUDSON. 
 
 487 
 
 of knowledge. She was educated at the acad 
 emy of her native town. At the age of sixteen 
 she became pious. She married Adoniram Jud- 
 son, Jr., appointed a missionary to India, Feb. 5, 
 1812. In his letter to her father, asking his con 
 sent to the marriage, Mr. Judson said : " I have 
 now to ask, whether you can consent to her depar 
 ture for a heathen land ? whether you can con 
 sent to her exposure to the dangers of the ocean ; 
 to every kind of want and distress ; to degrada 
 tion, insult, persecution, and perhaps a violent 
 death ? Can you consent to all this, for the sdie 
 of Him who left his heavenly home and died for 
 her and for you ? " She was the first American 
 female who made up her mind to go to India as 
 a missionary. She sailed from Salem Feb. 19, 
 with Mrs. Newell, and arrived in June at Cal 
 cutta. While residing there, she and her hus 
 band adopted the principles of the Baptists and 
 were baptized Sept. 6. Mr. Rice, also, a mission 
 ary, was baptized Nov. 1. As the missionaries 
 were ordered to quit India, she sailed to the Isle 
 of France, where, on her arrival Jan. 17, 1813, 
 she was informed of the death of Mrs. Newell in 
 Nov. She proceeded in July to Rangoon in Bur 
 mah. A few English missionaries had been there 
 since 1807. After studying the language several 
 years, Mr. Judson began to preach and to publish 
 tracts in the Burman language. He was also 
 joined by the missionaries, Hough, Colman, and 
 Wheelock. In Jan., 1820, Mr. Judson made a 
 fruitless visit to the emperor to obtain permission 
 to propagate the Christian religion. In conse 
 quence of this refusal, Mr. Colman was induced 
 to remove to Chittagong, near which place he 
 died July 4, 1822. Mr. Wheelock was also de 
 ceased, and Mr. Hough had departed, so that Mr. 
 and Mrs. Judson were left alone at Rangoon. 
 Several converts were baptized in 1820. In con 
 sequence of alarming illness, Mrs. Judson left 
 Rangoon in Aug., 1821, and repaired to Calcutta, 
 and thence to England. In Sept., 1822, she ar 
 rived at New York. After visiting her friends at 
 Bradford for a few weeks, she was induced, on 
 account of her health, to pass the winter in the 
 milder climate of Baltimore, where Dr. Elnathan 
 Judson, an only brother of her husband, resided. 
 Here she lived in retirement and wrote an inter 
 esting work, a history of the Burman mission, 
 in a series of letters to Mr. Butterworth, a mem 
 ber of the parliament, in whose house she was 
 received while in England. She sailed on her 
 return June 22, 1823, from Boston, with the mis 
 sionaries, Mr. and Mrs. Wade, and arrived at Cal 
 cutta in Oct., and in Dec. proceeded to Rangoon. 
 In the same month she accompanied her husbSnd 
 to Ava, the capital. The Bengal government 
 invaded Burmah in May, 1824. June 8th, Mr. 
 Judson was seized and imprisoned, with Dr. Price 
 
488 
 
 JUDSON. 
 
 KALM. 
 
 and others. During his imprisonment of more 
 than a year and a half, nine months in three pair 
 of fetters, two months in five pair, amidst inde 
 scribable sufferings, Mrs. Judson repaired every 
 day two miles to the prison, prepared food for her 
 husband, and administered to the wants of the 
 prisoners, and made constant application to the 
 government for their lives and their deliverance, 
 until at last, on the approach of the British army, 
 she had the happiness to announce to them their 
 freedom. 
 
 " woman 
 
 When pain and anguish wring the brow, 
 A ministering angel thou ! " 
 
 In March, 1826, she passed down the Irrawaddy 
 to the British camp, when Gen. Archibald Camp 
 bell received her with the kindness which she 
 deserved for the eloquent appeals to the proud 
 Burman government, of which she was the author, 
 and which contributed to the peace. Mr. and 
 Mrs. Judson now settled in the new town of Am- 
 herst on the Salwen river. But after a few 
 months, in the absence of Mr. Judson, she died 
 there of a fever. This fatal event is to be ascribed 
 to her sufferings at Ava. In a few months her 
 only surviving child, Maria, died. They were 
 buried beneath a large hope tree, the Hopia. 
 Her little son, lloger Williams, was buried at 
 Hangoon. She was a woman of unquestioned 
 piety and most benevolent zeal. Her talents, too, 
 were of a high order. No female missionary ever 
 passed through such scenes of suffering, or made 
 such efforts of benevolence in sickness and amidst 
 perils and difficulties of every kind. When, at a 
 future time, the gospel shall triumph over the 
 superstitions of the east, her name will be hon 
 ored throughout all Burmah. A very interesting 
 memoir of her life -was published by James D. 
 Knowles, 2d ed., Boston, 1829. 
 
 JUDSON, ADONIRAM, the brother of Ephraim, 
 died at Scituate, Mass., in 1826, aged 76. Born 
 at Woodbury, he graduated at Yale in 1775, and 
 was the minister of Maiden from Jan., 1787, till 
 Sept., 1791 ; and then of Wenham from 1792 to 
 1799; and then of Plymouth from 1802 to 1817. 
 He afterwards connected himself with the Bap 
 tists and preached in several places. He was the 
 father of the missionary of the same name. He 
 published a sermon on the landing of our fathers, 
 1802. Sprague s Annals. 
 
 JUDSON, SAMUEL, minister forty years of 
 Uxbridge, died Nov. 11, 1832, aged about 62. 
 He graduated at Yale in 1790. Till his last ill 
 ness he performed the public services of every 
 Sabbath. 
 
 JUDSON, ADOMRAM, D. D., Baptist mission 
 ary at Burmah, son of the Itev. A. J., died at sea 
 April 12, 1850, aged 62. He left Maulmain in 
 ill health April 3, 1850, in the French barque 
 
 Aristide Marie, bound for the isle of Bourdeaux. 
 lie was constrained to leave Mrs. J. behind. 
 In nine days he died, in latitude 15 north, 
 and longitude 93 east, within the range of 
 islands along the coast of Malacca ; and the 
 same evening was buried in the sea. He had 
 been more than thirty-eight years in service, hav 
 ing embarked in 1812 ^ and was one of the first 
 and most eminent of the American missionaries 
 in the cast. He was born in Maiden, graduated 
 at Brown university in 1807, and at Andover 
 seminary in 1810. He published a sermon on 
 baptism, 1812; a dictionary of the Burman lan 
 guage, 1826. 
 
 JUDSON, EMILY CIIUBBUCK, the widow of 
 the missionary, Adoniram Judson, died in Ham 
 ilton, N. Y., June 1, 1854, aged about 40. 
 She was a native of Morrisville, N. Y. She be 
 came a teacher in the female seminary at Utica. 
 As a writer under the name of Fanny Forrester, 
 she contributed in 1844 to the New York Weekly 
 Mirror. At Philadelphia she became acquainted 
 with Dr. Judson, who employed her to write his 
 deceased wife s biography. In the subsequent 
 conference he became convinced that she might 
 supply the place of the departed ; and he per 
 suaded her to yield to his wishes. They were mar 
 ried in July, 1846, and proceeded to Maulmain, 
 where she lived till his death. She was generally 
 known by her pen-name of Fanny Forrester, and 
 her writings were acceptable to the public. It 
 was in July, 1846, that she embarked with her 
 husband for India. Soon after his death in 1850 
 she returned to this country, and for the last two 
 years of her life was in feeble health. Her 
 mother died in ] 855. She published Alderbrook, 
 and memoirs of her husband. Cycl. of Amer. 
 Literature. 
 
 JUMPER, a distinguished chief of the Semi- 
 nolc Indians, died at New Orleans April 18, 1838. 
 
 IvALB, BARON DE, major-general in the army 
 of the United States, was a German by birth, and 
 had long been in the French service. In the bat 
 tle near Camden, Aug., 1780, he fell, after receiv 
 ing eleven wounds in his vigorous exertions to 
 prevent the defeat of the Americans. He died 
 Aug. 19, aged 47, having served three years with 
 high reputation. His last moments were spent 
 in dictating a letter, which expressed his warm 
 affection for the men and officers of his division, 
 and his admiration of their firmness and courage 
 in withstanding a superior force. An ornamen 
 tal tree was planted at the head of his grave in 
 the neighborhood of Camden, and congress re 
 solved, that a monument should be erected to his 
 memory at Annapolis with a very honorable in 
 scription. Gordon, III. 391, 443; Ramsay, II. 
 168; Warren, II. 243; Marshall, IV. 184; Holmes. 
 
 KALM, PETER, a naturalist, was a Swede, and 
 was sent to America, in 1748, to collect inforrna- 
 
KANT. 
 
 tion concerning its botany. In two or three years 
 he travelled through Canada, New York, and 
 Pennsylvania. He was afterwards professor of 
 economy in Swedish Finland, where he died Nov. 
 16, 1779. In honor of him the beautiful Kalmia 
 received its name. His travels in North America 
 were published at Gottingen, 1754 ; the same in 
 English, 3 vols., 1770; 2 vols., 8vo., 1772. lie 
 published also an account of the cataracts at 
 Niagara, 1751. 
 
 KANT, JAMES, minister of Trumbull, Conn., 
 died in 1840. He was settled in 1826. 
 
 KARNES, SARAH W., Mrs., died in New York 
 in 1854, aged 117 years, being born in 1737. 
 
 KAST, PHILIP GODFRID, Dr., an eminent phy 
 sician in Boston, died at Ilaverhill April 28, 1791, 
 aged 87. 
 
 KAST, THOMAS, Dr., died in Boston June 20, 
 1820, aged 69. He was the son of Dr. Philip 
 Godfrid Kast, and was graduated at Harvard in 
 1769. His profession he studied in Europe, and 
 returned to Boston in 1774. From 1810 to 1817 
 he was also in Europe for his health. He had 
 a well-deserved reputation in his profession, 
 and was especially eminent in obstetric practice. 
 For many years he had extensive practice as a 
 physician and surgeon. Thacher. 
 
 KAVANAGH, EDWARD, governor of Maine, 
 died in Newcastle Jan. 20, 1844, aged 48. He 
 had been a member of congress. 
 
 KEAN, ANDREW, Dr., died in Goochland, Va., 
 in 1837, aged 62, one of the most eminent physi 
 cians of Va. 
 
 KEARNEY, FRANCIS, an eminent engraver, 
 died at Perth Amboy, N. J., in 1837, aged 52. 
 
 KEARNEY, JAMES A., Dr., died in the Gulf 
 of Mexico Aug. 27, 1847. He was fleet-surgeon 
 of the home squadron, and had been nearly forty 
 years a skilful officer of the navy. 
 
 KEARNP^Y, STEPHEN W., major-general, died 
 at St. Louis Oct. 31, 1848, aged 54. He was 
 thirty-six years in the army, and served in NeAv 
 Mexico and California. 
 
 KEARSLEY, JOHN, a physician of Philadel 
 phia, was a native of England and came to this 
 country about 1711. As a member of the assem 
 bly, his speeches for the rights of the colony were 
 so acceptable that he was sometimes carried 
 home on the shoulders of the people. He died 
 Jan. 11, 1772, aged 88. He contributed much 
 for building Christ church, and the hospital of 
 that church for widows he endowed with a valua 
 ble estate. 
 
 KEEP, JOHN, minister of Sheffield, Mass., died 
 Sept. 3, 1785, aged 35, in the thirteenth year of 
 his ministry. He succeeded Mr. Ilubbard and 
 was succeeded by Mr. Judson. Born in Long- 
 meadow, probably a descendant of John Keep 
 who died in Longmeadow in 1675, he was grad- 
 62 
 
 KEITH. 
 
 489 
 
 uatcd at Yale in 1769, and was ordained in 1772. 
 Such were his talents and eloquence, that few 
 preachers were so much commended. He was a 
 candidate for the professorship of divinity at 
 Yale, when Mr. Wales was chosen in 1782. His 
 widow, daughter of Rev. P. Robbins, married J. 
 Woodbridge. Hist, of Berkshire. 
 
 KEITH, JAMES, first minister of Bridgewater, 
 Mass., was a native of Scotland, and educated at 
 Aberdeen. He was ordained Feb. 18, 1664, and 
 died July 23, 1719, aged 75. He had six sons 
 and two daughters. His descendants in Bridge- 
 water in 1810 were two hundred ; and there were 
 many more in other towns. His successors were 
 Daniel Perkins, who died Sept. 29, 1782, aged 
 85, and John Reed. He was of singular sweet 
 ness of temper and eminent piety. In his preach 
 ing he did not use notes. He published a case 
 of prayer, on the establishment of a new society ; 
 he and J. Danforth, two sermons, 1717. Math 
 er s Sermon. 
 
 KEITH, GEORGE, a Quaker, was born at Aber 
 deen, Scotland, and was well educated. He came 
 in 1682 to East Jersey, where he was surveyor-gen 
 eral. In 1689 he taught a school in Philadelphia. 
 After writing various treatises in favor of the Qua 
 kers, and visiting New England for the propaga 
 tion of his sentiments, on his return a schism 
 occurred between him and the Quakers in 1691. 
 He drew away many as his followers, who called 
 themselves Christian Quakers. At length lie en 
 tirely deserted the society ; in England he be 
 came an Episcopalian, and he officiated as an 
 Episcopal missionary about a year in New York 
 and Boston. Repairing again about 1706 to 
 England, he was a rector at Edburton in Sussex, 
 where he died. lie had learning, talents, acute- 
 ness, and logical skill, but was irritable, overbear 
 ing, and virulent. He had nothing of moderation, 
 meekness, and charity. In his day the contention 
 among the Quakers was vehement. The following 
 are the titles of some of his many publications : 
 immediate revelation not ceased, 1668; the way 
 to the city of God, 1678; the Presbyterian and 
 Independent churches in New England brought 
 to the test, 1689; this was answered in 1690 by 
 the Boston ministers, in their Protestant religion 
 maintained ; the pretended antidote proved poi 
 son, in answer to the preceding, 1690 ; account 
 of the great division amongst the Quakers in 
 Pennsylvania, 1692 ; more divisions, 1693 ; against 
 Sam. Jennings, 1694 ; a plain discovery of many 
 gross cheats in pamphlets by the Quakers; ac 
 count of his travels, 1699 ; the Deism of Wm. 
 Penn and his brethren destructive of the Chris 
 tian religion, 1699 ; account of a national church 
 and the clergy ; reasons for renouncing Quaker 
 ism, 1700; account of the Quakers politics; the 
 magic of Quakerism, 1705 ; journal of travels 
 
490 
 
 KEITH. 
 
 KENDAL. 
 
 from New Hampshire to Caratuck, 1706 ; new 
 theory of the longitude, 1709. Proud, i. 363- 
 376 ; ScwalVs Hist. 504-664. 
 
 KEITH, Sir WILLIAM, governor of Pennsylva 
 nia, sustained this office from 1717 to 1726. He 
 had been before surveyor-general of the customs 
 in America. He died in England in poverty, Nov. 
 17, 1749, aged near 80. He was a desperate in 
 triguer, courting always the favor of the people, 
 and not sparing of delusive promises to individ 
 uals. At last he sunk into contempt. He pub 
 lished the history of the British plantations in 
 America, part I., containing the history of Vir 
 ginia, 4to., 1738; collection of papers and tracts, 
 1749; on the subject of taxing the colonies, 1767. 
 
 KEITH, ISAAC STOCKTON, D. I)., minister of 
 Charleston, S. C., died Dec. 14, 1813, aged 58. 
 He was born in Bucks county, Penn., Jan. 20, 
 1755, and graduated at Princeton in 1775. He 
 was the minister of Alexandria in Virginia for 
 about ten years till 1788, when he was settled at 
 Charleston as the colleague of Dr. Hollingshead. 
 There his ministry of twenty-five years was longer 
 than that of any of his eleven predecessors. He 
 died suddenly. His first wife was the daughter 
 of Rev. Dr. Sproat ; his second the daughter of 
 Thomas Legare of Charleston; his third the 
 daughter of Wm. Huxham. He was an eminent 
 Christian and a faithful pastor. To his church he 
 bequeathed 5000 dollars, and half that sum to 
 the general assembly. To each of about twenty 
 children, bearing his name or that of one of his 
 wives, he bequeathed Scott s commentary. A col 
 lection of his sermons, addresses, etc., with an 
 account of his life by Dr. Flinn, was published, 
 1816. Panopl. XL, 441-448 ; Sprague s Annals. 
 
 KEITH, REUEL, D. D., died Sept. 3, 1842. 
 He was an eminent scholar, teacher, and clergy 
 man; the principal of the Episcopal theological 
 seminary near Alexandria. 
 
 KELLOGG, JOSEPH, was taken prisoner at 
 Deerfield in 1703. He acted as Indian interpre 
 ter at the treaty of Albany in 1754, and as such 
 was to accompany Shirley to Oswego ? but he 
 died on his way at Schenectady in 1756. 
 
 KELLOGG, GILES CROUCH, Dr., died at Had- 
 ley in 1793, aged about 60. He was adopted 
 and educated by Dr. Crouch, a bachelor and phy 
 sician of II., who came from England ; he was 
 graduated at Harvard in 1751, and had the ec 
 centricity of Dr. C. 
 
 KELLOGG, EBENEZER, the first minister of 
 Vernon, Conn., died Sept. 3, 1817, aged 80, in 
 the fifty-fifth year of his ministry. He graduated 
 at Yale in 1757. 
 
 KELLOGG, BELA, minister of Avon, Conn., 
 died in 1831, aged 50. He was a graduate in 
 1800 in the sixth class of Williams college. 
 
 KELLOGG, ELIJAH, a minister in Portland, 
 Maine, died there in March, 1842, aged 80. Born 
 
 in South Hadley, Mass., he graduated at Dart 
 mouth in 1785, and was minister of the second 
 church in Portland from 1788 to 1811, Mr. Pay- 
 son becoming his colleague in 1807 ; then of the 
 chapel church from 1812 to 1821. He was after 
 ward a missionary from the society for propagat 
 ing the gospel to the Quoddy Indians, living in 
 Perry Pleasant Point, near Eastport, Me. The 
 Passamaquoddies, the Indian name, means pol 
 lock fish. Schoodak signifies burnt land ; Sock- 
 um chief, Seepee river. Mr. K s. vocabulary of 
 the Quoddy language is published in Hist. Coll., 
 vol. HI., 3d series. He published an oration on 
 the death of Rev. T. Smith, 1795. 
 
 KELLOGG, DAVID, D.D., died at Framingham, 
 Mass., Aug. 13, 1843, aged 87. A native of Am- 
 herst, Mass., he graduated at Dartmouth in 1775, 
 and was pastor from 1781 to 1830. His son is 
 Judge Daniel K. of Vermont. He published a 
 masonic sermon, 1796. Sprague s Annals. 
 
 KELLOGG, EBENEZER, professor, died in Wil- 
 liamstown, Mass., Oct. 2, 1846, aged 57. He was 
 born in Vernon, Conn. ; graduated at Yale in 1810 ; 
 in 1815 he was elected professor of Greek and 
 Latin in Williams college, which office he use 
 fully discharged. 
 
 KELLY, WILLIAM, the first minister of War 
 ner, X. II., died in 1813, aged 65. He was the 
 son of John of Atkinson, who died in 1783, aged 
 84 ; graduated at Harvard in 1767 ; was ordained 
 in 1772; and dismissed in 1801. His son, John, 
 a councillor at law, graduated at Dartmouth in 
 1804. Farmer. 
 
 KELLY, MOSES, colonel, the sheriff of Hills- 
 borough county, N. II., died Aug. 2, 1824, aged 
 85. He was the brother of William. His father 
 and three preceding ancestors up to John of New- 
 bury bore the name of John. Farmer. 
 
 KELLY, JOHN, minister of Hampstead, N. H., 
 died in 1848, aged 85. Born in Amesbury, Mass., 
 he graduated at Dartmouth in 1791, and was 
 ordained in 1792. He was a descendant of John, 
 a first settler of Newbury, who died in 1644. 
 He published a sermon on the death of Dr. W. 
 Cogswell, 1831. Sprague s Annals. 
 
 KEMP, JOHN, LL. D., professor of mathema 
 tics in Columbia college, N. Y., died in 1812, aged 
 49. Born in Scotland, he was educated at Maris- 
 chall college, Aberdeen. Before the age of twen 
 ty-one he was chosen a member of the royal 
 society of Edinburgh. He began his toils at 
 Columbia college in 1785. He was appointed in 
 1785 to an additional professorship of geography, 
 history, and chronology. In 1810 he made a 
 journey to lake Erie, and satisfied himself that 
 the project of a canal was feasible. 
 
 KEMPER, JAMES, president of Walnut Hills 
 college, Ohio, died Aug. 29, 1834, aged 80. 
 
 KENDAL, SAMUEL, D. D., minister of Wes- 
 ton, Mass., died Feb. 16, 1815, aged 60. He 
 
KENDALL. 
 
 KER. 
 
 491 
 
 was a descendant of Francis K., who lived in 
 Woburn in 1647, was born at Sherburne July 11, 
 1753; his father,, Elisha K., died in 1824 at the 
 age of 99. He was graduated at Harvard col 
 lege in 1782, and was ordained Nov. 5, 1785. 
 His two wives were the daughters of Samuel 
 Woodward, his predecessor in the ministry, and 
 descendants of llichard Mather. He published 
 a sermon at the ordination of T. M. Harris, 1794 ; 
 at thanksgiving ; at ordination of P. Nourse, 
 1802 ; at the election, 1804 ; seven sermons for 
 the young, making 8th number of the Christian 
 monitor, 1808; on the death of S. Dexter, 1810; 
 century sermon, 1813. A volume of his sermons 
 was published after his death. 
 
 KENDALL, SAMUEL, the first minister of New 
 Salem, Mass., died Jan. 31, 1792, aged 84. Born in 
 Woburn, he was a graduate of Harvard in 1731 ; 
 was ordained in 1742 ; and dismissed in 1776. 
 Joel Foster was his successor from 1779 to 1802. 
 
 KENDALL, DAVID, died in Augusta, N. Y., 
 Feb. 19, 1853, aged 85. Born in Athol, Mass., he 
 graduated at Harvard in 1794, and was minister 
 of Ilubbardston from 1802 to 1809. He removed 
 to Augusta, Oneida county, where he was pastor 
 till his death. 
 
 KENDRICK, J., captain, a navigator, lost his 
 life on the northwest coast in 1800, or towards 
 the close of the last century. Born in Martha s 
 Vineyard, his residence was at Wareham. 
 
 KENDRICK, NATHANIEL, I). 1)., late presi 
 dent of Madison university, died at Hamilton, 
 N. Y., Sept, 18, 1848. 
 
 KENDRICK, WILLIAM POOLE, minister in 
 Bristol, Illinois, died in 1854 or 1855, aged 64. 
 He was a native of Ilollis, N. II. ; a graduate of 
 Harvard in 1816; a theological student at An- 
 dovcr. 
 
 KENNEDY, WILLIAM M., a Methodist minis 
 ter, died in Newbury, S. C., in 1840, aged 56. 
 
 KENNEDY, JOHN II., minister at Cannons- 
 burg. Penn., died in 1840, aged 38. 
 
 KENNEDY, E. PENDLETON, commodore in 
 the navy, died at Norfolk March 29, 1844, aged 
 65, of paralysis. He was in command of the flag 
 ship Pennsylvania. 
 
 KENNEDY, ANDREW, died in Indiana Dec. 
 31, 1847, aged 37. At the age of nineteen he 
 could neither read nor write ; yet became a law 
 yer, a member of the State senate, and of con 
 gress from 1841 to 1847. 
 
 KENNISON, JENNY, died at Brookfield, N. IL, j 
 Dec. 27, 1840, aged 110, the oldest person in 
 New Hampshire. 
 
 KENNISTON, DAVID, died at Chicago Feb. 24, 
 1852, aged 117 ; the last of the party who de 
 stroyed the tea at Boston. 
 
 KENNISTON, JOHN, of Greenland, N. II., was 
 killed by the Indians April 16, 1677, and his 
 house burnt. 
 
 KENNON, BEVERLEY, commodore, was killed 
 by the explosion of the great gun on board the 
 steamer Princeton, Feb. 28, 1844. He was chief 
 of the bureau of construction, etc. He had a 
 high reputation in the navy. 
 
 KENT, ELISHA, died at Philippi, N. Y., July 
 17, 1776, aged nearly 72, in the forty-second year 
 of his ministry. A native of Suffield, Conn., the 
 son of John Kent and Abigail Dudley, he was 
 graduated at Yale in 1729. He was a minister 
 of talents and influence, and of a humble, Chris 
 tian character. His son, Moss Kent, the father 
 of Chancellor Kent, graduated at Yale in 1752, 
 and died in 1794, aged about 62, a lawyer in 
 Duchess county, N. Y. 
 
 KENT, JOSEPH, Dr., governor of Maryland, 
 died near Bladensburg, Nov. 24, 1837, aged 58. 
 He Avas a physician and farmer ; many years a 
 representative ; governor from 1826 to 1829 ; and 
 senator of the United States from 1833 to 1837. 
 
 KENT, WILLIAM A., colonel, died in Concord, 
 N. II., April 7, 1840, aged 75, a member of the 
 State senate and treasurer of the State. He was 
 a man much respected for his virtues. 
 
 KENT, JAMES, chancellor, died at New York 
 Dec. 12, 1847, aged 84. He was born in 1763, 
 in Duchess county ; his father was Moss Kent, 
 his grandfather was Elisha Kent. He graduated 
 at Yale in 1781, studied law with E. Benson, and 
 practised law in Poughkeepsie and New York. 
 In 1797 he was recorder of the city; in 1798 a 
 judge of the supreme court; in 1804 chief jus 
 tice ; in 1814 chancellor; and he retired from 
 office July 31, 1823, at the age of sixty, as re 
 quired by the constitution. His brother, Moss 
 Kent, was a senator of the United States. His 
 lectures as law professor of Columbia college 
 were the basis of his commentaries. He was 
 eminently a virtuous and good man, respected 
 and beloved. He lived long, contented and 
 prosperous, and was eminently happy in domestic 
 life. His commentaries on American law, pub 
 lished in 4 vols., in 1830, were by him enlarged. 
 His important decisions in law and equity are 
 preserved in the reports of Caines and Johnson. 
 His biography, it is said, is preparing by his son, 
 William Kent. American Almanac, 1849; 
 Cyclopedia of Amer. Literature. 
 
 KENTON, SIMON, general, died in Logan 
 county, Ohio, April 29, 1836, aged 82. He was 
 a companion of Col. Boone, in exploring the 
 western country and commencing new settle 
 ments. Many were his hardships. Once he was 
 tied to a stake by the Indians to be burned, but 
 was rescued by a friend. 
 
 KER, NATHAN, Presbyterian minister at Go- 
 shen, N. Y., more than forty years, died Dec. 21, 
 1804, aged 68. Born in New Jersey, he gradu 
 ated at Princeton in 1761. He published a ser 
 mon on the church and union, and on God s 
 
492 
 
 KERB. 
 
 KILLEN. 
 
 sovereignty in the American preacher, vols. in. 
 and iv. 
 
 KERR, HAMILTON, major, was the son of Mat 
 thew of Philadelphia, who emigrated to the Mus- 
 kingum in 1787. He was a bold hunter on the 
 frontiers, as related by Hildreth. His descend 
 ants are many. 
 
 KERR, ROBERT, a minister of the Scotch Pres 
 byterian church, died at Savannah in June, 1805, 
 having been a preacher thirty-two years. 
 
 KERR, JOSEPH, D. D., pastor of the Associate 
 Reformed church at Pittsburg, died in 1829. 
 
 KETELTAS, ABRAHAM, minister of Jamaica, 
 L. I., died Sept. 30, 1798, aged 66. He was the 
 son of a minister of the same name ; was gradu 
 ated at Yale college in 1752 ; and was settled at 
 first the minister of Elizabeth. He preached flu 
 ently in Dutch and French. In 1777 he was a 
 member of the convention which framed the con 
 stitution of New York. His wife, the daughter 
 of William Smith, a distinguished man, died in 
 1815, aged 84. He published a sermon on ex 
 tortion, 1778, and other occasional discourses. 
 
 KEY, PHILIP BARTON, a member of congress 
 from Maryland, died at Georgetown July 28, 
 1815, aged 50. His eloquent resistance to the 
 restrictive system gave him celebrity. 
 
 KEY, FRANCIS S., district attorney of the 
 United States, died at Baltimore Jan. 11, 1843, 
 aged 63. Born in Frederick county, Maryland, 
 his father was John Ross Key, an officer of the 
 Revolutionary army. He was educated at St. 
 John s college, Annapolis. Having studied law 
 with liis uncle Philip, he lived in Fredericktown 
 and Washington. He was a brother-in-law of 
 Chief Justice Taney. His poems were published 
 in New York in 1856. His star-spangled banner, 
 a song, was written on an occasion of deep inter 
 est, with the inspiration of patriotism and of 
 poetry. Cyclopedia of American Literature. 
 
 KEYES, ABRAHAM J., a Jew, pastor of the 
 Hebrew congregation, Philadelphia, died Oct. 18, 
 1828, aged 47. 
 
 KEYS, TllOMAS, a Methodist minister, died in 
 Jefferson county, Virginia, in 1828, aged 57. 
 
 KIDD, WILLIAM, a pirate, was the commander 
 of a vessel which sailed irom New York to Lon 
 don, and in London was recommended by Mr. 
 Livingston of New York as a suitable commander 
 of a vessel, which Lord Rumney and others had 
 fitted out against the pirates of the East Indies, 
 at an expense of 6000 pounds. Kidd first sailed 
 to New York, where he had a family ; on his 
 arrival in India he committed many daring acts 
 of piracy. In his infatuation he came from Mad 
 agascar to Boston. July 3, 1699, he was sum 
 moned before Governor Bellamont, and ordered 
 to draw up a narrative of his proceedings. But 
 not doing this, he was arrested July 6th, with 
 several of his men. A man-of-war was sent 
 
 from England to transport them thither for trial. 
 They Avere condemned and executed. Bradish, 
 who was executed at the same time, had run away 
 with the ship Adventure on a voyage to India, and 
 arrived in March, 1699, at the east of Long 
 Island, where he had deposited in the care of a 
 gentleman his money, rings, and jewels. Multi 
 tudes of weak-minded men have dug along the 
 American coast in search of Kidd s money, im 
 agining that he had concealed gold and silver on 
 the shores. Such dupes of covetousness would 
 do well to dig the soil. 
 
 KIDDER,JosEPH,ministerofDunstable,N.H., 
 died in 1818, aged 76. Born in Billerica, he 
 graduated at Yale in 1764; was ordained in 1767 ; 
 was dismissed in 1796, but continued pastor of 
 the church till his death. 
 
 KILBORN, JONATHAN, died in Colchester, 
 Conn., in 1785, aged 78. He was a very inge 
 nious mechanic, and is said to have been the in 
 ventor of the iron screw. 
 
 KILBURN, JOHN, a brave man, the first settler 
 in 1749 of Walpole, N. H., died April 8, 1789, 
 aged 84. His son, John, died at Shrewsbury, 
 Vt., in 1822, aged also 84. Kilburn s garrison was 
 attacked by about two hundred Indians in 1755. 
 His force consisted of himself and wife and daugh 
 ter, his son John, and John Peak and his son. 
 Philip, the Indian chief, cried out from behind a 
 tree, " Old John, young John, I know you, come 
 out here ; me give you good quarter." " Begone, 
 or we 11 quarter you ! " was the reply. The in 
 cessant firing lasted till night, the females casting 
 bullets. 
 
 KILLAM, REBECCA, died at Hillsborough, N. 
 H., in Sept., 1856, aged 103 years wanting nine 
 days. She was the widow of Daniel K., a soldier 
 under Washington near Boston. 
 
 KILLEN, WILLIAM, chancellor of the State 
 of Delaware, died at Dover Oct. 3, 1805, aged 
 83. He was a native of Ireland. Early in life, 
 before he had attained the age of manhood, he 
 arrived in America, having an excellent educa 
 tion in the English language. After passing 
 through a variety of scenes, incidental to stran 
 gers, he settled himself in the family of Samuel 
 Dickinson, the father of John Dickinson of Wil 
 mington. There he devoted himself most assid 
 uously to the acquisition of a competent knowl 
 edge of the Greek and Latin languages, under 
 the direction of Jacob Orr, who was engaged in 
 teaching the sons of Mr. Dickinson, and some 
 other young gentlemen. The diligence and 
 modesty of Mr. Killen made him a favorite of the 
 whole family, and particularly of his instructor. 
 His unwearied attention was rewarded by a rapid 
 proficiency in his studies. After holding the office 
 of county surveyor for some years, he commenced 
 the study of the law. In the courts of Delaware 
 his knowledge, and especially his skill in survey- 
 
KILPATRICK. 
 
 KIXG. 
 
 493 
 
 ing and in various branches of the mathematics, 
 rendered him an able assistant in suits for land, 
 and in such trials the most eminent men of his 
 day were always pleased to associate with him as 
 their colleague. His practice soon became exten 
 sive. His moderation, his modesty, and his punc 
 tuality in business, aided by his abilities, led him 
 to wealth and to all the honors of his country. For 
 manv years before the Revolution he was selected 
 by his fellow citizens to represent them in the 
 assembly of Delaware. At the commencement 
 of the contest with Great Britain he took a de 
 cided and actiye part in favor of American liberty. 
 Soon after the declaration of independence he was 
 appointed chief justice of the supreme court of 
 the State of Delaware, which office he held till he 
 was promoted to that of chancellor in 1793. lie 
 resigned his seat in the court of chancery in 1801. 
 In all the variety of public business, in which he 
 was engaged, he exhibited the strictest integrity. 
 As a legislator he was wise and attentive to the 
 interests of his constituents, and as a judge he 
 was learned, patient, and impartial. The same 
 uprightness, which marked his public character, 
 was also conspicuous in all the relations of private 
 life. Neio York Spectator, Oct. 22, 1805. 
 
 KILPATRICK, JOSEPH D., minister in Ruth 
 erford co., N. C., died in 1829. 
 
 KIMBALL, THOMAS, of Ipswich, one of the 
 first settlers of Bradford, Mass., was killed by 
 the Indians May 3, 1676 ; and his wife and five 
 children were carried prisoners into the wilder 
 ness, but returned in a few weeks. Farmer. 
 
 KIMBALL, DANIEL, founder of Union acad 
 emy in Plainfield, N. II., died in March, 1817, 
 aged 63. He gave the academy between 20 and 
 30,000 dollars. 
 
 KIMBALL, JAMES L., died in 1833, aged 34. 
 A native of Lyndon, Vt., and a graduate of Dart 
 mouth in 1824, he was secretary of the American 
 tract society, Boston. 
 
 KIMBALL, JOSEPH HORACE, died at Pem 
 broke, N. II., April 1 1, 1838. He had been editor 
 of the Herald of Freedom at Concord. He and 
 J. A. Thome visited the West Indies and pub 
 lished Fmancipation in the West Indies, a six 
 months tour, etc. 
 
 KIMBALL, INCREASE, the inventor of the first 
 machine for making cut nails, died at Hanover, 
 N. II., Sept. 16, 1806, aged 80. He was a mem 
 ber of the church. At the age of thirty he gave 
 signs of derangement. In the controversy be 
 tween the college and the university, he espoused 
 the side of the latter, which was annulled by de 
 cision of the supreme court. In his displeasure 
 he took a vow never to shave. So he lived with 
 a long white beard, and, regarding himself as a 
 Jew, he would not eat pork, wearing a long white 
 robe girt about his loins. In the course of half 
 a century such a change came over the world that 
 
 he saw many men, who used to regard his long 
 beard as a proof of insanity, themselves wearing 
 long beards without being deemed insane. His 
 invention, patented in 1806, was of no advantage 
 to him, as he would not sell out his right. 
 
 KIXCAID, MARY, Mrs., died in Monroe co. f 
 Va., Nov. 13, 1838, aged 100. 
 
 KING, ANDREW, died in Orange co., N. Y., 
 Nov., 1815, aged 69. He had been there a faith 
 ful minister for forty years. 
 
 KING, WALTER, minister of Williamstown, 
 Mass., died Dec. 1, 1815, aged 57. Born at Wil- 
 braham, he graduated at Yale in 1782, and was a 
 faithful pastor of the second church in Norwich, 
 Conn., from 1787 for twenty-four years, when he 
 was dismissed without any impeachment of his 
 character, lie was less than three years at Wil- 
 liamstown, in consequence of apoplexy, which 
 seized him in the pulpit as he was preaching a 
 lecture. lie was a solemn preacher and a man 
 of prayer. He published a sermon at ordination 
 of Daniel Hall, 1797; on taking leave of his 
 people. Panoplist, XII. p. 141; Sprague s An 
 nals. 
 
 KING, CYRUS, major-general, died at Saco, 
 Me., April 25, 1817, aged 44. The son of Rich 
 ard, he was born at Scarborough. He was the 
 private secretary of his brother Rufus, in London, 
 then studied law in Portland. In 1812 he was a 
 member of congress, and his speeches exhibited 
 a splendor of language and a profusion of im 
 agery, in opposing the increase of taxes and on 
 the bill for filling the ranks of the army in 1814. 
 
 KING, RUFUS, minister of the United States to 
 Great Britain, died April 29, 1827, aged 72. He 
 was the eldest son of Richard King, a merchant 
 of Scarborough, Me., and was born in 1755. 
 From Dummer academy at Byfield he went to 
 Harvard college, about the time of the death of 
 his father. His studies had been interrupted at 
 the beginning of the war by the occupation of the 
 college buildings as barracks, but were resumed 
 at Concord. He graduated in 1777, with reputa 
 tion for classical attainments and particularly for 
 liis powers of oratory, to the culture of which he 
 had applied himself with great zeal. In 1778 he 
 was an aid to Sullivan in an expedition against 
 the British in Rhode Island. After studying law 
 with Mr. Parsons, he was admitted to the bar in 
 1780 at Newburyport, by which town he was soon 
 afterwards chosen a representative in the legisla 
 ture. It being recommended by congress to the 
 States about 1784 to grant a 5 per cent impost to 
 the general government, a distinction arose be 
 tween the federal and the State interests. In 
 the debate which followed, Mr. King supported 
 the grant, and prevailed, and James Sullivan, the 
 most popular speaker in the house, opposed it. 
 The legislature appointed him in 1784 a delegate 
 to congress, then in session at Trenton, but soon 
 
494 
 
 KING. 
 
 KING. 
 
 adjourned to New York, in which body he intro 
 duced, March 1785, a resolution, prohibiting 
 slavery in the territory northwest of the Ohio. 
 Of the convention in 1787 to form the present 
 constitution of the United States he was an effi 
 cient member, as he was also of the Massachusetts 
 convention for considering that constitution. 
 
 Having relinquished his profession in 1784, and 
 in 1786 having married the daughter of John 
 Alsop, an opulent merchant of New York, he re 
 moved in 1788 to that city. In 1789 he and 
 Gen. Schuyler were elected senators under the 
 constitution of the United States. During the 
 violent discussions respecting the British treaty in 
 1794, he co-operated with his friend, Gen. Hamil 
 ton, in its defence. Of the papers concerning 
 this treaty, with the signature of Camillus, usually 
 ascribed to Hamilton, all the numbers, except 
 the first ten, were written by Mr. King, display 
 ing much acquaintance with the laws of different 
 nations on the subjects of navigation and trade. 
 When a petition was presented against allowing 
 Mr. Gallatin to take his seat as senator, in conse 
 quence of the law of naturalization, a warm de 
 bate arose ; the right to the seat was maintained 
 by Taylor, Monroe, and Burr, and opposed suc 
 cessfully by Ellsworth, Strong, and King. On 
 this occasion Mr. King displayed great talents as 
 an orator. Being re-elected to the senate, he 
 was nominated by Washington in 1796 minister 
 plenipotentiary to Great Britain. At the English 
 court he remained during the administration of 
 Mr. Adams, and two years of that of Mr. Jeffer 
 son, with great advantage to his country. His 
 dignity, mildness, and firmness promoted the ad 
 justment of several difficult claims. The conven 
 tion as to boundaries was, however, rejected by 
 Mr. Jefferson, from misapprehension, perhaps, as 
 to its effect on the boundary of Louisiana, which 
 had been purchased. Had this convention been 
 adopted, the northeastern boundary, which has 
 occasioned much uneasiness, would have been set 
 tled by three commissioners, two appointed by 
 the parties, and the third by the two. Mr. King 
 made great efforts to induce the British to re 
 nounce the practice of impressing American sea 
 men. After his return in 1803 he lived in retire 
 ment until the war of 1812, when he came forward 
 in support of his country. In consequence of 
 the patriotic spirit which he manifested, 1 he dem 
 ocratic legislature of New York appointed him 
 in 1813 a senator of the United States. His 
 speech concerning the conduct of the enemy in 
 the destruction of the city of Washington, gained 
 him great honor. In 1816 he was. an unsuccess 
 ful candidate for the office of governor of New 
 York. He-elected to the senate in 1820, he 
 brought forward the important law, requiring cash 
 payments upon sales of the public lands. In the 
 discussions relating to the admission of Missouri 
 
 into the union, he endeavored to extend to that 
 State the prohibition of slavery, which had been 
 wisely imposed upon the northwest territory. 
 The last proposition which he brought forward 
 was to devote the proceeds of the public territory 
 to the removal of slaves and free persons of color 
 to some country beyond the limits of the United 
 States. 
 
 On retiring from the senate in 1825 he was in 
 duced by Mr. Adams to proceed again as a min 
 ister to the British court, in the hope of adjusting 
 several disputed questions. But an overruling 
 Providence did not permit him to accomplish the 
 objects which he had in view. During his voyage 
 he was attacked by a disease, often the conse 
 quence of a voyage, which prevented him from 
 entering upon the active discharge of his duties. 
 After remaining abroad a year without amend 
 ment, he returned to die in his native land and in 
 the bosom of his family. He died at Jamaica 
 Long Island, in a composed and resigned state 
 of mind. In person Mr. King was above the 
 common size, and somewhat athletic, with a coun 
 tenance manly and bespeaking high intelligence. 
 His conversation and writings were remarkable 
 for conciseness and force. 
 
 KING, FREDERIC GORE, M. D., died at New 
 York in 1829, aged 27. The youngest son of 
 Rufus King, he graduated at Harvard in 1821, 
 and studied medicine, especially anatomy, in New 
 York and in France. He gave lectures at the 
 athenaeum, on phrenology and on the structure of 
 the human voice. To the national academy of 
 design he lectured on anatomy. He was surgeon 
 in the New York hospital, and he gave lectures 
 on the preparations in the museum. Dr. Wil 
 liams Am. Mcd. Biog. 
 
 KING, JONAS, died in Hawley, Mass., in 1832, 
 and Abigail, his widow, died in 1839, aged 76. 
 These persons were happy in being the parents 
 of Jonas King, who has been for many years, and 
 is still, the distinguished American missionary at 
 Athens in Greece. 
 
 KING, EDWARD, general, died at Cincinnati 
 Feb. 6, 1836 ; a distinguished lawyer, formerly 
 speaker of the house in Ohio. 
 
 KING, ELISHA W., a distinguished lawyer of 
 New York, died at Brooklyn Dec. 3, 1836, aged 
 56. 
 
 KING, DAVID, M. D., a physician in Newport, 
 R. I, died Nov. 14, 1836, aged 62. Born at 
 llaynham, Mass., he graduated at Brown univer 
 sity in 1796, and studied physic with Dr. Thacher, 
 of Plymouth, settling at N. in 1799. The medi 
 cal library of Dr. Center came opportunely into 
 his possession. With great independence he 
 adopted Jenner s practice of inoculation. He was 
 surgeon to the U. S. troops at fort Wolcott. 
 During the prevalence of the yellow fever in 1819, 
 he would not admit the contagious character of 
 
KING. 
 
 KIRK. 
 
 495 
 
 the disease, but ascribed its prevalence to a gen 
 eral cause. He was a good physician, and presi 
 dent of the Rhode Island medical society. 
 S. W. Williams Am. Med. Biog. 
 
 KING, WILLIAM, Dr., died in Boston in 1839, 
 aged 78. He was the inventor of lightning rods, 
 having many points along the rod. It is said 
 that he saw at the south a company of soldiers, 
 whose bayonets, in a storm, were all tipped with 
 the electric flame, which led him to his invention. 
 
 KING, ASA, died in Westminster, Conn., Dec. 
 2, 18-49, aged 78. Born in Mansfield, he was a 
 minister forty-six years ; nine years at Pomfret, 
 twenty years at North Killingworth. His labors 
 were remarkably effectual and successful. 
 
 KING, WILLIAM, governor, died at Bath, Me., 
 June 17, 1852, aged 84. Born in Scarborough, 
 a brother of Rufus King, he engaged in com 
 merce at Bath, lie was the first governor of 
 Maine ; he was also commissioner on the Spanish 
 claims, and collector of the port of Bath. 
 
 KING, WILLIAM 11., Nice-president of the 
 United States, died in Selma, or Cahawba, Ala., 
 April 18, 1803, aged 68. Born in North Caro 
 lina, he was representative and senator nineteen 
 years; minister to France from 1845 to 1849; 
 for many years president of the senate. He was 
 a man of probity, industry, and of a gentlemanly 
 bearing. 
 
 KING, JAMES G., son of Rufus King, died at 
 Highwood, N. J., Oct. 4, 1853, aged 62. He was 
 an eminent banker in New York, the brother of 
 Charles King, president of Columbia college. 
 Lives of American Merchants. 
 
 KINGSBERRY, SANFORD, judge, died in Gar 
 diner, Me., in 1849, aged 66. Born in Clare- 
 mont, N. II., lie graduated at Dartmouth in 1801, 
 and settled as a lawyer in G. in 1804. He was 
 a judge of the court of common pleas, and a 
 member of the State senate. 
 
 KINGSBURY, SAMUEL, minister of Edgar- 
 town, Martha s Vineyard, died in 1778. He 
 graduated at Harvard in 1759, and was ordained 
 in 1761. His predecessors were T. Mayhew, J. 
 Dunham, S. Wiswall, and J. Newman. His suc 
 cessor was J. Thaxter. 
 
 KINGSBURY, JOEL, colonel, died at Franklin, 
 Mo., July 1, 1837, aged 82. A native of Con 
 necticut, he was an officer in the service of the 
 United States forty-two years. 
 
 KINGSBURY, Judge, died at Newburg, Ohio, 
 Dec. 12, 1847. He was an early settler on the 
 Reserve, in 1796, and was appointed territorial 
 judge by Gov. St. Clair. 
 
 KINGSLEY, JAMES L., professor of languages 
 and ecclesiastical history in Yale college, died 
 Aug. 31, 1852, aged 73 years. He was con 
 nected with the college in the department of clas 
 sical literature, with high reputation, for half a 
 century. lie published an eulogy on Prof. Fisher, 
 
 1822 ; sketch of history of Yale college in Quar 
 terly Register, vol. vm. 
 
 KINKELDON, ADAM, a Catholic minister, 
 died at New Orleans in 1837. He was a philan 
 thropist, the founder of an association for the re 
 lief of male orphans. 
 
 KINNARD, GEORGE L., member of congress 
 from Indiana, died at Cincinnati Nov. 26, 1836, in 
 consequence of the explosion of the steamboat 
 Flora, on the Ohio, Nov. 16th. 
 
 KINNE, AARON, minister of Groton, Conn., 
 died July 9, 1824, aged 79. He was born at 
 Newent in Norwich, now Lisbon, was graduated 
 at Yale college in 1765, and was ordained Oct., 
 1770. The massacre of Ledyard and others of 
 his people, at fort Griswold, diminished his means 
 of support. At last, in 1798, he was dismissed. 
 In 1800 he resided in Winsted, in 1803 at Egre- 
 mont, Mass.. and in 1805 he removed to Alford. 
 He was occasionally employed by the Berkshire 
 missionary society. He died at Talmadge, Ohio, 
 at the house of his son-in-law, Dr. Wright, five 
 days after his arrival there. He was a faithful 
 preacher. He published .a work on the sonship 
 of Christ; a display of Scripture prophecies, 
 1813 ; an explanation of the types, prophecies, 
 revelation, etc., 8vo., 1814. 
 
 KINNEY, HENRY, missionary to the Sand 
 wich Islands, died Sept. 24, 1854. He sailed 
 with his wife in 1847, and was stationed at Kau 
 on Hawaii. Ill health induced him in 1854 to 
 repair to California, and he died at Sonora, " the 
 mountain city," in great peace. His Infidel doc 
 tor said : " None but a Christian can die in that 
 way." 
 
 KLNSEY, JAMES, LL. D., chief justice of New 
 Jersey, died at Burlington Jan. 4, 1802, aged 69. 
 He had been a member of congress before the 
 adoption of the present constitution. 
 
 KIRBY, EPIIRAIM, first judge of the district 
 court of the United States at New Orleans, died 
 at fort Stoddert, Oct. 20, 1804. He had sustained 
 this office but a short time. He had been for a 
 ! number of years an inhabitant of Litchfield in 
 Connecticut, and was once a candidate for gover 
 nor in that State. He published reports of cases 
 adjudged in the supreme court of the State of 
 Connecticut from 1785 to May, 1788, with some 
 determinations in the supreme court of errors, 
 Litchfield, 8vo., 1789. 
 
 KIRBY, REYNOLD M., major in the army of 
 the United States, son of the preceding, died at 
 fort Sullivan, in Eastport, Oct. 7, 1842, aged 52. 
 He entered the army in 1813, and on the Niagara 
 was aid to Gen. Ripley, and received him in his 
 arms as he fell wounded. His wife, Harriet, was 
 a daughter of Col. Simon Lamed, of Pittsfield. 
 
 KIRK, DAVID, Sir, admiral, " a great truck- 
 master," captured and garrisoned, in 1629, fort 
 | Kebeck, or Quebec, a great market for beavers and 
 
496 
 
 KIRKLAND. 
 
 KISSAM. 
 
 otters. As late as 1645 he was on the coast of 
 Newfoundland. 
 
 KLRKLAND, DANIEL, or Kirtland, as the 
 name was formerly written, minister of Newent, 
 the third society of Norwich, or Lisbon, Conn., 
 died in May, 1773, aged 72. He was of Scotch 
 descent from his grandfather, John, of Saybrook, 
 in 1635, who came -from London. His father had 
 also the name of John ; and, as he had nine 
 other children, his descendants may have been 
 numerous. Born in Saybrook, he graduated at 
 Yale in 1720, and in 1723 was ordained at New 
 ent, the first pastor of the third church then in 
 Norwich. After thirty years he became deranged, 
 and removed to Groton, but returned to Newent, 
 where he died. His wife was a Miss Perkins, of 
 Windsor. He had two sons, Daniel and Samuel. 
 He was a worthy minister, of fine talents, a 
 scholar, of ready wit and an amiable temper. 
 Life of S. Kirkland, by Lothrop ; Miss Caul- 
 kins History of Norwich, 
 
 KIRKLAND, SAMUEL, a missionary among 
 the Indians, died March 28, 1808, aged 66. He 
 was the son of Daniel -K., minister of Norwich. 
 After enjoying for some time the advantages of 
 Whefelock s school, he finished his education at 
 the college in New Jersey, where he was grad 
 uated in 1765. While at school he had learned 
 the language of the Mohawks, and he commenced 
 a journey to the Seneca Indians, in order to ac 
 quire their language, Nov. 20, 1764, and did not 
 return till May, 1766. June 19th, he was or 
 dained at Lebanon as a missionary to the Indians. 
 He removed his wife to Oneida castle in 1769. 
 She was Jerusha Bingham, whose mother was a 
 sister of President E. Wheelock, in whose family 
 she long lived. In the spring he went to the 
 house of his friend, Gen. Herkimer, at Little 
 Falls, and there his twin children were born Aug. 
 17, 1770, of whom one was President Kirkland. 
 His daughter Jerusha married John II. Lothrop, 
 of Utica, the father of Itev. S. K. Lothrop, of 
 Boston. About 1772 he removed to Connecticut, 
 and afterwards lived for a time at Stockbridge. 
 For more than forty years his attention was di 
 rected to the Oneida tribe in New "Vork, and he 
 died at Clinton in that State, the place of his res 
 idence, in the neighborhoad of Oneida. Dr. Nor 
 ton preached a sermon at his funeral. Wheel- 
 ode s Narratives; Panoplist, III. 536; Life by 
 Lothrop , Sparks Library of American Biog 
 raphy ; Whcelock s Life ; Sprague s Annals. 
 
 KIRKLAXD, JOHN THORNTON, D. D., LL. D., 
 president of Harvard university, died in Boston 
 April 26, 1840, aged 69. He bears the name of 
 Mr. Thornton of London, a correspondent of 
 President Wheelock, and a benefactor of Moor s 
 Indian school. He was the son of the preceding, 
 a descendant on the maternal side from Miles 
 Standish. He was born at Gen. Ilerkimer s, Ger 
 
 man Flats, N. Y., Aug. 17, 1770 ; George White- 
 field was his twin brother. His mother was then 
 on her return to New England after residing at 
 Oneida. The Indians called the child John 
 Ahganowiska, or Fair Face. Having prepared 
 for college at Andover, he was graduated in 1789, 
 and ordained pastor in Summer street, Boston, 
 in 1794. In 1810 he, was elected President of 
 Harvard college, as the successor of President 
 Webber ; which office he resigned, after eighteen 
 years, in 1828. He married in 1827 Elizabeth, 
 the daughter of George Cabot. The next year 
 he embarked for Europe, and was absent three 
 or four years. His widow died in 1852. He was 
 eminent as a scholar and writer, and the delight 
 of his associates and friends. lie published artil 
 lery election sermon, 1795 ; on the death of Bel- 
 knap, 1798; of Washington, 1800; at a fast; 
 oration before Phi Beta Kappa society, 1798 ; at 
 ordination of J. Pipon, 1800 ; address to lire 
 society, 1801; Dudleian lecture, 1813; before 
 society for suppressing intemperance, 1814; elec 
 tion sermon, 1816; life of Fisher Ames, Svo., 
 1809; life of Com. Preblc, 8vo. ; life of Gen. 
 Lincoln in historical collections, vol. III., 2d series ; 
 on the death of George Cabot, 1823 ; in com 
 memoration of Adams and Jefferson, in memoirs 
 of American academy. Other papers of Ms are 
 in the historical collections. 
 
 KIRKLAND, JOSEPH, first mayor of Utica, 
 died Jan. 26, 1844, aged 73. Born in Lisbon, a 
 part of Norwich, Conn., he graduated in 1799. 
 For nearly fifty years he was a prominent man in 
 Oneida county. 
 
 KIRKLAND, WILLIAM, died in New York 
 about 1847. He had been a teacher in Hamilton 
 college. His wife was Caroline M. Stansbury, 
 the daughter of a bookseller in New York ; she is 
 known by her various writings. They lived sev 
 eral years in Geneva, Switzerland ; then two 
 years at Detroit. He published a series of letters 
 from abroad. Cycl. of Amer. Lit. 
 
 KIRKPATRICK, ALEXANDER, a minister in 
 Laurens district, S. C., died Dec. 30, 1832. 
 
 KIRKPATRICK, DAYID, captain, died at Del 
 aware City in 1838, aged 86. He served in the 
 Revolutionary war, in the battles of Monmouth, 
 Germantown, Trenton, Cowpcns, and others. 
 
 KIRTLAND, TURHAND, died in Poland, Ohio, 
 Aug. 16, 1844, aged 89*. Born in Wallingford, 
 Conn., he visited Ohio in 1798, and was the agent 
 of the Connecticut land company, selling exten 
 sive tracts to new settlers, and sustaining various 
 public offices with credit. 
 
 KISSAM, RICHARD S., M. D., a distinguished 
 surgeon, died in Oct., 1822, aged 58. He was 
 the son of Benj. K., a lawyer, and was born in 
 New York in 1763. At Edinburgh he studied 
 medicine five years. Returning to New York in 
 1791, he continued in the practice about thirty 
 
KISSAM. 
 
 years. He was one of the surgeons of the New 
 York hospital. Of sixty-five operations as a 
 lithotomist only three cases were fatal. Thacher. 
 
 KISSAM, BENJAMIN P., a surgeon in the 
 United States Navy, died at Portsmouth in Oct., 
 1828. He had been a practitioner in New York. 
 
 KJTTIIEDGE, JOHN, the ancestor of all in 
 this country who bear the name, died in Biller- 
 ica Oct. 18, 1676. He was a farmer, who came 
 from England. His sons were John, James, 
 Daniel, Jonathan, and Benoni. John, who had 
 six sons, was called doctor ; a title borne by many 
 of the descendants of the common ancestor. 
 Farmer. 
 
 KITTREDGE, THOMAS, M. D., a physician, 
 died at Andover in Oct., 1818, aged 72. He was 
 a descendant of John K., whose son, John, was a 
 physician. Born at Andover in July, 1746, 
 he studied with Dr. Sawyer of Newburyport. 
 At the beginning of the Hevolution he was a sur 
 geon in the army. After being an eminent physi 
 cian and surgeon about fifty years, and being 
 often a member of the legislature, he died of the 
 angina pectoris. In his politics he was a strenu 
 ous republican. It were not an easy task to 
 reckon up all the physicians in New England, 
 who have had the name of Kittredge. Thacher. 
 
 KITTREDGE, BENJAMIN, Dr., died at Tewks- 
 bury, Mass., Jan. 18, 1822, aged 81. 
 
 KITTREDGE, OLIVER, Dr., died at Salem in 
 Jan., 1823, aged 38. A native of Brookfield, he 
 was the son of Dr. Jacob K., and brother of Dr. 
 Benjamin K., of Salem, both deceased. 
 
 KITTREDGE, FRANCIS, Dr., died at Woburn, 
 Mass., in 1828, aged 46. 
 
 KITTREDGE, BENJAMIN, died at Little Rock, 
 Ark., in 1830, aged 45. He removed from Salem 
 in 1837. 
 
 KITTREDGE, INGALLS, Dr., died in Beverly 
 June 17, 1856, aged 86. 
 
 KITTS, THOMAS J., a Baptist minister at Phil 
 adelphia, died in 1838, aged 48. 
 
 KNAPP, FRANCIS, a poet, was educated at 
 Oxford, and in this country lived at Watertown. 
 In 1717 he wrote a poetical address, congratulat 
 ing Pope on his Windsor forest, in the best style, 
 then exhibited in our country. 
 
 KNAPP, JOSHUA, minister in Winchester, 
 Conn., died in 1816, aged about 67. A graduate 
 of Yale, he was ordained in 1772, and dismissed 
 in 1789. 
 
 KNAPP, SAMUEL L., LL. D., died at Hopkin- 
 ton, Mass., July 8, 1838, aged 53. He was born 
 in Newburyport in 1784; was graduated at Dart 
 mouth in 1804; and lived in Boston and New 
 York, and was a lawyer and an author. In 1812 
 he commanded a regiment of militia. In 1824 
 he edited the Boston Gazette. He published the 
 travels of Ali Bey, 1818 ; sketches of lawyers, 
 statesmen, etc.; lectures on American literature, 
 63 
 
 KNIGHT. 
 
 497 
 
 1829; sketches of public characters, 1830; the 
 bachelor and other tales, 1836 ; advice in the pur 
 suits of literature ; sketches of Americans, 1833; 
 female biography. 
 
 KNAPP, JOSIAH, died in Boston in 1843, 
 aged 90 ; an honorable man of business, cheer 
 ful, retaining all his faculties. To him the south 
 part of Boston was much indebted for various 
 improvements. 
 
 KNAPP, HORTON O., missionary at the Sand 
 wich Islands, died at Honolulu in March, 1845. 
 Born at Greenwich, Conn., in 1813, he embarked 
 in 1836. He had been a school teacher since 1837. 
 His wife was Charlotte Close of Greenwich. He 
 resided at Waimea and Kailua. Great peace 
 attended his death ; " dying was but going home." 
 He gave earnest exhortations and sent dying 
 messages of truth and love. 
 
 KNAPP, ISAAC, minister of Westfield, died 
 July 6, 1847, aged 72. A native of Norfolk, 
 Conn., and graduate of Williams college in 
 1800, he was ordained the fifth minister of W.,in 
 1803 ; his predecessors were E. Taylor, N. Bull, 
 J. Ballantinc, and N. Atwater. His successor 
 was E. Davis. He published a sermon on the 
 death of Gen. W. Shepard, 1818. 
 
 KNAPP, UZAL, died at Newburg Jan. 16, 
 1856, aged 95, the last of AVashington s life guard. 
 
 KNEEL AND, WILLIAM, a physician of Cam 
 bridge, died in 1788, aged 56. He was born in 
 Boston ; graduated at Harvard college in 1744 ; 
 and was a tutor about nine years. For many 
 years he was register of probate. He was a man 
 of integrity and religion. The impressions made 
 upon his mind by the instructions of his pious 
 parents were never obliterated. Tliacher. 
 
 KNICKERBACKER, HARMAN, judge, died in 
 Schaghticoke, or Williamsburg, N. Y., in 1855, 
 aged 75. In 1810-13 he was a member of con 
 gress. He was the original of Irving s Diedrich, 
 " a fellow of infinite mirth." 
 . KNIGHT, WILLIAM, the first minister at Tops- 
 field, Mass., died about 1665, Farmer says 1655. 
 He was admitted a freeman in 1638, and began 
 to preach in 1641. 
 
 KNIGHT, JOHN M., D. D., died at Chambers- 
 burg, Pa., in 1823, aged 70. 
 
 KNIGHT, DEBORAH, Mrs., died at Sumner, 
 Me., June 22, 1839, aged 104. 
 
 KNIGHT, HENRY C., a graduate of Brown 
 university in 1812, died in early life ; he was the 
 brother of Frederick, and was born in Newbury 
 port. lie published poems, 1809 ; another vol 
 ume of poems, the broken harp, at Philadelphia, 
 1815 ; a tlu rd collection in 2 vols., Boston, 1821. 
 Cycl. of American Literature. 
 
 KNIGHT, JONATHAN, a faithful minister, died 
 in Cranston, R. I., Feb. 15, 1842, aged 82. He 
 was a soldier of the Revolution. 
 
 KNIGHT, NATHANIEL, captain, died in Salem 
 
498 
 
 KXIGHT. 
 
 KNOX. 
 
 Jan. 20, 1845, aged 84. He was imprisoned in 
 the old Jersey prison-ship at New York. He 
 lived in a house built by his great-grandfather. 
 
 KNIGHT, CALEB, minister of Washington, 
 Mass., died in 1854, aged 83. Born in Lisbon, 
 Conn., he graduated at Williams college in 1800; 
 was ordained at Hinsdale in 1802; was dismissed 
 in 1816, and settled in Washington in 1826. 
 
 KNIGHT, FREDERICK, died at Rowley, Mass., 
 in 1849, aged 58. He studied law, and was a 
 teacher for a short time. He found friends, with 
 whom he lived, enjoying his simple tastes. He 
 wrote various poetical pieces. A memorial of 
 him was published at Boston, entitled Thorn cot 
 tage, or the poet s home. Cycl. of American 
 Literature. 
 
 KNIGHT, NEHEMIAH R., governor of Rhode 
 Island, died at Providence April 18, 1854, aged 
 73. He was governor 1817-21, and senator of 
 the United States 1821-41. 
 
 KNOLLYS, HANSERD, an early preacher at 
 Dover, N. H., and at Long Island, after being an 
 Episcopal minister some years, came to this coun 
 try in 1638. For his abuse of the Massachusetts 
 government he made a confession in Boston. 
 About 1G42 he returned to England, and formed 
 a Baptist church in London, of which he was 
 many years the minister. He died Sept. 19, 
 1691, aged 93. He published rudiments of the 
 Hebrew grammar, 1648. 
 
 KNOWER, BENJAMIN, died at Watervliet, 
 N. Y., Aug. 23, 1839, aged 64. He lived forty 
 years in Albany, eminent first as a mechanic, then 
 as a merchant. 
 
 KNOWLES, JOHN, minister of Watertown, 
 Mass., died April 10, 1685, probably between 80 
 and 90 years of age. He was educated at Mag 
 dalen Hall, Cambridge, and was chosen fellow of 
 Catherine Hall, in 1625, in which station he was a 
 respected and successful tutor. He came to New 
 England in 1639; was ordained colleague with 
 George Phillips Dec. 9, 1640; and went as a mis 
 sionary to Virginia, with Mr. Thompson and Mr. 
 Jam^s in 1642. He arrived about Jan. 1, 1643, 
 having been invited by gentlemen of Virginia, 
 who were anxious to hear the gospel. Gov. 
 Berkeley at first received these missionaries cour 
 teously ; but when he found they were opposed 
 to the common prayer, surplice, etc., he was de 
 termined to silence them. In about two months 
 an act was passed, March 2, 1643, prohibiting any 
 minister from preaching in the colony, unless he 
 subscribed an agreement to conform to the church 
 of England. The governor and council were to 
 silence offenders and compel them to leave the 
 country. Without question this act was aimed at 
 the New England ministers, and Virginia had as 
 good right to pass it, as Massachusetts to make 
 enactments against the Quakers for their religion. 
 It was clearly an act of bigotry and persecution. 
 
 In consequence of this act Mr. Knowles returned 
 to Watertown in June, 1643. Probably Mr. 
 James remained longer, as he was for some time 
 in Maryland. Cotton Mather is mistaken in 
 supposing the Indian massacre occurred at the 
 time Mr. Knowles left Virginia, for the date of 
 the massacre was April 18, 1644. In 1650 Mr. 
 K. returned to England, and was a preacher in 
 the cathedral of Bristol. After being silenced in 
 1662 he preached, at the hazard of imprisonment, 
 in London, where he was useful during the 
 plague in 1665. Calamy. 
 
 KNOWLES, JAMES DAVIS, died at Newton of 
 the small pox May 9, 1838, aged 39. He was pro 
 fessor of rhetoric, etc., in N. theological seminary. 
 He was born in Providence ; became a Baptist 
 minister in Boston in 1825, and removed to 
 Newton in 1832. He conducted the Christian 
 review, and wrote the memoirs of Mrs. Judson, 
 1829 ; and the memoir of Roger Williams, 1834. 
 He published a sermon on spirituous liquors, 
 1829 ; address to Newton theological institution, 
 1832. 
 
 KNOWLES, D., a Freewill Baptist minister, 
 died at Guilford, N. H., in 1840, aged 60. 
 
 KNOX, JOHN, a captain in the British army, 
 published an historical journal of the campaigns 
 in North America, for 1757-1760, 2 vols., 4to., 
 London, 1769. 
 
 KNOX, HENRY, a major-general in the army 
 of the United States, died in Thomaston, Me., 
 Oct. 25, 1806, aged 56. He was born in Boston 
 July 25, 1750. Before hostilities between this 
 country and Great Britain in the Revolutionary 
 war commenced, he discovered an uncommon zeal 
 in the cause of liberty. Being placed at the 
 head of an independent company in Boston, he 
 exhibited in this station a skill in discipline, which 
 presaged his future eminence. It was at the 
 unanimous request of all the officers of artillery, 
 that he was intrusted with the command in that 
 department. When the corps of artillery in 
 1776 was increased to three regiments, the com 
 mand was given to Knox, who was promoted to 
 the rank of a brigadier-general. He was ac 
 tively engaged during the whole contest. Alter 
 the capture of Cornwallis in 1781, he received 
 the commission of major-general, having distin 
 guished himself in the seige at the head of the 
 artillery. Previously to the adoption of the pres 
 ent constitution he succeeded Gen. Lincoln as 
 secretary at Avar in March, 1785 ; and after our 
 present government was organized in 1789, 
 Washington nominated him for the same office. 
 He continued to fill this department till the close 
 of the year 1794, when he resigned it. In his 
 letter to the president he says : " After having 
 served my country near twenty years, the greater 
 portion of the time under your immediate aus 
 pices, it is with extreme reluctance I find 
 
KNOX. 
 
 KOSCIUSKO. 
 
 499 
 
 myself constrained to withdraw from so honor 
 able a situation. But the natural and powerful 
 claims of a numerous family will no longer per 
 mit me to neglect their essential interests. In 
 whatever situation I shall be, I shall recollect 
 your confidence and kindness with all the fervor 
 and purity of affection, of which a grateful heart 
 is susceptible." Washington in reply assured 
 him of his sincerest friendship, and declared him 
 to have " deserved well of his country." During 
 the last years of his life Gen. Knox lived at 
 Thomaston. It has been stated, that he failed in 
 1798 for the large sum of 400,000 dollars, and 
 that Gen. Lincoln shared in the loss 150,000 dol 
 lars, and that Col. Jackson was also a sufferer. 
 His death was occasioned by his swallowing the 
 bone of a chicken. His wife, the daughter of J. 
 Flucker, secretary of Massachusetts, died June 20, 
 1824. In April, 1796, he lost two children by 
 death in one week ; and in a manner almost as 
 sudden he had previously lost five children. 
 
 He was distinguished for his military talents, 
 and possessed in an uncommon degree the es 
 teem and confidence of Washington. Though a 
 soldier and a statesman, he did not dismiss the 
 amiable virtues of the man. There was a frank 
 ness in his manners, which was pleasing, and his 
 heart was susceptible of the kindly affections. 
 Bradford s Sermon on Ids death; Marshall, 
 in. 62; IV. 49,3 ; v. 25, 213, 614; Tkacher s 
 Eulogy. 
 
 KNOX, SAMUEL, president of Baltimore col 
 lege, died Sept., 1832, aged 76. 
 
 KNOX, RUTH, died in Blandford July 19, 1847, 
 aged 84, the widow of Eiij ah Knox, who died in 
 1833, with whom she had lived fifty years. She 
 \vas strong-minded, skilled in family govern 
 ment, and blessed in her pious labors. Nine 
 children survived, and her descendants were scat 
 tered in six different States. Such mothers have 
 been God s great benefactions to New England 
 and our whole country. 
 
 KXOX, WILLIAM, died in Berwick, Me., May 
 24, 1851, aged 103 years and 6 months. 
 
 KNYPIIAUSEN, BARON, lieutenant-general, 
 commanded the Hessian troops in the British 
 service in the war of the Revolution. In June, 
 1780, he made an incursion into New Jersey, 
 with five thousand men. Landing at Elizabeth- 
 town, he proceeded to Connecticut Farms, where 
 he burned thirteen houses and the church. Being 
 reinforced, he repulsed the Americans near 
 Springfield, and burned the town, consisting of 
 about thirty houses. He died at Berlin, Prussia, 
 in June, 1789, aged 59. 
 
 KOLLOCK, HKNE.Y, D. D., minister of Savan 
 nah, died Dec. 19, 1819, aged 41. He was born 
 at New Providence, N. J., Dec. 14, 1778 ; was 
 graduated at Princeton in 1794; in Dec., 1800, 
 was ordained at Elizabethtown, to which place 
 
 his parents had removed, but in Dec., 1803, was 
 appointed professor of theology at Princeton, 
 having the care also of the church. His abilities 
 and eloquence procured him great respect. In 
 1806 he removed to Savannah, where he was a 
 minister about thirteen years. For a time some 
 ecclesiastical difficulties, founded on charges of 
 indiscretion, interrupted his quietude. He went 
 to Europe in 1817, and returned with invigo 
 rated health. After his death his sermons were 
 published in 4 vols. 
 
 KOLLOCK, LEMUEL, a physician, died at 
 Savannah in 1823, aged 57. He was a native of 
 Massachusetts, and settled in South Carolina, 
 and then in Georgia, where he was distinguished. 
 
 KOLLOCK, SHEPHERD, an officer of the Revo 
 lution, died at Philadelphia, July, 1839, aged 87. 
 lie was born at Lewistown, Del., in 1750. He 
 was in the battle of Trei ton, fort Lee, and Short 
 Hills. In 1779 he established the New Jersey 
 Journal, at Chatham ; in 1783 he removed his 
 press to New York and established the New York 
 Gazette, first weekly, then three times a week ; in 
 1787 revived at Elizabethtown the New Jersey 
 Journal, which he edited thirty-one years, sup 
 porting the democratic administrations. For 
 thirty-five years he was judge of the court of 
 common pleas. He was greatly respected for his 
 usefulness and his exemplary religious character. 
 
 KONKAPOT, JOHN, captain, lived at Wnahtu- 
 kook or Stockbridge, when Mr. Sergeant went 
 there as a missionary ; his cabin was on a knoll 
 north of the Konkapot brook, east of the county 
 road. Gov. Belcher gave him a captain s commis 
 sion. Mr. Ilawley in 1770 spoke of him as less 
 than 80 years old at his death some years before. 
 
 KONKAPOT, JOHN, Jr., a Mohegan Indian of 
 Stockbridge, gave, more than fifty years ago, a 
 list of Mohegan words, which was published in 
 the Massachusetts historical collections, vol. IX. 
 He was a grandson of the warrior Hendrick, who 
 was the son of Wolf, a Mohegan chief, by a Mo 
 hawk woman, Ilunnis, the daughter of a chief. 
 
 KOSCIUSKO, THADDEUS, a Polish officer in 
 the American Revolutionary war, was born in 
 Lithuania in 1756, of an ancient and noble family, 
 and educated at the military school at Warsaw. 
 He afterwards studied in France. He came to 
 America, recommended by Franklin to Gen. 
 Washington, by whom he was appointed his aid. 
 He was also appointed engineer, with the rank of 
 colonel, in Oct., 1776. At the unsuccessful siege 
 of Ninety-six, in 1791, he very judiciously directed 
 the operations. It was in 1784 that he left this 
 country, and in 1786 he returned to Poland. In 
 1789 the diet gave him the appointment of ma 
 jor-general. In the campaign of 1792 he dis 
 tinguished himself against the Russians. When, 
 in 1794, the Poles made a noble attempt to 
 recover their liberty and independence, Kosciuska 
 
500 
 
 KRAYNE. 
 
 KUYPERS. 
 
 was intrusted with the supreme command. In 
 April, at the head of 4,000 men, he defeated 
 12,000 Russians, but was subsequently defeated 
 and obliged to retire to his intrenched camp near 
 Warsaw, in which city he was soon besieged by 
 60,000 Russians and Prussians. When, after two 
 months, an assault was made, he with only 10,000 
 men repelled the attack. An insurrection in 
 Great Poland compelled the king of Prussia to 
 raise the siege. Kosciusko, with 20,000 regular 
 troops and 40,000 armed peasants, had resisted 
 the combined armies, amounting to 150,000 men. 
 At last, Oct. 10, at Macziewice, fifty miles from 
 Warsaw, an overwhelming Russian force defeated 
 Kosciusko, who had only 21,000 men. Being 
 wounded, he fell from his horse, saying, " Finis 
 Polonise," and was made a prisoner. 
 
 " And Freedom shrieked when Koscinsko fell." 
 
 He was thrown into prison by Catharine ; but was 
 released by Paul I. When the emperor pre 
 sented him with his own sword, he declined it, 
 saying, " I no longer need a sword, since I have 
 no longer a country." Never afterwards did he 
 wear a sword. In Aug., 1797, he visited America 
 and was received with honor. For his Revolu 
 tionary services he received a pension. In 1798 
 he went to France. Having purchased an estate 
 near Fontainebleau, he lived there till 1814. In 
 
 1816 he settled at Soleure in Switzerland. In 
 
 1817 he abolished slavery on his estate in Poland. 
 He died at Soleure, in consequence of a fall with 
 his horse from a precipice near Vevay, Oct. 16, 
 1817, aged 61. He was never married. His 
 body was removed to the tomb of the kings at 
 Cracow, beneath the cathedral. Gray-headed 
 warriors bore the relics .on their shoulders ; two 
 maidens with wreaths of oak-leaves and branches 
 of cypress followed ; then came the general staff , 
 the senate, and clergy. Count Wodziki delivered 
 a funeral oration on the hill Wavel, and in the 
 church a prelate gave an eloquent address. The 
 senate of Cracow decreed, that a lofty mound 
 should be raised on the heights of Bronislawad. 
 For three years men of every class and age toiled 
 in this work, from Oct. 16, 1820, to Oct. 16, 1823, 
 till the Mogila Kosciuszki, the hill of Kosciusko, 
 was raised to the height of three hundred feet. 
 A serpentine foot-path leads to the top, from 
 which there is a fine view of the Vistula and of 
 the ancient city of the Polish kings. He erected 
 himself a better monument to his memory. In 
 1798 he made a bequest for the emancipation 
 and education of slaves in Virginia. In 1826 the 
 amount was about 25,000 dollars. B. L. Lear 
 was the executor. A suit was pending, in 1830, 
 instituted by the heirs, who claimed the bequest. 
 
 KRAYNE, ROBERT, died in Boston about 1650. 
 He was an early settler ; a merchant tailor, who 
 came from London ; his benefactions to the town 
 
 and college make him worthy of honorable 
 remembrance. He gave to Boston the first mar 
 ket-house and conduit, and the first public library. 
 To Harvard college lie gave a house. The court of 
 assistants, in consequence of his "liberal gifts to 
 the country," gave his widow five hundred acres 
 of land. He was allied by marriage to Rev. Mr. 
 Wilson. 
 
 KREMER, GEORGE, member of congress from 
 1823 to 1829, died in Union co., Penn., Sept. 11, 
 1854, aged 79. 
 
 KRIMMEL, Jonx LEWIS, a distinguished 
 painter, was drowned, while bathing near Ger- 
 mantown, July 15, 1821, aged 35. He was pres 
 ident of the society of American artists, having 
 resided about ten years in Philadelphia. At the 
 time of his death he was engaged to paint a large 
 historical picture of the landing of Wm. Penn. 
 His genius and amiable manners secured to him 
 respect and esteem. 
 
 KUHN, ADAM, M. D., a physician, died at 
 Philadelphia July 5, 1817, aged 75. He was 
 born at Germantown, Nov. 17, 1741, old style ; 
 his father came from Swabia, and was a useful 
 physician and an elder of the Lutheran church. 
 In 1761 he proceeded to Europe, and studied at 
 Upsal under Linnajus, and by him was highly 
 esteemed. After visiting various countries of 
 Europe, he returned to this country in Jan., 1768, 
 and in May commenced his first course in botany. 
 For twenty-two years he attended the Pennsyl 
 vania hospital. In 1789 he was appointed profes 
 sor of medicine in the university, but resigned in 
 1797. He practised physic about fifty years. He 
 left two sons. A biographical sketch was pub 
 lished, 1818. Thacher. 
 
 KUHN, FREDERIC, Dr., died at Lancaster, Pa., 
 in March 1816, aged 68. 
 
 KUNZE, JOHN CHRISTOPHER, D. D., professor 
 in Columbia college, N. Y., died July 24, 1807, 
 aged 73. For fourteen years he was the minister 
 of the German Lutheran church in Philadelphia, 
 and a professor in the college of that city. In 
 1784 he removed to New York, where he was a 
 minister twenty-three years, also professor of the 
 oriental languages. His valuable cabinet of coins 
 and medals is now owned by the N. Y. Historical 
 society. 
 
 KURTZ, J. DANIEL, D. D., died at Baltimore 
 June 30, 1856, aged 92. He was for more than 
 half a century a minister of the German Luthe 
 ran church; preaching always Christ and him 
 crucified, and justification through faith in his 
 blood. 
 
 KUYPERS, GERARD A., D. D., minister of 
 the reformed Dutch church, in New York city, 
 died June 28, 1833, aged 66. 
 
 KUYPERS, ZACIIARIAH II., D. D., died in 
 New York, Oct. 4, 1850, aged 80, the son of 
 Warmoldus K., D. D., of Rhinebeck. He was 
 
KYAN. 
 
 thirty-six years pastor of Jamaica, Newtown, 
 Inness, and Oyster Bay congregations; then 
 twelve years of Wyckoff, Ponds, and Preakness, 
 N. J. 
 
 KYAN, JOHN II., an Englishman, who lived a 
 short time in this country, died in New York in 
 1849 or 1850, aged 75. He was the inventor of 
 the chemical process of hardening wood, making 
 what is called Kyanized wood. 
 
 LABAT, J. B., published in French a voyage 
 to the American isles, 6 vols., 1722. 
 
 LACOCK, ABNER, general, died near Freedom, 
 Beaver county, Penn., April 12, 1837. He was a 
 native of Virginia. With little education, he by 
 his talents, industry, and much worth, became 
 eminent as a legislator and statesman. He was 
 a representative in congress from 1811 to 1813, 
 and a senator of the U. S. from 1813 to 1819. 
 
 LACY, JACOB, died in 1840, at Longhill, N. J., 
 aged 100, a Revolutionary pensioner. 
 
 LADD, JOSEPH BROWN, a poet, died in 1786, 
 aged 31. He was the son of Wm. L. of Little 
 Compton, R. I. Having commenced the practice 
 of physic, the rejection of his addresses by a 
 young lady, to whom he was extremely attached, 
 induced him to remove to Charleston, S. C. 
 There he proved himself destitute of moral and 
 religious principles by fighting a duel in conse 
 quence of a political controversy. He was 
 wounded, and neglected the means of recovery. 
 The poems of Arouet were published in 1786 ; 
 a sketch of his life, with poems, in 1832. Speci 
 mens of American Poetry, i. 334. 
 
 LAUD, WILLIAM, president of the American 
 peace society, died at Portsmouth, N. H., April 
 9, 1841, aged 63. His residence was at Minot, 
 Me. Born in Exeter in 1778, he graduated at 
 Harvard in 1797. His widow died in Boston in 
 1856 ; he left no children. He took a very active 
 part in promoting the interests of the peace soci 
 ety, in which perhaps the first movement was 
 made by Dr. Noah Worcester. For years he 
 was the president and the agent of the society, 
 which was indebted more to his toils than to 
 those of any other person. He made many pub 
 lic addresses and he labored abundantly with his 
 pen. His views in regard to the right of defen 
 sive war accorded with those of the Quakers and 
 of Mr. Grimki and Mr. Dymond. Many per 
 sons believed that the incorporation of the denial 
 of this right into the constitution of the peace 
 society, which he formed, was greatly injurious to 
 the cause of pe ace, as not being founded in truth. 
 lie edited the Friend of Peace, begun by Dr. 
 Worcester ; also the Harbinger of Peace. He 
 was a man honest, earnest, benevolent, and pious. 
 He published, among other essays and addresses, 
 an address to the peace society of Maine, 1824 ; 
 to that of Massachusetts, 1825; a dissertation on 
 a congress of nations, 1832. 
 
 LAFAYETTE. 
 
 50 
 
 LAET, JOHN DE, a historian, and a director of 
 the Dutch East India company, died at Antwerp 
 in 1649. Among other works he published No- 
 vus Orbis, fol., 1633. 
 
 LAFAYETTE, GILBERT MOTHER, marquis de, 
 died in Paris May 20, 1834, aged 76 ; an honored 
 friend of American liberty. Born in Auvergne, 
 France, he was educated at Paris, and at the age 
 of seventeen married the grand-daughter of the 
 Duke de Noailles. In 1777, when the American 
 struggle seemed very doubtful, he, at the age of 
 nineteen, espoused the cause of freemen ; and 
 when the agents of our country confessed that 
 they were not able to convey him to America, 
 "Then," said he, "I will fit out a vessel myself!" 
 And in such a vessel he arrived at Charleston, 
 April 25, bringing hope to the desponding, and 
 producing an amazing sensation through the land. 
 He was immediately offered a command in the 
 army, but he chose rather to raise and equip a 
 body of men at his own expense, and to enter the 
 service as a volunteer, without pay. In July he 
 was appointed major-general; in September was 
 wounded at Brandy wine. He served in Pennsyl 
 vania and Rhode Island in 1778. He embarked 
 at Boston Jan., 1779, for France, in order the 
 more effectually to aid our country. He returned 
 soon with the assurance that a French force would 
 follow him, and took the command of two thou 
 sand men, partly equipped at his expense. He 
 marched to Virginia in Dec., 1780, raising 2000 
 guineas on his own credit at Baltimore, to supply 
 the troops. In the siege of Yorktown he shared, 
 storming a redoubt. Again he went to France, 
 honored, of course, with the commendatory reso 
 lutions of congress, and urged upon the French 
 government the sending of a strong and decisive 
 force to America. Such a force, of forty-nine 
 ships and twenty thousand men, he found at Cadiz, 
 ready to follow him, had not peace prevented. 
 Invited to revisit America, he landed Aug. 4, 1784, 
 and, after spending a few days at Mount Vernon, 
 visited the great cities and received the acknowl 
 edgments which were his due. The world hardly 
 furnishes such an instance of noble, effectual aid, 
 on the part of an individual, a foreigner, to a na 
 tional struggle for freedom ; and no American 
 can hear the name of Lafayette without a tide 
 of gratitude rushing through his heart. On his 
 return to France he toiled for the benefit of Prot 
 estantism, and the abolition of slavery. In 1789 
 he commanded the national guards of Paris. In 
 1790 he renounced the title of nobility, and sus 
 tained the constitution of a representative mon 
 archy. He defended the king, but soon resigned 
 his command and retired to his estates. The 
 Jacobins triumpliing, he left France, and, falling 
 into the hands of the Austrians, was imprisoned 
 several years at Olmutz. He was released in 
 1797. He declined the dignity of senator and 
 
502 
 
 LAFON. 
 
 LANG. 
 
 of a peerage, offered by Bonaparte. In 1824 
 he visited the United States, and was enthu 
 siastically received, in twenty-four States, as the 
 nation s guest. Congress made him a grant of 
 200,000 dollars and a township of land. He was 
 carried home in the frigate Brandywine, so named 
 in compliment to him, in Sept., 1825. In 1830 
 he was made marshal of France. In 1834 his 
 earthly course was finished. His eldest son, 
 George Washington, who accompanied him in 
 his visit to America, died at Lagrange, in France, 
 Jan. 6, 1856. He was a consistent, noble-minded, 
 disinterested patriot. His engagement in the 
 cause of America is an unparalleled event in his 
 tory ; and the honorable treatment which he re 
 ceived from America is a proof that republics are 
 not always ungrateful. 
 
 LAFON, BARTHELEMY, a geographer, died at 
 New Orleans, where he had long been a citizen, 
 Sept. 29, 1820. He published a map of Lower 
 Louisiana and New Orleans. About 1814 he 
 proposed for publication a work, entitled, Urane 
 geography, designed to prove, that America was 
 known to the ancients, and was the native place 
 of Orpheus, etc. 
 
 LAIDLIE, ARCHIBALD, D. D., the first minis 
 ter of the Dutch church in America, Avho offi 
 ciated in the English language, was a native of 
 Scotland, and had been for four years a minister 
 of the Dutch church of Flushing in Zealand, 
 when he received a call from New York. lie 
 arrived in America in the year 1764, and died at 
 Red Hook Nov. 14, 1779, during his exile from 
 the city, occasioned by the Revolutionary war. 
 His wife was the daughter of Col. Martin Hoff- 
 Ile was a man of a vigorous mind and of 
 
 singular piety ; a sound divine ; an evangelical, 
 commanding, and powerful preacher, and indefat- 
 igabiy faithful in his pastoral labors. His ministry 
 was much blessed and attended with an uncom 
 mon revival of religion. Christian s Magazine, 
 II. 13. 
 
 LAKE, THOMAS, captain, a merchant, was the 
 joint owner with Maj. Clarke, of Boston, of Arrou- 
 sic island in Kennebcc river, where he had a house. 
 Here he was killed by the Indians, Aug. 14, 1676. 
 
 LAKE, MARY, a pioneer Christian of Ohio, 
 died at Marietta in 1802, aged 60. A native of 
 Bristol, England, she married Mr. Lake, who em 
 igrated to New York, and worked in a ship-yard. 
 She was a member of Dr. Rodgers church. In 
 1789 he removed to Marietta. One of the first 
 Sunday schools in America was taught by her in 
 1791. At this time Mr. Storey preached once 
 on each Sunday. She taught the catechism and 
 lessons from the bible to twenty scholars. They 
 removed to a farm a few miles up the Muskingum. 
 Her children were all pious ; two of her sons 
 were aged in 1852. Hildretli. 
 
 LAKE, WILLIAM, a poet, was born at Kings 
 
 ton, Penn., in 1787, and died Dec. 17, 1805. His 
 poems, entitled the Parnassian pilgrim, were pub 
 lished at Hudson, 12mo., 1807. 
 
 LALLEMAND, HENRY, baron, general of 
 artillery in the Imperial guard of France, espoused 
 the side of Napoleon on his return from Elba, for 
 which he was condemned to death for contumacy, 
 having escaped to this country. He died at Bor- 
 dentown, N. J., Sept. 15, 1823. He published in 
 this country a valuable work on artillery. 
 
 LAMB, GEORGE, a worthy, much esteemed 
 Freewill Baptist minister, pastor of a church in 
 Brunswick, Maine, died in Dec., 1836, aged 48. 
 His son, George W. Lamb, LL. B. at Cambridge, 
 a graduate of Bowdoin college in 1837, and a 
 lawyer in New Orleans, died recently. 
 
 LAMB, ANTHONY, general, died at New York 
 May 13, 1855, aged 84. 
 
 LAMB, EDWARD, Dr., died at Montpelier, Vt, 
 Nov. 4, 1845, aged 74 ; for half a century a dis 
 tinguished physician and citizen. 
 
 LANCASTER, THOMAS, minister of Scarbo 
 rough, Me., died in 1831, aged 88. Born in 
 Rowley, he graduated at Harvard in 1764, and 
 was settled in 1775. 
 
 LANCASTER, JOSEPH, died at New York, 
 Oct. 24, 1838, aged 68, of wounds received from 
 a gig, while he was walking in the street. He 
 was born in England and bred a Quaker. He 
 came to America about 1820, and introduced his 
 system of education, called the Lancastrian. He 
 published several works relating to education. 
 
 LANE, JOB, an excellent tutor of Y r ale college, 
 died in 1768, aged 26. Born at Bedford, Mass., 
 he graduated at Yale in 1764. He was once a 
 soldier ; and he studied theology. For his last 
 two years he was a tutor. President Daggett in 
 a sermon highly commended him. Sprague s 
 Annals. 
 
 LANE, EZEKIEL, died at Buffalo in May, 1828, 
 aged 103. In 1795 there were only four build 
 ings in Buffalo ; the first was erected by Lane 
 and his father-in-law, Martin Middaugh, a double 
 log-house. 
 
 LANE, OTIS, died at Southbridge, Mass., in 
 1842, aged about 64. Born in Rowley, Mass., he 
 was graduated at Harvard in 1798 ; was minister 
 of Sturbridge from 1801 to 1819; and was 
 installed at Sterling, Conn., in 1828. Sprague s 
 Annals. 
 
 LANE, AMOS, colonel, died in Lawrenceburgh, 
 Ind., in 1850. He was a member of congress 
 from 1833 to 1837, and was speaker, and a lawyer 
 of talents. 
 
 LANG, DAVID, a Baptist minister, died at Cole- 
 rain, Mass., in 1831, aged 78. 
 
 LANG, JOHN, died at New York March 17, 
 1836, aged 67 ; editor of the New York Gazette, 
 connected with it from the first. He was a man 
 of moral worth, of integrity and benevolence. 
 
LANG. 
 
 LANMAN. 
 
 503 
 
 LANG, RICHARD, a man of business at Han 
 over, N. II., the seat of Dartmouth college, died 
 in 1840, aged 71. 
 
 LAXGDOX, SAMUEL, minister of York, Me., 
 died in 1794, aged 71. He was horn in Farming- 
 ton, Conn. ; his mother s name was Elizabeth Lee. 
 lie graduated at Yale in 1747. He was ordained 
 over the second church in York in 17(54. He 
 was a man of talents and a faithful preacher ; but 
 much depressed by his little success. Piscat- 
 aqua Magazine, I. 
 
 LAXGDOX, SAMUEL, D. D., minister of Ports 
 mouth, Xew Hampshire, and president of Har 
 vard college, died Nov. 29, 1797, aged 74. He 
 was a native of Boston, and was graduated in 
 1740. He was ordained as the successor of Mr. 
 Fitch Feb. 4, 1747. He was inducted into the 
 office of president as the successor of Mr. Locke 
 Oct. 14, 1774, but resigned it, in consequence of 
 the disaffection of his pupils, occasioned by his 
 want of dignity and authority, Aug. 30, 1780. 
 President Willard succeeded him. He now 
 entered again on the milder task of presiding 
 over an assembly of Christians. He was installed 
 at Hampton Falls, N. II., Jan. 18, 1781. His 
 extensive knowledge, hospitality, patriotism, and 
 piety secured to him, in this calm retreat, the 
 affection and respect of the people of his charge, 
 and of his numerous acquaintance. He published 
 a sermon at the ordination of S. Macclintock, 
 1756; on the conquest of Quebec, 1759; an im 
 partial examination of It. Sandeman s letters on 
 Theron and Aspasio, 1765; a summary of Chris 
 tian faith and practice, 1768; a rational explica 
 tion of St. John s vision of the two beasts, 1771 ; 
 Dudleian lecture, 1775 ; before the provincial con 
 gress, 1775; at the ordination of E. Sprague, 
 1777; on the death of professor Winthrop, 1779; 
 New Hampshire election sermon, 1788; observa 
 tions on the revelations of Jesus Christ to saint 
 John, 1791; the efficacy of the gospel above all 
 earthly wisdom, the business of life and hope in 
 death, two sermons in American preacher, IV. ; 
 before the Piscataqua association, 1792; correc 
 tions of some great mistakes committed by J. C. 
 Ogden; remarks on the leading sentiments of 
 Dr. Hopkins system of doctrines, 1794. Alden s 
 account of the Rdi/jious Society of Portsmouth ; 
 Hist, Coll. X. 51; Sprague s Annals. 
 
 LAXGDOX, JOHN, LL. D., governor of New 
 Hampshire, died at Portsmouth Sept. 19, 1818, 
 aged 78. He was the grandson of Tobias L., 
 and the son of John L., a farmer of Portsmouth. 
 After being educated at a public grammar school, 
 he became acquainted with mercantile business in 
 the counting-house of Daniel Kludge, and after 
 wards prosecuted business upon the sea until the 
 commencement of the controversy with Great 
 Britain. He was one of the party which removed 
 
 the powder and the military stores from fort 
 William and Mary, at Newcastle, in 1774. In 
 1775 and 1776 he was chosen a delegate to con 
 gress. Commanding a company of volunteers, 
 he served for a while in Vermont and llhode 
 Island. In his own State, he was in 1776 and 
 1777 speaker of the house and judge of the court 
 of common pleas. In 1779 he was continental 
 agent in New Hampshire and contracted for the 
 building of several public ships-of-war. June 13, 
 1783, he was again appointed delegate to con 
 gress. He was afterwards repeatedly a member 
 of the legislature, and speaker. In March, 1788, 
 he was chosen president of the State ; and in 
 November was elected senator of the United 
 States. He was opposed to the funding system. 
 In 1794 he was re-elected for another term of six 
 years. He was afterwards representative and 
 speaker in the State legislature. From 1805 to 
 1808, and in 1810 and 1811, he was governor of 
 the State. After 1811 his days were passed in 
 the calmness of retreat from public life. In his 
 politics he acted with Mr. Jefferson and was 
 known as a republican. In 1801 Mr. Jefferson 
 solicited him to accept the post of secretary of 
 the navy. In 1812 the majority in congress 
 selected him for vice president, but he declined 
 the honor, to which he would have been elevated 
 instead of Mr. Gerry, had he consented to be a 
 candidate. For several years he was a member 
 of the first church in Portsmouth; he enjoyed the 
 consolations of religion; and nothing gave him so 
 much pain as to see the doctrines of grace re 
 jected and assailed. His habits were social; and 
 in his manners he was easy, polite, and pleasing. 
 Annals of Portsmouth, 370; Farmer s Bel- 
 knap, I. 405. 
 
 LANGDON, JOILX, minister of Bethlehem, 
 Conn., died in 1830, aged 40. lie graduated at 
 Yale in 1809, and was a tutor from 1811 to 1815. 
 He was pastor at B. from 1816 to 1825. 
 Sprague s Annals. 
 
 LANGSTAFF, HENRY, died by a fall at Bloody 
 Point, N. II., in 1705, aged 100 : a hale, strong 
 man ; the first in New England who reached a 
 century. But in the next one hundred and forty 
 years there were one hundred and sixty persons 
 who attained the same or a greater age. See W. 
 Perkins. 
 
 LANGWORTIIY, CONTEXT, Mrs., died at 
 Stonington, Conn., in 1814, aged 105. 
 
 LANKTON, LEVI, died in Alstead, N. H., in 
 1843, aged about 87. Born in Southington, 
 Conn., he was graduated at Yale in 1777, and was 
 pastor in Alstead from 1789 to 1828. Sprague s 
 Annals. 
 
 LANMAN, JAMES, died at Norwich, Conn., 
 Aug. 7, 1841, aged 72. He graduated at Yale in 
 1788, and was a senator of the United States, and 
 
504 
 
 LANSING. 
 
 a judge of the supreme court of Connecticut. 
 His brother, Peter I,., died Dec. 29, 1854, aged 83. 
 
 LAXSIXG, ABRAHAM, the original proprietor 
 of Lansingburgh, N. Y., died at New York in 
 1791, aged 72. 
 
 LANSING, JOHN, chancellor of New York, 
 died in Nov., 1829, aged 75. He went out from 
 the City hotel, New York, one stormy evening, 
 and was never heard of afterwards. 
 
 LANSING, NICHOLAS, minister at Tappan, 
 N. Y., died in 1835, aged 86. 
 
 LAPHAM, DARIUS, died in Cincinnati in 1850, 
 aged 42. He was an engineer, first employed on 
 the Erie canal ; and was a man of science. 
 
 LARCUM, MARY, Mrs., died at Hartford, 
 Conn., in 1839, aged 100. 
 
 LARNED, SYLVESTER, minister of New Or 
 leans, died Aug. 31, 1820, aged 24. He was the 
 son of Col. Simon Lamed, of Pittsfield, Mass., 
 who was a native of Thompson, Conn., and a 
 Revolutionary officer, and died in 1817. His 
 mother, of extraordinary intellectual power and 
 pious zeal, was of the name of Bull, of Hartford. 
 He was born Aug. 31, 1796, and after being for a 
 short time a member of Williams college, he re 
 moved to Middlebury with his friend, Solomon 
 Allen, and there in his senior year his mind was 
 first impressed by religious truth. He graduated 
 in 1813, having the English oration. His talents 
 were very early developed. His theological edu 
 cation was at Andover and Princeton. At this 
 period no one equalled him in extemporary de 
 bate. After he became a preacher, in 1817, and 
 was ordained as an evangelist, he repaired to 
 New Orleans, where he arrived Jan. 22, 1818. 
 Mr. Cornelius had been there as a missionary 
 about three weeks, endeavoring to form a congre 
 gation. On the arrival of Mr. Lamed the society 
 was quickly established, and he was settled as the 
 minister of the first Presbyterian congregation. 
 In the summer he visited New England, and pro 
 cured materials for the erection of a church. The 
 corner-stone was laid Jan. 8, 1819. He fell a 
 victim to the yellow fever the next year. He 
 preached on the preceding Sabbath from the 
 words, " For to me to live is Christ and to die is 
 gain ; " and closed his discourse in tears. Mr. 
 Hull, the Episcopal minister, read the funeral ser 
 vice over him in the Presbyterian church. His 
 widow, Sarah Wyer, of Newburyport, died at 
 Washington city Jan. 20, 1825, aged 25. Mr. 
 Larned was distinguished for his powerful talents 
 and pathetic eloquence. He was sanguine, bold, 
 and confident, yet not haughty. lie had press 
 ing solicitations from churches in Alexandria, 
 Baltimore, and Boston, to become their pastor ; 
 but he deemed his Christian influence more im 
 portant at New Orleans. Probably no preacher 
 in the United States occupied a more important 
 
 LATHROP. 
 
 station, or was more admired for his eloquence. 
 By his death, a kind of sacrifice to duty, he left 
 a dee]) impression of the courage and value of 
 true piety. 
 
 " Revolving his mysterious lot, 
 I mourn him, but I praise him not; 
 
 Glory to God be given, 
 Who sent him, like the radiant bow, 
 His covenant of peace to show, 
 Athwart the breaking storm to glow, 
 
 Then vanish into heaven." 
 
 LARNED, CHARLES, general, died of the 
 cholera at Detroit Aug. 13, 1834; a son of Col. 
 Simon L. of Pittsfield. 
 
 LARNED, ERASTUS, minister of Canterbury, 
 Conn., died before 1840. He graduated at 
 Brown university in 1795. 
 
 LASELL, EDWARD, died at Auburndale Jan. 
 31, 1852, aged 42, of typhus fever. He had been 
 eighteen years professor of chemistry at Williams 
 college. He had projected and established with 
 others a female seminary at Auburndale. 
 
 LATHROP, JOHN, the first minister of Scituate 
 and Barnstable, Mass., died Nov. 8, 1653. He 
 was educated at Oxford, and was an Episcopal 
 minister in Kent. About 1624 he renounced his 
 Episcopal orders and was chosen the successor of 
 Henry Jacob, who in 1616 became the pastor in 
 London of the first Independent or Congrega 
 tional church in England, but removed in 1624 
 to Virginia, where he died. The congregation 
 met in private houses. In April, 1632, the 
 bishop seized and imprisoned forty-two of them ; 
 eighteen escaped. Mr. L., after an imprison 
 ment of two years, obtained liberty " to depart 
 the kingdom." Mr. Canne succeeded him. 
 With about thirty followers he came to New 
 England in 1634. He removed from Scituate to 
 Barnstable Oct. 11, 1639. He was meek, hum 
 ble, learned, and faithful. His successors were 
 Walley, Russell, and Shaw. He left several sons 
 and daughters ; his son, Samuel, who settled at 
 Norwich, was the ancestor of those who bear the 
 name in Connecticut, New York, and Vermont, 
 Mr. L. wrote his name Lothropp : Morton wrote 
 it Laythrop ; some of his descendants in Ply 
 mouth county still write it Lothrop, as the word 
 is pronounced in Massachusetts ; but it is gen 
 erally written Lathrop. A descendant at Nor 
 wich, Dr. Joshua L., died Oct 29, 1807, aged 84. 
 Two of his letters to Gov. Prince arc in 2 hist, 
 coll. I. 171. Sprague s Annals. 
 
 LATHROP, ELIJAH, minister of Gilead in 
 Hebron, Conn., died in 1797, aged 73. He grad 
 uated at Yale in 1749. 
 
 LATHROP, JOSHUA, Dr., died at Norwich, 
 Conn., in 1807, aged 84. He was a graduate of 
 Yale in 1743; a man highly esteemed. David 
 Austin married his only daughter. 
 
LATHROP. 
 
 LATIIROP, EBENEZER, general, died in Barn- 
 stable in 1815, aged 72, an officer of the Revo 
 lution. 
 
 LATHROP, JoSErn, D. D., minister of "West 
 Springfield, Mass., a descendant of John L., 
 died Dec. 31, 1820, aged 89. lie was the son of 
 Solomon and Martha L., and was born at Nor 
 wich, Conn., Oct. 20, 1731. After the decease of 
 his father in 1733, his mother removed to Bolton. 
 He graduated at Yale college in 17.30, having 
 first made a profession of religion. Becoming the 
 teacher of a school at Springfield, he studied the 
 ology with Mr. Breck, and was ordained Aug. 25, 
 1756, and was pastor sixty-three years. In 1819, 
 Dr. Sprague, now of Albany, was settled as his 
 colleague. His wife Elizabeth, daughter of Capt. 
 Seth 1) wight of Hatfield, died in 1821. His son 
 was president of the senate. lie stood as the 
 patriarch of the Congregational churches ; no 
 minister was more respected and venerated. lie 
 was as eminent for candor and charity as he was 
 devout and holy in life. A man once had the 
 impudence to ask him : " Dr. Lathrop, do you 
 think you have got any religion ? " He replied : 
 " None to speak of." When one in another 
 parish asked his advice in regard to his minister, 
 whom he did not well like, he advised him, as he 
 was a rich farmer, to send a generous piece of his 
 beef, when he slaughtered a fat animal, to his 
 minister, accompanied with this passage : " Let 
 him that is taught in the word, communicate in 
 all good things to him that teacheth." As a 
 writer he was remarkably perspicuous, plain, and 
 useful. His publications were numerous, and 
 more extensively known than those of any con 
 temporary theologian of this country. They con 
 sisted of sermons, six volumes of which were 
 published during his life, on various subjects, 
 chiefly practical. After his death an additional 
 volume was published, accompanied by a memoir 
 of his life, written by himself. This autobiogra 
 phy is remarkable for its simplicity and candor. 
 His sermons were published 2 vols., 1796 ; 1 vol., 
 1806 : 5 vols., 2d edit., 1807-9 ; and a volume of 
 discourses on the epistle to the Hebrews, 8vo., 
 1801. He published the following sermons : on 
 the death of II. Brcck, 1781; of Dr. Gay, Suf- 
 field; of Dr. G. s wife, 1796; of Mrs. Whitney, 
 1800; of Rev. Mr. Atwater, 1802; of four young 
 women drowned at Southwick, 1809 ; at a thanks 
 giving relating to the insurrection, 1786 ; the per 
 spicuity of the Scriptures, in American preacher, 
 1791; four discourses on baptism, 1793; on the 
 dismission of Mr. Willard of Wilbraham, 1794 ; 
 on American independence, 179-1; at a thanks 
 giving, 1795; a century discourse for the town; 
 to children, 1796 ; God s challenge to infidels, at 
 a fast, 1797; at a fast, 1798; also, 1803; also, 
 1808; at the ordination of Mr. Ball, 1797; of 
 Mr. Bcmis, 1801 ; of E. D. Andrews, 1807 ; of 
 G4 
 
 LATHROF. 
 
 505 
 
 Thaddcus Osgood, 1808; century sermon, 1800; 
 at the dedication of Westfield academy, 1800 ; 
 before a missionary society, 1802; on leaving the 
 old meeting-house ; dedication of the new, 1802 ; 
 two discourses on the Sabbath, 1803; two on the 
 church of God, 1804 ; on old age ; on suicide, 
 two sermons ; on the drought ; on the opening of 
 the bridge, 1805 ; on Christ s warning to churches ; 
 on the consulting of the witch of Endor ; on the 
 solar eclipse, 1806; warning to beware of false 
 prophets, 1811 ; before a bible society, 1814 ; two 
 sermons on the sixtieth anniversary of his ordina 
 tion, 1816. Sprague s Annals. 
 
 LATHROP, JOHN, D. D., minister in Boston, 
 a great-grandson of John L., of Barnstable, died 
 Jan. 4, 1816, aged 75. He Avas born in Norwich, 
 Conn., May 17, 1740, and was one of ten sons. 
 He graduated at Princeton college in 1763, and 
 soon afterwards became an assistant to Mr. 
 Wheelock in his Indian school at Lebanon. He 
 was ordained May 18, 1768, at the Old North 
 church, Boston, where the Mathers were minis 
 ters. In 1779, his society having united with Dr. 
 Pemberton s, of the new brick church, their own 
 church being demolished by the enemy, he be 
 came the pastor of the united society, called the 
 second church. He was an officer of various lit 
 erary and charitable societies. He published the 
 following sermons : soon after 5th March, 1770 ; 
 on early piety, 1771 ; at the artillery election ; at 
 the thanksgiving, 1774; on 5th March, 1778; on 
 the death of his wife, Mary L., 1778; of S. West, 
 1808; of his wife, Elizabeth L., 1809; of J. 
 Eckley, 1811; of J. Eliot, 1813; at the ordina 
 tion of W. Bentley, 1783; on the peace, 1784; 
 before the humane society, 1787 ; catechism, 
 1791; Dudleian lecture, on popery, 1793; before 
 the fire society, 1796 ; at the Thursday lecture, 
 1797; at Brattle-street, 1798; on the fast, 1799; 
 on the commencement of the nineteenth century ; 
 before the society for propagating the gospel; 
 before the female asylum; at Milton, 1804; at 
 the thanksgiving, 1808; at the same, 1811; a 
 birth-day discourse, 1812; at the fast, 1812; on 
 the law of retaliation, 1814; on the peace; his 
 tory of the late war, 1815. Parkman s Sermon. 
 
 LATHROP, JOHN, son of the preceding, died 
 at Georgetown, D. C., Jan. 30, 1820, aged 48. 
 He was born in Boston in 1772, and was gradu 
 ated at Harvard college in 1789. Having studied 
 law, he settled at Dedham ; but, soon returning 
 to Boston, he devoted himself to literary and so 
 cial indulgence with Paine, Prentice, and others, 
 neglecting his profession. Embarking for India, 
 he lived at Calcutta ten years, teaching a school, 
 and writing for the journals. In 1809 he re 
 turned and engaged in the business of teaching, 
 and gave lectures on natural philosophy. In 
 1819 he proposed to publish a work on the man 
 ners and customs of India. He went to the 
 
506 
 
 LATHROP. 
 
 LAURENS. 
 
 south, and delivered lectures. At last he ob 
 tained a place in the post-office. Improvident 
 and destitute of foresight, his talents scarcely 
 procured him subsistence. He published an ora 
 tion July 4, 1796; speech of Canonicus, a poem, 
 Calcutta, 1802 ; the same, Boston, 1803 ; pocket 
 register and freemason s anthology, 1813. 
 Specimens American Poetry, n. 101-108. 
 
 LATHROP, SAMUEL, died at West Springfield 
 July 11, 1846, aged about 75. He was the son 
 of Rev. Dr. L., and a graduate of Yale in 1792. 
 He was a member of congress 1818-1826. His 
 widow died in 1853, aged 73. His minister, Rev. 
 Dr. Sprague, now of Albany, was his son-in-law. 
 
 LATTA, JAMES, died at Chestnut Level, Lan 
 caster co., Penn., in 1801, aged 67. He was a 
 preacher from Ireland. He had four sons, who 
 were ministers, of whom Francis A. L. died at 
 Monson, the preceptor of Moscow academy, near 
 Philadelphia, in 1834, aged 67. John E. Latta, 
 of New Castle, Del., delivered a sermon before 
 the general association of Connecticut in 1809, 
 which was published. He died in Delaware in 
 1824. 
 
 LAUDERDALE, JAMES, lieut-colonel, was 
 killed in battle under Gen. Jackson, Dec. 13, 1814. 
 Born in Virginia, of an ancient family, he re 
 moved to West Tennessee. He was distinguished 
 in three battles under Gen. Coffee, with the Creek 
 Indian s. Analect. Magazine, v. 
 
 LAURENS, HENRY, president of congress, 
 died Dec. 8, 1792, aged 69. He was a native of 
 South Carolina, and took an early part in oppos 
 ing the arbitrary claims of Great Britain at the 
 commencement of the American Revolution. 
 When the provincial congress of Carolina met in 
 June, 1775, he was appointed its president, in 
 which capacity he drew up a form of association, 
 to be signed by all the friends of liberty, which 
 indicated a most determined spirit. After the 
 establishment of the temporary constitution in 
 
 1776, he was elected vice-president. Being ap 
 pointed a member of the general congress after 
 the resignation of Hancock, he was appointed 
 president of that illustrious assembly in Nov., 
 
 1777. In 1780 he was deputed to solicit a loan 
 from Holland, and to negotiate a treaty Avith the 
 United Netherlands. But on his passage he was 
 captured by a British vessel on the banks of New 
 foundland. He threw his papers overboard, but 
 they were recovered by a sailor. Being sent to 
 England, he was committed to the tower Oct. 6th 
 as a state prisoner, upon a charge of high treason. 
 Here he was confined more than a year, and was 
 treated with great severity, being denied, for the 
 most part, all intercourse Avith his friends, and 
 forbidden the use of pen, ink, and paper. His 
 capture occasioned no small embarrassment to 
 the ministry. They dared not to condemn him 
 as a rebel, through fear of retaliation, and they 
 
 Avere unwilling to release him, lest he should ac 
 complish the object of his mission. The discov 
 eries found in his papers led to war betAveen 
 Great Britain and Holland, and Mr. Adams Avas 
 appointed in .his place to carry on the ne 
 gotiation with the United ProA inces. Dur 
 ing his imprisonment it Avas intimated to Mr. 
 Laurcns that it might be of advantage to him if 
 he could induce his son, then on a mission to 
 France, to withdraAv from that country. He re 
 plied, " that such was the filial regard of his son, 
 that he kne\v he Avould not hesitate to forfeit his 
 life for his father; but that no consideration 
 would induce Col. Laurens to relinquish his honor, 
 even Avere it possible for any circumstance to pre 
 vail on his father to make the improper request." 
 At length, in Dec., 1781, enfeebled in health and 
 apparently sinking into the grave if continued in 
 confinement, he sent a petition to the house of 
 commons for release, stating that he had labored 
 to preserve the friendship betAveen Great Britain 
 and the colonies, and had extended acts of kind 
 ness to British prisoners of Avar. At the close of 
 the year he was accordingly released. Proceed 
 ing to Paris, he, Avith Franklin, etc., signed the 
 preliminaries of peace Nov. 30, 1782, having been 
 appointed by congress one of the commissioners. 
 He returned to this country in 1783, and died at 
 Charleston. He directed his son to burn his 
 body on the third day, as the sole condition of 
 inheriting an estate of sixty thousand pounds 
 sterling. Dr. Ramsay married his daughter. 
 His son, Henry L., died in May, 1821. Gor 
 don; Ramsay s Rev., II. 213; History of Souih 
 Carolina, I. 33, 38, 93; Warren; Marshall, ill. 
 339; IV. 5, 572. 
 
 LAURENS, JOHN, a brave officer in the Amer 
 ican war, died in 1782. He Avas the son of the 
 preceding, and Avas sent to England for his edu 
 cation. He joined the army in the beginning of 
 1777, from which time he Avas foremost in danger. 
 At GermantOAvn he Avas Avounded. He was pres 
 ent and distinguished himself in every action of 
 the army under General Washington, and AA as 
 among the first who entered the British lines at 
 YorktoAvn. Early in 1781, Avhile he held the 
 rank of lieutenant-colonel, he was selected as the 
 most suitable person to depute on a special mis 
 sion to France, to solicit a loan of money, and to 
 procure military stores. He arrived in March 
 and returned in August, having been so successful 
 in the execution of his commission, that congress 
 passed a vote of thanks for his services. Such 
 Avas his dispatch, that in three days after he re 
 paired to Philadelphia he finished his business 
 Avith congress, and immediately afterAvard rejoined 
 the American army. In conjunction with Dr. 
 Franklin, Count de Vergennes, and Marquis de 
 Castries, he arranged the plan of the campaign 
 for 1781. August 27, 1782, in opposing a forag- 
 
LAURIE. 
 
 ing party of the British, near Comhahee river, in 
 South Carolina, he was mortally wounded, and he 
 died at the age of 29. His father, just released 
 from imprisonment, and happy in a son of such 
 distinction and virtues, now witnessed the desola 
 tion of all his hopes. Col. Laurens, uniting the 
 talents of a great officer with the knowledge of 
 the scholar and the engaging manners of the 
 gentleman, was the glory of the army and the 
 idol of his country. Washington, .who selected 
 him as his aid, and reposed in him the highest 
 confidence, declared that he could discover no 
 fault in him, unless it was intrepidity, bordering 
 upon rashness. His abilities were exhibited in 
 the legislature and in the cabinet, as well as in 
 the field. He was zealous for the rights of hu 
 manity, and, living in a country of slaves, con 
 tended that personal liberty was the birthright of 
 every human being, however diversified by coun 
 try, color, or powers of mind. His insinuating 
 address won the hearts of all his acquaintance, 
 while his sincerity and virtue secured their lasting 
 esteem. Ramsay s South Carolina, II. 21, 105, 
 206, 306, 374 ; Gordon ; Warren, II. 465 ; in. 
 54, 55 ; Marshall, III. 486, 508 ; IV. 407, 485, 
 575 ; Gordon. 
 
 LAURIE, Mrs., wife of Thomas Laurie, mis 
 sionary to Mosul, died Dec. 16, 1843. She was 
 born in Westford, Mass., and embarked in 1842. 
 She died in peace. Though her missionary life 
 was brief, she did not live in vain. 
 
 LAVAL, FRANCOIS DE, first bishop of Canada, 
 arrived in June, 1659. He was also the pope s 
 apostolic vicar. In 1662 he procured the estab 
 lishment of the seminary at Quebec. He sent 
 out various missionaries amongst the Indians. 
 He made great and commendable exertions to 
 prevent the supply to the Indians of strong 
 liquors, for all his promising Christians were be 
 coming drunkards. But he struggled in vain 
 against the covetousness of the traders, who were 
 not opposed by the government. He, therefore, 
 in 1662 repaired to France and presented his 
 complaint to the king, and obtained an order for 
 the suppression of the detestable traffic. It was 
 afterwards resumed, and representations were 
 made of the indispensable necessity of it in order 
 to secure the friendship of the Indians. The 
 bishop was for some time engaged in another 
 struggle ; but in 1678 he procured another order 
 for the suppression of the traffic, under severe 
 penalties to offenders. Charlevoix. 
 
 LAVAL, LE PEUE, a Jesuit, published voyage 
 de la Louisiane en 1720, 4to., 1728. 
 
 LAV AT, R. P., published Nouveau voyage aux 
 Isles de 1 Amerique, 12mo., 8 vols., 1711. 
 
 LAW, JONATHAN, governor of Connecticut, 
 died Nov. 6, 1750, aged 76. He was born at 
 Milford, Aug. 6, 1674 ; was graduated at Har 
 vard college in 1695; and from 1715 to 1725, 
 
 LAWRENCE. 
 
 507 
 
 excepting one year, was a judge of the supreme 
 court. In 1725 he was appointed chief justice 
 and lieutenant-governor, which offices he held 
 till he was chosen governor, as successor of Jo 
 seph Talcott, in 1741. He was succeeded by 
 Roger Wolcott. Governor Law, in his zeal 
 against the more zealous preachers of his day, 
 the followers of Mr. Whitcfield, the new lights, 
 etc., gave his sanction to some persecuting acts 
 of the legislature. Trumbull remarks : " Gov. 
 Talcott, who called those days times of refresh 
 ing, was now no more, and a gentleman of a 
 diiforent character was chosen governor. Under 
 his administration a number of severe and per 
 secuting laws were enacted." Mr. Law was of 
 the Arminian, or " old-light " party, and the 
 outrageous enactments were ascribed to him. 
 President Finley, for preaching in Connecticut, 
 was, agreeably to one of those laws, carried as a 
 vagrant out of the colony. 
 
 LAW, RICHARD, LL. D., chief justice of Con 
 necticut, the son of the preceding, died Jan. 26, 
 1806, aged 72. He was born at Milford, and 
 graduated at Yale college in 1751. After a 
 lucrative practice of law for some years at New 
 London, he was appointed a judge of the county 
 court; in 1784 a judge of the supreme court; 
 and in 1786 chief judge. In 1789 he was ap 
 pointed district judge of the United States, in 
 which office he continued till his death. 
 
 LAW, ANDREW, Rev., a teacher of music for 
 forty years, died at Cheshire, Conn., July, 1821, 
 aged 73. He was graduated at Brunswick in 
 1775. He invented four characters to express 
 always the four syllables of music. He published 
 rudiments of music, 1783 ; musical primer, on a 
 new plan, with the four characters, 1803; mu 
 sical magazine, 1804 ; collection of hymn tunes. 
 
 LAW, LYMAN, died at New London, in 1842, 
 aged 71, an eminent counsellor. He graduated 
 at Yale in 1791. His father and grandfather 
 were distinguished in the councils of the State 
 and nation. He was a member of congress in 
 the time of Jefferson. 
 
 LAWLER, JOAB, a member of congress from 
 Alabama, died at Washington in 1838. He was 
 a Baptist minister, and much respected. 
 
 LAWRENCE, WILLIAM, the minister of Lin 
 coln, Mass., died in 1780, aged about 57. He 
 graduated at Harvard in 1743, and published a 
 sermon at the ordination of S. Farrar. 
 
 LAWRENCE, JAMES, a naval commander, 
 died June 6, 1813, aged 31. He was the son of 
 James L., a lawyer, and was born at Burlington, 
 N. J., Oct. 1, 1781. He had early a predilection 
 for a seafaring life, which his friends could not 
 conquer. At the age of sixteen he received a 
 midshipman s warrant. In the war against Tri 
 poli he accompanied Decatur as his first lieuten 
 ant in the hazardous exploit of destroying the 
 
508 
 
 LAWRENCE. 
 
 LAWRENCE. 
 
 frigate Philadelphia. He remained several years 
 in the Mediterranean and commanded successively 
 the Vixen, Wasp, Argus, and Hornet. While 
 cruising in the latter off Delaware, he fell in -with 
 the British brig, Peacock, and after an action of 
 fifteen minutes captured her, Feb. 24, 1813. On 
 his return he was received with distinction. Be 
 ing promoted to the rank of post captain, he was 
 intrusted with the command of the frigate Ches 
 apeake. While in Boston roads, nearly ready for 
 sea, the British frigate Shannon, Capt. Brooke, ap 
 peared off the harbor, and made signals expres 
 sive of a challenge. Although under many dis 
 advantages, with an undisciplined crew, etc., yet 
 Capt. L. determined to accept the challenge. 
 He put to sea in the morning of June 1 ; the 
 Shannon bore away. At four the Chesapeake 
 hauled up and fired a gun ; the Shannon then 
 hove to. Soon after the action commenced, Capt. 
 L. was wounded in the leg. Soon the anchor 
 of the Chesapeake caught in one of the Shannon s 
 ports, in consequence of which her guns could 
 not be brought to bear upon the enemy. As 
 Capt. L. was carried below in consequence of a 
 second and mortal wound from a bullet, which 
 lodged in his intestines, he cried out, " Don t 
 give up the ship ! " But after the action had 
 continued eleven minutes the enemy boarded and 
 captured the Chesapeake. The loss of killed and 
 wounded was one hundred and forty-six ; that of 
 the Shannon eighty-six. Capt. L. lingered four 
 days in extreme pain and then died. He was 
 honorably buried at Halifax. His body and that 
 of Lieut. Ludlow were brought by Capt. G. 
 Crowninshield, at his own expense, to Salem, and 
 then removed to New York. His wife was the 
 daughter of Mr. Montaudevert, a merchant of 
 New York. She survived with two children. 
 
 LAWRENCE, SAMUEL, major and deacon, the 
 father of a distinguished family, died in Groton 
 Nov. 8, 1827, aged 73. His widow, Susanna 
 Parker, daughter of William P., died May 2, 
 1845, aged 89. He was a descendant in the fifth 
 generation from John Lawrence of Great St. Al- 
 bans, Herefordshire, who came to Watertown, 
 probably of Winthrop s party, in 1635, and who 
 in 1660 removed to Groton, where he was an 
 influential and respected citizen. Deacon Law 
 rence, when a youth, heard the alarm from Con 
 cord and immediately mounted his horse and 
 rushed into the contest. He was in the battle 
 of Bunker Hill, and served during the war. For 
 forty years he was a deacon of the church. 
 
 LAWRENCE, LAWRENCE, a Methodist minis 
 ter in Maryland, presiding elder in Chesapeake 
 district, died April 4, 1829. _ 
 
 LAWRENCE, LUTHER, son of Deacon Sam 
 uel L., died at Lowell April 27, 1839, aged 61. 
 He was mayor of the city, and was killed by a 
 fall through the scuttle of a mill. A graduate 
 
 of Harvard in 1801, he was a lawyer, a speaker 
 of the house of representatives, a man respected 
 for his virtues. 
 
 LAWRENCE, NATHANIEL, minister of Tyngs- 
 borough, Mass., died Sunday, Feb. 5, 1843, aged 
 77, in the fiftieth year of his ministry. His death 
 was sudden. He preached in the morning; 
 walked home half a mile in a snow-storm ; and 
 was fatally attacked at his table. He published 
 a sketch of Tyngsborough in historical collections. 
 
 LAWRENCE, JOHN J., missionary at Madura, 
 died at Tranquebar Dec. 20, 1846, aged 39. Born 
 in Geneseo, N. Y., he graduated at Union col 
 lege in 1829, at Andover seminary in 1834. He 
 sailed from Boston in May, 1835, and continued 
 in the Madura mission till his death. His wife 
 was Mary Ilulin of Troy. 
 
 LAWRENCE, WILLIAM, the son of Deacon 
 Samuel L., died in Boston Oct. 14, 1848, aged 
 about 64. Brought up a farmer, he became a 
 merchant ; at first he kept a small store ; then 
 he was a partner with his brother Samuel. In 
 1825 he commenced domestic manufactures. The 
 Suffolk bank system, much commended, origin 
 ated with him. He married a daughter of Wil 
 liam Boardman, and left his wife and four chil 
 dren. He was a man of integrity, kindness, and 
 religious faith. His munificence to Lawrence 
 academy in Groton is worthy of honorable record ; 
 in all by gift and bequest he gave 40,000 dol 
 lars to the academy. His portrait and a memoir 
 are in Barnard s American Journal of Education, 
 July, 1856. 
 
 LAWRENCE, MYRON, died in Belchertown, 
 Mass., in 1852, aged 57. A graduate of Middle- 
 bury, he was a lawyer and senator of Massachu 
 setts. His daughter, Mrs. Sara, wife of Gov. 
 Robinson, published in 1856 a well-written 
 account of Kansas, to which she was an emigrant, 
 entitled, Kansas, its interior and exterior life. 
 He published agricultural address, 1832. 
 
 LAWRENCE, AMOS, the son of Deacon Sam 
 uel L., died in Boston Dec. 31, 1852, aged 77. 
 He early settled in Boston as a merchant. Mod 
 est and unassuming, his private noiseless chari 
 ties were unceasing and unequalled. He ex 
 pended, not in splendid donations bringing fame, 
 but in private charities in various forms and with 
 unceasing consideration and care, as much as six 
 hundred thousand dollars ! To Williams college 
 he gave at different times about 25,000 dollars ; 
 to the Bunker Hill monument 10,000 dollars; 
 and some thousands to Groton academy. Though 
 not ranked among the orthodox in his faith, he 
 believed in the high rank and atonement of Jesus 
 Christ. His memoirs were published by his son. 
 
 LAWRENCE, ABBOTT, died in Boston Aug. 
 18, 1855, aged 62, brother of the preceding. At 
 the age of sixteen he entered the store of his 
 brother Amos, at 39 Cornhill; a connection in 
 
LAWRENCE. 
 
 business followed, and the acquisition at last of 
 great wealth, a million and a half or two millions 
 of dollars, by merchandise and manufactures. 
 He assisted in establishing the cities of Lowell, 
 Lawrence, and Manchester. He was several 
 years a member of congress. The place of secre 
 tary of the navy, offered him by President Tay 
 lor, he declined. He was our minister to England 
 in 1849, and in subsequent years. He gave 
 50,000 dollars to Harvard college to found a sci 
 entific school, and bequeathed a like sum. He 
 married in 1819, Katharine, daughter of Timothy 
 BigeloAv, and left three sons and two daughters. 
 Of his several brothers only Samuel survived him. 
 Although an attendant at Brattle-street church, 
 in Boston, his friends, or some of them, did not 
 regard him as in his faith a Unitarian. 
 
 LAWltENCE, ELEAZER, Dr., died at Pepper- 
 ell, Mass., in 1856, aged 86. A graduate of 
 Harvard in 1795, he practised physic fifty-one 
 years in Hampton, N. H. He gave but little 
 medicine. 
 
 LAW SOX, JOHN, a traveller, was surveyor- 
 general of North Carolina. While exploring 
 lands on the river Neus, accompanied by the 
 Baron GrafFenreid, the Indians seized him and 
 solemnly tried him for encroaching on their terri 
 tory, before a large council, and condemned and 
 executed him in the autumn of 1712. This was 
 the commencement of an Indian war. The baron 
 escaped by representing, that he was not of the 
 English party, but king of the Palatines. He 
 published a journal of one thousand miles travels 
 amongst the Indians, with a description of North 
 Carolina, 4to., London, 1700; the same, 1711; 
 also the same at Hamburg, 1712; history of Car 
 olina, 4to., London, 2d edit., 1714; the same, 
 1718. Holmes, I. 507. 
 
 LAY, BEXJAMIX, a benevolent Quaker of great 
 singularities, died in 1760, aged 79. He was a 
 native of England and brought up to the sea. 
 About the year 1710 he settled in Barbadoes. 
 Bearing his open testimony in all companies 
 against the conduct of the owners of slaves, he 
 became so obnoxious to the inhabitants, that he 
 left the island in disgust, and settled in Penn 
 sylvania. He fixed his residence at Abington, 
 ten miles from Philadelphia. On his arrival he 
 found many quakers, who kept slaves. He re 
 monstrated against the practice with zeal, both 
 in public and private. To express his indigna 
 tion at the practice of slave-keeping, he once 
 carried a bladder filled with blood into a public 
 meeting, and in the presence of the whole con 
 gregation thrust a sword into it, which he had 
 concealed under his coat, exclaiming, " Thus 
 shall God shed the blood of those persons, who 
 enslave their fellow-creatures." Calling upon a 
 friend in Philadelphia, he was asked to sit down 
 to breakfast. He first inquired, " Dost thou keep 
 
 LAYNE. 
 
 509 
 
 slaves in thy house ? " On being answered in 
 the affirmative, he said, " Then I will not partake 
 with thec of the fruits of thy unrighteousness." 
 After an ineffectual attempt to convince a farmer 
 and his wife in Chester county of the iniquity of 
 keeping slaves, he seized their only child, a little 
 girl of three years of age, under the pretence of 
 carrying her away, and when the cries of the 
 child and his singular expedient alarmed them, 
 he said, " You see and feel now a little of the 
 distress which you occasion by the inhuman prac 
 tice of slave-keeping." In 1737 he wrote a trea 
 tise, entitled, all slave-keepers, that keep the in 
 nocent in bondage, apostates. It was printed by 
 Dr. Franklin, who told the author, when the 
 manuscript was brought to him, that it was defi 
 cient in arrangement. " It is no matter," said 
 Mr. Lay ; " print any part, thou pleasest, first." 
 This worthy Quaker died at his house in Abing 
 ton. He was temperate in his diet, living chiefly 
 upon vegetables, and his drink was pure water. 
 When tea was introduced into Pennsylvania, his 
 wife brought home a small quantity, with a set 
 of cups and saucers. In his zeal he seized them, 
 and, carrying them back to the city, he scattered 
 the tea from the balcony of the court house, in 
 the presence of a multitude of spectators, and 
 broke to pieces the instruments of luxury, deliv 
 ering at the same time a striking lecture upon 
 the folly of introducing a pernicious herb in the 
 place of the wholesome diet of the country. He 
 often visited schools, carrying a basket of religious 
 books with him, and distributing them as prizes 
 among the scholars, imparting also frequently 
 some advice and instruction. So much was he 
 the enemy of idleness, that when the inclemency 
 of the weather confined him to his house, or 
 his mind was wearied with reading, he used to 
 spend his time in spinning. All his clothes were 
 manufactured by himself. Though kind to the 
 poor, he had no pity on common beggars, who, 
 Ire said, if able to go abroad to beg, were able 
 also to earn four pence a day, and this sum was 
 sufficient to keep any person above want or de 
 pendence in this country. He once attempted to 
 imitate our Saviour by fasting forty days; but he 
 was obliged to desist from the attempt. His 
 weaknesses and eccentricities disappear before the 
 splendor of his humanity and benevolence. His 
 bold, determined, and uniform reprehension of 
 the practice of slavery, in defiance of public 
 opinion, does him the highest honor. The tur 
 bulence and severity of his temper were neces 
 sary at the time in which he lived ; and the work 
 which he began was completed by the meek and 
 gentle Anthony Benezet. RusJi s Essays, 305- 
 311 ; Mass. Magazine, IV. 28-30. 
 
 LAYNE, CHARLES, died in Campbell co., Va., 
 in 1821, aged 121, leaving a wife aged 110. He 
 was a native of Virginia. 
 
510 
 
 LEAKE. 
 
 LEDYARD. 
 
 LEAKE, WALTER, governor of Mississippi, 
 succeeded Geo. Poindexter in 1821, and was suc 
 ceeded by David Holmes in 1825. He was a 
 soldier of the Revolution. He died at Mount 
 Salus, in Hines county, Miss., Nov. 17, 1825. 
 
 LEAMIXG, JEREMIAH, D. D., an Episcopal 
 minister, died at New Haven in Sept., 1804, aged 
 86. He was born in Middle-town, Conn., in 1719, 
 and was graduated at Yale college in 1745. He 
 preached in Newport, 11. I., eight years; at Nor- 
 walk, Conn., twenty-one years ; and at Stratford 
 eight or nine years. In the Episcopal contro 
 versy he wrote with great ability upon the sub 
 ject. He published a defence of the Episcopal 
 government of the church, containing remarks on 
 some noted sermons on Presbyterian ordination, 
 1766 ; a second defence of the Episcopal gov 
 ernment of the church, in answer to Noah Welles, 
 1770 ; evidences of the truth of Christianity, 
 1785 ; dissertations on various subjects, which 
 may be well worth the attention of every Chris 
 tian, 1789. 
 
 LEAR, Mrs., died at Portsmouth, N. H., in 
 1775, aged 103. 
 
 LEAR, BENJAMIN, a hermit, died at Sagamore 
 Creek, in Portsmouth, N. H., Dec. 17, 1802, aged 
 82. For more than twenty years he lived en 
 tirely alone, in a miserable hut ; yet on his own 
 farm, which was sufficient for the support of a 
 large family. He tilled his land, milked his 
 cows, made his butter and cheese, but subsisted 
 entirely on butter and milk. At the age of eighty- 
 two his face was as free from wrinkles as that of 
 a man of fifty. He died alone in the morning 
 after a cold night, in which the thermometer was 
 four degrees below zero. 
 
 LEAR, TOBIAS, colonel, died at Washington 
 Oct. 11, 1816. He was consul-general at St. 
 Domingo in 1802; he was afterwards consul-gen 
 eral at Tripoli, and in 1804 commissioner with 
 Barron to negotiate a peace, which he effected, 
 much to the dissatisfaction of Gen. Eaton, then 
 at the head of an army at Derne, agreeing to pay 
 for two hundred prisoners 60,000 dollars. At 
 the time of his death Mr. Lear was accountant of 
 the war department. 
 
 LEASURE, JOSEPH, died in Garrard county, 
 Ky., July 21, 1836, aged 104; being born March 
 21, 1732. He walked seven miles the day of his 
 death. 
 
 LEAVEN WORTH, MARK, minister of Water- 
 bury, Conn., died in 1797, aged about 80. He 
 graduated at Yale in 1737, and was ordained in 
 1740. In the French war he was a chaplain. 
 He published a sermon on the death of D. South- 
 mayd, 1754; at the election, 1772. 
 
 LEAVENWORTH, HENRY, brigadier-general, 
 died at Cross Timbers, one hundred and twenty 
 miles west of fort Towson, July 22, 1834. He 
 commanded on the southwest frontier. 
 
 LEAVTTT, FREEGRACE, first minister of Som- 
 ers, Conn., died in 1761, aged about 38. He 
 graduated at Yale in 1745. 
 
 LEAVITT, DUDLEY, minister of the Taberna 
 cle church, Salem, died in 1762, aged 42. Born 
 in Stratham, he graduated at Harvard in 1739. 
 
 LEAVITT, DUDLEY, died at Meredith, N. H., 
 Sept. 22, 1851, aged 78; for half a century an 
 almanac-maker. He was born in Exeter. 
 
 LE BAROX, FRANCIS, a physician, died in 
 Plymouth in 1704, aged 36. A native of France, 
 he was a surgeon in a privateer wrecked in Buz 
 zard s Bay in 1696, and was made a prisoner. 
 His surgical skill having been experienced at 
 Plymouth, the people, although he was a Catho 
 lic, solicited his liberation and his residence 
 among them. There he married. His son, Laz 
 arus, who studied with Dr. Mackay, a Scotch 
 physician of Southampton, L. I., after long prac 
 tice, died in Plymouth in 1773, aged 75 ; and two 
 of his sons died physicians in Plymouth, and an 
 other son, Lemuel, was the minister of Rochester. 
 
 LE BARON, LEMUEL, minister of Rochester, 
 Mass.. died in Nov., 1836, aged 89, in the sixty- 
 fifth year of his ministry. He graduated at Yale 
 in 1768, and succeeded Ivory Hovey, and was 
 succeeded by Thomas Robbins. He was a de 
 scendant of Dr. Francis Le Baron, who came to 
 Plymouth from France. The Indian name of 
 the village of Rochester was Mattapoisett, mean 
 ing a place of rest. 
 
 LECHFORD, THOMAS, a lawyer from London, 
 lived in Boston from 1638 to 1641. Being dis 
 satisfied with the country, he returned to Eng 
 land. He published, plain-dealing, or news from 
 New England s present government, ecclesiastical 
 and civil, compared, etc., London, 1642. 
 
 LEDERER, JOHN, an early explorer to the 
 west of Virginia, published his discoveries in 
 three numbers in 1669 and 1670, translated from 
 the Latin in 1672. Cyc.l. Am. Lit. 
 
 LED YARD, JOHN, a distinguished traveller, 
 died Jan. 17, 1789, aged 38. He was born in 
 Groton, Conn., in 1751. His father died while he 
 was yet a child, and he was left under the care of 
 a relative in Hartford. Here he enjoyed the ad 
 vantages of a grammar school. After the death 
 of his patron, when he was eighteen years of age, 
 he was left to follow his own inclinations. With 
 a view to the study of divinity he now passed a 
 short time in Dartmouth college, where he had 
 an opportunity of learning the manners of the 
 Indians, as there were several Indian pupils in 
 the seminary. His acquaintance with the savage 
 character, gained in this place, was of no little 
 advantage to him in the future periods of his 
 life. His poverty obliging him to withdraw from 
 the college before he had completed his educa 
 tion, and, not having a shilling in his pocket to 
 defray the expense of a journey to Hartford, he 
 
LEDYARD. 
 
 LEDYARD. 
 
 511 
 
 made him a canoe, fifty feet in length and three 
 in breadth, and being generously supplied with 
 some dried venison for his sea-stores, he em 
 barked upon the Connecticut, and, going down 
 that river, which is in many places rapid, and 
 with which he was totally unacquainted, he ar 
 rived safely at Hartford, at the distance of one 
 hundred and forty miles. He soon went to New 
 York, and sailed for London in 1771, as a com 
 mon sailor. When Captain Cook sailed on his 
 third voyage of discovery, Ledyard, who felt an 
 irresistible desire to explore those regions of the 
 globe which were yet undiscovered, or imperfectly 
 known, accepted the humble station of corporal 
 of marines, rather than forego an opportunity so 
 inviting to his inquisitive and adventurous spirit. 
 He was a favorite of the illustrious navigator, and 
 was one of the witnesses of his tragical end in 
 1778. He ascribed the fate of Cook to his rash 
 ness and injustice toward the natives. He sur 
 prised his American friends, who had heard noth 
 ing of him for eight years, by a -visit in 1781. 
 His mother kept a boarding-house at Southold ; 
 he took lodgings with her, and she did not recog 
 nize her son. Having offered his services to sev 
 eral merchants to conduct a trading voyage to 
 the northwest coast, and meeting with no encour 
 agement, he again embarked for England in 1782. 
 He now resolved to traverse the continent of 
 America from the northwest coast, which Cook 
 had partly explored, to the eastern coast, with 
 which he was already perfectly familiar. Disap 
 pointed in his intention of sailing on a voyage of 
 commercial adventure to Nootka sound, he crossed 
 the British channel to Ostend with only ten guin 
 eas in his purse, determined to travel overland to 
 Kamschatka, whence the passage is short to the 
 western coast of America. When he came to the 
 gulf of Bothnia, he attempted to cross the ice, 
 that he might reach Kamschatka by the shortest 
 way ; but finding that the water was not frozen in 
 the middle, he returned to Stockholm. He then 
 travelled northward into the arctic circle, and, 
 passing round the head of the gulf, descended on 
 its eastern side to St. Petersburgh. There his ex 
 traordinary appearance attracted general notice. 
 Without stockings or shoes, and too poor to pro 
 vide himself with either, he was invited to dine 
 with the Portuguese ambassador, who supplied 
 him with twenty guineas, on the credit of Sir Jo 
 seph Banks. Through his interest he also ob 
 tained permission to accompany a detachment of 
 stores destined to Yakutz for the use of Mr. Bil 
 lings, an Englishman, who was intrusted with the 
 schemes of northern discovery in which the em 
 press was then engaged. From Yakutz, which is 
 situated in Siberia, six thousand miles east of Pe 
 tersburgh, he proceeded to Oczakow, or Ochotsk, 
 on the Kamschatkan sea; but, as the navigation 
 was completely obstructed by the ice, he returned 
 
 to Yakutz, intending to wait for the conclusion of 
 the winter. Here, in consequence of some unac 
 countable suspicion, he was seized in the name of 
 the empress by two Russian soldiers, who con 
 veyed him, in the depth of the winter, through 
 the north of Tartary to the frontier of the Polish 
 dominions, assuring him, at their departure, that, 
 if he returned to Russia, he should certainly be 
 hanged ; but, if he chose to return to England, 
 they wished him a pleasant journey. Poor, for 
 lorn, and friendless, covered with rags, and ex 
 hausted by fatigue, disease, and misery, he pro 
 ceeded to Konigsberg, where the interest of Sir 
 Joseph Banks enabled him to procure the sum of 
 five guineas, by means of which he arrived in 
 England. 
 
 He immediately waited on Sir Joseph, who re 
 commended him to an adventure as perilous as 
 that from which he had just returned. He now 
 was informed of the views of the association, 
 which had been lately formed for promoting the 
 discovery of the interior parts of Africa, which 
 were then little known. Sparrman, Patterson, 
 and Vaillant had travelled into Caffraria, and 
 Xordon and Bruce had enlarged the acquaintance 
 of Europeans with Egypt, Nubia, and Abyssinia. 
 In regard to other parts of this quarter of the 
 globe, its geography, excepting in relation to its 
 coasts, was involved in darkness. Ledyard en 
 gaged with enthusiasm in an enterprise, which he 
 had already projected for himself; and, receiving 
 from Sir Joseph a letter of introduction to one of 
 the members of the committee appointed to direct 
 the business and promote the object of the asso 
 ciation, he went to him without delay. The de 
 scription, which that gentleman has given of his 
 first interview, strongly marks the character of 
 this hardy traveller. " Before I had learned," 
 says he, " from the note the name and business of 
 my visitor, I was struck with the manliness of his 
 person, the breadth of his chest, the openness of 
 his countenance, and the inquietude of his eye. I 
 spread the map of Africa before him, and, tracing 
 a line from Cairo to Sennaar, and from thence 
 westward in the latitude and supposed direction 
 of the Niger, I told him that was the route by 
 which I was anxious that Africa might, if possible, 
 be explored. He said, he should think himself 
 singularly fortunate to be intrusted with the ad 
 venture. I asked him when he would set out? 
 To-morrow morning, was his answer." 
 
 From such zeal, decision, and intrepidity the 
 society naturally formed the most sanguine ex 
 pectations. He sailed from London June 30, 
 1788, and in thirty-six days arrived in the city of 
 Alexandria ; and, having there assumed the dress 
 of an Egyptian traveller, proceeded to Cairo, which 
 he reached Aug. 19th. He travelled with pecu 
 liar advantages. Endowed with an original and 
 comprehensive genius, he beheld with interest 
 
512 
 
 LEDYARD. 
 
 and described with energy the scenes and objects 
 around him; and, by comparing them with what 
 he had seen in other regions of the globe, he was v 
 enabled to give his narrative all the varied effect 
 of contrast and resemblance. His remarks on 
 Lower Egypt, had that country been less gener 
 ally known, might have ranked with the most 
 valuable of geographical records. They greatly 
 heightened the opinion which his employers al 
 ready entertained of his singular qualifications for 
 the task which he had undertaken. Nor was his 
 residence at Cairo altogether useless to the asso 
 ciation. By visiting the slave markets, and by 
 conversing with Jelabs, or travelling merchants 
 of the caravans, he obtained without any expense 
 a better idea of the people of Africa, of its trade, 
 of its geography, and of the most prudent man 
 ner of travelling, than he could by any other 
 means have acquired ; and the communications 
 on these subjects, which he transmitted to Eng 
 land, interesting and instructive as they were, 
 afforded the society the most gratifying proofs of 
 the ardent spirit of inquiry, the unwearied atten 
 tion, the persevering research, and the laborious, 
 indefatigable, anxious zeal, with which their au 
 thor pursued the object of his mission. 
 
 He had announced to his employers, that he 
 had received letters of earnest recommendation 
 from the Aga ; that the day of his departure was 
 appointed ; that his next dispatch would be dated 
 from Sennaar ; and the committee expected with 
 impatience the result of his journey. But that 
 journey was never to be performed. The vexa 
 tion, occasioned by repeated delays in the de 
 parture of the caravan, brought on a bilious com 
 plaint, which, being increased at first by incautious 
 treatment, baffled the skill of the most approved 
 physicians of Cairo, and terminated his earthly 
 existence. 
 
 The society heard with deep concern of the 
 death of a man, whose high sense of honor, mag 
 nanimous contempt of danger, and earnest zeal 
 for the extension of knowledge had been so con 
 spicuously displayed in their service ; whose ardor, 
 tempered by calm deliberation, whose daring 
 spirit, seconded by the most prudent caulion, and 
 whose impatience of control, united with the 
 power of supporting any fatigue, seemed to have 
 qualified him above all other men, for the very 
 arduous task of traversing the widest and most dan 
 gerous part of the continent of Africa. Despising 
 the accidental distinctions of society, he seemed to 
 regard no man as his superior ; but his manners, 
 though unpolished, were not disagreeable. His 
 uncultivated genius was peculiar and capacious. 
 The hardships to which he submitted, in the pros 
 ecution of his enterprises and in the indulgence 
 of his curiosity, are almost incredible. He was 
 sometimes glad to receive food as in charity to a 
 madman, for that character he had assumed in or- 
 
 LEE. 
 
 der to avoid a heavier calamity. His judgment of 
 the female character is very honorable to the sex. 
 I have ahvays remarked," said he, " that women 
 in all countries are civil and obliging, tender and 
 humane ; that they are ever inclined to be gay 
 and cheerful, timorous and modest ; and they do 
 not hesitate, like men, to perform a generous ac 
 tion. Not haughty, not arrogant, not supercil 
 ious, they are full of courtesy, and fond of society; 
 more liable in general to err than man, but in 
 general also more virtuous, and performing more 
 good actions than he. To a woman, whether 
 civilized or savage, I never addressed myself in 
 the language of decency and friendship, without 
 receiving a decent and friendly answer. "With 
 man it has often been otherwise. In wandering 
 over the barren plains of inhospitable Denmark, 
 through honest Sweden, and frozen Lapland, rude 
 and churlish Finland, unprincipled Russia, and 
 the widespread regions of the wandering Tartar ; 
 if hungry, dry, cold, wet, or sick, the women have 
 ever been friendly to me, and uniformly so. And 
 to add to this virtue, so worthy the appellation of 
 benevolence, their actions have been performed in 
 so free and kind a manner, that, if I was dry, I 
 drank the sweetest draught, and if hungry, I ate 
 the coarsest morsel, with a double relish." 
 
 Besides his communication to the African asso 
 ciation, he published an account of Cook s voyage 
 in 1781. Several of his manuscripts were a few 
 years ago in the hands of his brother, Dr. Isaac 
 Ledyard, health officer of the city of New York. 
 His life by J. Sparks was published in 1828. 
 
 LEDYARD, colonel, commanded in 1781 fort 
 Griswold in Groton, Conn., on the Thames, exactly 
 opposite to New London, when, Sept. 7, he was 
 attacked by Col. Eyre with a large force. With 
 one hundred and fifty men he fought bravely ; 
 Col. Eyre and Maj. Montgomery being killed, 
 the command of the British devolved on Maj. 
 Broomfield. When the fort was carried by assault 
 with the bayonet, Broomfield inquired, who com 
 manded. Ledyard replied: "I did command, 
 sir, but you do now ; " and presented to him his 
 sword. The ferocious officer instantly run him 
 through the body ; and between sixty and seventy 
 Americans were slaughtered, after they had sur 
 rendered. The whole American loss was seventy- 
 three killed ; about thirty wounded ; and about 
 forty taken prisoners. The British loss was 
 forty-eight killed, one hundred and forty-three 
 wounded. On the other side of the river Arnold 
 burned New London. Col. Ledyard was a brave, 
 sensible, polished, noble-minded citizen. He fell 
 by the hand of a brutal assassin. His widow 
 Ann married A. Hodge, and died at Philadelphia 
 Nov. 8, 1848, aged nearly 91. Dtciglit, n. 525. 
 LEE, SAMUEL, first minister of Bristol, R. I., 
 died in 1691, aged G6. He was born in London 
 hi 1625, and was the son of Samuel L., an cmi- 
 
LEE. 
 
 nent and wealthy citizen, whose estate he inher 
 ited. At the age of fifteen he went for his 
 education to Oxford, where he was admitted to 
 the degree of master of arts in 1648. He was 
 soon settled in a fellowship in "VValdham college, 
 and in 1651 was appointed a proctor of the uni 
 versity. He was afterwards preferred by Crom 
 well to a church near Bishopsgate in London, but 
 was ejected in 1662. He was then a lecturer of 
 Great St. Helen s church in London. After the 
 restoration he was not silenced for nonconformity, 
 for he had no preferment to lose ; but he lived 
 for some time in Oxfordshire, occasionally preach 
 ing. In 1678 he removed to Newington-grcen, 
 near London, where he was for several years min 
 ister of an Independent church. His learned 
 tutor, Bishop Wilkins, advised him to enter the 
 established church ; but his views of truth and 
 duty would not suffer him to do it. Being appre 
 hensive that the rights of conscience would soon 
 be further invaded by the return of Popery, he in 
 June, 1686, removed to New England, and 
 preached in the town of Bristol. When a church 
 was formed May 8, 1687, he was chosen minister. 
 After the Ilevolution in his native country, he 
 was eagerly desirous of returning. Just before 
 he sailed in 1691, he told his wife that he had 
 viewed a star, which, according to the rules of as 
 trology, presaged captivity. He was accordingly 
 captured by a French privateer, and carried into 
 St. Maloe, in France, where he died about the 
 time of Christmas, and was buried without the 
 city as a heretic. He was a very learned man, 
 who spoke Latin with elegance, was a master of 
 physic and chemistry, and well versed in all the 
 liberal arts and sciences. He had studied the as 
 trological art, but, disapproving of it, he burned 
 a hundred books, which related to the subject. 
 Though a conscientious nonconformist, he pos 
 sessed a catholic, liberal spirit. His learning was 
 united with charity, and the poor were often re 
 lieved by his bounty. In a manuscript treatise 
 on Rev. XL, he expressed his belief that the pe 
 riod of 1260 years would end between 1716 and 
 1736, and that the broad wings of the eagle mean 
 the eastern and western empires. He published 
 Chronicon Cestrense, an exact chronology of all 
 the rulers of Cheshire and Chester, in church and 
 state, from the foundation of the city, 1656 ; or- 
 bis miraculum, or the temple of Solomon por 
 trayed by scripture light, folio, 1659; this was 
 printed at the charge of the university ; de ex- 
 cidio antichristi, folio, 1659 ; a sermon on the 
 means to be used for the conversion of carnal re 
 lations, 1661 ; contemplations on mortality, 8vo., 
 1669 ; a sermon on secret prayer, 1674 ; tha vis 
 ibility of the true church, 1675 ; the triumph of 
 mercy in the chariot of praise, a discourse of 
 secret and preventing mercies, 1677 ; two dis 
 courses on the mournful state of the church, with 
 65 
 
 LEE. 
 
 513 
 
 a prospect of her dawning glory, 1679 ; a disser 
 tation on the ancient and successive state of the 
 Jews, with Scripture evidence of their future con 
 version and establishment in their own land, 
 1679 ; this is printed with Fletcher s Israel redux ; 
 the joy of faith, 1689 ; answer to many queries 
 relative to America, as to its natural productions, 
 diseases, etc., 1690 ; the great day of judgment, 
 preached before a court at Bristol, 1695. He 
 also wrote a preface to John Howe s Immanuel, 
 with his life. His triumph of mercy was much 
 read in New England; Judge Davis says, it is 
 now, with his other works, " lost in oblivion." 
 But I have a copy in my possession, printed at 
 Boston, 1718; also a copy of his contemplations 
 on mortality. They display learning and genius. 
 - Wood s Ath. Oxonienses,n.882,883; Calamy s 
 Nonconformists Memorial, I. 104 ; Mather, III. 
 223 ; Account of origin of Bristol ; Sprague s 
 Annals. 
 
 LEE, CHARLES, a major-general in the army of 
 the United States, died Oct. 2, 1782. He was 
 born in Wales, and was the son of John Lee, a 
 colonel in the British service. He entered the 
 army at a very early age ; but, though he pos 
 sessed a military spirit, he was ardent in the pur 
 suit of knowledge. He acquired a competent 
 skill in Greek and Latin, while his fondness for 
 travelling made him acquainted with the Italian, 
 Spanish, German, and French languages. In 
 1756 he came to America, and was engaged in 
 the attack upon Ticonderoga in July, 1758, when 
 Abercrombie was defeated. In 1762 he bore a 
 colonel s commission, and served under Burgoyne 
 in Portugal, where he much distinguished him 
 self. Not long afterwards he entered into the 
 Polish service. Though he was absent when the 
 stamp act passed, he yet by his letters zealously 
 supported the cause of America. In the years 
 1771, 1772, and 1773, he rambled overall Europe. 
 During this excursion he was engaged with an 
 officer in Italy in an affair of honor, and he mur 
 dered his antagonist, escaping himself with the 
 loss of two fingers. Having lost the favor of the 
 ministry and the hopes of promotion in conse 
 quence of his political sentiments, he came to 
 America in Nov., 1773. He travelled through 
 the country, animating the colonies to resistance. 
 In 1774 he was induced, by the persuasion of his 
 friend, General Gates, to purchase a valuable 
 tract of land of two or three thousand acres in 
 Berkeley county, Va. Here he resided till the 
 following year, when he resigned a commission 
 which he held in the British service, and accepted 
 a commission from congress, appointing him 
 major-general. He accompanied Washington to 
 the camp at Cambridge, where he arrived July 2, 
 1775, and was received with every mark of re 
 spect. In the beginning of the following year he 
 was dispatched to New York to prevent the 
 
514 
 
 LEE. 
 
 British from obtaining possession of the city and 
 the Hudson. This trust he executed with great 
 wisdom and energy. He disarmed all suspicious 
 persons on Long Island, and drew up a test to be 
 offered to every one whose attachment to the 
 American cause was doubted. His bold measures 
 carried terror wherever he appeared. He seems 
 to have been very fond of this apph cation of a 
 test ; for, in a letter to the president of congress, 
 he informs him that he had taken the liberty at 
 Newport to administer to a number of the tories 
 a very strong oath, one article of which was, that 
 they should take arms in defence of their country, 
 if called upon by congress ; and he recommends 
 that this measure should be adopted in reference 
 to all the tories in America. Those fanatics who 
 might refuse to take it, he thought, should be car 
 ried into the interior. Being sent into the south 
 ern colonies, as commander of all the forces 
 which should there be raised, he diffused an ardor 
 among the soldiers which was attended by the 
 most salutary consequences. In October, by the 
 direction of congress, he repaired to the northern 
 army. As he was marching from the Hudson 
 through New Jersey, to form a junction with 
 Washington in Pennsylvania, he quitted his camp 
 in Morris county to reconnoitre. In this em 
 ployment he went to the distance of three miles 
 from the camp, and entered a house for breakfast. 
 A British colonel became acquainted with his sit 
 uation by intercepting a countryman, charged 
 with a letter from him, and was enabled to take 
 him prisoner. He was instantly mounted on a 
 horse, without his cloak and hat, and carried 
 safely to New York. He was detained till April 
 or May, 1778, when he was exchanged for Gen 
 eral Prescott, taken at Newport. He was very 
 soon engaged in the battle of Monmouth. Being 
 detached by the commander-in-chief to make an 
 attack upon the rear of the enemy, Washington 
 was pressing forward to support him, June 28th, 
 when, to his astonishment, he found him retreat 
 ing without having made a single effort to main 
 tain his ground. Meeting him in these circum 
 stances, without any previous notice of his plans, 
 Washington addressed him in terms of some 
 warmth. Lee, being oi-dered to check the enemy, 
 conducted himself with his usual bravery, and, 
 when forced from the ground, on which he had 
 been placed, brought off his troops in good order. 
 But his haughty temper could not brook the in 
 dignity which he believed to have been offered 
 him on the field of battle, and he addressed a 
 letter to Washington, requiring reparation for the 
 injury. He was on the 30th arrested for disobe 
 dience of orders, for misbehavior before the en 
 emy, and for disrespect to the commander-in-chief. 
 Of these charges he was found guilty by a court 
 martial, at which Lord Stirling presided, and he 
 
 LEE. 
 
 was sentenced to be suspended for one year. 
 He defended himself with his accustomed ability, 
 and his retreat seems to be justified from the cir 
 cumstance of his having advanced upon an enemy 
 whose strength was much greater than was ap 
 prehended, and from his being in a situation, 
 with a morass in his rear, which would preclude 
 him from a retreat, if the British should have 
 proved victorious. But his disrespectful letters to 
 the commander-in-chief it is not easy to justify. 
 His suspension gave general satisfaction to the 
 army, for he was suspected of aiming himself at 
 the supreme command. After the result of his 
 trial was confirmed by congress, in Jan., 1780, he 
 retired to his estate in Berkeley county, where he 
 lived in a style peculiar to himself. Glass win 
 dows and plaster would have been extravagances 
 in his house. Though he had for his compan 
 ions a few select authors and his dogs, yet, as he 
 found his situation too solitary and irksome, he 
 sold his farm in the fall of 1782, that in a differ- 
 ent abode he might enjoy the conversation of 
 mankind. He went to Philadelphia, and took 
 lodgings in an inn. After being three or four 
 days in the city he was seized with a fever, which 
 terminated his life. The last words which he ut 
 tered were : " Stand by me, my brave grenadiers." 
 
 In his person Gen. Lee was rather above the 
 middle size, and his remarkable aquiline nose 
 rendered his face somewhat disagreeable. He 
 was master of a most genteel address, but was 
 rude in his manners and excessively negligent in 
 his appearance and behavior. His appetite was 
 so whimsical, that he was everywhere a most 
 troublesome guest. Two or three dogs usually 
 followed him wherever he went. As an officer 
 he was brave and able, and did much towards 
 disciplining the American army. With vigorous 
 powers of mind and a brilliant fancy, he was a 
 correct and elegant classical scholar, and he both 
 wrote and spoke his native language with propri 
 ety, force, and beauty. His temper was severe. 
 The history of his life is little else than the his 
 tory of disputes, quarrels, and duels in every part 
 of the world. He was vindictive, avaricious, 
 immoral, impious, and profane. His principles, 
 as would be expected from his character, were 
 most abandoned, and he ridiculed every tenet of 
 religion. He published about the year 1760 a 
 pamphlet on the importance of retaining Can 
 ada. After his death, memoirs of his life, with 
 his essays and letters, were published, 12mo., 
 1792. Lee s Memoirs. 
 
 LEE, RICHARD HENIIY, president of congress, 
 died June 19, 1794, aged 62. He was a native 
 of Virginia, and from his earliest youth devoted 
 his talents to the service of his country. His 
 father was Thomas Lee of Stratford, West 
 moreland county, and in 1749 president of 
 
LEE. 
 
 LEE. 
 
 515 
 
 the council, who died in 1750, leaving six sons, 
 all of whom were men of distinction ; Philip 
 Ludwell, a member of the council, Thomas Lud 
 well, a member of the assembly, llichard Henry, 
 Francis Lightfoot, William, and Arthur. llich 
 ard Henry was born Jan. 20, 1732. He was edu 
 cated in a school at Wakefield, Yorkshire, Eng 
 land. He had a seat in the house of burgesses 
 in 1757 ; but it was only after several years, that 
 he was able to surmount his natural diffidence. 
 His public life was distinguished by some remark 
 able circumstances. He had the honor of origin 
 ating the first resistance to British oppression in 
 the time of the stamp act in 1765. He pro 
 posed in the Virginia house of burgesses in 1773, 
 the formation of a committee of correspondence, 
 whose object was to disseminate information, and 
 to kindle the flame of liberty throughout the con 
 tinent. He was a member of the first congress, in 
 1774, and in October prepared the draft of the me 
 morial to the people of British America, ordered 
 by congress. He also made and ably supported 
 the Declaration of Independence June 7, 1776. 
 From June 10th till Aug., he was absent from 
 congress on account of the sickness of his family. 
 The second eloquent address to the people of 
 Great Britain was di awn up by him as chairman 
 of the committee. After the adoption of the 
 articles of the confederation, he was under the 
 necessity of withdrawing from congress, as no 
 representative was allowed to continue in con 
 gress more than three years in any term of six 
 years ; but he was re-elected in 1784, and con 
 tinued till 1787. It was in Nov., 1784, that he 
 was chosen president of congress. When the 
 constitution of the United States was submitted 
 to the consideration of the public, he contended 
 for the necessity of amendments previously to 
 its adoption. After the government was organ 
 ized, he and Mr. Grayson was chosen the first 
 senators from Virginia in 1789. This stp.tion he 
 held till his resignation in 1792, when John Tay 
 lor was appointed in his place. Mr. Lee died at 
 his seat at Chantilly in Westmoreland county, 
 Va. By two marriages he left many children. 
 He supported through life the character of a phi 
 losopher, a patriot, and a sage ; and he died as 
 he had lived, blessing his country. A letter 
 which he wrote against Deane is published in 
 the Virginia Gazette of Jan. 1, and the Indepen 
 dent Chronicle of Feb. 11, 1779, and a letter to 
 Gov. llandolph respecting the constitution in the 
 American museum. lie is supposed to have 
 been the author of observations leading to a fair 
 examination of the system of government, pro 
 posed by the late convention, in letters from the 
 Federal Farmer to the Republican, 1787. His 
 life, with his correspondence, was published by 
 R. II. Lee in 2 vols., 8vo., 1825. Gazette of 
 United States, July 8, 1794; Marshall, II. 180- 
 
 183, 209, 402, 409; Gordon, II. 274; Warren, 
 I. 306; Holmes Annals, II. 401; American 
 Museum, n. 553-558 ; Jay s Memoirs, II. 382. 
 
 LEE, FRANCIS LIGHT-FOOT, a statesman of 
 Virginia, brother of the preceding, died in April, 
 1797, aged 62. He was born Oct. 14, 1734. 
 He was educated under the care of Mr. Craig, a 
 domestic tutor. The estate, bequeathed him by 
 his father, was in the county of Loudoun, from 
 which county he was a member of the house of 
 burgesses in 1765. In 1772, having married the 
 daughter of Col. John Tayloe of Richmond, he 
 removed to that county. In 1775 the convention 
 of Virginia elected him a member of congress, in 
 which body he continued till the spring of 1779. 
 He was one of the signers of the Declaration of 
 Independence. Though he seldom took part 
 in the public discussions, his patriotic spirit was 
 not less determined than that of his brother, 
 Richard Henry Lee. After being called again 
 to the legislature of Virginia, he withdrew from 
 public life for the quietness of domestic retire 
 ment. In his disposition he was benevolent ; 
 his manners were courteous ; and in his inter 
 course with his friends he was uncommonly inter 
 esting and instructive. At the approach of death 
 the gospel gave him consolation and hope. He 
 died of the pleurisy, and his wife in a few days 
 afterwards died of the same disease. 
 
 LEE, WILLIAM, brother of the preceding, was 
 born about 1737, and was sent to London before 
 the Revolution as the agent of Virginia. Being a 
 zealous whig, and a favorite of the livery of Lon 
 don, he was elected one of the sheriffs in 1773. 
 During the Revolution he was the agent of con 
 gress at Vienna and Berlin. 
 
 LEE, ARTHUR, M. D., minister of the United 
 States to the court of Versailles, the youngest 
 brother of the preceding, died Dec. 14, 1782, aged 
 nearly 42. He was born in Virginia Dec. 20, 
 1740. He was educated at the university of 
 Edinburgh, where he also pursued for some time 
 the study of medicine. On his return to this 
 country he practised physic four or five years in 
 Williamsburg. He then went to London about 
 1766, and commenced the study of the law in the 
 Temple. At this time he became the intimate 
 friend of Sir William Jones. During his resi 
 dence in England he kept his eye upon the meas 
 ures of government, and rendered the most im 
 portant services to his country by sending to 
 America the earliest intelligence of the plans of 
 the ministry. When the instructions of Gov. 
 Bernard were sent over, he at the same time com 
 municated information to the town of Boston, 
 respecting the nature of them. In 1769 he wrote 
 his Monitor s letters in vindication of the colonial 
 rights. From 1770 to 1776 he enjoyed a lucra 
 tive practice of law. At this period he wrote a 
 series of letters, under the signature of Junius 
 
516 
 
 LEE. 
 
 Americanus, which were much celebrated. In 
 1775 he was in London as the agent of Virginia, 
 and he presented, in August, the second petition 
 of congress to the king. All his exertions were 
 now directed to the good of his country. When 
 Mr. Jefferson declined the appointment of a min 
 ister to France, Dr. Lee Avas appointed in his 
 place, and he joined his colleagues, Dr. Franklin 
 and Mr. Deane, at Paris, in Dec., 1776. lie as 
 sisted in negotiating the treaty with France. In 
 1779 he and Mr. Adams, who had taken the 
 place of Deane, were recalled, and Dr. Franklin 
 was appointed sole minister to France. His re 
 turn had heen rendered necessary by the mali 
 cious accusations with which Deane had assailed 
 his public conduct. In the preceding year, 
 Deane had left Paris, agreeably to an order of 
 congress, and come to this country in the same 
 ship with the French minister, Gerard. On his 
 arrival, as many suspicions hovered around him, 
 he thought it necessary to repel them by attack 
 ing the character of his colleague, Dr. Lee. In 
 an inflammatory address to the public he vilified 
 him in the grossest terms, charging him with ob 
 structing the alliance with France, and disclosing 
 the secrets of congress to British noblemen. He 
 at the same time impeached the conduct of his 
 brother, William Lee, agent for congress at the 
 courts of Vienna and Berlin. Dr. Lee also was 
 not on very good terms with Dr. Franklin, whom 
 he believed to be too much under the influence 
 of the French court. Firm in his attachment 
 to the interests of his country, honest, zealous, he 
 was inclined to question the correctness of all the 
 commercial transactions in which the philoso 
 pher had been engaged. These dissensions among 
 the ministers produced corresponding divisions in 
 congress, and Monsieur Gerard had so little re 
 spect to the dignity of an ambassador, as to be 
 come a zealous partizan of Deane. Dr. Lee had 
 many friends in congress, but Dr. Franklin had 
 more. When the former returned to America 
 in 1780, such was his integrity that he did not 
 find it difficult to reinstate himself fully in the 
 good opinion of the public. In 1784 he was ap 
 pointed one of the commissioners for holding a 
 treaty with the Indians of the Six Nations. He 
 accordingly went to fort Schuyler and executed 
 this trust in a manner which did him much honor. 
 In Feb., 1790, he was admitted a counsellor of 
 the supreme court of the United States by a 
 special order. Having purchased a farm in the 
 county of Middlesex, near Urbana, on the banks 
 of the Ilappahannock, while assisting in planting 
 an orchard he exposed himself in a cold and rainy 
 day, in consequence of which he died of the pleurisy. 
 He was never married. He was a distinguished 
 scholar, being well skilled not only in the Greek 
 and Latin, but also in the French, Spanish, and 
 Italian languages. He was a man of uniform 
 
 LEE. 
 
 patriotism, of a sound understanding, of great 
 probity, of plain manners, and strong passions* 
 During his residence for a number of years in 
 England he was indefatigable in his exertions to 
 promote the interests of his country. Besides the 
 Monitor s letters, written in 1769, and the letters 
 of Junius Americanus, he Avrote an appeal to the 
 English nation ; he also published extracts from 
 a letter to the president of congress, in answer to 
 a libel by Silas Deane, 1780; and observations 
 on certain commercial transactions in France, 
 laid before congress, 1780. His life by 11. H. 
 Lee was published in 2 vols., 8vo., 1829. This 
 work contains many of his letters. His public 
 letters are published in Sparks diplomatic cor 
 respondence. 
 
 LEE, ANN, founder of the sect of Shakers in 
 America, died Sept. 8, 1784. She was born in Man 
 chester, England, about 1736, and was the daugh 
 ter of a blacksmith, who lived in Toad lane. Her 
 trade was that of a cutter of hatter s fur. Not 
 being instructed in what she afterwards taught 
 was the way of rectitude, she committed the sin 
 of marrying Abraham Standley, a blacksmith, who 
 lived in her father s house. Her four children 
 died in infancy. At the age of twenty-two, about 
 1758, she became a convert to James Wadley, 
 who was originally a Quaker, but who, in 1747, 
 imagining that he had supernatural visions and 
 revelations, established the sect, called Shakers, 
 from their bodily agitations. Having become a 
 member of this society, which was merely a 
 new form of the fanaticism of the French proph 
 ets fifty years before, she passed through the 
 exercises of the sect. In her fits, as she clinched 
 her hands, it is said the blood flowed through the 
 pores of her skin. Her flesh wasted away, and in 
 her weakness she was fed like an infant. Thus 
 was she exercised nine years, by the end of which 
 time, it might be thought, she had lost her reason. 
 At length, about 1770, she made the discovery of 
 the wickedness of marriage, and op?ned her tes 
 timony against it. She called herself " Ann, the 
 word," signifying, that in her dwelt the word, and 
 to this day her followers say, that "the man who 
 was called Jesus, and the woman who was called 
 Ann, are verily the two first pillars of the church, 
 the two anointed ones," etc. Soon after Mrs. 
 Standley began her testimony against " the root 
 of human depravity," her exercises induced the 
 people of Manchester to shut her up in a mad 
 house, where she was kept several weeks. She 
 came to America in the ship Maria, Capt. Smith, 
 and arrived at New York in May, 1774, having as 
 her companions her brother, Wm. Lee, James 
 Whitakcr, John Hocknell, called elders, and oth 
 ers. As her husband s name is not mentioned, 
 probably he was left behind. During the voyage 
 the ship sprung a leak, and she and the elders, 
 being strong and lusty, put their hands to the 
 
LEE. 
 
 pumps, and the ship arrived safe; in consequence, 
 as the Shakers say in their hook, of their " power, 
 which was above the natural power of man." In 
 the spring of 1776, she went to Albany, and 
 thence to Niskeuna, now Watervliet, eight miles 
 from Albany. Here she and her followers lived 
 unknown a few years, holding their meetings as 
 usual. 
 
 But in the beginning of 1780, when there was 
 an unusual religious commotion, principally among 
 the Baptists in New Lebanon and some adjacent 
 towns, in the midst of the wildness and extrav 
 agance of fanatacism some account of the elect 
 lady reached the bewildered enthusiasts. Imme 
 diately the road to Niskeuna was crowded with 
 deluded beings in quest of greater delusions. 
 The mother received them with many smiles, and 
 told them she knew of their coming before ; de 
 clared herself to be the woman clothed with the 
 sun, mentioned in the twelfth chapter of the rev 
 elation ; claimed the power of ministering the 
 Holy Spirit to whom she pleased ; asserted that 
 she was daily judging the dead of all nations, 
 who came to her for that purpose ; and that no 
 favor could be shown to any person but through 
 the confession of their sins unto her. These im 
 pious pretensions, enforced upon persons, some 
 of whom -were already bereft of reason, by the 
 magical charms of wry looks, odd postures, whim 
 sical gestures, unintelligible mutterings, alternate 
 groans and laughter, and the solemn ceremony 
 qf hopping, dancing, and whirling, completed the 
 work of converting rational beings into idiots, 
 and brought her in a fine harvest of deluded fol 
 lowers. One of these was Valentine Rathbun, 
 a Baptist minister ; who, however, in about three 
 months recovered his senses, and published a 
 pamphlet against the imposture. He says, that 
 there attended this infatuation an inexplicable 
 agency upon the body, to which he himself was 
 subjected, that affected the nerves suddenly and 
 forcibly, like the electric fluid, and was followed 
 by tremblings and the complete deprivation of 
 strength. When the good mother had some 
 what established her authority with her new dis 
 ciples, she warned them of the great sin of fol 
 lowing the vain customs of the world, and having 
 fleeced them of their ear-rings, necklaces, buckles, 
 and every thing which might nourish pride, and 
 having cut off their hair close by their ears, she 
 admitted them into her church. Thus metamor 
 phosed, they were ashamed to be seen by their 
 old acquaintance, and would be induced to con 
 tinue Shakers to save themselves from further 
 humiliation. The impostor asserted, that she was 
 not liable to the assaults of death, and that, when 
 she left this world, she should ascend in the 
 twinkling of an eye to heaven. But, unhappily 
 for her claims, she was not exempted from the 
 same event which befalls beasts, and her bones 
 
 LEE. 
 
 517 
 
 are mouldering in the vile ground. She died at 
 Watervliet. After her death James Whitaker 
 was head man; and after his death in 1787, Elder 
 Joseph Meacham and Lucy Wright, a native of 
 Pittsfield, Mass., stood in the " spiritual relation 
 of a joint parentage" to the society; and on 
 Meacham s death in 1796, Lucy Wright, as she 
 chose to be called, though her husband, Mr. 
 Goodrich, was still living, stood to the Shakers 
 "in the order of the first mother of their redemp 
 tion." There are now several societies in differ 
 ent parts of our country. Rejecting the ordi 
 nances which Jesus Christ most expressly enjoined; 
 and substituting revelations and impressions upon 
 their minds, in the place of the consistent and 
 plain instructions of Scripture, they are to be 
 classed with those, who choose rather to be 
 guided by their own reason or imagination, than 
 by the wisdom of God. Of the art of Mother 
 Ann, an instance is given in the account of Col. 
 John Brown. She had the gift of speaking in an 
 unknown tongue. An honest man, who was 
 once her follower, assured me, that in her pres 
 ence he once uttered many unmeaning words 
 with Latin and Dutch terminations, for he had 
 studied the Latin Grammar and knew a little of 
 the Dutch, and asked her what it meant, when 
 she replied, that " He was talking to the spirits, 
 and they understood his language." But, he 
 remarked, he knew better when she said so, for 
 he could not understand it himself. Tho. Brown, 
 who was once a Shaker, and published an account 
 of the Shakers in 1812, gives the following speci 
 men of one of his miraculous speeches : " Liero 
 devo jirankemango, ad sileabana, durem subramo 
 devirante diacerimango, jasse vah pe cri evaniga- 
 lio ; de vom grom seb crinom, os vare cremo 
 domo." Learned inquirers into the affinities of 
 spiritual languages and unknown tongues may 
 compare this precious morsel with the following, 
 which was uttered by one of Mr. Irving s congre 
 gation in London in 1831 : 
 
 " Hippo-gerosto hippo booros senoote 
 Foorime ooriu hoopo tanto noostin 
 Noorastin niparos hipanos bantos boorin 
 O Pinitos eleiastino halimungitos dantitu 
 Hampootine farimi aristos ekrampos 
 Epoongos vangami beresessino tereston 
 Sa tinootino alinoosis fastos sungor fuston sungor 
 Eletauteti erctine menati." 
 
 As to the moral character of Mother Ann, Reu 
 ben Rathbun, who was once a Shaker, testifies, 
 that he once saw her come to hard blows with 
 Wm. Lee. He adds, " it appears to me, that the 
 mother, at that time, was very much overcome 
 with strong liquor." He considered her also as 
 well skilled in profane and indecent language. 
 But, whatever might have been her moral deport 
 ment, it is one of the deplorable facts, of which 
 the history of the world is full, evincing the blind 
 ness and depravity of man, that rational beings 
 
518 
 
 LEE. 
 
 should yield their minds to her blasphemous re 
 ligious pretensions. New York Theol. Mag. I. 
 82 ; V. Rathbun s Hints ; D. Rathbun s, Taylor s, 
 West s and Brown s Account of Shakers. 
 
 LEE, JONATHAN, first minister in Salisbury, 
 Conn., died Oct. 10, 1788, aged. 70. He was the 
 son of David Lee of Coventry, who married in 
 1695 Lydia Strong, daughter of Jedidiah Strong 
 and Freedom Woodward, and grand-daughter of 
 Elder John Strong, and about 1709 removed from 
 Northampton to Coventry. David Lee s parents 
 were John Lee, who died in 1690, and Mary 
 Hart of Farmington. Mr. Lee was born in 
 Coventry about 1718; was graduated at Yale 
 college in 1742 ; and, having studied theology 
 with Mr. Williams of Lebanon, was ordained 
 Nov. 23, 1744. The church of Salisbury was 
 formed on the principles of the Cambridge plat 
 form ; the association of the county, adhering to 
 the Saybrook platform, suspended the ministers 
 who ordained Mr. Lee, Mr. Humphreys of 
 Derby, Mr. Leavenworth of Waterbury, and Mr. 
 Todd of Northbury. A fierce zeal against the 
 zealous Calvinistic preachers occasioned this and 
 other strange proceedings in Connecticut, which 
 are related by Dr. Trumbull. His first wife was 
 Elizabeth, daughter of Rev. Joseph Metcalf of 
 Falmouth, Mass. ; his second was Love Graham 
 Brinkcrhoff, a widow, the daughter of Rev. Mr. 
 Graham. He had eleven children, of whom Eliza 
 beth married Rev. Thomas Allen ; Love married- 
 Rev. Aaron Cook Collins ; Elisha Lee lived in 
 Sheffield; and Dr. Chauncey Lee was minister of 
 Marlborough, Conn. He was an animated and 
 popular preacher. He published the election 
 sermon, 1766 ; a sermon on the death of Abigail 
 Spencer, 1787. 
 
 LEE, JOHN, born in Marblehead, at the com 
 mencement of the Revolutionary war commanded 
 a private armed vessel, owned by Jhe Tracys, 
 merchants. With a vessel of six iron guns and 
 some wooden ones he captured a heavy armed 
 merchantman ; approaching in the dark, and ex 
 tending indistinct lights beyond the bowsprit and 
 stern to produce the appearance of great length, 
 he produced a ready submission to the inferior 
 force of the shrewd Yankee. In his last days 
 he amended his habits, and became considerate, 
 meek, and patient in suffering, and was cheered 
 with the Christian hope. Knapp s Lectures. 
 
 LEE, JOSEPH, died at Cambridge Dec. 5, 1802, 
 aged 93. A graduate of 1729, he was a justice 
 of the common pleas. 
 
 LEE, JOHN, a physician of great promise, died 
 at Ashfield, Mass., in 1813, aged 27. He was 
 born in Amherst. Williams Amer. Med. Biog. 
 
 LEE, JESSE, called the apostle of American 
 Methodism, died in August, 1816, aged 58, and 
 was buried at Baltimore. He was born in Prince 
 George s county, Virginia, and he was a minister 
 
 LEE. 
 
 of zeal and ability, and the apostle of Methodism, 
 especially in the New England States. 
 
 LEE, JOSEPH, first minister of Royalston, Mass., 
 born at Concord, was graduated at Harvard in 
 1765; ordained Oct. 19, 1768; and died Feb. 16, 
 1819, aged 77. He published four sermons, 12mo., 
 1782 ; a sermon at the ordination of W. B. Wes 
 son, 1803; half-century, 1818. 
 
 LEE, EZRA, captain, an officer in the Revolu 
 tionary war, died at Lyme, Conn., Oct. 29, 1821, 
 aged 72. He was selected by Gen. Parsons, at 
 the request of Washington, to navigate Bush- 
 nell s submarine vessel, called the marine turtle, 
 in the harbor of NBAV York, for the purpose of 
 blowing up the British ship Asia. The copper of 
 the ship prevented him from attaching the in 
 strument of destruction to it, though he toiled 
 two hours under water ; but the explosion at a 
 little distance alarmed the fleet and caused its 
 removal to the Hook. He was amiable and be 
 nevolent, and respected for his valor, having 
 fought bravely in several battles. 
 
 LEE, THOMAS SIM, governor of Maryland, 
 from 1779 to 1783, was afterwards a member of 
 congress, and of the convention which formed 
 the constitution. He was again chosen governor 
 in 1792. He died at Needwood, in Frederic 
 county, Nov. 9, 1819, aged 75. He was much 
 attached to agricultural pursuits. 
 
 LEE, CHARLES, attorney-general of the United 
 States, succeeded Mr. Bradford Dec. 10, 1795, 
 and was succeeded by L. Lincoln in 1801. lie 
 died in Fauquier county, Virginia, June 24, 1815, 
 aged 58. 
 
 LEE, HENRY, general, governor of Virginia, 
 died March 25, 1818, aged 62. He was born in 
 Virginia Jan. 29, 1756, and was graduated at 
 Princeton college in 1773. While his father, in 
 1774, was engaged in negotiating a treaty with 
 the Indian tribes, he was intrusted with the man 
 agement of the private concerns of the family. 
 In 1776 he was appointed a captain of cavalry 
 under Col. Bland ; in Sept., 1777, he joined the 
 main army. His skill in discipline and gallant 
 bearing soon attracted the notice of Washington. 
 He was soon promoted to the rank of major, 
 with the command of a separate corps of cavalry, 
 and then advanced to the rank of lieut.-colonel. 
 From 1780 to the end of the war he served under 
 Greene. The services of Lee s legion in various 
 actions were very important. He particularly 
 distinguished himself in the battle of Guilford ; 
 afterwards he succeeded in capturing fort Corn- 
 wallis and other forts ; he was also conspicuous 
 at Ninety^six and at the Eutaw Springs, In 
 1786 he was appointed a delegate to congress from 
 Virginia, in which body he remained till the con 
 stitution was adopted. In the convention of 
 Virginia he advocated its adoption. In 1791 he 
 succeeded Beverly Randolph as governor, and 
 
LEE. 
 
 remained in office three years. By appointment 
 of Washington, he commanded the forces sent to 
 suppress the whiskey insurrection in Pennsylva 
 nia. In 1799, while a member of congress, he 
 was selected to pronounce a funeral oration on 
 Washington. After the accession of Mr. Jeffer 
 son in 1801 he retired to private life. In his last 
 years he was distressed by pecuniary embarrass 
 ments. While confined, in 1809, within the 
 bounds of Spottsylvania county for debt, he wrote 
 his valuable memoirs of the southern campaigns. 
 Being in Baltimore in 1814, when the mob at 
 tacked a printing-office, he was one of the de 
 fenders, and was carried to jail for safety ; in the 
 attack on the jail, when Gen. Lingan was lulled, 
 he was severely wounded. Repairing to the 
 West Indies for his health, on his return he 
 died at Cumberland island, near St. Mary s, Geor 
 gia, at Mrs. Shaw s, the daughter of Gen. Green. 
 By his wounds at Baltimore he was rendered de- 
 crepicl, and afterwards life was a burden. It has 
 been represented, that he was dissipated and 
 without moral principle. Being once taken by 
 an officer for debt, the ingenuity of the soldier 
 procured his release from the sheriff; he told 
 him, he was glad that he was about to lodge him 
 in prison, for he had been bitten by a mad dog 
 and might do mischief. After a while, as they 
 were riding, he began to rave, and the terrified 
 officer was glad to escape from a man who had 
 been bitten by a mad dog ! General Lee s son, 
 Major Henry Lee, published a work, entitled, the 
 campaign of 1781, etc., the design of which was 
 to vindicate the memory of his father against the 
 representations which are to be found in John 
 son s life of General Greene. General Lee him 
 self published an oration on the death of Wash 
 ington, 1800 ; memoirs of the war in the south, 2 
 vols., 8vo., 1812. 
 
 LEE, THOMAS BLAND, a member of the first 
 congress from Virginia, died at Washington 
 March 12, 1827, aged 65 years. He enjoyed the 
 friendship and confidence of Mr. Madison, and 
 was a man of high talents and public virtue. 
 
 LEE, ELIAS, a Baptist minister, died at Balls- 
 ton Spa in 1829, aged 63. 
 
 LEE, FRANCIS, died in Boston in 1830, leaving 
 by his will 20,000 dollars to the McLean asylum 
 for the insane. 
 
 LEE, ANDREW, D. I)., minister of Lisbon, 
 Conn., died Aug. 25, 1832, aged 87. He was 
 born in Lyme, the son of John Lee, a lawyer, 
 who died when his son was an infant. He grad 
 uated at Yale in 1766; was ordained at Hanover, 
 now Lisbon, in 1768 ; and toiled as a minister till 
 within a year of his decease. He was beloved 
 and honored. At the time of the Revolution he 
 was a glowing patriot. In his theology he avoided 
 extremes, and was rather liberal. He published 
 a fast sermon, 1776; at the funeral of B. Throop, 
 
 LEE. 
 
 519 
 
 1785 5 an inquiry as to a willingness to be 
 damned, 1786 ; at the ordination of J. Ellis, 1789; 
 of D. Palmer, 1800 ; declensions of Christianity, 
 1793; at election, 1795 ; two discourses on Rom. 
 IX., 1811; a half-century sermon, 1818; sermons, 
 8vo., 1803. Sprague s Annals. 
 
 LEE, ELISHA, a lawyer of Sheffield, Mass., died 
 in 1835, aged about 78. He was the son of Rev. 
 Jonathan Lee, and graduated at Yale in 1777 ; 
 in 1784 he settled at Sheffield. Mr. Sedgwick 
 was settled there previously. His wife was the 
 widow of Rev. Moses Allen of Georgia. He 
 sustained a high Christian character. 
 
 LEE, ELIZABETH, Mrs., died in Baltimore in 
 April, 1836, aged 112 years. 
 
 LEE, THOMAS G., M. D.,died in Charlestown, 
 Mass., Oct. 29, 1836, aged 28, superintendent of the 
 McLean asylum, a man of talents and usefulness. 
 
 LEE, HENRY, consul at Algiers, died in Paris 
 in 1837, aged 50. He was the son of Gen. Henry 
 Lee, born at Stratford, Va., and educated at Wil 
 liam and Mary college. He served as a major in 
 the war of 1812. In vindication of his father s 
 fame he published the campaigns of 1782, in the 
 Carolinas, 1782; observations on the writings of 
 Jefferson, 1832 ; an incomplete life of Napoleon, 
 1835. Cycl. of Am. Lit. 
 
 LEE, THOMAS, died at Charleston, S. C., in 
 1839, aged 69. He was judge of the United 
 States court for South Carolina, and held various 
 offices, and was much respected. 
 
 LEE, SAMUEL, general, a soldier of the Revo 
 lution, died at Barre, his birth-place, Oct. 17, 
 1839, aged 72. His monument of marble, pro 
 tected by a portico and roof of granite, cost 2,000 
 dollars. It has inscribed these lines : 
 
 " To freedom s cause his ardent youth was given ; 
 His riper age to rural cares and Heaven." 
 
 His son Charles, a merchant of Boston, perished 
 in the Lexington steamboat, when it was burnt 
 in the sound, Jan. 13, 1840, aged 43. Boston 
 Advertiser, July 13, 1851. 
 
 LEE, WILLIAM, died at Boston in 1840, for 
 merly consul at Bordeaux, late second auditor of 
 the treasury of the United States. 
 
 LEE, GIDEON, died at Geneva, N. Y., Aug. 21, 
 
 1841, aged 63 ; born in Amherst, Mass. He was 
 a dealer in leather in New York, and mayor ; also 
 member of congress. He was a man of talents, 
 integrity, and philanthropy, and acquired a large 
 fortune. 
 
 LEE, CHAUNCEY, D. D., minister of Colebrook, 
 Conn., died in Hartwick, N. Y., Nov. 5 or Dec., 
 
 1842, aged 79. He was the son of Rev. Jona 
 than Lee of Salisbury by his second wife, who 
 was the widow Love Brinkerhof, the daughter 
 of Rev. John Graham of Southbury. He grad 
 uated at Yale in 1784, and studied law with Mr. 
 Reeve of Litchfield, and then practised there for 
 
520 
 
 LEE. 
 
 LELAND. 
 
 a short time. He studied theology with Dr. 
 West, and was ordained in Sunderland, Vt., in 
 1790 ; another pastor was settled the same day in 
 another part of the town, who gained in a lawsuit\ 
 some land which had been given to the first set 
 tled minister, as he was settled two minutes the 
 first! After about seven years he left S., and 
 resided in Lansingburgh and Hudson as a teacher 
 and preacher. Installed in Colebrook in 1800, he 
 remained there twenty-seven years, and was then 
 pastor of Marlborough, Conn., eight years. For 
 the last five or six years of his life he resided 
 with one of his sons in Hartwick, N. Y. By his 
 wife, Abigail Staunton, he had a son, Chauncey 
 Graham, who was a minister ; his second wife 
 was the widow of A. Spencer, the brother of 
 Chief Justice Spencer of New York ; his third wife 
 he married in 1818. Dr. Lee was courteous and 
 gentlemanly, and had a kindly, a benignant spirit. 
 In his theology he was attached to the ancient 
 school, and rejected modern novelties, against 
 which he wrote in his letters. He was a writer 
 of poetry and was skilled in music. Sometimes 
 he indulged in sallies of harmless wit, which 
 amused, but which he sometimes lamented. He 
 was a classical scholar and a man of learning. 
 He published an arithmetic, 1797; a poetical 
 version of Job, 1807 ; election sermon, 1813; on 
 the death of A. It. Robbins, 1813 ; sermons for 
 revivals, one vol., 1824; letters from Astarchus to 
 Philemon, 1833. Sprague s Annals. 
 
 LEE, MOSES ALLEN, M. I)., professor of mate- 
 ria meclica in Berkshire Institution, died at Pitts- 
 field, Mass., June 16, 1842, aged 35. He was 
 the son of Samuel L. of Salisbury, and brother 
 of Dr. Charles A. L. ; and studied physic with his 
 brother-in-law, Dr. Lxither Ticknor. His wife 
 was Adelia, daughter of Joseph Merrick of Pitts- 
 field. He died of an epidemic erysipelas. Wil 
 liams American Medical Biography. 
 
 LEET, WILLIAM, governor of Connecticut, 
 died April 16, 1683. He came to NCAV England 
 in 1637, in company with Eaton and Hopkins. 
 Sept. 29, 1639, he, Mr. Whitefield, and others pur 
 chased Menunkatuck, or Guilford, of the sachem 
 squaw, the owner. The agreement was made at 
 New Haven, and was confirmed by the general 
 court Jan. 31, 1640. When the church of Guil 
 ford was formed in 1643, he was one of the seven 
 pillars, or first members. Whitefield and Higgin- 
 son were two others. For many years he was 
 the clerk of the town. He was an assistant of 
 New Haven colony from 1643 to 1657, and gov 
 ernor from 1661 to 1665 ; and after the union of 
 New Haven and Connecticut, was deputy governor 
 from 1669 to 1675, and governor, after Winthrop, 
 from 1676 to 1680. Having removed to Hart 
 ford, he died there. His sons were John and 
 Andrew ; his posterity are numerous. He con 
 ducted the public affairs with integrity and M is- 
 
 dom. In 1660, when the regicides, Whalley and 
 Goffe, were in danger of being arrested, he nobly 
 protected them. 
 
 LEFFINGWELL, THOMAS, of Saybrook in 
 
 163 1, was one of the purchasers of the town of 
 Norwich, in 1659, from Uncas and his sons Owa- 
 neco and Attawanhood. 
 
 LE FORGE, HENRY, died at Hamden, Conn., 
 in 1839, aged 100. 
 
 LEFTWICH, JOEL, general, died at Bedford, 
 Va., in 1846, aged 86 ; a brave soldier of the 
 Revolution. 
 
 LEGARE, HUGH SWINTON, died at Boston 
 June 20, 1843, aged about 50. He lived at 
 Charleston, S. C., and was a member of congress, 
 attorney-general, and charge to Brussels. He 
 was a scholar, and a writer in Southern Review. 
 
 LEGGETT, WILLIAM, died in New York May 
 24, 1839, editor of the Evening Post and the 
 Plaindealer, author of poems and miscellaneous 
 writings. 
 
 LEGGETT, ABRAHAM, major, a Revolutionary 
 soldier, died at New York in 1842, aged 88. He 
 was made prisoner at the capture of fort Mont 
 gomery. 
 
 LEIGH, BENJAMIN W., died at Richmond Feb. 
 2, 1849, aged 67. He was a lawyer and states 
 man. From 1829 to 1841 he was reporter of the 
 State of Virginia, frequently a member of the 
 legislature, and of the senate of the United States 
 from 1834 to 1837. 
 
 LELAND, JOHN, minister of Peru, Mass., died 
 in 1826. He was born in Holliston, settled in 
 1783, and received R. Hawkes as a colleague in 
 1815. Rev. Dr. Aaron W. Leland, of South 
 Carolina, is his son. 
 
 LELAND, JOHN, a Baptist minister, died at 
 Cheshire, Mass., Jan. 14, 1841, aged 85. He 
 was born at Grafton in 1754. From 1776 he 
 lived fourteen years in Virginia ; in 1791 he set 
 tled in Cheshire. In 1810 he had baptized 1163 
 persons, about 700 of them in Virginia. He was 
 a zealous political friend of Jefferson, and pub 
 lished various tracts, political and religious. His 
 people sent him to Washington city to present a 
 great cheese to Mr. Jefferson, whose politics they 
 approved. It was made from curds furnished on 
 a particular day by the dairyvvomen of the town ; 
 it weighed 1,450 pounds. The speaker presented 
 it in behalf of his people as " a peppercorn " of 
 their esteem for the democratic president. He 
 published oration, 1802; on the death of Mrs. 
 Northrop; the Virginia Chronicle, 12mo., 1790; 
 the rights of conscience, 1793. 
 
 LELAND, AARON, deacon, died at Sherburne, 
 Mass., Sept. 17, 1846, aged 95, the last of four 
 brothers -and four sisters, all of whom, but one, 
 lived above eighty years, showing a family of in 
 dustry and temperance. 
 
LEMELL. 
 
 LEVERETT. 
 
 521 
 
 LEMELL, ELEANOR, died in Lafayette parish, 
 La., in 1839, aged 105. 
 
 LE MERCIER, ANDREW, minister in Boston, 
 died in 1762. He had for many years the care 
 of the Protestant French church, which was 
 founded by Protestants, driven from France by 
 the revocation of the edict of Nantes in 1686. 
 Daille was their first minister. The society being 
 very much diminished, he at length desisted from 
 his public labors, and the house was in 1748 occu 
 pied by Mr. CroswelPs church. He sustained a 
 reputable character. He published a church his 
 tory of Geneva, 12mo., 1732, and a treatise on 
 detraction. Hist. Coll., III. 264, 301. 
 
 LENOIR, WILLIAM, general, died in 1839 at 
 fort Defiance, Wilkes co., N. C. ; an officer of the 
 Revolutionary war. He was president of the 
 senate ; a patriot, a man of integrity, generous, 
 hospitable. 
 
 LENOX, ROBERT, died in New York Dec. 13, 
 1839, aged 80; a merchant, a native of Scotland, 
 enterprising and wealthy. 
 
 LENT, ISAAC, died in Ballston, N. Y., in 1847, 
 aged 102. A native of New York, he was a 
 Revolutionary pensioner. 
 
 LENTHALL, ROBERT, minister of Weymouth, 
 was there from 1638 to 1640. Barnard, Hull, 
 and Jenner were ministers before him; all came 
 from England. 
 
 LEONARD, NATHANIEL, minister of Plymouth, 
 died in 1770, aged about 72. He graduated at 
 Harvard in 1719, and was ordained in 1724 as 
 successor of Mr. Little. He ceased to preach 
 from ill health in 1757, and removed to Norton, 
 and Mr. Robbins was ordained his successor in 
 1760. 
 
 LEONARD, ABIEL, D. D., son of Rev. Na 
 thaniel L., died in 1778, aged about 40. He 
 graduated at Harvard in 1759, and was a chap 
 lain in the army. He published a thanksgiving 
 sermon at Woodstock, Conn., 1767; at the ordi 
 nation of G. Wheaton, 1772. 
 
 LEONARD, GEORGE, LL. D., died at Rayn- 
 ham July 26, 1819, aged 90. Born in Boston, he 
 graduated at Harvard in 1748. He was a de 
 scendant of Judge Thomas Leonard, on whom, 
 after his death in 1713, S. Danforth published an 
 eulogy. His father was Col. George L., a judge 
 of probate and of the common pleas. He him 
 self sustained the same offices, and was one of 
 the first members of congress under the constitu 
 tion. He was a man of wealth. His ancestors 
 were as follows : Lennard, Lord Dacre, created 
 a baron in 1297 ; James and Henry Leonard set 
 tled at Raynham in 1652, and built the first forge 
 in America. Henry removed to New Jersey. 
 Of the great ages attained by this family, it is 
 stated that in 1793 it was known that one had 
 died aged 100, two over 90, seventeen over 80, 
 and fifty-three over 70. Thirteen had graduated 
 66 
 
 at Cambridge. James L. lived in friendship with 
 King Philip. Among his descendants were 
 Judge Daniel Leonard of Bermuda, Judge 
 Ward Chipman of New Brunswick, Judge Wilde 
 of Massachusetts, L. White, Lieut.-Gov. Cobb, 
 and Dr. Howard. 
 
 LEONARD, ELIJAH, died Feb. 8, 1834, aged 
 74, minister of second society in Marshfield, 
 Mass., forty-five years. He graduated at Yale in 
 1783. 
 
 LEONARD, DAVID, a minister, graduated at 
 Providence in 1792, and published a sermon on 
 the death of John Holmes at Holmes harbor, 
 1795; a masonic oration atNantucket, 1797. 
 
 LEONARD, ABIGAIL, died in Raynham Jan. 
 25, 1845, aged nearly 101 ; a descendant of John 
 Alden. Her husband was high-sheriff of Bristol. 
 In early life she was consecrated to the Redeemer. 
 She devoted a portion of every day to literature 
 and the bible. For the last fifteen years she 
 could read without glasses. She was cheerful, 
 pious, happy. 
 
 LEONARD, JONATHAN, Dr., died at Sandwich, 
 Mass., in 1849, aged 86 ; a graduate of Harvard 
 in 1786. 
 
 LE ROY, HERMAN, died in New York in 1841, 
 aged 84 ; a prosperous merchant. 
 
 LESCARBOT, MARC, published Histoire de la 
 Nouvelle France, two vols., 12mo., 2d edit., 1612. 
 
 LESLIE, GEORGE, minister of Washington, 
 N. H., died in 1800, aged 72. He was the son of 
 James, of Topsfield, a Scotchman ; was graduated 
 at Harvard in 1748; was ordained at Linebrook 
 in Ipswich in 1749, and dismissed in 1779; and 
 was pastor at W. from 1780 to his death. He 
 fitted young men for college, and some for the 
 ministry. He published a sermon at the ordina- 
 tion of S. Perley. Sjjraguc s Annals. 
 
 LEVERETT, JOHN, governor of Massachu 
 setts, died March 16, 1679, aged 62. He was the 
 son of Elder Thomas L., and came to this coun 
 try with his father in 1633, and was admitted a 
 freeman in 1640. He signalized himself by his 
 bravery in the early periods of his life. He was 
 long employed in public affairs and places of 
 great trust. He was in England at the Restora 
 tion, and appeared an advocate for the colony. 
 Upon his return to this country he was chosen a 
 member of the general court for Boston. In 
 1664 he was chosen major-general, and in 1665 an 
 assistant. He was elected governor in 1673 as 
 successor to Bcllingham, and was continued in 
 that office till his death. His administration is 
 spoken of with respect. He was succeeded by 
 Bradstreet. Magnolia, II. 19 ; Neal, II. 32 ; 
 Hutcliinson. 
 
 LEVERETT, JOHN, president of Harvard col 
 lege, died May 3, 1724, aged 61. He was grand 
 son of Governor Leverett, and was graduated at 
 the college, which was afterwards intrusted to Ins 
 
522 
 
 LEVERIDGE. 
 
 LEWIS. 
 
 care, in 1680. He was first appointed a tutor in 
 this seminary. He next was chosen a member of 
 the house of representatives, and then speaker. 
 He was successively a member of his majesty s 
 council, a justice of the superior court, and a 
 judge of the probate of wills. After the death of 
 the vice-president Willard, he was chosen presi 
 dent, and was inducted into this office Jan. 14, 
 1708. In this station he continued till his sudden 
 death. He was succeeded by Wadsworth. Pres 
 ident Leverett received from the gift of God great 
 powers of mind, which he diligently cultivated. 
 He was conspicuous for his learning, and he was 
 an eminent divine as well as statesman. In an 
 early period of his life he occasionally preached. 
 So extensive was his knowledge and so correct 
 was his judgment, that in almost every difficult 
 case the people resorted to him for information 
 and advice. He was a man of courage and res 
 olution and firmness, as well as learning. No 
 difficulties discouraged him, when he once en 
 gaged in any affair of importance; he encoun 
 tered them with cheerfulness, and by his perse 
 verance and diligence frequently effected what 
 would have been impossible to a mind of feebler 
 texture. When his object could not be accom 
 plished, he yielded it without disquietude. At 
 the head of the university he was respected, for 
 he possessed personal dignity and a talent of gov 
 ernment. There was a majesty in his speech, 
 behavior, and countenance, which secured the 
 reverence of all who conversed with him, and 
 impressed the youth who were subject to his au 
 thority with awe. Yet he did not lose their affec 
 tions, for his dignity was not the offspring of 
 pride. He was a good man, of unaffected piety 
 and of a holy life, a cordial friend to the Congre 
 gational churches, but placing religion not so 
 much in particular forms, as in the weightier mat 
 ters of righteousness, faith, and love. In his care 
 of the college he was indefatigable, and it flour 
 ished much during his presidency. He was its 
 glory, and he was also the ornament of his coun 
 try. His first wife was Margaret, daughter of 
 President Rogers ; his second, Mrs. Harris, who 
 afterwards married Dr. Colman. His daughter 
 Sarah married Rev. E. Wigglesworth ; Mary 
 married Major John Denison. Funeral Sermons 
 by Appleton, Colman, and Wadsworth. 
 
 LEVERIDGE, WILLIAM, a preacher, arrived 
 at Salem in the ship James, Oct. 10, 1633, and 
 preached at Dover till 1635. In 1640 he was in 
 Sandwich, and was employed as a missionary in 
 1657 by the commissioners of the united colonies. 
 He accompanied the first settlers to Huntington, 
 L. I. ; but in 1670 he removed to Newtown, 
 where he died, and where his posterity remain. 
 Farmer. 
 
 LEWIS, DANIEL, first minister of Pembroke, 
 Mass., died in 1753, aged 68. He graduated at 
 
 Harvard in 1707. His daughter married Mr. 
 [lowland, minister of Carver from 1746 to 1804, 
 ivhen he died, aged 83 ; his grand-daughter mar 
 ried Mr. Weld, minister of Braintree. He pub 
 lished a sermon at ordination of J. Stacey, 1720 ; 
 the sins of youth, 1725 ; the election sermon, 
 1748. 
 
 LEWIS, JOSIAH, minister of Wellfleet, Mass., 
 died in 1786, aged 84. A graduate of Harvard 
 in 1723, he was ordained in 1730. 
 
 LEWIS, JOHN, minister in Wethersfield, Conn., 
 died April 28, 1792, aged about 42. Dr. Chapin 
 was his successor. He graduated at Yale in 1770, 
 was tutor from 1773 to 1778, and was ordained at 
 Rocky Hill in 1781. He published two sermons 
 on forbearance to weak consciences, 1789. 
 Sprague s Annals. 
 
 LEWIS, FKAXCIS, a patriot of the Revolution, 
 died Dec. 30, 1803, aged 90. He was born in 
 Landaff, South Wales, in 1713. He was educated 
 at Westminster. In 1735 he arrived at New 
 York, where he engaged extensively in navigation 
 and foreign trade. His commercial transactions 
 induced him to visit Russia and other parts of 
 Europe. As agent for supplying the British 
 troops, he was at fort Oswego when it surren 
 dered to Montcalm, after Col. Mersey had been 
 killed by his side. He was carried a prisoner to 
 Montreal, and thence to France. After his liber 
 ation, in the Revolutionary movements of the 
 country he was among the first of " the sons of 
 liberty." In April, 1775, he was elected a mem 
 ber of congress ; the next year he signed the 
 Declaration of Independence. He was employed 
 in the importation of military stores and other 
 secret services. In 1775 he removed to Long 
 Island; in the autumn of 1776 his house was 
 plundered by the British ; his library and papers 
 were destroyed, and Mrs. Lewis taken prisoner. 
 She was confined several months by the brutal 
 foe, without a bed to lie upon ; her sufferings 
 were such as to occasion her death in one or two 
 years. Mr. Lewis in his last days lived in com 
 parative poverty. Goodrich. 
 
 LEWIS, MERITS-ETHER, governor of Upper 
 Louisiana, died Oct. 11, 1809, aged 35. He was 
 born near Charlottesville, Va., Aug. 18, 1774. 
 He relinquished his academic studies at the age 
 of eighteen, and, after being a farmer for two 
 years, enlisted as a volunteer in the militia, called 
 out at that time, and soon entered the army. 
 From 1801 to 1803 he was the private secretary 
 of President Jefferson, who appointed him in 1803 
 to the command of the exploring party, directed 
 to cross the continent to the Pacific Ocean. His 
 unshaken firmness and undaunted courage, his 
 prudence and enterprise, besides his knowledge 
 of botany, qualified him for this service. Accom 
 panied by William Clarke, he returned from this 
 expedition in about three years. He was re- 
 
LEWIS. 
 
 warded by a tract of land. Soon after his return 
 in 1S06 he was made governor of Louisiana, and 
 Clarke was made a general and agent for Indian 
 affairs. On his arrival, he was successful in com 
 posing some dissensions which had sprung up. 
 Some difficulty as to his accounts, which distressed 
 him, induced him to set out on a journey to 
 Washington. Landing at Chickasaw Bluffs, he 
 thence proceeded by land. On the borders of 
 Tennessee, about forty miles from Nashville, he 
 killed himself with a pistol and a razor. This 
 event was ascribed to the protest of some bills 
 which he drew on the public account. lie had 
 written an account of his expedition up the Mis 
 souri and to the Pacific, which was published, 
 under the care of Paul Allen, in 2 vols., 8vo., 
 1814, in which appeared his life, written by Mr. 
 Jefferson. 
 
 LEWIS, COMFORT, Miss, died at Portsmouth, 
 N. II., Sept., 1834, aged 105. 
 
 LEWIS, LAWRENCE, major, died at Arlington 
 house, near Alexandria, Va., Nov. 20, 1839, aged 
 73. lie was of Wood Lawn, a nephew of George 
 Washington, the last of his near blood relatives. 
 His widow, grand-daughter of Martha Washing 
 ton, died in 1852, aged 83. 
 
 LEWIS, ISAAC, 1). D., minister of Greenwich, 
 Conn., died Aug. 27, 1840, aged 94, in the seventy- 
 second year of his ministry. Born in Stratford 
 Feb. 1, 1746, he graduated at Yale, in 1765, in a 
 class of forty-seven, which sent out twenty-one 
 ministers. His conversion was ascribed to the 
 preaching of Whitefield. He studied theology 
 with S. Bucll and J. Mills. He was first installed 
 at Wilton ; from 1786 to 1818 he was the minis 
 ter of Greenwich, Conn., and was dismissed at 
 his request at the age of 72; his son Isaac being 
 installed in his place the same day. He made 
 his last address at the communion-table at the 
 age of 90. lie was a man much venerated ; of 
 various learning, urbane, courteous, cheerful, 
 sound in the faith, fervent in his preaching. Of 
 his five sons, two were ministers and three were 
 lawyers. His wife died in 1829, aged 86. He 
 published a sermon at ordination of J. Mitchell ; 
 at Yale college, 1790; divine mission of Christ, 
 1796 ; election sermon, 1797 ; at inauguration of 
 President Day ; at installation of his son ; piety 
 in ministers. 
 
 LEWIS, ZACHARIAH, the son of Rev. Dr. Isaac 
 L., died at Brooklyn, N. Y., Nov. 14, 1840, aged 
 67. A graduate of Yale in 1794, he was licensed 
 to preach, and was several years a tutor in the 
 college. His health failing, he became the editor 
 of the Commercial Advertiser and New York 
 Spectator, and thus toiled seventeen years, from 
 1803 to 1820. He was secretary of the New 
 York tract and missionary societies, and vice- 
 president of the American bible society. He 
 edited the Missionary Register. He was a good 
 
 LINCOLN. 
 
 523 
 
 scholar, a close reasoner, a man endowed with 
 the Christian virtues. He published an oration 
 before the Cincinnati, 1799 ; remarks and reply 
 relating to a subterranean wall hi South Carolina, 
 1802; reports of tract society. Sprayue s 
 Annals. 
 
 LEWIS, SETH, died at Rapides, Louisiana, in 
 1848, aged 84. He was a district judge, and an 
 eminent jurist. 
 
 LEWIS, ISAAC, D. D., son of Rev. Dr. Isaac 
 L., and twin-brother of Zachariah, died at New 
 York Sept. 23, 1854, aged 82. He was gradu 
 ated at Yale in 1794 ; was a Presbyterian, settled 
 as pastor at Cooperstown in 1800, afterwards at 
 Goshen. On the decease of his father at Green 
 wich, Conn., in 1818, he was settled in that place, 
 and last at Bristol, R. I. One of his daughters 
 married Dr. Harvey E. Peet, president of the 
 New York institution for the deaf and dumb. 
 He published a sermon at ordination of J. Knight, 
 1804; at thanksgiving, 1812; on the divinity of 
 Christ ; address to Bible society, 1824 ; union 
 of believers with Christ ; Connecticut election 
 sermon, 1827. Sprague s Annals. 
 
 LEWIS, MORGAN, general, died at New York 
 April 7, 1844, aged 89, the son of Francis Lewis 
 of New York, who signed the Declaration of In 
 dependence. He graduated at Princeton in 1773, 
 and was a colonel in the army at the surrender 
 of Burgoyne. In 1791 he was attorney-general, 
 chief justice in 1801, and governor in 1804. He 
 was a kind parent, a benevolent man, and a 
 good citizen. 
 
 LEWIS, DIXON H., a senator from Alabama, 
 died at New York Oct. 25, 1848, aged 46. A 
 native of Virginia, he was the largest man in con 
 gress. 
 
 LEYDT, JOHN, a Dutch minister in New 
 Brunswick, N. J., died in 1772. He sought the 
 independence of the Dutch churches in America, 
 and published several pamphlets on the subject. 
 He was answered by Mr. Ritzema of New York. 
 He assisted in forming the union in 1771. 
 
 LIL, the name of a slave who died in North 
 ampton about 1821, very aged. She lived in the 
 family of Col. Dwight, and then of his son, Presi 
 dent Dwight; and through her care were thir 
 teen children brought up. She was a pious 
 woman, a member of the church of N. She was 
 liberated, if not by the act of her master, yet by 
 the constitution of Massachusetts, many years 
 before her death. Though called Lil, her name 
 was Sylvia Church. 
 
 LILLY, ANNA, Mrs., died in Sutton July 6, 
 1843, aged 100. At the age of 90 she plied her 
 spinning-wheel. 
 
 LINCOLN, BENJAMIN, general, died May 9, 
 1810, aged 76. He was a descendant of Thomas 
 L., a cooper, who lived at Hingham, Mass., in 
 1636. His father was Benjamin L., a maltster 
 
524 
 
 LINCOLN. 
 
 LINCOLN. 
 
 and farmer, a member of the council, and one of 
 the principal men in the county. lie was born 
 Jan. 23, 1733, old style, and had few advantages 
 of education, though his brother, Bela, was a 
 graduate of 1754. His vocation was that of a 
 farmer till he was more than forty years of age. 
 He toiled every day, except when engaged in 
 civil or military duties, lie was a magistrate, 
 representative, and lieutenant-colonel of the 
 militia. In 1776 he was much employed in train 
 ing the militia, being major-general. In Feb., 
 1777, he joined Washington s army with a re 
 inforcement, and was soon created a major-gen 
 eral by congress. On the approach of Burgoyne, 
 Washington sent him to join the northern army, 
 but first to receive at Manchester and form the 
 militia, as they came in, and to operate in the rear 
 of the enemy. September 13th, he detached Col. 
 Brown on a successful service. He himself joined 
 Gates on the 29th. Commanding in the Avorks, 
 he did not participate in the action of Oct. 7th. 
 The next day, as he was returning from a post he 
 had visited, a party of the enemy having been 
 advanced, he found himself within the reach of 
 their fire, and was severely wounded in the leg, 
 rendering it necessary for him to be removed to 
 Albany and to Hingham. It was several years 
 before the wound was healed ; but he was able 
 to rejoin Washington in August, 1778. Being 
 now appointed to the chief command in the 
 southern department, he proceeded to Charleston 
 in December. As the enemy in the same month 
 had landed in Georgia, and defeated Gen. Robert 
 Howe, and captured Savannah, Gen. Lincoln 
 marched in April, 1779, toward Augusta, in order 
 to cover the upper parts of Georgia, but was re 
 called to protect Charleston against Gen. Prc- 
 vosc. June 19, he attacked the enemy intrenched 
 at Stono ferry ; but as their works were strong, 
 and they were reinforced from John s island, 
 opposite to Stono, he was repulsed. On the ar 
 rival of Count D Estaing with French troops, it 
 was resolved to recover Savannah. An assault 
 was made by the combined American and French 
 forces Oct. 9th, but it was unsuccessful, with the 
 loss of nearly one thousand men. In February, 
 1780, Sir II. Clinton conducted an expedition 
 from New York against Lincoln ; besieged him 
 in Charleston ; and constrained him to capitulate 
 May 12th. But, notwithstanding his misfortunes, 
 his reputation as an able, prudent, brave officer 
 was untarnished. Admitted to his parole, he 
 returned to Hingham ; but was exchanged in 
 November. In 1781 he joined the army of 
 Washington. At the siege of Yorktown he com 
 manded a central division ; the same terms were 
 granted to Cornwallis which were granted at 
 Charleston to Lincoln, who was appointed to re 
 ceive the submission of the captured troops, and 
 
 to conduct them to the field where their arms 
 were deposited. 
 
 Congress elected him, Oct. 31, 1781, the secre 
 tary of war, which office he discharged, still re 
 taining his rank in the army, for three years, 
 when he retired to his farm, with a vote of con 
 gress commending his capacity and faithfulness 
 in his office and his meritorious services in the 
 field. In 1786 and 1787 he was intrusted with 
 the command of the militia for the suppression 
 of the Shays insurrection, lie proceeded to 
 Hampshire and to Pittsfield in Berkshire and re 
 stored order. In May, 1787, he was elected 
 lieutenant-governor ; but at the next election the 
 democratic party gained the ascendency and 
 chose Samuel Adams. In 1789 he was appointed 
 collector of the port of Boston, which office he 
 held nearly twenty years, till he resigned it two 
 years before his death. He had offered to re 
 sign it a year or two before Gen. Dearborn suc 
 ceeded him. In 1789 he was a commissioner to 
 treat with the Creek Indians, and in 1793 a com 
 missioner to make peace with the western Indians. 
 After a short attack of disease he died at Hing 
 ham. He lived with his wife fifty-five years. 
 His sons, Benjamin and Theodore, were gradu 
 ates of 1777 and 1785; the former, who married 
 a daughter of James Otis, died in 1788. Gen. 
 Lincoln was temperate, frugal, and methodical ; 
 cheerful in his temper ; and for a great part of 
 his life a deacon in the church. No profane ex 
 pression ever fell from the lips of this soldier. 
 About the year 1799 lu s pecuniary responsibili 
 ties for Gen. Knox subjected him to much tem 
 porary inconvenience ; but his large income for 
 the last twenty years enabled him to distribute 
 considerable sums amongst his children, lie 
 published, in the historical collections, observa 
 tions on the climate, etc., of the eastern counties 
 of Maine; on the religious state of the same, 
 vol. IV. ; on the Indian tribes, their decrease and 
 claims, vol. v. Hist. Collections, ill. 233-255 
 
 LINCOLN, LEVI, attorney-general of the United 
 States and lieutenant-governor of Massachusetts, 
 died at Worcester April 14, 1820, aged 71. He 
 was a descendant of Samuel L. of Hingham, who 
 came to this country from Hingham, England, in 
 1637. He was graduated at Harvard college in 
 1772, and settled as a lawyer in Worcester, where 
 he rose to distinction. In the party divisions 
 during Mr. Adams administration, he was a zeal 
 ous democrat or republican. He wrote, at that 
 period, a series of political papers, called farm 
 er s letters. On the triumph of Mr. Jefferson he 
 was appointed attorney-general, March 5, 1801, 
 as successor of Charles Lee, and was succeeded 
 by R. Breckenridge, Dec. 23, 1805. In 1807 and 
 1808 he was chosen lieutenant-governor, and on 
 the death of Mr. Sullivan, acted as governor in Jan., 
 
LINCOLN. 
 
 LINGAN. 
 
 525 
 
 1809. His speech, delivered at a difficult political 
 period, reprehending the resistance to the em 
 bargo laws, was not responded to in sentiment 
 by the senate and house ; and in the spring Mr. 
 Lincoln, who was a candidate for the office of 
 governor against Mr. Gore, failed to be elected. 
 In 1810 Mr. Gerry was chosen governor and Mr. 
 Gray lieut-governor. His widow, Martha, died 
 at Worcester in April, 1828, and was followed to 
 the grave by two sons, then governors, Levi, 
 governor of Massachusetts, and Enoch, governor 
 of Maine. 
 
 LINCOLN, ENOCH, governor of Maine, son of 
 the preceding, died Oct. 8, 1829, aged 40. He 
 was born Dec. 28, 1788, and having studied law, 
 settled in Fryeburg, Maine, and afterwards in 
 Paris. He was a member of congress from 1819 
 to 1826. Having been elected governor, he en 
 tered upon the duties of his office in Jan., 1827. 
 In the autumn of the same year and in 1828 he 
 was re-elected ; but at the election in Sept., 1829, 
 he was not a candidate. He died at Augusta, 
 whither in bad health he had taken a journey 
 of fifty or sixty miles, to deliver an address to a 
 female academy. He was never married. As 
 the governor of the State he maintained the 
 right of Maine to the whole controverted eastern 
 territory, and denied the power of the United 
 States to alienate it, whatever might be the deci 
 sion of the umpire to whom the dispute between 
 Great Britain and the United States as to the 
 northeastern boundary had been referred. He 
 published, while he lived at Fryeburg, the village, 
 a poem, 1816. The first vol. of Maine historical 
 collections contains a few remarks on the Indian 
 languages, and an account of the Catholic mis 
 sions in Maine, found among his papers. Spec. 
 American Poetry, II. 303. 
 
 LINCOLN, NATHANIEL, captain, a Revolution 
 ary soldier, died at Windham in 1834, aged 105. 
 
 LINCOLN, HUTH, widow, died in Mansfield, 
 Mass., March 27, 1842, aged 101. Her husband 
 had been dead twenty-six years ; for his military 
 services she received a pension of 100 dollars a 
 year for ten years. She left many descendants. 
 
 LINCOLN, WILLIAM, died at Worcester Oct. 
 5, 1843, aged 42. The son of Levi Lincoln, he 
 graduated at Harvard in 1822. He studied law 
 with his brother, and entered into business with 
 R. Newton. He edited the National JEgis ; 
 with Mr. Baldwin he published the Worcester 
 magazine. He was an early and efficient member 
 of the antiquarian society. His own descent he 
 could trace from Samuel of Hingham, Mass., who 
 came from Hingham, England, in 1637. He 
 published an oration, 1816; W. magazine and 
 historical journal, 1826-7 ; address on Mr. 
 Baldwin, 1835; history of Worcester, 1837. 
 Hist. Coll. x. 3d series. 
 
 LINCOLN, THEODORE, judge, died at Dennys- 
 
 ville, Me., June 15, 1852, aged 89. A son of 
 Gen. Benjamin L., he was an early settler of D., 
 and was judge of the court of common pleas. His 
 father had bought much eastern land of Judge 
 Lowell and others. Mr. L. was the father of 
 Benjamin L., professor of anatomy and surgery 
 at Burlington university, who died in 1835, aged 
 32, being a graduate of Bowdoin in 1823. 
 
 LINCOLN, LUTHER B., died in Deerfield May 
 11, 1855, aged 53, then a member of the legisla 
 ture. He was a graduate of 1822. He was a 
 teacher in Sandwich and Greenfield, and precep 
 tor of Deerfield academy, and Derby academy in 
 Hingham. For thirty years he ardently devoted 
 himself to the work of teaching. 
 
 LINDALL, TIMOTHY, speaker of the house of 
 Massachusetts, died at Salem in 1760, aged 82. 
 He was the son of Timothy of Duxbury and Salem ; 
 and grandson of James of Duxbury, as early as 
 1640, who died in 1652. He graduated at Har 
 vard in 1695, and was judge of the court of com 
 mon pleas. 
 
 LINDSAY, WILLIAM, colonel of the United 
 States army, died at Huntsville, Ala., in 1838. 
 He was a native of Virginia, much respected. 
 
 LINDSLEY, PHILIP, D. D., died of apoplexy 
 at Nashville, Tenn., May 25, 1855 ; he was at 
 tending, as a delegate from New Albany, the old 
 school general assembly. He was once a pro 
 fessor at Princeton college, then president of the 
 university of Nashville. He died in the midst of 
 his children, in the place where he spent the 
 years of his manhood. He published a plea for 
 the theological seminary at Princeton ; discourses 
 on the improvement of time, 1823 ; baccalaureate 
 address, 1831. 
 
 LINES, HENRY, a Baptist minister, died in 
 New Haven, Conn., in 1835, aged 52. 
 
 LINGAN, JAMES MACCUBIN, general, a victim 
 to a mob, was a native of Maryland, and an offi 
 cer of the Revolutionary army ; he fought in the 
 battle of Long Island. At the surrender of fort 
 Washington he was taken prisoner and shared in 
 the sufferings of the horrible prison ship. At 
 the close of the war he returned to Georgetown, 
 of which port he was appointed by Washington 
 the collector. For several years before his death 
 he lived retired in the country, happy in domestic 
 life. He was murdered by a mob at Baltimore, 
 his brains being beaten out with clubs, July 28, 
 1812, aged about 60. The following is a brief 
 history of the event. The war had just been 
 declared against Great Britain. In June, Mr. 
 Hanson had published something in his Federal 
 Republican, which so irritated the populace, that 
 they destroyed the printing-office. Mr. H., re 
 solving to issue his paper anew, took possession 
 of a house on Sunday, July 26, supported by a 
 number of his zealous political friends, well 
 armed. The next morning the paper was issued, 
 
526 
 
 LINING. 
 
 LINN. 
 
 containing animadversions on the police and peo 
 ple of Baltimore ; in the evening the house was 
 attacked, but, assisted by Gens. Lingan and Lee 
 and about twenty others, he repelled the assault 
 by firing upon the assailants, killing Dr. Gale and 
 wounding others. In the morning of the 28th, 
 the gentlemen in the house found it necessary 
 for their security to surrender to the civil au 
 thority, and were conducted to jail. In the 
 evening of the same day a bloodthirsty mob 
 forced the jail, and killed Gen. Lingan and 
 dreadfully mangled eleven others. A few es 
 caped in the crowd. Eight of the wounded 
 were thrown together in front of the jail, sup 
 posed to be dead. Of this number were Mr. 
 Hanson and Gen. Lee. Dr. Hall preserved them 
 by persuading the mob to intrust the supposed 
 dead bodies to his care. He removed them 
 first to the jail room, and then to places of safety. 
 
 LINING, JOHN, M. D., an eminent physician 
 and philosopher of South Carolina, died in 1760. 
 He was born in Scotland in 1708, and received an 
 excellent education. He came to America about 
 the year 1730. He corresponded with Dr. 
 Franklin on the subject of electricity, and was the 
 first person who introduced an electrical appa 
 ratus into Charleston. He practised physic in 
 Charleston nearly thirty years, and was reckoned 
 one of its most skilful physicians. He published 
 a series of judicious statical experiments, which 
 were conducted from 1738 to 1742. In 1753 he 
 published a history of the yellow fever, which was 
 the first account of that disease that was given to 
 the world from the American continent. Mil 
 ler, II. 364. 
 
 LINN, WILLIAM, D. D., minister in New York, 
 died at Albany, Jan., 1808, aged 55. He was 
 born in 1752, and was graduated at the college 
 of New Jersey in 1772. He was at first connected 
 with the Presbyterian church in Pennsylvania. 
 During the war of the Revolution he was chap 
 lain in the army. A few years after the peace he 
 attached himself to the Reformed Dutch church, 
 and settled in the city of New York. He was 
 finally constrained to resign his pastoral charge 
 by indisposition, though his friends regarded his 
 complaints as imaginary. Before disease broke 
 down his strength, he was distinguished and use 
 ful. His eloquence was for the most part natural, 
 impressive, and commanding, though at times he 
 had too much vehemence in his manner. He 
 married a daughter of Rev. John Blair. One of 
 his daughters married Chas. B. Brown ; another, 
 Simeon De Witt. The following are his publica 
 tions : a military discourse, delivered in Carlisle, 
 1776; the spiritual death and life of the believer, 
 and the character and misery of the wicked, two 
 sermons in American preacher, I. ; a sermon on 
 American independence, 1791 ; sermons histori 
 cal and characteristical, 12mo., 1791 j at a fast, 
 
 1798; a funeral eulogy on Washington, 1800. 
 Panoplist, III. 431, 432; Life of J. P. Linn, 1. 
 
 LINN, JOHN BLAIR, D. D., a poet, and minis 
 ter in Philadelphia, the son of the preceding, 
 was born in Shippensburgh, Penn., March 14, 
 1777. He early evinced a strong attachment to 
 books. At the age of thirteen he returned from 
 a seminary inFlatbush on Long Island, where he 
 had passed two or three years in the full enjoy 
 ment of health, and delighted with the beauties 
 of nature. He now entered Columbia college, 
 and engaged in a new scene, being subject to new 
 discipline and interested by new associates. 
 During the four years which he passed in the col 
 lege, he evinced a powerful tendency to poetry 
 and criticism. Admiring the great works of the 
 dramatic writers, it was natural for him, when un 
 restrained by deep seriousness, and in a city, 
 where there is an established theatre, to hasten 
 where he might behold these works invested with 
 the charms of life and action on the stage. But 
 though the theatre became his chief passion, he 
 was not seduced into vicious pleasures. When 
 his academical career was ended, he was eighteen 
 years of age, and his choice of a profession fell 
 upon the law. He was placed under the direc 
 tion of Alexander Hamilton, who was the friend 
 of his father ; but he did not apply himself with 
 much assiduity to his new pursuit. He regarded 
 the legal science every day with new indifference, 
 and at the close of the first year relinquished the 
 profession altogether. Before this event he ven 
 tured to produce a new dramatic composition, 
 called Bourville Castle, on the stage. Its success 
 was encouraging ; but other objects now claimed 
 his attention, and his dramatic career was entirely 
 renounced. His passion for theatrical amuse 
 ments yielded to affections of a more serious and 
 beneficial nature, and those religious impressions, 
 which from his earliest infancy he had occasion 
 ally felt, now sunk permanently into his heart. 
 He was ordained, June 13, 1799, as the colleague 
 of Rev. Dr. Ewing of Philadelphia. The two 
 succeeding years of his life were passed in dili 
 gent and successful application to the duties of 
 the pastoral office, which were rendered more ar 
 duous by the increasing infirmities of his vener 
 able colleague. In the summer of 1802 his con 
 stitution suffered irreparable mischief from a fever. 
 His brain afterwards was frequently seized with 
 dizziness, which was followed by a heavy depres 
 sion of mind. He struggled manfully with his 
 infirmity, but his strength was wasting, and he 
 was sinking into the earth. 
 
 The gloom which hovered over his mind be 
 came deeper and more settled. He could look 
 beyond the grave Avithout fear, but the terrors of 
 death were almost insupportable. In the summer 
 of 1804 he was induced to take a journey to the 
 eastern States. The images of melancholy, the 
 
LINN. 
 
 LITTLE. 
 
 527 
 
 gloom, the despondence, the terror, which he had 
 before felt, still, however, attended him. He re 
 turned to Philadelphia in July. Aug. 30th, he 
 arose with less indisposition than usual. On the 
 evening of that day he had scarcely laid his head 
 upon the pillow, when he said to his wife : " I feel 
 something burst within me. Call the family 
 together ; I am dying." A stream of blood now 
 choked his utterance. But after a short interval 
 he recovered strength to exclaim with fervency, 
 clasping his hands and lifting his eyes, " Lord 
 Jesus, pardon my trangressions, and receive my 
 soul ! " Such was the termination of his life, Aug. 
 30, 1804. 
 
 He prepared for the press and published soon 
 after he left college, without his name, 2 volumes 
 of miscellanies in prose and verse, 12mo. His 
 poem on the death of Washington was written in 
 imitation of the manner of Ossian, and published 
 in 1800; and his powers of genius in 1801 ; a 
 funeral sermon on Dr. Ewing, 1808 ; his two 
 tracts in the controversy with ])r. Priestley, 1802. 
 After his death there was published from his man 
 uscripts, Valerian, a narrative poem, intended in 
 part to describe the early persecutions of Chris 
 tians, and rapidly to illustrate the influence of 
 Christianity on the manners of nations, 4to., 
 1805. Prefixed to this is a sketch of Dr. Linn s 
 life by Mr. Brown, written in a style of uncom 
 mon excellence. His Life in Valerian ; Port 
 folio, new series, I. 21-29, 129-134, 195-203; 
 Blair s Funeral Sermon. 
 
 LINN, JOHN, died at Belvidere, N. J., in 1841, 
 aged 108 ; a native of Maryland. He was a car 
 penter, and assisted in building a log court-house 
 near Washington city. 
 
 LINN, LEWIS F., died at St. Genevieve, Mo., 
 in 1843, aged 49. He was a physician, and a 
 senator of the United States, born near Louis 
 ville, Ky. Mr. Benton, in a speech, delineated 
 his character. Williams Am. Mcd. l>iog. 
 
 LINSLEY, JAMES II., died in Stratford, Conn.-, 
 Dec. 26, 1843. He was a native of Brandford, 
 and a graduate of 1817. For several years he 
 was a Baptist minister, till his health failed. Di 
 recting his attention to natural history, he pub 
 lished various communications in the American 
 Journal of Science ; a catalogue of mammalia in 
 vol. XLIII., and of birds in vol. XLIV. 
 
 LIPPITT, CHARLES, died at Providence Aug., 
 1845, aged 91; an officer of the Revolution, a 
 good citizen, and a Christian. 
 
 LISLE, HENRY M., a native of the West Indies, 
 died at Tortola in 1814. He resided at Milton, 
 Mass., and practised law. He published an ora 
 tion on the death of Washington, 1800 ; Milton 
 hill, a poem ; a masonic address, 1805. 
 
 LISPCOMB, JAMES, major, died in Columbus, 
 Miss., in 1850, aged 55, president of the State 
 
 senate. He was esteemed for his large and lib 
 eral mind. 
 
 LITCHFIELD, PAUL, minister of Carlisle, 
 Mass., died in 1827, aged 75. Born in Scituate, 
 he graduated at Harvard in 1775, and was or 
 dained in 1781. He published a sermon to mis 
 sionary society, 1805. Spr ague s Annals. 
 
 LITCIIFIELD, JOSEPH, minister in Kittery, 
 Me., died in 1828, aged 78. Born in Scituate, he 
 graduated at Brown university in 1773, and was 
 settled in the second church in 1782. 
 
 LITCIIFIELD, FRANKLIN, Dr., died at Puerto 
 Cabello, where he was U. S. consul, in 1844, aged 
 about 59. He was the son of Rev. Paul L., and 
 a descendant, in the seventh generation, of Law 
 rence L., who removed soon after 1643 from 
 Barnstable to Scituate. He graduated at Har 
 vard in 1810. 
 
 LITTELL, WILLIAM, LL. D., died in Frank 
 fort, Ivy., in 1824. He was reporter of the de 
 cisions of the court of appeals, the compiler of 
 Littell s laws of Kentucky. 
 
 LITTLE, EPIIRAIM, minister of Plymouth, died 
 Nov. 23, 1723, aged 47. Born in Scituate, he 
 graduated at Harvard in 1695, and was ordained 
 the successor of Mr. Cotton, Oct. 4, 1G99, having 
 first preached there two years. He was succeeded 
 by Mr. Leonard. He was active and useful, gen 
 erous and charitable. 
 
 LITTLE, EPHRAIM, minister of Colchester, 
 Conn., died in 1787, aged about 80. A descen 
 dant of Thomas, who early lived in Plymouth, he 
 was the son of David, a lawyer of Scituate, Mass., 
 and graduated at Harvard in 1728. He was or 
 dained in 1732. Sprague s Annals. 
 
 LITTLE, DANIEL, minister of Kennebunk, Me., 
 died in 1801, aged 77. Born in Newburyport, he 
 was educated under Mr. Scwall, but obtained an 
 honorary degree from Cambridge in 1766. He 
 was for half a century pastor of the second church 
 in AVclls. He was cheerful and sociable, and vis 
 ited his people from house to house. He disliked 
 controversy. A fifth of his income he spent in 
 hospitality and charity. He sometimes acted as 
 a missionary in the new plantations. N. H. 
 Fletcher became his colleague in 1800. 
 
 LITTLE, HARVEY D., a lawyer, was born at 
 Wethersfield, Conn., in 1803. For several years 
 he followed the business of a printer and editor 
 in Ohio, and afterwards entered the profession of 
 the law. He died at Columbus Aug. 22, 1833, 
 aged 30. He edited the eclectic and medical 
 botanist. 
 
 LITTLE, MOSES, a distinguished physician of 
 Salem, was a descendant of George L., who lived 
 in Newburyport in 1640. He was born there in 
 1766, graduated at Harvard college in 1787, and 
 died at Salem Oct. 13, 1811, aged 45. He and 
 his wife, the daughter of George Williams, and 
 
528 
 
 LITTLE. 
 
 LIVINGSTON. 
 
 two children, were the victims of the consumption. 
 In his surgical practice he once successfully punc 
 tured the liver. Thacher. 
 
 LITTLE, EZEKIEL, died in Atkinson, N. H., in 
 1840, aged 77. He graduated at Harvard in 
 1784, and was for many years the popular teacher 
 of the Eliot school in Boston. 
 
 LITTLE, EDWARD, died in Danville, Me., Sept. 
 21, 1849, aged 76 ; for years a lawyer of New- 
 buryport. From Portland he removed to D., 
 where he throve by the good management of real 
 estate, derived from his father. He endowed an 
 academy, and contributed liberally for charitable 
 and religious objects. 
 
 LITTLEJOHN, JOHN, a Methodist minister, 
 died in Louisville, Ivy., in 1836, aged 82. 
 
 LLTTLEPAGE, LEWIS, an adventurer, died 
 July 19, 1802, aged 39. He was born at South 
 Wales, Hanover co., Va., Dec. 19, 1762, and lost 
 his father when he was young. At the request 
 of his uncle, Benjamin Lewis, Mr. Jay, minister 
 at Madrid, was induced to patronize him, and re 
 ceived him into his family in Sept., 1780, and 
 soon advanced for him, as his uncle failed to make 
 him a remittance, about 1,000 dollars, in cash. 
 He volunteered under the Duke De Crillon in 
 the expedition against Minorca in 1781, and af 
 terwards accompanied the Count Nassau to the 
 siege of Gibraltar, and thence to Constantinople 
 and Warsaw. The king of Poland made him his 
 confidential secretary in 1786, and sent him as 
 his agent or ambassador to Russia. On the rev 
 olution in Poland he returned to Virginia, and 
 died at Fredericksburg. When he was at New 
 York, in Nov., 1785, Mr. Jay arrested him for 
 the debt of 1,000 dollars, without interest, which 
 was still unpaid. For this he challenged Mr. 
 Jay. The correspondence between him and Mr. 
 Jay was published in 1786. Mr. Jay had reason 
 to complain, not only of the pecuniary imposition, 
 but also of other abuse, as he expresses himself, 
 from the young man " with my money in his 
 pocket and my meat still sticking in his teeth." 
 
 LITTLE TURTLE, an Indian chief, was de 
 feated by General Wayne in 1792, on the Miami. 
 The confederated Indians were Wyandots, Miamis, 
 Pottowattomies, Delawares, Shawanoes, Chippe- 
 was, Ottoways, and some Senecas. He lived 
 many years afterwards, and was esteemed and 
 respected for his courage and humanity, his wis 
 dom and consistency. He did much to abolish 
 the horrible custom of human sacrifices. His 
 grave is near fort Wayne. 
 
 LIVERMOltE, SAMUEL, LL. D., chief justice 
 of New Hampshire, died in May, 1803, aged 71. 
 He was probably a descendant of John L., who 
 lived in Watertown in 1642 ; and was born in 
 Waltham about 1732. He graduated at Prince- 
 toil in 17-52, was judge-advocate of the admiralty 
 court before the llevolution, from 1782 to 1790 
 
 was a judge of the superior court, and a senator 
 of the United States from 1793 to 1801. He 
 died at Holderness. His wife was the daughter 
 of A. Browne, of Portsmouth. His sons, Edward 
 St. Loe and Arthur, were judges of the same 
 court. Farmer. 
 
 LIVERMORE, ARTHUR, judge, died in Camp- 
 ton, N. H., July 1, 1853, aged nearly 67, being 
 born in Londonderry July 26, 1776. From 1799 
 to 1816 he was a judge of the supreme court of 
 NCAV Hampshire, afterwards a member of con 
 gress, and from 1825 to 1833 a judge of the 
 common pleas. He was a son of Judge Sam 
 uel L. 
 
 LIVINGSTON, ROBERT, first possessor of the 
 manor of Livingston, in the State of New York, 
 and founder of one of the most distinguished 
 families in this country, was the son of John L., 
 who received the degree of A. M. at Glasgow in 
 1621, and was the minister of Ancrum ; but, re 
 fusing to take the oath of allegiance in 1663, was 
 banished, and removed to Rotterdam, where he 
 was a minister of the Scot s chapel, and died Aug. 
 9, 1672, aged 69. Robert L. was born at An 
 crum in 1654, and came to this country with his 
 nephew about 1672. He was a member of the 
 council in 1698. His wife was the sister of Peter 
 Schuyler, and the widow of Nicholas Van Rens- 
 selaer. He left three sons : Philip, Robert, and 
 Gilbert. A Mr. Livingston, perhaps Mr. R. L., 
 who was many years speaker of the assembly of 
 New York, died at Boston Oct. 1, 1728. 
 
 LIVINGSTON, PETER VAN BRUGH, a native 
 of New York, was graduated at Yale college in 
 1731, and was long distinguished as a judicious, 
 well-informed, and public-spirited man. He died 
 at an advanced age. Miller, II. 345. 
 
 LIVINGSTON, PHILIP, a patriot of the Rev 
 olution, grandson of Robert L., died June 12, 
 1778, aged nearly 62. He was the fourth son of 
 Philip L., who inherited the manor of Livings 
 ton. He was born at Albany Jan. 15, 1716, and 
 was graduated at Yale college in 1737, and soon 
 afterwards settled in New York, where he en 
 gaged prosperously in commercial pursuits. In 
 1754 he was elected an alderman; the population 
 of the city was then only about ten thousand. In 
 1759 he was chosen a member of the assembly, 
 the whole colony having only one hundred thou 
 sand inhabitants. He exerted an important in 
 fluence in promoting measures for the prosecution 
 of the French war, and also for advancing the 
 interests of agriculture and commerce. In 1764, 
 in the answer to a speech of Lieutenant-Governor 
 Coldcn, which he wrote, he spoke of " that great 
 badge of English liberty, of being taxed only 
 with our own consent." In 1770, when Edmund 
 Burke was agent of the colony in London, Mr. 
 Livingston, as chairman of the committee of the 
 legislature, conducted the correspondence Avith 
 
LIVINGSTON. 
 
 him. He was chosen a member of congress in 
 1774, and again in 1776, when he signed the 
 Declaration of Independence, and also in 1777. 
 It was in a state of ill health, from the dropsy in 
 the chest, that he took his seat in congress at 
 York, Penn., May 5, 1778. He had visited his 
 friends in Albany, and bid adieu to his family at 
 Kingston, whither they had been obliged to ilec 
 from the city. His health rapidly declined. 
 During his few last days his son, Henry Philip, 
 then a member of Washington s family, was with 
 him. His wife was the daughter of Col. Dirck 
 Ten Broeck, by whom he had several children. 
 He firmly believed the truths of Christianity, and 
 was a humble follower of the Saviour. By a do 
 nation in money in 1746 he laid the foundation of 
 the professorship of divinity at Yale college. 
 Goodrich s Lives. 
 
 LIVINGSTON, WILLIAM, LL.D., governor of 
 New Jersey, brother of Philip L., died July 25, 
 1790, aged 67. He was born about the year 
 1741. He afterwards pursued the study of the 
 law. Possessing from the gift of God a strong 
 and comprehensive mind, a brilliant imagination, 
 and a retentive memory, and improving with un- 
 weared diligence the literary advantages which he 
 enjoyed, he soon rose to eminence in his profes 
 sion. He early embraced the cause of civil and 
 religious liberty. When Great Britain advanced 
 her arbitrary claims, he employed his pen in op 
 posing them and in vindicating the rights of his 
 countrymen. After sustaining some important 
 offices in New York he removed to New Jersey, 
 and as a representative of this State was one of 
 the principal members of the first congress in 
 1774. After the inhabitants of New Jersey had 
 sent their governor, William Franklin, under a 
 strong guard to Connecticut, and had formed a 
 new constitution in July, 1776, Mr. Livingston 
 was elected the first chief magistrate, and such 
 was his integrity and republican virtue, that he 
 was annually re-elected till his death. During 
 the war he bent his exertions to support the in 
 dependence of his country. By the keenness 
 and severity of his political writings he exasper 
 ated the British, who distinguished him as an ob 
 ject of their peculiar hatred. His pen had no in 
 considerable influence in exciting that indignation 
 and zeal which rendered the militia of New Jer 
 sey so remarkable for the alacrity with which, on 
 any alarm, they arrayed themselves against the 
 common enemy. He was in 1787 a delegate to 
 the grand convention which formed the constitu 
 tion of the United States. After having sustained 
 the office of governor for fourteen years, with great 
 honor to himself and usefulness to the State, he 
 died at his seat near Elizabethtown. He was suc 
 ceeded by William Patterson. Judge Brockholst 
 L. was his son. Mr. Jay married his daughter. 
 Governor Livingston was from his youth re- 
 67 
 
 LIVINGSTON. 
 
 529 
 
 markably plain and simple in his dress and man 
 ners. Always the enemy of parade, he never 
 exhibited himself in splendor. He was convivial, 
 easy, mild, witty, and fond of anecdote. Fixed 
 and unshaken in Christian principles, his life pre 
 sented an example of incorruptible integrity, strict 
 honor, and warm benevolence. He obeyed the 
 precepts of the gospel, and, in the opinion of his 
 Christian friends, was sincerely pious. He relied 
 for salvation solely upon the merits of Christ. In 
 his political principles he was purely republican, 
 having an abhorrence of the monarchical form of 
 government. He was en excellent classical 
 scholar. His writings evince a vigorous mind and 
 a refined taste. Intimately acquainted with the 
 celebrated writers of his day and of the preced 
 ing age, he acquired an elegance of style which 
 placed him among the first of modern writers. 
 He was unequalled in satire. He published a 
 poem, called philosophical solitude ; a funeral eu- 
 logium on President Burr, 1758, which is consid 
 ered as a fine specimen of eloquence ; a letter to 
 the bishop of Landaff, occasioned by some pas 
 sages in his sermon, 1767 ; and a number of mis 
 cellaneous tracts, in various periodical works. 
 The review of the military operations of 1753- 
 1756, ascribed to him and W. Smith and Scott, 
 which is in Massachusetts historical collections, 
 vii., a literary gentleman of Philadelphia has 
 said was not written by them. His son, William 
 Livingston, issued proposals, a few years ago, for 
 publishing memoirs of his life, with his miscella 
 neous writings, in prose and verse ; but the work 
 was not given to the public. Macwhorter s Fu 
 neral Sermon; Miller s Retrospect, II. 369. 
 
 LIVINGSTON, ROBERT R., chancellor of the 
 State of New York, died Feb. 26, 1813, aged 
 66. He was born Nov. 27, 1746. His grand 
 father, Robert L., was the second son of the first 
 owner of Livingston s manor, and died at Cler- 
 mont June 27, 1775, aged 88 ; his father, Robert 
 Livingston, was a judge of the supreme court, 
 who died at Clermont Dec. 9, 1775, aged 58 ; his 
 mother was Margaret Beekman. He was grad 
 uated at King s college, New York, in 1765. 
 Having studied law with Wm. Smith, he was ap 
 pointed by Gov. Tryon recorder of the city ; an 
 office which he resigned at the beginning of the 
 Revolution. In April, 1775, he was elected from 
 Duchess county to the assembly. In 1776 he 
 was a member of congress, and was placed on the 
 committee with Jefferson, Adams, Franklin, and 
 Sherman, for drawing up the Declaration of 
 Independence, and on other important commit 
 tees. In Aug., 1781, he was appointed secretary 
 for foreign affairs ; and he commenced his duties 
 Oct. 20th. The foreign concerns of congress had 
 been previously conducted by the committee of 
 secret correspondence. He was diligent, prompt, 
 and energetic. Domestic affairs were also in 
 
530 
 
 LIVINGSTON. 
 
 part intrusted to him. His valuable correspon 
 dence is published in the diplomatic correspon 
 dence, edited by Jared Sparks. On his resigna 
 tion in 1783 he received the thanks of congress, 
 and was succeeded by Mr. Jay. Under the new 
 constitution of New York, which he assisted in 
 forming as chairman of the committee, he was 
 appointed chancellor, and continued in that place 
 till 1801. In 1788 he was chairman of the State 
 convention which adopted the federal constitution, 
 uniting his efforts at that time with those of Jay 
 and Hamilton. In 1794, on his declining the 
 place of minister to France, which Washington of 
 fered him, it was given to Mr. Monroe. But in 180 1 
 he was induced to proceed as minister plenipo 
 tentiary to Paris, appointed by Mr. Jefferson. By 
 the first consul he was received with respect, and, 
 after his mission had closed, Napoleon presented 
 him with a splendid snuff-box, with a miniature of 
 himself by Isabey. Assisted by Mr. Monroe, he 
 made the very important purchase of Louisiana, 
 for 15,000,000 of dollars. In Paris he formed an 
 intimacy with Robert Fulton, whom he assisted 
 by his counsels and money. After his resigna 
 tion and the arrival of Gen. Armstrong, his suc 
 cessor, he travelled in Italy, Switzerland, and Ger 
 many, returning to his seat, called Clermont, on 
 the Hudson, in June, 1805. He rebuilt a ven 
 erable old mansion, his summer residence, on 
 an ample patrimonial estate, called the upper 
 Livingston s manor, and devoted the rest of his 
 days to the promotion of improvements in agri 
 culture and the arts. He caused the introduction 
 of steam navigation in this country. He intro 
 duced the merino sheep in New York, and the use 
 of gypsum ; of an agricultural society, and of the 
 academy of fine arts, he was a president. He 
 died suddenly at Clermont. His widow, Maria, 
 died at Washington in March, 1814. He pub 
 lished an oration before the Cincinnati, 1787 ; an 
 address to the society for promoting the arts, 
 1808; essays on agriculture; a work on the 
 merino sheep. 
 
 LIVINGSTON, JOHN II., D.D., president of 
 Queen s college, New Jersey, died Jan. 29, 1825, 
 aged 78. He was born at Poughkeepsie, N. Y., 
 in 1746, and graduated at Yale college in 1762. 
 In May, 1776, he went to Holland to prosecute 
 his theological studies in the university of Utrecht, 
 where he resided about four years, obtaining the 
 degree of doctor in theology in 1770, in which 
 year he returned to this country and became the 
 pastor of the Dutch Reformed church in the city 
 of New York. At this period the Dutch churches 
 in this country were divided into the Conferentie 
 and the Coetus parties ; by the efforts of Dr. Liv 
 ingston a happy union was effected in 1772, and 
 the Dutch churches became independent of the 
 classis of Amsterdam. For this independence he 
 had negotiated while in Holland. In 1784 he 
 
 LIVINGSTON. 
 
 was appointed theological professor in the Dutch 
 church. The duties of minister and professor he 
 performed till 1810, when, on the removal of the 
 theological school to Queen s college, New 
 Brunswick, he was appointed the president of the 
 college, in which place he remained till his death. 
 His father was Henry, his grandfather was Gil 
 bert L., son of Robert. His wife was a daughter of 
 P. Livingston; one of her sisters married S. Van 
 Rensselaer ; another was the mother of Mrs. D. 
 Clinton. He was eminently learned, pious, and 
 useful. lie published two sermons on growth in 
 grace in American preacher, vol. I.; sanctuary 
 blessings, vol. III.; before New York missionary 
 society, 1799 ; address at the commencement at 
 Queen s college, 1810. Observer, March 20, 
 1851. 
 
 LIVINGSTON, BROCKHOLST, LL. D., judge 
 of the supreme court of the United States, died 
 March 18, 1823, aged 65. He was the son of 
 Gov. William L. of New Jersey, and was born in 
 New York Nov. 25, 1757. He was graduated 
 at Princeton college in 1774 ; and in 1776 
 entered the family of Gen. Schuyler, commander 
 of the northern army, and was afterwards at 
 tached to the suite of Arnold, at the time of the 
 capture of Burgoyne. In 1779, when Mr. Jay, 
 who had married his sister, repaired to the court 
 of Spain, he accompanied him as his private sec 
 retary. After an absence of three years Col. 
 Livingston returned and studied law. He was ad 
 mitted to the bar in April, 1783 ; was appointed 
 judge of the State supreme court Jan. 8, 1802 ; 
 and in Nov., 1806, was appointed, in the place of 
 Mr. Patterson, judge of the supreme court of the 
 United States. He died at Washington during a 
 session of the court. His daughter, Louisa C., 
 died Feb., 1807, aged 16. It is said that, having 
 killed a man in a duel in early life, the recollec 
 tion of the deed imbittered the remainder of his 
 days. His mind was acute and powerful, and he 
 was distinguished as a scholar and jurist. 
 
 LIVINGSTON, HENRY, general, a soldier of 
 the Revolution, was born at Livingston manor 
 Jan. 19, 1752. He joined his country in the 
 struggle for liberty , accompanying a detachment 
 of militia from his native county, he acted as 
 lieutenant-colonel at the capture of Burgoyne. 
 He died at his residence in the manor of Livings 
 ton, May 26, 1823, aged 71, and his remains were 
 placed in the family vault. The poor and indus 
 trious experienced his benevolence and liberality. 
 He was a friend to the people, aiming always to 
 secure their liberties and rights. His princely 
 estate was inherited by Henry L., who married 
 the eldest daughter of Judge W. W. Van Ness, 
 and died at Claverack Nov. 14, 1828. 
 
 LIVINGSTON, HENRY WALTER, judge, a 
 member of congress from 1803 to 1807, was 
 born in 1764 ; was graduated at Yale college in 
 
LIVINGSTON. 
 
 LLOYD. 
 
 531 
 
 1786; was secretary in 1792 to Mr. Morris, am 
 bassador to France; and died at Livingston s 
 manor, in Linlithgow, N. Y., Dec. 22, 1810, aged 
 42. lie was educated to the law, and possessed 
 good talents. Of the court of common pleas for 
 Columbia county he was the judge. In his man 
 ners he was pleasing, and in his habits of life cor 
 rect and honorable. 
 
 LIVINGSTON, JAMES, colonel, died in Sara 
 toga co., N. Y., in 1832, aged about So, a soldier 
 of the Revolution. 
 
 LIVINGSTON, GILBERT R., D. D., pastor of 
 a Dutch church in Philadelphia, died March 9, 
 1834, aged 48. His son, II. G. Livingston, who 
 graduated at Williams in 1840, was the minister 
 of Carmel and the successor of Dr. Bethune in 
 Philadelphia; and died Jan. 27, 1855, aged 
 nearly 34. Observer, Feb. 15. 
 
 LIVINGSTON, EDWARD, an eminent jurist, 
 died at Rhinebeck May 23, 1836, aged 71. He 
 was descended from a Scottish family, and born 
 in 1764, at Clermont, Livingston s manor, N. Y. 
 He was graduated at Princeton in 1781. Admit 
 ted to the bar in 1785, he pursued his profession 
 till 1795, when he became a member of congress 
 from the city of New York, and continued till 
 1802, when he was appointed attorney of the 
 United States for the district of New York. He 
 was also mayor of the city. Removing to New 
 Orleans in 1804, he there was eminent as a law 
 yer. At the invasion of Louisiana he acted as 
 the aid of Gen. Jackson. In 1823 he was again 
 a member of congress ; in 1829 he was elected a 
 member of the Senate; in 1831 he was appointed 
 secretary of State, and in 1833 minister to 
 France. His death was sudden, said to be caused 
 by drinking cold water, when heated. He was 
 employed with others by the legislature of Louis 
 iana to prepare a system of jurisprudence and 
 also of municipal law, and performed this service 
 with great industry and deep research. His 
 Penal Code, his own unaided work, is a monu 
 ment of his profound learning and of his desire 
 to promote the welfare of mankind. 
 
 LIVINGSTON, EDWARD, died at Albany in 
 1840, formerly speaker of N. Y. assembly, and 
 district attorney. 
 
 LIVINGSTON, EDWARD P., died at his seat at 
 Clermont, N. Y., in 1843, aged 63. He was 
 many years a member of the State senate; in 
 1830 he was lieutenant-governor. 
 
 LIVINGSTON, PETEK R., died at Rhinebeck, 
 N. Y.,in 1847, aged 81. He had been a member 
 of the State senate and of congress. 
 
 LIVINGSTON, JOHN R., died at Red Hook 
 Sept. 27, 1851, aged 98, a brother of Robert 
 R. L. His father was Robert; so also his grand 
 father; and next the first Robert L. He had 
 lived fifteen years at Red Hook, one mile below 
 the chancellor s house. He had been previously 
 
 a merchant in New York ; lu s house was sup 
 planted by the Broadway house. 
 
 LLOYD, JAMES, M. D., died at Boston in 
 March, 1810, aged 82. He was the grandson of 
 James L., who came from Somersetshire in 1670, 
 and, after residing a short time at Shelter Island, 
 where he married a lady, settled at Boston, where 
 he died in July, 1693. His father was Henry L., 
 who inherited an estate, purchased by his father, 
 in Queens county, Long Island ; his mother was 
 the daughter of John Nelson of Boston, a " Rev- 
 olutioner," or one of those, who put down the 
 tyranny of Andros in 1689. Dr. L. was born at 
 Long Island in April, 1728. He was educated at 
 Stratford, where he formed a friendship with 
 "Wm. Samuel Johnson, which lasted through life. 
 Having studied medicine for a time in Boston, he 
 proceeded to England, where he attended the 
 London hospitals two years. In 1752 he returned 
 to Boston and soon obtained extensive practice. 
 He introduced improvements in surgery, such as 
 ligatures for cautery, and amputation by double 
 incision. Among his numerous pupils were Gen. 
 Warren, Rand, Jeffries, and Clark. During the 
 occupation of Boston by the British, he remained 
 in the town. He thought the Revolutionary 
 movements were premature. Yet he was devoted 
 to his profession, and not a zealous politician. 
 The dispersion of his connections and the loss of 
 his two sons threw a heavy cloud upon his mind 
 for several years, and taught him the lesson, 
 which comes to all, that the earth is not the 
 abode of happiness. In the war the enemy 
 stripped of its timber an estate of six or seven 
 hundred acres, inherited from his father, at 
 Queen s Village or Lloyd s Neck, on Long Island, 
 about forty miles from New York, bordering on 
 the sound. In 1789 he went to England to seek 
 compensation, but without success, as he would 
 not consent to become a British subject, nor even 
 express an intention of becoming such. His fine 
 health, which continued to old age, was first inter 
 rupted by a fall from his horse. He left two 
 children ; James L., and Sarah, relict of Leon 
 ard Vassal Borland. For nearly sixty years he 
 was in extensive practice. He was educated in 
 the Episcopal form and was a worshipper at Trin 
 ity church. His house was the seat of hospital 
 ity. Multitudes of the poor experienced his 
 kindness. lie had no avarice of money. His 
 professional services to them were without charge, 
 and he was also frequently the almoner to their 
 necessities. In his last will he directed the can- 
 celment of the debts due from those who could 
 ill afford to pay them. Thatcher s Med. Biog., 
 359-376. 
 
 LLOYD, EDWARD, governor of Maryland, died 
 at Annapolis June 2, 1834, aged 55. He was a 
 senator of the United States, and respected in 
 public and private life. 
 
532 
 
 LLOYD. 
 
 LOGAN. 
 
 LLOYD, JAMES, a senator of the United States, 
 the son of the preceding, died at New York in 
 1831, aged 62. He was born in Boston in 1769, 
 and graduated at Harvard college in 1787. He 
 afterwards, in order to acquire a knowledge of 
 commercial pursuits, entered the counting-house 
 of Thomas Hussell. About the year 1792 he 
 visited Europe and resided for some time in Rus 
 sia. In 1808 he was elected senator, and in a 
 period of great political excitement and national 
 difficulty was a distinguished member of con 
 gress. He opposed the war of 1812. He was 
 re-elected senator in 1822, and during a service 
 of five years was incessant in his efforts to pro 
 mote the public interest. He was the chairman 
 of two important committees, of commerce and 
 naval affairs. The result of his investigations 
 appeared in several pamphlets. He married, in 
 1809, the daughter of Samuel Breck of Philadel 
 phia. He published remarks on the report of 
 the committee of commerce of March, 1826, on 
 the British colonial intercourse. 
 
 LOBDELL, HENKY, M. D., missionary at 
 Mosul, died March 25, 1855. He graduated at 
 Amherst in 1849. His wife, Lucy C. L., survived 
 him. They sailed from Boston in Nov., 1851. 
 His great fitness for his work and his faithfulness 
 make his early removal from his field of labor a 
 deep mystery. 
 
 LOCKE, Mrs., wife of Edwin Locke, mission 
 ary to the Sandwich Islands, died at Waialua, 
 Oahu, Oct. 20, 1842. She was the daughter of 
 Rev. Joseph Rowell, of Cornish, N. H., and 
 sailed from Boston in 1836. Her brother, 
 George B. R., joined the mission only a fortnight 
 before her death. Her end was peaceful. 
 
 LOCKE, EDWIN, missionary to the Sandwich 
 Islands, died Oct. 28, 1843. He was born at 
 Fitzwilham, N. H., in 1813, and arrived at Waia 
 lua in 1837. He had taught a manual labor 
 school with great skill and success. His mission 
 ary brethren held him in high esteem. By his 
 death his three daughters were left without father 
 or mother. 
 
 LOCKE, JOSEPH, judge, died in Lowell, Nov. 
 10, 1853, aged 81. Born in Fitzwilliam, N. H., 
 he graduated at Dartmouth in 1797, studied law 
 with Mr. Bigelow, settled at Billerica, and re 
 moved to Lowell in 1833. He was judge of the 
 court of police 13 years. He had also been a 
 member of the convention to revise the constitu 
 tion in 1820, and a representative and councillor. 
 
 LOCKE, JOHN, a lawyer, brother of Judge L., 
 died in Boston March 29, 1855,aged91. Hegrad- 
 uated in 1792, and settled in Ashby. In 1820 he 
 was a member of the convention for revising the 
 constitution ; from 1823 to 1829, a member of 
 congress. He removed to Lowell in 1837, and 
 thence to Boston in the family of his son, John 
 G. Locke, 
 
 LOCKE, JOHN, professor, died at Cincinnati 
 July 8, 1856, aged 64. Born at Fryeburg, Me., 
 his education was at Bethel academy, and he 
 early distinguished himself by mechanical and 
 scientific attainments. He received a medical 
 degree at Yale, and was then a surgeon in the 
 navy. For thirty years he had lived in the west. 
 In 1836 he was chosen professor of chemistry in 
 Cincinnati. He was an accurate geologist, and 
 skilled in every department of natural history. 
 His " magnetical researches " extended widely : 
 the country was also indebted to him for his 
 " magneto-astronomical clock." 
 
 LOCKWOOD, JAMES, minister of Wethersfield, 
 Conn., died July 20, 1772, aged 57. The son of 
 James and Lydia L., he was born in Norwalk in 
 1714, and graduated at Yale in 1735; and was 
 ordained in 1739, as successor of S. Mix. He 
 favored Mr. Whitefield when he soon after visited 
 the New England churches. He declined the 
 presidency of Princeton and Yale colleges, to 
 both of which he was invited, for he was strongly 
 attached to his people. He was a scholar, and 
 theologian, and a good preacher, a man of pru 
 dence, benevolence, and faithfulness. His wife 
 was Mary, daughter of Rev. Moses Dickinson of 
 Norwalk. Dr. Marsh succeeded him. He pub 
 lished the election sermon, 1754, also in 1763; 
 on the death of Col. Williams, 1755 ; of A. Wood- 
 bridge, 1758; at ordination of E. May, 1756; 
 thanksgiving for peace, 1763. Spr ague s Annals. 
 
 LOCKWOOD, SAMUEL, D. D., minister of An- 
 dover, Conn., the brother of Rev. James L., died 
 in 1791, aged 69. He was graduated at Yale 
 college in 1745, and was ordained in 1749. He 
 contributed, in the year 1787, 100 pounds toward 
 completing the philosophical apparatus in Yale 
 college. His death occurred at New Lebanon, 
 whither he went for his health ; but he was 
 buried at A. He was highly respected and had 
 great influence. No religious society was more 
 prosperous than his. He published the election 
 sermon, 1774. Holmes Life of Stiles, 390, 
 397 ; Sprague s Annals. 
 
 LOCKWOOD, WILLIAM, minister of Glasten- 
 bury, Conn., died June 23, 1828, aged 75. He 
 graduated at Yale in 1774, and was a tutor. 
 
 LOCKWOOD, JESSE, missionary among the 
 Arkansas Cherokees, died at Dwight July 11, 
 1834, aged 31. A native of North Salem, N. Y., 
 he graduated at Williams college in 1830. His 
 labors at Dwight were only for a few months. 
 His wife was a daughter of Rev. M. Sawyer of 
 Gloucester. His character is described in the 
 Missionary Herald for 1834. 
 
 LOGAN, JAMES, distinguished for his learning, 
 died Oct. 31, 1751, aged about 77. He was 
 descended from a family formerly of Scotland, 
 and was born at Lurgan in Ireland in 1674. Pos 
 sessing a good genius and being favored with a 
 
LOGAN. 
 
 LOGAN. 
 
 533 
 
 suitable education, he made considerable profi 
 ciency in the sciences and in various branches of 
 polite literature. As he was educated in the sen 
 timents of the Quakers, and was acquainted with 
 AVilliam Penn, he was induced to accompany that 
 gentleman to Pennsylvania in 1G99, in his last 
 voyage. Under his patronage he was much em 
 ployed in public affairs. By his commission he 
 was, in 1701, appointed secretary of the province 
 and clerk of the council. He afterwards held the 
 offices of commissioner of property, chief justice, 
 and president of the council. He attached him 
 self rather to the interest of the proprietary and 
 his governor than to that of the assembly, and 
 was in consequence in the earlier periods of his 
 life very unpopular ; but he soon gave general 
 satisfaction in the discharge of the duties of his 
 several offices. Upon the death of Governor Gor 
 don in Oct., 1736, the government of course de 
 volved upon him, as president of the council ; and 
 during his administration of two years the utmost 
 harmony prevailed throughout the province. Sev 
 eral years previously to his death he retired from 
 public affairs and spent the latter part of his life 
 principally at Stanton, his country seat, near Ger- 
 mantown, where he enjoyed among his books 
 that leisure which he much relished, and was 
 much employed in corresponding with learned 
 men in different parts of Europe. He was well 
 versed in both ancient and modern learning ; he 
 had made considerable proficiency in oriental lit 
 erature ; he was master of the Greek, Latin, 
 French, and German languages ; and he was well 
 acquainted with mathematics, natural and moral 
 philosophy, and natural history. In his religious 
 sentiments he was a Quaker. He had collected 
 with great care a library of more than three 
 thousand volumes, which at that time was by far 
 the largest in Pennsylvania, and particularly rich 
 in works in the Latin and Greek languages, and 
 in the most curious, rare, and excellent scientific 
 publications. This valuable collection of books, 
 usually called the Loganian library, was be 
 queathed by its possessor to the citizens of Phila 
 delphia, and has since been deposited in one of 
 the apartments belonging to the library company 
 of that city. 
 
 Mr. Logan published in the philosophical trans 
 actions, for 1735, an account of his experiments 
 on maize. The work was afterwards published in 
 Latin, entitled, cxperimenta et meletemata de 
 plantarum generatione, etc., Leyden, 1739; and 
 in London by Dr. Fothergill with an English ver 
 sion on the opposite page, 1747. He also pub 
 lished canonum pro inveniendis refractionum, turn 
 simplicium.tum in lentibus duplicium focis, demon- 
 strationes geometrica?, etc., Leyden, 1739; and 
 a translation of Cicero s treatise de senectute, 
 1741. This was the first translation of a classi 
 
 cal author made in America. Fraud s Hist. 
 Pennsylvania,!. 448,479; Miller s Eetr. I., 134; 
 II. 340. 
 
 LOGAN, MARTHA, a great florist, was the 
 daughter of llobert Daniel of South Carolina. 
 In her fifteenth year she married Geo. Logan, 
 son of Col. Geo. L., and died in 1779, aged 77. 
 At the age of 70 she wrote a treatise on garden 
 ing. 
 
 LOGAN, an eloquent chief, was the second son 
 of Shikellemus, a celebrated chief of the Cayuga 
 nation, whose residence was at Shamokin. Logan 
 was the friend of the white people, he admired 
 their ingenuity, and wished to be a neighbor to 
 them. In April or May, 1774, when Logan s 
 residence was on the Ohio, his family was mur 
 dered by a party of whites under the command 
 of Capt. Michael Cresap. The occasion of this 
 outrage was a report, that the Indians had killed 
 a number of white persons, who were looking 
 out for new settlements. A Avar immediately 
 commenced, and during the summer great num 
 bers of innocent men, women, and children fell 
 victims to the tomahawk and scalping-knife of 
 the Indians. In the autumn of the same year a 
 decisive battle was fought at the mouth of the 
 great Kanawha, between the collected forces of 
 the Shawanese, Mingoes, and Delawares, and a 
 detachment of the Virginia militia. The Indians 
 were defeated, and sued for peace. Logan, how 
 ever, disdained to be seen among the suppliants. 
 But, lest the sincerity of a treaty from which so 
 distinguished a chief absented himself, should be 
 mistrusted, he sent by a messenger the following 
 speech, to be delivered to Lord Dunmore, gov 
 ernor of Virginia : " I appeal to any white man 
 to say, if ever he entered Logan s cabin hungrv, 
 and he gave him not meat ; if ever he came cold 
 and naked, and he clothed him not. During the 
 course of the last long and bloody war, Logan 
 remained idle in his cabin, an advocate for peace. 
 Such was my love for the whites, that my coun 
 trymen pointed as they passed, and said, Logan 
 is the friend of white men. I had even thought 
 to have lived with you, but for the injuries of one 
 man. Colonel Cresap, the last spring, in cold 
 blood and unprovoked, murdered all the rela 
 tions of Logan, not even sparing my women and 
 children. There runs not a drop of my blood in 
 the veins of any living creature. This called on 
 me for revenge. I have sought it ; I have killed 
 many ; I have fully glutted my vengeance. For 
 my country I rejoice at the beams of peace. 
 But do not harbor a thought that mine is the 
 joy of fear. Logan never felt fear. He will 
 not turn on his heel to save lus life. AVho is 
 there to mourn for Logan ? Not one." 
 
 After this peace Logan sunk into a deep mel 
 ancholy, and declared that life was a torment to 
 
534 
 
 LOGAN. 
 
 LOOMIS. 
 
 him. He became in some measure delirious. 
 He went to Detroit, where he yielded himself to 
 the habit of intoxication. On his return, between 
 that place and Miami, he was murdered. In 
 October, 1781, Mr. Heckewelder was shown the 
 spot, by some Indians, where this event was said 
 to have occurred. Jefferson s Notes on Vir 
 ginia, query vi., and appendix. 
 
 LOGAN, BENJAMIN, died in Shelby county, 
 Ky., Dec. 11, 1802, at an advanced age. He took 
 an active part in favor of his country in 1776. 
 An early adventurer to Kentucky, he was one of 
 her most able defenders against the savages. 
 The fate of the western country seemed to Irang 
 upon him. He was upright, sincere, honorable, 
 of unbounded hospitality. 
 
 LOGAN, GEORGE, M. D., a senator of the 
 United States, the grandson of James Logan, 
 died at Stanton April 9, 1821, aged 66. He was 
 the son of William L., and was born at Stanton, 
 near Philadelphia, Sept. 9, 1753. After being 
 three years at the medical school of Edinburgh, 
 he travelled on the continent, and returned to 
 this country in 1779. After applying himself for 
 some years to agriculture, and serving in the legis 
 lature, he was induced in June, 1798, to embark 
 for Europe, with the sole purpose of preventing a 
 war between America and France. He made his 
 way from Hamburg to Paris ; and there was in 
 troduced to Merlin, the chief director. At this 
 period Mr. Gerry, the American minister, had de 
 parted, an embargo had been laid on our ship 
 ping, and many seamen had been imprisoned. 
 Dr. L. persuaded the French government to raise 
 the embargo, and prepared the way for a nego 
 tiation, which terminated in peace. He was in 
 deed reproached, and accused of being sent by 
 a faction ; but on his return he vindicated himself 
 in a letter of Jan. 12, 1796. He was a senator 
 in the seventh and eighth congresses from 1801 
 to 1807. He went to England in Feb., 1810, on 
 the same peaceful mission, which led him to 
 France, but not with the same success. Mr. Du- 
 ponceau said of him : " And art thou too gone, 
 Logan ? friend of man ! friend of peace ! friend 
 of science ! Thou, whose persuasive accents could 
 still the angry passions of the rulers of men, and 
 dispose their minds to listen to the voice of reason 
 and justice? " He was an active member of the 
 board of agriculture, and of the philosophical 
 society. He published experiments on gypsum, 
 and on the rotation of crops, 1797. 
 
 LOGAN, DEBORAH, widow of Dr. George L., 
 died at Stenton, Pa., in 1839. She was skilled in 
 the early history of Pennsylvania, and was a mem 
 ber of the Pennsylvania historical society. 
 
 LOMBARD, SOLOMON, first minister of Gor- 
 ham, Maine, died in 1781. Born in Barnstable, 
 Mass., he graduated at Harvard in 1723 ; was 
 
 ordained in 1756, and dismissed in 1764. 
 Sprague s Annals. 
 
 LONG, SARAH, a colored woman, died in To 
 ronto, Canada, June 16, 1856, aged 119. 
 
 LONGFELLOW, STEPHEN, LL. D., died in 
 Portland Aug. 2, 1849, aged 73. Born in Gor- 
 ham, he was a descendant of William L. of New- 
 bury, who died in 1690, aged 37 ; he graduated at 
 Harvard in 1798, and passed his life as an eminent 
 lawyer, chiefly at Portland. Of the Hartford 
 convention he was a member from Maine. The 
 poet, Longfellow, is his son. He compiled six 
 teen vols. of the Massachusetts Reports and 
 twelve vols. of the Maine, extending over a period 
 of thirty years. 
 
 LONGLEY, WILLIAM, died at Hawley, Mass., 
 July 8, 1836, aged 92. He was one year in the 
 French war and five years in the Revolutionary war. 
 LONGLEY, EDMUND, died in Hawley, Nov. 
 29, 1842, aged 96. He built the first framed 
 house in the town, then called Number Seven, and 
 was an officer in the Revolutionary war. 
 
 LONGLEY, JONATHAN, minister of North- 
 bridge, Mass., died in 1850, aged 60. 
 
 LONGMERE, DAVID, D. D., died at Glouces 
 ter, N. J., Sept. 15, 1855, aged 62. 
 
 LOOKER, OTHNIEL, died in Palestine, Illinois, 
 in 1845, aged 87. Born in New Jersey, he was 
 a soldier of the Revolution ; he emigrated in 
 1804 to Ohio, and was a senator of Hamilton 
 county, a judge, and acting governor in 1814. 
 
 LOOMIS, HARVEY, first minister of Bangor, 
 Maine, was a native of Torringford, Conn. ; grad 
 uated at Williams college in 1809; and was or 
 dained Nov. 27, 1811, when the church of Bangor 
 was formed, consisting partly of members of what 
 was called the Orrington church. After the toils 
 of fourteen years, on Sunday morning, Jan. 2, 
 1825, Mr. Loomis walked in a snow-storm up to 
 his meeting-house, with a sermon on this text : 
 " Tliis year thou shalt die." When he had seated 
 himself in the pulpit, he had a fit of the apoplexy 
 and died in ten minutes, aged about 36. His 
 successor was S. L. Pomeroy. He was a popular 
 and useful preacher, in his character and manners 
 adapted to the people of his parish, skilful in the 
 guidance and control of the young and active 
 minds, which on the banks of the Penobscot were 
 laying the foundations of a large town. In his 
 sermons he dispensed with circuitous preambles ; 
 was direct, concise, brief, energetic, seldom ex 
 ceeding twenty-five minutes ; and thus he had no 
 hearers of a lagging attention. His prayer 
 meetings were conducted with great freedom and 
 wisdom. Why he was cut down in the midst of 
 his important labors is one of the great mysteries 
 of Providence. 
 
 It is said, he once preached a sermon of terror 
 on future punishment ; when he had for a hearer 
 
LOOM IS. 
 
 a rich log owner, who commended him, and said, 
 " I have no 1 aith in your doctrine, but I wish you 
 to preach it, till the stealers of my logs shall 
 learn to be honest ; " and that the same man 
 gave a bell for the church to call them to meet 
 ing. Doubtless God s word is full of terror to 
 the wicked, and the God of justice and of truth 
 will not fail to execute his purposes. He pub 
 lished a sermon before the Maine Missionary So 
 ciety, 1823. On occasion of his death a young 
 lady of his society wrote some lines, called " The 
 deserted conference-room," of which the follow 
 ing is an extract : 
 
 " Ye need not hang that candle by the desk, 
 Ye may remove his chair, and take away his book ; 
 lie will not come to-night. He did not hear the bell, 
 Which told the hour of prayer. 
 Do ye remember, how he d sometimes sit 
 In this now vacant corner, quite hid by its obscurity, 
 Only ye might perceive his matchless eye 
 Striving to read the feelings of your souls, 
 That he might know, if ye would hear the voice of Jesus? 
 Ye do remember. Well he s not there now j 
 Ye may be gay and thoughtless, if ye will, 
 His glance shall not reprove you. 
 There listen to that hymn of praise: 
 Did ye not hear an angel-voice take up the lofty strain, 
 For Thou, O Lamb of God, art worthy? 
 Twas his voice ; 
 
 Not rising, as in former days from this low temple : 
 Only the clearest, softest strain, waving its way 
 From the celestial world, just strikes the listening ear, 
 And now tis gone." 
 
 A notice of him is in the Independent, July 17, 
 1856. Sprague s Annals. 
 
 LOOMIS, LEBBEUS, colonel, died in Cherry 
 Valley, in 1836, aged 79. He was in the battle of 
 Bunker Hill, and an officer to the close of the war. 
 
 LOPEZ, AAHOX, died May 20, 1782, at Smith- 
 field, R. I. He was a rich Jewish merchant of 
 Newport, but removed to Leicester in 1777 on ac 
 count of the war. On a journey to Providence 
 he drove his horse in a gig to water in Spot s 
 pond ; when the gig was upset and he was 
 drowned. His house in Leicester was purchased 
 as the first building used by the academy. 
 
 LORD, RICHARD, captain, died at Hartford in 
 1G62, aged 51, the son of Thomas, who was a 
 first settler. He was a merchant and man of dis 
 tinction. His son Richard was also a merchant ; 
 and he died in 1685. His wife was Mary, daugh 
 ter of Henry Smith of Springfield, and grand 
 daughter of W. Pynchon. After his death she 
 married Dr. Thomas Hooker, the son of Rev. 
 Samuel H. of Farmington, and grandson of Rev. 
 Thomas II. of Hartford. Mr. Goodwin gives the 
 names, in order, of one hundred of the descend 
 ants of Thomas Lord. 
 
 LORD, JOSEPH, first minister of Dorchester, 
 South Carolina, died June 6, 1748, aged about 
 77, was a native of Charlestown, Mass., and was 
 graduated at Harvard college in 1691. In the 
 fall of 1695 he was ordained pastor of the church 
 which was gathered in Dorchester, Mass., with 
 
 LORD. 
 
 535 
 
 the design of removing to South Carolina. They 
 arrived Dec. 20th, and began a settlement called 
 Dorchester, on Ashley river, about eighteen miles 
 from Charleston. The sacrament of the Lord s 
 supper was first administered in Carolina, Feb. 2, 
 1696. Hugh Fisher succeeded Mr. Lord. 
 Holmes 1 Annals, H. 34 ; Collect. Hist. Society, 
 IX. 156, 157 ; Guilder sleeve s Cent. Sermon. 
 
 LORD, BENJAMIN, D. D., minister of Nor 
 wich, Conn., died in April, 1784, aged 90. He 
 was a graduate at Yale college in 1714, and was 
 afterwards a tutor in that seminary two years. 
 He was ordained in October, 1717, as successor 
 of Mr. Woodward, who was the next minister 
 after Mr. Fitch ; and, continuing his public labors 
 about sixty years, he lived to see eight religious 
 societies, which had grown out of the one of 
 which he had taken the charge. Two other par 
 ishes were formed at the time of his settlement. 
 During the half-century of his ministry, ending 
 in 1767, about a thousand persons had died. Of 
 persons admitted to the church there were three 
 hundred and thirty. The covenant was owned by 
 four hundred and ten, of whom ninety joined the 
 church; and two thousand and fifty were bap 
 tized. He was a man of distinction, and a faithful 
 evangelical preacher. He had some trouble from 
 a wild sect called Rogercnes. Rogers, their 
 leader, once accosted him at his church doc<- : 
 " Benjamin, Benjamin, dost thou think that they 
 wear white wigs in heaven ? " He published a 
 discourse on the parable of the merchant man 
 seeking goodly pearls, 1722; true Christianity 
 explained and enforced, 1727 ; on the character, 
 birth, and privileges of God s children, 1742 ; an 
 account of the extraordinary recovery of Mercy 
 Wheeler, 1743; at the election, 1751 ; on the 
 death of Henry Willes, 1759; of Hezekiah Lord, 
 1763; of Hezekiah Huntington, 1773; of Mrs. 
 Willes, 1774; at the instalment of Nathaniel 
 Whitaker, 1761 ; at the ordination of Levi Hart, 
 1762; a half-century discourse, Nov. 29, 1767, 
 being fifty years from his ordination ; a sermon, 
 1780. Sprague s Annals. 
 
 LORD, JOSEPH, son of Rev. J. L., a preacher 
 and physician, died at Westmoreland, N. H., in 
 1789, aged 85. He graduated at Harvard in 
 1726. 
 
 LORD, JOHN, minister of Buffalo, N. Y., died 
 in 1839, aged 65. 
 
 LORD, JOHN KING, minister in Cincinnati, 
 Ohio, died of the cholera July 13, 1849, aged 30. 
 The son of President Lord of Dartmouth college, 
 he graduated in 1836. Having studied theology 
 at Andover, he was six years a minister in Hart 
 ford, Vt., and then in 1847 was the pastor of the 
 first congregational church in Cincinnati. In less 
 than two years he died. A volume of his ser 
 mons, with a memoir by his father, was published 
 in 1850. Sprague s Annals. 
 
536 
 
 LORD. 
 
 LOVELL. 
 
 LORD, WIILIAM, Dr., died at Lyme, Conn., 
 in 1852, aged 89. He graduated at Yale in 1784. 
 
 LORD, NATHANIEL, died in Ipswich, Mass., Oct. 
 16, 1852, aged 72. The son of Isaac of Ipswich, 
 he graduated in 1798, and was a teacher, and 
 register of probate in Essex county. 
 
 LORIXG, ISRAEL, minister of Sudbury, Mass., 
 died March 9, 1772, aged 90. He was born at 
 Hull, April 6, 1682, the son of John, and was 
 graduated at Harvard college in 1701. He was 
 ordained at Sudbury, Nov. 20, 1706, as successor 
 of Mr. Sherman. A new church was formed on 
 the east side of the river in 1723, and William 
 Cooke was settled as its pastor March 20. He 
 preached on the first day of the month in which 
 he died. He was a venerable man, of primitive 
 piety and manners, and faithful and useful in his 
 ministerial work. He had preached for nearly 
 seventy years, and was zealously attached to the 
 doctrines of the gospel. His successor was Jacob 
 Bigelow. His son John, a physician in Boston, 
 died in 1744, aged about 35. He graduated in 
 1729. lie published the nature and necessity of 
 the new birth, 1728, with a preface by Mr. Prince ; 
 on the death of Robert Breck, 1731 ; on the tor 
 ments of hell, 1732; election sermon, 1737 ; jus 
 tification not by works, but by faith in Jesus 
 Christ, 1749; at the ordination of G. Richardson, 
 1754. Sprague s Annals. 
 
 LORING, JAMES, deacon, died in Boston July 
 9, 1850, aged 80. He had been an officer in the 
 Baptist church of Dr. Stillman, and was a Chris 
 tian of humility and great excellence of character. 
 For fifty-five years he was a printer and book 
 seller, and was editor of the Christian Watchman, 
 and publisher of the Massachusetts State Regis 
 ter, from 1800 to 1848. He was born at Hull 
 July 22, 1770. His earliest ancestor in this 
 country was Deacon Thomas Loring, who came 
 from Devon to Hingham Dec. 22, 1634 ; and after 
 him were Deacons John, Benjamin, and James, 
 the last of whom was the father of the subject of 
 this article. 
 
 LOTIIROP, NATHANIEL, a physician, died in 
 Plymouth Oct. 20, 1828, aged 93. Born in P., 
 he graduated at Harvard in 1756. 
 
 LOUGHBRIDGE. MARY, died at Tallahassee 
 in 1850, wife of Robert M. L., missionary to the 
 Creeks, and daughter of Deacon Joseph Avery, 
 of Conway. 
 
 LOVE, BENJAMIN, colonel, a Chickasaw chief, 
 died in 1849. He was an intelligent and useful 
 man, engaged in public matters since 1832, when 
 he was a chief, and the interpreter at the making 
 of the treaty; he was a commissioner of the 
 Chickasaw nation. 
 
 LOVEJOY, HANNAH, died in Amherst, N. H., 
 in 1805, aged 102. 
 
 LOVEJOY, POMPEY, died in Andover in 1826, 
 aged 102. He was born a slave in Boston, but 
 
 became a freeman. He lived on the spot where 
 he died, ninety-one years ; his wife survived him, 
 aged 98. He was the oldest man in the county 
 of Essex, and had his mental faculties to the 
 last. 
 
 LOVEJOY, DANIEL, a useful minister in 
 Maine, died in Albion in 1833, aged 58. He was 
 the father of sons of eminence. Born in Amherst, 
 N. II., he was settled in Robbinston and Wind 
 sor, Me., and went to Albion in 1829. 
 
 LOVEJOY, ELIJAH P., son of the preceding, 
 was killed at Alton, 111., Nov. 7, 1837, aged 35. 
 He was born in Maine in 1802 ; graduated at 
 Waterville in 1826, and was licensed to preach in 
 1833. He soon established the St. Louis Ob 
 server, an anti-slavery paper, which occasioned a 
 mob in 1836. Driven away, he re-established his 
 paper in Alton, where his press was twice de 
 stroyed by mobs. On the attack for the third time, 
 he was shot, Avhile defending his property against 
 lawless murderers. 
 
 LOVEJOY, SAMUEL, Dr., died in West Town- 
 send May 21, 1851, aged 75. He was a success 
 ful physician, and he died in the Christian s hope. 
 
 LOVELL, JOHN, a schoolmaster in Boston, 
 died in 1778, aged about 70. He was a descend 
 ant of one of the first settlers of Massachusetts, 
 and was graduated at Harvard college in 1728, 
 and, after succeeding Jeremy Gridley as assistant, 
 for some years, in the south grammar or Latin 
 school, was placed at the head of the school in 
 1738. He was "the master" nearly forty years. 
 Many of the principal men of the Revolution had 
 been under his tuition. But unhappily he was 
 himself a loyalist, and in 1776 accompanied the 
 British army to Halifax, where he died. Master 
 Lovell was succeeded in his school by Samuel 
 Hunt. He was a good scholar, of solid judg 
 ment, rigid in discipline, yet humorous and an 
 agreeable companion. He published a funeral 
 oration on P. Faneuil, 1742, and several political 
 and theological pamphlets. In the Pietas, etc., 
 printed at Cambridge, he wrote Nos. 2, 25, 26, and 
 27, partly in Latin. Eliot. 
 
 LOVELL, JAMES, a schoolmaster in Boston, 
 son of the preceding, died in July, 1814, aged 76. 
 He was graduated at Harvard college in 1756, 
 and was for many years a teacher of the Latin 
 school, associated with his father. In the Revolu 
 tion he was a firm whig, devoted to the cause of 
 liberty. Eor his patriotic zeal Gen. Gage shut 
 him up in prison ; and he was carried as a pris 
 oner by the British troops to Halifax, where he 
 was for a long time kept in close confinement. 
 The father was a tory refugee ; the son, a whig 
 prisoner. On his return to Boston he was elected 
 a member of congress, in which station his services 
 were of great advantage to his country. On the com 
 mittee of foreign correspondence he was laborious 
 and faithful. One of the letters of the committee, 
 
LOVELL. 
 
 to which his name is affixed, is dated Oct., 1777. 
 In May, 1778, ho was associated with It. H. 
 Lee and II. Morris. Before the establishment of 
 the present constitution of Massachusetts he was 
 the collector of the customs for Boston, and after 
 wards was naval officer for Boston and Charles- 
 town, in which station he continued till his death. 
 lie published oratio in funere II. Flyntii, 17GO. 
 Several of his letters are found in the life of A. 
 Lee. 
 
 LOVELL, JOSEPH, M. D., died at Washington 
 Oct. 17, 1836, surgeon-general of the United 
 States army. lie graduated at Harvard in 1807 ; 
 entered the army in 1812, and served on the Nia 
 gara frontier; and was then hospital surgeon. 
 lie was a man of talents and skill, and adorned 
 with the virtues of private life. He left a widow 
 and eleven children. 
 
 LOVELL, JAMES, major, died in St. Matthews, 
 S. C., July 10, 1850, aged 92. Born in Boston 
 July 9, 1758, the son of James Lovell, he gradu 
 ated in 1776. He was in various battles of the : 
 war, and was severely wounded. He was adju 
 tant in Lee s legion. After all his perils, he lived 
 to be the oldest graduate at Harvard. 
 
 LOVELL, ALEXANDER, died in Nashua, X. II., 
 July 2, 1855, aged 68. Born in Holden, a grad 
 uate of Dartmouth in 1814, of Andover in 1816, 
 he was from 1817 for fifteen years a useful minis 
 ter of Vergennes ; then eleven years at Philips- 
 ton, when ill health laid him aside. 
 
 LOVEWELL, JOHN, captain, the hero of Pig- 
 wawkett, died in 1725. He was the son of Zac- 
 cheus L., who was an ensign in the army of O. 
 Cromwell, and who settled at Dunstable, and died 
 there, aged 120, being the oldest person who ever 
 died in New Hampshire. Zaccheus had three 
 sons : Zaccheus, a colonel in the French war of 
 1759 ; Jonathan, a preacher, representative, and 
 judge; and the subject of this article. In the 
 Indian Avars a large bounty being offered for 
 scalps, Capt. Lovewell, at the head of a volunteer 
 company of thirty men, marched to the north of 
 Winipisseogee lake and killed an Indian and took 
 a boy prisoner, Dec. 19, 1724. Having obtained 
 his reward at Boston, he augmented his company 
 to seventy and marched to the same place. There 
 dismissing thirty men for the want of provisions, 
 he proceeded with forty men to a pond in Wake- 
 field, now called Lovewell s pond, where he dis 
 covered ten Indians asleep by a fire ; they were 
 on their march from Canada to the frontiers. He 
 killed them all Feb. 20, 1725, and with savage 
 triumph entered Dover with their scalps hooped 
 and elevated on poles, for each of which one 
 hundred pounds was paid out of the public treas 
 ury at Boston. He marched a third time with 
 forty-six men. Leaving a few men at a fort, 
 which he built at Ossipec pond, he proceeded with 
 thirty-four men to the north end of a pond in 
 68 
 
 LOW. 
 
 537 
 
 I Pigwawkett, now Fryeburg in Maine, and there a 
 severe action was fought with a party of forty- 
 i two Indians, commanded by Paugus and Wahwa, 
 I May 8, 1725. At the first fire Lovewell and 
 eight of his men wero killed ; the remainder re 
 treated a short distance to a favorable position 
 and defended themselves. With the pond in 
 their rear, the mouth of an unfordable brook on 
 their right, a rocky point on their left, and having 
 also the shelter of some large pine trees, they 
 fought bravely from ten o clock till evening, when 
 the Indians, who had lost their leader, Paugus, 
 killed by Mr. Chamberlain, retired, and fled 
 from Pigwawkett. Ensign Itobbins and two 
 others were mortally wounded ; these were neces 
 sarily left behind to die. Eleven, wounded but 
 able to march, and nine, unhurt, at the rising of 
 the moon quitted the fatal spot. Jonathan Frye, 
 the chaplain, Lieut. Farwell, and another man, 
 died in the woods in consequence of their wounds. 
 The others, with the widows and children of the 
 slain, received a grant of Lovewell s town, or 
 Suncook, now Pembroke, N. II., in 1728, in re 
 compense of their sufferings. The bodies of 
 twelve were afterwards found by Col. Tyng and 
 buried. Capt. L. had two sons ; John died in 
 Dunstable, and Col. Nehemiah in Corinth, Ver 
 mont. His daughter married Capt. Joseph Baker 
 of Pembroke. The last of his company, Thos. 
 Ainsworth, died at Brookfield Jan., 1794, aged 
 85. Symmes Memoirs of the Fight; Farmer; 
 Eelknap, n. 61-70; Farmer s Hist. Coll. L; II. 
 94, 180 ; III. 64, 173. 
 
 LOVEWELL, Mr., died in Dunstable, X. H., 
 aged 120. He died many years ago, but the date 
 of his death has not been ascertained. He was 
 the father of Col. Zaccheus L., mentioned by 
 Belknap. 
 
 LOW, SAMUEL, a poet, was born in 1765. He 
 published at New York, two small vols. of poems, 
 1800. 
 
 LOW, JAMES, M. D., a physician, died in 1822, 
 aged 40. He was born at Albany Dec. 9, 1781, 
 and was educated at Schenectady college. He 
 studied his profession four years at Edinburgh, 
 and, returning in 1808, commenced the practice at 
 Albany in connection with his former teacher, Dr. 
 Wm. McClelland, and was extensively employed. 
 For some years he delivered lectures on chemis 
 try. He was a scholar, an enthusiast in poetry, 
 and a promoter of learning. He published an 
 inaugural dissertation, de tetano, 1807 ; account 
 of the epidemic pneumonia, in medical register, 
 IV. ; observations on the moth destructive to bees; 
 notes to Hooper s Vade Mccum, and to Bell on 
 the venereal. Thacher. 
 
 LOW, ANN, died in Rye, N. Y., in 1849, aged 
 91, at the house of her son-in-law, Rev. M. De 
 Vinne. Her maiden name was Creglere, of Hu 
 guenot descent. Excepting sixty years in New 
 
538 
 
 LOW. 
 
 LOWNDES. 
 
 York, the rest of her life was spent in the itin 
 eracy of her daughters, in connection with the 
 Methodist church. 
 
 LOW, SETH, died at Brooklyn, N. Y., in 1853, 
 aged 71. Born in Gloucester, he graduated at 
 Harvard in 1804. A merchant, he lived in Salem 
 and New York, and was a man of judgment, of 
 generous charity and influence. 
 
 LOWELL, JOHN, minister in Newburyport, 
 died May 15, 1767, aged 63. He was a descend 
 ant of Percival L., a merchant, who came from 
 Bristol, England, and settled at Newbury, where 
 he died Jan. 8, 1665. His father, Ebenezer L. 
 of Boston, died in Boston in 1711, aged 36. He 
 was born March 14, 1704, graduated at Harvard 
 college in 1721, was ordained over the third 
 church in Newbury Jan. 19, 1726. Mr. Gary was 
 his successor. He was amiable, candid, liberal, 
 and social, respected for his learning, and a useful 
 minister. He published a sermon at the ordina 
 tion of T. Barnard, 1738; before Col. Titcomb 
 and his soldiers, 1755 ; on the death of Col. Moses 
 Titcomb, who fell near Lake George, 1760. 
 Tucker s Funeral Sermon ; Spraguc s Annals. 
 
 LOWELL, JOHN, LL. D., judge, the son of 
 the preceding, died at Roxbury May 6, 1802, aged 
 58.- He was graduated at Harvard college in the 
 year 1760. Having settled in Boston as a lawyer, 
 he was chosen a member of congress in 1781. Of 
 the convention which formed the constitution of 
 Massachusetts he was a distinguished member. 
 In 1789 Washington appointed him judge of the 
 district court, and on the new organization of the 
 courts of the United States in Feb., 1801, he was 
 appointed chief judge of the first circuit. Unit 
 ing to a vigorous mind, which was enriched with 
 literary acquisitions, a refined taste and concilia 
 tory manners, and being sincere in the profession 
 and practice of the Christian religion, his decease 
 was deeply felt and lamented. For eighteen 
 years he was a member of the corporation of 
 Harvard college, and one of the founders of the 
 American academy. His son, Francis C., a pro 
 prietor of the Lowell factories, died in 1817; his 
 son, Rev. Charles L., is still living. He wrote 
 an English poem, No. 3, in the " Pietas," etc., 
 printed at Cambridge. He pronounced before 
 the American academy of arts and sciences, in 
 Jan., 1791, an elegant eulogy on their late presi 
 dent, James Bowdoin, which is prefixed to the 
 second volume of the memoirs of that society. 
 
 LOWELL, JOHN, died in Bombay in Feb., 
 1836, aged 37, oldest son of Francis C. L. In 
 heriting early an ample fortune, he yet toiled for 
 learning. Losing his wife and children, he trav 
 elled in Greece, Syria, Egypt, Nubia, and Abys 
 sinia, lie had moral and religious principle, and 
 was esteemed in the relations of life and by his 
 fellow-citizens. 
 
 LOWELL, JOHN, LL. I)., died of apoplexy at 
 
 Boston March 12, 1840, aged 70. He was the 
 son of Judge Lowell, and was born at Newbury 
 port Oct. 6, 1769; was graduated at Cambridge in 
 1786 ; and, after practising the law till of the age 
 of 34, he left the bar. In 1803 he went to 
 Europe for the benefit of his health. After his 
 return he wrote much for the newspapers and 
 journals, few men exercising so great an influence 
 over public opinion. He was of the federal 
 school. His poh tical pieces appeared chiefly in 
 the Centinel; he wrote also on theological 
 controversial matters and agriculture. He was 
 the author of twenty-five or more pamphlets. 
 From 1810 to 1822 he was one of the corpora 
 tion of the college. Of the Massachusetts gen 
 eral hospital, the athenaeum, the savings bank, 
 and the hospital life insurance company he was 
 one of the founders. He was frank, fearless, 
 generous, sometimes impetuous. 
 
 LOWNDES, WILLIAM, LL. D., a statesman, 
 was a native of South Carolina, and was a distin 
 guished member of congress for a period of ten 
 years from about 1812 to 1822, when from ill 
 health he resigned. In 1818 he was chairman of 
 the committee of ways and means. While on u 
 voyage from Philadelphia to London in the ship 
 Moss, he died at sea, Oct. 27, 1822, aged 42. 
 His family was with him. A writer in the Na 
 tional Register describes him as tall, slender, ema 
 ciated, of a rueful countenance; a man of M ealth 
 and . probity ; modest, retiring, and unambitious ; 
 with a mind of the first order, vigorous, compre 
 hensive, and logical, and a memory of uncommon 
 power, and standing in the first rank of American 
 statesmen. There must have been some most 
 extraordinary excellences in his character, for he 
 was respected and beloved even by his political 
 adversaries. He had a heart of kindness, purity 
 of morals, frankness and candor, a sound judg 
 ment, wisdom pre-eminent, and patriotism most 
 ardent. His feeble voice and awkward gesticula 
 tion were of little advantage to his oratory. But 
 his strong, comprehensive mind, and his love of 
 country, together Avith his virtues, gave him a 
 persuasive power. On hearing of the victory of 
 Lake Erie, he rose and electrified the house with 
 his eloquence. Had he lived, lie might have been 
 the president of the United States. It was said 
 of him in congress by Mr. Taylor of New York : 
 " The highest and best hopes of the country 
 looked to Wm. Lowndcs for their fulfilment. The 
 most honorable office in the civilized world, the 
 chief-magistracy of this free people, would have 
 been illustrated by his virtues and talents." Con 
 cerning that office, of seeking which, by any in 
 trigue or artifice or effort of his own whatever, 
 Mr. Lowndes was totally incapable, he remarked 
 " The office of president of the United States is 
 one neither to be solicited nor declined." It were 
 happy for our country, if the same modest spirit 
 
LOWNDES. 
 
 LUSK. 
 
 539 
 
 exerted a controlling effect over our great states 
 men, and if the honors of high office were mer 
 ited by public services and private virtues, and not 
 sought. 
 
 LOWXDES, THOMAS, died at Charleston, S. C., 
 July 8, 1843, aged 77. He was the eldest son of 
 llawlins L., who was president of South Carolina 
 in 1778-1780. Mr. L. was in congress in 1801- 
 1805, and was eloquent in debate. 
 
 LOWREY, GEORGE, major, a distinguished 
 Cherokee, died Oct. 20, 1852, aged about 82. He 
 was a deacon in Mr. Worcester s church. Born 
 on the Tennessee river about 1770, he was one of 
 the delegates who visited President Washington 
 at Philadelphia in 1791 or 1792, and who made 
 the treaty of 1819; he was a member of the con 
 vention which framed the constitution of the 
 Cherokee nation in 1827, and was elected assist 
 ant principal chief. He sustained various offices, 
 and was an honest man, a pure patriot, a devoted 
 Christian. He wrote a tract on temperance in 
 Cherokee, which was printed, and he aided in the 
 translation of the Scriptures. As he was about 
 to die, he expressed his reliance on the atoning 
 blood of Christ. 
 
 LOWRIE, WALTER M., missionary to China 
 of the Presbyterian board, was murdered by 
 pirates, being thrown into the sea, in Aug., 1847. 
 He was the son of Walter L., secretary of the 
 Presbyterian board, and brother of John C. L., 
 missionary in Northern India. He was on his re 
 turn from Shanghae, where he had attended a 
 convention of missionaries to revise the transla 
 tion of the New Testament. II. W. Dickinson 
 has spoken of him in the columns of the Observer, 
 Jan. 8, 1848. 
 
 LOWHY, JAMES, a minister in Chester district, 
 S. C., died in 1853, leaving 1000 dollars for for 
 eign missions, and the same for domestic mis 
 sions. 
 
 LUCAS, WILLIAM, minister of Auburn, N. Y., 
 died in 1839. 
 
 LUCAS, JOHN B. C., died at St. Louis in 1842, 
 aged about 80. Born in Normandy, he was edu 
 cated at Caen, and became doctor of laws. He 
 emigrated in 1784 to Pittsburg. While a mem 
 ber of congress, Mr. Jefferson, in 1805, nominated 
 him as a judge in Louisiana, an office which he 
 held till 1820. 
 
 LUDLOW, ROGER, deputy-governor of Mas 
 sachusetts and of Connecticut, was a pious gen 
 tleman of a good family in the west of England, 
 and came to this country with Maverick and 
 Warham, and was one of the first settlers of Dor 
 chester in 1630. He was an assistant four years, 
 being chosen such in England. In May, 1632, 
 when Gov. Winthrop told him that the people 
 intended to ask of the next general court that the 
 assistants might be chosen annually, " he grew 
 
 into passion and said, that then we should have 
 no government, etc." In 1634 he was deputy- 
 governor ; but, failing to be chosen governor, he 
 complains of the election, as agreed upon by the 
 deputies in private. For this he was left out of 
 the magistracy. In consequence he removed in 
 1635, with the first settlers, to Windsor, and in 
 Connecticut he was for nineteen years one of the 
 most useful and distinguished men. He was 
 every year a magistrate or deputy-governor ; he 
 was also one of the commissioners of the united 
 colonies. Removing in 1639 to Fairfield, his sit 
 uation made him particularly interested in the 
 protection of the western frontier against the 
 Dutch and Indians. The commissioners, in con 
 sequence of an alleged plot of the Dutch, voted, 
 in 1653, to make war against them ; but Massa 
 chusetts refused to concur, much to the dissatis 
 faction of New Haven, and in disregard, it was 
 asserted, of the power stipulated to belong to the 
 commissioners, to make war and peace. At this 
 period the inhabitants of Fairfield determined to 
 make war with Manhadoes, and chose Mr. Ludlow 
 commander-in-chief. He accepted the appoint 
 ment. But the general court of New Haven dis 
 countenanced the project, and punished his offi 
 cers, Basset and Chapman, for attempting to make 
 an insurrection, and for raising volunteers. Prob 
 ably, in consequence of this affair, Mr. Ludlow 
 embarked, in April, 1654, for Virginia, with his 
 family, and carried away the records of Fairfield 
 with him. The time and place of his death are 
 not known. Mr. Endicott was his brother-in-law. 
 He was ambitious and aspiring. Yet he deserves 
 honorable remembrance for his knowledge of ju 
 risprudence and various public services. He com 
 piled the first Connecticut code of laws, which 
 was printed in 1672. 
 
 LUDNUM, AUGUSTA V., Miss, a celebrated 
 pianist of Cincinnati, died at New Orleans Jan. 
 30, 1851. 
 
 LUNDY, BENJAMIN, died at Hennepin, 111., in 
 Sept., 1839; editor of the genius of universal 
 emancipation. 
 
 LUXSFORD, LEWIS, a Baptist minister, died 
 in Virginia Oct. 26, 1793, aged 40. With little 
 education, he was an eloquent and celebrated 
 preacher, the pastor of Moratico church, residing 
 in 1779 in Northumberland. He sometimes ap 
 peared more like an angel than a man, his face 
 beaming with light, and his style and manner 
 most energetic and sublime. Though in charge 
 of an opulent church, he was poor and neg 
 lected ; being, as ministers in all ages have often 
 been, like the camels of Arabia, who, while they 
 carry spices and jewels, feed on coarse shrubs 
 and thistles. 
 
 LUSK, JOHN, died near MoMinnville, Tenn., 
 in June, 1838, aged 104. Born on Long Island, 
 
540 
 
 LUTHER. 
 
 LYMAN. 
 
 he was a soldier in the French and Revolutionary 
 wars. 
 
 LUTHER, SAMUEL, a Baptist minister of 
 Swansey from 1685, died in 1717. He -was a 
 man of character, of talents and faithfulness. 
 
 LUZERNE, CAESAR ANXE DE LA, chevalier, 
 minister from France to the United States, suc 
 ceeded M. Gerard, having been previously em 
 ployed in a diplomatic capacity in Bavaria. He 
 arrived at Philadelphia Sept. 21, 1779, from which 
 time till the end of the war he continued in his 
 office, having the esteem and confidence of the 
 American people. After five years he was suc 
 ceeded by M. Barbe Marbois, the secretary of 
 legation, as charge d affaires. From Jan., 1788, 
 Luzerne was ambassador at London till his death, 
 Sept. 14, 1791, at the age of 50. His correspon 
 dence in regard to America is published in the 
 10th and llthvols. of diplomatic correspondence, 
 edited by Jared Sparks. 
 
 LYFORD, JOHN, a preacher, was sent over 
 about 1623 as an enemy of the Plymouth com 
 pany. He was well received and employed for a 
 while as a minister ; but, his character being dis 
 covered, he was banished. He then preached, 
 about 1626, in Gloucester, Mass., and thence went 
 to Virginia, where he died miserably. 
 
 LYMAN, PHINEHAS, major-general, died in 
 1775, aged about 59. He was born at Durham, 
 Conn., about 1716, was graduated in 1738 at Yale 
 college, in which he was afterwards a tutor three 
 years, and settled as a lawyer in Suffield. He 
 sustained various public offices. In 1755 he was 
 appointed major-general and commander-in-chief 
 of the Connecticut forces. When Sir W. John 
 son was wounded in the battle of Lake George, 
 the command devolved on him, and he animated 
 his men to a successful combat. For five hours, 
 in front of the breastwork, he issued his orders 
 with the utmost coolness. Yet Johnson, who was 
 in every respect his inferior, in his mean jealousy 
 gave him no praise ; he wished to bear away the 
 honor himself; he was, in fact, made a baronet 
 for this battle, and received 5,000 pounds. In 
 1758 he served with Abercrombie, and was with 
 Lord Howe when he was killed. He was also at 
 the capture of Crown Point by Amherst, and at 
 the surrender of Montreal. In 1762 he com 
 manded the provincial troops in the expedition 
 against Havana. His services were important, 
 and he acquired a high reputation. In 1763 he 
 went to England as the agent of a company, 
 called the " Military adventurers," and wasted 
 eleven years of his life. The company had pur 
 chased of the Six Nations of Indians, under the 
 authority of Connecticut, a tract of land on the 
 Susquehannah river. The proprietors of Penn 
 sylvania claiming the same tract, the government 
 of Connecticut recommended to the company to 
 obtain a confirmation from the king. For this 
 
 purpose Gen. Lyman went to England. Proba 
 bly he formed other projects. Dr. Dwight rep 
 resents that the object of the company was to 
 obtain a tract on the Mississippi and Yazoo. 
 Being deluded for years by idle promises, his 
 mind sunk down into imbecility. At last his wife, 
 who was a sister of Dr. Dwight s father, sent his 
 second son to England to solicit his return, in 
 
 1774. About this time a tract was granted to 
 the petitioners. After his return he embarked 
 with his eldest son for the Mississippi. Both 
 died soon after their arrival at West Florida, in 
 
 1775. Mrs. Lyman and all her family, but her 
 second son, accompanied by her only brother, 
 Col. Dwight, proceeded in 1776 to the neighbor 
 hood of Natchez. Within a few months she died, 
 and Col. Dwight also died in 1777. The Spanish 
 war compelled the whole company, in 1781 or 
 1782, to flee from Natchez, and with incredible 
 sufferings to make a journey of more than one 
 thousand miles to Savannah, where two of the 
 daughters of Gen. Lyman died. His four sons 
 joined the British in the war. One of them, once 
 brilliant, gay, and ingenious, came to Suffield, 
 about 1783, penniless, and died in poverty and 
 melancholy. The history of this unhappy family 
 is not encouraging to adventure and emigration. 
 DwigU, I. 305; III. 361. 
 
 LYMAN, ISAAC, minister of York, died March 
 12, 1810, aged 85. Born in Northampton, he 
 graduated at Yale in 1747. He was ordained 
 Dec. 20, 1749, so that he was sixty years in the 
 ministry. His widow, Ruth, died in March, 1824, 
 aged 93. 
 
 LYMAN, GERSIIOM C., first minister of Marl- 
 borough, Vt., died in 1813, aged 61. Born in 
 Lebanon, Conn., he graduated at Yale in 1773, 
 and was ordained Dec. 9, 1778. 
 
 LYMAN, JOSEPH, D. D., minister of Hatfield, 
 Mass., died March 27, 1828, aged 78. He was 
 the son of Jonathan, of Lebanon, Conn., and was 
 graduated in 1769 at Yale college, where he was 
 a tutor from 1770 to 1771. Soon afterwards he 
 was ordained at Hatfield, as the successor of Mr. 
 Woodbridge, and died in consequence of a can 
 cerous humor, which afflicted him nearly two 
 years. In his painful sickness he never com 
 plained ; his last words expressed his trust in 
 Christ as a Saviour. He was an original member 
 of the American foreign mission society, and in 
 1823 and several subsequent years was its presi 
 dent. He published election sermon, 1787 ; two 
 occasional sermons, 1804 ; at ordination of W. 
 Graves, 1791 ; of H. Lord, 1804; of T. II. Wood, 
 1806; of D. Huntington, 1809; of S. Hopkins, 
 1811 ; at the convention, 1806 ; at the opening of 
 the bridge, 1807; at Charlestown, 1811; on the 
 death of S.Hopkins, 1811; of R. Woodbridge, 
 1819 ; of C. Strong, 1819; before American board, 
 1819 ; before Hampshire ministers, 1821 ; two 
 
LYMAX. 
 
 LYOX. 
 
 Rcrmons on the overthrow of the French army in 
 Russia, 1813. Spraguc s Annals. 
 
 LYMAX, WILLIAM, brigadier-general, consul 
 of the United States at London, was a native of 
 Northampton, Mass., and graduated at Yale col 
 lege in 1776. For some years he was a member 
 of congress from Hampshire county, then resid 
 ing at Northampton. He went in 1805 as con 
 sul to London, where he died in Oct., 1811, aged 
 about 58. 
 
 LYMAX, THEODORE, died at Waltham May 
 24, 1829, aged 86. He had been a merchant in 
 Boston, and was a man of liberal charities. 
 
 LYMAX, THEODORE, son of the preceding, 
 died in Boston in 1849. He was a graduate of 
 1810, and mayor of Boston. He published, A few 
 weeks in Paris, 1814 ; political state of Italy, 
 1820 ; oration July 4, 1820 ; three weeks in Paris ; 
 account of the Hartford convention, 1823 ; diplo 
 macy of the United States, 2 vols., 1826. 
 
 LYMAX, WILLIAM, D. 1)., minister of Had- 
 dam, Conn., and China, X. Y., died in 1833, aged 
 about 70. lie graduated at Y r ale in 1784. He 
 published the election sermon in 1806; a sermon 
 on the death of Mrs. Griswold, of Lyme ; a ded 
 ication sermon at Lebanon, 1807 ; at the ordina 
 tion of J. Harvey, 1810. 
 
 LYMAX, HENRY, a missionary, was killed with 
 Mr. Munson by the Battahs at Sumatra, June 28, 
 1834, aged 24. He was born at Xorthampton, 
 the son of Theodore and Susan W. Lyman, and 
 a graduate of Amherst in 1829, in a class of 
 thirty-eight persons, of whom twenty-six were 
 ministers. He attended medical lectures at Bow- 
 doin college, preparatory to his fatal mission. 
 There is a monument to his memory at North 
 ampton, near the grave of Braincrd. His wife 
 was Eliza Pond, of Boston. His mother died at 
 Montreal June 12, 1855, aged 68; his sister 
 Helen died there also in 1852. Another sister 
 has been for years at the head of an excellent 
 school for young ladies in Montreal. He pub 
 lished Condition of females in Pagan countries. 
 
 LYMAN, ELIPILVLET, minister of South Wood 
 stock, Conn., died in 1836, aged 81. He gradu 
 ated at Yale in 1776. He published two dis 
 courses, with an appendix, 1794. 
 
 LYMAX, ASA, died at Clinton, N. Y., in 1836, 
 aged about 60. The brother of Rev. Dr. Wm. 
 L., he was graduated at Yale in 1797; was minis 
 ter of Ilamden, Conn., for three years from 1800; 
 was minister in Bath, Me., from 1806 to 1808, 
 when he was dismissed for ill health. He was 
 afterwards a publisher of books in Portland, after 
 wards in New York, Newark, and Buffalo. Two 
 of his sons were ministers of the Episcopal church 
 in Maryland. 
 
 LYMAN, LEWIS, merchant, died at Hartford, 
 Vt., Jan. 29, 1837, aged 45. 
 
 LYMAX, JOSEPH, judge, died in Xorthampton, 
 
 Mass., in Dec., 1847, aged 80. Born in X., he 
 graduated at Yale in 1783. When he was young 
 a falling tree killed his companion, while he es 
 caped. He was clerk of the courts, judge of the 
 common pleas, judge of probate, and sheriff of 
 Hampshire. He voted at fifty-nine annual elec 
 tions. Of the Hartford convention he was a 
 member, and of that for revising the State con 
 stitution. To the town of X. he was a benefactor, 
 giving the land for the boys high school. lie 
 was descended from John L., a first settler of X., 
 by Benjamin, Joseph, and Captain Joseph, his 
 father, who died in 1804, aged 70. Ellis Ser 
 mon. 
 
 LYXCH, THOMAS, a patriot of the Revolution, 
 was born Aug. 5, 1749, at Prince George s parish, 
 S. C. His ancestor, Jonack L., emigrated from 
 Ireland. He was educated at Eton and Cam 
 bridge, England, and afterwards studied law at 
 the Temple. In 1772 he returned. In 1775 he 
 commanded a company in the first South Carolina 
 regiment. Being chosen to succeed his father, 
 then in ill health, as a member of congress, he 
 signed in 1776 the Declaration of Independence. 
 He set out on his return in company with his 
 father, who died at Annapolis. His own ill health 
 constrained him at the close of 1779 to embark with 
 his wife, in a ship commanded by Capt. Morgan, but 
 nothing was ever afterwards known concerning the 
 vessel. Probably he and his companion went 
 down together into the depth of the ocean. He 
 was about twenty-eight years of age. He had 
 ability, integrity, and firmness, and was amiable 
 in the relations of private life. Goodrich. 
 
 LYXDE, BENJAMIN, chief justice of Massachu 
 setts, died March 28, 1745, aged 79. He was 
 born at Salem in 1666 ; graduated at Harvard 
 college in 1686 ; and studied law at the temple. 
 He was appointed a judge in 1712, and chief 
 justice in 1729. From 1723 to 1737 he was a 
 member of the council. 
 
 LYXDE, BENJAMIN, chief justice of Massa 
 chusetts, son of the preceding, died in 1781, aged 
 about 63. He was graduated in 1718; from 
 1737 he was for many years a member of the 
 council. At the trial of Capt. Preston in 1770 
 he presided in court. He resigned the office of 
 chief justice in 1772. 
 
 LY XDOX, JOSIAS, governor of Rhode Island 
 in 1768, died in 1778, aged 74. He was a mem 
 ber of the Baptist society in Providence, to which 
 he bequeathed his house and other property. 
 
 LYOX, RICHARD, a poet, came early to this 
 country. In 1649 he was a private tutor to a 
 young English student at Cambridge, and lived 
 with President Dunster ; he was a preacher. 
 After Eliot s Bay Psalms were published, when 
 it was deemed necessary to revise them, Mr. Lyon 
 was appointed to this service with President 
 Dunster. Many passages from other parts of the 
 
542 
 
 LYON. 
 
 MACKAY. 
 
 bible, called the spiritual songs of the Old and 
 New Testament, are inserted. The 20th edition 
 was published in 1722. 
 
 LYON, JAMES, minister of Brookhaven, N. Y., 
 died in October, 1790, aged 90. 
 
 LYON, ASA, minister in South Hero, Grand Isle, 
 Vt., died April 4, 1841, aged 78. Born in Mas 
 sachusetts, he graduated at Dartmouth in 1790, and 
 commenced preaching the gospel in Grand Isle 
 county, Avhen the settlement was new, and he was 
 venerated in his old age. He was a preacher 
 more than fifty years, and lived at Grand Isle 
 forty years. 
 
 LYON, MARY, principal of Mount Holyoke 
 female seminary, died at South Hadley March 
 5, 1849, aged 52. She was born of pious parents, 
 in the humble walks of life, in a retired spot among 
 the green mountains, in Buckland, Hampden 
 county. On the same mountains were born the 
 missionaries Parsons, Fisk, and King. Early be 
 reaved of her father, she yet enjoyed the care 
 of a Christian mother. She was first the teacher 
 of a district school, evincing talent and skill. 
 Her own academical studies were pursued under 
 Joseph Emerson. She toiled a while in the 
 academy of Ashfield ; then became the associate 
 of Miss Grant in the academy of Derry. Thence 
 they removed to Ipswieh, and for years Miss 
 Grant conducted a popular female academy with 
 Miss Lyon for her assistant. But now Miss L. 
 formed the plan of Mount Holyoke seminary at 
 South Hadley, near Mount Holyoke. Hers was 
 the plan, and the labor of collecting funds, and 
 arranging the buildings, and the course of instruc 
 tion. She presided for years over an admirable 
 school, in a beautiful brick college, whose pro 
 portions are visible to the traveller on the rail 
 road on the western side of the Connecticut 
 river, furnishing rooms to more than two hundred 
 young ladies. Miss L. s objects were to bring 
 the means of a thorough education within the 
 ability of the less wealthy, and in the three years 
 course to train up accomplished teachers, sending 
 them out in great numbers to the far west. Thus 
 has she been an almost unequalled benefactor 
 of the whole country. Her life was written by 
 Dr. Humphrey. For twelve years she was at 
 the head of the seminary. As a teacher thirty- 
 five years she had three thousand pupils. 
 
 LYTTLE, ROBERT T., general, died at New 
 Orleans in 1839. He was of Cincinnati, and a 
 member of congress and distinguished speaker 
 from Ohio. 
 
 MACBIUDGE, JAMES, a physician, died in 
 Charleston, S. C., in 1817. He was much de 
 voted to botany, and assisted Elliott in his sketch 
 of southern botany. 
 
 MACCAHTY, TIIADDEUS, minister of Worces 
 ter, Mass., died July 18, 1785, aged 63. Born 
 
 in Boston, he graduated at Harvard in 1739 ; 
 he was ordained at Kingston in 1742, and after 
 three years was dismissed for his attachment to 
 Whitefield ; was settled June 10, 1747, at Wor 
 cester, where he was succeeded by S. Austin. 
 He Avas tall and slender, with a black, piercing 
 eye, and a sonorous voice. He published a ser 
 mon at his installation, 1747 ; two fast sermons, 
 1759; at execution, 1768; at execution for bur 
 glary, 1770. His farewell sermon at Kingston 
 was published 1795. 
 
 MACCLINTOCK, SAMUEL, D. D., minister of 
 Greenland, N. II., died in 1804, aged 71. He 
 was born in Medlbrd, Mass., May 1, 1732. His 
 father was a native of Ireland. He was gradu 
 ated at the college in New Jersey in 1751. Be 
 ing invited to become an assistant to William 
 Allen of Greenland, he was ordained about the 
 year 1757. He was an eminent divine. Though 
 he had no predilection for the field of contro 
 versy, yet, when forced into it, he evinced him 
 self a master of argument. An enemy to all 
 civil and religious impositions, during the war 
 he was repeatedly in the army in the character 
 of a chaplain. His exhortations animated the 
 soldiers to the conflict. Under afflictions he was 
 submissive to the Divine will. As he was averse 
 to parade, he directed his funeral to be attended 
 in a simple manner. He published a sermon on 
 the justice of God in the mortality cf man, 1759; 
 against the Baptists, 1770 ; Herodias, or cruelty 
 and revenge the effects of unlawful pleasure, 
 1772 j at the commencement of the new consti 
 tution, 1784 ; an epistolary correspondence be 
 tween himself and J. C. Ogden, 1791 ; at the 
 ordination of Jesse Appleton, 1797 ; the choice, 
 occasioned by the drought, the fever, and the 
 prospect of war, 1798 ; an oration commemora 
 tive of Washington, 1800. Piscat. Evangelical 
 Magazine, I. 9-12. 
 
 MACE, Mrs., died at Brookline, Mass., Dec. 
 31, 1850, aged 100. 
 
 MACGltEGORE, DAVID, died May 30, 1777, 
 aged 66, having been forty-one years pastor of 
 the second Presbyterian church in Londonderry, 
 N. H. He was an excellent preacher, a zealous, 
 confident patriot, a trustful Christian. He pub 
 lished a sermon, 1741, entitled professors warned ; 
 and the true believer s all secured, 1747. 
 
 MACK, DAVID, died in Middlefield, aged 94. 
 He was the first merchant in the town, acquired 
 wealth, and was a man of influence and benevo 
 lence, highly esteemed. Yet so ignorant was he, 
 that he went to school with his own son six years 
 old. The tract, the faithful steward, relates to 
 him. Holland s Hist. Hampshire Co. 
 
 MACKAY, ANDREW, Dr., died at Wareham, 
 Mass., in April, 1817, aged 70, the son of a Scotch 
 physician of Soutaampton, Long Island. 
 
MACKENZIE. 
 
 MACKENZIE, ALEXANDER, Sir, a Scotchman 
 employed in the service of the Northwest Fur 
 company in Canada, went in 1789 on an exploring 
 expedition from fort Chipewyan to the northern 
 ocean in lat. 69. In 1792 he crossed the Rocky 
 Mountains and reached the Pacific. His travels 
 were published in 2 vols., 1802. 
 
 MACKENZIE, ALEXANDER SLIDELL, com 
 mander in the navy, died at Tarrytown, in 1848, 
 aged 45. His father was J. Slidell of New York. 
 He was induced to take his mother s name. In 
 1842 he made his cruise in the Somers, in which 
 he felt constrained to hang several mutineers to 
 the yard-arm. Two courts approved of his con 
 duct. He was a man of integrity and devotional 
 feeling. He published a year in Spain, 1825; 
 American in England ; Spain revisited ; biogra 
 phies of Paul Jones and S. Decatur. Cycl. of 
 American Literature. 
 
 MACKENZIE, DONALD, died at Mayville, 
 N. Y., Jan. 20, 1851, aged 67. He was a partner 
 of J. J. Astor in the fur trade at the west ; in 
 1825 he was the governor of the Hudson Bay 
 company. He withdrew in 1832 and lived in M. 
 
 MACKLIN, ROBERT, was born in Scotland 
 and died at Wakefield, N. II., in 1787, aged 115. 
 He lived several years in Portsmouth. 
 
 MACLEAN, JOHN, professor of chemistry at 
 Princeton and William and Mary colleges ; a 
 Scotchman, died in 1814. 
 
 MACLURE, WILLIAM, died March 23, 1840, 
 aged 77, near the city of Mexico. Born in Scot 
 land, he lived in Philadelphia. He was twenty 
 years president of the academy of natural scien 
 ces. His liberal gifts to the association amounted 
 to 25,000 dollars. He crossed the Alleghany 
 mountains fifty times in his scientific explora 
 tions. He published, among other essays, a sci 
 entific map, 1809; geology of the U. S. and W. 
 Indies; opinions on various subjects, 1831. 
 Cyclopedia of American Literature. 
 
 MACOMB, ALEXANDER, major-general, coni- 
 mander-in-chief of the army of the United States, 
 died at Washington, June 25, 1841. He was 
 born at Detroit in 1782, and entered the army 
 in 1799. He commanded as brigadier at the 
 battle of Plattsburg. For his gallantry he re 
 ceived a gold medul from congress. After the 
 death of Brown he was commander-in-chief. 
 He published a treatise on martial law and courts 
 martial, 1809. 
 
 MACON, NATHANIEL, died in Warren county, 
 North Carolina, June 29, 1837, aged 79. He was 
 in congress from 1791 to 1815 ; then in the senate 
 till 1828, having been for thirty-seven years in 
 the national legislature, longer than any other 
 man. He was speaker of the 7th, 8th, and 9th 
 congresses. He was the friend of Jefferson and 
 Madison. Though a conspicuous party man, no 
 one questioned his integrity. Mr. Randolph said 
 
 MADISON. 
 
 543 
 
 of him, he is " the best, and purest, and wisest 
 man that I ever knew." 
 
 MACNEVEN, WILLIAM J., M. D., died at 
 New York July 12, 1841, aged 78. Born in 
 Ireland, he was educated by an uncle at Prague 
 and Vienna, and commenced the practice at 
 Dublin in 1783. In the political difficulties of 
 1798 he was imprisoned. Released in 1802, he 
 travelled, and published a ramble through Swit 
 zerland; next he was a captain in the French 
 army. He came to New York in 1805, and by 
 the aid of Mr. Emmet, Mr. Sampson, and other 
 friends, commenced the successful practice of 
 physic. He married Mrs. Tone, the widow of a 
 merchant and the daughter of Samuel Ricker. 
 He was a devout Catholic. He was skilled in 
 German, French, and Italian. He held various 
 professorships in the college of physicians for 
 twenty years. He published the atomic theory, 
 1820 ; and was co-editor of the New York med 
 ical journal. Williams Med. Biography. 
 
 MACWHORTER, ALEXANDER, D. D., died 
 at Newark, N. J., April 2, 1807, aged 72. He 
 was a native of Delaware. His father, Hugh, 
 was of Scotch descent, and came from the north 
 of Ireland. A. M. was two years in the univer 
 sity of Edinburgh ; he graduated at Princeton in 
 1757. His deep religious impressions began at 
 the age of 16. lie was ordained in 1759, and 
 was minister of the first Presbyterian church 
 about forty-six years. His wife, Mary, was .a 
 sister of Rev. A. Gumming of Boston. Dr. M. 
 had the attachment and confidence of his people. 
 Dr. Stearns has published a full account of him 
 in his history of Newark. 
 
 MADISON, JAMES, bishop of Virginia, died 
 March 6, 1812, aged 62. He was born Aug. 27, 
 1749, near Port Republic, Rockingham county, 
 Virginia. His father was clerk of West Augusta 
 district. He was educated at William and Mary 
 college, and was distinguished for classical learn 
 ing. Under Mr. Wythe he studied law, and was 
 admitted to the bar ; but he soon resolved to de 
 vote himself to theology. In 1773 he was chosen 
 professor o/ mathematics in William and Mary 
 college, and in 1777 was appointed the president, 
 and visited England for his improvement in sci 
 ence. Until 1784 he was not only president, but 
 professor of mathematics, and aftenvards was 
 professor of natural, moral, and political philos 
 ophy until his death. He first introduced lec 
 tures on political economy. In 1788 he was 
 chosen bishop. As a preacher he was eloquent. 
 His wife was Mrs. Mary Tait of Williamsburg. 
 He was tall and slender, of a delicate constitu 
 tion, temperate and abstemious. In his disposi 
 tion he was mild and benevolent, of simple, but 
 courteous and winning manners. He published 
 a thanksgiving sermon, 1781 ; a letter to J. 
 Morse, 1795 ; address to the Episcopal church, 
 
544 
 
 MADISON. 
 
 1799 ; discourse on the death of Washington ; a 
 large map of Virginia; and several pieces in 
 Barton s journal. 
 
 MADISON, GEORGE, governor of Kentucky, 
 son of the preceding, at the age of seventeen 
 went out as a soldier in defence of the western 
 frontier, and was engaged in several hattles with the 
 Indians. In St. Glair s defeat he was wounded. 
 In the war of 1812 he was an officer at the battle 
 of Itaisin. After having been twenty years audi 
 tor of the public accounts, he was chosen gover 
 nor for the term of four years in 1816, but in a 
 few weeks after his election he died at Paris in 
 Oct., 1816, and was buried at Frankfort. 
 
 MADISON, JAMES, president of the United 
 States, died at his seat at Montpelier, Orange co., 
 Va., June 28, 1836, aged 85. He was the son of 
 Col. James Madison of Orange co., and of Nelly 
 Conway, born March 16, 1751; and he could 
 trace back his ancestors only the short distance of 
 a hundred years. His father died in 1801. He 
 was born at the house of his maternal grand 
 mother, in Port Conway on the llappahannock. 
 Early educated by Mr. Robertson, a Scotchman, 
 in King and Queen co., and by Hev. Mr. Martin, 
 a Jerseyman, at his father s house, he studied 
 English, Latin, Greek, French, and Italian. He 
 entered Princeton college in 1769, and graduated 
 in 1771, going over the junior and senior studies 
 in one year. Then he remained at Princeton till 
 1772, studying the Hebrew. In 1776 he was 
 sent to the general assembly ; but the next year 
 he lost his election because he would not treat 
 and electioneer. From 1779 to 1785 he was a 
 member of the continental congress chosen by 
 the general assembly ; and he was again chosen 
 in 1786. In 1787 he was a member of the great 
 convention at Philadelphia, which formed the con 
 stitution of the United States, by unanimous 
 agreement, Sept. 17th. He remained in congress 
 until 1797. In 1798 he was of the general as 
 sembly; in 1800 an elector. In 1801 he \vas sec 
 retary of State of the United States, and contin 
 ued eight years, till in 1809 he was chosen 
 president, remaining in office two -terms until 
 1817, when he retired to Montpelier. He was a 
 visitor and elector of the university; and in 1829 
 a member of the State convention. In the sev 
 enth year afterwards he died. He held a high 
 and honorable and unstained character, and his 
 memory is venerated. Yet in making the awards 
 of truth and justice, the inquiry is not to be over 
 looked, whether in his high office of president of 
 the United States he did not perform one act 
 which cannot be justified, but which in the calm 
 judgment of sober reason must be condemned? 
 No reflecting man can doubt whether war is a 
 great and tremendous evil, and whether for a 
 ruler to precipitate his country into a needless 
 war is not an enormous crime. Probably the war 
 
 MADISON. 
 
 of 1812 with Great Britain would not have oc 
 curred, had not Mr. Madison in his message 
 seemed to recommend it, when he proposed to 
 congress the decision of the question, " whether 
 the United States shall continue passive under 
 these progressive usurpations and these accumu 
 lated wrongs ; or, opposing force to force in de 
 fence of their national rights, shall commit a just 
 cause into the hands of the Almighty Disposer 
 of events ? " Notwithstanding these good and 
 justifying words, it may well be doubted whether 
 the wrongs experienced were at all of a character, 
 rendering a war just and necessary, and whether 
 an enlightened Christian, seeking the approbation 
 of God, would have recommended war for the 
 reasons alleged. In fact, within four days after 
 the declaration of war, the British orders in coun 
 cil, one chief cause of the war, were repealed. 
 The next year, through the mediation of Russia, 
 commissioners were appointed to negotiate a 
 peace, and in 1814 peace was made, after the loss 
 of a multitude of valuable lives and an immense 
 waste of treasure. When will great statesmen 
 learn, that, as they will be brought to account by 
 the Supreme Ruler for any act of flagrant im 
 morality which stains their character, so they 
 will most assuredly be held to fearful judgment 
 for plunging their country, without just and ur 
 gent reasons, into the desolations and horrors of 
 war ? If the sword may be drawn in defence of 
 the national existence and the national freedom, 
 yet it is not to be drawn from ambition, the love 
 of popularity or fame, or the love of office, from 
 pride or petty revenge, or for the enlargement of 
 territory. Cowper said, after alluding to " the 
 diversion " of princes in the tented field, 
 
 " But war a a game, which, were their subjects wise, 
 Kings would not play at." 
 
 And with greater certainty American presidents 
 and members of congress will not again rush into 
 an unjust and unnecessary war, unless the Ameri 
 can people, \vho choose them to office, are foolish, 
 deluded, and borne away by evil passions. The 
 numbers in the Federalist, illustrative of the 
 constitution, which Mr. Madison wrote, were 10, 
 14, 18, 20, 37-58, 62, 63. Jay wrote 2-5 and 64 : 
 Hamilton the other numbers. His report of the 
 proceedings and discussions of the contention was 
 published. His works have been published in 
 six vols. 
 
 MADISON, DOKOTHY, Mrs., the widow of 
 President M., died at Washington July 12, 1849, 
 aged about 80. Her maiden name was Dorothy 
 Paine ; her parents were of the society of Friends 
 in Virginia, and removed to Philadelphia while 
 she was young. Before the age of twenty she 
 married Mr. Todd, who died in three years, leav 
 ing her the mother of a son, who sOrvived her. 
 Mr. Madison, who as a member of congress 
 boarded at the house of her mother, married Mrs. 
 
MADISON. 
 
 MALBONE. 
 
 545 
 
 Todd in 1794. Of her grace and dignity, while 
 her husband was president, much has been said. 
 In her old age her house in Washington was a 
 centre of attraction, her form being still erect, 
 her voice full, her manners cordial. She was a 
 member of the Episcopal church. 
 
 MADISON, WILLIAM, general, youngest 
 brother of President M., died at Woodberry 
 Forest, Madison co., Va., July 19, 1843, aged 82. 
 He was a soldier in two wars, a man of a strong 
 mind, of integrity and benevolence. 
 
 MADOCKAWANDO, sachem of Penobscot, 
 or chief of the Malecites, was a powerful chief in 
 the war of 1676 ; Mugg was his prime minister. 
 At the siege and capture of Casco fort in May, 
 1690, by Portneuf, whom Capt. Davis calls Bur- 
 niffe, he was present with his Indians. June 10, 
 1692, he co-operated with a Frenchman in an 
 unsuccessful attack on Storer s garrison .in Wells, 
 commanded by Capt. Convers. He afterwards 
 entered into the treaty of Pcmaquid, but Thury, 
 the missionary, persuaded him again perfidiously 
 to take up the hatchet. In 1694 he accompanied 
 the Sieur do Villieu, who had under him two 
 hundred and fifty Indians, in the attack on Oyster 
 river, at Piscataqua, killing and capturing, July 
 17th, nearly . one hundred persons, and burning 
 twenty houses. Matawando, as Charlevoix calls 
 him, fought bravely by the side of the French 
 man. He carried the scalps to Canada and was 
 rewarded by Frontcnac. 
 
 MAFFIT, JOHN N., died in Mobile May 28, 
 1850. He was born in Ireland, and was a Meth 
 odist minister of great celebrity, many years, for 
 his eloquence. 
 
 MAGRAW, JAMES, D. D., minister of West 
 Nottingham, Md., died in 1835, aged 60. 
 
 MAGRUDER, ALLEN B., a senator of the 
 United States from Louisiana in 1812, had been 
 previously a lawyer in Kentucky. lie died at 
 Opelousas in April, 1822. He had collected ma 
 terials for a general history of the Indians. He 
 published a character of Mr. Jefferson, and re 
 flections on the cession of Louisiana to the United 
 States, 1805. 
 
 MAIRS, GEORGE, minister at Argyle, N. Y., 
 died in 1841, aged 80, in the forty-eighth year of 
 his ministry at Argyle. Born in Ireland, he 
 studied theology under John Brown, in Scotland. 
 
 MAKEMIE, FRANCIS, died in Boston in 1708. 
 He preached the first Presbyterian sermon in the 
 city of New York, in a private house Jan. 20, 
 1 708. He was from Ireland, a resident in Va. 
 For thus preaching, Gov. Cornbury imprisoned 
 him several weeks. The first settled Presbyterian 
 minister in New York was James Anderson from 
 Scotland, who was settled in Oct., 1717. 
 
 MAKIN, THOMAS, a poet, was one of the early 
 settlers of Pennsylvania, and died in 1735. In 
 the year 16 89 he was usher to George Keith in 
 69 
 
 the Friends public grammar school, and in the 
 following year succeeded him as master. He was 
 for some time clerk of the provincial assembly. 
 He published two Latin poems in 1728 and 1729, 
 inscribed to James Logan, and entitled, encomium 
 Pennsylvania?, and in laudcs Pennsylvania? poema ; 
 extracts from which are preserved in Proud s his 
 tory of that province. 
 
 MALBONE, JOHN, general, died at Newport, 
 R. I., in 1795, aged 60. Francis M., a senator of 
 the United States from Rhode Island, died at 
 Washington of the apoplexy, May 4, 1809. 
 
 MALBONE, EDWARD G., a portrait painter, 
 died at Savannah May 7, 1807, in early life. He 
 was a native of Nc\vport, R. I. At an early pe 
 riod of life he discovered a propensity for paint 
 ing, which became at length so predominant that 
 he neglected every other amusement for its indul 
 gence. When a schoolboy he delighted in draw 
 ing rude sketches of the objects of nature. As 
 he obtained the necessary assistances to improve 
 ment, his talents were developed. He frequented 
 the theatre to contemplate the illusions of sce 
 nery ; and by the regularity of his attentions be 
 hind the scenes in the forenoon, he attracted the 
 notice of the painter, who discovered unusual 
 genius in his young acquaintance, and accepted 
 his assistance with the brush. He Avas at length 
 permitted to paint an entire new scene, and as a 
 reward received a general ticket of admission. 
 His intervals of leisure were now employed in 
 drawing heads, and aftenvards in attempting 
 portraits. His rapid progress in the latter occu 
 pation convinced him, that he had talents for it, 
 and gave alacrity to his exertions ; and he was 
 soon induced to devote to it his whole attention. 
 As he now began to be known and patronized as 
 a miniature painter, his natural propensity was 
 nourished by the prospect of reputation and 
 wealth. He visited the principal cities, and re 
 sided successively in New York, Philadelphia, and 
 Boston. In the winter of 1800, he went to 
 Charleston, where his talents and the peculiar 
 amenity of his manners enhanced the attentions 
 which he received from the hospitality of its in 
 habitants. In May, 1801, he sailed from Charles 
 ton to London, where he resided some months, 
 absorbed in admiration of the paintings of cele 
 brated masters. With a mind improved by study 
 and observation" and animated by the enthusiasm 
 of genius, he visited the different galleries of liv 
 ing painters, enlarging his ideas and profiting by 
 the contemplation of their works. He was intro 
 duced to the acquaintance of the president of the 
 royal academy, who gave him free access to his 
 studio, and showed him those friendly attentions 
 which were -more flattering than empty praises to 
 the mind of his young countryman. He even 
 encouraged him to remain in England, assuring 
 him that he had nothing to fear from professional 
 
546 
 
 MALCOMSON. 
 
 MANLY. 
 
 competition. But he preferred his own country, 
 and returned to Charleston in the winter of 1801. 
 He afterwards continued his pursuits in different 
 parts of the continent, always finding employ 
 ment. By his sedentary habits and intense appli 
 cation to his professional labors his health was so 
 much impaired, that in the summer of 1806 he 
 was compelled to relinquish his pencil, and indulge 
 in exercise ; but his frame had become too weak 
 to become again invigorated. As he felt the 
 symptoms of an approaching consumption, his 
 physicians advised him to try the effect of a change 
 of climate. In the beginning of the winter he 
 therefore took a passage in a vessel for Jamaica; 
 but, the change not producing much benefit, he 
 returned to Savannah, where he languished till 
 his death. 
 
 Though he had not reached all the perfection 
 which maturer years would have given, yet his 
 pencil will rescue his name from oblivion. His 
 style of painting was chaste and correct, his col 
 oring clear and judiciously wrought, and his taste 
 altogether derived from a just contemplation of 
 nature. In his female heads particularly there 
 was, when his subjects permitted, enchanting del 
 icacy and beauty. To his professional excellence 
 he added the virtues which endeared him to his 
 friends. His heart was warm and generous. The 
 profits of his skill, which were very considerable, 
 contributed to the happiness of his relations ; and 
 as their welfare was an object which seemed 
 always to animate his exertions, his mother and 
 sisters deeply deplored his death. 
 
 MALCOMSON, JAMES, a minister from Ire 
 land, died at Charleston, S. C., in 1804, aged 35. 
 He was ten years pastor of the Presbyterian 
 church of Williamsburgh, when a division and 
 animosity among his people induced him to go 
 to C. as a teacher; but he died within a few 
 months. 
 
 MALHIOT, MODESTE, the Canadian giant, 
 died at St. Jean des Challons, Lower Canada, 
 Feb. 28, 1834. His height was 6 feet 4 inches ; 
 his weight six hundred and nineteen and a half 
 pounds. He had exhibited himself in America 
 and in various countries of Europe. 
 
 MALLET, ANGELIXE, Mrs., died at Vincennes, 
 Indiana, in 1834, aged 110. 
 
 MALTBY, ISAAC, general, lived in Hateld, 
 and was a representative in the legislature and a 
 member of the church. He removed to Water 
 loo, New York, where he died in Sept., 1819. 
 He published elements of war, 12mo., 1812 ; a 
 treatise on courts martial and military law, 1813. 
 
 MALTBY, BENJAMIN, deacon, died at his son s, 
 Deacon Daniel M. s, at Southington, Ohio, Jan. 1, 
 1847, aged 97. He was the son of deacon Daniel 
 M. of Northford, Conn. Both he and his father 
 had each eleven children, and all of them were 
 
 members of the church. He was a patriot of 
 the Revolution. 
 
 MAMINASH, SALLY, the last Indian in 
 Northampton, Mass., died Jan. 3, 1853, aged 88. 
 Her father s grave-stone stands alone in a field near 
 the pine grove, a little south of the new State 
 asylum for the insane. Her mother, who died 
 in 1780, aged GO, was Elizabeth Occom of Mohc- 
 gan, near Norwich, Conn., the eldest sister of 
 liev. Samson Occom. Sally was a pious, excel 
 lent woman. For many years she was kindly 
 provided for in a family in South street, of the 
 name of Clapp. 
 
 MAN, SAMUEL, first minister of Wrentham, 
 Mass., died May 22, 1719, aged 71. He gradu 
 ated at Harvard college in 16G5. After preach 
 ing one or two years in Wrentham, he was driven 
 away by the Indian war, March 30, 1676 : but 
 after the war he returned to his labors, August 
 21, 1680, and continued them till his death. No 
 church being previously formed, he was not or 
 dained till April 13, 1692. He was a man of 
 erudition, a faithful pastor, an accomplished 
 preacher, good, pious, and eminent. His succes 
 sors were Henry Messinger, who died March 30, 
 1750, and Mr. Bean. 
 
 MANCHESTER, NILES, M. D., died at North 
 Providence, Pawtucket, H. I., in 1843, aged 65, 
 having been a faithful physician about forty years. 
 
 MANCIUS, WILHELMUS, Dr., died at Albany 
 N. Y., in 1808, aged 70. He had been nearly 
 forty-eight years a skilful physician at A. 
 
 MANIGAULT, GABRIEL, a merchant of Charles 
 ton, S. C., and a patriot of the Revolution, died 
 in 1781, aged 77. lie was born in 1704 of pa 
 rents driven from France by Catholic persecution. 
 By his commercial pursuits for fifty years he hon 
 estly acquired a fortune of half a million of dol 
 lars. In the beginning of the war he loaned the 
 State 220,000 dollars. In May, 1779, at the age 
 of seventy-five, when the British General Provost 
 appeared before Charleston, he equipped himself 
 as a soldier, and, equipping also his grandson of 
 fifteen years, he led him to the lines to repel an 
 expected assault. His daughter married Lewis 
 Morris, and lost her life in the great hurricane 
 on Sullivan s Island in 1822. His son, Peter, also 
 a patriot and speaker of the house from 1766 to 
 his death, died in 1773, aged 42. Integrity and 
 benevolence were prominent traits in the charac 
 ter of Mr. M. He bequeathed to a charitable 
 society 5,000 pounds. He was a member and a 
 zealous supporter of the French Calvinistic church. 
 
 MANLEY, JAMES It., a physician in New 
 York, died in 1851, aged 70. 
 
 MANLY, JOHN, a captain in the navy of the 
 United States, died in Boston in 1793, aged 59. 
 He received a naval commission from Washing 
 ton, Oct. 24, 1775. Invested with the command 
 
MANN. 
 
 of the schooner Lee, he kept the hazardous sta 
 tion of Massachusetts bay during a most tempest 
 uous season, and the captures which he made 
 were of immense value at the moment. An 
 ordnance brig, which fell into his hands, supplied 
 the continental army with heavy pieces, mortars, 
 and working tools, of which it was very destitute, 
 and in the event led to the evacuation of Boston. 
 His services were the theme of universal eulogy. 
 Being raised to the command of the frigate Han 
 cock of thirty-two guns, his capture of the Fox 
 increased his high reputation for bravery and 
 skill. But he was taken prisoner by the Rain 
 bow of forty guns, July 8, 1777, and suffered a 
 long and rigorous confinement on board that ship 
 at Halifax, and in Mill prison, precluded from 
 further actual service till near the close of the 
 war. In September, 1782, the Hague frigate was 
 intrusted to his care. The cruise was peculiarly 
 urJiappy. A few days after leaving Martinique 
 he was driven by a British seventy-four on a sand 
 bank at the back of Gaudaloupe. Three ships 
 of the line, having joined this ship, came to within 
 point blank shot, and with springs on their cables 
 opened a most tremendous fire. Having sup 
 ported the heavy cannonade for three days, on 
 the fourth day the frigate was got off, and, hoist 
 ing the continental standard at the main-top gal 
 lant mast, thirteen guns were fired in farewell 
 defiance. On his return to Boston a few months 
 afterwards, he was arrested to answer a variety 
 of charges exhibited against him by one of his 
 officers. The proceedings of the court were not 
 altogether in approbation of his conduct. Me 
 moirs of his life, which should vindicate his char 
 acter, were promised, but they have never ap 
 peared. 
 
 MANN, JAMES, a surgeon, died at New York 
 in November, 1832, aged about 70. Born in 
 "Wrentham, his ancestor wrote his name Man. 
 He graduated in 1776, and served as a surgeon 
 three years in the army of the Revolution. -In 
 1812 he was hospital surgeon ; and was at the 
 head of the medical staff on the northern frontier. 
 He was a Swedenborgian. He published two 
 monographs, which gained prizes in 1804; and 
 medical sketches of campaigns of 1812, etc. 
 
 MANN, PEREZ, Dr., died in Burlington, Conn., 
 Feb. 1, 1843, aged 84. He was surgeon s mate 
 in the Revolutionary war, and the principal phy 
 sician of B. for thirty years. 
 
 MANN, JACOB, died in Morristown, N. J., Dec. 
 17, 1843, aged 67. He was an editor thirty-five 
 years, having established the Genius of liberty in 
 1798. 
 
 MANN, HERMANN, died in Dedham Nov. 26, 
 1851, aged 56. He published annals of Dedham 
 in 1847. 
 
 MANNING, JAMES, D. D., first president of 
 the college in Rhode Island, died July 29, 1791, 
 
 MANNING. 
 
 547 
 
 aged 52. He was born in New Jersey Oct. 22, 
 1738, and was graduated at Nassau hall in 1762. 
 When he began to preach, several of his Baptist 
 brethren in New Jersey and Pennsylvania pro 
 posed the establishment of a college in Rhode 
 Island, on account of the religious freedom which 
 was there enjoyed, and directed their attention 
 towards him as its president. The charter was 
 obtained in February, 1764, and in 1765 he re 
 moved to Warren, to make preparations for car 
 rying the design into execution. In September 
 the seminary was opened, and it was soon replen 
 ished with students. In 1770 the institution was 
 removed to Providence, where a spacious building 
 had been erected. He was soon chosen pastor 
 of the Baptist church in that town, and he con 
 tinued in the discharge of the duties of these two 
 offices, except in an interval of about six months 
 in 1786, when he was a member of congress, till 
 his death of the apoplexy. He was of a kind and 
 benevolent disposition, social and communicative, 
 and fitted rather for active life than for retire 
 ment. Though he possessed good abilities, he 
 was prevented from intense study by the pecu 
 liarity of his constitution. His life was a scene 
 of labor for the benefit of others. His piety and 
 his fervent zeal in preaching the gospel evinced 
 his love to God and man. With a dignified and 
 majestic appearance, his address was manly, fa 
 miliar, and engaging. In the government of the 
 college he was mild yet energetic. His memoir 
 was written by W. G. Goddard. 
 
 MANNING, JOHN, a physician, probably a de 
 scendant of John M., who lived in Ipswich in 
 1640, died in 1824, aged nearly 87. He was the 
 son of Dr. Joseph M. of Ipswich, who died at the 
 age of 79. He was born November, 1737, and, 
 after practising in Ipswich eleven years, went to 
 England in 1771 for his medical improvement. 
 In the American war he served as a surgeon one 
 campaign on Long Island and Rhode Island. In 
 his politics he was a democrat or republican. On 
 public worship he was a regular attendant. He 
 left three sons, physicians. Thaclier. 
 
 MANNING, RICHARD J., governor of South 
 Carolina, died in Sumter district in 1836. He 
 was twice chosen to congress, and was respected 
 as a patriot and Christian. 
 
 MANNING, JOHN, Dr., died in Rockport, 
 Mass., November, 1841, aged 80. He was a 
 skilful physician. 
 
 MANNING, WILLIAM, died at Cambridgeport 
 July 25, 1849, aged 83 ; the oldest printer in the 
 State, formerly of the firm of Manning and Lor- 
 ing, Boston. 
 
 MANNING, JOHN, a physician, the son of Dr. 
 John M., died at Rockport in 1852, aged 62. He 
 was a native of Gloucester, and graduated at 
 Harvard in 1810. 
 
 MANNING, SAMUEL B., a printer in Boston, 
 
548 
 
 MANSFIELD. 
 
 MARSH. 
 
 died in 1856, aged 60. He was the son of Wil 
 liam, and with him connected in publishing the 
 Worcester Spy. 
 
 MANSFIELD, ACHILLES, minister of Killing- 
 worth, Conn., died in 1814, aged G3. He gradu 
 ated at Yale in 1770, and was ordained in 1779. 
 He preached on the Sabbath preceding his death, 
 from the text, " His rest shall be glorious." His 
 wife, a widow when he married her, was the 
 daughter of Joseph Elliot of K., and grand-daugh 
 ter of Rev. Jared Elliot. Mr. M. was a respected 
 minister, and a trustee of the college. His daugh 
 ter married Rev. Joshua Huntington. He pub 
 lished the Christian hope in Amer. preacher, rv. 
 
 MANSFIELD, RICHARD, D. D., Episcopal 
 minister in Derby, Conn., died in 1820. As he 
 graduated at Yale college in 1741, jf he was then 
 twenty-one years old, his age at his death was 
 about 100 years. 
 
 MANSFIELD, JARED, colonel, LL. D., pro 
 fessor of natural philosophy in the military 
 academy at West Point, died in 1830, aged 71. 
 He was born in New Haven, and graduated at 
 Yale college in 1777. He was afterwards sur 
 veyor-general of the United States and professor. 
 A few years before his death he retired from 
 West Point to Cincinnati, Ohio, where he resided 
 while surveyor. While on a visit to New Haven 
 he died. Colonel Totten, United States engineer, 
 was his nephew. He published essays mathe 
 matical and physical, 1802. 
 
 MARCH, EDMUND, minister of Amesbury, 
 Mass., died March 6, 1791, aged 88. Born in 
 Newbury, he graduated at Harvard in 1722, and 
 was ordained the same year. In a controversy 
 on original sin, originating with Mr. Webster of 
 Salisbury, he published a pamphlet entitled fair 
 play, etc. Sprague s Annals. 
 
 MARCIIANT, HENRY, LL. D., judge of the 
 district court of the United States for Rhode 
 Island, died in 1796, aged 55. He practised law 
 at Newport ; was attorney-general of the State 
 in 1774 ; was a patriot of the Revolution ; and 
 in 1783 a delegate to congress. He was judge 
 from 1790 4ill his death. 
 
 MARION, FRANCIS, a brave officer in the Rev 
 olutionary war, died in 1795. He was born near 
 Georgetown, South Carolina, in 1733. In 1759 
 he served as a soldier against the Cherokee In 
 dians. In the Revolutionary war he assisted in 
 the defence of fort Moultrie and commanded a 
 regiment at the siege of Charleston. He was 
 promoted by Governor Rutledgc to the rank of 
 brigadier-general in 1780. On the advance of 
 Gates, he placed himself at the head of sixteen 
 men, and captured a small British guard, rescu 
 ing one hundred and fifty continental prisoners. 
 As the militia was in no subordination, sometimes 
 he had not more than a dozen men with him. 
 September 4th, he marched with fifty-three men 
 
 to attack a body of two hundred tories. He first 
 surprised a party of forty-five, killing and wound 
 ing all but fifteen, and then put the main body 
 of two hundred to flight. His conduct was most 
 generous as well as brave. Not one house was 
 burned by his orders, for he detested making 
 war upon poor women and children. At one 
 time he was obliged to convert the saws of saw 
 mills into horsemen s swords for his defence. For 
 months he and his party slept in the open air, 
 and sheltered themselves in the thick recesses of 
 swamps, whence they sallied out and harassed 
 the enemy. After the war he married Mary VI- 
 deau, a lady of wealth, and resided in his native 
 parish of St. John s. As a member of the legis 
 lature he nobly resisted all retaliatory measures 
 towards the tories. As a prudent, humane, en 
 terprising, brave partisan officer, he had no supe 
 rior. His life, written by General P. Horry and 
 M. L. Weems, was published, 6th edition, 1818. 
 The soldier and companion of Marion had little 
 concern in writing the book. It bears all the 
 marks of Mr. Weems wild, undisciplined pen ; 
 one can scarcely read it without mingled laughter 
 and tears. 
 
 MARKOE, PETER, a poet, died at Philadelphia 
 in 1792. He published miscellaneous poems, 
 1787 ; the times, a poem, 1788 ; the patriot chief, 
 a tragedy ; reconciliation, an opera ; and was sup 
 posed to be the author of Algcrine spy. 
 
 MARKS, ZACIIARIAH, died at Burlington, Conn., 
 in 1840, aged 80. He was a farmer, and left an 
 estate of 3,000 dollars to Washington college, 
 Hartford. 
 
 MARQUETTE, JOSEPH, a Jesuit missionary, 
 the discoverer of the Mississippi river, died sud 
 denly on the Marquette river, which falls into lake 
 Michigan, in 1G75. He explored the western re 
 gions of Canada ; laid the foundations of Michil- 
 limackinac; and, in company with the Sicur 
 Joliet, crossed the portage from the Fox river of 
 Green Bay to the Wisconsin, and first entered 
 the Mississippi in 1673. Cliarlevoix. 
 
 MARSH, JOSEPH, minister of Braintree, now 
 Quincy, died in 1726, aged 41. Born in Hadley, 
 he graduated at Harvard in 1705, and was or 
 dained in 1709. His successor was John Han 
 cock in 1726. Spr ague s Annals. 
 
 MARSH, ELISHA, minister of Westminster, 
 Mass., died in 1784, aged about 66. Born in 
 Hadlcy, he graduated at Harvard in 1738, was 
 ordained in 1742, and dismissed in 1757. 
 Spraguc s Annals. 
 
 MARSH, EBENEZER GRANT, professor of lan 
 guages and ecclesiastical history in Yale college, 
 died in 1803, aged 26. He was the son of Dr. 
 John Marsh, minister of Wethersfield. He was 
 graduated at Yale college in 1795. In 1798 he 
 was elected an instructor in the Hebrew language, 
 and in 1799 one of the tutors. In 1802 he was 
 
MARSH. 
 
 MARSHALL. 
 
 549 
 
 elected a professor; but the hopes which had 
 been excited by his talents and unequalled in 
 dustry were blasted, and his increasing usefulness 
 was terminated by his death. He was a man of 
 amiable manners, pure morals, and unquestioned 
 piety. As a preacher of the gospel he was un 
 commonly acceptable. His literary acquisitions 
 were great. lie published an oration on the 
 truth of the Mosaic history of the creation, 1798 ; 
 a catalogue of the historical writers of this coun 
 try, entitled, a series of American historians, from 
 the first discovery of this country to the present 
 time, 1801 ; and an elaborate oration, delivered 
 before the American academy of arts and sciences 
 in 1802, designed to confirm the truth of Scrip 
 ture history by the testimony of eastern writers. 
 This, it is believed, with improvements, was a post 
 humous publication. Diciylifs and Dana s 
 Sermon, and Folder s Oration, on his Death ; 
 Hist. Coll. ix. 108-111. 
 
 MARSH, JOHN, D.D., minister of Wethersfield, 
 Conn., died Sept. 13, 1821, aged 78. Born in 
 Haverhill, he graduated at Harvard in 1761, and 
 was ordained Jan. 12, 1774. He published elec 
 tion sermon, 1796; at the installation of AY. 
 Lockwood, 1797. 
 
 MARSH, JAMES, D. D., died at Burlington, 
 Vt, July 3, 1842, aged 47. He was a native of 
 Hartford, Vt, and a graduate of Dartmouth in 
 1817. He was professor of moral and intellect 
 ual philosophy in the Vermont university, and 
 had been the president. He was a scholar, and 
 a man of modest worth and piety. His two wives 
 were sisters, the daughters of James AVheelock, 
 the brother of President AYheelock of Dartmouth 
 college. He. published, with notes, Coleridge s 
 aids to reflection, and some translations from the 
 German, and some reviews. 
 
 MARSH, DANIEL, minister of Bennington,Vt., 
 died at Jamesville, N. Y., Dec. 13, 1843, aged 81. 
 Born in New Milibrd, Conn., he graduated at 
 AVilliams in 1795. He was first settled at Pough- 
 keepsie, then from 1806 to 1820 at Bcnnington, 
 and last at Jamesville, where his labors were 
 greatly blessed. His sight failed him. Respected 
 and beloved, he died in Christian peace. 
 
 MARSH, JONATHAN*, minister of AVindsor, 
 Conn., died Sept. 8, 1747, aged 63. He was the 
 son of John, and grandson of John, a first settler 
 of Hartford, then of Hadley. He graduated at 
 Harvard in 1705. His Avife was Margaret AA r hit- 
 ing. His son Jonathan was the minister of New 
 Hartford ; his daughters married Rev. Nathaniel 
 Roberts of Torrington, and Rev. Stephen Heaton 
 of Goshen. He published election sermons, 1721 
 and 1737. 
 
 MARSH, CHARLES, LL. D., died at AVood- 
 stock, Vt., Jan. 11, 1849, aged 83. Born at Leb 
 anon, Conn., he was graduated at Dartmouth in 
 1786. His father removed to Vermont, and was 
 
 lieutenant-governor. For fifty years he practised 
 law at AVoodstock. From 1815 to 1817 he was 
 in congress. He was a member of various relig 
 ious and charitable societies. 
 
 MARSH, TRUMAN, died at Litchfield, Conn., 
 March 27, 1851, aged 83; an Episcopal minister. 
 lie graduated at Yale in 1786. 
 
 MARSH, DEXTER, died at Greenfield, Mass., 
 April 2, 1853, aged 47. An uneducated man, a 
 native of Montague, while he lived in G. he had 
 an enthusiastic zeal in collecting the print-marks 
 of various animals on the sandstones of the Con 
 necticut river valley. He collected a valuable 
 cabinet, which, at his executor s sale, sold for 
 nearly 3,000 dollars. Holland s History, II. 376. 
 
 MARSH, SAMUEL D., missionary to the Zulus 
 in Africa, died Dec. 11, 1853, leaving a wife and 
 child. He was wise, prompt, courageous, and 
 persevering. He was peaceful in his last hours, 
 assured that " the good pilot " would conduct 
 him safely over the flood. 
 
 MARSHALL, HUMPHREY, a botanist and in 
 dustrious horticulturist, died about 1805. He 
 published Arbustum Amcricanum, the American 
 grove, or alphabetical catalogue of forest trees 
 and shrubs, Philadelphia, 8vo., 1785 and 1788. 
 It was translated into French, 1788. 
 
 MARSHALL, MOSES, died at Marshallton, 
 Penn., in 1813; a scientific naturalist, and a man 
 of practical skill. 
 
 MARSHALL, ALEXANDER K., reporter of the 
 court of appeals of Kentucky, died in Mason co. 
 in 1825, aged 55. 
 
 MARSHALL, JONAS, Dr., died at Fitchburg, 
 in Dec., 1825, aged 87. 
 
 MARSHALL, JOHN, chief justice of the United 
 States, died at Philadelphia July 6, 1835, aged 79. 
 His eldest son, on his way to his father s death 
 bed, was killed by the fall of a chimney, at Balti 
 more. He was born in Fauquier county, Va., 
 Sept. 24, 1755, the son of Col. Thomas M., and 
 the eldest of fifteen children. He had some clas 
 sical instruction, but was never at a college. A 
 soldier in the war, he reached the rank of cap 
 tain, and fought in various battles. As a lawyer, 
 he soon rose to distinction. Of the A r irginia con 
 vention to ratify the constitution he was a con 
 spicuous member. Mr. Adams sent him as a 
 minister to France, with Pinckney and Gerry, in 
 1798. In 1800 he was secretary of war, and af 
 terwards secretary of State, and chief justice in 
 1801. On the resignation of Chief Justice Ells 
 worth, he was nominated by President John 
 Adams, Jan. 31, 1801, chief justice of the United 
 States ; which high office he held with increasing 
 reputation and unsullied integrity thirty-four 
 years, till his death. He had great talents, un 
 questioned uprightness, and was laboriously de 
 voted to the important duties of his office. He 
 was undoubtedly the most illustrious judge of 
 
550 
 
 MARSHALL. 
 
 our country. Amidst the changes of parties in 
 our government he yet was held in universal re 
 spect, because he was a man not only of great 
 learning and mental power, but also of stern, un 
 bending principle, and of moral virtue, resolute 
 to maintain the right, incapable of being swayed 
 aside by prejudice, interest, or partisanship. Sup 
 pose there should ever stand in his high place 
 the most important, perhaps, in our country 
 a man of a different character, whose prejudices 
 and passions should blind him to the right when 
 some great constitutional question, such, perhaps, 
 as the relation of slavery to the territories of our 
 country, should come before him; and a majority 
 of his associates should agree with him in feeling 
 and judicial decision ; it is easy to see that such 
 a false judgment, revolting to the sense of free 
 dom in the hearts of a majority of the States, 
 might break up the very foundations of our Union. 
 The evil of a president faithless to his trust can 
 be remedied by the people at a new election. 
 But our judges are permanent in office : if they 
 become corrupt, there is no remedy but revolu 
 tion. Judge Story, who was twenty-four years 
 the associate of Chief Justice Marshall, said of 
 him, that there was not a man of any party 
 " who would not cheerfully admit, that the high 
 est judicial honors could not have fallen on any 
 one who could have sustained them with more 
 solid advantage to the glory or interests of the 
 country." And as to his official labors he also 
 said : " There is one class of cases which ought 
 not to be overlooked, because it comes home to 
 the business and bosom of every citizen of this 
 country, and is felt in every gradation of life, 
 from the chief magistrate down to the inmate of 
 the cottage. We allude to the grave discussions 
 of constitutional law, which, during his time, have 
 attracted so much of the talents of the bar in the 
 supreme court, and sometimes agitated the whole 
 nation. If all others of the chief justice s judi 
 cial arguments had perished, his luminous judg 
 ments on these occasions would have given an 
 enviable immortality to his name." Judge Mar 
 shall s residence was Richmond, Va. He had 
 gone to Philadelphia for medical advice in his 
 failing health. His faculties he retained to the 
 last; and he met death with the resignation of 
 the Christian. He was a man of kind feelings 
 and simple manners : he was not uplifted by his 
 honors. In his dress he was very plain. He 
 mixed easily with his neighbors. In various ob 
 jects of benevolence and human improvement he 
 took a lively interest. He believed in the Chris 
 tian religion ; was a regular attendant on the 
 Episcopal church ; was one of the vice-presidents 
 of the American bible society, and the president 
 of the colonization society. No one, in the pos 
 session of his reason, would ascribe to him, or to 
 Washington, the project of reviving the slave 
 
 MARTIN. 
 
 trade, or the wish to extend and perpetuate 
 slavery, or the absence of the wish of justice and 
 humanity, that all slavery might come to an 
 end. He published the life of Washington, 5 
 vols., 1805; 2d edit., improved, in 2 vols., 1832. 
 The history of the colonies was published sep 
 arately in 1824. 
 
 MARSHALL, JOHN E., an eminent physician, 
 died at Buffalo in 1838, aged 52. 
 
 MARSHALL, JOHN J., judge, died in Louis 
 ville, Ivy., June, 1846, aged 61. He had a great 
 estate ; but, lending his name generously and in 
 cautiously to support the credit of others, he lost 
 his property. 
 
 MARSHALL, ANDREW, a colored preacher, 
 died in Richmond, Va., about Dec. 20, 1856, aged 
 100. For many years he was pastor of the Afri 
 can Baptist church, Savannah. He had gifts, and 
 by his excellent character he won the respect and 
 esteem of all who knew him. He preached, in 
 the last spring, in various churches in New York. 
 
 MARSTOX, JOHN, died in Taunton ])ec. 13, 
 1846, aged 91 ; a commandant of artillery under 
 Gen. Ivnox in the war of the Revolution. 
 
 MARTHA, an Indian, died at Mohegan, near 
 Norwich, Conn., in 1805, aged 120. She was the 
 widow of Zacharah, a chief, and was herself for 
 years the agent of the Mohegan tribe. 
 
 MARTIN, JOHN, first minister of Northbo- 
 rough, Mass., died in 1767, aged 61. Born in 
 Boston, he graduated at Harvard in 1724, and 
 was settled in 1746. 
 
 MARTIN, ALEXANDER, LL. D., governor of 
 North Carolina from 1782 to 1785, died in 
 1807. He was a delegate to the convention 
 which framed the constitution of the United 
 States. In 1789 he was again chosen governor. 
 In 1792 he was elected a senator of the United 
 States. 
 
 MARTIN, PHILIP, a patriot of the Revolution, 
 died at Providence, R. I., in 1821, aged 65. He 
 was a State senator. 
 
 MARTIN, LUTHER, a patriot of the Revolu 
 tion and a jurist, died at New York July 10, 
 1826, aged 81. 
 
 MARTIN, WILLIAM P., a Methodist minister, 
 died near Lynchburg, Va., in 1829, aged 84. 
 
 MARTIN, JAMES, a Revolutionary soldier, died 
 atlvnoxville in 1833, aged 106. 
 
 MARTIN, JOHN, died in Augusta, Ga., Feb. 
 14, 1843, aged 105. His parents came with Ogle- 
 thorpe. He served in the Cherokee war, and was 
 wounded in the head by an Indian tomahawk. 
 He served also in the war of the Revolution. 
 
 MARTIN, FRANCIS X., LL. 1)., died at New 
 Orleans Dec. 9, 1846, aged 84. He was chief 
 justice of the supreme court of Louisiana. He 
 was born in Marseilles in France. He pub 
 lished cases in supreme court of Louisiana, in 12 
 vols., 1816-1823; the same, new series, 8 vols., 
 
MARTIN. 
 
 MASON. 
 
 551 
 
 1824-1830 ; history of North Carolina, 2 vols., 
 1818. 
 
 MARTIN, JOSEPH P., died in Prospect, Me., 
 May 2, 1850, aged 90. The son of a minister in 
 Berkshire, he entered the army in 1776, and was 
 in several bloody battles. He was the clerk of 
 the town, which was a wilderness when he settled 
 in it. He published in 1830 a narrative of his 
 adventures as a soldier. 
 
 MARTIN, DAVID, a popular writer, died at 
 Baton Rouge, La., in 1856. He wrote the song, 
 " Erin is my home." 
 
 MARTINDALE, STEPHEN, minister of Wal- 
 lingford, Vt., died in 1847, aged 59. Born in 
 West Dorset, he graduated at Middlebury in 
 1806, and was a preceptor seven years. He was 
 a minister at Tinmouth from 1819 to 1832, and 
 for the rest of his life at "W. Sprague s Annals. 
 
 MARTYN, RICHARD, speaker of the assembly, 
 died at Portsmouth, N. II., in 1693. He was one 
 of the founders of the church in 1661, and a 
 councillor. His son, Richard, a graduate of 1680, 
 was for a time a preacher. 
 
 MARVIN, THOMAS J., judge, died at Havana 
 in Dec., 1852, aged 50. He lived at Saratoga. 
 He and his brother were the proprietors of the 
 great house, called the United States hotel, and 
 had held it for twenty years, constantly enlarging 
 and improving it. lie Avas a judge in Saratoga 
 county. 
 
 MASON, JOHN, captain, proprietor of New 
 Hampshire, died in 1635. He was a merchant of 
 London, and afterwards governor of Newfound 
 land. On his return he met with Sir Win. Alex 
 ander, who was induced to engage in the project 
 of settling the new world, and obtained a patent 
 of Acadie, or Nova Scotia, in 1621. In the same 
 year Mason obtained of the Plymouth company, 
 of which he was a member, a grant of the land 
 from Salem river to the Merrimack, and up to 
 the heads thereof, called Mariana. In 1622 he 
 and Gorges obtained a grant of the lands between 
 the Merrimac and Sagadahoc, extending back to 
 the lakes, called Laconia. He obtained, Nov. 7, 
 1629, a new patent of New Hampshire. His 
 daughter Jane married John Tufton, whose son, 
 Robert T., assumed the name of Mason. He had 
 been at great expense in the settlement of his 
 province, with no advantage. His heirs sold their 
 rights to Samuel Allen in 1691. 
 
 MASON, JOHN, major, a brave soldier, and 
 author of the history of the Pequot Avar, died 
 about 1672, aged 72. He was born in England 
 about the year 1600. He was bred to arms in 
 the Netherlands, under Sir Thomas Fairfax, whose 
 good opinion he so much conciliated, that, after 
 his arrival in this country, when the struggle 
 arose in England between King Charles I. and 
 the parliament, Sir Thomas addressed a letter to 
 Mason, requesting him to join his standard and 
 
 give his assistance to those who were contending 
 for the liberties of the people. The invitation, 
 however, was declined. Mason was one of the 
 first settlers of Dorchester, being one of the com 
 pany of Mr. Warham in 1630. From this place 
 he removed to Windsor about the year 1635, and 
 assisted in laying the foundation of a new colony. 
 The Pequot war, in which he was so distinguished, 
 was in the year 1637. The Pequot Indians were 
 a spirited and warlike nation, who lived near New 
 London. In 1634 a tribe which was in confed 
 eracy with them murdered a Captain Stone and 
 a Captain Norton, with their crew of eight men, 
 and then sunk the vessel. A part of the plunder 
 was received by Sassacus, the Pequot sachem. In 
 1636 the Pequots killed a number of men at Say- 
 brook, where there was a garrison of about twenty 
 men ; in consequence of which Mason was sent 
 down the river by the Connecticut colony in 
 March, 1637, for the relief of the fort. He re 
 mained there a month, but not an Indian was to 
 be seen. In April the Pequots killed nine of the 
 English at Wethersfield, and destroyed much 
 property. The colony was now reduced to a 
 most lamentable condition. The inhabitants were 
 in number but about two hundred and fifty, and 
 most of the men were needed for the labor of the 
 plantations. Many of the cattle had been lost by 
 the want of hay or corn. There were, perhaps, 
 not five ploughs in the colony, and the people 
 were suffering for want of provisions. They were 
 at the same time so harassed by a powerful enemy, 
 that they could neither hunt, fish, nor cultivate 
 their fields, but at the peril of their lives. They 
 were obliged to keep a constant watch. At this 
 crisis a court was summoned at Hartford on the 
 first of May. Besides the six magistrates, there 
 were also committees from the few towns in the 
 colony, to compose the court. As the Pequots 
 had killed about thirty, and Avere endeavoring to 
 effect a union of all the Indians in a plan for the 
 extirpation of the English, it Avas determined that 
 an offensive Avar should be carried on against 
 them, and that ninety men should immediately 
 be raised, forty-two from Hartford, thirty from 
 Windsor, and eighteen from Wethersfield. The 
 little army, under the command of Mason, Avith 
 Mr. Stone for their chaplain, fell doA\ r n the river 
 on the 10th, and arrived at Saybrook on the 17th. 
 They had united with them about seventy Indians 
 under the command of Uncas, sachem of the Mo- 
 hegans, Avho had lately revolted from Sassacus. 
 At Saybrook Mason and his officers were entirely 
 divided in opinion respecting the manner of pros 
 ecuting their enterprise. The court had directed 
 the landing of the men at Pequot harbor, from 
 Avhence they were to advance upon the enemy ; 
 but Mason Avas of opinion that they should sail 
 past the Pequot country to Narragansett, and 
 then return and take the enemy by surprise. 
 
552 
 
 MASON. 
 
 MASON. 
 
 This opinion was a proof of his discernment and 
 military skill. The Pequots were expecting them 
 at the harbor, where they kept a Avatch clay and 
 night ; and the place was encompassed by rocks 
 and thickets, affording the Indians, who were the 
 more numerous, every advantage. It would be 
 difficult to land, and if a landing was effected, it 
 would be difficult to approach the enemy s forts 
 without being much harassed, and giving an op 
 portunity for all of them to escape, if they were 
 unwilling to fight. Besides, by going first to Nar- 
 ragansett, the hope was indulged that some ac 
 cession to their force might be procured. These 
 reasons weighed much with Mason, but not with 
 the other officers, who were afraid to exceed their 
 commission. In this perplexity Mr. Stone was 
 desired to seek wisdom from above. Having 
 spent most of Thursday night in prayer on board 
 the Pink, in the morning he went on shore and 
 told Mason he was entirely satisfied with his plan. 
 The council was again called, and the plan was 
 adopted. On Saturday, the 20th, they arrived at 
 Narragansett ; but the wind was so unfavorable, 
 that they could not land until Tuesday at sunset. 
 He immediately marched to the residence of the 
 sachem, Miantunnomu, and disclosed to him the 
 object which he had in view. Two hundred of 
 the Narragansetts joined him, and on Wednesday 
 they marched about eighteen or twenty miles to 
 the eastern Nihantick, which was a frontier to the 
 Pequots. Here was the seat of one of the Narra 
 gansett sachems, who was so unfriendly that he 
 would not suffer any of the English to enter the 
 fort. A strong guard was in consequence placed 
 round it, that none of the Indians should come 
 out and alarm the Pequots. The little army con 
 tinued its march on Thursday, having in its train 
 about five hundred Indians. In the evening they 
 reached the neighborhood of one of the Pcquot 
 forts at Mystic. The army encamped, being ex 
 ceedingly fatigued in consequence of the heat and 
 the want of necessaries. The guards, who were 
 advanced considerably in front, heard the enemy 
 singing until midnight. It was a time of rejoic 
 ing with them, as they had seen the vessels pass 
 a few days before, and concluded that the Eng 
 lish had not courage to attack them. About two 
 hours before day on the morning of Friday, May 
 26th, the captain assembled his men, and prepared 
 himself for determining the fate of Connecticut. 
 The blessing of God was briefly and devoutly im 
 plored. With less than eighty brave men he 
 marched forward, the Indians, who were much 
 afraid, having fallen in the rear. He told them 
 to stay behind at what distance they pleased, and 
 to see whether Englishmen would not fight. As 
 Mason approached within a rod of the fort a dog 
 barked, and an Indian roared out, Owanux ! Owa- 
 nux ! [Englishmen ! Englishmen !] The troops 
 pressed on, and, having fired upon the Indians 
 
 through the palisadoes, entered the fort at the 
 principal entrance, sword in hand. After a severe 
 conflict, in which a number of the enemy were 
 killed, victory was still doubtful, for the Indians 
 concealed themselves in and about their wigwams, 
 and, from their retreats, made good use of their 
 arrows. At this crisis the captain cried out to his 
 men, " We must burn them ! " and, seizing a fire 
 brand in one of the wigwams, set fire to the mats 
 with Avhich they were covered. In a short time 
 all the wigwams were wrapped in flames. Mason 
 drew his men without the fort, encompassing it 
 completely ; and the sachem, Uncas, with his In 
 dians and such of the Narragansetts as remained, 
 took courage and formed another circle in the 
 rear. The enemy were now thrown into the ut 
 most terror. Some climbed the palisadoes and 
 were brought down by the fire of the muskets ; 
 others were so bewildered that they rushed into 
 the very flames. A number collected to the wind 
 ward and endeavored to defend themselves with 
 their arrows, and about forty of the boldest issued 
 forth and were cut down by the swords of the 
 English. In a little more than an hour the whole 
 work of destruction was completed. Seventy 
 wigwams were burned, and six hundred Indians 
 perished. Seven escaped, and seven were taken 
 prisoners. Two only of the English were killed, 
 and sixteen wounded. The victory was complete, 
 but the army was in great danger and distress. 
 So many were wounded and worn down by fa 
 tigue, that only about forty could be spared to 
 contend with the remaining enemy. In about an 
 hour three hundred Indians came on from another 
 fort ; but Mason led out a chosen party and 
 checked their onset. It was determined to march 
 immediately for Pequot harbor, into which, a few 
 minutes before, to their unutterable joy, they had 
 seen their vessels enter, guided by the hand of 
 Providence. When the march commenced, the 
 Indians advanced to the hill on which the fort 
 had stood. The desolation which here presented 
 itself to their view filled them with rage ; they 
 stamped and tore their hair in the transports of 
 passion ; and, rushing down the hill with great 
 fury, seemed determined to avenge themselves on 
 the destroyers of their brethren. But the supe 
 riority of fire-arms to their bows and arrows kept 
 them at a distance. Mason reached the harbor 
 in safety ; and, putting his wounded aboard, the 
 next day marched by land to Saybrook with about 
 twenty men. His safe return, and the success 
 which attended the expedition, filled the whole 
 colony with joy and thanksgiving. Several prov 
 idential events were particularly noticed. It was 
 thought remarkable that the vessels should come 
 into the harbor at the very moment when they 
 were so much needed. As Mason entered a 
 wigwam for fire to burn the fort, an Indian was 
 drawing an arrow to the very head, and would 
 
MASON. 
 
 MASON. 
 
 553 
 
 have killed him instantly, had not one Da-sis at 
 this critical moment cut the bowstring with his 
 sword. So completely was the object of the ex 
 pedition effected, that the remaining Pequots were 
 filled with such terror, that they burned their wig- 
 Arams and fled from their abode. The greatest 
 part of them went towards New York. Mason 
 was sent out to pursue them, and he took one 
 hundred prisoners of the old men, women, and 
 children. The rest, about two hundred in num 
 ber, soon submitted themselves, engaging never 
 to live in their country again, and becoming sub 
 ject to the sachems of Mohegan and Narragan- 
 sett, with the disgraceful necessity of never again 
 being called Pequots. 
 
 Soon after this war, Mason was appointed by 
 the government of Connecticut major-general of 
 all their forces, and continued in this office till his 
 death. He remained a magistrate, to which sta 
 tion he was first chosen in 1642, till May, 1660, 
 when he was elected deputy-governor. In this 
 office he continued ten years, till May, 1670, when 
 his infirmities induced him to retire from public 
 life. After the Pequot war, at the request of the 
 inhabitants of Saybrook, and for the defence of 
 the colony, he removed from Windsor to that 
 place in 1647. Thence, in 1659, he removed to 
 Norwich, where he died in 1672 or 1673, aged 
 72. He left three sons, Samuel, John, and Dan 
 iel, whose descendants are numerous ; one of 
 them was Jeremiah Mason, of Portsmouth. Mason 
 held the same reputation for military talents in 
 Connecticut, which Standish held in Plymouth 
 colony. Both rendered the most important ser 
 vices to their country. Both were bred to arms 
 in the Dutch Netherlands. Standish was of 
 short stature, but Mason was tall and portly, and 
 equally distinguished for his courage and vigor. 
 He was also a gentleman of prudence and correct 
 morals. At the request of the general court he 
 drew up and published a brief history of the Pe 
 quot war. It is reprinted in Increase Mather s 
 relation of troubles by the Indians, 1677. It was 
 also republished more correctly, with an introduc 
 tion and some explanatory notes by Thomas 
 Prince, in 1736. Introduction to Mason s His 
 tory ; Trumbull, i. 68-87, 337 ; Holmes. 
 
 MASON, GEORGE, an eminent statesman of 
 Virginia, died in 1792, aged 67. He was a mem 
 ber of the general convention which in 1787 
 framed the constitution of the United States, but 
 refused to sign his name, as one of that body, to 
 the instrument which they had produced. In the 
 following year he was a member of the Virginia 
 convention, which considered the proposed plan 
 of federal government. He united with Henry, 
 and opposed its adoption with great energy. He 
 thought that the confederation was about to be 
 converted into a consolidated government, for 
 which, he said, many of the members Of the gen- 
 70 
 
 eral convention avowed an attachment, and he 
 was desirous of introducing amendments. He 
 contended for the necessity of an article, reserving 
 to the State all powers not delegated. This arti 
 cle is now among the amendments of the consti 
 tution. He wished also that there should be a 
 limitation to the continuance of the president in 
 office. So averse was he to that section which 
 allowed the slave trade for twenty years, that, at 
 tached as he was to the union of all the States, 
 he declared that he would not admit the southern 
 States into the union, unless they would agree to 
 discontinue the traffic. He died at his seat at 
 Gunston Hall, Va. 
 
 MASON, JOHN, D. D., minister of the Scotch 
 church in Cedar street, N. Y., died in 1792, aged 
 57. His widow, Sarah, died in 1827, aged 84, at 
 New llochclle, at the house of Rev. Isaac Blan- 
 velt, her brother-in-law. 
 
 MASON, DAVID, colonel, died in Boston Sept. 
 17, 1794, aged 67. He was a meritorious officer 
 of the Revolution, and laid the foundation of the 
 armory at Springfield. His earliest ancestor in 
 Boston came from England in 1634. He learned 
 the art of painting and gilding, and then portrait- 
 painting of Greenwood ; he also delivered lec 
 tures on electricity in various towns. Dr. Frank 
 lin was a friend in his father s house. In the 
 French war he was a lieutenant, and understood 
 well the art of gunnery, commanding a battery of 
 six cannon in fort William and Henry. He was 
 there taken prisoner, but was released in the 
 woods b) the kindness of a French officer. In 
 1763 he organized the first artillery company in 
 Boston. In 1774 he was appointed engineer. 
 Two brass cannon, which the British seized, he 
 secretly carried off concealed in loads of manure. 
 His wife, Hannah, grand-daughter of Rev. Thomas 
 Symmes, cut out five thousand flannel cartridges. 
 From Salem, April 19, 1775, he marched to Med- 
 ford with four or five hundred men. Under 
 Washington s eye he bombarded Boston from 
 Dorchester heights with a 13-inch mortar, cap 
 tured by Capt. Manly. At the second fire the 
 mortar burst and wounded him in his leg. As 
 soon as he could ride, he followed Washington to 
 New York. Late in 1776 Washington ordered 
 him to select a place for preparing ammunition ; 
 he agreed for ten acres, now the arsenal at Spring 
 field, and there he lived five years. His residence 
 was afterwards at Springfield. His State securi 
 ties he sold at a great loss, for two or three shil 
 lings on the pound. In 1786 he became lame, 
 and remained so eight years, till his deatu. He 
 was a Christian, eminent for love to God and 
 man. His daughter Hannah married Capt. John 
 Bryant of Boston, and died at Springfield. Su 
 sanna married Professor John Smith of Hanover. 
 Mary married Daniel Tuttle of Boston. His 
 grandson, John Bryant, merchant of Boston, now 
 
554 
 
 MASON. 
 
 living, married Mary, a daughter of Professor 
 Smith by liis first wife, Mary Cleaveland. 
 
 MASON, JOHN, minister of Swanzey, died in 
 July, 1801, aged 85. 
 
 MASON, THADDEUS, register of deeds for Mid 
 dlesex, died May 1, 1802, aged 96. He grad 
 uated at Cambridge in 1728. 
 
 MASON, JOHN M., D. D., minister in New 
 York, died Dec. 27, 1829, aged 59. He was the 
 son of Dr. John M., was born March 19, 1770, 
 and was graduated at Columbia college in 1789. 
 Having studied theology with his father, he com 
 pleted his education at Edinburgh. In 1792 he 
 succeeded his father in the church in Cedar street. 
 By his letters on frequent communion, written in 
 1798, the associate Reformed churches were in 
 duced to change the old custom of communing 
 but twice a year for a more frequent commemora 
 tion of the death of the Redeemer. Appointed 
 professor of theology in 1801, he performed the 
 duties until his health declined. In 1810 his con 
 nection with Cedar-street church was dissolved, 
 and in 1812 he became the pastor of a new church 
 in Murray street. From 1811 to 1816 he was 
 the provost of Columbia college. In 1816 he 
 travelled in Europe for the benefit of his health ; 
 in 1819 he suffered from two paralytic attacks. 
 From 1821 he presided over Dickinson college in 
 Pennsylvania until 1824, when he returned to New 
 York, and lingered the rest of his days the 
 shadow of what he once was. 
 
 He was eminent for erudition and for his intel 
 lectual powers. As a preacher he was uncom 
 monly eloquent. But he was harsh and overbear 
 ing, somewhat in proportion " to the robustness 
 of his faculties of mind and body." At a contri 
 bution in his church, a man put into the box a 
 counterfeit ten-dollar bill. In the afternoon Dr. 
 M. said to the people : " A counterfeit ten-dollar 
 bill was put into the box this morning ; the man 
 knew it to be counterfeit ; if he is here, I will tell 
 him the Almighty has debited you ten dollars, 
 and will charge you compound interest during the 
 endless ages of eternity ! " In preaching he 
 once quoted Pope s lines as to God s being adored 
 alike " by saint and savage and by sage," he pro 
 nounced it (in his deepest guttural), "the most 
 damnable lie." He edited for some years the 
 Christian s magazine, in which he had a contro 
 versy with Bishop Hobart on Episcopalianism. 
 In that work his letters on frequent communion, 
 a plea for communion on catholic principles, and 
 other writings, are found. He published a sermon 
 preached before the New York missionary society, 
 1797 ; before the London missionary society, about 
 1802 ; an oration on the death of Washington, 
 1800 ; of Hamilton, 1804. Four volumes of liis 
 sermons were published in 1832. 
 
 MASON, AKMISTEAD T., general, a senator of 
 
 MASSASOIT. 
 
 the United States, died Feb. 6, 1819, aged 33. 
 He was the son of Stephens Thompson Masr n, 
 a senator from Virginia, and was born in 1785. 
 He ably defended Norfolk in 1812. On the resig 
 nation of Mr. Giles he was elected senator in his 
 place in 1816, the term of office expiring in 1817. 
 In consequence of a political dispute with his rel 
 ative, John McCarty, they fought a duel with 
 muskets at Bladensburg, when Gen. Mason was 
 killed. In the correspondence with his antago 
 nist, which was published, he manifested the most 
 malignant ferocity. The benevolent temper, en 
 joined by the gospel of Jesus Christ, would have 
 excluded from his heart that hatred of his brother 
 which led to his own destruction. In the first 
 third of the present century there were more than 
 a hundred murders committed by duellists in this 
 country, and the blood of more than a hundred 
 unavenged murders cries to Heaven against our 
 guilty land. Maj. Campbell was executed in Lon 
 don in Sept., 1808, for killing Capt. Boyd in a 
 duel ; yet in our republic no " honorable mur 
 derer" has yet been brought to the gallows. 
 Blackstone, in expounding the law of England, 
 says of deliberate duelling, that " both parties 
 meet avowedly with an intent to murder." The 
 law of God and the laws of our country require, 
 that the murderer shall be put to death. 
 
 MASON, ABEL, captain, died at Southbridge, 
 Mass., in 1832, aged 93, a soldier of 1756, and 
 of the Revolution. 
 
 MASON, EBENEZER P., died in 1840, aged 21. 
 He graduated at Yale in 1839, and published an 
 introduction to practical astronomy. 
 
 MASON, WILLIAM, minister of Castine, Maine, 
 died in 1847, aged about 77. Born in Rowley, 
 he graduated at Harvard in 1792. He was set 
 tled in 1793, and dismissed in 1834. 
 
 MASON, ELIIIU, minister of Le Roy, N. Y., 
 died in 1849, aged 67. Born at West Spring 
 field, he graduated at Dartmouth in 1808, and 
 was the minister of Hcrkimcr, N. Y., then of 
 Barkhamstead, Conn., two years from 1814 ; then 
 engaged in missionary service ; at last was pastor 
 at Lc Roy, when after four years he was in 1833 
 disabled by ill health. He was laborious and 
 eminently pious. 
 
 MASON, JOSEPH, Dr., died in Providence 
 July 19, 1843, aged about 76, for many years an 
 eminent physician. He was a graduate of Brown 
 university in 1786. 
 
 MASON, STEVENS THOMPSON, the only son of 
 Gen. John Thompson Mason, died at New York 
 Jan. 4, 1843, aged 31. At the age of nineteen 
 he was appointed secretary of Michigan, and was 
 its governor as a Territory, and also as a State. 
 
 MASON, JOHN THOMPSON, general, died at 
 Galveston April 17, 1850. A native of Virginia, 
 he lived in Kentucky from 1811 to 1835 ; and in 
 
MATHER. 
 
 Michigan, where he lived fifteen years ; he was 
 governor after the death of his son, Stevens 
 Thompson Mason. 
 
 MASON, JEREMIAH, LL. D., died at Boston 
 Nov. 14, 1848, aged 80. Descended from Capt. 
 John Mason, he was born in Lebanon ; his father, 
 opulent, died in 1813. His grandfather died in 
 Norwich in 1779; his great-grandfather lived at 
 Iladdam. He graduated at Yale in 1788. In 
 the practice of law he lived first at AVestmore- 
 land, N. H., then at Walpolc, and at Portsmouth 
 in 1797. In 1802 he was attorney-general. 
 From 1813 to 1817 he was a senator of the United 
 States. In 1832 he removed to Boston ; at the 
 age of seventy he left the bar, though still con 
 sulted as a lawyer. His high character in his 
 profession was described by Mr. Webster and 
 Judge Woodbury. As few men were so tall in 
 stature, so very few ever reached his height of 
 excellence as a lawyer. 
 
 MASON, THOMAS, minister of Northfield, 
 Mass., died Jan. 3, 1801, aged 81. Born at 
 Princeton, he was a graduate of Harvard in 1796, 
 and pastor at N. from 1799 to 1830. He pub 
 lished a thanksgiving sermon, 1824. 
 
 MASON, ERSKINE, D. D., died at New York 
 May 14, 1851, aged 47 ; minister at Bleecker 
 street; son of Dr. John M. Mason. His memoir, 
 written by W. Adams, is prefixed to his sermons 
 on practical subjects, entitled a pastor s legacy. 
 
 MASSASOIT, sachem or king of the Wompo- 
 neags or Womponoogs, whose authority extended 
 from Narragansett bay to Massachusetts bay, 
 died about 1600. He is sometimes called their 
 great sagamore and great sachem ; but, although 
 Dr. Dwight maintains, that sachem means a 
 principal chief, and sagamore an inferior one, yet 
 probably they are words of the same meaning, 
 or the same word in different dialects or in dif 
 ferent inflexions. Ilubbard says the same as Dr. 
 Dwight ; but Winslow speaks of " sachems or 
 petty governors." An ancient writer says, that 
 the northern Indians used the term sagamore and 
 the southern the term sachem. Purchas gives 
 the word sagamo. Winslow, in his account of his 
 visit to Massasoit, says, that he went to the 
 sachimo comaco, to the sachem s house ; and that 
 Hobbamoc addressed him with the words, " Neen 
 womasu sagimus," My loving sachem. We may 
 then regard sachem, sachcmo, sagamo, sagamore, 
 as the same. The name of M. was written by 
 Winslow, as it was probably pronounced, Mas- 
 sassowat ; also it was written Massasoyt and Mas- 
 sasoyet. He was also called Asuhmequin, Osa- 
 mekin, and Woosamequen. His residence was at 
 Packanakick, or Pokanoket, sometimes called 
 Sowams and Sowamset. Over against him, on 
 the opposite side of the great bay, lived the Nar- 
 ragansetts. Winslow, in going to Massasoit, 
 crossed a river, which, I suppose, was Taunton ; 
 
 MATHER. 
 
 555 
 
 in three miles he came to Metapoiset, in Swan- 
 zcy ; and four or five miles beyond was Packa- 
 nokic, the residence of the sachem. A Dutch 
 vessel had been stranded before his house. I 
 suppose, therefore, that he lived at Warren, and 
 that Sowams or Sowamset was Swanzey, though 
 the town was so called from Swansea in Wales, 
 whence some of the first inhabitants came. March 
 22, 1621, he visited the English pilgrims at Ply 
 mouth with his brother, Quadequina, and a train 
 of sixty men, and presented himself on Spring 
 hill. The governor sent Mr. Winslow to invite 
 him to a treaty. While Quadequina detained 
 Mr. W. as a hostage, the sachem with twenty 
 unarmed men met Capt. Standish and a few men 
 at the town brook, where they saluted each other. 
 Massasoit was then conducted to Governor Car 
 ver and made a treaty, the articles of which he 
 always faithfully observed. The league lasted to 
 1670. It was stipulated, " that neither he nor 
 his should injure any of ours ; that if any un 
 justly warred against him, we would aid him, 
 and if any warred against us, he should aid us." 
 He was " a portly man, in his best years, grave 
 of countenance, spare of speech." The Narra- 
 gansetts under Canonicus being hostile to him, 
 he was glad of the friendship of the whites. In 
 July, E. Winslow visited the sachem at his resi 
 dence, and was kindly received. When he was 
 sick in March, 1623, Mr. Winslow, accompanied 
 by John Hampden, " a gentleman of London," 
 visited him. This was probably the celebrated 
 Ilampdcn. Massasoit, who was very sick, in his 
 gratitude said, " I will never forget this kind 
 ness ; " and he disclosed the Indian conspiracy 
 for the destruction of the Plymouth settlers. 
 Capt. Standish in consequence killed the ring 
 leaders. The benevolent visit was the means of 
 saving the colony from destruction. Massasoit 
 was succeeded by his son, Alexander ; king 
 Philip was another son. BdJcnap, II. 229, 290. 
 MATHER, RICHARD, minister of Dorchester, 
 the son of Thomas M., died April 22, 1669, aged 
 73. He was born in Lancashire, England, in 
 1096. At the age of fifteen he was invited to 
 take the instruction of a school at Toxteth, near 
 Liverpool. After suffering for some time that 
 | anxiety and distress, which the knowledge of his 
 ! own character as a sinner produced, he in his 
 18th. year found peace and joy in the gospel 
 of the Redeemer. In May, 1618, he was admit 
 ted a student at Oxford ; but in a few months 
 afterwards he became the minister of Toxteth, 
 being ordained by the bishop of Chester. Here 
 he continued about fifteen years without any in 
 terruption of his benevolent labors. He preached 
 every Tuesday at Prescot, and he always seized 
 the opportunity, which his attendance upon funer 
 als afforded, for imparting instruction to the 
 living. He was silenced for nonconformity to the 
 
556 
 
 MATHER. 
 
 established church in 1633, but through the in 
 fluence of his friends was soon restored. He was 
 again suspended in 1634, as he had never worn 
 the surplice, and could not adopt the ceremonies 
 which were enjoined. Having resolved to seek 
 the peaceable enjoyment of the rights of con 
 science and the purity of Christian ordinances in 
 New England, he escaped the pursuivants, who 
 were endeavoring to apprehend him, and em 
 barked at Bristol in May, 1635. August 17th 
 he arrived in Boston harbor. He was in a few 
 months invited to Dorchester ; and, as the first 
 church had removed with Mr. Warham to Wind 
 sor, a new church was formed, of which he was 
 constituted the teacher, August 23, 1636. He as 
 sisted Mr. Eliot and Mr. Welde in 1640 in making 
 the Xew England version of the psalms. The 
 model of church discipline, which he presented 
 to the synod of 1648, was the one which was 
 chiefly adopted in preference to the models pre 
 pared by Mr. Cotton and Mr. Partridge. He 
 died in the peace of the Christian. The follow 
 ing was the poetic inscription of the day : 
 
 " Divinely rich and learned Rich d Mather, 
 Sons, like him prophets great, rejoic d this father. 
 Short time his sleeping dust here s cover d down; 
 Not his ascended spirit or renown." 
 
 His first wife was the daughter of Edmund 
 Hoult ; his second was Sarah, widow of John 
 Cotton. His six sons were by his first wife. 
 Though in his old age he experienced many in 
 firmities, yet, such had been his health, that for 
 half a century he was not detained by sickness 
 so much as one Sunday from his public labors. 
 He was a pious Christian, a good scholar, and a 
 plain and useful preacher. He was careful to 
 avoid foreign and obscure words, and unneces 
 sary citation of Latin sentences, that all might 
 understand him. While his voice was loud and 
 distinct, there was also a vehemency and dignity 
 in his manner. He wrote the discourse about 
 the church covenant, and the answer to thirty- 
 two questions, published in 1639, which pass 
 under the name of the elders of Xew England. 
 He wrote also a modest and brotherly answer to 
 Charles Herle s book against the independency 
 of churches, 1644 ; a reply to Rutherford, or a 
 defence of the answer to Ilerle s book, 1646 ; an 
 heart-melting exhortation, etc., in a letter to his 
 countrymen of Lancashire, 1650 ; a catechism ; 
 a treatise of justification, 1652; a letter to Mr. 
 Hooker, to prove that it was lawful for a ministei 
 to administer the sacrament to a congregation 
 not particularly under his care ; election sermon 
 about 1660 ; an answer to Mr. Davenport s work 
 against the propositions of the synod of 1662. 
 He also prepared for the press sermons on the 
 second epistle of Peter, and an elaborate defence 
 
 MATHER. 
 
 of the churches of New England. Wood s 
 Athence. Oxon., II. 427, 428; Magnalia, ill. 122 
 -130 ; Hist. Coll. VIII. 10 ; /. Mather s account 
 of his Life. 
 
 MATHER, SAMUEL, minister of Dublin, Ire- 
 and, the son of the preceding, died in Dublin 
 Oct. 29, 1671, aged 45. He was born in Lanca- 
 ihire May 13, 1626. Accompanying his father 
 to this country, he was graduated at Harvard 
 college in 1643. He was appointed the first fel 
 low of the college, and he Avas held in such esti 
 mation by the students whom he instructed, that, 
 when he left them, they put on badges of mourn 
 ing. When he began to preach, he spent some 
 time in Rowley as an assistant to Mr. Rogers. 
 A church having been gathered in the north part 
 of Boston, he was invited to take the charge of 
 it ; but, after preaching there one winter, he was 
 induced to go to England in 1650. The church 
 which he left was afterwards under the pastoral 
 care of his brother, Increase Mather. In Eng 
 land he was appointed chaplain of Magdalen col 
 lege, Oxford. He then preached in Scotland 
 and Ireland. In Dublin he was senior fellow of 
 Trinity college, and was settled the minister of 
 the church of St. Nicholas. Though he refused 
 several benefices that were offered by the lord 
 deputy, because he did not wish to have the Epis 
 copalian ministers displaced ; yet soon after the 
 restoration he was suspended on a charge of sedi 
 tion. Returning to England, he was minister at 
 Burton wood, till ejected by the Bartholomew 
 act in 1662. He afterwards gathered a church 
 at his own house in Dublin, where he died in 
 peace. He was succeeded by his brother, Na 
 thaniel Mather. As a preacher he held the first 
 rank, and his name was known throughout the 
 kingdom. His discourses were remarkable for 
 clearness of method. He published a whole 
 some caveat for a time of liberty, 1652 ; a 
 defence of the protestant religion against pope 
 ry, 1671; an irenicum, or an essay for union 
 among the Presbyterians, Independents, and Ana 
 baptists ; a treatise against stinted liturgies ; a 
 piece against Valentine Greatarick, who pretended 
 to cure diseases by stroking ; a course of sermons 
 on the types of the Old Testament, Avith some dis 
 courses against popish superstitions. Wood s 
 Athence. Oxon., n. 489, 490 ; Magnolia, IV. 143- 
 153 ; Nonconformists Memorial, n. 355-357. 
 
 MATHER, NATHANIEL, minister in London, 
 the son of Richard Mather, died July 26, 1697, aged 
 67. He was born March 20, 1630. After his 
 arrival in this country with his father, he was ed 
 ucated at Harvard college, where he graduated 
 in 1647. He afterwards went to England, and 
 was presented to the living at Barnstable by 
 Oliver Cromwell in 1656. Upon his ejectment 
 in 1662 he went into Holland, and was a minister 
 
MATHER. 
 
 MATHER. 
 
 557 
 
 at Rotterdam. About the year 1071 or 1672 he 
 succeeded his brother, Samuel Mather, at Dub 
 lin. Thence he removed to London, where he 
 was pastor of a Congregational church, and one 
 of the lecturers at Pinner s hall. He was buried 
 in the burying ground near Bunhill fields, and 
 there is upon his tomb-stone a long Latin in 
 scription, written by Dr. Watts, which ascribes to 
 him a high character for genius, learning, piety, 
 and ministerial fidelity. He published the right 
 eousness of God by faith upon all who believe, 
 1694 ; a discussion of the lawfulness of a pastor s 
 officiating in another s church ; twenty-three ser 
 mons, preached at Pinner s hall, and Lime street, 
 taken in shorthand as they were delivered, 1701; 
 a fast sermon. Calamy s Contin. I. 257-258. 
 
 MATHER, ELEAZER, first minister of North 
 ampton, Mass., the son of Richard Mather, died 
 July 24, 1669, aged 32. He was born May 13, 
 1637. He was graduated at Harvard college in 
 1656. Having preached about two years at 
 Northampton, when a church was gathered there 
 in 1661, he was ordained its minister, June 23. 
 His wife was the daughter of John Warham ; she 
 married after his death S. Stoddard. His daugh 
 ter married Rev. John Williams. He was ad 
 mired as a man of talents and exalted piety, and 
 as a zealous and eminently useful preacher. After 
 his death there was published from his manu 
 scripts a serious exhortation to the succeeding 
 and present generation, being the substance of 
 his last sermons, 1671. Magnolia, III. 130. 
 
 MATHER, INCREASE, D. D., president of 
 Harvard college, the son of Richard Mather, died 
 August 23, 1723, aged 84. He was born at Dor 
 chester June 21, 1639. He was graduated in 
 1656. Beginning to preach in the next year, 
 and being invited by his brother to Dublin, he 
 embarked for England July 3, 1657, and after 
 an absence of four years returned in August, 
 1661. In the next month he was invited to 
 preach at the north church in Boston, though he 
 was not ordained there till May 27, 1664. Two 
 years before this, when the controversy respecting 
 the subjects of baptism was agitated, he opposed 
 the results of the synod, but, being convinced by 
 the arguments of Mr. Mitchell, he afterwards de 
 fended the synodical propositions. He was a 
 member of the synod of 1679, and drew up the 
 result, which was then agreed on. AAHien King 
 Charle II. expressed his wish that the charter 
 of Massachusetts might be resigned into his 
 hands in 1683, Dr. Mather zealously opposed a 
 compliance with his majesty s pleasure. In 1688 
 he sailed for England as agent of the province to 
 procure redress of grievances. After several 
 years of important services he returned with a 
 new charter, and arrived in Boston May 14, 1692. 
 He had the sole nomination of the first governor. 
 After his arrival the general court appointed a 
 
 day of public thanksgiving for his safe return, 
 and for the settlement of the government. Dur 
 ing the witchcraft delusion he opposed the violent 
 measures which were adopted. He wrote a book 
 to prove that the devil might appear in the shape 
 of an innocent man, by means of which a number 
 of persons, convicted of witchcraft, escaped the 
 execution of the sentence. After the death of 
 Mr. Oakes in 1681, the care of Harvard college 
 devolved upon him. But as his church refused 
 to relinquish him, he only made weekly visits to 
 Cambridge, until the appointment of President 
 Rogers in the following year. After his death he 
 was again called to the presidency of the college, 
 June 11, 1685, and he continued in this station 
 till Sept. 6, 1701, when he resigned in consequence 
 of an act of the general court, requiring the presi 
 dent to reside at Cambridge. He was unwilling 
 to leave his church, though his son, Cotton Ma 
 ther, had been settled as his colleague for a 
 number of years. Mr. Willard succeeded him. 
 After a long life of benevolent exertion, he died 
 in Boston, having been a preacher sixty-six years, 
 sixty-two of which were passed in the ministry in 
 Boston. His wife was Maria, the daughter of 
 John Cotton. He had six daughters and three 
 sons ; Sarah married Rev. Mr. Walter, and Abi 
 gail, Rev. John White. 
 
 He was a man of great learning and of exten 
 sive influence and usefulness. Soon after his re 
 turn from England he procured an act, authoriz 
 ing the college to create bachelors and doctors of 
 theology, which power was not given by its 
 former charter. As president he was careful not 
 only to give the students direction in their liter 
 ary pursuits, but also to impart to them religious 
 instruction. He frequently called them one by 
 one into the library, and there, with the affection 
 of a parent and the fidelity of a minister of the 
 gospel, he would confer with them respecting the 
 salvation of their souls, and solemnly charge 
 them to renounce their sins, to embrace the gos- 
 pel, and to devote themselves to the service of 
 God. He usually preached to them every week, 
 and his sermons, both at Cambridge and in Bos 
 ton, were designed to impress the conscience as 
 well as to enlighten the mind. He considered 
 him as the best preacher who taught with the 
 greatest simplicity. His delivery was somewhat 
 peculiar. He usually spoke with deliberation, 
 but at times, when uttering an impressive sen 
 tence, his voice became the voice of thunder. 
 Always committing his sermons to memory, he 
 never used his notes in the pulpit. Sixteen hours 
 in every day were commonly spent in his study, 
 and in his retirement he repeatedly addressed 
 himself to the Lord, his Maker. He always 
 kept a diary, designed for his improvement in 
 religion. Such was his benevolence, that he de 
 voted a tenth part of all his income to charitable 
 
558 
 
 MATHER. 
 
 MATHER. 
 
 purposes. His portrait is in the library of the 
 Massachusetts historical society. The following 
 is a list of his publications : the mystery of Israel s 
 salvation, 1669 ; the life and death of Richard 
 Mather, 1670 ; woe to drunkards, 1673 ; the day 
 of trouble near ; important truths about conver 
 sion, 1674; the first principles of New England; 
 a discourse concerning the subject of baptism, 
 and consociation of churches ; the wicked man s 
 portion ; the times of men in the hands of God, 
 1675 ; history of the war with the Indians from 
 June 24, 1675, to Aug. 12, 1676 ; a relation of 
 troubles of New England from the Indians, from 
 the beginning ; an historical discourse on the 
 prevalency of prayer ; renewal of covenant the 
 duty of decaying and distressed churches, 1677 ; 
 pray for the rising generation, 1678 ; a call to 
 the rising generation, 1679 ; the divine right of 
 infant baptism ; the great concernment of a cove 
 nant people ; heaven s alarm to the world, 1680 ; 
 animadversions upon a narrative of the Baptists, 
 1681 ; diatriba de signo filii hominis ; practical 
 truths; the church a subject of persecution, 1682; 
 a discourse concerning comets, 1683 ; remarkable 
 providences ; the doctrine of divine providence, 
 1684 ; an arrow against profane and promiscuous 
 dances, 1685; the mystery of Christ; the great 
 est of sinners exhorted ; a sermon on an execu 
 tion for murder, 1686 ; a testimony against super 
 stitions, 1687 ; de successu evangelii apud Indos 
 epistola, 1688; the unlawfulness of using common 
 prayer, and of swearing on the book, 1689 ; sev 
 eral papers relating to the state of New England; 
 the revolution justified, 1690 ; election sermon, 
 1693 ; the blessing of primitive counsellors ; cases 
 of conscience concerning witchcraft ; an essay 
 on the power of a pastor for the administration 
 of sacraments, 1693 ; whether a man may marry 
 his wife s own sister; solemn advice to young 
 men, 1695 ; a treatise of angels, 1696 ; a dis 
 course on man s not knowing his time ; the case 
 of conscience concerning the eating of blood, 
 1697; funeral sermon on J. Baily, 1698; the 
 surest way to the highest honor ; on hardness of 
 heart ; the folly of sinning, 1699 ; the order of 
 the gospel vindicated, 1700; the blessed hope, 
 1701; remarks on a sermon of George Keith; 
 Ichabod, or the glory departing, an election ser 
 mon ; the Christian religion the only true religion ; 
 the excellency of public spirit, 1702 ; the duty of 
 parents to pray for their children; soul-saving 
 gospel truths, 1703 ; the voice of God in the 
 stormy winds ; practical truths to promote holi 
 ness, 1704 ; meditations on the glory of Christ, 
 1705 ; a discourse concerning earthquakes ; a 
 testimony against sacrilege ; a dissertation con 
 cerning right to sacraments, 1706 ; meditations 
 on death ; a disquisition concerning right to sacra 
 ments, 1707 ; a dissertation wherein the strange 
 doctrine of Mr. Stoddard is refuted, 1708; on 
 
 the future conversion of the Jews, confuting Dr. 
 Lightfoot and Mr. Baxter ; against cursing and 
 swearing, 1709; concerning faith and prayer for 
 the kingdom of Christ ; at the artillery election, 
 on being very courageous ; awakening truths 
 tending to conversion, 1710; meditations on the 
 glory of the heavenly world ; concerning the 
 death of the righteous ; the duty of the children 
 of godly parents, 1711; burnings bewailed; re 
 marks upon an answer to a book against the com 
 mon prayer ; meditations on the sanctification of 
 the Lord s day, 1712; a plain discourse showing 
 who shall not enter into heaven ; a funeral sermon 
 for his daughter-in-law, 1713; on the death of 
 his consort, 1714 ; Jesus Christ a mighty Saviour, 
 and other subjects, 1715 ; a disquisition concern 
 ing ecclesiastical councils ; there is a God in 
 heaven ; the duty and dignity of aged servants 
 of God, 1716; at the ordination of his grandson; 
 sermons on the beatitudes ; practical truths 
 plainly delivered with an ordination sermon, 1718; 
 five sermons on several subjects, one of them on 
 the author s birth-clay, 1719 ; a testimony to the 
 order of the churches, 1720 ; advice to children 
 of godly ancestors, a sermon concluding the Bos 
 ton lectures on early piety ; several sheets in 
 favor of inoculation for the small pox, 1721 ; a 
 dying pastor s legacy ; Elijah s mantle, 1722. 
 Remarkables of I. Mather; Nonconformists Me 
 morial, II. 245-249; Magnolia, IV. 130, 131; V. 
 77-84 ; VI. 2. 
 
 MATHER, COTTON, D. D., F. R. S., minister 
 in Boston, died Feb. 13, 1728, aged 65. He was 
 the son of the preceding, and grandson of John 
 Cotton. He was born in Boston Feb. 12, 1663. 
 Distinguished for early piety, when he was a 
 schoolboy he endeavored to persuade his youth 
 ful companions frequently to lift up their hearts 
 to their Maker and heavenly Friend, and he even 
 wrote for them some forms of devotion. He had 
 also the courage to reprove their vices. At the 
 a"-c of fourteen he beoran to observe davs of secret 
 
 o o * 
 
 fasting and prayer, reading commonly fifteen 
 chapters in the bible every day. He was grad 
 uated at Harvard college in 1678, having made 
 uncommon proficiency in his studies. At this 
 early period of his life he drew up systems of the 
 sciences, and wrote remarks upon the books 
 which he read, and thus matured his understand 
 ing. At the age of seventeen he approached the 
 Lord s table with affectionate reliance upon Jesus 
 Christ for salvation. Having been occupied for 
 some time in the study of theology, he was or 
 dained minister of the north church in Boston as 
 colleague with his father, May 13, 1684. Here 
 he passed his days unwearied and unceasing in 
 his exertions to promote the glory of his Maker, 
 and the highest welfare of his brethren. He 
 died in the assurance of Christian faith. His first 
 wife was the daughter of Col. John Phillips ; his 
 
MATHER. 
 
 second, widow Hubbard, daughter of Dr. John 
 Clark ; his third, widow George, daughter of Rev. 
 Samuel Lee. By his two first wives he had fif 
 teen children, lie was a man of unequalled in 
 dustry, of vast learning, of unfeigned piety, and 
 of most disinterested and expansive benevolence. 
 He was also distinguished for his credulity, for his 
 pedantry, and for his want of judgment and taste. 
 No person in America had so large a library, or 
 had read so many books, or retained so much of 
 what he read. So precious did he consider time, 
 that to prevent visits of unnecessary length, he 
 wrote over his study door in capital letters, " Be 
 short." Still his manners were never morose, but 
 easy and obliging. His social talents and va 
 rious knowledge rendered his conversation inter 
 esting and instructive. Every morning he usually 
 read a chapter of the Old Testament in Hebrew 
 and another in the French, and a chapter of the 
 New Testament in Greek. Besides the French, 
 he understood also the Spanish and Iroquois, and 
 in these languages he published treatises. There 
 were two books, in which he every day wrote 
 something. In the one, which he called his quo- 
 tidiana, he transcribed passages from the authors 
 which he read. In the other, which was his diary, 
 he noted the events of the day, his imperfections 
 and sins, and every thing which might subserve 
 his religious improvement. By this diary it ap 
 pears that in one year he kept sixty fasts and 
 twenty vigils, and published fourteen books, be 
 sides discharging the duties of his pastoral office. 
 As a minister of the gospel he was most exem 
 plary. Always proposing in his sermons to make 
 some particular impression upon the minds of his 
 hearers, the whole discourse had relation to this 
 object, and he endeavored to make his sentences 
 short, that those who took notes might do it 
 with more ease. His discourses, without doubt, 
 were equal in length to those of his brethren, 
 which, he himself informs us, usually went a good 
 way into the second hour. He kept a list of the 
 members of his church, and frequently prayed for 
 each separately. Those especially, \vhose cases 
 had been mentioned on the Sabbath in the house 
 of public worship, were remembered by him in 
 his secret addresses to the throne of grace. He 
 usually allotted one or two afternoons in a week 
 to visiting the families of his congregation, and in 
 these visits he addressed both the parents and the 
 children, exhorting the former to faithfulness, and 
 endeavoring to instruct the latter by asking them 
 questions, and recommending to them secret 
 prayer and reading of the Scriptures. When he 
 left them he recommended to their consideration 
 a particular text of Scripture. As he published 
 many pious books, he was continually putting 
 them into the hands of persons to whom he 
 thought they would be useful. His success 
 seemed to correspond with his fidelity. In the 
 
 MATHER. 
 
 559 
 
 first year of his ministry about thirty were added 
 to his church ; and he received the benedictions 
 of many dying believers, who spoke of his labors 
 as the means of their salvation. He promoted 
 the establishment of several useful societies, par 
 ticularly a society for suppressing disorders and 
 for the reformation of manners, and a society of 
 peacemakers, whose object was to prevent law 
 suits and to compose differences. He arranged 
 the business of every day in the morning, always 
 inquiring by what means he could be useful to his 
 fellow men, and endeavoring to devise new meth 
 ods of doing good. He did not content himself 
 with contriving plans, but vigorously executed 
 them. When he travelled, he commonly had for 
 a companion some young gentleman, to whom he 
 might impart instruction, and he used to pray 
 with him in private, when they lodged together. 
 Notwithstanding his benevolent labors and un 
 wearied industry, he expressed the greatest hu 
 mility, and spoke of his days as passed in sloth 
 and sin. He took some interest in the political 
 concerns of his country, and on this account, as 
 well as on account of his faithful reproof of in 
 iquity, he had many enemies. Many abusive 
 letters were sent him, all of which he tied up in 
 a packet and wrote upon the cover, " Libels : 
 Father, forgive them." Though he derived much 
 satisfaction from his theological and literary pur 
 suits ; yet he declared, that, in performing an act 
 of benevolence to some poor and suffering Chris 
 tian he found much higher pleasure. In his 
 diary he says : " As for the delights of the world, 
 I know of none comparable to those which I 
 take in communion with my Saviour. As for the 
 riches of this world, I use no labor for them. In 
 my Saviour I have unsearchable riches ; and in 
 my fruition of him I have a full supply of all my 
 wants. As for the honors of this world, I do 
 nothing to gain honors for myself. To be em 
 ployed in the Lord s work, for the advancement 
 of his kingdom, is all the honor that I wish for." 
 His publications amounted to three hundred 
 and eighty-two. Many of them indeed were 
 small, such as single sermons ; but others were of 
 considerable magnitude. His essays to do good, 
 12mo. 1710, is a volume peculiarly excellent. 
 It has lately been reprinted. Dr. Franklin as 
 cribed all his usefulness in the world to his read 
 ing it in early life. His Christian philosopher, 
 8vo. 1721, was admired in England. His direc 
 tions for a candidate of the ministry, 12mo. 1725, 
 gained him a vast number of letters of thanks. 
 Others of his larger works are, the life of his 
 father ; and ratio discipline fratrum Nov-Anglo- 
 rum, or an account of the discipline professed and 
 practised in the churches of New England. But 
 his largest and most celebrated work is his Mag- 
 nalia Christi Americana, or the ecclesiastical his 
 tory of New England from its first planting in 
 
560 
 
 MATHER. 
 
 MATHER. 
 
 1625 to the year 1698, in seven books, folio, 1702. 
 His style abounds with puerilities, puns, and 
 strange conceits, and he makes a great display of 
 learning; but no man was so thoroughly ac 
 quainted with the history of New England, and 
 he has saved numerous important facts from ob 
 livion. In the work are contained biographical 
 accounts of many of the first settlers, both gov 
 ernors and ministers. It appears that he gave 
 full credit to the stories of witchcraft; but he was 
 not singular in his credulity. Even Dr. Watts 
 wrote to him, " I am persuaded that there was 
 much immediate agency of the devil in those af 
 fairs, and perhaps there were some real witches 
 too." The catalogue of his publications in his 
 life, written by his son, occupies eighteen pages ; 
 and the whole, therefore, could not with con 
 venience be here inserted. He published many 
 funeral sermons. Among his other works, which 
 are principally occasional sermons or pious tracts, 
 is the Wonders of the Invisible World, 4to. 1692 ; 
 and Psalterium Americanum, or the book of 
 Psalms in blank verse, with illustrations, 1718. 
 Besides his numerous publications, he left behind 
 him in manuscript the angel of Bethesda, in which 
 he placed under every disease not only suitable 
 religious instructions, but the most simple and 
 easy medicines ; a large treatise, designed to pro 
 mote union among protestants ; Goliathus detrun- 
 catus, against Mr. Whiston, to prove that most of 
 the Antenicene fathers were orthodox and not 
 Arian ; and Biblia Americana, or the sacred Scrip 
 tures of the Old and New Testament illustrated. 
 This learned work, which it was once proposed to 
 publish in three folio volumes, is now in the 
 library of the Massachusetts historical society. 
 Life by S. Matlier; Middleman s Biog. Evang. 
 IV. 233-240. 
 
 MATHER, SAMUEL, minister, of Windsor, 
 Conn., the son of Timo. M. of Dorchester, and 
 the grandson of Richard M., was graduated at 
 Harvard college in 1671 ; was ordained in 1682; 
 and died March 18, 1728, aged 77. His prede 
 cessors were Warham and Huit; his successor 
 was Jonathan Marsh. An unhappy division ex 
 isted in Windsor from 1667 to 1680. The two 
 preachers, neither of whom were ordained, were 
 Mr. Chauncy and Mr. Woodbridge. But the two 
 churches and town happily united in Mr. Mather, 
 and lived in harmony during his ministry. lie 
 was one of the first trustees of Yale college, from 
 1700 to 1724. His wife was Hannah, the daugh 
 ter of Gov. Treat. He published dead faith, 
 1697 ; on renouncing our righteousness, 1707. 
 
 MATHER, AZARIAII, minister of Saybrook, 
 Conn., died in 1737. He graduated in the f ourth 
 class at Yale in 1705, and was tutor at Killing- 
 worth, where the college then was, in 1709 and 
 1710. He published woe to sleepy sinners, 1720 ; 
 sabbath day s rest; election sermon, 1725. 
 
 MATHER, SAMUEL, an eminent physician of 
 Windsor, Conn., died in 1743, aged 63. He was 
 born in or near Boston ; graduated at Harvard 
 in 1698; and studied physic with Dr. Hooker of 
 Hartford. No man had a wider circuit of prac 
 tice; and he was venerated for his virtues. 
 Among his descendants may be mentioned Dr. 
 Samuel Mather of Windsor and Hartford, his 
 grandson ; and Dr. diaries Mather, who died in 
 Hartford in 1822, aged 80. Williams Medical 
 Biography. 
 
 MATHER, ALLYN T , first minister of Fairhaven, 
 Conn., died in 1784, at Savannah, whither he had 
 gone on account of his health, aged 36. He 
 graduated at Yale in 1771; and was ordained 
 February 3, 1773. 
 
 MATHER, SAMUEL, D. D., minister in Boston, 
 the son of Cotton M., died June 27, 1785, aged 
 79. He was graduated at Harvard college in 
 1723. He was ordained in the same church in 
 which his father was settled, as colleague with Mr. 
 Gee, June 21, 1732. In about ten years a sepa 
 ration occurred, in consequence, it is believed, of 
 a difference of views in regard to the revival of 
 religion at that period. A church was built for 
 him, in Bennet street, by persons who withdrew 
 with him from the old north church. He was 
 their pastor till his death. He was buried, by his 
 own direction, without any ceremony. A society 
 of Universalists purchased his church and still 
 occupy it. Dr. Mather published a sermon on 
 the death of William Waldron, 1727 ; of his 
 father, 1728; life of his father, 8vo. 1729; essay 
 on gratitude, 1732 ; on the death of Queen Caro 
 line, 1738; an apology for the liberties of the 
 churches in New England, 8vo. 1738; artillery 
 election sermon, 1739; on the death of T. Hutch- 
 inson, 1740; of the prince of Wales, 1751; of 
 William Welsteed and Ellis Gray, 1753 ; disserta 
 tion on the name of Jehovah, 1760 ; convention 
 sermon, 1762; essay on the Lord s prayer, 1766; 
 a modest account of the salutations in ancient 
 times, 1768, anonymous ; the sacred minister, a 
 poem, in blank verse, 1773 ; America known to 
 the ancients, 1774; all men will not be saved for 
 ever, in answer to Chauncy, 1781. Hist. Coll. 
 III. 258, 263 ; Holmes. 
 
 MATHER, MOSES, D. D., minister of Mid 
 dlesex, Conn., died in 1806, aged about 88. 
 He graduated at Yale in 1739. He published in 
 fant baptism defended, 1759; election sermon, 
 1781. 
 
 MATHER, ELISIIA, M. D., died in Northamp 
 ton, Mass., April 24, 1840, aged 48. He was 
 the son of Mr. Elisha Mather, and grandson of 
 Dr. Samuel Mather of Northampton, an eminent 
 physician, who died in 1779, aged 73, and whose 
 son William, also a physician in N., died before 
 him in 1775, aged 32. Dr. M. was a counsellor 
 of the Massachusetts medical society, skilled in 
 
MATHER. 
 
 physiology and pathology, and exemplary as a 
 Christian. Williams Medical Biography. 
 
 MATIIEll, TIIADDEUS, M. D., died at Bing- 
 hamton, N. Y., Oct. 8, 1854, aged 75; a descend 
 ant from Dr. Samuel M. of Windsor, by Nathan 
 iel, and Elihu M. 
 
 MATHEWS, THOMAS, a soldier of the Revolu 
 tion, died at Norfolk, Va., in 1818. 
 
 MATIGXON, FRANCIS ANTHONY, D. D., Catho 
 lic minister in Boston, died Sept. 19, 1818, aged 64. 
 He was born at Paiis Nov. 10, 1753. Appointed 
 professor in the college of Navarre in 1785, after 
 some years he received an annuity from the king, 
 which made him independent. The revolution 
 compelling him to leave France, Bp. Carroll sent 
 him from Baltimore to Boston, Aug. 20, 1792; in 
 1796 he received Mr. Cheverus as his colleague. 
 He was gentle and courteous, learned and elo 
 quent ; and, assisted by the higher eloquence of 
 Mr. Cheverus, the decayed Catholic society was 
 rendered flourishing. 
 
 MATTHEWS, MARMADUKE, was a preacher at 
 Hull, Mass., in 1650. He was also the first min 
 ister of Maiden in 1651, and died in England in 
 1683. Mr. Wigglesworth came to M. about 
 1654. 
 
 MATTHEWS, JOHN, governor of South Caro 
 lina, died at Charleston in 1802, aged 58. He 
 was a patriot of the Revolution, and in 1776 a 
 judge of the supreme court. He was appointed 
 in 1780 a delegate to congress, in which body his 
 services were important. He succeeded Mr. Rut- 
 ledge in 1782 as governor for one year, and in 
 1784 was appointed a judge in the court of equity. 
 
 MATTHEWS, VINCENT, general, LL. D., died 
 at Rochester, N. Y., Aug. 23, 1846, aged 80. He 
 was one of the greatest lawyers in the State of 
 New York, engaged 56 years in the practice of 
 the law. Born in Orange county, near Elmira, 
 he lived in Bath, and then in Rochester. 
 
 MATTHEWS, MARY, Mrs., died in Warren, 
 Me., May 6, 1851, aged 106. 
 
 MATTHEWSON, ELISHA, died at Scituate, 
 Mass., Oct. 14, 1853, aged 88. He was in pol 
 itics of the democratic school of Jefferson, and 
 four years a senator of the United States. 
 
 MATTOON, EBENEZER, general, died in Am- 
 herst, Mass., Sept. 11, 1843, aged 88. Born in 
 Amherst, he graduated at Dartmouth in 1776. 
 In the war he was a major ; he was also a mem 
 ber of congress, and sheriff of Hampshire. In 
 1816 he was adjutant-general. He was a mem 
 ber of the second church of Amherst. 
 
 MAUD, DANIEL, an early minister, died at 
 Dover, N. II., in 1655. He was a schoolmaster 
 in Boston ; a freeman in 1636 ; and was settled 
 at D. in 1641 or 1642. 
 
 MAULE, THOMAS, a shopkeeper of Salem, 
 was called before the council in 1695, for publish 
 ing a pamphlet of 260 pages, truth held forth. 
 71 
 
 MAY. 
 
 561 
 
 Thus early did authority attempt to shackle the 
 press. 
 
 MAURY, JAMES, died at New York Feb. 23, 
 1840, aged 95. A native of Virginia, he was the 
 first United States consul at Liverpool, a 
 station which he held nearly half a century. 
 He was educated, intelligent, amiable, and re 
 spected. 
 
 MAVERICK, JOHN, one of the first ministers 
 of Dorchester, and colleague pastor with War- 
 ham, lived in England forty miles from Exeter; 
 he arrived at Nantasket May 30, 1630, and died 
 at Boston, Feb. 3, 1636, aged about 60. He was 
 a man of a humble spirit and eminently useful. 
 Most of his church removed to Windsor. 
 
 MAXCY, JONATHAN, D. D., president of three 
 colleges, died June 4, 1820, aged 52. He was 
 born at Attlcborough, Mass., Sept. 2, 1768, and 
 was graduated in 1787 at the college in Provi 
 dence, of the Baptist church in which town he 
 was ordained the pastor, Sept. 8, 1791. He was 
 also professor of divinity in the college, and eleven 
 years the president, from Sept. 6, 1792. In his 
 pastoral office he was succeeded by S. Gano. In 
 1801 he succeeded Dr. Edwards as the president 
 of Union college in Schenectady, in which office 
 he was succeeded by Dr. Nott in 1804. For the 
 next fifteen years he was the first president of 
 the college of South Carolina in Columbia, where 
 he died. He married a daughter of Commodore 
 Hopkins of Providence. He published a dis 
 course on the death of Pres. Manning ; address 
 to graduates, 1794; oration to mechanics, 1795; 
 oration July 4 ; existence of God from his works ; 
 at a dedication; on the atonement, 1796; ser 
 mon at Boston ; to a class, 1797 ; address to 
 graduates, 1798 ; to candidates for a degree, 1801 ; 
 funeral sermon to legislature, 1818. His literary 
 remains, with a memoir by Dr. Elton, were pub 
 lished in 1844. 
 
 MAXCY, VIRGIL, was killed by the explosion 
 on board the steamer Princeton, Feb. 28, 1844. In 
 the same manner were killed Commodore Kennon 
 and Secretary Gilmer. He was born in Massachu 
 setts, and graduated at Providence in 1804, his 
 brother being the president of the college. In 
 law he was associated with A. G. Harper of Mary 
 land. He was solicitor of the treasury, and charg6 
 at Belgium five years. He published oration to 
 Phi Beta Kappa society, 1833. 
 
 MAXWELL, EBENEZER K., minister at Delhi, 
 N. Y., died in 1840, aged 55. 
 
 MAY, ELEAZAR, minister of Haddam, Conn., 
 died in 1803, aged 70. Born in Wcthersfield, he 
 graduated at Yale in 1752, and was ordained in 
 1756. 
 
 MAY, SAMUEL W., minister at Cincinnati, O., 
 died March 27, 1840. 
 
 MAY, HEZEKIAH, died at Tionesta, Venango 
 valley, Penn., July 4, 1843, aged 69. Born in 
 
562 
 
 MAY. 
 
 MAYLEW. 
 
 Haddam, he graduated at York in 1793, and from 
 1803 to 1808 was the minister of Marblchead; 
 then he emigrated to the wilderness of the Alle- 
 ghany river. His first care was preaching the 
 gospel, yet he successfully engaged earnestly in 
 agriculture, bringing up a large family. His 
 father was Eleazar, a minister in East Haddam 
 fifty years. He published a sermon at the instal 
 lation of E. Sage, 1808. 
 
 MAY, FREDERIC, a physician, died at Washing 
 ton in 1847, aged 74. He graduated at Harvard 
 in 1792, and removed to Washington in 1795, 
 when the capital was a wilderness. For many 
 years he was its physician and surgeon. He was 
 president of the medical society. 
 
 MAY, GEORGE W., a physician, died at Wash 
 ington in 1845, aged 56. Born in Boston, he 
 graduated at Harvard in 1810. 
 
 MAYHEW, THOMAS, governor of Martha s 
 Vineyard and the neighboring islands, died in 
 1681, aged 92. He resided at Watertown, Mass. 
 in 1636. He had been a merchant in South 
 ampton, England. In Oct., 1641, he obtained of 
 the agent of Lord Stirling a grant of the above 
 lands. In the following year he began a settle 
 ment at Edgartown. In about thirty years these 
 islands were attached to New York, and in 1692 
 they were annexed to Massachusetts. He gave 
 his son much assistance in the benevolent work 
 of converting the heathen. The Indian sachems 
 were afraid that the reception of the Christian 
 religion would deprive them of their power ; but 
 Gov. Mayhew convinced them that religion and 
 government were distinct, and by his prudent con 
 duct removed their prejudices against the truth. 
 Having persuaded them to adopt the English 
 administration of justice, and having proved him 
 self their father and friend, they became exceed 
 ingly attached to him, and at length submitted 
 themselves to the crown of England. After the 
 death of his son, as he was acquainted with the 
 language of the Indians, and as he saw no pros 
 pect of procuring a stated minister for them, he 
 began himself, at the age of seventy, to preach to 
 the natives as well as to the English. Notwith 
 standing his advanced years and his office of gov 
 ernor, he sometimes travelled on foot near twenty 
 miles through the woods, in order to impart the 
 knowledge of the gospel to those that sat in 
 darkness. He persuaded the natives at Gayhead 
 to receive the gospel, which they had before op 
 posed. Between the years 1G64 and 1667 he was 
 much assisted by John Cotton. When an Indian 
 church was formed, Aug. 22, 1670, the members 
 of it desired him, though above fourscore, to be 
 come their pastor ; but, as he declined, they chose 
 Hiacoomes. When Philip s war commenced in 
 1675, the Indians of Martha s Vineyard could 
 count twenty times the number of the English, 
 and the latter would probably have been extir 
 
 pated, had not the Christian religion been intro 
 duced ; but now all was peace, and Mr. Mayhew 
 employed some of his converts as a guard. While 
 his zeal to promote the gospel was yet unabated, 
 he died in old age. In his last moments his heart 
 was filled with Christian joy. Prince s Account, 
 annexed to Mayhew s Indian Converts, 280, 292- 
 302. 
 
 MAYHEW, THOMAS, the first minister of Mar 
 tha s Vineyard, the only son of the preceding, 
 died in 1657, aged 36. He in 1642 accompanied 
 his father to that island, where he became the 
 minister of the English. He beheld with Chris 
 tian compassion the miserable Indians, who were 
 ignorant of the true God; he studied their lan 
 guage; he conciliated their affection; and he 
 taught them the truths of the gospel. The first 
 convert was Hiacoomes in 1643. Mr. Mayhew 
 commenced his public instructions to the Indians 
 in 1646, the same year in which Mr. Eliot began 
 his missionary exertions in a different part of the 
 country. Many obstacles were thrown in his 
 way; but he persevered in his benevolent labors, 
 visiting the natives in their different abodes, lodg 
 ing in their smoky wigwams, and usually spending 
 a part of the night in relating to them portions 
 of the Scripture history. Before the close of the 
 year 1650, a hundred Indians entered into a 
 solemn covenant to obey the Most High God, im 
 ploring his mercy through the blood of Christ. 
 In 1662 there were two hundred and eighty-two 
 of the heathens who had embraced Christianity, 
 and among these were eight pawaws, or priests, 
 who were so much interested to support the credit 
 of their craft. He sailed for England in Nov., 
 1657, to communicate intelligence respecting these 
 Indians to the society for propagating the gospel, 
 and to procure the means of more extensive use 
 fulness ; but the vessel was lost at sea. He left 
 three sons, Matthew, who succeeded his grand 
 father in the government of the island in 1681, 
 and also preached to the Indians, and died in 
 1710; Thomas, a judge of the common pleas for 
 the county; and John. A grandson of Matthew 
 was Dr. Matthew Mayhew, a man of wit and 
 humor and uncommon powers of mind, who died 
 before 1815, aged 85. He had received a liberal 
 education, and was a man of considerable learn 
 ing. His talents might have procured him a set 
 tlement in places, where his maintenance would 
 have been generous ; but he chose to preach the 
 gospel to the heathen, and cheerfully consented 
 to live in poverty and to labor with his own hands 
 to procure the means of subsistence for his fam 
 ily. Four of his letters respecting the progress 
 of the gospel were published in London. In 
 dian Converts, app. 280-292 ; NeaVs N. E. I. 
 262-267 ; Magnolia, III. 200. 
 
 MAYHEW, JOHN, minister of Martha s Vine 
 yard, the son of the preceding, died in 1689, aged 
 
MAYHEW. 
 
 30. He was born in 1652. At the age of twen 
 ty-one he was called to the ministry among the 
 English at Tisbury, in the middle of the island. 
 About the same time also he began to preach to 
 the Indians. He taught them alternately in all 
 their assemblies every week, and assisted them in 
 the management of their ecclesiastical concerns. 
 For some years he received but five pounds an 
 nually for his services, but he was content, being 
 more desirous of saving souls from death than of 
 accumulating wealth. He sought not glory of 
 men, and willingly remained unknown, though he 
 possessed talents which might have attracted ap 
 plause. He died, leaving an Indian church of one 
 hundred communicants, and several well-instructed 
 Indian teachers in different congregations. In 
 his last sickness he expressed his hope of salva 
 tion through the merits of Christ. Indian Con 
 verts, Appendix. 
 
 MAYHEW, EXPERIENCE, minister on Martha s 
 Vineyard, the eldest son of the preceding, died 
 Nov. 29, 1758, aged 85. He was born Jan. 27, 
 1673. In March, 1694, about five years after the 
 death of his father, he began to preach to the 
 Indians, taking the oversight of five or six of 
 their assemblies. The Indian language had been 
 familiar to him from infancy, and he was em 
 ployed by the commissioners of the society for 
 propagating the gospel in New England to make 
 a new version of the Psalms and of John, which 
 work he executed with great accuracy in 1709. 
 His sons were Jonathan, Joseph, Nathan, and 
 Zechariah. He published a sermon, entitled, all 
 mankind by nature equally under sin, 1724 ; In 
 dian converts, 8vo. 1727, in which he gives an 
 account of the lives of thirty Indian ministers, 
 and about eighty Indian men, women, and youth, 
 worthy of remembrance on account of their piety ; 
 a letter on the Lord s supper, 1741; grace de 
 fended, Svo. 1744, in which he contends, that the 
 offer of salvation, made to sinners in the gospel, 
 contains in it a conditional promise of the grace 
 given in regeneration. In this, he says, he differs 
 from most in the Calvinistic scheme ; yet he sup 
 ports the doctrines of original sin, of eternal de 
 crees and of the sovereignty of God in the sal 
 vation of man. Indian Conv. Appen. 306, 307 ; 
 Chauncy a Remarks on Landaff s Sermon, 23. 
 
 MAYHEW, ZECHAKIAH, a missionary to the 
 Indians, the son of the preceding, died March 6 
 1806, aged 89. He was ordained at Martha s 
 Vineyard Dec. 10, 1767, and devoted his life to 
 the instruction of the remnants of the red men 
 being employed by the Massachusetts society for 
 propagating the gospel among the Indians. In 
 Oct. of this year there were at Gayhead people of 
 color in all two hundred and twelve. Former! 
 the number of Indians was very large. The age 
 attained by the Mayhewsis remarkable: the firsi 
 Thomas died, aged 90; Experience, 84; John 
 
 MAYHEW. 
 
 563 
 
 randson of the first John, 89 ; his brother, Jere 
 miah, 85 ; Dr. Matthew, 85 ; Zechariah, 79. 
 
 MAYHEW, JONATHAN, D. ])., minister in 
 Boston, the son of Experience M., died July 9, 
 [766, aged 45. He was born at Martha s Vine- 
 rard Oct. 8, 1720, and was graduated at Harvard 
 :ollege in 1744, having made uncommon pro- 
 iciency in literary pursuits. He was ordained 
 the minister of the west church in Boston June 
 L6, 1747, as successor of the first minister, Mr. 
 rlooper, who had embraced the Episcopalian 
 system. Here he continued till his sudden death. 
 Ele was succeeded by Dr. Howard. 
 
 He possessed superior powers of mind, and in 
 :lassical learning held an eminent rank. His 
 writings evince a mind capable of making the 
 nicest moral distinctions, and of grasping the 
 most abstruse metaphysical truths. Among the 
 orrespondents, which his literary character or 
 bus attachment to liberty gained him abroad, were 
 Lardner, Benson, Kippis, Blackburne, and Hollis. 
 From the latter he procured many rich donations 
 for the college at Cambridge. Being a deter 
 mined enemy to religious establishments, to test 
 acts, and to ecclesiastical usurpation, he in 1763 
 engaged in a controversy with Mr. Apthorp re 
 specting the proceedings of the society for the 
 propagation of the gospel in foreign parts, of 
 which Mr. Apthorp was a missionary. He con 
 tended, that the society was either deceived by 
 the representations of the persons employed, or 
 was governed more by a regard to Episcopacy 
 than to charity. He was an unshaken friend of 
 civil and religious liberty, and the spirit which 
 breathed in his writings, transfused itself into the 
 minds of many of his fellow citizens, and had no 
 little influence in producing the great events of the 
 Revolution. He was the associate of Otis and 
 other patriots in resisting the arbitrary claims of 
 Great Britain. He believed it to be his duty to pro 
 mote the happiness of his brethren in every pos 
 sible way, and he therefore took a deep interest 
 in political concerns. He possessed singular forti 
 tude and elevation of mind. Unshackled by 
 education, he thought for himself, and what he 
 believed he was not afraid to avow. In his nat 
 ural temper he was warm, and he had not always 
 a full command of himself. His want of meek 
 ness and his pride are peculiarly displayed in his 
 letter to John Cleaveland. He was, however, 
 amiable in the several relations of life, endeared 
 to his friends, ready to perform the offices of 
 kindness, liberal, and charitable. Some of his 
 contemporaries considered him as not perfectly 
 evangelical in his sentiments. But, although he 
 thought for himself, and wished others to enjoy 
 the same liberty, yet he did not degrade his in 
 tellectual dignity by confounding the difference 
 between truth and falsehood, right and wrong, 
 and saying, that it is of little consequence what a 
 
564 
 
 MAYHEW. 
 
 McCALLA. 
 
 man believes. Though he was called liberal in 
 his sentiments, his charity would not admit of 
 attenuation and expansion to such a degree as to 
 embrace every one. His discourses were practi 
 cal and persuasive, calculated to inform the mind 
 and to reach the heart. He was most interesting 
 to the judicious and enlightened. He published 
 seven sermons, 8vo. 1749, which for perspicuous 
 and forcible reasoning have seldom been equalled ; 
 a discourse concerning unlimited submission, and 
 non-resistance to the higher powers, preached 
 Jan. 30, 1750, in which he did not speak of the 
 royal martyr in the strain of the Episcopalians ; 
 on the death of the prince of Wales, 1751; elec 
 tion sermon, 1754 ; on the earthquakes ; sermons 
 on justification, 1755; two thanksgiving sermons 
 for the success of his majesty s arms, 1758, and 
 two on the reduction of Quebec, 1759; a thanks 
 giving sermon on the entire reduction of Canada; 
 on the death of Stephen Sewall; on the great 
 fire in Boston, 1760 ; on the death of George II. ; 
 striving to enter in at the straight gate explained 
 and inculcated, 1761; Christian sobriety, in eight 
 sermons to young men, with two thanksgiving 
 sermons ; observations on the charter and con 
 duct of the society for propagating the gospel in 
 foreign parts, 1763 ; defence of the preceding, 
 1764 ; second defence, 1765 ; letter of reproof to 
 John Cleaveland; Dudleian lecture, 1765; thanks 
 giving sermon for the repeal of the stamp act, 1766. 
 Chauncy s and Gay s Sermons. 
 
 MAYHEW, MATTHEW, Dr., died in Chilmark, 
 Martha s Vineyard, in 1805, aged 86. He was 
 an eminent physician, a senator, and judge of 
 probate. He was a man of talents, of wit and 
 humor ; of benevolence and an exemplary Chris 
 tian ; and his end was peace. Nine children 
 followed him to the grave. Collections Hist. 
 Society, 2d series, vol. in. 
 
 MAYHEW, ALLEN, Dr., died at Chilmark, 
 Martha s Vineyard, in Dec., 1826, aged 59. 
 
 MAYHEW, WILLIAM, died in Edgartown in 
 Dec., 1840, aged 92, the oldest person on Mar 
 tha s Vineyard. He was a member of the con 
 vention of 1789. 
 
 MAYHEW, JOHN, died in 1742, aged about 
 47. He graduated at Harvard in 1715. He 
 wrote poetry, and published the conquest of Lou- 
 isburg ; also, in blank verse, Gallic perfidy, relat 
 ing to the massacre by the savages of the garrison 
 of fort William Henry, Aug. 9, 1757. 
 
 MAYNADIER, HENRY, colonel, died in Anna 
 polis, Md., in 1849, aged 93. He served under 
 Washington in the war. As a surgeon he ex 
 tracted a ball from the leg of Lafayette at the 
 battle of Brandywine. 
 
 MAYNAHD, WILLIAM II., a lawyer, died of 
 the cholera in 1832, aged 44. He graduated at 
 Williams in 1810. He bequeathed to Hamilton 
 
 college, New York, about 20,000 dollars, to found 
 a law department. 
 
 MAYNARD, ELIPHAL, missionary to the Jews 
 at Salonica, died Sept. 14, 1849. He sailed from 
 Boston with Mr. Dodd in January, and arrived 
 at S. April 2, and entered upon the study of the 
 Hebrew, Spanish, Turkish, and Greek. Expos 
 ure on a journey to mount Olympus was the 
 cause of his death. He was a native of Pots 
 dam, N. Y. ; his wife, Celestia A., was born in 
 Parishville, N. Y. 
 
 MAYNARD, JOHN, judge, died in Auburn, 
 N. Y., March 24, 1850, formerly of Seneca Falls. 
 In 1826 he was a member of congress, support 
 ing Mr. Adams. He was a judge of the supreme 
 court of New York, and a judge of the court of 
 appeals. 
 
 MAYO, JOHN, the first minister of the north 
 church, Boston, died in 1662, or later. He came 
 to this country in 1642, and was a pious and 
 learned minister in Plymouth colony ; about 
 1649 he went to Boston. He opposed the result 
 of the synod respecting baptism in 1662. 
 
 MAYO, Mrs., died in Portsmouth in 1775, 
 aged 106. 
 
 MAZZEI, PHILIP, a native of Tuscany, after 
 engaging in commercial business in London, re 
 moved to Virginia. By that State he was sent 
 on a secret mission to Europe, from which he 
 returned in 1785. He afterwards lived in Poland 
 in the service of the king. He died at Pisa, 
 March 19, 1816, aged 86. A notorious letter of 
 Mr. Jefferson was addressed to him. He pub 
 lished recherches historiques et politiques sur les 
 Etats-Unis, 4 vols., 8vo., 1788. 
 
 McOALL, THOMAS IL, D. D., died early in 
 this century at Savannah. He graduated at 
 Princeton in 1774. As a Presbyterian minister 
 he was pre-eminent for science, classical learning, 
 and eloquence, in the western counties of North 
 Carolina. He was called to the presidency of 
 the college at Wynnsborough, S. C., and thence, 
 after several years, removed to Savannah, where 
 he soon died. 
 
 McCALL, HUGH, major in the army of the 
 United States, died at Savannah, Georgia, in 1824, 
 aged 57. He published a history of Georgia, 
 2 vols., 8vo., 1816. 
 
 McCALLA, DANIEL, D. D., minister at Wap- 
 petaw, South Carolina, died April 6, 1809, aged 
 60. He was born at Neshaminy, Penn., in 1748, 
 of pious parents, and graduated at Princeton in 
 1766. He afterwards taught an academy in Phil 
 adelphia, making himself great improvement in 
 science, acquiring also a knowledge of the French, 
 Spanish, and Italian languages. In 1774 he was 
 ordained pastor of the churches of New Provi 
 dence and Charleston, Penn. In the war he went 
 as a chaplain to Canada and was made a prisoner 
 
McCLARY. 
 
 McCREA. 
 
 565 
 
 with Thomson at Trois Rivieres. For some months 
 he was confined in a prison ship. He returned 
 on parole at the close of 1776. After his ex 
 change he taught an academy in Hanover county. 
 For twenty-one years he was the minister of the 
 Congregational church at Wappetaw, " Christ s 
 church parish," devoting himself chiefly to the 
 critical study of the Scriptures in the original 
 languages. The death of his daughter over 
 whelmed him, and gave new power to his disease. 
 He died in calm submission. His wife was Eliza 
 beth, daughter of Rev. John Todd of Virginia ; 
 his only child, who married Dr. John R. Wither- 
 spoon, died at the age of 26, leaving one son. 
 He had a Latin bible of the ninth century, which 
 he gave to his son-in-law, Rev. Dr. Witherspoon. 
 He was an eminently learned, good, and useful 
 man. His eloquence was almost unrivalled. He 
 preferred the Congregational form of government 
 as most consonant to the apostolical practice. 
 He published a sermon at the ordination of 
 James Adams. His sermons and essays, with 
 an account of lus life by Hollingshcad, were pub 
 lished in 2 vols., 18 1Q. 
 
 McCLARY, ANDREW, major, fell in the bat 
 tle of Bunker Hill June 17, 1775, in the vigor of 
 manhood. Born in Epsom, N. II., his parents 
 were of Irish descent. In Dec., 1774, he accom 
 panied Cilley in the capture of fort William and 
 Mary. On hearing of the battle of Lexington 
 he left his plough. At Warren s fall he suc 
 ceeded to the command, and said he would not 
 retire until he had given them one more shot ; 
 but at that moment a cannon-ball killed him. 
 He was prompt, generous, and of a sound judg 
 ment. 
 
 McCLARY, JOHN, died at Epsom, N. H., in 
 1801, aged 82, a councillor. Gen. Michael Mc- 
 Clary died at Epsom in 1824, aged 71. 
 
 McCLELLAND, SAMUEL, M. D., died at 
 Philadelphia Jan. 4, 1854, aged 53 ; an eminent 
 physician. 
 
 McCLURE, DAVID, D. D., minister of East 
 Windsor, Conn., died June 25, 1820, aged 71. 
 He was a native of Brookfiekl, Mass., and was 
 graduated at Yale college in 1769. From Nov. 
 13, 1770, till Aug. 30, 1785, he was the minister 
 of North Hampton, N. H., and in 1786 was in 
 stalled at East Windsor. His wife was the daugh 
 ter of Dr. Pomeroy. His predecessors were T. 
 Edwards and J. Perry. Dr. M. was a respected 
 and useful minister, and a trustee of Dartmouth 
 college. He published a sermon .on the death 
 of Dr. Pomeroy, 1784; of Erastus Wolcott ; or 
 dination of S. Griswold, 1790; with Dr. Parish, 
 memoirs of E. Wheelock, founder of Dartmouth 
 college, 8vo., 1810 ; twenty-four sermons on the 
 moral law, 8vo., 1818; an account of Windsor, 
 in historical collections, V. 
 
 McCLURE, SAMUEL, died in Clark county, 
 
 Illinois, Dec. 18, 1845, aged 97. A soldier, he 
 removed at the close of the war to Kentucky. He 
 was overtaken on his way and wounded by the 
 Indians, his four children killed, and his wife taken 
 prisoner ; but he recovered from his wounds. 
 
 McCLURE, GEORGE, general, died in Elgin, 
 Illinois, in 1851, aged 80. He was an emigrant 
 from Ireland to Bath, N. Y., where he lived from 
 1794 to 1835. He commanded a brigade in the 
 war of 1812. 
 
 McCLURG, JAMES, M. D., a physician in 
 Virginia, died in Richmond in 1825, aged 77. 
 He was killed by his horses running away. He 
 was the son of Dr. Walter M. ; was educated 
 at William and Mary college; then studied 
 physic at Edinburgh and Paris. At his return 
 about 1773 he settled at Williamsburg ; about 
 1783 he removed to Richmond. He stood high 
 in his profession. He published an essay on 
 the bile, which has been much commended. 
 Cyclopaedia of Amer. Literature. 
 
 McCONAUGHY, DAVID, D. D., LL. D., died 
 Jan. 29, 1852, formerly president of Washington 
 college at Washington, Penn. 
 
 McCORD, DAVID J., colonel, died in Colum 
 bia, S. C., May 12, 1855, aged 58. He was grad 
 uated at Columbia college, and was a lawyer of 
 repute, editor of the statutes of the State, and 
 one of the authors of Nott and McCord s reports. 
 He also published two vols. of law and two of 
 chancery reports ; also South Carolina law journal 
 one vol., with Col. Blanding ; and wrote many 
 pieces for the Southern review. Cycl. of Amer. 
 Literature. 
 
 McCORNISH, ANDREW T., a minister for 
 twenty-three years of the first Episcopal church 
 at Washington, died in 1841, aged about 80. 
 
 McCRACKEN, J. L. H., a merchant of New 
 York, died at Sicrre Leone in 1853, aged 40. He 
 was a literary man, and wrote for the magazines 
 and journals. Cycl. of Amer. Literature. 
 
 McCREA, JANE, murdered by the Indians in 
 1777, was the second daughter of James M., 
 minister of Lamington, New Jersey, who died 
 before the Revolution. After his death, she re 
 sided with her brother, Col. John M., of Albany, 
 who removed in 1773 to the neighborhood of fort 
 Edward. His house was in what is now North 
 umberland, on the west side of the Hudson, three 
 miles north of fort Miller falls. In July or Aug., 
 1777, being on a visit to the family of Mrs. Mc 
 Neil, near fort Edward, at the close of the week, 
 she was asked to remain until Monday. On Sun 
 day morning, when the Indians came to the 
 house, she concealed herself in the cellar ; but 
 they dragged her out by the hair, and, placing 
 her on a horse, proceeded on the road towards 
 Sandy Hill. They soon met another party of In 
 dians, returning from Argyle, where they had 
 killed the family of Mr. Bains ; these Indians 
 
56S 
 
 McCREERY. 
 
 disapproved the purpose of taking Miss McCrea 
 to the British camp, and one of them struck her 
 with a tomahawk and tore off her scalp. This is 
 the account given by her nephew. The account 
 of Mrs. McNeil is, that her lover, anxious for 
 her safety, employed two Indians, with the pro 
 mise of a barrel of rum, to bring her to him ; 
 and that in consequence of their dispute for the 
 right of conducting her, one of them murdered 
 her. Gates, in his letter to Burgoyne of Sept. 2, 
 says, she " was dressed to receive her promised 
 husband." Her brother, on hearing of her fate, 
 sent his family the next day to Albany, and, re 
 pairing to the American camp, buried his sister 
 with one Lieutenant Van Vechten, three miles 
 south of fort Edward. She was twenty-three 
 years of age, of an amiable and virtuous charac 
 ter, and highly esteemed by all her acquaintance. 
 It was said and believed, that she was engaged 
 in marriage to Capt. David Jones of the British 
 army, a loyalist, who survived her only a few 
 years, and died, as was supposed, of grief for 
 her loss. Her nephew, Col. James McCrea, lived 
 at Saratoga in 1823. 
 
 McCREERY, JOHN, minister of White Clay 
 Creek, Delaware, died in 1800, aged 64, having 
 been pastor thirty years. 
 
 McCREERY, JOHN, a Virginia poet, died at 
 Richmond in 1825. 
 
 McCULLOCH, JAMES H., died at Baltimore 
 in 1836, aged 80, for thirty years the collector of 
 the port. He was a patriotic, respected citizen. 
 
 McCULLOCH, THOMAS, D. D., died at Pic- 
 tou in Nova Scotia, Sept., 1843, aged 67. He 
 was long known as one of the leading minds of 
 the country where he lived. He had great 
 learning, and profoundly investigated the myste 
 ries of nature. 
 
 McCULLOCH, ROBERT, a patriot of the 
 Revolution, died in Marcellus, N. Y., Dec. 16, 
 1855, aged 96. He was at the surrender of Bur 
 goyne. During his long life he never had occa 
 sion to call a physician. By mistaking the door 
 he fell into his cellar and was instantly killed. 
 Multitudes attended the funeral of a man of up 
 rightness and kindness, who had lived to see the 
 increase of his country s population from three to 
 nearly thirty millions, and who was one of the 
 noble men whose toils and courage established 
 our national independence. 
 
 McDANIEL, ARCHIBALD, died in Bladen 
 county, North Carolina, in 1834, aged 101. 
 
 McDOXALD, FLORA, an early settler of 
 Fayetteville, N. C., died in her native Isle of 
 Skye, March 5, 1790, aged about 62. When un 
 married she assisted the pretender, Charles Ed 
 ward, to escape after the battle of Culloden in 
 the dress of a woman, in 1746. She married 
 Allen McDonald, and with him emigrated to 
 North Carolina in 1775. In the war her husband 
 
 McDOUGALL. 
 
 espoused the wrong side, and was taken prisoner 
 and sent to Halifax. Dr. Johnson was a visitor 
 at her house in Scotland. Her son John, a writer 
 on tactics and the telegraph, died in 1831, aged 
 72. 
 
 McDONALD, JOHN, a Presbyterian minister, 
 died at Albany in 1821. 
 
 McDONALD, JOHN (or Daniel), D.D., pro 
 fessor of languages at Geneva college, New York, 
 died in 1830, aged 44. 
 
 McDONALD, DONALD, born in Scotland in 
 1722, died in Lynn, Mass., Sept. 4, 1830, aged 
 108 years. 
 
 McDONALD, WILLIAM, general, died at 
 Baltimore Aug. 18, 1845, aged 86; a soldier of 
 the Revolution, and long an enterprising mer 
 chant. 
 
 McDONELL, ALEXANDER, D. D., bishop of 
 Kingston, U. C., died Jan. 14, 1840, aged 80. 
 
 McDONOGH, JOHN, a merchant, died in 
 New Orleans Oct. 26, 1850, aged 72. He was a 
 man of immense wealth, of which he gave equal 
 portions to New Orleans and Baltimore, to estab 
 lish free schools and an asylum for the poor ; 
 also a large sum to the American colonization 
 society. 
 
 McDONOUGII, THOMAS, commodore, died 
 Nov. 10, 1825, aged about 39. He was the son 
 of a physician in New Castle county, Delaware, 
 who was a major in the war, and died in 1796. 
 After the death of his father he obtained a mid 
 shipman s Avarrant and went in our fleet to the 
 Mediterranean. In the war of 1812, at the age 
 of 28, he commanded the American forces on 
 lake Champlain. His own ship, the Saratoga, 
 mounted twenty-six guns ; the Confiance, the ship 
 of the British Capt. Downie, mounted thirty-six. 
 In the battle of Sept. 11, 1814, after an action of 
 two hours and twenty minutes, he obtained a 
 complete victory, which he announced to the de 
 partment of war as follows : " The Almighty has 
 been pleased to grant us a signal victory on lake 
 Champlain, in the capture of one frigate, one 
 brig, and two sloops of war of the enemy." The 
 State of New York gave him one thousand acres 
 of land on the bay in which the battle was fought. 
 His residence was Middletown, Conn. His wife, 
 who was Miss Shaler of that town, died in August, 
 while he was absent. He was tall and dignified, 
 of light hair, complexion, and eyes. 
 
 McDOUGALL, ALEXANDER, major-general, 
 died in June, 1786. He was the son of a Scotch 
 man, who sold milk in the city of New York, nor 
 was he ashamed to acknowledge that, when a 
 boy, he assisted his father. He proved himself a 
 zealous whig before the beginning of the war. In 
 1770, when he was a printer, he was in prison in 
 New York for a libel on the royal party of the 
 colonial government; and on the 19th of March, 
 the anniversary of the repeal of the stamp act in 
 
McDOUGAL. 
 
 1766, when three hundred -vvhigs met at Hamp- 
 den hall, opposite the common, or the park, be 
 fore they sat down to dinner, with the liberty pole 
 before them in the park, they deputed ten of their 
 number to dine with Capt. McDougall in the new 
 gaol. In Aug., 1776, he was appointed brigadier, 
 and major-general in Oct., 1777. He commanded 
 in the action at White Plains and was engaged 
 in the battle of Germantown. In 1781 he was 
 elected a delegate to congress ; he was afterwards 
 of the senate of New York. His only daughter 
 married John Lawrence. 
 
 McDOUGAL, ALEXANDER, died March 3, 
 1841, aged 101, in Hamilton county, Ohio. He 
 was a Baptist ; and a soldier of the Revolutionary 
 war. 
 
 McDOWALL, JOHN ROBERT, died in New 
 York, in 1836, aged 35. He was the founder of 
 the moral reform societies, and editor of McDow- 
 all s journal for the promotion of purity of 
 morals. 
 
 McDOWELL, SAMUEL, colonel, died near 
 Danville, Ky., Oct. 25, 1817, aged 84; one of the 
 first settlers of the State. He was circuit judge ; 
 a man of industry and integrity, patriotic and 
 pious. He left more than one hundred descend 
 ants. 
 
 McDOWELL, JAMES, governor of Virginia, 
 died near Lexington, Aug. 23, 1851, aged 55. 
 He was a descendant of the Scotch and Irish of 
 Ilockbridge ; and graduated at Princeton in 1816. 
 He was for years a member of congress, and a 
 distinguished orator. As a friend of temperance, 
 he did not offer intoxicating drink at his table. 
 He was a member of the church, and one who 
 did not neglect family prayer. His religious life j 
 commenced in the revival of 1838, soon after the 
 conversion of his wife. 
 
 McDOWELL, WILLIAM A., D. D., died at 
 Morristown, N. J., Sept. 18, 1851. He lived in 
 Lamington, and was a learned theologian, and 
 an impressive preacher. 
 
 McDUFFIE, GEORGE, governor of South 
 Carolina, died March 11, 1851. He was many 
 years a member of the house and senate of -the 
 United States, and governor from 1834 to 1836 ; 
 a State rights man, and very zealous for the in 
 terests of slavery. The slaves on his estate were 
 sold, in 1856, being two hundred and ten in num 
 ber, for 140,000 dollars. They were thus sold to a 
 western planter for about 700 dollars each, with 
 the condition that they should not be separated. 
 
 McELROY, WILLIAM C., president of Dan 
 ville college, Va., died in 1837. 
 
 McEWEN, JOHN, minister at Salem, S. C., 
 died in 1833, aged 34. 
 
 McFARLAND, ASA, D. D., died at Concord, 
 N. H., in 1827. He was a graduate of Dart 
 mouth in 1793; ordained at Concord in March, 
 1798; and continued in office till, by reason of a 
 
 McLNTIRE. 
 
 567 
 
 palsy, he resigned in March, 1825. He was many 
 years a trustee of the college, and president of 
 the State missionary society. He published an 
 oration, 1802; historical view of heresies, 1806. 
 
 McFARLAND (or McFarlane), JOHN, D. D., 
 died in Paris, Ky., in Aug., 1828. He was of the 
 Presbyterian church. 
 
 McGEE, JOHN, a Methodist minister in Smith 
 county, Tenn., died in 1836, aged 71. 
 
 McGREGORE, JAMES, first minister of Lon 
 donderry, N. H., died in 1729, aged 52. He had 
 the care of a Scotch Presbyterian society in the 
 north of Ireland. The sufferings of the Protest 
 ants in that country and the inextinguishable 
 desire of religious liberty impelled him, with a num 
 ber of other ministers and a part of their con 
 gregations, to seek an asylum in America. He 
 arrived at Boston with about one hundred families, 
 Oct. 14, 1718. In the following year sixteen 
 families settled on a tract of good land near 
 Haverhill, which was called Nutfield, and which 
 they named Londonderry. Mr. McGregore, 
 who since his arrival had preached at Dracut, 
 was called to be their minister. He was a wise, 
 affectionate, and faithful guide to his people both 
 in civil and religious concerns. They brought 
 with them every thing necessary for the manufac 
 ture of linen. They also introduced the culture 
 of potatoes, which were first planted in the gar 
 den of Nathaniel Walker of Andover. Bel- 
 knap s N. II. II. 55 37, 41. 
 
 McGREGORE, DAVID, minister of London 
 derry, N. H., son of the preceding, died May 30, 
 1777, aged 66, in the 42d year of his ministry. 
 He left eight children. One of his daughters 
 married Col. Robert Means, who died in Amherst 
 in 1823, leaving two sons and three daughters, 
 who married Jeremiah Mason, Jesse Appleton, 
 and Caleb Ellis. With eminent abilities he was 
 an excellent Evangelical preacher. He was also 
 a zealous and intrepid assertor of the rights and 
 liberties of America, and died in the full persua 
 sion that the cause of his country would triumph, 
 and that here the church of God would flourish 
 in its purity. He published professors warned 
 of their danger, 1741 ; on the trial of the spirits, 
 in answer to Caldwell, 1742 ; the believer s all 
 secured, 1747 ; on the death of J. Moorhead, 
 1774. 
 
 McGREGORE, DAVID, minister of Falmouth, 
 Me., died Oct. 18, 1845, aged 74. He was a de 
 scendant of the minister of Londonderry. He 
 graduated at Dartmouth in 1799, and was first 
 the minister of Bedford, N. H., then of F. 
 
 McGUIN, SAMUEL, died at Andover, N. H., 
 Feb. 1, 1845, aged 110. He was a soldier of the 
 Revolution, and a pensioner, who was called the 
 Caithness veteran. 
 
 McINTIRE, Mrs., died in Goflstown, N. H., 
 in 1811, aged 106. 
 
5G8 
 
 McINTOSH. 
 
 McKEAN. 
 
 McINTOSH, JOHN MORE, came from Scot 
 land to Georgia in 1735, with one hundred fol 
 lowers, and settled at Darien, in Mclntosh county. 
 He drew up a protest and was the first signer 
 of it against the introduction of African slaves 
 into Georgia. Had the views of this enlightened 
 and benevolent man been regarded, to what a 
 comparative height of prosperity and dignity 
 would the State of Georgia have attained? Of 
 his sons and grandsons, seven bore commissions 
 in the army of the llcvolution. Cycl. of Amer. 
 Literature. 
 
 McIXTOSII, LACHLAX, general, an officer of 
 the Revolution, died at Savannah Feb. 20, 1806, 
 aged 80. He was one of the early settlers of 
 Georgia, and the principal military officer of the 
 province. Sept. 16, 1776, he was appointed 
 brigadier-general. Having murdered Mr. Gwin- 
 nett in a duel, the event, instead of banishing him 
 from the army, was the cause of his removal to 
 the north. Having served till the end of the 
 war, he was a member of congress in 1784. In 
 1785 he was one of the commissioners to treat 
 with the southern Indians. 
 
 McIXTOSII, JOHN, general, was an officer of 
 the Georgia line in 1775, and served during the 
 war with unblemished honor. In 1814 he com 
 manded the Georgia division, which went to Pen- 
 sacola. He died at his plantation in Mclntosh 
 county, Nov. 12, 1826, aged about 70. He was a 
 sincere Christian. 
 
 McINTOSH, WILLIAM, general, an Indian 
 chief, was one of the three great chiefs of the 
 Creeks ; the others were Big Warrior, and Little 
 Prince, who died in April, 1828. He was about 
 six feet in height, dignified, generous, brave, and 
 temperate; and the only chief who could con 
 verse in English with facility. About the year 
 1826 he was killed by his tribe on the charge of 
 treachery, in bargaining away their territory to 
 the whites. A clu ef, who assisted in killing him, 
 made this speech : "Brothers! Mclntosh is dead. 
 He broke the law of the nation, the law which 
 he made himself. His face was turned to the 
 white men, who wish to take our land from us. 
 His back was to his own people. His ears were 
 shut to the cries of our women and children. 
 His heart was estranged from us. The words of 
 his talk were deceitful. They came to us like the 
 sickly breeze, that flies over the marsh of the 
 great river." 
 
 McINTOSH, DUNCAN, a noble philanthropist, 
 a native of Scotland and an American citizen, 
 died at Aux Caves in Nov., 1820. At the Revo 
 lution in St. Domingo he was living there, a mer 
 chant of immense wealth acquired by trade ; he 
 might have withdrawn, and secured his property ; 
 but he remained, and sacrificed his estate and 
 risked his life in the sacred cause of humanity. 
 When four hundred thousand ignorant slaves had 
 
 broken their chains and were devastating the 
 island and thirsting for the blood of the whole 
 French population, and when all were flying for 
 safety, there was found one man, who remained 
 as the preserver and benefactor of the miserable. 
 With his gold he bought the victims out of the 
 hands of the executioners ; others he rescued by 
 force. In defiance of the decree of death against 
 those who should conceal the French, he main 
 tained them three months in the places where 
 they were concealed. More than once was he 
 thrown into a dungeon ; but on recovering his 
 freedom he engaged with new ardor in the work 
 of benevolence. During the revolutionary storm, 
 of seven or eight months continuance, he was 
 able, by his indefatigable exertions, to save, in 
 vessels which he freighted for that purpose, more 
 than nine hundred men and fifteen hundred wo 
 men and children. While the heart is susceptible 
 of the emotions of gratitude and admiration to 
 wards men of great virtues and heroic benevo 
 lence, the name of Mclntosh will not be forgotten. 
 Portfolio, new series, I. 285-297. 
 
 McINTOSH, ANN, Mrs., died in Mclntosh 
 county, Georgia, in 1833, aged 100. Her parents, 
 before her birth, came to Georgia with Gen. 
 Oglcthorpe. 
 
 McINTYRE, JOHN, a Presbyterian minister, 
 died in Robinson, S. C., Nov. 17, 1852, aged 102. 
 
 McJIMSEY, JOHN, D. D., died in Newburgh, 
 N. Y., Aug. 27, 1854, aged 82 : he was of Craw 
 ford, Orange county. 
 
 McKEAN, THOMAS, governor of Pennsylvania, 
 a patriot of the Revolution, died June 24, 1817, 
 aged 83. He was the son of William M., an 
 Irishman, who settled in New London, Penn.; and 
 was born March 19, 1734. He was educated in 
 the excellent school of Dr. Allison, at New Lon 
 don. Having studied law in Newcastle, he settled 
 in that county. He was a member of the legis- 
 ture in 1762; of the congress of 1765; and of 
 that of 1774, having his residence at this period 
 at Philadelphia. He remained in congress as a 
 delegate from Delaware from 1774 to 1783; yet 
 was he at the same time chief justice of Pennsyl 
 vania from 1777, being claimed by both States. 
 He was present in congress July 4, 1776, and 
 voted for the Declaration of Independence, and 
 signed it as engrossed, Aug. 2d, yet in the printed 
 journal his name was omitted. The subsequent 
 signers, who were not pres*ent July 4th, were Mr. 
 Thornton, B. Rush, G. Clymer, J. Smith, G. Tay 
 lor, and G. Ross. As a member of the conven 
 tion of Pennsylvania, he urged the adoption of 
 the constitution. In 1799 he succeeded Mr. Mif- 
 flin as governor, and remained in office till 1808, 
 when he was succeeded by Mr. Snyder. In his 
 politics he accorded with Jefferson. After the 
 close of 1808 he passed his days in retirement. 
 As chief justice for twenty- two years he was very 
 
McKEAN. 
 
 McKINSTRY. 
 
 5G9 
 
 eminent. His decisions were accurate and pro 
 found, lie once had occasion to say, " No act 
 of my public life was ever done from a corrupt 
 motive, nor without a deliberate opinion that the 
 act was proper and lawful in itself." Goodrich. 
 
 McKEAN, JOSEPH, D. D., LL. D., professor 
 of rhetoric and oratory at Harvard college, died 
 March 17, 1818, aged 41. He was born at Ips 
 wich April 19, 1776. His father was Wm. M., 
 a native of Glasgow ; his mother was a daughter 
 of Dr. Joseph Manning of Ipswich. Having 
 graduated at Harvard college in 1794, he for a 
 few years taught a school in Ipswich and the 
 academy in Berwick. In Nov., 1797, he was or 
 dained as the minister of Milton; his infirm 
 health induced him to ask a dismission, Oct. 3, 
 1804. He afterwards engaged in the business of 
 instruction at Boston. He was inaugurated Oct. 
 31, 1809, as professor of oratory at Cambridge, 
 in which office he was industrious and punctual. 
 It was with him a maxim, that what was worth 
 doing at all was worth doing well. He died at 
 Havana, whither he went for his health in conse 
 quence of a pulmonary complaint, trusting in the 
 mercy of God through the merits of his Son. 
 His wife was a daughter of Maj. Swasey of Ips 
 wich. Prof. McKean possessed a powerful mind, 
 and was an impressive orator. He was an effi 
 cient member of the historical society. He pub 
 lished a valedictory sermon, 1804; two fast 
 sermons on friendship and patriotism, 1814; at 
 the ordination of J. B. Wight, 1815 ; of N. L. 
 Frothingham, 1815 ; on the death of John War 
 ren, 1815; at the installation of Dr. llichmoncl, 
 1817 ; memoir of John Eliot, in hist, collections; 
 addition to Wood s continuation of Goldsmith s 
 England. 
 
 McKEAN, JOSEPH W., M. D., died in Bos 
 ton in 1839, aged 39. He was the son of Pro 
 fessor M., and graduated at Harvard in 1819. 
 At the medical college of Vermont he gave a 
 course of lectures. He M - as found dead in his 
 chair. 
 
 McKEE, ROBERT, Episcopal minister, died 
 at Albany, N. Y., in 1840, aged 41. , 
 
 McKEEN, JOSEPH, D. D., first president of 
 Bowdoin college, died July 15, 1807, aged 49. 
 He was born at Londonderry, N. II., Oct. 15, 
 1757. His immediate ancestors were from the 
 north of Ireland, though of Scotch descent. He 
 was graduated at Dartmouth college in 1774, 
 having evinced while in that seminary a decided 
 predilection for mathematical pursuits. After 
 eight years employment in a school in his native 
 town, and after being some time an assistant in 
 the academy at Andover, he directed his atten 
 tion to theology, and was ordained successor of 
 Dr. Willard, as pastor of the church in Beverly, 
 in May, 1785. Here he continued with reputa 
 tion and usefulness seventeen years. Being cho- 
 72 
 
 sen president of Bowdoin college, which had 
 been incorporated eight years, but had not yet 
 been carried into operation, he was inducted into 
 that important office Sept. 2, 1802. He died of 
 the dropsy, leaving the seminary, over which he 
 had presided, in a very flourishing condition. 
 His widow died in 1834. He possessed a strong 
 and discriminating mind, his manners were con 
 ciliating though dignified, and his spirit mild 
 though firm and decided. He was indefatigable 
 in his exertions to promote the interests of sci 
 ence and religion. He was respectable for his 
 learning and exemplary for his Christian virtues, 
 being pious without ostentation, and adhering to 
 evangelical truth without bigotry or superstition. 
 He published a sermon at the fast, 1793 ; at the 
 ordination of Rufus Anderson, 1794; of A. 
 Moore, 1796 ; two discourses on the fast, 1798; 
 at the election, 1800 ; at the fast, 1801 ; and some 
 papers in the transactions of the American acad 
 emy ; his inaugural address, with Mr Jenks 
 eulogy, 1802. 
 
 McKEEN, JOSEPH, LL. D., died in New 
 York April 12, 1856, aged 64. Born in Ver 
 mont, he came to New York in 1818, and was for 
 some years a private teacher, then principal of 
 the school in Mott street, then county superin 
 tendent. He also edited an educational journal, 
 and was zealously engaged in the Sunday-school 
 cause ; being highly esteemed for his ability, dili 
 gence, and efficiency, and for the amenities of his 
 character. 
 
 McKEMIE, FRAXCIS, the first Presbyterian 
 preacher in the city of New York, was impris 
 oned by the governor and company, for his 
 preaching in a private house in Jan., 1707. He 
 was confined two months before he was admitted 
 to bail ; the costs amounted to 200 or 300 dollars. 
 The next year Mr. Anderson was settled in Wall 
 street church. Amer. Quar. Register, vm. 323. 
 
 McKENDREE, AViLLUM, senior Methodist 
 bishop, died in Tennessee March 5, 1835, aged 77. 
 
 McKINLEY, JOHX, judge of the supreme 
 court of the United States, died in 1852. He was 
 born in Virginia. 
 
 McKINLEY, DAXIEL, D. D., died at Cham- 
 bcrsburg, Penn., Dec. 7, 1855. 
 
 McKINSTRY, JOHX, minister of Ellington, 
 Conn., died in 1754, aged 77. He was a Scotch 
 man, graduated at Edinburgh in 1712. He was 
 the pastor of Sutton, Mass., from 1720 to 1728 ; 
 then of Ellington from 1730 to 1746, when he 
 resigned his place. 
 
 McKINSTRY, JOHX, minister in Springfield, 
 Mass., son of the preceding, died Nov. 9, 1813, 
 aged nearly 90. He graduated at Yale in 1746 ; 
 was ordained at Chicopee, the fifth parish in 
 Springfield, in 1752 ; and was dismissed on ac 
 count of ill health in 1789. His successor was 
 Alexander Phoenix, 
 
570 
 
 MCKNIGHT. 
 
 McKNIGHT, CHARLES, M. D., a physician, 
 of Irish descent, died jn 1790, aged 40. He was 
 born in Cranbury, New Jersey, Oct. 10, 1750, and 
 graduated at Princeton college in 1771. He 
 studied medicine with Dr. Shippen. In the Rev 
 olutionary war he was the senior surgeon of the 
 flying hospital in the middle department. After 
 the war he settled in New York, where he deliv 
 ered lectures on anatomy and surgery. His wife 
 was Mrs. Litchfield, daughter of John M. Scott. 
 He published a paper in memoirs of London 
 medical society, rv. 
 
 McLEAN, LAUGHLIN, Dr., a Scotchman, came 
 to this country about 1740, and died at an 
 advanced age. He lived in Wethersfield and 
 Hartford, and was an ornament of his profes 
 sion. 
 
 McLEAN, ALEXANDER, a faithful missionary 
 in Maine, died at Newcastle Jan. 11, 1808, aged 
 63. Born in the island of Skye in Scotland, he 
 was educated at Aberdeen. He came to this 
 country in 1770, and was settled in Bristol, Me., 
 from 1773 to about 1798, when he became a mis 
 sionary, employed by the society for propagating 
 the gospel. In its service he toiled zealously in 
 the destitute settlements of the district of Maine 
 during the rest of his life. He was plain and 
 earnest in his preaching, zealous for the ancient 
 doctrines of grace. The people of his first charge 
 begged his body, and he was buried at Bristol. 
 They remembered with gratitude his labors. 
 
 McLEAN, JOHN, a merchant of Boston, died 
 in Oct., 1823, aged 64. He once failed for a 
 large sum, and was reduced to the necessity of 
 resorting to the bankrupt act. Afterwards, while 
 he was in Italy for his health, he engaged in such 
 commercial pursuits as enabled him to acquire 
 a large fortune. Having thus the ability, he 
 honorably paid all his old creditors, although 
 they had no legal claims upon him. In his last 
 will, after providing for his wife, Ann Amory, he 
 bequeathed the large sum of 100,000 dollars to 
 the Massachusetts general hospital in Boston ; 
 also 50,000 dollars to the hospital and to Harvard 
 university, on the death of an individual. 
 
 McLEAN, FERGUSON, died at Clear Creek, 
 Warren county, Ohio, in Feb., 1837, aged 91. 
 He was the father of Judge McLean, and a pion 
 eer in the settlement of the Miami valley, 
 removing to that place in 1797. His son Wil 
 liam, a member of congress, died in 1839. 
 
 McLEOD, ALEXANDER, D. ])., pastor of the 
 first reformed Presbyterian church in New York, 
 died Feb. 17, 1833, aged 58. He was the son of 
 Rev. Niel M. of St. Kilda. He came to this 
 country at the age of eighteen, and was educated 
 at Union college, Schenectady ; with a minister 
 in the neighborhood he studied theology ; settled 
 in early life in New York, he formed the clerical 
 association Avith lu s brethren, Livingston, Linn, 
 
 MCNEIL. 
 
 Abeel, Rogers, Miller, and Romeyn, and Dr. Ma 
 son. He married in 1805 Mary Anne Agnew, 
 the daughter of one of his elders ; his son, John 
 N. M., 1). 1)., succeeded him. A synod was 
 formed, of three presbyteries, the northern, mid 
 dle, and southern, in 1809. His disease was an 
 enlargement of the heart and dropsy in the 
 chest. In his last sickness he was peaceful and 
 happy ; he said, with tears, " I have always loved 
 to preach Christ." He was a powerful preacher, 
 a man of learning and wisdom, and a devout 
 Christian. He published negro slavery unjustifi 
 able, 1802 ; Messiah, 1803; on the ministry, 1808 ; 
 catechism, 1807 ; life and power of godliness, a 
 series of sermons, 1816 ; he assisted Dr. Mason 
 in the Christian magazine, and wrote the articles 
 on the atonement ; lectures on the book of Reve 
 lations, 1814; sermons on the war, 1815 ; sermons 
 on true godliness ; articles for the evangelical 
 guardian and review, 1817-18; reformation prin 
 ciples ; and other pieces. A large memoir of 
 him, by Dr. S. B. Wylie, was published in 1855, 
 with a fine portrait. 
 
 McLEOD, JOHN, died in Washington in 1846, 
 aged about 80. Born in Ireland, he was for forty 
 years a teacher in Washington. 
 
 McMAH ON, BARTHOLOMEW A., assistant min 
 ister of St. Peter s church, New York, died July 
 18, 1800, aged 44. A native of Ireland, he lived 
 nearly twenty years in Italy ; but on his return 
 was compelled to flee to this country for safety. 
 In the epidemic of 1799 he remained at his post, 
 ministering to the sick. He published in Italy 
 several books in the Italian language. 
 
 McMAIION, BERNARD, a gardener and florist, 
 founded in 1809 a botanic garden near Philadel 
 phia, and died in Sept., 1816. He published the 
 American gardener s calendar, 1806. 
 
 McMANUS, JOHN, died at Brunswick, Maine, 
 in 1843, aged 83. He was at the surrender of 
 Burgoyne, and received at Cherry Valley a wound 
 which made him lame for life. 
 
 McMILLAN, WILLIAM, D. D., died at New 
 Athens, Ohio, April 11, 1832, aged 52. 
 
 McMILLAN, JOHN, I). D., died at Canons- 
 burg, Penn., Nov. 16, 1833, aged 80. 
 
 McMURRAY, WILLIAM, D. D., died at New 
 York Sept. 24, 1835, aged 50. He was of the 
 Dutch church. 
 
 McNAIR, ALEXANDER, governor, died in Mis 
 souri in May, 1826. lie was among the first 
 American settlers in Missouri, and took the field 
 in defence of the frontiers against the savages. 
 He held various offices, and an important station 
 in the Indian department. He died of a pre 
 vailing influenza. 
 
 McNEIL, HENRY, general, died in Clinton 
 county, N. Y., May 16, 1844, aged 81. He was 
 a soldier under Washington. 
 
 McNEIL, WILLIAM G., general, died in Brook- 
 
McNUTT. 
 
 MEGArOLENSIS. 
 
 571 
 
 lyn, N. Y., in 1853, aged 51. Educated at West 
 Point, he devoted himself for years to the pur 
 suits of an engineer, building railroads and the 
 dry dock at Brooklyn. 
 
 McNUTT, ALEXANDER G., governor of Missis 
 sippi, died in l)e Soto county, in 1848, aged 47. 
 lie was born in Virginia, and graduated at Wash 
 ington college. lie was chosen governor in 1837 
 and 1839. It is mentioned, to his honor, that 
 although in earlier life he was intemperate, yet 
 that he corrected his vices and gained general 
 esteem. As a stump orator he had no superior. 
 
 McPHEETEKS, WILLIAM, D. D., died at 
 Ilaleigh, N. C., in 1842, aged 64. lie was a theo 
 logian, a scholar, and a successful teacher. 
 
 McPIIERSON, general, died in Philadelphia 
 in 1813. He fought under Lafayette in Virginia, 
 in 1781. 
 
 McSPARRAN, JAMES, D. D., an eloquent 
 Episcopal minister in Rhode Island, died at his 
 house in South Kingston Dec. 1, 1757. His 
 family was Scotch, of the north of Ireland. He 
 came as a missionary to Narraganset, as Kings 
 ton was called, in 1721. There was in 1720 no 
 Episcopal church in Providence. Mr. Gay was 
 his predecessor, employed about 1717 by the 
 society for propagating the gospel. He published 
 a sermon on the Christian priesthood, and a his 
 torical tract, entitled, America dissected, 1752. 
 Updike s Hist. Narrative; Cycl. of Amer. Lit. 
 
 McVAY, HUGH, governor of Alabama, died 
 in 1851, aged 84. For thirty years he was con 
 nected with the legislation of Alabama. 
 
 McWILLIAMS, ALEXANDER, M. D., died at 
 Washington March 31, 1850, aged 75. He was 
 in the navy from 1801 to 180G ; afterwards a 
 physician in Washington ; the founder of the 
 Columbian institute ; a man generous and worthy. 
 
 MEAC1IAM, JOSEPH, minister of Coventry, 
 Conn., died in 1752, aged GO. Born in Enfield, 
 Conn., he graduated at Harvard in 1710, and 
 was settled in 1814. Sprcfgue s Annals. 
 
 MEACIIAM, J. B., for thirty years a Baptist 
 colored minister at St. Louis, died in his pulpit 
 Feb. 26, 1854. He was a man of eminent piety 
 and usefulness. 
 
 MEACIIAM, JAMES, member of congress, died 
 at Middlebury, Vt, Aug. 23, 1856, from conges 
 tion of the brain and lungs. He was for a while 
 the minister of New Haven, Vt., and a professor 
 in Middlebury college. On the announcement 
 of his death to the house of representatives, they 
 adjourned for the day, neglecting the public busi 
 ness, yet receiving their pay, amounting to 2400 
 dollars or more, for doing nothing. Such a cus 
 tom of adjournment for the death of a member 
 docs not exist in the British house of commons. 
 
 MEAD, JOHN, general, died at Meadvillc, 
 Penn.,in 1816, aged 64. 
 
 MEAD, ASA, minister of Brunswick, Maine, 
 
 died Oct. 26, 1831, aged 39. He was born at 
 Meredith, N. II., in 1792, and graduated at Dart 
 mouth college in 1818. His father was a Bap 
 tist. He studied theology at Andover, was 
 ordained at Brunswick in Dec., 1822, and dis 
 missed in 1829. After toiling for a few months 
 as an agent of the temperance and peace societies, 
 he was installed Aug. 18, 1830, at East Hartford, 
 Conn., where he died of the typhus fever. His 
 mind was vigorous, and he was conspicuous for 
 industry. He always kept several sermons on 
 hand, which he had never preached, and prepared 
 his discourses for the Sabbath before the end of 
 the week. While on a journey to Maine a short 
 time before he died, he wrote five or six sermons. 
 He died in peace and hope. His son, John Moo- 
 ney, nearly five years old, a child of great promise 
 and undoubted piety, died April 8, 1831. He 
 published a discourse before the Cumberland con 
 ference, 1826 ; a call to the temperate, 1827 ; a 
 sermon before the Hartford county peace society, 
 1831; a memoir of John Mooney Mead, pp. 92, 
 1831. 
 
 MEAD, STITII, a Methodist minister, died in 
 Amherst, Virginia, in 1834, aged 67. 
 
 MEAD, SHADRACII, Dr., died at Greenwich, 
 Conn., Sept. 16, 1856, aged 86. He was a grad 
 uate of Yale in 1779 ; and a devoted Christian. 
 
 MEADE, WILLIAM, M. D., a mineralogist, 
 died in Newburgh, N. Y., Aug. 19, 1833. 
 
 MEANS, ROBERT, colonel, died at Amherst, 
 N. II., in 1823, aged 80. Born in Ireland, he 
 came to this country in 1796, and acquired a 
 large property as a merchant. His wife was 
 Mary, daughter of Rev. David McGregore. His 
 sons were Thomas, David M., and Robert; and 
 of his daughters, Mary married Jeremiah Mason ; 
 Elizabeth married Jesse Appleton ; and Nancy 
 married Caleb Ellis, also Amos Lawrence. 
 
 MEANS, ROBERT, died at Columbia, S. C., 
 Jan. 20, 1836. He was the minister of Fairfield 
 district. He published several sermons, and an 
 essay on the Pentateuch, in answer to Dr. Thomas 
 Cooper. 
 
 MEEKER, JOTHAM, a missionary among the 
 Choctaws for thirty years, died Jan. 11, 1855, at 
 Ottawa. He died in peace, offering a prayer, 
 clasping his hands across his breast, and closing 
 his eyes. 
 
 MEETZ, J. Y., a minister, died at Lexington 
 district, S. C., in 1833, aged 76. 
 
 MEGAPOLENSIS, JOHN, JR., a minister of 
 the Dutch church in New York, died in 1669, or 
 before. He came from Holland at the age of 39, 
 and took charge of the Dutch church at Rens- 
 selaerswyck, or Albany, in 1642. He resigned 
 his charge in July, 1649, and was settled in New 
 Amsterdam, or New York. In 1652 he was 
 joined by a colleague, Samuel Drisius; and by 
 his own son, Samuel, M. D., in 1662. The inhab- 
 
572 
 
 MEIGS. 
 
 MELLEN. 
 
 itants in New York were fifteen hundred in 1664, 
 when the city surrendered to Col. Nicolls. lie 
 wrote an account of the Mohawk Indians, 1644. 
 A translation is in Hazard, I. 517-526. 
 
 MEIGS, RETURN JONATHAN, colonel, a hero 
 of the Revolution, died in 1823, aged 82. He 
 was probably a descendant of John M., who 
 lived in Weymouth in 1641 ; and was born 
 in Middletown, Conn., in 1740. In 1775, 
 immediately after the battle of Lexington, he 
 marched a company of light infantry to the 
 neighborhood of Boston. With the rank of ma 
 jor, he accompanied Arnold in his march through 
 the wilderness of Maine in order to attack Que 
 bec. His printed journal gives the best account 
 of this expedition. In the assault on Quebec by 
 Montgomery and Arnold, at the close of the year, 
 he was made a prisoner, with Captains Morgan 
 and Dearborn. In 1776 he was exchanged and 
 returned home, and the next year was appointed 
 colonel. His expedition to Long Island in May, 
 1777, was one of the most brilliant enterprises 
 of the war, for which he received, Aug. 3, the 
 thanks of congress and a sword. At the head 
 of a few companies he attacked the British troops 
 at Sagg Harbor with fixed bayonets, made ninety 
 prisoners, and destroyed twelve vessels and much 
 forage, without the loss of a man. In 1779 he 
 commanded a regiment under Wayne at the cap 
 ture of Stony Point, and was honorably men 
 tioned by Washington. After the war, about 
 1788 or 1789, he was one of the first settlers of 
 the wilderness of Ohio. For the first emigrants 
 he drew up a system of regulations, which were 
 posted on a large oak near the confluence of the 
 Ohio and Muskingum rivers, the bark of the tree 
 being cut away for the space of the sheet. Often 
 was the venerable oak consulted. He was the 
 agent for Indian affairs as early as 1816. He 
 died at the Cherokee agency. The true origin 
 of his name is of more interest than the reason 
 why Mr. Preserved Fish was so called. His 
 father lived in Middletown, Conn. When a 
 young man, seeking a companion for life, he 
 addressed a fair Quaker at Middlefield, in his 
 neighborhood. He was unsuccessful, and repeat 
 edly rejected. She said, "Nay, Jonathan, I 
 respect thee much ; but I cannot marry thee, for 
 better is a dinner of herbs with contentment, 
 than a stalled ox and contention therewith. " 
 But at length, as Jonathan had some spirit and 
 wisdom as well as love, he told Ruth plainly it 
 was his last visit. As he slowly mounted his 
 horse the relenting lady beckoned to him to stop, 
 saying sweetly, " Return, Jonathan ! return, Jon 
 athan ! " These, the happiest words he ever 
 heard, induced him to call his first-born son 
 Return Jonathan. His journal of the expedition 
 to Quebec, from Sept. 9, 1775, to Jan. 1, 1776, is 
 published in American remembrancer for 1776; 
 
 in 2 hist. coll. II. 227-247 ; and a summary of 
 it in Maine hist. coll. I. 
 
 MEIGS, RETURN JONATHAN, governor of 
 Ohio, son of the preceding, died in 1825. He 
 succeeded Mr. Huntington as governor in 1810, 
 and remained in office until he was appointed 
 postmaster-general, in the place of Mr. Granger, 
 in Feb., 1814. He was succeeded by John Mc 
 Lean in 1823. He died at Marietta. 
 
 MEIGS, JOHN, major, died at New Hartford 
 in 1826, aged 75 ; an officer of the Revolution, in 
 service seven years. 
 
 MELCHER, JOHN, died at Portsmouth, N. II., 
 June 9, 1850, aged 90. He was a printer. He 
 commenced the Portsmouth Journal in 1793 ; he 
 printed the State laws and many books. 
 
 MELISH, JOHN, a geographer, was a native of 
 Scotland ; came to this country in 1809 ; and died 
 at Philadelphia, Dec. 30, 1822, aged 52. He 
 published travels in the United States, and in 
 Great Britain and Canada, 2 vols. 8vo., 1812; a 
 description of the roads, etc., 1814; traveller s 
 directory, 1815; description of the United States, 
 1816; universal school geography and atlas; the 
 necessity of protecting manufactures, 1818; maps 
 of Pennsylvania and of the United States; infor 
 mation to emigrants, 1819. 
 
 MELLEN, JOHN, minister of Sterling, Mass., 
 died July 4, 1807, aged 85. He was born at 
 Ilopkinton, March 25, 1722, and was graduated 
 at Harvard college in 1741. He was ordained 
 pastor of the church in Lancaster, now Sterling, 
 Dec. 19, 1744. His connection with his society 
 was dissolved in consequence of disputes, oc 
 casioned principally by his endeavors to maintain 
 what he considered the order of the churches. In 
 1784 he became the minister of Hanover, Mass., 
 M here he continued to discharge the duties of the 
 sacred office until Feb., 1805, when his infirmities 
 induced him to relinquish it. He soon removed 
 to Reading, and closed a long and useful life in 
 the house of his daughter, the relict of Caleb 
 Prentiss. His sons were John; Henry, a law-, 
 yer and poet, who died at Dover, N. H., July 31, 
 1809, aged 51; and Prentiss, chief justice of 
 Maine, who was born in 1764. He was respect 
 able in his profession, and many had an affection 
 ate remembrance of his faithful labors as a min 
 ister of the gospel. He published a sermon at 
 the ordination of J. Palmer, 1753 ; at a general 
 muster, 1756; on the mortal sickness among his 
 people, 1756; on the conquest of Canada, 1760; 
 on the death of S. Smith, 1765; religion produc 
 tive of music ; at the ordination of Levi Whit 
 man, 1785 ; on the duty of making a profession 
 of Christianity; fifteen discourses on doctrinal 
 subjects, with practical improvements, 8vo., 1765. 
 
 MELLEN, JOHN, minister of Barnstable, son 
 of the preceding, was born July 8, 1752; gradu 
 ated at Harvard college in 1770; was ordained 
 
MELLEN. 
 
 Nov. 12, 1783 ; and died at Cambridge, Sept. 19, 
 1828, aged 7(x One of his daughters married 
 Prof. Frisbie. lie published a sermon on the 
 death of I. Dunster, 1791; masonic discourse, 
 1793; at thanksgiving, 1794 and 1795; at a 
 dedication, 1795 ; at the election, 1797 ; Dudlcian 
 lecture, 1799 ; on the death of Mrs. Alden, 1797 ; 
 of D. Davis, 1799. 
 
 MELLEX, HENRY, a poet, brother of Judge 
 Mellen, died at Dover, X. II., July 31, 1809, aged 
 51. lie was born at Sterling, Oct. 24, 1757; 
 graduated at Harvard college in 1784; and, 
 having studied law, settled at Dover. He wrote 
 popular songs. A collection of his poems was 
 published. 
 
 MELLEX, PRENTISS, LL. D., chief justice of 
 Maine, died Dec. 31, 1840, aged 76. He was the 
 son of Rev. John M., and was born at Sterling, 
 Mass., Oct. 11, 1764; graduated at Cambridge in 
 1784 ; practised law in Sterling and South Bridge- 
 water, and removed to Biddefbrd, Me., in 1792, 
 and to Portland in 1806. He was at the head of 
 the bar in Maine. In 1817 he was a senator of the 
 United States; and when Maine was formed into 
 a State, in 1820, he was appointed chief justice. 
 In 1834, at the age of 70, he was disqualified 
 by the constitution ; and, leaving the bench, he 
 returned to the bar. He was a trustee of Bow- 
 doin college. He died at Portland. His de 
 cisions may be found in the first eleven volumes 
 of the Maine reports. 
 
 MELLEX, GRENVILLE, a poet, the eldest son 
 of Judge M., died in New York, Sept. 5, 1841, 
 aged 42. He graduated at Cambridge in 1818, 
 and afterwards studied law, which he for a while 
 practised, and then relinquished. He published 
 various poems and other writings ; in 1833, the 
 chief collection of his poems, entitled the mar 
 tyr s triumph, etc. Cyclopedia of American 
 Literature. 
 
 MELVILLE, THOMAS, major, died in Boston 
 Sept. 16, 1832, aged 81. He was the son of 
 Allan, of Boston, and grandson of Thomas M., 
 minister of Leven, in Scotland. His mother was 
 Jean Cargill, of Londonderry, N. H. He gradu 
 ated at Princeton in 1769, and was a merchant 
 in Boston, a patriot and soldier of the Revolution, 
 one of the "Boston tea party" in Dec., 1773. 
 He served as a major in Rhode Island. For 
 many years he was the naval officer at Boston, 
 and surveyor. He was highly respected as a 
 citizen and Christian. Of his family, a daughter, 
 who died perhaps half a century ago, was engaged 
 to marry one of the most eminent and venerable 
 men of Massachusetts now living ; and his son 
 Thomas, who lived in Pittsfield, is also dead. 
 
 MERCELX, THOMAS F. RANDOLPH, a Metho 
 dist minister, died at Sheffield, Mass., in Sept., 
 1856. He published a work of merit on natural 
 goodness. 
 
 MERCER. 
 
 573 
 
 MERCER, JOHN, published an abridgment of 
 the acts of assembly of Virginia, 1737. 
 
 MERCER, HUGH, brigadier-general, died 
 Jan. 19, 1777, aged about 56. He was a na 
 tive of Scotland, and educated for the profes 
 sion of medicine. On his emigration to this 
 country he settled and married in Virginia. He 
 served with Washington in the war against the 
 French and Indians, which terminated in 1763, 
 and was by him greatly esteemed. He was with 
 Braddock in the campaign of 1755. In the ac 
 tion at fort Du Quesne he was wounded, and, faint 
 with the loss of blood, he lay down under a fallen 
 tree. One of the pursuing Indians jumped upon 
 the very tree, but did not discover him. Mercer 
 found a brook, at which he refreshed himself. In 
 his hunger he fed on a rattlesnake, which he had 
 killed. After pursuing his solitary way through 
 a wilderness of one hundred miles, he arrived at 
 fort Cumberland. At the commencement of the 
 war of the Revolution he abandoned his exten 
 sive medical practice and entered the army. He 
 was distinguished in the battle of Trenton. In 
 the action near Princeton, Jan. 3, 1777, he com 
 manded the van of the Americans, composed 
 principally of southern militia. While exerting 
 himself to rally them, his horse was killed under 
 him. He was surrounded by some British sol 
 diers, who refused him quarter, and stabbed him 
 with their bayonets, and bruised his head with 
 the butt-end of their muskets, leaving him on the 
 field as dead. He died from his wounds. He 
 was buried at Philadelphia; tliirty thousand of 
 the inhabitants followed him to the grave. He 
 was a valuable officer. Wilkinson regarded him 
 as second only to Washington. He was well 
 educated, polished in manners, gentle and diffi 
 dent, yet in the hour of peril ignorant of fear, 
 patriotic and disinterested. Provision was made by 
 congress, in 1793, for the education of his young 
 est son, Hugh Mercer. His son, Col. John M., 
 who accompanied Monroe to France as secre 
 tary, died Sept. 30, 1817. Marshall, II. 552; 
 Holmes. 
 
 MERCER, SILAS, died in Georgia in 1796, 
 aged 51. He was a Baptist minister, born in. 
 Xorth Carolina in 1745; about 1776 he preached 
 in Halifax county, and in six years preached more 
 than two thousand sermons, more than one a day. 
 At the close of the war he went again to Georgia, 
 where he had previously lived. He published 
 tyranny exposed and true liberty discovered. 
 
 MERCER, JOHN, governor of Maryland, died 
 in 1821, aged 64. He was a soldier of the Revo 
 lution. In 1782 he was elected a delegate to 
 congress from Virginia; in 1787 he was a mem 
 ber from Maryland of the convention which 
 framed the constitution of the United States, and 
 also a member of congress from Maryland. He 
 was governor from 1801 to 1803, when he was 
 
574 
 
 MERCER. 
 
 MERWIN. 
 
 succeeded by Robert Bowie. He died at Phila 
 delphia. 
 
 MERCER, JESSE, a Baptist minister, died in 
 Georgia in 1841, bequeathing 60,000 dollars to 
 Mercer university, and to the bible and home 
 missionary and other charitable societies. 
 
 MERIAM, JONAS, minister of Newton, Mass., 
 died in 1780, aged 50. Born in Lexington, he 
 was graduated at Harvard in 1753, and was or 
 dained in 1758. He published a sermon at the 
 ordination of T. Smith, 1764; of S. Dean, 1765. 
 
 Sprague s Annals. 
 
 MERRIAM, MATTHEW, minister of Berwick, 
 Me., died in 1797, aged about 60. Born in Wal- 
 lingford, he graduated at Yale in 1759, and was 
 ordained in 1765, as the successor of J. Morse, 
 the first minister. J. Hilliard was his successor. 
 
 MERRICK, JONATHAN, minister in Branford, 
 Conn., died in 1772, aged about 67. He gradu 
 ated at Yale in 1725, and was ordained in 1727. 
 
 Sprague s Annals. 
 
 MERRILL, NATHANIEL, minister of Notting 
 ham West (now Hudson), N. H., died in 1796, 
 aged 83. Born in Newbury, Mass., he graduated 
 at Harvard in 1732 and was settled in 1737. 
 
 MERRILL, GYLES, minister of Plaistow, 
 N. H., died in 1801, aged 62. He graduated at 
 Harvard in 1759, and was ordained the successor 
 of James Gushing in 1765. The third parish 
 of Haverhill, Mass., was annexed in 1728 to 
 Plaistow, in N. H. He was a sound scholar and 
 learned divine, simple and earnest. His sons 
 were James C. and Samuel. 
 
 MERRILL, JOHN, for forty years a member 
 of the Baptist church in Topsham, Me., died in 
 1828, aged 94. Born in Arundel, he came to T. 
 in 1760, and was the principal surveyor in Lin 
 coln county. He was a man of judgment and 
 moral worth. 
 
 MERRILL, DANIEL, minister of Sedgwick, 
 Me., died in 1833, aged about 65. Born in Dan- 
 vers, he graduated at Dartmouth in 1789; was 
 ordained in 1793; became a Baptist in 1804; was 
 immersed with eighty others, mostly members of 
 his church, May 15, 1805, when a Baptist church 
 was formed and he was re-ordaincd. He pub 
 lished on baptism seven sermons, tenth edition, 
 1812; eight letters on open communion, 1805; 
 letters occasioned by Worcester s discourses; 
 Balaam disappointed; thanksgiving sermon, 1815 ; 
 ordination of P. Bond, 1825; of J. Billings, 1826. 
 
 Sprague s Annals. 
 
 MERRILL, MOSES, preacher to the Otoe In 
 dians, died in 1840, aged 36. The son of Rev. 
 Daniel M. of Sedgwick, Me., he was six years of 
 the Baptist mission in Missouri. 
 
 MERRILL, NATHANIEL, minister of Lynde- 
 borough, N. II., died in 1839, aged 57. Born at 
 Rowley, he graduated at Dartmouth in 1809, and 
 was ordained in 1811. . Sprague s Annals. 
 
 MERRILL, BENJAMIN, LL. D., died in Salem, 
 July 30, 1847, aged 63. Born in Comvay, N. H., 
 he graduated at Harvard in 1804. He was a 
 scholar. As a lawyer he was a partner in business 
 with Judge Putnam of Salem. He was a kind 
 and generous man, remembered, not by any chil 
 dren, but by the partakers of his kindness. 
 
 MERRILL, DAVID, died in Peacham, Vt., July 
 21, 1850, aged 52. He was a graduate of Dart 
 mouth in 1821, and minister of Urbana, O., and 
 of Peacham, a colleague of L. Worcester. He 
 published the famous " ox sermon " on temper 
 ance. The text is Exod. xxi. 20 " If the ox 
 were wont to push with his horn in time past, 
 and it hath been testified to his owner, an;l he 
 hath not kept him in, but that he hath killed a 
 man or a woman ; the ox shall be stoned, and his 
 owner also shall be put to death." The ox 
 " goring " represents the effect of the sale of 
 spirituous liquors, and the permission to sell is 
 allowing the ox to go abroad, instead of " keep 
 ing him in," etc. 
 
 MERRILL, ELiniAL, died at Northwood, 
 N. H., Feb. 7, 1853, aged 98 ; a Free-will Baptist 
 minister, a native of Stratham. 
 
 MERRILL, JAMES GUSHING, a lawyer in Bos 
 ton, died of the palsy, Oct. 4, 1853, aged 69. He 
 was the son of Rev. Gyles Merrill of Haverhill, 
 and was born Sept. 27, 1784, and was graduated 
 at Harvard in 1807. He was nearly twenty years 
 a judge of the police court. As a scholar he was 
 very skilled in the Greek language. His wife 
 was Anna, a sister of Leverett Saltonstall. 
 
 MERRILL, THOMAS ABBOT, D. D., died at 
 Middlebury, Vt,, April 29, 1855, aged 75. He 
 was a graduate of Dartmouth in 1801, in the class 
 of Daniel Webster, holding a high rank as a 
 scholar. He was a tutor both at Dartmouth and 
 Middlebury, and the respected and useful sole 
 minister of Middlebury, Vt., from 1805 to 1842, 
 and senior pastor from 1842 till his death. Dur 
 ing his service there were fifteen revivals of re 
 ligion, and he admitted to his church one thou 
 sand two hundred and thirty-four members. For 
 a long period his church consisted of more than 
 five hundred members. Though not distinguished 
 as a writer of sermons, or as a graceful speaker, 
 he had power in preaching, especially in his ex 
 temporaneous labors, when he was often bold, 
 strong, and lofty in his oratory. He was a cor 
 respondent of Mr. Webster, who highly respected 
 him. 
 
 MERRILL, JOHN, M. D., died at Portland, 
 June 7, 1855, aged 73. Born in Comvay, he 
 graduated at Harvard in 1804. He was a skilful 
 physician and a good citizen. 
 
 MERWIN, NOAH, minister of Torrington, 
 Conn., died in 1795, aged about 42. He was or 
 dained in 1776; dismissed in 1783; re-settled in 
 Washington, Conn., in 1785. 
 
MERWIN. 
 
 MERWIX, J. B., died at Danbury, Vt., Sept. 
 6, 1851, aged 77, the oldest minister in the Troy 
 Methodist conference. He had been fifty-one 
 years a travelling preacher. 
 
 MERWIN, SAMUEL, a minister in New Haven, 
 died Sept. 3, 1856, aged 74. Born at Milford, he 
 graduated at Yale in 1802. He studied divinity 
 with Dr. Dwight and Dr. Backus of Somers, and 
 was settled in 1805 over the United society or 
 nortli church in N. H., and continued a faithful 
 pastor twenty-six years. He was next for some 
 years the pastor of Wilton ; then, about the age 
 of GO, returned to spend the remainder of his 
 days at New Haven. He often preached in 
 the chapel of the alms-house. He died in peace. 
 He published a half-century sermon, which he 
 preached in the north church a few months be 
 fore Ms death. Bacon s Funeral Sermon. 
 
 MESSER, ASA, D. D., LL. D., president of 
 Brown university, died Oct. 11, 1836, aged 67. 
 He graduated in 1790, and was president from 
 1802 to 1826. He was of respectable literary 
 and scientific attainments. He died as he lived, 
 a sincere Christian. He published an address to 
 graduates, 1803; discourse, 1813. 
 
 MESSHED1ER, FRED. VAL., a naturalist, 
 minister of the Lutheran church at Hanover, 
 York county, Penn., devoted much time to the 
 study of the entomology of this country, but was 
 not encouraged. He died about 1814. He left 
 a son, with similar intelligence and taste. He 
 published a catalogue of insects of Penn., 1806. 
 
 METCALF, JOSEPH, first minister of Fal- 
 mouth, Mass., died May 24, 1723, aged 41. He 
 was born in Dedham, the son of Jonathan and 
 Hannah; was graduated at Harvard in 1703 ; and 
 was ordained in 1707. He was highly respected 
 and greatly lamented. His wife was Abiel Adams, 
 daughter of Rev. William Adams of Dedham, 
 and grand-daughter of Maj. William Bradford. 
 His widow removed to Lebanon, and married 
 Rev. Isaac Chauncey. One of his daughters 
 married Rev. Jonathan Lee. 
 
 METCALF, JONATHAN, died at Lebanon, Conn. 
 March 30, 1739, aged 62, the son of Jonathan of 
 Dedham, and brother of Rev. Joseph M. His 
 daughter, Mary, married Rev. Peter Pratt of 
 Sharon. He was a Christian merchant, gener 
 ous, a benefactor of the church. 
 
 METCALF, WILLIAM, died in Lebanon June 
 15, 1773, aged 64, the son of the preceding. He 
 married Abigail, the daughter of Rev. Timothy 
 Edwards ; she died in 1764. He was a faithful 
 magistrate, and a Christian, who patiently en 
 dured long and extreme pain. 
 
 METCALFE, THOMAS, general, governor of 
 Kentucky, died in Nicholas county in 1855, aged 
 75. Born in Virginia, his parents emigrated to 
 Kentucky. He served in the war of 1812, and 
 became a member of congress ; was chosen gov- 
 
 MIANTUNNOMU. 
 
 575 
 
 emor in 1827 ; and was a senator of the United 
 States in 1848. Once an apprentice to a stone 
 mason, he became a man of great eminence and 
 influence, able, firm, equal to all occasions. 
 
 METLIN, ROBERT, died in Wakefield, N. H., 
 in 1787, aged 115. When eighty years old he 
 walked from Portsmouth to Boston, sixty miles, 
 in one day, and returned the next. 
 
 MEYER, HERMANNUS, D. ])., minister of the 
 reformed Dutch church, died in 1791. He was 
 invited from Holland to take the charge of the 
 church at Kingston or Esopus, New York. Upon 
 his arrival in 1762, he was received with that re 
 spect and affection which were due to his charac 
 ter. But his preaching soon excited opposition. 
 He was too evangelical, practical, and pointed, 
 addressing the conscience too closely to suit the 
 taste of many of his principal hearers. No plau 
 sible ground of opposition, however, could be 
 found until his marriage. The Dutch churches 
 in this country were at this time divided into two 
 parties, called the coetus and the conference par 
 ties, of which the former wished to establish 
 judicatories with full powers in America, and the 
 latter was desirous of retaining the churches in 
 subjection to the classis of Amsterdam. His 
 marriage into a leading family of the ccetus party, 
 and an intimate friendship, which soon succeeded 
 with other families and distinguished characters 
 of the same party, furnished his enemies with an 
 occasion of standing forth against him. A num 
 ber of the neighboring ministers were invited to 
 attend and decide in the dispute, and they pro 
 ceeded to suspend him from his ministry in that 
 place. He was afterwards settled at Pompton, 
 in New Jersey, where he continued to labor with 
 much diligence, faithfulness, and success till his 
 death. He died without ever being able to effect 
 a reconciliation with the church at Kingston, 
 greatly beloved and respected in all the other 
 Dutch churches. He was a man of great eru 
 dition, of a mild and humble temper, polite and 
 unaffected in his manners, and eminently pious. 
 Appointed by the general synod of the Dutch 
 church a professor of the oriental languages, and 
 a lector or assistant to the professor of theology, 
 as such he rendered very important services in 
 preparing candidates for the ministry. Mason s 
 Christian s Magazine, II. 10-12. 
 
 MIANTUNNOMU (or Miantonomoh), sachem 
 of the Narragansetts, was the nephew and suc 
 cessor of Canonicus, and in the old age of the 
 latter, took upon him the government in 1636. 
 In the same year he made a treaty with the Eng 
 lish at Boston. He was the friend and bene 
 factor of the settlers in Rhode Island. In the 
 Pequot war of 1637, several of his chiefs and 
 many of his men joined Capt. Mason. It was 
 estimated, at this period, that he had five thou 
 sand warriors : probably the number is much ex- 
 
576 
 
 MICHAUX. 
 
 MIDDLETON. 
 
 aggeratcd. In 1638 he and Uncas, sachem of 
 Mohegan, and the English, entered into an agree 
 ment at Hartford. The sachems engaged not to 
 make war upon each other without first appealing 
 to the English. In 1643 Uncas attacked Sequas- 
 son, a sachem on Connecticut river, killing and 
 wounding about twenty men, and burning the 
 wigwams. Miantunnomu, a kinsman and ally of 
 Sequasson, took up the quarrel; he first com 
 plained of Uncas to the governor at Hartford ; 
 he asked, whether any offence would be taken if 
 he made war upon Uncas ? The governor re 
 plied, that if Uncas had injured him and re 
 fused to give satisfaction, Miantunnomu would 
 be left " to take his course." This seems to have 
 been submitting the affair to the judgment of the 
 sachem. He accordingly marched to Mohegan at 
 the head of eight hundred or one thousand men, 
 and on a great plain in Norwich was defeated by 
 Uncas, who had only five or six hundred men, 
 and taken prisoner. Uncas applied to the com 
 missioners of the United Colonies, Winthrop, 
 Winslow, Eaton, etc., for advice as to disposing 
 of his prisoner. They decided, after enumerating 
 several charges, that he might be put to death in 
 the jurisdiction of Uncas. This decision in regard 
 to a prisoner in their hands, an Indian king, who 
 had been their ally against the Pequots and a 
 friend of the whites, was ungenerous and iniqui 
 tous, and a stain upon the character of the com 
 missioners. The prisoner was taken to a place 
 between Hartford and Windsor, where some of 
 Uncas men lived, and a brother of Uncas killed 
 him with a hatchet. This is the account of Win 
 throp. Trumbull says, on the authority of a 
 manuscript of Mr. Hyde, that he was put to death 
 at Sachem s Plain, in the easterly part of Nor 
 wich, and that a pile of stones was placed upon 
 his grave. He was " a goodly personage, of tall 
 stature, subtle and cunning in his contrivements, 
 as well as haughty in his designs." His execu 
 tion by the advice of the commissioners roused 
 the indignation of Canonicus and Pessacus, who 
 the next year threatened war, but were induced 
 to enter into terms of peace. Probably this un 
 happy event contributed to light up the sub 
 sequent dreadful Avar of king Philip, who was 
 assisted by the Narragansetts. It is known, also, 
 that it fostered in the breasts of the Indians a 
 contempt of Christianity. In every respect, gen 
 erosity, forgiveness, and kindness, as well as jus 
 tice, are advantageous. 
 
 MICHAUX, ANDRE, a botanist, died in 1802. 
 He was born in France in 1746. He married in 
 1769 Cecilia Claye; but she died in 1770. After 
 extending his botanical excursions to Spain, and 
 spending two years in Persia, he came to America 
 in October, 1785. During about nine years he 
 travelled over the middle, southern, and western 
 States, and proceeded to the north to the neigh 
 
 borhood of Hudson s bay, procuring trees and 
 shrubs for the establishment at Rambouillet. 
 For the preservation of his plants he established 
 botanical gardens at New York and near Charles 
 ton. On his return to Europe in 1796 he was 
 shipwrecked, but saved most of his collections. 
 He had sent sixty thousand stocks to Rambouil- 
 let, of which but few had escaped the ravages of 
 the Revolution. His salary for seven years he 
 could not obtain, nor any employment from gov 
 ernment. In 1800, however, he was sent out on 
 an expedition to New Holland. He died of a 
 fever at Madagascar. He published histoire des 
 chenes de Amerique septentrionale, folio, Paris, 
 thirty-six plates, 1801; flora boreali Ameri 
 cana, 2 vols. 8vo., Paris, 1803, fifty-one plates. 
 
 MICHAUX, FRANCOIS ANDRE, son of the 
 preceding, was born in 1770. He published the 
 beautiful work, entitled the North American 
 sylva, 5 vols., 8vo., Philadelphia, 1817, 150 
 colored engravings ; and voyage a 1 ouest de 
 monts, etc., 1804; the same, translated, entitled, 
 travels in Ohio, Kentucky, and Tennessee : Lon 
 don, 1805. 
 
 MIDDLETON, PETER, M. D., a physician in 
 New York, died in 1781. He was a native of 
 Scotland. In 1750 he assisted Dr. Bard in the 
 first dissection in this country, and in 1767 was 
 appointed professor of physiology and pathology. 
 He published a medical discourse, 1769 ; and a 
 letter on the croup, in medical repository, IX. 
 Thaclier. 
 
 MIDDLETON, ARTHUR, a patriot of the Rev 
 olution, died Jan. 1, 1788, aged 44. He was born 
 on the banks of Ashley river, South Carolina, in 
 1743. His father was Henry, president of con 
 gress. He received an excellent education at 
 Westminster and Cambridge, England, and then 
 travelled several years upon the continent. After 
 returning and marrying the daughter of Walter 
 Izard, he again travelled in Europe. In 1773 he 
 settled upon the banks of the Ashley river in 
 Carolina. At the commencement of the Revolu 
 tion both he and his father, a man of great wealth, 
 entered zealously into the American cause. In 
 1775 he was one of the secret committee of de 
 fence, and also of the council of safety, and, the 
 next year, on the committee to prepare a consti 
 tution. He was also sent a delegate to congress 
 and signed the Declaration of Independence, but 
 resigned his seat at the close of 1777. In 1779 
 he suffered in his property, like others, by the 
 ravages of war. At the capture of Charleston in 
 1780, he was taken prisoner and confined at St. 
 Augustine nearly a year. At length, in July, 1781, 
 he was exchanged, and proceeded in a cartel to 
 Philadelphia, lie was now again appointed a 
 member to congress. He died of an intermit 
 tent fever. Goodrich. 
 
 MIDDLETON, HENRY, president of congress 
 
MIDDLETON. 
 
 MILLEDOLER. 
 
 577 
 
 in 1774, was governor of South Carolina from 
 1810 to 1812. He was the son of Arthur, the 
 first royal governor of South Carolina. 
 
 MIDDLETON, HENRY, governor of South 
 Carolina and minister to Russia, died in Charles 
 ton June 14, 1846, aged 15. After being in con 
 gress he was governor in 1810, and again went 
 to Washington in 1814. Mr. Monroe sent him 
 to Ilussia in 1820. He was hospitable and so 
 cial, of polished and dignified manners. 
 
 MIDDLETON, ARTHUR, grandson of A. M., 
 died at Naples June 9, 1853, aged about GO. He 
 graduated at Harvard in 1814, and married at 
 Rome the Countess Bcnivoglio. He was favora 
 bly known by Americans at Naples. 
 
 MIEL, CHARLES, captain, a Revolutionary 
 officer, died in Alleghany county, Maryland, in 
 1836, aged 102. He served under Wolfe and 
 Montgomery at Quebec, and fought at Bunker 
 Hill. 
 
 MIFFLLN, THOMAS, a major-general in the 
 American army, and governor of Pennsylvania, 
 died Jan. 20, 1800, aged 56. He was born about 
 the year 1744 of parents who were Quakers, and 
 his education was intrusted to the care of Dr. 
 Smith, with whom he was connected in habits of 
 cordial intimacy and friendship for more than 
 forty years. Active and zealous, he engaged 
 early in opposition to the measures of the British 
 parliament. He was a member of the first con 
 gress in 1774. He took arms and was among 
 the first officers commissioned on the organization 
 of the continental army, being appointed quarter 
 master general in Aug., 1775. For this offence 
 he was read out of the society of Quakers. In 
 1777 he was very useful in animating the militia ; 
 but he was also suspected in this year of being 
 unfriendly to the commander-in-chief, and of wish 
 ing to have some other person in his place. His 
 sanguine disposition and his activity might have 
 rendered him insensible to the value of that cool 
 ness and caution, which were essential to the 
 preservation of such an army as was then under 
 the command of Washington. In 1787 he was 
 a .member of the convention which framed the 
 constitution of the United States, and his name 
 is affixed to that instrument. In Oct., 1788, he 
 succeeded Franklin as president of the supreme 
 executive council of Pennsylvania, in which sta 
 tion he continued till October, 1790. In Septem 
 ber, a constitution for this State was formed by a 
 convention, in which he was president, and he 
 was chosen the first governor. In 1794, during 
 the insurrection in Pennsylvania, he employed to 
 the advantage of his country the extraordinary 
 powers of elocution with which he was endowed. 
 The imperfection of the militia laws was compen 
 sated by his eloquence. He made a circuit 
 through the lower counties, and at different pla 
 ces publicly addressed the militia on the crisis in 
 73 
 
 the affairs of their country, and through his ani 
 mating exhortations the State furnished the quota 
 required, lie was succeeded in the office of gov 
 ernor by Mr. McKcan, at the close of the year 
 1799, and he died at Lancaster. He was an ac 
 tive and zealous patriot, who had devoted much 
 of his life to the public service. Smith s Ser 
 mon on his Death. 
 
 MIGIIILL, THOMAS, minister of Scituate, 
 died in Feb., 1689, aged 49. He was the son of 
 Thomas, and was born at Rowley ; graduated at 
 Harvard in 1663 ; and was ordained in 1684. 
 
 MIGHILL, DAVID, M. D., LL. D., died at 
 Georgetown in May, 1851, aged 65. 
 
 MILES, JOHN, minister of the first Baptist 
 church in Massachusetts, was settled at listen 
 near Swansea in South Wales, from 1649 till his 
 ejectment in 1662. He soon came to this coun 
 try, and formed a church at Rehoboth in Bristol 
 county, in 1663. The legislature of Plymouth 
 colony granted to these Baptists in 1667 the town 
 of Swanzey, to which place they removed. He 
 died Feb. 3, 1683. His wife was Ann, the daugh 
 ter of John Humphrey. Baylies Memoir of 
 Plymouth, II. 239. 
 
 MILES, SAMUEL, minister of king s chapel, 
 Boston, died in 1729, aged about 65. He was 
 the son of Rev. J. M. He graduated at Harvard 
 in 1684 ; went to England and received holy or 
 ders ; and became rector of the chapel in Boston 
 in 1689. 
 
 MILES, JOHN, minister of Grafton, Mass., was 
 ordained in 1796 and dismissed in 1826. Born 
 in Westminster, he graduated at Brown in 1794. 
 
 MILES, NOAH, minister of Temple, N. II., died 
 in Dec., 1831, aged 79, in the fiftieth year of his 
 ministry. Born in Westminster, Mass., he grad 
 uated at Dartmouth in 1780. He published a 
 sermon on the death of Washington. 
 
 MILLAR, JOHN, first minister at Yarmouth, 
 Mass., died as late as 1651 or later. He was first 
 an assistant to E. Rogers of Rowley. He was in 
 the ministry in England before he came to 
 America. 
 
 MILLEDGE, JOHN, governor of Georgia, was 
 in 1780 attorney-general, and governor in 1802. 
 He was afterwards a member of congress and a 
 senator of the United States from 1806 to 1809. 
 He died at his seat at the Sand Hills Feb. 9, 
 1818, aged 64. He was the principal founder 
 of the university of Georgia. 
 
 MILLEDOLER, PHILIP, D. D., president of 
 Rutgers college, New Brunswick, died at Staten 
 Island Sept. 22, 1852, aged 77. He was born in 
 Farmington, Conn., Sept. 22, 1775 ; his parents 
 were from Berne in Switzerland. At the age of 
 twenty he became the minister of the German 
 reformed church in New York, in May, 1795, 
 preaching both in German and in English. 
 From 1810 to 1813 he was pastor of the third 
 
578 
 
 MILLEll. 
 
 MILLER. 
 
 Presbyterian church in Philadelphia. From 1813 
 to 1820 he was a minister in Itutgers street col 
 legiate Dutch church, New York. Afterwards in 
 1825 he became a professor and president of 
 Rutgers college, New Brunswick, and continued 
 seventeen years. He lived at the close of life in 
 the family of his daughter. His wife, Margaret, 
 the daughter of Gen. Steele of Philadelphia, died 
 the day after him. At the funeral the two coffins 
 were side by side on a bier in front of the pulpit ; 
 the sermon was preached by Dr. Dewitt. He was 
 an eminent and most pious and useful minister of 
 the Dutch reformed church ; was among the 
 founders of the bible and missionary institutions; 
 and was the first president of the New York tract 
 society. He published a sermon at the installa 
 tion of Mr. llomeyn, 1808; of G. Spring, 1810; 
 charge at Princeton seminary, 1812; address at 
 Columbia college, 1828. 
 
 MILLER, JOHN, minister of Brunswick, Me., 
 died in 1789, aged 56. Born in Milton, he grad 
 uated at Harvard in 1752, and succeeded in 1702 
 R. Dunlap, the first minister. He was succeeded 
 by E. Coffin, W. Bailey, A. Mead, and Dr. G. E. 
 Adams. 
 
 MILLER, JOHN, minister of Dover, Delaware, 
 died in 1791, aged 68. He was the son of John 
 M., a native of Scotland, who married and set 
 tled in Boston in 1710, and was born in Boston 
 Dec. 24, 1722, and experienced the power of re 
 ligion under the ministry of Dr. Sewall. Having 
 studied theology with Mr. Webb, he was ordained 
 in the old south in April, 1749, with a view to his 
 establishment at Dover, where he was a minister j 
 more than forty years, having the charge also of 
 the church at Smyrna, twelve miles distant. 
 Among his many sons, all of whom engaged in 
 the learned professions, were Edward Miller and 
 Samuel Miller, late one of the professors in the 
 theological seminary at Princeton. Another son, 
 a physician in the army, died in 1777. With a 
 sound mind he was a good scholar, a faithful 
 preacher, a great lover and maker of peace, and 
 a centre of literary and religious influence. 
 
 MILLER, EDWARD, M. D., a physician of 
 New York, third son of the preceding, died March 
 17, 1812, aged 51. He was born at Dover, Del 
 aware, May 9, 1760 ; his mother was the daugh 
 ter of A. Millington of Talbot county, Maryland. 
 He was educated by his father, and at Newark 
 academy under F. Allison and A. McDowell. 
 Having studied medicine with Dr. Ridgely, he 
 entered the army as surgeon s mate in 1780, and 
 in 1781 went as surgeon in an armed ship to 
 France. After attending the lectures at Phila 
 delphia, he commenced the practice in Frederica, 
 but removed thence to Maryland, and in 1786 to 
 Dover, where he remained ten years. About 
 1793 he wrote an able letter to Dr. Rush, assert 
 ing the domestic origin of the yellow fever. In 
 
 1796, in order to enjoy the society of his only 
 surviving brother, he removed to New York, 
 where his practice was extensive, and where he 
 projected and published, with Drs. Mitchill and 
 Smith, the medical repository, the first number 
 of which appeared in August, 1797. This was 
 the first work of the kind in the United States ; 
 he lived to see nearly fifteen vols. completed. In 
 1803 he was appointed resident physician of New 
 York. In 1805 he drew up a learned report, 
 maintaining the domestic origin of the yellow 
 fever. In 1807 he was elected the professor of 
 the practice of physic in the university of New 
 York ; in 1809 one of the physicians of the hos 
 pital. The typhus fever, succeeding an inflamma 
 tion of the lungs, terminated his life. Four of 
 his brothers, in two of the learned professions, 
 died in early life. He was a distinguished scholar, 
 and, in the opinion of Dr. Rush, " inferior to no 
 physician in the United States." He was a man 
 of probity, and honor, and charity, with a heart 
 of sympathy, and courtesy of manners. His 
 gratuitous services to the poor have been seldom 
 equalled. In his habits he was remarkably tem 
 perate, seldom using any drink but water, and 
 rejecting the use of tobacco in every form as an 
 odious practice, and a provocative to the love of 
 drinking. He was a believer in Christianity, and 
 devoutly perused the holy Scriptures. His med 
 ical works, with a biographical sketch by his 
 brother, Samuel Miller, were published, 8vo., 
 1814. TJtacher, 385-392. 
 
 MILLER, HENRY, general, a distinguished 
 officer of the Revolution, died in 1824 in Carlisle, 
 Penn., aged 71. He was prothonotary of Perry 
 county. 
 
 MILLER, JAMES W., a poet and miscellane 
 ous writer, died in 1829. 
 
 MILLER, JONATHAN, minister of Burlington, 
 Conn., died in 1831, aged 69. Born in Torring- 
 ford, he graduated at Yale in 1781, and was or 
 dained in 1782. He wrote much for the evan 
 gelical magazine. A few years before his death 
 his mind broke down, and he had a colleague. 
 He published a concio ad clerum, 1812. T 
 Spragtie s Annals. 
 
 MILLER, JOHN, died in Washington, Pcnn., 
 Dec., 1832, aged 100. lie was at the capture of 
 fort Du Quesne, now Pittsburg, in 1758. 
 
 MILLER, ROBERT, an Episcopal minister, died 
 at Mary s Grove, N. C., in 1834, aged 74. 
 
 MILLER, STEPHEN D., governor of South 
 Carolina, died in Mississippi while on a visit, 
 March 8, 1838. He had been a senator of the 
 United States. 
 
 MILLER, JOHN, governor of Missouri, died 
 near Florisant in 1846. He was an officer in the 
 war of 1812, and a member of congress. 
 
 MILLER, JONATHAN P., colonel, died in Mont- 
 pelier, Vt, Feb. 17, 1847, aged 50. He was an 
 
MILLER. 
 
 MILLS. 
 
 opposer of slavery, and he encouraged the Greeks 
 in their struggle for liberty, carrying to them from 
 New York a cargo of supplies, the distribution of 
 which he superintended. 
 
 MILLER, WILLIAM, the so-called prophet, died 
 in Hampton, or Low Hampton, N. Y., Dec. 20, 
 1849, aged G8. He was born in Pittsfield, Mass.; 
 was a captain in the war of 1812, and then be 
 came a preacher. Fixing upon 1843 as the 
 period for the beginning of the millennium, he 
 preached on the subject for ten years in the 
 northern and middle States, perhaps gaining 
 thirty or forty thousand disciples, who soon dis 
 appeared after the year 1843 had passed over. 
 lie was one of the misguided fanatics, who, on 
 account of their honest zeal, readily find followers 
 among the ignorant. 
 
 MILLER, SAMUEL, D. D., died at Prince 
 ton, N. J., Jan. 7, 1850, aged 80. He was born 
 in Dover, Delaware. His father, a native of Bos 
 ton, was a minister many years in Dover. He 
 graduated at Pennsylvania university in 1789 ; 
 was ordained in 1793 as pastor of the brick 
 church in Xew York ; and was chosen at Prince 
 ton theological seminary the professor of ecclesi 
 astical history and church government in 1813. 
 He was a man most amiable and polished in 
 manners, learned and pious, and of great influ 
 ence. He published many books : among them, 
 letters on the Christian ministry, 1809 ; on the 
 office of ruling elder ; on baptism ; lectures at 
 the seminary, 1827, 1830; letters on clerical man 
 ners and habits ; on the eternal sonship of Christ, 
 addressed to Prof. Stuart, 1823 ; on Unitarian- 
 ism ; memoirs of J. Rodgers ; sermon to society 
 for liberating slaves ; and other single sermons ; 
 retrospect of 18th century, 2 vols., 1803. 
 
 MILLER, NATHANIEL, M. D., died in Frank 
 lin, Mass., June 10, 1850, aged 79. 
 
 MILLER, JAMES, general, died in Temple, 
 N. IL, July 7, 1851, aged 76. Born in Peterbo 
 rough, he was bred to the law. He entered the 
 army in 1810, and was distinguished in the battles 
 of Chippewa, Bridgewatcr, and Lundy s lane. 
 When asked by his general, Riplcy, if he would 
 take the fort, he said, " I ll try, sir ! " He was 
 governor of Arkansas, and collector many years 
 of the port of Salem, Mass. 
 
 MILLER, ELIJAH, a profound lawyer, died at 
 Auburn, N. Y., Nov. 14, 1851, aged 80. lie was 
 father-in-law of Governor Seward, and the son of 
 Samuel M., a patriot of the Revolution. 
 
 MILLER, WILLIAM S., died in New York 
 Nov. 9, 1854, a member of congress. He was 
 social and hospitable, had a cultivated mind, and 
 was a liberal patron of the arts. 
 
 MILLER, MOSES, the mountain pastor, the 
 minister of Heath, Mass., died about 1855, aged 
 nearly 80. He was born in Worcester in 1776, 
 and was the grandson of a much respected Dea 
 
 con Miller of Dr. Austin s church. He gradu 
 ated at Providence in 1800, and was then some 
 years a tutor. He was ordained in the moun 
 tain town of Heath Dec. 26, 1804, and was a 
 faithful pastor more than forty years. He pub 
 lished a sermon to missionary society, 1824. He 
 wrote his autobiography while living with his 
 children in Nunda, N. Y T . ; and it was published 
 in the Recorder in 1856. 
 
 MILLS, GIDEON, minister in Simsbury, Conn., 
 died in 1772, aged 56. Born at Windsor, the 
 brother of Jedidiah M., he graduated at Yale in 
 1737 ; was ordained over the first church in Sims- 
 bury in 1744, and continued ten years. He was 
 installed over the second church in 1761. 
 
 MILLS, JEDIDIAII, minister of Ilipton, Conn., 
 died in 1776, aged about 76. Born in Wind 
 sor, he graduated at Yale in 1722, and Avas 
 ordained in 1724. He was a friend of Mr. White- 
 field and David Brainerd. Mr. Ely was his col 
 league in 1771. He published a vindication of 
 gospel truth, 1747 ; the state of the unregencr- 
 ate, 1767. Sprayue s Annals. 
 
 MILLS, EBEXEZER, minister of Sandisfield, 
 Mass., died in 1799, aged 89. He graduated at 
 Yale in 1738. He was first settled in Granby. 
 
 MILLS, SAMUEL J., agent of the American 
 colonization society, died June 16, 1818, aged 35. 
 He was the son of the minister of Torringford, 
 Conn., and was born April 21, 1783. At an 
 early period he had such a sense of his sin, that 
 for two years he regarded his existence as a 
 curse. In answer to the prayers of his parents 
 he was cheered with the Christian hope. He 
 graduated at Williams college in 1809. While 
 in that seminary his mind was deeply impressed 
 with the importance of foreign missions, and he 
 endeavored to awaken a similar feeling in the 
 hearts of his fellow students. At the theological 
 seminary in Andover he united with Newell, Jud- 
 son, Nott, and Hall, in a resolution to undertake 
 a foreign mission. These young men offered 
 themselves as missionaries to the general associa 
 tion of ministers of Massachusetts at Bradford, 
 June 27, 1810. In 1812 and 1813 he and J. F. 
 Schermerhorn made a missionary tour in the 
 western States. He was ordained with other 
 missionaries at Newburyport June 21, 1815. He 
 made a second tour with D. Smith in 1814 and 
 1815. He ascertained that in March, 1815, not a 
 bible could be found for sale or to be given away 
 in New Orleans ; in that city he distributed many 
 bibles in French and English, and visited the 
 sick soldiers. Finding that seventy or eighty 
 thousand families at the south were destitute of 
 a bible, he suggested at the close of his report 
 the establishment of a national society like that 
 of the British. His efforts contributed to the es 
 tablishment of the society, May 8, 1816. The 
 plan of the united foreign mission society, which, 
 
580 
 
 MILLS. 
 
 MILLS. 
 
 however, accomplished but little, originated with 
 him, while residing with Dr. Griffin at Newark, 
 as did also the African school, which existed a 
 few years at Parsippany, near Newark. He 
 attended the first meeting of the colonization 
 society Jan. 1, 1817, which was established by the 
 exertions of Dr. Finley. Appointed with E. 
 Burgess, to visit England and explore the coast 
 of Africa for the society, he sailed in Nov., 1817, 
 and in a wonderful manner escaped shipwreck 
 on the coast of France. As the ship was drifting 
 towards a ledge of rocks, the captain despaired 
 of preservation, and jumped into the boat with 
 his two sons, all of whom were lost. A strong 
 current as the ship approached the rocks carried 
 her away from them. He sailed from England 
 for Africa Feb. 2, 1818, and arrived on the coast 
 March 12th. After a laborious inspection of 
 more than two months, he embarked on his re 
 turn in the brig Success, May 22, 1818. A severe 
 cold, which he took early in June, was succeeded 
 by a fever, of which he died. He was buried in 
 the depths of the ocean. He was eminently 
 pious and benevolent ; and, when the sea gives 
 up its dead, he will rise to heavenly glory. His 
 memoirs by Gardiner Spring were published, 8vo., 
 1820. 
 
 MILLS, EDMUXD, minister of Sutton, Mass., 
 the successor of Dr. Hall, died in 1825, aged 72. 
 Born in Kent, Conn., he graduated at Yale in 
 1775. He was pastor from 1790 till his death, 
 a popular and successful preacher. He published 
 an oration July 4, 1809. 
 
 MILLS, ELIJAH HUNT, a lawyer and member 
 of congress, died at Northampton May 5, 1829, 
 aged 51. He graduated at Williams in 1797. 
 He published an oration to Washington benevo 
 lent society, 1813. 
 
 MILLS, THOMAS, D. D., Episcopal minister at 
 Charleston, S. C., died in 1830, aged 87. 
 
 MILLS, SAMUEL, died at Torringford May 11, 
 1833, aged 89. 
 
 MILLS, JOSHUA, Dr., died at Cleveland, Ohio, 
 in 1843, aged 46, an acceptable physician. 
 
 MILNOR, JAMES, D.D., rector of St. George s 
 church, New York, died March 8, 1845, aged 70. 
 A lawyer in Philadelphia, he was a member of 
 congress in 1812 ; afterwards he was thirty years 
 an eminent minister in New York ; an able sup 
 porter of various charitable societies. He was a 
 man of untiring and systematic industry. 
 
 MILTIMOliE, JAMES, minister of Belleville 
 church, Newbury, Mass., died March 23, 1836, 
 aged 81. Born in Londonderry, he graduated 
 at Dartmouth in 1774 ; was ordained in Strat- 
 ham, N. H., in 1786, and dismissed in 1807 ; was 
 installed at Newbury in 1808. He published a 
 discourse on the death of J. Murray, 1793 ; to a 
 musical choir, 1794 ; at a dedication, 1807. 
 Sprague s Annals, 
 
 MILTON, CHARLES W., minister at Newbury- 
 port, died in 1837, aged 69 : installed in 1791. 
 
 MINER, JESSE, a missionary at Green Bay, 
 died March 22, 1829. 
 
 MINER, THOMAS, M. D., died at Worcester 
 April 23, 1841, aged 63. A graduate of Yale in 
 1796, he practised physic first at Middletown, 
 Conn., his native place, and was one of the found 
 ers of the medical institute of Yale, and of the 
 Connecticut retreat for the insane. His autobi 
 ography was published by Dr. Williams. He 
 was a man of integrity and of literary attain 
 ments. He published with Dr. Tully a work on 
 typhus, which excited much attention. Wil 
 liams Med. Biography. 
 
 MLNNICK, Mrs., died in South Carolina about 
 1805, aged 108. 
 
 MINNS, THOMAS, died at Boston April 4, 
 1836, aged 62. He was the editor of the New 
 England Palladium from 1792 to 1828. He was 
 first associated with A. Young in publishing the 
 Mercury. 
 
 MINOT, GEORGE RICHARDS, a historian, died 
 Jan. 2, 1802, aged 43. He was born in Boston 
 Dec. 28, 1758. Distinguished in early life by the 
 love of learning, graceful modesty, and amiable 
 manners, he was peculiarly endeared, while at 
 school, to his excellent instructor, Mr. Lowell, 
 and in college he secured the esteem of the gov 
 ernors of the institution and the warmest attach 
 ment of his companions. He was graduated in 
 1778. Having pursued the study of the law 
 under the care of William Tudor, he began its 
 practice with a high reputation and with fixed 
 principles and habits. But his attention was im 
 mediately diverted somewhat from his profession 
 by his appointment as clerk of the house of rep 
 resentatives in 1781, soon after the new constitu 
 tion had commenced its operation. While in this 
 station, the duties of which he discharged with 
 the greatest fidelity and impartiality, the causes 
 which produced the insurrection were operating, 
 and he had an opportunity of being well ac 
 quainted with the proceedings of the house. Of 
 these transactions he wrote a sketch, which was 
 published in the Boston magazine for 1784 and 
 1785. After the insurrection was suppressed, he 
 wrote a history of it, which was praised equally 
 for its truth, moderation, perspicuity, and ele 
 gance. Of the convention of Massachusetts 
 which considered the constitution of the United 
 States, he was chosen the secretary. In Jan., 
 1792, he was appointed judge of probate for the 
 county of Suffolk, and several years afterwards 
 judge of the municipal court in Boston. Amidst 
 the violence of parties his mildness, candor, and 
 moderation gained him the respect of all. His 
 conversation was interesting, for his mind was 
 enriched with various knowledge, and there was 
 a modesty and benignity in his character, which 
 
MINOT. 
 
 MITCHELL. 
 
 581 
 
 attracted and delighted. Humble and devout, he 
 complied with the ordinances of Christianity, and 
 trusted entirely to the mercy of God for salvation. 
 He published an oration on the Boston massacre, 
 March 5, 1782 ; history of the insurrection in 
 Massachusetts, 8vo., 1788 ; an address to the 
 charitable fire society, 1795; eulogy on Washing 
 ton, 1800 ; a continuation of the history of Mas 
 sachusetts Bay from 1748 to 1765, with an intro 
 ductory sketch of events from its original settle 
 ment. The first volume of this work, which is a 
 continuation of Hutchinson, was published in 
 8vo., 1798 ; the second volume was almost com 
 pleted at the time of his death, and it has since 
 been published. The narrative is perspicuous, 
 and the style simple and pure, and a model of 
 historical eloquence. Collections of Historical 
 Society, vm. 89-109. 
 
 MINOT, TIMOTHY, Dr. , died in Concord, Mass., 
 Aug. 1, 1804, aged 78. He graduated at Har 
 vard in 1747, and was a respected physician, the 
 founder of the Middlesex medical association. 
 
 MINTO, WALTER, LL. D., professor of natural 
 philosophy in the college of New Jersey, died 
 Oct. 21, 1796, aged 42. He was born in Scotland 
 Dec. 3, 1753, and educated at Edinburgh. By 
 the persuasion of the Earl of Buchan, he wrote a 
 book to prove that the original discovery of loga 
 rithms was to be attributed to Napier, the laird 
 of Merchiston. The earl sent him to America 
 in 178G, being desirous of laying a foundation of 
 mathematical science in the land of Columbus 
 and of Washington. Soon after his arrival he 
 was chosen mathematical professor in Princeton 
 college. In this situation he was respected and 
 useful. He was a sincere Christian and a truly 
 learned man. Besides the book on Napier, he 
 published a demonstration of the path of the new 
 planet; researches into some parts of the theory 
 of the planets, etc., 8vo., 1783 ; and an oration 
 on the progress and importance of the mathemat 
 ical sciences, etc., 1788. 
 
 MIRANDA, DON FRANCISCO, general, was born 
 of a Spanish family at Caraccas, of which province 
 his grandfather was governor. In 1783 he visited 
 the United States, and travelled on foot over a 
 part of Europe. In the French Revolution he 
 was a major-general in the service of France. 
 From the prison into which he was cast, he es 
 caped to England in 1797. Having been again 
 banished from France for opposing the French 
 consul in 1803, he resolved to emancipate South 
 America from the dominion of Spain. Having 
 obtained secret assistance and encouragement, he 
 sailed from New York in 1806, with a number of 
 American volunteers. At St. Domingo he char 
 tered two schooners ; they were captured on the 
 coast, while he escaped in his ship. In 1810 he 
 renewed his attempt, but was obliged to capitu 
 late to Gen. Monteverde, who, in disregard of 
 
 the agreement, treated him as a prisoner. He 
 was sent to Spain, and died after four years con 
 finement in the dungeons of the inquisition at 
 Cadiz. 
 
 MITARK, sachem of Gay Head on Martha s 
 Vineyard, being converted to the Christian faith 
 by Mr. Mayhew, became a preacher. Of the 
 English he was a faithful ally, and died regretted 
 by all the islanders, Jan. 20, 1683. He said : 
 " I have hope in God, that when my soul departs 
 out of this body, God will send his messengers, 
 who shall conduct it to himself, to be with Jesus 
 Christ, where that everlasting glory is." 
 
 MITCHELL, JONATHAN, minister of Cam 
 bridge, Mass., the son of Jonathan M., died July 
 9, 1668, aged 42. He was born in England in 
 1624. He was brought to this country in 1635, 
 by his parents, who sought a refuge from ecclesi 
 astical tyranny in the wilderness. His father first 
 settled at Concord; afterwards he lived at Say- 
 brook, Wethersfield, and Stamford ; and died in 
 1645. Mr. Mitchell was graduated at Harvard 
 college in 1647, having made great acquisitions in 
 knowledge, and improvements in virtue. Under 
 the ministry of Mr. Shepard his mind was im 
 pressed by the truths of religion. While at col 
 lege he kept a diary in Latin. When he began 
 to preach, he was invited to settle at Hartford, 
 but he was ordained at Cambridge, as the suc 
 cessor of Mr. Shepard, Aug. 21, 1650. Soon 
 after his settlement Pres. Dunster embraced the 
 principles of Anti-pedobaptism. This was a pe 
 culiar trial to him ; but, though he felt it to be his 
 duty to combat the principles of his former tutor, 
 : he did it with such meekness of wisdom as not to 
 I lose his friendship, though the controversy oc- 
 casioned his removal from the college. In 1662 
 he was a member of the synod which met in 
 Boston to discuss and settle a question concern 
 ing church membership and church discipline, 
 and the result was chiefly written by him. The 
 determination of the question relating to the bap 
 tism of the children of those who did not ap 
 proach the Lord s table, and the support thus 
 given to what is called the half-way covenant, was 
 more owing to him than to any other man. Con 
 sidering baptized persons as members of the 
 church and liable to its discipline, he thought 
 that their children should be admitted to baptism. 
 He died in the hope of glory. His wife was 
 Margaret, daughter of Mr. Shepard, his prede 
 cessor. His children were John ; Nathaniel ; 
 Samuel, a graduate of 1681 ; and Jonathan, a 
 graduate of 1687. Mr. M. was eminent for piety, 
 wisdom, humility, and love. His vigorous powers 
 of mind were diligently cultivated ; his memory 
 was very retentive; and he had acquired much 
 learning. lie wrote his sermons with care and 
 yet preached without notes, speaking with great 
 majesty, and attaining towards the close of his 
 
582 
 
 MITCHELL. 
 
 MITCHELL. 
 
 discourses a fervency which was most energetic 
 and impressive. His delivery was inimitable. 
 He was frequently called to ecclesiastical coun 
 cils, and, possessing singular acuteness, prudence, 
 and moderation, he was well qualified to heal dif 
 ferences. Attached to the institutions of the 
 founders of New England, he frequently said, 
 that if it should become a general opinion that 
 all persons, orthodox in judgment as to matters 
 of faith, and not scandalous in life, should be ad 
 mitted to partake of the Lord s Supper without 
 any examination concerning the work of saving 
 grace in their hearts, it would be a real apostasy 
 from former principles, and a degeneracy from 
 the reformation already attained. He was faith 
 ful and zealous in the discharge of the duties of 
 the sacred office. Besides his stated labors on 
 the Sabbath, he preached a monthly lecture upon 
 man s misery by sin, salvation by Christ, and holy 
 obedience, which was much attended by persons 
 from the neighboring towns. He published a 
 letter of counsel to his brother, 1664 ; an election 
 sermon, entitled, Nehemiah upon the wall in 
 troublesome times, 1667 ; a letter concerning the 
 subject of baptism, 1675; a discourse of the 
 glory to which God hath called believers by Jesus 
 Christ, printed London, reprinted Boston, 12mo., 
 1721. His Life, by C. Mather ; Magnolia, IV. 
 158-185; Hist. Soc. vn. 23, 27, 47-51. 
 
 MITCHELL, JOHN, M. D., F. R. S., a botanist 
 and physician, came from England to Virginia 
 about the year 1700. He died in 1772. His 
 residence was chiefly at Urbana, a small town on 
 the llappahanock, about 73 miles from Richmond. 
 He appears to have been a man of observation, 
 acuteness, and enterprise, as well as learning. 
 He wrote, in 1743, an essay on the causes of the 
 different colors of people in different climates, 
 which was published in the philosophical trans 
 actions, vol. XLIII. He attributes the difference 
 of the human complexion to the same causes 
 which have been assigned by Dr. Smith, to the 
 influence of climate and modes of life ; and he 
 thinks that the whites have degenerated more 
 from the original complexion in Noah and his 
 family, than the Indians, or even negroes. The 
 color of the descendants of Ham he considers a 
 blessing rather than a curse, as without it they 
 could not well inhabit Africa. He published also 
 an essay on the preparations and uses of the 
 various kinds of potash, in philosophical trans 
 actions, vol. XLV. ; a letter concerning the force 
 of electrical cohesion, in vol. LI. ; and a useful 
 work on the general principles of botany, con 
 taining descriptions of a number of new genera 
 of plants, 4to. 1769. It is believed that he was 
 also the author of the map of North America, 
 published in 1755, which was accompanied by a 
 large pamphlet, entitled, the contest in America, 
 
 and followed by another, entitled the present 
 state of Great Britain and North America, 1767. 
 His manuscripts on the yellow fever, as it appeared 
 in Virginia in 1742, fell into the hands of Dr. 
 Franklin, by whom they were communicated to 
 Dr. Rush. Miller s Retrospect, I. 318; II. 367; 
 Timelier. 
 
 MITCHELL, JUSTUS, minister of New Canaan, 
 Conn., died in 1806, aged about 50. He gradu 
 ated at Yale in 1776, and was ordained in 1781. 
 Sprague s Annals. 
 
 MITCHELL, DAVID, general, died in Juniata, 
 Cumberland county, Penn., May 25, 1818, aged 
 76. He was a soldier in Bouquet s campaign, in 
 1764, and a friend of the Indian chief Logan. 
 With the Indians he w r as engaged in twenty- 
 seven actions. He fought also during the whole 
 Revolutionary war. For more than twenty years 
 he was a representative in the State legislature, 
 and twice an elector of president. 
 
 MITCHELL, AMMI R., a physician, the son of 
 Judge David Mitchell, died May 14, 1824, aged 
 62. He was born at North Yarmouth, Me., May 
 8, 1762. Having studied physic at Portsmouth, 
 when, at the close of the war, the America, a 
 seventy-four gun ship, was presented by congress 
 to the king of France, he accompanied Dr. Meau- 
 bec, the surgeon of the ship, to Brest, where he 
 enjoyed many advantages for improvement in 
 surgery. On his return he settled at North Yar 
 mouth, where he had extensive practice through 
 life. He was also an eminent Christian ; for 
 twenty-one years a deacon of the church. He 
 was found dead in the street, having been thrown 
 from his gig, as he was riding. He published 
 an eulogy on Washington, 1800; an address 
 on sacred music, 1812. Cummings Sermon ; 
 ThacJier. 
 
 MITCHELL, ALFRED, minister of Norwich, 
 Conn., the son of Judge Stephen Mix M., died 
 Dec. 19, 1831, aged 41. He was born at Wethers- 
 field, May 22, 1790; was graduated at Yale col 
 lege in 1809; and, having studied theology at 
 Andover, was ordained as the successor of Mr. 
 Hooker Oct. 27, 1814. He was a man of intel 
 lectual power, of firmness and zeal, yet modest 
 and retiring. Almost his last words were, "The 
 will of the Lord be done." He published several 
 occasional sermons. From the lines written on 
 his death by Mrs. Sigourney, who once attended 
 on his preaching, the following is an extract. She 
 had heard that one of his last expressions was, 
 " Am I so near my home ? " 
 
 " Pure spirits should not pass unmourn d. 
 
 This earth is poor without them. But a view 
 Of bettor climes broke o er thee, and thy soul 
 Hose o er its stricken tent with outspread wing 
 Of seraph rapture : for to reach a home, 
 Where is no rootless hope, no vain desire, 
 No film o er faith s bright eye, for love no blight, 
 Is glorious gain. Teacher and guide, farewell." 
 
MITCHELL. 
 
 MONROE. 
 
 583 
 
 MITCHELL, STEPHEN Mix, LL. D., an emi 
 nent lawyer, died in Wethcrsficld, Conn., Sept. 
 30, 1835, aged 91. He was born in "VVethcrsfield 
 Dec. 20, 1743, and graduated at Yale college in 
 1763. In 1779 he was appointed associate judge 
 of the Hartford county court, and in 1795 judge 
 of the superior court. From 1807 till 1814 he 
 was chief justice. In 1783 and 1785 he was 
 elected a member of congress, and senator from 
 1793 to 1795. His State was much indebted to 
 him for the establishment of her title to the 
 Western Reserve, in Ohio. 
 
 MITCHELL, DAVID B., general, governor of 
 Georgia from 1809 to 1813, died at Milledgeville 
 April 22, 1837, aged 71. 
 
 MITCHELL, COLBY C., missionary to Mosul, 
 died in June, 1841, on his journey to M., distant 
 five days journey. In a few days afterwards Mrs. 
 Mitchell died at Mosul. 
 
 MITCHELL, NAHUM, judge, died at East 
 Bridgewater Aug. 1, 1853, aged 84. He was the 
 son of Gushing M., and a graduate of 1789 in 
 the class of Dr. Kirkland. He sustained various 
 offices ; was representative in congress, treasurer 
 of the State, chief justice of the court of common 
 pleas. He published a history of Bridgewater, 
 1840 ; and with B. Brown he edited a collection 
 of sacred music. 
 
 MITCHELL, SAMUEL LATHAM, M. D., LL. D., 
 died in New York Sept. 8, 1831, aged 67. His 
 father, Robert, was a Quaker farmer on Long 
 Island, and, being adopted by his uncle, Dr. S. 
 Latham, he was Avell educated. After the close 
 of the war he studied medicine and natural his 
 tory in Edinburgh. He was appointed professor 
 of chemistry and natural history in Columbia 
 college. In a discourse before the historical 
 society, he gave an account of all books on Ameri 
 can botany. For several years he was a member 
 of congress and a senator. His practice was ex 
 tensive ; he was physician to the city hospital ; 
 with Dr. Smith he edited fourteen volumes of the- 
 medical repository. He published also life of 
 Tammany, the Indian chief, 8vo. 1795; remarks 
 on the gaseous oxyde of azote, 18mo. 1795; ob 
 servations on the geology of America ; picture of 
 New York, 12mo. 1807; description of Schooley s 
 mountain in New Jersey, 8vo. 1810; discourse 
 before the New York historical society, 1813. 
 Williams 1 Mcd. Biotj. 
 
 MIX, STEPHEN, minister of Wethersfield, 
 Conn., died in 1738, aged 66. Born in New 
 Haven, he graduated at Harvard in 1690, and 
 was ordained in 1694 as successor of J. Wood- 
 bridge. His successor was J. Lockwood. 
 
 MONCKTON, ROBERT, governor of New York 
 from 1762 to 1763, died in England, as governor 
 of Portsmouth, in 1782. In 1755 he was lieut.- 
 governor of Nova Scotia, and in the expedition 
 
 of Wolfe against Quebec, he served as brigadier- 
 general. He was succeeded by Sir H. Moore as 
 governor of New York. 
 
 MONETTE, JOHN W., M. D., died in Louisiana 
 March 1, 1851. He was the author of a history 
 of the discovery and settlement of the valley of 
 the Mississippi, 2 vols., 1848. 
 
 MONIS, JUDAII, the first Hebrew instructor in 
 Harvard college, died in 1764, aged 81. He was 
 a native of Italy, and after his arrival in this 
 country began his instructions about the year 
 1720. Though a Jew, he embraced the Christian 
 religion, and was publicly baptized at Cambridge 
 in 1722. After the death of his wife in 1761, he 
 resigned his office, which he had sustained for 
 about forty years, and retired to Northborough. 
 In that town he passed the remainder of his life 
 in the family of Rev. John Martyn, who had mar 
 ried a sister of his wife. He bequeathed 46 
 pounds to be divided among seven of the neigh 
 boring ministers, and 126 pounds as a fund, the 
 interest of which was to be given to the indigent 
 Avidows of ministers. He published truth, whole 
 truth, nothing but the truth, 1722; and a He 
 brew grammar, 4to. 1735. 
 
 MONRO, GEORGE, M. D., a physician, died 
 Oct. 11, 1819, aged 59. He was born at New 
 castle, Delaware, Feb. 22, 1760; his father, 
 George M., came from Scotland. At the close 
 of the war he was a surgeon in the army. On 
 the return of peace he spent three years in Lon 
 don and Edinburgh, and profited by the lectures 
 of Cullen, Gregory, Black, Home, Brown, and 
 Monro. He published at this period a Latin dis 
 sertation on Cynanche, which was commended by 
 Cullen. In 1786 he settled on his farm at St. 
 George s, Newcastle county; in 1793 he removed 
 to Wilmington, where he passed the remainder 
 of his life in extensive practice as a physician and 
 surgeon. He was an Infidel till about 1800, when 
 he publicly acknowledged his belief in Christian 
 ity, and joined the Presbyterian church, and ever 
 afterwards exhibited the virtues of an eminent 
 Christian. In all his habits he was simple. He 
 drank nothing but water. His strict economy 
 enabled him to be extensively charitable; his 
 charities prevented him from accumulating prop 
 erty. Of uniform piety, he was punctual in at 
 tending upon every religious ordinance. The 
 eternal welfare of his patients weighed upon his 
 heart ; he conversed with them on religion. His 
 bible was always open before him ; he relished 
 no Jaook, company, or employment, which was not 
 spiritual. He died of ossification of the heart. 
 His wife was Jemima, daughter of Col. John Haslet, 
 who fell in the battle of Princeton. T/iacher. 
 
 MONROE, JAMES, president of the United 
 States, died July 4, 1831, aged 72. He was born 
 in 1758, on the Potomac, in Westmoreland county, 
 
584 
 
 MONROE. 
 
 Virginia, on the land of his ancestor, one of the 
 first patentees of the province. His father was 
 Spcnce, a mason. Having been educated at Wil 
 liam and Mary college, he in 1776 entered as a 
 cadet in the regiment commanded by Col. Mer 
 cer. Being appointed a lieutenant, he joined the 
 army of Washington, and was engaged in the 
 battles of Harlem Heights and White Plains. In 
 the attack on Trenton, Dec. 26, 1776, he was 
 wounded through the left shoulder, and for his 
 bravery was promoted to be a captain of infantry. 
 Being soon appointed aid to Lord Stirling, he 
 served as such in 1777 and 1778, and was en 
 gaged in the battles of Brandywine, Gcrmantown, 
 and Monmouth. In 1778 he proposed to raise a 
 regiment in Virginia, but, not being successful, he 
 engaged in the study of the law under Mr. Jef 
 ferson, yet rendered good military service in the 
 repulse of invasions. In 1780 he was military 
 commissioner for Virginia, and visited the south 
 ern army under De Kalb. In 1782 he was elected 
 from King George county to the assembly ; the 
 next year, at the age of twenty-four, he was a 
 member of congress. His enlarged views at this 
 period were evinced by his proposition, in 1786, 
 which, however, was not adopted, to vest congress 
 with power to regulate trade with all the States. 
 Having served three years, he returned home in 
 1786. In the mean time he had married a beau 
 tiful young lady, whose person and conversation 
 had attracted much notice in Paris and London. 
 In 1788 he was a member of the convention of 
 Virginia, which considered the constitution of the 
 United States, an assembly of illustrious and 
 eloquent men, never equalled in any State. From 
 1790 to 1794 he was a senator of the United 
 States. Washington sent him in 1794 as minister 
 plenipotentiary to France. He was recalled in 
 1797. As he had been severely censured in a 
 letter of Mr. Pickering, the secretary of State, 
 of June 13, 1796, for not vindicating at the 
 French court the British treaty, he published on 
 his return the whole of his correspondence, with 
 one hundred pages of preliminary observations. 
 He was attached to the republican party as con 
 tradistinguished from the federalists. From 1799 
 to 1802 he was governor of Virginia. When Mr. 
 Livingston was resident minister at Paris, he was 
 appointed to join him as envoy extraordinary in 
 1802, for the purchase of Louisiana. This ser 
 vice having been performed, he repaired in 1803 
 to London as successor of Mr. King, minister at 
 the British court. In 1805 he assisted Mr. 
 Charles Pinckney in a negotiation in Spain, and 
 then returned to London, where he remained two 
 or three years, occupied in important duties. He 
 remonstrated against the seizure of vessels undei 
 the orders in council. With Wm. Pinkney he 
 negotiated a commercial treaty with Great Britain 
 which Mr. Jefferson rejected, because it did not 
 
 MONTCALM. 
 
 provide against impressment. After an absence 
 of five years, returning home in 1808, he passed 
 the two next years on his farm in Albemarlc 
 county. In 1811 he was again elected governor 
 of Virginia. Mr. Madison nominated him as 
 secretary of State, as successor of 11. Smith, Nov. 
 25, 1811, and he remained in office till 1817, 
 being also secretary at war as successor of J. 
 Armstrong, from Sept. 27, 1814, to March 2, 1815, 
 when Mr. Crawford was appointed. Being elected 
 the fifth president of the United States, he com 
 menced his administration March 4, 1817, and, 
 being subsequently re-elected, with only one dis 
 senting vote, continued in his high office eight 
 years, till 1825. His wife, the daughter of Law 
 rence Kortvvright, died in Virginia at Oak Hill, 
 his residence, in Loudoun county, Sept. 23, 1830. 
 He died July 4, 1831. It was remarkable that 
 Adams and Jefferson also died July the fourth, 
 ] 826. He left no son ; one daughter married 
 Judge George Hay of Richmond, and was left a 
 widow in Sept., 1 830 ; another married Samuel 
 L. Gouvcrneur of New York, at whose house Mr. 
 Monroe died. He was an attendant on the Epis 
 copalian worship. Mr. Monroe possessed a very 
 determined spirit and was distinguished for un 
 wearied industry. There was much energy in 
 the measures of his administration : the army 
 and navy were strengthened ; surveys and plans 
 of fortifications were made ; a cession of Florida 
 from Spain was obtained ; the independent States 
 of South America Avere recognized ; and the bold 
 declaration was made to the world, that an inter 
 ference of European powers in respect to those 
 States would not be tolerated. Vigorous efforts 
 were also made for the suppression of the slave 
 trade; the pension for the Revolutionary soldiers 
 was voted ; and the generous La Fayette received 
 from the United States the just acknowledgment 
 of his services in promoting the establishment of 
 American liberty. Though in the course of his 
 life he had received from the public treasury for 
 his services 358,000 dollars, he retired from the 
 office of presidency deep in debt. He was, how 
 ever, at last relieved by the adjustment by con 
 gress of his claims, founded chiefly on the dis 
 bursements made during the war. 
 
 MONSON, ^LxEAS, Dr., died at New Haven 
 Aug. 22, 1852, aged 89, then the oldest graduate 
 of Yale, in 1780. In the American army he was 
 an assistant surgeon. Afterwards he was a mer 
 chant, and president of several banks. 
 
 MONTCALM, Louis JOSEPH DE, marquis of 
 St. Veran, a distinguished French general, was 
 born of a noble family at Candiac in 1712, and 
 entered early in the army. He commanded with 
 reputation in Italy, Bohemia, and Germany. In 
 1756 he became a field-marshal, and was sent to 
 Canada, where he succeeded Dieskau. He soon 
 took Oswego ; and in 1757 fort William Henry ; 
 
MONTEFIORE. 
 
 and in 1758 he repulsed Abercrombie with much 
 slaughter from the walls of Ticonderoga. When 
 Wolfe in his attack on Quebec had gained the 
 plains of Abraham, Sept. 13, 1759, Montcalm 
 resolved upon a battle, and accordingly marched 
 out. The commanders of the two armies both 
 fell, equally illustrious for bravery, and both occu 
 pied by the event of the battle at the moment 
 they were about to exchange time for eternity. 
 The former rejoiced that he should die in the 
 arms of victory, and the latter that he should not 
 survive the surrender of Quebec. Wynne, n. 
 125, 141 ; Marshall, I. 407, 414, 450, 45G-4G4. 
 
 MONTE FIOHE, JOSHUA, died in St. Albans, 
 Vt., June 26, 1843, aged 81. He was a native of 
 London, and had vigorous health all his days ; 
 he never used glasses. He published commer 
 cial dictionary, commercial precedents, on the 
 bankrupt laws, and other works. 
 
 MONTGOMERY, RICHARD, a major-general 
 in the army of the United States, died Dec. 31, 
 1775, aged 38. He was born in the north of 
 Ireland in the year 1737. He possessed an ex 
 cellent genius, which was matured by a good 
 education. Entering the army of Great Britain, 
 he successfully fought her battles with Wolfe at 
 Quebec in 1759, and on the very spot where he 
 was doomed to fall, when fighting against her 
 under the banners of freedom. After his return 
 to England he quitted his regiment in 1772, 
 though in a fair way to preferment. He had im 
 bibed an attachment to America, viewing it as the 
 rising seat of arts and freedom. After his arri 
 val in this country he purchased an estate in New 
 York about a hundred miles from the city, and 
 married a daughter of Judge Livingston. He 
 now considered himself as an American. When 
 the struggle with Great Britain commenced, as 
 he was known to have an ardent attachment to 
 liberty, and had expressed his readiness to draw 
 his sword on the side of the colonies, the com 
 mand of the continental forces in the northern 
 department was intrusted to him and General 
 Schuyler in the fall of 1775. By the indisposition 
 of Schuyler the chief command devolved upon 
 him in October. He reduced fort Chamblee, and, 
 November 3d, captured St. Johns. On the 12th 
 he took Montreal. In December he joined Ar 
 nold and marched to Quebec. The city was be 
 sieged, and on the last day of the year it was 
 determined to make an assault. The several 
 divisions were accordingly put in motion in the 
 midst of a heavy fall of snow, which concealed 
 them from the enemy. Montgomery advanced 
 at the head of the New York troops along the 
 St. Lawrence, and, approaching one of the bar 
 riers, he was pushing forwards, when one of the 
 guns of the battery was discharged, and he was 
 killed with his two aids. This was the only gun 
 that was fired, for the enemy had been struck 
 74 
 
 MONTGOMERY. 
 
 585 
 
 with consternation, and all but one or two had 
 fled. But this event probably prevented the cap 
 ture of Quebec. When he fell, Montgomery was 
 in a narrow passage, and his body rolled upon 
 the ice which formed by the side of the river. 
 After it was found the next morning among the 
 slain, it was buried by a few soldiers without any 
 marks of distinction. In his person he was tall 
 and slender, genteel and graceful. He was a 
 man of great military talents, whose measures 
 were taken with judgment and executed with 
 vigor. With undisciplined troops, who were jeal 
 ous of him in the extreme, he yet inspired them 
 with his own enthusiasm. He shared with them 
 in all their hardships, and thus prevented their 
 complaints. His industry could not be wearied, 
 nor his vigilance imposed upon, nor his courage 
 intimidated. Above the pride of opinion, when 
 a measure was adopted by the majority, though 
 contrary to his own judgment, he gave it his full 
 support. By the direction of congress, a monu 
 ment of white marble of the most beautiful sim 
 plicity, with emblematical devices, was executed 
 by Mr. Cassiers at Paris, and it is erected to his 
 memory in front of St. Paul s church, New York. 
 His remains, in consequence of an act of the leg 
 islature of New York, were taken up by his 
 nephew, Col. L. Livingston, in June, 1818, the 
 place of burial being pointed out by an old sol 
 dier, who attended the funeral forty-two years 
 before, and conveyed to New York, where they 
 were again committed to the dust in St. Paul s 
 church with the highest civil and military honors. 
 His widow was then alive. His life was writ 
 ten by Armstrong. Smith s Oration on Ms 
 Death; Marshall, II. 302-311; Warren, I. 259- 
 268, 431. 
 
 MONTGOMERY, JAMES, D. D., an Episcopal 
 minister at Philadelphia, died in 1834, aged 46. 
 
 MONTGOMERY, WILLIAM B., missionary 
 among the Osages, died of the cholera at the 
 Hopeficld settlement Aug. 17, 1834. A native 
 of Danville, Penn., he was in the first family sent 
 by the united foreign missionary society to the 
 Osages of the Missouri, proceeding by the way 
 of the great rivers from Pittsburg in 1821. He 
 died triumphantly, saying, " Can it be, that in 
 less than twenty-four hours I shall be walking 
 the streets of the New Jerusalem ? I know in 
 whom I have believed." His wife, Harriet Wool- 
 ley of New* York, died Sept. 5, 1834. He had 
 reduced the Osage language to writing, and trans 
 lated various portions of Scripture. Plis book 
 was printed at Boston about the time of his death. 
 
 MONTGOMERY, GEORGE W., died at Wash 
 ington, being a clerk in the department of State, 
 June, 1841. Born in Spain of an Irish family, 
 he came early to this country, and died in the 
 prime of life. He published an historical novel, 
 Bernardo del Carpeo, and translated into Spanish 
 
586 
 
 MOODY. 
 
 MOODY. 
 
 Irving s conquest of Granada. He also published 
 a narrative of a journey to Guatemala, and vari 
 ous pieces in the journals. 
 
 MOODY, JOSHUA, minister of Portsmouth, 
 N. II., died July 4, 1697, aged 64. He was born 
 in England in 1633. His father, William, one 
 of the early settlers of Newbury, came to this 
 country in 1631. He was graduated at Harvard 
 college in 1653. He began to preach at Ports 
 mouth about the year 1658, but was not ordained 
 till 1671. In the year 1683, when Cranfield was 
 governor, one of the members of Mr. Moocly s 
 church was guilty of perjury in relation to a ves 
 sel sent out of the harbor ; but he found means 
 to settle the affair with the governor and collec 
 tor. The faithful minister of the gospel however 
 believed that a regard to the purity and reputa 
 tion of the church rendered it necessary that a 
 notorious offence should be the subject of eccle 
 siastical discipline. The governor, when called 
 upon, refused to furnish the evidence of the man s 
 perjury, and even threatened Mr. Moody if he 
 proceeded. But the servant of Jesus Christ was 
 not to be intimidated. He preached against false 
 swearing ; he called the offender to an account ; 
 and even obliged him to make a public confes 
 sion. Cranfield, in revenge, issued an order re 
 quiring the ministers to admit all persons of 
 suitable years and not vicious, to the Lord s Sup 
 per, from the first of January, 1684, under the 
 penalty of the statutes of uniformity. He at the 
 same time signified to Mr. Moody his intention 
 of partaking the Supper on the next Sunday, and 
 requiring him to administer it according to the 
 liturgy. As Mr. Moody refused to administer 
 the ordinance to an unworthy applicant, a prose 
 cution was immediately commenced against him, 
 and he was sentenced to six months imprison 
 ment without bail or mainprize. Two of the 
 judges, who dissented from this sentence, were 
 removed from their offices. At length, by the 
 interposition of friends, he obtained a release, 
 though under a strict charge to preach no more 
 within the province. He then accepted of an in 
 vitation from the first church in Boston to be an 
 assistant minister, and was so highly esteemed 
 that upon the death of President Rogers he was 
 invited to take the oversight of the college ; but 
 he declined. In the days of the witchcraft de 
 lusion, in 1692, he manfully resisted the unjust 
 and violent measures towards the imagined of 
 fenders. Particularly when Philip English, a 
 merchant of Salem, was accused, with his wife, 
 and both were imprisoned in Boston. Just before 
 the appointed time of trial Mr. Moody preached 
 from the text, " If they persecute you in one city, 
 flee to another," and provided for their flight to 
 New York, by which means they escaped a trial 
 and probable condemnation. His zeal against 
 this wretched delusion occasioned, however, his 
 
 dismission from the church where he was preach- 
 I ing. In the following year he returned to Ports- 
 | mouth, where he spent the rest of his life in use 
 fulness and peace. On the approach of his last 
 sickness, he went for advice to Boston, where he 
 died. His son, Samuel, a graduate of 1689, was 
 a preacher at New Castle, N. II. He was suc 
 ceeded by Mr. Rogers. Though he was deeply 
 impressed with his unworthiness of the divine 
 mercy ; yet he indulged the hope of glory, and 
 was desirous of entering into the presence of the 
 Redeemer, whom he had served in his gospel. 
 He wrote upwards of four thousand sermons. 
 He published a practical discourse concerning 
 the choice benefit of communion with God in his 
 house, being the sum of several sermons, 12mo., 
 1685 ; reprinted, 1746 ; an election sermon, 
 1692. C. Mather s Funeral Sermon; Mag 
 nolia, iv. 192-199. 
 
 MOODY, SAMUEL, minister of York in the 
 district of Maine, died Nov. 13/1747, aged 70. 
 [ He was the son of Caleb M. in Newbury, and 
 grandson of William M. ; was born Jan. 4, 1676, 
 and graduated at Harvard college in 1697. He 
 was ordained Dec. 29, 1700, as successor of Shu- 
 bael Dummer, who was killed by the Indians, and 
 was succeeded by Mr. Lyman. His son, Joseph 
 Moody, the first minister of the north church in 
 York, died March 20, 1753, aged 52, leaving a 
 son, Samuel, who after being thirty years the dis 
 tinguished preceptor of Dummer academy, died 
 at Exeter Dec. 17, 1795, aged 69. He had many 
 eccentricities in his conduct ; but he was eminent 
 for piety, and was a remarkably useful minister 
 of the gospel. In his younger years he often 
 preached beyond the limits of his own parish, 
 and wherever he went, the people hung upon his 
 lips. In one of his excursions he went as far as 
 Providence, where his exertions were the means 
 of laying the foundation of a church. Though a 
 zealous friend to the revival of religion which 
 occurred throughout the country a short time 
 before his death, yet he gave no countenance to 
 separations. Such was the sanctity of his char 
 acter, that it impressed the irreligious with awe. 
 To piety he united uncommon benevolence. 
 While with importunate earnestness he pleaded 
 the cause of the poor, he was very charitable 
 himself. It was by his own choice, that he de 
 rived his support from a free contribution, rather 
 than a fixed salary in the usual way. In one of 
 his sermons, he mentions that he had been sup 
 ported twenty years in a way most pleasing to 
 him, and had been under no necessity of spend 
 ing one hour in a week in care for the world. 
 Yet he was sometimes reduced almost to want, 
 though his confidence in the kind providence of 
 God never failed him. Some remarkable in 
 stances of answers to his prayers, and of corre 
 spondences between the event and his faith, are 
 
MOODY. 
 
 not yet forgotten in York. The hour of dinner 
 once came, and his table was un supplied with 
 provisions ; but he insisted upon having the cloth 
 laid, saying to his wife, he was confident that they 
 should be furnished by the bounty of God. At 
 this moment some one rapped at the door, and 
 presented a ready cooked dinner. It was sent 
 by persons who on that day had made an enter 
 tainment, and who knew the poverty of Mr. 
 Moody. He was an irritable man, though he 
 was constantly watchful against this infirmity. 
 He once went into a tavern, and among a number 
 of gamblers found a member of his church. In 
 his indignation he seized hold of him, and cast 
 him out at the door. In one of his sermons the 
 doctrine, which he drew from his text, and which 
 was the foundation of his discourse, was this : 
 " When you know not what to do, you must not 
 do you know not what." He published the dole 
 ful state of the damned, especially of such as go 
 to hell from under the gospel, 1710 ; Judas hung 
 up in chains, 1714; election sermon, 1721; a 
 summary account of the life and death of Joseph 
 Quasson, an Indian. Sullivan s Maine, 238 ; 
 a Funeral Sermon on Moody. 
 
 MOODY, SAMUEL, Dr., died at Brunswick, 
 Me., in 1758, while in command of fort George. 
 He was the son of Rev. S. M. of Newcastle. He 
 was at first a surgeon in the army in 1722, and 
 lived at Portland. 
 
 MOODY, JOSEPH, minister of the north church 
 in York, Me., died in 1753, aged 53. The son of 
 Rev. Samuel M., he graduated at Harvard in 
 1718; and then for years was register of deeds 
 and judge of a court. He became the minister 
 of a new church about 1732 ; but after the death 
 of his wife he fell into a deep melancholy, and 
 wore a handkerchief over his face, for which rea 
 son he was called Handkerchief Moody. Yet in 
 all his gloom he had some gleams of wit. He 
 boarded with his deacon, who was of a hasty tem 
 per, and who one day asked him to pray for a 
 neighbor, chargeable with some fault, " who had 
 got terribly out of the way." Mr. Moody asked, 
 whether he might not possibly share in the blame ? 
 " No, no, no," cried the deacon. " If I thought 
 I did, I would take my horse and ride fifty miles 
 on end." " Ah," said Mr. M., " I believe, Dea 
 con Bragdon, it would take a pretty good horse 
 to outride the devil ! " Mr. M. was respected for 
 his abilities and Christian virtues. He published 
 several religious tracts. Sprague s Annals ; 
 Sketches of the Moody Family. 
 
 MOODY, JOSHUA, a minister and teacher, died 
 at Newburyport in 1768, aged 82. Born in Sal 
 isbury, Mass., he graduated at Harvard in 1707, 
 and was soon ordained as a preacher for the Isle 
 of Shoals ; which place he left in 1733, and set- 
 tied as a schoolmaster at Hampton, then at 
 Njwburyport. Once, as a fishing shallop had 
 
 MOODY. 
 
 587 
 
 been lost in a northeast storm in Ipswich bay, he 
 endeavored to impress this event upon his sea 
 faring hearers at the Shoals in this way : " Sup 
 pose, my brethren, any of you should be taken 
 short in the bay in a northeast storm, your hearts 
 trembling with fear, and nothing but death before 
 you ; whither would your thoughts turn, and what 
 would you do ?" " What would I do ? " replied 
 one of the hardy seamen, " why, I would in 
 stantly hoist the foresail and scud away for 
 Squam." 
 
 MOODY, JOHN, first minister of Newmarket, 
 N. H., died hi 1778, aged 73. Born in Byfield 
 parish, Newbury, Mass., he graduated at Har 
 vard in 1727, and was settled in 1730. 
 
 MOODY, SAMUEL, an eminent teacher, died 
 in Dec., 1795, aged G9. He was the son of Rev. 
 J. Moody of York, born in 1726, graduated in 
 1746, and commenced the business of teaching 
 in York, but was soon called to take charge of 
 the academy in Newbury, founded by Governor 
 Dummer. His fame as a teacher drew many 
 pupils, and he toiled successfully nearly thirty 
 years, till his infirmities caused him to retire 
 from his field of labor. Many distinguished men 
 were the pupils of Master Moody. He was con 
 scientious, faithful, a man of piety and religion. 
 C. C. P. Moody s Sketches oftlie Moody Family^. 
 
 MOODY, BENJAMIN, a very eminent Christian, 
 adorned with all the virtues, died at Newburyport 
 in 1802, aged 81. His character was described 
 by his pastor, Dr. Dana, in a funeral sermon. 
 
 MOODY, SILAS, minister of Arundel, Maine, 
 died in 1816, aged 74. He was of the fourth 
 descent from William, who came from England ; 
 born in Newbury, the son of William ; graduated 
 at Harvard in 1771 ; and was ordained at Arun 
 del, now Kennebunkport, in 1771. He was an 
 excellent minister. He published a sermon on 
 the death of Washington. 
 
 MOODY, AMOS, minister of Pelham, N. H., 
 died in 1819, aged 79. Born in Newbury, Mass., 
 he graduated at Harvard in 1759 ; was settled in 
 1765; and dismissed in 1792. Dr. Church was 
 his successor. 
 
 MOODY, PAUL, a memorable man in the his 
 tory of cotton-spinning, died at Lowell in 1831, 
 aged 52. He was the son of Paul of Byfield. 
 lie had the charge of the Waltham cotton com 
 pany about 1813 or 1814, and made several im 
 portant inventions, as the dead spindle, the 
 governor, and others. About 1824 he was trans 
 ferred as superintendent to Lowell. Sketches 
 of the Moody Family. 
 
 MOODY, LEMUEL, captain, died at Portland, 
 Maine, August 11, 1846, aged 79; his father 
 came from Newbury. He was active in erecting 
 the observatory. He published in 1825 a valua 
 ble chart of Casco bay. 
 
 MOODY, ANSON, M. D., worthy of honorable 
 
588 
 
 MOOERS. 
 
 MOORE. 
 
 remembrance, died in New Haven Feb. 11, 1855, 
 aged 63 ; a victim to the ship fever, contracted in 
 the faithful discharge of his duty. 
 
 MOOERS, BENJAMIN, general, died at Platts- 
 burgh Feb. 20, 1838, aged 80. He was a soldier 
 of the Revolution, and settled in the wilderness 
 of New York in 1783. He held the rank of 
 major-general, and commanded at the siege of 
 Pittsburgh. 
 
 MOOR, MoRDECAl, died in Clinton, Maine, in 
 1840, aged 103. He served in the French Avar. 
 
 MOORE, JAMES, governor of South Carolina 
 in 1700 to 1703, and in 1719, undertook an un 
 successful and costly expedition against Florida. 
 The expense occasioned the first issue of paper 
 money under the name of bills of credit. 
 
 MOORE, ALEXANDER, Dr., died at Borden- 
 town, N. J., Aug. 30, 1785, aged 74. He had 
 been nearly forty years in practice, a man of skill 
 and of a cheerful temper. 
 
 MOORE, ABRAHAM, minister in Newbury, 
 Mass., died in 1801, aged 33. Born in London 
 derry, he graduated at Dartmouth in 1789, and 
 was ordained in 1796. 
 
 MOORE, HANNAH, died in Effingham county, 
 Virginia, May 25, 1802, aged 111 years. 
 
 MOORE, JOHN, colonel, died at Noi-ridgc- 
 wock, Maine, in 1809, aged 77. lie commanded 
 on the left of the troops at the battle of Bunker 
 Hill. 
 
 MOORE, ALFRED, judge of the supreme court 
 of the United States, died at Belfont, N. C., in 
 1810, aged 55. He was a native of North Caro 
 lina and a patriot of the Revolution. He was a 
 captain in a Carolina regiment at the age of 
 nineteen, and sacrificed a great portion of his 
 ample fortune in the cause of his country. After 
 the peace he studied law, and in his profession 
 was the rival of Davie and acquired a large for 
 tune. He succeeded Mr. Iredcll as judge in 
 1800, but resigned the office in 1805. 
 
 MOORE, BENJAMIN, D. D., bishop of New 
 York, died at Greenwich Feb. 27, 1816, aged 67. 
 He was born at Newtown, Long Island, Oct. 16, 
 1748, and educated at King s college, New York. 
 His father was Samuel M., a farmer. He was 
 chosen the rector of. Trinity church in 1800; was 
 president of Columbia college from 1801 to 1811 ; 
 and was for some years a bishop. He was suc 
 ceeded by Bishop Hobart. He published a ser 
 mon before the convention, 1804 ; on disobedience, 
 in American preacher, vol. I. ; iniquity its own 
 accuser, in vol. II. 
 
 MOORE, WILLIAM, M. D., a physician, brother 
 of the preceding, died in 1824, aged 70. He 
 was born at Newtown, Long Island, in 1754. In 
 1778 he went to Europe for his medical education. 
 For more than forty years he was in extensive 
 practice in New York, and highly respected for 
 
 his virtues and religion. He published various 
 papers in the American medical register, the 
 repository, and in the New York journal. 
 Thacher. 
 
 MOORE, JACOB BAILEY, Dr., a surgeon in 
 the army, died in 1813, aged 40. He was of 
 a Scotch family, who settled at Georgetown, Me.; 
 his father was a physician and a surgeon in a na 
 tional vessel. He followed his father s profession 
 in Andover, N. H., from 1796 until the war of 
 1812, when he entered the army. He was skilled 
 in music, and wrote songs. Some of his musical 
 compositions are in Ilolyoke s repository. Cycl. 
 of Amer. Lit. 
 
 MOORE, JONATHAN, third minister of Roches 
 ter, Mass., died in 1814, aged 75. Born at Ox 
 ford, Mass., he graduated at Harvard in 1761; 
 was settled in 1768 ; and resigned in 1792. Dr. 
 Cobb was settled in 1799. 
 
 MOORE, ZEPHANIAH SWIFT, D. D., president 
 of Williams college and first president of Amherst 
 college, died June 30, 1823, aged 52. He was 
 born at Palmer, Mass., Nov. 20, 1770 ; was grad 
 uated at Dartmouth college in 1793 ; and was 
 the minister of Leicester from 1798 till 1811, 
 when he was appointed professor of languages in 
 Dartmouth college. In September, 1815, he was 
 chosen president of Williams college. Having 
 co-operated in the ineffectual attempt to remove 
 this college to Hampshire county, his situation 
 was rendered unpleasant at Williamstown ; so 
 that when the collegiate seminary was established 
 at Amherst in 1821, and before it was incorpo 
 rated as a college, he was invited to preside over 
 it. He died of the cholera at Amherst. His wife 
 was the daughter of Thomas Drury of Ward. 
 He published a sermon at the ordination of Mr. 
 Cotton at Palmer, 1811; at the election, 1818; 
 at ordination of L. P. Bates, 1823. 
 
 MOORE, ELIZABETH, Mrs., died in Pitt county, 
 North Carolina, in 1833, aged 100. 
 
 MOORE, HUGH, a printer, died at Amhcrst, 
 N. II., in 1837, aged 28. He was editor of the 
 Burlington Sentinel. Cycl. of Amer. Lit. 
 
 MOORE, HENRY E., son of Dr. Jacob B. M., 
 died at East Cambridge, Nass., in 1841, aged 38. 
 He served as a printer with Isaac Hill ; published 
 in 1825 the Grafton Journal, at Plymouth, N. II. ; 
 and then soon devoted his whole attention to 
 music. He published the musical catechism ; 
 collection of instrumental music ; also of church 
 music ; the choir ; the northern harp ; anthems, 
 etc. 
 
 MOORE, JAMES, M. D.,Rev., of Grand Bassa 
 in Africa, died on his Avay to the United States 
 in 1851. A slave in America, by his industry he 
 was enabled to purchase himself and family. 
 Living with a physician in Washington, he ac 
 quired much knowledge of medicines and was 
 
MOORE. 
 
 assistant physician to the African colony. lie 
 was a member of the Methodist church and a 
 preacher. 
 
 MOORE, JACOB B., printer and editor, died 
 Sept. 1, 1853, aged 56. He was the son of Dr. 
 Moore of Andover, N. II. In 1818 and after 
 wards he was a partner with Isaac Hill at Con 
 cord, in the printing and bookselling business. 
 He became an able political writer, and gave 
 much attention to the history and antiquities of 
 New England, assisting Mr. J. Farmer in his 
 works. He established the New Hampshire 
 Statesman. Receiving an appointment in the 
 general post-office department, he removed to 
 Washington. Afterwards he was at New York, 
 librarian of the historical society. On the elec 
 tion of President Taylor he was sent to California 
 in charge of the post-office department. By his 
 great labors his health was broken down, and 
 twice was he obliged to return to New England. 
 He died at Bellows Falls, Vt. The present libra 
 rian of the New York historical society is his son. 
 His sister married Dr. Thomas Brown, who died 
 of the cholera at Manchester in August, 1849, 
 himself a leader in the temperance cause. Mr. 
 M. was a man of great intelligence and industry, 
 and of great urbanity of manners. He published 
 a history of Andover, and of Concord ; and, with 
 Dr. Farmer, historical collections, and a gazetteer 
 of New Hampshire; the laws of trade in the 
 United States, 1840. Cycl. ofAmer. Lit. 
 
 MOORE, SAMUEL, died at Albion, Maine, Oct. 
 21, 1854, aged nearly 106. 
 
 MOORE, DAVID, D. D., died at Richmond, 
 New York, Sept. 30, 1856, aged 69, rector for 
 forty-eight years of St. Andrews church, Staten 
 Island. lie was the eldest son of Richard Chan- 
 ning Moore, D. D., late bishop of Virginia. 
 
 MOORHEAD, JOHN, minister in Boston, died 
 Dec. 2, 1773, aged 70. He was born near Bel 
 fast in Ireland about the year 1703, and com 
 pleted his education at one of the universities of 
 Scotland. He arrived at Boston in 1729 or 1730, 
 being invited to become the minister of some 
 emigrants from the north of Ireland, who had 
 sought in that town the peaceable enjoyment of 
 civil and religious liberty. The first meeting for 
 the election of elders was held July 14, 1730, 
 and the church was formed according to the 
 model of the Presbyterian church of Scotland. 
 He devoted himself entirely to his benevolent 
 work, and such was the success of his labors, and 
 the accession of foreign Protestants, that the 
 communicants in 1736 were about two hundred 
 and fifty. His successor was Robert Annan. He 
 visited once or twice in the year all the families 
 of his congregation, for the purpose of imparting 
 religious instruction, and he concluded his visit 
 with prayer, which he always performed upon his 
 knees. Keeping the great object of the ministry 
 
 MORGAN. 
 
 589 
 
 continually in view, he was unwearied in his en 
 deavors to promote the edification and salvation 
 of his people. His mind was not destitute of 
 strength, his imagination was lively, and his man 
 ner was solemn, affectionate, and pathetic. 
 Panoplist, II. 393-396. 
 
 MOREHEAD, JAMES T., governor of Ken 
 tucky, died at Covington Dec. 28, 1854, aged 58. 
 He was a lawyer, and held various offices ; was 
 governor in 1834, and an eminent senator of the 
 United States from 1841 to 1847. 
 
 MORELL, WILLIAM, a poet, accompanied Rob 
 ert Gorges to this country in Sept., 1633, with a 
 commission to superintend the ecclesiastical con 
 cerns of New England. But, as Gorges failed in 
 his plan of a general government, Morell had no 
 opportunity to act under his commission. He 
 lived about a year at Weymouth and Plymouth, 
 and then returned. The result of his observa 
 tions on the country, the Indians, etc., he wrought 
 into a poem, which he published in Latin and 
 English. It is printed in the historical collec 
 tions, I. The following is a specimen : 
 
 " A grand child to earth s paradise is born, 
 Well limb d, well uerv d, fair, rich, sweet, yet forlorn; 
 Thou blest director, so direct my verse 
 That it may win her people, friends, commerce; 
 Whilst her sweet air, rich soil, blest seas, my pen 
 Shall blaze, and tell the natures of her men." 
 
 MORELL, GEORGE, chief justice of Michigan, 
 died at Detroit in 1845, aged 59. Born in Lenox, 
 Mass., he graduated at Williams college. 
 
 MOREY, GEORGE, died in Aug., 1829, aged 
 79, in the 46th year of his ministry, at Walpole, 
 Mass. He was a graduate of Harvard in 1776. 
 
 MOREY, SAMUEL, M. D., died in Norton, 
 Mass., in 1836, aged 79, an excellent physician. 
 He was a graduate of Yale in 1777, and a sur 
 geon in the army ; at last, for his services he re 
 ceived a pension. 
 
 MORGAN, ABEL, Baptist minister of Pen- 
 nepek, Penn., was born in Wales in 1637, and 
 came to this country in 1711. He died Dec. 16, 
 1722. He compiled a folio concordance to the 
 Welch Bible, printed at Philadelphia ; and also 
 translated " century confession " into Welch, with 
 additions. Benedict, I. 583. 
 
 MORGAN, JOHN, M. D., F. R. S., a learned 
 physician, died in 1789, aged 53. He was born 
 in Philadelphia in 1735. When he had com 
 pleted the study of physic under the care of Dr. 
 Redman, he entered into the service of his coun 
 try as a surgeon and lieutenant with the provin 
 cial troops in the last war which was carried on 
 against the French in America. He acquired 
 both skill and reputation as a surgeon in the 
 army. In the year 1760 he went to Europe to 
 prosecute his studies in medicine. After attend 
 ing the lectures of William Hunter, he spent two 
 years at Edinburgh, where he received the in- 
 
590 
 
 MORGAN. 
 
 MORGAN. 
 
 structions of Monro, Cullen, Rutherford, Whyt, 
 and Hope. lie then published an elaborate 
 thesis upon the formation of pus, and was ad 
 mitted to the degree of doctor of medicine. 
 From Edinburgh he went to Paris. lie also vis 
 ited Holland and Italy. During his absence he 
 concerted with Dr. Shippen the plan of a medical 
 school in Philadelphia, and on his arrival in 1765 
 was immediately elected professor of the theory 
 and practice of medicine in the college of that 
 city. He soon delivered his plan for connecting 
 a medical school with the college. In 17G9 he 
 saw the fruits of his labors, for in that year five 
 young gentlemen received the first honors in 
 medicine that were conferred in America. He 
 was active in establishing the American philo 
 sophical society in 17G9. In 1773 he went to 
 Jamaica to solicit benefactions for the advance 
 ment of general literature in the college. In 
 Oct., 1775, he was appointed by congress director 
 general and physician-in-chief to the general hos 
 pital of the American army, in the place of Dr. 
 Church. He immediately repaired to Cambridge ; 
 but in 1777 he was removed from his office with 
 out an opportunity to vindicate himself. The dis 
 sensions between the surgeons of the general 
 hospital and of the regiments, and other circum 
 stances, gave rise to calumnies against him. 
 After his removal he presented himself before a 
 committee of congress, appointed by his request, 
 and was honorably acquitted. His successor in 
 the professor s chair was Dr. Rush. He published 
 tentamen modicum de puris confectione, 17G3; a 
 discourse upon the institution of medical schools 
 in America, 1765 ; four dissertations on the re 
 ciprocal advantages of a perpetual union between 
 Great Britain and her American colonies, 1766 ; 
 a recommendation of inoculation, 1776; a vindi 
 cation of his public character in the station of 
 director-general. Rush s Address, etc. ; Ameri 
 can Museum, vi. 353-355. 
 
 MORGAN, DANIEL, brigadier-general, a dis 
 tinguished officer of the Revolution, died July 6, 
 1802, aged 65. He was born in New Jersey in 
 1737. At the age of eighteen he emigrated to 
 Virginia, in 1755, and being without property, 
 dependent on his daily labor, he obtained em 
 ployment from farmer Roberts of Berkeley co., 
 now Jefferson. Afterwards he was engaged to 
 drive a wagon for J. Ashley, who lived on Shenan- 
 doah river, in Frederic county. At last he be 
 came the owner of a wagon and horses, and was 
 employed by J. Ballantine on Occoquan creek. 
 A British writer mentioned it as a matter of 
 reproach, that Gen. Morgan was once a wag 
 oner. He shared in the perils of Braddock s 
 expedition against the Indians, probably as a 
 wagoner, and was wounded by a bullet through 
 his neck and cheek. It is said, also,-that in this 
 campaign he was unjustly punished on the charge 
 
 of contumely to an officer, and received five hun 
 dred lashes. From the age of twenty to that of 
 thirty he was dissipated, a frequenter of tippling 
 and gambling houses, and often engaged in pugi 
 listic combats, at Berrystown, a small village in 
 Frederic county. From this degradation he rose 
 to usefulness and honor as a soldier. In civil life 
 he might also have been distinguished, had he 
 sought to educate himself. The profits of his 
 business as a wagoner enabled him to buy a tract 
 of land in Frederic, on which he built a house, 
 and where he lived at the commencement of the 
 Revolutionary war. Soon after the battle of 
 Lexington he was appointed a captain by con 
 gress, June 22, 1775, and directed to raise a 
 company of riflemen and march to Boston. Re 
 cruiting very soon ninety-six men, he arrived at 
 Boston after a march of twenty-one days. In 
 Sept., he was detached in the expedition against 
 Quebec, and marched with Arnold through the 
 wilderness of Maine. In the attack on the city 
 of Quebec, Dec. 31, 1775, he was with the party 
 which attacked on the northerly side, along the 
 St. Charles. Arnold being wounded, Morgan 
 and his riflemen assaulted the battery of two guns 
 at the west angle of the town, in a street called, 
 not Saint des Matelots, as Marshall says, but 
 Sault au Matelot, or sailor s leap ; and, firing into 
 the embrasures, and mounting the barricade by 
 ladders, soon carried the battery. Col. Green, 
 who commanded, marched about daylight to at 
 tack the second barrier, which was just around 
 the angle of the town. But this attack was in 
 effectual, , as the enemy fired from the stone houses 
 on each side of the street as well as from the 
 port-holes, besides pouring over grape-shot from 
 a cannon on a high platform within the barrier. 
 In the rear also there was a strong force to pre 
 vent their retreat. Morgan and the survivors 
 were taken prisoners. After his exchange he re 
 joined the army, and was appointed to the com 
 mand of a regiment. Being sent to the assistance 
 of Gen. Gates, he contributed to the capture of 
 Burgoyne, though Gates neglected to speak of 
 his merit. He afterwards served under Gates 
 and Greene in the campaign at the south. With 
 admirable skill and bravery he defeated Tarleton 
 in the battle of the Cowpens, Jan. 17, 1781, tak 
 ing upwards of five hundred prisoners. For this 
 action congress voted him a golden medal. Soon 
 afterwards he retired from the army, and returned 
 to his farm. In the whiskey insurrection in 1794, 
 Washington summoned him to command the 
 militia of Virginia. He afterwards was elected a 
 member of congress. In July, 1799, he pub 
 lished an address to his constituents, vindicating 
 the administration of Mr. Adams. His health 
 declining, he removed from his residence, called 
 Saratoga, to a farm near Berrysville, and after a 
 few years to Winchester. Gen. Lee says, that no 
 
MORGAN. 
 
 mrm hotter loved this world, and no man more 
 reluctantly quitted it. In his last years he mani 
 fested great penitence for the follies of his early 
 life, and became a member of the Presbyterian 
 church of Winchester. lie died after a long 
 and distressing sickness. His son was a captain 
 in the northern army in 1812. He was stout 
 and active, six feet in height, fitted for the toils 
 of war. In his military command he was indul 
 gent. His manners were plain, and his conver 
 sation grave and sententious. Reflecting deeply, 
 his judgment was solid, and what he undertook 
 he executed with unshaken courage and perse 
 verance. J. Graham s life of Morgan was pub 
 lished in 1856. 
 
 MORGAN, WILLIAM, doctor, died at Charles 
 ton, S. C., in July, 1809. 
 
 MORGAN, SOLOMON, minister in Canaan, 
 Conn., died in 1809, aged 59. Born in Canter 
 bury, he was not educated at college. lie was 
 ordained in 1799, over the second parish; was 
 dismissed in 1804; and had a lingering sickness. 
 
 MORGAN, JOHN, general, a soldier of the 
 Revolution, died at Philadelphia in May, 1817. 
 Major-general James Morgan died at South Am- 
 boy, N. J., in 1822, aged G6. 
 
 MORGAN, WILLIAM, captain, a victim of free 
 masonry, died Sept. 19, 1826. He was born in 
 Culpepper co., Va., about 1775. He fought in the 
 battle of New Orleans under Gen. Jackson, Jan. 8, 
 1815. In Oct., 1819, he married Lucinda Pendle- 
 ton of Richmond, Va. In 1821 he removed to York, 
 Upper Canada, where he commenced the business 
 of a brewer; but, his buildings being destroyed 
 by fire, he removed to Rochester, and then to 
 Batavia, in the State of New York. His trade 
 was that of a mason. Having resolved to pub 
 lish a book, disclosing the ridiculous secrets of 
 free-masonry, and his intentions being known, the 
 free-masons resolved to suppress the book, and to 
 punish him for his anti-masonic conduct. lie 
 was first thrown into prison at Canandaigua for. 
 an alleged debt ; a free-mason paid the debt, and, 
 taking him out of the prison, placed him in a 
 carriage at the door, Sept. 11, 1826; and, thus 
 attended and guarded by a sufficient number of 
 free-masons, he was conveyed eighty or ninety 
 miles to Fort Niagara, commanded by Col. King, 
 a free-mason. After being confined a few days, 
 he was removed from the fort, and has never been 
 seen since that time. The evidence elicited has 
 put it beyond a doubt that he was murdered by 
 free-masons in the night, and his body was prob 
 ably sunk in the Niagara river. This murder 
 was the consequence of the masonic oaths, the 
 result of the principles of free-masonry; and 
 many masons, in various places, have justified the 
 deed. Capt. Morgan was a royal arch mason, 
 being the seventh degree, and he had taken seven 
 oaths, binding himself not to reveal any of the 
 
 MORGAN. 
 
 591 
 
 secrets of masonry, under penalty of "having his 
 throat cut across, his tongue torn out by the 
 roots," and having " his left breast torn open, his 
 heart and vitals taken from thence and thrown 
 over his left shoulder," and other penalties of 
 similar horror. In the execution of these penal 
 ties Morgan was doubtless murdered by free 
 masons. Such an event as the abduction and 
 murder of a fellow citizen for merely exposing 
 the imposture of free-masonry, which he had en 
 gaged to keep secret, naturally aroused the indig 
 nant spirit of the people of this country, especially 
 as free-masonry, too strong for the laws, still pro 
 tected the murderers. Richard Rush, the min 
 ister to London and secretary of the treasury in 
 the administration of J. Q. Adams, in his letter 
 of March 2, 1832, says, "A fellow citizen in New 
 York has been murdered by a large and daring 
 confederacy of free-masons, for telling their se 
 crets. The spirit that led to this deed has 
 proved itself able to rescue the murderers from 
 punishment; for masonic witnesses would not 
 testify against brother masons, nor would masonic 
 jurymen convict them, although jurymen not 
 masonic were satisfied of their guilt. This is 
 enough. It shows the lodge to be too strong for 
 the law. Can there be a greater reproach to the 
 Republic ? " " It has been demonstrated, that 
 evil-minded men, or those of weak understand 
 ings, committed murder under color of these 
 oaths." " Masonry works in the dark. Such 
 an institution is dangerous. It ought not to be 
 allowed to exist in a well-governed country." 
 The writer of this article published the following 
 remark a quarter of a century ago : " Whether 
 the institution of masonry, with its false preten 
 sions to antiquity, its mummeries, its ridiculous 
 secrets, its horrible oaths, and shocking blas 
 phemies, all exposed to full light, and red with 
 the blood of its victim, can yet sustain itself in 
 this land of laws, and of morals, and of Chris 
 tianity, assailed by two hundred and thirty news 
 papers established for the special purpose of 
 overthrowing the institution, and with ten thou 
 sands of intelligent, patriotic, and indignant men 
 frowning upon it, remains to be seen." In the 
 result the institution has disappeared : recent at 
 tempts have been made to revive it. 
 
 MORGAN, ASAPII, minister of St. Albans, Vt., 
 died in 1828, in the 21th year of his ministry. 
 
 MORGAN, AsiiURY, a Methodist minister, 
 died at Charleston, S. C., in 1828, aged 30. 
 
 MORGAN, CHARLES W., commodore, died in 
 command of the navy-yard in Washington, Jan. 
 5, 1853. Born in Virginia, a nephew of Gen. 
 Morgan, he entered the navy in 1808, and was 
 distinguished in the Constitution. In 1849 he 
 commanded the naval forces in the Mediterranean, 
 and remained on that station three years. 
 
 MORRILL, MOSES, minister of Biddeford, Me., 
 
592 
 
 MORRILL. 
 
 MORRIS. 
 
 died in 1778, aged 56. Born in Salisbury, Mass., 
 he graduated at Harvard in 1737, and was settled 
 in 1742. He succeeded S. Willard, the first min 
 ister. 
 
 MORRILL, ISAAC, minister of Wilmington, 
 Mass., died in 1793, aged 75, having been a faith 
 ful pastor 52 years. Born in Salisbury, he gradu 
 ated at Harvard in 1737. He published a sermon 
 to Capt. O.sgood and his company, 1755. 
 
 MORRILL, ISAAC, a respected physician, died 
 at Natick, Mass., in 1839, aged 92. 
 
 MORRILL, THOMAS, a Methodist minister, 
 died at Elizabethtown in July, 1839, aged 90. He 
 was a major of the militia in the Revolutionary 
 war, but after 1785 was a man of peace. 
 
 MORRILL, DAVID L., LL. D., governor of 
 New Hampshire, died at Concord Feb. 4, 1849, 
 aged 77. Born in Epping, from 1802 to 1811 he 
 was a minister of Goffstown, N. II., but was after 
 wards in political life. He was a senator of the 
 United States from 1816 to 1822, and governor 
 from 1824 to 1826. He published a sermon on 
 the death of Lieut. Roby, 1812. 
 
 MORRIS, LEWIS, governor of New Jersey, 
 died May 14, 1746, aged about 73. He was the 
 son of Richard M., an officer in the time of Crom 
 well, who, at the Restoration, came to New York, 
 and, obtaining a grant of some thousand acres 
 of land in Westchester county, died in 1673. 
 He was born a short time before the death of his 
 father, and was adopted by his uncle. Once, 
 through fear of his resentment, he strolled into 
 Virginia, and thence to the West Indies. On his 
 return, however, he was received with joy. He 
 was for several years chief justice of New York. 
 He was the second councillor of New Jersey, 
 named in Cornbury s commission in 1702, and 
 continued, with several suspensions, till 1738, 
 when he was appointed the first governor of New 
 Jersey as a separate province from New York. 
 He directed his body to be buried at Morrisania, 
 N. Y., in a plain coffin, without covering or lining 
 with cloth ; he prohibited rings and scarfs from 
 being given at his funeral ; he wished no man to 
 be paid for preaching a funeral sermon upon him, 
 though if any man, churchman or dissenter, min 
 ister or not, was inclined to say any thing on the 
 occasion, he should not object. He prohibited 
 any mourning dress to be worn on his account, 
 as he should die when divine providence should 
 call him away, and was unwilling that his friends 
 should be at the expense, which was owing only 
 to the common folly of mankind. One of his 
 sons was a judge of the court of vice admiralty; 
 another, Robert, was chief justice of New Jersey, 
 and judge of the district court, and died June 2, 
 1815, aged 71; and a third was lieutenant-gov 
 ernor of Pennsylvania. He was a man of letters, 
 and, though a little whimsical in his temper, was 
 grave in his manners and of a most penetrating 
 
 mind. No man equalled him in the knowledge 
 of the law and in the arts of intrigue. Acute in 
 controversy, when he had advanced an argument 
 he would not yield it, unless it was disproved by 
 demonstration almost mathematical. Smith s 
 New Jersey, 428-435 ; Smith s New York, 125, 
 126. 
 
 MORRIS, ROBERT HUNTER, chief justice of 
 New Jersey, the son of the preceding, was for 
 near twenty-six years one of the council of that 
 colony, and was also lieutenant-governor of Penn 
 sylvania from Oct., 1754, to Aug., 1756. The 
 office of chief justice he resigned in the fall of 
 1757, and he died Feb. 20, 1764. His vigorous 
 powers of mind were improved by a liberal edu 
 cation. As a judge he was impartial and upright. 
 Insisting upon strict adherence to the forms of 
 the courts, he reduced the pleadings to precision 
 and method. His address was easy, and there 
 was a commanding influence in his manners. He 
 was free from avarice; generous and manly, 
 though sometimes inconsiderate in the relations 
 of life; often singular, sometimes whimsical, al 
 ways opinionated, and mostly inflexible. Smith s 
 New Jersey, 438, 439. 
 
 MORRIS, LEWIS, major-general, grandson of 
 Gov. Lewis M., died Jan. 22, 1798, aged 71. He 
 was born at the manor of Morrisania, N.Y., in 1726. 
 He was the eldest of four brothers : Staats was 
 an officer in the British service and a member of 
 parliament; Richard was judge of the rice-ad 
 miralty court, New York, chief justice, and died 
 in April, 1810; and Gouverneur was a member 
 of congress. After graduating at Yale college in 
 1746, he settled down in domestic life at Mor 
 risania, having married a Miss Walton, and being 
 devoted to agricultural pursuits. In May, 1775, 
 he was a member of congress, and no one was 
 more zealous for the interests of his country. 
 He was sent to Pittsburg to detach the western 
 Indians from the British. Disregarding his pri 
 vate interest, he voted for the Declaration of In 
 dependence, although British ships were lying 
 within cannon-shot of his house. His beautiful 
 manor of Morrisania was soon desolated; his 
 woodland of one thousand acres was destroyed; 
 and his family driven into exile. He retired from 
 congress in 1777, and was afterwards general of 
 the militia. Three of his sons served their coun 
 try : one as the aid of Sullivan and in the family 
 of Greene ; another as the aid of Lee ; and a tliird 
 as lieut. of artillery. One of these, I suppose, 
 was Colonel Lewis M., who died at Morrisania in 
 Nov., 1824, aged 70. 
 
 MORRIS, ROBERT, superintendent of the 
 finances of the United States, died at Philadel 
 phia May 8, 1806, aged 71. He was born in 
 Lancashire, England, in June, 1734 ; when he 
 was at the age of thirteen his father brought him 
 to this country. About 1749 he was placed in 
 
MORRIS. 
 
 the counting-house of Charles Willing, an emi 
 nent merchant of Philadelphia, after whose death 
 he was taken into partnership by his son, Thomas 
 Willing. The partnership lasted from 1754 to 
 1793, a period of thirty-nine years. At the be 
 ginning of the Revolution the house of Willing 
 and Morris was more extensively engaged in 
 commerce than any other house in Philadelphia. 
 His enterprise and credit have seldom been 
 equalled. In 177G he was a member of congress 
 from Pennsylvania, and his name is affixed to the 
 Declaration of Independence. In the beginning 
 of 1781 he was intrusted with the management 
 of the finances, and the services which, in this 
 station, he rendered to his country, were of incal 
 culable value, being assisted by his partner, Gou- 
 verneur Morris. He pledged himself personally 
 and extensively for articles of the most absolute 
 necessity to the army. It was owing in a great 
 degree to him that the decisive operations of the 
 campaign of 1781 were not impeded, or com 
 pletely defeated, from the want of supplies. He 
 proposed the plan of a national bank, the capital 
 to be formed by individual subscription, and it 
 was incorporated on the last day of 1781. The 
 army depended principally upon Pennsylvania for 
 flour, and he himself raised the whole supplies of 
 this State on the engagement of being reimbursed 
 by the taxes which had been imposed by law. In 
 1782 he had to struggle with the greatest difficul 
 ties, for, with the most judicious and rigid econ 
 omy, the public resources failed, and against him 
 were the complaints of unsatisfied claimants 
 directed. He resigned his office after holding it 
 about three years. In his old age he engaged in 
 land speculations, by which he lost his fortune, 
 and in his last years he was confined in prison 
 for debt. Surely those laws which send a man to 
 prison for misfortune, and not for crime, will at 
 last come to be regarded as discreditable to a 
 civilized community. His wife was the sister of 
 Bishop White. A part of his laborious corre 
 spondence is published in the Diplomatic corre 
 spondence, by J. Sparks. Marshall, rv. 457-460, 
 557, 565. 
 
 MORRIS, RICHAED, chief justice of New York, 
 died at Westchester in April, 1810. 
 
 MORRIS, ROBERT, judge, died at New Bruns 
 wick, N. J., May 2, 1815, aged 70. He was chief 
 justice of New Jersey during the war; and was 
 succeeded by Brearley. Washington appointed 
 him district judge, which post he held till his 
 death. 
 
 MORRIS, GOUVERNEUR, minister of the United 
 States to France, the youngest son of Lewis 
 Morris by a second marriage, died Nov. 6, 1816, 
 aged 64. He was born at Morrisania, near New 
 York, Jan. 31, 1752, and was graduated at King s 
 college in 1768. Having studied with William 
 Smith, he was chosen in May, 1775, a member of 
 75 
 
 MORRIS. 
 
 593 
 
 the provincial congress, and he served zealously 
 in the same body in subsequent years ; in Oct., 
 1777, he was a member of the continental con 
 gress. In 1780 he removed to Philadelphia. 
 Being thrown from his carriage in the street, the 
 bones of his leg were so fractured as to render 
 amputation necessary. The loss was supplied by 
 a " rough stick," which he never changed for a 
 handsome leg. In July, 1781, he was an assist 
 ant to Robert Morris in the superintendence of 
 the finances, and after the war engaged with him 
 in commercial enterprises. They were not con 
 nected by blood. In Dec., 1786, he purchased 
 from his brother, a lieutenant-general in the Brit 
 ish service, the estate of Morrisania, and soon 
 made it his abode. In the next year he was a 
 member for Pennsylvania of the convention 
 which framed the Constitution of the United 
 States. He proposed a senate for life. From 
 1788 to 1792 he resided chiefly in Paris, engaged 
 in selling lands and in money speculations. In 
 1792 he was appointed a minister plenipotentiary 
 to France, and held this place till Oct., 1794. 
 Afterwards he travelled on the continent. Re 
 turning to this country in the autumn of 1798, 
 he was chosen a senator of the United States in 
 1800, to fill a vacancy till 1803. In the contest 
 for the presidency he preferred Jefferson to Burr. 
 The project of the great canal of New York was 
 promoted by his efforts. He died at Morrisania. 
 His wife, whom he married in 1816, was Miss 
 Randolph of Virginia. He lived in hospitality, 
 and was admired for his various knowledge and 
 his copious and eloquent conversation ; yet he 
 was sometimes overbearing and indiscreet. He 
 delivered two months before his death an address 
 to the historical society, in which he points out 
 the superiority of scriptural history to all other 
 history. He regarded religious principle as ne 
 cessary to national independence and peace. 
 " There must be something more to hope than 
 pleasure, wealth, and power. Something more 
 to fear than poverty and pain. Something after 
 death more terrible than death. There must be 
 religion. When that ligament is torn, society is 
 disjointed and its members perish." This final 
 testimony in favor of Scripture is the more im 
 portant, as Mr. Jefferson represents that he did 
 not believe in Christianity. He published obser 
 vations on the American Revolution, 1779; ad 
 dress against the abolition of the bank of North 
 America, 1785 ; an eulogy on Washington ; an 
 eulogy on Hamilton ; an eulogy on G. Clinton ; 
 an oration before the New York historical so 
 ciety, 1812; oration on the restoration of the 
 Bourbons in France, 1814; inaugural discourse 
 as president of the New York historical society, 
 Sept. 4, 1816. His life, with selections from his 
 correspondence, etc., was published by Jared 
 Sparks in 3 vols., 8vo., 1832. 
 
594 
 
 MORRIS. 
 
 MORSE. 
 
 MORRIS, JAMES, an eminent teacher in Conn., 
 died in Waynesborough, Ga., in 1820, aged about 
 65. He graduated at Yale in 1775, and was an 
 officer in the Revolutionary war. Afterwards, in 
 his native village of South Farms, in the town of 
 Litchfield, Conn., he founded and conducted a 
 very flourishing academy for the youths of both 
 sexes. Dwight s Travels. 
 
 MORRIS, JACOB, general, died in Butternuts, 
 Otsego co., New York, Dec. 13, 1843, aged 89, 
 aid of Gen. Lee in the war of the Revolution. 
 He was the son of Gen. Lewis Morris, and the 
 patriarch of a numerous family. 
 
 MORRIS, CHARLES, commodore, died at Wash 
 ington Jan. 27, 1856, aged 70, senior officer in 
 the navy, regarded as the ablest naval commander 
 in the world. A native of Connecticut, he entered 
 the navy in 1799, served under Preble against the 
 Barbary States, and was with Decatur at his 
 destruction of the frigate Philadelphia from under 
 the guns of Tripoli. In the war of 1812 he was 
 first lieutenant in the Constitution. At the cap 
 ture of the Guerriere he was shot through the 
 body. During the many years of peace his ad 
 vice and services were very important at Wash 
 ington. He was chief of the ordnance bureau. 
 
 MORRISON, JOHN, first minister of Peter 
 borough, N. H., died in 1782, aged 40. Born in 
 Scotland, educated at Edinburgh, he was settled 
 in 1766, and dismissed in 1775. 
 
 MORRISON, NORMAN, Dr., died in Connec 
 ticut in 1791, aged 71. He was born in Scot 
 land ; educated at Edinburgh ; came to this 
 country about 1740 ; first lived two years at 
 Wethersfield, then settled at Hartford, where his 
 reputation ever stood high for science and skill. 
 He instructed pupils. He died at the house of 
 his pupil, Dr. Farnsworth, of Wethersfield. The 
 following anecdote is related : A patient wished 
 him to consult an ignorant Dr. Andrus, who was 
 conversant with the Farmington Indians, and had 
 learned their skill in herbs. He agreed, but sent 
 him a note requesting a meeting, written in Latin. 
 Dr. A. could make nothing of it. However, he 
 carried it to Rector Williams, who translated it. 
 The Yankee was not to be outwitted ; so he sent 
 back an answer written in the Indian tongue, 
 which it was beyond the power of Dr. Morrison 
 to decipher. Williams Med. Biog. 
 
 MORRISON, WILLIAM, D. D., minister of 
 Londonderry, N. H., a native of Scotland, suc 
 ceeded David McGregore, and was ordained in 
 the west parish of L., Feb. 12, 1783. He died 
 March 9, 1818, aged G9, and was succeeded Jan. 
 16, 1822, by Daniel Dana, subsequently settled 
 in Newburyport. He was an eminently pious 
 and useful minister. He published a sermon 
 at the election, 1792 ; installation of J. Giles, 
 1803; a sermon at the ordination of J. Walker, 
 1812. 
 
 MORROW, JEREMIAH, governor, died in Ohio 
 March 22, 1852, aged 82. A native of Pennsyl 
 vania, he removed to the Northwest Territory in 
 1795 ; he assisted in forming the constitution of 
 Ohio in 1802, and was the first member of con 
 gress, then a senator from 1813 to 1819. He 
 was also governor from 1822 to 1826, and subse 
 quently canal commissioner and representative in 
 congress. In all trusts he was distinguished for 
 good sense and integrity. 
 
 MORSE, EBENEZER, first minister of Boylston, 
 Mass., died Jan. 3, 1802, aged 84. Born in Med- 
 field, he graduated at Harvard in 1737; was or 
 dained in 1743 ; and resigned in 1775. 
 
 MORSE, JEDIDIAII, D. D., minister of Charles- 
 town, Mass., died June 9, 1826, aged 65. He 
 was a native of Woodstock, Conn., and a de 
 scendant of Anthony M. who lived in Newbury, 
 Mass., in 1636. He was born in 1761 ; gradu 
 ated at Yale college in 1783 ; and was installed 
 April 30, 1789. His predecessors were James, 
 Symmes, Harvard, Allen, the Shepards, Morton, 
 Bradstreet, Stevens, Abbot, Prentice, and Paine. 
 About 1821 he was dismissed and Mr. Fay was 
 settled as his successor. He died at New Haven. 
 His wife was Miss Breeze of New Jersey, a grand 
 daughter of Pres. Finley, and was eminent for 
 her intelligence and virtues; she died May 28, 
 1828, aged 61. One of his sons is distinguished 
 as a painter, and is known the world over by 
 his electric telegraph ; and two are the editors 
 of the New York Observer. Dr. Morse estab 
 lished the publication of the Panoplist, and 
 was for some time its principal editor, until it 
 was committed to Mr. Evarts. His zeal for 
 the orthodox faith caused him to be much en 
 gaged in controversy, particularly in regard to 
 the election of the Hollis professor of divinity at 
 Harvard college. He deserves the title of the 
 American geographer. He first published geog 
 raphy made easy, 1784, and American geography, 
 8vo., 1789. In 1793 it appeared in two vols. and 
 in many subsequent editions. He published also 
 the American gazetteer, 1797 and 1804. He 
 published also thanksgiving sermons, 1795, 1798, 
 1799; fast sermons, 1798, 1799, 1812; on the 
 death of R. Carey, 1790; of Thos. Russell, 1796; 
 of James Russell, 1798; of George Washington, 
 1800; of Mary Russell, 1806; masonic sermon, 
 1798 ; address to the Andover students, 1799 ; 
 before the humane society; at the artillery 
 election, 1803 ; history of New England, with E. 
 Parish, 1804; true reasons on which the elec 
 tion of a professor of divinity was opposed, 1805 ; 
 at the African meeting-house, 1808; at the or 
 dination of H. May, 1803; of J. Huntington, 
 1808; before the asylum, 1807; before the society 
 for propagating the gospel, 1810 ; at the conven 
 tion, 1812; before a moral association, 1813; ap 
 peal to the public on the controversy concerning 
 
MORSE. 
 
 MORTON. 
 
 595 
 
 Harvard college, 1814 ; at the annual meeting of 
 the commissioners for foreign missions, 1821 ; re 
 port on Indian affairs, being a narrative of a tour 
 made in 1820, 8vo. Budington s History of 
 Charlestown. 
 
 MORSE, NATHANIEL S., Dr., died in Sutton 
 March 17, 1835, aged 84; an eminent physician 
 and Christian. 
 
 MORSE, Mrs., widow of Asa M., died in Bel- 
 chertown Oct. 3, 1843, aged 99. She had seven 
 children, sixty-two grandchildren, one hundred 
 and forty-four great-grandchildren, and ten 
 great-great-grandchildren. 
 
 MORSE, STEPHEN, a soldier who bled in the 
 war of the Revolution, died at Ilaverhill, N. II., 
 in 1843, aged 88. Of his twelve sons, all but one 
 lived to manhood. 
 
 MORSE, JOHN, minister of Green River, Co 
 lumbia county, died in Otsego county, N. Y., Jan. 
 3, 1844, aged 80. Born in Medway, he gradu 
 ated at Providence ; studied theology with Mr. 
 Sandford of M., whose daughter he married. 
 From 1792 he was minister at Green River 
 twenty-three years, and then twelve at Otsego. 
 In both places his labors were much blessed. He 
 was a sound theologian, a faithful preacher. 
 Among his last words he said : " I long to depart, 
 that I may be with Christ." 
 
 MORSS, JAMES, Episcopal minister in New- 
 buryport, died April 26, 1842, aged 62 ; a grad 
 uate of 1800, nearly thirty-nine years in the 
 ministry. 
 
 MORTON, THOMAS, an early settler in New 
 England, and a disturber of the public peace, 
 died about 1646. He was a lawyer in England, 
 and came first to this country in June, 1622, with 
 Weston s company, who made a temporary set 
 tlement at Weymouth. He arrived again with 
 Capt. Wollaston in 162,3, and settled at Mount 
 Wollaston, now Braintree. Here the company, 
 which did not consist of persons influenced by 
 any religious considerations, " fell to great licen 
 tiousness of life, in all profaneness, and the said 
 Morton became lord of misrule." He supplied 
 the Indians with arms, that they might hunt for 
 him; and in this way, as well as by his injustice, 
 endangered the existence of the religious settle 
 ments. On May day, 1626, a new name was 
 given to Pasonagessit, or Mount Wollaston, that 
 of " Ma-re Mount," commonly written Merry 
 Mount, on which occasion there was a revel. A 
 pine tree eighty feet in length, with a pair of 
 buck s horns nailed near the top, was brought to 
 the place, with drums, guns, and pistols, and 
 raised up ; a barrel of beer and a case of bottles 
 were provided ; and the company danced around 
 the May-pole hand in hand, while one filled out 
 the liquor and all joined in a licentious song; 
 which, says Morton, was " lamentable to the pre 
 cise separatists at Plymouth." The magistrates, at 
 
 the common request of different plantations, after 
 ineffectual remonstrances with Morton, sent Capt. 
 Standish to suppress the pestilent establishment. 
 Morton was taken prisoner and transported to 
 England ; but the next year he returned, and he 
 was again seized by the governor of Massachu 
 setts and transported, and his house was demol 
 ished, " that it might be no longer a roost for 
 such unclean birds." He came again to tin s coun 
 try in 1643, and after being arrested and impris 
 oned a year for his scandalous book, was dis 
 missed with a fine in 1644. His age saved him 
 from corporal punishment. He died in poverty 
 at Agamenticus. He published New English Ca 
 naan, containing account of the natives, a de 
 scription of the country, and the tenets and prac 
 tice of the church, 4to., 1632. The same work 
 has the imprint, Amsterdam, 1637, pp. 188. It 
 professes to be written upon ten years knowledge. 
 As a specimen of his skill in natural history, he 
 says, that the humming-bird " lives upon the bee, 
 which he catcheth among the flowers. Flowers 
 he cannot feed upon by reason of his sharp bill." 
 He describes the principal persons under fictitious 
 names ; Mr. Endicott is Capt. Littleworth, Win- 
 throp is Joshua Temperwell, Standish is Capt. 
 Shrimp. He relates that at Wessagusset a young 
 man stole corn, and was tried by Edward John 
 son, a special judge, and sentenced to death ; 
 when it was proposed to put the young men s 
 clothes on an old, impotent, sickly man, that was 
 about to die, and hang him instead of the young 
 man ; and " so they did." Such is my memoran 
 dum after examining the book many years ago ; 
 Mr. Savage, however, says, that he states that the 
 proposal " was not agreed to." In either case, 
 this was the origin of the story in Hudibras. 
 Prince, 76-80; Hutclunson, I. 8, 31, 32. 
 
 MORTON, CHARLES, minister of Charlestown, 
 Mass., died April 11, 1698, aged 71. He was 
 born in England about the year 1626, and edu 
 cated at Oxford, of which college he was fellow. 
 He was at first a royalist and zealous for the 
 church of England ; but, observing in the civil 
 wars that the most debauched generally attached 
 themselves to the king in opposition to the more 
 virtuous part of the nation, he was led to attend 
 more to the controversy between the Prelatists 
 and the Puritans. At length he became a Puri 
 tan himself. He began his ministry at Blisland. 
 After his ejectment by the act of uniformity in 
 1662, he preached privately to a few people till 
 the fire of London, in 1666, after which event he 
 removed to that city and established an academy 
 at Newington Green. Among his pupils was De 
 Foe, the author of Robinson Crusoe. Many 
 young ministers were educated by him. After 
 about twenty years continuance in an employ 
 ment for which he was eminently qualified, he 
 was so infested by processes from the bishop s 
 
596 
 
 MORTON. 
 
 MOULTON. 
 
 court that he was obliged to desist from it. He 
 came to New England in July, 1686, and was in 
 stalled pastor of the church in Charlestown, Nov. 
 5, 1686. Here he continued till his death. He 
 was succeeded by Mr. Bradstreet. He was emi 
 nent in every kind of learning. Having a gentle 
 and benignant temper, he was endeared to all 
 his acquaintance. He wrote a number of trea 
 tises, but they are chiefly compendious, for he 
 was an enemy to large volumes, often quoting 
 the adage, a great book is a great evil. In Cal- 
 amy s Continuation there is a copy of his advice 
 to those of his pupils who were designed for the 
 ministry. Two of his manuscripts are still pre 
 served in this country; the one in the library 
 of the Massachusetts historical society, entitled, 
 compendium physical ex authoribus extractum ; 
 and the other in the library of Bowdoin college, 
 entitled, a complete system of natural philosophy 
 in general and special. He published the little 
 peace-maker; foolish pride the make-bate, 1674; 
 the gaming humor considered and reproved; 
 the way of good men for wise men to walk in ; 
 season birds, an inquiry into the sense of Jeremiah 
 VIII. 7 ; meditations on the first fourteen chapters 
 of Exodus, etc. ; the spirit of man, meditations 
 on 1 Thess. V. 23 ; of commonplaces or memo 
 rial books ; a discourse on improving the country 
 of Cornwall, a part of which, on sea-sand for ma 
 nure, is printed in the philosophical transactions, 
 April, 1675 ; considerations on the new river ; 
 letter to a friend to prove money not so necessary 
 as imagined ; the ark, its loss and recovery. 
 
 MO11TON, NATHANIEL, secretary of Plymouth 
 colony, died June 28, 1685, aged 73. He was 
 born in England, and was the son of George M., 
 who came to this country in July, 1623, and died 
 at Plymouth in June, 1624, leaving a widow, the 
 sister of Governor Bradford, and four sons ; from 
 John, one of these, descended Marcus M., and 
 from Ephraim descended Perez M., distinguished 
 men, in the State of Massachusetts. Mr. M. was 
 appointed in 1645 clerk or secretary of the colony 
 court, and continued in office forty years, till his 
 death. He wrote in 1680 a brief ecclesiastical 
 history of the church at Plymouth, in the records 
 of the church, which is preserved by Hazard ; 
 and New England s memorial, or a brief relation 
 of the most memorable and remarkable passages 
 of the providence of God, manifested to the plant 
 ers of New England, 4to., 1669. This work, 
 which is confined very much to Plymouth colony, 
 was compiled principally from manuscripts of his 
 uncle, William Bradford, extending from the year 
 1620 to 1646, and he had access also to the 
 journals of Edward Winslow. This work has 
 been of great service to succeeding historians. 
 A second edition was printed in 1721; a fifth, 
 with notes by Judge Davis, 1826; a sixth, with 
 notes, by the Congregational board, 1855. 
 
 MORTON, JOHN, a patriot of the Revolution, 
 died in 1777, aged 55. He was a native of Ches 
 ter county, Penn., now Delaware. In 1764 he 
 was appointed a member of the assembly of Penn 
 sylvania, and afterwards a judge of the superior 
 court. Elected a member of congress in 1774, he 
 in 1776 voted in favor of the Declaration of In 
 dependence. Had he voted on the other side, 
 the voice of Pennsylvania would have been against 
 the declaration, as the other delegates were 
 equally divided on the subject. Of the committee 
 on the system of confederation he was the chair 
 man. He left three sons and five daughters. 
 He was a professor of religion and a benevolent 
 and excellent man. Goodrich. 
 
 MORTON, JACOB, general, a man of promi 
 nence in the city of New York, died in 1836. 
 
 MORTON, PEREZ, attorney-general of Massa 
 chusetts, died at Dorchester in 1837, aged 87. 
 He graduated at Harvard in 1771. 
 
 MORTON, SAMUEL GEORGE, Dr., died in Phil 
 adelphia in 1851, aged 52. He was for thirty 
 years a member of the academy of natural scien 
 ces, of which he was president. He had a mu 
 seum of crania, the most extensive in the world, 
 lie published crania Americana, and crania Egyp- 
 tiaca ; a work on consumption ; and other works. 
 After his death his types of mankind was pub 
 lished, with a memoir. Cycl. of Amer. Lit. 
 
 MOSELEY, SAMUEL, minister of Hampton, 
 Conn., died in 1791, aged 82, in the fifty-seventh 
 year of his ministry. Born in Dorchester, Mass., 
 he graduated at Harvard in 1729. He was an 
 accomplished gentleman and scholar, a strict dis 
 ciplinarian, a faithful preacher. Cogswell s Ser 
 mon. 
 
 MOSELEY, ABNER, a physician in Wethers- 
 field, Conn., died in 1811, aged 45. He gradu 
 ated at Yale in 1786, and studied with his uncle, 
 Dr. Thomas M. of East Haddam, president of 
 the Connecticut medical society. Thacher. 
 
 MOSELY, SAMUEL, a missionary, died at May- 
 hew in the Choctaw nation Sept. 11, 1824, aged 
 33. His theological studies had been completed 
 at Andover three years previously. He was a 
 graduate of Middlebury in 1818. His wife sur 
 vived him. In great peace he requested her to 
 weep no more for him. 
 
 MOSHER, HANNAH, Mrs., died at Galloway, 
 New York, in 1835, aged 100. 
 
 MOSS, REUBEN, minister of Ware, Mass., 
 died in 1809, aged about 42. Born in Cheshire, 
 Conn., he was graduated at Yale in 1787, and 
 was ordained in 1792. Sprague s Annals. 
 
 MOULTON, JEREMIAH, colonel, died at York, 
 July 20, 1765, aged 77. He was born at York, 
 Maine, in 1688, and was taken prisoner by the 
 Indians Jan. 22, 1692, old style, when York was 
 destroyed by the Indians. He was released, with 
 other children, in gratitude for the humanity of 
 
MOULTRIE. 
 
 MOURT. 
 
 597 
 
 Col. Church, who in one of his expeditions had 
 released several Indian prisoners, old women and 
 children. The savages were not ungrateful for 
 acts of kindness. In August, 1724, he and Capt. 
 Harmon, with two hundred and eight men and 
 three Mohawk Indians, marched against the In 
 dian settlement at Xorridgewock, in consequence 
 of attacks upon the frontiers. There being four 
 companies, the other commanders were Capt. 
 Bourne and Lieut. Bean. They left llichmond 
 fort Aug. 8, old style, or Aug. 19; the next day 
 arrived at Taconic, where they left their boats 
 and a guard of forty men. August 21, they 
 marched by land, and in the evening fired upon 
 two Indians, who proved to be the daughter and 
 wife of Bomaseen ; the former was killed ; the 
 latter taken prisoner. Aug. 23, they approached 
 the village ; Harmon with eighty men marching 
 circuitously by the fields, and Moulton with eighty 
 men directly upon Norridgewock, which he sur 
 prised. The Indians, consisting of about sixty 
 warriors, were defeated, and the chapel and vil 
 lage destroyed. Father Ralle was killed in a 
 wigwam, and twenty-six Indians, among whom 
 were Bomaseen, and his son-in-law, Mog, also 
 Job, Canabesett, and Wissememet, all noted war 
 riors. One of the Mohawks was killed, but none 
 of the whites. Harmon carried the scalps to 
 Boston, and, being chief in command, was made a 
 lieutenant-colonel for the exploit of Moulton, who 
 obtained no reward. At the reduction of Louis- 
 bourg, in 1745, he commanded a regiment, and 
 was afterwards sheriff of the county, councillor, 
 and judge of the common pleas and of probate. 
 His son and grandson were sheriffs. 
 
 MOULTRIE, JOHN, an eminent physician of 
 South Carolina, was a native of Europe, and came 
 to Charleston about the year 1733. For forty 
 years he was at the head of his profession. He 
 died about the year 1773, universally lamented. 
 He was the idol of his patients. So great was 
 the confidence reposed in his judgment, that 
 those who were usually attended by him prefer 
 red his advice and assistance, even on the festive 
 evening of St. Andrew s day, to the advice of any 
 other professional man in his most collected mo 
 ments. He possessed excellent talents for obser 
 vation, and was very sagacious in finding out the 
 hidden causes of diseases and in adapting reme 
 dies for their removal. On account of his death, 
 a number of the ladies of Charleston went into 
 mourning. 
 
 MOULTRIE, JOHN, M. D., son of the preced 
 ing, and eminent for literature and medical sci 
 ence, was the first Carolinian who obtained a 
 medical degree from the university of Edinburgh, 
 where, in 1749, he defended a thesis de febre flava. 
 He was afterwards lieutenant-governor of East 
 Florida. Ra?usay s Review of Medicine, 43 ; 
 Miller, II. 364. 
 
 MOULTRIE, WILLIAM, governor of South 
 Carolina, and a major-general in the American 
 war, died in Charleston Sept. 27, 1805, aged 75. 
 He was devoted to the service of his country from 
 an early period of his life. In the Cherokee war, 
 in 1760, he was a volunteer under the command 
 of Governor Littleton. He was afterwards in 
 another expedition under Col. Montgomery. He 
 then commanded a company in a third expedition 
 in 1761, which humbled the Cherokees, and 
 brought them to terms of peace. He was among 
 the foremost at the commencement of the Rev 
 olution to assert the liberties of his country, and 
 he braved every danger to redress her wrongs. 
 His manly firmness, intrepid zeal, and cheerful 
 exposure of every thing he possessed, added 
 weight to his counsels, and induced others to 
 join him. In the beginning of the war he was 
 colonel of the second regiment of South Carolina. 
 His defence of Sullivan s Island, with three hun 
 dred and forty-four regulars and a few militia, 
 and his repulse of the British in their attack upon 
 the fort, June 28, 1776, gained him honor. In 
 consequence of his good conduct, he received the 
 unanimous thanks of congress, and in compliment 
 to him, the fort was from that time called fort 
 Moultrie. In 1779 he gained a victory over the 
 British in the battle near Beaufort. In 1780 he 
 was second in command in Charleston during the 
 siege. After the city surrendered he was sent to 
 Philadelphia. In 1782 he returned with his 
 countrymen, and was repeatedly chosen governor 
 of the State, till the infirmities of age induced 
 him to withdraw to the peaceful retreat of do 
 mestic life. The glory of his honorable services 
 was surpassed by his disinterestedness and integ 
 rity. An attempt was once made on the part of 
 the British to bribe him, and he was thought to 
 be more open to corruption, as he had suffered 
 much in his private fortune. But, resolving to 
 share the fate of his country, he spurned the 
 offers of indemnification and preferment which 
 were made him. He was an unassuming, easy, 
 and affable companion, cheerful and sincere in his 
 friendships. He published memoirs of the Amer 
 ican Revolution, so far as it related to North and 
 South Carolina and Georgia, 2 vols. 8vo., 1802. 
 This work is principally a collection of letters, 
 written by civil and military officers in the time 
 of the war. Ilollingshead s Discourse. 
 
 MOUNTAIN, JACOB, first Episcopal bishop of 
 Quebec, was consecrated about the year 1794, 
 and died at Marchmont, near Quebec, June 19, 
 1825, aged 75. He was succeeded by Dr. 
 Stewart. 
 
 MOURT, GEORGE, published a relation or 
 journal of the beginning and proceedings of the 
 English plantation, settled at Plymouth in Now 
 England by certain English adventurers, both 
 merchants and others, London, 1622. This was 
 
598 
 
 MOXON. 
 
 MUNN. 
 
 abridged byPurchas and republished in historical 
 collections, Till. 203-239. The parts of the 
 original relation which are omitted in the abridg 
 ment, are published in 2 hist. coll. IX. 26-74. 
 This relation, probably written by different per 
 sons, includes a journey to Packanokik, the hab 
 itation of the great king, Massassoit. Concerning 
 Mourt himself nothing is known ; it is supposed 
 that he was one of the merchant adventurers. 
 
 MOXON, GEORGE, first minister of Spring 
 field, Mass., was born at Wakefield, in Yorkshire, 
 England, and educated at Cambridge. Coming 
 to this country as a preacher in 1637, he was in 
 that year settled at Springfield, where he re 
 mained until 1652, when he returned to England. 
 He preached in different places till disabled by 
 age and the palsy. He died at Congleton Sept. 
 15, 1687, aged 84. He was succeeded by Mr. 
 Glover. His son, George, was ejected from a 
 parish in Essex in 1662. Some sermons on self- 
 denial were prepared for the press, but not 
 printed. 
 
 MOXUS, an Indian chief of distinction at Nor- 
 ridgewock, in Maine, about 1690, was concerned, 
 in 1702, in a treacherous but unsuccessful assault 
 on Maj. March at Casco. 
 
 MUHLENBERG, HEXRY MELCHIOR, D. I)., 
 the founder of the German Lutheran church in 
 the United States, was born at Eimbeck, in Han 
 over, Germany, in 1711, and came to Philadel 
 phia, where he was the pastor of a German 
 Lutheran church forty-five years, and distin 
 guished for his piety and learning. He died in 
 1787, aged 76. His three sons, Peter, Frederick, 
 and Henry, were distinguished men : Frederic 
 Augustus, treasurer of the State, president of the 
 convention which ratified the constitution of the 
 United States, member of congress and speaker 
 of the house in 1793, died at Lancaster June 4, 
 1801, aged 51. 
 
 MUHLENBERG, PETER, major-general in the 
 army of the Revolution, son of the preceding, 
 died Oct. 1, 1807, aged 62. In obedience to the 
 wishes of his father he studied divinity, and offi 
 ciated as an Episcopal clergyman in Virginia until 
 1776, when he was elected a member of the con 
 vention. He soon entered the military service in 
 command of a regiment. In conducting a storm 
 ing party at Yorktown, he and all his men were 
 wounded. In Feb., 1777, he was appointed brig 
 adier-general, and major-general at the close of 
 the war. In 1801 he was appointed a senator of 
 the United States from Pennsylvania, and in 1802 
 collector of the port of Philadelphia, in which 
 office he continued till his death. 
 
 MUHLENBERG, HENRY ERXST, D. D., a 
 botanist, the son of Rev. Henry M. M., died 
 May 23, 1815, aged 61. He was born in New 
 Providence, Montgomery county, Penn., Nov. 17, 
 1753. In 1763 he was sent to Halle with his 
 
 two elder brothers to finish his education. On 
 his return in 1770 he was ordained, at the early 
 age of 17, and in 1774 appointed one of the 
 assistants of his father in the Philadelphia con 
 gregation. In 1780 he accepted a call from Lan 
 caster, where he lived about thirty-five years in 
 the exemplary discharge of the duties of his 
 office. He died of the apoplexy. While he was 
 a learned theologian and well acquainted with 
 the ancient languages, and skilful also in medi 
 cine, chemistry, and mineralogy, he was particu 
 larly distinguished for his knowledge of botany. 
 He was induced first to cultivate this science in 
 1777, when he was driven from Philadelphia in 
 consequence of its being occupied by the British. 
 From this time he corresponded with many 
 learned botanists in Europe and America. Of 
 many learned societies he was a member. His 
 herbarium was purchased and presented to the 
 Amer. philos. society. lie published catalogus 
 plantarum Amer. septent. 1813; descriptio ube- 
 rior graminium, etc., 1816. He left flora Lan- 
 castriensis in manuscript. Encyc. Americana. 
 
 MU1R, JAMES, minister at Alexandria, Va. f 
 died in Aug., 1820. He published the virtuous 
 woman, a sermon in the American preacher, II. ; 
 address to a public society, 1814. 
 
 MULLIKEN, ISAAC, Dr., of Townsend, Mass., 
 died in 1837, aged 85, a fellow of the medical 
 society. 
 
 MUNFORD, WILLIAM, a poet, died in Rich 
 mond, Va., June 21, 1825, aged 49. His father, 
 Col. Robert, was a patriot of the Revolution, 
 whose poems were published in 1798. The son 
 was educated at William and Mary college ; 
 studied law ; was many years a member of the 
 house of delegates ; then was appointed clerk 
 till his death. He translated the whole of Ho 
 mer s Iliad into blank verse : the work was pub 
 lished in two vols., 1846, at Boston. He published 
 also an early volume of poems and prose writings. 
 Cycl. of Amer. Lit. 
 
 MUNGER, Mrs., wife of S. B. Munger, mis 
 sionary in India, died at sea March 12, 1846, aged 
 45. Her body was committed to the Indian 
 ocean in lat. 37. Her name was Maria An 
 drews, of Middlebury, Vt. She arrived at Bom 
 bay with her husband in Sept., 1834. For several 
 years she devoted herself to her missionary work ; 
 but ill health compelled her to visit her native 
 country in 1842. It was on her return to India that 
 she died in great peace. Her heart of benevolence 
 was turned towards India; for India were her 
 cares, watchings, teachings, prayers, and tears, in 
 much weakness and painfulness. She could not 
 lose her reward. 
 
 MUNN, LOUISA, wife of Bethuel Munn, mis 
 sionary at the Sandwich islands, died Aug. 25, 
 1841, aged 3.2. She sailed with Mrs. Castle. 
 She was the daughter of Deacon Eli Clark of 
 
MUNSON. 
 
 Skaneatclcs. She was a diligent teacher; her 
 character was marked by humility, patience, and 
 love to the Redeemer. 
 
 MUXSOX, SAMUKL, minister of Lenox, Mass., 
 died in 1814, aged about 72. He was graduated 
 at Yale in 1763; was ordained in 1770; and dis 
 missed in 1792. 
 
 MUNSOX, AENEAS, M. D., a physician, died 
 in New Haven June 16, 1826, aged nearly 92. 
 He was born in New Haven, June 24, 1734; 
 graduated at Yale college in 1753 ; and, having 
 been a tutor, was a chaplain in the army in 1755 
 on Long Island. Ill health induced him to study 
 medicine with John Darly of Easthampton. He 
 practised physic at Bedford in 1756, and removed 
 in 1760 to New Haven. For more than half a 
 century he had a high reputation as a physician, 
 and was in the practice seventy years. Of the 
 medical society of Connecticut he was the presi 
 dent. He was a man of piety from an early 
 period of his life. At the bedside of his patients 
 he was accustomed to commend them to God in 
 prayer. It was with joyous Christian hope that 
 this venerable old man went down to the dead. 
 Thaclicr. 
 
 MUXSOX, SAMUEL, a missionary, died June 
 28, 1834, aged about 28. He was born in New 
 Sharon, Me., and graduated at Bowdoin college 
 in 1829; at Andover seminary in 1832. He em 
 barked in 1833 with Mr. Henry Lyman for the 
 East, both accompanied by their wives, and 
 both were murdered by the Battahs, as they were 
 travelling in Sumatra. His wife was Abigail 
 Johnson, of Brunswick, Me. In 1856 there was 
 published a memoir of H. Lyman, which gives 
 an account of the circumstances of the deaths of 
 these friends. Mr. L. was shot ; Mr. M. was run 
 through the body. 
 
 MUXSOX, ISRAEL, died at Boston Feb. 3, 
 1844, aged 78. He was a graduate of Y r ale in 
 1787, a native of Xew Haven ; a physician, then 
 a respected merchant in Boston, a liberal bene 
 factor of several literary and charitable institu 
 tions. 
 
 MURDOCK, JONATHAN, minister of Bozrah, 
 Conn., died in 1813, aged 66. Born at or near 
 Saybrook, he graduated at Yale in 1766 ; was for 
 some years the minister of Rye, N. Y. ; and was 
 settled at Bozrah in 1786. 
 
 MURDOCK, THOMAS JEWETT, minister in 
 Canterbury, Conn., died in 1827, aged about 35. 
 Born in Norwich, Vt., he graduated at Dartmouth 
 in 1812, and was tutor three years ; was ordained 
 over the chapel church in Portland, Me., in 1819, 
 and dismissed in 1821 ; and was installed at Can 
 terbury in 1822. Spraguc s Annals. 
 
 MURDOCK, JAMES, D. D., died at his son s 
 house in Columbus, Miss., Aug. 10, 1856, aged 80 
 years. He had long been known as a teacher, 
 professor, and eminently learned man. Born at 
 
 MURRAY. 
 
 599 
 
 "Westbrook, Conn., he descended from thj Pro 
 testant Scotch-Irish. His father emigrated from 
 Ireland about 1700, and lived at W. fifty years. 
 It was in a very eminent class, that of 1797, that 
 he graduated at Yale under Dr. Dwight. In his 
 class are the names of Baldwin, Bcecher, Day, 
 Foot, George Griffin, Staples, and Seymour. He 
 was ordained the minister of Princeton, Mass., in 
 1802, and was successful in his pious labors. In 
 1815 he was appointed professor of languages at 
 Burlington; and in 1819 professor of ecclesiasti 
 cal history at Andover, and assistant professor of 
 eloquence. He resigned in 1829, and passed the 
 remainder of his life in learned industry at Xew 
 Haven. At an early period he made himself 
 familiar with Hebrew, so as to read from the 
 Hebrew bible into English at family worship. 
 At Burlington he acquired the German. All his 
 writings evince his learning. In consequence of 
 his sermon on " the nature of the atonement," 
 some zealous writers were led to call in question 
 his soundness in the faith ; but he rested his opin 
 ions not on old creeds, but on the obvious teach 
 ing of Scripture, and he did not feel himself bound 
 to adhere to antiquated terms, if, as he thought, 
 they ceased to communicate the truth. He was 
 not an unbeliever in the atoning sacrifice and 
 mediatorship of Christ. Relying on his media 
 tion, he calmly awaited the approach of death. 
 
 Besides his sermon on the atonement, he pub 
 lished a sermon at the installation of W. Bas- 
 com, 1815; a translation of Mosheim s institutes 
 of ecclesiastical history, 1832, and recently a new 
 edition ; a translation of Mosheim s commentaries 
 on the affairs of Christians, 1851; a translation 
 of Muenscher s elements of dogmatic history, 
 1830; sketches of modern philosophy, 1842; a 
 translation of the Syriac new testament, 1851 ; 
 the Congregational catechism, 1844. 
 
 MURPHY, JOHN, died in Fauquier co., Va., in 
 1838, aged 105. He was born in Ireland. 
 
 MURRAY 7 , JOSEPH, a friend of literature, was 
 a native, it is believed, of Great Britain, and 
 educated in that country. He was one of his 
 majesty s council and attorney-general for the 
 province of New Y ork. He left the whole of 
 his estate, consisting of books, lands, and other 
 property, in value to the amount of about 25,000 
 dollars, to King s college. Miller, II. 357. 
 
 MURRAY 7 , JOHN, a Presbyterian minister, died 
 at Newburyport, Mass., in 1793, aged 50. Born 
 in Ireland, educated at Edinburgh, in his twentieth 
 year he came to America as a preacher ; and was 
 settled first in Philadelphia, then in Boothbay, 
 Maine, from 1767 to 1779; then in Newburyport. 
 He had a high degree of popular eloquence. 
 Once, when recruits were wanted in the Avar, he 
 was invited to the meeting-house, attended by a 
 regiment under arms, to try the effect of his 
 oratory on the project of enlisting a full compauy 
 
coo 
 
 MURRAY. 
 
 of officers and men for an emergency. Within 
 two hours after his address the company was 
 filled ; and in a few days marched to strengthen 
 our weak army. He by his letters induced Mr. 
 Milton to visit X., where he founded a new church. 
 His last words were : 
 
 " Come, Lord Jesus, come quickly! 
 He is come, he is come, he is come ! " 
 
 He published a sermon on the origin of evil ; 
 the last solemn scene ; appeal in behalf of the 
 oppressed, 1768; at a fast, 1779; a voice from 
 the wilderness ; tyranny s grave destroyed, at 
 thanksgiving, 1783 ; justification by imputed 
 righteousness, in three sermons ; origin of evil ; 
 on death of Jona. Payons ; of R. Cross ; of llev. 
 J. Prince, 1791; at thanksgiving, 1795. Mil- 
 timore s Sermon. 
 
 MURRAY, WILLIAM VAXS, minister of the 
 United States to the Batavian Republic, died Dec. 
 11, 1803, aged 41. He was born in Maryland in 
 the year 1761 or 1762. After the peace of 1783 
 he went to London, and resided three years as a 
 student in the Temple. At an age when the 
 passions are generally unrestrained, with a con 
 stitution of exquisite sensibility, and in the midst 
 of a splendid and luxurious metropolis, he re 
 tained the resolution and the firmness to devote 
 his time and attention to those objects which 
 were to mark the usefulness of his future life. 
 The observations of Dr. Price, of Mr. Turgot, 
 and of the Abbe de Mably, on the constitutions 
 and laws of the United States, being published 
 during his residence in England, he studied them 
 with persevering and honest research, and gave 
 the public result of his reflections in a pamphlet, 
 which was favorably received. In the summer of 
 1784, during a vacation, he made an excursion of 
 about six weeks to Holland ; and during this 
 short time, in which he travelled over that coun 
 try, he was most assiduous in the use of his pen. 
 The minutes, which he then took, he afterwards 
 digested and methodized into a regular work. 
 The intelligence of the death of his father, to 
 whom he was most affectionately attached, reach 
 ing him at a time when his health was precarious, 
 he sunk under the affliction, and did not rise from 
 his bed for six weeks. After a tedious convales 
 cence of several months he returned to his native 
 country. He immediately engaged in the prac 
 tice of the law ; but the voice of his country soon 
 called him to her councils. He was first elected 
 a member of the legislature of Maryland, and at 
 three successive elections, from 1791 to 1797, to a 
 seat in the house of representatives of the United 
 States. This station he filled with distinguished 
 honor. His eloquence in debate placed him in 
 the same rank with Madison and Ames, Giles and 
 Dexter. A regard to his fortune, which was not 
 affluent, at length induced him, in 1797, to de- 
 
 MURRAY. 
 
 cline being a candidate for re-election to congress. 
 But his merit and talents had not escaped the 
 discerning eye of Washington, Avho in one of the 
 last acts of his administration appointed Mr. 
 Murray as minister of the United States to the 
 Batavian Republic. This station had been occu 
 pied about three years by John Q. Adams, who 
 now received a commission as minister plenipo 
 tentiary at Lisbon. Mr. Murray arrived at the 
 Hague at a very critical period of affairs, for the 
 misunderstanding between the United States and 
 France was approaching to a rupture, and the in 
 fluence of the latter over the Batavian councils 
 was uncontrolled. But by a judicious mixture of 
 firmness, of address, and of conciliation, he suc 
 ceeded in preserving uninterrupted harmony be- 
 
 ; tween the American and Batavian nations. 
 
 | With Mr. Ellsworth and Mr. Davie, he assisted 
 in making the treaty, which was signed at Paris 
 Sept. 30, 1800, and which has contributed in a 
 great degree to the prosperity of America. Im 
 mediately after signing that instrument he returned 
 to his station as minister resident at the Hague, 
 where he remained till his return to the United 
 States in Dec., 1801, it having been judged un 
 necessary to continue the expense of supporting 
 that mission. From this period he lived in re 
 tirement at his seat in Cambridge, on the eastern 
 shore of Maryland. In private life he was re 
 markably pleasing in his manners, and at once 
 
 1 amusing and instructive in his conversation. 
 With a mind of incessant activity he united the 
 fancy of a poet. He had a strong and genuine 
 
 , relish for the fine arts, a refined and delicate taste 
 for literature, and a persevering fondness for the 
 pursuits of science. The keenness of his sensi 
 bility and the rapidity of his conceptions gave him 
 
 ! a sense of decorum which seemed almost in 
 tuitive. His facility in writing was proportioned 
 
 j to the vivacity of his mind. His letters, by their 
 
 ! elegance, their simplicity, their poignant wit, and 
 unbounded variety of style, might serve as models 
 of epistolary correspondence. 
 
 MURRAY, JOHN, first Universalist minister in 
 Boston, died Sept. 3, 1815, aged 74. He was 
 born at Alton, Hampshire county, England, about 
 1741. His father was an Episcopalian; his 
 mother a Presbyterian. They removed from 
 Alton to Ireland. In early life he believed the 
 doctrine of election; then he became a Metho 
 dist preacher in Mr. Wesley s connection ; and 
 afterwards he was attached to Mr. Whitefield. 
 Repairing to London, he soon forgot the charac 
 ter of a minister. Good company, music, danc 
 ing, Vauxhall, and the play-houses intoxicated 
 him. He says, "I plunged into a vortex of 
 pleasure." Visiting a young lady to convert her 
 from the error of Universalism, the following was 
 the argumentation. She asked, What is an unbe 
 liever damned for not believing? He replied, 
 
MURRAY. 
 
 MURRAY. 
 
 GOl 
 
 For not believing that Jesus Christ is his complete 
 Saviour. She again asked, Must the unbeliever 
 believe that Jesus Christ is his Saviour ? Must 
 he believe a lie ? Is Christ the Saviour of the 
 unbeliever? By this argument he was over 
 whelmed. His own erroneous definition of faith 
 was indeed refuted by the questions of the lady ; 
 but, instead of abandoning that error, and re 
 garding Christ as the Saviour only of them who 
 believe, he was led to regard him as the actual 
 Saviour of all men, believers or unbelievers. 
 Having lost his wife and child, he came to America 
 in poverty in Sept., 1770. He preached at Bruns 
 wick, Xew Jersey, Newport, and Providence, and 
 first in Boston Oct. 30, 1773 ; afterwards in New- 
 buryport and New London, in New York and 
 Pennsylvania. In May, 1775, he was a chaplain 
 in a Rhode Island regiment. After preaching in 
 Gloucester, he was established in Boston about 
 the year 1785, and passed the remainder of his 
 life there. After six years of helplessness he 
 died in peace. His widow, Judith, sister of Gov. 
 Sargent, of Mississippi, a native of Cape Ann, 
 died at Natchez June 6 1820, aged 69; she wrote 
 the repository and gleaner, 3 vols., 1798, first 
 published in Massachusetts magazine, with the 
 signature of Constantia ; she wrote also poetical 
 essays, signed Honora Martesia, in Boston weekly 
 magazine. Mr. M. was a Trinitarian. He re 
 garded Winchester as a believer in purgatorial 
 satisfaction, and as teaching that every man is his 
 own saviour. He believed that myriads of men 
 would rise to the resurrection of damnation, and 
 would call on the rocks to hide them from the 
 wrath of the Lamb; yet he seems to have con 
 sidered that damnation as ending at the judgment 
 day, when the judge would separate all men from 
 sin and death and from the evil angels. He sup 
 posed that in the day of judgment the devil and 
 his angels would be placed, as the goats, on the 
 left hand of the judge, and all men on the right 
 hand, in most obvious contradiction to the 
 Scripture, which says that " all nations " will be 
 gathered to be separated. This amounts in fact 
 to a denial of the future judgment. But since 
 his death Mr. Balfour has explicitly maintained 
 that there will be no future reckoning day. At 
 last this error of denying a future judgment, and 
 thus subverting the moral government of God, 
 appeared so great and perilous to a number of 
 Universalist ministers, who assert a future retri 
 bution, and the punishment, though not everlast 
 ing, of the wicked, that in Aug., 1831, they 
 announced their full and entire separation from 
 the denomination of Universalists, and the estab 
 lishment of a religious community by the name 
 of the " Massachusetts Association of Universal 
 Restorationists." Mr. Murray published letters 
 and sketches of sermons, 3 vols. His life, by 
 himself, was published in 1816. 
 76 
 
 MURRAY, Joirx, a philanthropist, a brother 
 of Lindley Murray, died Aug. 4, 1819, aged 61. 
 He was born in New York, and after acquiring a 
 fortune as a merchant, retired from business, and 
 devoted his income and toils to enterprises of be 
 nevolence, lie was a Quaker. The society for 
 the manumission of slaves was promoted by his 
 efforts, and he assisted in founding and support 
 ing most of the benevolent institutions of New 
 York, and was liberal in his benefactions. He 
 exerted himself to effect the repeal of the crim 
 inal code and to establish the penitentiary sys 
 tem. For thirty-five years he was a governor of 
 the New York hospital. Such men of beneficence 
 deserve to be held in lasting honor. 
 
 MURRAY, ALEXANDER, commodore, died Oct. 
 6, 1821, aged 66. He was born in Chestertown, 
 Maryland, in 1755. His father was a physician ; 
 his grandfather, banished from Scotland for ad 
 hering to the cause of the pretender in 1715, set 
 tled at Barbadocs. As a lieutenant and captain 
 in- the army he fought in the battles of White 
 Plains, Flatbush, and New York, and served till 
 the close of 1777. He afterwards took the com 
 mand of a letter of marque. Twice was he taken 
 prisoner, the second time in the frigate Trum- 
 bull ; he afterwards served in the Alliance under 
 Barry until the close of the war. He then suc 
 cessively commanded the Insurgent and the Con 
 stellation, and went with a squadron to the 
 Mediterranean to protect our trade against the 
 Barbary States. He, at last, commanded the 
 navy yard at Philadelphia, and died near Ger- 
 mantown. To great firmness and resolution he 
 united a mild and serene temper. 
 
 MURRAY, JAMES, major, a military adven 
 turer, died in 1806, aged 41. He was born in 
 Rhode Island about 1765; his name was Lilli- 
 bi-idge, which he changed to Murray. In conse 
 quence of a quarrel with his family, he went to 
 sea in early life ; in 1790 he arrived at Tranque- 
 bar, on the coast of Coromandel, and, joining the 
 Mahrattas, who were at war with the British, he 
 encountered in their service, during fifteen years, 
 every kind of peril and hardship. Having dis 
 pleased Holkar, the chief, by preserving the lives 
 of British officers, he abandoned his service, and, 
 raising a large force, occupied as a sovereign a 
 large district. At length he went over to the 
 British with seven thousand native cavalry, the 
 command of which he retained. At the close of 
 the war, having acquired a large fortune, he de 
 termined to return to America. A few days be 
 fore he proposed to set sail he made a splendid 
 entertainment in Calcutta. After dinner, for the 
 entertainment of his guests, he mounted a favor 
 ite Arabian horse, to leap over the table at which 
 they sat, a feat which he had often performed. 
 But the horse, having his feet entangled in the 
 carpet, threw his rider, who in a few days died of 
 
602 
 
 MURRAY. 
 
 the injury. Thus died, the victim of his vanity, 
 the best horseman in India, the soldier, unrivalled 
 in the use of the broadsword, who had fought in 
 many battles. 
 
 MURRAY, LINDLEY, a grammarian, died near 
 York, England, in 1826, aged 81. He was born 
 of Quaker parents, near Lancaster, Pa. He be 
 came both a lawyer and a merchant. He pub 
 lished English grammar, and exercises, and key, 
 etc., and power of religion ; on reading the Scrip 
 tures. 
 
 MURRAY, WILLIAM, died near Jonesborough, 
 Tenn., in 1836, aged 111. He was born in Mary 
 land. 
 
 MURRAY, WILLIAM C., a leading merchant 
 of Charleston, S. C., died in 1856, aged 49. 
 
 MUSSEY, B. B., an enterprising and success 
 ful bookseller in Boston, died Jan. 12, 1857, aged 
 52. Born in Bradford, Vt., he came to Boston 
 as a book auctioneer, and became a bookseller in 
 Cornhill, accumulating a large fortune. Attached 
 to the doctrine of the Universalists, he was a 
 liberal donor to Tufts college; and his bounty 
 was not limited to his own sect. In politics he 
 was an honest and generous member of the Re 
 publican party. 
 
 MUTER, GEORGE, chief justice of Kentucky, 
 died May 9, 1811. He was a soldier of the 
 Revolution. He was appointed in 1777 lieuten 
 ant-colonel of the regiment of artillery, under 
 Col. Marshall, in Virginia. 
 
 MUZZY, Mrs., missionary to Madura, died 
 Dec. 3, 1846, aged 38. She was the wife of C. 
 F. Muzzy, missionary : her name was Samantha 
 B. Robbins, of Wardsborough, Vt. She had 
 toiled ten years in the missionary service ; at the 
 time of her death there was great attention to 
 religion in the boarding-school under her care. 
 Multitudes of the natives mourned her loss; six 
 or eight hundred attended her funeral. 
 
 NANCREDE, JOSEPH, died in Paris Dec. 15, 
 1841, aged 81. He came to America in the 
 army of Rochambeau, and was wounded at York- 
 town. He lived in Philadelphia and many years 
 in Boston as a bookseller ; he was also, about 
 1800, a teacher of the French language at Har 
 vard college. He edited a French reader, 
 L Abeillc Framboise, 1792; and other books. 
 
 NASH, FRANCIS, brigadier-general, a soldier 
 of the Revolution, was a captain in North Caro 
 lina in 1771, when he distinguished himself by 
 his firmness and bravery in an action with the 
 insurgents. In the Revolutionary war he was ap 
 pointed a colonel by the convention of North 
 Carolina in Sept., 1775, and brigadier-general in 
 the continental army in Feb., 1777. In the battle 
 of Germantown, Oct. 4, 1777, he was mortally 
 wounded at the head of his brigade, which, with 
 Maxwell s, formed a corps de reserve under Lord 
 Stirling. 
 
 NEIGHBORS. 
 
 NASH, JUDAII, first minister of Montague, 
 Mass., died Feb. 19, 1805, aged 76, after a min 
 istry of 52 years. He graduated at Yale in 
 1748. 
 
 NASH, WILLIAM, minister of West Boylston, 
 Mass., died in 1829, aged 59. He graduated at 
 Yale in 1791. 
 
 NASH, JONATHAN, first minister of Middle- 
 field, Mass., died in 1834, aged 69. Born in 
 South Hadley, he graduated at Dartmouth in 
 1789 ; was settled in 1792 ; and resigned in 1832. 
 He published a sermon at end of 21st year of his 
 ministry. 
 
 NASH, ANSEL, minister of Windsor, Conn., 
 died in 1851, aged 62. He was born in Hart 
 ford, Vt. ; graduated at Williams in 1809; was 
 minister of Tolland, Conn., from 1812 to 1831, 
 when he was settled at Wintonbury in Windsor. 
 
 NASON, REUBEN, minister of Freeport, Me., 
 died Jan. 15, 1835, aged 56. Born in Dover, N. H., 
 he graduated at Harvard in the large class of 
 1802; was ordained Feb. 7, 1810, and dismissed 
 in 1815; afterwards he was employed as a teacher. 
 He published an account of Freeport in historical 
 collections, second series, vol. IV. Sprue/lie s 
 Annals. 
 
 NEAL, DANIEL, Congregational minister in 
 London, died in 1743, aged 65. He published a 
 history of New England, in two vols., London, 
 1720 ; also, a history of the puritans, in four vols. 
 Concerning his history of New England, Dr. 
 Watts wrote a letter to Dr. C. Mather in 1720, 
 which is in historical collections, first series, 
 vol. v. He hoped that Neal s account of perse 
 cution would do good. 
 
 NEAL, JOSEPH C., died at Philadelphia July 
 18, 1847, aged 40. Born at Greenland, N. H., 
 his father had been a teacher at Philadelphia, and 
 was a preacher at G. Mr. N. was early an editor, 
 first of the Pennsylvania!!, begun in 1831, then in 
 1844 of Saturday s Gazette. He was a writer of 
 humor, a good descviber of the loafer. He 
 published illustrated volumes, entitled charcoal 
 sketches. CycL of Amer. Lit. 
 
 NEALE, LEONARD, Catholic archbishop of 
 Baltimore, died at Washington June 18, 1817, 
 aged 70 ; the successor of Dr. John Carroll. 
 
 NEALE, CHARLES, a Catholic minister, super 
 intendent of the Jesuits in the United States, 
 died at Mount Carmel, Maryland, April 27, 1823, 
 aged 74. He had been appointed for the third 
 time to his station. 
 
 NECKERE, LEON DE, D. D., Catholic bishop 
 of New Orleans, died in Sept., 1833. 
 
 NEFF, MARY, the brave woman, a prisoner 
 with the Indians, who, with Hannah Duston and 
 a boy, killed their Indian masters and gained 
 their freedom, bringing home with them ten In 
 dian scalps. This was in 1697. 
 
 NEIGHBORS, Mr., died in Laurens, S. C., in 
 
NELSON. 
 
 1798, aged 114. His wife died aged 109. They 
 were both from Pennsylvania, and had been mar 
 ried eighty years. Ramsay s S. C., II. 421. 
 
 NELSON, PHILIP, an early fanatic or impos 
 tor, died in 1691. He was the son of Thomas, 
 and came to New England with his father in 
 1638, and graduated at Harvard in 1654, the only 
 graduate of that year. lie made trouble in the 
 church of Rowley, by pretending to cure a deaf 
 and dumb boy, in imitation of Jesus Christ, by 
 saying Ephphatha. The ministers were called 
 together and interrogated him ; but " there he 
 stood," as say the records, " like a deaf and dumb 
 boy, as he was." It is not stated whether this 
 inquiry cured the impostor of his pretence, or his 
 dupes of their folly. 
 
 NELSON, Jonx, a patriot in 1689, was the 
 leader of the soldiers who made Gov. Andros of 
 Massachusets, prisoner. In the opinion of Hutch- 
 inson he was not raised to merited office by the 
 people, because he was an Episcopalian. While 
 on a trading voyage he was captured and carried 
 to Quebec, and confined two years. His provi 
 dential release was as follows : A gentleman, who 
 called at his grate, asked him what service he 
 could render him ; and kindly sent a letter which 
 Mr. N. had written, to his friend, Sir P. Temple, 
 in England, who procured his freedom. He after 
 wards fell into the Bastile at Paris. 
 
 NELSON, THOMAS, governor of Virginia, a 
 patriot of the Revolution, died Jan. 4, 1789, aged 
 50. He was born at York, being the eldest son 
 of Wm. N., a rich merchant. At the age of 
 fourteen he was sent to England for his educa 
 tion. At the university of Cambridge Beilby 
 Porteus was his tutor. In 1761 he returned to 
 this country. Being a member of the general 
 convention of Virginia in 1775, he introduced a 
 resolution for organizing a military force. la 
 Aug., 1775, he was appointed a member of con 
 gress ; in the next year he signed the declaration 
 of independence ; but ill health in 1777 induced 
 him to resign his seat. He was soon appointed 
 brigadier-general and commander-in-chief of the 
 forces of the colony. He also aided the cause of 
 his country by his property. In 1781 he suc 
 ceeded Mr. Jefferson as governor of Virginia. 
 His efforts in the prosecution of the war were 
 very important, and were particularly noticed by 
 Gen. Washington after the capture of York, in 
 his general orders, Oct. 20, 1781. In about a 
 month afterwards his ill health caused him to re 
 sign the office of chief magistrate. An act was 
 passed, Dec. 31st, to legalize certain acts of his 
 administration, which, owing to peculiar circum 
 stances, were done without the advice of the 
 council. He died at his estate in Hanover. His 
 wife was the daughter of Philip Grymes of Bran 
 don. He had four brothers, zealous iriends of 
 the Revolution; of these, the last, Robert N., 
 
 NETTLETON. 
 
 G03 
 
 died at Malvern Hills in Aug., 1818, aged 66. As 
 a soldier he was active and intrepid. Most ar 
 dently was he attached to civil and religious lib 
 erty. He was refined in manners, social, and 
 benevolent. Goodrich ; Eucy. Amer. ; Dwighfs 
 Sketches. 
 
 NELSON, WILLIAM, chancellor, died at Wil- 
 liamsburg, Virginia, July 10, 1813 ; professor of 
 law in the college of William and Mary. 
 
 NELSON, ROGER, general, a soldier and pat 
 riot of the Revolution, was for many years a dis 
 tinguished member of congress from Maryland. 
 He died at Fredericktown June 7, 1815, at an 
 advanced age. 
 
 NELSON, JOSEPH, LL.D., the blind professor 
 of Latin and Greek in Rutgers college, New 
 York, died in 1830. He succeeded Dr. Brownlee, 
 and was succeeded by Dr. McClelland. So great 
 were the powers of his memory, that he was an 
 excellent teacher. Cyclopedia of American 
 Literature. 
 
 NELSON, HUGH, American minister to Spain, 
 died in Albemarle county, Virginia, March 18, 
 1836. He was speaker of the house, judge of 
 the general court, and member of congress from 
 1811 to 1823. 
 
 NELSON, JEREMIAH, died at Newburyport in 
 1838, aged 60 ; a man much respected. He was 
 a member of congress from 1805 to 1807, and 
 from 1815 to 1823. 
 
 NELSON, DAVID, a physician and minister, 
 died near Quincy, Illinois, Oct. 17, 1844, aged 
 about 51, a native of East Tennessee. He had 
 an epileptic illness of several years. Though his 
 parents were pious, yet through the influence of 
 irreligious companions he became a sceptic. Hav 
 ing studied medicine, he entered upon a profita 
 ble practice ; but, after a while, as he thoroughly 
 investigated the subject of religion, he was con 
 vinced of the truth of the gospel, and embraced 
 with a sincere and earnest spirit the profession 
 of a minister, and for the remainder of his life 
 devoted himself to this method of doing good, 
 preaching in wide circuits. He did not deal so 
 much in argument and reasoning as in anecdote 
 and analagous illustration. His work on the 
 cause and cure of Infidelity was published by the 
 tract society, 1841. He gives in it his own reli 
 gious history. N. T. Observer, Jan. 4, 1845. 
 
 NELSON, LEVI, minister of Lisbon, Conn., 
 died Dec. 17, 1855, aged 76, in the fifty-second 
 year of his ministry. He was born in Milford, 
 Mass., and was a faithful, useful minister, with 
 scarcely any interruption in his long labors. He 
 preached five thousand and one hundred different 
 sermons. His death was calm and serene. He 
 bequeathed 1000 dollars to his parish, provided 
 they did not settle as his successor a man em 
 bracing what was called the New Haven theology. 
 
 NETTLETON, ASAJIEL, D. D., a remarkable 
 
604 
 
 NEUFVILLE. 
 
 NEWELL. 
 
 evangelist or itinerant preacher, died at East 
 Windsor, Conn., May 16, 1844, aged 60. Born 
 in Killingworth, the son of a farmer in rather 
 humble circumstances, he was compelled to toil 
 in order to provide for his education. lie grad 
 uated at the age of twenty-five at Yale in 1809. 
 He wished to be a foreign missionary ; but he 
 was led to a different field of labor. For ten 
 years, from 1812 to 1822, he was constantly em 
 ployed as an evangelist ; and revivals everywhere 
 attended his preaching ; as in thirty-two towns 
 of Connecticut; in Pittsfield, Lenox, Lee, and 
 Wilbraham of Massachusetts ; and in Saratoga, 
 Ballston, Malta, Milton, Schenectady, and Nas 
 sau of New York. In some of these towns a 
 hundred or more of persons were through his 
 labors added to the church. He usually preached 
 three times on the Sabbath and several times 
 during the week. A long illness of typhus fever 
 now occurred at the house of his friend, Rev. Mr. 
 Parmelee of Bolton, who caught the disease and 
 died of it. When his health was restored, he 
 resumed his toils. He preached in Albany, in 
 New York, and in Virginia. In 1831 he went to 
 Great Britain. When the theological institute 
 was founded at East Windsor, in 1833, he was 
 invited to a professorship, which he did not ac 
 cept ; but he resided in East Windsor, and gave 
 lectures. Dr. N. had great discernment, judg 
 ment, and skill in promoting the cause of religion. 
 He was solemn and earnest, and he presented 
 important truths most clearly; but he was not 
 endowed with a glowing fancy. Yet, in describ 
 ing the condition of sinners, he ended with the 
 words, " lost, lost, lost," with wonderful effect. He 
 was never married. He published village hymns. 
 Sprague s Annals. 
 
 NEUFVILLE, EDWARD, D. D., long the rec 
 tor of Christ church in Savannah, died Jan. 1, 
 1851. He was a native of Newport, II. I. 
 
 NEVELING, GILBERT W., pastor of the Ger 
 man reformed church at Amville, N. J., died in 
 1844, aged 93. In the Revolutionary war he 
 preached to the battalions in New Jersey in the 
 cause of freedom. 
 
 NEVILLE, PRESLEY, general, died near Ne 
 ville, Ohio, in 1818, aged 62. Born in Virginia, 
 he graduated at the university of Philadelphia, 
 and entered the army at the age of nineteen. 
 He served several campaigns as the aid of Lafay 
 ette. He was a prisoner from the surrender of 
 Charleston to the close of the war. The battles 
 in which he fought were those of Princeton, 
 Trenton, Germantown, Brandywine, and Mon- 
 mouth. In the latter his horse was killed under 
 him. 
 
 NEVINS, WILLIAM, D. D., died at Baltimore 
 Sept. 14, 1835, aged 37. He was settled about 
 1820. 
 
 NEVINS, RUSSELL II., died in New York 
 
 Nov. 27, 1853 ; long a broker and banker. A 
 member of Mercer street church, he devoted his 
 last years to benevolent labors. The New York 
 hospital shared his liberality. 
 
 NEWBY, Mrs., died in Laurens, South Caro 
 lina, after 1800, aged 112. Ramsay. 
 
 NEWELL, TIMOTHY, one of the selectmen of 
 Boston, kept a diary in 1775 and 1776, when the 
 city was shut up. It is published in historical 
 collections, 4th series, vol. I. 
 
 NEWELL, SAMUEL, minister of Bristol, once 
 a part of Farmington, Conn., died in 1789, aged 
 about 70. He graduated at Yale in 1739, and 
 was settled in 1747, and was succeeded by G. H. 
 Cowles. 
 
 NEWELL, ABEL, minister of Goshen, Conn., 
 died in 1813, aged about 84. He graduated at 
 Yale in 1751. 
 
 NEWELL, SAMUEL, a missionary at Bombay, 
 died May 30, 1821, aged about 35. He was born 
 at Durham, Maine, and was graduated at Har 
 vard college in 1807, and studied theology at 
 Andover. With Judson, Nott, and Mills, he 
 offered himself as a missionary to the general 
 association of ministers at Bradford, June 27, 
 1810 ; was ordained at Salem with Hall, Judson, 
 Nott, and Rice, Feb. 6, 1812 ; and sailed on the 
 19th for Calcutta. On his arrival he was ordered 
 by the Bengal government to leave the country. 
 Proceeding first to the Isle of France, he suffered 
 the affliction of losing his wife and child : he 
 afterwards went to Ceylon, and was useful in pre 
 paring the way for the subsequent mission in that 
 island. He afterwards joined Mr. Hall at Bom 
 bay, and in 1817 was joined by Mr. Graves and 
 Mr. Nichols. He continued at Bombay a faithful 
 laborer in the service of Jesus Christ until his 
 death. He was seized with the epidemic, spas 
 modic cholera, in the morning of May 29th, and 
 died without being able to say any thing of his 
 hopes, at one o clock the next morning. The 
 same disease in four years had swept over India, 
 Burmah, and the Asiatic islands, and hurried mil 
 lions to the tomb ; in 1832 it prevailed in London 
 and Paris. A few days before his death he visited 
 at Tannah many of the sick and dying, from 
 whom probably he took the disease, as it was 
 deemed somewhat contagious. At that time 
 from sixty to one hundred were dying daily in 
 Bombay. Mr. Newell was very modest and hum 
 ble, possessed great tenderness of feeling, and 
 was entirely devoted to the arduous and impor 
 tant labors of a missionary. He wrote, with Mr. 
 Hall, the conversion of the world, or the claims 
 of six hundred millions, etc., 2d edit., 1818. 
 Sprague s Annals. 
 
 NEWELL, HARRIET, the wife of the preced 
 ing, the daughter of Moses Atwood of Haver- 
 hill, Mass., died Nov. 30, 1812, aged 19. She 
 was born Oct. 10, 1793, and received an excellent 
 
NEWELL. 
 
 NEWMAN. 
 
 605 
 
 education. At the age of fifteen she made a pro 
 fession of religion. She sailed with her husband 
 from Calcutta for the Isle of France, Aug. 4, 1812 ; 
 about three weeks before her arrival she became 
 the mother of a daughter, who died on the fifth 
 day, Oct. 13, and was buried in the ocean. In a 
 few weeks Mrs. Newell died of the consumption 
 at the Isle of France. She departed in the peace 
 and triumph of an eminent Christian. In writing 
 to her mother, Mr. Newell said : " Come, then, 
 let us mingle our griefs and weep together ; for 
 she was dear to us both; and she too is gone. 
 Yes, Harriet, your lovely daughter, is gone, and 
 you will see her face no more ! Harriet, my own 
 dear Harriet, tl*e wife of my youth and the desire 
 of my eyes, has bid me a last farewell, and left 
 me to mourn and weep ! Yes, she is gone. I 
 wiped the cold sweat of death from her pale, 
 emaciated face. O Harriet, Harriet ! for thou 
 wast very dear to me, thy last sigh tore my 
 heart asunder, and dissolved the charm which 
 tied me to the earth." Her mother, Mary 
 Atwood, died July 4, 1853, aged 84 ; her father 
 died in 1808. Her life, written by Dr. Woods, 
 has passed through many editions. The cause 
 of missions was greatly promoted by the delinea 
 tion of her character and the description of her 
 sufferings. 
 
 NEWELL, JONATHAN, minister in Stow, Mass., 
 died in 1830, aged 81. Born in Needham, he 
 graduated at Harvard in 1770. John Gardner, 
 his predecessor, died at the age of 80. His suc 
 cessor, John L. Sibley, was settled in 1829. He 
 published a sermon, 1783; review of fifty years, 
 1825. 
 
 NEWELL, HEPZIBAH, Mrs., died in Monson, 
 Mass., Sept. 22, 1834, aged 103. 
 
 NEWELL, ISRAEL, died in Durham, Maine, 
 in 1846, aged 51, a graduate of Bowdoin in 1819. 
 For thirteen years from 1822 he was the princi 
 pal of Kimball union academy, Plainfield, N. II., 
 teaching more than twelve hundred youth and 
 fitting two hundred for college. He was a 
 preacher. His wife was E. M. Whittlesey of 
 Cornish. Mirror, Feb. 19. 
 
 NEWHALL, TIMOTHY, general, died at Stur- 
 bridge, Mass., Feb. 5, 1819, aged 76. Born in 
 Needham in 1742, he was at first a mechanic, 
 then a merchant and farmer. He entered the 
 army as brigade-major, and rose to the rank of 
 colonel. In Shay s rebellion he was also called 
 into active service ; he was also a senator and 
 councillor. Of a noble person and dignified man 
 ners, he was also a most agreaable companion. 
 One daughter married Dr. Ephraim Allen of 
 Salem, N. Y., and another married Judge C. J. 
 Savage of New York. Washburn s Sketch of 
 Leicester Academy. 
 
 NEWMAN, FRANCIS, governor of New Haven 
 
 from 1658 till his death in 1661, was an agent to 
 seek redress in 1653 from Stuyvesant, the Dutch 
 governor at Manhadoes, and was secretary under 
 Eaton. He was a man of benevolence and piety. 
 
 NEWMAN, SAMUEL, first minister of Iteho- 
 both, Mass., died July 5, 1663, aged 63. He was 
 born at Banbury, Eng., in 1600, and was educated 
 at Oxford. He came to this country in 1636. 
 After his arrival he spent a year and a half at 
 Dorchester, and then, becoming the pastor of the 
 church at Weymouth, continued there about five 
 years. In 1644 he removed with a part of his 
 church and settled at Rehoboth, now Seekonk. 
 While he was indefatigable in his study of the 
 Scriptures, and animated and zealous in his 
 preaching, he was also hospitable, charitable, and 
 pious. In his last illness he sent for one of his 
 deacons, and, after requesting him to make a 
 prayer, said : " And now, ye angels of the Lord, 
 come and do your duty." He then immediately 
 expired. His daughter, Hope, married Rev. G. 
 Shove. He compiled a concordance of the Scrip 
 tures, which was published in London in a thick 
 folio, 5th edit., 1720. While he was at Rehoboth 
 he revised it, using pine knots in the night in 
 stead of candles. It passes under the name of 
 the Cambridge concordance. Magnolia, HI. 
 113-116. 
 
 NEWMAN, ANTIPAS, second minister of Wen- 
 ham, Mass., died in 1672. The son of Rev. Sam 
 uel N., he began to preach at Wenham in 1657 ; 
 was ordained in 1663 ; and married in 1668, 
 Elizabeth, daughter of Gov. Winthrop. She 
 afterwards married Z. Endicott of Salem. 
 Farmer ; Sprague ; Miss Caulkins. 
 
 NEWMAN, NOAH, the successor of his father, 
 Samuel N., as the minister of Rehoboth, died 
 April 16, 1676. He was settled in March, 1668. 
 His wife was Joanna, daughter of Rev. Henry 
 Flynt. After his death the people voted to give 
 his widow 15 pounds and wood ; a very creditable 
 act. To his successor, Mr. Angier, they offered 
 40 pounds a year, of which 10 was to be money, 
 with a prospect of augmentation. Baylies 
 Plymouth. 
 
 NEWMAN, JOHN, minister of Edgartown, 
 Mass., died in 1763. He was graduated at Har 
 vard in 1740; was ordained in 1747, and dis 
 missed in 1758. The sermon at his ordination, 
 by T. Balch, was published. His predecessors 
 were Mayhew, Dunham, and Wiswall. 
 
 NEWMAN, SAMUEL P., professor of rhetoric 
 and oratory at Bowdoin college, died Feb. 10, 
 1842, aged 45. He was the son of Mark New 
 man of Andover, now living aged 84, whose 
 father lived in Ipswich, and died aged above 90. 
 He was graduated at Bowdoin college in 1816. 
 He was the first professor in his department from 
 1824 to 1839. Then he took charge of the State 
 
GOG 
 
 NEWMAN. 
 
 NICHOLS. 
 
 normal school at Barre, Mass. But disease soon 
 cut him down in the midst of life. He published 
 a system of rhetoric, and a treatise on political 
 economy. 
 
 NEWMAN, MARK II., hrother of Professor 
 N., died in Brooklyn, Dec. 22, 1852^ aged 47. 
 His wife, Mary Dickinson of Amherst, Mass., 
 died the same year, aged 43. He was a pub 
 lisher in New York, a man of enterprise and 
 success in business, and a Christian held in high 
 esteem. 
 
 NEWMARCH, JOHN, minister of Kittery, Me., 
 died Jan. 15, 1754, aged about 80. He was grad 
 uated at Harvard in 1690. He lived at Kittery 
 point, on the east side of the Piscataqua, opposite 
 Portsmouth, in 1699, and had land as the min 
 ister, but a church was not gathered until 1714, 
 when he was ordained, Nov. 4th. Col. Pepperell, 
 the father of Sir William P., was a member of 
 his church at its organization, consisting of eight 
 een men and twenty-five women. Mr. Stevens 
 in 1751 became his colleague, on account of his 
 infirmity. Sprague s Annals. 
 
 NEWTON, ROGER, the first minister of Far- 
 mington, Conn., died June 6, 1683, aged about 
 63. He was born in England, and ordained the 
 first minister of Farmington about Oct. 13, 1652, 
 and removed to Milford in 1660. He died greatly 
 lamented. His wife was Mary, the eldest daugh 
 ter of Rev. Thomas Hooker. To her eldest child 
 Governor Hopkins bequeathed 30 pounds, out of 
 respect, perhaps, to her father. His daughter, 
 Sarah, married Rev. John Wilson of Medfield. 
 Sprague s Annals ; Farmer. 
 
 NEWTON, ROGER, colonel and judge, died 
 at Milford, Conn., in 1771, aged 86. He was 
 distinguished in the expeditions of 1709 and 1710. 
 These lines are a part of his epitaph : 
 
 " Newton, as steel inflexible from right 
 In faith, in law, in equity, in fight." 
 
 NEWTON, CHRISTOPHER, Episcopal minister 
 of Stratford, Conn., died in 1787, aged about 70. 
 He graduated at Yale in 1740. 
 
 NEWTON, ROGER, D. D., minister of Green 
 field, Mass., died Dec. 10, 1816, aged 79. He 
 was born at Durham, Conn., May 23, 1737 ; was 
 graduated at Yale college in 1758 ; was ordained 
 Nov. 18, 1761, and had Gamaliel S. Olds as his 
 colleague for a few years. His wife was Abigail 
 Hall of Middletown. His son, Roger, educated 
 at Yale college and a tutor, died Aug. 19, 1789. 
 He was a faithful, useful minister, prudent and 
 courteous and amiable in all the relations of life. 
 
 NEWTON, Mrs., the wife of Samuel N., mis 
 sionary to the Osages, died at Shawneetown, 111., 
 May 9, 1821. She was taken ill while descend 
 ing the Ohio in a boat. Her end was peace. 
 
 NEWTON, MRS., wife of Samuel N., mission 
 ary to the Arkansas Cherokees, died at the forks 
 
 of Illinois in 1835, aged 33. Born in Rockawaj 
 N. J., she joined the mission among the Osaget, 
 in 1820, as the wife of J. Scely. In 1827, after 
 her marriage with Mr. Newton, they were trans 
 ferred to the missionary field, where she died. 
 She had been fourteen years in the service. She 
 died in peace and triumph. 
 
 NEWTON, THOMAS, for thirty years a mem 
 ber of congress from Virginia, died at Norfolk in 
 1847, aged 78. 
 
 NIBLET, SOLOMON, died Oct. 15, 1815, in 
 Laurens district, South Carolina, aged 143. Born 
 in England, he emigrated to Maryland, and 
 thence in 1765 to South Carolina. He never lost 
 his teeth nor eye-sight. The public journal, 
 which states these facts, also says, that a few days 
 before his death he joined a hunting party and 
 killed a deer. Whether in this account there is 
 some mistake or some invention, there are no 
 means at hand of deciding. 
 
 NICENS, DAVID, a Baptist colored minister, 
 died in Cincinnati, Ohio, Sept. 14, 1838, aged 43. 
 
 NICHOLAS, WILSON CARY, governor of Vir 
 ginia, died at Milton Oct. 10, 1820. He was an 
 officer in the war of the Revolution, and a mem 
 ber of the convention which ratified the constitu 
 tion of the United States. He was for years a 
 distinguished member of the house of represent 
 atives and of the senate of the United States, 
 being chosen senator from Virginia in Dec., 1799, 
 in the place of Henry Tazewell, deceased. He 
 ably supported the measures of Jefferson s admin 
 istration. Accepting the office of collector of the 
 ports of Norfolk and Portsmouth in 1804, he re 
 signed his seat in the senate. He was afterwards 
 a member of the house; but he resigned his seat 
 in 1809. In 1814 he succeeded James Barbour 
 as governor, and was succeeded by Col. James 
 Preston in 1817. He published a letter to his 
 constituents, 1809. 
 
 NICHOLET, CHARLES, came from Virginia to 
 Salem in 1672, and was assistant minister to Mr. 
 Higginson. He was invited to settle for lii e ; but 
 a difficulty sprung up as to the manner of his 
 support, whether by voluntary contribution or 
 otherwise, and he removed to Lynn in 1674, but 
 went to England in 1676. 
 
 NICHOLS, MOSES, a physician and colonel, 
 distinguished in the battle of Bennington, Aug. 
 17, 1777, died at Amherst, N. II., in May, 1790, 
 aged 49. He commanded the troops sent by 
 Stark to the rear of the enemy s left wing. He 
 held at last the rank of brigadier-general of the 
 militia. He practised many years as a physician, 
 and held various offices. His son, Moses, a phy 
 sician and judge, lived in Canada. 
 
 NICHOLS, Joiix, missionary to Bombay, was 
 ordained at Boston with the missionaries, Swift, 
 Graves, Parsons, and Buttrick, Aug. 2, 1817, and 
 sailed for Bombay, with his wife and Allen Graves 
 
NICHOLS. 
 
 and his wife, and Philomela Thurston, Sept. 5, 
 1817, and arrived Feb. 23, 1818. After toiling 
 in his benevolent work nearly seven years, he died 
 of a fever at Bombay, Dec. 10, 1824. 
 
 NICHOLS, PIIIXEAS, deacon, died at Haver- 
 hill, Mass., in 1838, aged 98. He was at the cap 
 ture of Louisbourg in 1758, and took an active 
 part in the war of the Revolution. 
 
 NICHOLSON, JAMES, a naval officer, died 
 Sept. 2, 1804 or 1806, aged 68. He descended 
 from ancestors who were the early settlers of 
 Maryland, was born in Chestertown in 1737, and 
 was trained to the sea with two brothers, who 
 were afterwards commanders in the navy. Hav- 1 
 ing married, he resided in the city of New York 
 from 1763 till 1771, when he returned to the 
 eastern shore of Maryland. In 1776 he was put 
 in command of the Maryland ship-of-war, the 
 Defence, in which in March he recaptured several 
 vessels which the British had taken. In 1778 he 
 was intrusted with the command of the Trumbull, 
 a frigate of thirty-two guns, in which, June 2, 
 1780, he fought a severe battle of three hours 
 with the "VVyatt, losing about thirty men, when 
 the vessels parted. He was afterwards captured 
 and carried into New York, where he continued 
 to live after his release at the close of the Avar. 
 During the controversy concerning Jay s treaty, 
 he was at the head of the opponents to it in New 
 York. In 1801 he succeeded Mr. Clarkson as 
 commissioner of loans for the State of New York. 
 He died near New York. His three daughters 
 married Albert Gallatin, William Few, and John 
 Montgomery, a member of congress and mayor 
 of Baltimore : it is remarkable, that Mr. Mont 
 gomery and Col. Few were buried on the same 
 day, in 1828. 
 
 NICHOLSON, SAMUEL, commodore in the 
 American navy, and probably brother of the 
 preceding, died at Charlestown, Mass., in 1811, 
 aged 69. 
 
 NICHOLSON, JOSEPH HOPPER, chief judge 
 of the sixth judicial district, and a judge of the 
 court of appeals of Maryland, died March 4, 
 1817, aged 47 years. His talents were invigor 
 ated by a good education. For many years he 
 was a conspicuous member of congress. He was 
 appointed a judge in 1805. On the bench his 
 dignity, integrity, and abilities commanded re 
 spect. In private life he was amiable and be 
 loved. He was succeeded by Walter Dorsey. 
 
 NICHOLSON, JESSE, a Methodist minister, 
 died at Portsmouth, Va., in 1834, aged 74. 
 
 NICHOLSON, JOHN B., commodore, died at 
 Washington Nov. 9, 1846. He was a midship 
 man in 1805 ; was in the United States when she 
 captured the Macedonian, and in the Peacock in 
 the engagement with the Epervier. 
 
 NICOLL, JOHN, M. D., a physician in New 
 York, died Oct. 2, 1743, aged 63. He was a na- 
 
 NILES. 
 
 607 
 
 tive of Scotland, and was educated at Edinburgh. 
 Retaining the highest attachment to the doctrine, 
 constitution, and discipline of the church of Scot 
 land, after his arrival in this country he was one 
 of the principal founders and benefactors of the 
 first Presbyterian church in New York, which was 
 established in 1719. He spent a considerable 
 part of his estate in erecting a house of worship. 
 As a physician he was unwearied in his attention 
 to his patients. The poor he cheerfully visited 
 without the prospect of reward. His life was 
 distinguished for benevolence and piety. 
 
 NICOLLET, J. N., an eminent mathematician 
 and astronomer, died in Washington Sept. 11, 
 1843, aged about 48. He was born at or near 
 Sallenches in Savoy, between Geneva and Mont 
 Blanc. He was a favorite pupil of La Place in 
 Paris. For the last ten years he lived in this 
 country, engaged in researches, chiefly in the em 
 ployment of the government. He explored the 
 regions beyond the Mississippi and the Missouri, 
 and completed a map and partly prepared a re 
 port. He wrote various books, treatises, and 
 memoirs. Boston Advertiser, September 20, 
 1843. 
 
 NICOLL S, RICHARD, colonel, first English 
 governor of New York, was commissioned in 
 1664, with Carr, Cartwright, and Maverick, to 
 determine complaints and appeals in all causes, 
 military, criminal, and civil, throughout New 
 England. Nicolls proceeded to Manhattan and 
 obliged Stuyvesant, the Dutch governor, to capit 
 ulate Aug. 27, 1664, and gave to New Amster 
 dam the name of New York. Sept. 14th, fort 
 Orange was captured, and called Albany. He 
 established a regular government at New York. 
 The purchase of lands from the Indians on Long 
 Island was prohibited, except with a license from 
 the governor. In 1667 he retired from the gov 
 ernment with honor, and was succeeded by Love 
 lace, who purchased Staten Island from the 
 natives. 
 
 NILES, SAMUEL, minister of Braintree, Mass., 
 died May 1, 1762, aged 88. He was a descend 
 ant of John Niles, who lived in Braintree from 
 1639 till his death, in Feb., 1694; was born on 
 Block Island May 1, 1674, and graduated at Har 
 vard college in 1699. He afterwards preached 
 for some time in Rhode Island, in a district called 
 Ministerial Lands, from 1702 to 1710. In 1710 
 he removed from Kingston to Braintree, where 
 he was ordained minister of the second church 
 May 23, 1711. In 1759, sixty years after he re 
 ceived the first honors of the college, he took the 
 degree of master of arts. His first wife, a daugh 
 ter of P. Thacher of Milton, died in 1716; his 
 second, Ann Coddington, died in 1732. He pub 
 lished a brief and sorrowful account of the present 
 churches in New England, 1745; -vindication of 
 divers important doctrines, 8vo., 1752; Scripture 
 
608 
 
 NILES. 
 
 NINIGIIETT. 
 
 doctrine of original sin, in answer to Taylor, 8vo., 
 1757. His history of the Indian and French 
 wars is in historical collections, third series, vol. 
 VI., making one hundred and twenty-four pages, 
 and unfinished. Sprague s Annals. 
 
 NILES, THOMAS, first minister of Rumney, 
 N. II., died about 1788, aged about 50. Born in 
 East Haddam, he graduated at Yale in 1758. 
 He was settled in 17G7 and dismissed in 1788. 
 
 NILES, SAMUEL, minister of Abington, Mass., 
 died Jan. 16, 1814? aged 70. He was the son of 
 Mr. Samuel X., who was distinguished in public 
 life ; was born in Braintree in 1743, and graduated 
 at Princeton college in 1769. He was ordained 
 Sept. 25, 1771; his predecessors were Samuel 
 Brown, Avho died in 1749, and Ezekiel Dodge, 
 who died in 1770. After suffering from the palsy 
 about two years, he died Jan. 16, 1814, aged 69. 
 His successor was Holland Weeks. His wife was 
 a daughter of his predecessor, E. Dodge. He 
 was a faithful, useful minister, and a man of a 
 vigorous mind, inclined to metaphysical investi 
 gations. He published some remarks on a ser 
 mon by John Reed, 1813 ; a sermon on the death 
 of Washington, 1800 ; before missionary society, 
 1801. Panoplist, X. ; Sprayue s Annals. 
 
 NILES, SAMUEL, died at Lebanon, Conn., May, 
 1804, aged 93. He graduated at Cambridge in 
 1731, and was a councillor of Massachusetts and 
 a justice of common pleas for Suffolk. 
 
 NILES, JOHN, a minister, died at Bath, Steu- 
 ben county, N. Y., in 1812, aged about 35. He 
 graduated at Yale in 1797. 
 
 NILES, NATHANIEL, judge, died in West Fair- 
 lee, Vt, in Nov., 1828, aged 87. He was the 
 brother of Rev. Samuel N. of Abington, and was 
 born in South Kingston, R. I. ; graduated at 
 Princeton in 1769. He was for a time a student 
 of medicine and law, and then of theology under 
 Dr. Bellamy, and preached in various places, but 
 was never settled. He resided in Norwich, Conn., 
 where he married a daughter of Elijah Lothrop, 
 a man of Avealth. Here he invented a method 
 of making wire from bar iron, by water power, 
 the first invention of the kind. He also erected 
 a woollen card manufactory. Purchasing land in 
 Vermont, he was the first settler in West Fairlee. 
 He became speaker of the house and judge of 
 the supreme court; also, a member of congress; 
 and six times an elector of president. He was a 
 metaphysician, a defender of the taste scheme. 
 For twelve years he preached in his own house. 
 He wrote the American hero, a celebrated sap- 
 phic ode on the Avar, which was set to music, and 
 was the war-song of the Revolution. It begins 
 with the lines, 
 
 " Why should vain mortals tremble at the sight of 
 Death and destruction in the field of battle? " 
 
 It is in the New York Observer, Aug. 21, 1851 ; 
 also in the cyclopedia of American literature. 
 
 He published four discourses on secret prayer, 
 1773; two on confession and forgiveness ; two on 
 God the fountain of good, 1777 ; on vain amuse 
 ments ; a letter on the power of sinners to make 
 new hearts, 1809. Sprague s Annals. 
 
 NILES, HEZEKIAH, died at Wilmington, Del., 
 April 2, 1839, aged 62. For twenty-five years 
 he was the editor of Niles Weekly Register, at 
 Baltimore. In his character he was esteemed. 
 He published his Register in twelve volumes 
 from 1812 to 1817 ; in twelve volumes from 1817 
 to 1823; in eight volumes from 1823 to 1827. 
 
 NILES, GEORGE, died in Shaftsbury, Vt., May 
 19, 1846, aged 105 yrs. and 9 mos. He served in 
 the French and Indian war at the age of 16. 
 
 NILES, WILLIAM WATSON, a minister, died at 
 La Porte, Indiana, in 1854, aged 57, a graduate 
 of Dartmouth in 1820. 
 
 NILES, JOHN M., died at Hartford May 31, 
 1856, aged 68; he was a senator of the United 
 States eleven years, and the efficient postmaster- 
 general under President Van Burcn. He died of 
 a cancer on his cheek. He had no children. He 
 published the life of Perry. 
 
 NINIGRETT, sachem of Niantick, or Nehan- 
 tick, or Nayantick, was one of the Narragansett 
 chiefs at the settlement of Rhode Island by the 
 whites. His name is variously written, Ninegret, 
 Nincgrad, Ninicrete, Ninicraft, Nynigrett. He 
 was the uncle of Miantunnomu ; but in the war 
 of the latter with the Pequots in 1632 he did not 
 participate. However, he assisted the English in 
 the Pequot war of 1637, his country being in the 
 line of march, and when the division of the two 
 hundred surviving Pequots was made among the 
 conquerors, he received twenty and Miantunnomu 
 eighty. The commissioners of the United Colo 
 nies, Sept. 20, 1653, determined to make war 
 with him, and ordered two hundred and fifty sol 
 diers to be immediately raised. He was suspected 
 of joining in a plot with the Dutch for the de 
 struction of the English colonies, for he had spent 
 the preceding winter at Manhadoes with Stuyve- 
 sant, the Dutch governor, and had visited the 
 western Indians. The commissioner from Massa 
 chusetts Avas opposed to the war, and, as that 
 colony did not concur in the measure, it AA as not 
 prosecuted. In the mean while Ninigrett Avaged 
 his AA r ar Avith the Long Island Indians ; and, re 
 fusing to appear at Hartford, Avar Avas again de 
 termined on in Sept., 1654. Maj. S. Willard 
 marched from Massachusetts into the Narragan 
 sett country to demand the Pequots under Nini 
 grett, and tribute ; he brought off one hundred 
 Pequots, but Ninigrett had fled. His country 
 , was not laid Avaste, probably from the forbearance 
 of Massachusetts, averse to the war. Oct. 13, 
 ! 1660, he and Scuttup and other chiefs mortgaged 
 their territory to II. Atherton and his partners, 
 and delivered possession by turf and tAvig at Pet- 
 
NISBET. 
 
 tequamscot in 1662. lie did not join in Philip s 
 war, and in consequence his tribe escaped the 
 ruin which came upon the other tribes. The 
 time of his death is not known. In 1761 the 
 number of his tribe was two hundred and forty- 
 eight; and there was a sachem Ninigrett, proba 
 bly his descendant. 
 
 NIS13ET, CHARLES, D. D., first president of 
 Dickinson college, Penn., died Jan. 17, 1804, aged 
 66. He was born in Scotland, educated in Edin 
 burgh, and was for many years minister of Mont- 
 rose. During the struggle between Great Britain 
 and her colonies, such was his attachment to lib 
 erty that he dared to lift up his voice in favor of 
 America. When Dickinson college was founded 
 at Carlisle in 1783, he was chosen its principal, 
 though he did not arrive in this country and enter 
 upon the duties of the office till 1785. His 
 successors were Atwater, Mason, and Neill. His 
 imagination was lively and fertile, and his under 
 standing equally acute and vigorous. He pos 
 sessed a memory tenacious almost beyond belief, 
 a solid judgment, and a correct taste. He could 
 repeat with great facility all the beautiful and 
 striking passages of the classic authors. He was 
 acquainted both Avith the ancient learned lan 
 guages, and with the modern languages of Europe. 
 His lectures in the college, which were designed 
 to communicate the elements of knowledge, were 
 plain and simple, but rich in solid learning. In 
 private life he was a most entertaining companion, 
 for his humor was excellent and exhaustless. His 
 penetrating mind perceived relations and con 
 nections among things which escaped almost 
 every other, and he was constantly enlivening 
 conversation with flashes of wit. He was master 
 of the lively anecdote, the smart repartee, the 
 keen irony, and the delicate rebuke. His remarks 
 on men were often severe and cutting, for, being 
 himself upright, he had a rooted abhorrence of 
 deceit and chicanery in others. His independ 
 ent mind scorned the idea of procuring favor or- 
 insuring popularity by any means inconsistent 
 with the most dignified and virtuous sentiments, 
 and he had no respect for the man who, to obtain 
 the one or the other, would cringe to the multi 
 tude. His manners were gentle, unassuming, 
 simple, and in the common affairs and traffic of 
 this world he was a very child. His temper was 
 cheerful, his morals unimpeached, his piety un 
 questioned. As the principal of a college, as a 
 minister of the gospel, as a true patriot, as a good 
 man, he has not often been surpassed. His posthu 
 mous works were published about 1806 ; his 
 memoirs, by Dr. Miller, were published in 1840. 
 Ci/cl. of Arner. Literature. 
 
 NITSCHMAN, DAVID, died in Bethlehem April 
 14, 1758, aged 81. He felled the first tree at B. 
 and built the first house. 
 
 NIXON, JOHN, brigadier-general, a soldier of 
 
 NOBLE. 
 
 GOO 
 
 the Revolution, died March 24, 1815, aged 90. 
 lie was born at Framingham, Mass., March 4, 
 1725. He was present as a soldier at the siege 
 of Louisburg in 1745. After serving in the army 
 and navy seven years, he returned to his native 
 place. But he soon again entered the army as a 
 captain. He fought in the attack on Ticonderoga, 
 when Abercrombie was defeated, and in the bat 
 tle of lake George. Afterwards falling into an 
 ambuscade, he cut his way through the enemy and 
 escaped, but with the loss of nearly all his party. 
 In the Revolutionary war, at the head of a com 
 pany of minute-men, he met the enemy in the 
 battle of Lexington ; and in that of Bunker Hill 
 he was distinguished by his bravery at the head 
 of a regiment, and received a severe wound, from 
 which he never entirely recovered. He was made 
 a brigadier-general in Aug., 1776. Washington 
 intrusted him with the command on Governor s 
 Island, near New York. He was with Gates in 
 1777. In the battle of Stillwater a cannon-ball 
 passed so near his head as to impair permanently 
 the sight of one eye and his hearing in one ear. 
 In bad health, he resigned his commission in 1780. 
 He removed to Middlebury, Vt, in 1803, and 
 lived with his children. His brother, Col. N., an 
 officer of the Revolution, was drowned in a voy 
 age to the district of Maine. For many years 
 before his death he was a member of a Congre 
 gational church. He was respected and esteemed 
 in the various relations of life. 
 
 NOAH, an Indian preacher of good character, 
 lived in 1698 at Nantucket, where there were then 
 two Indian churches and five congregations. The 
 other preachers were Muckamuck, Asherman, 
 Quequenah, Netowah, Peter Hayt, Wunnohson, 
 Spotso, and Codpogannut. 
 
 NOAH, MORDECAI MAJJASSEII, major, died of 
 apoplexy in New York, March 22, 1851, aged 65. 
 Born in Philadelphia, he was an apprentice, and 
 in early life went to Charleston. He was consul 
 to Morocco from 1813 to 1816. On his return 
 he established the National Advocate, and after 
 wards the New York Enquirer, which was merged 
 in the Courier and Enquirer ; and then the Even 
 ing Star, merged in the Times and Star. He 
 also published a weekly paper, the Times. He 
 was surveyor of the port, and sheriff. He pub 
 lished travels in England, France, Spain, and the 
 Barbary States, 1819; on the restoration of the 
 Jews, 1845. 
 
 NOBLE, OLIVER, minister in Newbury, Mass., 
 died in 1792, aged 56. Born in Hebron, Conn., 
 he graduated at Yale in 1757 ; was ordained at 
 Coventry, Conn., as successor of J. Meacham in 
 1759; was dismissed in 1761; settled in New 
 bury from 1762 to 1783; and then in Newcastle, 
 N. H., from 1784 till his death. He published a 
 discourse on church music, 1774; on Boston 
 massacre, 1775. 
 
G10 
 
 NOBLE. 
 
 NOIUUS. 
 
 NOBLE, GIDEON, minister of Willington, 
 Conn., died in 1792, aged about 60. He was 
 born in Westfield, Mass., and graduated at Yale 
 in 1755. 
 
 NOBLE, JOHN, deacon, a man of benevolence, 
 died in Portsmouth, N. II., in 1801, aged 67, leav 
 ing two bridge-shares to the parish poor. 
 
 NOBLE, DAVID, judge, an early settler of 
 "William stown, Mass., died March 4, 1803, aged 
 58. He was a lawyer, and a prosperous mer 
 chant. 
 
 NOBLE, SETH, died in Ohio in 1807, aged 64. 
 He was the son of Thomas of Westfield, and 
 minister of Montgomery, Mass., from 1801 to 
 1806. At an earlier period he preached in Ban- 
 gor, Me., before the town obtained an incorpora 
 tion ; to procure which he carried their petition 
 to Boston. They asked that the name of the 
 place might be Lonfield ; but, as he admired the 
 tune of Bangor, he struck out that word and in 
 serted Bangor; and such was the music-loving 
 origin of the name of the city of the Penobscot, 
 which was incorporated in 1791. In 1792 it had 
 only 169 inhabitants. Holland s Hist. II. 100. 
 
 NOBLE, OBADIAH, first minister of Orford, 
 N. H., died in Vermont Feb. 19, 1829, aged 90. 
 Born in Sheffield, Mass., he graduated at Prince 
 ton in 1763; was settled in 1771; and dismissed 
 in 1777. 
 
 NOBLE, CALVIN, minister of Chelsea, Vt., 
 died in 1834, aged 56. He was a graduate of 
 Middlebury in the fourth class, in 1805. 
 
 NOBLE, PATRICK, governor of South Carolina, 
 died in Abbeville district in 1840, aged 53. He 
 graduated at Princeton in 1806; was a lawyer, a 
 member of the legislature, and governor in 1838; 
 as his term of office was not expired, the legisla 
 ture chose a lieutenant-governor. He was intel 
 ligent, and of an amiable and irreproachable 
 character, a member of the Presbyterian church. 
 
 Boston Chronicle and Patriot, April 22, 1840. 
 NODDLE, WILLIAM, took the freeman s oath 
 
 at Boston, in 1631. From him Noddle s Island 
 was named. 
 
 NOEL, SILAS M., D. D., a Baptist minister, 
 died at Lexington, Ivy., in 1839, aged 55. 
 
 NORCliOSS, NATHANIEL, a preacher at Lan 
 caster, became a freeman in Massachusetts, in 
 1643. He was a first settler of Nashaway, as 
 Lancaster was called in that year ; and in the 
 next he became the minister, but in one or two 
 years returned to England. He was ejected from 
 his living at Walsingham after the Restoration. 
 
 Felt s Eccl. History. 
 NORDHEIMER, ISAAC, Dr., died in New 
 
 York in 1842, professor of Hebrew and teacher 
 of German in Union theological seminary. 
 
 NORMANDIE, JOHN ABRAHAM DE, a physi 
 cian, formerly of Bristol, Penn., died at Bellefield, 
 near Trenton, N. J., Sept. 22, 1805, aged 85. 
 
 NORPJS, EDWARD, minister of Salem, had 
 been a preacher before he arrived in this country 
 in 1639; he and liis wife Eleanor first joined the 
 church in Boston; he was ordained at Salem 
 March 18, 1640, as a colleague with Hugh Peters ; 
 and died April 10, 1659, aged about 70, having 
 been sole pastor eighteen years. His church did 
 not adopt the platform of 1648; nor did they 
 use the New England psalms instead of Ains- 
 worth s till some years after his death. Mr. Nor- 
 ris was tolerant, and did not join in the persecution 
 of the Gortonists and Anabaptists. In 1651 and 
 1654, when one person was executed for witch 
 craft in Boston and several others in the colony, 
 he withstood the delusion of the times. Yet, with 
 his excellent disposition and enlarged views, he 
 urged, by his writings, the prosecution of the Avar 
 against the Dutch, which the commissioners of 
 the United Colonies had recommended in 1653, 
 but which was deemed inexpedient by the gov 
 ernment of Massachusetts. If they did not go 
 to war, he thought the curse upon Meroz would 
 be deserved. In this he erred in spirit and judg 
 ment. He lived in Gloucestershire in England, 
 and was a teacher as well as minister. He pub 
 lished in London a treatise on asking for temporal 
 blessings, and other tracts against Boye and Trask. 
 Felt s Ecd. JIist.,381. 
 
 NOERIS, JOHN, one of the founders of the 
 theological seminary in Andover, died Dec. 22, 
 1808, aged 57. He was for many years a re 
 spectable merchant in Salem, Mass. March 21, 
 1808, he gave 10,000 dollars towards establishing 
 the institution at Andover. This was a day of 
 unequalled munificence, for on the same day 
 Messrs. Brown and Bartlett, merchants of New- 
 buryport, gave towards the same object, the 
 former 10,000 and the latter 20,000 dollars. Mr. 
 Norris lived to see the seminary opened on Sept. 
 28th. His widow, Mary Norris, died at Salem in 
 1811, bequeathing 30,000 dollars to the theologi 
 cal seminary at Andover, and the same sum to 
 trustees for the benefit of foreign missions to the 
 heathen. In such esteem was he held by his 
 fellow citizens, that he wan for several years 
 elected a member of the senate of Massachusetts. 
 Obtaining through the divine blessing upon his 
 industry an ample fortune, he considered himself 
 as the steward of God, and his abundant liberality 
 flowed in various channels. Though his extreme 
 self-diffidence prevented him from making a pub 
 lic profession of religion, yet his house was a 
 house of prayer, in which the morning and even 
 ing sacrifice ascended to the mercy-seat, and he 
 was constant in his attendance on public worship. 
 Being asked by a friend whether he did not en 
 tertain a hope that he was a Christian, he replied 
 in a solemn manner, " I would not relinquish my 
 hope that I am a child of God, for a thousand 
 worlds." 
 
NORRIS. 
 
 NORTON. 
 
 611 
 
 NORRIS, Phcbe, died at Birmingham, Pa., in 
 1811, aged 109. She had been maintained as a 
 pauper the last fifty years. 
 
 NORRIS, JOHN, a Methodist minister, died at 
 Windsor, O., in 1840, aged 74. 
 
 NORRIS, ISAAC, chief justice of Pennsylvania, 
 died at Germantown June 3, 1735. lie was a 
 Quaker, and a highly respected and useful man. 
 His wife was a daughter of Gov. Lloyd. 
 
 NORRIS, THOMAS F., editor of the Olive 
 Branch, died at Somerville, Mass., Dec. 21, 1853. 
 
 NORRIS, EDWARD, an ancient schoolmaster 
 of Salem, son of Rev. Edward N., died in 1684, 
 aged 69. He was a member of the church in 
 1639, and a teacher from 1640 to 1671. Farm 
 er s Register. 
 
 NORSWORTHY, THOMAS, died at Salem, in 
 Dec., 1856, aged 99. He had been married six 
 times and was the father of thirty-three children. 
 
 NORTH, JOSEPH, died in Augusta, Me., in 
 April, 1815, aged 85. 
 
 NORTH, WILLIAM, general, died at New York 
 Jan. 4, 1836, aged 83. He was aid to Baron 
 Steuben in the Revolutionary war, and afterwards 
 adjutant-general; a man of unstained integrity, 
 and highly respected. He was buried at Duanes- 
 burgh. 
 
 NORTH, CALEB, colonel, died at Coventry, Pa., 
 Nov. 7, 1840, aged 88. An officer in the Revo 
 lutionary war, he was afterwards a merchant of 
 Philadelphia, high sheriff, and president of the 
 Cincinnati. 
 
 NORTH, MILO L., M. D., died at Saratoga 
 Springs in 1856. For many years he Avas a dis 
 tinguished physician at the Springs, and was a 
 man of skill, of honor, and of Christian piety. 
 
 NORTON, Jonx, minister in Boston, died April 
 5, 1663, aged 55. He was born at Starford in 
 Hertfordshire, England, May 6, 1606, and was 
 educated at the university of Cambridge. A 
 lecture was at this time supported at Starford by 
 a number of pious ministers, and through their 
 labors Mr.N., who was himself a preacher, though 
 like many others ignorant of his own character 
 and unacquainted with the truth as it is in Jesus, 
 was impressed with a sense of his sin, and by the 
 agency of the Holy Spirit was brought to re 
 pentance. The view of his own heart and life, 
 compared with the holy law of God, almost over 
 whelmed him with despair; but at length the 
 promises of the gospel administered to him inex 
 pressible joy. His attention had been hitherto 
 occupied in literary and scientific pursuits, but he 
 now devoted himself exclusively to the study of 
 theology, and, being by his own experience ac 
 quainted with repentance, and faith, and holiness, 
 he preached upon these subjects with zeal and 
 effect. He soon became eminent. Unable to 
 submit to the impositions of the establishment, he 
 embarked for New England in 1634, but a violent 
 
 storm obliged him to return. In the following 
 year he sailed again for this country, and arrived 
 at Plymouth in October, in company with Mr. 
 Winslow. lie preached in this town during most 
 of the winter, and was earnestly invited to take 
 the charge of the church ; but the state of things 
 in the colony did not please him. Early in 1636 
 he removed to Boston, where he was highly re 
 spected, being consulted by the magistrates in 
 some of their most difficult affairs. Before the 
 close of the year he accepted an invitation to set 
 tle in Ipswich, where a church had been gathered 
 in 1634. In 1639 Mr. Rogers was established as 
 his colleague. While minister of Ipswich he 
 wrote a number of books, which procured him a 
 high reputation. He assisted in forming the 
 Cambridge platform, which was adopted in 1648. 
 After the death of Mr. Cotton at the close of 
 1652, the church in Boston applied to Mr. Nor 
 ton to become their minister. He accordingly 
 preached in that town for some time, with the 
 consent of his people ; but, after the death of Mr. 
 Rogers in 1655, they reclaimed him. Though a 
 number of councils, called upon the occasion, ad 
 vised his removal to Boston, the inhabitants of 
 Ipswich declined giving him a dismission. At 
 length the governor and magistrates were under 
 the necessity of summoning a council, whose ad 
 vice or result was followed, as it was considered 
 as partaking more of the nature of authority. 
 From this period he was the minister of Boston, 
 and was eminently useful. After the restoration 
 of Charles II. it was thought necessary to address 
 him. Mr. Norton and Simon Bradstreet were 
 accordingly appointed the agents of Massachu 
 setts for that purpose. They sailed for England 
 in Feb., 1662, and returned in September, bring 
 ing with them a letter from the king, in which he 
 promised to confirm the charter, but required that 
 the administration of justice should be in his 
 name, and that all persons of good and honest 
 lives should be admitted to the sacrament of the 
 Lord s supper, and their children to baptism. 
 The agents, who had faithfully endeavored to 
 serve the colony, on their return met with a cold 
 reception, and the smothered grief of Mr. Nor 
 ton, on account of the ill treatment wliich he re 
 ceived, it is thought, hastened his end. He died 
 suddenly. He left no children. Mr. Davenport 
 succeeded him in the ministry. 
 
 Mr. Norton was an eminent scholar and divine. 
 In controversy he was very acute, for his powerful 
 talents had been cultivated by an excellent edu 
 cation, and he was familiar with the subtleties of 
 the schoolmen. The doctrines, for which he con 
 tended, were the following : that there is one 
 God subsisting in three persons ; that the will of 
 God is the cause of all causes, and second causes 
 the effects of the first cause ; that the will of man 
 is an instrument disposed and determined unto 
 
612 
 
 NORTON. 
 
 NORTON. 
 
 its action according unto the decree of God, being 
 as much subordinate to it as the axe is to the 
 hand of the hewer; that man, even in violating 
 God s commands, fulfils God s decree ; that the 
 infallible ordering of the existence of sin for a 
 better end, and the forbidding of sin, are not at 
 all inconsistent, but fall under the compass of the 
 same one volition of God, which cannot be resisted 
 or defeated ; that God is not the author of sin, 
 and yet that he does not merely permit it, since 
 he has decreed it ; that the reprobates freely 
 commit such a measure of sin, as fits them for 
 the intended measure of wrath ; that man is a 
 free agent, having a real efficiency, though sub 
 ordinate to the first cause, which determines the 
 second in its operation ; that all mankind par 
 ticipated in Adam s sin and also have it imputed 
 to them ; that original sin is the hereditary and 
 habitual contrariety and enmity of the nature of 
 man against the whole will of God ; that God has 
 elected whom in his wisdom and mercy he pleased 
 to eternal life ; that the conversion of these is 
 the effect of God s Spirit; that good works are 
 necessary as the way to salvation, but not as the 
 cause ; that the only meritorious cause of salva 
 tion is the active and passive obedience of Jesus 
 Christ, which is imputed unto those who believe, 
 and is received by faith alone ; that only the elect 
 believe in the Redeemer ; that their belief or faith 
 is the effect of special, absolute, irresistible grace ; 
 and that the will is passive, not having the nature 
 of a free agent, in the first reception of grace. 
 His sermons were written with great care, and in 
 his extemporary devotional performances there 
 was a variety and fulness and fervor seldom 
 equalled. A good man of Ipswich used fre 
 quently to walk to Boston, a distance of about 
 thirty miles, to attend the Thursday lecture, and 
 would say, that it was worth a great journey to 
 unite in one of Mr. Norton s prayers. His ex 
 ample, according to Dr. Mather, was so much 
 followed, that some young ministers were able 
 to continue their addresses to God for more than 
 an hour with great propriety ; and without weary 
 ing those who joined with them. In his natural 
 temper Mr. Norton was somewhat irascible, but, 
 being taught by the grace of God to govern his 
 passions, his renewed heart rendered him meek, 
 courteous, and amiable. Still, a mistaken zeal for 
 the truth made him, as it made his contempora 
 ries, friendly to persecution. He was convinced 
 that some difference of sentiment must be per 
 mitted, and wished that an erroneous conscience 
 should be treated with tenderness ; but when the 
 fundamental doctrines of Christianity were de 
 nied, or errors were supported by a contumacious 
 will, especially if they produced disturbance in 
 the State, then he thought it indispensably neces 
 sary to be acquainted, to use his own words, 
 " with the holy tactics of the civil sword." The 
 
 disuse of this instrument, in his opinion, gave op 
 portunity for the rise of the man of sin ; the 
 abuse of it maintained him ; but the good use 
 of it would tend to destroy him. With these 
 sentiments he probably encouraged the magis 
 trates in their persecution of the Quakers, who 
 in return represented to the king and parliament, 
 that " John Norton, chief priest in Boston, by the 
 immediate power of the Lord was smitten and 
 died." 
 
 Mr. Norton wrote in Latin a letter to the fa 
 mous John Dury, which was signed by forty-three 
 other ministers. A translation of it may be 
 found in S. Mather s apology. In 1645 he drew 
 up at the request of the ministers of New Eng 
 land an answer to a number of questions relating 
 to church government, which were sent over by 
 Apollonius under the direction of the divines of 
 Zealand. This was the first Latin book ever 
 written in this country. It was published with 
 the title of responsio ad totum qucestionum syllo- 
 gen a clariss. viro dom. Gul. Apollonio proposi- 
 tam, ad componendas controversias in Anglia, 
 London, 8vo., 1648. He published also a discus 
 sion of the sufferings of Christ, and the questions 
 about his righteousness, active and passive, and 
 the imputation thereof, in answer to a dialogue of 
 Mr. Pinchin, 12mo., 1653 ; this was written by 
 the direction of the general court ; the orthodox 
 evangelist, or a treatise wherein many great evan 
 gelical truths are briefly discussed, 4to., 1654 ; 
 election sermon, 1657 ; the life of Mr. Cotton, 
 1658 ; the heart of New England rent by the 
 blasphemies of the present generation, a treatise 
 concerning the doctrine of the Quakers, by the 
 desire of the general court, 8vo., 1660 ; election 
 sermon, 1661; a catechism; three choice and 
 profitable sermons on several texts, being the last 
 sermons which he preached at the election, at 
 the Thursday lecture, and on the Sabbath, 1664. 
 
 Mather s Life of Norton ; Sprague s Annals. 
 NORTON, JOHN, the second minister of Hing- 
 
 ham, Mass., died Oct. 3, 1716, aged 66. He was 
 the nephew of Rev. John N. of Boston, and the 
 son of William of Ipswich. He graduated at 
 Harvard in 1671, and was ordained Nov. 27, 
 1678. He published the election sermon, 1708. 
 
 Lincoln s Hist. Hingham. 
 
 NORTON, JOHN, minister of Easthampton in 
 Chatham, Conn., died in 1778, aged about 61. 
 He graduated at Yale in 1737, and was settled 
 in 1748. 
 
 NORTON, SETH, minister of Windsor, Conn., 
 died in 1762, aged about 32. He graduated at 
 Yale in 1751. 
 
 NORTON, JOHN, first minister of Bernards- 
 ton, Mass., died March 24, 1778, aged 62. Born 
 in Berlin, Conn., ho graduated at Yale in 1737 ; 
 was settled in 1737 ; but resigned in 1741. He 
 was afterwards minister in Middlctown, Conn. 
 
NORTON. 
 
 His predecessors were Russell, Bartlctt, Eells, 
 and Bowers. 
 
 NORTON, JOHN, an Indian chief of the Six 
 Nations, about the year 1807 translated the Gos 
 pel of John into Mohawk. The work was printed 
 in London, at the expense of the bible society, 
 and distributed among the Mohawks on Grand 
 river in Canada. Norton s Indian name was 
 Tryoninhokaraven. His father was an Indian; 
 his mother was of Scotland. He was educated 
 at an English school. 
 
 NORTON, ICHABOD, colonel, died at Granby, 
 Conn., in 1825, aged 90. He was a soldier in 
 the French and Revolutionary wars. 
 
 NORTON, MOLLY, widow, died in Chester, 
 N. II., in 1840, aged 100 ; formerly of Green 
 land, N. H. 
 
 NORTON, ELIAS, Dr., died in Addison, Me., 
 June 15, 1846, aged 99. He was surgeon s mate 
 in the war of the Revolution. 
 
 NORTON, HERMAN, secretary of the foreign 
 Christian union, died in 1850, aged 50. He was 
 born at New Hartford, N. Y., in 1800, and grad 
 uated at Hamilton college in 1823. In 1831 he 
 was pastor of the Union church in Prince street, 
 New York. In 1837 he was pastor of a church 
 in Cincinnati ; and in 1843 was secretary of the 
 American Protestant society. In 1849 he was 
 associated with Dr. Baird. His widow was a 
 daughter of Rev. Dr. Flint of Hartford. He had 
 recently insured his life for 2500 dollars. He 
 was faithful, benignant, and a man of faith. 
 
 NORTON, JOHN P., professor of agricultural 
 chemistry at Yale college, died at Farmington, 
 Conn., Sept. 5, 1851, aged 30. 
 
 NORTON, ASAIIEL STRONG, D. D., died at 
 Clinton, N. Y., May 10, 1853, aged 87. Born in 
 Farmington, Conn., he graduated at Yale in 1790, 
 and was settled the first minister of C. in 1793. 
 Among the members of his ordaining council 
 were Mr. Kirkland and Mr. Sergeant, missiona 
 ries to the Indians. For forty years he exerted 
 an important influence in western New York, 
 when he was induced to resign in consequence of 
 the new measures, so called, which had affected 
 the quietude of his church. Yet, living on his 
 farm, he officiated often as a minister, when his 
 services were wanted. He was one of the found 
 ers of Hamilton college at Clinton. His wife 
 was Mary C. Pitkin, the daughter of Rev. T. Pit- 
 kin of Farmington. Sprague s Annals. 
 
 NORTON, ANDREWS, 1). D., died at Newport 
 Sept. 18, 1853, aged 67. His residence was Cam 
 bridge, where he graduated in 1804, was teacher 
 of theology from 1813 to 1819, and Dexter pro 
 fessor of sacred literature from 1819 to 1830 ; 
 also librarian from 1813 to 1821. He was a son 
 of Samuel N. of Hingham, a descendant of Rev. 
 John N., who was a nephew of the celebrated 
 
 NOURSE. 
 
 G13 
 
 John N. of Ipswich and Boston. He married a 
 daughter of Samuel Eliot of Boston. He pub 
 lished evidences of the genuineness of the gos 
 pels ; a discourse on religious education, 1818; 
 inaugural, 1819 ; review of trustees address, 
 1823 ; of character and writings of Byron, 1825 ; 
 of Channing s sermon, 1826 ; of Mrs. Hemans 
 forest sanctuary ; address at the funeral of Mr. 
 Frisbie, 1822; memoirs of Frisbie; thoughts on 
 true and false religion, 1820 ; remarks on a re 
 port of overseers, 1824 ; speech before overseers, 
 1825. 
 
 NOTT, ABRAHAM, died in Saybrook Jan. 24, 
 1756, aged about 60; the first pastor of the second 
 church in Pettipaug, or Pautapaug, now Essex. 
 His father and grandfather both had the name 
 of John, and lived in Wethersfield. He gradu 
 ated at Yale in 1720. His wife was Phebe Tap 
 ping, probably the daughter of John T. of South 
 ampton, L. I. He was the grandfather of two 
 memorable men, Rev. Samuel and Rev. Eliphalet 
 Nott. 
 
 NOTT, HENRY JUNITJS, died with his wife in 
 the wreck of the steamer, the Home, off the coast 
 of North Carolina, Oct. 18, 1837, aged 40. He 
 was the son of Judge Abraham Nott of South 
 Carolina, and was graduated at South Carolina 
 college, and practised law till 1821, when he de 
 voted himself to literature. On his return he 
 was appointed in 1824 professor of belles lettres 
 in his college. He published novelties of a 
 traveller, 2 vols., 1834; and various articles in 
 the southern quarterly. Cycl. of Amer. Lit. 
 
 NOTT, SAMUEL, D. D., the son of Stephen, 
 and grandson of Rev. Abraham Nott, died in 
 Franklin, Conn., May 26, 1852, aged 98. He 
 was born in Saybrook Jan. 23, 1754 ; was gradu 
 ated at Yale in 1780 ; and was settled in Norwich, 
 West Farms, now Franklin, March 13, 1782, so 
 that he was a pastor of his flock seventy years. 
 He died in consequence of a burn, his gown 
 having caught fire from a stove. He had a 
 colleague from 1849 to 1851. His eldest son, 
 Samuel, was a missionary to the east. Two of 
 his daughters married ministers, Eli Hyde and 
 John Hyde ; the former, a graduate of Yale in 
 1803, was the minister of Hampden and Preston 
 in Connecticut, and of North Wilbraham, Mass., 
 and died in 1848, aged 72. He published a ser 
 mon at the ordination of A. Hooker, 1812 ; of 
 J. Aver, 1825 ; on the death of J. Hunt; two on 
 the death of J. Gurley, 1812 ; of Mr. Williams ; 
 of J. Benedict, 1816; of Mr. C. Welch; of Z. 
 Ely, 1824; of A. Lee, 1832; at the election, 
 1809; to a foreign mission society, 1814; half- 
 century sermon, 1832 ; on the 60th anniversary 
 of his ordination, 1842. Sprague s Annals. 
 
 NOURSE, PETER, minister of Ellsworth, Me., 
 died at Phippsburg March 25, 1840, aged 64. 
 
614 
 
 NOURSE. 
 
 NOYES. 
 
 Born in Stow, he graduated at Harvard in 1802, 
 and Avas librarian from 1805 to 1808. He was 
 minister in Ellsworth from 1812 to 1835. 
 
 NOURSE, JOSEPH, died near Georgetown, 
 D. C., Sept. 1, 1841, aged 87. He was born in 
 London in 1754 ; emigrated to Virginia in 17G9; 
 and entered the Revolutionary army in 1776. He 
 was register of the treasury from 1789 to 1829, 
 and vice-president of the American bible society. 
 He was held in high esteem and respect. 
 
 NOWELL, INCREASE, secretary of the Massa 
 chusetts colony, died Nov. 1, 1655. He was 
 chosen an assistant in England in 1629, and came 
 to this country with Winthrop in the Arabella, 
 1630. He was chosen ruling elder August 27th, 
 but resigned the office in 1632, being convinced 
 that the offices of ruler in the church and state 
 were incompatible. Of the church in Charles- 
 town he was one of the founders in 1632, having 
 been dismissed from Boston. In 1634 he was 
 one of the commissioners for military affairs. 
 He was secretary from 1644 to 1649. In 1649 
 he entered into the association against wearing 
 long hair. He died in poverty. The name of 
 his wife was Parnell, to whom one thousand acres 
 of land on Cocheco river, New Hampshire, were 
 granted, probably as a public acknowledgment of 
 his faithful services. He left several sons, of 
 whom Samuel, a graduate of 1653, was a preacher, 
 an assistant from 1680 to 1686, and an adherent 
 of the old charter ; and Alexander, who gradu 
 ated in 1664, was the author of several almanacs. 
 
 NOWELL, SAMUEL, died at Cambridge or 
 Boston in 1688, aged about 55. He graduated 
 at Harvard in 1653. He was a chaplain under 
 Gen. Winslow in the Indian battle Dec. 19, 1674, 
 and evinced the greatest courage while " the balls 
 whistled around him." He was afterwards a 
 magistrate and treasurer of the college. 
 
 NOWEQ.UA, an Indian, the brother of Uncas, 
 in 1645 with one hundred and thirty Mohegans 
 plundered the Nopnut Indians of ten copper ket 
 tles, fathoms of wampum, hempen baskets, and 
 bear skins. The next year he committed outra 
 ges on Fisher s Island. The commissioners re 
 quired Uncas " to regulate and continue his 
 brother in a righteous and peaceable frame." 
 
 NOYES, JAMES, one of the first ministers of 
 Newbury, Mass., died Oct. 22, 1656, aged 47. 
 He was born in Wiltshire, England, in 1608, and 
 was for some time a student in the university of 
 Oxford. After he began to preach, as he could 
 not conscientiously comply with the ceremonies 
 of the established church, he accompanied his 
 friend, Mr. Parker, to New England in 1634. 
 They arrived in the month of May. Mr. Noyes 
 preached about a year at Mystic, now Medford, 
 when he was invited to become the minister of 
 Watertown ; but, as he preferred a settlement 
 with Mr. Parker, who had removed from Agga- 
 
 wam to Newbury, he was established as his col 
 league in 1635, having the title of teacher. He 
 continued to discharge with faithfulness the duties 
 of his office more than twenty years. A long 
 sickness he bore with patience and cheerfulness. 
 He left six sons. Mr. Noyes and Mr. Parker 
 were the most cordial and intimate friends. In 
 England they instructed in the same school ; they 
 came to this country in the same ship ; they were 
 ministers in the same church ; and, as Mr. Par 
 ker had no family, they lived in the same house. 
 Mr. Noyes was very much beloved by his people, 
 for he was humble, gentle, and constantly desir 
 ous of doing them good. He w r as the implaca 
 ble enemy of heresy and scliism. Though he 
 could never submit to the ceremonies of the Eng 
 lish church, he was not so averse to Episcopacy 
 itself. He did not approve of a governing vote 
 in the fraternity, and he thought that ecclesiastical 
 councils should have the power of inflicting cen 
 sures upon particular churches. He was emi 
 nently skilled in Greek, and he had read the 
 fathers and the schoolmen. His memory was 
 tenacious, his invention rich, and his judgment 
 profound. While his manners were so amiable, 
 and his disposition so truly benevolent and affec 
 tionate, that no one was ever acquainted with 
 him who did not desire his friendship and society ; 
 he yet was resolute and determined in his defence 
 of the truth. He was considered as one of the 
 most eminent men in his day. He published the 
 temple measured, or a brief survey of the temple 
 mystical, which is the instituted church of Christ, 
 London, 4to., 1647 ; a catechism, which was re 
 printed in 1797 ; Moses and Aaron, or the rights 
 of church and state, contained in two disputa 
 tions, the former concerning the church, the lat 
 ter asserting the sacredness of the persons of 
 kings against king-killing, 1661. This was pub 
 lished by Mr. Woodbridge of England. Ma 
 ther s Magnolia, ill. 145-148; Hist. Coll. Til. 
 242. 
 
 NOYES, JAMES, the first minister of Stoning- 
 ton, Conn., the second son of the preceding, died 
 Dec. 30, 1719, aged nearly 81. He was born 
 March 11, 1640, and graduated at Harvard col 
 lege in 1659, being educated at the expense of 
 his uncle, Mr. Parker. In the year 1664 he 
 began to preach at Stonington, where he was 
 ordained Sept. 10, 1674. He gave religious 
 instruction to this people fifty-five years. He was 
 a distinguished preacher, carrying an uncommon 
 fervor and heavenly zeal into all his public per 
 formances. His ordinary conversation breathed 
 the spirit of the Avorld to which he was endeavor 
 ing to guide his fellow men. In ecclesiastical 
 controversies he was eminently useful. Being a 
 friend of literature, he was one of the first trus 
 tees of Yale college. He was also a councillor 
 in civil affairs at some critical periods. As a phy- 
 
NOYES. 
 
 NOYES. 
 
 C15 
 
 sician he was much consulted, and he gave away 
 annually the amount of his salary in medicines. 
 But he most delighted in his ministerial work, for 
 his tenderness and faithfulness in which he was 
 highly esteemed and beloved. 
 
 NOYES, NICHOLAS, minister of Salem, Mass., 
 died Dec. 13, 1717, aged nearly 70. lie was the 
 son of Nicholas N. and the nephew of Mr. Noyes 
 of Ncwbury ; was born in that town Dec. 22, 1647. 
 He was educated at the expense of his uncle, Mr. 
 Parker, receiving the first honors of Harvard col 
 lege in 1667. After having preached thirteen 
 years in Haddam, he removed to Salem, where 
 lie was ordained as colleague with Mr. Higginson 
 Nov. 14, 1683. George Curwin was settled with 
 him in 1714, but died in 1717. Mr. Noyes was 
 never married. Acquainted with all the litera 
 ture of the times, and having uncommon talents 
 for his sacred work, his death was deeply and 
 generally lamented. He was entertaining and 
 useful in conversation, of eminent sanctity and 
 virtue, and always solicitous for the welfare of his 
 people. But with all his good qualities he un 
 happily believed the reality of witchcraft, and had 
 some influence in promoting those legal inquiries 
 in 1692, which reflect so much disgrace upon the 
 age. He afterwards, however, publicly confessed 
 his error without offering any excuse for himself, 
 or concealing any circumstance; and he visited 
 and blessed the survivors, whom he had injured, 
 asking always their forgiveness. Such conduct 
 reflects the highest honor upon his character. A 
 letter of his containing an account of James 
 Noyes is preserved in Mather s magnalia. He 
 published the election sermon, 1698 ; and a poem 
 on the death of Joseph Green of Salem village, 
 1715. Coll. Hist. Society, vi. 264, 267,273, 
 286. 
 
 NOYES, OLIVER, Dr., died in Boston in 1721, 
 aged about 48. He graduated at Harvard in 
 169<3. He was a representative of Boston, 
 strongly attached to the popular party, and highly 
 esteemed by the people. 
 
 NOYES, MOSES, the first minister of Lyme, 
 Conn., died Nov. 10, 1729, aged nearly 86. He 
 was the son of llev. James N. of Newbury, and 
 born Dec. 6, 1643 ; was graduated at Harvard in 
 16.39 ; was ordained in 1693, having preached 
 there twenty-seven years before the church was 
 formed. 
 
 NOYES, JOSEPH, minister of New Haven, 
 Conn., died June 14, 1761, aged 72. He was the 
 son of James N. of Stonington ; was graduated 
 in 1709 at Yale college, where he was a tutor 
 from 1710 to 1715 ; and was one of the corpora 
 tion for many years. Ordained as the successor 
 of Mr. Pierpont July 4, 1716, the church was 
 happy under his ministry till 1742, when a sepa 
 ration was made. Many of his church were dis 
 trustful of the correctness of his sentiments, and 
 
 displeased with his zeal against religious revivals. 
 The church had been independent, but in Jan., 
 1742, he caused them to adopt the Saybrook plat 
 form. Those who withdrew were formed into a 
 new church, and finally settled Samuel Bird at 
 Whitehaven, Oct. 3, 1751. Of the ecclesiastical 
 council on this occasion were Wheclock, Bellamy, 
 Graham, Pomeroy, and Hopkins. Mr. Whittle- 
 sey was settled in 1758 as the colleague of Mr. 
 Noyes. Dana s Centen, Discourses. 
 
 NOYES, JOHN, the son of llcv. Joseph N., 
 died greatly lamented in 1767, aged about 34. 
 He was a graduate of 1753 and became a preacher; 
 but from ill health was not settled in the minis 
 try. His sons John and James were ministers. 
 His widow, Mary, the daughter of llev. Joseph 
 Fish of Stonington, married in 1775 General 
 Gold S. Silliman of Fairfield, and thus she was 
 the mother of Professor Benjamin Silliman. 
 Sprague s Annals. 
 
 NOYES, EDMUND, minister of Salisbury, Mass., 
 died in 1809, aged about 84. He graduated at 
 Harvard in 1747. He succeeded S. Webster. 
 
 NOYES, NATHANIEL, minister of South Hamp 
 ton, N. II., died at Newbury in 1810, aged 75. 
 The son of Deacon Parker Noyes of Newbury, 
 he graduated at Princeton in 1759; was ordained 
 in 1763 ; and dismissed in 1800. For fifty years 
 he preached constantly and faithfully without be 
 ing confined one Sabbath by sickness. His last 
 text was, " Now lettest thou thy servant depart 
 in peace, for mine eyes have seen thy salvation." 
 Panoplist, Jan., 1811. 
 
 NOYES, MATTHEW, minister of Northford, in 
 Branford, Conn., died in 1839, aged about 74. 
 Born in Lyme, he graduated at Yale in 1785, and 
 was ordained in 1790. He was a member of the 
 college corporation. 
 
 NOYES, THOMAS, minister of Ncedham, Mass., 
 died in 1837, aged 69. He was born at Acton; 
 graduated at Harvard in 1795 ; and was ordained 
 over the second church in Needham in 1799, and 
 was a faithful minister thirty-four years. 
 
 NOYES, NATHAN, M. D., died in Newbury- 
 port in 1842 ; graduated at Dartmouth in 1796. 
 
 NOYES, JAMES, died Feb. 18, 1844, aged 79; 
 the minister of Wallingford, Conn. He was born 
 in Fairfield, and graduated at Yale in 1782. 
 
 NOYES, JOHN, died in Weston, Conn., May 
 15, 1846, aged 84. He was the son of John, and 
 grandson of Itev. James N. of New Haven. He 
 graduated at Yale in 1779 ; was ordained pastor 
 at Norfield, then a parish of the town of Fair- 
 field, May 31, 1786. His wife was the daughter 
 of Samuel Sherwood, his predecessor, who grad 
 uated in 1749, and died in 1783. He published 
 a half-century sermon, 1836. 
 
 NOYES, DANIEL, deacon, died at Andover, 
 April 8, 1852, aged 60 ; a man always ready to 
 every good work. He was of the firm of May- 
 
616 
 
 NOYES. 
 
 OBBATINEWAT. 
 
 nard and Noyes, Boston, druggists ; whose ink 
 has made its mark the world over. He was a 
 member of the prudential committee of the Amer 
 ican board of missions. 
 
 NOYES, ELI, D. D., died at Lafayette, Indi 
 ana, Sept. 10, 1854. He was a Freewill Bap 
 tist, a man of learning, and six years a missionary 
 at Orissa in India. He published a Hebrew 
 grammar. 
 
 NOYES, JOSIAH, M. D., died at Clinton, New 
 York, Nov. 1, 1853. Born in New Hampshire, 
 he graduated at Dartmouth in 1801, a classmate 
 of Webster, concerning whose college life he 
 wrote a memorial. He was a professor in Ham 
 ilton college. 
 
 NUNNENUNTENO, a Narragansett Indian 
 sachem, was taken prisoner and put to death in 
 1676 on the Pawcatuck river, near Stonington. 
 He was a blood-stained chief. Two Indians were 
 employed to shoot him ; when his head was cut 
 off and carried to Hartford. 
 
 NURSE, REBECCA, wife of Francis of Salem 
 village, was hung as a witch July 19, 1692. She 
 had four sons and four daughters. The year in 
 which this poor woman was hung Avas memora 
 ble for witchcraft in Essex county, Mass. Before 
 the close of September, 1692, nineteen persons 
 were hung ; and one, Giles Cory, was pressed to 
 death on the charge of witchcraft. More than a 
 hundred women, many of fair characters and 
 reputable families in Salem, Beverly, Andover, 
 Billerica, and other towns, were apprehended and 
 generally committed to prison. The evidence 
 was of such kind as this : when the accused were 
 before the magistrate, with the possessed or 
 " afflicted " children as witnesses, and were di 
 rected to look upon the afflicted, these children 
 cried out and fell into a fit ; and this was proof. 
 And then the old women were blinded, and or 
 dered to touch the afflicted, and at their touch 
 they came out of their pretended fits. In Eng 
 land, about eight years previously, many more 
 persons suffered for witchcraft under such an em 
 inent judge as Sir Matthew Hale. The spiritu 
 alism of the present day, dealing with the invisi 
 ble world, may have as little evidence to support 
 it as the witchcraft of 1692 ; but its adherents 
 are no less the victims of a miserable delusion. 
 
 NUTTING, JOHN, died May 20, 1790, aged 97. 
 The son of Jonathan of Cambridge, he graduated 
 in 1712, and was a school-master at Salem thirty- 
 seven years. He was also custom-house officer 
 at Salem. 
 
 NYE, SAMUEL, Dr., died at Salisbury, Mass., 
 in June, 1834, aged 85 ; a graduate of Harvard in 
 1771. 
 
 OAKES, URIAN, president of Harvard college, 
 died July 25, 1681, aged 49. He was born in 
 England about the year 1631, and was brought 
 to America in his childhood. A sweetness of 
 
 disposition exhibited itself early and remained 
 with him through life. He was graduated at 
 Harvard college in 1649. While very young and 
 small he published at Cambridge a set of astro 
 nomical calculations with this apposite motto : 
 
 Parvum parva decent sed iuest sua gratia pairis. 
 
 He soon went to England, and was settled in 
 the ministry at Titchfield in Hampshire. Being 
 silenced in 1662 with the other nonconforming 
 ministers, he found an asylum in a respectable 
 family, and afterwards preached in another con 
 gregation. Such was his celebrity for learning 
 and piety, that the church and society of Cam 
 bridge, on the decease of Mr. Mitchell in 1668, 
 sent a messenger to England to invite him to be 
 come their minister. He accepted the invitation, 
 but through various circumstances did not com 
 mence his labors in Cambridge till Nov. 8, 1671. 
 Being placed at the head of Harvard college after 
 the death of Dr. Hoar, he commenced the duties 
 of this office April 7, 1675, still however retain 
 ing the pastoral care of his flock. But, Feb. 2, 
 1680, the corporation appointed him president, 
 and persuaded him to be inaugurated, and to 
 devote himself exclusively to this object. He was 
 succeeded by Mr. Rogers in the college, and by 
 Mr. Gookin in the church of Cambridge. He was 
 a man of extensive erudition and distinguished use 
 fulness. He excelled equally as a scholar, as a 
 divine, and as a Christian. By his contempora 
 ries he was considered as one of the most re 
 splendent lights that ever shone in this part of 
 the world. He was very humble with all his 
 greatness, like the full ear of corn, which hangs 
 near the ground. In the opinion of Dr. Mather, 
 America never had a greater master of the true, 
 pure Ciceronian Latin, of his skill in which lan 
 guage an extract from one of his commencement 
 orations is preserved as a specimen in the Mag- 
 nalia. He published an artillery election sermon, 
 entitled, the unconquerable, all conquering, and 
 more than conquering Christian soldier, 1672 ; 
 election sermon, 1673 ; a sermon at Cambridge 
 on the choice of their military officers; a fist 
 sermon ; a long elegy on the death of Rev. Mr. 
 Shepard of Charlcstown, 1677. This is pathetic 
 and replete with imagery. Holmes 1 Hist, of 
 Cambridge ; Sprague s Annals. 
 
 OAKES, THOMAS, Dr., of Boston, the brother 
 of Pres. O., died in Wellfiect in 1719, aged 75. 
 He graduated at Harvard in 1662 ; was a repre 
 sentative in 1689 ; and went to England as an 
 agent for Massachusetts, and aided in the new 
 charter. John Dunton describes him: "He is 
 an eminent physician and a religious man; at his 
 first coming to a patient he persuades him to put 
 his trust in God, the fountain of health." 
 
 OBBATIXEWAT, an Indian sachem, subject 
 to Massassoit, who lived at the bottom of Massa- 
 
OBOOK1AII. 
 
 OCCOM. 
 
 chusctts bay. He was in constant fear of the 
 Tarentines, or Eastern Indians. 
 
 OBOOKIAH, HENRY, a native of Hawaii or 
 Owhyhce, died in Cornwall, Conn., Feb. 17, 1818, 
 a"-ed 26. He was brought to New Haven in 1809, 
 by Capt. Brintnal, from the Sandwich Islands ; 
 and benevolent friends educated him for several 
 years under Mr. Mills of Torringford, and at 
 Andover, Mass., and with Mr. Morris of Litch- 
 field. Next the ministers of Litchfield county 
 took him under their care, and he was placed, in 
 1817, in the Cornwall mission school. There, in 
 the midst of companions from the Sandwich 
 Islands, and of pupils from various countries, East 
 Indians and American Indians, he was smitten 
 by a fever, and the hopes resting on him were 
 blasted. It was a mystery of Providence. lie 
 was, however, the cause of the establishment of 
 the missionary school, in which, in 1820, the num 
 ber of pupils was twenty-nine. He had trans 
 lated Genesis into his native language. His 
 memoirs were published 1818. 
 
 O BRIEX, JEREMIAH, collector of the customs 
 at Machias, Me., died in 1818, aged 78. He was 
 a Revolutionary patriot. May 12, 1775, at the 
 head of thirty-two men, with muskets, he captured 
 the British schooner Margaretta, completely 
 armed with swivels, hand-grenades etc., and hav 
 ing thirty-five men, nearly half of which were 
 killed and wounded. This was the first British 
 flag which struck to America. He was a worthy 
 man, a benefactor of the poor. 
 
 O BIIIEN, RICHARD, consul-general of the 
 United States to the Barbary Powers, died in 
 1824, aged 72. He was in early life an active 
 seaman ; then a successful adventurer in the pri 
 vateering exploits of the Revolution ; afterwards 
 a brave commander in the regular naval service. 
 Falling into the hands of the barbarians of Africa, 
 he was a slave in Algiers. After being released 
 from slavery, he was appointed consul-general. 
 In his last years he was a farmer and a member 
 of the legislature of Pennsylvania. He died at 
 Washington city. 
 
 OCCUISII, PHILIP, a worthy Christian Indian, 
 died at Niantic, in Lymc, Conn., " in the sure 
 hope of ever being with the Lord," March 20, 
 1789, aged 71. His wife Sarah died two years 
 before, saying, " she saw heaven opened to receive 
 her." Their gravestones are standing in a grave 
 yard of the Niantic or Nchantic Indians, in the 
 east part of Lyme, on the west shore of a little 
 bay at the mouth of the Niantic river, a few miles 
 from New London. The sachem of the tribe was 
 Wequash. Their faithful missionary at an early 
 period was Mr. Griswold, the ancestor of many 
 of that name in Connecticut. Boston Recorder, 
 Jan. 8, 1857. 
 
 OCCOM, SAMSON, an Indian preacher, died in 
 July, 1792, aged 69. He was born at Mohegan, 
 78 
 
 on Thames river, near Norwich, Conn., about the 
 year 1723. His parents, like the other Indians, 
 led a wandering life, depending chiefly upon 
 hunting and fishing for subsistence. Not one 
 then cultivated the land, and all dwelt in wig 
 wams. None of them could read. When Oc- 
 com was a boy, Mr. Jewett, the minister of New 
 London, now Montville, was accustomed to preach 
 once a fortnight at Mohegan. One man went 
 among the Indians to teach them to read. Dur 
 ing the religious excitement, about 1739 and 1740, 
 several ministers visited these Indians, and the 
 Indians repaired to the neighboring churches. 
 Occom at this period became the subject of re 
 ligious impressions, and was in distress of mind 
 for six months. He then found consolation. 
 From this time he was desirous of becoming the 
 teacher of his tribe. He could read by spelling, 
 and in a year or two learned to read the Bible. 
 At the age of nineteen he went to the Indian 
 school of Mr. Wheelock of Lebanon, and re 
 mained with him four years. He afterwards, in 
 1748, kept a school in New London; but soon 
 went to Montauk on Long Island, where he taught 
 a school among the Indians ten or eleven years, 
 at the same time being the religious teacher of 
 the Indians in their own language, and preaching 
 also to the Skenecock or Yenecock Indians, dis 
 tant thirty miles. During a revival among the 
 Montauks many became Christians. He lived in 
 a house covered with mats, changing his abode 
 twice a year, to be near the planting-ground in 
 the summer and the wood in the winter. Amongst 
 his various toils for subsistence, he was expert 
 with his fish-hook and gun ; he bound old books 
 for East Hampton people, made wooden spoons, 
 stocked guns, and made cedar pails, piggins, and 
 churns. He was ordained by the Suffolk Pres 
 bytery Aug. 29, 1759, and was from this time a 
 regular member of the Presbytery. In 1766 Mr. 
 Wheelock sent him to England with Mr. Whit- 
 akcr, the minister of Norwich, to promote the 
 interests of Moor s Indian charity school. He 
 was the first Indian preacher who visited Eng 
 land. The houses in which he preached were 
 thronged. Between Feb. 16, 1766, and July 22, 
 1767, he preached in various parts of the king 
 dom between three and four hundred sermons. 
 Large charitable donations were obtained, and the 
 school was soon transplanted to Hanover, N. H., 
 and connected with Dartmouth college. After 
 his return, Occom sometimes resided at Mohegau, 
 and was often employed in missionary labors 
 among distant Indians. In 1786 he removed to 
 Brothcrton, near Utica, N. Y., in the neighbor 
 hood of the Stockbridge Indians, who were of 
 the Mohegan root, and who had formerly been 
 under the instruction of Mr. Sergeant and Mr. 
 Edwards. A few of the Mohegans and other 
 Indians of Connecticut, Long Island, and Rhode 
 
6 1 
 t 
 
 ODIORXE. 
 
 OGDEX. 
 
 Island removed about the same lime. The Onei- 
 das gave them a tract of land. In the last years 
 of his life he resided with the Indians at New 
 Stockbridge, near Brotherton, where he died. 
 Upwards of three hundred Indians attended his 
 funeral. lie had two sisters, Lucy Tantequiggen 
 and Sally Maminash. The flattering attentions 
 which he received in England might have 
 awakened some emotions of pride, and occa 
 sioned some discontent with his previous narrow 
 circumstances. In a few instances he was be 
 trayed into excess and intemperance ; but then 
 he humbled himself and reformed. lie did not, 
 like many white men, destroy himself by strong 
 drink. Dr. Dwight says: "I heard Mr. Occom 
 twice. His discourses, though not proofs of su 
 perior talents, were decent ; and his utterance in 
 some degree eloquent. His character at times 
 labored under some imputations. Yet there is 
 good reason to believe that most, if not all, of 
 them were unfounded ; and there is satisfactory 
 evidence that he was a man of piety." J. John 
 son was another Indian preacher of the same 
 tribe. An account of the Montauk Indians, writ 
 ten by Occom, is preserved in the historical col 
 lections. He says that they had a multitude of 
 gods. He published a sermon at the execution 
 of Moses Paul, an Indian, at New Haven, Sept. 2, 
 1772 ; as Paul s crime resulted from drunkenness, 
 he said in this sermon, that he never heard of 
 " drunken devils." DuelVs Ord. Sermon; Hist. 
 Coll. IV. G8; v. 13; IX. 89, 90; X. 105; Dwight, 
 il. 112. 
 
 ODIORNE, THOMAS, died in Boston in 1851, 
 aged about 70. He graduated at Dartmouth in 
 1791. His ancestor John was of Portsmouth in 
 1660. He published poems, 1792. 
 
 ODLIN, ELISIIA, minister of Amesbury, Mass., 
 died in 1752, aged 41. Born in Exeter, he gradu 
 ated at Harvard in 1731, and was settled in 1744. 
 His predecessors M ere E. March and T. Wells, 
 the first minister. 
 
 ODLIN, JOHN, minister of Exeter, N. H., died 
 in 1754, aged 72. He was the son of Elisha of 
 Boston, and grandson of John, one of the first set 
 tlers of Boston. He graduated at Harvard in 1702, 
 and was ordained in 1706. His son, Elisha, a 
 graduate of 1731, was minister of Amesbury. 
 His son John, a physician, died at Concord about 
 1790, aged 72. He published a sermon, 1742. 
 
 ODLIN, WOODBRIDGE, son of the preceding 
 and his successor, died in March, 1776, aged 57, 
 and was succeeded by Isaac Mansfield. He 
 graduated at Harvard in 1738, and was ordained 
 in 1743. By his mother he was descended from 
 J. Woodbridge of Andover. 
 
 OFFLEY, DAVID W., consul of the United 
 States in Smyrna, Asia Minor, died there in 1846. 
 
 OGA-NA-YA, a Cherokee Indian and Baptist 
 
 minister of great ability and usefulness, died at 
 Jefferson city, Mo., Sept. 6, 1852. 
 
 OGDEN, JACOB, a physician, died in 1779, aged 
 58. He was born at Newark, N. J., in 1721. and 
 commenced the practice of medicine at Jamaica, 
 L. I., where he lived in high reputation as a phy 
 sician nearly forty years. His death was occa 
 sioned by an injury, received in consequence of a 
 fright of his horse. He published letters on the 
 malignant sore-throat distemper in 1769 and 1774. 
 He recommended the use of mercury. Perhaps 
 he was the first to introduce in that disorder the 
 mercurial treatment. Thacher. 
 
 OGDEN, MATTHIAS, died at Elizabethtown, 
 N. J., in 1791. He was a brigadier in the army 
 of the United States, took an early and a decided 
 part in the contest with Great Britain. He joined 
 the army at Cambridge, and such was his zeal 
 and resolution, that he accompanied Arnold in 
 penetrating through the wilderness to Canada in 
 1775. He was engaged in the attack upon Que 
 bec, and was carried wounded from the place of 
 engagement. On his return from this expedition 
 he was appointed to the command of a regiment, 
 in which station he continued until the conclusion 
 of the war. On the occurrence of peace he was 
 honored by congress with a commission of briga 
 dier-general. He was distinguished for his lib 
 erality and philanthropy. He was generous, 
 amiable, and endeared to his friends. 
 
 OGDEN, JOHX COSENS, died at Chestertown, 
 Maryland, in 1800. A native of New Jersey, a 
 graduate of Princeton in 1770, he was ordained 
 by Bishop Seabury, and succeeded Mr. Browne 
 in Portsmouth, N. H., from 1786 to 1793, after 
 which time he was subject in a degree to mental 
 derangement. He resided after 1770 fifteen years 
 in New Haven. His wife was a daughter of 
 Gen. Wooster; his son, Aaron, survived him. 
 He published election sermon, 1790; a masonic 
 sermon ; address at the opening of an academy ; 
 letters occasioned by correspondence between 
 him and Dr. Macclintock ; excursion to Bethle 
 hem, 1800. 
 
 OGDEN, DAVID B., an eminent lawyer, died 
 at New York, July 15, 1849, aged 80. He came 
 from New Jersey to New York in 1802. He was 
 the associate of great lawyers, as Spencer, Van 
 Ness, Wells, Emmet ; his chief practice was in 
 the supreme court of the United States. He 
 was a man of simple manners and of great kind 
 ness. 
 
 OGDEN, AARON, governor of New Jersey in 
 1812, died at Jersey city, April 19, 1839, aged 
 83. He served as an officer during the Revolu 
 tionary war; for many years he practised law 
 with reputation ; and was senator of the United 
 States in 1801-1803. 
 
 OGDEN, UZAL, D. D., died at Newark, N. J., 
 
OGILVIE. 
 
 in Nov.. 1822, ngcd 70 or 79. Tic was rector of 
 Trini 1 y church. 1 IP published a masonic sermon, 
 17s; and the reward of iniquity. 
 
 OGILVIE. JOHN, ]>. 1)., minister in New York, 
 was graduated at Yale college in 1748, and was 
 for some time, nominally, a missionary to the 
 Indians on the Mohawk, and had a salary as 
 such, but resided chiefly as a preacher at Albany ; 
 he was afterwards .assistant minister of Trinity 
 church, New York, where he died Xov. 26, 177-i, 
 aged 51. His appearance, address, and manners 
 were prepossessing and interesting ; he had good 
 abilities and was exemplary in his life. He left 
 300 pounds to a charity school, and other bene 
 factions. 
 
 OGILVIE, JAMES, an orator, died Sept. 18, 
 1820, aged 45. He was a native of Scotland. 
 His father, Rev. Dr. O., who died in 1814, was a 
 branch of the noble family of Finlater. From 
 the age of eighteen to thirty-five he had the 
 charge of an academy at Milton, Albemarle co., 
 Virginia. He relinquished his school in 1807, 
 and delivered in the principal cities lectures as 
 models of oratory. It was a hazardous but suc 
 cessful undertaking. He received much applause ; 
 and for that he hungered. However, although 
 his gestures were very graceful, there was a mon 
 otony in his voice. He wanted the fire and vehe 
 mence of passion. Returning to Europe, he was 
 very unsuccessful in his lectures in London and 
 Edinburgh, and was overwhelmed with disap 
 pointment. In 1820 he succeeded to the lordship 
 of Finlater, but died soon at Aberdeen. It was 
 reported that he killed himself. He was in 
 America addicted to the use of opium for the 
 purpose of exhilaration. He published philosoph 
 ical essays, 1816. 
 
 OGILVY, JOHN, published in London a history 
 of America, folio, 1670. 
 
 OGLE, SAMUEL, governor of Maryland from 
 1737 to 1742, and from 1747 to his death, died 
 in 1751. 
 
 OGLE, BENJAMIN, governor of Maryland from 
 1798 to 1801, died at Annapolis July 6, 1809, 
 aged 60. 
 
 OGLETHORPE, JAMES, the founder of Geor 
 gia, died in Aug., 1785, aged 97. He was born 
 in England about the year 1688. Entering the 
 army at an early age, he served under Prince 
 Eugene, to whom he became secretary and aide- 
 de-camp. On the restoration of peace he was 
 returned a member of parliament, and distin 
 guished himself as a useful senator by proposing 
 several regulations for the benefit of trade, and a 
 reform in the prisons. His philanthropy is com 
 memorated in Thomson s seasons. His benevo 
 lence led him in 1732 to become one of the 
 Trustees of Georgia, a colony, the design of whose 
 settlement was principally to rescue many of the 
 inhabitants of Great Britain from the miseries of 
 
 OGLETHORPE. 
 
 619 
 
 poverty, to open an asylum for the persecuted 
 Protestants of Europe, and to carry to the natives 
 the blessings of Christianity. In the prosecution 
 of this design Mr. Oglethorpe embarked in Xov. 
 with a number of emigrants, and, arriving at 
 Carolina in the middle of Jan., 1733, proceeded 
 immediately to Savannah river, and laid the foun 
 dation of the town of Savannah. He made 
 treaties with the Indians, and crossed the Atlantic 
 several times to promote the interests of the col 
 ony. Being appointed general and commander- 
 in-chief of his majesty s forces in South Carolina 
 and Georgia, he brought from England in 1738, 
 a regiment of six hundred men to protect the 
 southern frontiers from the Spaniards. A mutiny 
 was soon excited in his camp, and a daring at 
 tempt was made to assassinate him ; but his life 
 Avas wonderfully preserved through the care of 
 that Providence which controls all earthly agents, 
 and superintends every event. After the com 
 mencement of the war between Great Britain 
 and Spain in 1739, he visited the Indians, to se 
 cure their friendship, and in 1740 he went into 
 Florida on an unsuccessful expedition against St. 
 Augustine. As the Spaniards laid claim to 
 Georgia, three thousand men, a part of whom 
 were from Havana, were sent in 1742 to drive 
 Oglethorpe from the frontiers. When this force 
 proceeded up the Alatamaha, passing fort St. 
 Simon s without injury, he was obliged to retreat 
 to Frederica. He had but about seven hundred 
 men, besides Indians. Yet, with a part of these 
 he approached within two miles of the enemy s 
 camp, with the design of attacking them by sur 
 prise, when a French soldier of his party fired 
 his musket and ran into the Spanish lines. His 
 situation was now very critical, for he knew that 
 the deserter would make known his weakness. 
 Returning, however, to Frederica, he had re 
 course to the following expedient. He wrote a 
 letter to the deserter, desiring him to acquaint 
 the Spaniards with the defenceless state of Fred- 
 erica, and to urge them to the attack ; if he could 
 not effect this object, he directed him to use all 
 his arts to persuade them to stay three days at 
 fort Simon s, as within that time he should have 
 a reinforcement of two thousand land forces, with 
 six ships of war, cautioning him at the same time 
 not to drop a hint of Admiral Vernon s meditated 
 attack upon St. Augustine. A Spanish prisoner 
 was intrusted with this letter under promise of 
 delivering it to the deserter. But he gave it, as 
 was expected and intended, to the commander-in- 
 chief, who instantly put the deserter in irons. In 
 the perplexity occasioned by tin s letter, while the 
 enemy was deliberating what measure to adopt, 
 three ships of force, which the governor of South 
 Carolina had sent to Oglethorpe s aid, appeared 
 off the coast. The Spanish commander wos now 
 convinced, beyond all question, that the letter, in- 
 
620 
 
 O HARA. 
 
 stead of being a stratagem, contained serious 
 instructions to a spy, and in this moment of con 
 sternation set fire to the fort, and embarked so 
 precipitately as to leave behind him a number of 
 cannon with a quantity of* military stores. Thus, 
 by an event beyond human foresight or control, 
 by the correspondence between the artful sug 
 gestions of a military genius and the blowing of 
 the winds, was the ^nfant colony providentially 
 saved from destruction, and Oglethorpe retrieved 
 his reputation and gained the character of an able 
 general. He now returned to England, and never 
 again revisited Georgia. In 1745 he was pro 
 moted to the rank of major-general, and was sent 
 against the rebels, but did not overtake them, for 
 which he was tried by a court martial and hon 
 orably acquitted. After the return of Gage to 
 England in 1775, the command of the British 
 army in America was offered to General Ogle 
 thorpe. He professed his readiness to accept 
 the appointment, if the ministry would authorize 
 him to assure the colonies that justice would be 
 done them ; but the command was given to Sir 
 William Howe. Upon his tomb, in Cranham 
 church, Essex, is the following inscription : 
 
 " Religion watches o er his urn, 
 And all the virtues bending mourn. 
 Humanity, with languid eye, 
 Melting for others misery ; 
 Prudence, whoso hands a measure hold ; 
 And Temperance, with a rein of gold ; 
 Fidelity s transparent vest, 
 And Fortitude in armor drest ; 
 Wisdom s gray locks and Freedom join 
 The moral train to bless his shrine, 
 And, pensive, all around his ashes holy 
 Their last sad honors pay in order melancholy." 
 
 His life was written by Rev. Dr. Harris. Mar 
 shall, I. 318-344; Thompson s Seasons, Winter, 
 359-388. 
 
 O HARA, JAMES, one of the founders of Pitts- 
 burg, Penn., died Dec. 19, 1819, aged 66. lie 
 was born in Ireland in 1754, and came to America 
 in 1772, without friends or capital. Engaging in 
 the Indian trade, he became qualified for employ 
 ment by the government in frequent missions to 
 the Indian tribes. Under Gen. Wayne he was 
 very useful to the army as quartermaster-general. 
 Duly estimating the fine locality of Pittsburg, 
 he early purchased there an extensive real estate 
 and laid the foundation of a princely fortune. 
 The first glass works and brewery were estab 
 lished by him. Mary Carson, his daughter, mar 
 ried in 1823 Wm. Croghan. His intelh gence and 
 wit gave a charm to his conversation ; he was 
 most hospitable, liberal, and beneficent. The 
 citizens mourned him as a father. 
 
 OJEDA, DON ALONZO DE, a follower of Colum 
 bus in his second voyage, was celebrated for his 
 personal endowments and daring spirit. Of small 
 size, he yet had great strength and activity, was 
 expert in all kinds of weapons, most adventurous 
 
 OLDHAM. 
 
 and fierce in fight. Once, when Queen Isabella 
 was in the tower of a church at Seville, he walked 
 out on a beam which projected twenty feet from 
 the tower at a dizzy height. In Jan., 1494, he 
 explored the interior of Ilispaniola. After being 
 besieged in a fortress by Caonabo, he treacher 
 ously seized the Carib chieftain. In the same 
 spirit of inhumanity he made up his Cavalgada, 
 or droves of slaves, carrying the unhappy natives 
 to Cadiz, and selling them in the slave-market. 
 He was afterwards governor of New Andalusia 
 at Darien, but he failed about 1513 in his attempt 
 to establish a colony there. In his voyage to 
 Paria in 1499 he was accompanied by Amerigo. 
 Irving s Columbus. 
 
 OLCOTT, BULKLEY, minister of Charlestown, 
 N. H., died in 1793, aged 59. Born in Bolton, 
 Conn., he graduated at Yale in 1758, and was 
 settled in 1761. J. Crosby was his successor in 
 1810. He published a masonic sermon, 1781. 
 
 OLCOTT, ALLEN, minister of Farmington, 
 Conn., died in 1811, aged about 63. He gradu 
 ated at Yale in 1768 ; was settled in 1786, and 
 dismissed in 1792. He was born in East Hart 
 ford. J. Washburn and N. Parker succeeded 
 him. 
 
 OLCOTT, SIMEON, chief justice of New Hamp 
 shire, died in 1815, aged 78. He was graduated 
 at Yale college in 1761, and commenced .the 
 practice of the law at Charlestown, N. H. He 
 was appointed chief justice of the court of com 
 mon pleas Dec. 25, 1784, a judge of the superior 
 court Jan. 25, 1790, chief justice March 28, 1795, 
 and, from 1801 to 1805, a senator of the United 
 States, in the place of Mr. Livermore, who had 
 resigned. 
 
 OLCOTT, MILLS, died at Hanover, N. H., JuJy 
 11, 1845, aged 71. He was the son of Gen. Peter 
 O. of Norwich, Vt., who removed from Bolton, 
 Conn., in 1773, and was lieutenant-governor. 
 His mother was Sarah Mills of Waterbury. He 
 graduated at Dartmouth in 1790; practised law 
 in Hanover ; was secretary, treasurer, and trustee 
 of the college; and a member of the Hartford 
 convention. Becoming a member of the church 
 in 1820, he was president of Grafton county bible 
 society. His wife was a daughter of Col. Asa 
 Porter of Haverhill, N. H. He had nine chil 
 dren. Of his daughters, Catharine married Jo 
 seph Bell, and Helen married Rufus Choate of 
 Boston, Jane married W. T. Hcydock of Lowell, 
 Sarah married W. H. Duncan of Hanover, and 
 Mary married Charles E. Thompson of Haver- 
 hill. 
 
 OLDHAM, JOHN, a disturber of the church at 
 Plymouth, arrived in the Ann, in 1623, and was 
 associated with Lyford in 1624. They set up a 
 separate worship on the Sabbath, and intended 
 to alter, probably to assume, the government. He 
 lived after he left Plymouth at Hull and Cape Ann, 
 
OLDMIXON. 
 
 and was the representative of Watertown in 1634, 
 so that he recovered his lost credit. He had a 
 spirit of adventure, and with Samuel Hall and 
 two others travelled, in 1G33, from Dorchester 
 through the wilderness to a place on the Connec 
 ticut river, called by the Indians Mattaneaug, 
 now Windsor. The sachem welcomed them. 
 This led to the settlement. Afterwards, in 1636, 
 as he went in his barque to trade with the Indians, 
 and lay at anchor at Block Island, the Indians 
 boarded his vessel and murdered him. This 
 event led to the Pequot war. John Endicot con 
 ducted the first expedition, and burned all the 
 wigwams on Block Island. According to the 
 account of Lion Gardiner, Oldham, when he was 
 killed, had with him 50 pounds in gold coins, 
 which the Indians, punching holes through them, 
 wore upon their necks for ornaments. Stone s 
 Uncas. 
 
 OLDMIXON, Joiix/died in England in 1742, 
 aged 69. He published, among other works, the 
 British empire in America, 2d ed., 2 vols., 1741. 
 
 OLDS, GAMALIEL S., died at Circleville, O., 
 June 13, 1848, aged 71. Born in Granville, 
 Mass., he graduated at Williams in 1801, and 
 was a tutor several years. In 1806 he was chosen 
 professor of mathematics, which office he held 
 till 1808, when he began the study of theology. 
 In 1813 he was ordained a colleague with Dr. 
 Newton of Greenfield, and remained three years. 
 From 1819 to 1821 he was professor of mathe 
 matics in the University of Vermont, and from 
 1821 to 1825 in Amherst college, and afterwards 
 in the university of Georgia. He went to Ohio 
 in 1841, and discharged the duties of a minister 
 till his death. On his return from Bloomfield, 
 whither he had been to preach, his frightened 
 horse threw him from his vehicle down a bank, 
 and he was so wounded that in a few days he 
 died ; and he departed in peace. His wife and 
 children were all soon dead. He published in 
 augural oration, 1806; eight sermons on Episco 
 pacy and Presbyterian parity, 1815; a statement 
 of facts as to professor at Middlebury, 1818. 
 
 OLIN, GIDEON, judge, died at Shaftsbury, Vt., 
 in 1822. Born in llhode Island, he was one of 
 the founders of the State of Vermont, speaker of 
 the house, judge of a county court, and a mem 
 ber of congress. 
 
 OLIN, STEPHEN, D. D., LL. D., president of 
 the Wesleyan university, died in Middletown 
 Aug. 16, 1851, aged 54. Born in Leicester, Vt., 
 he graduated at Middlebury in 1820, and entered 
 the Methodist ministry in 1824; he then spent 
 two years in Charleston, S. C. In 1833 he was 
 president of the college at Macon, Georgia, and 
 thence went to Middletown as the successor of 
 Pres. Fisk. In 1837 he travelled in Europe for 
 his health. He was over six feet in height, of a 
 large frame, with a voice of great power and 
 
 OLIVER. 
 
 621 
 
 compass; but his gestures were stiff. He pub 
 lished various sermons, lectures, and discourses, 
 and also travels in the East, in 2 vols. His life 
 and letters were published in 1853. Cyclopedia 
 of Amer. Literature. 
 
 OLIVER, THOMAS, an elder of the church in 
 Boston, died in 1657. He arrived in 1631. His 
 sons, John, James, Peter, and Samuel, were noted 
 and useful men in Boston. John died in 1646, 
 aged 29, leaving five children. According to 
 Winthrop, he was greatly lamented for the sweet 
 ness of his disposition and his public usefulness, 
 being an expert soldier, an excellent surveyor of 
 land, a good scholar; and he had been an able 
 preacher for four years. 
 
 OLIVER, PETER, son of Thomas, and an emi 
 nent merchant in Boston, died in 1670. He was 
 admitted a freeman in 1640, and was captain of 
 the artillery company in 1669. Of his sons, Peter 
 graduated in 1675 ; James graduated in 1650, 
 was a physician in Cambridge, and died in 1703; 
 and Daniel died in 1732, aged 68, being the father 
 of lieutenant-governor Andrew Oliver and of 
 chief justice Peter Oliver. 
 
 OLIVER, JAMES, Dr., died at Cambridge April 
 8, 1703, aged 43. He was a skilful physician, 
 and eminent for his virtues. 
 
 OLIVER, DANIEL, a member of the council of 
 Mass., the son of Peter, a merchant, and grand 
 son of Elder Thomas O., was born in 1664, and 
 died in Boston in July, 1732, aged 68. He was 
 distinguished for piety, humility, and charity from 
 his youth. He always rose early to read the 
 sacred volume and pour out his heart unto God. 
 Though mercantile business claimed much of his 
 attention, yet he devoted Saturday afternoon to 
 visiting the sick in his neighborhood. He was 
 an overseer of the poor, and he maintained, at 
 his own expense, a school which received thirty 
 of their children. He built for this purpose a 
 house which cost 600 pounds, and in his will he 
 directed it to be devoted to the instruction of the 
 poor forever. He contributed largely to the pro 
 motion of the gospel among the ignorant and 
 vicious. Prince s Fun. Sermon. 
 
 OLIVER, ANDREW, lieutenant-governor of 
 Massachusetts, son of the preceding, died at Bos 
 ton March 3, 1774, aged 67. He was graduated 
 at Harvard college in 1724. While he was secre 
 tary of the province, he was appointed distributor 
 of stamps in 1765, but the Boston mob demol 
 ished his office, August 14, and compelled him 
 to resign. He sustained the office of lieutenant- 
 governor from 1770 till 1774, during the admin 
 istration of his brother-in-law, Mr. Hutchinson. 
 No man was more disposed to promote the de 
 signs of the British ministry. His letters, which 
 were sent over by Dr. Franklin in 1772, disclosed 
 his subserviency to the British ministry, and the 
 disclosure embittered his remaining days. He 
 
622 
 
 OLIVER. 
 
 OLMSTED. 
 
 was hungry for office and honor. Yet in private 
 life he was respected. He was succeeded as 
 lieutenant-governor by Thomas Oliver, of a differ 
 ent family, who died in England in July, 1816, 
 aged 82. 
 
 OLIVER, PETER, LL. D., chief justice of Mas 
 sachusetts, the brother of the preceding, died at 
 Birmingham, England, in Oct., 1791, aged 79. 
 He was born in 1713, and graduated at Harvard 
 college in 1730. He was appointed a judge of 
 the superior court, Sept. 15, 1756. His place of 
 residence was Middleborough, and he had not 
 been educated to the law. In the year 1774, 
 when the general court called upon him, as they 
 called upon the other judges, to receive the grant 
 for his services, as usual, from the treasury of the 
 province, and to engage to receive no pay or 
 emolument except from the assembly, he peremp 
 torily refused. In consequence of this refusal 
 the house voted articles of impeachment in Feb 
 ruary, accusing him of high crimes and misde 
 meanors. His son, Peter, died at Shrewsbury, 
 England, in 1822, aged 81. He published a 
 speech on the death of Isaac Lathrop, 1750 ; 
 poem on the death of Secretary Willard ; scripture 
 lexicon, 1787. Warren,!. 119; Gordon, l. 345. 
 
 OLIVER, THOMAS FITCH, Episcopal minister, 
 first of Marblehead, then of Providence, died in 
 1797, aged about 42. He graduated at Harvard 
 in 1775. W. Harris succeeded him at M. He 
 published a masonic discourse, 1784. 
 
 OLIVER, ANDREW, judge of the court of 
 common pleas for Essex, the son of Lieut.-Gov. 
 Andrew O., was born in 1731 ; was graduated at 
 Harvard college in 1749 ; and died at Salem early 
 in Dec., 1799, aged 68. He was distinguished 
 for his attachment to literature and science. Of 
 the American academy he was one of the original 
 members. He published an essay on comets, in 
 1772 ; and theory of lightning and water-spouts, 
 in American transactions. 
 
 OLIVER, ROBERT, colonel, died at Waterford 
 in May, 1810, aged 72, an excellent Christian. 
 Living at Barre, Mass., at the time of the Revo 
 lution, he was an officer in the army ; afterwards 
 he lived at Conway. In 1789 he erected at Wa 
 terford the first mills in Ohio. He sustained 
 various civil offices. 
 
 OLIVER, THOMAS, lieutenant-governor of 
 Massachusetts, died in England in July, 1816, 
 aged 82. He was a native of Dorchester, and a 
 descendant of Elder Thomas O. He was gradu 
 ated at Harvard college in 1753. After the death 
 of Lieutenant-Governor Andrew O. in 1774, he 
 was nominated as his successor by the advice of 
 Mr. Ilutchinson, though not related to him. He 
 was a scholar, and affable and gentlemanly, and 
 in the possession of a good fortune, residing in 
 an elegant mansion, which he had built at Cam 
 bridge. Probably Mr. Hutchinson thought his 
 
 influence would be important. In the Revolu 
 tion he went to England, and lived at Bristol. 
 He wrote in the pietas et gratulatio, a short Eng 
 lish poem. Eliot. 
 
 OLIVER, NATHANIEL K. G., died at sea in 
 the ship Potomac, of which he was secretary, 
 May 1, 1832, aged 42. The son of Rev. Daniel 
 O., he graduated at Harvard in 1809, and was 
 for years the useful teacher of a public school in 
 Boston. Ill health induced him to take a voyage 
 to the east in the ship in which he died. IleAvas 
 a distinguished scholar, a man of exemplary vir 
 tues. 
 
 OLIVER, ROBERT, an eminent merchant of 
 Baltimore, died in 1834, aged 77. 
 
 OLIVER, BENJAMIN LYNDE, M. D., died at 
 Salem May 14, 1835. He was a native of Bos 
 ton, and grandson of Lieutenant-Governor Oliver. 
 He was respected for his talents, learning, and 
 philanthropy. He published hints on the pur 
 suit of happiness, 1818. 
 
 OLIVER, DANIEL, a minister in Beverly, died 
 in Roxbury Sept. 14, 1840, aged 88. Born in 
 Boston, he graduated at Dartmouth in 1785 ; was 
 the pastor of the upper parish of Beverly from 
 1787 to 1797 ; in later years was not the minister 
 of any church. His wife, of the name of Kem- 
 ble, was the sister of the wife of Caleb Bingham. 
 He published nine discourses on baptism, 1806. 
 
 OLIVER, DANIEL, M. D., LL. D., died at Cam 
 bridge June 1, 1842, aged 54 ; professor of the the 
 ory and practice of physic and of intellectual phi 
 losophy in Dartmouth college. He was born in 
 Marblehead Sept. 9, 1787, graduated at Harvard 
 in 1806, and was for several years the associate 
 of Dr. Mussey in Salem. From 1820 to 1837 
 he lived at Hanover ; afterwards at Cambridge. 
 He lectured at Cincinnati in 1841 and 1842. An 
 exemplary member of the Episcopal church, of 
 which his father was a minister, he died in peace. 
 He was a man of mild deportment, gentlemanly, 
 of a pure character ; an accomplished classical 
 scholar, skilled in various languages, having also 
 a fine taste for music. He published first lines 
 of physiology in 1835, and a 2d edition in 1840. 
 Williams Med. Biog. 
 
 OLIVER, WILLIAM, died in Dorchester in 
 1847, leaving his whole property, about 100,000 
 dollars, to be divided between the Perkins insti 
 tution for the blind and the McLean asylum for 
 the insane. 
 
 OLMSTEAD, JARED, missionary among the 
 Choctaws, died at Norwalk Sept. 19, 1843, aged 
 32. He was born in Ridgeficld, Conn., and en 
 tered on his work in 1 836, at first a teacher at 
 Whcelock, then a preacher at Norwalk. He had 
 the confidence and love of the Indians. 
 
 OLMSTED, GIDEON, died at East Hartford 
 Feb. 7, 1845, aged 96. In 1776 in a privateer 
 he was captured and carried to Jamaica, and 
 
OLMSTED. 
 
 OUR. 
 
 623 
 
 thence ordered to a prison ship in New York ; 
 but lie and three others rose on the crew and 
 captured the vessel. 
 
 OLMSTED, DENNISON, JUN., professor of 
 chemistry at Yale college, died Aug., 1846. 
 
 OLNEY, JEIIEMIAH, colonel, died at Provi 
 dence in 1812, aged 63. lie was collector of the 
 customs at P. 
 
 OLNEY, THOMAS, minister of the Baptist 
 church in Providence, died June 11, 1722, aged 
 91. He was born in Hertford, England, in 1631. 
 It is supposed he was the son of Thomas O., who 
 went with Roger Williams from Boston to Provi 
 dence, and was one of the founders of the first 
 Baptist church in this country. 
 
 OLNEY, STEPHEN, captain, died at Provi 
 dence Dec., 1832, aged 77. He fought in various 
 battles and was twice wounded. Host. Patriot, 
 Dec. 5. 
 
 OLNEY, GIDEON W., Episcopal minister at 
 Portland, Maine, died in Feb., 1838, aged 44. 
 
 OLYPHANT, DAVID W. C., a merchant of 
 New York, died in Cairo, Egypt, on his return 
 from China, June 10, 1851. Living in China for 
 years, he redeemed the promise made thirty years 
 before in a letter to Dr. Morrison, that he would 
 do what he could for Christian missions. The 
 missionaries found him a friend and counsellor. 
 He was also liberal in giving to them in his ships 
 passages free of charge. To the mission house 
 in New York, he presented a thousand select 
 Chinese volumes. Observer, July 24. 
 
 ONDAYAKA, died near Oncida castle Sept. 
 20, 1839, aged 90 ; head chief of the Onondagas. 
 
 ORDWAY, NEHEMIAII, died in Pembroke, 
 N. H., June, 1836, aged 93. Born in Amesbury, 
 a graduate of Harvard in 1764, he was ordained 
 at Middleton, N. H., in 1778; then was pastor at 
 Haverhill from 1789 to 1794. 
 
 ORNE, JOSEPH, Dr., died in Salem Jan. 28, 
 1786, aged 36. lie was born in Salem; gradu 
 ated at Harvard in 1765 ; studied with Dr. Hoi- 
 yoke ; and practised physic a few years in Bev 
 erly, then in Salem. He was an associate of the 
 academy of arts and sciences, and wrote for the 
 medical society. Dr. Ilolyoke regarded him as 
 one of the best poets our country had produced. 
 He introduced the cow parsnep as a cure of the 
 epilepsy. Thacker s Med. Bioy. 
 
 OEONO, chief of the Penobscot tribe of In 
 dians, died at Oldtown, an island in Penobscot 
 river, three leagues above tide water, Feb. 5, 
 1801, aged 113 years. lie cultivated among his 
 subjects the principles of peace, temperance, and 
 religion. In the time of the war with Great 
 Britain he formed a treaty with the American 
 government, and faithfully adhered to it. His 
 people profess the Roman Catholic religion and 
 have a church. He retained his mental faculties 
 
 to an unusual degree in his old age. His hair 
 had long been of a milky white, and this vener 
 able chief had lived to hunt in three different 
 centuries. His wife, Madam Orono, died in Jan., 
 1809, aged 115. A notice of him by W. 1). AVil- 
 liamson is in hist. coll. 3d series, vol. VIII. His 
 father was a Frenchman ; his mother half French. 
 His eyes were blue, his hair brown, not black, in 
 early life. He understood both the French and 
 Indian languages. He succeeded Osson as chief, 
 and was succeeded by Aitteon, who died about 
 1811. His son, John Aitteon, succeeded in 1816. 
 John Neptune was associated with him as lieu 
 tenant-governor. 
 
 ORR, HUGH, an enterprising manufacturer, 
 died in Dec., 1798, aged 81. He was born Jan. 
 13, 1717, in Scotland, and was educated a gun 
 smith. About 1738 he settled at Bridgewater, 
 Mass., where he first erected a trip-hammer and 
 manufactured scythes and other tools. About 
 1748 he made five hundred muskets for the State. 
 In the war of the Revolution he cast iron and 
 brass cannon, from 3 to 42-pounders, and can 
 non balls. He also invented a machine for 
 cleaning flaxsecd, which he exported to Scotland, 
 and constructed a machine for the manufacture 
 of cotton. So highly was he esteemed by his 
 fellow citizens, that he was for some years elected 
 a senator. His widow, Mary, died in 1804, aged 
 80. His son, Robert, was armorer at Spring 
 field. Dr. Hector Orr of Bridgewater was his 
 grandson. 
 
 ORR, JOHN, died at Topsham, Maine, in Oct.,. 
 1799, aged 103. 
 
 ORR, JOHN, an officer in the Revolution, died 
 at Bedford, Mass., in 1822, aged 75. He served 
 under Gen. Stark in the battle of Bennington, 
 and was severely wounded, a ball entering just 
 above the knee joint and lodging in the bone. 
 In consequence of this he had a stiff knee and 
 was a cripple, and subject to indescribable suffer 
 ings for life. For many years he was a repre 
 sentative and senator of New Hampshire. His 
 mind was vigorous; his judgment sound; and 
 his Christian character exemplary. His son, 
 Benjamin Orr, a distinguished lawyer, died at 
 Brunswick, Maine, in Sept., 1828; his son, Isaac 
 Orr, was the secretary of the African education 
 society at Washington ; his daughter was the 
 wife of Samuel A. Worcester, the missionary, 
 whom the Georgians held a prisoner in their pen 
 itentiary in disregard of the solemn decision of 
 the supreme court of the United States. 
 
 ORR, BENJAMIN, died at Brunswick, Me., in 
 1828, aged about 50. The son of John Orr of 
 Bedford, N. II., a patriot, who died in 1822, he 
 graduated at Dartmouth in 1798, and settled as 
 a lawyer at Brunswick, holding a> high rank in 
 liis profession. He was a member of congress. 
 
624 
 
 ORR. 
 
 OSBORN. 
 
 His son, John Orr, is a minister in Alfred, Maine. 
 He published an oration on the death of Wash 
 ington, 1800. 
 
 ORR, ALEXANDER D., died at Paris, Ky., in 
 1835. He was a representative in congress from 
 1792 to 1797. 
 
 ORR, ROBERT G., minister of Paterson, N. J., 
 died in 1837, aged 49. 
 
 ORR, ISAAC, died at Amherst, Mass., April 
 28, 1844, aged 50. Born in Bedford, X. II., the 
 son of John Orr, a civilian and patriot of the Rev 
 olution, who was wounded at the battle of Bcn- 
 nington and made a cripple, he graduated at 
 Yale in 1818, distinguished as a scholar; after 
 wards he was a teacher in the asylum for the 
 deaf and dumb at Hartford. He also was a 
 preacher and missionary in Washington city. He 
 labored for the colonization society. As a man 
 of integrity and of pure character he was much 
 esteemed. He was the inventor of the air-tight 
 stove. He wrote a multitude of communications 
 for the papers, journals, and scientific magazines, 
 among them forty-five letters of Hampden in 
 the Commercial Advertiser, and eighty letters of 
 Timoleon in the Boston Courier. He left a com 
 mentary on Daniel and the Revelation. 
 
 ORR, HECTOR, M. D., died at East Bridge- 
 water, Mass., April 29, 1855, aged 86. The same 
 was his native town. He was the son of Colonel 
 Robert Orr ; and graduated at Harvard in 1792. 
 He published history of free-masonry, a discourse, 
 1797 ; oration, 1801. 
 
 ORR, JOHN SAYERS, the " angel Gabriel," as 
 he called himself, died in prison at Demarara, in 
 185G, aged 35. His crime in D. was stirring up 
 an insurrection of the blacks. Born in England, 
 he spent many years in this country. He thought, 
 or pretended to think, that he was the angel Ga 
 briel, and with a small horn he called together 
 his audience in the streets or on the wharves of 
 New York and other places, thinking he had a 
 commission to preach against the Catholics. 
 
 OSBORX, JOHN, a physician and poet, died 
 May 31, 1753, aged 40. He was born at Sand 
 wich, Mass., in 1713. His father, a native of 
 Ireland, was the minister of Eastham from 1718 
 to 1737, and died at Boston, aged above 90. He 
 was graduated at Harvard college in 1735. Un 
 certain for a time what profession to pursue, he 
 directed his thoughts towards theology, and pro 
 ceeded so far as to read before the association of 
 ministers, with the design of being licensed to 
 preach, a sermon which was not perfectly ortho 
 dox. Having afterwards resolved upon the study 
 of medicine, he removed to Middletown, Conn. 
 But little is known concerning him after this 
 period. In 1753 he wrote to a sister that he 
 had lingered almost two years a life not worth 
 having. One of his sons was a physician in Mid 
 dletown. His manners were open, plain, and 
 
 agreeable, and his temper cheerful and mild. 
 His elegy on the death of a young sister is pre 
 served in the Boston mirror. His whaling song 
 has been sung by whalers. It is published in 
 cyclopedia of American literature. Tkacher s 
 Medical Biography. 
 
 OSBORX, SAMUEL, minister of Eastham, 
 Mass., died in Boston, between 90 and 100 years 
 of age. He came from Ireland ; was ordained 
 in 1718; the next year his church divided into 
 two churches. He was dismissed in 1737 for be 
 ing an Arminian. He removed to Boston, and 
 there taught a private school ten years or more, 
 lie taught the Cape Cod people the use of peat. 
 He published his case and complaint, 1743. 
 
 OSBORX, SYLVANUS, minister of East Green 
 wich, Conn., died in 1771, aged about forty. He 
 was graduated at Princeton in 1754, and was 
 ordained in 1757. 
 
 OSBORX, SARAH, died at Xewport, R. I., in 
 1796, aged 82 ; a woman of distinguished piety. 
 
 OSBORX, BENJAMIN, minister of Timnouth, 
 Vt , died in 1818, aged 70. Born in Litchfield, 
 Conn., he graduated at Dartmouth in 1775, and 
 was pastor at T. from 1780 to 1787. 
 
 OSBORX, JOHN, a physician, son of John, 
 was born March 17, 1741, and after practising 
 physic more than sixty years at Middletown, died 
 in June, 1825, aged 84. He was with the army 
 at Ticonderoga in 1758. He was skilful as a 
 chemist, and had the best medical library in the 
 State. He published before the Revolution La 
 Condamine s treatise on inoculation, with an ap 
 pendix. Tliacher. 
 
 OSBORX, JOHN C., M. D., a physician, the 
 eldest son of the preceding, died March 5, 1819, 
 aged 52. He was born in Sept., 1766, and 
 studied medicine with his father. He practised 
 physic at Xewbern, Xorth Carolina, from 1787 
 till 1807, when he removed to the city of Xew 
 York, where he was appointed professor of medi 
 cine in Columbia college, and afterwards professor 
 of obstetrics in the college of physicians and sur 
 geons. He died of a pulmonary disorder at St. 
 Croix. He had a taste for painting, and such 
 skill in poetry that Barlow s vision of Columbus 
 was submitted to him and Alsop for revision 
 before it was published. Tkacker. 
 
 OSBORX, SELLECK, a poet, died at Philadel 
 phia Oct. 1, 1826, aged 43. He was brought up 
 a printer. He was born in Trumbull, Conn., 
 and conducted a paper at Litchfield, about 1808, 
 and was imprisoned for a libel, a circumstance 
 which excited much sympathy among his repub 
 lican friends. He afterwards edited a paper in 
 Boston, and the American Watchman at Wil 
 mington, Delaware. He published a volume of 
 poems, Boston, 1823. Spec, of Amer. Poetry, 
 II. 145. 
 
 OSBORX, SYLVESTER, major, died in Danvers 
 
OSBORNE. 
 
 OSGOOD. 
 
 025 
 
 Oct. 2, 1845, aged 87. lie was with G. Foster 
 in the battle of Lexington in 177,3. 
 
 OSBOltXK, J. C , Mrs., died March 5, 1819, 
 aged 11,3. Her husband died a few years before 
 her, aged 110. Jamison. 
 
 OSEOLA, or Powell, a Scminole Indian chief, 
 died of a diaease of the throat at fort Moultrie, 
 near Charleston, Jan. 31, 1838, aged about 35. 
 lie was the master spirit of a long and desperate 
 war ; cool, subtle, determined in his hostility to 
 the whites, he had a wonderful ascendency over 
 the Indians. 
 
 OSGOOD, JOHN, died at Andover, Mass., in 
 165 1, aged 56. lie came from Andover, Eng 
 land ; was admitted freeman at Xewbury in 1G39 ; 
 was one of the founders of the church at An 
 dover in 1645, and the first representative in 
 1651. He had sons John, Stephen, Christopher, 
 and Thomas. His posterity is numerous. Mary, 
 the wife of his son John, was accused of witch 
 craft in 1G92, and it was only by confessing the 
 crime that she saved her life. She afterwards 
 made a recantation. Twenty-five of the name of 
 Oliver had graduated in the New England col 
 leges before 1829. 
 
 OSGOOD, JAMES, minister of Wenham, Mass., 
 died in 1745, aged about 41. lie graduated at 
 Harvard in 1724. 
 
 OSGOOD, Joux, minister of Midway, Georgia, 
 was born in Dorchester, South Carolina ; gradu 
 ated at Harvard college in 1733; and was ordained 
 at Dorchester March 24, 1735. He followed in 
 1754 a part of his society to a new settlement, 
 about thirty miles from Savannah, called Midway, 
 where he remained till his death, Aug. 2, 1773. 
 He was succeeded by Moses Allen, Abiel Holmes 
 from Nov., 1785, to June 21, 1791, and Cyrus 
 Guildersleeve, Dec. 14, 1791. He was the father, 
 friend, and shepherd of his flock, and by them 
 was greatly beloved and lamented. 
 
 OSGOOD, JOSEPH, Dr., died at Andover, 
 Mass., Jan., 1797, aged 78. He graduated at 
 Harvard in 1737, and was an eminent physician, 
 and for thirty years a deacon of the first church. 
 
 OSGOOD, SAMUEL, postmaster-general of the 
 United States, died Aug. 12, 1813, aged 65. He 
 was a descendant of John O., one of the founders 
 of the church at Andover in Oct., 1645 ; was 
 born in Andover, Mass., Feb. 14, 1748, being the 
 son of Peter O. and Sarah Johnson ; and was 
 graduated at Harvard college in 1770. At the 
 beginning of the Revolution he was a member 
 of the board of war, and for some years a mem 
 ber of the legislature. In 1775 and 1776 he was 
 an aid to Gen. Ward. In 1781 he was appointed 
 a member of Congress. In 1785 the congress 
 appointed him first commissioner of the treasury. 
 Alter the commencement of our present govern 
 ment, Washington selected him in 1789 as post 
 master-general, after Mr. Hazard ; an office which 
 7 J 
 
 he held two years, when he was succeeded by Mr. 
 Pickering. In 1801 he was supervisor of New 
 York, and in 1803 appointed naval officer for the 
 port of New York, where he died. He was an 
 elder of one of the churches in New York. 
 Though he cherished the hope that he became 
 religious at the age of fifteen, yet he had many 
 days of doubt and melancholy, and suffered keen 
 remorse for doing so little in the cause of his 
 Master. He published a work on chronology; 
 remarks on Daniel and Revelation ; a letter on 
 Episcopacy, 1807 ; three letters on different sub 
 jects, addressed to J. B. Itomeyn, J. Osgood, and 
 A. Armstrong. 
 
 OSGOOD, JONATHAN, minister of Gardner, 
 Mass., died in 1821, aged 60, in the twenty-first 
 year of his ministry. Born at Westford, he 
 graduated at Yale in 1789. 
 
 OSGOOD, DAVID, D. D., minister of Med- 
 ford, Mass., died Dec. 12, 1822, aged 74. Born 
 in Andover, he was the son of Isaac Osgood, a 
 pious farmer in the southwestern part of the 
 town, near the borders of Tewksbury, at whose 
 house, in a place of retirement, James Otis was 
 a boarder, when at the door a flash of lightning 
 struck him dead. This ancient house now stands. 
 A print of it is in the memoir of Otis and in cyclo 
 paedia of American literature. Dr. Osgood was 
 graduated at Harvard college in 1771, and or 
 dained Sept. 14, 1774. His ministry was of 
 nearly fifty years. His wife was Hannah Breed 
 of Charlestown. He was one of the most dis 
 tinguished preachers of Massachusetts. His style 
 was perspicuous, energetic, and elegant. In his 
 delivery he was accustomed to raise his voice oc 
 casionally to a high pitch. Those who heard him 
 preach, may remember that now and then he 
 took off his spectacles and laid them on the 
 cushion, or held them in one hand, and then with 
 an altered voice he would say, " My brethren," 
 and would pour forth elaborate sentences of great 
 energy and pathos. Sometimes he committed 
 whole sermons to memory, especially on public 
 occasions. With great care he wrote out all his 
 sermons. His best ones he often preached. Once 
 in his plainness he said to a young preacher : 
 " Y r ou had gotten your sermons by heart ; I do 
 so sometimes, but never unless I am sure I have 
 a good sermon, worth the labor ; yours were not 
 worth committing." His prayers were also studied; 
 and some of them he committed to memory. 
 Timothy Bigelow once had the courage to ask 
 him the congruity of the imagery in the sentence : 
 Hide forth, king Jesus, triumphant on the word 
 of truth; make it like a sword to pierce, and like 
 a hammer to break in pieces, and dissolve the 
 hard and stony heart into godly sorrow for sin." 
 Once, in his preaching at Cambridge, he gave a 
 home thrust to President Kirkland, which caused 
 much talk among the students. Having quoted 
 
G26 
 
 OSGOOD. 
 
 OTIS. 
 
 some texts to prove the divinity of Christ, he 
 turned round and looked to the left wall, where 
 the president and some professors were sitting, 
 and said with energy, " What will our Socinian 
 brethren say to this?" One, who sometimes 
 heard him in the pulpit, remembers well his odd 
 habit of looking around the congregation while 
 he was in prayer. Although he was a learned 
 man and a laborious writer, yet as a minister he 
 might have been more useful had he lived less in 
 his study and mere among his people, whom he 
 seldom visited. It may be doubted whether his 
 usefulness as a minister was not impaired by the 
 zeal with which he engaged in the political con 
 troversies of his day. lie was a federalist of the 
 Hamilton school, and he sometimes preached 
 sermons of bitter invective against men of differ 
 ent politics. Quotations from them are given 
 by Mr. Carey in his olive branch. He pub 
 lished a sermon at the installation of P. Thacher, 
 1785; at the artillery election, 1788; at the 
 thanksgiving, 1783, 1794, and February and No 
 vember, 1795 ; on the death of a child, 1797 ; of 
 Washington, 1800 ; of J. Iloby, 1803 ; at the 
 fast, and convention, 1798 ; the devil let loose, 
 etc., a fast sermon, 1799 ; at the ordination of 
 Leonard Woods, 1800; of C. Francis, 1819; at 
 the Dudleian lecture, 1802 ; the validity of bap 
 tism by sprinkling, and the right of infants, etc., 
 1804 ; at the election, 1809 ; a discourse at Cam 
 bridge, in the hearing of the university, 1810 ; 
 solemn protest against the declaration of war, 
 1812. A volume of his sermons was published, 
 8vo., 1824. Sprague s Annals. 
 
 OSGOOD, GEORGE, Dr., died at Andover, 
 Mass., in 1823, aged Go. 
 
 OSGOOD, EMORY, a Baptist minister, died at 
 Utica, Sept. 12, 1824, aged 47. He was superin 
 tendent of the Oneida mission, and had been 
 pastor of Henderson in Jefferson county. 
 
 OSGOOD, FRANCES S., the wife of S. S. Os- 
 good, a painter, died at Hingham, Mass., May 
 12, 1850, aged about 38. . Her father, Joseph 
 Locke, was a merchant of Boston. She early 
 wrote poetry with the signature of Florence. 
 Being in England with her husband, she pub 
 lished in London a wreath of wild flowers from 
 New England, 1839; and the happy release, a 
 play. She edited at New York in 1841 the 
 poetry of flowers ; and in 1847 the floral offering. 
 She died of the consumption. Cycl. of Amer. 
 Literature. 
 
 OSGOOD, TIIADDEUS, died at Glasgow, Scot 
 land, Jan. 19, 1852, aged about 70. Born in 
 Methuen, Mass., he graduated at Dartmouth in 
 1803, and began the study of theology with Dr. 
 Lathrop of West Springfield. He began to 
 preach in 1804. An invitation to settle was de 
 clined, and he chose to act as a missionary in 
 New York and Canada. In 1812 he went to 
 
 England, and for the support of a school in 
 Quebec collected 9,000 dollars, which was placed 
 in the hands of a committee. He fitted up the 
 old theatre, in which two . hundred boys were 
 taught to read extracts from the bible. The 
 Catholics and Episcopalians also set up schools, 
 which have ever since been continued. In 1825 
 he went to England and collected 5,000 dollars 
 for a society to promote education and industry. 
 In 1837 he caused a society to be formed in 
 Canada to supply bibles to seamen and emigrants, 
 and to aid in education. He toiled through 
 life as a preacher, a distributor of tracts, and a 
 founder of Sabbath schools. Mr. O. had some 
 skill in controversy. He once attended Ilobert 
 Owen s Infidel meeting in London, with liberty 
 himself to speak. He said to him, " You deny 
 the future, and you cut yourself off from the hap 
 piness derived from the anticipation of future 
 good." " No," replied Owen, " I believe matter 
 will exist." "And so," returned Mr. Osgood, 
 " your happiness is to hope that a clod of clay, 
 called Ilobert Owen, will rise up as a goose, a 
 jackass, or a cabbage-head." 
 
 OSO01T, ZACIIARY, an Indian preacher at Gay 
 Head, Martha s Vineyard, was one of the Indian 
 ministers on the island, when certain commis 
 sioners visited Mashpee in 1767. He preached 
 before them at Mashpee, being there agreeably 
 to a good annual custom of a meeting for com 
 munion of the island and continental Indians. 
 Solomon Bryant, the pastor, prayed ; both per 
 forming " with apparent solemnity and devotion." 
 
 OSSON, an Indian chief on the Penobscot, suc 
 ceeded Tomer, who followed Orono, and died 
 about 1775, aged about 100. He was wise and 
 influential. The government of Massachusetts 
 made him a justice of the peace. 
 
 OSTEANDEIl, DANIEL, died at Plattskill, 
 New York, in 1843, quite aged ; a Methodist min 
 ister, who had completed the fiftieth year of his 
 ministry. 
 
 OTIS, RICHARD, of Dover, N. II., was killed 
 by the Indians with Major Waldron, June 27, 
 1G89. His descendants remain in New Hamp 
 shire. 
 
 OTIS, Joiix, colonel and judge, died Sept. 
 23, 1727, aged 70. He was born at Hingham, 
 Mass., in 1657, and was the eldest son of John 
 O., who lived in Hingham in 1636, and removed 
 about 1662 to Scituate, where he died in 1684, 
 aged 64. His father s name was also John, who 
 was born in Barnstable, England, in 1581, emi 
 grated with Hobart to llingham in 1635 and 
 lived at Otis Hill, and died at Weymouth in 
 1657, aged 76. He settled, when a young man, 
 in Barnstable, of which town he Avas for twenty 
 years the representative. He was a councillor 
 from 1706 for twenty-one years, and was also for 
 many years commander of the militia of Barn- 
 
OTIS. 
 
 OTIS. 
 
 G27 
 
 stable county, chief justice of the court of com 
 mon pleas, and judge of probate. Joseph O., 
 justice of peace at Plymouth in 1747, was per 
 haps his brother. His son John, a representa 
 tive of Barnstable and member of the council 
 from 1747 till his death, died in May, 1758. 
 Col. Otis had fine talents, the power of wit and 
 humor, and an intimate knowledge of mankind. 
 He was also an eminent Christian, strict and ex 
 emplary in the performance of religious duties. 
 Eliot. 
 
 OTIS, JOSEPH, died in New London in 1754, 
 aged 90. He was of the second church under 
 Mr. Hillhouse. When the meeting-house was 
 built, he was the owner of one of the four pews 
 of the highest honor ; which were on each side 
 of the pulpit and of the opposite door. He 
 came from Scituate and lived in the north parish, 
 where he owned a large quantity of land. Miss 
 Caulkins Hist, of New London. 
 
 OTIS, JAMES, colonel and judge, died in 
 Nov., 1778. He was the son of Colonel John. 
 Without the advantages of a collegiate education, 
 he yet was distinguished for his intellectual pow 
 ers and his knowledge of law. Gov. Shirley 
 promised him, that, upon a vacancy in the supe 
 rior court, he should be appointed judge ; but 
 he did not fulfil his promise. On the death of 
 the Chief Justice Scwail in 17GO, Col. Otis, then 
 speaker of the house, applied to Gov. Bernard 
 for the appointment of associate judge, and his 
 son, James, seconded the request. But Mr. 
 Hutchinson was nominated. To this disappoint 
 ment Mr. Hutchinson attributes the flaming 
 patriotism of the father and the son. He says : 
 " From this time they were at the head of every 
 measure in opposition. From so small a spark 
 a great fire seems to have been kindled." In 
 order to conciliate this family, Gov. Bernard, as, 
 by the demise of the king in 1760, all civil and 
 military offices must be renewed, proposed to 
 Col. Otis to give him the principal offices in the 
 county of Barnstable, with the right of nominat 
 ing many of his relations and friends. Accord 
 ingly Col. Otis was appointed chief justice of the 
 county court and judge of probate. Soon after 
 wards Mr. Otis, the son, supported the grant of 
 the island of Mount Desert to the governor. It 
 seems, however, that the reconciliation was not 
 of long continuance. Col. Otis maintained the 
 rights of the colonies ; and the governor, in his 
 speech in 1766, asks : " Shall this fine country 
 be ruined, because every person in the govern 
 ment has not been gratified with honors or offices 
 according to the full of his pretensions ? Shall 
 the private interests, passions, or resentments of 
 a few men deprive this whole people of the great 
 and manifold advantages which the favor and in 
 dulgence of their sovereign and his parliament 
 are even now providing for them ? " Hutchin 
 
 son says, that the reference is to Col. Otis ; but 
 this is ascribing a great deal to one family. When 
 chosen a councillor, he was repeatedly rejected 
 by the governor. His wife was Mary Allyne of 
 Wethersfield, Conn., a native of Plymouth, the 
 daughter of Joseph Allyne and Mary Dotcn, who 
 removed to W. His three sons were men of dis 
 tinction. His daughter married Gen. James 
 Warren. 
 
 OTIS, JAMES, a distinguished patriot and 
 statesman, the son of the preceding, died May 
 23, 1783, aged 58. He was born at Great 
 Marshes, or West Barnstable, Feb. 5, 1725, and 
 was graduated at Harvard college in 1743. After 
 pursuing the study of the law under Mr. Gridley, 
 the first lawyer and civilian of his time, at the 
 age of twenty-one he began the practice at Ply 
 mouth. In about two years he removed from 
 this town to Boston, where he soon gained so 
 high a reputation for integrity and talents, that 
 his services were required in the most important 
 causes. It will be seen, under the account of his 
 father, that Mr. Hutchinson ascribes his zeal for 
 colonial rights to resentment. Dr. Eliot also 
 says, that in 1775 he heard Judge Trowbridge 
 remark, that Mr. Otis, in his resentment, had 
 said, " That he would set the province in flames, 
 if he perished by the fire ; " and he doubted not 
 the war would have been delayed for years, if 
 Mr. Ilutchinson had not been appointed chief 
 justice. But, allowing the resentment at the 
 time, one would think the accommodation of the 
 father as to office was pretty ample. Besides, 
 new questions had sprung up, and the force of 
 circumstances would easily render such a mind 
 as that of James Otis earnest in the defence of 
 the rights of the colony. In 1761 he distin 
 guished himself by pleading against the writs of 
 assistance, which the officers of the customs had 
 applied for to the judges of the supreme court. 
 His antagonist was Mr. Gridley. Of his speech 
 John Adams said : " Otis was a flame of fire ; 
 with a promptitude of classical allusions, a depth 
 of research, a rapid summary of historical events 
 and dates, a profusion of legal authorities, a pro 
 phetic glance of his eyes into futurity, and a 
 rapid torrent of impetuous eloquence, he hurried 
 away all before him. American independence 
 was then and there born. Every man of an im 
 mense crowded audience appeared to me to go 
 away, as I did, ready to take up arms against 
 writs of assistance." Judgment was suspended 
 in order to get information from England ; at 
 the next term writs were ordered to be issued on 
 application to the chief justice by the surveyor^ 
 general of the customs. Yet they were never 
 executed. He was, in this or the following year, 
 chosen a member of the legislature, in \\ hicli 
 body the powers of his eloquence, the keenness 
 of his wit, the force of his arguments, and re- 
 
628 
 
 OTIS. 
 
 OTIS. 
 
 sources of his intellect gave him a most com 
 manding influence. When the arbitrary claims 
 of Great Britain were advanced, he warmly en 
 gaged in defence of the colonies, and was the 
 first champion of American freedom, who had 
 the courage to affix his name to a production 
 that stood forth against the pretensions of the 
 parent State. He was a member of the congress 
 which was held at New York in 1765, in which 
 year his rights of the colonies vindicated, a 
 pamphlet, occasioned by the stamp act, and which 
 was considered as a masterpiece both of good 
 writing and of argument, was published in Lon 
 don. For the boldness of his opinions he was 
 threatened with an arrest ; yet he continued to 
 support the rights of his fellow citizens. lie 
 resigned the office of judge advocate in 1767, 
 and renounced all employment under an admin 
 istration which had encroached upon the liberties 
 of his country. His warm passions sometimes 
 betrayed him into unguarded epithets, that gave 
 his enemies an advantage, without benefit to the 
 cause which lay nearest his heart. Being vilified 
 in the public papers, he in return published some 
 severe strictures on the conduct of the commis 
 sioners of the customs, and others of the minis 
 terial party. 
 
 A short time afterwards, on the evening of 
 Sept. 5, 1769, he met John Robinson, one of the 
 commissioners, in a public room, and an affray 
 followed, in which he was assaulted by a number 
 of ruffians, who left him and a young gentleman, 
 who interposed in his defence, covered with 
 wounds. The wounds were not mortal; but his 
 usefulness was destroyed, for his reason was 
 shaken from its throne, and the great man in 
 ruins lived several years the grief of his friends. 
 In an interval of his reason he forgave the men 
 who had done him an irreparable injury, and re 
 linquished the sum of 2000 pounds which Mr. 
 Robinson had been by a civil process adjudged to 
 pay, on his signing a humble acknowledgment. 
 He lived to see, but not fully to enjoy, the inde 
 pendence of America, an event towards which his 
 efforts had greatly contributed. At length, as he 
 was leaning on his cane at the door of Mr. Isaac 
 Osgood s house in Andover, he was struck by a 
 flash of lightning ; his soul was instantly liberated 
 from its shattered tenement, and sent into eter 
 nity. His wife was Ruth Cunningham of Boston. 
 President Adams, then minister in France, wrote 
 respecting him : " It was with very afflicting sen 
 timents I learned the death of Mr. Otis, my 
 worthy master. Extraordinary in death as in 
 life, he has left a character that will never die, 
 while the memory of the American Revolution 
 remains ; whose foundation he laid with an en 
 ergy and with those masterly abilities which no 
 other man possessed." He was highly distin 
 guished by genius, eloquence, and learning, and 
 
 no American perhaps had possessed more exten 
 sive information. Besides his legal and political 
 knowledge, he Avas a complete master of classical 
 literature. He published rudiments of Latin 
 prosody, with a dissertation on letters, and the 
 power of harmony in prosaic composition, 12mo., 
 1760, which has been considered the most clear 
 and most masterly treatise on the subject; vindi 
 cation of the conduct of the house of representa 
 tives of Massachusetts in 1762; the rights of the 
 British colonies asserted, 1764; considerations 
 on behalf of the colonists, 1765. His life by 
 William Tudor was published, 8vo., 1823. War 
 ren, I. 47, 85-89 ; Monthly Anthology, v. 222- 
 226. 
 
 OTIS, JOSEPH, general, brother of the pre 
 ceding, a Revolutionary patriot, died Sept. 23, 
 1810, aged 82. He was born in 1728, and was 
 for many years a clerk of the court of common 
 pleas, a member of the legislature, and brigadier- 
 general of the militia. Washington appointed 
 him collector for the district of Barnstable, an 
 office which he held for many years. His resi 
 dence was at the parish of Barnstable, called 
 Great Marshes. He died in the peace of the 
 Christian, leaving four sons and two daughters. 
 His daughter Maria, wife of Rev. Philip Colby 
 of Micldleborough, a lady of many attractions 
 and accomplishments and eminent piety, died 
 May 20, 1821, aged 33. His son William, clerk 
 in the land office at Washington, died in 1837, 
 aged 53. His son John, collector at Barnstable, 
 died in 1854, aged 80. 
 
 OTIS, SAMUEL ALLYXE, secretary of the sen 
 ate of the United States, brother of the preced 
 ing, died April 22, 1814, aged 73. He was 
 graduated at Harvard college in 1759, and settled 
 as a merchant in Boston. In 1776 he was chosen 
 a representative, and afterwards was a member 
 of the convention which framed the constitution 
 of Massachusetts. He was also a member of the 
 board of war. In 1787 he was one of the com 
 missioners to negotiate with the insurgents. In 
 1788 he was elected a member of congress, and, 
 after the adoption of the constitution, secretary 
 of the senate, an office which he held, amidst the 
 collision of parties, with exemplary fidelity and 
 amenity of manners, without the absence of one 
 day, more than thirty years, till his death at 
 Washington. His first wife was the daughter of 
 Harrison Gray, treasurer of Massachusetts ; his 
 second was the widow of Edward Gray. His 
 son, Samuel Allyne Otis, died at Newburyport in 
 1814, aged 44. Another son was Harrison Gray 
 Otis of Boston. 
 
 OTIS, GEORGE, died in 1828, aged about 33. 
 He graduated at Harvard in 1815, and was tutor 
 and professor of Latin. lie was an Episcopal 
 preacher, lie published perfectibility; address 
 to humane society at Newburyport, 1818; sermon 
 
OTIS. 
 
 OVEKBAUGH. 
 
 629 
 
 at Cambridge at the re-opening of the Episcopal 
 church, 18126. 
 
 OTIS. GALKN, Dr., died at Woolwich, Me., Aug. 
 16, 1S:!6, aged 73. 
 
 OTIS, CrsmxG, M. I)., died at South Scituate 
 in 1837, aged about 70. He graduated at Har 
 vard in 1789; and was much respected as a man 
 and a physician. 
 
 OTIS, ISAAC, captain, died at Otisville, N. Y., 
 in 1838, aged 87. Born in Massachusetts, he 
 served in the war of the Revolution five years. 
 
 OTIS, HARRISON GRAY, died at Boston Oct. 
 28, 1818, aged 83. The son of Samuel Allyne 
 Otis, he was graduated in 1783. In politics he 
 was associated with Ames, Lowell, Parsons, Cabot, 
 and Gore. He was a member of congress in 
 1797 and for eight years, and in Massachusetts 
 was the speaker of the house, and the president 
 of the senate ; he was also judge and mayor of 
 the city. Of the Hartford convention he was a 
 member. From 1817 to 1822 he was a senator 
 of the United States. For the last twenty years 
 he lived retired. For a graceful eloquence he 
 was unequalled, as well as for the interest of his 
 conversation. His wife was Sally, the daughter 
 of William Foster, a merchant. He had eleven 
 children : among them Sophia Harrison, who 
 married Andrew Ritchie ; William Foster, a grad 
 uate of 1821 ; and Allyne, a graduate of 1825. 
 He published oration July 4, 1788; letter to W. 
 Heath, 1798; eulogy on Hamilton, 1804; speech 
 on restricting slavery in Missouri, 1820 ; on the 
 sedition law ; letters in defence of the Hartford 
 convention, 1824 ; address in Boston ; speech in 
 Boston, 1830. 
 
 OTIS, JOSEPH, died at Norwich, Conn., March 
 11, 1851, aged 85. He had lived many years in 
 New York, and was a man of great excellence of 
 character and eminent piety. Among his bene- 
 fac;ions to the church and people with which he 
 was connected in Norwich, is a beautiful library 
 building, well filled with valuable books, also 
 given by him. He also bequeathed 3750 dollars 
 to the free academy in Norwich. 
 
 OTTERBINE, WILLIAM, died at Baltimore 
 Nov., 1813, aged 89. He was sixty years a min 
 ister, forty years at Baltimore. 
 
 OTTO, JOHN C., died at Philadelphia June 30, 
 1845, aged 70; clinical lecturer in the Phila 
 delphia hospital. For his skill, philanthropy, 
 and pure character, he enjoyed the confidence of 
 his fellow citizens for half a century. He was the 
 son of Dr. Bodo Otto, an eminent physician of 
 New Jersey, and an officer in the Revolutionary 
 army. 
 
 OUSAMEQUIN, one of the names of Massas- 
 soit, the sachem of Packonokik, or Pocanaukett, 
 or Bristol. His deed, to Myles Standish and 
 others of Bridgewater, is dated March 23, 1649, 
 giving seven miles square for seven coats, nine 
 
 hatchets, eight hoes, twenty knives, four moose 
 skins, and ten yards and a half of cotton. His 
 mark was possibly intended to represent a fish. 
 OUTEIN, NANCY C., Mrs., died in Gloucester, 
 Mass., in 1814, aged 36, a lady of distinguished 
 talent, of piety, benevolence, and usefulness. A 
 sermon describing her character was published, 
 which was preached by Dr. Dana of Newbury- 
 port, before the Gloucester female society for pro 
 moting Christian knowledge. According to him, 
 she had a mind of tht first order, richly endowed 
 with highly polished manners, and bowed most 
 humbly at the foot of the cross, and toiling un 
 wearied for the poor, the ignorant, the wretched, 
 carrying to them, as far as possible, the means of 
 knowledge and comfort, so that as she departed 
 many were ready to exclaim : 
 
 " How blessings brighten as they take their flight! " 
 
 Such an example may do great good years a^ei 
 her departure. What dazzling princess, shining 
 only in the outward splendors of a court, can 
 bear any comparison with her ? What treasures 
 are given us in many hundreds of such excellent 
 women, scattered through our towns and villages ? 
 
 OVANDO, DON NICOLAS DE, governor of His- 
 paniola, was chosen in 1501 to succeed Bobadilla, 
 whose hunger for gold had caused the greatest 
 miseries and disorders in the island. He arrived 
 in April, 1502. In June he refused to afford a 
 shelter to the squadron of Columbus in the har 
 bor, and afterwards treated him with great neg 
 lect when he was in distress in Jamaica. Under 
 the color of hiring the natives to labor, with the 
 benevolent design also of teaching them Chris 
 tianity, the chiefs were ordered to furnish a cer 
 tain number of natives for six or eight months, 
 who were subjected to severe toil, under the lash, 
 with scanty food, and with no teaching but the 
 ceremony of baptism. The indignant Indians, 
 who fled to the mountains, were hunted like wild 
 beasts. Such was Ovando s method of promoting 
 Christianity ! He was indeed an unprincipled 
 tyrant, greedy after lucre, and his name is infa 
 mous. Once he seized treacherously several of 
 the caciques of Anacaona, and, after torturing 
 them, set fire to the house and consumed them, 
 and then sent the princess, Anacaona, in chains to 
 San Domingo, and caused her to be hung. His 
 various atrocities and horrible cruelties cannot 
 here be described. Yet such is the man whom 
 the Spanish represent as an enemy to avarice and 
 venerable for his regard to justice. It is no won 
 der that the curses of Heaven have descended on 
 the Spanish empire, chargeable with the blood 
 by which the new world Avas drenched. He was 
 superseded by Don Diego Columbus in 1509, but 
 was permitted to retain his wealth, which he 
 wrung from the natives. Irving s Columbus. 
 
 OVEKBAUGH, PETER, died at Poughket-psie, 
 
630 
 
 OVIEDO. 
 
 PACKARD. 
 
 N. Y., in 1842, for many years the respected pas 
 tor of the Reformed Dutch church of Flatbush. 
 
 OVIEDO, GONZALO FERNANDEZ DE, historio 
 grapher of the Indies, was born in Madrid in 
 1478 ; in 1513 he was sent out to the new world 
 to superintend the gold founderies, and was alcaid 
 of the fortress of St. Domingo in 1535 ; and died 
 at Valladolid in 1557, aged 79. He had lived 
 thirty-four years in the colonies. He published a 
 chronicle of the Indies, in fifty books, 1535 and 
 1547. A part of the work is yet unpublished. 
 Irving s Columbus. 
 
 OWANECO, or Neco, an Indian sachem, the 
 son and successor of Uncas, died in 1710. He 
 with his father signed, June 6, 1659, a deed of 
 the town of Norwich, Conn., nine miles square, 
 for 70 pounds in money. His mark was the 
 figure of a bird. He also signed a deed of the 
 use of certain lands to the Mohegans, March 6, 
 1693-4. Cesar and Ben Uncas were his sons. 
 
 OWEN, GRIFFITH, an eminent physician of 
 Philadelphia, died in 1717. He was among the 
 early settlers, and a Quaker and preacher highly 
 esteemed. He held several stations in the civil 
 department. Proud, II. 99. 
 
 OWEN, JOHN, minister of Groton, Conn., suc 
 cessor of E. Woodbridge, died June 14, 1753, 
 aged 54. Born in Braintree, he graduated at 
 Harvard in 1723, and was ordained in 1727. His 
 first wife was Anna Morgan ; his second, the 
 widow of Rev. J. Hillhouse. His only son was 
 the teacher of the grammar school of New Lon 
 don, and town clerk; but has no memorial stone. 
 His gravestone remains at Pequonnuck, with the 
 good words, 
 
 " God s faithful Seer." 
 
 He was a man of a liberal mind, an advocate of 
 toleration. Miss Caulkins History of New 
 London. 
 
 OWEN, ABRAHAM, colonel, aid to Gen. Har 
 rison, was killed in battle with the Indians, near 
 the Prophet s town, on the Wabash,Nov. 7, 1811. 
 The killed, and those who died of their wounds 
 received at Tippecanoe, were sixty-two in number. 
 
 OWEN, DANIEL, died at Gloucester, R. I., in 
 1812, aged 81. lie had been lieutenant-governor. 
 
 OWEN, JOHN, governor of North Carolina in 
 1830 and 1831, died at Pittsborough in 1841, 
 greatly respected for his talents and worth. 
 
 OWENS, JOHN, died at Carroll, N. Y., Feb. 
 24, 1843, aged 107 ; a soldier in the French and 
 Revolutionary wars. 
 
 OXENBIUDGE, JOHN, minister in Boston, 
 died Dec. 28, 1674, aged 65. He was born in 
 England Jan. 30, 1609, and was educated at Ox 
 ford, where he was for some time a tutor. Be 
 coming a preacher, soon after the year 1634 he 
 went to Bermuda, and took the charge of a church. 
 In 1641 or 1642 he returned to England, and 
 
 was fellow of Eaton college. In 1662 he was 
 induced, in consequence of the act of uniformity, 
 to go to Surinam and thence to Barbadoes. He 
 came to New England in 1669, and was settled 
 pastor of the first church as colleague with Mr. 
 Allen, April 10, 1670. He was a celebrated 
 divine, and one of the most popular preachers of 
 his time. He published a double watchword, or 
 the duty of watching and watching in duty, 1661 ; 
 a proposition for propagating the gospel by 
 Christian colonies in the continent of Guiana ; 
 election sermon, 1671; seasonable seeking of 
 God. Wood s Ath. Oxon., n. 536,537; Mag- 
 nalia, III. 321; Spr ague s Annals. 
 
 PACA, WILLIAM, governor of Maryland, died 
 in 1799, aged 59. He was the son of John P., a 
 gentleman of large estate in Harford county, 
 was born Oct. 31, 1740. Having been educated 
 at the college of Philadelphia, he practised law 
 at Annapolis. He was appointed a member of 
 congress with Samuel Chase in 1774, and con 
 tinued in that body till the close of 1778. He 
 signed the Declaration of Independence. From 
 1778 to 1780 he was chief justice of Maryland; 
 then chief judge of the court of appeals in ad 
 miralty cases; he was governor in 1782, and 
 again in 1786; in 1789 he was appointed the 
 judge of the district court of the United States. 
 His first wife was a daughter of Samuel Chew. 
 He was a man of vigorous intellect and polished 
 address, of integrity, patriotism, and moral worth. 
 
 PACKARD, ELIJAH, minister in Plymouth, 
 died in 1766, aged about 36. Born in Bridge- 
 water, he was graduated at Harvard in 1750, "and 
 settled over the second church in 1753, succeed 
 ing J. Ellis, the first minister, and followed by J. 
 Hovey. 
 
 PACKARD, WINSLOW, first minister of Wil 
 mington, Vt., died in 1784, aged 33. Born in 
 Bridgewater, Mass., he graduated at Dartmouth 
 in 1777, and was settled in 1781. 
 
 PACKARD, ASA, died at Lancaster, Mass., 
 March 20, 1843, aged 84. Born in Bridgewater, 
 he graduated at Harvard in 1783. He was thirty- 
 seven years the minister of Marlborough, being 
 ordained in 1785. Afterwards he assisted in 
 forming the evangelical church in Lancaster. 
 Being a soldier in early life, he bore a British 
 bullet in his body sixty or seventy years. 
 
 PACKARD, HEZEKIAH, D. D., died at Salem 
 April 25, 1849, aged 87. He was a brother of 
 the preceding, and a soldier under Washington 
 at the siege of Boston. He graduated in 1787 
 in the class of J. Q. Adams. For many years 
 he was the minister of Wiscasset, Me. Two of 
 his sons were professors at Bowdoin, and in the 
 Episcopal theological seminary of Virginia. He 
 published thanksgiving sermon, 1795; fast ser 
 mons, 1799; at ordination of A. Beattie, 1797; 
 of T. Cochran, 1805 ; Christian s manual. 
 
PACKARD. 
 
 PACKARD, TiiEorun.rs, D. D., died Sept. 
 17, 1855, aged 86. He was a native of North 
 Bridgewater, and graduated at Dartmouth in 
 179G; was ordained at Shelburne, Mass., in 1799, 
 but relinquished his pastoral duties in 1842. 
 About thirty young men studied theology -with 
 him, among them Pliny Fisk and Dr. Fisk. He 
 was a trustee of Williams and Amherst colleges. 
 His son, Theophilus, afterwards of Mouiit Pleas 
 ant, Iowa, was his colleague for twenty-five years 
 from 1828. Perhaps it ought to be mentioned 
 as a monitory fact, that in his old age he was a 
 firm believer in the spiritual visions or commu 
 nications of a young woman of his acquaintance, 
 which seemed to be of no value even to those 
 who believed them. Some accounted for his 
 easy faith from his habit of intense thought on 
 every subject of inquiry. He published a sermon 
 at ordination of J. W. Cannon; two on the 
 divinity of Christ, 1808; before a missionary so 
 ciety; on slander, 1815 ; the life of his son, J. T. 
 Packard, 1820. Sprague s Annals. 
 
 PACKARD, LEVI, minister of Spencer, Mass., 
 died at Stafford Springs, Conn., Jan. 11, 1857, 
 aged 63. He was twenty-seven years at Spencer. 
 
 PADDOCK, JUDAH, published a narrative of 
 the shipwreck of the ship Oswego on the south 
 coast of Africa, 1818. 
 
 PADILLA, A. D., published historia de la 
 provincia de Santiago de Mexico ; folio, Madrid, 
 1596. 
 
 PAGE, JOHN, governor of Virginia, died at 
 Richmond Oct. 11, 1808, aged 64. From his 
 youth he was a man of pure and unblemished 
 life. He was a patriot, a statesman, a philosopher, 
 and a Christian. From the commencement of 
 the American Revolution to the last hour of his 
 life he exhibited a firm, inflexible, unremitting, 
 and ardent attachment to his country, and Jie 
 rendered her very important services. He was 
 one of the first representatives from Virginia 
 under the present constitution. In 1800 he was- 
 chosen one of the electors of president. In Dec., 
 1802, he was chosen governor of Virginia in the 
 place of Mr. Monroe, and was succeeded by Mr. 
 Cabell in 1805. His residence was at Rosewell. 
 His conduct was marked by uprightness in all the 
 vicissitudes of life, in the prosperous and calami 
 tous times through which he had passed, in 
 seasons of gladness and of affliction. He pub 
 lished addresses to the people, 1796 and 1799. 
 
 PAGE, HARLAN, died at New York in Sept., 
 1834, aged 43. A religious tract, widely circu 
 lated, describes his character. 
 
 PAGE, BENJAMIN, M. D., died at Hallowell, 
 Me., Jan. 25, 1844, aged 73. A native of Exeter, 
 he studied with Dr. Kittredge of Andover. He 
 was a skilful physician, and a Christian. 
 
 PAIGE, REED, minister of Hancock, N. II., 
 
 1 AIXK. 
 
 631 
 
 died in 1815, aged 52. Born in Hardwick, Mass., 
 he graduated at Dartmouth in 1786, and was or- - 
 dained in 1791. He was a good preacher and 
 useful minister. He published a sermon at ordi 
 nation of J. P. Fisher, 1796 ; of J. Robinson, 1803 ; 
 at election, 1805; at a fast, 1812; at Lynde- 
 borough, 1815; oration 4th of July. 
 
 PAINE, THOMAS, died in Boston in 1757, aged 
 about 60. A graduate of 1717, he married 
 Eunice, the daughter of Rev. Samuel Treat of 
 Eastham, by his second wife Abigail, daughter of 
 Rev. S. Willard; and was ordained atWeymouth 
 Aug. 19, 1719, and preached his own ordination 
 sermon, which was published. After a ministry 
 of nine or more years he relinquished his office 
 and engaged in commerce in Boston : the reasons 
 for this course are not known. His sentiments 
 seem to have been entirely evangelical. He was 
 the father of Judge II. T. Paine. He published 
 besides the sermon mentioned a Thursday 
 lecture on original sin, 1724; on the doctrine of 
 earthquakes, 1728. 
 
 PAINE, ELISHA, a Separatist minister, died in 
 1775, aged 84. He was a lawyer in Canterbury, 
 when, during a revival in Windham under the 
 ministry of Sol. Whiting in 1721, he became 
 pious. About 1742 he deemed it his duty to 
 preach, and for his unlicensed preaching he 
 was imprisoned. He was the uncle of John and 
 Ebenezer Cleaveland, who were expelled from 
 Yale college for attending on his preaching in a 
 vacation ; they were afterwards very worthy min 
 isters at Gloucester and Ipswich. A majority of 
 the church of Canterbury followed Mr. Paine and 
 his brother Solomon ; the latter was ordained 
 over the church, which built a new meeting-house. 
 The bigotry of the State government and of the 
 Saybrook platform ministers spread the separa 
 tion widely ; churches sprang up also in Marsh- 
 field, Windham, Coventry, Killingly, Plainfield, 
 Voluntown, Preston, Lisbon, Franklin, Colches 
 ter, Norwich, Lcdyard, North Stonington, Gro- 
 ton, New London, Montville, Lyme, Suffield, 
 ! Windsor, Wethersfield, and Middletown. For 
 rearing the teachers, a transient school, called the 
 Shepherd s Tent," was presided over at New 
 London by Rev. Timo. Allen. 
 
 Mr. E. Paine became pastor of a church in 
 Bridgehampton, L. I., in 1752 ; and there con 
 tinued a minister till his death. His brother, 
 Solomon, died about 1754; he published a short 
 view of the constitution of the church. The 
 Separatists held a general meeting in 1781, and 
 for twenty years afterwards. But some became 
 Baptists, and they died away, as the causes of 
 separation, as to doctrines, ceased to exist. 
 
 PAINE, TIMOTHY, died at Worcester in 1793, 
 aged 63. Born in Bristol, R. I., he graduated at 
 Harvard in 1748, and held various offices, as 
 
632 
 
 PAINE. 
 
 PAIXE. 
 
 clerk, register of deeds, and councillor. Mild 
 v and affable, he had good sense and solid talents. 
 Lincoln s History of Worcester. 
 
 PAINE, JOSHUA, minister of Sturbridge, Mass., 
 died Dec. 28, 1799, aged 65. A native of Pom- 
 fret, Conn., he graduated at Yale in 1759, and 
 succeeded C. Rice in 1761. He was a patriot of 
 the He volution, and gave up a portion of his 
 salary for the relief of his people, and made a 
 special contribution of a barrel of gunpowder to 
 aid the struggle for liberty. Upon a salary of 
 222 dollars he educated two sons at college, one 
 of whom was a minister, doubtless Joshua, a 
 graduate of Harvard in 1784, minister of Charles- 
 town from 1787 till his death, in 1788, aged 24. 
 Washburn s Hist. Leicester Academy. 
 
 PAINE, THOMAS, a political writer and Deist, 
 died at New York June 8, 1809, aged 72. He 
 was born in Norfolk, England, in 1737 ; his father, 
 a Quaker, was a stay-maker. He followed the 
 same business ; and then became an exciseman 
 in Sussex, but was dismissed for misconduct. He 
 . came to Philadelphia in 1774, and in Jan., 1775, 
 he was employed by Mr. Aitken to edit the 
 Pennsylvania magazine. After the war com 
 menced, he, at the suggestion of Dr. Rush, wrote 
 his celebrated pamphlet of common sense, recom 
 mending independence. For this tract the legis 
 lature of Pennsylvania voted him 500 pounds. 
 He was also elected by congress in April, 1777, 
 clerk to the committee on foreign affairs ; he 
 chose to call himself " secretary for foreign affairs." 
 At this period he wrote the crisis. For divulging 
 some official secrets he lost his office in Jan., 
 1779. In 1780 he was clerk of the assembly of 
 Pennsylvania; in 1785 congress voted him 3,000 
 dollars, and the State of New York gave him 
 five hundred acres of land, the confiscated estate 
 of Davol, a royalist, at New Rochelle. There 
 was on it a stone house, one hundred and twenty 
 by twenty-eight feet. In 1787 he went to Paris 
 and London. In answer to Burke s reflections 
 on the French Revolution, he wrote his rights of 
 man. In Sept., 1792, he Avas a member from 
 Calais of the national convention of France. 
 Voting against the sentence on the king, he 
 offended the Jacobins, and, in Dec., 1793, was 
 thrown into prison for eleven months. He had 
 written the first part of his age of reason against 
 Christianity and committed it to Joel Barlow; 
 the second part was published in 1795, after his 
 release. At this period he was habitually drunk. 
 He returned to America in Oct., 1802, bringing 
 with him as a companion the wife of De Bonne- 
 ville, a French bookseller, having separated from 
 his second wife. His political writings have sim 
 plicity, force, and pungency. But he died in con 
 tempt and misery. His disgusting vices, his 
 intemperance, and profligacy, and irreligion made 
 him an outcast from all respectable society. He 
 
 is represented as irritable, vain, cowardly, filthy, 
 envious, malignant, dishonest, and drunken. In 
 the distress of his last sickness he frequently 
 called out, " Lord Jesus ! help me." Dr. Mauley 
 asked him whether, from his calling so often upon 
 the Saviour, it was to be inferred that he believed 
 the gospel. He replied, at last, " I have no 
 wish to believe on that subject." Mr. Cheetham 
 published an account of his life. His writings 
 were published in 1vol., 1792. North Amer. 
 Review, 1845. 
 
 PAINE, ROBERT TREAT, LL. D., a judge of 
 Massachusetts, died at Boston May 11, 1814, 
 aged 83. He was born in Boston March 11, 
 1731; his father, Thomas P., was ordained the 
 minister of Weymouth Aug. 19, 1719, but in 
 consequence of ill-health had been dismissed ; his 
 mother was the daughter of Samuel Treat and 
 grand-daughter of Samuel Willard. Having 
 graduated at Harvard college in 1749, he studied 
 theology, and in 1755 acted as a chaplain in the 
 army. He was induced to go to Europe for mer 
 cantile objects, and to provide for the support of 
 his father ; on his return he studied law, and set 
 tled about 1759 at Taunton, where he became 
 distinguished in his profession. In 1770, in the 
 absence of the attorney-general, he conducted 
 the prosecution of Capt. Preston for the Boston 
 massacre. About the year 1780 he removed to 
 Boston. Being a delegate to the first congress, 
 which assembled Sept. 5, 1774, he signed the 
 Declaration of Independence, and continued in 
 that body an efficient patriot until, on the adop 
 tion of the Massachusetts constitution, he was 
 appointed attorney-general. He was a judge of 
 the superior court from 1790 till his resignation, 
 in consequence of his deafness, in 1804, at the 
 age of 73. His wife was a sister of Gen. Cobb. 
 He had a high rank as a lawyer. He had an 
 inflexible regard to order and justice. His ap 
 pearance on the bench was stern and ungainly, 
 and in his manner there was an unpopular se 
 verity; yet, by his talents, integrity, and learning, 
 he rendered good service to his country in the 
 various stations in which he was placed. He was 
 a firm believer in Christianity, and died in peace. 
 
 PAINE, ROBERT TREAT, a poet, son of the 
 preceding, died at Boston Nov. 14, 1811, aged 
 37. He was born at Taunton, Dec. 9, 1773. 
 While a member of Harvard college he was ir 
 regular and subject to discipline. At the time of 
 his graduation in 1792, he delivered a poem. 
 Being placed as a clerk to a merchant, instead of 
 applying himself to business, he penned stanzas. 
 He was also often attracted to the theatre. At 
 this period the law against theatrical perform 
 ances was abrogated in Massachusetts. On the 
 opening of the brick theatre in 1793, he obtained 
 a medal for the prologue. In Oct., 1794, he 
 commenced a newspaper, the Federal Orrery; 
 
PALMER. 
 
 633 
 
 but indolence, the theatre, and temptations to 
 pleasure, made him neglect it, and it sunk into 
 disregard, and was relinquished in 1790. His 
 satire drew upon himself personal chastisement. 
 In 179,5 he married Miss Baker, an actress, who 
 withdrew from the stage ; this marriage caused a 
 separation between him and his father, and his 
 removal from his father s house. His poem, de 
 livered at Cambridge in 1795, called the inven 
 tion of letters, brought him a profit of 1500 
 dollars: and in 1797, his ruling passion, 1200. 
 He now was appointed master of ceremonies at 
 the theatre, with a salary. His song of Adams 
 and liberty, in 1798, yielded him 750 dollars 
 more than 11 dollars for each line. There is one 
 stanza in it, which, for its high poetry, deserves 
 preservation : 
 
 l; Should the tempest of war o ershadow our land, 
 
 Its bolts could ne er rend Freedom s temple asunder ; 
 For, unmov d, at its portal would Washington stand, 
 And repulse with his breast the assaults of the thunder. 
 His sword from the sleep 
 Of its scabbard would leap, 
 
 And conduct with its point every flash to the deep. 
 For ne er shall the sons of Columbia be slaves, 
 While the earth bears a plant, or the sea rolls its waves." 
 
 When at this time his name, which had been 
 Thomas, was by act of the legislature changed to 
 Hobert T., he remarked, that now he had a Chris 
 tian name, alluding to the name of Paine, the 
 Infidel. By the advice of his friends he studied 
 law, and was admitted to the bar in 1802. At 
 first he was patronized ; but, after neglecting his 
 profession a few years, he gave up his office. His 
 dissipated habits broke down his health and re 
 duced him to want. Indolence and the theatre, 
 wine and women ruined him. There is nothing 
 of simple, natural beauty in any of the writings 
 of Mr. Paine. His prose is in bad taste, and his 
 poetry is entirely unworthy of the commendation 
 bestowed upon it by his contemporaries. But, 
 had he written the most beautiful poetry, it would 
 have been worthless, associated with his own im? 
 moral character. No poet has power over the 
 heart, if known to be a gamester, and intemper 
 ate, and a profiigate lover of pleasure. The 
 virtuous and ennobling sentiments found in the 
 poems of Cowper and Montgomery have tenfold 
 power, because known to have come from the 
 hearts of virtuous, good men. His works, with a 
 biography by Charles Prentiss, were published, 
 8vo., 1812. Spec. Amer. Poet, II. 93; Cyd. of 
 Amer. Lit. 
 
 PAINE, WILLIAM, M. T)., died it is supposed 
 in New York, in 1833, aged 83. He graduated 
 at Harvard in 1768. His name stands the second 
 in a class of more than forty, when the names 
 were arranged according to the dignity of families. 
 
 PAINE, EmvARD, general, died at Painesviile, 
 
 Ohio, Oct., 1841, aged 96. He was an officer of 
 
 the Revolution, and one of the earliest set tiers 
 
 80 
 
 of the northern part of Ohio. In the Avar he led 
 on the first company that broke ground at Dor 
 chester Heights, near Boston. 
 
 PAINE, ELIJAH, judge, died at Williamstown, 
 Vt, April 21, 1842, aged 85. He graduated at 
 Harvard in 1781, and was a senator of the United 
 States from 1795 to 1801. J. Adams appointed 
 him a judge of the district court of Vermont. 
 Of the Phi Beta Kappa society at Cambridge he 
 was the first president. As a judge and citizen 
 he was much respected and esteemed. 
 
 PAIXE, ELIJAH, died at Ashfield, Mass., Aug. 
 3, 1846, aged 86. In early life he served his 
 country ; was graduated at Yale in 1789, and 
 studied law; he was a State senator in 1816; a 
 deacon of the church thirty years; a faithful, 
 useful Christian. Three sons were ministers, 
 Elijah of West Boylston, William P. of Holden, 
 and John C. of llehoboth. 
 
 PAINE, ELIJAH, judge, son of Judge E. Paine, 
 died in New York Oct. 6, 1853, aged about 59. 
 He graduated at Cambridge in 1814, and prac 
 tised law in New York, where he -was a judge. 
 He published reports of the circuit court ; and a 
 work on practice, with Mr. Duer. 
 
 PAINE, CHARLES, governor of Vermont, the 
 son of Judge E. Paine, died in 1853, aged 54. 
 He was born at Williamstown, Vt, April 15, 1799, 
 graduated in 1820, and was a manufacturer many 
 years, then president of the Vermont central 
 railroad corporation. He was governor two years 
 from 1841. His residence was Northfield; but 
 he died in Waco, Texas. He had been engaged 
 in exploring a route for a Pacific railroad. 
 
 PALLOTE, JOSEPH, died at Canterbury, N. H., 
 in 1823, aged 105. 
 
 PALFRAY, WARWICK, JUN., died at Salem, 
 Mass., in 1838, aged 51. He was a member of 
 the senate of Massachusetts, and had edited for 
 thirty-three years the Essex Register. 
 
 PALFREY, WILLIAM, colonel, a patriot of the 
 Revolution, was aide-de-camp to Washington, 
 when he was in the neighborhood of Washing 
 ton, and was also paymaster-general. His son, 
 John Palfrey, a Boston and New Orleans mer 
 chant, and then a planter, died at St. Martinsville 
 in 1843, aged 76. And his son is Rev. Dr. John 
 G. Palfrey, who inherited slaves from liim and 
 set them free. 
 
 PALMER, SOLOMON, Episcopal minister in 
 Connecticut, died in 1771, aged about 62. He 
 graduated at Yale in 1729 ; succeeded Mr. Pun- 
 derson in New Haven from 1763 to 1766 ; and 
 then removed to Litchfield. Mr. Hubbard fol 
 lowed him at New Haven. 
 
 PALMER, JOSKPII, minister of Norton, Mass., 
 died in 1791, aged 61. Born in Cambridge, he 
 graduated at Harvard in 1747, and was ordained 
 in 1753. 
 
 PALMER, ELHIU, a preacher of Deism, died 
 
PALMER. 
 
 PARK. 
 
 at Philadelphia in 1806, aged 42. He was gradu 
 ated at Dartmouth college in 1787. He was the 
 head of the Columbian illuminati, a deistical 
 company at New York, established about 1801, 
 consisting of ninety-five members. Its professed 
 aim was to promote " moral science" against re 
 ligious and political imposture. The Temple of 
 Reason was a weekly paper, of which the prin 
 cipal editor was one Driscoll, an Irishman, who 
 had been a Romish priest, and who removed with 
 his paper to Philadelphia. Mr. P. delivered lec 
 tures, or preached, against Christianity. But, 
 according to Mr. Chccthain, he was " in the small 
 circle of his church more priestly, more fulmi 
 nating," than Laud and Gardiner of England; 
 " professing to* adore reason, he was in a rage if 
 any body reasoned with him." He was blind 
 from his youth. He published an oration, July 
 4, 1797; the principles of nature, 1802. 
 
 PALMER, GEORGE, a free man of color, died 
 in Georgia in 1812, aged 121. 
 
 PALMER, STEPHEN, minister of Needham, 
 Mass., died in 1821, aged 55. Born in Norton, 
 he graduated at Harvard in 1789, and was or 
 dained in 1792. He published a sermon on the 
 death of C. Whiting; of T. Thacher, 1812; at 
 ordination of I. Braman, 1797 ; a century sermon, 
 1811. Sprague s Annals. 
 
 PALMER, DAVID, M. D., of Woodstock, Vt., 
 president of the Vermont medical college in W., 
 died at Pittsfield, Mass., in 1840. He was highly 
 respected for his talents, acquirements, and char 
 acter. His death was occasioned by imprudence 
 in conducting some chemical experiment. 
 
 PALMER, JOB, died at Charleston, S. C., in 
 1845, aged 97 years and 5 months, a Revolution 
 ary patriot. Born in Ealmouth, Mass., in early 
 life he settled at C. 
 
 PALMER, BENJAMIN M., D. D., died at 
 Charleston in Oct., 1847, at an advanced age. His 
 widow died within a few days afterwards. He 
 was settled at C. in 1817, and was eminently 
 faithful and useful as a minister. 
 
 PALMER, DAVID, minister of Townsend, Mass., 
 died Feb. 15, 1849, aged 80. Born inWindham, 
 Conn., his father John was there a minister. At 
 Dartmouth he graduated in 1797 ; he was or 
 dained at T. Jan. 1, 1800, and dismissed in 1830. 
 He was frank, social, agreeable, and successful as 
 a minister. Some of Iris sermons were printed. 
 
 PARIS, MKS., wife of J. I). Paris, missionary 
 to the Sandwich Islands, died at Hilo Feb. 18, 
 1847, aged 39. She was the daughter of John 
 Grant of Albany. When living at Johnstown she 
 became a Christian at the age of 13 : her parents 
 afterwards lived in New York. She embarked 
 with her husband in 1840, and settled at Kau in 
 Hawaii. Notwithstanding her desire to live for 
 the benefit of her children, who needed a moth 
 er s care, she bowed in quiet submission and firm 
 
 trust. When the dark valley was spoken of, she 
 said : " What does that mean ? I do not under 
 stand it. I look upon death very differently." 
 " What are all the dark valleys and rivers, if 
 Jesus is with us ? " 
 
 PARISH, ARIEL, minister of Manchester, 
 Mass., died in 1794, aged 30. Born in Lebanon, 
 Conn., he graduated at Dartmouth in 1788, and 
 was ordained 1792. 
 
 PARISH, ELIJAH, D. D., minister of Byfield, 
 Mass., was born in Lebanon, Conn., Nov. 7, 1762, 
 and graduated at Dartmouth college in 1785. He 
 was ordained in 1787. After being the minister 
 of B. nearly forty years, he died Oct. 14, 1825, 
 aged 62. Some of his violent political sermons 
 are quoted by Mr. Carey in his olive branch. 
 He published a sermon on the death of J. Cleave- 
 land, 1799 ; at the ordination of A. Parish, 1792; 
 of N. Waldo, 1806; of D. Thurston, 1807; of, 
 N. Merrill, 1812 ; of D. Smith and C. Kingsbury 
 and of E. Pilsbury, 1815 ; at Hanover, 1801 ; 
 orations, 1799 and -1800; on missions, 1807; be 
 fore a charitable society, 1808 ; at a thanksgiving, 
 1804 ; do. 1807 ; at Hanover, 1806 ; at fasts,-1808, 
 1812, 1813 ; before the society for propagating 
 the gospel; before convention, 1821; eulogy on 
 J. Hubbard, 1810 ; history of New England, with 
 Dr. Morse, 1804 ; with Dr. McClure, memoirs of 
 Eleazer Wheelock, 8vo., 1811; gazetteer of the 
 eastern continent ; modern geography ; gazetteer 
 of the Bible. A volume of his sermons was pub 
 lished after his death. Sprague s Annals. 
 
 PARISH, JASPER, died at Canandaigua in July, 
 1836, aged 69. An emigrant with his parents 
 from Windham, Conn., to Lucerne county, Pa., 
 he was captured in 1778, at the age of eleven, by 
 the Delaware Indians, and was seven years a 
 prisoner among the Six Nations. Being released 
 in 1784, his misfortune proved of the highest ad 
 vantage to him, for, speaking five Indian lan 
 guages, he was employed under Washington as 
 interpreter and sub-agent, and remained in office 
 thirty years. From 1792 he resided in Canan 
 daigua, N. Y., being respected as a husband, 
 father, and citizen. 
 
 PARISH, II., died at New York, in 1856. He 
 bequeathed 50,000 dollars in charity : to the 
 American bible society 10,000 dollars ; the New 
 York orphan asylum 10,000 ; St. Luke s hospital 
 10,000 ; New York eye infirmary 20,000. 
 
 PARK, THOMAS, an officer in the Revolution 
 ary war, died at Oswego, N. Y., in 1838, aged 91. 
 
 PARK, CALVIN, D. D., died at Stoughton, 
 Mass., Jan. 5, 1847, aged 72. Born in North- 
 bridge, Mass., he graduated at Brown university, 
 1797 ; and was a tutor and professor of moral 
 philosophy for twenty-five years. As an evange 
 list he was ordained in 1815. He became the 
 minister of Stoughton, Mass., in Dec., 1826, but 
 resigned his office in 1840. He was known as a 
 
PARK. 
 
 great lover of truth, and as one fond of and ca 
 pable of teaching ; as a man of intellect and sound 
 learning, of refined taste and a warm heart. He 
 was buried at Wrentham by the side of his de 
 ceased wife, Abigail Ware of W. He was the 
 father of Professor Park of Andover. Storrs 
 Funeral Sermon ; Sprague s Annals. 
 
 PAIIK, JASON, first minister of Barry, Michi 
 gan, died May 11, 1849, aged 70. He was born 
 in Canterbury, Conn. Having studied theology 
 with Dr. Strong of Hartford, he was sixteen years 
 from 1816 the minister of Southbridgc, Mass. 
 Removing to the West, he organized in 1833 the 
 church of Barry, the first in the county, and la 
 bored with them faithfully for the remainder of 
 his life. He was benevolent, upright, conscien 
 tious ; a friend of missions. He left children to 
 deplore his loss. The general association passed 
 a commendatory vote, on the death of the first 
 of their body. 
 
 PARK, JOHN, died at Worcester in March, 
 1802, aged 77. Born in Windham, N. H., a 
 graduate of Dartmouth in 1791, for many years 
 he was a distinguished politician, and was the ed 
 itor of the Boston Repertory. He was the father 
 of J. C. Park. 
 
 PARKE, JOHN, a poet, died, probably in Vir 
 ginia, after the close of the Revolutionary war. 
 Bom in Delaware about 1750, he was in 1768 in 
 the college of Pennsylvania. He served in the 
 army, and was at Boston and Valley Forge. Af 
 ter the peace he lived in Philadelphia. He pub 
 lished the works of Horace translated into English 
 verse, with original poems by a native, etc., 1786. 
 The odes are inscribed each to an American 
 worthy. Cycl. of Amer. Lit. 
 
 PARKE, BENJAMIN, judge, died at Salem, 
 Ind., in 1835, aged 57. Born in New Jersey, he 
 was appointed by Jefferson judge of the United 
 States court for Indiana about 1801, and was 
 respected in his office. He had been a delegate 
 to congress from 1805 to 1808. 
 
 PARKER, THOMAS, first minister of Newbury, 
 Mass., died in April, 1677, aged 81. He was the 
 only son of Robert Parker, who was driven out 
 of England for Puritanism in the reign of Eliza 
 beth ; was born in 1595. After having been for 
 some time a student at Oxford, he pursued his 
 studies in Ireland under Dr. Usher. Thence he 
 went to Holland, where he enjoyed the assistance 
 of Dr. Ames. He returned to Newbury in Eng 
 land, where he preached and was the instructor 
 of a school. He came to this country with a 
 number of Christian friends in May, 1634, and 
 immediately went to Aggawam, or Ipswich, Mass., 
 where he continued about a year as an assistant 
 to Mr. Ward. In 1635 he commenced the set 
 tlement of Newbury, and was chosen pastor and 
 Mr. Noyes teacher. He left behind him the 
 character of aia eminent scholar, and of a most 
 
 PARKER. 
 
 G35 
 
 pious and benevolent Christian. Through his in 
 cessant application he became blind several years 
 before his death. Under this heavy calamity he 
 was patient and cheerful, and used to say, in refer 
 ence to his darkened eyes, " they will be restored 
 shortly in the resurrection." Having never been 
 married, he yet with parental affection gave sev 
 eral young gentlemen the advantages of a public 
 education. In his views of church government 
 he differed from the Congregationalism of New 
 England, in consequence of which his church was 
 unhappily divided. A bitter controversy lasted 
 for years, an account of which, in forty pages, is 
 in Coffin s history of Newbury. Some theses de 
 traductione pcccatoris ad vitam, written by him 
 at an early age, were printed with some works of 
 Dr. Ames. He also published a letter to a mem 
 ber of the Westminster assembly, on the govern 
 ment in the churches of England, 1644 ; the 
 prophecies of Daniel expounded, 4to., 1646; a 
 letter to his sister, Mrs. Avery, on her opinions, 
 1649. Magnolia, ill., 143-145, 147. 
 
 PARKER, THOMAS, first minister of Dracut, 
 Mass., died in 1765, aged 64. Born in Cam 
 bridge, he graduated at Harvard in 1718, and be 
 gan to preach at D. 
 
 PARKER, JAMES, a printer in New York, died 
 in 1770. He was born in Woodbridge, New Jer 
 sey, and began business about 1742. He pub 
 lished the Post-Boy, and in 1752 a periodical 
 work, The Reflector. A private journal of 
 Moses Allen, while at college at Princeton in 
 1769, mentions that " the printer Parker s daugh 
 ter, in New York, famous for sense and beauty, 
 challenged a gentleman for some indecency, 
 wounded him, and came off victorious." 
 
 PARKER, JONATHAN, second minister of 
 Plympton, Mass., died in 1776, aged 71. Born 
 in Barnstable, he graduated at Harvard in 1725, 
 and was settled in 1731, the successor of J. Cush- 
 man. He was followed by E. Sampson. 
 
 PARKER, NEHEMIAH, first minister of Hnb- 
 bardston, Mass., died in 1801, aged 59. Born in 
 Shrewsbury, he graduated at Harvard in 1763; 
 was settled in 1770, and resigned in 1800. 
 
 PARKER, SAMUEL, D. D., bishop of Mass., died 
 Dec. 6, 1804, aged 59. He was born at Ports 
 mouth, N. H., in 1745, and was graduated at Har 
 vard college in 1764. He was afterwards nine 
 years an instructor of youth in Newburyport and 
 other towns. In 1773 he was ordained by the 
 bishop of London, and, May 19, 1774, was estab 
 lished as assistant minister at Trinity church, 
 Boston, of which he became the rector in 1779. 
 During the Revolutionary war the other Episcopal 
 clergymen quitted the country, but he remained 
 at his post, and his church was saved from dis 
 persion. After the death of Bishop Bass he was 
 elected his successor ; but he was at the head of 
 the Episcopal churches but a few mouths. He 
 
636 
 
 PARKER. 
 
 PABKMAN. 
 
 died suddenly at Boston. Distinguished foi his 
 benevolence, he was in a peculiar manner the 
 friend of the poor, who in his death mourned the 
 loss of a father. He published a sermon at the 
 election, 1793 ; before the asylum, 1803 ; and 
 some other occasional discourses. 
 
 PARKER, SAMUEL, minister of Provincetown, 
 Mass., died in 1811, aged 70, in the 38th year of 
 his ministry. He graduated at Harvard in 1768. 
 
 PARKER, ISAAC, LL. D., chief justice of Mass., 
 died May 26, 1830, aged nearly 62. He was born in 
 Boston June 17, 1768, and graduated at Harvard 
 college in 1786. His father was a merchant, who 
 met with reverses of fortune in his business. He 
 commenced the practice of law at Castine, in the 
 district of Maine, and was elected a member of 
 congress. Adams appointed him marshal for the 
 district of Maine ; an office which he held till the 
 accession of Mr. Jefferson to the presidency in 
 1801. Afterwards he removed to Portland. In 
 1806 he was appointed a judge of the supreme 
 court, and in 1814 chief justice, as the successor 
 of Mr. Sewall, of which office he with high repu 
 tation and faithfulness discharged the duties six 
 teen years. In 1820 he was president of the 
 Massachusetts convention for the revision of the 
 constitution. For several years he was professor 
 of law in Harvard University. His father and 
 several of his ancestors had died of the apoplexy. 
 He died poor, but the citizens of Boston made 
 provision for his family. On Sunday, July 25, 
 
 1830, he was suddenly attacked with the apo 
 plexy, of which he died the next morning. His 
 successor was Lemuel Shaw. He was a dis 
 tinguished scholar and friend of literature. For 
 eleven years he was a trustee of Bowdoin college, 
 and for twenty years an overseer of Harvard col 
 lege. He was a man of great moral worth, and 
 a firm believer in the Christian religion. He 
 published a sketch of the character of Judge Par 
 sons, 1813; of Judge Sewall; of S. How, 1828; 
 oration on Washington, 1800. Ann. Reg., 1830- 
 
 1831, p. 272-276. 
 
 PARKER, NATHAN, D. D., died at Portsmouth 
 Nov. 8, 1833, aged 51. He was a graduate of 
 Harvard in 1803. He published New Hampshire 
 election sermon, 1819; a dedication sermon at 
 Portsmouth, 1826. 
 
 PARKER, S. E., general, died in Northamp 
 ton county, Va., in 1836. He was an eminent 
 lawyer, and a member of congress from 1819 to 
 1821. 
 
 PARKER, RICHAKD E., judge of various 
 courts, died in Virginia in 1840, aged about 63. 
 He was aLo a senator of the United States. 
 
 PARKER, JOHN, a merchant, died in Boston 
 May 29, 1840, aged 83. 
 
 PARKER, BENJAMIN, M. D., died in 1845, 
 aged about 84. He graduated at Harvard in 
 
 1781. He was a physician in Bradford, Mass., 
 till in 1819 he removed to some other State. 
 
 PARKER, BENJAMIN, first minister of the 
 east church in Haverhill, Mass., died Nov. 29, 
 1790, aged 76. Born in Bradford, he graduated 
 at Harvard in 1737, and was ordained in 1734. 
 He published a sermon on the death of Edward 
 Barnard, 1774. 
 
 PARKER, DANIEL, brigadier-general, died at 
 Washington April 5, 1846. He was a native of 
 Massachusetts. He was adjutant and inspector- 
 general, and chief clerk in the war department. 
 He published army register, 1816. 
 
 PARKER, EDWARD L., minister of London 
 derry, N. H., died in 1850, aged about 64. He 
 graduated at Dartmouth in 1807, and was settled 
 in the original or east parish in 1810. He pub 
 lished a century sermon at L., 1819 ; at Ordination 
 of A. Cross, 1824. 
 
 PARKER, JOHN A., died at New Bedford 
 Dec. 30, 1853, a rich merchant, at an advanced 
 age. 
 
 PARKER, FREEMAN, first minister of Dres 
 den, Me., died in 1854, aged about 78. He was 
 born in Barnstable, Mass., July 13, 1776 ; was 
 graduated at Harvard in 1797 ; and ordained 
 Sept. 2, 1801. After twenty-five years he re 
 signed and removed to Wiscasset. Though blind 
 for more than forty years, he still preached. His 
 last discourse was delivered at Dresden on the 
 fiftieth anniversary of his settlement. 
 
 PARKER, GEORGE PHILLIPS, died in New 
 York Jan. 19, 1856, aged 62. He was the son 
 of John Parker of Boston, and graduated at Har 
 vard in 1812. For some years he was engaged 
 in the temperance cause, to which, from his ample 
 means, he liberally contributed. 
 
 PARKHURST, BENJAMIN, died Dec. 15, 1842, 
 aged 97. He was one of the first settlers of Roy- 
 alton, Vt. : his parents died at the age of 97 ; 
 his grandfather died at the age of 100 ; his grand 
 mother, at the age of 104. 
 
 PARKHURST, PHINEHAS, Dr., died at Leba 
 non, N. H., Oct. 16, 1844, aged 85. He was 
 born in Plainfield, Conn. His father removed 
 to Royalton, Vt., and was killed in an attack of 
 the Indians from Canada, Oct. 16, 1780. Dr. P. 
 was long a physician and prominent citizen of 
 Lebanon. 
 
 PARKMAN, EBENEZER, first minister of West- 
 borough, Mass., was graduated at Harvard col 
 lege in 1721, and was ordained Oct. 28, 1724, the 
 day on which the church was gathered. After 
 continuing his ministerial labors near sixty years, 
 he died Dec. 9, 1782, aged 79. His wife was a 
 daughter of Rob. Brcck ; Samuel P., who died in 
 Boston in June, 1824, aged 72, was a descendant. 
 A short account of Westborough, written by him, 
 is printed in the historical collections. He pub- 
 
PARKMAN. 
 
 lished reformers and intercessors, 1752 ; a con 
 vention sermon, 1761. 
 
 PARKMAX, GEORGE, M. D., died in 1849, 
 aged about 58. The son of Samuel P., he grad 
 uated at Harvard in 1809, and was a physician 
 and a man of large property in Boston. He was 
 murdered by Dr. Webster in the medical build 
 ing, and his body partly consumed, when the 
 crime was discovered. The motive to its com 
 mission was the wish to avoid the payment of a 
 debt, lie published a treatise on insanity, 1817. 
 
 PARKMAN, FRANCIS, D. D., son of Samuel 
 P., died in Boston, Nov. 12, 1852, aged G4. He 
 graduated at Harvard in 1807. He was the pas 
 tor of the new north church from 1813 to 1849. 
 He published century sermon, 1814 ; on the 
 death of J. Lathrop ; at ordination of J. Park- 
 man, 1837 ; offering of sympathy on the revolu 
 tion in France, 1830. 
 
 PARKS, WILLIAM, printer of the Virginia 
 Gazette, died in 1750. 
 
 PARMELE, ELISHA, first minister of Lee, 
 Mass., died in 1784, aged about 26. Born in 
 Goshen, Conn., he graduated at Harvard in 1778, 
 and was settled in 1783. His successor was A. 
 Hyde. 
 
 PARMELEE, PHILANDER, minister of Bolton, 
 Conn., died in 1822, aged 39. Born in North 
 Killingworth, he graduated in 1809 ; was minis 
 ter of Victor, N. Y., five years ; and settled at B. 
 in 1815. He was an earnest, useful minister. 
 Sprague s Annals. 
 
 PARMELEE, MOSES, minister of Stockholm, 
 N. Y., was found dead in his bed after an eve 
 ning lecture in 1838, aged 50. Born in Pitts- 
 ford, Vt., he was first the minister of South Gran- 
 ville, N. Y., in 1816. His character was pure ; 
 his temperament ardent, and this gave unction 
 and pathos to his address. His brother Simeon 
 was the minister of Westford, Vt. 
 
 PARRIS, SAMUEL, the first minister of Dan- 
 vers, Mass., died after 1711 ; if in 1713, he was 
 aged 60. He was born in London in 1653 ; 
 studied at Harvard college ; and was ordained at 
 Salem village, now Danvers, Nov. 15, 1689. In 
 1692 the Salem witchcraft delusion commenced 
 in his family. His daughter, about twelve years 
 of age, and his niece, Abigail Williams, eleven or 
 twelve years old, pretended to be bewitched, and 
 accused Tituba, an Indian woman living in the 
 family, of bewitching them. Mr. Parris beat her 
 and compelled her to confess herself a witch. 
 Indian John, Tituba s husband, for his own safety, 
 turned accuser of others. The " afflicted " per 
 sons increased ; the " accused " also increased 
 rapidly. More than one hundred women were 
 apprehended, and most of them committed to 
 prison. Even the wife of Gov. Phipps was ac 
 cused. Aug. 19, 1692, George Burroughs and 
 four others were executed ; in all nineteen were 
 
 PARRISH. 
 
 637 
 
 hung, and Gyles Corey pressed to death for not 
 pleading. There had before been executed for 
 witchcraft Margaret Jones of Charlestown, in 
 June, 1648; then a woman in Dorchester, and 
 another in Cambridge; then in Boston in 1055 
 Mrs. Hibbins, wife of an assistant ; in 1662 Mrs. 
 Greensmith and her husband 5 in 1663 Mary 
 Johnson ; in 1688 Mrs. Glover of Boston. This 
 delusion at Salem lasted sixteen months. As Mr. 
 Parris had been a zealous prosecutor, his church, 
 in April, 1693, brought charges against him ; and 
 at last, although he acknowledged his error, he 
 was dismissed in June, 1696. He removed to 
 Concord. In 1711 he preached six months in 
 Dunstable. 
 
 PARRIS, MARTIN, minister of Marshfield, 
 Mass., died in 1839, aged 72. Born in Pem 
 broke, he graduated at Brown university in 1790 ; 
 was settled at Marshfield in 1871, succeeding W 
 Shaw. 
 
 PARRIS, SAMUEL, died at Washington Sept. 
 10, 1847, aged 92. A native of Pembroke, Mass., 
 he was at Bunker Hill in 1775, and was an offi 
 cer of the Revolution. He settled at Hebron, 
 Maine, and was a judge of the common pleas, 
 and one of the electors of president at Madison s 
 second term. He was the father of Gov. A. K. 
 Parris. 
 
 PARRIS, ALBION K., governor of Maine, died in 
 Portland inFeb., 1857, aged about 71. Born in Au 
 burn, Oxford county, he graduated at Dartmouth 
 in 1806, and was in public life nearly forty years. 
 He was a member of congress from 1815 to 1818; 
 the first United States district judge for Maine; 
 was governor five years from 1821 to 1826 ; was 
 senator of the United States in 1828; and judge 
 of the supreme court of Maine from 1828 to 1836, 
 when he was appointed second comptroller of the 
 treasury, and removed to Washington, retaining 
 tin s office till 1851, when he returned to Portland, 
 of which city he was the mayor in 1852. Bos- 
 ion Advertiser. 
 
 PARRISH, JOHN, died at Baltimore in 1807, 
 one of the oldest ministers of the society of 
 Friends. He succeeded Benezet in pleading the 
 cause of the African race. He published remarks 
 on the slavery of the black people, 1806. 
 
 PARRISII, JOSEPH, M. D., died at Philadel 
 phia March 18, 1840, aged 60. He was a most 
 eminent physician, a professor in the university, 
 and a man of benevolence and many virtues. He 
 was brought up in the principles and habits of the 
 Quakers, and sought to be guided by an inward 
 divinely-given principle. He ever recommended 
 cool air, exercise, and cool drinks. His medical 
 degree he received in 1805. He gave popular 
 lectures on chemistry in 1807. In the prevalence 
 of the typhus epidemic in 1812, he successfully 
 substituted a stimulant practice for the prevalent 
 contrary one. He was chosen in 1816 surgeon to 
 
G38 
 
 PARROTT. 
 
 PARSOXS. 
 
 the hospital. ITc had for years many medical 
 pupils, lie died in peace. His character is de 
 lineated fully in Williams book. His beloved 
 wife was the daughter of John Cox, an esteemed 
 preacher in the society of Friends. lie wrote 
 many papers for the journals. Wood s Memoir ; 
 Williams Med. Biog. 
 
 PARROTT, JOHN F., a senator of the United 
 States 1819-1825, died in Greenland, N. II., July 
 9, 1836. 
 
 PARSONS, JOSEPH, cornet, the first of the 
 name in Northampton, the ancestor of many fam 
 ilies, died in 1(383. He came from England in 
 1630 or soon afterwards. He came to Springfield 
 at its first settlement about 1636, and married in 
 1616 Mary, the daughter of Thomas Bliss of 
 Windsor. He, it is believed, was the son of 
 Thomas Parsons of Great Milton, or Great Tor- 
 rington near Exeter, who married Catherine, the 
 daughter of Alderman Radcliff of London, and 
 was knighted by King Charles I. The three 
 eagles, with wings outspread, on his coat of 
 arms, might well be regarded as indicating the 
 flight of his sons to the distant new world ; for 
 Deacon Benjamin, another of his sons, came with 
 Joseph. After living at Windsor and Springfield 
 about twenty years, he in 1655 was among the 
 first settlers of Northampton. But in 1679 he 
 returned to Springfield, where he died, probably 
 of the age of 70. His widow died in 1712. His 
 brother Benjamin had a son Ebenezer, who was 
 the father of Jonathan, born in West Springfield 
 in 1705. Joseph had ten children ; among them 
 Joseph, John, Samuel, settled at Durham, Conn., 
 Ebenezer, killed by the Indians in 1675, Josiah, 
 and David. 
 
 PARSONS, JosErn, died in Northampton in 
 1729, aged 82. The son of Joseph, he was born 
 at Springfield in 1647. His wife was Elizabeth, 
 daughter of Elder Strong ; and his daughter 
 Elizabeth married Eleazar Strong, and their 
 daughter Elizabeth married Rev. Dr. Lathrop. 
 His other children were Joseph, John, Ebenezer, 
 David, Josiah, Daniel, Moses, Abigail, and Noah. 
 
 PARSONS, DAVID, the minister of Maiden and 
 Leicester, Mass., died in 1737, aged about 52. 
 The son of Joseph of Northampton, he graduated 
 at Harvard in 1705, in the class of President Hoi- 
 yoke ; was settled first at Maiden in 1705, then 
 at Leicester in 1721 ; and resigned in 1735. His 
 successor was D. Goddard. 
 
 PARSONS, JOSEPH, minister of Salisbury, 
 Mass., died March 13, 1740, aged 69. He was the 
 son of Joseph of Northampton, and graduated at 
 Harvard in 1697, and was installed over the second 
 church of S. in 1718. He had been previously at 
 Lebanon, Conn., from 1700 to 1708. He pub 
 lished a sermon at ordination of J. Blunt, 1733. 
 
 PARSONS, JOSEPH, minister of Bradford, 
 Mass., died in 1765, aged 62, in the 39th year of 
 
 his ministry. lie graduated at Harvard in 1720. 
 He published sermon at ordination of S. Web 
 ster, 1741; at artillery election, 1744; election 
 sermon, 1759. 
 
 PARSONS, JOSEPH, minister of Brookfield, 
 Mass., died in 1771, aged 38. Born in Bradford, 
 he graduated at Harvard in 1752, and was or 
 dained in 1757. 
 
 PARSONS, JONATHAN, minister in Newbury- 
 port, Mass., died July 19, 1776, aged 70. He 
 was born at West Springfield, Mass., Nov. 30, 
 1705, and was graduated at Yale college in 1729, 
 having given indications of an uncommon genius. 
 He was ordained in 1730 minister of Lyme, 
 Conn., where he continued several years. The 
 last thirty years of his life were spent at Ncw- 
 buryport, in one of the largest congregations iu 
 America. His labors were incessant, and lie 
 sometimes sunk under his exertions. During his 
 last sickness he enjoyed the peace of a Christian. 
 lie expressed his unwavering assurance of an in 
 terest in the favor of God through the Redeemer. 
 He was a Presbyterian. As a preacher he was 
 eminently useful. During some of the first years 
 of his ministry his style was remarkably correct 
 and elegant; but after a course of years, when 
 his attention was occupied by things of greater 
 importance, his manner of writing was less pol 
 ished, though perhaps it lost nothing of its pa 
 thos and energy. In his preaching he dwelt much 
 and with earnestness upon the doctrines of grace, 
 knowing it to be the design of the Christian re 
 ligion to humble the pride of man and to exalt 
 the grace of God. He labored to guard his peo 
 ple both against the giddy wildness of enthusiasm, 
 and the licentious tenets of antinomian delusion. 
 His invention was fruitful, his imagination rich, 
 his voice clear and commanding, varying with 
 every varying passion, now forcible, majestic, ter 
 rifying, and now soft, and persuasive, and melt 
 ing. His zealous and indefatigable exertions 
 were not in vain. During his ministry at Lyme, 
 at a period of uncommon effusion of God s Spirit 
 of grace, he indulged the belief that near two 
 hundred of his people were renewed in the dis 
 positions of their minds, and enlightened by the 
 truth as it is in Jesus ; and his labors at Ncw- 
 buryport were attended by a happy revival of 
 religion. lie was eminent as a scholar, for he 
 was familiar with the classics, and he was skilled 
 in the Latin, Greek, and Hebrew languages. He 
 was accounted a dexterous and masterly reasoner. 
 His church is now called the old south church of 
 of Newburyport ; it has been thoroughly repaired 
 and ornamented. In a vault beneath the pulpit 
 a low vault, yet accessible and often visited 
 rest the remains of Mr. Parsons, Mr. Whitefield, 
 a Mr. Prince ; three preachers, Mr. Whiteficld s 
 coffin being in the centre. Mr. Parsons firi-t 
 wife, and the mother of all his children, was 
 
PARSONS. 
 
 Phebe Griswold, sister of Governor M. Griswold, 
 a woman of fervent piety and uncommon talents. 
 When his engagements were pressing, she some 
 times wrote his sermons for him. One of his 
 daughters was the mother of Simon Greenleaf. 
 He published a sermon at Boston lecture, 1742 ; 
 good news from a far country, in seven discourses, 
 1756 ; observations, etc., 1757 ; manna gathered 
 in the morning, 1761 ; infant baptism from heaven, 
 in two discourses, 1765 ; a sermon on the death 
 of G. Whitefield, 1770 ; freedom from civil and 
 ecclesiastical tyranny the purchase of Christ, 
 1774 ; sixty sermons on various subjects, in two 
 volumes, 8vo., 1780. SearVs Sermon on his 
 death. 
 
 PARSONS, MOSES, minister of Byfield, Mass., 
 died Dec. 14, 1783, aged 67. He was born June 
 20, 1716, and was graduated at Harvard college 
 in 1736. lie devoted a number of years to the 
 labors of a grammar school, and, while the re 
 spect and the affection of his pupils were pre 
 served by mingled dignity and mildness, he 
 endeavored to impress them with religious truth, 
 and to give them that instruction which might 
 save their souls from death. He was ordained 
 June 20, 1744. The Maker of the human frame 
 gave him a most graceful and commanding pres 
 ence, a quick conception, a fertile invention, an 
 easy flow of thought and expression, a correct 
 judgment, a resolute temper, and a large share of 
 the kind and tender sensibilities. These, ex 
 panded by a liberal education, polished by a large 
 acquaintance with mankind, and sanctified by di 
 vine grace, made him eminent as the gentleman 
 and Christian, the divine and the preacher. When 
 he had once deliberately fixed his opinion or his 
 purpose, no opposition could shake him. He al 
 ways carried the dignity and decorum of the 
 Christian minister into his most cheerful hours, 
 and, though he often indulged his pleasant humor 
 among his friends, yet he never degraded himself 
 by the puerile jest, the boisterous laugh, or by 
 vain, indelicate mirth. He usually mingled with 
 his sprightly sallies some useful lesson of a moral 
 nature. lie knew how to be familiar without 
 meanness, sociable without loquacity, cheerful 
 without levity, grave without moroseness, pious 
 without enthusiasm, superstition, or ostentation, 
 zealous against error and vice without ill-natured 
 bitterness, affable to all without the least sacrifice 
 of his ministerial dignity. There was a generous 
 openness in his language and behavior, and one 
 could almost discern his heart in his frank, honest 
 countenance. He was influenced by enlarged 
 benevolence. He was a zealous advocate of the 
 civil and religious interests of his beloved Amer 
 ica. Eminent as a preacher, he yet greatly ex 
 celled in the gift of prayer. His last hours were 
 brightened with the hopes of the gospel. He 
 
 PARSONS. 
 
 C39 
 
 anticipated i.he joy of dwelling in the presence of 
 that divine Saviour, whom he had served in his 
 church below. His wife was the daughter of Eb- 
 enezer Davis of Gloucester, whose mother was 
 the great grand-daughter of John Robinson, of 
 whom, therefore, Mr. Parsons son, Chief Justice 
 Parsons, was a descendant. He published the elec 
 tion sermon, 1772; at the ordination of J. Dana, 
 1765; of O. Parsons, 1773. Tappan s Sermon 
 on his death ; Frisbie s Oration; Spr ague s An 
 nals. 
 
 PARSONS, DAVID, the first minister of Am- 
 herst, Mass., died Jan. 1, 1781, aged 68. The 
 son of Rev. David P. of Maiden, he graduated 
 at Harvard in 1729, and was ordained Nov. 2, 
 1739. His wife was Eunice Weed of Wethers- 
 field, and he had nine children. 
 
 PARSONS, SAMUEL, second minister of Rye 
 N. II., died in 1789, aged 77, in the fifty-third 
 year of his ministry. He graduated at Harvard 
 in 1730, and succeeded Nathaniel Morrill in 17C6, 
 ten years after the church was founded. He was 
 respected and beloved. He admitted into the 
 church two hundred and six persons, and bap 
 tised six or seven hundred. 
 
 PARSONS, SAMUEL HOLDEN, major-general, 
 was drowned in descending the rapids of the Big 
 Beaver river, O., Nov. 17, 1789, aged 52. He 
 was born in Lyme, Conn., and was the son of Rev. 
 Jonathan P., who removed from Lyme to New- 
 buryport. His mother was the sister of Gov. M. 
 Griswold. He graduated at Harvard in 1756. 
 He settled as a lawyer in Lyme, and there mar 
 ried the daughter of Richard Mather, a descend 
 ant of Rev. R. M. ; he removed to New London. 
 He sustained various public offices. With him 
 originated the first suggestion of assembling a 
 congress, in a letter of March 3, 1773, to John 
 Adams, " an annual meeting of commissioners 
 from the colonies to consult on their general wel 
 fare ; " a fact most honorable to him. He and 
 others formed the design, which was executed by 
 Ethan Allen, of capturing the forts. As colonel 
 he was in the battle of Long Island, and in 1776 
 was made brigadier-general. Dr. Hildreth de 
 scribes his many important services during the 
 war. He was one of the board for the trial of 
 Andre. After the war he resumed the practice of 
 the law in Middletown. In 1786 he was a com 
 missioner to negotiate with the Indians; and by a 
 treaty the land on which Cincinnati stands was 
 acquired. In 1787 he was appointed a judge of 
 the Northwestern Territory ; in 1789, chief 
 judge. In the same year he visited the Wyan- 
 dots, to arrange with them for holding a treaty, 
 and on his return was drowned. His son is S. 
 H. Parsons of Hartford. lie published a piece 
 describing the discoveries in the western country, 
 iuAmer. Acad., vol. II. Hildretk s Biog. Mem. 
 
PARSONS. 
 
 PARSONS. 
 
 PARSONS, OBADIAH, minister of Gloucester, 
 Mass., died in 1801, aged 55. Born in G., he 
 graduated at Harvard in 1768, and was ordained 
 in 1772, and dismissed in 1779. From 1784 to 
 1790 he was the minister of Lynn ; then a teacher 
 in G. Sprague s Annals. 
 
 PARSONS, PHEBE, memorable for her piety, 
 died Jan. 5, 1805, aged nearly 74. She lived in 
 Northampton, and was the wife of Noah Parsons; 
 but she died while on a visit to her son in West- 
 hampton. Her name was Phebe Bartlett, and of 
 her conversion at the age of 5 or 6 years, Pres. 
 Edwards gives an account in his " Narrative." 
 Life of Justin Edwards, p. 11. 
 
 PARSONS, THEOPHILUS, LL. D., chief justice 
 of Massachusetts, the son of the preceding, died 
 in Boston Oct. 30, 1813, aged 63. He was born 
 Feb. 24, 1750. His early education was at Dum- 
 mer academy under Master Moody. After grad 
 uating at Harvard college in 1769, he studied law 
 with Judge Bradbury of Falmouth, now Portland, 
 and kept the grammar school. When the town 
 was burnt by the British, he returned to his fath 
 er s, and soon opened an office in Newburyport. 
 In 1779 he was a member of the convention 
 which framed the constitution of Massachusetts; 
 he was also in 1789 a member of the State con 
 vention which adopted the constitution of the 
 United States. He removed to Boston in 1800, 
 well skilled in the civil law and the law of nations- 
 After an extensive practice of thirty-five years he 
 succeeded Chief Justice Dana in 1806. He was 
 himself succeeded by Judge Sewall. His wife 
 was a daughter of Benjamin Greenleaf ; he left 
 three sons and four daughters. He was of large 
 size, broad, and corpulent, with a sallow complex 
 ion, and heavy appearance. His eyes were blue, 
 tinged with hazel-gray, sunk in his head, but 
 sometimes twinkling bright. His high, smooth 
 forehead was partly covered with a reddish skull 
 cap, which he wore, having been bald at the age 
 of thirty. A bandanna handkerchief often pro 
 tected his neck from the chilly winds, which were 
 his abhorrence. He was not more remarkable 
 for his deep learning, than for the keenness of his 
 wit, His repartees were often very cutting. Not 
 only was he a profound lawyer, but an excellent 
 classical scholar and a skilful mathematician. His 
 political influence, in the party divisions of his 
 day, was very great. He was a most determined 
 federalist. Of his belief in Christianity he made 
 a public profession in his last years, joining the 
 church in Boston of which Dr. Kirkland was the 
 pastor. The first six volumes of the Massachu 
 setts reports contain many of his judicial decis 
 ions. In the opinion of Judge Parker, had he 
 lived in England he would have been made lord 
 chancellor or lord chief justice. Parker s Sketch ; 
 Knapp s Biog. Sketches, 37-77. 
 
 PARSONS, LEVI, a missionary to Palestine, 
 
 died Feb. 10, 1822, aged 29. He was the son 
 of Justin P., a minister; was born in Goshen, 
 Mass., July 18, 1792. At the age of sixteen he 
 became a Christian convert ; but his graces were 
 revived while he was a member of college, and 
 he became earnestly desirous to be a missionary. 
 During three revivals of religion his efforts were 
 useful. He was graduated at Middlebury in 
 1814, and studied theology at Anelover. After 
 being ordained in Sept., 1817, he was an agent of 
 the board of missions. In Nov., 1819, he sailed 
 with Mr. Fisk for Palestine, and arrived at Smyr 
 na in Jan., 1820; after passing half a year at 
 Scio, he proceeded to Jerusalem, where he re 
 mained from Feb. to May, 1821. On his return 
 to Smyrna he was seized with a distressing mal 
 ady at Syra. In December he went with Mr. 
 Fisk to Alexandria, where he died in great peace 
 and triumph. He was a good scholar, and very 
 amiable and interesting in his manners and de 
 voted to his benevolent work. His life was writ 
 ten by his brother-in-law, D. O. Morton, 1824. 
 He published a sermon, 1819. Sprague s An 
 nals. 
 
 PARSONS, DAVID, D. D., minister of Am- 
 herst, Mass., died at Wethersfield, Conn., May 
 18, 1823, aged 74. He graduated at Harvard in 
 1771, and succeeded his father as the minister of 
 A., Oct. 2, 1782. In 1795 he declined the ap 
 pointment of professor of divinity at Yale col 
 lege. During his ministry there were several re 
 vivals. In one, in the year 1816, one hundred 
 persons were added to his church. He had a 
 zeal for education, which led him to promote the 
 establishment of an academy, which was followed 
 by the college. He was dismissed at his request 
 in 1819; D. A. Clark was his successor. His 
 widow, daughter of E. Williams of Wethersfield, 
 died in 1850, aged 86. As he read his sermons 
 he had but little action in the pulpit ; yet his de 
 livery was not dull. He had remarkable social 
 qualities. He sometimes lamented his propensity 
 to facetiousness, for which he once offered to his 
 brother-in-law, Dr. Howard of Springfield, the 
 poor excuse, " Grace does not cure squint eyes. 
 He restrained himself in the pulpit : he might 
 have laid restraints upon himself out of it. He 
 published the election sermon, 1788 ; at the ordi 
 nation of J. L. Pomeroy, 1795. Holland s His 
 tory of Hampshire ; Sprague s Annals. 
 
 PARSONS, ELIJAH, minister of East Had dam, 
 Conn., died in 1827, aged about 80. Born in 
 Northampton, Mass., he graduated at Yale in 
 1768, and was ordained in 1772. He was a fel 
 low of the college. 
 
 PARSONS, SILAS, minister at Niagara, N. Y., 
 died in 1839, aged 78. 
 
 PARSONS, ENOCH, the son of Gen. S. H. 
 Parsons, died at Hartford about 1839, aged per 
 haps 60. He was president of the U. S. branch 
 
PARSONS. 
 
 PATTEN. 
 
 G41 
 
 bank at II. ; a man of earnest whig character in 
 his politics. His son is Samuel II. Parsons of 
 Middlctown. 
 
 PARSONS, THOMAS W., M. D., died in Bos 
 ton in 1854. lie received his medical degree in 
 1818. 
 
 PARSONS, ANDREW, died in Corunna, Mich., 
 in 1855. He was lieutenant-governor in 1853, 
 and in the same year was governor by Gov. Mc- 
 Clelland s becoming secretary of the interior. 
 
 PARTRIDGE, GEORGE, died in Duxbury, Mass., 
 July 7, 1828, aged 88. He graduated at Harvard 
 in 1762; and was a delegate to congress, and a 
 representative after the adoption of the constitu 
 tion, from 1779 to 1791. 
 
 PARTRIDGE, RALPH, first minister of Dux- 
 bury, Mass., died in 1658, having been a preacher 
 forty-nine years. He was born in England and 
 became a minister of the established church; 
 but by the severity of the bishops he was hunted, 
 as C. Mather says, like a partridge upon the 
 mountains, till at last he resolved to get out of 
 their reach by taking his flight into New Eng 
 land. He arrived at Boston Nov. 14, 1636, and 
 was soon settled at Duxbury. He was appointed 
 with Mr. Mather and Mr. Cotton to prepare a 
 model of church government for the considera 
 tion of the synod of Cambridge in 1648. He 
 was succeeded by Mr. Holmes. His daughter 
 Elizabeth married Rev. T. Thatcher, and her son, 
 Ralph T., was settled at Martha s Vineyard in 
 1697. In the inventory of his property, four 
 hundred volumes of books are mentioned, and 
 between one hundred and two hundred acres of 
 land. Such was his humility and self-denial, that, 
 when most of the ministers of Plymouth colony 
 left their places for want of a suitable mainten 
 ance, he was one of the few who remained with 
 their people. Sprague s Annals. 
 
 PARTRIDGE, SAMUEL, colonel, probably the 
 son of AVilliam, died in Hatfield, Mass., in 1740, 
 aged 96. Another Col. S. P., probably his son 
 or grandson, died in 1799, aged 92. 
 
 PARTRIDGE, OLIVER, a member of the first 
 colonial congress in 1765, died at Hatfield, Mass., 
 July 21, 1792, aged 80. He graduated at Har 
 vard in 1730 ; and was the son of Edward of 
 Hatfield, who was the son of Samuel, the son of 
 William, one of the early settlers on the Connec 
 ticut river, who came from Berwick-on-Tweed, 
 and died in Hadley. His widow, Anna, died in 
 1802, aged 85. His fellow delegates to congress 
 were James Otis and Timothy Ruggles. 
 
 PARTRIDGE, OLIVER, Dr., died in Stock- 
 bridge in 1850, aged 99. He was born in Hat- 
 field April 15, 1751. As a physician, unmarried, 
 he lived from his twentieth year forty-three years 
 in the family of "Dr. Sergeant, they harmoni 
 ously visiting each other s patients. He was 
 81 
 
 skilful in diseases of children ; at the age of 97 
 he still was in practice. 
 
 PARTRIDGE, ALDEN, captain, died in Nor 
 wich, Vt., his native place, Jan. 16, 1854, aged 
 about 70. For nearly fifty years he was a teacher 
 in all the branches of military knowledge. At 
 first he was principal of the West Point academy ; 
 then of an institution of his own at Norwich, Vt. 
 and Middletown, Conn., at Portsmouth, Va., and 
 in his last years at Brandywine Springs, where 
 his school-house was burnt. His fatal illness was 
 very brief, lasting only twenty-four hours. His 
 character was marked with indomitable persever 
 ance, and zeal for the promotion of military sci 
 ence. He lectured in many places on military 
 affairs. He published an excursion, 1822 ; lec 
 ture on education ; on national defence. 
 
 PASCALIS, FELIX A. O., M. D., a physician 
 of New York, died in 1833, aged 72. 
 
 PASSACONAWAY, an Indian sagamore, 
 called the Merrimac sachem, and the great saga 
 more of Pannukog, or Pe:;acook, died in 1660. 
 About the year 1644 he held control over all the 
 Indians in New Hampshire south of the northern 
 extremity of lake Winnepisseogee. To him the 
 sachems of Squamscot, Newichwannock, Paw- 
 tucket, and some tribes in Massachusetts ac 
 knowledged subjection. He was a chief of 
 moderation, yet of sagacity and cunning. He 
 had great reputation as a powow, or sorcerer. 
 The Indians believed that he could make water 
 burn, and trees dance, and that he could meta 
 morphose himself into flame ; that from the skin 
 of a serpent he could produce a living one, and 
 change the ashes of a leaf into a green leaf. At 
 a great dance and feast in 1660, he made his 
 farewell speech to his people, and exhorted them 
 to live in peace with the English, acknowledging 
 that he had tried his arts as a powow against 
 them in vain. In the war of 1675, "Wonolanset, 
 his son and successor, withdrew his people to 
 some remote place, that he might not partici 
 pate in the quarrel. Pelfs Hist. New Eng. 
 
 PATTEN, WILLIAM, minister of Hartford, 
 Conn., died Jan. 16, 1775, aged 36. He was a 
 grandson of William P., who lived in Cambridge 
 from 1645 till 1668 ; was born at Billerica in 
 March, 1738, and was graduated at Harvard col 
 lege in 1754. He succeeded J. Cotton as the 
 minister of Halifax, Mass., in Feb., 1758; but 
 was dismissed by reason of ill health in 1768. 
 He was afterwards the minister of the south 
 church in Hartford, as the colleague of E. Whit 
 man, about seven years. After languishing two 
 years, and losing his voice, he died in his father s 
 family at Roxbury. He was an eminently elo 
 quent, popular, and faithful preacher. Leaving 
 a wife and six children with little property, he 
 committed them in faith to the God of the widow 
 
G42 
 
 PATTEN. 
 
 PATTERSON. 
 
 and fatherless. His widow, the daughter of Pres 
 ident Eleazar Wheelock, eminent for her piety, 
 died at Hartford Dec. 5, 1831, aged 91. 2 Coll. 
 Hist. Soc., iv. 282. 
 
 PATTEN, GEORGE JAFFREY, an eminent 
 teacher in Hartford, died March 17, 1830, aged 
 about 56. He was the son of Rev. Wm. Patten 
 and Ruth Wheelock ; and, as his father died 
 when he was a child, it was by the aid of his 
 brother that he was educated. He graduated at 
 Providence in 1792; then taught a grammar 
 school in Hartford six years ; and was subse 
 quently engaged five years in commercial affairs. 
 At length he established in conjunction with his 
 sisters an independent school, to which he de 
 voted the remainder of his life, thirty-two years. 
 It was a school of great distinction and useful 
 ness ; he had under his care three thousand 
 youth of both sexes. Very many he prepared 
 for college. All the virtues of a son and a 
 brother were his. Only a year or two did his 
 aged mother survive him. Mr. Patten was evan 
 gelical in his religious sentiments, and he cher 
 ished a hope that he was a Christian convert ; 
 but in his diffidence he never made a public pro 
 fession of his faith. Yet he was a man of prayer 
 in private and in the family. 
 
 PATTEN, WILLIAM, D. D., died at Hartford, 
 Conn., March 9, 1839, aged 76. He was the 
 son of Rev. William Patten ; was graduated at 
 Dartmouth in 1780 ; and settled as successor of 
 Mr. Stiles in 1786 at Newport, where he preached 
 for forty-eight years. He married Hannah Hurl- 
 but of New London ; she died at Brooklyn Aug. 
 30, 1855, aged 86. To the praise of her benev 
 olence, it is said that she set up at Newport, forty 
 years previously, the first ragged school in this 
 country, aided by Mrs. Floride Calhoun of South 
 Carolina. Her children were William, a lawyer 
 of Providence ; Joseph of New York; George W., 
 a captain in the army ; Ruth, married to F. W. 
 Hotchkiss of Hartford ; Mary Anna, married to 
 C. S. Halsted of Brooklyn ; and others. Dr. 
 Patten was a distinguished theologian, but meek 
 and lowly in heart, most kind and benevolent. 
 He died after a short illness, in which he suffered 
 little pain. He published a sermon after his or 
 dination, 1786 ; on the slave trade, 1792 ; Chris 
 tianity the true theology, against Paine, 1795; 
 on the death of President Stiles, 1795 ; of Dr. 
 Isaac Senter, 1799 ; before the African benevo 
 lent society, 1808. Sprague s Annals. 
 
 PATTEN, RUTH, Miss, died in Hartford March 
 1, 1850, aged 86, daughter of Rev. Wm. Patten, 
 and sister of Rev. Dr. Wm. Patten of Newport, 
 and grand-daughter of Rev. Dr. E. Wheelock ; a 
 woman of an eminent Christian character and 
 highly useful. Her sister Mary, also an excellent 
 woman, who had always been her companion, fol 
 
 lowed her in a few days, dying April 19, 1850, 
 aged 83. 
 
 PATTERSON, WILLIAM, governor of New 
 Jersey, and associate judge of the supreme court 
 of the United States, died Sept. 9, 1806, aged 
 about 63. He was a native of New Jersey, and 
 was graduated at the college in that State in 
 1763. He was a member of the convention in 
 1787 which framed the constitution of the United 
 States, and his name is affixed to that instrument. 
 When the new government commenced its opera 
 tions in 1789, he was a member of the senate 
 from New Jersey. He was chosen governor in 
 1790 as successor of Mr. Livingston. While a 
 judge of the supreme court of the United States 
 he died at Albany. In this office he was suc 
 ceeded by Brockholst Livingston. He was an 
 able statesman, an upright judge, and a disinter 
 ested friend of his country. He endured the 
 sufferings of a lingering and distressing disease 
 with exemplary patience. When he saw that 
 death was at hand, he sent for a minister to re 
 ceive from him the sacrament. The judge ob 
 served, that it had been for some time past his 
 intention to receive that sacred rite, but that 
 some casualty or other had always prevented 
 him. He did not wish, however, to leave the 
 world before he had fulfilled his duty. When 
 the minister mentioned the qualifications which 
 are required of those who partake of that holy 
 ordinance, he acquiesced in them all, and re 
 marked, at the same time, that he had always 
 been a believer in the truths of Christianity ; that 
 the only point on which he had ever entertained 
 any doubt, was the divinity of the Saviour; but 
 he had long since examined that subject, and 
 satisfied his mind upon it ; that he had now no 
 hesitation in professing his belief in all the doc 
 trines of our religion. He then received the 
 communion with the utmost devotion. When 
 the minister, as he retired, expressed his appre 
 hension that they should not meet again, he 
 replied, " Yes, I trust we shall ; we shall meet 
 again in heaven." Clarke s Fun. Ser. 
 
 PATTERSON, ROBERT, LL. D., president of 
 the American philosophical society, died July 22, 
 1824, aged 81. He was born in the north of 
 Ireland May 30, 1743. In 1768 he emigrated 
 to Philadelphia. In 1774 he was appointed prin 
 cipal of the academy at Wilmington, Delaware. 
 In the Revolutionary Avar he acted as brigade 
 major. In 1779 he was appointed professor of 
 mathematics in the university of Pennsylvania, 
 and then vice-provost. He was succeeded, by his 
 son of the same name in 1814. In 1805 he was 
 appointed director of the mint of the United 
 States. In 1819 he was chosen president of the 
 American peace society. In the transactions of 
 the philosophical society he published many pa- 
 
PATTERSON. 
 
 PAYSON. 
 
 G43 
 
 pers. A remarkable trait of his character was 
 his fervent piety. It influenced all his conduct 
 from his youth. He was an elder of the Scotch 
 Presbyterian church nearly half a century. 
 
 PATTERSON, GEORGE, M. D., a Baptist min 
 ister, died at Cincinnati in Dec., 1831, aged 44, 
 the pastor of the church in Race street. 
 
 PATTERSON, JOSEPH, minister at Pittsburg, 
 Penn., died in 1832. 
 
 PATTERSON, WILLIAM, a distinguished mer 
 chant, died in Baltimore in 1835, aged 85. 
 
 PATTERSON, JAMES, died in Philadelphia 
 Nov. 24, 1837, aged 50. Settled in the Northern 
 Liberties in 1814, in his brief ministry one thou 
 sand six hundred and ninety persons were re 
 ceived into his church ; and there were hundreds 
 of converts as he preached elsewhere, the labors 
 of no preacher since the days of Whitefield hav 
 ing been more blessed. Under his patronage 
 sixty young men became ministers. He pub 
 lished many useful tracts. 
 
 PATTERSON, DANIEL T., died at Washing 
 ton in 1839. He was a captain in the navy, and 
 commander of the navy yard at W. 
 
 PATTERSON, ROBERT M., Dr., director of 
 the United States mint, died at Philadelphia in 
 1854. He was president of the American philo 
 sophical society, and had been a professor in the 
 universities of Pennsylvania and Virginia. 
 
 PATTISON, GRANVILLE SHARPS, M. D., died 
 at New York Nov. 12, 1851, aged 60, professor 
 of anatomy in the university. 
 
 PAUGUS, sachem of Pigwawkett, was killed 
 near the pond in Fryeburg, Me., in Lovewell s 
 fight, April 18, 1725. A man by the name of 
 Chamberlain shot him. 
 
 PAUL, SILAS, an Indian Baptist preacher at 
 Gayhead on Martha s Vineyard, was ordained in 
 1763 and died in 1787. His inscription on a 
 gravestone there is as follows : " Yeuuh Wohhok 
 Sipsin Sil Paul Nohtobeyontok Aged 49 : years 
 Nuppoop Tab August 24th 1787." The corre 
 sponding English is this : Here, the body, lies, 
 Silas Paul, an ordained preacher, died, then or in. 
 
 PAUL, THOMAS, African, Baptist minister of 
 blacks in Boston, died April 13, 1831, aged 54. 
 A few days before him died another African min 
 ister, Richard Allen, of Philadelphia, aged 70. 
 
 PAUL, NATHANIEL, a colored Baptist minis 
 ter, died in Albany about 1842. His widow, a 
 white English woman, died in Northampton, 
 Mass., in 1853, aged 60, or more. She was sup 
 ported by private charity. He was a mulatto, 
 light colored. She loved him. 
 
 PAULDING, JOHN, one of the captors of 
 Major Andre, died in 1818, aged 59. He was 
 three times a prisoner with the enemy in New 
 York ; twice he escaped, the second time only 
 four days before Andre was taken ; from his third 
 imprisonment he was released by the peace. 
 
 The watch, horse, saddle and bridle of Andre, 
 with 80 dollars in continental bills, were retained 
 as lawful prize, being the property of an enemy, 
 and were sold and the money divided among the 
 three captors and four others of the party, who 
 were keeping a look-out half a mile distant. Col. 
 Wm. S. Smith purchased the watch for 30 guin 
 eas. Judge Benson states, that the watch was 
 sent from a person unknown to Lieut.-Governor 
 Elliot in New York, and by him sent to the 
 family of Major Andre. Paulding and his com 
 panions, Van Wart and Williams, received from 
 congress a silver medal, on one side of which 
 was a shield, inscribed " FIDELITY," and on the 
 other the motto, " VINCIT AMOR PATRLE;" 
 also an annuity of two hundred dollars. He died 
 at Yorktown, or Staatsburg. The corporation of 
 New York in 1827, erected a marble monument 
 to his memory in the church-yard, two miles from 
 Peekskill village, Westchester county. 
 
 PAWLING, ALBERT, colonel, died in Troy 
 Nov. 10, 1837, aged 88. As an officer of the 
 Revolution he was engaged in various battles. 
 lie was the first sheriff of Rensselaer county, 
 New York, and first mayor of the city of Troy. 
 
 PAYNE, WILLIAM, captain, died in Clinton, 
 Virginia, in 1837, aged 83. He commanded the 
 Falmouth blues several years in the war ; also a 
 company of volunteers at the siege of Yorktown. 
 
 PAYNE, JOHN HOWARD, consul at Tunis, died 
 in 1852. He was the author of the song, " Home, 
 sweet home," and of dramatic pieces and poems. 
 
 PAYSON, EDWARD, minister of Rowley, Mass., 
 died in 1732, aged 75. The son of Edward of 
 Roxbury; he graduated at Harvard in 1677, and 
 was ordained in 1682. His sons were Samuel, 
 Eliot, Stephen, Jonathan, David, and Phillips. 
 He published two sermons on awful providences, 
 1728. 
 
 PAYSON, PHILLIPS, minister of Walpole, 
 Mass., died in 1778, aged 74. Born in Dorches 
 ter, he graduated at Harvard in 1724, and was 
 ordained 1730; and at his death was in the forty- 
 eighth year of his ministry, highly respected. He 
 published two fast sermons on the war with 
 Spain, 1741. 
 
 PAYSON, PHILLIPS, D. D., minister of Chel 
 sea, Mass., died Jan. 11, 1801, aged 64. He was 
 a descendant of Edward P., who lived in Rox 
 bury in 1649, the grandson of Edward P., the 
 fifth minister of Rowley, and the son of Phillips 
 P., minister of Walpole ; was born Jan. 18, 1736. 
 lie was graduated at Harvard college in 1754. 
 From the time of his ordination, Oct. 26, 1757, 
 he continued to discharge the duties of the sacred 
 office with zeal and fidelity till his death. He 
 was succeeded by Mr. Tuckerman. During the 
 struggle, which terminated in the independence 
 of America, Dr. Payson boldly advocated the 
 cause of his country. As a classical scholar he 
 
644 
 
 PAYSON. 
 
 PEABODY. 
 
 rose to distinction, and many young men re 
 ceived the rudiments of their education under 
 him. His acquaintance with astronomy and 
 natural philosophy is evinced by his tracts in the 
 transactions of the American academy of arts 
 and sciences. As a minister he was the friend 
 and father of his people, and he preached with 
 energy of diction and pathos of delivery. He 
 published an election sermon, 1778; at the ordi 
 nation of his brother, John P. of Fitchburg, 1768 ; 
 of his brother, Seth Payson of Rindge, 1782 ; on 
 the battle of Lexington ; on the death of Wash 
 ington, 1800. Barnard s Fun. Ser. 
 
 PAYSON, JOHN, first minister of Fitchburg, 
 died in 1 804, aged 59. The brother of Dr. Phillips 
 P., he graduated at Harvard in 1764, and was 
 ordained in 1768. His successor was S. Wor 
 cester. 
 
 PAYSON, SETH, D. D., minister of Rindge, 
 N. H., brother of the preceding, was born Sept. 
 19, 1758 ; was graduated at Harvard college in 
 1777 ; ordained Dec. 4, 1782 ; and died Feb. 26, 
 1820, aged 61. His widow, Grata, died in 1827. 
 He possessed superior abilities, and was a plain, 
 faithful, and useful preacher. He was a trustee 
 of Dartmouth college and a member of the Amer 
 ican foreign mission society. He published proofs 
 of illuminism, an abstract of Robinson and Bar- 
 ruel, 12mo., 1802 ; two fast sermons, 1805 ; on 
 the death of S. Waters, 1802; of J. Gushing, 
 1806; of L. Pillsbury, 1819; at the ordination of 
 E. Hill, 1790; of J. Brown, 1795; of J. Con 
 verse, 1806 ; of E. Payson, 1808 ; of J. Wright, 
 1812; before the Social lodge; election sermon, 
 1799. Spr -ague s Annals. 
 
 PAYSON, EDWARD, D. D., minister of Port 
 land, Maine, the son of the preceding, died Oct. 
 22, 1827, aged 44. He was born July 25, 1783 ; 
 was graduated at Harvard college in 1803; and 
 for three years was the teacher of an academy at 
 Portland. At this period the death of a brother 
 had a favorable influence on his religious charac 
 ter, and he engaged with a pious zeal, which 
 continued through life, in the cause of Jesus 
 Christ. He was ordained as the colleague of Mr. 
 Kellogg, Dec. 16, 1807 ; he afterwards became 
 the sole pastor of a new church. His successor 
 was Dr. Tyler. In his distressing sickness he 
 displayed in the most interesting and impressive 
 manner the power of Christian faith. Smitten 
 down in the midst of his days and usefulness, he 
 was entirely resigned to the divine will, for he 
 perceived distinctly, that the infinite wisdom of 
 God could not err in the direction of events, and 
 it was his joy that God reigneth. His mind 
 rose over bodily pain, and in the strong visions 
 of eternity he seemed almost to lose the sense of 
 suffering. His wife was Ann Louisa Shipman of 
 New Haven. She died at Williamstown Nov. 
 17, 1848, aged 64. One of his daughters is 
 
 the wife of Professor Hopkins of Williams col 
 lege, and is known by her valuable writings. 
 During about twenty years he was exclu 
 sively devoted to the work of the ministry, 
 with increasing usefulness, being the instrument 
 of the conversion to the Christian faith of some 
 hundreds of his hearers. He repeatedly declined 
 invitations to remove to Boston and New York. 
 Among his uncommon intellectual powers a rich 
 fancy was the most conspicuous. Without any 
 of the graces of the orator, his preaching had 
 the eloquence of truth and feeling. In his prayers 
 especially there was a solemnity, fulness, origin 
 ality, variety, pathos, and sublimity, seldom 
 equalled. Some of his discourses, on which he 
 bestowed labor, exhibit a polished taste and much 
 grace and beauty of language. His eloquent 
 address to the bible society has been published 
 as one of the tracts of the American tract society. 
 He published a discourse on the worth of the 
 bible ; an address to seamen ; and a thanksgiv 
 ing sermon. A memoir of his life, by Asa Cum- 
 mings, was published, 2d edit., 1830; a volume 
 of sermons, 8vo., 1828 ; another volume, 12mo., 
 1831. 
 
 PAYSON, PHILLIPS, died in Fayetteville, N. Y., 
 Feb. 16, 1856, after an illness of four days, aged 
 60. Born in llindge, the son of Dr. S. Payson, 
 he studied theology at Andover, and was some 
 years the minister of Leominster, and then else 
 where ; but for a few of his last years he had not 
 strength to preach. He was a scholar, a diligent 
 inquirer after truth, an earnest, faithful man. Be 
 fore his death he had the joy of seeing the last 
 of six children converted to Christ, as he hoped. 
 His end was peace. 
 
 PEABODY, OLIVER, minister of Natick, Mass., 
 and missionary to the Indians, died in peace Feb. 
 2, 1752, aged 53. He was born in Boxford in 
 1698, and graduated at Harvard college in 1721. 
 He was the son of William and grandson of Fran 
 cis, who came over in the ship Planter in 1635. 
 He was pious in early life, and while in college 
 was preparing for the ministry. Employed by 
 the commissioners for propagating the gospel, be 
 preached first at Natick Aug. 6, 1721; there 
 were then but two families of white people in the 
 town. The Indian church, which the apostolic 
 Eliot had founded, was now extinct, the Indian 
 preacher, Daniel Tahhowompait, having died in 
 1716; and all records were lost. A new church 
 was formed Dec. 3, 1729, consisting of three In 
 dians and five white persons, and he was ordained 
 at Cambridge Dec. 17th. Through his influence 
 many of the Indians were induced to abandon 
 their savage mode of living and to attend to hus 
 bandry as the means of subsistence ; he had the 
 happiness to see many of the Indian families with 
 comfortable houses, cultivated fields, and flourish 
 ing orchards. But -his chief aim was to teach 
 
PEABODY. 
 
 PEABODY. 
 
 645 
 
 tliom the religion of Jesus Christ. There were 
 added to the church in the first year twenty-two 
 persons, several of whom were Indians ; in July, 
 17-13, he stated that in the two preceding years 
 about fifty had been received into the church. 
 Against the vice of intemperance among the In 
 dians he set himself with great zeal and much 
 success. During his residence at Natick he bap 
 tized one hundred and eighty-nine Indians, and 
 four hundred and twenty-two whites; and he re 
 ceived to the church thirty-five Indians and thirty 
 whites ; and there died two hundred and fifty-six 
 Indians, of whom one was 1 10 years old. Dur 
 ing one season he went on a mission to the Mo- 
 hegans. - Gov. Belcher was especially his friend. 
 His wife was Hannah, daughter of Hev. Joseph 
 Baxter of Medfield. His eldest son, Oliver, 
 ordained at Roxbury in Nov., 1750, died in May, 
 1702; he had eleven other children. His suc 
 cessor at Natick was Stephen Badger, under 
 whom the Indians degenerated, and the Indian 
 church again became almost extinct. After Mr. 
 B., the ministers were Freeman, Sears, and Mar 
 tin Moore. Mr. Peabody was eminently pious 
 and greatly beloved and lamented. He pub 
 lished artillery election sermon, 1732 ; on a good 
 and bad hope of salvation, 1742. Panopl. VII. 
 49-56 ; S prague s Annals. 
 
 PEABODY, STEPHEN, minister of Atkinson, 
 N. II., died in 1819, aged 78. He graduated at 
 Dartmouth in 17C9. It is said, that while he was 
 a chaplain in the army he had occasion to ad 
 minister reproof for profaneness to Cols. Cilley 
 and Poor. Declining from strict Orthodoxy, he 
 was regarded by some as a Unitarian. He pub 
 lished a sermon at ordination of J. Webster, 
 1799; of M. Dow, 1801 ; election sermon, 1797. 
 
 PEABODY, NATHANIEL, a physician and Rev 
 olutionary patriot, died June 27, 1823, aged 82. 
 He was born at Topsfield, Mass., March 1, 1741 ; 
 his father, the son of Jacob P., was a physician, 
 removed to Leominsterin 1745 and died in 1759 , 
 his mother, Susanna, was the daughter of John 
 Rogers, minister for fifty years of Boxford, who 
 was the son of Jeremiah of Salem. Having 
 studied with his father, he settled at Atkinson, 
 N. II., and had extensive practice. In Oct., 1774, 
 he was appointed a lieutenant-colonel, and in 
 Dec. he accompanied Langdon, Bartlett, and Sul 
 livan in the capture of fort William and Mary at 
 Newcastle. As a member of the legislature his 
 patriotic services were important. In 1778 he 
 was adjutant-general of the militia, with the rank 
 of colonel. Being appointed a delegate to con 
 gress, he took his seat June 22, 1779, and was a 
 very useful member. In 1780 he was, with Philip 
 Schuyler and J. Matthews, on the committee of 
 congress to repair to head-quarters, for the gen 
 eral improvement of the military system. It was 
 a laborious service; his zeal and labors were 
 
 commended by Greene, R. II. Lee, and others. 
 In the autumn he resigned his seat. In subse 
 quent years he was a representative, senator, and 
 councillor; in 1793 he was appointed a major- 
 general of the militia. During several of the 
 last years of his life he was for debt confined to 
 the limits of the prison at Exeter, where he died. 
 This old Revolutionary patriot, and Robert Mor 
 ris, whose financial operations contributed in a 
 very high degree to the success of Washington 
 and the establishment of American independence, 
 both died in prison, not for crime, but debt. 
 When will laws, which are remnants of a bar 
 barous age, be repealed? Gen. Peabody left no 
 child ; his aged widow survived him. He was a 
 man of humor and wit. In his politics he was a 
 decided republican. Notwithstanding his patriot 
 ism and public services, he had some faults ; he 
 was vain and obstinate, and in middle life fond 
 of dress and parade. Being a good horseman, he 
 expended much money in the purchase of elegant 
 horses, and travelled with a servant. If there is 
 no excuse for his extravagance, yet he asserted 
 that his misfortunes were owing to his losses by 
 suretyship, and the misconduct of his agents and 
 pretended friends. Farmer s Collect, ill. 1-16; 
 Thacher. 
 
 PEABODY, OLIVER, judge, died at Exeter, 
 N. II., Aug. 3, 1831, aged 79. He was born at 
 Andover, Mass., Aug. 22, 1752, and graduated at 
 Harvard college in 1773. Having studied law, 
 he about 1788 settled at Exeter, N. II. He was 
 judge of probate from 1790 till 1793; treasurer 
 of the State from 1794 to 1805 ; sheriff of the 
 county from 1805 to 1810 ; judge of the common 
 pleas from 1813 to 1816; and repeatedly a sen 
 ator. Three times he was an elector of president 
 and vice-president. In all his stations he ac 
 quitted himself with dignity and integrity. His 
 two sons, twins, Oliver Wm. Bourn P., and Wm. 
 Bourn Oliver P., a lawyer and a minister, grad 
 uated at Harvard college in 1816. 
 
 PEABODY, DAVID, professor of oratory and 
 belles lettres at Dartmouth, died Oct. 15, 1839, 
 aged about 31. He was born at Topsfield, Mass., 
 graduated at D. in 1828, and was for a few years 
 a minister in Lynn, and in Worcester as the suc 
 cessor of Mr. Abbott. He was in office in college 
 only one year. Few young men have died of so 
 high promise and so greatly respected for scholar 
 ship and character, for his intellectual powers and 
 warm affections, for his skill and eloquence as a 
 faithful preacher of the gospel. His widow, 
 whose name was Maria Br gham, was for some 
 years previous to her second marriage the emi 
 nent conductor of a female school in Hanover. 
 Pres. Lord published a sermon on his death. He 
 published a fast sermon at Worcester, 1836. 
 
 PEABODY, JOSEPH, a rich merchant of Salem, 
 died Jan. 5, 1844, aged 86. He had built and 
 
646 
 
 PEABODY. 
 
 PECK. 
 
 freighted eighty-three ships, which made thirty- 
 eight voyages to Calcutta ; seventeen to Canton ; 
 thirty-two to Sumatra ; forty-seven to St. Peters 
 burg ; ten to other ports in the north ; and twenty 
 to the Mediterranean. He was never involved in 
 litigation. Hunt s Mer. Mag. 
 
 PEABODY, WILLIAM B. O., D. D., Unitarian 
 minister in Springfield, Mass., died May 28, 1847, 
 aged 57. He was a native of Exeter, and a 
 graduate of Harvard in 1816. Mr. Simmons 
 was his successor. He published the lives of Wil 
 son, C. Mather, and D. Brainerd ; and a report 
 on ornithology. Holland s History. 
 
 PEABODY, OLIVER W. B., minister in Bur 
 lington, Vt., twin brother of the preceding, died 
 July 5, 1848 ; a graduate of Harvard in 1816. 
 He published the life of Putnam. 
 
 PEABODY, WILLIAM A., died at Amherst, 
 Mass., Feb. 27, 1850, aged 34. He was profes 
 sor of Latin and Greek in Amherst college, late 
 minister in East Randolph. His wife was a 
 daughter of Rev. Dr. Codman. 
 
 PEABODY, EPHRAIM, D. D., minister of 
 King s chapel, Boston, died Nov. 28, 1856, aged 
 49. He graduated at Bowdoin college in 1827. 
 He was settled at New Bedford, Mass., in 1838. 
 
 PEAK, JOHN, Baptist minister in Newbury- 
 port, was born in Walpole, N. H. ; was settled at 
 N. in 1809; and resigned in 1818. His church 
 in Liberty street was burnt in the great fire of 
 1811, and rebuilt in Congress street. 
 
 PEALE, CHARLES WILSON, the founder of the 
 Philadelphia museum, died in 1827, aged 85. 
 He was born at Charlestown, Md., in 1741, and 
 was apprenticed to a saddler at Annapolis. He 
 became also a silver-smith, watch-maker, and car 
 ver ; he was a portrait-painter, a naturalist and 
 preserver of animals, a skilful dentist, and the 
 inventor of various machines. Carrying a hand 
 some saddle to Hesselius, a portrait-painter in 
 his neighborhood, he begged him to explain to 
 him the mystery of putting colors on canvas. 
 Repairing to England, he studied under Mr. 
 West in 1770 and 1771. After his return he 
 was for about fifteen years the only portrait- 
 painter in North America. In the war he was at 
 the head of a company in the battles of Trenton 
 and Germantown. At Philadelphia he opened a 
 picture gallery, in which were the portraits of 
 many officers of the army. Opening a museum, 
 he procured an almost entire skeleton of a mam 
 moth from Ulster county, N. Y., at an expense 
 of 5,000 dollars. His museum at length became 
 extensive. lie delivered a course of lectures on 
 natural history ; and zealously supported the 
 academy of fine arts. His life was a life of toil 
 and temperance. His sons were distinguished as 
 painters, llaphaelle P., the eldest, died at Phila 
 delphia in March, 1825, aged 52. Encyclopedia 
 Americana. 
 
 PEARCE, ELIZABETH, Mrs., died in Johnson 
 county, N. C., in 1833, aged about 111. 
 
 PEARCE, WILLIAM, one of the " tea party " in 
 the Revolution, died at Boston in 1840, aged 94. 
 
 PEARCE, DUTEE J., died at Newport, R. I., 
 May 9, 1849, aged 60. He was a distinguished 
 lawyer; a member of congress from 1825 to 
 1837 ; attorney-general of the State, and United 
 States district attorney. 
 
 PEARSON, ELIPHALET, LL. D., professor of 
 Hebrew and oriental languages at Harvard col 
 lege, died in Sept., 1826, aged 74. He was a de 
 scendant of John P., who came from England and 
 settled at Rowley in 1647, and died Nov. 2, 1697, 
 aged 82. Born in 1752, he graduated in 1773 at 
 Harvard college, where he was a distinguished 
 professor from 1786 to 1806; and after his re 
 moval from Cambridge, the first professor of 
 sacred literature in the theological seminary at 
 Andover from 1808 to 1809, when he was suc 
 ceeded by Moses Stuart. He died at Greenland, 
 N. H., at the house of his son-in-law, Rev. Mr. 
 Abbot. His first wife was a daughter of Prcs. 
 Holyoke ; his second, a daughter of Henry Brom- 
 field of Harvard. This town was his last place 
 of residence : it was on a visit to Greenland that 
 he died. He left a valuable course of lectures on 
 language, delivered at Cambridge. Dr. Pearson, 
 besides teaching Hebrew at Cambridge, was also 
 a lecturer on grammar and the teacher of rhetoric, 
 in which capacity his taste and skill and seventy 
 of criticism had a most beneficial effect on the 
 style of composition at the college. He was a 
 learned and able instructor. At the opening of 
 the seminary, Sept. 28, 1808, he Avas ordained as 
 a preacher. He published a lecture on the death 
 of Pres. Willard, 1804; a discourse before the 
 society for promoting Christian knowledge, 1811 ; 
 on the death of Madam Phillips, 1812; at the 
 ordination of E. Abbot, 1813 ; before the educa 
 tion society, 1815. Sprague s Annals. 
 
 PEARSON, ABIEL, M. D., died at Andover, 
 Mass., in 1827, aged 71. He graduated at Dart 
 mouth in 1779. 
 
 PEASE, LORENZO W., missionary, died at 
 Larnica in Cyprus, Aug. 28, 1839, aged 30. 
 Born in Hinsdale, Mass., he graduated in 1828, 
 and at Auburn seminary in 1833, and went to 
 Larnica in 1835. His wife, Lucinda Leonard, 
 was born in War eh am. 
 
 PEASE, CALVIN, judge, died at Warren, Ohio, 
 Sept, 17, 1839, aged 63. He was one uf the 
 earliest settlers, and took an active part in form 
 ing and administering the government of Ohio. 
 Eor many years he was one of the judges of the 
 supreme court of Ohio. A man of talents and 
 integrity, he was greatly respected. 
 
 PECK, ROBKRT, one of the first ministers of 
 Ilingham, was ordained Nov. 28, 1638, but sailed 
 for England in 1641. 
 
PECK. 
 
 PECK, JEREMIAH, minister of Waterbury, 
 Conn., died in 1699. He studied at Cambridge, 
 and at a late period of his life was settled in 1689 J 
 as the first minister at Mattatuck or Waterbury. i 
 He is called Mr. P., senior, of Greenwich ; but it 
 does not appear that he was the minister of G. 
 There were thirty families, and one hundred and 
 fifty inhabitants. Mr. Southmayd was his suc 
 cessor. 
 
 PECK, S., minister of Rehoboth, Mass., died 
 in Dec., 1788, aged 82. 
 
 PECK,- WILLIAM DANDRIDGE, professor of 
 natural history at Harvard college, died at Cam 
 bridge, Oct. 3, 1822, aged 59. He was born in 
 Boston May 8, 1763. His father, John P., an in 
 genious shipwright, at the seige of Boston in 
 1776 removed to Braintree, and afterwards to 
 Kittery, Me. After he was graduated, in 1782, he 
 passed a few years in the counting-house of Mr. 
 Russell, a merchant, in Boston ; and then re 
 paired to his father s house, where he spent 
 twenty years of his life, secluded from the world, 
 but occupied in the pursuits of natural history. 
 Whatever he attempted to study, he studied pro 
 foundly. It was chiefly for his benefit, that some 
 of his friends promoted a subscription for a pro 
 fessorship of natural history at Cambridge. He 
 was elected the first professor March 27, 1805, 
 and subsequently spent three years in Europe. 
 He left one son ; his wife was Harriet, the daugh 
 ter of Rev. Timothy Ililliard. Mr. P., like his 
 father, was a most ingenious artist ; he made a mi 
 croscope, and the most delicate instruments, for 
 which he had occasion. He found amusement at 
 the lathe after he had lost the use of one of his 
 hands by the palsy. At the age of thirty he was 
 baptized by Bishop Bass, as he preferred the wor 
 ship of the Episcopal church. He published an 
 account of the sea-serpent in memoirs of Amer 
 ican Academy, iv., and a few other articles. 2 
 Hist. Coll. x. 161. 
 
 PECK, GEORGE, colonel, died at Eastport, 
 Me., March, 1834, aged 97. He was an officer in 
 the war of the Revolution. 
 
 PECK, JAMES II., judge of U. S. district 
 court for Missouri, died in 1836. He was born 
 in Tennessee ; a man of integrity and ability. 
 
 PECK, EVERARD, died at Rochester, N. Y., 
 in 1854, aged 63. He was an early settler of R., 
 and a useful citizen. He was a bookseller and 
 publisher. In 1816 he published the Telegraph. 
 
 PECKER, JAMES, a physician in Boston, died 
 in 1794, aged 70. A son of Dr. James P., of 
 Ilaverhill, he graduated at Harvard in 1743. 
 Dr. Rand successfully removed from him a stone 
 in the bladder, with which he had been afflicted. 
 
 PEET, JOSIAII, minister of Norridgewock, Me., 
 died Eeb. 17, 1852, aged 71. Born in Bethle 
 hem, Conn., he was the son of Benjamin; his 
 mother was^ Elizabeth Hendee, niece of Dr. E. 
 
 PEIRCE 
 
 647 
 
 Wheelock. He graduated at Middlebury in 1 808, 
 and was ordained in 1814. He was a laborious, 
 faithful, excellent minister ; and he toiled in the 
 new towns around him as a missionary. Ilath- 
 awai/ s Sermon. 
 
 PEET, STEPHEN, died in Chicago March 21, 
 1855, aged 58. Born in Sandgate, Vt., his pa 
 rents removed to Lee, where he became pious at 
 the age of sixteen, and to Ohio. In 1823 he 
 graduated at Yale, and was soon settled at Euclid, 
 near Cleveland, which was then a small village ; 
 he remained there seven years, much blessed in 
 his labors, wherever he preached. At Hudson, 
 Ohio, by one sermon many were converted, and 
 among the converts were five lawyers. After this 
 he was devoted to the cause of the lake seamen, 
 being chaplain at Buffalo, and editing the Bethel 
 Magazine and Buffalo Spectator. In 1837 he be 
 came the minister of Green Bay; the bell for his 
 meeting-house, the first in Wisconsin, was given 
 by J. J. Astor. He next, in the employment of 
 the Home missionary society, explored Wisconsin, 
 and assisted in founding Beloit college and thirty 
 churches. Then he settled as the minister of 
 Milwaukie ; he afterwards took charge of an in 
 stitute at Batavia in Illinois, and then was the 
 agent of an association in Michigan, which pro 
 posed to found a theological seminary. He was 
 buried at Beloit. His piety, zeal, and energy 
 made him one of the greatest benefactors of Wis 
 consin. 
 
 PEIRCE, WILLIAM, an early settler of Boston, 
 arrived in the Griffin with Cotton, Hooker, and 
 two hundred passengers, in 1633. He was a 
 selectman, and died in 1661 or 1669, for in those 
 years one of the name died. Savage ; Farmer. 
 
 PEIRCE, WILLIAM, was a distinguished ship 
 master at an early period in New England. He 
 repeatedly crossed the Atlantic. He was master 
 of the Ann in 1623 ; afterwards of the May 
 flower, and the Lyon. It was by his aid, in 
 his vessel, that Bradford detected, by opening 
 their letters, the designs of Lyford and Oldham. 
 In 1830 he was at Salem, and visited the Arabella 
 as that vessel came in sight. Our fathers called 
 him " the Palinurus of our seas." He was cast 
 away in Virginia in 1633, and suffered great loss, 
 as did also Winthrop, in beaver and fish by him 
 owned ; in writing to whom he says, piously, " a 
 happy loss if our souls may gain." In 1638 he 
 carried Pcquot captive Indians for sale to the 
 West Indies, and he brought back from Tortugas 
 negro slaves : this was the first slave traffic in 
 New England, disgraceful and infamous in both 
 its branches, carrying out red and bringing home 
 black slaves. He was killed at Providence, one of 
 the Bahama Islands, in 1641. Savage; Felt s 
 Hist, of N. E. 
 
 PEIRCE, NATHANIEL, published an account of 
 his clangers at sea, 1756. 
 
648 
 
 PEIRCE. 
 
 PEMBERTON. 
 
 PEIRCE, BENJAMIN, librarian of Harvard col- 
 lego, died in 1831, aged about 50. He graduated 
 in 1801, and was librarian from 1826 to his death. 
 Mr. Folsom preceded him, and Dr. Harris fol 
 lowed him. He published a history of Harvard 
 college in 1833. 
 
 PEIRSON, ABEL LA WHENCE, M. D., was killed 
 by railroad disaster at Xorwalk bridge May 6, 
 1853, aged 57. A graduate of Harvard of 1812, 
 he settled at Salem, and was eminent in his pro 
 fession, and a man of scientific attainments. He 
 was the son of Samuel P. of Biddeford. His life 
 and other lives were lost by reason of careless 
 ness as to necessary signals on the railroad. 
 
 PELHAM, HERBERT, one of the fathers of 
 Mass., was an assistant from 1645 to 1649, 
 and a commissioner of the united colonies of New 
 England, in making a treaty with the Narragan- 
 sett and Niantick Indians in 1G45. His name, as 
 affixed to the treaty, stands next to Gov. Win- 
 throp s. Among the Indians present were Pesse- 
 cus, Meekesano, Asumsequen, and Pummash. 
 Pelham lived but a few years in America. In 
 1650 he had returned to England, where he died 
 about 1676. The colony of Massachusetts in 
 trusted him with some of their important matters. 
 He was a member of the society for promoting 
 the gospel among the Indians. Edward, his son, 
 graduated at Harvard, 1673. 
 
 PEMBERTON, THOMAS, Dr., died in Boston 
 July 26, 1693. 
 
 PEMBERTON, EBEXEZER, minister in Boston, 
 the son of James P., one of the founders of the 
 old south church, was graduated at Harvard col 
 lege in 1691, and was afterwards a tutor in that 
 seminary. He died Feb. 13, 1717, aged 44. His 
 wife, Mary Clark, survived him, and married 
 Henry Lloyd, the father of Dr. Lloyd. He left 
 one son and three daughters. He was a very emi 
 nent preacher. He wrote in a style strong, argu 
 mentative, and eloquent. With great powers of 
 mind and extensive learning, he united a zeal 
 which flamed. His passions, when excited, were 
 impetuous and violent ; but when free from the 
 excitement of any unpleasant circumstance, he 
 was mild and soft. The talent of reasoning 
 he possessed in a high degree ; and he was a 
 master of speech. He was a faithful servant of 
 Jesus Christ, preaching the gospel with zeal, and 
 exhibiting in Ms life the Christian virtues. In 
 prayer he was copious and fervent. His sermons 
 were illuminating, practical, and pathetic, and de 
 livered with very uncommon fervor. Towards the 
 close of his life he was afflicted with much pain ; 
 but under his weakness and infirmity he was ena 
 bled to do much for the honor of his Master and 
 the good of his brethren. His election sermon, 
 preached 1710, entitled the divine original and 
 dignity of government asserted and an advanta 
 geous prospect of the ruler s mortality recom 
 
 mended, is much and justly celebrated. It is 
 reprinted in a volume of sermons, which was 
 published in 1727. Sprague s Annals. 
 
 PEMBERTON, EBENEZER, D. I)., minister in 
 Boston, the son of the preceding, died Sept. 9, 
 1777, aged 72. lie was graduated at Harvard col 
 lege in 1721. After he began to preach, he was in 
 vited in April, 1727, by the Presbyterian church in 
 New York to succeed Mr. Anderson, the first min 
 ister, with the request that he would be ordained in 
 Boston. This ceremony was accordingly per 
 formed Aug. 9th. Through his benevolent exer 
 tions the congregation was greatly increased, so 
 as to be able to build an edifice of stone in 1748. 
 In 1750 A. Cumming, afterwards minister in Bos 
 ton, was settled as his colleague ; but both were 
 dismissed about the year 1753, the former on ac 
 count of indisposition, and Mr. Pcmberton through 
 trifling contentions, kindled by ignorance and big 
 otry. He was succeeded by Mr. Bostwick. Be 
 ing installed minister of the new brick church in 
 Boston, March 6, 1754, as successor of Mr. Wei- 
 steed, he continued in that place till his death. 
 Dr. Lathrop s society, whose meeting-house had 
 been destroyed by the British, united with Mr. 
 Pemberton s in 1779. He was a man of a devo 
 tional spirit, who was zealous and respectable in 
 his ministerial work. He published a sermon be 
 fore the synod, 1731 ; before the commissioners 
 of the synod, 1735 ; sermons on several subjects, 
 8vo., 1738; practical discourses on various texts, 
 12mo., Boston, 1741 ; on the death of Dr. Nicoll, 
 1743; of Mr. Whitefield, 1770; at the ordina 
 tion of Mr. Brainerd, 1744; of J. Story, 1771 ; 
 artillery election sermon, 1756; election sermon, 
 1757 ; salvation by grace through faith illustrated 
 and confirmed, in eight sermons, 8vo., 1774. 
 Smith s N. Y., 192, 193 ; Coll. Hist. Society, ill. 
 261. 
 
 PEMBERTON, THOMAS, eminent for his ac 
 quaintance with American history, was born in 
 Boston in 1728, and for many years pursued the 
 mercantile employment. He died July 5, 1807, 
 aged 79, having lived a bachelor, devoting regu 
 larly a part of each day to his studies and to vis 
 iting his friends. He contributed almost a ninth 
 part to the collections of the historical society. 
 Of this institution he Avas a member, and he be 
 queathed to it all his manuscripts. He wrote a 
 Massachusetts chronology of the eighteenth cen 
 tury, containing the remarkable events of every 
 year, biographical notices of eminent men, etc., in 
 five MS. volumes. This work was used by Dr. 
 Holmes in compiling his annals. His MS. memo 
 randa, historical and biographical, make about 
 fifteen volumes. His historical journal of the Avar 
 is in historical collections, II. 
 
 PEMBERTON, EBENEZER, LL. D., died in 
 Boston June 25, 1835, aged 89. He was a grad 
 uate of Princeton college in 1765, a tutor; and 
 
PEMRY. 
 
 he was addressed by Madison in a Latin address, 
 valedictory and complimentary on the part of his 
 class to their teacher. His life was devoted to 
 teaching, not only in Nassau hall, but in Plainfield, 
 Conn., in Phillips academy in Andover, and in 
 Billerica ; and no teacher had a higher character 
 for scholarship, manners, eloquence, and piety. 
 His last twenty years were years of infirmity. 
 
 He was elegant and dignified in his appearance, 
 his manners, and utterance. By his law every 
 scholar was to be in his seat when the academy 
 bell stopped. He then entered and bowed to all, 
 the scholars standing at their seats and returning 
 his bow. He then ascended to his desk, opened 
 the bible, and made a short prayer. Then each 
 scholar, rising in his turn, read a verse in the Old 
 Testament in the morning, and he read from the 
 New at night j then he made the long prayer. 
 His attitude, look, voice, and gestures were those 
 of the orator. On Saturdays he read from Watts 
 and Doddridge. Sprague s Annals. 
 
 PEMRY, SARAH, Mrs., died in Spartansburgh, 
 S. C., in 1816, aged 103. 
 
 PENDLETON, EDMUND, a distinguished states 
 man of Virginia, died at Richmond Oct. 26, 1803, 
 aged 82. He was a member of the first congress 
 in 1774, and was again appointed at the next 
 choice, but in Aug., 1775, he declined a third 
 election on account of his ill health. He was for 
 many years one of the judges of the court of ap 
 peals of Virginia, with Blair and Wythe, and was 
 its president at the time of his death. In 1787 
 he was appointed president of the convention of 
 Virginia, which met to consider the constitution 
 of the United States, and all the weight of his 
 character and talents aided its adoption. After 
 the government was organized, he was in 1789 
 appointed by Washington district judge for Vir 
 ginia, but, as he declined this office, Cyrus Griffin 
 was appointed in his place. In 1798, when the 
 difficulties between this country and France ap 
 proached almost to a rupture, the venerable 
 patriarch, as the late President Adams calls him, 
 published a pamphlet, protesting against a war 
 with a sister republic. 
 
 PENIIALLOW, SAMUEL, judge, historian of 
 Indian wars, was born in Cornwall, England, July 
 2, 1665 ; came to this country in 1G86 ; and set 
 tled at Portsmouth, where he was a judge of the 
 superior court in 1714, and chief justice from 
 1717 till his death. He died Dec. 2, 1726, aged 
 61. His wife was Mary, daughter of President 
 Cutt. He published a narrative of the wars of 
 New England with the Eastern Indians from 1703 
 to 1726, printed 1726; reprinted in N. II. histor 
 ical coll., I. 
 
 PENN, WILLIAM, the founder of Pennsylvania, 
 
 died July 30, 1718, aged 73. He was born in 
 
 London Oct. 14, 1644, and in the fifteenth year 
 
 of his age entered as a gentleman commoner of 
 
 82 
 
 PENN. 
 
 649 
 
 a college in Oxford. His genius was bright and 
 his imagination lively. Being impressed by the 
 preaching of an itinerant Quaker, he, with a num 
 ber of other students, withdrew from the estab 
 lished worship, and held meetings by themselves. 
 He was fined for the sin of nonconformity ; but 
 this only confirmed him in his principles. He 
 was then expelled, in the sixteenth year of his 
 age. Next followed the discipline of his father, 
 which was also ineffectual to reclaim him. Being 
 sent to France for the refinement of his manners, 
 he passed two years in that country, learned its 
 language, and acquired its politeness. He then 
 studied law in Lincoln s Inn till the plague broke 
 out in 1665. He was sent to Ireland in 1666 to 
 manage an estate of his father ; but he there as 
 sociated himself with the Quakers, and in conse 
 quence he was recalled. He could not be per 
 suaded to take off his hat in the presence of the 
 king, or his father. For this inflexibility he was 
 turned out of doors ; upon which he commenced 
 the toils of an itinerant preacher, and gained 
 many proselytes. Though sometimes imprisoned, 
 he was persevering, and such was his integrity 
 and patience that his father became reconciled to 
 him. In 1668 he published a book entitled the 
 sandy foundation shaken, for which he was im 
 prisoned seven months. In vindication of the 
 principles of this book, he wrote during his con 
 finement his innocency with her open face, and 
 also his famous work, no cross no crown. In 
 1670 he was apprehended for preaching in the 
 street, and was tried at the old Bailey, where he 
 pleaded his own cause with the magnanimity of a 
 hero. The jury returned their verdict " not 
 guilty." On the death of his father he received 
 a plentiful estate ; but he continued to preach, to 
 write, and to travel as before. He was shut up in 
 the Tower and in Newgate. On his release he 
 preached in Holland and Germany. It was ow 
 ing to his exertions, in conjunction with Barclay 
 and Keith, that the fraternity was formed into 
 order. Some debts being due to his father, at 
 the time of his death, from the crown, and as 
 there was no prospect of payment very soon in 
 any other mode, Penn solicited a grant of lands 
 in America, and in 1681 obtained a charter of 
 Pennsylvania. The colony was planted in the 
 same year, though before this time some Dutch 
 and Swedes had settled in the province. In 1682 
 Penn himself arrived, and established a govern 
 ment, allowing perfect liberty of conscience. He 
 made honest purchases of the Indians, and 
 treated them with great tenderness. He formed 
 a plan of a capital city and called it Philadelphia. 
 Two years after it was founded it contained 2,000 
 inhabitants. In 1684 Mr. Penn returned to 
 England. One great motive for his return was 
 to exert his influence in favor of his suffering 
 brethren in Great Britain. He exerted it with 
 
650 
 
 PENN. 
 
 PEPPERRELL. 
 
 success, and 1,300 Quakers, who had been confined 
 in prison, were set at liberty. While he remained 
 in England he was suspected of being a Papist, 
 and an enemy to his country, and was several 
 times arrested. But he continued his preaching 
 and increased his controversial writings. In 1699, 
 after fifteen years absence, the American Lycur- 
 gus revisited his province. Having made some 
 alteration in the government, he sailed again for 
 England in 1701. He resumed his favorite em 
 ployment, and continued it for a number of years. 
 In 1712 he was seized by a paralytic disorder, of 
 which he died. Notwithstanding his large pater 
 nal inheritance, he was continually subject to the 
 importunity of his creditors, and obliged to mort 
 gage his estate. His death prevented his surren 
 dering his province to the crown. His posterity 
 held it till the Revolution, his last surviving son, 
 Thomas Penn, dying in 1775. Mr. Penn was a 
 man of great abilities, of quick thought and ready 
 utterance, of mildness of disposition and exten 
 sive charity. He was learned without vanity, 
 facetious in conversation, yet weighty and serious, 
 of an extraordinary greatness of mind, yet void 
 of the stain of ambition. He published a multi 
 tude of tracts, large and small. The following is 
 the title of his principal works ; no cross no crown, 
 or several sober reasons against hat honor, titular 
 respects, you to a single person, etc., 4to., 1GG9 ; 
 serious apology for the people called Quakers, 
 against Jeremy Taylor, 4to., 1669 ; the spirit of 
 truth vindicated, in answer to a Socinian, 4to., 
 1672 ; Quakerism a new nickname for old Christ 
 ianity, 8vo., 1672 ; reason against railing, and 
 truth against fiction, 8vo., 1673 ; the Christian 
 Quaker and his divine testimony vindicated, 
 folio, 1674. His select works have lately been 
 published, in five volumes, Svo. Belknap s Amer. 
 Hiog. II. 381-450. 
 
 PENN, THOMAS, son of Wm. Penn, died at 
 Stoke, in England, in 1775. His wife was the 
 daughter of the Earl of Pomfret. He had four 
 children. John, a minor, succeeded his father, 
 and died in 1834, aged 75. He published critical 
 and dramatic works, two vols., 1798; and poems, 
 two vols. Grenville wrote a life of his great 
 grandfather, Admiral Penn. Hichard was a 
 member of parliament, a man of classical attain 
 ments, and wonderful memory. Sophia married 
 William Stuart, archbishop of Armagh. 
 
 PENN, Jonx, a patriot of the Revolution, the 
 son of Moses P., died in Sept., 1788, aged 47. 
 He was born in Virginia May 17, 1741. His 
 early education was greatly neglected ; he went 
 to school only two or three years. At the age of 
 18, on the death of his father, he inherited a com 
 petent fortune. Instead of plunging into vicious 
 excesses, he resolved to acquire knowledge and 
 study law. The library of his relative, Edmund 
 Pendleton, was opened to him. lie became a 
 
 self-taught lawyer, a distinguished advocate. In 
 1774 he removed to North Carolina. Being a 
 member of congress from 1775 to 1779,he signed 
 the Declaration of Independence. Goodrich. 
 
 PENNINGTON, Jonx, a physician of Phila 
 delphia, died in 1793. Had he lived a few years 
 longer, he would have been very eminent, in the 
 opinion of Dr. Hush. lie published chemical 
 and economical essays, 8vo., 1790. 
 
 PEPPERRELL, WILLIAM, colonel, the father 
 of Sir William P., died at Kittery, now in Maine. 
 Feb. 15, 1734, aged about 80. Born in Wales, he 
 was apprenticed to the captain of a fishing 
 schooner, employed on the coast of New England. 
 At the age of 22 he settled at the Isle of Shoals, 
 near Kittery Point, to which place he removed, 
 and where he found his wife, Margery Bray, the 
 daughter of a man of property, who came from 
 Plymouth, England. His business was various : 
 the most lucrative was the fisheries ; shipbuilding 
 was also profitable. Mr. Newmarch was his minis 
 ter; and, when the church was formed in 1714, 
 he and his wife and several of his daughters with 
 their husbands were members. He had two 
 sons and six daughters. As Andrew died about 
 1713, he left his estate chiefly to William. His 
 daughter Mary married first John Frost, and 
 had many children ; then married Rev. Benjamin 
 Colman ; then Judge Prescott of Danvers. Jo 
 anna married Dr. George Jackson. His widow 
 died in 1741, aged 80, a woman of piety and 
 exemplary virtues. She had the means of doing 
 good, and her charities were constant ; and 
 her name should never be forgotten. She died in 
 Christian peace. Parsons Life of Pepperrell. 
 
 PEPPERRELL, SIR WILLIAM, lieutenant- 
 general, died at Kittery, Maine, July 6, 1759, aged 
 63. He was born at Kittery Point, now Maine, 
 1696, and was bred a merchant. His brother was 
 now deceased. One of his sisters married John 
 Newmarch. About the year 1727 he was chosen 
 one of his majesty s council, and was annually 
 re-elected thirty-two years till his death. Living 
 in a country exposed to a ferocious enemy, he was 
 well fitted for the situation in which he wns 
 placed, for it pleased God to give him a vigorous 
 frame, and a mind of a firm texture, and of great 
 calmness in danger. He rose to the highest mil 
 itary honors which his country could bestow upon 
 him. When the expedition against Louisburg 
 was contemplated, he was commissioned by the 
 governors of New England to command the 
 troops. He invested the city in the beginning of 
 May, 1745. He was aided by Commodore War 
 ren. Articles of capitulation were signed June 
 16. There was a remarkable series of provi 
 dences in the whole affair, and Mr. Peppcrrell 
 ascribed his unparalleled success to the God of 
 armies. The king, in reward of his services, con 
 ferred upon him the dignity of a baronet of Great 
 
PEPPERRELL 
 
 PERC1VAL. 
 
 651 
 
 Britain, an honor never before nor since conferred 
 on a native of New England. He was appointed 
 lieutenant-general in Feb., 1759. He married, 
 March 16, 1723, Mary Hirst, the daughter of 
 Grove Hirst of Boston, and the grand-daughter 
 of Judge Sewall. When he first saw her in 1722 
 at the house of her relative, Rev. Samuel Moody 
 of York, his visit was very unwelcome to Joseph, 
 the son of Mr. M., who in his journal has re 
 corded that he was bewildered by the attractions 
 of the young lady. It is no wonder that the pre 
 tensions of the schoolmaster could not rival those 
 of Col. P., the heir of a man of wealth, who also 
 conducted the affair with much skill, making 
 presents of gold rings, and a large hoop, and 
 other articles of dress, thus awakening a little 
 vanity, which drew upon Miss Hirst, who in the 
 preceding year had made a profession of religion, 
 the remonstrances of her sober friends. He had 
 two children, a daughter and a son ; but it 
 pleased God to afflict him by the death of his 
 son Andrew in 1751, at the age of 25. In the 
 depth of his sorrow and the severity of his trial, 
 he doubtless shared the tender sympathy of his 
 friends. The following letter, written the day 
 before the death of his son, exhibits the an 
 guish of the parental heart, and shows how 
 worthless, compared with other blessings of 
 Providence, are high honors and distinctions : 
 
 " Dear Christian Friends, The great, but 
 holy, just, and good God is come out against us 
 in his holy anger. O may it be fatherly anger ! 
 He is bringing our sins to remembrance, and 
 seems to be slaying our only son. O pray ! pray ! 
 pray for us, that the Lord would keep us from 
 dishonoring his great name in our distress and 
 anguish of soul, that he would support us under 
 and carry us through, what he shall, in his sover 
 eign pleasure, bring upon us ; and, if it be his 
 blessed will, that our child may be yet spared to 
 us, and sanctilied, and made a blessing. Pity us ! 
 O our friends, and cry mightily to God for us. 
 " We are your distressed friends, 
 
 " WM. PKPPERRELL, - 
 " MARY PEPPERRELL. 
 
 "Dear Cousin Gerrish, Let our case be known 
 to Christian friends along the road, and carry this 
 letter, as soon as you get to town, to one of the 
 ministers to whom it is directed. 
 
 "KiTTERY, Feb. 28, 1750. 
 
 " To the Rev. Dr. Bewail, Mr. Prince, Mr. Foxcroft, Dr. 
 Chauncy, etc., etc., etc., at Boston." 
 
 He had a high relish for the pleasures of society, 
 and was the life and spirit of every company. 
 Though not without his faults, he yet respected 
 the Christian character. He became in 1734 a 
 member of the church of which his father was 
 one of the founders in 1714. During his last 
 sickness he spoke with gratitude of the goodness 
 of God, which he had experienced, and of his 
 own imperfections and sins ; he admired the plan 
 of salvation made known in the gospel ; knowing 
 his dependence upon the grace of God, he sought 
 
 the influences of the Holy Spirit ; and, as he ever 
 professed a belief of the transcendent dignity and 
 glory of the great Saviour of mankind, of the 
 fulness of his merits, and the atoning virtue of 
 his obedience and sufferings, when he was just 
 entering the eternal world he commended his 
 soul into the hands of this Redeemer. His life, 
 by Usher Parsons, was published in 1855, a 
 book of great interest. He was a man of great 
 wealth. He owned in Saco 5,500 acres, being 
 the site of that populous town; and then his 
 possessions were large in Portsmouth, Hamp 
 ton, Berwick, and other towns. His will was 
 drawn up with great care ; but he gave in it little 
 to educational and charitable purposes. He had 
 been liberal to his parish and church, and to New 
 Jersey college. He had an only daughter and 
 surviving child, Elizabeth, who married Col. 
 Nathaniel Sparhawk ; their descendants were 
 numerous. Their son, William P. Sparhawk, 
 was made the heir of Sir William on condition 
 of dropping the name of Sparhawk. He grad 
 uated at Cambridge in 1766, and became baronet 
 Sir William Pepperrell, in 1774. But, espousing 
 the British side in the controversy, all his vast 
 property was confiscated and swept away. Col. 
 Cutts purchased most of the lands in Saco. In 
 England he was treated with respect, and received 
 500 pounds per annum from the British govern 
 ment; he died in London in 1816, aged 70. The 
 descendants of Col. Sparhawk are numerous, 
 bearing his name, and among others the names 
 of Spooner, Jarvis, and Cutts. Lady P., the 
 widow of Sir William, built her a house near her 
 daughter s, at Kittery, and survived her husband 
 thirty years, dying in 1789. Stevens 1 Fun. Ser 
 mon ; Parsons Life of P. 
 
 PERCIVAL, JAMES G., M. D., a poet, died at 
 Hazelgrove, Illinois, April 25, 1856, aged 60. 
 Born in Berlin, Conn., he graduated at the age of 
 twenty at Yale in 1815. He was, in 1824, as 
 sistant surgeon in the army, and professor of 
 chemistry at West Point; but soon resigned and 
 removed to Boston. Dr. Noah Webster em 
 ployed him two years as assistant in editing his 
 quarto English dictionary. He became now a 
 resident of New Haven. By the governor of 
 Connecticut he was appointed State geologist: 
 and finally he became, in 1854, the State geolo 
 gist of Wisconsin. He was a bachelor and lived 
 a recluse. His poetry was regarded as poetry 
 of tenderness and melancholy sweetness. He 
 speaks thus of New England, in a short poem of 
 that title : 
 
 " Hail to the land whereon we tread, 
 
 Our fondest boast ; 
 The sepulchre of mighty dead, 
 The truest hearts that ever bled, 
 \Vho sleep in Glory s brightest bed, 
 
 A fearless host : 
 
 No slave is here ; our unchain J feet 
 Walk freely as the waves that beat 
 
 Our coast." 
 
652 
 
 PERCY. 
 
 PERKINS. 
 
 He published Prometheus, a poem, in 1821 ; a 
 miscellaneous volume of poetry and prose, called 
 Clio, in 1822 ; a third vol., 1827 ; dream of day 
 and other poems, 1843; report on the geology 
 of Conn., 1842; Malte Brun s geography, trans 
 lated by him, 1843. 
 
 PERCY, WILLIAM, D. D., Episcopal minister 
 in Charleston, S. C., rector of St. Paul s, died in 
 London in 1819, aged 75. He was a zealous 
 preacher of the Calvinistic doctrines. 
 
 PERINE, WILLIAM, died in Dansville, N. Y., 
 in 1847, aged 92, a soldier of the Revolution. 
 He became a Christian at the age of 76. 
 
 PERKINS, WILLIAM, minister of Gloucester 
 and Topsficld, Mass., died in 1682, aged 75. He 
 came from London, and succeeded R. Blinman 
 at G. in 1650, and in 1655 removed to Topsfield, 
 where he succeeded Wm. Knight, who also came 
 from London. 
 
 PERKINS, WILLIAM, remarkable for longevity, 
 was born in the west of England, and died at 
 New Market, N. 1L, in 1732, aged 116 years. 
 elknap s N. IT., in. 252. 
 
 PERKINS, DANIEL, second minister of West 
 Bridgewater, died in 1782, aged 86. Born in 
 Topsfield, he graduated at Harvard in 1717, and 
 was settled as successor of J. Keith in 1721. His 
 successor was J. Reed. He was a useful and 
 much respected man. 
 
 PERKINS, JOSEPH, Dr., of Norwich, Conn., 
 died in 1794, aged 90. Born in N., he graduated 
 at Yale in 1727., He was eminent as a physician 
 and surgeon, practising till near the close of life. 
 He had brilliant talents, and was a man of science 
 and of un dissembled piety. Thacher describes 
 a remarkable operation of his for the hernia. 
 Thacker s Med. Biog. 
 
 PERKINS, ELISHA, a physician, the inventor 
 of the tractors, died in Sept., 1799, aged 59. He 
 was the son of Dr. Joseph P., a distinguished 
 physician of Norwich, Conn., who died in 1794, 
 aged 90; he was born in Jan., 1740. Having 
 studied with his father, he settled in Plainfield, 
 Conn., and had extensive practice. His habits 
 were social; his mind active and inquisitive. 
 About the year 1796 he invented the tractors, 
 which are two instruments, one of steel and the 
 other of brass, pointed at one end. Cures were 
 effected by drawing the points for a few minutes 
 over the part of the body diseased. Thus the 
 head-ache, the tooth-ache, rheumatic and other 
 pains were removed. A patent was obtained. 
 The fame of Perkinism extended to Europe. 
 The son of Dr. P. went to London, where a Per- 
 kinean institution was created for the benefit of 
 the poor, of which Lord Rivers was president. 
 The published cases of cures amounted to five 
 thousand, certified by eight professors, forty physi 
 cians and surgeons, and thirty clergymen. Yet 
 
 it was not long before the tractors sunk into neg 
 lect. Dr. P. invented an antiseptic medicine, and 
 repaired to New York to test its efficacy against 
 the yellow fever ; but he took the disease from 
 the sick and died of it. T/tacJicr. 
 
 PERKINS, BEXJAMLX DOUGLASS, a bookseller 
 of New York, the son of Dr. Elisha P., died in 
 New York in 1810, aged about 36. He graduated 
 at Yale in 1794. He visited England in the ser 
 vice of his father s tractors, and was there several 
 years. He was a man of a fine appearance and 
 of a high character ; was discreet, frank, and hon 
 orable ; of exemplary morals, and earnest in re 
 ligion. As a bookseller, he was of the respect 
 able firm of Collins and Perkins. As to the 
 tractors, his father claimed that the metallic com 
 position of them was important, and that was a 
 secret. But they seemed to be only steel and 
 brass. Having had myself for a great many 
 years a pair of them, if they have ever relieved 
 pain, I have found them also useful in picking 
 walnuts. Tliaclier s Med. Biog. 
 
 PERKINS, JAMES, a benefactor of Harvard 
 college and of the Boston Athenaeum, died at 
 Roxbury Aug. 1, 1822, aged 61. He was born 
 in Boston in 1761, and was the son of James P. 
 Educated as a merchant in the counting-house of 
 the Messrs. Shattucks, he settled in St. Domingo ; 
 but was driven away by the Revolution in that 
 island. On his return he engaged in business 
 with his brother, Col. Thos. Handasyd P., and 
 conducted an extensive trade to the northwest 
 coast and to China. His wife was the daughter 
 of Timothy Paine of Worcester. He was an up 
 right merchant. One of his last acts of liberality 
 was the gift to the Boston athenaeum of the 
 house lately occupied by the institution, an 
 estate which was valued at 18,000 dollars. He 
 also in his will bequeathed 20,000 dollars to Har 
 vard college. His fine portrait is preserved in 
 the athenaeum. 
 
 PERKINS, ELIPHAZ, Dr., died at Athens, 
 Ohio, in 1828, aged 75. A native of Norwich, 
 Conn., he graduated at Yale in 1776. He re 
 moved to A. in 1800, and was an excellent physi 
 cian and patron of learning. He was treasurer 
 of the Ohio university. He died in the peace of 
 the Christian faith, of which he had long been a 
 professor. His descendants are numerous and 
 respectable. Ilildretk s Biog. Memoirs. 
 
 PERKINS, ALFRED ELIJAH, M. D., died in 
 Norwich, Conn., in 1834, aged about 24. Born 
 in Norwich, he graduated at Yale in 1830. He 
 left 10,000 dollars to the library of Yale ; 3,000 
 to the home missionary society; 1,000 to the 
 colonization society; and 500 to Sabbath schools. 
 
 PERKINS, NATHAN, D. D., died at West 
 Hartford, Conn., Jan. 18, 1838, aged 88, in the 
 66th year of his ministry at West Hartford. He 
 
PERKINS. 
 
 PERKINS. 
 
 G53 
 
 was born in Norwich May 12, 1749 ; was graduated 
 at Princeton in 1770; and ordained in 1772, con 
 tinuing to perform his ministerial duties until two 
 years before his death. Many theological stu 
 dents were under his care. His wife, Catharine, 
 was a daughter of Rev. T. Pitkin of Farmington. 
 His predecessor was N. Hooker, who died in 
 1772, aged only 32. 
 
 Dr. P. had a good inheritance, and a salary of 
 100 pounds ; under his own management his 
 affairs went on well, but, intrusting them to 
 another, he was impoverished. lie died under 
 his own mortgaged roof. He resolved, if he died 
 poor, he would die a generous man. He had 
 great influence with his people; his kindness 
 triumphed over opposers. It has been said he 
 had family pride, an aspiring spirit, an emulation 
 for influence ; that he wished every thing con 
 nected with him to be rich, elegant, accomplished. 
 If so, his final poverty may have been a useful 
 reproof and admonition. Yet his urbanity, his 
 determination to be a perfect gentleman, an ex 
 emplary Christian, a winning minister, are not to 
 be ascribed to pride and ambition. He was a 
 successful minister ; he spoke of six extensive 
 revivals among his people. In early life he spent 
 the whole of Saturday in committing his sermons 
 to memory. Dr. Sprague has published an in 
 teresting letter concerning him, written by Rev. 
 Daniel Waldo, now chaplain in congress, aged 
 9-i. He published a volume of sermons, 1795 ; 
 election sermon, 1808; at the ordination of S. 
 Wolcott, 1786 ; of II. N. Woodruff, 1790 ; of AV. F. 
 Miller, 1792 ; C. Chapin, 1794 ; J. Brace, 1807 ; E. 
 G. Welles, 1808 ; E. Mason and N.Perkins, 1810; 
 a fast sermon, 1812; at the funeral of T. Pitkin, 
 of N. Strong ; account of a great revival ; on his 
 fiftieth anniversary ; on his sixtieth ; letters of 
 gratitude ; many pieces in the Connecticut evan 
 gelical magazine. Sprague s Annals ; Puritan 
 llecorder, Oct. 25, 1855. 
 
 PERKINS, NATIIAX, minister of the second 
 church in Amherst, Mass., died of the croup in 
 March, 1842, aged 65. The son of Rev. Dr. 
 Nathan P., he graduated at Yale in 1795, and 
 was for some years a magistrate and farmer. He 
 was ordained Oct. 10, 1810. He was a man of 
 respectable talents, prudent, kind, affectionate, 
 cheerful, a persuasive preacher, and good pastor. 
 He published a sermon at the ordination of E. 
 Moody, 1818; on the death of Dr. S. Coleman. 
 Sprague s Annals. 
 
 PERKINS, ABRAHAM, died in Ipswich in 1842, 
 aged 96, a soldier of the Revolution. 
 
 PERKINS, SIMON, general, died in Warren, 
 Ohio, Nov. 19, 1844, aged 73. He was born in 
 Norwich, Conn. At the age of twenty-four he 
 was employed in the survey of new lands in New 
 York; afterwards in the western reserve. He 
 
 settled in Warren in 1801. His services were 
 important in the Avar of 1812 ; his skill as a finan 
 cier caused him to be appointed a commissioner 
 of the canal fund. 
 
 PERKINS, CYRUS, M. D., died at Rossville, 
 Staten Island, April 23, 1849, aged 70; a dis 
 tinguished physician and surgeon. He was a 
 native of Bridgewater ; a graduate of Dartmouth 
 in 1800; professor of anatomy and surgery at 
 Dartmouth from 1810 to 1819; and afterwards a 
 resident in New York. He was a physician of 
 great skill, an excellent medical teacher, a man 
 of kind and generous feelings, enjoying the con 
 fidence and attachment of his friends and ac 
 quaintances. He married Mary, daughter of 
 Prof. J. Smith, who survived him. He published 
 an eulogy on W. II. Woodward, Hanover, 1818. 
 
 PERKINS, JAMES H., a literary man, died at 
 Cincinnati in 1849, aged 39. He was the son of 
 Samuel G. Perkins of Boston, the nephew of 
 Thomas H. P. He was educated as a merchant 
 and also studied law ; but at last devoted himself 
 wholly to literature. Settling at Cincinnati, he 
 edited various papers, and wrote many articles 
 for the North American Review. He was presi 
 dent of a historical society in 1844, and wrote 
 annals of the west. He engaged also in various 
 projects of reform and charity. In a state of de 
 pression he threw himself into the Ohio, and 
 was drowned. Cyclopedia of American Liter 
 ature. 
 
 PERKINS, JACOB, an inventor, died in Lon 
 don July 30, 1849, aged 83. Born in Newbury- 
 port July 9, 1766, he early displayed a mechanical 
 genius. At the age of fifteen his master, a gold 
 smith, died ; but he carried on the business. 
 Gold beads, worn by the old and young, he made 
 in the best style, as well as plated shoe-buckles. 
 He made dies at twenty-one for the mint; at 
 twenty-four he invented the nail-machine for cut 
 ting and heading nails at once. He invented 
 steel plates for bank-notes, which, as was sup 
 posed, could not be counterfeited. The miscon 
 duct of men, with whom he was associated in 
 business, left him overwhelmed with debt. For 
 several years he lived in England. 
 
 PERKINS, ERASTUS, died at Norwich city, 
 Oct. 18, 1853, aged 101 years and 8 months. 
 lie descended from Jabez, who, with his brother 
 Joseph, came from Ipswich in 1695, and pur 
 chased eight hundred acres in Lisbon for 70 
 pounds, near the junction of Quinebourg and She- 
 tucket rivers. The descendants of Jabez were : 
 Jabcz, born June 3, 1699 ; next, Jabez, born 1728, 
 married Anne Lathrop ; this last was the father 
 of Erastus, who was born Feb. 17, 1752. He 
 was a soldier ; and he was engaged in commer 
 cial business. For many years he was the in 
 spector of customs at Norwich. Others of his 
 
654 
 
 PERKINS. 
 
 PERRY. 
 
 name reached a great age. Dr. Joseph Perkins 
 died at X. in 1794, aged 90. 
 
 PERKINS, THOMAS HAXDASYD, colonel, died 
 in Brookline in Jan., 1854, aged 89, being born 
 in Boston in King, now State street, Dec. 15, 
 1764. As a merchant he acquired a fortune of 
 2,000,000 dollars. He had an early partnership 
 in business with his brother James, in the trade 
 of the northwest coast, Canton, and Calcutta. 
 He was a man of public spirit and great liberal 
 ity; several splendid charitable institutions were 
 founded by his munificence. The Perkins blind 
 asylum, the mercantile library association, and 
 the Boston athcnfoum shared largely in his 
 bounty. In 1842 he made a speech in laying the 
 corner-stone of the merchant s exchange. A 
 company of the blind pupils of the asylum at 
 tended his funeral. Life, by T, G. Gary. 
 
 PERKINS, GEORGE WILLIAM, died at Chicago 
 Nov. 15, 185G, aged about 52. He graduated at 
 Yale in 1824; was minister of Meriden, Conn., 
 many years, and had but recently gone to Chi 
 cago. He was a preacher of distinction ; his zeal 
 against slavery never grew cold. 
 
 PERLEY, SAMUEL, minister of Moultonbo- 
 rough, N. II., died in 1831, aged 89. Born in 
 Ipswich, he graduated at Harvard in 17G3; was 
 minister of Seabrook, N. II., from 17G5 to 1775; 
 and was settled at M. in 1778, and at length dis 
 missed. Sprague s Annals. 
 
 PERLEY, HUMPHREY CLARK, minister of 
 Methuen, Mass., died in 1838, aged 76. Born in 
 Boxi ord, he graduated at Dartmouth in 1791 ; 
 was settled from 1795 to 1815; then in Beverly, 
 second church, from 1818 to 1821. 
 
 PERREIN, JEAN, eminent for his acquaintance 
 with natural history, died at New York in 1805, 
 aged 54. He was a native of France, and a 
 member of the society of sciences and belles let- 
 tres of Bordeaux. With a view to the acquisition 
 and diffusion of knowledge in botany and other 
 departments of natural history, he travelled 
 through Africa and most of the West India 
 islands. To complete his collection of birds, 
 plants, etc., he came to New York, where he 
 spent several months ; but he was cut down in 
 the midst of his labors. In Sonninni s edition 
 of Buflbn s natural history, credit is given to Per- 
 rein as the author of many of the most valuable 
 communications contained in that work. 
 
 PERRINE, MATTHEW LA RUE, D. D., profes 
 sor of ecclesiastical history at Auburn, N. Y., 
 died Feb. 12, 1836, aged 59. Born in Mon- 
 mouth, N. J., he graduated at Princeton in 1797, 
 and settled as the pastor of Battle Hill in 1802. 
 In 1811 he became the first pastor of Spring 
 street church, N. Y. He died in peace and hope. 
 In his various relations in life he was wiae and 
 faithful. 
 
 PERRY, JOSEPH, minister of East Windsor, 
 Conn., died in 1783, aged 50. Born in Shevburn, 
 Mass., he graduated at Harvard in 1752; in 1755 
 he was settled as a colleague witli Mr. Edwards, 
 who lived till 1758. He published a sermon on 
 the death of R. Wolcott, 17G3; of N. Hooker, 
 1771; election sermon, 1775. Sprayue s Annals. 
 
 PERRY, JOSHUA, minister in Hamden, Conn., 
 died in Burlington in 1812, aged about 57. He 
 graduated at Yale in 1775. 
 
 PERRY, DAVID, minister of Richmond, Mass., 
 died in 1817. aged 70. Born in Huntington, 
 Conn., he graduated at Yale in 1772, and was 
 minister of Harwinton, Conn., from 1774 to 1784, 
 and installed at Richmond in 1784. Spra jue s 
 Annals. 
 
 PERRY, OLIVER HAZARD, a naval commander, 
 died Aug. 23, 1820, aged 35. He was born at 
 Kingston, near Newport, R. I., in Aug., 1785 ; 
 he was the sen of Christopher R. P., a naval 
 patriot of the Revolution, and collector of New 
 port, who died in May, 1818; and grandson of 
 Judge Freeman P., who died in Oct., 1813, aged 
 82. His earliest ancestor in America was Ed 
 mund P., a Quaker. Having served as a mid 
 shipman in the Mediterranean, he was in 1812 
 advanced to be master-commandant. In 1813 
 he was appointed to the command of the squad 
 ron on Lake Erie. Sept. 10, he achieved a com 
 plete victory over the enemy under Com. Barclay, 
 after an action of three hours, capturing the whole 
 squadron. In 1815 he proceeded to the Mediter 
 ranean in command of the Java; in June, 1819, 
 he proceeded to the West Indies in the ship John 
 Adams. He died of the yellow fever at Port 
 Spain, Trinidad. His wife was a daughter of Dr. 
 Mason, and niece of Christopher Champlin of 
 Newport; he left four sons and one daughter. 
 lie once unhappily was engaged in a duel. Under 
 a sense of a supposed injury, he personally as 
 saulted Capt. Heath of the marines on board of 
 his ship. A court martial censured both. Capt. 
 H. however challenged him, and a duel was 
 fought on the Jersey shore in Oct., 1818, though 
 Perry refused to fire. The contemptible code of 
 honor must explain how the opportunity of shoot 
 ing off a pistol at Perry could soothe into quiet 
 ness the irritated feelings of the captain of 
 marines. Had the commodore refused thus to 
 stand as a mark to be fired at, instead of violat 
 ing the laws of his country, he would have been 
 honored for a manly courage, which restrained him 
 from doing wrong. Our rulers, whose business it 
 is to execute the laws of the people, ought to have 
 struck both their names from the rolls of the navy. 
 
 PERRY, BAXTER, minister of Lyme, N. II., 
 died in 1829, aged 37. 
 
 PERRY, JOSEPH, minister in New Haven, 
 Conn., died in 1829, aged 50. 
 
PERRY. 
 
 PETEItS. 
 
 G55 
 
 PERRY, Jos. M. S., missionary to Ceylon, died 
 Marck 10, 1837, aged 30, of the cholera : his wife 
 died of the same disorder, March 13. He was 
 the son of Rev. Mr. Perry, of Sharon, Conn., 
 graduated at Yale in 1827, and was settled in the 
 ministry at Mcndon. His wife, Harriet J. La- 
 throp, a native of Norwich, was the sister of Mrs. 
 Winslow and Mrs. Cherry, missionaries. Among 
 her last utterances were the words, " Sweet peace ! 
 sweet peace !" 
 
 PERRY, ALFRED, M. D., died at Stockbridgc, 
 Mass., in 1838, aged 57. The son of Rev. David 
 Perry, he graduated at Williams college in 1803. 
 
 PERRY, JAMES, a Methodist minister, died at 
 Plainfield, Vt., in 1840, aged 82. 
 
 PERRY, ELNATIIAN, captain, died at Rush. 
 N. Y., June, 1849, aged 90. lie entered the army 
 at fifteen, and fought at Bennington, Saratoga, 
 and Eutaw. 
 
 PESSACUS, a Narragansett sagamore, who, 
 with other sagamores and a Niantick deputy, made 
 a treaty in 1045, at Boston, with the commission 
 ers of the four colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode 
 Island, Connecticut and New Haven. Pummash 
 was another of the seven Indian signers. Pessa- 
 cus was the successor of Miantunnomu. Felfs 
 Hist, of Neiv E nt/land. 
 
 PETERS, THOMAS, the first minister of Say- 
 brook, the brother of Hugh P., was a minister in 
 Cornwall, England, who was driven away in the 
 civil wars, and came to this country with Fen- 
 wick, arriving at New Haven in July, 1G39, and 
 settled at Saybrook about 1641. Winthrop mar 
 ried his niece, a daughter of Hugh Peters. Gov. 
 Winthrop, of Mass., speaks of his own brother 
 and sister. Peters. This perhaps is to be ex 
 plained by supposing, as the wife of Thos. Peters 
 was in America, that she was Gov. Winthrop s 
 sister. Samuel Peters descended from William 
 P., a brother of Thomas, who settled near Boston 
 in 1634. A letter of T. P., written at Pcquot, or 
 Saybrook, to Gov. W., is published by Mr. Sav 
 age, dated 1645. Of his death there is no note. 
 Being invited to return to his people in England, 
 he sailed from Boston in Dec., 1646. 
 
 PETERS, HUGH, minister of Salem, Mass., 
 died Oct. 16, 1660, aged 61. He was born at 
 Fowey in Cornwall, in 1599, and was educated at 
 Trinity college, Cambridge, where he took the 
 degree of master of arts in 1622. He was li 
 censed by the Bishop of London, and preached 
 in the city with great popularity and success. 
 Meeting with some trouble on account of his non 
 conformity, he went into Holland, where he re 
 mained five or six years. He arrived in America 
 with Richard Mather in Aug., 1635. He took 
 the charge of the church in Salem, Dec. 21, 1636, 
 disclaiming the errors of Mr. Williams, who had 
 been minister before him, uud cxcorn mimic atiu 
 
 his adherents. During his five years ministry, 
 one hundred and sixty persons joined his commu 
 nion. He did not confine his attention to reli 
 gious concerns, but took an interest in mercantile 
 and civil affairs. He assisted in reforming the 
 police of the town ; he suggested the plan of the 
 fishery, and of the coasting and foreign voyages ; 
 he procured carpenters, and engaged in trade 
 with great success. His zeal in worldly concerns 
 was probably the cause of his suppressing in 
 Salem the weekly and occasional lectures, by 
 which the good men of that day were nourished 
 up unto eternal life. Being considered as a suit 
 able person to send to England to procure an 
 alteration in the laws of excise and trade, he was 
 appointed for this purpose, with Mr. Welde and 
 Mr. Ilibbins, by the general court, and sailed Aug. 
 3, 1641. He never returned to America. Dur 
 ing the civil wars in England he supported the 
 cause of the parliament, and contributed much 
 aid to it by his preaching. Burnet says that he 
 pressed the king s condemnation with the rude 
 ness of an inquisitor ; but Mr. Peters in his leg 
 acy declares that he opposed it. He was 
 appointed by Cromwell one of the licensers of 
 ministers, and also a commissioner for amending 
 the laws, though utterly disqualified for the busi 
 ness. After the restoration, he was tried for 
 conspiring with Cromwell and compassing the 
 king s death, and was executed. His wife was 
 the widow of Colonel Read : her daughter mar 
 ried John Winthrop of Conn. His own daughter, 
 Elizabeth, was baptized in 1640. She married a 
 Mr. Barker ; and was a widow, and living at 
 Deptford, England, in 1709. For her he wrote 
 his legacy in 1660. He was charged by his ene 
 mies with great vices ; but it is not probable that 
 the charges were well founded. He was, how 
 ever, weak, ignorant, and carried away by his 
 zeal. If he had confined himself to the proper 
 duties of a minister of the gospel, and had not 
 "engaged in parties, nor become the tool of the 
 ambitious, nor exerted himself to stimulate the 
 furious passions of men, he would have been use 
 ful and respected, and might have died in peace. 
 Though he was ignorant, he possessed a native 
 and peculiar vigor. lie had the power of associ 
 ating his thoughts in such a manner, as to prevent 
 them from being easily forgotten. His coarse 
 and familiar images never failed to answer his 
 purposes, and his vulgar yet striking eloquence 
 gained him thousands of hearers in London. 
 Specimens of his curious sermons are to be found 
 in the trials of the regicides. In an engraving 
 prefixed he is placed in the pulpit with a multi 
 tude before him ; his hour glass is turned, and he 
 says, " Come, my good fellows, I know you like 
 another glass." His verses for his daughter were 
 entitled " my wishes." One stanza is this : 
 
656 
 
 PETERS. 
 
 PETTENGILL. 
 
 "I wish you neither poverty, nor riches, 
 
 But godliness, so gainful, with content; 
 No painted pomp, nor glory that bewitches ; 
 
 A blameless life is the best monument : 
 And such a soul, that soars above the sky, 
 Well pleas d to live, but better pleas d to die." 
 
 The "rules" which he sent to his daughter 
 from prison were these : 
 
 " Let thy Thoughts 
 Talk 
 Words 
 Manners 
 Diet 
 Apparel 
 Will 
 Sleep 
 Prayers 
 Recreation 
 Memory 
 
 be Divine, awful, godly. 
 
 " Little, honest, true. 
 
 " Profitable, holy, charitable. 
 
 " Grave, courteous, cheerful. 
 
 " Temperate, convenient, frugal. 
 
 " Sober, neat, comely. 
 
 " Constant, obedient, ready. 
 
 " Moderate, quiet, seasonable. 
 
 " Short, devout, often, fervent. 
 
 " Lawful, brief, seldom. 
 
 " Of death, punishment, glory." 
 
 He published a sermon before both houses of 
 parliament in 1646; last report of the English 
 wars ; a word to the army, 1647 ; good work for 
 a good magistrate, or short way to great quiet, 
 1651 (in this work he proposed the extirpation 
 of the whole system of laws, and recommended 
 that the old records in the tower should be 
 burned as records of tyranny, and that they should 
 begin anew) ; brief aen den Vader la Chaize ; a 
 dying father s legacy to his only child, 8vo., 1660 
 and 1717. This has been spoken of with respect. 
 It is preserved in the New England library estab 
 lished by Mr. Prince of Boston. Young s Life 
 of Peters ; Sprague s Annals ; Cycl. Amer. Lit. 
 
 PETERS, ANDREW, first minister of Middle- 
 ton, Mass., died in 1756, aged 55. Born in An- 
 dover, he graduated at Harvard in 1723, and was 
 settled in 1729. His successor was E. Smith. 
 
 PETERS, JOHN, died in Adams, Mass., Sept. 
 10, 1807, aged 107, retaining to the last all his 
 faculties. 
 
 PETERS, SAMUEL A., LL. D., an Episcopal 
 minister, died at New York, April 19, 1826, aged 
 90, and was buried at Hebron. He was born at 
 Hebron, Conn., Dec. 12, 1735 ; graduated at 
 Yale college in 1757 ; took the charge of the 
 churches at Hartford and Hebron in 1762, but, 
 being a Tory, he in 1774 went to England, where 
 he resided till 1805, when he returned to this coun 
 try. In 1817 and 1818 he made a journey to the 
 West as far as the Falls of St. Anthony, claiming 
 a large territory under Carver. He published a 
 history of Connecticut, 8vo., 1781. It is embar 
 rassed in its authority by a number of fables. 
 Rev. Dr. Bacon, in his historical discourses, calls 
 it " that most unscrupulous and malicious of lying 
 narratives, Peters history of Connecticut." Cycl. 
 Amer. Lit. 
 
 PETERS, RICHARD, judge of the district court 
 of the United States, died Aug. 21, 1828, aged 
 84. He was born at Philadelphia in June, 1744, 
 the son, as I suppose, of Richard Peters, D. D., 
 an Episcopal minister, who died in 1775. He en 
 tered successfully upon the practice of the law. 
 
 Congress appointed him, June 13, 1776, secretary 
 of the board of war. On resigning that post he 
 was appointed in December, 1781, a member of 
 congress ; and, in 1789, judge of the district 
 court, in which office he continued thirty-six years, 
 till his death at Blockley, near Philadelphia. Of 
 the admiralty law of the United States he may 
 be deemed the founder. His decisions are pre 
 served in Peters reports. He was a practical 
 farmer. In 1797 he published a pamphlet on the 
 use of gypsum, which introduced the culture of 
 clover, and effected a beneficial change in hus 
 bandry. His various communications appeared 
 in the memoirs of the Philadelphia agricultural 
 society. 
 
 PETERS, JOHN F., judge of the supreme 
 court of Connecticut, died at Hartford in 1834, 
 aged 69. 
 
 PETERS, ABSALOM, general, died in New 
 York, March 29, 1840, aged 86. Born in He 
 bron, Conn., he descended from William of Bos 
 ton, the brother of Hugh Peters. His great 
 grandfather was John of Anclover ; his grand 
 father was John, his father Colonel John, both of 
 Hebron. He graduated at Dartmouth in 1780. 
 He settled as a farmer at Wentworth, N. Y. In 
 the war he rendered services to his country, and 
 he sustained various offices. His first wife was 
 Mary Rogers, a descendant of John Rogers the 
 martyr. After his second marriage, in 1821, to 
 the widow of Rev. John Gurley, he removed to 
 Lebanon, Conn., and lived near his paternal home. 
 He died at the house of his son, John R. P. 
 Another son is Rev. Dr. Absalom Peters. 
 
 PETERS, SAMUEL A., judge, died at Colches 
 ter, Conn., Dec. 19, 1854, aged 85. He was one 
 of the oldest lawyers in Conn., and a judge of 
 New London county court. 
 
 PETERS, EDWARD D., a successful merchant 
 of Boston, died suddenly of apoplexy at his house 
 in Jamaica Plain, Oct. 20, 1856, aged 70. He 
 was a native of Blue Hill, Me. ; a man respected 
 for his integrity. He left four sons, active mer 
 chants in Boston. 
 
 PETERSON, SIMEON, a Freewill Baptist min 
 ister, died at Hermon, N. Y., in 1837, aged 40. 
 
 PETERSON, JOHN D., minister of a German 
 Lutheran church, died in Upper Canada in 1848, 
 aged 91. Born in Bremen, he was pastor at Ilar- 
 risburg, Pa., from 1803 to 1819, when he became 
 pastor of Markham and Vaughan in Upper Can 
 ada. He was faithful and zealous in his office un 
 til his labors were interrupted by infirmity. 
 
 PETTENGILL, AMOS, died at Salem Bridge, 
 Conn., Aug. 17, 1830. aged 50. Born at Salem, 
 N. H., he graduated at Cambridge in 1805. He 
 was a minister for five years at Champlain, N. Y., 
 till 1812, and was installed at Litchfield South 
 Farms, Conn., in 1816. After an unquiet period 
 of six years he removed to a more pleasant 
 
PHELPS. 
 
 abode, to Salem, Conn., now Naugatuck, for his 
 seven last years. He was a respected and useful 
 minister. A memoir of him, l>_, L. Hart, is among 
 the volumes of Massachusetts Sabbath school so 
 ciety. He rendered service as a teacher and in 
 other ways to the cause of education. He pub 
 lished a view of the heavens, for schools, 1826 ; a 
 rotary celestial map ; the spirit of Methodism, 
 1829 ; a sermon at the ordination of J. Johnson ; 
 and other discourses. Sprague s Annals. 
 
 PHELPS, AMOS A., minister in Boston, died 
 at Roxbury, July 30, 1847, aged 42. Born in 
 Simsbury, Conn., he graduated at Yale in 1826 ; 
 was minister of Hopkinton two years ; then pas 
 tor of Pine street church in Boston from 1832 to 
 1834. Then he engaged in the service of the 
 anti-slavery society, and was general agent, and 
 edited the Emancipator ; in 1839 he became the 
 minister of the Marlborough chapel free church ; 
 in 1842 he was pastor of the Maverick church, 
 East Boston, and afterwards secretary of the 
 anti-slavery society at New York. He published 
 lectures on slavery, 1834; book of the Sabbath, 
 1841 ; letters toDrs. Bacon and Stowe ; and sev 
 eral pamphlets relating to slavery. Sprague s 
 Annals. 
 
 PIIELPS, DUDLEY, minister of Groton, Mass., 
 died Sept. 24, 1849, aged 51. He graduated at 
 Yale in 1823, and was settled first at Haverhill in 
 1828 ; then at Groton in 1836. He published a 
 temperance address at Haverhill, 1830. 
 
 PIIELPS, JOHN, judge, died April 14, 1849. 
 He drafted the constitution of Vermont ; which 
 State he left, 1837, to assist his wife, Mrs. Lincoln 
 Phelps, in conducting Patapsco female institution. 
 
 PHELPS, DAVENPORT, Episcopal minister, 
 died at Geneva, N. Y., before 1816, aged about 
 60. His father was Alexander Phelps of Conn. ; 
 his mother was the daughter of Rev. Dr. Eleazar 
 Wheelock. 
 
 PHELPS, BENAIAH, first minister of Man 
 chester, Conn., died in 1817, aged about 76. He 
 graduated at Yale in 1761 ; was settled about 
 1780 ; and removed to Nova Scotia about 1795. 
 
 PHELPS, ELISIIA, died at Simsbury, Conn., in 
 1847, aged 67. Born in S., he graduated at Yale 
 in 1800, and was a member of congress from 
 1819 to 1821, and from 1825 to 1829. 
 
 PHELPS, OLIVER, died near Buffalo, in West 
 Canada, May 4, 1851, aged 71, a man of distinc 
 tion in western New York. He was born in 1779 
 in Simsbury, Conn., of a humble family. In com 
 pany with Nathaniel Gorham he purchased the 
 Genesee country in New York, and thus became 
 a man of wealth. He lived much at Canandai- 
 gua, and also at St. Catharine s, in Canada West. 
 In the Welland canal he was much interested. 
 At Ludlowville he built the Presbyterian church 
 almost at his own expense. His religious charac 
 ter is highly commended. He was a member of 
 83 
 
 PHILIP 
 
 657 
 
 the church, a man of prayer, and who loved to 
 meet with his fellow Christians. A few days be 
 fore his death he visited the place of his birth : it 
 was on his return that he died before he reached 
 his home. In his memorandum book he made, 
 near the place of his birth, this very interesting 
 entry : " Here, on the top of this mountain, 
 near my father s place, on the 19th of August, 
 1799, on this same spot where I now stand, 
 did God open my eyes to behold the glory of the 
 Lamb. Fifty-one years last August here I bowed 
 in prayer and praise to God for plucking me as a 
 brand from the burning. And here again, on 
 this 23d of April, 1851, have I bowed the knee in 
 prayer and praise, that his love and grace are 
 still the same." Let our rich and great men pon 
 der on these words. Observer, Aug. 7, 1851. 
 
 PIIELPS, ELIZABETH, died at Andover, Nov. 
 30, 1852, aged 36. She was daughter of Prof. 
 Stuart and the wife of Prof. Phelps. She wrote 
 an interesting book, entitled sunny-side, and 
 much else which is instructive and useful. 
 
 PIIELPS, ANSON G., died in New York, Nov. 
 30, 1853, aged 74. A native of Canton, Conn., 
 he resided in New York, a merchant and manu 
 facturer. He was a member of the American 
 board of missions, and was president of the New 
 York colonization society, a man of benevo 
 lence and piety. Of his property of two mil 
 lions and a half of dollars, he left more than half 
 a million to benevolent purposes : besides other 
 bequests to twenty-two grandchildren, he gave to 
 each 5,000 dollars, the interest of which to be an 
 nually devoted to religious charity. The asylum 
 for the blind shared his bounty. 
 
 PIIELPS, SAMUEL S., judge, died in Middle- 
 bury, Vt., March 25, 1855, aged 61. Born in 
 Litchfield, a graduate of Yale in 1811, he for a 
 while served in the army, then settled as a lawyer 
 in M. He was a judge of the supreme court, 
 and a senator of the United States from 1839 
 to 1851. 
 
 PHILBRICK, ABIGAIL, Mrs., died at Deerfield, 
 N. H., May 22, 1841, aged 103. 
 
 PHILIP, sachem of Pokanoket, well known by 
 the name of King Philip, died Aug. 12, 1676. He 
 was the youngest son of Massassoit, and succeed 
 ed his brother Alexander in 1657. In 1662 he 
 renewed the friendship which had subsisted with 
 the English, and engaged not to dispose of any 
 lands without their knowledge or appointment. 
 In 1675 he commenced the war which desolated 
 New England. It is said that he was pressed 
 into the war by the importunity of his young 
 warriors. As he foresaw the loss of his territory 
 and the extinction of his tribe, if the English 
 settlements were permitted to extend and in 
 crease without interruption, he was determined to 
 make one mighty effort to prevent these calami 
 ties. He in consequence lighted up the flame of 
 
G58 
 
 PHILLIPS. 
 
 war in various parts of the country. The first 
 attack was made Sunday, June 20. After doing 
 much mischief, as he was endeavoring to escape 
 from Captain Church, who had pursued him into 
 a swamp, he was killed. The name of the Indian 
 soldier who killed him was Alderman. By 
 Church s order, Philip was beheaded and quar 
 tered ! Thus, after deeds of heroism, fell King 
 Philip of Mount Hope in Rhode Island. Mr. 
 Eliot once preached before him, when he took 
 hold of a button of the good man s coat, and said 
 to him, " I do not value the gospel any more than 
 that." Drake s Ind. Biog. ; Baylies. 
 
 PHILLIPS, GEORGE, first minister of Water- 
 town, Mass., died July 1, 1644. He was born in 
 the county of Norfolk, England, and was educated 
 at the university of Cambridge, where he gained 
 a high reputation for learning. Having, as he 
 believed, been made a partaker of the Divine na 
 ture through the renewing agency of the Holy 
 Spirit, he devoted himself to the ministry of the 
 gospel, and was settled at Boxford in Essex. But, 
 becoming a nonconformist to the ceremonies of 
 the established church, he came to New England 
 with Governor Winthrop in the Arabella, and ar 
 rived at Salem in June, 1630. He immediately, 
 with Sir Richard Saltonstall and others, com 
 menced a plantation at Watertown. A church 
 was formed July 30th, when about forty members 
 signed a covenant, binding themselves to cleave 
 unto the word of God, and " the true sense and 
 meaning thereof." A confession of faith was af 
 terwards added. The salary settled upon the 
 minister was 30 pounds a year. He was suc 
 ceeded by Mr. Sherman. He was much lamented 
 by his church, who expressed their respect to his 
 memory by educating his eldest son, Samuel 
 Phillips, who was afterwards minister of Rowley, 
 and eminently useful. 
 
 Mr. Phillips was well skilled in the original 
 languages in which the bible was written, and 
 such was his attachment to the word of God, that 
 he used to read it through six times in every year, 
 and he always found in it something new. As 
 a preacher he was very faithful, and many were 
 converted by means of his labors. Though very 
 humble and modest, he was an able disputant. 
 He published a judicious work, entitled, a reply 
 to a confutation of some grounds for infants 
 baptism, as also concerning the form of a church, 
 put forth against me by one Thomas Lamb ; to 
 which is added, a discourse of the verity and va 
 lidity of infants baptism, 1645. Mather s Mag 
 nolia, in. 82-84, 162. 
 
 PHILLIPS, WILLIAM, major, lived in Saco, 
 Maine, in 1659 ; his house was assaulted by the 
 Indians Sept. 18, 1675, and afterwards burnt by 
 them. 
 
 PHILLIPS, SAMUEL, an early bookseller in 
 Boston, was spoken of by John Dunton of Lon- 
 
 PHILLIPS. 
 
 don, in 1686, who then \isited B., as very thriv 
 ing, as " young and witty, and the most beautiful 
 man in the town of Boston." 
 
 PHILLIPS, SAMUEL, sen of Rev. George P. 
 was the minister of Rowley, Mass., and died 
 April -22, 1696, aged 71. He was born in Box- 
 ford, England, in 1625, and graduated at Har 
 vard in 1690, being educated at the expense of 
 the church of Watertown; an honorable testi 
 mony of their gratitude to his father. He was 
 settled as the colleague of Mr. Rogers. His 
 widow, Sarah, daughter of Samuel Applcton of 
 Ipswich, died in 1713, aged 86. His son, Samuel, 
 a goldsmith of Salem, married Mary, daughter 
 of Rev. John Emerson of Gloucester, and was 
 the father of Rev. Samuel Phillips of Andovcr. 
 
 PHILLIPS, JOHN, colonel, of Charlestown, 
 died March 20, 1725, aged 93. He was judge 
 of admiralty, and treasurer of the province. 
 
 PHILLIPS, GEORGE, minister of Brookhaven, 
 L. I., died in 1739, aged 75. The son of Rev. 
 Samuel P. of Rowley, he graduated at Harvard 
 in 1686, and preached a few years at Jamaica, 
 L. I., before he was settled at B., in 1702. Though * 
 a good man, it is thought that he was too much 
 addicted to facetiousness and wit. 
 
 PHILLIPS, SAMUEL, minister of Andover, 
 Mass., died June 5, 1771, aged 81. He was the 
 grandson of Samuel P., minister of Rowley, and 
 the son of Samuel P., a goldsmith of Salem. He 
 was graduated at Harvard college in 1708 ; began 
 to preach in the south and new parish of Andover 
 April 30, 1710; and was ordained Oct. 17th. He 
 continued faithfully to discharge the duties of the 
 sacred office for sixty years till his death. Being 
 sincerely attached to those views of religious 
 truth which were embraced by the first fathers 
 of New England, he could not quietly see the 
 efforts that were made to pervert the faith, which 
 he was persuaded was once delivered to the 
 saints. He exerted himself both by his preach 
 ing and his writings to guard his people against 
 the intrusion of error. He contended that all 
 mankind come into the world depraved in conse 
 quence of Adam s sin, and liable to punishment ; 
 that men could as easily create themselves anew, 
 as believe in Christ by a power inherent in them 
 selves ; that God from eternity had elected those 
 whom he would save, and on whom he would be 
 stow his efficacious grace to prepare them for 
 salvation ; that men were justified on account of 
 the righteousness of Christ, received by faith, 
 and immediately upon believing ; and that none, 
 who were once in a state of justification, would 
 finally be lost. He published elegy on Noyes 
 and Corwin ; a word in season, or the duty of a 
 people to take the oath of allegiance to a glori 
 ous God, 1727 ; advice to a child, 1729; the his 
 tory of the Saviour ; the orthodox Christian, or 
 a child well instructed, 1738; a minister s address 
 
PHILLIPS. 
 
 to his people, 1739; artillery election sermon, 
 17-11 ; living water to be had for asking; election 
 sermon, 1700 ; the sinner s refusal to come unto 
 Christ reproved ; the necessity of God s drawing 
 in order to men s coming unto Christ ; convention 
 sermon, 1753; at the ordination of N. Holt; at 
 the instalment of S. Chandler, 1759 ; seasonable 
 advice to a young neighbor, 17G1 ; address to 
 young people, in a dialogue ; a sermon to young 
 people, 1763 > on justification, 17GC; sin of sui 
 cide contrary to nature, 1767. 
 
 PHILLIPS, JOHN, LL. D., founder of the 
 academy in Exeter, N. II., the son of the pre 
 ceding, died in April, 1795, aged 76. He was 
 graduated at Harvard college in 1785. He was 
 for several years a member of the council of New 
 Hampshire. April 21, 1778, he with his brother, 
 Samuel Phillips of Andover, founded and liberally 
 endowed the academy in that town, which was 
 incorporated in 1780. In 1789 he further gave 
 to this institution 20,000 dollars. The academy, 
 called Phillips Exeter academy, of which he was 
 the sole founder, was incorporated in 1781 with 
 a fund of 15,000 pounds. He bequeathed to this 
 academy two-thirds of all his estate, and one- 
 third of the residue to the seminary at Andover, 
 particularly for the benefit of pious youth. To 
 this object his brother, William Phillips of Bos 
 ton, also bequeathed 4,000 dollars. Morse s 
 Geog. : Holmes Annals, II. 404 ; Constitution 
 of Tlieo. 8 em. 
 
 PHILLIPS, SAMUEL, LL. D., lieutenant-gov 
 ernor of Massachusetts, died Feb. 10, 1802, aged 
 50. lie was the grandson of Samuel P., minis 
 ter of Andover. His father, Samuel P., one of 
 the councillors of Massachusetts, died at Andover 
 Aug. 21, 1790, aged 76. Mr. Phillips was grad 
 uated at Harvard college in 1771. He was a 
 member of the provincial congress in 1775, and 
 of the house of representatives till the year 1780, 
 when he assisted in framing the constitution of 
 Massachusetts. On its adoption he was elected 
 a member of the senate, and was its president 
 from 1785 to 1801. Being appointed justice of 
 the court of common pleas for Essex in 1781, he 
 held this office till 1797, when his declining health 
 induced his resignation. He was chosen lieut.- 
 governor in 1801. His widow, Phoebe, died Oct. 
 31, 1812, aged 69. His son, John, died in Sept., 
 1820. While he possessed a sound judgment 
 and an ardent, persevering spirit, his integrity 
 and patriotism gained him the confidence of his 
 fcllow-cilizens. Such was his superiority to the 
 pride of wealth and of power, and such his be 
 nevolence and humility, that, when honored with 
 public applause and raised to eminence, he would 
 frequently spend the interval between the morn 
 ing and evening services of the Sabbath in the 
 house of God for the purpose of reading some 
 pious book to those whose distant habitations 
 
 PHILLIPS. 
 
 G59 
 
 prevented them from returning home. He was 
 careful to impart religious instruction to his 
 family, and he led its daily devotions with hu 
 mility, fervor, and eloquence. He appeared to 
 be continually governed by love to the Supreme 
 Being, and by the desire of imitating his benev 
 olence and doing good. His deep views of evan 
 gelical doctrine and duty, of human depravity 
 and mediatorial mercy, formed his heart to hu 
 mility, condescension, and kindness, and led him 
 continually to depend on the grace of God 
 through the atonement of his Son. He projected 
 the academy at Andover, and was much con 
 cerned in establishing that as well as the acad 
 emy at Exeter, which were founded by his father 
 and uncle. To these institutions he was a dis 
 tinguished benefactor. His exertions to effect 
 their establishment bring him the highest honor, 
 for he was the natural heir of the founders. He 
 bequeathed 1000 dollars, one sixth part of the 
 interest of which he directed annually to be 
 added to the principal, and the remainder to be 
 expended in the purchase of bibles, and -other 
 books, to be distributed among poor and pious 
 Christians in other towns, and also among the 
 inhabitants of places where the means of religious 
 knowledge are very sparingly enjoyed. After 
 his death, his widow, Phoebe Phillips, and his 
 son, John Phillips of Andover, evinced the same 
 attachment to the interests of learning and reli 
 gion by uniting with Samuel Abbot, and three 
 others of a most liberal and benevolent spirit, in 
 founding the theological seminary in Andover, 
 which was opened in September, 1818. On their 
 part they engaged to erect two separate buildings 
 for the accommodation of fifty students, and for 
 public rooms. By such acts of most honorable 
 munificence has the family, Avhich bears the name 
 of Phillips, proved to the world that the blessing 
 of wealth may fall into hands which shall employ 
 it for the best of purposes. Tappan sFun. Ser. 
 PHILLIPS, WILLIAM, lieutenant-governor of 
 Massachusetts, the grandson of llev. Samuel P. 
 of Andover, died May 26, 1817, aged 77. He 
 was the son of Deacon William P., a merchant of 
 Boston, a patriot of the Revolution, and a bene 
 factor of Andover academy by the bequest of 
 5000 dollars, who died Jan. 15, 1804, aged 81 ; 
 his mother was Abigail, the daughter of Edward 
 Bromfield. He was born April 10, 1750, being 
 an only son. His feeble health prevented his 
 receiving a public education. He engaged in 
 mercantile pursuits with his father, on whose 
 death a large fortune came into his hands. In 
 1772 he made a profession of religion ; in 1794 
 he was chosen a deacon of the old south church, 
 and he officiated until his death. For several 
 years, while Strong and Brooks were governors, 
 lie was the lieutenant-governor of the State. 
 His wife, Miriam, the daughter of Jonathan 
 
660 
 
 PHILLIPS. 
 
 PIIIPPS. 
 
 Mason, died May 7, 1823, aged 69. He had 
 seven children ; Jonathan of Boston inherited 
 about half a million of dollars. Abigail Brom- 
 field married Rev. E. Burgess of Dcdham. His 
 daughter, Miriam, the wife of Samuel H. W alley, 
 died March 2G, 1827 ; his son, Dea. Edward P., 
 died Nov. 3, 1826. Deacon Phillips was an ac 
 tive member of many charitable societies. Dur 
 ing the last three weeks of his life he contributed 
 5,000 dollars to various objects. For a series of 
 years his charities had been from 8 to 11,000 
 dollai-s annually. Many widows and fatherless 
 children were by him rescued from want. He 
 bequeathed to Phillips academy 15,000 dollars ; 
 to the theological institution at Andover, 10,000 
 dollars ; to the society for propagating the gospel 
 among the Indians, the Massachusetts bible so 
 ciety, the foreign mission board, the Congrega 
 tional society, the education society, and the 
 Massachusetts general hospital, each 5,000 dol 
 lars ; to the medical dispensary, 3,000 dollars ; 
 to the female asylum, and the asylum for boys, 
 each 2,000 dollars ; in all, 62,000 dollars. 
 
 PHILLIPS, JOHN, the first mayor of Boston, 
 died May 29, 1823, aged 52. He was the son 
 of William P., a merchant of Boston, who died 
 in 1772, and grandson of Col. John P., also a 
 merchant in Boston, and brother of Rev. Samuel 
 P. of Andover; and was born Nov. 26, 1770. His 
 mother, Margaret, a daughter of Col. Jacob Wen 
 dell, took the charge of his early education. 
 After graduating at Harvard college in 1788, he 
 studied law and settled in Boston. He was a 
 member of the senate nineteen years, during the 
 last ten of which he was the president. In 1809 
 he was appointed a judge of the common pleas. 
 When the city government was established in 
 1822, he was elected the first mayor, in which 
 office his course was conciliatory and judicious. 
 For nine years he was one of the corporation of 
 the college. He died suddenly of an affection of 
 the heart. He had presided in the senate the 
 preceding day. His wife was Sally, the daughter 
 of Thomas Walley. Five sons and three daugh 
 ters survived him. He was a man of sound 
 judgment, of simple manners, of pure character, 
 and of religion. 
 
 PHILLIPS, ALONZO, died at Newburyport in 
 April, 1838, aged 50. A graduate of Middlebury 
 in 1815, he was sixteen years from 1820 the min 
 ister of Princeton, Mass. ; faithful and successful. 
 An extract from Dimmick s funeral sermon is in 
 Boston Recorder, May 1 1. 
 
 PHILLIPS, TIMOTHY, captain, a soldier of 
 the Revolution, died at Bradford, Mass., in 1840, 
 aged 82. 
 
 PHILLIPS, JAMES, died in Chenango county, 
 New York, in 1841, aged 90. At the age of 88 
 he made a profession of religion at Greenville. 
 
 PHINNEY, ELIAS, died at Lexington in July, 
 
 1849, aged 69, clerk of court and an excellent 
 farmer. He kept the stock of the agricultural 
 society, and was enthusiastic in his devotion to 
 agriculture. A multitude of friends experienced 
 his hospitality. He published an address, 1830. 
 
 PHINNEY, STURGIS, M. D., died in 1841. 
 He removed from New Bedford to New York in 
 1825. 
 
 PHIPS, WILLIAM, first minister of Douglass, 
 Mass., died in Oxford in 1798, aged about 72. 
 Born in Sherborn ; he graduated at Harvard in 
 1746; was settled at D. the next year; and re 
 signed in 1765. He was succeeded by I. Stone. 
 He published a sermon on the death of J. Camp 
 bell, 1761. 
 
 PIIIPPS, JAMES, came from Bristol, England, 
 and settled near Pemaquid, Bristol, Me., before 
 1649. He had reason to be satisfied with the 
 number of his children, as he had twenty-six by 
 the same wife, twenty-one of them sons. 
 farmer. 
 
 PHIPPS, SIR WILLIAM, governor of Massa 
 chusetts, died in 1695, aged 44. He was born 
 at Pemaquid, now Bristol, Maine, Feb. 2, 1651. 
 His father, James P., was a gunsmith in humble 
 circumstances, and his mother had twenty-six 
 children, of whom twenty-one were sons. After 
 living in the wilderness till he was eighteen 
 years of age, he bound himself as an apprentice 
 to a ship-carpenter for four years, at the expira- 
 tien of which time he went to Boston, where he 
 learned to read and write. Determining to seek 
 his fortune upon the sea, after a variety of ad 
 ventures he discovered a Spanish wreck on the 
 coast of Hispaniola, and fished up plate, and 
 pearls, and jewels, amounting in value to 300,- 
 000 pounds sterling, with which he sailed to 
 England in 1687. Such was his honesty, and 
 so liberal was he to his seamen, that his own 
 share amounted only to 16,000 pounds. He 
 was at this time made a knight by King James. 
 Returning to Boston, he was in 1690 ad 
 mitted a member of the north church, being 
 baptized and professing repentance of his sins. 
 In the same year he commanded an expedi 
 tion against Port Royal, which place he cap 
 tured. When the new charter of Massachusetts 
 was obtained, he was nominated by Dr. Mather 
 as the governor. In this capacity he arrived at 
 Boston May 14, 1692. He soon put a stop to 
 prosecutions for witchcraft. In August he sailed 
 with about four hundred and fifty men to Pema 
 quid, where he built a fort. In 1694, in a dispute 
 with the collector of the port, Sir William was 
 so far carried away by the passion of the moment 
 as to have recourse to blows to settle the con 
 troversy. He was soon afterwards removed, and 
 he sailed in November for England, where he 
 received assurances of being restored; but, being 
 seized by a malignant fever, he died of it. He 
 
PIIIPPS. 
 
 PICKERING. 
 
 GG1 
 
 was succeeded by the Earl of Bellamont. Sir 
 William, though his origin was very humble, was 
 not elated by the great change in his circum 
 stances. He was a man of uncommon enter 
 prise and industry, of an excellent disposition, 
 though he tlid not always retain the command of 
 himself, and of perfect honesty and integrity. 
 He exerted himself to promote the interests of 
 New England. Magnolia, n. 37-75. 
 
 PIIIPPS, DAVID, died at New Haven in 1825, 
 aged 80. He was a patriot of the Revolution 
 and an officer of the navy. 
 
 PIKE BUS, WILLIAM, a Methodist minister, 
 died at New York in 1832, aged 77. 
 
 PIIYL, Mr., a native of Switzerland, died in 
 New Jersey in 1810, or Jan., 1811. He died in 
 a cave in which he had lived twenty-six years. 
 
 PIIYSICK, PHILIP SING, M. D., died at 
 Philadelphia Dec. 15, 1837, aged 69. He was a 
 very eminent physician and surgeon, and profes 
 sor of anatomy and surgery in the university of 
 Pennsylvania. His father, an Englishman, had 
 the charge of the estates of the Penn family. 
 He graduated at the university of Pennsylvania 
 in 1785. In 1789 he studied with John Hunt in 
 London, and in 1790 was appointed for one year 
 surgeon to St. George s hospital. In 1792 he 
 took his medical degree at Edinburgh. He soon 
 rose to distinction in his profession. He has 
 been called the father of American surgery. He 
 introduced the use of blisters to cure gangrene. 
 He performed the operation of lithotomy on 
 Judge Marshall. His own disease was hydro- 
 thorax, which was attended with great agony. 
 For years he had studied religion, and every 
 morning read a portion of Scripture. Dr. De- 
 lancy was his friend and pastor. His beloved 
 wife was Elizabeth Emlen, the gifted, talented 
 daughter of one of the most distinguished Qua 
 ker preachers. His countenance, as exhibited by 
 a lithograph in Williams book, is one of great 
 dignity and beauty. Dr. Randolph s Memoir; 
 Williams Med. Diog. 
 
 PICKENS, ANDREW, governor of South Car 
 olina in 1816, died at Pontotoc, Miss., in 1838. 
 
 PICKENS, ANDREW, major-general, a soldier 
 of the Revolution, died Aug. 11, 1817, aged nearly 
 80. He commenced his military career in the 
 Indian war with the Cherokees in 1760. In 1779 
 at the head of three hundred men he defeated a 
 party of Royalists on the western frontier of 
 South Carolina. For his bravery in the battle 
 of Cowpens, when he commanded the Southern 
 militia, he received a sword from congress. At 
 the battle of Eutaw Springs he was severely 
 wounded. In 1782 he compelled the Cherokees 
 to sue for peace. After the war he was a member 
 of congress. In 1802 he was a commissioner to 
 treat with the Choctaws. He died at Tumasscc, 
 Pendleton district, South Carolina. He was a 
 
 disinterested patriot, and a skilful and brave sol 
 dier. He was also gentle, beneficent, and hos 
 pitable. From early life he was a professor of 
 religion and an influential member of the church. 
 
 PICKER, NATHANIEL, minister of Scituate, 
 Mass., died in 1723, aged 37. Born in Dorches 
 ter, he graduated at Harvard in 1703 ; was set 
 tled in 1707 ; and was succeeded by S. Bourne. 
 
 PICKERING, TIMOTHY, secretary of State of 
 the United States, died at Salem, Mass., Jan. 29, 
 1829, aged 82. He was a descendant of John 
 P., a carpenter, who came to New England in 
 1630, and died at Salem in 1657; was born at Sa 
 lem, Mass., July 17, 1746, and graduated in 1763. 
 As soon as he heard of the affair at Lexington, 
 on the morning of April 19, 1775, being colonel 
 of a regiment, he marched the same day with the 
 Salem militia to Medford, in order to intercept 
 the enemy ; but was not in season to participate 
 in the fight. In 1775 he was appointed judge 
 of the court of common pleas for Essex, and of 
 the maritime court for the district including Bos 
 ton "and Salem. In the fall of 1776 he took the 
 command of the Essex regiment of seven hun 
 dred men, and performed duty under Washing 
 ton in New Jersey. In 1777 he accepted the ap 
 pointment of adjutant-general and marched with 
 the army to Pennsylvania. He was by the side 
 of Washington in the battle of Brandywine, Sept. 
 14 ; and he was present also in that of German- 
 town, Oct. 4th. Congress soon elected him a 
 member of the board of war, with Gates and 
 Mifflin. The arrangement of the staff depart 
 ment was also intrusted to him and Mifflin. In 
 August, 1780, he succeeded Greene as quarter 
 master-general, and discharged most faithfully its 
 arduous and complicated duties. From 1790 to 
 1794 he was employed in various negotiations 
 with the Indian tribes, being also postmaster- 
 general from 1791 to 1794, when he was ap 
 pointed secretary of war as the successor of Knox. 
 In August, 1795, lie had the temporary charge of 
 the department of State on the resignation of 
 Randolph, and in December received the ap 
 pointment of secretary of State, which he held 
 till May, 1800, when he was removed by Presi 
 dent Adams, as he was an adherent of Hamilton 
 in his opposition to the policy of the president. 
 Being in debt for new lands, he plunged into the 
 back woods of Pennsylvania, with his son and a 
 few laborers, and cleared several acres and built 
 a log hut for his family. The liberality of some 
 friends in Massachusetts, in purchasing his lands, 
 enabled him to return to his native State, and to 
 become the owner of a small farm in Essex, 
 which he cultivated with his own hands. From 
 1803 to 1811 he was a senator of the United 
 States; from 1814 to 1817 he was also a repre 
 sentative in congress. In consequence of the 
 activity of his life, he had little leisure for literary 
 
662 
 
 HOLERING. 
 
 PIERCE. 
 
 pursuits ; yet the productions of his pen do him 
 great credit as a writer of elegance and vigor. 
 In public life he was disinterested, faithful, and 
 energetic. His morals were pure, and from early 
 life he was a professor of religion. His feelings 
 were strong, and some of his political controver 
 sies were vehement, He published a letter to 
 Gov. Sullivan on the embargo, and addresses to 
 the people, 1808 ; review of the correspondence 
 between J. Adams and W. Cunningham, 1824. 
 
 PICKERING, HENRY, son of Col. Timothy 
 P., died in New York in 1838, aged 57. He was 
 a merchant in Salem, and acquired a moderate 
 fortune, of which he made a liberal and benevo 
 lent use. But his losses of property induced him 
 to remove to New York. He wrote poetry. 
 Cycl. of Amer. Lit. 
 
 PICKERING, JOHN, LL. D., died in Boston 
 May 5, 1846, aged 69. He was a son of Timothy 
 P., and graduated at Harvard in 1796. He be 
 gan the study of law in Philadelphia, where his 
 father lived as secretary of State ; but soon ac 
 companied W. Smith, minister to Lisbon, as his 
 secretary. There he prosecuted his studies, es 
 pecially in various languages, as he did also in 
 London, when secretary to Rufus King. lie re 
 turned in 1801, and lived at Salem. In 1829 he 
 was appointed city solicitor in Boston, where he 
 then lived. He was several years a State sen 
 ator. There were few so eminent in scholarship 
 as he ; none so skilled in the modern and Indian 
 languages. He was familiar with seven languages 
 besides Greek and Latin, and well acquainted 
 with four others, and explored with some care 
 ten or fifteen others. His memoir is in historical 
 collections, third scries, vol. X., with a history 
 of his writings, the principal of which are vocabu 
 lary of words peculiar to America, 1815; essay 
 on the orthography of the Indian languages, in 
 memoirs of American academy, 1820 ; Greek and 
 English lexicon, 1826 ; Indian languages, in cyclo 
 pedia Amer. ; revised statutes of Massachusetts, 
 1813; eulogy on Dr. Bowditch ; lecture on the 
 uncertainty of the law ; on the pronunciation of 
 the Greek, in memoirs of American academy : 
 also articles in various reviews and magazines. 
 He was tall, of commanding presence, yet be 
 nignant and courteous. With a small, well- 
 formed mouth, he had a Roman nose, and a 
 serene and ample forehead. 
 
 PICKERING, GEORGE, died in Waltham Dec. 
 8, 1846, aged 77, for fifty-seven years an itinerant 
 Methodist minister. 
 
 PICKERING, THEOPHILUS, minister of Ips 
 wich, Mass., Chebacco parish, died in 1747, aged 
 47. The son of John P. of Salem, he graduated 
 at Harvard in 1719. In 1725 he was invited to 
 assist Mr. Wise ; in 1727 he was ordained. In 
 1747 J. Cleaveland was settled over a new church, 
 the supporters of which were attached to Mr. 
 
 Whitcficld. Some pamphlets were published in 
 consequence of this settlement. Mr. P. wrote 
 also letters to N. and I). Rogers, 1742; a letter 
 to Mr. Whitefield, 1745; bad omen to the 
 churches, 1747. Spragve s Annals. 
 
 PICKMAN, THOMAS, Dr., died at Salem in 
 1817, aged 43. The son of Benjamin, he grad 
 uated at Harvard in 1791, and studied physic 
 with Dr. Holyoke. He had judgment, decision, 
 and skill ; was social, and endowed with a literary 
 taste. Thaclier s Med. Biog. 
 
 PICKMAN, BENJAMIN, died at Salem in Aug., 
 1843, aged 80. A graduate of 1784, he was a 
 merchant, and sustained various public offices; 
 was a member of the senate and council; of con 
 gress in 1809; of the convention of 1620. He 
 published an oration on the birthday of Wash 
 ington. 
 
 PICKMAN, DUDLEY L., died at Salem, Mass., 
 in 1846, aged 67. He was a man of intelligence, 
 highly respected. 
 
 PIDGIN, WILLIAM, minister of Minot, Me., 
 died at Portland in 1848, aged nearly 77. Born 
 in Newbury, he graduated at Dartmouth in 1794 ; 
 settled at Hampton, N. H., in 1796, and at Minot, 
 Me., from 1811 to 1819. 
 
 PIERCE, ROBERT, an early settler of Dorches 
 ter in 1640. His widow, Ann, died 1695, aged 
 about 104 years. 
 
 PIERCE, MICHAEL, captain, of Scituate in 
 1647, was slain in Philip s war, March, 1676, with 
 fifty English and tAventy Cape Cod Indians, near 
 Providence. 
 
 PIERCE, THOMAS, minister of Scarborough, 
 Me., died in 1775, aged 37. Born in Newbury, 
 he graduated at Harvard in 1759, and was or 
 dained in 1762. 
 
 PIERCE, BENJAMIN, governor of New Hamp 
 shire, died at Ilillsborough, N. H., April 1, 1839, 
 aged 81. He was a descendant of Nathaniel 
 Pierce of Woburn, and son of Benjamin of 
 Chelmsford, and was born Dec. 25, 1757. He 
 risked his life in the cause of human freedom. 
 He fought in the battle of Bunker Hill, and con 
 tinued in the army during the war, rising from 
 the rank of a common soldier to be major by 
 brevet. For many years from 1789 he was the 
 representative of Ilillsborougli, to which town he 
 went in poverty and built a log house. In 1805 
 he was brigadier-general ; in 1809 sheriff, in which 
 office he liberated the prisoners by paying fur 
 them 300 or 400 dollars. Among them was an 
 old companion in arms, Capt. Moses Brewer, who 
 had been shut up four years for debt. In 1827 
 and 1829 he was governor. He died in conse 
 quence of a paralytic affection. His daughter, 
 by his first wife, born in 1788, married Gen. John 
 McNeil. His second wife was Anna Keudrick of 
 Amhcrst, by whom he had eight children, one of 
 whom was the president of the United States, 
 
PIERCE. 
 
 who was born Nov. 23, 1804; all the others are 
 deceased except Henry D. Pierce, a drover and 
 farmer in Ilillsborough. Nancy married Gen. 
 Solomon McNeil of llillsborough ; and Harriet 
 married Hugh Jameson of Boston, both of whom 
 died in 1837. 
 
 PIERCE, MARY E., Miss, missionary to Siam, 
 died Sept. 22, 1844, aged 28. Born at Butter 
 nuts, N. Y., she embarked at Boston in July, 
 1839, and occupied her field of labor at Bangkok 
 till her death. Mr. Johnson spoke of her as 
 having a frame of mind calm and heavenly in the 
 view of her departure, and as an ornament to re 
 ligion. 
 
 PIERCE, JOHN, D. D., minister of Brookline, 
 died Aug. 24, 1819, aged 76. He was born in 
 Dorchester July 14, 1773, the son of a farmer, 
 and graduated at Harvard college in 1793. He 
 was then preceptor two years in the English de 
 partment at Leicester academy, from whose select 
 library of moral and religious books, presented 
 by Gov. Gill, he derived great advantage in prose 
 cuting his purpose to become a minister. His 
 salary was 200 dollars the first year, and 250 the 
 next ; but then the cost of board was less than a 
 dollar a week. He wore a cocked or three-cor 
 nered hat ; his hair queued with a black ribbon 
 half-way down his back ; he also had silver knee- 
 buckles, and large plated shoe-buckles covering 
 half his instep. He and the principal occupied 
 the same bed, with the addition sometimes of a 
 college friend. Afterwards he was a tutor in 
 Harvard college. March 15, 1797, he was or 
 dained at Brookline, and remained the pastor for 
 the remainder of his life, having a colleague for 
 a few of his last years. He resigned in July the 
 office of secretary of the overseers of Harvard 
 college, held for thirty years. He had preached 
 the Thursday lecture in Boston one hundred 
 times, and attended the lecture one thousand eight 
 hundred and seventy-four times. The large and 
 beautiful organ in his church was exhibited on 
 Saturday before his death, when the sick pastor 
 was carried into the church, where he indulged 
 his great love of sacred music by listening to the 
 notes which were awakened; he then read the 
 doxology, which was sung in chorus by the entire 
 audience. At his funeral, the arrangements for 
 which had been made by Dr. P. himself, the 
 meeting-house was not dressed in mournin 
 The preacher said, that his last words to one 
 about to make a prayer with the dying man, 
 were: " Ask that I receive with submission the 
 will of my Father." He had also said, " Repeat 
 to my friends around my remains the words of 
 Christ, I am the resurrection and the life, and 
 say, that my faith and hope are these, that I do 
 not feel that I shall ever die, but only press on 
 to a higher life." He left many volumes of his 
 private journal. He published a sermon at the 
 
 TIERPONT. 
 
 G63 
 
 ordination of S. Clark, 1817; Dudleian lecture, 
 1821 ; a sketch of Brookline in historical collec- 
 ions, 2d scries, vol. II. 
 
 PIERCE, RICHARD, second minister of New 
 Bedford, Mass., died in 1749, aged 49. He grad 
 uated at Harvard in i724, and was settled in 
 1735. His predecessor was Samuel Hunt; his 
 two next successors, Mr. Cheevcr and Samuel 
 West. 
 
 PIERCE, SARAH, Miss, died at Litchficld Jan. 
 19, 1852, aged 84. She was a celebrated teacher, 
 long at the head of a well-known female school 
 in Litchfield. 
 
 PIERCE, SUSAN, wife of Epaminondas J. 
 Pierce, missionary to Gaboon in Africa, died sud 
 denly Feb. 24, 1855, expressing her confidence 
 in the Saviour. 
 
 PIERPONT, BENJAMIN, minister in South 
 Carolina, died near Charleston in 1G98, aged 
 about 30. He graduated at Harvard college in 
 1G89, and emigrated from near Boston with a 
 select company in 1G91, to found an independent 
 church in South Carolina. Mr. Adams succeeded 
 him. 
 
 PIERPONT, JONATHAN, minister of Reading, 
 Mass., died in 1709, aged about 44. Born in 
 Roxbury, he graduated at Harvard in 1685, and 
 was settled in 1689. His predecessor was John 
 Brock. 
 
 PIERPONT, JAMES, fourth minister of New 
 Haven, Conn., died in Nov., 1714, aged 53. He 
 was the son of John P., of Roxbury, Mass., who 
 died in 1690, and grandson of James P., who 
 came from England and died at Ipswich. He 
 was born in 1661 ; graduated at Harvard college 
 in 1681 ; and was ordained July 2, 1G85. His 
 predecessors were Davenport, Hook, and Street. 
 One of the first persons he received into his 
 church was an old man called James Daniels, but 
 who was John Dixwell, one of King Charles 
 judges. lie was succeeded by J. Noycs. He 
 married Abigail Davenport, a grand-daughter of 
 his predecessor, Oct. 27, 1691. But she died 
 Feb. 3, of consumption, occasioned by exposure 
 to cold on the Sabbath after her wedding, going 
 to meeting in her bridal dress. lie married 
 Sarah Ilaynes, May 30, 1694, a grand-daughter 
 of Gov. II. She died Oct. 7, 1690. He married 
 Mary Hooker, July 26, 1698, a grand-daughter 
 of the first pastor of Hartford. She was the 
 motheu of Sarah, the wife of Pres. Edwards, and 
 lived till Nov., 1740. He was a man of uncom 
 mon prudence, amiable manners, and exemplary 
 piety. The articles of discipline, adopted with 
 the Saybrook platform in 1708, were drawn up 
 by him. He published false hopes of heaven, 
 a sermon, 1712. Sprague s Annals. 
 
 PIERPONT, SAMUEL, the minister of Lyme, 
 Conn., died March 15, 1723, aged only 22. The 
 son of Rev. James P. of New Haven, and Mary 
 
PIERPONT. 
 
 PIKE. 
 
 Hooker, he graduated in 1718, and was ordained 
 Dec. 12, 1722. In crossing the river from Say- 
 brook with an Indian waterman, the canoe upset 
 and he was drowned. His body was found April 
 28th, at Fisher s Island, and buried there. He 
 had an extraordinary gift, and was a Boanerges 
 in his preaching. Great hopes rested on him. 
 
 PIERPOXT, JAMES, died at South Farms, in 
 Litchfield, in 1840, aged 79; a most worthy and 
 esteemed citizen. 
 
 PIERREPONT, JAMES HENRY, M. D., died at 
 Portsmouth in Jan., 1839, aged 70. The son of 
 William P., of Springfield, he was graduated at 
 Harvard in 1789, and studied medicine with Dr. 
 Spring. He had lived since 1801 in P., and was 
 a physician of character and eminence. Bur- 
 rough s Disc, on his Death ; Williams Med. Uiog. 
 
 PIERSOX, ABRAHAM, first minister of South 
 ampton on Long Island, died Aug. 9, 1678, aged 
 70. Born in Yorkshire, E., he graduated at the 
 university of Cambridge in 1G32 ; and he preached 
 some time in or near Newark, before he came to 
 Boston, in 1639. In 1640 a number of the 
 inhabitants of Lynn formed the resolution to re 
 move to Long Island, and invited him to accom 
 pany them. Having first formed a church, they 
 went and settled Southampton. These planters 
 constituted a government by themselves. When 
 it was found necessary to divide the church, Mr. 
 Pierson passed over to the main land, and became 
 the first minister of Branford, Conn., in 1644. 
 He continued here till 1665, when he removed to 
 New Jersey. He was one of the first settlers of 
 Newark in 1667, and was the first minister of 
 that town. His son, Abraham, was his colleague. 
 His wife was a daughter of Rev. J. Wheel 
 wright ; he had eight children. His son sur 
 vived him ; and his successors were Prudden, 
 Wakcrman, Bowers, Webb, and Burr. He was 
 a man of piety and learning. Having studied the 
 Indian language, he preached to the natives of 
 Long Island and in the several plantations of 
 New Haven colony. Magnolia, III. 95 ; Trum- 
 buWs Conn. I. 289, 521 ; Sprague s Annals. 
 
 PIERSON, ABRAHAM, first president of Yale 
 college, the son of the preceding, died May 5, 
 1707, aged about 60. He was graduated at Har 
 vard college in 1668 ; ordained as colleague with 
 his father at Newark March 4, 1672 ; removed to 
 Connecticut in 1692, and was installed the min 
 ister of Killingworth in 1694. On the establish 
 ment of the college at Saybrook in 1701, he was 
 chosen rector, and the students attended upon 
 his instructions at Killingworth, although the 
 commencements were held at Saybrook. His 
 son, John, a graduate at Yale college of 1711, 
 was the minister of Wood bridge, N. J. He was 
 an excellent scholar, a great divine, a faithful 
 preacher, and wise and judicious in all his con 
 duct. Mr. Andrew of Milibrd was chosen rector 
 
 pro tempore after his death, but a new president 
 was not appointed till 17 19, M hen Mr. Cutler 
 was placed at the head of the college. lie wrote 
 a system of natural philosophy, which was studied 
 in the college for many years. He published 
 election sermon, 1700. Sprague s Annals. 
 
 PIERSON, JOSIAH, died at Bergen, N. Y., 
 March 7, 1 846, aged 64. He was a minister who 
 did much in the establishment of churches in 
 Western New York. He was born in Killing- 
 worth, Conn., a descendant of A. Pierson. When 
 not a preacher he was a member of the church 
 in Bergen in 1808, the first church west of the 
 Genesee, except the Scotch church at Caledonia. 
 In 1817 he began to preach. 
 
 PEIRSON, ABEL L., M. D., a very distinguished 
 surgeon and physician of Salem, Mass.; was killed 
 on the railroad at Norwalk, Conn., May 5, 1853, 
 aged 59. He was born in Saco, Me., July 4, 
 1793, and graduated at Harvard in 1812. 
 
 PIERSON, SrsAX, died at Bridgehampton, 
 L. I., Feb. 24, 1854, aged 71. For more than 
 fifty years she kept her bed. Her bible was 
 always in her hands. She was an eminent Chris 
 tian. N. Y. Observer, May 18. 
 
 PIKE, JOHN, a settler of Newbury in 1635, 
 died at Salisbury, Mass., in 1654. His son John 
 was one of the first settlers of Woodbridge, N. J., 
 in 1669. Gen. Z. M. Pike was a descendant. 
 His son Joseph was killed by the Indians in 1694. 
 
 PIKE, ROBERT, major, son of John P., died in 
 Newbury Dec. 12, 1706, aged 90. He was born 
 in England in 1616. He was assistant and coun 
 cillor, a man highly useful and respected. 
 
 PIKE, JOHN, minister of Dover, N. II., died 
 March 10, 1710, aged 56. The son of Major Rob 
 ert, he graduated at Harvard in 1675, and was 
 ordained the successor of John Rayner in 1681. 
 
 PIKE, JAMES, first minister of Somersworth, 
 N. II., died March 19, 1792, aged 89, in the sixty- 
 second year of his ministry. The son of Joseph, 
 of Newbury, who was killed by the Indians, he 
 graduated at Harvard in 1725, and was ordained 
 in 1730. He published a sermon on the duty of 
 ospel ministers, 1751. 
 
 PIKE, NICHOLAS, the son of Rev. James P., 
 was a descendant of John P., who lived in New 
 bury in 1635. He was graduated at Harvard 
 college in 1766, and died at Newburyport Dec. 
 9, 1819, aged 76. He published a system of 
 arithmetic, 8vo., 1788, which was long in general 
 use in New England. 
 
 PIKE, ZEBULOX MONTGOMERY, brigadier-gen 
 eral, died April 27, 1813, aged 34. He was a 
 descendant of John P., who lived in Newbury, 
 Mass., in 1635, and whose son, John, removed to 
 Woodbridge, N. J., in 1669. He was born at 
 Lamberton, N. J., Jan. 5, 1779, and was the son 
 of Zebulon P., brevet colonel in the service of the 
 United States. He acquired a knowledge of 
 
PIKE. 
 
 mathematics and of the Latin, French, and Span 
 ish languages. After the purchase of Louisiana 
 Mr. Jefferson appointed him in 1805 to explore 
 the sources of the Mississippi. Soon after his 
 return he was sent on a similar expedition into 
 the interior of Louisiana. On the Itio Del Norte 
 he was seized by a Spanish force and lost his 
 papers. He returned in 1807. Being appointed 
 a brigadier-general in the late war, he commanded 
 the land forces in the attack upon York, Upper 
 Canada. In the explosion of the British maga 
 zine he was struck by a large stone, and died in a 
 few hours on board the commodore s ship. When 
 the British standard was brought to him, he 
 caused it to be placed under his head. His wife 
 was Miss Brown of Cincinnati ; his only daughter 
 married, in 1819, J. C. S. Harrison of Ohio. He 
 was one of the most accomplished officers of the 
 army. He published an account of his expedi 
 tions to the sources of the Mississippi, etc., 8vo., 
 1810. 
 
 PIKE, HARRIET, died in Albany in Sept., 1845, 
 aged 19. Her name was Williams ; she had been 
 married to N. Pike eleven weeks. She was ac 
 complished and pious. As the teacher of a Sab 
 bath school, she often led her young charge in 
 fervent prayer. 
 
 " She is gone ! 
 The young, the beautiful, the blest: 
 
 Gone to her rest, 
 
 Where shadows ne er gather, nor sorrows come, 
 To darken the sky of the spirit s home." 
 
 PILLSBURY, LEVI, minister of Winchendon, 
 Mass., died in 1819, aged 47. Born at Dracut, 
 he graduated at Dartmouth in 1798, and was or 
 dained in 1801. 
 
 PINCKXEY, CHARLES COTESWORTH, major- 
 general, a soldier of the Revolution, died at 
 Charleston Aug. 16, 1825, aged about 79. lie 
 was the son of Chief Justice Pinckney of South 
 Carolina, and was born in 1746. Sent to Eng 
 land for his education, at Westminster he held a 
 high rank; he afterwards removed to Oxford, 
 and thence to the Temple as a student in law. On 
 his return to Carolina in 1769 he engaged suc 
 cessfully in the legal profession. In a few years 
 the encroachments of Great Britain on American 
 liberty induced him to take up arms in the de 
 fence of his country, and in resistance to oppres 
 sion. At first a captain, he was speedily promoted 
 to the command of the first regiment of infantry. 
 When the danger of immediate invasion passed 
 over, he joined the northern army and was ap 
 pointed aide-de-camp to Washington. In this 
 capacity he distinguished himself at the battles 
 of Brandywinc and Germantown. Returning to 
 the south, he was intrusted with the defence of 
 the fort on Sullivan s Island ; but as the enemy 
 passed the island into the port, he hastened into 
 the city to defend the lines. When at length a 
 84 
 
 PINCKNEY. 
 
 6G5 
 
 council of war was called to deliberate on the 
 surrender of the place, as the garrison was re 
 duced to extremity, and resistance in an unwalled 
 city to a superior army would be unavailing, Mr. 
 Pinckney gave his decided opinion in favor of the 
 most obstinate resistance, hoping at least to crip 
 ple the enemy, and thus benefit other parts of the 
 United States. His opinion, though seconded by 
 the gallant Laurens, was overruled. The city 
 was surrendered, and he fell into the hands of the 
 British as a prisoner of war. His confinement 
 was rigorous, in order to crush his spirit and in 
 timidate others. He was even denied the con 
 solation of attending the remains of an only son 
 to the tomb. In his principles and devotion to 
 his country he was unmoved by this severity, and 
 unmoved also by flattering promises. After the 
 peace he was appointed a member of the con 
 vention which formed the constitution of the 
 United States, to which he was very instrumental 
 in promoting the assent of South Carolina. 
 Washington, when chosen president, offered him 
 a seat on the bench of the supreme court ; but 
 he declined it. He was also offered the place of 
 secretary of war in 1795 on the resignation of 
 Knox, and in the same year that of secretary of 
 State on the dismissal of Edmund Randolph. In 
 1796 he accepted the appointment of minister to 
 France as successor of Mr. Monroe. The French 
 directory refused to receive him ; but he remained 
 at Paris till Feb., 1797, when he was ordered to 
 quit the French territory. He removed to Am 
 sterdam. In a short time John Marshall and 
 Elbridge Gerry were united with him as commis 
 sioners to France. When some unaccredited 
 agents demanded a loan as a pre-requisite to a 
 treaty, Mr. Pinckney replied, " Millions for de 
 fence, but not a cent for tribute." After a short, 
 unsuccessful negotiation, passports were given to 
 Pinckney and Marshall, while Gerry was invited 
 to remain. On his return, Mr. Pinckney was by 
 Washington, the commander-in-chief, nominated 
 a major-general in the army which was raised in 
 consequence of the difficulties with France. Al 
 though his rank was inferior to that of Hamilton, 
 who was his junior in the Revolutionary war, and 
 some friends urged him to resent this injustice, 
 he replied with a very commendable spirit, al 
 though not of pride : " I am confident that Gen. 
 Washington had sufficient reasons for this prefer 
 ence. Let us first dispose of our enemies; we 
 shall then have leisure to settle the question of 
 rank." In 1800 Mr. Adams and he were candi 
 dates for the offices of president and vice-presi 
 dent of the United States, against Jefferson and 
 Burr. At this period the offices were not dis 
 criminated in the votes, but the person having 
 the largest number of votes was to be the presi 
 dent. Gen. Hamilton, in his celebrated letter 
 against Mr. Adams, endeavored to secure the 
 
6G6 
 
 PIXCKXEY. 
 
 PIXKNEY. 
 
 election of Gen. Pinckney as president; but 
 neither was elected. His wife, Mary, died Jan. 
 4, 1812, aged CO. He was connected with various 
 benevolent societies. Of the Charleston bible 
 society he was the president. In a letter, written 
 in 1804, he reprobates the barbarous practice of 
 duelling. There was a frankness in his manners 
 which attracted confidence. Although at the 
 head of a party in politics, he was free from the 
 vindictive passions of party. " Heligious and 
 moral principles presided over all his faculties 
 and pursuits, and gave a dignity to his character. 
 An ardent youth and a vigorous manhood were 
 succeeded by a serene and cheerful old age, and 
 the reverence and love of the whole city attended 
 him to the tomb." Ann. Beg., 1823. 
 
 PINCKXEY, THOMAS, general, governor of 
 South Carolina, the brother of the preceding, 
 died Xov. 2, 1828. He was distinguished by his 
 patriotic zeal and his military talents in the war 
 of the Revolution. With the rank of major, he 
 was the aid of General Gates. Having his leg 
 shattered by a musket ball, he fell into the hands 
 of the enemy in Aug., 1780. He succeeded 
 Moultrie as governor in 1787, and was succeeded 
 by Charles Pinckney in 1789. He was minister 
 to London in the administration of Washington, 
 and returned in Dec., 1796. In 1796 he was can 
 didate with John Adams in the votes for presi 
 dent and vice-president, and he had the votes of 
 his own State and fifty-eight other votes, but was 
 not chosen ; the next federal candidate with John 
 Adams in 1800 was his brother, Charles Cotes- 
 worth P. In 1800 he was a member of congress. 
 For his social virtues he was highly esteemed. 
 He died after a lingering and painful illness. 
 His wife died in 1796. His two wives were daugh 
 ters of Jacob and Rebecca Motte, whose third 
 daughter married Colonel William Allston. His 
 daughter, Harriet, the wife of Colonel Francis Iv. 
 Huger, died at Philadelphia in Dec., 1824. 
 
 PIXCKXEY, CHARLES, governor of South Car 
 olina, died Oct. 29, 1804, aged 66. He was born 
 in 1758. His education was private. He was a 
 patriot in the Revolutionary struggle. In 1787 
 he was a delegate to the convention which framed 
 the constitution of the United States. He pro 
 posed that the president should hold his office 
 seven years, and then be ineligible. The evils of 
 the present system will probably lead to the 
 adoption of a single term. He succeeded Thos. 
 Pinckney as governor in 1789, and continued in 
 office till 1792 ; he was again governor from 1796 
 to 1798 ; and again as the successor of P. Hamil 
 ton from 1806 to 1808, when he was succeeded 
 by J. Drayton. In the year 1798 he was a sen 
 ator of the United States, and afterwards ambas 
 sador at the court of Spain from 1801 or 1802 till 
 1805, in the administration of Mr. Jefferson. He 
 
 possessed amenity of manners, great colloquial 
 powers, and fervid eloquence. 
 
 PIXE, ROBERT E., an eminent historical and 
 portrait painter, died in Philadelphia in Xov., 
 1788. 
 
 PIXKXEY, WILLIAM, a distinguished lawyer, 
 ambassador to England, died Feb. 25, 1822, aged 
 57. He was born at Annapolis, Maryland, March 
 17, 1764. His father, a native of the north of 
 England, adhered to the British cause in the 
 Revolution. He regarded himself as related to 
 the South Carolina Pinckneys. His education 
 was imperfect. He was admitted to the bar in 
 1786, and soon acquired distinction in his profes 
 sion. From Harford county he was a delegate 
 to the convention which ratified the constitution 
 of the United States. As a member of the legis 
 lature in 1789, he eloquently resisted a proposed 
 law to prevent the emancipation of slaves. In 
 1796 he was appointed a commissioner under 
 Jay s treaty, and repaired with his family to Lon 
 don, where he resided eight years ; his associates 
 were Gore and Trumbull. On his return in 1804 
 he engaged anew in the practice of the law, which 
 he had diligently studied during his residence in 
 London. In 1806 he went as minister to Eng 
 land, and with Mr. Monroe negotiated a treaty, 
 which Mr. Jefferson rejected. After a residence 
 as minister for five years, he found that he was 
 expending not only his salary but his own small 
 capital, and therefore solicited a recall. He ar 
 rived in June, 1811, and settled at Baltimore. In 
 December he was appointed attorney-general of 
 the United States by Mr. Madison. He approved 
 of the war of 1812. Commanding a volunteer 
 corps for the defence of Baltimore, he marched to 
 Bladensburg, in the action at which place he was 
 severely wounded. After continuing his arduous 
 labors at the bar for several years, he was in 
 duced, as he wanted relaxation, in March, 1816, 
 to accept the appointment of minister to the 
 courts of Xaples and Russia. He, in consequence, 
 resigned a seat which he then, held in congress. 
 From Italy he proceeded to Vienna, and thence 
 to St. Petersburg. He returned in 1818. He 
 took his seat in the senate of the United States, 
 Jan. 4, 1820. On the Missouri question, he 
 deemed it unconstitutional to make the exclusion 
 of slaves a condition of admission into the Union. 
 He was taken ill at Washington Feb. 17, and 
 was for the most part delirious till his death. 
 His wife was Ann Maria Rodgers, the daughter 
 of John It., of Havre de Grace, and sister of 
 Commodore 11. Probably there was no lawyer 
 in this country of so great eminence as Mr. P., 
 for combined legal science and eloquence. He 
 had a fine countenance, and elegant manners, and 
 to his dress was particularly attentive. In the 
 supremacy of his powers and fame, and in the 
 
PINKNEY. 
 
 PLATT. 
 
 6G7 
 
 midst of his utmost efforts to maintain them, he 
 was summoned suddenly to the retributions of 
 eternity ; a tremendous warning to the great men 
 around him. An account of his life and writings 
 was published by Henry Wheaton, 8vo., 1826. 
 
 PIXKXEY, EDWARD COATE, a poet, the son of 
 William Pinkney, died at Baltimore in 1828, 
 aged 25. He was born in London in 1802. At 
 the age of 14 or 15 he was appointed a midship 
 man in the navy, in which post he continued nine 
 years, visiting various parts of the globe. On the 
 death of his father in 1822, he devoted himself 
 to the study of the law. He also edited the Bal 
 timore Marylander, an administration paper. 
 He published in 1825 a volume of poems, which 
 is highly commended by the North American 
 Review. 
 
 PINXEO, BEZALEEL, D. D., died at Milford, 
 Conn., Sept. 15, 1849, aged 80, a descendant of 
 the Huguenots. During a ministry of fifty-three 
 years there were in his town seven revivals ; 
 seven hundred and sixteen persons joined the 
 church ; and at his death there were five hundred 
 and twenty members, all of whom but three he 
 had admitted. He had followed eleven hundred 
 of his flock to the grave. 
 
 PIXXEY, BUTLER, a minister, died in Bloom- 
 field, Conn., in 1850, aged 87. 
 
 PIXSOX, SARAH, widow of Simeon P., a Rev 
 olutionary soldier, died in Scituate Dec. 22, 1851, 
 aged 103. 
 
 PIXTARD, JOHN, died in New York, June 21, 
 1844, aged 85 ; an eminent merchant, vice-presi 
 dent of the American bible society. 
 
 PINTARD, LEWIS, died at Princeton, N. J., 
 March 25, 1818, aged 85. He was of a family 
 which fled from France on the revocation of the 
 edict of Xantes. 
 
 PIPER, ASA, minister of Wakefield, N. H., 
 died iu 1835, aged 78. He graduated at Har 
 vard in 1778. 
 
 PIPER, SUSANNAH, Mrs., died at Baltimore, 
 Jan. 24, 1841, aged 107. 
 
 PIPOX, JOHN, minister of Taunton, Mass., 
 died in 1821, aged about 50. He graduated at 
 Harvard in 1792, and was ordained in 1800. He 
 published a masonic discourse, 1811. 
 
 PITCHER, NATHANIEL, minister of Scituate, 
 Mass., died in 1723, aged about 40. He gradu 
 ated at Harvard in 1703. 
 
 PITKIX, WILLIAM, came from Middlesex, Eng 
 land, and settled in East Hartford, Conn., in 
 1059, and died in 1694. He was a lawyer and 
 king s attorney, and a farmer ; and was distin 
 guished for his talents and virtues. His sister, 
 an accomplished woman, married to Simon Wol- 
 cott, was the mother of the first Governor W. 
 A William Pitkin, many years a magistrate, " a 
 grout aud good, mau," died in 1723. 
 
 PITKIX, WILLIAM, governor of Connecticut, 
 died in East Hartford, 1769. He was lieutenant- 
 governor and ex ojflcio chief justice from 1754 to 
 1766, and governor three years. The William P. 
 who was chief justice in 1713 was perhaps his 
 father. He was a man of strong mind and in 
 tegrity. His son, Major William P., died in 
 1789. He went with the Connecticut forces 
 against Canada, under Abercrombie, in 1758, and 
 was a gallant officer. In the Revolutionary war 
 he was a member of the council. 
 
 PITKIX", TIMOTHY, minister of Farmington, 
 Conn., died in 1812, aged 85. The son of Gov 
 ernor P., he was born at East Hartford, and 
 graduated at Yale in 1747. After serving as a 
 tutor, he was ordained in 1752, and dismissed on 
 account of ill health in 1785. He was long a 
 member of the corporation of the college. 
 Sprague s Annals. 
 
 PITKIN, TIMOTHY, died at New Haven, Dec. 
 18, 1847, aged 82. The son of Rev. Timothy P., 
 he was graduated in 1785. By profession he was 
 a lawyer, and for fourteen years, from 1805, a 
 member of congress. He published a statistical 
 view of the commerce of the United States in 
 1816, rcpublished in 1835 ; he published also po 
 litical and civil history of the United States from 
 1763 to the close of Washington s administration. 
 
 PITKIN, EDWARD, M. D., died in East Hart 
 ford, April 11, 1851, aged 82. 
 
 PITMAN, CHARLES, D. D., died in New York, 
 Jan. 14, 1854; many years an eminent minister 
 of the Methodist church. 
 
 PLAISTED, ICHABOD, minister in Rochester, 
 Mass., died in 1831, aged 35. Born in Gardiner, 
 Me., he graduated at Bowdoin college in 1821, 
 and was settled over the third church in R. in 
 1827. 
 
 PLANT, MATTHIAS, Episcopal minister in New- 
 bury, Mass., died in 1753, aged 52. Born in 
 England, he graduated at Jesus college, Cam 
 bridge, and was settled at N. in 1722. His 
 church was called Queen Anne s chapel. His two 
 predecessors were Mr. Lampton and Henry Lu 
 cas, both from England. Dr. Bass, the first 
 Episcopal minister of Newburyport, was settled 
 in 1752. A singular letter of his is printed. 
 Coffin s Hist. Newbury. 
 
 PLANTE, MARIE LOUISE, died in Cuthbert, 
 L. C., in July, 1832, aged 117. Many Plantes 
 sprung from her. 
 
 PLATT, JONAS K., M. D., professor of surgery 
 in the university of Vermont, died at Plattsburg 
 in 1824. 
 
 PLATT, JONAS, LL. D., judge, died in Peru, 
 Clinton county, N. Y., in 1834. He had been a 
 member of congress, and was a judge of the su 
 preme court of New York. 
 
 PLATT, EBENEZER, judge, died in New York 
 
668 
 
 PLATT. 
 
 POCAIIONTAS. 
 
 in 1 839, aged 85. lie lived fifty years in Ilun- 
 tington, L. I. He was the father of Mrs. Phebe 
 Rogers, the mother of Rev. Dr. E. P. Rogers. 
 
 PLATT, ELIPHAZ A., minister of East Palmy 
 ra, N. Y., died suddenly, Sept. 16, 1854, aged 46. 
 He was faithful, and his labors for thirteen years 
 were successful. He received one hundred and 
 seventy-one persons into the church. 
 
 PLEASANTON, STEPHEN, died in Washing 
 ton in 1855. He was the sixth auditor of the 
 treasury for fifty years, and during the adminis 
 tration of twelve presidents. 
 
 PLEASANTS, JAMES, governor of Virginia, 
 died in Goochland county, Nov. 9, 1836, aged 67. 
 He was a member of congress from 1811 to 1819, 
 and senator from 1819 to 1822, and governor 
 from 1822 to 1825. He was a man of rare mod 
 esty, respected and esteemed for his private vir 
 tues and public worth. 
 
 PLEASANTS, JOHN II., the son of Governor 
 P., died at Richmond, Feb. 27, 1846, aged 39. Af 
 ter editing the Richmond Whig twenty-two years, 
 he fell, as a fool dieth, in a duel with Thomas 
 Ritchie, Jun. A hundred others, who have fallen 
 in our country in like folly, depravity, and mad 
 ness, could be enumerated ; yet no murderer in 
 private combat has yet been hung in our country. 
 Does not the stain of blood in this respect rest 
 upon our guilty land ? 
 
 PLESSIS, J. O., Catholic bishop of Quebec, 
 died Dec. 4, 1825. He was taken suddenly ill, 
 fell back in his chair, and expired. 
 
 PLIMLEY, HENRY, died at Trenton, N. J., in 
 1842, aged 98. In the war he fought at Trenton, 
 Fort Stanwix, Whitehall, and Yorktown, and was 
 severely wounded. 
 
 PLUMBE, WILLIAM, died June 2, 1843, aged 
 94. A graduate of Yale in 1769, he was a chap 
 lain in the army : he lived to be the oldest grad 
 uate. 
 
 PLUMER, JOHN, a worthy magistrate of Ro 
 chester, N. II., died Nov. 19, 1815, aged 95. 
 Governor Wentworth appointed him a judge of 
 the court of common pleas. He aimed to pro 
 mote the amicable settlement of disputes, and 
 was a peace-maker, greatly respected. 
 
 PLUMER, WILLIAM, governor of New Hamp 
 shire, died at Epping, Dec. 23, 1850, aged 91. 
 He was born at Newbury, Mass., June 25, 1759, 
 and removed to Epping in 1768, where he lived 
 till his death. He practiced law from 1787 till 
 1809, was often in the legislature, and was a mem 
 ber of the convention which framed the constitu 
 tion of New Hampshire. In 1802 he was chosen 
 senator of the United States ; and he was gover 
 nor in 1812, 1816-1818. His last public employ 
 ment was that of elector of president in 1820. 
 Then for nearly thirty years he was occupied in 
 literary pursuits. He published papers with the 
 signature of Cincinnatus. He wrote well, though 
 
 he had not been favored with a public education, 
 and knew no language but the English. His ear 
 liest ancestor in this country was Francis of Bos 
 ton, in 1634, who died in Newbury. The others 
 descending were Samuel, Sylvanus, Samuel, Sam 
 uel, the father of the governor, married to Mary 
 Dole in 1755. Governor P. married Sarah Fow 
 ler of the Ipswich family ; she died in 1852, aged 
 90. His brother, Colonel Daniel Plumer, died in 
 1852, aged 81. His sister married Colonel Daniel 
 Cilley of Epsom. He published appeal to the 
 old whigs, 1805 ; address to the clergy, 1814. 
 
 PLUMER, WILLIAM, son of Governor P., died 
 at Epping, N. H., Sept. 18, 1854, aged 65. He 
 graduated at Harvard in 1809, and was a mem 
 ber of congress from 1819 to 1825. He opposed 
 the Missouri compromise. He was a man of taste 
 and had an attachment to historical researches. 
 His library was large. He published two small 
 volumes of poems ; address to agricultural so 
 ciety. 
 
 PLUMMER, CAROLINE, Miss, died in Salem, 
 May 15, 1854, bequeathing 15,000 dollars to Har 
 vard college to found a professorship of Chris 
 tian morals ; 30,000 dollars to the Salem athe 
 naeum ; and 30,000 dollars to found a farm school. 
 
 PLYMPTON, SYLVANUS, Dr., died at Woburn 
 in 1837, aged 79. He graduated at Harvard in 
 1780. 
 
 POCAHONTAS, daughter of Powhatan, em 
 peror of the Indians of Virginia, died in 1617, 
 aged 22. She was born about the year 1595. 
 When Captain Smith was taken prisoner in 1607, 
 and it was determined that he should be put to 
 death, his head was placed upon two large stones 
 at the feet of Powhatan, that a number of In 
 dians, who stood ready with lifted clubs, might 
 beat out his brains. At this moment Pocah6"ntas 
 rushed to the spot and placed her own head upon 
 his. From regard to his daughter, the savage 
 king spared his life. In 1609, when but fourteen 
 years of age, she went to James Town in a dreary 
 night, and unfolded to Captain Smith a plot which 
 the Indians had formed for the extermination of 
 the English, and thus at the hazard of her life 
 saved them from destruction. In 1612, after 
 Captain Smith left the colony, she was for a bribe 
 of a copper kettle betrayed into the hands of 
 Captain Argal, and retained a prisoner, that better 
 terms of peace might be made with her father. 
 He offered five hundred bushels of corn for his 
 daughter ; but, before this negotiation was com 
 pleted, a different and more interesting one had 
 commenced. A mutual attachment had sprung 
 up between her and John Rolfe, an Englishman 
 of good character, and with the consent of Pow 
 hatan they were married. This event restored 
 peace, and secured it for many years. Pocahon- 
 tas soon made a profession of Christianity and 
 was baptized. In 1616 she accompanied her hus- 
 
TOE. 
 
 POLK. 
 
 669 
 
 band to England, where she was received with 
 distinction at court. It is said that King James 
 expressed great indignation that one of his sub 
 jects should dare to marry into a royal family. 
 As she was about to embark for Virginia, she died 
 at Gravesend. She is represented as a pious 
 Christian. She left one son, Thomas Rolfe ; and 
 from his daughter descended some respectable 
 families in Virginia. Beverly ; Keith; Stitli. 
 
 POE, EDGAR ALLAN, a dissolute, fantastic wri 
 ter, died at Baltimore in consequence of fits of 
 intoxication, in 1849, aged 38. His grandfather, 
 David, of Maryland, served honorably in the 
 army of the llevolution. His father, David, mar 
 ried an English actress, and went himself upon 
 the stage. This, their son, was born in Baltimore. 
 A generous merchant, John Allan, adopted him 
 and provided for his education. But his course 
 of life in college and afterwards was dissolute and 
 disgraceful. His patron refused to pay his fre 
 quent drafts for gambling debts, and would no 
 longer keep the ungrateful and profligate young 
 man in his house. He was now thrown upon the 
 labors of his pen, in prose and verse, for subsist 
 ence. With an indignant spirit must all virtuous 
 and good men think of the degradation of our 
 literature, by its falling at times into the hands of 
 unprincipled men, who produce nothing of true 
 value and worth reading; nothing to enlighten 
 by great truths, nothing to animate to noble acts 
 of virtue. Nor in fact can any great utterances 
 be incitements to virtue, when we know that they 
 are not sincere, but come from characters vile 
 and contemptible. Poe s miscellaneous works 
 were published, in four volumes, 1856. The wild 
 nautical story of Pym occupies half the last vol 
 ume. Cijcl. of Amer. Lit. 
 
 POGGATACUT, great sachem of Pamanack 
 or Long Island, died in 1651, and was succeeded 
 by his brother Wyandanch. 
 
 POHLMAN, WILLIAM J., missionary at Amoy, 
 died January 5, 1849, being drowned in leaving 
 a wrecked schooner, in which he was proceeding 
 to Amoy. The small boat was upset by the rush, 
 and all who could not swim were drowned. He 
 was a devoted and successful missionary. 
 
 POHLMAN, Mrs., wife of William J. Pohl- 
 man, missionary to Borneo, died at Amoy Sept. 
 30, 1845, aged 34. Her name was Theodosia R. 
 Scuddcr of Freehold, N. J., living in New York 
 at the time of her marriage. She embarked in 
 1838. Her companion, Mrs. Doty, died in a few 
 days after Mrs. P. s death. 
 
 POINDEXTEH, GEORGE, died at Jackson in 
 1853 ; the second governor of Mississippi. He 
 was a member of congress as delegate of the 
 Territory, and then as representative of the State, 
 and a senator from 1831 to 1835. In 1811 he 
 murdered, in a duel, Abijah Hunt, in Mississippi 
 Territory ; and thus his dishonored name must be 
 
 added to the list of "honorable murderers." 
 Does not the unavenged blood of the murdered 
 in private combat call for vengeance upon our 
 guilty land ? 
 
 POINSETT, JOEL R., died Dec. 14, 1851, at 
 Statesburg, S. C., aged 72. He was born in 
 Charleston, of a Huguenot family. He travelled 
 in Europe, Asia, and Spanish America. In 1825 
 he was minister to Mexico, and secretary of war 
 under Mr. Van Buren. He labored for the pre 
 servation of the Union against the movements in 
 his own State. He published notes on Mexico, 
 made in 1812, with a sketch of the Revolution. 
 Cycl. of Am. Lit. 
 
 POLI1EMUS, HEXRY, a useful minister of 
 the Dutch church, died in Ulster county, N. Y., 
 Nov. 2, 1815, aged 4Q. His last two years he 
 was the pastor at Shawangunk in Ulster. 
 
 POLITIS, PETER, a colored man, died in New 
 York in 1820, aged 103 : he was present at the 
 capture of Louisburg in 1745. 
 
 POLK, WILLIAM, colonel, died at Raleigh, 
 N. C., Jan. 14, 1834, aged 75. He was among 
 the small band of patriots who declared indepen 
 dence in Mecklenburgh county, N. C., May 20, 
 1775. He was present at the battles of Camden, 
 Eutaw Springs, Brandywine, and Germantown. 
 At the close of the war he held the rank of lieu 
 tenant-colonel, and was the last surviving officer 
 of the N. C. line. 
 
 POLK, JAMES Kxox, president of the United 
 States, died at Nashville, Tenn., June 15, 1849, 
 aged 53. An ancestor, Pollock, emigrated from 
 Ireland. Mr. Polk was born Nov. 2, 1795, in 
 Mecklenburg county, N. C. ; his father, in 1806, 
 with ten children, removed to Tennessee, in the 
 valley of Duck river, a branch of the Cumberland. 
 He graduated at the university of North Carolina 
 in 1815. In 1825 he was a member of congress, 
 of which body he was speaker in 1835 and 1837. 
 He was chosen governor in 1839, for tAvo years. 
 In Dec., 1844, the electors chose him president, 
 the votes being for him 170, for Clay 105. Dur 
 ing his administration the Oregon question was 
 settled, Texas annexed, the Mexican war waged, 
 and New Mexico and California acquired. In 
 his private life he was without reproach. Whether 
 owing to education or to the influence of a pious, 
 admirable wife, his arrangements in travelling 
 never interfered with the Sabbath. He regularly 
 attended church. Dr. Edgar attended him in his 
 last sickness. He acknowledged his unworthi- 
 ness before God, and said, he had too long de 
 layed to devote himself to the service of Christ 
 to expect his mercy on a deathbed. Afterwards 
 he professed to have obtained pardon and purifi 
 cation through the blood of Christ ; and after he 
 received the sacraments never expressed the 
 slightest doubt, but died in the assurance of a 
 glorious immortality. 
 
670 
 
 POLKE. 
 
 POND. 
 
 POLKE, WILLIAM, died at Fort Wayne, Ind., 
 in 1843, aged 68. Born in Virginia, he emigrated 
 to Kentucky in 1782. Captured by the Indians, 
 he was kept a year at Detroit. In 1808 he set 
 tled in Indiana ; in 1811 was wounded at the bat 
 tle of Tippecanoe. He held various offices ; was 
 register of the U. S. land office ; and was esteemed 
 and beloved. 
 
 POMEROY, SETH, minister of Greenfield, in 
 Fail-field, Conn., died in 1770, aged about 37, and 
 was succeeded by Dr. Dwight. He graduated at 
 Yale in 1753. 
 
 POMEROY, MEDAD, deacon, the ancestor of 
 many families of the name, died at Northampton, 
 in 1716, having ten or more children. He was 
 the son of Eltweed Pomeroy of Dorchester and 
 Windsor, who died in 1662. He married Expe 
 rience Woodward, and also Abigail, the widow 
 of Rev. Mr. Chauncy of Hatfield. Ebenezer, 
 his son by his first wife, was the father of Seth. 
 
 POMEROY, SETH, brigadier-general, died at 
 Peckskill, while in the service, in Feb., 1777. 
 He lived in Northampton, and was the son of 
 Ebenezer and grandson of Deacon Medad P. 
 In the French war he was an intrepid soldier un 
 der Sir William Johnson. He was present at the 
 defeat of Dieskau. In the battle of Bunker Hill 
 he was a volunteer; and he lamented that he, 
 " old and useless," had not fallen instead of War 
 ren. He died of the pleurisy. He was an inge 
 nious mechanic and manufacturer of arms, and a 
 most zealous and devoted friend of his country. 
 His five sons were Quartus, Asahel, Lemuel, Seth, 
 and Medad. 
 
 POMEROY, BENJAMIN, D. D., minister of 
 Hebron, Conn., died at Hebron Dec. 22, 1784, 
 aged 80. He was a descendant of Eltweed P., 
 who settled in Windsor in 1633 ; was born in Suf- 
 field ; and graduated at Yale college in 1733. 
 He was ordained in Dec., 173,3. During the 
 revival, in the time of Mr, Whitefield, he 
 preached with great zeal and power. For preach 
 ing in disregard of the laws of Connecticut, he 
 was deprived of his stated salary for seven years. 
 He was also once arrested and brought before 
 the assembly with Mr. Davenport. In his patri 
 otic spirit he served as a chaplain in the French 
 and Revolutionary wars. With great zeal, he 
 had a vein of wit and sarcasm. He was perse 
 vering, just, polite, generous, charitable, frank. 
 In the fervor and pathos of his preaching he was 
 unequalled. Rev. Dr. Sprague has published a 
 letter concerning him, written by a native of He 
 bron, Rev. John Sawyer- pf Garland, Maine, in 
 Aug., 1855, when he wanted but two months of 
 being one hundred years old. In early life he 
 was a hearer of Dr. P. He says : " I have a dis 
 tinct recollection of his solemn and earnest mail 
 ner in the pulpit, and of seeing the tears flow 
 down his cheeks, while he was exhorting sinners 
 
 to be reconciled to God." His wife was Abagail, 
 the sister of Dr. E. Wheelock; his daughter, 
 Hannah, married Dr. McClure. Mr. Peters rep 
 resents him as an excellent scholar, an exemplary 
 gentleman, and a thundering preacher. Dr. 
 Trumbull describes him as a man of real genius, 
 and as among the best preachers of his day. 
 Sprague s Annals. 
 
 POMEROY, JONATHAN LAW, minister of 
 Worthington, Mass., died at West Springfield, in 
 1836, aged about 67. He was minister from 1794 
 to 1832. He bequeathed to the American colo 
 nization, education, home missionary, and bible 
 societies 1,000 dollars each, and made them 
 residuary legatees after the death of his wife, who 
 soon died, to the supposed amount of 20,000 dol 
 lars. He also gave his brother, Col. Seth P., J. 
 Boardman, his wife s brother, and Miss M. Bil 
 lings, 5,000 dollars each. His library he gave to 
 Rev. T. Shipman, of Southbury. He published a 
 sermon on death of O. Pomeroy, 1799 ; of J. Wil 
 bur, 1816; to a missionary society, 1806; reply 
 to a Unitarian pamphlet, 1822; sermons, 1826. 
 
 POMEROY, SAMUEL WYLLIS, died at Pome 
 roy, Meigs county, Ohio, in 1841, aged 77; an 
 emigrant from Brighton, Mass., where he was a 
 respected citizen. 
 
 POMEROY, JOHN, Dr., died at Burlington, 
 Vt,, Feb. 19, 1844, aged 80. Born in Middle- 
 borough, Mass., he was first a soldier ; then set 
 tled in B. as a physician, in 1792, and in 1797, 
 after occupying a log house, built there the first 
 brick house. He was a leading physician and 
 surgeon for forty years, and was professor of anat 
 omy and surgery in the university. 
 
 POMEROY, TIIADDEUS, Dr., died at Stock- 
 bridge, Mass., in 1847, aged 82. He graduated 
 at Harvard in 1786. 
 
 POMEROY, LEMUEL, died in Pittsfield, Mass., 
 in 1849, aged 71. He was the son of Lemuel and 
 grandson of Gen. Seth Pomeroy of Northamp 
 ton. He was long engaged in very extensive 
 business in iron works. His widow, an excellent 
 woman, died in 1852, aged 70. 
 
 POMPONOHO, chief of the Titicut Indians, 
 sold lands to the people of Bridgewater, north of 
 the Titicut river, by deed, in 1672. His father 
 and grandfather lived there before him. 
 
 POND, ENOCH, minister of Ashford, Conn., 
 died in 1807, aged 50. Born at Wrentham, 
 Mass., he graduated at Brown university in 1777. 
 He was one year in the army; then taught mu 
 sic and one of the schools in Boston ; and was 
 ordained in 1789. During a revival in 1798, 
 there were added to his church eighty members. 
 He was a good man and affable, a scholar, and 
 an acceptable preacher. Sprague s Annals. 
 
 POND, JULIA ANN, wile of Dr. E. Pond, died 
 at Bangor, Sept. 7, 1838, aged 41. A native of 
 Northford, Conn., and a sister of the Rev. J. 
 
POND. 
 
 POPE. 
 
 671 
 
 Maltby, she was an early Christian convert, and a 
 consistent, earnest, prayerful Christian, an exam 
 ple to those around her. 
 
 POND, CORDELIA E., wife of S. W. Pond, 
 missionary to the Dakotas, died at Washington, 
 Conn., Feb. 6, 1852. She was an eminent Chris 
 tian, pleasant, retiring, trustful. She gave faith 
 ful dying exhortations. 
 
 PONTE, LORENZO L. DA, died at New 
 York in 1840, professor of Italian language and 
 history in the university of New York. 
 
 PONTIAC, chief of the Sauks or Sacs, a war 
 like tribe of Indians on the Des Moines and Mis 
 sissippi, was killed in a time of peace by the 
 Kaskaskias and others. A desolating revenge 
 was the consequence. F. Parkman, Jr., pub 
 lished a history of the conspiracy of Pontiac in 
 1851. 
 
 POOLE, ELIZABETH, Miss, died at Taunton, 
 Mass., May 21, 1G54, aged 65. She was of a 
 good family in Taunton, England ; but she left 
 her friends and prospects in the prime of her life, 
 that she might enjoy freedom of conscience in a 
 wilderness. She resided first at Dorchester. 
 Then, in 1G37, she commenced a settlement at 
 Cohasset, now Taunton. She did good with her 
 wealth. At the entrance of the new and beauti 
 ful cemetery, after the style of Mount Auburn 
 near Boston, the ladies of Taunton have erected 
 a graceful monument "in honor of Elizabeth 
 Poole." Felt s Hist, of N. E. 
 
 POOLE, WILLIAM, of Dorchester, died in 
 1672. He was town clerk about forty years, and 
 often a schoolmaster. 
 
 POOR, ENOCH, brigadier-general, died in New 
 Jersey, Sept. 8, 1780, aged 43. He \vas a descen 
 dant of Daniel, who died in Andover, Mass., in 
 1713, aged 84. 
 
 POOR, DANIEL N., M. D., died in Newbury, 
 Mass., in 1837, aged 78. Born in N., he grad 
 uated at Harvard in 1777. 
 
 POOR, DANIEL, D.D., missionary to Ceylon, died 
 at Manepy, Feb. 3, 1855, aged 65. Mr. Meigs let 
 ter, who was his fellow laborer nearly forty years, 
 giving an account of his death, is in Missionary 
 Herald. Born in Danvers, Mass., in June, 1789, 
 he graduated at Dartmouth in 1811 ; studied the 
 ology at Andover ; was ordained at Newburyport 
 June 21, 1815, with Mills, Warren, Richards, 
 Bushnell, and Meigs. He lived at Colombo, in 
 Ceylon, from 1816 to 1823, when he took charge 
 of the seminary at Batticotta. In 1836 he re 
 moved to Madura, in 1841 to Jaffna. In 1849 
 and 1850 he was in his native land. From 1851 
 till his death he resided at Manepy. He was an 
 able, devoted, respected missionary, and he died 
 in triumph: his last words were "Joy! joy ! hal 
 lelujah!" He was buried at Tillipally, near his 
 first wife, an excellent missionary, Susan Bulfinch, 
 of Salem, who died in 1821, and near Mr. Rich 
 
 ards, who died in 1822. He was divided in death 
 from Dr. Scudder only twenty-one days. Meigs 
 and Spaulding survived him. He was taken sick 
 of the cholera on Friday and died the next day. 
 His second wife was Ann Knight from England. 
 Spro {/lie s Annals. 
 
 POPE, JOHN, Dr., died in Boston in May, 
 1796, aged 55. 
 
 POPE, JOSEPH, minister of Spencer, Mass., 
 died March 8, 1826, aged 79. He had a palsy 
 for eight years. His widow reached the age of 
 100, Dec. 16, 1854, retaining her powers of mind 
 and body, excepting sight ; and, it is thought, is 
 still alive, in 1857. Born in Pomfret, now Brook 
 lyn, he was graduated at Cambridge in 1770. He 
 was ordained July 17, 1773. He was a man of 
 literary acquirements, and secretary of the trus 
 tees of Leicester academy. Professor Shurtleff 
 of Dartmouth married his daughter. He was 
 wise, courteous, faithful : his life was honorable 
 and useful. 
 
 POPE, NATHANIEL, judge, died at St. Louis, 
 Missouri, in 1850, aged 66. He was a member of 
 congress, and a judge of the district of Illinois. 
 
 POPE, LEMUEL, president of a Boston in 
 surance company, died Aug. 3, 1851, at Iloxbury, 
 aged 74. He was for many years a merchant, 
 much respected. 
 
 POPHAM, GEORGE, president of the first 
 company of settlers in New England, sailed from 
 Plymouth, England, the last of May, 1607, with 
 two ships and one hundred men, and all necessary 
 supplies. Capt. Popham had the command of 
 one ship, and Raleigh Gilbert, nephew of Sir 
 Walter Raleigh, of the other. On the llth of 
 August they fell in with the island of Monhegan, 
 a few miles from the coast of Maine, and soon 
 afterwards landed at the mouth of the Sagadahoc 
 or Kennebec river, " on a western peninsula," 
 and not on Parker s Island, as Gov. Sullivan sup 
 posed. A sermon was delivered ; the patent and 
 laws were read ; and a store-house built, with a 
 fort, which was called fort St. George. The 
 ships sailed on their return Dec. 5th, leaving a 
 colony of 45 persons ; Popham being president 
 and Gilbert admiral. The next year supplies 
 were brought them ; but intelligence being re 
 ceived at the same time of the death of Sir John 
 Popham and Sir John Gilbert, and the president 
 Popham being also deceased, the colony deter 
 mined to return in the ships. The winter had 
 been severe, and the stores had been lost by fire. 
 Smith says, the country was esteemed a cold, bar 
 ren, mountainous, rocky desert; and that this 
 colony " found nothing but extreme extremities." 
 
 POPE, JOSEPH, an ingenious mechanic, died 
 at Hallowell, Maine, in Aug., 1826, aged 72. He 
 constructed a large and admirable orrery, which 
 was purchased by Harvard college, and he in 
 vented a threshing-machine. 
 
672 
 
 POPKIN. 
 
 PORTER. 
 
 POPKIN, JOHN SNELLING, D. D., died at 
 Cambridge, March 2, 1852, aged 80. Born in 
 Boston June 19, 1771, he was graduated at Har 
 vard in 1792, ordained over the Federal street 
 church in Boston July 10, 1799, and dismissed in 
 1802. In Newbury he was a minister from 1804 
 to 1815, when he became professor of Greek at 
 Cambridge. From 1826 to 1833 he was Eliot 
 professor of Greek literature. For the rest of 
 his life he resided in Cambridge. In 1844 and 
 subsequently he had sudden attacks of disease, 
 which impaired his memory. At last he had a 
 fatal disease of the heart. As a preacher his dis 
 courses were sound, well-written, and useful; 
 but he was not an orator. In his religious views 
 he was not Unitarian but Evangelical. To a lady, 
 who asked him if he was a Hopkinsian, he re 
 plied, "Madam, I am a Popkinsian." His ser 
 mon on the death of Washington contains passa 
 ges of eloquence. He was never married. It is 
 said that, fifty years after he was susceptible of 
 attachment, he, contrary to the habit of his life, 
 followed a venerable deceased lady to the grave. 
 Whatever was in his memory, he never spoke of 
 it. He published a sermon on the death of J. 
 Kimball ; on the death of Washington ; on the 
 memory of the righteous ; to recommend justice 
 and charity ; on leaving the old meeting-house ; 
 on the dedication of the new, 1806; on the sea 
 sons, time, and eternity ; at the thanksgiving, 
 1813; thanksgiving for peace, 1815; on an 
 affliction ; two sermons before his removal to 
 Cambridge, 1815 ; three lectures on liberal edu 
 cation, 1836. Sprague s Annals. 
 
 POPMUXNUCK, ISAAC, an Indian, deacon of 
 the church at Marshpee, died in 1758, aged about 
 80. He was an Indian magistrate of great repu 
 tation, the grandson of Popmunnuck, the sachem 
 in 1648. His brother Josiah, a schoolmaster, 
 died in 1770, aged about 85. 
 
 PORTER, AARON, first minister of Medfield, 
 Mass., died in 1722, aged about 34. Born in 
 Iladley, he graduated at Harvard in 1708, and 
 was settled in 1713. His next successors were E. 
 Turell and D. Osgood. 
 
 PORTER, MOSES, captain, of Hadley, died 
 Sept. 8, 1755, slain by the Indians while on a 
 morning scout near Ticonderoga. 
 
 PORTER, SAMUEL, minister of Sherborn, 
 Mass., died in 1758, aged 49. Born in Hadley, 
 he graduated at Harvard in 1730, and was set 
 tled in 1734. His predecessors were D. Gookin 
 and D. Baker. He published a sermon at ordi 
 nation of W. Phipps, 1748 ; of J. Perry, 1755. 
 
 PORTER, AARON, Dr., died at Portland at an 
 advanced age. He came from Boxford, Mass., 
 and settled in Biddcford in 1773 ; he removed to 
 Portland in 1810. His wife, whom he married 
 in 1777, was Pauline, daughter of Richard King 
 of Scarborough. 
 
 PORTER, JOHN, first minister of Xorth Bridge- 
 water, Mass., was graduated at Harvard college 
 in 1736, and ordained in Oct., 1740. He died in 
 the hope of the Christian March 12, 1802, aged 
 86. He was a man. of respectable talents, of 
 great prudence, and of a blameless life. As a 
 preacher he dwelt with earnestness upon the 
 great doctrines of the gospel. A crucified Re 
 deemer was his frequent theme. Avoiding dry 
 and barren speculations, he aimed to impart in 
 struction, and to render men holy. His faithful 
 labors were not in vain, for at different periods it 
 pleased God by the influence of his Spirit to ren 
 der them the means of converting many, who 
 were chosen in Jesus Christ. He received four 
 hundred and sixty-four into the church. At a 
 donation visit in 1769, there met at his house 
 ninety-seven young ladies, who presented his wife 
 with four hundred and seventy-four skeins of 
 yarn, cotton, linen, woollen, by them spun, all 
 dressed in homespun. He preached on " this 
 woman was full of good works," Oct. 9. He had 
 as colleague, for a short time, Asa Meach. After 
 him the pastor was Daniel Iluntington, more than 
 twenty years. Mr. Porter had three sons, grad 
 uates at Cambridge in the same class in 1777, one 
 of whom was Dr. E. Porter of Roxbury. He 
 published a sermon at the ordination of Silas 
 Brett, Freetown ; the absurdity and blasphemy 
 of substituting the personal righteousness of men 
 in the room of the surety righteousness of Christ 
 in the article of justification before God, 1749; 
 reply to Mr. Bryant s remarks on the above ser 
 mon, 1751. 
 
 PORTER, NEHEMIAH, minister of Ashfield, 
 Mass., died Feb. 29, 1820, aged 99 years and 11 
 months. He was born in Ipswich March 20, or 
 April 2, 1720; graduated at Harvard college in 
 1745 ; and was ordained Jan. 3, 1750, at Che- 
 bacco, now Essex, but was dismissed in 1766. 
 He was installed at Ashfield Dec. 21, 1774. In 
 June, 1819, at the age of 99, he assisted in ordain 
 ing his colleague, Thomas Shepard ; he ascended 
 the pulpit stairs without aid, made the conse 
 crating prayer, and gave a charge to the people. 
 By his first wife, the daughter of Rev. Mr. Chip- 
 man of Beverly, he had ten children, and two 
 hundred and thirty descendants. He published 
 a discourse July 4, 1811. 
 
 PORTER, SAMUEL, Dr., died at Williams- 
 burgh Jan., 1822, aged 67. 
 
 PORTER, MOSES, general, died at Cambridge, 
 in April, 1822, aged 65. A native of Danvers, he 
 was an officer of artillery in the battle of Bunker 
 Hill; he was also in the battles of Brandyvvine 
 and Trenton; he was with Wayne in 1794, and 
 commanded at the capture of fort George in 
 1813. He was upright and honorable, dignified, 
 a rigid disciplinarian. 
 
 PORTER, EXPERIENCE, minister of Belchertown, 
 
PORTER. 
 
 POUTER. 
 
 GTS 
 
 Mass., died in 1828, aged 46. Born in Lebanon, 
 N. II., he graduated at Dartmouth in 1803 ; was 
 minister of Winchester, N. II., from 1807 to 1810; 
 then of B. from 1814 to 1825. He followed J. 
 Forward, and was succeeded by Lyman Coleman. 
 He died of a consumption. During his ministry 
 there were extensive revivals of religion, as the 
 result of which, one hundred and seven were 
 added to the church in 1812 and 1813, and two 
 hundred and eight in 1818 and 1819; as many 
 during his ministry as for eighty years before. 
 
 PORTER, MICAH, a minister, died in Plain- 
 field, N. II., in 1829, aged 81. 
 
 PORTER, WILLIAM A., professor of moral 
 philosophy and rhetoric in Williams college, died 
 in 1830, aged 31. He graduated at Williams in 
 1818, and was appointed Professor in 1827. 
 
 PORTER, THOMAS, died in Granville, N. Y., 
 in 1833, aged 90. He was a soldier of 1755 ; 
 the father of Professor P. of Andover. 
 
 PORTER, EUPHALET, 1). D., died at Roxbury 
 Dec. 7, 1833, aged 74. A graduate of 1777, he 
 spent his life in the ministry at Roxbury. He 
 published various discourses ; a fast sermon, 1798; 
 on the death of Gov. Sumner, 1799 ; new year s 
 sermon, 1801; century sermon ; before the hu 
 mane society, 1802; at the ordination of J. G. 
 Palfrey, 1818. 
 
 PORTER, EBENEZER, D. D., president of the 
 theological seminary at Andover, died April 8, 
 1834, aged 61. He was the son of Thomas P. of 
 Cornwall, Conn., and a descendant of the sixth 
 generation from Thomas of Hartford, who re 
 moved to Farmington, and died in 1697. He 
 graduated at Dartmouth in 1792, and was or 
 dained at Judea society in Washington, Conn., 
 Sept. 7, 1796, the successor of Noah Merwin, 
 whose daughter Lucy he married. After fifteen 
 years of toil there, he was invited to Andover in 
 1811, as Bartlett professor of pulpit eloquence, 
 and there passed the remainder of his life, being 
 chosen president in 1827. He published many, 
 single sermons ; among them, at the ordination 
 of J. W. Putnam and A. Mitchell, 1815; of T. 
 J. Murdock, 1819; on the fatal effects of ardent 
 spirits, 1811; at the fast, 1816, 1823; at dedica 
 tion of the new edifice, 1818; to the education 
 society, 1820; to the pastoral association, 1827; 
 to the society to give the gospel to the Indians ; 
 on God s immortality, 1829; two sermons at the 
 fast, 1831. He also published the preacher s 
 manual ; a lecture on the analysis of vocal in 
 flections ; principles of rhetorical delivery ; the 
 rhetorical reader, 1831 ; a lecture on progress in 
 study; lectures on homiletics, preaching, and 
 public prayer, 1834. Sprague s Annals. 
 
 PORTER, GEORGE B., governor of the Terri 
 tory of Michigan, died at Detroit in 1834. 
 
 PORTER, NATHANIEL, deacon, of Lebanon, 
 85 
 
 N. H., died at an advanced age, about 1830 or 
 later. He gave 12,000 dollars, almost all his 
 property, to three charitable societies, for foreign 
 and home missions and education. 
 
 PORTER, RACHEL, widow, died in Worthing- 
 ton June, 1834, aged 93. When above 90 she 
 received for knitting six pair of mittens a pre 
 mium, which she gave to the bible society, to 
 which she had before given 1,000 dollars. 
 
 PORTER, ISRAEL, died at Cambridge May 28, 
 1837, aged 93, a respected citizen. 
 
 PORTER, NATHANIEL, D. D., died in Con- 
 way, N. II., Nov. 1 1, 1837, aged 92. Born in Tops- 
 field, Mass., he graduated at Harvard in 1768. 
 He had been a farmer until of the age of 18. 
 In 1773 he was ordained at New Durham, N. H. ; 
 in 1778 he became the first minister of Conway, 
 and continued such more than thirty years. In 
 his politics a zealous federalist, one of his ser 
 mons on the fourth of July displeased his people 
 and caused his dismission. Subsequently he 
 preached in the neighboring town of Fryeburg, 
 even after he became blind, and after he was 
 eighty years old. When unable to preach, he 
 would make the public prayer, sometimes of the 
 length of forty minutes, with great propriety. 
 He was very poor : he used his scythe on his 
 own small farm. He had scarcely twenty vol 
 umes of valuable books. Yet he was respected 
 as a theologian, a moderate Calvinist. For the 
 last twenty-five years living with a second wife, 
 who had property, he had a comfortable subsist 
 ence. Two of his sons were masters of vessels, 
 and perished at sea. He published two sermons 
 on infidelity; on the death of Washington; be 
 fore the legislature of New Hampshire, 1804; at 
 the opening of an academy, 1806; on the fourth 
 of July, 1811. Sprayue s Annals. 
 
 PORTER, ELIJAH, Dr., died at Waterford, 
 N. Y., Jan., 1841, aged 67, one of the most dis 
 tinguished physicians in Saratoga county. 
 
 PORTER, SAMUEL, died at Hadley April 23, 
 1841, aged 76 ; judge of the court of sessions. 
 
 PORTER, DAVID, commodore, died March 3, 
 1843, aged 63. Born in Boston, he was a mid 
 shipman under Truxton; he also sailed under 
 Barron and Stewart. In an engagement with a 
 corsair he was wounded. With Bainbridge he 
 was captured in the Philadelphia in the harbor of 
 Tripoli, in 1803. After five years he returned. 
 From New York he sailed in the Essex July 3, 
 1812, and soon captured the Alert; he also cap 
 tured a vessel with 11,000 pounds on board ; and, 
 doubling Cape Horn, he took many whaling ves 
 sels ; but he was taken by the Phoebe and Cherub 
 in the harbor of Valparaiso, March 28, 1814. He 
 published a narrative of his cruise in the Essex, 
 in two vols. 
 
 PORTER, ALEXANDER J., senator of the United 
 
G74 
 
 PORTER. 
 
 POTTER. 
 
 States, diet! in Louisiana Jan. 13, 1844, aged 58. 
 He was a native of Ireland ; a judge in Louisiana, 
 of talents, learning, taste, and popular manners. 
 
 PORTER, HUNTINGTOX, D. D., minister of 
 Rye, N. H., died at Lynn March 7, 1844, aged 
 89. He graduated at Harvard in 1777, and was 
 ordained as colleague of S. Parsons in 1784. 
 From that time for thirty-eight years only eighty- 
 four persons were received into the church. The 
 sea-coast of Rye is perilous : forty or fifty per 
 sons, who have perished, have been taken up and 
 decently buried. He published a century ser 
 mon, 1801; a funeral sermon; a new year s ser 
 mon, 1801 ; on a remarkable sickness, 1803. 
 
 PORTER, PETER B., general, died at Niagara 
 Falls March 20, 1844, aged 71. Born in Salis 
 bury, Conn., he was graduated at Yale in 1791. 
 He was a useful officer of the army in the war of 
 1812. For a time he was secretary of war. His 
 name is associated with important events in west 
 ern New York. 
 
 PORTER, ISAAC, minister of Granby, Conn., 
 died in 1844, aged about 76. Born in Farming- 
 ton, he graduated at Yale in 1788. 
 
 PORTER, FIDELIA, died at New York Jan. 
 22, 1847, aged 76. She was the sister of Pres. 
 Dwight, and married Jonathan E. Porter of Had- 
 ley ; she afterwards lived in New Haven and 
 New York. She was an intelligent Christian, of 
 active benevolence. She toiled much for the 
 benefit of seamen. N. Y. Observer, March 13. 
 
 PORTER, WILLIAM, Dr., a descendant of 
 Pres. Edwards, died at Hadlcy, Mass., Nov. 6, 
 1848, aged 83. He was a venerable member of 
 the church, and one of the most respected of the 
 citizens of Iladley. 
 
 PORTER, DAVID, D. D., died at Catskill Jan. 
 7, 1851, aged 89; his elder, S. L. Penfield, died 
 the same day. Born in Hebron, Conn., he was 
 nearly a year in the army, and then went to col 
 lege, and was graduated at Dartmouth in 1784. 
 For fourteen years he was the minister of Spen- 
 certown; then of Catskill from 1803 to 1831, 
 when, after eminent usefulness, at the age of 70 
 he resigned. The last sermon which he preached 
 to his people was the fifty-sixth anniversary of 
 his ordination, Sept. 24, 1843, on the text, "The 
 time is short." His wife was Sarah, the daughter 
 of Mr. Collins, the minister of Lanesborough ; 
 and his daughter Laura, the wife of Mr. Hill, 
 treasurer of the American board of missions, died 
 in 1852. He published a sermon at the installa 
 tion of D. Marsh, 1801 ; of R. Williams, 1812; 
 of J. T. Benedict, 1816; at ordination of J. H. 
 Hotchkin, 1803 ; of J. De Witt and of O. Lyman, 
 1813. 
 
 PORTER, MOSES, died at Iladley May 22, 
 1854, aged 85, a grandson of Pres. Edwards. 
 He was a Christian in early life, and a consistent, 
 earnest Christian all his days ; he also held va 
 
 rious commissions, civil and military. He visited 
 the sick and prayed with them; and his hand 
 was open in charity. To no man in the county 
 was committed the trust of administering on so 
 many estates. His death was very sudden. 
 
 PORTER, AMASA, a minister, died at New 
 Haven in 1856, aged 85. He graduated at Yale 
 in 1793. 
 
 PORTERFIELD, ROBERT, general, died in 
 Augusta county, Va., Feb. 13, 1843, aged 90. 
 He was a captain in the Revolutionary war, and a 
 brigadier in that of 1812; a man highly es 
 teemed. 
 
 POST, WRIGHT, M. D., died at Throg s Neck, 
 near New York, in 1828, aged 62. He was born 
 at North Hempstead, Long Island, in 1766. 
 From 1784 to 1786 he studied medicine in Lon 
 don. In 1792 he was appointed professor of 
 surgery in Columbia college. He once tied the 
 femoral artery and thus cured a disease of it, for 
 which his patient paid him an annual visit of 
 gratitude for thirty years. He was a physician 
 of great eminence. He was a member of the 
 Episcopal church, a strict attendant on religious 
 worship. His eldest son, Edward, was a physi 
 cian, who died in 1816, aged 24, having studied 
 in England and France, and travelled in Switzer 
 land and Italy. Williams Med. Biog. 
 
 POTTER, NATHANIEL, minister of Brookline, 
 died in 1768, aged about 35. Born in Elizabeth- 
 town, he graduated at Princeton in 1753; was 
 settled as successor of C. Brown in 1755, and 
 was dismissed in 1759. His successor was J. 
 Jackson. He published a discourse, Jan. 1, 1758. 
 
 POTTER, JARED, M. D., died at Wallingford, 
 Conn., in 1810, aged 67. Born at East Haven, 
 he graduated at Yale in 1760, and practised in 
 his native town till his removal to W., in 1772. 
 He was an excellent physician, and he kept a 
 medical school. He loved also to discuss ques 
 tions of theology and politics. He was frank 
 and colloquial. Dr. James Potter, a kinsman, 
 also eminent, was of New F airfield. r kacher s 
 Med. Biog. 
 
 POTTER, ISAIAH, minister of Lebanon, N. H., 
 died in 1817, aged about 70. He graduated at 
 Yale in 1767, and was settled at L. in 1772. He 
 published a masonic sermon at Hanover, 1802. 
 
 POTTER, ELISHA R., died at South Kings 
 ton, R. I., in 1835. For forty years he was a 
 man of character and influence in the State. He 
 was a member of congress in 1796, and from 
 1809 to 1815. 
 
 POTTER, MERCY, Mrs., died at Philadelphia 
 Aug. 21, 1841, aged 103. 
 
 POTTER, NATHANIEL, M. D., died in Balti 
 more in 1843, aged 73. Born in Maryland, he 
 was an eminent physician, and for thirty years 
 professor of the theory and practice of physic in 
 the university of Md. Williams Med. Biog. 
 
POTTS. 
 
 PRATT. 
 
 G75 
 
 POTTS, GEORGE C., minister at Philadelphia, 
 died in 1838, aged 63. 
 
 POTTS, WILLIAM S., D. D., a minister in St. 
 Louis, died in April, 1852. He was a native of 
 New Jersey. He was a minister of high charac 
 ter and influence. For a short time, about 1837, 
 he was president of Marion college. By mar 
 riage he was connected with Colonel Benton s 
 family. 
 
 POTWINE, THOMAS, minister of Scantic, in 
 East Windsor, Conn., died in 1802, aged about 
 71. The son of John P. of Boston, he graduated 
 at Yale in 1751, and was ordained in 1754. S. 
 Bartlett succeeded him. 
 
 POULSON, ZACHARIAII, died in Philadel 
 phia, August, 1844, aged 82 ; long the proprietor 
 of Poulson s Advertiser, a profitable paper. He 
 was a Quaker. 
 
 POWER, JAMES, D. D., died at Greensburg, 
 Penn., in 1830, aged 85. He graduated at 
 Princeton in 17G6. 
 
 POWERS, PETER, minister in Connecticut 
 and Vermont, died at Deer Isle, Maine, in 1799, 
 aged about 71. The first boy born in Ilollis, 
 N. II., in 1728, he graduated at Harvard in 1754; 
 was ordained in 1756 at Newent society, Nor 
 wich, Conn., and dismissed in 1766 from inade 
 quate support ; then was pastor of llaverhill, 
 N. II., and Xewbury, Vt., till 1784. He pub 
 lished a sermon on the death of D. Bayley, 1772. 
 - Sprague s Annals. 
 
 POWERS, JosiAH W., a minister, died in 
 Putnam, Ohio, in 1840, aged 41. He was in the 
 employment of the American bible society. His 
 wile was the widow of Capt. Brewster, of the ship 
 Topaz, who on his return from Calcutta was cap 
 tured and murdered with his crew by pirates, and 
 his ship burnt. 
 
 POWERS, GRANT, minister of Goshen, Conn., 
 died in 1841, aged 56. He was born in Hollis, 
 N. II., in 1784; graduated at Dartmouth in 1810; 
 and was several years minister of llaverhill, N. II, 
 He was afterwards settled at Goshen, Conn., in 
 1829. He was much esteemed for his talents 
 and virtues. He published a sermon at ordina 
 tion of J. I). Farnsworth ; an essay on the influ 
 ence of the imagination on the nervous system, 
 contributing to a false hope in religion ; a cen 
 tennial address at Hollis, 1830. 
 
 POWERS, Mrs., wife of P. O. Powers, mis 
 sionary at Broosa, Turkey, died at Phillipston, 
 Mass., Feb. 15, 1842, aged 37. Her name was 
 Harriet Goulding of Phillipston, but born at Pax- 
 ton. Her return was caused by ill health. She 
 died in great peace. 
 
 POWHATAN, emperor of the Indians in Vir 
 ginia, at the time of the settlement of that 
 colony in 1607, was the most powerful of the 
 Indian kings. He was deeply versed in all the 
 savage arts of government and policy, and was 
 
 insidious, crafty, and cruel. After the marriage 
 of his daughter to Mr. Rolfe, he remained faith 
 ful to the English. He died April, 1618. 
 
 POWNALL, THOMAS, governor of Massachu 
 setts, died Feb. 25, 1805, aged 83. He was ap 
 pointed to the office in 1757, in the place of Mr. 
 Shirley. His measures were accommodated with 
 great address to the state of the people, and he 
 had the pleasure of seeing the British arms tri 
 umphant in Canada ; but, as he did not give his 
 confidence to Mr. Hutchinson and his party, and 
 as many slanders were propagated respecting 
 him among the people, he solicited to be recalled. 
 In 1760, when Sir Francis Bernard was removed 
 to Massachusetts, he succeeded him in New Jer 
 sey, as lieutenant-governor. He was soon ap 
 pointed governor of South Carolina ; but from 
 this station he was in about a year recalled, at his 
 own request. In 1768 he was chosen a member 
 of parliament, and he strenuously opposed the 
 measures of the administration against the colo 
 nies. He declared that the people of America 
 were universally, unitedly, and unalterably re 
 solved never to submit to any internal tax, im 
 posed by any legislature in which they were not 
 represented. He retired from Parliament in 
 1780, and died at Bath, retaining his faculties in 
 perfect vigor in his last days. His speeches in 
 parliament were all published in Almon s parlia 
 mentary register, and he assisted Mr. Almon in 
 his American remembrancer, in twenty volumes. 
 He published principles of polity, 1752 ; admin 
 istration of the colonies, 1764, of which there 
 were afterwards several editions with improve 
 ments, and part II., 1774 ; the interest and duty 
 of the State in East India affairs, 1773 ; memoir 
 on drainage, 1775; description of North America, 
 with Evans map, improved ; letter to Adam 
 Smith on his inquiry into the wealth of nations, 
 1776 ; a memorial to the sovereigns of Europe 
 on the state of affairs between the old and new 
 world, 1780; two memorials, 1782; a memorial 
 to the sovereigns of America ; on the study of 
 antiquities, 1783; notices and descriptions of an 
 tiquities of the provincia Romana of Gaul ; intel 
 lectual physics ; an essay on being ; a treatise on 
 old age. 
 
 PRATT, JOHN, Dr., lived in Newton, Mass., 
 in 1635. The assistants called him to account 
 for an injurious letter sent to England. Mr. 
 Felt gives an account of his ingenious apology. 
 
 Pelfs Hist, of New Eng. 
 
 PRATT, JOHN, an experienced surgeon, was 
 admitted into Mr. Hooker s church at Cambridge 
 in 1634. He sailed for England with his wife, 
 and was lost in Dec., 1644, on the coast of Spain. 
 
 Farmer. 
 
 PRATT, PETER, an eminent lawyer, died at 
 New London in Nov., 1730. Two of his daugh 
 ters were drowned in a creek at Lyme in Sep- 
 
676 
 
 PRATT. 
 
 PREBLE. 
 
 tember. He published the prey taken from the 
 strong, the recovery of one from the Quaker 
 errors. 
 
 PRATT, PETER, first minister of Sharon, Conn., 
 died in 1780, aged about 64. He graduated at 
 Yale in 1736. He was settled in 1740 ; his two 
 next successors were J. Searle and C. M. Smith. 
 
 PRATT, BENJAMIN, chief justice of New York, 
 died Jan. 5, 1763, aged 53. He was born in 
 Boston in 1709 of poor parents, and bred to a 
 mechanical employment ; but the misfortune of 
 losing a limb was a great blessing to him, and 
 made him a scholar and a man of eminence. 
 He graduated in 1737 at Harvard college, and in 
 the catalogue his name, in a class of thirty-four, 
 is the lowest, the names then being placed ac 
 cording to the dignity of parentage ; yet his is 
 the only name in the class which attained the 
 dignity of being printed in capitals. Thus the 
 lowest is the most honorable ; the most degraded 
 is the most dignified. He rose to distinction as 
 a lawyer. He was a representative of Boston 
 from 1757 to 1759, and ably supported the rights 
 of the colonies. When Governor Pownall, by 
 whom he was highly esteemed, was about to leave 
 the province, he voted to send him away honor 
 ably and safely in the province ship, designed 
 for the protection of the trade. This circum 
 stance lost Mr. Pratt the favor of the merchants 
 and mechanics of Boston ; they in 1760 chose in 
 his stead another representative, who, it is said, 
 was skilful to ferment the populace against his 
 rival. Truly it is not an easy thing, consistently 
 with independence and honor, to retain amidst 
 various exciting influences the popular good will. 
 Mr. Pratt, however, was not forgotten by Gov. 
 Pownall, who procured for him the appointment 
 of chief justice of New York, in which station, 
 though he retained it but a short time, he was 
 admired for his penetration, learning, and elo 
 quence. His wife was a daughter of Judge Auch- 
 muty ; he left a son and daughter ; the descend 
 ants of the latter live in Boston. Judge Pratt 
 was a writer of poetry, a specimen of which is 
 preserved by Mr. Knapp. He also collected 
 materials for a history of New England. No man 
 in his day wrote in a better style. Knapp s 
 Biog. Sketches, 163-174. 
 
 PRATT, EPHRAIM, died in Shutesbury, Mass., 
 May 22, 1804, aged 116. The grandson of John 
 P., of Plymouth in 1620, he was born at Sudbury 
 Nov. 1, 1687. At the age of twenty-one he mar 
 ried Martha Wheelock, and before his death he 
 could number among his descendants about fifteen 
 hundred persons. In the year 1801 four of his 
 sons were living, the eldest of whom was ninety 
 years of age, and the youngest 82. Michael 
 Pratt, his son, died at S. in December, 1826, aged 
 103 years. He was always remarkable for tem 
 perance. For the last sixty years he had tasted 
 
 no wine nor any distilled spirits, and he was 
 never intoxicated in his life. His drink was wa 
 ter, small beer, and cider. Living mostly on 
 bread and milk, for forty years before his death 
 he did not eat any animal food. Such Avas his 
 uniform health, that before 1801 he had never 
 consulted a physician. He swung a scythe 101 
 years. 
 
 PRATT, LEVI, minister of Medford, Mass., 
 died in 1837, aged 36. He graduated at Am- 
 herst in 1826. 
 
 PRATT, HORACE S., professor of rhetoric in 
 the university of Alabama, died at Tuscaloosa in 
 1840, aged 45. He graduated at Yale in 1817. 
 
 PRATT, BENJAMIN, deacon, died in Reading, 
 Mass., in 1843, aged 84. He fought at Bunker 
 Hill in 1775; and he died during the celebration 
 at Bunker Hill in 1843. 
 
 PRATT, ALLEN, second minister of West 
 moreland, N. II., died in 1843, aged 77. Born 
 in East Bridgewater, he graduated at Harvard in 
 1785. He succeeded W. Goddard, who was or 
 dained in 1764 ; he was settled in 1790, and over 
 a second church in 1827. 
 
 PRATZ, LE PAGE DU, published histoire de 
 Louisiane, 3 vols., 12mo v 1758. 
 
 PRAY, RUTULIUS II., died at Pearlington, Miss., 
 in 1840, aged 45, judge of the high court of 
 errors. He was an eminent lawyer and an up 
 right judge. 
 
 PREBLE, EDWARD, commodore in the Amer 
 ican navy, died Aug. 25, 1807, aged 46. He was 
 a descendant of Abraham P., who lived in Scitu- 
 ate in 1637 and removed to Kittery ; was the son 
 of Brigadier-General Jedidiah P., who died at 
 Portland, Me., in March, 1784, aged 77, and was 
 born in August, 1761. About the year 1779 he 
 served as a midshipman under Captain Williams, 
 and in a short time was promoted to a lieuten 
 ancy on board the sloop-of-war commanded by 
 Capt. Little, with whom he continued till the 
 peace in 1783. In this station he performed a 
 brilliant action. He boarded and captured with 
 a few men a vessel of more than equal force lying 
 in the harbor of Penobscot, under a furious can 
 nonade from the battery and an incessant fire of 
 the troops. In 1801 he had the command of 
 the frigate Essex, in which he performed a voyage 
 to the East Indies for the protection of our trade. 
 In 1803 he was appointed commodore with a 
 squadron of seven sail, and he soon made his 
 passage to the Mediterranean with the design of 
 humbling the Tripolitan barbarians. He first 
 took such measures with regard to the Emperor 
 of Morocco as led to a peace. He next, after 
 the loss of the frigate Philadelphia, procured a 
 number of gun-boats of the King of Naples, and 
 proceeded to the attack of Tripoli. The Phila 
 delphia was burned by Decatur, but the place 
 was not taken. The bravery exhibited had, how- 
 
PREBLE. 
 
 PRENTISS. 
 
 677 
 
 ever, its effect, for a peace was afterwards ob 
 tained on honorable terms. Such was the good 
 conduct of Commodore Treble, that it extorted 
 praise from the Bashaw of Tripoli, and even the 
 Pope of Home declared that he had done more 
 towards humbling the anti-christian barbarians on 
 that coast, than all the Christian States had ever 
 done. 
 
 PREBLE, ENOCH, captain, died at Portland 
 Sept. 28, 1842, aged 79. lie was many years 
 president of the marine society, and a respected 
 citizen, the son of Brigadier-General Jedidiah 
 P., and the brother of Commodore Edward 
 Preble. 
 
 PREBLE, HARRIET, Miss, died in Alleghany 
 city, Feb. 5, 1854, niece of Commodore Preble, 
 and sister of Mrs. Thos. Barlow. She was born 
 and educated in Paris, enjoying all the advantages 
 of wealth, skilled in French, English, and Italian 
 literature. She lived in America perhaps twenty 
 years. At first an unbeliever in the bible, she 
 was converted to the Christian faith by reading 
 Wilson s evidences. She read also carefully Dick s 
 and Dwight s theology, and other works. To a 
 friend she lamented the time spent on literature 
 to the neglect of God s book, which utters all-im 
 portant truth. She and her mother joined the 
 Presbyterian church. Her memoirs were pub 
 lished by Prof. R. H. Lee. 
 
 PRENTICE, JOHN, minister of Lancaster, 
 Mass., died in 1746, aged 66. Born in Newton, 
 he graduated at Harvard in 1700, and was or 
 dained in 1708. He married a daughter of Rev. 
 John Mellen of Chockset or Sterling. His pre 
 decessors were Joseph Rawlandson, from 1660 to 
 1678 ; John Whiting, from 1690 to 1697. His 
 successors were Timothy Harrington, Nathaniel 
 Thayer. He published a sermon on the death 
 of Rev. R. Breck, 1731; before a court, 1731; 
 the election sermon, 1735. 
 
 PRENTICE, SOLOMON, first minister of Graf- 
 ton, Mass., died in 1773, aged about 91. lie 
 graduated in Harvard in 1727 ; was settled in 
 1731 ; and dismissed in 1747 ; he was next pas 
 tor of Easton from 1747 to 1754. 
 
 PRENTICE, THOMAS, minister of Charles- 
 town, Mass., died in 1782, aged 80. Born in 
 Cambridge, he graduated at Harvard in 1726 ; 
 was ordained at Arundel, Me., in 1730, but the 
 church was dispersed in the Indian war of 1737. 
 He then was the minister of Charlestown ; but 
 when that town was burned by the British in 
 1775, he retired to Cambridge ; but after three 
 years resumed his labors. He published a ser 
 mon at thanksgiving for the reduction of Cape 
 Breton, 1745; at a fast; on the earthquake, 
 1756 ; on the death of Mrs. A. Cary, 1755. 
 Sprague s Annals. 
 
 PRENTICE, CALEB, minister of Reading, 
 Mass., died in 1803, aged 56. Born in Cam 
 
 bridge, he graduated at Harvard in 1765, and was 
 settled in 1769. His predecessor was W. Hobby; 
 his successor, R. Emerson. 
 
 PRENTICE, CHARLES, minister of South Ca 
 naan, Conn., died in 1838, aged 59. Born in 
 Bethlehem, he graduated at Yale in 1802. He 
 published a sermon at the ordination of C. T. 
 Prentice, 1836. 
 
 PRENTISS, THOMAS, captain, of Cambridge 
 village or Newton, died in 1710, aged 88. He 
 was a freeman in 1652. lie did good service in 
 Philip s war, commanding a company of troops. 
 Farmer. 
 
 PRENTISS, THOMAS, D. D., minister of Med- 
 field, died in 1814, aged 66. Born in Holliston, 
 he graduated at Harvard in 1766 ; he was settled 
 in 1770. His predecessors were John Wilson, 
 Joseph Baxter, and J. Townsend. His wife was 
 a daughter of John Scollay, clerk of Boston forty 
 years ; his daughter, Mary, was the wife of Rev. 
 Rufus Hurlbut of Sudbury. His four sons were 
 educated at Cambridge. He was a man of char 
 acter, and influence, and of zeal to do good. He 
 was a leader in the temperance reform : he made 
 successful efforts to establish in M. a large pub 
 lic library. He published a sermon at the ordi 
 nation of S. Wright, 1785 ; of P. Clarke, 1793 ; 
 of T. Mason, 1799 ; on the death of J. Haven, 
 1803 ; on the duty of brethren ; on American in 
 dependence ; on idleness ; religion and morality ; 
 Christians cautioned ; on strengthening evil doers ; 
 fast sermon; to society for Christian knowledge. 
 Sprague s Annals. 
 
 PRENTISS, THOMAS, Unitarian minister in 
 Charlestown, Mass., died in 1817, in the year of 
 his settlement, aged 25. The son of Rev. Dr. P. 
 of Medfield, he graduated at Harvard in 1811. 
 It is an almost unparalleled instance of the early 
 death of a minister. Yet J. Paine, pastor of the 
 same church, died in 1788, at the age of twenty- 
 four, after having been the pastor a little more 
 than one year. 
 
 PRENTISS, SAMUEL, Dr., died in Northfield, 
 Mass., in 1818, aged 59. He was the son of 
 Colonel Samuel P., of the Revolutionary army, 
 and was born in Stonington, Conn. He studied 
 with Dr. Philip Turner of Norwich, an excellent 
 surgeon, and served in the war ; then settled at 
 Worcester, whence he removed to Northfield ; 
 and there his practice as a surgeon was extensive 
 for twenty years. Of his four sons, Samuel was 
 a judge in Vermont, and John II. of Coopers- 
 town was twice a member of congress. Wil 
 liams Med. Biog. 
 
 PRENTISS, CHARLES, an editor, died at Brim- 
 field, Mass., in 1820. He graduated at Harvard 
 in 1795. He edited a paper in Baltimore, and 
 the Washington Federalist ; and had reputation 
 for his writings. He published a poem at Brook- 
 field, also a satire, and New England freedom ; 
 
678 
 
 PRENTISS. 
 
 PRESCOTT. 
 
 poems, 1813 ; trial of Calvin and Hopkins, 1819; 
 history of United States, 12mo. ; life of Eaton ; 
 the thistle. 
 
 PHEXTISS, JOSHUA, died at Marblehead in 
 1837, aged 93, an officer of the Revolution. 
 
 PHEXTISS, SERGEANT S., died near Natchez, 
 July 1, 1850, aged 40. Born in Portland, the 
 brother of Ilev. Dr. P. of New York, he gradu 
 ated at Bowdoin college in 1826. He went to 
 the West and became a distinguished lawyer at 
 Vicksburg. Gaining a suit involving a valuable 
 portion of the city, he won not only a high rep 
 utation but a grand fee, which made him a very 
 rich man. He was of brilliant eloquence as a 
 stump orator, and also in congress. Becoming 
 embarrassed in his affairs, he removed to New 
 Orleans. He was admired for his talents and 
 brilliant imagination, and for his social qualities 
 and virtues endeared to his friends. A memoir, 
 edited by his brother, was published by Scribner, 
 New York, 2 vols., 1855. 
 
 PRENTISS, NATHANIEL SHEPHERD, a phy 
 sician, died at West Cambridge in 1853, aged 87. 
 He was born in Cambridge Aug. 7, 1766, was 
 graduated in 1787, and practised twelve years in 
 Marlborough. He was afterwards the teacher of 
 the Latin school in Roxbury eight years, and was 
 town clerk thirty years. He was a benefactor of 
 the athenseum of R. 
 
 PRENTISS, SAMUEL, LL. D., judge of the 
 district court of Vermont, died at Montpelier 
 Jan. 15, 1857. The son of Dr. Samuel P., he 
 was many years a senator of the United States, 
 and a judge of the supreme court of Vermont. 
 
 PRESCOTT, BENJAMIN, a councillor, died at 
 Groton, Mass., in 1738, aged 42. He was de 
 scended from John, who lived in Watertown in 
 1641. His wife was a daughter of Thomas Oliver 
 of Cambridge, a member of the council. His 
 sons were distinguished men, Oliver, James, and 
 William. 
 
 PRESCOTT, BENJAMIN, minister of Danvers, 
 died May 28, 1777, aged 89. The son of Jona 
 than of Concord, he graduated at Harvard in 
 1709; was ordained in 1713; and resigned his 
 charge in 1756. He published a letter to the 
 Salem church, 1735 ; one to J. Gee, 1743 ; to 
 George Whitefield, 1745 ; on the controversy be 
 tween Britain and the colonies, 1768. Sprague s 
 Annals. 
 
 PRESCOTT, WILLIAM, colonel, a soldier of 
 the Revolution, died Oct. 13, 1795, aged 70. He 
 was born at Groton, Mass., in 1725 ; his father 
 was Benjamin P., a councillor ; his mother was a 
 daughter of Thomas Oliver, also a councillor. 
 He inherited a large estate, and resided at Pep- 
 perell. Under Winslow he assisted in the con 
 quest of Nova Scotia. His military talents being 
 of a high order, he was intrusted with the com 
 mand of the troops who threw up the fortifica 
 
 tion at Bunker Hill ip the evening of June 16, 
 1775. In the battle of the 17th he was greatly 
 distinguished. Colonel Swett has described his 
 exertions on that day. He accompanied Wash 
 ington to New York, and he served with Gates in 
 the capture of Burgoyne. His brother James, a 
 councillor, high sheriff of Middlesex, and chief 
 justice of the common pleas, died Feb. 15, 1800. 
 
 PRESCOTT, OLIVER, M. I)., a physician, 
 brother of the preceding, died Nov. 17, 1804, 
 aged 73. He was born April 27, 1731, and grad 
 uated at Harvard college in 1750. Dr. Thacher 
 relates, that he was accustomed to sleep on horse 
 back, while his horse proceeded at the usual pace. 
 He was not only a physician of great eminence 
 and usefulness, but a patriot of the Revolution, 
 being about 1776 brigadier-general of the militia, 
 and as such rendering important services, while the 
 British occupied Boston. From 1777 to 1779 he 
 was a member of the council, during which pe 
 riod there was no governor nor lieutenant-gover 
 nor. From 1779 till his death he was judge of 
 probate. He died at Groton of a dropsy in the 
 chest. His son, James, succeeded him as judge 
 of probate. One of his daughters married Tim 
 othy Bigelow. He was tall and corpulent. The 
 versatility of his powers was remarkable. He 
 early made a profession of religion, and was al 
 ways an influential member of the church at 
 Groton. Thacher. 
 
 PRESCOTT, ABEL, Dr., died in Concord, Mass., 
 in 1805, aged 88. He had been an eminent phy 
 sician. 
 
 PRESCOTT, OLIVER, M. D., a physician, son 
 of Dr. Oliver P., was born April 4, 1762 ; was 
 graduated at Harvard college in 1783 ; studied 
 physic with Dr. Lloyd, and settled at Groton, 
 where he had extensive practice. In 1811 he 
 removed to Newburyport, where he died of the 
 typhus fever, Sept. 26, 1827, aged 65. He was 
 an eminent physician, and he early made a pro 
 fession of his Christian faith. He published va 
 rious articles in the New England journal of 
 medicine ; also a dissertation on ergot, which 
 was reprinted in London, and in France and 
 Germany. Thacher. 
 
 PRESCOTT, WILLIAM, M. D., died in Lynn 
 in 1844, aged about 81. He graduated at Har 
 vard in 1783. 
 
 PRESCOTT, WILLIAM, judge, died in Boston 
 Dec. 8, 1844, aged 82. He was born in Pepper- 
 ell, descended from ancestors who came to 
 America about 1640. His father, Col. Wm. Prcs- 
 cott, commanded at the battle of Bunker Hill. 
 Prepared for college by Master Moody, he grad 
 uated in 1783. For two years he taught school 
 in Beverly, and there studied law with Mr. Dane. 
 At Salem he married the daughter of Mr. I lick- 
 ling, consul at St. Michael s. Such was his emi 
 nence as a lawyer, that he was twice offered a seat 
 
PRESCOTT. 
 
 on the bench of the supreme court. From Sa 
 lem he removed to Boston in 1808. In 1814 he 
 was a member of the Hartford convention. For 
 a year he was judge of the court of common 
 pleas. After forty years he retired from practice, 
 being then at the head of the bar in Massachu 
 setts. For the last sixteen years he lived quietly 
 in retirement. His widow, the mother of Mr. 
 Prescott the historian, died in Boston May 17, 
 1852, aged 84. 
 
 PllESCOTT, AARON, a lawyer of peculiar and 
 memorable benevolence, died in llandolph, Mass., 
 Nov. 24, 1851, aged G4. Born in Westford, he 
 graduated at Harvard in 1814. He was hon 
 est and exemplary. He had no son ; yet the 
 education of youth engrossed his thoughts. He 
 purchased a large and valuable library for chil 
 dren and youth, and kept it at his office ; and, 
 acting as librarian, loaned the books gratuitously. 
 Boston Advertiser, Dec. 3, 1851. 
 
 PllESCOTT, JOSEPH, Dr., died at Halifax, 
 N. S., in 1852, aged 90. He was a physician in 
 the Revolutionary army. 
 
 PHESTON, JOHN, Dr., the first physician of 
 New Ipswich, N. II., died in 1803, aged 64. lie 
 was a patriot of the Revolution ; a member of the 
 general court, and a magistrate ; and eminent in 
 his profession. Perhaps his son was Dr. John 
 Preston, a graduate of Dartmouth in 1791, and 
 who died in 1828. 
 
 PRESTON, FRANCIS, general, died at Colum 
 bia, S. C., in 1835, aged 70. He was in congress 
 from 1793 to 1797. 
 
 PRESTON, WILLIAM, died at Rumney, N. II., 
 in 1842, aged 87; a Revolutionary pensioner, one 
 of the first settlers of the town, and its represent 
 ative in the general court. 
 
 PRESTON, JAMES P., colonel, governor of Va., 
 died at Smithfield in 1843, aged 68. Wounded 
 at Chrystler s field in the war of 1812, he was 
 maimed for life. 
 
 PRESTON, AMARIAH, Dr., a remarkable man, 
 died at the house of his son in Lexington, Mass., 
 Oct. 29, 1853, aged nearly 95. His father died 
 at the age of 95 in Connecticut. Pie was born 
 in Uxbridge, and enlisted in the army in 1777 
 for three years ; then studied medicine with Dr. 
 Jabe/ Brown of Wilmington ; afterwards practised 
 physic forty years in Bedford. In his old age, in 
 consequence of an indorsement, he lost his house 
 and all his property ; his wife died, and other af 
 flictions came upon him. His business failed; 
 and in 1832 he removed to Plymouth, where his 
 son Dr. Ilervcy N. Preston lived. But his son 
 died in 1837, when, in poverty, the old man of 
 eighty resolved to commence life anew. Selling 
 some furniture, he provided for his board for one 
 month, and entered again upon the medical prac 
 tice, which soon became lucrative, so that he laid 
 up 3,000 or 4,000 dollars, and again retired. 
 
 PRICE. 
 
 079 
 
 Such enterprise in an old man has seldom been wit 
 nessed ; even in his last years he worked with his 
 hands, being an ingenious mechanic. As a Chris 
 tian he was eminent ; a zealous professor during 
 the ministry of Mr. Stearns in Bedford, he died 
 a member of the church in Plymouth. To a 
 friend he said : " You mean to be a good man, 
 but you are deluded ; you can never get to heaven 
 except through the blood of Christ; you must 
 have repentance and you must have faith." His 
 own end was peace. 
 
 PRESTON, WILLARD, D. D., president of 
 Vermont university, died at Savannah suddenly 
 of a paralysis of the heart, April 26, 1856, aged 
 nearly 71. Born in Uxbridge, he graduated at 
 Brown university in 1806, and practised law in 
 Providence. He was then the minister of the 
 third church in P. from 1816 to 1820 ; next of St. 
 Albans, and president of the university. He 
 removed to Georgia in 1829. In 1831 lie became 
 pastor of an Independent church in Savannah, in 
 which office he continued till his death. He was 
 a faithful and excellent minister. Fearlessly he 
 remained with his people during the scourge of 
 the yellow fever in 1854, visiting the sick and 
 afflicted, even the dark night saw him with a 
 lantern in his hand on his errand of mercy. 
 Ministers of various denominations attended his 
 funeral. He published a farewell sermon at St. 
 Albans, 1815; a sermon at Brooklyn, 1817. 
 
 PRICE, ROGER, Episcopal minister in Boston, 
 was rector of King s chapel from 1729 to 1746. 
 S. Myles was his predecessor ; Dr. II. Caner suc 
 ceeded him. 
 
 PRICE, RICHARD, D. D., a friend of American 
 liberty, was born in Wales, Feb. 22, 1723, the son 
 of a Calvinistic minister. He was educated at an 
 academy near London. In 1757 he became the 
 pastor of a dissenting congregation at Ncwington 
 Green, and in 1769 the pastor at Hackney. In 
 his religious sentiments he was an Arian. He 
 died March 19, 1791, aged 67. His nephew, 
 AVilliam Morgan, wrote his life and described his 
 excellent character. lie published a review of 
 the principal questions in morals ; four disserta 
 tions ; observations on annuities, etc. ; discussion 
 concerning materialism and necessity, in a corre 
 spondence with Dr. Priestley ; two volumes of 
 sermons. His works, which procured for him 
 great respect in America, were observations on 
 civil liberty and the justice of the war with 
 America, 1776; additional observations, 1777; 
 importance of the American Revolution and the 
 means of making it useful to the world, 1784. 
 
 PRICE, JONATHAN D., a physician and a Bap 
 tist missionary to Burmah, died Feb. 14, 1828. 
 He was ordained in Philadelphia May 20, 1821. 
 lie arrived early in the next year at Rangoon, 
 where his wife died May 2d. When lus medical 
 character was known at court, he was ordered by 
 
G80 
 
 PRICE. 
 
 PRIESTLEY. 
 
 the king to repair to Ava, where he was intro 
 duced to the king, who gave him a house. When 
 the British invaded Burmah, he and Mr. Judson 
 were thrown into prison, June 8, 1824. He was 
 confined and subject to dreadful sufferings till 
 Feb. or March, 182G, when he was released, and 
 employed to negotiate a treaty with the British, 
 who had advanced near to the capital. After the 
 war he resided at Ava, in the favor of the em 
 peror ; he engaged in the tuition of several schol 
 ars; and by his lectures hoped to shake the 
 foundation of Boodhism. But he fell a victim to 
 a pulmonary consumption. 
 
 PIUCE, JOHX, a minister, died in Talbot co., 
 Maryland, in 1831, aged 75. 
 
 PRICE, C. M., general, died at Jackson, Miss., 
 Dec. 20, 1850. He was ten years editor of the 
 Missisippian. 
 
 PRIDGEN, WILLIAM, died in Bladen county, 
 N. C., Oct. 14, 1845, aged 123. He was a soldier 
 of the Revolution, and a pensioner. His sight 
 had been lost for a few years, but he retained his 
 mental faculties. He left one son. 
 
 PRIEST, DEGORY, one of the first Plymouth 
 pilgrims, died Jan. 1, 1621. 
 
 PRIESTLEY, JOSEPH, D. D., an eminent 
 philosopher and voluminous writer, died Eeb. 
 6, 1804, aged 70. He was born at Fieldhead, in 
 Yorkshire, England, March 24, 1733. His father 
 was a cloth-dresser. At the age of nineteen he 
 had acquired in the schools to which he had been 
 sent, and by the aid of private instruction, a good 
 knowledge of Greek, Latin, and Hebrew, French, 
 Italian, and German ; he had also begun to read 
 Arabic, and learned Chaldee and Syriac. With 
 these attainments and others in mathematics, 
 natural philosophy, and morals, he entered the 
 academy of Daventry under Dr. Ashworth in 
 1752, with a view to the Christian ministry. Here 
 he spent three years. The students were referred 
 to books on both sides of every question, and re 
 quired to abridge the most important works. 
 The tutors, Mr. Ashworth and Mr. Clark, being 
 of different opinions, and the students being 
 divided, subjects of dispute were continually dis 
 cussed. He had been educated in Calvinism, 
 and in early life he suffered great distress from 
 not finding satisfactory evidence of the renova 
 tion of his mind by the Spirit of God. He had 
 a great aversion to plays and romances. He at 
 tended a weekly meeting of young men for con 
 versation and prayer. But, before he went to the 
 academy, he became an Arminian, though he re 
 tained the doctrine of the trinity and of the 
 atonement. At the academy he embraced Ari- 
 anism. Perusing Hartley s metaphysical works, 
 he was fixed in the belief of the doctrine of ne 
 cessity. In 1755 he became assistant minister to 
 the Independent congregation of Needham Mar 
 ket in Suffolk, upon a salary of forty pounds a 
 
 year. Falling under the suspicion of Ariar.ism, 
 he became in 1758 pastor of a congregation at 
 Nantwich in Cheshire, where he remained three 
 years, being not only minister but schoolmaster. 
 In 1761 he removed to Warrington as tutor in 
 the belles lettres in the academy there. In 1767 
 he accepted the pastoral office at Leeds. Here, 
 by reading Lardner s letter on the Logos, he be 
 came a Socinian. In 1773 he went to live with 
 the Marquis of Lansdowne as librarian, or literary 
 companion, with a salary of 250 pounds a year. 
 During a connection of seven years with his lord 
 ship he visited in his company France, Holland, 
 and some parts of Germany. He then became 
 minister of Birmingham. At length, when sev 
 eral of his friends celebrated the French revolu 
 tion, July 14, 1791, a mob collected and set fire 
 to the dissenting meeting-houses, and several 
 dwelling-houses of dissenters, and among others 
 to that of Dr. Priestley. lie lost his library, and 
 was forced to take refuge in the metropolis. He 
 was chosen to succeed Dr. Price at Hackney, and 
 was a lecturer in the dissenting college of that 
 place. But, the public aversion to him being 
 strong, and his sons emigrating to the United 
 States, he followed them in April, 1794. He 
 settled at Northumberland, a town of Pennsyl 
 vania, about one hundred and thirty miles north 
 west of Philadelphia. In this city for two or 
 three winters after his arrival he delivered lec 
 tures on the evidences of Christianity. He died 
 in calmness, and in the full vigor of his mind. 
 He dictated some alterations in his manuscripts 
 half an hour before his death. He was amiable 
 and affectionate in the intercourse of private and 
 domestic life. Few men in modern times have 
 written so much, or with such facility ; yet he 
 seldom spent more than six or eight hours in a 
 day in any labor which required much mental ex 
 ertion. A habit of regularity extended itself to 
 all his studies. He never read a book without 
 determining in his own mind when he would 
 finish it ; and at the beginning of every year he 
 arranged the plan of his literary pursuits and 
 scientific researches. He labored under a great 
 defect, which, however, was not a very consider 
 able impediment to his progress. He sometimes 
 lost all ideas both of persons and things, with 
 which he had been conversant. He always did 
 immediately what he had to perform. Though 
 he rose early and dispatched his more serious 
 pursuits in the morning ; yet he was as well 
 qualified for mental exertion at one time of the 
 day as at another. All seasons were equal to 
 him, early or late, before dinner or after. He 
 could also write without inconvenience by the 
 parlor fire with his wife and children about him, 
 and occasionally talking to them. In his family 
 he ever maintained the worship of God. As a 
 schoolmaster and professor he was indefatigable. 
 
PRIESTLEY. 
 
 With respect to his religious sentiments Us 
 mind underwent a number of revolutions ; but he 
 died in the Socinian faith, which he had many 
 years supported. He possesses a high reputa 
 tion as a philosopher, particularly as a chemist. 
 Commencing his chemical career in 1772, he did 
 more for chemistry in two years than had been 
 done by any of his predecessors. He discovered 
 the existence of vital or dephlogisticated air, the 
 oxygen gas of the French nomenclature, and 
 other kinds of aeriform fluids. He always ad 
 hered to the old doctrine of Stahl respecting 
 phlogiston, though the whole scientific world had 
 rejected it. But his versatile mind could not be 
 confined to one subject. He was not only a 
 chemist, but an eminent metaphysician. He was 
 a materialist and necessarian. He maintained 
 that all volitions are the necessary result of pre 
 vious circumstances, the will being always gov 
 erned by motives ; and yet he opposed the Cal- 
 vinistic doctrine of predestination. The basis of 
 his necessarian theory was Hartley s observations 
 on man. The chart of history used in France 
 was much improved by him, and he invented 
 the chart of biography, which is very useful. Of 
 his numerous publications the following are the 
 principal: a treatise on English grammar, 17G1; 
 on the doctrine of remission ; history of elec 
 tricity, 17G7; history of vision, light, and colors ; 
 introduction to perspective, 1770 ; harmony of 
 the evangelists ; address to masters of families 
 on prayer ; experiments on air, 4 vols. ; obser 
 vations on education ; lectures on oratory and 
 criticism ; institutes of natural and revealed re 
 ligion ; a reply to the Scotch metaphysicians, 
 Reid, Oswald, and Bcattie ; disquisitions on mat 
 ter and spirit, 1777 ; history of the corruptions 
 of Christianity ; letters to Bishop Newcome on 
 the duration of Christ s ministry; correspondence 
 with Dr. Horseley ; history of early opinions 
 concerning Jesus Christ, 4 vols., 1786 ; lectures 
 on history and general policy ; answers to Paine 
 and Volney ; several pieces on the doctrine of 
 necessity, in the controversy with Dr. Price ; dis 
 courses on the evidences of revealed religion, 
 3 vols. ; letters to a philosophical unbeliever ; 
 discourses on various subjects. He also wrote 
 many defences of Unitarianism and contributed 
 largely to the theological repository. After his 
 arrival in this country he published a comparison 
 of the institutions of the Mosaic religion with 
 those of the Hindoos ; Jesus and Socrates com 
 pared ; several tracts against Dr. Linn, who wrote 
 against the preceding pamphlet; notes on the 
 Scriptures, 4 vols. ; history of the Christian 
 church, 6 vols. ; several pamphlets on philo 
 sophical subjects, and in defence of the doctrine 
 of phlogiston. Dr. Priestley s life was published 
 in 1806 in two volumes. The memoirs were 
 written by himself to the year 1787, and a short 
 8G 
 
 PRINCE. 
 
 G81 
 
 continuation by his own hand brings them to 
 179,3. 
 
 PRIME, EIJEXKZEK, minister of Huntington, 
 Long Island, sixty years, died in 1779, aged 79. 
 He graduated at Yale college in 1718. He was 
 the grandfather of X. S. Prime. 
 
 PRIME, NATHANIEL SCUDDER, D. D., died at 
 Mamaroneck, near New York, March 27, 1856, 
 aged 70. He was buried at the cemetery of the 
 evergreens. He was a native of Iluntington, 
 L. I., where his father, Benjamin Young Prime, 
 M. D., was a very distinguished physician and 
 scholar. For fourteen years he was the minister 
 of the church of Cambridge, N. Y. His sister, 
 relict of S. J. Wetmore, died May 20, 1841, aged 
 77, in New York. Dr. P. had the happiness of 
 being the father of worthy sons, two of them 
 ministers and one the principal editor of the New 
 York Observer ; one a physician ; and one a law 
 yer now travelling in the east ; and a daughter 
 married to A. P. Cummings, one of the editors 
 of the New York Observer. He published the 
 history of Long Island, an elaborate work. 
 
 PRIME, NATHANIEL, an eminent merchant in 
 New York, of the house of Prime, Ward, King 
 and Co., died on the shore of East River in 1840. 
 
 PRINCE, THOMAS, governor of Plymouth 
 colony, died at Plymouth March 29, 1673, aged 
 72. He was a native of England, and arrived at 
 Plymouth in 1621; he wrote his name Prence. 
 He was first chosen governor in 1634. Being 
 appointed an assistant the next year, he con 
 tinued in this office, except in the year 1638, 
 when he was chosen governor, till the death of 
 Mr. Bradford in 16J7. At this time, as a dispo 
 sition prevailed in the colony to discountenance 
 regular ministers by giving the preference to the 
 gifts of the private brethren, it was thought that 
 his re-election to the office of governor would 
 prevent the church from being overwhelmed with 
 ignorance, and it proved highly beneficial to the 
 interests of religion. He was governor from 
 16*37 to 1672. He had been living at Nauset or 
 Eastham, of which town he was one of the first 
 planters in 1644 ; but after being chosen gov 
 ernor he removed to Plymouth. He was suc 
 ceeded by Mr. Winslow. His second wife, mar 
 ried in 163o, was Mary Collier, whose sister Eliza 
 beth married Constant Southworth ; his third 
 wife was Mary, the widow of Samuel Freeman, 
 whom he married in 1662. lie was a man of 
 great worth and piety, and eminently qualified 
 for his station. Strict in his religious opinions, 
 he zealously opposed those whom he believed to 
 be heretics, particularly the Quakers. As a 
 magistrate, such was his care to be impartial, that 
 if any person who had a cause in court sent a 
 present to his family during his absence, he im 
 mediately on being informed of it returned its 
 value in money. Though his abilities had not 
 
682 
 
 PRINCE. 
 
 PRINCE. 
 
 been much improved by education, he was the 
 friend of learning. In opposition to the clamors 
 of the ignorant he procured revenues for the sup 
 port of grammar schools in the colony. Mag- 
 nalia, II. 6, 7. 
 
 PRINCE, THOMAS, minister in Boston, died 
 Oct. 22, 1758, aged 71. He was the fourth son 
 of Samuel Prince of Sandwich, and grandson of 
 Elder John Prince of Hull, who came to this 
 country in 1633, and was the son of Rev. John 
 P. of East Sheftbrd in Berkshire. He was born 
 at Sandwich -May 15, 1687, and was graduated I 
 at Harvard college in 1707. Having determined j 
 to visit Europe, he sailed for England April 1, 
 1709. For some years he preached at Combs in 
 Suffolk, where he was earnestly invited to con 
 tinue, but his attachment to his native country 
 was too strong to be resisted. He arrived at 
 Boston July 20, 1717, and was ordained pastor 
 of the old south church, as colleague with Dr. 
 Sewall, his classmate, Oct. 1, 1718. In this sta 
 tion his fine genius, improved by diligent study, 
 polished by an extensive acquaintance with man 
 kind, and employed to the noblest purposes of 
 life, rendered him an ornament to his profession, 
 and a rich blessing to the church. In his last 
 sickness he expressed a deep sense of his sinful- 
 ness, and a desire of better evidence that he was 
 fit to dwell in heaven. When his speech failed 
 him, as he was asked whether he was submissive 
 to the Divine will, and could commit his soul to 
 the care of Jesus, he lifted up his hand to express 
 his resignation, and confidence in the Saviour. 
 From his youth he had been influenced by the 
 fear of God. He was an eminent preacher, for 
 his sermons were rich in thought, perspicuous 
 and devotional, and he inculcated the doctrines 
 and duties of religion as one who felt their im 
 portance. The original languages, in which the 
 Scriptures were written, were familiar to him. In 
 the opinion of Dr. Chauncy no one in New Eng 
 land had more learning, except Cotton Mather. 
 Firmly attached to the faith once delivered to 
 the saints, he was zealous for the honor of his 
 Divine Master. He was anxious to preserve suit 
 able discipline in the church, that those who had 
 been guilty of open sins might be reclaimed, 
 and that the name of Christian might be pre 
 served from reproach. He mourned over the 
 degeneracy of the New England churches both 
 in doctrine and practice. When Mr. Whitefield 
 visited this country in 1740, Mr. Prince received 
 him with open arms, and was always his friend. 
 He always respected that Christian benevolence, 
 which animated the eloquent itinerant ; and he 
 was grateful for those labors which were so emi 
 nently useful to his people and the town of Bos 
 ton. In private life he was amiable and exem 
 plary. It was his constant endeavor to imitate 
 the perfect example of his Master and Lord. 
 
 He was ready to forgive injuries, and return good 
 for evil. By the grace of God he was enabled 
 to preserve a calmness of mind under very trying 
 events. When heavy afflictions were laid upon 
 him, he displayed exemplary submission to the 
 will of God. Though he was a learned man, and 
 was uncommonly diligent in study, yet he relished 
 the comforts and faithfully discharged the duties 
 of domestic life. It was no small part of his 
 labor to impress on his children a sense of reli 
 gion, and he had the happiness of seeing all his 
 offspring walking in the truth. His wife, Debo 
 rah Denny, survived him, and died June 1, 1766. 
 The only child who survived him was Sarah, who 
 in 1759 married Mr. Gill, afterwards lieutenant- 
 governor, and died without children in August, 
 1771. 
 
 Mr. Prince began in 1703, while at college, and 
 continued more than fifty years, a collection of 
 public and private papers relating to the civil and 
 religious history of New England. His collec 
 tion of manuscripts he left to the care of the old 
 south church; and they were deposited in an 
 apartment of the meeting-house, with a valuable 
 library of books which he had established, under 
 the name of the New England library. But the 
 manuscripts were principally destroyed by the 
 British during the war, and thus many impor 
 tant facts relating to the history of this country 
 are irrecoverably lost. The books yet remain, 
 and have been deposited in the historical library. 
 He published an account of the first appearance 
 of the aurora borealis ; a sermon at thanksgiving, 
 1717; at his own ordination, 1718; an account 
 of the English ministers at Martha s Vineyard, 
 annexed to Mayhew s Indian converts, 1727 ; 
 election sermon, 1730; on the day of prayer for 
 the choice of a minister, 1732; on the death of 
 George I., 1727 ; of Cotton Mather, and Samuel 
 Prince, his father, 1728; a sermon on the arrival 
 of the governor, 1728; on the death of Samuel 
 Sewall, 1730 ; Daniel Oliver and Daniel Oliver, 
 Jun., 1732; Mrs. Oliver, 1735; Mary Belcher, 
 1736; Nathaniel Williams, 1738; Mrs. Deborah 
 Prince, 1744; Thomas Gushing, 1746; Martha 
 Stoddard, 1748; the Prince of Wales, 1751; 
 Hannah Fayerweather, 1755 ; Edward Bromfield 
 and Josiah Willard, 1756; a chronological his 
 tory of New England in the form of annals, 
 12mo., 1736, and three numbers of the second 
 volume in 1755. In this work it was his inten 
 tion to give a summary account of transactions 
 and occurrences relating to this country, from the 
 discovery of Gosnold in 1602 to the arrival of 
 Governor Belcher in 1730, but he brought the 
 history down only to 1633. He spent much time 
 upon the introductory epitome, which begins at 
 the creation. Had he confined himself to New 
 England, and finished his work, it would have 
 been of incalculable value. He published also an 
 
PRINCE. 
 
 PROUDFIT. 
 
 G83 
 
 account of the revival of religion in Boston, in 
 the Christian history, 1744; a sermon on the bat 
 tle near Culloden, and the destruction of the 
 Marquis D Anville s squadron ; a thanksgiving 
 sermon on the taking of Louisburg, 1746 j a 
 thanksgiving sermon for reviving rains, after the 
 distressing drought, 1749 ; the New England 
 psalm-book revised and improved, 1758. After 
 his death, Dr. John Erskine of Edinburgh pub 
 lished from his manuscripts six sermons, the last 
 of which was occasioned by the death of his son, 
 Thomas Prince. Wisner s Hist, of Old South ; 
 Sprat/iie s Annals. 
 
 PRINCE, THOMAS, son of the preceding, was 
 born Feb. 27, 1722; graduated at Harvard col 
 lege in 1740 ; and died in October, 1748, aged 
 26. lie died in Christian peace, as did also his 
 three sisters, Deborah, 1744; Mercy, 1752 ; Mrs. 
 Sarah Gill, 1771. The dying exercises of Debo 
 rah and devout meditations of Mrs. Gill were 
 published at Edinburgh, 178,3. Mr. P. published 
 the Christian history, a periodical account of re 
 ligion, beginning March 5, 1743, in 2 vols., 8vo., 
 1744-1745. 
 
 PRINCE, NATHAN, a distinguished scholar, 
 the brother of Rev. Thomas P., died July 25, 
 1748, aged about 50. He was graduated at Har 
 vard college in 1718. He was chosen tutor in 
 1723, and fellow in 1737; but he was removed 
 in 1742. He in consequence published an ac 
 count of the constitution and government of Har 
 vard college from its first foundation in 1636 to 
 the year 1742, in which he endeavored to prove 
 that the general court had the sole power of 
 dismissing members of the corporation, and are 
 the only visitors of the college. In this work he 
 also complains of the management of the treasury, 
 and reprobates the injustice which he believes 
 was done in arranging the students in the classes, 
 and their names in the catalogue, according to 
 the dignity or worth of their connections. He 
 had before his removal refused to assist in this 
 arrangement. The alphabetical disposition of 
 the names was not made till 1773. Mr. Prince 
 once had a deep-rooted aversion to the Episcopal 
 church ; but after his dismission he took orders. 
 He died at Italian in the West Indies, where he 
 was a minister. He was a greater mathematician 
 and philosopher, and a much better classical 
 scholar and logician than his brother ; and is 
 ranked among the great men of this country. 
 He published, besides the book mentioned, an 
 essay to solve the difficulties attending the ac 
 counts of the resurrection, 1734. 
 
 PRINCE, JOHN, LL. I)., died in Salem June 
 7, 1836, aged 85. Born in Boston July 22, 1751, 
 he graduated in 1776, and was ordained as the 
 minister of the first church in Salem in 1779, so 
 that he was pastor more than fifty-six years. lie 
 possessed an uncommon knowledge of natural 
 
 and mechanical philosophy. He made improve 
 ments in the air-pump. A memoir by C. W. Up- 
 ham is in hist, coll., 3d series, vol. 5. He be 
 queathed a library of four hundred and fifty vols. 
 to the use of the ministers of his church. He 
 published a fast sermon, 1798; to charitable so 
 ciety, 1806 ; on the death of Dr. Barnard, 1814; 
 before the bible society, 1816. 
 
 PRINCE, OLIVER H., died Oct. 9, 1837 ; lost 
 with one hundred others in the wreck of the 
 steamboat Home, near Ocracocke. He had been 
 a member of the United States senate from Geor 
 gia. He was at Boston during the summer, edit 
 ing the laws of Georgia, then in the press. 
 
 PRINCE, WILLIAM, died at Flushing, N.Y., 
 April 6, 1842, aged 76. As the enterprising pro 
 prietor of a botanic garden and nursery, he was 
 long a public benefactor. 
 
 PRINCELY, PHILIP, died at Northampton 
 Sept. 9, 1855, aged 110. He was born in Ireland 
 in 1745, and came to N. about 1780. Till the 
 last three years he had voted at the town meet 
 ings. He left a son in N. 
 
 PRIOLEAU, ELIAS, a minister, the founder 
 of a very respectable family in South Carolina, 
 came to this country soon after the revocation of 
 the edict of Nantes in 1685. He was the grand 
 son of Anthonie P., elected doge of Venice in 
 1618. A theologian of the name of P. died in 
 1734. Samuel P. died in 1792, aged 74. Dr. P. 
 was a grandson, living in 1809. Among the other 
 French names in South Carolina, were Bordeaux, 
 Du Pont, Gaillard, Huger, Legare, Laurens, Mar 
 ion, and Simons. 
 
 PRITCIIARD, BENJAMIN B., the Kent giant, 
 died in Montgomery county, N. Y., June 30, 
 1835. His weight -was five hundred and twenty- 
 five pounds. 
 
 PROCTOR, JOHNSON, captain, a Revolution 
 ary patriot, died at Danvers Nov. 11, 1851, aged 
 86. He was a man of industry and integrity. 
 -For his last ten years he was blind. 
 
 PROUD, ROBERT, a historian, died July 7, 
 1813, aged 85. He was born in Yorkshire, Eng 
 land, May 10, 1728, and in January, 1759, arrived 
 at Philadelphia, where he lived half a century. 
 For many years he was a teacher in a school of 
 the Quakers. In the Revolution he was a de 
 cided Royalist. About the year 1791 he devoted 
 himself to writing his history, the publication of 
 which was attended with pecuniary loss. He was 
 tall ; his nose was Roman, with " most impend 
 ing brows. Domine Proud wore a curled gray 
 wig, and a half-cocked ancient hat. He was the 
 model of a gentleman." 
 
 PROUDFIT, ALEXANDER, D. D., died at his 
 son s house in New Brunswick, N. J., April 17, 
 1843, aged 75. He was for many years the faith 
 ful and successful pastor of the church in Salem, 
 N. Y., being a colleague with his father from 1794 
 
G84 
 
 PROUDFOOT. 
 
 PUNCHARD. 
 
 to 1802. He was afterwards the secretary of the 
 New York colonization society. He was an emi 
 nently pious, faithful, and useful minister. His 
 works are instructive, and written in a fervent 
 style of piety. He published a sermon at ordi 
 nation of II. Davis, 1810; before American 
 board, 1822; at installation of J. Proudfit, 1828; 
 ruin and recovery of man, 12mo., 1806 ; theolo 
 gical works, 4 vols., 12mo., 1815. Observer, 
 June 10. 
 
 PROUDFOOT, WILLIAM, died at London, 
 Canada West, Jan. 16, 1851, aged 63, professor 
 of theology in the Presbyterian church. 
 
 PROVOOST, SAMUEL, D. D., bishop of New 
 York, died in New York in 1815, aged 73. He 
 graduated at Columbia college in the first class 
 in 1758. His name is sometimes written Provost, 
 and Prevost. 
 
 PRUDDEN, PETEK, the first minister of Mil- 
 ford, Conn., died in 1656, aged 56. He was born 
 in Herefordshire, England ; arrived in company 
 of J. Davenport in 1637; resided for some time 
 at Dedham ; and was settled at M. in 1640. His 
 four next successors were R. Newton, S. Andrew, 
 S. Whittlcsey, S. Wales., Farmer. 
 
 PRUDDEX, JOHN, supposed to have been the 
 son of Peter, died in 1725, aged 79. He grad 
 uated at Harvard in 1668 ; was settled as min 
 ister of Jamaica, L. I., in 1670, and thence 
 removed to NeM ark, N. J., in 1692, but resigned 
 his charge in 1699. 
 
 PRUDDEN, JOB, the minister of "Milford, 
 Conn., died in 1774, aged about 51. He was the 
 pastor of the second church. He graduated at 
 Yale in 1743. 
 
 PRUDDEN, NEHEMIAH, minister of Enfield, 
 Conn., died in 1815, aged 65. Born in Milford, 
 he graduated at Yale in 1775, and was ordained 
 in 1782. His predecessors were N. Collins, P. 
 Reynolds, and E. Potter ; his successor was F. 
 L. Robbins. He published a treatise on marry 
 ing a sister of a deceased wife, 1811 ; a sermon 
 to a missionary society, 1815. Sprague s An 
 nals. 
 
 PUFFER, REUBEN, D. D., minister of Berlin, 
 Mass., died April 9, 1829, aged 73. Born in 
 Sudbury, he graduated at Harvard in 1778. In 
 1781 he was ordained in Bolton, south parish, 
 now Berlin. He died of a rheumatic fever. It 
 is remarkable that he had prepared in advance, 
 for preaching, about fifty sermons. By his first 
 wife he had thirteen children ; and one child by 
 his second wife. He was a man of dignity and 
 of suavity, acceptable as a preacher, orthodox in 
 his faith. When he preached the Dudleian lec 
 ture at Cambridge, the students generously pub 
 lished it in a manner to furnish a sum of money 
 to the preacher, who was a poor man with a large 
 family, living on a salary of 80 pounds. He 
 published the election sermon, 1803 ; Dudleian 
 
 lecture, 1808; convention sermon, 1811 ; address 
 on fourth of July ; two sermons on leaving the 
 old and entering the new meeting-house. 
 Sprague s Annals. 
 
 PULASKI, count, brigadier-general in the 
 army of the United States, died October 11, 1779. 
 He was a Polander of high birth, who with a 
 few men in 1771 carried off King Stanislaus from 
 the middle of his capital, though surrounded with 
 a numerous body of guards and a Russian army. 
 The king soon escaped and declared Pulaski an 
 outlaw. After his arrival in this country he 
 offered his services to congress, and was honored 
 with the rank of brigadier-general. He discov 
 ered the greatest intrepidity in an engagement 
 with a party of the British near Charleston in 
 May, 1779. In the assault upon Savannah, Oct. 
 9th, by Gen. Lincoln and Count D Estaing, 
 Pulaski Avas wounded at the head of two hundred 
 horsemen, as he was galloping into the town with 
 the intention of charging in the rear. Congress 
 resolved that a monument should be erected to 
 his memory. 
 
 PUMIIAM, sachem of Shawpmet, near Provi 
 dence, put himself in 1643 under the government 
 of Massachusetts, in order to escape the tyranny 
 of Miantonomo. The government of Massachu 
 setts made a grant of land to settlers from Brain- 
 tree, being a part of the territory relinquished by 
 Pumham. Felts Hist, of New England. 
 
 PUNCHARD, JOHN, deacon, died at Salem, 
 Mass., Feb. 13, 1857, aged nearly 94 years. He 
 was born April 12, 1763, in Salem, where all his 
 paternal ancestors were born and lived, back to 
 William, who emigrated to that town previous to 
 1669. His father was James, a shipmaster and a 
 patriot. He was himself a volunteer soldier of 
 the Revolution, and was probably the last sur 
 vivor of a regiment stationed at West Point at 
 the time of Arnold s defection, and was on duty 
 at head-quarters on the memorable night after 
 Andre was brought in a prisoner. At the expi 
 ration of his term of service he settled in Salem 
 as a mechanic ; but by his industry, intelligence, 
 and integrity gradually raised himself to positions 
 of trust and importance in his native town, 
 county, and State. He was - a member of the 
 Tabernacle church in Salem seventy-four years, 
 and one of its deacons and its clerk for about 
 forty years. The succession of ministers in this 
 church has been as follows: From 1774 to 1834, 
 N. Whitaker, J. Spaulding, S. Worcester, E. 
 Cornelius, J. P. Cleaveland, and S. M. Worces 
 ter. He was one of the founders of the Massa 
 chusetts missionary society, and its treasurer about 
 thirty years. He encouraged the various enter 
 prises of benevolence. He was a man of wisdom 
 and energy, of integrity and trustworthiness, 
 and of unslacked zeal in doing good, sustaining a 
 high Christian character, venerated and beloved 
 
PUNDERSON. 
 
 PUTNAM. 
 
 G85 
 
 in old age. As the great aim of his long life was 
 to promote God s glory in human happiness, es 
 pecially that happiness which is imperishable as 
 springing from the reception of Divine truth into 
 the heart, who is there among the prosperous 
 merchants, great scholars, and illustrious jurists 
 and statesmen, the boast of Salem, that can stand 
 higher in the estimate of infinite reason and 
 goodness, than this humble, zealous, unwearied 
 Christian ? Rev. George Punchard, the author 
 of two valuable books, a view of congregational- 
 ism and a history of Congregationalism, is his 
 son. 
 
 PUNDERSON, EBENEZER, Episcopal minister 
 in New Haven, died in 1764, aged about 58. He 
 was graduated at Yale in 172G; was settled over 
 a new precinct in Groton, Conn., from 1729 to 
 1736; had the charge of the Episcopal society in 
 New Haven from 1755 to 1762; and then re 
 moved to Rye. He was succeeded by S. Palmer. 
 
 PUNDERSON, THOMAS, minister of Hunting- 
 ton, Conn., died in 1848, aged about 64. Born 
 in New Haven, he graduated at Yale in 1804; 
 was the minister of the second church in Pitts- 
 field, Mass., from 1809 to 1817; and was in 
 stalled at H. in 1818. 
 
 PURCHAS, SAMUEL, a minister in London, 
 died about 1628, aged 51. He published his 
 pilgrimage, or relations of the world, five vols., 
 fol., London, 1641, etc. It is a rare and valuable 
 collection and abridgment of travels. 
 
 PURCHASE, THOMAS, the owner of Pejep- 
 scott, Me., settled there in the third year of 
 Charles I., and lived there till the war just before 
 1683. His deed was from the council of Ply 
 mouth in England, given to him and George 
 "Way of Dorchester, E. His heirs sold to Rich 
 ard Wharton of Boston. 
 
 PURKITT, HENRY, colonel, died in Boston 
 March 3, 1846, aged 91. He was a Revolution 
 ary soldier, and assisted in the destruction of 
 tea in Boston. 
 
 PURSH, FREDERIC, a botanist, was born at 
 Tobolski in Siberia, and educated at Dresden. 
 He resided in this country from 1799 to 1811, 
 employed in various excursions by Mr. Hamilton 
 of Philadelphia and Dr. Hosack of New York. 
 Ongoing to England in 1811 with a collection 
 of plants, he was patronized by Smith and Banks, 
 who opened to him their botanical stores. After 
 publishing his book in 1814, he returned to 
 America, and, while engaged in collecting mate 
 rials for a Canadian flora, died at Montreal June 
 11, 1820, aged 46. He published a valuable 
 work, flora Americ* septentrionalis, or the 
 plants of North America, London, 8vo., 1814. 
 
 PURVIANCE, JOHN, died in Baltimore in 
 1854, aged 81, nearly thirty years a judge of the 
 county court. 
 
 PUSHMATAHA, a Choctaw chief, died at 
 
 Washington in 1824. To his Indian companions 
 he said : " I shall die, but you will return to your 
 brethren. As you go along the paths you will 
 see the flowers and hear the birds ; but Pushma- 
 taha will see them and hear them no more. 
 When you come to your home, they will ask you, 
 Where is Pushmatciha? and you will say to them, 
 He is no more. They will hear the tidings like 
 the sound of the fall of a mighty oak in the still 
 ness of the wood." 
 
 PUTNAM, DAXIEL, first minister of Reading, 
 Mass., died in 1759, aged 62. Born in Danvers, 
 he graduated at Harvard in 1717, and was settled 
 in 1720. His successor was E. Stone. 
 
 PUTNAM, ISRAEL, major-general in the army 
 of the United States, died at Brooklyn, Conn., 
 May 29, 1790, aged 72. He was a descendant, 
 like all of the name in New England, from John 
 Putnam, who came from Buckinghamshire to 
 Salem in 1634 with three sons, Thomas, Na 
 thaniel, and John. He was born in Salem, Mass., 
 Jan. 7, 1718. His mind was vigorous, but it was 
 never cultivated. In running, leaping, and wrest 
 ling he almost always bore away the prize. In 
 1739 he removed to Pomfret, Conn., where he 
 cultivated a considerable tract of land. He had 
 however to encounter many difficulties, and 
 among his troubles the depredations of wolves 
 upon his sheepfold were not the least. In one 
 night seventy fine sheep and goats were killed. 
 A she wolf being considered as the principal 
 cause of the havoc, Mr. Putnam entered into a 
 combination with a number of his neighbors to 
 hunt alternately, till they should destroy her. 
 At length the hounds drove her into her den in 
 Pomfret, and several persons soon collected with 
 guns, straw, fire, and sulphur, to attack the com 
 mon enemy. But the dogs were afraid to ap 
 proach her, and the fumes of brimstone could not 
 force her from her cavern. It was now ten 
 o clock at night. Mr. Putnam proposed to his 
 black servant to descend into the cave and shoot 
 the wolf; but, as the negro declined, he resolved 
 to do it himself. Having divested himself of his 
 coat and waistcoat, and having a long rope fast 
 ened round his legs, by which he might be pulled 
 back at a concerted signal, he entered the cavern 
 head foremost with a blazing torch, made of strips 
 of birch bark, in his hand. He descended fifteen 
 feet, passed along horizontally ten feet, and then 
 began the gradual ascent, which is sixteen feet in 
 length. He slowly proceeded on his hands and 
 knees in an abode which was silent as the house 
 of death. Cautiously glancing forwards he dis 
 covered the glaring eyeballs of the wolf, who 
 started at the sight of his torch, gnashed her 
 teeth, and gave a sullen growl. He immediately 
 kicked the rope, and was drawn out with a 
 friendly celerity and violence which not a little 
 bruised him. Loading his gun with nine buck- 
 
686 
 
 PUTNAM. 
 
 PUTNAM. 
 
 shot, and carrying it in one hand, while he held 
 the torch with the other, he descended a second 
 time. As he approached the wolf, she howled, 
 rolled her eyes, snapped her teeth, dropped her 
 head between her legs, and was evidently on the 
 point of springing at him. At this moment he 
 fired at her head, and soon found himself drawn 
 out of the cave. Having refreshed himself he 
 again descended, and seizing the wolf by her 
 ears, kicked the rope, and his companions above 
 with no small exultation dragged them both out 
 together. During the French war he was ap 
 pointed to command a company of the first 
 troops which were raised in Connecticut in 1755. 
 He rendered much service to the army in the 
 neighborhood of Crown Point. In 1756, while 
 near Ticonderoga, he was repeatedly in the most 
 imminent danger. He escaped in an adventure 
 of one night with twelve bullet-holes in his blan 
 ket. In August he was sent out with several 
 hundred men to watch the motions of the enemy. 
 Being ambuscaded by a party of equal numbers, 
 a general but irregular action took place. He 
 had discharged his fusee several times, but at 
 length it missed fire, while its muzzle was pre 
 sented to the breast of a savage. The warrior 
 with his lifted hatchet and a tremendous war- 
 whoop compelled him to surrender, and then 
 bound him to a tree. In the course of the action 
 the parties changed their position, so as to bring 
 this tree directly between them. The balls flew 
 by him incessantly ; many struck the tree, and 
 some passed through his clothes. The enemy 
 now gained possession of the ground, but, being 
 afterwards driven from the field, they carried 
 their prisoner with them. At night he was 
 stript, and a fire was kindled to roast him alive ; 
 but a French officer saved him. The next day 
 he arrived at Ticonderoga, and thence he was 
 carried to Montreal. About the year 1759 he 
 was exchanged through the ingenuity of his fel 
 low-prisoner, Col. Schuyler. After the peace he 
 returned to his farm. He was ploughing in his 
 field in 1775, when he heard the news of the 
 battle of Lexington. He immediately unyoked 
 his team, left his plough on the spot, and without 
 changing his clothes set off for Cambridge. He 
 soon went to Connecticut, levied a regiment, and 
 repaired again to the camp. In a little time he 
 was promoted to the rank of major-general. In 
 the battle of Bunker s Hill he exhibited his usual 
 intrepidity. He directed the men to reserve 
 their fire till the enemy was very near, reminded 
 them of their skill, and told them to take good 
 aim. They did so, and the execution was terrible. 
 After the retreat he made a stand at Winter Hill 
 and drove back the enemy under cover of their 
 ships. When the army was organized by Gen. 
 W ashington at Cambridge, Putnam was appointed 
 
 to command the reserve. In Aug.. 1776, he was 
 stationed at Brooklyn, on Long Island. After 
 the defeat of our army he went to New York, 
 and was very serviceable in the city, and neigh 
 borhood. In October or November he was sent 
 to Philadelphia to fortify that city. In Jan., 
 1777, he was directed to take post at Princeton, 
 where he continued until spring. At this place 
 a sick prisoner, a captain, requested that a friend 
 in the British army at Brunswick might be sent 
 for to assist him in making his will. Putnam was 
 perplexed. He had but fifty men under his com 
 mand, and he did not wish to have his weakness 
 known ; yet he was unwilling to deny the request. 
 He however sent a flag of truce, and directed the 
 officer to be brought in the night. In the even 
 ing lights were placed in all the college windows, 
 and in every apartment of the vacant houses 
 throughout the town. The officer on his return 
 reported that General Putnam s army could not 
 consist of less than four or five thousand men. 
 In the spring he was appointed to the command 
 of a separate army in the highlands of New York. 
 One Palmer, a lieutenant in the tory new levies, 
 was detected in the camp ; Gov. Tryon reclaimed 
 him as a British officer, threatening vengeance if 
 he was not restored. Gen. Putnam wrote the 
 following pithy reply : " Sir, Nathan Palmer, a 
 lieutenant in your king s service, was taken in my 
 camp as a spy ; he was condemned as a spy ; and 
 he shall be hanged as a spy. P. S. Afternoon. 
 He is hanged." After fhe loss of Fort Mont 
 gomery, the commander-in-chief determined to 
 build another fortification, and he directed Put 
 nam to fix upon a spot. To him belongs the 
 praise of having chosen West Point. The cam 
 paign of 1779, which was principally spent in 
 strengthening the works at this place, finished 
 the military career of Putnam. A paralytic af 
 fection impaired the activity of his body, and he 
 passed the remainder of his days in retirement, 
 retaining his relish for enjoyment, his strength of 
 memory, and all the faculties of his mind. His 
 only surviving daughter, Mrs. Mary Waldo, died 
 at Conway, N. H., Nov., 1825, aged 72 years. 
 His son, Col. Israel P., died at Belprc, Ohio, in 
 March, 1812. Peter Schuyler P., his seventh son, 
 died at Williamstown, Mass., in 1827, aged 63. 
 Geri. P. was exemplary in the various relations 
 of life, a constant attendant on public worship, 
 and a worshipper of God in his house. For 
 many years he was a professor of religion. In 
 his last years he professed a deep sense of sin, 
 yet a strong hope of salvation through the lic- 
 deemer of sinners. Humphrey s Life of P. 
 
 PUTNAM, AMOS, Dr., died at Danvers, Mass., 
 July 26, 1807, aged 85. 
 
 PUTNAM, AAUON, minister of Pomfret, Conn., 
 died in 1813, aged 79. The son of Ilev. Daniel 
 
PUTNAM. 
 
 P., he graduated at Harvard in 1752; was or 
 dained in 1756; resigned his pastoral charge in 
 1802. 
 
 PUTNAM, RUFUS, general, a soldier of the 
 Revolution, and the father of the western coun 
 try, died at Marietta, Ohio, May 1, 1824, aged 86. 
 He was born at Sutton, Mass., in 1738, and was 
 a wheelwright. He first settled in Brookfield : in 
 1782 he bought and removed to a confiscated 
 estate of Col. Murray in Rutland. He engaged 
 in the war of 1756, and in the Revolutionary 
 struggle took an active part. At the commence 
 ment of hostilities he commanded a regiment ; 
 and during the war was an engineer. His com 
 mission as brigadier in the army of the United 
 States is dated Jan. 7, 1783. On the return of 
 the peace he retired to his farm. For several 
 years he was a member of the legislature. In 
 1786 and 1787 he was engaged in organizing the 
 Ohio company for the purpose of settling the 
 Northwest Territory. The affairs of the company 
 were intrusted to him. April 7, 1788 lib planted 
 himself with about forty others in the wilderness 
 on the west bank of the Ohio, at the mouth of 
 the Muskingum, and called their settlement Ma 
 rietta. He lived to see Ohio a flourishing State, 
 having nearly seventy counties and a population 
 of 700,000 souls. In 1789 Washington ap 
 pointed him a judge of the supreme court of the 
 Northwest Territory ; and in 1791 he was ap 
 pointed a brigadier-general under Wayne; in 
 1795 surveyor-general of the United States, which 
 office he held till some years after the accession 
 of Mr. Jefferson to the presidency. He was a 
 member of the convention which framed the con 
 stitution of Ohio. He was liberal, generous, 
 hospitable, a philanthropist, and a Christian. Of 
 the Revolutionary army he was the last surviving 
 general officer, except Lafayette. Mr. Robbins 
 became his esteemed pastor in 180C. With oth 
 ers he in 1812 formed the first bible society west 
 of the mountains. In Sabbath schools and mis 
 sionary societies he was deeply interested. In 
 his old age, in all kinds of weather, he attended 
 public worship as long as he could walk. His 
 end was full of hope and heavenly consolation. 
 His wife, with whom he lived fifty-five years, was 
 Persis Rice of Westborough : by her he had 
 many children. He was nearly six feet tall, stout, 
 and commanding, of strong features, with a calm, 
 resolute expression : one of his eyes had an out 
 ward cast, from an injury in childhood : his man 
 ner abrupt and decisive. A long account of his 
 life is in Ilildreth s biographical memoirs. 
 
 PUTNAM, AARON WALDO, the son of Col. 
 Israel P., died of the epidemic in Ohio, in 1822, 
 aged 45. Born in Pomfret, Conn., he went to 
 Ohio in 1788, with his father; he encountered at 
 Belpre the perils of the early settlers. His elder 
 son, William Pitt, lived on the homestead in 
 
 PYNCIION. 
 
 G87 
 
 1852 ; and five other children were living, ranked 
 with the most respectable citizens. I!i/<l/ ct!i. 
 
 PUTNAM, JESSK, regarded as the father of 
 the merchants of Boston, died April 14, 1837, 
 aged 83 years. He is one of the many who re 
 pose beneath a monumental stone at Mount 
 Auburn. 
 
 PUTNAM, SAMUEL, judge, LL. D., died in 
 Somerville, Mass., July 3, 1853, aged 85. Born 
 in Danvers in 1768, he graduated at Cambridge 
 in 1787. As a lawyer he lived in Salem. He 
 was a judge of the supreme court from 1814 to 
 1842; and was held in high respect. 
 
 PUTNAM, WILLIAM RUFUS, died at Marietta 
 Jan. 1, 1855, aged 83. A son of Gen. Rufus 
 P., he settled in M. in 1803, and was highly es 
 teemed ; was a legislator and a useful man. 
 
 PUTNAM, DAVID, died at Marietta March 
 31, 1856, aged 87. He was the son of Col. Israel 
 and grandson of Gen. Israel Putnam, and was 
 born in Pomfret, Conn., Feb. 24, 1769. He was 
 the last survivor of the family of Col. Israel Put 
 nam. 
 
 PYNCIION, WILLIAM, died at Wraisbury on 
 the Thames, in Buckinghamshire, in Oct., 1662, 
 a^ed 71 or 73. He came from Springfield, Essex 
 county, England, in 1630, to Roxbury,and thence 
 went to Springfield with Moxon, as one of the 
 first settlers, about 1637, in which year the court at 
 Hartford contracted with him for 500 bushels of 
 corn, in which contract he failed. He published 
 in England, in 1650, the meritorious price of 
 Christ s redemption, which displeased the author 
 ities of Massachusetts, who employed Norton to 
 answer him. The book was burnt on the com 
 mon, by order of the court, and he was deposed 
 from the magistracy and recanted. He went to 
 England in 1652, and a new edition was pub 
 lished in 1655. He taught, that Christ did not 
 bear hell-torments for us, and that he bore not 
 our sins by imputation. Vane was his friend. 
 -His descendants -have been numerous. His son, 
 Col. John P., died in 1703, aged 82; his grand 
 son, Col. John P., died in 1721, aged 74; his 
 great-grandson, Col. John, died in 1742, nged 68. 
 His daughters married II. Smith and E. Holyoke, 
 of Springfield, and Wm. Davies of Boston. Be 
 sides the book referred to, he published on the 
 Sabbath, 4to., 1654. 
 
 PYNCIION, JOHN, colonel, son of William 
 Pynchon, was a man of distinction, for more 
 than fifty years a magistrate of Springfield, and 
 a chief promoter of the settlement of Northamp 
 ton in 1654. He died Jan. 17, 1703, aged 76 
 years. His wife was Amy, daughter of Governor 
 Wyllis, whom he married at Hartford Oct. 30, 
 1645. In the Indian war there were burnt, Oct. 5, 
 1675, twenty-nine dwelling houses with barns ; 
 but Maj. Pynchon s house escaped destruction. 
 Few lives were lost, as a friendly Indian gave no- 
 
G88 
 
 PYNCHON. 
 
 QUINCY. 
 
 tice of the proposed attack. The minister, Mr. 
 Glover, lost his valuable library with his house. 
 
 PYNCHON, JOSEPH, Dr., died in Boston, un 
 married. He was the brother of John, born in 
 1646 ; graduated at Harvard in 1664 ; was the 
 representative of Springfield in 1681 and 1682. 
 
 PYNCHON, JOHN, the son of John, died at 
 Springfield, in 1721, aged 73. His wife, Marga 
 ret, was a daughter of Rev. W. Hubbard. He 
 was clerk of court and register of deeds. He 
 had sons, John and William, born at Ipswich. 
 
 PYNCHON, CHARLES, a distinguished phy 
 sician of Springfield, Mass., died before 1789. 
 He was probably the son of John, who died in 
 1721. 
 
 QUADEQUINA, an Indian sachem, accom 
 panied his brother, Massassoit, in his first visit to 
 the pilgrims at Plymouth, Thursday, March 22, 
 1621, about three months after their landing. lie 
 received as presents, "a knife, a jewel to hang 
 in his ear, and withal a pot of strong water, a 
 good quantity of biscuit, and some butter." 
 
 QUANNOPIN,aNarragansett sagamore, bought 
 Mrs. Rowlandson of the Indians, who made her 
 prisoner in 1676; and by his means she was re 
 stored to her friends. The 20 pounds he received 
 for her freedom were raised by Mr. Usher and 
 the ladies of Boston. 
 
 QUANONCHET, prince or sachem of the 
 Narragansetts, was captured by Capt. Denison in 
 the Indian war of 1676, and was beheaded by 
 the Indians of his company. The result of the 
 fight was very extraordinary. Capt. I), had in 
 his command sixty-six volunteers and one hundred 
 friendly Indians, and he slew seventy-six of the 
 enemy without the loss of a man on his side. 
 
 QUASON, or QUOSSEN, SAMUEL, was in 
 1762 sachem of the Monymoyk or Monamoy 
 Indians in Chatham, on Cape Cod, only thirty in 
 number. At an earlier period, in 1698, John 
 " Quossen," was one of the rulers over fourteen 
 houses at " Monimoy," as the names were then 
 printed : John Cosens was preacher and school 
 master. 
 
 QUASSON, JOSEPH, an Indian, of whose life 
 and death " Father Moody " of York published 
 an account. 
 
 QUINCY, EDMUND, a judge of the superior 
 court of Massachusetts, died Feb. 23, 1738, aged 
 56. He was born at Braintrcc Oct. 24, 1681. 
 His grandfather, Edmund Quincy, came to Bos 
 ton with John Cotton in 1633, and became a pro 
 prietor of lands at Mount Wollaston or Brain- 
 tree in 1635, and died soon afterwards, aged 33. 
 His father, Lieut.-Col. Edmund Quincy, died Jan. 
 7, 1698. His mother, Elizabeth, was the daugh 
 ter of Maj.-Gen. Gookin. He was graduated at 
 Harvard college in 1699, and afterwards sustained 
 several important offices, the duties of which he 
 discharged with ability and faithfulness. He was 
 
 a judge of the superior court from 1718 till a 
 short time before his death. Being sent as an 
 agent to London for the purpose of settling the 
 boundary line between Massachusetts and New 
 Hampshire, he died in that city of the small pox. 
 His wife was the daughter of Josiah Flint. He 
 left two sons, Edmund and Josiah; and two 
 daughters, Mrs. Wendell and Mrs. Jackson. 
 The general court made a donation to his heirs of 
 one thousand acres of land in Lenox, Berkshire 
 county, and erected a monument at Bunhill-fields, 
 London. His uncommon powers of reasoning 
 and of eloquence were joined to the Christian 
 virtues. As a member of the council, he, for 
 twenty years, had great influence in giving direc 
 tion to the proceedings of government. In his 
 family it gave him pleasure to worship the God 
 of all the families of the earth, and to impart to 
 his children religious instruction. Memoirs of 
 J. Quincy, 3. 
 
 QUINCY, Jonx, colonel, the son of Daniel 
 Quincy, died July 13, 1767, aged 78. He was 
 the grandson of Lieut.-Col. Edmund Quincy, by 
 his first wife, Joanna Hull, daughter of Mr. Hull, 
 an assistant preacher with Thomas Thacher in 
 Boston, and was born in 1689. Having graduated 
 in 1708, he was early employed in public life, be 
 ing appointed a major in the militia, and colonel 
 on the resignation of his uncle, Judge Edmund 
 Quincy. For forty years without interruption he 
 was a representative and a member of the coun 
 cil. He was long the speaker of the house. He 
 discharged the duties of his various offices with 
 fidelity, honor, and acceptance, carefully avoid 
 ing all temptations to unfaithfulness, and retaining 
 a high sense of accountableness to God. His 
 ample fortune did not corrupt him. He was just 
 and devout, adorning by his holy conduct and 
 attendance to the ordinances of the gospel the 
 Christian profession, and being exemplary in the 
 relations of private life. When that part of 
 Braintree in which the Quincy farms lay, was 
 incorporated, the general court, in honorable re 
 membrance of his long and faithful services, gave 
 it the name of Quincy. He left an only sen, 
 Norton Quincy, an amiable and virtuous man, 
 who died without issue. His daughter married 
 Rev. William Smith of Weymouth, and was the 
 mother of Mrs. Cranch and of the wife of John 
 Adams. His paternal estate, Mount Wollaston, 
 became the property of his great-grandson, John 
 Quincy Adams, president of the United States. 
 
 QUINCY, EDMUND, the son of Judge Edmund 
 Q., died July 4, 1788, aged 85. He was born 
 in Braintree in 1703 and graduated at Harvard 
 college in 1722. For many years he was a mer 
 chant in Boston ; he afterwards lived on the 
 paternal estate. His fourth daughter, Esther, 
 married Jonathan Sewall ; she was the worthy 
 wife of an eminent man. Another daughter 
 
QUINCY. 
 
 QUINCY. 
 
 C8D 
 
 married Gov. Hancock. He published a treatise 
 on hemp husbandry, 1765. 
 
 QUINCY, JOSIAII, jun., an eminent patriot, 
 died April 26, 1775, aged 31. He was the grand 
 son of Judge Quincy ; his father, Josiah, a mer 
 chant in Boston and a zealous friend of his 
 country, died at Braintree in 1784, aged 75. He 
 was born Feb. 23, 1744. While at college he 
 was distinguished for unwearied industry, for the 
 eager thirst for learning, and for a refined taste. 
 With unblemished reputation, he was graduated 
 in 1763. His legal studies were pursued for two 
 years under the care of Oxenbridge Thacher, of 
 Boston, an eminent lawyer. On commencing his 
 profession, his talents, diligence, and fidelity 
 secured to him an extensive and profitable prac 
 tice. At this period he wrote several manuscript 
 volumes of "reports" of decisions in the supreme 
 court, in which are preserved abstracts of the 
 arguments of Auchmuty, Thacher, Gridley, Otis, 
 Adams, and other lawyers. The circumstances 
 of the times soon directed his attention and all 
 the energies of a very sensitive mind to the politi 
 cal condition of his country. In opposition to 
 the measures of the British government he began 
 to write political essays as early as 1767. In the 
 next year, after the landing of two British regi 
 ments at Boston, he made a most forcible appeal 
 to the patriotism of his countrymen in a piece 
 signed " Plyperion." Of the boldness of his 
 views a judgment may be formed from his lan 
 guage in 1768: "Did the blood of the ancient 
 Britons swell our veins, did the spirit of our fore 
 fathers inhabit our breasts ; should we hesitate a 
 moment in preferring death to a miserable exist 
 ence in bondage ?" and from his declaration in 
 1770, " I wish to see my countrymen break off 
 off forever ! all social intercourse with those 
 whose commerce contaminates, whose luxuries 
 poison, whose avarice is insatiable, and whose 
 unnatural oppressions are not to be borne." 
 
 After what is called " the Boston massacre," 
 March 5, 1770, when five citizens were killed by 
 the British troops, Mr. Quincy, with John Adams, 
 dei cnded the prisoners, Capt. Preston and eight 
 soldiers. To undertake their defence against the 
 remonstrance of his father and in resistance to 
 the strong tide of popular indignation required a 
 strong love of justice and a fixed purpose of soul. 
 With great ability he plead their cause, and the 
 defence was closed by Mr. Adams. In the re 
 sult Capt. Preston and six soldiers were acquitted, 
 and two were convicted of manslaughter only. 
 This administration of justice in the midst of an 
 excited and furious people was an event most 
 honorable to Mr. Quincy and to the American 
 cause. In 1771 and 1772 he continued his pro 
 fessional and political labors with accustomed in 
 dustry and zeal ; but in Feb., 1773, a pulmonary 
 complaint compelled him to seek the renewal of 
 
 his health or the preservation of his life by a 
 voyage to Carolina. In Charleston he formed an 
 acquaintance with the eminent lawyers and pat 
 riots of the day, who received him with wonted 
 southern hospitality, with Bee, Parsons, Simp 
 son, Scott, Charles C. Pinckney, llutledge, Lynch, 
 and others. He returned by land to New York. 
 In Philadelphia he met with J. Dickinson, J. 
 Heed, J. Ingersoll, Dr. Shippen, Chief Justice 
 Allen, and his sons, and Mr. Galloway. His 
 journal of this tour is found in his Life, published 
 by his son. After an absence of three or four 
 months he reached home, and soon wrote the bold 
 essays under the title of Marchmont Nedham. 
 His chief political work, observations on the act 
 of parliament, commonly called " the Boston 
 port bill," with thoughts on civil society and 
 standing armies, was published in May, 1774. 
 
 By the advice of his political friends, and in 
 the hope of rendering eminent service to his 
 country by counteracting Hutchinson, and in 
 other ways, he relinquished his professional busi 
 ness and embarked at Salem privately for Lon 
 don, Sept. 28, 1774. His voyage was serviceable 
 to his health. At London he had a conference 
 on American affairs with Lord North, and ex 
 plained to him his views with great freedom ; but 
 the British minister seemed anxious to intimidate 
 one who could not be reached in that way, by allud 
 ing to the power of Great Britain, and her determi 
 nation to exert it to effect the submission of the 
 colonies. He visited also Lord Dartmouth and 
 Lord Shelburne, and consulted much with Dr. 
 Franklin, Governor Pownall, Dr. Price, Sheriff 
 William Lee, Arthur Lee, and other friends of 
 America. He also occasionally attended the sit 
 ting of parliament. It was at this period that 
 Lord Camden said, " Were I an American, I would 
 resist to the last drop of my blood." Colonel 
 Barrc, who once travelled through this country, 
 assured him that such was the ignorance of the 
 English, that two-thirds of them on his return 
 imagined the Americans were all negroes ! 
 While in England, Dr. Warren wrote to him, 
 Nov. 21st, "It is the united voice of America to 
 preserve their freedom or lose their lives in de 
 fence of it." He attended the debates in the 
 house of Lords, Jan. 20, 1775, and on that day 
 had the high satisfaction of hearing the celebrated 
 speech of Lord Chatham against the ministry 
 and in defence of America, of which he drew up 
 an interesting report. " His language, voice, and 
 gestures," said Mr. Q., " were more pathetic than 
 I ever saw or heard before, at the bar or senate. 
 He seemed like an old Itoman senator, rising 
 with the dignity of age, yet speaking with the fire 
 of youth. The illustrious sage stretched forth 
 his hand with the decent solemnity of a Paul, and, 
 rising with his subject, he smote his breast with 
 the energy and grace of a Demosthenes." In 
 
GOO 
 
 QUIXCY. 
 
 this speech Chatham said : " For genuine saga 
 city, for singular moderation, for solid wisdom, 
 manly spirit, sublime sentiments, and simplicity 
 of language, for every thing respectable and hon 
 orable, the congress of Philadelphia shine un 
 rivalled. This wise people speak out. They do 
 not hold the language of slaves ; they tell you 
 what they mean. They do not ask you to repeal 
 your laws as a favor ; they claim it a right, they 
 demand it. They tell you, they will not submit 
 to them ; and I tell you, the acts must be re 
 pealed ; they will be repealed ; you cannot enforce 
 them." Lord Camden followed Chatham on the 
 side of America, and equalled him in every thing, 
 " excepting his fire and pathos. In learning, per 
 spicuity, and pure eloquence, probably no one 
 ever surpassed Lord Camden." He exclaimed : 
 " This I will say, not only as a statesman, poli 
 tician, and philosopher, but as a common lawyer, 
 my lords, you have no right to tax America. 
 I have searched the matter ; I repeat it, you have 
 no right to tax America. The natural rights of 
 man and the immutable laws of nature are all 
 with that people." " Kings, lords, and commons 
 may become tyrants as well as others ; tyranny 
 in one or more is the same ; it is as lawful to re 
 sist the tyranny of many as of one. When Mr. 
 Selden was asked, in what law book you might 
 find the law for resisting tyranny, he replied, It 
 has always been the custom of England, and 
 " the custom of England" is the law of the land. 
 Supported by such authorities and by conference 
 with a multitude of the friends of America, and 
 despairing of any change of measures without a 
 previous struggle, Mr. Quincy, by the advice of 
 many friends to his country, determined to return, 
 probably in order by verbal communications to 
 arouse his fellow citizens to the mighty contest. 
 Indeed, as early as Dec. 14, 1774, he wrote: 
 " Let me tell you one very serious truth, in which 
 we are all agreed, your countrymen must seal 
 their cause with their blood." While in London 
 he was in active correspondence with Dickinson, 
 Heed, and other patriots. He embarked for Bos 
 ton March 16, 1775, with a bad cough and de 
 clining health. In his last interview Dr. Franklin 
 said, that ."New England alone could hold out 
 for ages against Great Britain, and, if they were 
 firm and united, in seven years would conquer 
 them." After being at sea a few weeks, he be 
 came convinced that his fate was inevitable. He 
 had but one desire, that he might live long 
 enough to have an interview with Samuel Adams 
 or Joseph Warren. In the last letter, which he 
 dictated April 21, he explained the reasons of his 
 proceeding to America so early, against his own 
 inclinations and prospects as to health. He had 
 ascertained the sentiments of many learned and 
 respectable friends of America in regard to the 
 course of conduct exacted by the existing crisis. 
 
 RADCL1FF. 
 
 " To commit their sentiments to writing was 
 neither practicable nor prudent at this time. To 
 the bosom of a friend they could intrust what 
 might be of great advantage to my country. To 
 me that trust was committed, and I was, immedi 
 ately upon my arrival, to assemble certain per 
 sons, to whom I was to communicate my trust, 
 and, had God spared my life, it seems it would 
 have been of great service to my country." 
 " Had Providence been pleased that I should 
 have reached America six days ago, I should have 
 been able to converse with my friends. I am 
 persuaded that this voyage and passage are the 
 instruments to put an end to my being. His 
 holy will be done ! " Such were his last recorded 
 words. Perhaps the battle of Lexington had 
 rendered his communications unnecessary. He 
 died when the vessel was in sight of land. The 
 ship, in a few hours, entered the harbor of Glou 
 cester, Cape Ann. His wife, the sister of the 
 late Deacon Wm. Phillips, who survived him 
 twenty-three years, being at this time with her 
 child and parents at their place of refuge at Nor 
 wich, Connecticut, the funeral rites were per 
 formed by the inhabitants of Gloucester. His 
 remains were afterwards removed to Braintree. 
 It was the strong passion of Mr. Quincy s soul to 
 become, by reason of his patriotic labors, immor 
 tal in the hearts of his countrymen. A just mon 
 ument to his memory has been raised in his Life, 
 written by his son. Amidst the miserable aban 
 donment of principle, honor, and country, from 
 the most selfish motives, presented frequently to 
 the eje of every modern observer of public men, 
 it is refreshing to behold the noble, daring, truly 
 patriotic zeal of such a man as Josiah Quincy. 
 His son, Josiah Q., late president of Harvard 
 college, published his memoir, 1855 ; to which is 
 added the celebrated piece, observations on the 
 Boston port bill, etc., first printed in 1774. 
 
 QUINCY, SAMUEL, died in Boston in 1789, 
 aged about 55. The son of Colonel Josiah, he 
 graduated at Harvard in 1754. In his politics he 
 differed from the other Quincys. He was ap 
 pointed solicitor-general, when Jonathan Sewall, 
 who married his cousin, was attorney-general. 
 He left Massachusetts with the loyalists and died 
 in the West Indies. 
 
 QUINCY, Rev. Mr., born in Boston, was as 
 sistant minister of St. Philip s church in Charles 
 ton, S. C. He published a volume of sermons 
 about 1750. 
 
 QUOY, JOHN, an Indian sachem at Sandwich 
 in 1698. He was one of three rulers over three 
 hundred and forty-eight Indians, who had a meet 
 ing-house, and Ralph Jones, a sober man, one of 
 their preachers. 
 
 RADCLIFF, JACOB, judge, died in Albany 
 June 25, 1823, aged 62. He was a judge of the 
 supreme court of New York. His wife was Juli- 
 
RADCL1FFE. 
 
 ana, the daughter of Rev. C. M. Smith of Sha 
 ron, Conn. 
 
 RADCLIFFE, ROBERT, the founder of the 
 first Episcopal church in New England, estab 
 lished in Boston in 1686, the church which after 
 wards built King s chapel in Tremont street. Of 
 the time of his death nothing has been ascer 
 tained. 
 
 RAE, LrzERNE, died in Hartford Sept. 16, 
 1854, aged 43. A graduate of Yale in 1831, he 
 became a teacher in the asylum for the deaf and 
 dumb ; he also engaged in various literary labors. 
 He edited the religious herald, and six vols. of 
 the annals of the deaf and dumb. He had col 
 lected materials for a history of New England. 
 
 RAFINESQUE, S. C. S., professor, died at 
 Philadelphia in 1840, aged 56. His father was a 
 Levant merchant of Versailles. He was born at 
 Galata, a suburb of Constantinople. At the age 
 of 16 he was sent to Philadelphia with his brother : 
 he cultivated a taste for botany and natural his 
 tory. From 1805 he spent ten years in Sicily ; 
 but in sailing for New York in 1815, with his col 
 lections, the result of many years labor, he was 
 wrecked on Long Island, and lost all his treasures, 
 books, manuscripts, and drawings. Dr. Mitchell 
 befriended him. He made a scientific tour to the 
 West, and was appointed professor of botany at 
 Lexington university. He again travelled, lec 
 tured, and settled at Philadelphia. He published 
 in Italy various works in 1810 and 1814 ; also ad 
 dress on botany and zoology, 1816 ; florula Ludo- 
 viciana from the French, 1817; ichthyologia 
 Ohiensis ; annals of Kentucky, 1824 ; Atlantic 
 journal, begun in Philadelphia in 1832; life and 
 travels, 1836. Cycl. of Amer. Lit. 
 
 RAGUEY, CONDY, died in Philadelphia in 
 1842, aged 58, president of the chamber of com 
 merce. He was the author of several works on 
 political economy. 
 
 HALLE, SEBASTIEX, a missionary among the 
 Indians of North America, died Aug. 23, 1724. 
 lie was a French Jesuit, and arrived at Quebec in 
 Oct., 1689. After travelling in the interior sev 
 eral years, he went to Norridgewock on the Ken- 
 nebec river, where he tarried twenty-six years till 
 his death. Being considered as the inveterate 
 enemy of the English, and as stimulating the In 
 dians to their frequent depredations, Captains 
 Harmon and Moulton were sent in 1724 against 
 the village in which he lived. They surprised it 
 August 23d, and killed Ralle, and about thirty 
 Indians, all of whose scalps were brought away 
 by Harmon. The Jesuit was found in a wigwam, 
 and he defended himself with intrepid courage. 
 He was in the 67th year of his age. By his con 
 descending deportment and address he acquired 
 an astonishing influence over the Indians. Such 
 was his faithfulness to the political interests of 
 France, that lie even made the offices of devotion 
 
 RAMSAY. 
 
 G91 
 
 serve as an incentive to savage ferocity ; for he 
 kept a flag, on which was depicted a cross sur 
 rounded with bows and arrows, and he raised it 
 at the door of his little church, when he gave ab 
 solution previously to the commencement of any 
 warlike enterprise. He was a man of good sense 
 and learning, and was particularly skilful in Latin, 
 which he wrote with great purity. He spoke the 
 Abnakis language, which was the language of the 
 Norridgewocks, and was acquainted with the Hu 
 ron, Outawis, and Illinois. In his preaching he 
 was vehement and pathetic. For the last nine 
 teen years his health was feeble, as his limbs had 
 been broken by a fall. An ineffectual attempt 
 was made to seize him in 1722 ; but some of his 
 papers were secured, and among them a diction 
 ary of the Abnakis language, which is now in the 
 library of Harvard college. It is a quarto vol 
 ume of five hundred pages. Two of his letters 
 of considerable length are preserved in the lettres 
 edifiantes. 
 
 RALPH, JAMES, died at Chiswick, Eng., in 
 1762-. Born in Philadelphia, he lived in England 
 thirty-two years ; he was a poet, and wrote on 
 politics and history. 
 
 RALSTON, ROBERT, died at Philadelphia Aug. 
 11, 1836, aged 74. He was long a successful 
 merchant, and was a philanthropist and Christian, 
 a promoter of benevolent and charitable objects. 
 His daughter married first Ebenezer Rockwood 
 of Massachusetts, and next Rev. Dr. Vcrmilye of 
 New York. 
 
 RALSTON, SAMUEL, D. D., died in Carroll, 
 Pa., Sept. 25, 1851, aged 96. He had been in 
 the ministry seventy years. 
 
 RAMAGE, ADAM, died in Philadelphia July 9, 
 1850, aged 80. He was the inventor of the Ram- 
 age printing press, by a change of shape in the 
 screw ; said still to be very useful in certain cases. 
 
 RAMSAY, DAVID, M. D., a physician and his 
 torian, died in Charleston, S. C., May 8, 1815, 
 aged 69. He was the youngest son of James R., 
 an Irish emigrant and farmer, and was born in 
 Lancaster county, Pa., April 2, 1749, and was 
 graduated at Princeton college in 1765. Two 
 brothers also received a public education. He 
 settled in the practice of physic at Charleston, 
 where he was eminent in his profession. During 
 the war he was a determined whig and a leading 
 member of the legislature ; he was also a surgeon 
 in the army. With thirty-seven other citizens he 
 was seized by the British Aug. 27, 1780, and 
 transported to St. Augustine, where he was de 
 tained nearly a year. From 1782 to 1786 he was 
 a respected member of congress, being for one 
 year the president. He was subsequently for 
 many years a member of the legislature of South 
 Carolina, and president of the senate. His death 
 was occasioned by a wound, received from an in 
 sane man, named Wm. Linning, who shot him in 
 
692 
 
 RAMSAY. 
 
 HAND. 
 
 the back with a large pistol, loaded with three 
 balls. He suffered excruciating pain about thirty 
 hours. Linning, some years before, had been 
 brought into court for an attempt to murder, and, 
 indignant because Dr. R. expressed the opinion 
 that he was deranged, had declared his purpose 
 to take his life. His first wife was the daughter 
 of President Witherspoon ; she died of the scar 
 let fever, soon after the birth of a son, in 1784. 
 His second wife was the daughter of Henry Lau- 
 rens. He left four sons and four daughters. 
 His son, Dr. John W. R., died in July, 1813, 
 aged 29. His daughter, Sabina Elliot, married 
 Henry L. Pinckney. Dr. 11. was for many 
 years a member of the Independent or Congre 
 gational church of Charleston, and he died 
 in the peace of the Christian. His life was de 
 voted to benevolent and patriotic labors. In his 
 zealous anticipations of public improvements he 
 was led to invest his property in projects, by the 
 failure of which he lost his private fortune. He 
 was a man of unwearied industry, and most eco 
 nomical of time, usually sleeping only four hours. 
 In every relation of life he was exemplary. His 
 historical writings are valuable. He published a 
 history of the He volution in South Carolina, 2 
 vols. 8vo., 1785 ; history of the American Revo 
 lution, 2 vols., 1789 ; review of the improvements, 
 etc., of medicine, 1800 ; the life of Washington, 
 1801 ; medical register, 1802 ; oration on the ac 
 quisition of Louisiana, 1804 ; history of South 
 Carolina, 2 vols., 1809, with valuable public docu 
 ments annexed ; a biographical chart ; memoirs 
 of Martha L. Ramsay, 1811 ; eulogium on Dr. 
 Rush, 1813; history of the United States, 3 vols., 
 181G; universal history Americanized, 8 vols. 
 
 RAMSAY, MARTHA LAURENS, the wife of the 
 preceding, died June 10, 1811, aged 51. The 
 daughter of Henry Laurens, she was born Nov. 
 3, 1759. After passing ten years in England and 
 France she returned to this country, and was 
 married in Jan., 1787. She was the mother of 
 eleven children, eight of whom survived her. 
 She was a woman of talents, learning, and piety. 
 She fitted her sons for college. One of her Sun 
 day employments was reading the New Testament 
 in Greek with her sons, and in French with her 
 daughters. When, in the absence of her hus 
 band, she was the head of her family, she daily 
 prayed with them and read the Scriptures. Of 
 her benevolence, the following is an instance : 
 When in France she received from her father a 
 present of 500 guineas. With a part of this 
 sum she purchased and distributed French testa 
 ments, and established a school at Vigan. Me 
 moirs of her life, with extracts from her writings, 
 were published by her husband, 2d ed., 1812. 
 
 RAMSAY, ALEXANDER, M. D., an anatomist, 
 was a native of England, but resided for many 
 years in this country as a lecturer on anatomy 
 
 and physiology. He died at Parsonsfield, Maine, 
 Nov. 24, 1824, aged about 70. He had. been bit 
 ten two years before by a rattlesnake ; and he 
 supposed that his last sickness was the conse 
 quence of the poison, producing an altered state 
 of the lymphatics of his lungs. He was a very 
 skilful anatomist. He published anatomy of the 
 heart, cranium, and brain, with a series of plates, 
 2d ed., Edinburgh, 1813. 
 
 RAMSAY, WILLIAM, captain, died in Boon 
 county, Mo., May 24, 1845, aged 104. He served 
 during the whole of the Revolutionary Avar, and 
 was an Indian fighter in Kentucky. He removed 
 to Missouri in 1802. 
 
 RAMSEY, Mrs., wife of William R., mission 
 ary, died at Bombay June 11, 1834, aged 29. 
 Her name was Mary Wire, of Philadelphia. 
 
 RAMSEY, JAMES, D. D., died at Frankfort, 
 Pa., March G, 1855, aged 84. 
 
 RAND, WILLIAM, minister of Kingston, Mass., 
 died in 1779, aged within a week of 80. Born 
 in Charlestown, he graduated at Harvard in 1721, 
 in the class of Drs. Chauncy and Pemberton. He 
 was the minister of Sunderland from 1724 to 
 i 1745, and of Kingston from 1746 to 1779, in all 
 I about fifty-five years in the ministry. He was a 
 man of eminence. He published a sermon on 
 preaching Christ, 1736; at ordination of D. Par 
 sons, 1739; of A. Hill; of A. Williams; at the 
 convention, 1757. Sprague s Annals. 
 
 RAND, ISAAC, M. D., vice-president of the 
 medical society, died in Charlestown, Mass., in 
 1790, aged 71. He studied medicine with Dr. 
 Thomas Greaves of C., his native town. In 1775 
 he had a small pox hospital in Cambridge. With 
 out a college education, lie was respectable for 
 his attainments and was held in high esteem. 
 
 RAND, JOHN, first minister of Lyndeborough, 
 N. H., died in Bedford in 1805, aged 78. Born 
 in Charlestown, Mass., he graduated at Harvard 
 in 1743, and was pastor from 1757 to 1762. lie 
 was college librarian. There being no meeting 
 house when he was settled, he was ordained Dec. 
 3d in a barn. 
 
 RAND, ISAAC, M. D, , a physician, died in Bos 
 ton Sept. 11, 1822, aged 79. The son of Dr. 
 Isaac R. of Charlestown, Mass., he was born 
 April 27, 1743, and graduated at Harvard college 
 in 1761, in which year he and Samuel Williams 
 accompanied Professor Winthrop to Newfound 
 land, to observe the transit of Venus. In 1764 he 
 settled as a physician in Boston, and rose to emi 
 nence. In the Revolution he was a royalist, but, 
 taking no active part in politics, he was not mo 
 lested. He remained in Boston while it was pos 
 sessed by the enemy. From 1798 to 1804 he was 
 president of the Massachusetts medical society. 
 He was for many years a professor of religion. 
 Such was his charity to the poor, that he gave 
 them not only his services, but his money. For 
 
RAND. 
 
 years several families were supported by his boun 
 ty. His manners were dignified and courtly. He 
 published a tract on hydrocephalus interims, and 
 a discourse on the use of the warm bath and fox 
 glove in phthisis. Thaclicr. 
 
 HANI), BENJAMIN, LL. I)., died in Boston 
 April 26, 1852, aged G7. Born in "Wcston, he 
 graduated at Harvard in 1808, and was a distin 
 guished member of the Boston bar. 
 
 11ANDALL, RICHARD, M. D., governor of 
 Liberia, died April 19, 1829. He was born in An 
 napolis, studied physic in Philadelphia, was sur 
 geon s mate in the navy, and in 1825 commenced 
 the practice in Washington. He was one of the 
 managers of the colonization society, and in 1828, 
 after the death of Mr. Ashmun, was appointed 
 governor of Liberia. He accepted the perilous 
 office ; but soon died. 
 
 RANDALL, STEPHEN, Dr., died at North Prov 
 idence March 15, 1843, aged 81. 
 
 RANDALL, JOHN, M. D., an esteemed phy 
 sician in Boston, died Dec. 20, 1843, aged 67. 
 He graduated at Harvard in 1802. 
 
 RANDALL, ARCHIBALD, judge, died at Phila 
 delphia May 30, 1846, aged 46. He was a judge 
 of the United States district court. 
 
 RANDALL, ABRAHAM, died at Stow, Mass., 
 March 3, 1852, aged 80. Born in Stow, he grad 
 uated at Harvard in 1798, was settled at Man 
 chester in 1802, and dismissed in 1808. He then 
 returned to his native town. 
 
 RANDOLPH, EDWARD, a man worthy of in 
 famy in New England, was sent over to inquire 
 into the state of the colonies in 1676. In his 
 zeal for Episcopacy he wished to destroy the New 
 England churches, and was the cause of the tak 
 ing away of the Massachusetts charter. He was 
 conjoined with Governor Andros. He died in 
 the West Indies. Eliot. 
 
 RANDOLPH, PEYTON, first president of con 
 gress, died Oct. 22, 1775, aged 52. He was a 
 native of Virginia, of which colony he was attor 
 ney-general as early as 1756. In this year he 
 formed a company of one hundred gentlemen, 
 who engaged as volunteers against the Indians. 
 He was afterwards speaker of the house of bur 
 gesses. Being appointed one of the deputies to 
 the first congress in 1774, he was, Sept. 5, elected 
 its president. He was also chosen president of 
 the second congress, May 10, 1775, but on the 
 24th, as ho was obliged to return to Virginia, Mr. 
 Hancock was placed in the chair. Mr. Randolph 
 afterwards took his seat again in congress. He 
 died at Philadelphia of an apoplectic stroke. 
 
 RANDOLPH, EDMUND, governor of Virginia, 
 died Sept. 12, 1813. He was the only son of 
 John 11., attorney-general, who, being a loyalist, 
 left the country at the beginning of the Revolu 
 tion with Lord Dunmore. He was bred under 
 his father to the law, but refused to accompany 
 
 RATHBUN. 
 
 G93 
 
 him to England. After seeing a little military 
 service in the suite of Washington, he applied 
 himself to the profession of the law, and was ap 
 pointed attorney-general. He was governor after 
 Patrick Henry from 1786 to 1788, when he was 
 succeeded by Beverly Randolph. In 1790 Wash 
 ington appointed him attorney-general of the 
 United States; and in 1794 he succeeded Mr. 
 Jefferson as secretary of State, but in consequence 
 of some difficulties with the administration he re 
 signed Aug. 19, 1795. In his private affairs he 
 was much embarrassed. He died in Frederic 
 county, Va. His wife was a daughter of Robert 
 Carter Nicholas, treasurer under the royal gov 
 ernment ; and by her he had several children. 
 He published a vindication of his resignation, 
 1795. 
 
 RANDOLPH, THOMAS M., colonel, governor 
 of Virginia, died at Monticcllo June 20, 1828. 
 His wife was a daughter of Mr. Jefferson. Other 
 governors of the name were Edmund, from 1786 
 to 1788 ; and Beverly, from 1788 to 1791. 
 
 RANDOLPH, MARTHA, died in Albemarle 
 county, Virginia, Oct. 10, 1836, aged upwards of 
 70 ; the last survivor of the daughters of Thomas 
 Jefferson. She was the widow of Governor 
 Thomas M. Randolph, and a woman of eminent 
 talents and virtues. 
 
 RANKINS, CATHARINE, died at Braynefield, 
 Caroline county, Miss., Oct., 1833, aged 109; born 
 near Port Royal, Virginia. 
 
 RANTOUL, ROBERT, JUN., senator of the 
 United States, died at Washington Aug. 7, 1852, 
 aged 46. He was born at Beverly, Mass., Aug. 
 13, 1805, and graduated in 1826, delivering the 
 valedictory poem. After being admitted to the 
 bar he became a resident of Gloucester in 1833, 
 of which town he was a representative. As chair 
 man of a committee he drew up several reports 
 in favor of the abolition of the punishment of 
 death in all cases. It is, perhaps, as much owing 
 to him as to any man, that so many have come 
 to disregard the ancient Divine injunction to pun 
 ish the murderer with death, an infliction neces 
 sary to the safety of human society. He was on 
 the democratic side in politics. In 1843 he was 
 collector in Boston ; in 1845 he was appointed 
 district attorney for four years. In 1851 he was 
 chosen senator to supply for a few days the va 
 cancy occasioned by the resignation of Mr. Web 
 ster. In November he was chosen a member of 
 congress by the united votes of the democratic 
 and free-soil parties. His speeches and writings 
 have been collected in one volume. 
 
 RAPP, FREDERIC, died in July, 1834, aged 
 59 ; the leader of the Harmonists, so called, at 
 Economy, their seat in Pennsylvania. George 
 Rapp, the founder of the society, a German, died 
 in 1847, aged 92. 
 
 RATHBUN, VALENTINE, was born in Ston- 
 
694 
 
 llATHBUN. 
 
 RAY. 
 
 ington in 1723, and was by trade a clothier. He 
 formed a Baptist church in Pittsfield, Mass., in 
 1772, and was their pastor; it was a large church 
 in 1780. He now joined the Shakers in the 
 neighboring town of Hancock, with a large part 
 of his church ; and also Mr. Johnson, Presbyte 
 rian minister of New Lebanon. In about three 
 months, however, he left them, and wrote Rath- 
 bun s hints against their delusions, a tract, of 
 which five editions were soon published. His 
 brother, Daniel Rathbun, remained with them 
 four years ; then withdrew and published a more 
 full account of their madness, in 1785. The 
 Baptist church once under his care becoming ex 
 tinct, a new one was formed in Pittsfield, of which 
 John Francis was the minister from 1806 to his 
 death in 1813. 
 
 RATHBUN, BENJAMIN, died in Springfield, 
 New York, in 1854, bequeathing 12,000 dollars 
 to the bible and other societies. 
 
 RAUCH, CHRISTIAN HENRY, a Moravian mis 
 sionary, arrived at New York, July, 1740, and 
 proceeded thence to Shekomeko, an Iiidian vil 
 lage bordering on Connecticut, near the Stissik 
 mountain. He was successful in his labors. He 
 baptized the three first Indians Feb. 22, 1742, 
 and twenty-six more before the end of the year. 
 Some of his brethren were maltreated by inter 
 ested whites, opposed to the civilization of the 
 Indians, particularly at New Milford and Peckipsi, 
 now called Poughkeepsie. Ileckewelder s Nar. 
 
 R-AUCH, F. A., minister at Mercersburg, Penn., 
 died March 2, 1841. 
 
 RAVENSCROFT, JOHN S., D. D., bishop of 
 North Carolina, died at Raleigh March 5, 1830, 
 aged 57. He was the author of sermons. 
 
 RAWDON, Earl of, or Francis Rawdon Hast 
 ings, Marquess of Hastings, died on board ship 
 Revenge near Naples, Nov. 28, 1826, aged 73. 
 In 1778 he was adjutant-general of the British 
 army in America. At the battle of Camden, Aug. 
 16, 1780, he commanded one wing of the army. 
 Severe illness induced him to return to England. 
 In 1793 he was major-general ; in 1803 com- 
 mander-in-chief in Scotland ; in 1812 governor- 
 general of British India; in 1824 governor of 
 Malta. His wife was Flora Muir Campbell ; as 
 he was about to die he requested that his right 
 hand might be cut off and preserved till the 
 death of his wife, to be interred in the same coffin 
 with her. It was cut off. Whether she pre 
 served it is not stated. 
 
 RAWLE, WILLIAM, died April 12, 1836, aged 
 77. He was one of the first lawyers of Phila 
 delphia, an eminent jurist, respected for his vari 
 ous learning, and an honor to his profession for 
 fifty years. He published an address to the ag 
 ricultural society, 1819; a view of the constitu 
 tion of the United States, 2d edition, 1829 ; dis 
 course on law, 1832. 
 
 RAWSON, EDWARD, secretary of Massachu 
 setts colony above forty years, died at Dorchester 
 in 1694, aged about 60. lie graduated at Har 
 vard in 1653 ; his name is printed in italics as a 
 minister. His son Grindall, born in 1658, mar 
 ried Susan, daughter of Rev. John Wilson of 
 Medficld, and had eight sons and five daughters. 
 
 RAWSON, GRINDALL, minister of Mcndon, 
 Mass., died Feb. 6, 1715, aged 56. He was the 
 son of Secretary Edward; was graduated at Har 
 vard college in 1678, and was ordained successor 
 of Mr. Emerson about the year 1680, when there 
 were but about twenty families in the town. Such 
 ] was his benevolence, that he studied the Indian 
 language that he might be able to preach the 
 gospel of salvation to the Indians in Mendon. 
 He usually preached to them in their own tongue 
 every Sunday evening. His discouragements 
 were great, for he had but little success ; but he 
 persevered in his humane exertions. He was 
 highly respected for his talents, piety, and be 
 nevolence. He was succeeded by Mr. Dorr. 
 When on his sick bed, as he was reminded of his 
 faithfulness in the service of God, he replied : 
 " O, the great imperfection I have been guilty of! 
 How little have I done for God ! " lie continued : 
 " If it were not for the imperfection of the saints, 
 there would be no need of a Saviour. In the 
 Lord Jehovah I have righteousness and strength." 
 The last words which he uttered were : " Come, 
 Lord Jesus, come quickly." He published the 
 election sermon, 1709. C. Mather s Death of 
 Good Men. 
 
 RAWSON, GRINDALL, first minister of South 
 Hadley, and of Hadlymein East Iladdam, Conn., 
 died in 1777, aged 69. The son of Rev. G. R. 
 of Mendon, he graduated at Harvard in 1728. 
 He was the first minister of South Hadley, Mass., 
 from 1733 to 1741 ; then of Hadlyme, and re 
 mained pastor until in 1745 he was dismissed. 
 
 RAWSON, GRINDALL, minister of Yarmouth, 
 Mass., died in 1794, aged 73. The cousin of the 
 preceding, born in Milton, he graduated at 
 Harvard in 1741 ; was from 1751 to 1754 the 
 minister of Ware ; and was pastor at Yarmouth 
 from 1755 to 1760. Sprayue s Annals. 
 
 RAWSON, JAMES, D. I)., died in Hungan s 
 parish, Virginia, Aug. 26, 1854. 
 
 RAY, WILLIAM, a poet, died at Auburn, N. Y., 
 in 1827, aged 56. He was born in Salisbury, 
 Conn., and had but little education. After several 
 ineffectual attempts to provide for his family, 
 he sailed to the Mediterranean in 1803 on board 
 the frigate Philadelphia, which struck upon a rock 
 near Tripoli, and fell into the hands of the Tripo- 
 litans. He was a slave for a year and a half, and 
 his sufferings were great. In 1809 he settled in 
 Essex county, N. Y. ; but was unsuccessful in 
 trade. In the war of 1812 he was a major in the 
 detached militia. He afterwards lived in Onon- 
 
RAY. 
 
 RED JACKET. 
 
 C95 
 
 daga. His volume of poems was published in 
 1821. In the exordium he says : 
 
 l; When you re captured by a Turk, 
 Sit down aud write a bettor work." 
 
 Spec. Amer. Poetry, II. 137. 
 
 RAY, JOSEPH, M. D., died in Cincinnati, Ohio, 
 April 17, 18,35, aged 48. He was an eminent 
 teacher in various places, and president of the 
 Woodward high school. He published three 
 treatises on arithmetic, and two on algebra, in 
 good repute at the west. 
 
 RAYMOND, WILLIAM, captain, commanded 
 a company of young men of Beverly in the ex 
 pedition to Canada in 1690 ; to him and them a 
 township of land was given in reward of their 
 services. Their pastor, Mr. Hale, was chaplain. 
 
 R. EantouUs Memoir of Hale, in coll. hist. 
 soc. 3d series, vol. 7. 
 
 RAYXER, JOHN, or Reyner, died at Dover, 
 N. II., in April, 1069, probably as old as 70 years. 
 He had his degree at Magdalen college, Cam 
 bridge, in 1625. He began to preach at Ply 
 mouth about March, 1635, and was successor of 
 R. Smith as the teacher from 1636 to 1654, 
 when he left the town in consequence of the dim 
 inution of his church by emigration and of pre 
 judices against a learned ministry. He was 
 installed at Dover in 1657. He manifested the 
 Christian virtues and was an able and faithful 
 preacher. The instruction of children occupied 
 much of his attention. He married Frances 
 Clark of Boston about 1642. 
 
 RAYNER, JOHN, minister of Dover, N. II., 
 died in Eraintree Dec. 21, 1676, aged 34. The 
 son of J. Rayncr, born in Plymouth ; he gradu 
 ated in 1663, and settled in 1671, the successor 
 of his father. 
 
 READ, GEORGE, chief justice of Delaware, 
 died in 1798, aged 64. He Avas a patriot of the 
 Revolution, was of Irish descent, and born in 
 Maryland in 1734. After he was admitted to 
 the bar he relinquished to his brothers his right 
 to two shares of his father s estate. He was at 
 torney-general of the three lower counties from 
 1763 till 1775. In August, 1774, he was chosen 
 a member of congress and continued in that body 
 during the Revolutionary war. Though he voted 
 against the declaration of independence, thinking 
 it premature, yet he signed the instrument, and 
 was truly a friend of his country. He presided 
 in the convention which formed the first consti 
 tution of Delaware, and was a member of that 
 which formed the constitution of the United 
 States. He was also a senator of the United 
 States, and chief justice from 1793 till his death. 
 He was a distinguished judge, and in private life 
 respectable and estimable. Goodrich. 
 
 READ, CLEMENT, minister in Charlotte county, 
 Virginia, died in 1841, aged 71. 
 
 READ, LEIGH, brigadier-general, died at Tal 
 lahassee, Florida, in 1841, aged 31; a brave officer 
 in the Scminole war in 1836. 
 
 READ, JOHN, a great lawyer in Massachu 
 setts, died Feb. 7, 1749, aged about 72. He 
 graduated at Harvard in 1697. lie was a man 
 of talents and integrity, and a friend of the peo 
 ple. He was a representative of Boston and a 
 councillor. The next age was fond of quoting 
 his opinions and sayings. Eliot. 
 
 READ, Jonx, M. D., died at Philadelphia in 
 November, 1792. 
 
 READ, COLLINSOX, published abridgment of 
 the LIAVS of Pennsylvania, 1804. 
 
 READ, D., published American singing book, 
 also a new collection of psalm tunes, Dedham, 
 1805. 
 
 READ, THOMAS, D. D., died at Wilmington, 
 Delaware, in 1823. He was many years an ex 
 cellent preacher in the Presbyterian church. As 
 he received an honorary degree at Princeton in 
 1772, he was probably aged 75 or more at his 
 death. Rev. T. R. died in Montgomery county, 
 Maryland, Jan. 5, 1838, aged 90, nearly forty 
 years rector of Prince George s parish. 
 
 READ, WILLIAM, doctor, died at Charleston, 
 S. C., April 20, 1845, aged 91. He had the rank 
 of lieutenant-colonel, and was of Washington s 
 staff in the war of the Revolution. 
 
 READ, NATHAN, judge, died in Hallowell, 
 Maine, Jan. 20, 1849, aged 89. He graduated 
 in 1781, and soon opened a school in Salem for 
 young ladies, and he became noted for his me 
 chanical science and inventions. He was a mem 
 ber of congress from Essex county in 1801. He 
 emigrated to Maine. Of the American academy 
 he was a member. Such were his high inventive 
 powers, that before Fulton he applied steam to 
 navigation, but with paddles instead of wheels. 
 
 READING, THOMAS, a distinguished patriot 
 of the Revolution, died near Flemington, N. J., 
 in 1814, aged 81. He was religious from youth; 
 in dying he said, " I am now ready to be offered." 
 
 REAM, JEREMIAH, a preacher in Sumter dis 
 trict, South Carolina, after he was ninety years 
 old ; died after 1797, aged 100. Ramsay. 
 
 REDFIELD, WILLIAM C., died in New York 
 Feb. 12, 1857, aged 68. Born in Middletown, 
 Conn., he came to New York in 1825. He was 
 a man of science and zealously promoted steam 
 navigation. In 1828 he published a paper on a 
 route of a great western railway. He began 
 early to study the theory of storms. His writ 
 ings on meteorology appeared in the American 
 journal of science, and in the nautical magazines 
 and journals. lie gave much attention also to 
 geology. 
 
 RED JACKET, chief of the Seneca Indians, 
 :lied near Buffalo, N. Y., Jan. 20, 1830, aged 80. 
 His Indian name was Sagryuwhahad, Keeper 
 
696 
 
 REDLON. 
 
 REED. 
 
 Awake. He had always strenuously opposed the 
 introduction of Christianity, of schools, and of the 
 arts of civilized life among his people. Before 
 his death he was restored to his dignity of chief, 
 from which he had been deposed a few years for 
 his intemperance and other vices. His people 
 were divided into the Christian party and the 
 heathen party. He died a pagan ; requesting 
 his wife to put into his hand when he was about 
 to die a vial of water, that, as the devil might at 
 tempt to take his soul, he might thus be secure. 
 This expedient might have been the result of a 
 dream, or of the Catholic practice of sprinkling 
 with holy water. 
 
 REDLON, SARAH, died at Buxton, Maine, 
 Dec. 26, 1856, aged 100; the widow of Ebenezer 
 R., a Revolutionary soldier. She retained her 
 faculties in old age. The mother of eleven chil 
 dren, her descendants were two hundred and 
 seventy-three. 
 
 REDMAN, JOHN, M. D., first president of 
 the college of physicians of Philadelphia, died 
 March 19, 1808, aged 86. He was born in that 
 city Feb. 27, 1722. After finishing his prepara 
 tory education in Mr. Tennent s academy, he 
 entered upon the study of physic with John 
 Kcarsely, then one of the most respectable physi 
 cians of Philadelphia. When he commenced the 
 practice of his profession he went to Bermuda, 
 where he continued for several years. Thence 
 he proceeded to Europe for the purpose of per 
 fecting his acquaintance with medicine. He lived 
 one year in Edinburgh ; he attended lectures, 
 dissections, and the hospitals in Paris; he was 
 graduated at Leyden in July, 1748; and, after 
 passing some time at Gray s hospital, he returned 
 to America, and settled in his native city, where 
 he soon gained great and deserved celebrity. In 
 the evening of his life he withdrew from the labors 
 of his profession ; but it was only to engage in 
 business of another kind. In the year 1784 he 
 was elected an elder of the second Presbyterian 
 church, and the benevolent duties of this office 
 employed him and gave him delight. The death 
 of his younger daughter in 1806 was soon suc 
 ceeded by the death of his wife, with whom he 
 had lived nearly sixty years. lie himself soon 
 died of the apoplexy, lie was below the middle 
 stature ; his complexion was dark and his eyes 
 animated. In the former part of his life he pos 
 sessed an irritable temper, but his anger was 
 transient, and he was known to make acknow 
 ledgments to his pupils and servants for a hasty 
 expression. He was a decided friend to deple 
 tion in all the violent diseases of our country. 
 He bled freely in the yellow fever of 1762, and 
 threw the weight of his venerable name into the 
 scale of the .same remedy in the year 1793. In 
 the diseases of old age he considered small and 
 frequent bleedings as the first of remedies. He 
 
 entertained a high opinion of mercury in all 
 chronic diseases, and he gave it in the natural 
 small pox, with the view of touching the salivary 
 glands about the turn of the pock. He intro 
 duced the use of turbith mineral as an emetic in 
 the gangrenous sore throat of 1764. Towards 
 the close of his life he read the later medical 
 writers, and embraced with avidity some of the 
 modern opinions and modes of practice. In a 
 sick room his talents were peculiar. He sus 
 pended pain by his soothing manner, or chased 
 it away by his conversation, which was occasion 
 ally facetious and full of anecdotes, or serious and 
 instructing. He was remarkably attached to all 
 the members of his family. At the funeral of 
 his brother, Joseph R., in 1779, after the com 
 pany were assembled, he rose from his seat, and, 
 grasping the lifeless hand of his brother, said : 
 " I declare in the presence of God and of this 
 company, that in the whole course of our lives 
 no angry word nor look has ever passed between 
 this dear brother and me." He then kneeled 
 down by the side of his coffin, and implored the 
 favor of God to his widow and children. He was 
 an eminent Christian. While he was not ashamed 
 of the gospel of Christ, he thought humbly of 
 himself, and lamented his slender attainments in 
 religion. His piety was accompanied by benevo 
 lence and charity. lie gave liberally to the poor. 
 Such was the cheerfulness of his temper, that 
 upon serious subjects he was never gloomy. He 
 spoke often of death, and of the scenes which 
 await the soul after its separation from the body, 
 with perfect composure. He published an inau 
 gural dissertation on abortion, 1748; and a de 
 fence of inoculation, 1759. 
 
 REDMAN, JOSEPH, Dr., died at Bordentown, 
 X J., in 1818: he had lived in Philadelphia. 
 
 REDWOOD, ABRAHAM, a friend of learning, 
 died in Newport, R. I., in 1788, aged 78. He 
 was a Quaker, and came from Antigua to New 
 port. In 1730 a number of gentlemen formed a 
 society for the promotion of knowledge and vir 
 tue. The establishment of a library being 
 deemed important, Mr. Redwood gave 500 
 pounds sterling for the purpose. In consequence 
 an incorporation was obtained for the company of 
 the Redwood library ; Mr. Collins gave a lot of 
 land; and wealthy citizens subscribed 5,000 
 pounds. The building was finished in 1750. 
 The British troops in the war carried away some 
 of the finest works ; but the library now contains 
 six or seven thousand volumes. Ci/cl. o/ Amcr. 
 Lit. 
 
 REED, JOHN, an eminent lawyer of Danbury, 
 Conn., settled there perhaps before the beginning 
 of the last century. He was as singular as he 
 was learned. Anecdotes of him may yet be pre 
 served in D. 
 
 REED, JOSEPH, general, president of Pcnn- 
 
HEED. 
 
 HEED. 
 
 G97 
 
 sylvania, died March 4, 1785, aged 43. He was 
 bom in Now Jersey Aug. 27, 1741, and gradu 
 ated at Princeton in 1757. He studied law with 
 11. Stockton ; also at the Temple in London. On 
 his return he resided in Philadelphia, where he 
 was one of the committee of correspondence in 
 1774 and president of the convention. He 
 accompanied AVashington to Cambridge in July, 
 1775, and as his aid and secretary remained with 
 him during the campaign. In the campaign of 
 177G he was adjutant-general, and proved him 
 self a brave, active, and useful officer. By direc 
 tion of Washington, he cooperated in the affair 
 of Princeton, Jby attacking the neighboring British 
 posts. In the spring of 1777 he was appointed 
 a general officer in the cavalry, but declined the 
 station, though he still attended the army. lie 
 was engaged in the battle of Germantown. In 
 1777 he was chosen a member of congress. In 
 May, 1778, when he was a member of congress, 
 the three commissioners from England arrived in 
 America. Gov. Johnstone, one of them, ad 
 dressed private letters to F. Dana, R. Morris, 
 and Mr Reed to secure their influence towards 
 the restoration of harmony, giving to the two 
 latter intimations of honors and emoluments. 
 But he addressed himself to men who were firm 
 in their attachment to America. Mr. Reed had 
 a yet severer trial, for direct propositions were 
 made to him in June, through the agency of an 
 accomplished American lady, known to be Mrs. 
 Ferguson, wife of Henry Hugh F., a Scotchman, 
 who joined the British. She assured him, as from 
 Gov. Johnstone, that 10,000 pounds sterling and 
 the best office in the gift of the crown in America 
 should be at his disposal, if he could effect a re 
 union of the two countries. He replied, that 
 " He was not worth purchasing ; but, such as he 
 was, the king of Great Britain was not rich 
 enough to do it." In Oct., 1778, he was chosen 
 president of Pennsylvania, and he continued in 
 this office till Oct., 1781. During his adminis 
 tration violent parties sprung up from various 
 causes, as the paper currency, opposition to the 
 State constitution, and personal ambition, and he 
 was rudely assailed, as many other illustrious 
 men have been, in the public papers, the vehicles 
 of passion and slander. Yet he remained in of 
 fice so long as he was eligible ; and then returned 
 to the profession of the law. He was content to 
 rest the merits of his administration on the 
 arrangements for establishing the university, for 
 the gradual abolition of slavery, and the demo 
 lition of proprietary power. lie ever enjoyed the 
 confidence of AVashington and Greene. In 1784 
 he visited England for his health. His wife was 
 the daughter of Dennis De Berdt, an eminent 
 merchant of London and agent for Massachu 
 setts ; his son, Jos. R., was a respected citizen of 
 Philadelphia; his youngest son, Gco. W. It., edu 
 
 cated at Princeton, served under Decatur in 1804 ; 
 commanded the Vixen brig-of-war in the war of 
 1812; and died a prisoner in England. Gen. R. 
 was pure in morals and polished in manners. He 
 published remarks on Johnstone s speech, with 
 papers relative to his propositions, etc., 1779; 
 remarks on a publication in the Gazetteer, with 
 an address to the people on the many libels, etc., 
 1783. This was addressed to Gen. Cadwalladcr, 
 who replied. Marshall, III. 529, 544 ; Rogers. 
 
 REED, SOLOMON, minister of Middleborough, 
 Mass., died in 1785, aged 68. Born in Abiugton, 
 he graduated at Harvard in 1739 ; was ordained 
 minister of Framingham in 1747 ; and installed 
 at M. in 1757. Of his sons, John was a Unitarian 
 minister ; Solomon, the minister of Petersham, died 
 in 1 808, aged 55 ; and Samuel, the minister of War 
 wick, died in 1812, aged 57. Sprar/ue s Annals. 
 
 REED, SOLOMON, minister of Petersham, Mass., 
 died in 1808, aged 55. Born in Middleborough, 
 he graduated at Yale in 1775, and was pastor 
 from 1780 to 1800. 
 
 REED, SAMUEL, minister of Warwick, Mass., 
 died in 1812, aged 57. Born in Middleborough, 
 he graduated at Dartmouth in 1778, and was set 
 tled in 1779. 
 
 REED, JOHN, D. D., minister of West Bridge- 
 water, Mass., died Feb. 17, 1831, aged 80. He 
 was the son of Solomon R., minister of Middle- 
 borough ; was graduated at Yale college in 1772, 
 and ordained as colleague with D. Perkins June 
 7, 1780. He and his two predecessors, D. Per 
 kins and J. Keith, occupied one hundred and 
 sixty-seven years ; that is, Mr. Keith from 1664 
 to 1719, Mr. Perkins from 1721 to 1782, and Dr. 
 R. from 1780 to 1831. He was a member of 
 congress. He published a convention sermon, 
 1807 ; before the Plymouth association, 1810 ; a 
 treatise on baptism, 12mo. 
 
 REED, WILLIAM, a missionary, died on his 
 return from India in 1834. 
 
 REED, AUGUSTUS B., minister of Ware, Mass., 
 died in 1838, aged 38. He graduated at Provi 
 dence in 1821. 
 
 REED, NELSON, died at Baltimore in 1840, 
 aged 88 ; the oldest Methodist minister in the 
 United States. 
 
 REED, JOSEPH, died in Bordentown, N. J., 
 Jan. 7, 1843, aged 95. He was a soldier of the 
 Revolution : his father was one of the first set 
 tlers in the region in which he lived. 
 
 REED, JOHN, D. D., died at Poughkeepsie, 
 N. Y., July 6, 1845, aged 68. 
 
 REED, ISAAC G., colonel, died in Waldobor- 
 ough Feb. 26, 1847, aged 63. His father, Isaac, 
 was a graduate of Cambridge ; his mother, Mary, 
 was the daughter of Isaac Gardner, who was 
 slain April 19, 1775. He graduated at Cam 
 bridge in 1803, studied law, and settled in W. 
 lie was a legislator of Massachusetts and Maine, 
 
698 
 
 REED. 
 
 REILAY. 
 
 a member of the Maine convention, and he de 
 signed and prepared the State seal. He was a 
 worthy Christian professor, and died in peace. 
 
 REED, CALEB, a graduate of 1817, was the 
 son of Rev. John Reed, and died in Boston Oct. 
 14, 1854, aged 57. He published a small work, 
 
 the general principles of English grammar, 
 1821. For more than twenty years he was editor 
 of the New Jerusalem magazine, and a believer 
 in the strange notions of the Swedenborgian so 
 ciety. 
 
 REED, WILLIAM, died at Marblehead, sud 
 denly, Feb. 18, 1837, aged 60, while attending 
 the meeting of the Sunday school children. He 
 was an eminent merchant, and of a benevolent 
 and religious character. He was a member of 
 congress from 1811 to 1815; was president of 
 the Sabbath school union of Massachusetts, and 
 of the American tract society, and a member of 
 the board of visitors of the theological seminary 
 at Andover, and of the trustees of Dartmouth 
 college. He left 68,000 dollars to benevolent 
 objects; of which 17,000 were to Dartmouth col 
 lege, 10,000 to Amherst, 10,000 to the American 
 board of missions, 9,000 and 7,000 to the two 
 churches of Marblehead, and 5,000 to increase 
 the library of Andover seminary. 
 
 REED, HENRY, professor of English litera 
 ture in the university of Pennsylvania, perished 
 on his return from Europe in the steamer Arctic, 
 Sept. 27, 1854, aged 46. He was a grandson of 
 the patriot Joseph Reed, and graduated at the 
 university in 1825. His wife was Elizabeth W. 
 Bronson, a grand-daughter of Bishop White. He 
 studied law, and was an eminent scholar and 
 teacher. He edited a dictionary, and Arnold s 
 lectures on history ; he wrote essays and reviews, 
 and a life of General Reed. Since his death, his 
 brother, W. B. Reed, has published his lectures 
 on English literature, from Chaucer to Tennyson. 
 
 Cycl. of Amer. Lit. 
 
 REED, HANNAH, widow of William Reed, 
 died at Marblehead May 16, 1855, aged about 77. 
 Her maiden name was Hooper, of one of the 
 principal families of M. Her house was the seat 
 of hospitality, and she was always engaged in 
 works of charity. In attending distant meetings 
 of the American board of missions, she some 
 times took with her, at her own expense, half a 
 dozen female companions. She was a most ac 
 complished lady and eminent Christian. 
 
 REESE, THOMAS, D. D., minister in South 
 Carolina, was graduated at the college of New 
 Jersey in 1768, and was for several years settled 
 over the Presbyterian church at Salem, S. C. He 
 died at Charleston in Aug., 1796. He published 
 an essay on the influence of religion in civil soci 
 ety, 1788 ; death of Christians is gain, in Ameri 
 can preacher, I. ; and the character of Haman, in 
 ibid. vol. n. 
 
 REESIDE, JAMES, long a famous mail con 
 tractor, called " the land admiral," died at Phila 
 delphia in 1842. 
 
 REEVE, EZRA, minister of Holland, Mass, 
 died in 1818, aged 85. Born on Long Island, he 
 graduated at Yale in 1757, and was settled in 
 1785. 
 
 REEVE, TAPPING, chief justice of Connecticut, 
 died at Litchfield Dec. 13, 1823, aged 79. He 
 was the son of Abner R., minister of Brookha- 
 ven, L. I, was born in Oct., 1744; was graduated 
 in 1763 at Princeton college ; and entered upon 
 the profession of the law at Litchfield, Conn., in 
 1772. He was a patriot in the time of the Revo 
 lution. He was a judge of the superior court 
 from 1798 till he was 70 years old. In 1792 he 
 commenced a law school, and continued to give 
 lectures to students at law nearly thirty years till 
 1820. His pupils were numerous. His first 
 wife, the daughter of Pres. Burr, was in feeble 
 health, demanding his care, for twenty years. 
 His only child, Aaron Burr R., died Sept. 1, 
 1809, aged 28. He was not only a profound law 
 yer, but also an eminent Christian. Much of his 
 time was employed in devotion. He was accus 
 tomed to pray particularly for the conversion of 
 individuals among his acquaintance. His chari 
 ties were extensive. His minister said of him : 
 " I have never known a man who loved so many 
 persons with such ardor, and was himself beloved 
 by so many." He published a tract on the do 
 mestic relations, 1816. Beecher s Fun. Sermon. 
 
 REID, GEORGE, general, died in Londonderry, 
 N. II., in 1815, aged 81. He was a colonel in 
 the war, in 1780; in 1785 was brigadier-general 
 of the militia; in 1791 sheriff of Rockingham. 
 
 REID, JOHN, major, aid to General Jackson, 
 died .in 1816. He was born in Campbell county, 
 Va., and was the son of Major Nathan Reid, a 
 hero of the Revolution. Educated at Lexington, 
 Rockbridge county, he settled as a lawyer in Ten 
 nessee, and afterwards in New Orleans, where his 
 practice was very profitable. Becoming aid to 
 Jackson, he manifested a commendable humanity 
 in the war with the Creeks. He was an able of 
 ficer. He died at the house of his father, of the 
 typhoid pneumonia. National Register, vol. I. 
 
 REID, ROBERT R., governor of Florida, died 
 near Tallahassee in 1841, aged 51. Born in 
 South Carolina, he was a member of congress 
 from Georgia, and a judge of the superior court. 
 Mr. Van Buren appointed him governor in 1839. 
 He was a scholar and jurist, and of a kindly 
 temper. 
 
 REID, JARED, minister of Belchertown, Mass., 
 died in 1854, aged about 58. Born in Colchester, 
 Conn., he graduated at Yale in 1817, and was set 
 tled in 1833, as the successor of L. Coleman. 
 
 REILAY, JOHN, captain, died in Troy, N. Y., 
 in 1838, aged 104. 
 
REINKER. 
 
 REYNOLDS. 
 
 GOO 
 
 REIXKER, ABRAHAM, a Moravian minister, 
 died at Litiz. Pa., in 1833, aged 78. 
 
 REMINGTON, JONATHAN, judge of the su 
 preme court of Massachusetts, died at Cambridge 
 Sept. 30, 1745, aged about 70. He graduated at 
 Harvard in 1696, and was the second tutor from 
 1707 to 1711. II. Flynt was the first. 
 
 RENSIIAW, JAMES, commodore in the navy 
 of the United States, diad at Washington in May, 
 1846, aged 62. 
 
 REVEL, JOHN, one of the five first underta 
 kers of New England, and an assistant in 1629, 
 returned to England in 1630 or 1631. The 
 other four were "Winthrop, Dudley, Johnson, and 
 Saltonstall. Eliot. 
 
 REVERE, PAUL, colonel, a patriot and a 
 most ingenious artist, died in Boston in May, 
 1818, aged 83. He was born in B. in December, 
 1734, or Jan. 1, 1735, new style. The name was 
 written Rivoire by his ancestors in France. His 
 grandfather, a Huguenot, emigrated from St. 
 Foy to Guernsey Island. His father, when a boy, 
 was sent to Boston to learn the trade of a gold 
 smith; married there, and Paul was his eldest 
 son. He was brought up to his father s trade ; 
 was skilful with the graver ; and having a taste 
 for drawing, executed all the engravings on silver 
 plate. In the war of 17(56 he was a lieutenant of 
 artillery in the army, and was stationed at fort 
 Edward on Lake George. On his return he 
 married and settled down for life as a goldsmith, 
 deeply interested in various mechanical and man 
 ufacturing arts. He studied mechanics as a sci 
 ence. In the art of engraving on copper he was 
 self-instructed. One of his first productions was 
 an engraved portrait of his friend Dr. Mayhew, 
 whose ministry, to the grief of his father, he was 
 disposed to attend ; another was a representation 
 of the repeal of the stamp act in 1766. Another 
 was of great note. The house of representatives 
 had issued, in 1768, a circular to the other prov 
 inces on the alarming claims of the mother coun 
 try. Gov. Bernard required them to rescind it ; 
 but for compliance there were only seventeen 
 votes, while ninety-two stood firm. The seven- 
 enteen rescinders, as they were called, were 
 treated with great contempt. Mr. Revere lent 
 his art to the side of the people. The design 
 was a pair of open shark s jaws, with flames issu 
 ing, and the devil with a pitchfork driving the re 
 scinders into the " warm place," as it was called. 
 The foremost of them, supposed to be Mr. Rug- 
 gles of Worcester, seeming reluctant, a special 
 winged agent, with his fork, is flying towards him, 
 saying, "Push on, Tim." In 1770 he published 
 an engraved print of the massacre in King street 
 March 5, 1770, of which a lithograph has been 
 republished. In the same year he was one of the 
 grand jury, which refused to act, in consequence 
 of an act of parliament making the judges inde 
 
 pendent of the people. One man only, Mr. 
 Pratt of Chelsea, hesitated; but he, when the 
 chief justice told him it was unimportant whether 
 the crown or the province paid the salaries, re 
 joined, " I won t sarve" This was the last grand 
 jury of the crown. In 1775 he engraved the 
 plates for the Massachusetts paper money ; and 
 the provincial congress sent him to Philadelphia 
 to visit the only powder-mill, to learn the art of 
 making powder. On his return he set up a mill. 
 He was employed on other confidential business. 
 He was one of those who planned the destruction 
 of the tea in Boston harbor. He belonged to a 
 club of patriotic young men, concerning whose 
 operations a letter of his is in print. He became 
 a lieutenant-colonel in the regiment for the de 
 fence of the State. The trunnions of the cannon 
 being broken oft by the British as they left castle 
 William, Washington called on Mr. Revere to 
 render them useful, which he did by a new car 
 riage. After the peace he erected an air-furnace 
 and cast church bells and brass cannon. His 
 mills were at Canton, near Boston. He was first 
 president of the charitable mechanic association, 
 and a liberal supporter of various benevolent in 
 stitutions. He prospered and educated a large 
 family of children, who venerated the memory of 
 such a father. His large house was in Bonnet 
 street. His son, Joseph W. Revere, lives in Bos 
 ton. His youngest son was Dr. John Revere. 
 His letter, referred to, relating to the affairs of 
 1775, is in historical collections, vol. V. Notices 
 of him are in New England magazine, and in 
 annals of Massachusetts mechanic association, 
 1853. The magazine has a fine lithograph of 
 him from a painting by Stuart. N.E.Mag., 
 m. 305. 
 
 REVERE, JOHN, M. D., died at New York 
 April 29, 1847, aged 60. He was a professor in 
 the medical school of the university of New York ; 
 also in Jefferson college, Philadelphia; a graduate 
 of Harvard in 1807. 
 
 REXFORD, ELIJAH, the first minister of 
 Monroe, Conn., died in 1807, aged about 66. 
 He graduated at Yale in 1763; was settled in 
 1766 ; and was succeeded by Chauncey G. Lee 
 in 1821. 
 
 REYNOLDS, Methodist bishop in Canada, 
 died at Hamilton, Canada West, Jan. 17, 1857, 
 aged 71. He was born at Clynehill, near Hud 
 son, N. Y., and had been a preacher fifty years. 
 His last sermon was from this text : " For there 
 shall be no night there." 
 
 REYNOLDS, PETES, minister of Enfield, Conn., 
 
 died May 11, 1768, aged 67. Born in Bristol, 
 
 R. I., he graduated at Yale in 1720, and was in 
 
 | the ministry at E. 42 years. The poetic inscrip- 
 
 j tion on his monument is preserved. He pr.b- 
 
 lished the election sermon, 1757. Barber s Hist- 
 
 Coll. of Conn. 
 
700 
 
 REYNOLDS. 
 
 RICH. 
 
 REYNOLDS, JOSEPH, died at Whitehall, N. Y., 
 Sept. 16, 1840, aged 100; a Revolutionary officer, 
 a pensioner as a lieutenant in the United States 
 army. 
 
 REYNOLDS, THOMAS, governor of Missouri, 
 killed himself at Jefferson city Feb. 9, 1844, aged 
 51. It is said he assigned as a reason for his 
 crime the violence of his political enemies : was 
 he a madman ? A native of Kentucky, he be 
 came a judge of the supreme court of Illinois, 
 and afterwards judge and governor of Missouri. 
 
 REYNOLDS, FREEGEACE, minister of Wil 
 mington, Mass., died in Dec., 1854, aged 88. 
 Born in Somers, the son of a physician, he grad 
 uated at Yale in 1787, and was ordained in 1795. 
 After thirty-five years he removed to Leverett, 
 where he was pastor seven years, but returned in 
 1839 to W., where he died. He was a plain, 
 evangelical preacher. 
 
 REYNOLDS, J. A., Catholic bishop, died at 
 Charleston, S. C., March 6, 1855, aged 56. 
 
 REYNOLDS, MICAJAH, colonel, died at New 
 ark in August, 1856. He left 11,000 dollars to 
 Baptist missionary and bible societies and other 
 charities. 
 
 RHEES, MORGAN J., D. D., an eminent Bap 
 tist minister, died at Williamsburg, N. Y., Jan. 
 15, 1853, aged 49. He lived much in Philadel 
 phia, and was at first a lawyer. His sermons 
 were well studied, without useless verbiage, short, 
 and impassioned; and remembered. 
 
 RHOADES, FOSTER, died in Pensacola Nov. 
 17, 1846. As the United States naval constructor 
 he built some of our most beautiful ships of war ; 
 he also built vessels for the Turkish navy. He 
 was esteemed for his virtues. 
 
 RICE, CALEB, first minister of Sturbridge, 
 Mass., died in 1759, aged 46. Born in Hingham, 
 he graduated at Harvard in 1730, and was settled 
 in 1736. Some of his successors were O. Lane, 
 A. Bond, and J. S. Clark. 
 
 RICE, ASAPII, minister of Westminster, Mass., 
 died in 1816, aged 83. Born in Hardwick, he 
 graduated at Harvard in 1762, and was ordained 
 in 1765. In 1762 he went on a mission with Dr. 
 Forbes to the Oneida Indians, with the care of 
 whom he was left. Sprague s Annals. 
 
 RICE, DAVID, supposed to have been the first 
 Presbyterian minister in Kentucky, died, it is 
 thought, about 1815 or 1820. He commenced 
 his labors when the country was a wilderness, in 
 habited chiefly by Indians. In this year, 1857, it 
 is proposed to remove his remains to Louisville, 
 Ky., and to erect a monument to his memory. 
 
 RICE, JACOB, first minister of Hcnniker, N. II., 
 died in Maine in 1824, aged 84. Born in North- 
 borough, Mass., he graduated at Harvard in 1765, 
 and was pastor from 1769 to 1782. M. Sawyer 
 succeeded him. 
 
 RICE, TILLEY, Dr., died in Brookfield, Mass., 
 in 1824, aged 66. 
 
 RICE, JOHN II., D. D., professor in the Union 
 theological school in Prince Edward county, Va., 
 was for many years a distinguished minister in 
 that State. The theological seminary was estab 
 lished in 1824. He died Sept. 3, 1831, aged 52. 
 Memoirs of his life were published by Mr. Max 
 well. A paper of " resolutions " was found in 
 his pocket-book, among which were the follow 
 ing : "Never spare person, property, or reputa 
 tion, if I can do good ; necessary that I should 
 die poor. Endeavor to feel kindly to every one ; 
 never indulge anger, envy, jealousy towards any 
 human being. Endeavor to a ct so as to advance 
 the present comfort, the intellectual improvement, 
 and the purity and moral good of all my fellow 
 men." He was for some years the editor of the 
 Virginia evangelical and literary magazine. He 
 published memoirs of S. Davies ; an illustration 
 of the Presbyterian church in Virginia, 1816; on 
 the qualifications for the minister, in the quarterly 
 register; a discourse before the foreign board of 
 missions, 1828. 
 
 RICE, LUTHER, missionary, died Oct. 25, 1836, 
 aged about 46. He was born in Northborough, 
 Mass., and graduated at Williams college in 
 1810. He sailed as a missionary of the American 
 board to India in 1812; but afterwards becoming 
 a Baptist, he returned to this country and was 
 actively employed in promoting missions among 
 his brethren, the Baptists. He died in Edgefield 
 district, S. C. Columbia college was chiefly 
 founded by his efforts in the District of Columbia. 
 
 RICE, BENJAMIN, minister of Winchendon, 
 Mass., died in 1847, aged 63. He was a grad 
 uate of Brown university in 1808. 
 
 RICE, HENRY -GARDNER, a merchant in Bos 
 ton, died March 26, 1853, aged 69. The son of 
 Dr. Tilley R. of Brookfield, born Feb. 18, 1784, 
 he graduated at Harvard in the large class of 
 1802. He was a man of amiable, respectable 
 character. 
 
 RICE, BENJAMIN HOLT, D. D., died in Prince 
 Edward county, Va., Feb. or March 17, 1856, 
 being struck with the palsy as he was preaching 
 in his own pulpit. He was a minister of dis 
 tinction ; and a younger brother, it is believed, 
 of Dr. John Holt Rice. His title of D. D. was 
 given him by Princeton college in 1832 ; and he 
 was for years a minister in the town of Prince 
 ton. 
 
 RICH, OBADIAH, died in London Jan. 20, 1850. 
 He was a member of various learned societies. 
 He was American consul at Valencia. In Lon 
 don he did good service to literature as a diligent 
 collector of rare books and manuscripts, espe 
 cially relating to America. He published manu 
 scripts and books relating to America, 1827 ; 
 
RICH. 
 
 IUCIIARDSON. 
 
 701 
 
 bibliotheca Americana nova, London, 1835, and 
 by Harper, X. Y. 
 
 RICH, EZEKIEL, minister at Deep River, Conn., 
 died in 18.54, aged 71. He was educated at An- 
 dover, and was many jcars the minister of 
 Troy, X. H. 
 
 RICHARD, GARRIEL, a Catholic priest, died in 
 Detroit in 1832, aged 68; a man of learning. 
 Born in France, he came to America during the 
 French Revolution ; was a missionary to Illinois; 
 went to Detroit in 1798, and was a member of 
 cor gross in 1823. 
 
 RICHARDS, JOHN, minister of North Guil- 
 ford, Conn., died in 1811, aged about 86. Born 
 in Waterbury, he graduated at Yale in 1745 ; was 
 pastor from 1748 to 1765, when he removed to 
 Vermont. 
 
 RICHARDS, JOHN, first minister of Piermont, 
 N. II., died in 1814, aged 84. Born in Water- 
 bury, Conn., he graduated at Yale in 1745, and 
 was pastor from 1776 to 1802. 
 
 RICHARDS, JAMES, a missionary, died at 
 Ceylon Aug. 3, 1822, aged 28. He was born in 
 Abington, Mass., Feb. 23, 1784; his parents, 
 while he was young, removed to Plainfield. lit 
 graduated at Williams college in 1809, being 
 there the associate of Mills. Having studied 
 theology at Andover and medicine at Philadel 
 phia, he embarked for Ceylon in Oct., 1815. Of 
 a pulmonary disorder, which interrupted his mis 
 sionary labors, he at last died. His widow, Sarah 
 Bardwell of Goshen, a sister of Mr. Bardwell, 
 the missionary, married Rev. Joseph Knight, and 
 died at Nellore April 26, 1825. He was emi 
 nently pious and died in peace. Miss. Herald, 
 XIX. 241-247; Rprayue s Annals. 
 
 RICHARDS, JAMES, D. D., professor of theol 
 ogy at Auburn, died Aug. 2, 1843, aged 75. Born 
 in Canaan, Conn., he was ordained over the first 
 Presbyterian church in Morristown, N. J., 1794; 
 installed at Newark, 1809; was professor of 
 theology from 1823 to his death. He was a de 
 scendant from Samuel R., who came from Wales 
 and lived near Stamford. His mother was Ruth 
 Hanford, a woman of intellect and piety. He 
 had an honorary degree at Yale in 1794; and 
 was a man eminently useful in the various labors 
 of a minister and Christian teacher. His lec 
 tures, with a sketch of his life, by S. H. Gridley, 
 were published by I)odd, New York, in 1846, 
 with a portrait. His lectures relate to the will, 
 the depravity of man, the atonement, election, 
 justification, ability, and other subjects. Dr. 
 Sprague published a sermon and an essay on his 
 character in 1849. He published an address at 
 the funeral of Sarah Cummings, 1812 ; several ser 
 mons, 1836; sinners inability to come to Christ. 
 
 RICHARDS, WILLIAM, missionary at the 
 Sandwich Islands, died at Honolulu Nov. 7, 1847, 
 aged 54. He was minister of public instruction 
 
 : in the service of the king. Born in Plainfield, 
 j Mass., he graduated at Williams college in 1819, 
 at Andover in 1822, and embarked Nov. 19, and 
 j arrived in April, 1823. His residence was at 
 Lahaina. He toiled as a most faithful missionary 
 till 183S; being among the first as a preacher and 
 translator, no one shared more highly in the af 
 fections of the Hawaiian people. II is wife was 
 Clarissa Lyman of Northampton. In 1838 he 
 entered upon his secular career as adviser of the 
 king, and introducer of law and order. He went 
 on a successful embassy in 1842 to the United 
 States, to Great Britain, and France, to vindicate 
 the rights of the Sandwich Islands. He returned 
 from his embassy March 23, 1845, and was ap 
 pointed by the king his minister of public in 
 struction in 1846. He did great service in regard 
 to the publication of the laws in English and 
 Hawaiian. He was a man of a kind, noble, and 
 disinterested mind. He left nothing for his wife 
 and seven or eight children. His widow lived in 
 New Haven in 1856; a daughter married Pro 
 fessor Clark of Amhcrst college. New York 
 Observer, March 18, 1848; Sprague s Annals. 
 
 RICHARDS, WILLIAM L., a missionary, son 
 of Rev. Wm. 11., died on his return from China, 
 and was buried in the ocean off St. Helena June 
 5, 1851, aged about 25. Pres. Brown of Jeffer 
 son college adopted and educated him. He 
 studied theology at the Union seminary, New 
 York; and in 1847 went as a missionary to 
 China, where in three years he acquired a good 
 knowledge of the Chinese, and had begun to 
 preach in it, when illness interrupted his labors. 
 Sprague s Annals. 
 
 RICHARDSON, JOILX, minister of Newbury, 
 Mass., died in 1696, aged 49. He graduated at 
 Harvard in 1666, and was ordained in 1675. He 
 was the son of Amos 11. of Stonington, Conn. 
 Farmer s Register. 
 
 RICHARDSON, ABIJAH, Dr., died in Medway, 
 Mass., in 1822, aged 70. 
 
 RICHARDSON, WILLIAM, colonel, a distin 
 guished officer in the Revolution, died in Caroline 
 county, Md., in 1825, aged 90. He was treas 
 urer of the eastern shore. 
 
 RICHARDSON, WILLIAM M., LL. D., died 
 at Chester, N. H., March 23, 1838, aged 64. He 
 was chief justice of New Hampshire. He was 
 born in Pelham, N. H., Jan. 4, 1774, and grad 
 uated at Cambridge in 1797. He was preceptor 
 of the academy at Groton, and also practised law 
 there, and was a member of congress from 1811 
 to 1814, in which last year he removed to Ports 
 mouth. From 1816 for twenty-two years he was 
 chief justice; and was highly respected and es 
 teemed. He was the author of the New Hamp 
 shire justice, and of the town officer. A large 
 part of the matter in four volumes of reports was 
 prepared by him. 
 
702 
 
 RICHARDSON. 
 
 RIXGGOLD. 
 
 RICHARDSON, WILLIAM, died at Bath, Me., 
 Dec. 22, 1846, aged GO; a prosperous merchant, 
 a man of liberal charities, and a Christian. He 
 bequeathed 10,000 dollars to the Maine mission 
 ary society. 
 
 RICHARDSON, JOHN J., judge, died in South 
 Carolina in 1850. He was a member of congress. 
 
 RICHMOND, EDWARD, D. D., minister of 
 Stoughton from 1792 to 1817, died in Boston 
 April 10, 1842, aged 75. Born in Middleborough, 
 he graduated at Brown university in 1789. lie 
 was pastor in Dorchester from 1817 to 1833 ; then 
 lived several years in Braintree. He was re 
 garded as an Arminian, and in his last days as a 
 Unitarian. He published a sermon at ordination 
 of S. Wordsworth; to a masonic lodge, 1801; to 
 Derby academy, 1807; at last meeting in old 
 house, 1808; at ordination of C. Briggs, 1819. 
 Sprague s Annals. 
 
 R1CHSONVILLE, a principal chief of the 
 Miami Indians, died Aug. 13, 1841, aged 80, on 
 St. Mary s river, near Fort Wayne, Indiana. He 
 left 200,000 dollars in specie and a large landed 
 estate. 
 
 RIDDEL, WILLIAM, a minister, who preached 
 in various places in New England, died Oct. 24, 
 1829, aged 82. Born in Coleraine, he graduated 
 at Dartmouth in 1793; was pastor at Bristol, 
 Me., from 1796 to 1804; lived in Townsend and 
 Whitingham, Vt. ; in Bernardston, Hadlcy, and 
 South Deerfield. His wife was a daughter of 
 Rev. S. Hopkins of Hadlcy. He was the father 
 of Rev. Samuel II. Riddel. Sprague s Annals. 
 
 RIDDEL, JOHN, D. I)., minister of the Dutch 
 church at Robinson s Run, Pa., died in 1829, 
 aged 70. 
 
 RIDDLE, JAMES, judge, died at Chambers- 
 burg, Pa., Feb. 5, 1837, aged 82. He graduated 
 at Princeton in 1779, and was a tutor. He was 
 a lawyer of respectable talents, of learning and 
 worth ; and a judge of the high court of errors 
 and appeals. 
 
 RIDGE, JOHN, an Indian, died June 10, 1839, 
 aged about 38, murdered by Indians. He was a 
 Cherokee, educated at the Indian school at Corn 
 wall, Conn., and there married Miss Gold, of a 
 respectable family, lie was an attorney among 
 the Cherokees, and president of the senate of 
 that Indian nation. 
 
 RIDGELY, CHARLES, a physician, died Aug. 
 25, 1785, aged 47. The son of Nicholas R. of Do 
 ver, Delaware, he was born Jan. 26, 1738. Hav 
 ing studied medicine in Philadelphia, he settled 
 in Dover in 1758, and there passed his life in ex 
 tensive practice and high reputation. He was 
 often also a member of the legislature, and a 
 judge in several courts. By his first wife his son 
 was Nicholas II., chancellor of Delaware ; by his 
 second wife his son was Henry Moore 11., a sen 
 ator of the United States ; his daughter, Mary, 
 
 married Dr. Wm. W. Morris, of Dover. He 
 was a man of intelligence, judgment, and learn 
 ing, and amiable in the relations of life. Of the 
 Episcopal church he was an exemplary member. 
 To the religious education of his children he was 
 very attentive, deeming merely intellectual cul 
 ture without the discipline of the passions and of 
 the heart of little value. To his children and all 
 around him he recommended the diligent study 
 of the Scriptures. Thaclter. 
 
 RIDGELY, HENRY MOORE, died in Dover, 
 Del., in 1847, aged 69. lie was an eminent law 
 yer ; twice chosen a member of congress ; and a 
 j senator of the United States in 1827. 
 
 RIDGELY, CHARLES G., commodore, died at 
 I Baltimore in 1848, aged 63. Born at B., he en 
 tered the navy in 1799, and was at the battle of 
 Tripoli with Preblc. 
 
 RIDGEWAY, JACOB, died at Philadelphia, 
 April 30, 1843, aged 74 ; said to be worth 6,000,- 
 000 dollars. How a man of immense Avcalth 
 ought to dispose of his money is an important 
 question for him to settle. 
 
 RIEDESEL, FREDERICA, baroness, died at 
 Berlin, Prussia, in 1808, aged 62. At the age of 
 sixteen she married Lieutenant-Colonel Ricdesel, 
 who, in 1777, commanded the Brunswick troops 
 in the English service in America. She accom 
 panied him, and returned to Europe in 1783. 
 He died in 1808. Her adventures in America 
 were published by her son-in-law, Count de Reuss, 
 entitled voyage to America, or letters of Madame 
 Von Ricdesel, translated, New York, 1827. 
 
 RIGDALE, JOHN, came over with his wife in 
 the Mayflower in 1620, and died in the first sick 
 ness at Plymouth in 1621. 
 
 RIGHTER, CHESTER N, a minister, agent of 
 the American bible society, died at Diarbeker, 
 Turkey, in Dec., 1856, aged about 30. He grad 
 uated at Yale in 1846. He had been on an ex 
 tended tour among the missionary stations in 
 Turkey when he was taken sick. Among his 
 last words were often these, " God is good ! " 
 
 HIKER, RICHARD, recorder of New York for 
 nearly thirty years, died in 1842, aged 69. 
 
 RILEY, JAMES, captain, died at sea March 15, 
 1840, aged 63. He was of Middlctown, Conn. ; 
 and published a narrative of sufferings in North 
 Africa, on the coast of which he was wrecked. 
 As to his rescue from a horrible captivity two 
 names should be mentioned with honor : William 
 Wiltshire, a native of London, a merchant in 
 Mogadore, who paid 1200 dollars for his redemp 
 tion and that of some of his companions ; and 
 Horatio Sprague, an American merchant at Gib 
 raltar, who paid at once Riley s draft to W. for 
 that sum. 
 
 RINGGOLD, SAMUEL, major, was killed iu 
 battle in Texas, May 8, 1846, aged 50. He was 
 the son of General Samuel It. of Maryland ; his 
 
RIPLEY. 
 
 RIPLEY- 
 
 .03 
 
 mother was a daughter of General Cadwalladcr. 
 lie graduated at West Point; he entered the 
 army as a lieutenant of artillery in 1818. He 
 served in Florida ; and organized the Hying ar 
 tillery. By a cannon-ball was he killed with his 
 horse. He was an officer of distinction. 
 
 HIPLEY, DAVID, first minister of Abington in 
 Pomfret, Conn., died in 1785, aged about 56. 
 Graduated at Yale in 1749, he was settled in 
 1753. He was the brother of Dr. II. Ilipley. 
 
 RIPLEY, SYLVAXUS, first professor of divinity 
 in Dartmouth college, died in 1787, aged about 
 37. lie was a graduate of the first class in 1771, 
 and was early ordained as a missionary among 
 the Indians. lie returned from a mission in 
 Sept., 1772, bringing with him ten Indian boys 
 from Cahgnawaga and the tribe at Loretto, to be 
 educated in Moor s school, of which he was the 
 preceptor from 1775 to 1779. lie was appointed 
 professor of divinity in 1782, and was a preacher 
 to the church connected with the college. He 
 died, in consequence of an injury received while 
 riding in a sleigh. His widow, Abigail, the daugh 
 ter of President E. Wheelock, died at Fryeburg, 
 Maine, in April, 1818; his daughter, the wife of 
 Judah Dana, died also in Fryeburg ; his son, Gen 
 eral Eleazer W. It., was distinguished on the 
 Canadian frontier in the war of 1812; his son, 
 General James W. It., was the collector at Pas- 
 samaquoddy, Maine. 
 
 ItlPLEY, WILLIAM B., minister in Goshen, of 
 Lebanon, Conn., died in 1822, aged about 56. He 
 graduated at Yale in 1786 ; was settled at Ball- 
 ston, N. Y. ; then in 1798 at Goshen, and was 
 succeeded by E. Itipley in 1823. 
 
 IUPLEY, UEZEKIAII, D. I)., minister at Green s 
 Farms, Fairfield, Conn., died in 1831, aged 88. 
 He was descended from Governor Bradford of 
 Plymouth, whose daughter married his grand 
 father Ilipley. His father was David R. of Wind- 
 ham, Conn. He graduated at Yale in 1763 ; was 
 ordained at Green s Farms in Fairfield in 1767. 
 His predecessor, D. Buckingham, graduated in 
 1735, and was pastor from 1742 to 1756. In 
 1821 he resigned his charge: T. F. Daniels was 
 installed in his place in 1829, Dr. It., in his 87th 
 year, giving the charge. His son, W. B. Ripley, 
 minister of Goshen in Lebanon, a graduate of 
 1786, died in 1822. He was an excellent minis 
 ter, and a patriot of the Revolution ; a man of a 
 commanding presence, tall, and athletic. 
 Spr ague s Annals. 
 
 RIPLEY, DOROTHEA, died in Mecklenburg 
 county, Va., in Jan., 1832, aged 65. Born in 
 Whitby, England, she early joined the Metho 
 dists, but left them, as they did not encourage 
 her purpose of becoming a preacher ; the Qua 
 kers refused to receive her as a member. Yet 
 she preached all her life, crossing the Atlantic in 
 her travels nineteen times, addressing hundreds 
 
 of thousands of people. Of the usefulness of 
 her labors nothing is known. 
 
 RIPLEY, JAMES W., general, the brother of 
 General E. W. Ripley, died at Fryeburg, Me. 
 June 2, 1835. lie was a member of congress 
 from 1827 to 1831, and collector of the "United. 
 States at Eastport. His mother, Abigail, died in 
 1818 ; his brother, John Phillips R., in 1810. 
 
 RIPLEY, ELEAZAR WIIF.ELOCK, brigadier-gen 
 eral, son of Professor Ripley of Dartmouth, died 
 in New Orleans March 2, 1839, aged about 57. 
 He was the nephew of President John Whcelock, 
 and was graduated at Dartmouth in 1800. Hav 
 ing studied law, he commenced the practice on 
 the Kennebcc in Maine, and thence removed to 
 Portland. As a member of the legislature of 
 Massachusetts he was speaker of the house about 
 1811. At the beginning of the war of 1812 he 
 entered the army. At the battle of Bridge water, 
 after Scott was wounded, he succeeded to the com 
 mand of the troops engaged, and was regarded 
 as the saviour of the army. It was in answer to 
 him that Miller said, " I ll try, sir." After the 
 war he was an eminent lawyer in New Orleans, 
 and a member of the twenty-fifth congress. His 
 wife, who died before him, was Love Allen, the 
 daughter of Rev. Thomas Allen of Pitt-field. 
 She nursed him on the frontier after his severe 
 wound, being shot through the neck at the sortie 
 from fort Erie. Congress, by resolution, Nov. 3, 
 1814, presented him with a medal, containing a 
 bust of General Ripley, and on the reverse Victory 
 holding up a tablet among the branches of a 
 palm tree, inscribed with "Niagara, Chippewa, 
 Erie." He published oration July 4, 1805. 
 
 RIPLEY, DAVID B., minister of Maiiborough, 
 Conn., died in Illinois Sept. 4, 1839, aged about 
 61. Born in Pomfret, he graduated at Yale in 
 1798; was minister from 1807 for twenty years, 
 and was succeeded in 1828 by Chauncey Lee. He 
 afterwards was the minister of Endor in Illinois, 
 where he died. 
 
 RIPLEY, EZRA, D. D., died at Concord, Mass., 
 Sept. 21, 1841, aged 90. He was born in Wood 
 stock, Conn., May 1, 1751 ; graduated at Har 
 vard in 1776 ; arid was ordained Nov. 7, 1778. 
 He preached for the last time May 1, 1841, his 
 ninetieth birth-clay. His son, Samuel, minister 
 of Waltham, died in 1847, aged 64; a graduate 
 of 1804, and settled 1809. He published a ser 
 mon at ordination of AV. Emerson, 1792 ; of R. 
 Messenger, 1798 ; on repair of meeting-house ; 
 at execution of Samuel Smith, 1799 ; masonic 
 sermon, 1802 ; at ordination of S. Ripley, 1809 ; 
 of W. Frothingham, 1819 ; of E. Q. Sewall, 1820 ; 
 at funeral of Ab. Adams, 1813; history of the 
 fight at Concord, 1827 ; half-century sermon, 
 1828. 
 
 RIPLEY, ERASTUS, minister of Meriden, Conn., 
 died Nov. 17, 1843, aged 73. He graduated at 
 
RITCHIE. 
 
 PJTTENIIOUSE. 
 
 Yale in 1795, and -was minister of Brookficld, 
 Conn., from 1801 to 1802. He was in M. from 
 1803 to 1822. lie removed to Goshen in Leba 
 non in 1823. 
 
 IUTCTIIE, WILLIAM, minister of Needham, 
 Mass., died in 1842, aged about 60. Born at 
 Peterborough, N. H., he graduated at Dart 
 mouth in 1804, and succeeded S. Palmer in 1821. 
 
 RITCHIE, THOMAS, the editor of the Rich 
 mond Enquirer, died May 21, 1854. He was a 
 native of Essex county, Virginia. For a long 
 period he wielded a great political influence in his 
 native State. In his last years he went to Wash 
 ington to relieve his poverty by the aid of the 
 public printing. His father, Thomas II., died a 
 few weeks after him, July 3, 1854, aged 76. 
 
 RITTENIIOUSE, DAVID, LL. D., F. R. S., 
 an eminent philosopher, died June 26, 1796, aged 
 64, at Philadelphia. He was descended from an 
 cestors who emigrated from Holland, and was 
 born in Germantown, Penn., April 8, 1732. The 
 early part of his life was spent in agricultural 
 employments ; and his plough, the fences, and 
 even the stones of the field were marked with 
 figures, which denoted a talent for mathematical 
 studies. A delicate constitution rendering him 
 unfit for the labors of husbandry, he devoted him 
 self to learning the trade of a clock and mathe 
 matical instrument maker. In these arts he was 
 his own instructor. During his residence with 
 his father in the country he made himself master 
 of Newton s principia, which he read in the Eng 
 lish translation of Mott. In this retired situ 
 ation, while working at his trade, he planned and 
 executed an orrery, by which he represented the 
 revolutions of the heavenly bodies more com 
 pletely than had ever before been done. This 
 masterpiece of mechanism was purchased by the 
 college of New Jersey. A second was made by 
 him, after the same model, for the use of the col 
 lege of Philadelphia. In 1770 he was induced, 
 by the urgent request of some friends who knew 
 his merit, to exchange his beloved retirement for 
 a residence in Philadelphia. In this city he con 
 tinued his employment for several years ; and 
 his clocks had a high reputation, and his math 
 ematical instruments were thought superior to 
 those imported from Europe. His first commu 
 nication to the philosophical society of Philadel 
 phia, of which he was elected a member, was a 
 calculation of the transit of Venus, as it was to 
 happen June 3, 1769. He was one of those ap 
 pointed to observe it in the township of Norriton. 
 This phenomenon had never been seen but twice 
 before by any inhabitant of our earth, and would 
 never be seen again by any person then living. 
 The day arrived, and there was no cloud in the 
 horizon ; the observers waited for the predicted 
 moment of observation ; it came, and in the in 
 stant of contact between the planet and sun, an 
 
 emotion of joy so powerful was excited in the 
 breast of Mr. Rittenhouse, that he fainted. Nov. 
 9th he observed the transit of Mercury. An ac 
 count of these observations was published in the 
 transactions of the society. In 1775 he was ap 
 pointed one of the commissioners for settling a 
 territorial dispute between Pennsylvania and Vir 
 ginia ; and to his talents, moderation, and firm 
 ness was ascribed in a great degree its satisfactory 
 adjustment in 1785. He assisted in determining 
 the western limits of Pennsylvania in 1784, and 
 the northern line of the same State in 1786. He 
 was also called upon to assist in fixing the boun 
 dary line between Massachusetts and New York 
 in 1787. In his excursions through the wilder 
 ness he carried with him his habits of inquiry and 
 observation. In 1791 he was chosen president of 
 the philosophical society, as successor to Di 1 . 
 Franklin, and was annually re-elected till his 
 death. His unassuming dignity secured to him 
 respect. Soon after he accepted the president s 
 chair he made to the society a donation of 300 
 ponnds. He held the office of treasurer of Penn 
 sylvania by an annual vote of the legislature from 
 1777 to 1789. In this period he declined pur 
 chasing the smallest portion of the public debt 
 of the State, lest his integrity should be im 
 peached. In 1792 he accepted the office of di 
 rector of the mint of the United States, but his 
 ill state of health induced him to resign it in 
 1795. In his last illness, which was acute and 
 short, he retained the usual patience and benevo 
 lence of his temper. He died in the full belief 
 of the Christian religion, and in the .anticipation 
 of clearer discoveries of the perfections of God in 
 the eternal world. He was a man of extensive 
 knowledge. From the French, German, and 
 Dutch languages he derived the discoveries of 
 foreign nations. In his political sentiments he 
 was a republican ; he was taught by his father to 
 admire an elective and representative govern 
 ment ; he early predicted the immense increase 
 of talents and knowledge, which would be infused 
 into the American mind by our republican con 
 stitutions ; and he anticipated the blessed effects 
 of our Revolution in sowing the seeds of a new 
 order of things in other parts of the world. He 
 believed political as well as moral evil to be in 
 truders into the society of man. In the more 
 limited circles of private life he commanded es 
 teem and affection. His house and his manner 
 of living exhibited the taste of a philosopher, the 
 simplicity of a republican, and the temper of a 
 Christian. He possessed rare modesty. His re 
 searches into natural philosophy gave him just 
 ideas of the Divine perfections, for his mind was 
 not pre-occupied in early life with the fictions of 
 ancient poets and the vices of the heathen gods. 
 But he did not confine himself to the instructions 
 of nature; he believed the Christian revelation. 
 
RIVINGTON. 
 
 He observed as an argument in favor of its truth, 
 that the miracles of our Saviour differed from all 
 pretended miracles in being entirely of a benevo 
 lent nature. The testimony of a man possessed 
 of so exalted an understanding outweighs the de 
 clamation of thousands. He published an ora 
 tion, delivered before the philosophical society, 
 1775, the subject of which is the history of as 
 tronomy ; and a few memoirs on mathematical and 
 astronomical subjects, in the first four volumes of 
 the transactions of the society. Dr. Hush deliv 
 ered an eulogium on him, and memoirs of his 
 life were published by W. Barton, 8vo., 1813. 
 
 RIVINGTON, JAMES, died in New York in 
 1802, aged 77. Born in Great Britain, he was 
 many years an eminent printer and bookseller in 
 New York ; he was king s printer in 1777. Hav 
 ing failed as a bookseller in England, he came to 
 America in 1700. He commenced the New York 
 Gazetteer in 1773. In 1777 he called his paper 
 the New York Royal Gazette. He remained after 
 the Avar, and his paper became Rivington s New 
 York Gazette. That he lived undisturbed by the 
 patriots is explained by his being known to have 
 been a spy employed by Washington. Cycl. of 
 Amer. Lit. 
 
 ROANE, SPENCER, judge, died Sept. 4, 1822, 
 aged GO. He was born in Essex, Va., April 4, 
 1762, and thoroughly studied law with Mr. 
 Wythe, and in Philadelphia. He was early elect 
 ed a member of the assembly ; then of the coun 
 cil, and senate. In 1789 he was appointed a 
 judge of the general court, and in 1794, at the 
 age of 33, a judge of the court of errors in the 
 place of Mr. Tazewell, who resigned. In 1819 
 he was one of the commissioners for locating the 
 university. His wife was a daughter of Patrick 
 Henry. In his politics he was a republican, an 
 adherent of Mr. Jeiferson. He published in the 
 Richmond Enquirer several essays, signed Alger 
 non Sydney, asserting the supremacy of the State 
 in a question of conflicting authority between Vir 
 ginia and the United States. 
 
 ROANE, WILLIAM II., died May 11, 1845, aged 
 57, at Tree Hill, near Richmond, Va. He was a 
 senator of the United States, and an ardent poli 
 tician. He was also of an affectionate disposition, 
 and had the love of many friends. 
 
 ROBBINS, PHILEMON, minister of Branford, 
 Conn., died in 1781, aged about 71. He was the 
 grandson of Nathaniel It., who came from Scot 
 land in 1670, and died at C harlestown, Mass., in 
 1719; and the son of Nathaniel, who died in 
 1741. He graduated at Harvard in 1729, and 
 was settled in 1732 a successor of S. Russell. 
 Sympathizing with Mr. Whiteficld in 1740, and 
 venturing to preach in a neighboring parish with 
 out the minister s consent, he was deposed from 
 office ; but he contemned the injustice of the law, 
 and continued his labors : his next text was, "Woe 
 89 
 
 ROBBINS. 
 
 705 
 
 is me, if I preach not the gospel." In the end 
 he triumphed. His second wife was widow Jane 
 Mills, whom he married in 1778, the mother of 
 S. J. Mills of Torringford. He published an ac 
 count of ecclesiastical proceedings, 1743 ; a nar 
 rative, 1747 ; defence of it, 1748 ; at ordination 
 of his son, C. Robbins, 1760 ; of his son, A. R. 
 Robbing, 1761. Sprague s Annals. 
 
 ROBBINS, NATHANIEL, minister of Milton, 
 Mass., died May 19, 1795, aged 68. Born in 
 Lexington, he graduated in 1747, and in 1750 
 succeeded at Milton John Taylor, remarkable for 
 his scholarship and manners. He was a prudent, 
 useful minister. He published a sermon at the 
 ordination of P. Thacher, 1770; of B. Wads- 
 worth, 1773; at election, 1770; at artillery elec 
 tion, 1772 ; on the Lexington tragedy, 1777. 
 
 ROBBINS, CHANDLER, I). IX, minister of Ply 
 mouth, Mass., died June 30, 1799, aged 60. He 
 was the son of Philemon R.. minister of Branford, 
 Conn. ; was born Aug. 24, 1738; and was gradu 
 ated at Yale college in 1756. Jan. 30, 1760, he 
 was ordained at Plymouth as successor of Mr. 
 Leonard. Here he continued till his death. His 
 wife was Jane Prince, daughter of a physician in 
 Boston. His son, Samuel Prince R., minister of 
 Marietta, a graduate of Harvard in 1798, died in 
 1823, aged 45. He was succeeded by James 
 Kendall. He was a man of eminent talents, and 
 he discharged the duties of a minister of the gos 
 pel with unabating zeal and fidelity. Searching 
 the Scriptures for religious truth, and coinciding 
 in the result of his investigations with the senti 
 ments of the founders of the first church in New 
 England, he inculcated the doctrines of the gos 
 pel with energy and fervor. He was unwearied in 
 his endeavors to impress the thoughtless, and to 
 render sinful men, holy. In private and social 
 life he was amiable and exemplary. He pub 
 lished a sermon on the death of Mrs. E. Watson, 
 1767 ; of Mrs. Hovey ; at the ordination of L. 
 Le Baron, 1772 ; of E. Gillet, 1795 ; of W. Cot 
 ton, 1797 ; on the French Revolution, 1793 ; cen 
 tury sermon at Kingston, for E. Cobb, 1794; a 
 reply to J. Cotton ; some brief remarks on a 
 piece by J. Cotton in answer to the preceding, 
 1774 ; election sermon, 1791 ; at the convention ; 
 on the landing of our forefathers, 1793; before 
 the humane society, 1796. Shaic s Sermon on 
 his death ; Sprague s Annals. 
 
 ROBBINS, CHARLES, published the Colum 
 bian Harmony, Portland, 1805. 
 
 ROBBIXS, AMMI RUHAMAH, first minister of 
 Norfolk, Conn., died Oct. 31, 1813, aged 73, in the 
 fifty-third year of his ministry. He was the son 
 of Rev. Philemon Robbins of Branford, gradu 
 ated at Yale in 1760, and married Elizabeth Le 
 Baron of Plymouth, a descendant of Governor 
 Bradford. In 1776 he was a chaplain in the army 
 in its retreat from Canada. He was a faithful 
 
706 
 
 ROBBLNS. 
 
 ROBINSON. 
 
 minister and a good preacher and teacher. He 
 preached more than six thousand five hun 
 dred sermons. His funeral sermon was pub 
 lished by C. Lee. His r,on, James W. Robbins, 
 a man of great worth, died at Lenox in 1847, 
 aged 61. Another son was Rev. Dr. Thomas 
 Robbins. He published a sermon at ordination 
 of J. Knapp, 1772; at election, 1789; calamity 
 among the wicked, 1797 ; a half-century sermon, 
 
 1811. Sprague s Annals. 
 
 ROBBIXS, SAMUEL PRINCE, son of Rev. C. 
 Robbins, and minister of Marietta, Ohio, died in 
 August, 1823, aged about 45. He died of an 
 epidemic fever, which prevailed along the waters 
 of the Ohio. He was a graduate of Harvard in 
 1798, and studied theology with Dr. Hyde of 
 Lee. His wife was a grand-daughter of Gen. R. 
 Putnam. Hildrefh. 
 
 ROBBINS, EDWARD II., lieutenant-governor 
 of Massachusetts, died in Milton in 1829, aged 
 about 74. He was the son of Rev. Nathaniel R. 
 of Milton, and a graduate of 1775. lie was 
 speaker of the house and judge of probate. Of 
 his children, Sarah Lydia married Judge Howe, 
 and Anne Jean married Judge Lyman of North 
 ampton. His son, Dr. Robbins, a graduate of 
 
 1812, died in 1850. 
 
 ROBBINS, ASHUR, LL. D., died at Newport, 
 R. I, Feb. 25, 1845, aged 88. Born in "Wethers- 
 field, he was a graduate of Yale in 1782. For 
 fourteen years he was a senator of the United 
 States. His deep learning, his scholarship and 
 forcible eloquence made him conspicuous in the 
 senate. He had the misfortune to fall upon the 
 ice tw r o months before his death, and this was 
 the cause of it. He published address on domes 
 tic industry, 1822; oration July 4, 1827; speech 
 on domestic industry, 1832. 
 
 ROBBINS, ISAAC, a minister, died at Alexan 
 dria in May, 184G, aged 77. He was the son of 
 Rev. Chandler R. 
 
 ROBBINS, SAMUEL H., M. D., died in Boston 
 Jan. 10, 1850, aged 58. 
 
 ROBBINS, PETER OILMAN, M. D., died at 
 Roxbury, Mass., May 18, 1852, aged 73. He 
 was the son of Rev. Chandler R., and a man of 
 worth, a beloved physician. 
 
 ROBBINS, THOMAS, D. D., secretary of the 
 Connecticut historical society, died in Colebrook 
 Sept. 13, 1856, aged 79. Born in Norfolk, Conn., 
 he graduated at Yale in 1796, and was minister 
 of East AVindsor from 1809 to 1827; then of 
 Stratford from 1830 to 1831 ; then of Mattapoi- 
 set in Rochester, Mass., the successor of L. Le 
 Baron. For years he lived in Hartford and was 
 librarian of the historical society, to which he be 
 queathed his very valuable library. His mental 
 powers failed him in his last days. He published 
 a century sermon delivered at Danbury Jan. 1, 
 1801; a fast sermon, 1815 ; at installation of E. 
 
 L.Clark, 1820; to military at Hartford, 1822; 
 on the death of E. B. Cook, 1823. 
 
 ROBERTS, NATHANIEL, first minister of 
 Torrington, Conn., died in 1776, aged about G6. 
 Graduated at Yale in 1732, he was settled in 
 1741. He was followed by A. Gillet and W. K. 
 Gould. 
 
 ROBERTS, WILLIAM, published an account 
 of the discovery and natural history of Florida, 
 4to., 1763. 
 
 ROBERTS, CHARLES, remarkable for longev 
 ity, died in Berkeley county, Virginia, Feb. 17, 
 1796, aged 116. He was a native of Oxfordshire, 
 England, but had resided in America about eighty 
 years. During his long life he never knew sick 
 ness. 
 
 ROBERTS, JOSEPH, died at Weston in 1811, 
 aged 91. A native of Boston, he graduated in 
 1741, and was minister of Leicester from 1754 to 
 1762. 
 
 ROBERTS, JOHN, major, died in Rappahan- 
 nock county, Virginia, in 1843, aged 85. He was 
 a major in the Revolutionary war, and many 
 years a member of the legislature. 
 
 ROBERTS, ROBERT R., died in Indiana March 
 26, 1843, aged 67; a venerable Methodist bishop. 
 Born in Frederick county, Maryland, he was con 
 secrated bishop in 1816; and was benevolent, 
 zealous, and useful. 
 
 ROBERTSON, GEORGE, Congregational min 
 ister in Amelia county, Virginia, died March 8, 
 1838, aged 79. 
 
 ROBERTSON, ALEXANDER, an artist, a painter, 
 died in New York May 27, 1841, nged 69. He 
 was secretary of the academy of fine arts. 
 
 ROBIE, THOMAS, eminent for science and 
 scholarship, died in 1729. He graduated at 
 Harvard in 1708, and was a tutor from 1714 to 
 1723, and librarian. He wrote much in the 
 magazines and papers. He published a discourse 
 to the students, the knowledge of Christ supe 
 rior to all other knowledge, 1721. Eliot. 
 
 ROBIN, a sachem of a remnant of the Pe- 
 quots, who lived at Mystic in Connecticut, and 
 afterwards at Mashantucket. He died in 1692. 
 His Indian name was Cassasinamon, which Miss 
 Caulkins thinks is rather spicy, cassia, cinna 
 mon. Miss Caulkins New London. 
 
 ROBIN, MARIE, a colored woman, died at 
 New Orleans in 1839, aged 107. 
 
 ROBINSON, JOHN, minister of the English 
 church at Leyden, a part of which first settled 
 New England in 1620, died Feb. 19, 1625, old 
 style, or March 1, new style. He was born in 
 Great Britain in 1575, and educated at Cambridge. 
 After holding for some time a benefice near 
 Yarmouth in Norfolk, when a society of Dissenters 
 was formed in the north of England about the 
 year 1602, he was chosen their pastor with Clif 
 ton. Persecution drove his congregation into 
 
ROBINSON. 
 
 Holland in 1608, and he soon followed them. 
 At Amsterdam, where they found emigrants of 
 the same religious sentiments, they remained 
 about a year ; but as the minister, J. Smith, was 
 unsteady in his opinions, Mr. llobinson proposed 
 a removal to Leyden. Here they continued 
 eleven years, and their numbers so increased that 
 they had in the church three hundred communi 
 cants. They were distinguished for perfect har 
 mony among themselves and for friendly inter 
 course with the Dutch. Mr. llobinson, when he 
 first went into Holland, was a most rigid Sepa 
 ratist from the Church of England ; but by con 
 versation with Dr. Ames and R. Parker he was 
 convinced of his error and became more moder 
 ate, though he condemned the use of the liturgy 
 and the indiscriminate admission to the sacra 
 ments. In 1613, Episcopius, one of the profes 
 sors of the university of Leyden, the successor 
 of Arminius, and of the same doctrine with him, 
 published some theses, which he engaged to de 
 fend against all opposers. Mr. Robinson, being 
 earnestly requested to accept the challenge by 
 Polyander, the other professor, who was a Calvin- 
 ist, held the disputation in the presence of a 
 numerous assemby, and completely foiled Episco 
 pius, his antagonist. In 1617, when another re 
 moval was contemplated, Mr. Robinson entered 
 zealously into the plan of making a settlement 
 in America. His church was liable to be cor 
 rupted by the loose habits of the Dutch, and he 
 wished it to be planted in a country where it 
 might subsist in purity. The first settlers of 
 Plymouth in 1620, who took with them Mr. Brcw- 
 ster, the ruling elder, were the members of his 
 church, and it was his intention to follow them 
 with the majority that remained; but various dis 
 appointments prevented. A part of his church 
 and his widow and children came to New Eng 
 land in 1630. Isaac and John were his sons. 
 He was a man of good genius, quick penetration, 
 ready wit, great modesty, integrity, and candor. 
 His classical learning and acuteness in disputa 
 tion were acknowledged by his opponents. He 
 was also discerning and prudent in civil affairs. 
 In his principles of church government he was 
 himself an Independent or Congregationalist, be 
 ing of opinion that every church is to consist only 
 of such as appear to believe in and obey Christ ; 
 that the members have a right to choose their 
 own officers, which are pastors or teaching elders, 
 ruling elders, and deacons ; that elders, being 
 ordained, have no power but by consent of the 
 brethren ; that all elders and churches are equal ; 
 and that only the children of communicants are 
 to be admitted to baptism. He celebrated the 
 Supper every Lord s day. In his farewell ad 
 dress to the first emigrants to New England, he 
 said to them : " If God reveal any thing to you 
 by any other instrument of his, be as ready to 
 
 ROBIXSON. 
 
 707 
 
 receive it as ever you were to receive any truth 
 by my ministry ; for I am verily persuaded, I 
 am very confident, that the Lord has more truth 
 yet to break forth out of his holy word. For my 
 part, I cannot sufficiently bewail the condition of 
 the reformed churches, who are come to a period 
 in religion, and will go at present no further 
 than the instruments of their reformation. The 
 Lutherans cannot be drawn to go beyond what 
 Luther saw ; whatever part of his will our good 
 God has revealed to Calvin, they will rather die 
 than embrace it. And the Calvinists, you see, 
 stick fast where they were left by that great man 
 of God, who yet saw not all things." He pub 
 lished, 1. a justification of separation from the 
 Church of England, 1610; 2. of religious com 
 munion, 1614 ; 3. apologia justa et necessara, 
 1619, (translated into English, 1644) ; 4. a de 
 fence of the doctrine propounded by the synod 
 of Dort, 1624 ; 5. a treatise of the lawfulness of 
 learning of the ministers in the Church of Eng 
 land, 1634 ; 6. essays or observations, Divine and 
 moral 1628 (second edition, 1638). His col 
 lected works were published by the Cong. Board 
 of Publication, Boston, in 3 vols., 1851. Bel- 
 knap s Amer. Biog., II. 151-178. 
 
 ROBINSON, ISAAC, the son of John Robin 
 son, died at or near Cape Ann, aged 92. He 
 was at Duxbury, 1635 ; of Scituate in 1636, and 
 of Barnstable in 1639. He bought land at 
 Island Creek, Duxbury. His wife was a sister of 
 Elder Faunce. His brother Abraham, not John 
 as by one account, lived also on the Cape Ann 
 side of the bay, and died in 1645, and was the 
 father of Abraham, living in 1730, who died at 
 the age of 102. He left a family of twelve chil 
 dren, one of whom was Andrew, from whom Mrs. 
 President Webber descended. To Isaac s daugh 
 ter, Mercy, Captain Standish bequeathed three 
 pounds ; of whom he said, " Whom I tenderly 
 love for her grandfather s sake." Isaac s children 
 were baptized at Barnstable: John in 1640; Is 
 rael in 1651, Jacob in 1652 ; daughters Fear and 
 Mercy, and a child, whose name is lost, in 1642, 
 Deane s Scituate; Deane s Bradford. 
 
 ROBINSON, Joiix, minister of Duxbury, 
 Mass., died in Lebanon, Conn., in 1745, aged 70. 
 He was the son of James of Dorchester, grand 
 son of "William R. of Roxbury in 1636 ; was 
 born in D. in March, 1671 ; was graduated in 
 1695; and settled in 1702; dismissed in 1738, 
 when he removed to Lebanon, Conn., where he 
 had two daughters married ; Betty to Rev. J. 
 Eliot, and Faith to Governor J. Trumbull. He 
 was a man of talents, eccentric, impetuous, rough. 
 J. Wiswall preceded, S. Veazie succeeded him. 
 His wife, Hannah, the daughter of Mr. Wiswall, 
 was drowned with his daughter Mary near Nan- 
 tasket beach in 1722; her body was found on 
 Cape Cod and buried at Herring Cove. He left 
 
708 
 
 ROBINSON. 
 
 HOBY. 
 
 a large estate : lands and money to John ; 2000 
 pounds to Ichabod, a merchant ; 400 pounds to 
 Althea. John and William, ministers, were the 
 sons of Ichabod ; and Althea married Rev. Daniel 
 Ripley of Abington in Pomfret. Sprague s 
 Annals. 
 
 ROBINSON, MOSES, LL. D., second governor 
 of Vermont, died at Bennington May 26, 1813, 
 aged 72. He succeeded Mr. Chittenden in 1789, 
 and was succeeded by him in 1790. He was af 
 terwards a senator of the United States, in the 
 administration of Mr. Adams. His politics were 
 republican ; he was^opposed to Jay s treaty. His 
 son, Moses R., died at Bennington in Jan., 1825, 
 aged 61. 
 
 ROBINSON, JONATHAN, chief justice of Ver 
 mont, the brother of the preceding, died at Ben 
 nington Nov. 3, 1819, aged 64. He was chosen 
 chief justice in 1801, in the place of Mr. Smith, 
 and succeeded him also in 1806 as a senator in 
 congress. He was also a senator in 1815. 
 
 ROBINSON, AYlLLiAM, first minister of South- 
 ington, Conn., died Aug. 15, 1825, his birth-day, 
 aged 71. Born in Lebanon, the son of Ichabod, 
 a merchant, he graduated at Yale in 1773; he 
 was pastor from 1780 to 1821, forty-one years; 
 and was succeeded by D. L. Ogden. His wife, 
 Naomi Wolcott of East Windsor, died of the 
 small pox in 1782, aged 27. His second wife 
 was Sophia Moseley of Westfield, Mass., who 
 soon died. His third wife was Anna Mills of 
 Simsbury. Ilis fourth, in 1790, was Elizabeth 
 Norton of Farmington ; and by her he had six 
 children, one of whom is Professor Edward Rob 
 inson, D. D., of New York. Sprague s Annals. 
 
 ROBINSON, CHARLES S., minister of St. 
 Charles, Missouri, died in 1828, aged 34. Born 
 in Massachusetts, he graduated at Andover theo 
 logical seminary in 1819. 
 
 ROBINSON, JOHN, minister of Westborough, 
 Mass., from 1789 to 1807, died in Lebanon, Conn., 
 his native place, suddenly, in 1832, aged 71. He 
 graduated at Yale in 1750. He was the son of 
 Ichabod, and grandson of Rev. John R. of Dux- 
 bury. He succeeded E. Parkman, and was suc 
 ceeded by E. Rockwood. 
 
 ROBINSON, PETER, associate judge of the 
 supreme court of Delaware, died in 1836. 
 
 ROBINSON, JAMES, died at Ottawa, Illinois, 
 in 1843, aged 50; a judge of the supreme court, 
 a man of integrity and courteousness. He was 
 twelve years a senator of the United States. 
 
 ROBINSON, DAVID, general, died in Ben 
 nington Dec. 10, 1843, aged 89. He was born 
 in Hardwick, Mass., Nov. 11, 1754, and came to 
 Vermont with his father Samuel in 1761, to live 
 in a log hut in the centre of the present town 
 of B. There he lived 82 years. Capt. Stephen 
 was another early settler, whose daughter he 
 married. Temperate and active, he encouraged 
 
 all public institutions, civil and religious. He 
 early became a member of the church. 
 
 ROBINSON, JOHN, D. D., died in Cabarrus 
 county, North Carolina, Dec. 14, 1843, aged about 
 80, having been long a distinguished and useful 
 minister. 
 
 ROBINSON, WILLIAM, Dr., died in Stoning- 
 ton, Mass., Dec. 28, 1845, aged 81 ; a successful 
 practitioner in the town for fifty-seven years, 
 much respected. He was a soldier of the Revo 
 lution. 
 
 ROBINSON, CHARLES, missionary to Siam, 
 died at sea on his return, March 3, 1847, aged 45, 
 one week after leaving St. Helena. Mrs. R., with 
 four children, arrived at New Bedford April 16. 
 Born in Lenox, Mass., at the age of fifteen he 
 made a profession of religion ; he graduated at 
 Williams college in 1829, and embarked June 
 10, 1833, with his wife, and Munson and Lyman 
 and their wives, for Batavia. He proceeded to 
 Bangkok. Ill health removed him from Siam 
 in Nov., 1845. He died in peace, and his body 
 was committed to the mighty deep. His wife 
 was Maria Church of Riga, N. Y. 
 
 ROBINSON, M. M., died in Louisiana, May, 
 1850; a lawyer. He published sixteen volumes 
 of reports, evincing great labor and fidelity, 
 with marginal notes, which are models of exact 
 ness. 
 
 ROBINSON, ELI P., captain, died in Wind- 
 ham, Greene county, N. Y., Dec. 14, 1851, aged 
 71. He served in the northern army in 1812 at 
 the head of volunteers ; and was both an ardent 
 patriot and an exemplary Christian, embracing 
 the faith of his ancestor, John R. of Leyden. 
 
 ROBINSON, ISAAC, D. D., minister of Stod- 
 dard, N. II., died July 9, 1854, aged 75, in the 
 52d year of his ministry. Born in Hudson, 
 N. H., he improved his few literary advantages, 
 and was settled in 1803. He preached one week 
 before his death. On the day of his death he said, 
 " If it be the will of the Lord, may my earthly 
 labors end on this Sabbath." He was distinguished 
 as a scholar and theologian. He published a 
 tract on Universalism ; sermon on the death of 
 S. Payson ; on the divinity of Christ ; and answer 
 to T. R. Sullivan s strictures. Spr ague s Annals. 
 
 ROBINSON, TRACT, died at Binghamton, 
 N. Y., Dec. 7, 1855, aged 77. Born in Wind- 
 ham, Conn., he removed to Chenango valley in 
 1800, to B. in 1810, when in that place was only 
 a squad of cabins. He was a physician, post 
 master, judge, and a warden in Christ s church ; 
 and died greatly lamented. 
 
 ROBINSON, JOHN, died in Brookline, Jan. 
 13, 1855 aged 91 years. He was long a deacon of 
 the church under the care of Dr. John Pierce. 
 
 ROBY, JOSKPII, minister of Lynn, Mass., 
 died Jan. 31, 1803, aged 79. Born in Boston, he 
 graduated in 1742, and was ordained in 1752, as 
 
ROBY. 
 
 HODGERS. 
 
 709 
 
 Buccossor of Mr. Chcever, and continued his la 
 bors fifty years. lie was a faithful minister and 
 an excellent Christian, lie published a fast ser 
 mon, 1781, and 1794. 
 
 HOBY, THOMAS, minister of Harrison, Me., 
 died in 1836, aged 76. He graduated at Har 
 vard in 1779. 
 
 ItOCIIAMBEAU, JEAN BAPTISTE DONATIEN 
 DE VlMEUR, count, marshal of France, died in 
 1807, aged 82. He was born in 1725. After 
 much military service, he was appointed lieuten 
 ant-general, and in 1780 sent with an army of 
 6,000 men to the assistance of the United States 
 in the war with Great Britain. In the siege at 
 Yorktown he rendered important services, for which 
 he received the present of two cannon taken from 
 Cornwallis. In the Revolution he narrowly es 
 caped suffering death under the tyranny of Ro 
 bespierre, la 1803 Bonaparte gave him a pen 
 sion and the grand cross of the legion of honor. 
 His memoirs were published, 8vo., 1809. Encyc. 
 Amer. 
 
 ROCHESTER, NATHANIEL, colonel, died at 
 Rochester, N. Y., May 17, 1831, aged 79. He 
 was an officer of the Revolution : the town of R. 
 was named after him. 
 
 ROCHESTER, WILLIAM B., judge, of Buf 
 falo, was lost off the coast of North Carolina 
 June 15, 1838, with many others, by the explo 
 sion of the steamboat Pulaski. He was a mem 
 ber of congress from 1821 to 1823, and was much 
 respected. 
 
 ROCKWELL, WILLIAM, ancestor of the 
 Rockwells in this country, came from Plymouth, 
 England, with Warham and Maverick, in 1630. 
 He was of the church in Dorchester and removed 
 to Windsor. He was a deacon : and had sons 
 John and Samuel. 
 
 ROCKWELL, ALPHA, deacon, died in Win 
 chester, Conn., June 1, 1818, aged 50. His name 
 was given him, Alpha, the first letter of the 
 Greek alphabet, because he was the first child 
 born in the town of Colebrook. He became 
 pious at the age of 17. He died in great peace 
 and triumph. His excellent character, and his 
 zeal to do good to all around him, are described 
 in Mr. Beach s sermon at his funeral, extracts 
 from which are in the Boston Recorder of July 7. 
 
 ROCKWELL, LATHROP, minister of Lyme, 
 Conn., died in 1828, aged about 60. He grad 
 uated at Dartmouth in 1789, and was ordained 
 in 1790 as successor of S. Johnson, and was suc 
 ceeded by C. Colton. 
 
 ROCKWELL, JAMES OTIS, died in Provi 
 dence in 1831, aged 24. Born in Lebanon, Conn., 
 he was self-educated, became a printer, and took 
 the charge of the Providence Patriot for his last 
 two years. He wrote many pieces of poetry, 
 with the imperfections of an undisciplined genius. 
 Ci/cL of Amer. Lit. 
 
 ROCKWELL, MARTIN, died in Colebrook, 
 Conn., Dec. 11, 1851, aged 80, the youngest and 
 last survivor of the brothers of that name, who 
 as men of business, philanthropists, and Chris 
 tians did no dishonor to their Puritan ancestry. 
 
 ROCKWELL, SAMUEL, died at Holland Pa 
 tent, Oncida county, N. Y., May 27, 1855, aged 
 104. 
 
 ROCKWOOD, EBENEZER, M. D., died at 
 Wilton, N. II., in 1830, aged 87. He graduated 
 at Harvard college in 1773; and was highly re 
 spected. His widow, Mary, died at the house of 
 her son-in-law, Rev. Leonard Swett, in Ilollis, in 
 1848, aged 94. His son, Ebenezer Rockwood, a 
 lawyer of high promise, a graduate of 1802, died 
 at Charlestown, Mass., May 8, 1815, aged only 
 32. He married the daughter of Ebenezer Haz 
 ard of Philadelphia. 
 
 RODGERS, JOHN, D. D., minister in New 
 York, died May 7, 1811, aged 83. He was born 
 in Boston, Mass., Aug. 2, 1727. His parents 
 having removed to Plu ladelphia, he was educated 
 for the ministry by Mr. Blair. It was by means 
 of the preaching of Mr. Whitefield that his 
 mind was impressed by religious truth. He was 
 ordained March 16, 1749, at St. George s, Dela 
 ware, where his labors were very useful until 
 July, 1765, when the synod sent him to New 
 York. Upon the death of Mr. Bostwick he be 
 came colleague pastor in the church in Wall 
 street, then the only Presbyterian church in the 
 city. He died in the triumph of the believer. 
 His widow died March 15, 1812, aged 87. He 
 was the intimate friend of Pres. Davies, after 
 whose death the mother of Pres. D. resided in 
 his family. As a preacher he was energetic, 
 zealous, and faithful. For his excellent character 
 he was highly respected. Several of his sermons 
 are found in the American preacher. His life 
 was written by Samuel Miller. 
 
 RODGERS, GEOKGE W., captain, command 
 ing a squadron on the S. A. station, died at Bue 
 nos Ayres March 21, 1832, aged 45; a brother of 
 Com. John R. 
 
 RODGERS, JOHN, commodore, died at Phila 
 delphia Aug. 1, 1838, aged about 73 years; the 
 senior commander in the navy. He had been 
 fifteen months in the naval asylum, most of the 
 time closely confined as a confirmed lunatic. He 
 was born in Maryland, and educated for the nau 
 tical profession, and had high qualifications. In 
 1803 he commanded the New York and the John 
 Adams in the Mediterranean : he assisted Preble. 
 As commander of the marines he defended Bal 
 timore in the war of 1812. 
 
 RODGERS, J. KEARNEY, M. D., died at New 
 York Nov. 9, 1851, aged 58 ; surgeon in the hos 
 pital, one of the founders of the eye and ear infir 
 mary. He was the son of Dr. J. R. B. Rodgers, 
 and grandson of Rev. Dr. 11. He was an emi- 
 
710 
 
 RODMAN. 
 
 ROGERS. 
 
 nent surgeon, and was once successful in tying the 
 subclavian vein. He -was not a writer, but a skil 
 ful and honest practitioner. N. Y. Observer, 
 Nov. 27. 
 
 RODMAN, JOHN, Dr., a Quaker, lived on 
 Block Island in July, 1G89, when three French 
 privateers took possession of the island and plun 
 dered the people. One of the ruffians insulted 
 his wife : when he interposed for her protection 
 the villain threatened to shoot him with his pistol. 
 Opening his breast, the Dr. said, " Thee maycst 
 do it if thou pleasest, but thou shalt not abuse 
 my wife." His two slaves joined the privateer s 
 men. A slave of Simon Ray, an aged inhabitant, 
 was killed by them. 
 
 RODMAN, SAMUEL, a merchant, died at New 
 Bedford Dec. 30, 1835, aged 83. 
 
 RODNEY, CJESAR, president of Delaware, 
 died in 1783. He was the descendant of an an 
 cient English family, the son of William R. ; was 
 born in Dover, Delaware, about 1730. He inher 
 ited a large real estate. In 1765 he was a mem 
 ber of congress at New York. He early resisted 
 the tyrannical claims of Great Britain. Being a 
 member of the congress of 1774, he was placed 
 on several important committees. He voted for 
 the Declaration of Independence in 1776. His 
 colleagues, M Kean and Read, being divided in 
 opinion, his vote determined the vote of the State. 
 Indeed, Mr. M Kean sent an express for him, as 
 he was then absent, and he entered the hall with 
 his spurs on his boots just before the great ques 
 tion was put. After the first constitution of 
 Delaware was adopted, he was the president of 
 the State from 1778 till 1782, when he was suc 
 ceeded by John Dickinson; during this difficult 
 period his energy afforded efficient aid to Wash 
 ington in the prosecution of the war. A cancer 
 on his face, which for many years had afflicted 
 him, was the cause of his death. He was a man 
 of patriotic feeling and generous character. 
 OoodricJi. 
 
 ROE, AZEL, D. D., minister of Woodbridge, 
 N. J., died Dec. 2, 1815, aged 77. He graduated 
 at Princeton in 1756, and was the pastor fifty-six 
 years. Mr. McDowell preached his funeral ser 
 mon. 
 
 ROESE, WILLIAM, died in Maryland in 1813, 
 aged 108. 
 
 ROGERS, THOMAS, one of the passengers in 
 the Mayflower, arrived at Plymouth in 1620, and 
 died in the first sickness, about April, 1621. His 
 son Joseph survived, and other children came 
 over. His descendants were numerous. 
 
 ROGERS, NATHANIEL, minister of Ipswich, 
 Mass., died July 3, 1655, aged 57. He was the 
 son of Rev. John Rogers and Elizabeth Gold, 
 of Dedham, in England, and a grandson of John 
 Rogers the martyr. lie was born in 1598, and 
 was educated at Enmnuel college, Cambridge. 
 
 The evils to which his Puritan principles exposed 
 him induced him to come to New England. He 
 sailed June 1, 1636; but did not cast anchor in 
 Massachusetts bay till Nov. 16. In the following 
 year he was a member of the synod, together with 
 Mr. Partridge, who came in the same vessel. lie 
 was settled in the place of Mr. Ward, as colleague 
 with Mr. Norton at Ipswich, Feb. 20, 1639. His 
 son, John, was president of Harvard college ; his 
 only daughter married Rev. William Hubbard. 
 As a preacher he possessed a lively eloquence, 
 which charmed his hearers. Though one of the 
 greatest men among the first settlers of New 
 England, he was very humble, modest, and re 
 served. He published a letter to a member of 
 the house of commons in 1643, in which he pleads 
 for a reformation of church affairs, and he left in 
 manuscript a vindication of the Congregational 
 church government, in Latin. Mag. III. 104, 
 108 ; Sprague s Annals. 
 
 ROGERS, EZEKIEL, first minister of Rowley, 
 Mass., died Jan. 23, 1661, aged 70. He was a 
 cousin of the preceding ; was born in England in 
 1500, the son of Richard Rogers of Wethersficld. 
 After being educated at Cambridge, he became 
 the chaplain of Sir Francis Barrington. His 
 preaching was in a strain of oratory which de 
 lighted his hearers. lie afterwards received the 
 benefice of Rowley, where his benevolent labors 
 were attended with great success. At length his 
 nonconformity obliged him to seek a refuge from 
 persecution in New England, where he arrived in 
 1638, bringing with him a number of respectable 
 families. He commenced the plantation at Row 
 ley in April, 1639, and Dec. 3 was ordained. 
 He died after a lingering sickness. His third 
 wife was the daughter of John Wilson. His 
 library he bequeathed to Harvard college, and 
 his house and lands to the town for the support 
 of the ministry. In the latter part of his life it 
 pleased God to overwhelm him with calamities. 
 A fall from his horse deprived him of the use of 
 his right hand ; much of his property was con 
 sumed by fire ; and he buried two wives and all 
 his children. He was pious, zealous, and perse 
 vering. His feeble health induced him when in 
 England to study the science of medicine. 
 Though his strong passions sometimes misled 
 him, yet he was so humble as readily to acknow 
 ledge his error. He preached the election ser 
 mon in 1643, in which he vehemently exhorted 
 his hearers never to choose the same man gover 
 nor for two successive years ; but his exhortation 
 was disregarded, for Mr. Winthrop was re-elected. 
 Ma gn alia, HI. 101-104; Sprayue s Annals. 
 
 ROGERS, Jonx, president of Harvard col 
 lege, died July 2, 1684, aged 53. He was grad 
 uated at this seminary in 1649. He was the son 
 of N. Rogers, with whom he preached some time 
 as an assistant at Ipswich, but at length his incli- 
 
ROGERS. 
 
 ROGERS. 
 
 711 
 
 nation to the study of physic withdrew his atten 
 tion from theology. After the death of President 
 Oakes he was elected his successor in April, 1682, 
 and was installed Aug. 12, 1683. He died sud 
 denly the day after commencement, and was suc 
 ceeded by Increase Mather. He was remarkable 
 for the sweetness of his temper, and he united to 
 unfeigned piety the accomplishments of the gen 
 tleman. His wife was Elizabeth Dennison ; his 
 daughter married President Lcverett; his son, 
 Daniel, a physician in Ipswich, died in a snow 
 storm on Hampton beach, Dec. 1, 1722, leaving 
 a son, Daniel, the minister of Littleton ; his son, 
 Nathaniel, was the minister of Portsmouth ; his 
 son, John, the minister of Ipswich, who left three 
 sons, who were ministers, John of Kitten*, who 
 died Oct. 16, 1773, aged 82 ; Nathaniel of Ips 
 wich, a colleague ; and Daniel of Exeter. John 
 11., the minister of Gloucester, who died Oct. 4, 
 1782, aged 63, was the son of J. II. of Kittery, 
 or Eliot. Truly this was a family of ministers. 
 Magn. iv. 130; Sprague s Annals. 
 
 ROGERS, JOHN, the founder of the small sect 
 of the Rogerenes in New London county, Conn., 
 was the son of James, who died in 1688, a re 
 spectable Quaker or seventh-day man. It was a 
 provision in his will, " There shall be no lawing 
 among my children ;" he required them to decide 
 any difference by lot. But they were regardless 
 of his injunction. He married Elizabeth, daugh 
 ter of M. Griswold of Lyme ; she obtained a di 
 vorce, and married Peter Pratt. His son, John, 
 was a disciple : he was the father of twenty chil 
 dren. The fanatics of this family worked on the 
 Sabbath, and sometimes disturbed the worship of 
 others, and drew upon themselves various penal 
 ties. Once J. R. sent in a wig as his contribution 
 for the support of a wiggcd ministry ; but he la 
 mented his folly. The sect is not yet quite ex 
 tinct. John, the second, died in 1721, aged 73, 
 and was buried on the Mamacock farm, on the 
 river Thames. He published the midnight cry 
 and other books. Miss Caulkins 1 History of 
 New London. 
 
 ROGERS, DANIEL, a physician in Ipswich, 
 Mass., died in a snow-storm on Hampton beach, 
 Dec. 1, 1722, aged about 56. He was the son of 
 President J. Rogers, and graduated at Harvard 
 in 1686. 
 
 ROGERS, NATHANIEL, minister of Portsmouth, 
 N. H., died Oct. 3, 1723, aged about 06. The 
 son of President Rogers, he graduated at Har 
 vard in 1687, and was ordained in 1699. In con 
 sequence of building a meeting-house the church 
 was divided into two churches. His sons were 
 Nathaniel, who was the father of Judge R. of 
 Exeter, and Daniel, who was a councillor. 
 Eliot. 
 
 ROGERS, JOHN, minister of Ipswich, died 
 Dec. 28, 1745, aged 79, in the 56th vear of his 
 
 ministry. He graduated in 1684, and was or 
 dained in 1692. Wiggles worth preached a ser 
 mon on his death. His son, Daniel, was the 
 minister of Exeter. He was himself the son of 
 President John, a preacher, whose ancestors were 
 ministers in this ascending order : Nathaniel of 
 Ipswich, Jt)hn of Dedham, England, who was the 
 grandson of John, the martyr of Smithfield, Feb., 
 1555. He published death the wages of sin, 
 1701 ; election sermon, 1706 ; on death of J. 
 Appleton, 1739 ; an account of a revival in the 
 Christian history. 
 
 ROGERS, JOHN, minister of Boxford, Mass., 
 died in 1755, aged about 72. Born in Salem, he 
 graduated at Harvard in 1705, and was pastor 
 from 1709 to about 1743 ; and was succeeded by 
 E. Holyoke. 
 
 ROGERS, JOHN, minister of Kittery, Me., died 
 in 1773, aged 81. The son of Rev. John R. of 
 Ipswich, he graduated at Harvard in 1711, and 
 was ordained in 1721. His parish became the 
 town of Eliot in 1810. 
 
 ROGERS, NATHANIEL, son of Rev. John of 
 Ipswich, and his colleague, died May 10, 1775, 
 aged 72, having been pastor nearly fifty years. 
 He graduated at Harvard in 1724. He was a 
 man of eminent learning and goodness. The 
 pastors of Ipswich were of the name of Rogers 
 for more than one hundred years. The family 
 descended from Rogers the martyr, the grand 
 father of Mr. Rogers of Dcdhnm, England, whose 
 son, Nathaniel, came to New England. He pub 
 lished a sermon on the death of J. Appleton, 
 1739 ; at the ordination of J. Treadwell ; on the 
 death of S. Williams, 1763. 
 
 ROGERS, ROBERT, major, the son of James 
 R., an Irishman, an early settler of Dunbarton, 
 N. II., commanded a company in the war of 1755, 
 and " Rogers Rangers " were celebrated for their 
 exploits. March 13, 1758, with one hundred and 
 seventy men he fought one hundred French and 
 six hundred Indians ; after losing one hundred 
 men and killing one hundred and fifty he retreat 
 ed. In 1759 he was sent by Amherst from Crown 
 Point to destroy the Indian village of St. Fran 
 cis, which service was performed ; two hundred 
 Indians were killed. Obliged to return by the 
 way of the Connecticut river, the party suffered 
 great hardships. After serving in the Cherokee 
 war he was appointed in 1766 governor of Mich- 
 illimackinac. Accused of a plot for plundering 
 the fort and joining the French, he was sent in 
 irons to Montreal and tried by a court martial. 
 In 1769 he went to England and was presented 
 to the king ; but was soon imprisoned for debt. 
 In the war of the Revolution he joined the ene 
 my, and, while commanding a corps at an out 
 post near Mamaroneck, narrowly escaped being 
 taken prisoner Oct. 21, 1776, by a party sent out 
 by Lord Stirling. He soon went to England. 
 
712 
 
 ROGERS. 
 
 ROLFE. 
 
 His name is included in the act of New Hamp 
 shire against tories, of Nov. 19, 1778. His 
 father was shot in the woods, being mistaken for 
 a bear ; his brother, Captain James It., died at 
 Louisburg ; his brother, Richard, was slain in 
 1756. He published a concise account of North 
 America, London, 1765 ; journals of the French 
 war, 1765 ; this was republished, entitled, remi- 
 niscenses of the French war, with the life of 
 Stark, 12mo., Concord, 1831. 
 
 ROGERS, JOHN, minister of Gloucester. Mass., 
 died Oct. 4, 1782, aged 65. Born in Kittery, 
 Me., he graduated at Harvard in 1739, and was 
 settled in 1744. 
 
 ROGERS, DANIEL, minister of Littleton, Mass., 
 died in 1782, aged 76. He was the son of Dr. 
 Daniel R. ; graduated in 1725 ; and was ordained 
 in 1732. He was a man of talents and research, 
 and courtly in his manners. Eliot. 
 
 ROGERS, DANIEL, first minister of the second 
 church in Exeter, N. II., died Dec. 9, 1785, aged 
 78. The son of Rev. J. R., he graduated at Har 
 vard in 1725 ; was tutor from 1732 to 1741 ; and 
 was settled Aug. 31, 1748. 
 
 ROGERS, JOHN, first minister of Leominster, 
 Mass., died in Oct., 1789, aged about 80, and was 
 succeeded by F. Gardner. Born in Boxford, he 
 graduated at Harvard in 1732, and was settled 
 Sept. 4, 1743; resigned in 1757. He published 
 three sermons, 1756. 
 
 ROGERS, SUSANNAH, published an account of 
 Lovewell s fight. 
 
 ROGERS, CLARK, the first minister of Han 
 cock, Mass., died Jan. 14, 1806, aged 76, in the 
 thirty-fourth year of his ministry. He was a 
 Baptist. His sons, Samuel and William, were 
 also distinguished ministers. 
 
 ROGERS, HEZEKIAII, major, of the war de 
 partment, died at Washington Sept. 4, 1810, aged 
 57. He was a gallant officer in the Revolution 
 ary army ; a man of worth. In great suffering, 
 the gospel, which he had early embraced, sus 
 tained him. 
 
 ROGERS, SARAH, born without hands, died at 
 Philadelphia in Oct., 1813. She could paint, 
 holding the brush in her mouth. 
 
 ROGERS, WILLIAM, I). D., a minister in 
 Philadelphia, died April 24, 1824, aged 72. He 
 was born at Newport, R. I., July 22, 1751, 
 and was the first student at the college of R. I., 
 graduating in 1769. In May, 1771, he was or 
 dained over the first Baptist church in Philadel 
 phia. During five years he was a chaplain in the 
 army. In 1789 he was appointed professor of 
 belles lettres in the college of Philadelphia, which 
 office he resigned in 1812. He published a ser 
 mon on the death of Rev. O. Hart, 1796. 
 
 ROGERS, MEDAD, minister of New Fail-field, 
 Conn., died in 1824, aged about 68. He gradu 
 
 ated at Yale in 1777, and was settled in 1786. 
 A. O. Stansbury was his successor. 
 
 ROGERS, ADAM, died in Mansfield, Conn., in 
 Nov., 1834, aged 103. 
 
 ROGERS, ROBERT, colonel, died at Newport 
 Aug. 5, 1835, aged 78, an officer in the Revolu 
 tionary army. He was a graduate in 1775 of 
 Providence college. For many years he was at 
 the head of a classical school, and librarian of the 
 Redwood library. He was a highly respected 
 member of the Baptist church. 
 
 ROGERS, NATHAN, died at Bridgehampton, 
 L. I., in 1844, aged 57. He was an artist of merit 
 and reputation, a member of the national acade 
 my of design. He lent his aid to institutions of 
 morals and charity. 
 
 ROGERS, JOHN, chief of the Western Chero- 
 kees, died at Van Buren July 4, 1846, aged 70. 
 
 ROGERS, TIMOTHY F., minister of Bernards- 
 ton, Mass., died in 1847, aged 66. Born in 
 Tewksbury, he graduated at Harvard in 1802, 
 and was settled in 1809. The church, of which 
 he was the fourth pastor, was formed at Deer- 
 field in 1741, when John Norton was ordained 
 over what was called Fall Town. He published 
 dedication sermon, 1825. 
 
 ROGERS, PETER, died at Waterloo, III., in 
 1849, aged 99 ; a minister. He was one of Wash 
 ington s life guards. 
 
 ROGERS, J. SMYTH, M. D., died at New York 
 March 30, 1851, aged 57. He was a man of ed 
 ucation and accomplishments ; professor of chem 
 istry and mineralogy in Trinity college, Hartford. 
 
 ROGERS, WILLIAM M., minister in Boston, 
 died Aug. 11, 1851, aged nearly 45. He was 
 born in the island of Aklerney, near the coast of 
 France ; his brother, an officer, was killed in the 
 battle of the Nile. Left Avithout parents, he Avas 
 sent to this country and became a member of Dr. 
 Codman s church, Dorchester. He graduated in 
 1827. For five years he was the minister of 
 ToAvnsend ; then of Franklin-street church in 
 Boston in 1835, removed to Winter street in 
 1841. He Avas buried at Leominster. He took 
 a great interest in the Avelfare of seamen, and 
 Avas a A r ery popular and useful minister. 
 
 ROGERS, JAMES B., M. D., died at Philadel 
 phia June 15, 1852. He Avas professor of chem 
 istry in the university of Pennsylvania. 
 
 ROGERSON, ROBERT, second minister of 
 Rehoboth, Mass., died in 1799, aged 77. He Avas 
 born in Portsmouth, England, and succeeded D. 
 Turner July 2, 1751. O. Thompson succeeded 
 him. 
 
 ROLFE, BENJAMIN, second minister of Haver- 
 liill, Mass., Avas slain by the Indians Aug. 29, 
 1708, aged 45. The son of Benj. R. of NCAA - 
 bury, he Avas born Sept. 13, 1662 ; graduated at 
 Harvard college in 1684 ; began to preach at II. 
 
ROLFE. 
 
 HOSE. 
 
 713 
 
 in 1689, and was ordained in Jan., 1G94. The 
 Indians and French from Canada made their at 
 tack on llaverhill on Sunday, and with him his 
 wife and one child were also killed. Two daugh 
 ters were preserved by Ilagar, the maid servant, 
 who covered them with tubs in the cellar ; one of 
 whom married Samuel Chcckley, minister of Bos 
 ton. The door of the parsonage house, pierced 
 with bullet-holes, was nailed up as a memorial in 
 the porch of the meeting-house. 
 
 ROLFE, BENJAMIN, first minister of Parsons- 
 field, Me., died in 1817, aged about 62. Born in 
 Newbury, he graduated at Harvard in 1777 ; was 
 settled in 1795 ; and dismissed in 1815. 
 
 ROLFE, WILLIAM, minister of Groton, Conn., 
 died in 1837, aged about 70. His widow, Judith, 
 died at Canterbury in 1849, aged 75. He was 
 born in Plaistow ; graduated at Dartmouth in 
 1799 ; and was pastor from 1803 to 1828. 
 
 ROMEYN, THEODORIC DIRCK, D. D., minister 
 of Schenectady, N. Y., died April 16, 1804, aged 
 60. lie was the son of Nicholas R. ; was born 
 Jan. 12, 1744, at New Barbadoes, New Jersey. 
 His early studies were directed by his brother, 
 Thomas It., then a minister in Delaware. He grad 
 uated at Princeton in 1765 ; was ordained by the 
 Coetus over the Dutch church in Ulster county 
 May 14, 1766, and afterwards installed at Hack- 
 ensack, where he remained until his removal to 
 Schenectady in Nov., 1784. In 1797 he was 
 appointed professor of theology in the Dutch 
 church. The establishment of the college at 
 Schenectady is principally to be ascribed to his 
 efforts. His colleague, Mr. Meyer, represents 
 him as a son of thunder in the pulpit. He was 
 highly instrumental in promoting the independ 
 ence of the Dutch churches, or their separation 
 from the jurisdiction of Holland. 
 
 ROMEYN, JEREMIAH, minister of Woodstock, 
 Ulster county, N. Y., died July 17, 1818, aged 49. 
 He was a professor of Hebrew in the Reformed 
 Dutch church. 
 
 ROMEYN, Jonx B., D. D., minister in New 
 York, died Feb. 22, 1825, aged 46. He was the 
 only son of the minister of Schenectady ; was 
 born in 1778 ; graduated at Columbia college in 
 1795 ; and was settled in 1799 as the pastor of 
 the Dutch church in Rhinebeck. In 1803 he 
 succeeded Dr. Clarkson at Schenectady ; in 1804 
 he succeeded Dr. Nott at Albany ; and in 1808 was 
 removed to the Presbyterian church in Cedar 
 street, New York, of which he was the first min 
 ister. His sermons were published, 2 vols. 8vo., 
 1816. 
 
 ROMEYN, JAMES V. C., minister at Hacken- 
 sack, N. J., died June 27, 1840, aged 74. 
 
 RONALDSON, JAMES, died at Philadelphia 
 March 31, 1841. A native of Scotland, he was a 
 type-founder and horticulturist. The beautiful 
 90 
 
 cemetery, bearing iiis name, was established by 
 him. He was upright, frugal, honest. 
 
 ROOT, JESSE, judge, a patriot of the Revolu 
 tion, died March 29, 1822, aged 85. He was the 
 son of Ebenczcr R., and grandson of Thomas R., 
 both of whom removed from Northampton to 
 Coventry, Conn. ; was born in Jan., 1737 ; his 
 mother was Sarah Strong, daughter of Joseph 
 S., also from Northampton. Having graduated 
 at Princeton college in 1756, he preached about 
 three years, and then in consequence of the cir 
 cumstances of his family was induced to study 
 law. In 1763 he was admitted to the bar. Re 
 siding at Hartford, early in 1777 he raised a com 
 pany and marched to join the army of Washington, 
 and was made a lieutenant-colonel. From May, 
 1779, till the close of the war, he was a member 
 of congress. In 1789 he was appointed a judge 
 of the superior court, and was chief justice from 
 1796 till his resignation in 1807, on reaching the 
 age of 70. As a judge he was learned and dig 
 nified. He was through life a man of exemplary 
 piety. To the great doctrines of the gospel he 
 was ever strongly attached ; and he abounded in 
 acts of charity. At the age of 85 he was accus 
 tomed to attend prayer meetings and religious 
 conferences. In the evening of his death he said, 
 " I set out on a pleasant journey in the morning, 
 and I shall get through to-night." 
 
 ROOT, OLIVER, colonel, died in Pittsfield May 
 2, 1826, aged 85. He served in the French war; 
 was present at the surrender of Burgoyne ; and 
 was with Colonel Brown, when he was killed, 
 skilfully conducting the retreat. He was a man 
 of great worth, highly respected. 
 
 ROOT, ERASTUS, general, died in New York 
 Dec. 24, 1846, aged 73. Born in Hebron, he 
 graduated at Dartmouth. As a lawyer he settled 
 at Delhi. He served in public life as representa 
 tive, senator, and lieutenant-governor, and as a 
 senator of the United States. He was a political 
 disciple of G. Clinton. Tall and stout, he was 
 bold, frank, zealous, and trustworthy. 
 
 ROPER, JOHN, was killed by the Indians at 
 Lancaster in 1676, aged about 55. He was a 
 freeman of Dedham in 1641. His first wife was 
 killed in 1675. His second wife, a daughter, and 
 his son, EphraSm, were killed in 1697. 
 
 ROPES, GEORGE, an early settler of Salem, 
 Mass., in 1637, died in 1670, leaving sons, John 
 and George, whose descendants have been nu 
 merous and respectable. 
 
 ROPES, BENJAMIN, a brave officer in the war of 
 1812, died at Salem July 29, 1845, aged 71. He 
 was in the battles on the Niagara river in Canada. 
 
 ROSE, AQUILA, a poet of Philadelphia, is 
 spoken of by Franklin. His poems on several 
 occasions were published by his son, Joseph, in 
 1740. CijcL of Amcr. Lit. 
 
714 
 
 HOSE. 
 
 ROWLAND. 
 
 ROSE, TIMOTHY, an early settler of Granville, 
 Ohio, died Nov. 16, 1815, aged 50. He was born 
 inGranville,Mass., June 1, 1762, and was a soldier 
 in early life, afterwards a deacon. He conducted 
 a colony to Ohio ; and Granville has now a col 
 lege and two academies, and about a quarter of 
 the inhabitants are professors of religion. He 
 was a judge, and he left a character worthy of 
 remembrance for enterprise, and benevolent, use 
 ful labors. 
 
 ROSE, DANIEL, M. D., died at Thomaston, 
 Me., Oct. 25, 1833, aged 62. He was warden of 
 the State prison, and agent for the sale of lands. 
 
 ROSE, ISRAEL G., minister of Chesterfield, 
 Mass., died Feb. 6, 1842, aged 43. Born in Cov 
 entry, he graduated at Yale in 1821, and was first 
 the minister of Canterbury, also of Wilbraham. 
 
 ROSS, GEORGE, judge, a patriot of the Revo 
 lution, died in July, 1779, aged 49. He was the 
 son of an Episcopal minister at New Castle, Del 
 aware, and was born in 1730. Having studied 
 law with his brother in Philadelphia, he settled in 
 Lancaster. Being a member of congress from 
 1774 to 1777, he signed the Declaration of Inde 
 pendence. For his public services the people of 
 the county voted him 150 pounds out of the 
 treasury; but he declined to receive it, deeming 
 it the duty of a representative of the people to 
 promote the public welfare without expecting 
 pecuniary rewards. In April, 1779, he was ap 
 pointed a judge of the court of admiralty. He 
 died of a sudden attack of the gout. While he 
 was a patriotic citizen and a learned and skilful 
 lawyer, he was also kind and affectionate at home. 
 Goodrich. 
 
 ROSS, ROBERT, minister of Bridgeport, Conn., 
 died in 1799, aged about 60. He graduated at 
 Princeton in 1751, and was settled in 1760. S. 
 Blatchford was his successor in 1797. 
 
 ROSS, ALEXANDER, died in New Hampshire 
 in September, 1818, aged 120. N. II. Patriot, 
 Sept. 29. 
 
 ROSS, WILLIAM, general, died at Wilkesbarre 
 Aug. 9, 1842, aged 82 ; an early settler from New 
 London county, a man of great wealth, the father 
 of William S. Ross, of the senate of Pennsylva 
 nia. 
 
 ROSS, JAMES, died at Pittsburg, Pa., Nov. 27, 
 1847, aged 85 : a senator of the United States 
 from 1794 to 1803. 
 
 ROSS, EDWARD C., LL. D., died at New York 
 May 16, 1851 ; professor of mathematics in the 
 free academy. 
 
 ROSSETER, BRYAN, Dr., was an early settler 
 of Guilford, Conn., in 1650. He purchased Dr. 
 Desborow s house and lands when he returned to 
 England. His son Josiah was a magistrate : one 
 of his daughters married Rev. John Cotton of 
 Plymouth. It is supposed that he was a freeman 
 
 in Massachusetts in 1631, and removed to Wind 
 sor in 1640, by mistake called Bray Rosseter. 
 
 ROSSETER, EBENEZER, third minister of 
 Stonington, Conn., died in 1762, aged about 64. 
 He graduated at Yale in 1718, and succeeded J. 
 Noyes in 1722, and was dismissed in 1730. 
 
 ROSSETER, ASHUR, second minister of Pres 
 ton, Conn., died in 1791, aged about 60. Gradu 
 ated at Yale in 1742, he succeeded S. Treat in 
 1744. 
 
 ROSSITER, EDWARD, an assistant in Massa 
 chusetts in 1629, came from England, but died 
 in 1630. He was a man wealthy, grave, and 
 pious, whose loss was deeply felt. Eliot. 
 
 ROTCH, WILLIAM, died at New Bedford in 
 May, 1828, aged 93. 
 
 ROUSE, PETER P., minister of the reformed 
 Dutch church in New Brunswick, N. J., died in 
 1832, aged 37. 
 
 ROWAN, STEPHEN N., D. D., died in New 
 York in 1835, aged 49. Born in Salem, N. Y., 
 he graduated at Union college, and was the min 
 ister of the eighth Presbyterian church in New 
 York from 1819 to 1830. He was succeeded by 
 II . Hunter, who died before him in 1834. 
 
 ROWAN, JOHN, died at Louisville, Ky., July 
 13, 1843, aged 70. He was born in Pennsylva 
 nia. He held many offices, from 1804, when he 
 was secretary of Kentucky, till he was elected to 
 the senate of the United States in 1824. His 
 literary attainments Avere great and his eloquence 
 persuasive and commanding. 
 
 ROWLAND, DAVID SHERMAN, minister of 
 Plainfield and Windsor, Conn., died in 1794, 
 aged 74. Graduated at Yale in 1743, he suc 
 ceeded J. Coit in 1748 ; was dismissed in 1761 ; 
 settled at Windsor, 1776, and dismissed in 1789; 
 and was succeeded by H. A. Rowland in 1790, 
 probably his son. He published a farewell ser 
 mon, 1761 ; on the repeal of the stamp act, 1766 ; 
 on his installation, 1776 ; before the ministers of 
 Rhode Island, 1772 ; on death of Rev. II. Bissell, 
 1783. 
 
 ROWLAND, HENRY A., minister of Windsor, 
 Conn., died Nov. 28, 1835, aged 71. A graduate 
 of Dartmouth in 1785, he succeeded, in 1790, 
 D. S. Rowland, probably his father. By his wife 
 Frances, the daughter of Moses Bliss of Spring 
 field, he had eight children. Her mother was 
 Abigail Metcalf, the daughter of William of Leb 
 anon, who married Abigail, daughter of Rev. 
 Timothy Edwards. 
 
 ROWLAND, WILLIAM FREDERIC, minister 
 of Exeter, N. H., died in 1843, aged about 80. 
 Born in Plainfield, Conn., he graduated at Dart 
 mouth in 1784, and was settled in 1790. He 
 published New Hampshire election sermons, 
 1796 and 1809. 
 
 ROWLAND, THOMAS, major, died at Detroit 
 
HOWL AND SON. 
 
 RUGGLES. 
 
 715 
 
 in 1849, a brave soldier in the war of 1812. For 
 a time he commanded the post at Detroit. 
 
 ROWLANDSON, JOSEPH, first minister of 
 Lancaster, Muss., died at Wethersfield, Conn., 
 Nov. 24, 1678, aged about 44. He was born in 
 England. His father, Thomas, came from Ips 
 wich to Lancaster, and died in 1657. He was a 
 solitary graduate of 1652 at Cambridge ; was or 
 dained, after preaching some years in the place, 
 in 1660, at Lancaster, which town was destroyed 
 by the Indians Feb. 10, 1676, when his wife and 
 children were carried away captives. He was at 
 that time in Boston. He next succeeded, in 1677, 
 Mr. Bulkley, at Wethersfield, and was succeeded 
 by J. Woodbridgc. His son Joseph died in W. 
 in 1712; and his son Wilson died in 1735. A 
 fast sermon, preached Nov. 21, 1678, was pub 
 lished in 1682. His wife, Mary, published an ac 
 count of her captivity : 5th ed., 1828. 
 
 ROWLEY, THOMAS, died at Cold Spring, 
 Westhaven, Vt, in August, 1796, aged 75. He 
 was a patriot and poet, and was called "the 
 Green Mountain patriarch." He was an early 
 settler in Vermont, and an associate in council 
 and in the field, of Allen and Warner. He was 
 a magistrate in Rutland county. His popular 
 poetical writings appeared in various publications. 
 
 ROWSON, SUSANXA, died in Boston in 1824, 
 aged 62. She was the daughter of William 
 Haswell, a British naval officer, who was wrecked 
 in 1769, on Lowell s Island, and then lived at 
 Nantasket wuh his daughter. He returned to 
 England ; and there she married William Rowson, 
 the leader of a musical military band. She came 
 to America with her husband in 1793, under a 
 theatrical engagement; and was for years use 
 fully employed in the education of youth in Mcd- 
 ford, Newton, and Boston. She published novels 
 and plays, Charlotte Temple, etc. ; poems, 1804 ; 
 geography and history, 1806 ; biblical dialogues, 
 1822. Encye. of Amer. Lit. 
 
 ROY ALL, AXXE, a notorious woman for some 
 years, died in 1854. Born in Virginia, she 
 was kidnapped by the Indians and detained fif 
 teen years ; she then married Capt. R., and lived 
 in Alabama. She established papers in Wash 
 ington, Paul Pry and the Huntress. From sim 
 ple men she extorted money by her personalities 
 or threats. She published sketches, 1826; the 
 Teanesseean, 1827; the black book, 1828. 
 
 ROYCE, SAMUEL, died of the pestilence, near 
 Alexandria, on Red river, Louisiana, in October, 
 1819, aged 28. His name is unknown upon the 
 earth ; but it will stand high in the roll of heaven, 
 where the names of great statesmen and con 
 querors will not be found. His family friends 
 lived in Clinton, N. Y. He graduated at Sche- 
 nectady in 1813. Determined to devote himself 
 to the benefit of the new settlements of the 
 south, which were in a spiritual desolation, he 
 
 was licensed by the presbytery of Mississippi, 
 consisting of four members, in 1816, and soon re 
 paired to A., employed by the Connecticut mis 
 sionary society. He went where no Protestant 
 preacher ever went. He said : " I am fond of 
 going foremost with the standard of Christ. 
 There is not one religious person in the place." 
 But he soon fell, in all the fervor of his self-sacri 
 ficing zeal. 
 
 RUDD, ABIGAIL, died in Bozrah, Norwich, 
 Conn., in 1857, aged 99. Her name was Allen. 
 She was married in 1780, and had a pension for 
 her husband s Revolutionary services. She could 
 repeat the whole of Milton s paradise lost, and 
 much of the bible. Retaining her faculties to 
 the last, she died in peace and hope. 
 
 RUDE, WILLIAM, died at Cumberland, R. L, 
 Oct. 24, 1845, aged 97. He fought at Bunker 
 Hill and White Plains. 
 
 RUGGLES, THOMAS, minister of Guilford, 
 Conn., succeeded J. Eliot and died in 1728, aged 
 about 58 or 63. Born in Roxbury, Mass., the 
 son of John, a representative, he graduated at 
 Harvard in 1690, and was ordained in 1695. 
 One account says he was born in 1655, which is 
 probably a mistake for 1665, as it would render 
 his age 35 at the time of his graduation. His 
 son Thomas succeeded him in 1729, and died in 
 1770, aged about 60 : he graduated at Yale in 
 1723. 
 
 RUGGLES, SAMUEL, the second minister of 
 Billerica, Mass., died in 1749, aged 68. Born in 
 Roxbury, he graduated at Harvard in 1702, and 
 was ordained in 1708, succeeding S. Whiting. 
 
 RUGGLES, TIMOTHY, minister of Rochester, 
 Mass., died in 1768, aged 84. Born in Roxbury, 
 he graduated at Harvard in 1707, and succeeded 
 S. Arnold in 1710. 
 
 RUGGLES, THOMAS, minister of Guilford, 
 Conn., died in 1770. He graduated at Yale in 
 1723; succeeded his father, T. R., in 1729 ; and 
 from 1746 was one of the fellows of the college. 
 He published the usefulness of soldiers, 1736; 
 a sermon on the death of Dr. J. Eliot, 1763. 
 
 RUGGLES, BEXJAMIN, minister of New Brain- 
 tree, Mass., died in 1782, aged 82. He gradu 
 ated at Harvard in 1721; was ordained at Mid- 
 dleborough in 1724; installed at N. B. in 1754; 
 and received D. Foster as a colleague in 1778. 
 Sprague s Annals. 
 
 RUGGLES, THOMAS, minister of Cheshire, 
 Conn., died in 1836, aged about 52. Born in 
 Guilford, he graduated at Yale in 1805, and was 
 pastor from 1809 to 1811. 
 
 RUGGLES, DAVID, Dr., a colored man, died 
 at Northampton Dec. 16, 1849, aged 40. He 
 established a water-cure ; and was so much of a 
 bewildered man or impostor, as to claim the skill 
 of determining diseases by the greater or less ra 
 pidity of perspiration, ascertained by feeling the 
 
716 
 
 RUMP. 
 
 RUSSELL. 
 
 skin. On the same spot on Mill river, two miles 
 from the centre of the town, has grown up the 
 large water-cure of Dr. Munde, from Germany. 
 
 RUMP, FREDERIC, a Revolutionary pen 
 sioner, died at Urbana, Ohio, Nov. 9, 1841, aged 
 106. A German, he served in the American war. 
 He was twice married and had eighteen children. 
 
 RUMSEY, JAMES, resided in Berkeley county, 
 Va., and died in Philadelphia. In 1782 he in 
 vented a method of employing steam in naviga 
 tion, for which he obtained a patent in Virginia in 
 1787. In 1784 he published a treatise on the 
 subject, in controversy with J. Fitch, who claimed 
 a similar invention. His method did not succeed 
 in experiments made in this country and in Eng 
 land. He died while employed in describing his 
 invention. 
 
 RUNNELS, HARMAN, colonel, died near Mon- 
 ticello, Miss., in 1841, aged about 90 ; a soldier of 
 the Revolution, a legislator of Georgia and Mis 
 sissippi. 
 
 RUSH, BENJAMIN, M. D., a physician, died 
 April 19, 1813, aged G7. He descended from 
 ancestors who early emigrated from England to 
 Pennsylvania. He was born at Byberry, four 
 teen miles northeast of Philadelphia, Dec. 24, 
 1745. After the death of his father, his mother 
 sent him to the academy of his uncle, Dr. Finley, 
 in Nottingham, Maryland, where he lived eight 
 years and became deeply impressed with moral 
 and religious sentiments. Having graduated at 
 Princeton in 1760, he studied physic with Red 
 man and Shippen, and also at Edinburgh from 
 1766 to 1768. He returned to Philadelphia in 
 1769, and was elected the professor of chem 
 istry in the college ; in 1791 he was appointed 
 professor of medicine. In his practice he re 
 lied much on the lancet and on cathartic medi 
 cines. In the yellow fever of 1793, when 4,044 
 persons died, he successfully resorted to his favor 
 ite remedies. Being a member of congress in 
 1776, his name is affixed to the declaration of 
 independence. In 1777 he was appointed physi 
 cian-general of the hospital in the middle mili 
 tary department ; in 1787 he was a member of 
 the convention for adopting the constitution of 
 the United States ; and for the last fourteen years 
 of his life treasurer of the United States mint. 
 He was president of the society for the abolition 
 of slavery; vice-president of the Philadelphia 
 bible society ; and connected also with many 
 other charitable and literary societies. His short 
 inquiry into the effect of ardent spirits upon the 
 human body and mind was a most valuable trea 
 tise and one of the earliest productions on the 
 subject of temperance. He also wrote against 
 the use of tobacco, describing the effect of its ha 
 bitual use on health, morals, and property. His 
 zeal for the interests of learning induced him to 
 be one of the founders of Dickinson college at 
 
 Carlisle ; he also eloquently advocated - the uni 
 versal establishment of free schools. He died of 
 the pleurisy, after an illness of five days. His 
 wife was Julia, the daughter of Richard Stockton. 
 Nine children survived him. Richard Rush, his 
 son, was secretary of the treasury in the admin 
 istration of John Q. Adams. In 1811 the em 
 peror of Russia sent him a gold ring, as a testi 
 mony of respect for his medical character. Dr. 
 Rush was one of the most eminent physicians 
 and most learned medical writers of our coun 
 try. His writings contain many expressions 
 of piety. It was his usual practice at the close 
 of each day to read to his collected family a 
 chapter in the bible, and to address God in 
 prayer. His character is fully described in 
 Thacher s medical biography, where may be found 
 a list of the subjects of his various writings. His 
 medical works are in six volumes. He published 
 also a volume of essays, literary, moral, and phi 
 losophical, 1798. Tliaclicr, II. 29-71. 
 
 RUSH, JACOB, LL. D., judge, brother of the 
 preceding, was born in 1746 ; graduated at 
 Princeton college in 1765 ; and was for many 
 years president of the court of common pleas for 
 Philadelphia, where he died Jan. 5, 1820, aged 
 74. In the controversy between Dickinson and 
 Reed, he was a writer on the side of the for 
 mer. He published his charges on moral and 
 religious subjects, 1803. 
 
 RUSSELL, JOHN, a Weddcrdop d shoemaker 
 of Woburn, after the result of the synod of 1639, 
 published a brief narrative concerning the first 
 gathering of a church of Christ in gospel order 
 at Boston, in favor of the anabaptists. Hub- 
 bard says : " Surely he was not well aware of the 
 old adage, Ne sutor ultra crepidam, or else he 
 would not have made such botching work." But 
 this witticism proves nothing. Mr. Russell might 
 have had just cause of complaint of persecution. 
 
 RUSSELL, RICHARD, died in Charlestown, 
 Mass., in 1676, aged 64. He came from Here 
 fordshire, Eng., in 1640 ; and was speaker of the 
 house, assistant, and treasurer of the colony. 
 Among his descendants, of the fifth generation, 
 was Judge Chambers Russell of the supreme 
 court, the son of Daniel, a graduate of 1731, 
 who died in 1767, aged 53 ; also Thomas Russell, 
 and Margaret, who married John Codman and 
 was the mother of Rev. Dr. Codman. 
 
 RUSSELL, JOHN, the first minister of the 
 Baptist church in Boston, was settled July 28, 
 1679, and died Dec. 24, 1680. The Russells of 
 Providence descended from him. He might have 
 been the son of John, a freeman of Woburn in 
 1640, and a Baptist, who died in 1676. 
 
 RUSSELL, JOHN, the first minister of "VVeth- 
 ersfield, Conn., and of Hadley, Mass., died in II. 
 Dec. 10, 1692, aged 65. He was the son of 
 John, who lived in Cambridge and in Connecti- 
 
RUSSELL. 
 
 RUSSELL. 
 
 717 
 
 cut ; and was born in England. He graduated 
 at Harvard in 1045. He was succeeded at Wcth- 
 ersfield by G. Bulkley. lie came to Hadley in 
 1(559 ; in his house the regicides, Goffe and 
 Whalley, were concealed from 1664 for fifteen or 
 sixteen years. His son, Samuel, graduated at 
 Harvard in 1681 ; was ordained at Branford, 
 Conn., in 1687 ; and died in 1731, aged 71. His 
 elder son, Jonathan, was the minister of Barn- 
 stable. It is supposed the remittances to his 
 English boarders enabled the poor country min 
 ister to educate his sons. 
 
 RUSSELL, JONATHAN, minister of Barnsta- 
 ble, Mass., died Feb. 21, 1711, aged 55. He 
 was the son of John 11., first minister of Weth- 
 ersfield, then of Hadley. He was graduated at 
 Harvard in 1675, and ordained Sept. 19, 1683. 
 His successor, from 1712 to 1758, was Jonathan 
 R., his son, a graduate of Yale in 1708. He was 
 a minister of distinction. Dr. John II. of Barn- 
 stable, a graduate of 1704, is supposed to have 
 been his son. He published the election sermon, 
 1704. 
 
 RUSSELL, NOADIAII, minister in Middle- 
 town, Conn., died Dec. 3, 1713, aged 54. He 
 was the son of William, who came from Eng 
 land and died at New Haven in 1664; he was 
 graduated at Harvard in 1681 ; was a schoolmas 
 ter at Ipswich ; was ordained Oct. 24, 1688. He 
 was one of the twelve who founded Yale college 
 in 1712, for which act he deserves to be held in 
 honorable remembrance. Nathaniel Collins was 
 his predecessor, settled Nov. 4, 1688 ; and his 
 successor was his son, William Russell, ordained 
 June 1, 1715, died June 1, 1761. From him de 
 scended Samuel and E. Augustus Russell, living 
 in 1854. Rev. Mr. X. R., by his wife, Mary 
 Hamlin, had nine children. Some poetic effu 
 sions on his death were reprinted in the Sentinel 
 and Witness of Feb. 7, 1854, the longest of 
 which was written by Rev. N. Collins of Enfield, 
 born in M. June 13, 1677, graduated at Harvard 
 1697. His diary is in N. E. hist, register for 
 Jan., 1853. 
 
 RUSSELL, SAMUEL, second minister of Bran- 
 ford, Conn., died in 1731, aged 70. He suc 
 ceeded A. Pierson in 1687. The son of Rev. J. 
 R. of Hadley, he graduated at Harvard in 1681. 
 He was first the minister of Deerfield, Mass. 
 His wife was the daughter of Major John Whit 
 ing. He published election sermon, 1699. 
 
 RUSSELL, SAMUEL, first minister of North 
 Guilford, Conn., died in 1746, aged about 41. 
 Born in Branford, he graduated at Yale in 
 1712. 
 
 RUSSELL, WILLIAM, forty-six years minister 
 of Middlctown, Conn., died in 1761, aged about 
 70. lie graduated at Yale in 1709; was tutor 
 and trustee; was ordained in 1715 as successor 
 of his father, Noadiah Russell, the second pastor 
 
 from 1688 to 1713, a graduate of Harvard in 
 1681. He was succeeded by E. Huntington. 
 lie published election sermon, 1730. 
 
 RUSSELL, DANIEL, first minister of Stepney, 
 in Wethersfield, Conn., died in 1764, aged about 
 57. He graduated at Yale in 1724, and was set 
 tled in 1727. C. Chapin was one of his succes 
 sors. 
 
 RUSSELL, WILLIAM, minister of Windsor, 
 Conn., died in 1774, aged about 50. The son of 
 Rev. William of MiddletoAvn, he graduated at 
 Yale in 1745. In a class of twenty-seven his 
 name stands the first, when the names were ar 
 ranged according to family rank. He was tutor 
 from 1748 to 1750. He was settled in 1751. 
 D. S. Rowland succeeded him. 
 
 RUSSELL, NOADIAII, minister of Thompson, 
 in the parish of Killingly, Conn., died in 1795, 
 ngcd 65. The son of Rev. William R. of Mid- 
 dletown, he graduated at Yale in 1750, and was 
 ordained in 1757, and was pastor nearly thir 
 ty-eight years. He and his predecessor, Marston 
 Cabot, both died of the apoplexy. 
 
 RUSSELL, THOMAS, died in Boston April 8, 
 1796, aged 55. He was the son of James R., 
 and a descendant of Richard, born in Charles- 
 town in 1740. A successful and wealthy mer 
 chant, he was abundant in charitable distributions 
 and good works. The amount of his annual 
 gifts most men would regard as a fortune. Of 
 the gospel he was not ashamed, but made a public 
 profession of his love to the Saviour of sinners. 
 Dr. Moise published a sermon on his death. 
 
 RUSSELL, JAMES, a councillor of Massachu 
 setts, was the descendant of Richard R., who 
 settled in Charlestown in 1640 and was treasurer 
 of the colony. He was born in C. Aug. 1C, 1715, 
 and died April 24, 1798, aged 82. He discharged 
 the duties of a judge, and of other public offices, 
 which he sustained, with the greatest fidelity. To 
 the poor he was a steady and liberal friend. He 
 respected the institutions of the gospel, and, 
 while his family and his closet witnessed his con 
 stant devotions, his life adorned the religion which 
 he professed. In his last illness he was supported 
 and consoled by the truths of the gospel. He 
 was the father of Thomas Russell. 
 
 RUSSELL, WILLIAM, colonel, died in Fay- 
 ette county, Ky., in July, 1825, aged about 66. 
 At the age of sixteen he entered the army of 
 the Revolution as a soldier, and rose to the rank 
 of captain : in all subsequent wars he also served 
 about twenty campaigns. 
 
 RUSSELL, JONATHAN, commissioner of the 
 United States at Ghent, died Feb. 16, 1832, aged 
 60. 
 
 RUSSELL, H., widow, died in Nantucket in 
 April, 1836, aged 99, the oldest person in N. 
 
 RUSSELL, BENJAMIN, major, died in Boston 
 Jan. 4, 1845, aged 83. A soldier of the Revolu- 
 
718 
 
 RUSSWURM. 
 
 tion, a practical printer, he edited for about forty 
 years the Centinel, a semi-weekly paper at Cos- 
 ton of great influence, the frequent contributors to 
 which were Ames, Lowell, Cabot, Iligginson, and 
 Pickering. The first number was issued March 
 24, 1784. He was a man cheerful and benevolent. 
 He knew how to consult in his paper the taste of 
 the people. " The Centinel was always as rich 
 in deaths as a church-yard, and in marriages as 
 prolific as an asparagus bed," " the gate to ter 
 restrial immortality of all the people of New 
 England who died during its continuance." 
 
 RUSSWURM, JOHN BROWN, governor, died 
 in Africa in 1851, aged 52. lie was a colored 
 man, a graduate of Bowdoin college in 1826, and 
 governor of Liberia by the appointment of the 
 American colonization society. 
 
 RUST, HENRY, first minister of Stratham, 
 N. H., died in 1749, aged 62. He graduated at 
 Harvard in 1707, and was ordained in 1718. 
 
 RUTER, MARTIN, D. D., died May 16, 1838, 
 aged 53. He was born at Charlestown, Mass., 
 April 3, 1785 ; and, with little education, was 
 licensed to preach. He studied with diligence 
 while a preacher. He was president of Augusta 
 college, in Kentucky, from 1827 to 1832, and of 
 Alleghany college, at Meadville, Pa., from 1834 
 to 1837. Then he superintended a mission to 
 Texas, where he died. 
 
 RUTGERS, HENRY, colonel, a patriot of the 
 Revolution, died in Feb., 1830, aged 84. He 
 fought at Brooklyn heights. The British occupied 
 his house as a hospital and barracks. In 1807 
 he delivered an address on laying the corner 
 stone of the Reformed Dutch church in Orchard 
 street. He was a respected, useful citizen of New 
 York ; in his politics a decided partisan, but never 
 engaging in any important measure without mak 
 ing it a special subject of prayer. It were well 
 if politicians would follow his example; there 
 would then be likely to be in their movements 
 less of greedy selfishness and vindictive passion, 
 and more of disinterestedness and of virtuous 
 calmness. Being very rich, Col. Rutgers was 
 abundant in his charities for almost all public 
 objects and towards numerous individuals. He 
 expended for others an immense sum. In one 
 instance he received a note, in which the writer, 
 then at the door, begged his assistance, intimating 
 that in the failure of it he should kill himself. 
 He conversed with the young man, and found 
 that he had ruined himself by gambling. But 
 he cautiously interposed, and saved him from the 
 meditated crime, and rescued him from misery ; 
 and the same young man became respectable and 
 pious. McMurray s Sermon. 
 
 RUTIIRAUFF, J., minister of the German 
 Reformed church, Greencastle, Pa., died Dec. 15, 
 1837, aged 73. 
 
 RUTLEDGE, JOHN, chief justice of the United 
 
 RUTLEDGE. 
 
 States, died in July, 1800. He was the son of 
 Dr. John R., who, with his brother Andrew, a 
 lawyer, emigrated from Ireland to Charleston 
 about 1735. Having studied law at the Temple, 
 he returned to Charleston in 1761, and soon 
 proved himself an able lawyer and accomplished 
 orator. He took an early and distinguished part in 
 support of the liberties of his country, at the com 
 mencement of the American Revolution. He was 
 a member of the first congress in 1774. When 
 the temporary constitution of South Carolina was 
 established in March, 1776, he was appointed the 
 president and commandcr-in-chief of the colony. 
 He continued in this station till the adoption of 
 the new constitution in March, 1778, to which he 
 refused to give his assent. He was opposed to it, 
 because it annihilated the council, reducing the 
 legislative authority from three to two branches, 
 and was too democratic in its features. In 1779, 
 however, he was chosen governor, with the au 
 thority, in conjunction with the council, to do 
 whatever the public safety required. He soon 
 took the field at the head of the militia. All the 
 energies of the State were called forth. During 
 the siege of Charleston, at the request of Gen. Lin 
 coln, he left the city, that the executive authority 
 might be preserved, though the capital should 
 fall. Having called a general assembly in Janu 
 ary, 1782, he addressed them in a speech, in which 
 he depicted the perfidy, rapine, and cruelty \vhich 
 stained the British arms. In 1784 he was a 
 judge of the court of chancery ; in 1789 a judge 
 of the supreme court of the United States ; in 
 1791 chief justice of South Carolina; and in 1796 
 chief justice of the United States. He was a 
 man of eminent talents, patriotism, decision, and 
 firmness. His son, Gen. John R., a distinguished 
 member of congress, died at Philadelphia Sept. 
 1, 1819, aged 53. 
 
 RUTLEDGE, EDWARD, governor of South 
 Carolina, brother of the preceding, died Jan. 23, 
 1800, aged 50. He was born in Charleston in 
 Xov., 1749. In 1769 he M cnt to England to 
 complete his legal education at the Temple, and 
 returned in 1773. In his practice he would not 
 engage in a cause which he did not believe to be 
 just. His powers of persuasion were not cm- 
 ployed to support iniquity or to shield oppression. 
 Being a member of congress from 1774 to 1777, 
 he signed the declaration of independence. lie 
 had much of the esteem and confidence of Wash 
 ington . He commanded a company of the militia 
 in 1779, when the British were driven from Port 
 Royal Island. Being taken a prisoner in 1780, 
 he was sent with others to St. Augustine and de 
 tained nearly a year. After he was exchanged 
 he resided near Philadelphia till the evacuation 
 of Charleston by the enemy in Dec., 1782. After 
 an exile of almost three years, he returned and 
 resumed his profession. In 1798 he was elected 
 
HUTLEDGE. 
 
 SALTONSTALL. 
 
 governor. In person he was above the middle 
 height, rather corpulent, of a fair complexion, 
 and a pleasing countenance. His constitution 
 was broken down by hereditary gout. By his 
 wife, the daughter of Henry Middleton, he had a 
 son, Major Henry M. R. of Tennessee, and a 
 daughter. He had great address in moderating 
 those collisions which often produce duels. His elo 
 quence was less vehement than that of his brother 
 John, but more insinuating and conciliatory. 
 
 RUTLEDGE, EDWARD, died at Savannah in 
 1832; he was president elect of Transylvania 
 university. He graduated at Yale in 1817; and 
 was professor of moral philosophy in the univer 
 sity of Pennsylvania. 
 
 RUXTON, GEORGE F., died at St. Louis of 
 dysentery, Sept. 29, 1848, aged 88; he was a 
 lieutenant in the British army. He wrote the 
 series in Blackwood, of life in the far west, and 
 was the author of adventures in Mexico and the 
 Ilocky Mountains. 
 
 ItYALLS, HENRY, died at Darien, Georgia, 
 Sept. 12, 1838, aged 110. A soldier of the Rev 
 olution, he retained his faculties to the last. 
 
 RYLAND, WILLIAM, chaplain of the navy, 
 died at Washington Jan., 1846, aged 77. 
 
 SAFFORD, DANIEL, died in Boston Feb. 3, 
 1856, aged 63; a deacon of Mt. Vernon church. 
 He was for many years a successful mechanic, 
 a gentleman of princely beneficence, of remarka 
 ble courtesy, kindness and cheerfulness of dis 
 position, and a devout and consistent Christian. 
 The members of the church were, at the time 
 of his death, upwards of seven hundred in num 
 ber. 
 
 SAGE, SYLVESTER, minister of Westminster, 
 Vermont, died in 1841, aged 74. Born in Had- 
 dam, Conn., he graduated at Yale in 1787, and 
 was the pastor of Westminster till his death, ex 
 cepting that from 1807 to 1809 he was colleague 
 with Mr. Weld of Braintrec, Mass. He pub 
 lished farewell .sermon at Braintree, 1809. 
 
 SALES, FRANCIS, died at Cambridge Feb. 16, 
 1854, aged 82. lie was instructor in the Span 
 ish language, lie published Spanish grammar ; 
 colmena Espanola, 182<3 ; Cadalso, 1827 ; selec- 
 cion de obras maestras dramaticas, 1828. 
 
 SALLE, ROBERT DE LA, embarked at Rochelle 
 July 14, 1678, and reached Quebec in September. 
 Proceeding up the St. La\vrenee, he laid the 
 foundation of fort Niagara in the same year. In 
 1679 he passed up the Niagara river, the falls 
 of which he estimated at six hundred feet ! He 
 proceeded to Michillimackinac, and the Sault de 
 St. Marie. He visited the lake of the Illinois 
 and Green Bay, and built a fort on the St. Joseph 
 of lake Michigan ; and another, called Crevc- 
 cocur, in the midst of the tribes of the Illinois. 
 In trailicking with the Indians he found abun 
 
 dance of Indian corn. He sent out persons to 
 explore the Mississippi ; and returned to fort 
 Frontenac on lake Ontario in 1680. In the fol 
 lowing year he prosecuted his discoveries. In 
 April, 1683, he was at the mouth of the Missis 
 sippi. Returning by the way of the lakes to 
 Quebec and France, he was again sent out by 
 the king with four ships and two hundred men. 
 Leaving Rochelle in July, 1684, he proceeded to 
 the gulf of Mexico. In Feb., 1685, he built a 
 fort in the bay of St. Louis, and founded a set 
 tlement ; but was at last, in 1687 or 1688, assas 
 sinated by one of his own party. An account 
 of his discoveries was published by the Chevalier 
 Tonti ; an account is also in New York hist, coll., 
 vol. II. 
 
 SALTER, RICHARD, D. I)., second minister 
 of Mansfield, Conn., died in 1789, aged 65. Born 
 in Boston, the son of John, a merchant, he grad 
 uated at Harvard at the age of sixteen. He then 
 studied both medicine and theology. In 1744 
 he succeeded E. Williams. His successors were 
 E. Gridley, J. Sherman, S. P. Williams. He had 
 in his church great difficulty on account of the 
 Separatists ; of the members, twenty-four were 
 excommunicated. He gave by deed a farm to 
 Yale college, worth 2000 dollars, to promote the 
 study of the Hebrew and other languages. His 
 wife was Mary, the daughter of E. Williams ; but 
 his three children died in infancy. His second 
 wife was a daughter of Rev. Solomon Williams. 
 His health failed him in his last two years. He 
 was a very great smoker of tobacco ; whether 
 that habit injured his health is not known. He 
 was a man of a dignified and commanding ap 
 pearance, of a powerful intellect, and of power 
 ful passions, not always laid under restraint. In 
 his preaching his morning sermon was usually 
 doctrinal ; in the afternoon he presented the 
 practical bearings of the subject. He published 
 the election sermon, 1768. Sprague s Annals. 
 
 SALTONSTALL, RICHARD, Sir, one of the 
 fathers of the Massachusetts colonv, died in En"-- 
 
 * O 
 
 land about 1658; and from him descended those 
 of the name in New England. He came over in 
 the Arabella with Governor Winthrop in 1630. 
 With Mr. Phillips he commenced the settlement 
 of Watertown ; but, discouraged, he returned to 
 England the next year, leaving two sons behind. 
 A liberal Puritan, he was through life a friend of 
 the colony ; he was also a patentee of Connecti 
 cut. His wife was a daughter of John Hampden. 
 SALTONSTALL, RICHARD, son of the pre 
 ceding, died in England in 1694, aged 84. lie 
 settled at Ipswich, and was an assistant in 1637. 
 He entered his protest against the introduction 
 of negro slavery. A friend of Whalley and Goffe, 
 he gave them in 1672 fifty pounds. He visited 
 England several times. His son Nathaniel, a 
 
720 
 
 SALTOXSTALL. 
 
 SAMPSON. 
 
 giaduate of 1659, settled in Haverhill on an es 
 tate known as the Saltonstall seat; and died in 
 1707. 
 
 SALTOXSTALL, GURDON, governor of Con 
 necticut, died Sept, 24, 1724, aged 58. He was 
 born in Haverhill, Mass., March 27, 1666, and 
 was graduated at Harvard college in 1684. His 
 father was Col. Nathan, the son of Richard of 
 Watertown, who was the son of Sir Richard S. 
 He was ordained Nov. 25, 1691, minister of New 
 London, where he continued for several years, 
 highly esteemed. In 1707, by the advice of the 
 clergy, he was persuaded to undertake the chief 
 direction of the civil affairs of the colony, and he 
 was annually chosen governor till his death. He 
 was both a profound divine and a consummate 
 Statesman. The complexion of the Saybrook 
 platform was owing to his desire of bringing the 
 mode of church government somewhat nearer to 
 the Presbyterian form. To a quick perception 
 and a glowing imagination he united correctness 
 of judgment. The majesty of his eye and de 
 portment was softened by the features of benevo 
 lence. As an orator, the music of his voice, the 
 force of his argument, the beauty of his allusions, 
 the ease of his transitions, and the fulness of his 
 diction gave him a high rank. His temper was 
 warm ; but he had been taught the art of self- 
 command, for he was a Christian. His widow, 
 Mary, the daughter of William Whittingham and 
 the relict of Wm. Clark, died in Jan., 1730. She 
 was distinguished for her intelligence, wit, wis 
 dom, and piety. To Harvard college she be 
 queathed 1000 pounds, for two students designed 
 for the ministry. 
 
 SALTONSTALL, RICHARD, judge, grandson 
 of Nathaniel, died in Massachusetts in 1756, aged 
 53 ; a graduate of 1722. In 1736 he was made 
 a judge of the supreme court. He was affable 
 and polished, liberal to the poor, and generously 
 hospitable. His third wife was Mary, daughter 
 of E. Ccoke of Boston, the mother of Dr. Na 
 thaniel S. He left three sons, and two daugh 
 ters, married to Col. George Watson of Plymouth, 
 and to Moses Badger, Episcopal minister in Pro 
 vidence. 
 
 SALTONSTALL, NATHANIEL, a physician, a 
 descendant of Richard, and brother of Gur- 
 don S., was the son of Richard S., a judge of 
 the supreme court of Massachusetts, and was 
 born at Haverhill Feb. 10, 1746. He was grad 
 uated at Harvard college in 1766, and died at 
 Haverhill May 15, 1815, aged 69. His maternal 
 ancestor was Governor Leverett. While his 
 brothers were royalists, Dr. S. was a whig of 
 the Revolution. He was an intelligent, skilful, 
 humane physician, a friend of science and reli 
 gion, and highly respected by his fellow citizens. 
 Thacher ; 2 Hist. Coll. IV. 
 
 SALTONSTALL, LEVERETT, LL. D., died in 
 
 Salem May 8, 1845, aged nearly 62. The son 
 of Dr. Nathaniel S. of Haverhill, he graduated 
 in the large class of 1802, and practised law in 
 Salem. He was a learned and faithful and hon 
 est lawyer, a member of congress, and connected 
 with various literary and charitable societies. 
 His care for the poor was such that he stored 
 his cellar with reference to their wants in the win 
 ter. In his will he was a benefactor of Harvard 
 college and of Exeter academy. He published a 
 historical sketch of Haverhill. A memoir of him 
 is in hist, coll., 3d series, vol. IX. 
 
 SAMPLEMAN, GEORGE, died in Clark county, 
 Ohio, Jan., 1843, aged 110; born in Germany 
 June 24, 1732. 
 
 SAMPSON, EZRA, died in New York in 1823, 
 aged 74. Born in Middleborough, the son of 
 Uriah, he graduated at Yale in 1773, and was 
 ordained at Plymouth in 1776, as colleague with 
 J. Parker. In the first campaign he was a chap 
 lain in the army at Cambridge. Being dismissed 
 in 1796, he removed to Hudson, devoting him 
 self to literature, and preaching occasionally. 
 His last years were spent with his sons in New 
 York. He died in peace. He and Dr. Harry 
 Croswcll published the newspaper, the Balance. 
 He published a sermon to soldiers, 1775 ; beau 
 ties of the bible, 1802 ; the historical dictionary, 
 1804; the sham patriot unmasked; the brief 
 remarker. Sprague s Annals. 
 
 SAMPSON, DEBORAH, several years a woman 
 soldier, died about 1830. Born in 1758 in Ply 
 mouth county, she was the child of poor and un 
 happy parents. Yet she made every effort to 
 acquire some education. She shared the patriotic 
 feeling of the Revolution. By keeping school 
 she gained twelve dollars, with which she pur 
 chased fustian, which she made into a suit of 
 men s clothes, and joined the army as a man in 
 October, 1778. For three years she performed 
 all the duties of a soldier without the discovery 
 of her sex, under the name of Robert Shirtliffe. 
 While sick of a fever, Dr. Binney of Philadelphia 
 made the discovery. When she was recovered, 
 he sent her with a note to Washington, disclos 
 ing the fact, Washington said not a word, but 
 gave her a discharge and a sum of money. As 
 her conduct had been irreproachable, she mar 
 ried Benjamin Gannett of Sharon, a respectable 
 farmer, and became the mother of three children ; 
 the eldest in 1805 was aged 19. She claimed 
 of the court in Dedham in 1820 a reward for her 
 services. Her husband died in February, 1837, 
 aged 80. 
 
 SAMPSON, WILLIAM C., missionary to Bom 
 bay, died Dec. 22, 1835. Born in Kingston, 
 U. C., he went to B. in 1833. His wife was 
 Mary L. Barker of Augusta, N. Y. 
 
 SAMPSON, WILLIAM, died at New York Dec. 
 27, 1836, aged 73. He was an eminent counsel- 
 
SAMPSON. 
 
 SANGER. 
 
 721 
 
 lor at law, a native of Ireland. He published a 
 report on a trial for libel, 1807; speech on the 
 trial of James Cheetham, 1810; trial of journey 
 men cordwaincrs ; is a whale a fish ? being a re 
 port, etc., 1819 ; discourse before the New York 
 historical society, 1824. 
 
 SAMPSON, "FRANCIS S., D. D., died before 
 1806 ; he was many years a teacher of the o\d 
 school theological seminary in Virginia, and had 
 reputation as a scholar. His critical commentary 
 on the epistle to the Hebrews was published, ed 
 ited by Dr. Dabney, in 1856. 
 
 SAMSON, DANIEL, died in Barre, N. Y., May 
 28, 1842, aged 83. He was a soldier of the Rev 
 olution, and for fifty-seven years a professor of 
 religion and eminent Christian, of rare humility, 
 simplicity, and benevolence. Before he removed 
 to B. he lived in Cornwall, Vt. 
 
 SANDEMAN, ROBERT, the founder of the 
 sect of Sandemanians, died at Danbury, Conn., 
 April 2, 1771, aged 53. He was born at Perth 
 in Scotland, and educated at St. Andrews. Hav 
 ing married a daughter of Mr. Glass, he became 
 one of his followers. lie represented faith as 
 the mere operation of intellect, and maintained 
 that men were justified without holiness, merely 
 on speculative belief. This faith, however, he 
 contended would always, wherever it existed, 
 produce the Christian virtues ; so that his system 
 cannot be charged with opening a door to licen 
 tiousness. In 1762 he went to London and es 
 tablished a congregation. He came to America 
 in October, 1764, and from Boston he went to 
 Danbury. In that town he gathered a church 
 in July, 1765. He published an answer to Iler- 
 vey s Theron and Aspasio, in 2 vols., 8vo., 1757. 
 This work is ingenious, though it exhibits a great 
 deal of asperity. Mr. Ilervey himself acknow 
 ledged that the author had pointed out some 
 errors in his writings, and had the most exalted 
 views of Divine grace. 
 
 SANDERS, DANIEL CLARK, president of Ver 
 mont university, died suddenly in Medfield in 
 1850, aged 82. Born in Sturbridge, he gradu 
 ated at Cambridge in 1788; was ordained atVer- 
 genues in 1794 ; and chosen president of the 
 university of Vermont in 1801. He resigned in 
 1813, during the war, and was installed at Med 
 field in 1818, and dismissed in 1829. For fifty 
 years he kept a meteorological journal. He pub 
 lished a sermon on the death of M. Russell, 1805; 
 a history of the Indians, 1812. 
 
 SANDERS, MOSES C., died in Peru, Ohio, 
 May 18, 1856, aged 66. A native of Massachu 
 setts, he removed to Ohio in 1818, and was an 
 eminent physician and surgeon. He was for 
 years an Infidel, but in 1837 he became a Chris 
 tian. Practising physic in a new country, some 
 times he was guided to his patients through 
 pathless forests by a pocket compass. 
 91 
 
 SANDERSON, ALYAN, minister of Ashfield, 
 Mass., died in 1817, aged 36. Born in Whatcly, 
 he graduated at Williams college in 1802. After 
 a mission in Maine, he was settled in A., the suc 
 cessor of Nehemiah Porter. Being dismissed in 
 ill health in 1814, he established a grammar 
 school. He was a faithful minister, gentle, cour 
 teous, an example of Christian goodness. Having 
 none in his house to provide for, he bequeathed 
 400 dollars to his religious society, 500 dollars 
 for missions, and 1500 or 2000 dollars to his 
 school. 
 
 SANDERSON, JOHN, died at Philadelphia in 
 1844, aged 61. He was the author of the biog 
 raphy of the signers of the declaration of inde 
 pendence, in several volumes, and also of the 
 American in Paris, and sketches of Paris. Cycl. 
 of Amer. I At. 
 
 SANDFORI), PETER P., D. I)., a Methodist 
 minister, died at Tarrytown, N. Y., Jan. 14, 1857, 
 aged 76. 1 le for some time labored in the city 
 of New York, and was highly esteemed. 
 
 SANDS, ROBERT C., died at New York Dec. 
 16, 1832, aged 33. A graduate of Columbia 
 college in 1815 ; he was a man of genius and an 
 elegant writer. He was one of the editors of the 
 Commercial Advertiser. He published Yamoydcn, 
 a poem, written principally by him; notice of 
 Cortes ; life of Paul Jones. Cyclojjedia of Amer 
 ican Literature. 
 
 SANFORD, DAVID, minister of Medway, Mass., 
 died in 1810, aged 73. Bora in Milford, Conn., 
 his father, an admirer of the character and preach 
 ing of David Braincrd, gave his son the name of 
 David. He graduated at Yale in 1755 ; lived 
 some years in Great Barrington under the teach 
 ing of Dr. Hopkins ; and was settled in 1773, so 
 that he was in the ministry about thirty-seven 
 years. Among his people were extensive reviv 
 als in 1784 and 1785. The sermon at his fu 
 neral Avas preached by Dr. Emmons, and is in his 
 works, vol. I., p. 330. There was probably much 
 of bluntness and straight-forwardness in his 
 preaching. Mr. Bellamy and he married sisters. 
 An anecdote, as to the difference between his and 
 Bellamy s preaching, may be found under the 
 name of Bellamy. He published a dissertation 
 on the law to Adam ; also on the scene in the 
 garden, 1810. Spraytie s Annals. 
 
 SANFORD, NATHAX, died on Long Island 
 October, 1838. He was a senator of the United 
 States from 1815 to 1821, and from 1825 to 
 1830, and chancellor of New York two years. 
 
 SANFORD, JOSHUA, died in Dublin, N. H., 
 Dec. 12, 1856, aged 103 years and 8 months. 
 He had a strong frame, took much exercise, and 
 was temperate in all things. 
 
 SANGER, ZEDEKIAII, minister in South 
 Bridgewater, died Nov. 17, 1820, aged 72. Born 
 in Sherborn in 1748, he was a descendant of 
 
722 
 
 SAEGEANT. 
 
 SAWYER. 
 
 Richard S., a blacksmith, who removed from Sucl- 
 bury to Watertown, and died in 1691 ; whose son 
 Richard, born in 1667, married Elizabeth Morse ; 
 and his son Richard, born 1706, married Deborah 
 Rider, and died 1786, his eighth child being 
 Zedekiah. Mr. S. graduated at Harvard in 1771, 
 and was ordained at Duxbury July 3, 1776, and 
 dismissed in 1786. He was settled at Bridge- 
 water Dec. 17, 1788, as colleague of John Shaw. 
 His wife was Irene Freeman. His children were 
 Richard, born 1778; Joseph, in 1781; Caroline, 
 1782, married Rev. Samuel Clark ; Zedekiah, 
 in 1784; Samuel F. ; Rev. Ralph, graduated in 
 1808, married Charlotte Kingman, settled at Do 
 ver; and several daughters. lie was a scholar 
 and learned divine. Young men he prepared 
 for college, and he had students in divinity. His 
 successor at Duxbury was Dr. J. Allyn. 
 
 SARGEANT, NATHANIEL PEASLEE, chief jus 
 tice of the supreme court of Massachusetts, died 
 at Ilaverhill in October, 1791^ aged 60. The son 
 of Christopher S. of Methuen, he graduated at 
 Harvard college in 1750. In 1776 he was ap 
 pointed, a judge of the superior court, and chief 
 justice in December, 1789. 
 
 SARGENT, JOHN, colonel, was the first child 
 born in Vermont. The time of his death has 
 not been ascertained ; but his widow died at 
 Brattleboro in July, 1822, aged 87. 
 
 SARTI, Signor, died in Boston Sept., 1850 ; 
 manufacturer of fine anatomical figures in wax. 
 He was a native of Florence. 
 
 SATTERLEE, A. B., Baptist missionary to 
 Akyab, Arrican, died July 1, 1856, of cholera. 
 A graduate of Brown, he had been in service but 
 a few years, and was highly respected. 
 
 SAUBERT, XAVIER, Dr., died Jan. 20, 1836; 
 called the fire king. In making experiments with 
 phosphoric ether, or prussic acid, it exploded and 
 killed him. 
 
 SAUNDERS, PRINCE, a colored man, attor 
 ney-general of Hayti, was born at Thetford, Vt. 
 He was well educated. About 1806 he taught a 
 free colored school in Colchester, Conn., and af 
 terwards in Boston. Going to Hayti, Christophe 
 employed him to improve the state of education 
 in his dominions, for which purpose he was sent 
 to England. His Christian name, Prince, being 
 mistaken for his just title of dignity, he was 
 conversant with the nobility. Returning from 
 Hayti to this country, he studied divinity and 
 preached at Philadelphia. But he went again 
 to Hayti, where he died, as attorney-general, in 
 February, 1839. He published several tracts, 
 one concerning Hayti. 
 
 SAUSAMAN, JOHN, was the son of an Indian 
 convert. He was cunning and plausible, well 
 skilled in the English language, and employed 
 as a school-master at Natick. Upon some misde 
 
 meanor he left the English, and became secretary 
 of King Philip in 1672. He was prevailed upon 
 by the solicitations of Mr. Eliot to return to Na 
 tick ; he was baptized, and became an Indian 
 preacher, well gifted. He discovered a plot 
 against the English, and communicated it to 
 Gov. Winslow. Not long afterwards he was 
 murdered by three of Philip s men, and his body 
 was put under the ice in Assawampset pond. 
 His murderers were seized and executed at Ply 
 mouth in 1675. 
 
 SAVAGE, THOMAS, major, the ancestor of the 
 families of Savages in New England, died Feb. 14, 
 1682, aged 74. He came over from England as 
 early as 1635, and was representative of Boston, 
 Hingham, and Andover, and speaker of the house. 
 He commanded the troops in the early part of 
 Philip s war in 1675. He married Faith, the 
 daughter of William and the celebrated Ann 
 Hutchinson; and from them descended James 
 Savage of Boston, the learned antiquarian, who 
 still lives in a good old age. The generations 
 and families are as folloivs: 1. Major Thomas 
 Savage and Faith Huntington ; 2. Lieut.-Colonel 
 Abijah Savage and Hannah Tyng; 3. Licut,- 
 Colonel Thomas Savage and Elizabeth Scottow ; 
 4. Lieut.-Colonel Habijah Savage, who died in 
 1746, aged 71; 5. the father of Mr. S., whose 
 name does not occur ; 6. James Savage of Bos 
 ton, born in 1784. If he bears no military title, 
 yet he knows how to wield the pen instead of 
 the sword. 
 
 SAVAGE, EDWARD, a painter, died at Prince 
 ton, Mass., in 1817, aged 56. He was born at 
 P. in 1761. He was at first a goldsmith. After 
 studying for a while under West in London, he 
 repaired to Italy. Before he went abroad he 
 painted the Washington family, and, finding no 
 engraver, engraved the picture himself. Of this 
 print, it is said that he sold nine thousand copies 
 at nine dollars each. He was a man of good 
 talents; but his attention was too much divided 
 among different pursuits to allow of his attain 
 ing the highest eminence as a painter. He com 
 menced a museum in New York, and brought it 
 to Boston ; where it became a part of the old 
 .New England museum. Knapp s Lect. 
 
 SAVAGE, MARY, died at Woolwich, Maine, 
 in 1825, aged 102. 
 
 SAVAGE, SAMUEL, M. I)., an eminent phy 
 sician of Barnstable, Mass., died in 1831, aged 
 83. He graduated at Harvard in 1766. 
 
 SAVAGE, SARAH, Miss, died at Salem, Mass., 
 in 1837, aged 52, a lady worthy and refined. She 
 wrote factory girl, and other works. 
 
 SAWYER, MICAJAH, M. D., a physician, the 
 son of a physician, was born at Newbury, Mass., 
 July 15, 1737 ; graduated at Harvard college in 
 1756; and, after practising physic more than 
 
SAWYER. 
 
 SCHUYLER. 
 
 fifty years in Newburyport, died Sept. 29, 1815, 
 aged 77. He was an eminent physician and a 
 9 man of pure morals and religion. TJiacltcr. 
 
 SAWYER, ELIZABKTII, died in Bolton, Mass., 
 in 1815, aged 105, retaining her faculties to the 
 last. Her descendants were three or four hun 
 dred. 
 
 SAXTOX, or SEXTON, GILES, minister of 
 Scituate, Mass., as early as 1630. He came from 
 Yorkshire. He was admitted freeman in 1631. 
 It is said he returned to England, and that on 
 the voyage he cried out, in a perilous hour, " O, 
 who is now for heaven ? Who is bound for 
 heaven." Felt s Hist. New Eng. 
 
 SAY, THOMAS, died Oct. 10, 1834, aged 46, at 
 New Harmony, Ind. He was a merchant. He 
 made abundant contributions to science. His writ 
 ings on insects, on fresh-water and land-shells, on 
 univalves, etc., are in the American philosophical 
 transactions. He published American entomol 
 ogy, 3 vols., 1824 and 1828 ; explanation of terms, 
 1825. Cycl. of Amer. Lit. 
 
 SCAMMELL, ALEXANDER, colonel, a soldier 
 of the Revolution, died Oct. 6, 1781, aged about 
 33. He was born in Mendon, now Milford, Mass., 
 and graduated at Harvard college in 1769. He 
 studied law with Gen. Sullivan ; assisted Capt. 
 Holland in surveys for his map of New Hamp 
 shire; and in 1775 was appointed brigade-major, 
 and in 1776 colonel. In the battle of Saratoga 
 in 1777 he was wounded. About 1780 he was 
 adjutant-general of the American armies, and 
 deservedly popular. At the siege of Yorktown, 
 being officer of the day, Sept. 30, 1781, while re- 
 connoitering he was surprised by a party of the 
 enemy s horse, and after being taken prisoner 
 was inhumanly wounded. Being conveyed to 
 Williamsburg, he died of his wound. General 
 Brooks and General Dearborn each named a son 
 after their friend. 
 
 SCAMMELL, JOHN, Dr., died at Bellingham 
 March 9, 1845, aged 83. His father and grand 
 father were physicians before him. He served a 
 short time in the Revolutionary war. 
 
 SCHAEFFER, F. G., D. D., died in Phila 
 delphia in March, 1831, aged 38; pastor in the 
 Lutheran church, professor of German in Colum 
 bian college. 
 
 SCIIAEFFER, FREDERIC DAVID, D. D., died 
 at Frederic, Md., Jan. 27, 1836, aged 77. He 
 had been pastor of a German Lutheran church 
 in Philadelphia ; and was a man of learning, 
 skilled in languages ; a native of Germany. 
 
 SCIIERMERHORN, II. O., died at Utica 
 Sept. 22, 1854, aged 36. He was seized with his 
 last sickness on his return to New York from 
 a wedding tour to Niagara. A distinguished 
 scholar, he settled as a minister first at Ticonde- 
 roga, then in New York city. His labors were 
 great and incessant. He increased a Sabbath- 
 
 school from forty to six hundred scholars. His 
 wife was a daughter of Sheldon Martin. 
 
 SCHNEIDER, Mrs., wife of Rev. B. S., mis 
 sionary to the Armenians, died Sept. 28, 1856, at 
 Aintab, aged 47. 
 
 SCIIOLEY, CATHERINE, Mrs., died in Scioto, 
 Ohio, July 5, 1855, of neuralgia ; the largest 
 woman in the world, who was exhibited by Col. 
 Wood. He had her life insured for 25,000 dol 
 lars. 
 
 SCIIOOLCRAFT, LAWRENCE, colonel, died 
 at Verona, N. Y., June 7, 1840, aged 80; a sol 
 dier of the Revolution, a man much respected. 
 
 SCIIOONMAKER, JACOB, D. D., died at Ja 
 maica, L. I., in 1856, aged 74. His father was 
 minister at Aquackanock over forty years ; his 
 grandfather was the first minister at Jamaica. 
 Dr. S. was pastor both of Ncwtown and Jamaica 
 till 1849. The old dominie preached his fare 
 well discourse in 1850, assisted by his friend, Dr. 
 Brodhead, at the Lord s Supper. 
 
 SCIIOOP, JOHN, a Mohican Indian, died at 
 Bethlehem in 1746 ; a convert, baptized in 1742. 
 
 SCIIUREMAN, JOHN, D. I)., professor in 
 the theological college of New Brunswick, N. J., 
 died in 1818, aged 39. He had been a minister 
 of the Dutch church in the city of New York. 
 
 SCIIUYLER, PETER, mayor of the city of 
 Albany, was much distinguished for his patriot 
 ism, and for the influence which he possessed 
 over the Indians. In the year 1691 he headed a 
 party of three hundred Mohawks, and with about 
 the same number of English, made a bold attack 
 upon the French settlements at the north end of 
 lake Champlain. He slew three hundred of the 
 enemy. Such was the authority of Col. Schuyler 
 with the five nations, that whatever Quider (for 
 so they called him, as they could not pronounce 
 Peter) recommended, had the force of law. In 
 1710 he went to England at his own expense, 
 taking with him five Indian chiefs, for the pur 
 pose of exciting the government to vigorous 
 measures against the French in Canada. The 
 chief command in New York devolved upon him 
 as the eldest member of the council in 1719; 
 but in the following year Governor Burnet arrived. 
 He often warned the New England colonies of 
 expeditions meditated against them by the French 
 and Indians. Smith s New York, 66-152. 
 
 SCHUYLER, PHILIP, a major-general in the 
 Revolutionary war, died at Albany Nov. 18, 1804, 
 aged 72. He received his appointment from 
 congress, June 19, 1775. He was directed to 
 proceed from New York to Ticonderoga, to se 
 cure the lakes, and to make preparations for 
 entering Canada. Being taken sick in Septem 
 ber, the command devolved on Montgomery. On 
 his recovery he devoted himself zealously to the 
 management of the affairs in the northern de 
 partment. The superintendence of the Indian 
 
724 
 
 SCHWEINITZ. 
 
 SCUDDER. 
 
 concerns claimed much of his attention. On tlic 
 approach of Burgoyne in 1777, he made every 
 exertion to obstruct his progress ; but, the evacu 
 ation of Ticonderoga by St. Clair occasioning 
 unreasonable jealousies in regard to Schuyler in 
 New England, he was in August superseded by 
 Gates, and congress directed an inquiry to be 
 made into his conduct. It was a matter of ex 
 treme chagrin to him to be recalled at the mo 
 ment when he was about to face the enemy. He 
 afterwards, though not in the regular service, 
 rendered important services to his country in the 
 military transactions of New York. He was a 
 member of the old congress, and when the pres 
 ent government of the United States commenced 
 its operations in 1789, he was appointed with 
 Ilufus King a senator from his native State. In 
 1797 he was again appointed a senator in the 
 place of Aaron Burr. His daughter married 
 Gen. Hamilton. Another daughter married John 
 B. Church, an Englishman, contractor for the 
 French army in the Revolutionary war, and after 
 wards member of parliament, who died April, 
 1818 ; she died in 1814. Distinguished by 
 strength of intellect and upright intentions, he 
 was wise in the contrivance, and enterprising and 
 persevering in the execution of plans of public 
 utility. In private life he was dignified, but cour 
 teous, a pleasing and instructive companion, af 
 fectionate in his domestic relations, and just in 
 all his dealings. Marshall, n. 237, 301-306; 
 III. 3, 4, 226-258, 273 ; IV. 449. 
 
 SCHWEINITZ, Louis DAVID DE, died at Beth 
 lehem, Pa., Feb. 8, 1834, aged 52. He was a 
 minister among the Moravians, their second head ; 
 and was the author of several valuable works on 
 botany. 
 
 SCOBY, WILLIAM, one of the first planters 
 of Londonderry, N. H., died in that town at the 
 age of 104. He came over from Ireland with 
 Mr. Macgrcgore. These planters lived on an av 
 erage to eighty years, some to ninety, and others 
 to one hundred. 
 
 SCOTT, CHARLES, brigadier-general, governor 
 of Kentucky, died Oct. 22, 1807, aged 74. He 
 was a Virginia soldier of the Revolution. His 
 commission of brigadier is dated April 2, 1777. 
 He was governor from 1808 to 1812, when he 
 was succeeded by Shelby. 
 
 SCOTT, JONATHAN, minister of Minot, Me., 
 died in 1819, aged 75. He was installed in 1796. 
 His successor was Elijah Jones, whose labors 
 were very successful. He was first a minister in 
 Yarmouth, Nova Scotia ; then in Poland, Me. ; 
 and about twenty-three years in Minot. He pub 
 lished a sermon on death of S. Foxcroft ; before 
 missionary society, 1808. Sprague s Annals. 
 
 SCOTT, JOHN, a lawyer and judge, died in 
 Virginia in 1850, aged 68. 
 
 SCOTT, DANIEL, died at Philadelphia June 26, 
 1856 ; many years pastor of the colored church. 
 
 SCOTTOW, JOSHUA, captain, died in Boston 
 in 1698, aged about 80. His daughter, Elizabeth, 
 married Colonel Thomas Savage, an ancestor of 
 the learned antiquarian, James Savage, who will 
 soon, it is said, tell the New England people 
 more than any one else can tell them of their 
 ancestors. He published a narrative of planting 
 of Massachusetts colony, etc., 1694 ; old men s 
 tears for their own declensions, 1691. 
 
 SCREVEN, WILLIAM, died at Georgetown, 
 S. C., in 1713, aged 84. A native of England, 
 born in 1629, he came to Massachusetts, whence 
 as an unwelcome Baptist minister he removed to 
 Piscataway, where he married a Miss Cutts. 
 Thence he went to Cooper s river, S. C., in 1683, 
 and formed a church. His successors, Baptist 
 ministers at Charleston, were Fry, White, Tilly, 
 Simons, Chanler, Bedgewood, Hart, down to 1780. 
 The late Col. Thomas Screven and Rev. Charles 
 0. Screven were his descendants. He published 
 ornament for church members. Ramsay. 
 
 SCREVEN, THOMAS, brigadier-general, died 
 in 1778. He was a descendant of William S. 
 He commanded the militia when Georgia was in 
 vaded by East Florida in Nov., 1778. While a 
 party of the enemy was marching from Sunbury 
 towards Savannah, he had repeated skirmishes 
 with them at the head of a hundred militia. In 
 an engagement at Midway, the place of his resi 
 dence, he was wounded by a musket ball, and 
 fell from his horse. Several of the British im 
 mediately came up, and, upbraiding him with the 
 manner in which a Captain Moore had been 
 killed, discharged their pieces at him. He died 
 soon after of his wounds. Few officers had done 
 more for their country, and few men were more 
 esteemed and beloved for their virtues in private 
 life. 
 
 SCREVEN, CHARLES ODINGSELLS, D. D., died 
 at New York July 2, 1830, aged 57. He was of 
 Sunbury, Georgia. Born at Midway, Liberty 
 county, at the age of thirteen he was baptized by 
 Dr. Furman of Charleston ; graduated at Provi 
 dence in 1795 ; and became the minister of the 
 Baptist church in Sunbury in 1803. He was a 
 faithful and successful minister. 
 
 SCUDDER, Jonx, died at New York in 1821 ; 
 proprietor of the American museum. 
 
 SCUDDER, JOK\, M. D., missionary in Ma 
 dras, died at the Cape of Good Hope, at Wynberg, 
 Jan. 13, 1855, of apoplexy, aged 61. His ven 
 erable mother, Mary, aged more than 80, survived 
 him. He was born in New Brunswick, N. J. ; 
 but his parents removed to Freehold, where he 
 was brought up. He was graduated in 1811, and 
 went to Tillipally in Dec., 1819, as a missionary 
 physician, but was soon ordained. For sixteen 
 
SCUDDER. 
 
 SEARLE. 
 
 725 
 
 years he labored at the station of Pandeteripo in 
 Ceylon. In 1836 he and Mr. Winslow were 
 transplanted to the city of Madras, where it was 
 purposed to use a religious press in the Tamul 
 language. From 1843 to 1847 he was in the 
 United States, promoting the cause of missions 
 by visiting the churches, everywhere most im 
 pressively addressing the children. He was edu 
 cated in the Dutch Reformed church, of which 
 he was the first missionary, and to which he was ever 
 attached. By his wife, Harriet, he had fourteen 
 children, of whom seven sons and two daughters 
 survived him. Six of the sons devoted them 
 selves to foreign missions, three of whom were, 
 at the time of his death, in the field in India, at 
 Arcot, seventy miles from Madras. His appeal 
 to the youth in behalf of the heathen was pub 
 lished in 1846; he wrote also a tract, provision 
 for passing over Jordan. 
 
 SCUDDER, KATHARINE, wife of W. W. Scud- 
 der, missionary at Arcot, died of the cholera 
 March 11, 1849; she had been less than two 
 years in India. She had no regret, and no fears. 
 Her Saviour was with her. She died on board a 
 vessel, anchored near the continent, and was 
 buried in a grove of thorn trees, which looks out 
 upon the ocean. She was the daughter of Thos. 
 Hastings of New York. 
 
 SCUDDER, Mrs., wife of Dr. Scudder, mis 
 sionary at Madras, died Nov. 19, 1849, aged 54. 
 She had been connected with missions thirty 
 years. Her name was Harriet Waterbury, of 
 New York. She was married in 1816, and sailed 
 in 1819 for India, with the wives of Messrs. Wins- 
 low, Spaulding, and Woodward. From Ceylon 
 she removed to Madras in 1836. For several 
 years before 1846 she and her husband were in 
 America. Just before she died she exclaimed, 
 "Glorious heaven! glorious salvation!" 
 
 SEABURY, SAMUEL, D. ])., first bishop of 
 the Episcopal church in the United States, died 
 Feb. 25, 1796, aged 68. He was the son of Mr. 
 Seabury, Congregational minister at Groton, and 
 afterwards Episcopal minister at New London, 
 and was born in 1728. After being graduated at 
 Yale college in 1751, he went to Scotland for the 
 purpose of studying medicine ; but, his attention 
 being soon directed to theology, he took orders in 
 London in 1753. On his return to this country 
 he was settled in the ministry at Brunswick in 
 New Jersey. In the beginning of 1757 he re 
 moved to Jamaica on Long Island ; and thence 
 in Dec., 1766, to West Chester. In this place he 
 remained till the commencement of the war, 
 when he went into the city of New York. At 
 the return of peace he settled in New London. 
 In 1784 he went to England to obtain consecra 
 tion as bishop of the Episcopal church of Connec 
 ticut, but, meeting with some obstruction to the 
 accomplishment of his wishes, he went to Scot 
 
 land, where, Nov. 14th, he was consecrated by 
 three nonjuring bishops. After this period he 
 discharged for a number of years at New London 
 the duties of his office in an exemplary manner. 
 He published the duty of considering our ways, 
 1789 ; a discourse at the ordination of R. Fowle, 
 1791 ; and two volumes of sermons, which evince 
 a vigorous and well-informed mind. After his 
 death a supplementary volume was published in 
 1798. 
 
 SEAMAN, VALENTINE, M. D., died in New 
 York in June, 1817, aged 47. He was the son 
 of Samuel and descendant of Captain John, who 
 settled at Hempstead, L. I., about 1660. He was 
 of the society of Friends, and adhered to it. He 
 studied with Dr. Nicholas Romeyn, and in Phila 
 delphia, and was an eminent physician. For the 
 good of the African race he toiled much, being a 
 member of the manumission society. Williams 
 Med. Biog. 
 
 SEAMANS, JOB, a Baptist minister in New 
 London, Conn., died in 1830, aged 82. Born in 
 Swanzey, Mass., he was first a minister in Attle- 
 borough, Mass., and removed to New London in 
 1788, when the Baptist church was formed. 
 
 SEAMANS, AARON, a Baptist minister, died 
 at Marion, Iowa, Oct. 1, 1856, aged 87. Born 
 in Rehoboth, his father removed to Cheshire, 
 Mass., and there became religious under the 
 preaching of Elder Leland. For about forty 
 years he was the pastor of the Baptist church in 
 Northville, N. Y. In 1842 he removed to Iowa. 
 His life was useful ; his end peace. 
 
 SEARLE, JOHN, the second minister of Sha 
 ron, Conn., died in Stoneham, Mass., in 1787, 
 aged about 64. He graduated at Yale in 1745, 
 and was succeeded by C. M. Smith in 1755, and 
 removed to Stoneham, where he was pastor from 
 1758 to 1776. He published a sermon at the or 
 dination of S. Peabody. Sprague s Annals. 
 
 SEARLE, JONATHAN, first minister of Mason, 
 N. II., died in 1812, aged 68. Born in Rowley, 
 he graduated at Harvard in 1764 ; was pastor 
 from 1772 to 1781. 
 
 SEARLE, JONATHAN, first minister of Salis 
 bury, N. II., died in Dec., 1819, aged 74. Born 
 in Rowley, he graduated at Harvard in 1765, and 
 was pastor from 1773 to 1791, and was succeeded 
 by Thomas A^ r orcestel. 
 
 SEARLE, THOMAS C., the minister of Madi 
 son, Ind., died Oct. 10, 1821, aged about 32. 
 Born in Rowley, he graduated at Dartmouth in 
 1812, and studied theology at Princeton. He 
 was a preacher of talents and eloquence. His 
 zeal for the advancement of religion in the West 
 induced him in 1819 to emigrate from his beloved 
 New England. Probably not more than one or 
 two Presbyterian ministers had been settled in 
 Indiana before him. He opened an academy in 
 Madison, and preached incessantly. His great 
 
726 
 
 SEARS. 
 
 SEEGER. 
 
 labors brought on a fatal fever. His widow, An 
 nette, a woman of rare excellence of character, 
 the daughter of Professor B. Woodward of Dart 
 mouth, died Nov. 27, 1824, aged 34. 
 
 SEARS, JOSHUA, a merchant of Boston, died 
 in Feb., 1857, leaving property to the amount of 
 1,600,000 dollars. He bequeathed 15,000 dollars 
 to the town of Yarmouth, his birth-place, to es 
 tablish a nautical school ; 8,000 dollars to the 
 seamen s friend society of Boston ; and legacies 
 to his brothers and other relatives to the amount 
 of 107,000 dollars. The remainder, nearly a 
 million and a half, is left to his son of three years 
 of age, whose guardian is Alpheus Hardy. The 
 boy, on reaching twenty-one years, is to receive 
 30,000 dollars ; then 4,000 dollars a year for three 
 years ; then 6,000 dollars a year till he reaches 
 the age of thirty ; and 10,000 dollars a year af 
 terwards. It is said, Mr. S. has given to the 
 poor of the town of Yarmouth within a few 
 years 40,000 dollars. Had he given his son 
 100,000 dollars or half a million, and left one 
 million for great charities, and especially to 
 spread abroad the revealed truth of that God 
 who intrusted him with his wealth, all enlightened 
 Christian men would have approved of his be 
 quest. Y et what other rich man has had the 
 pleasure of distributing with his own hands 
 40,000 dollars among the poor of his native 
 village ? 
 
 SEAVY, HAXXAII, widow, died at Kennebunk 
 Port in 1821, aged 101. 
 
 SECCOMBE, JOHX, first minister of Harvard, 
 Mass., died in Chester, Nova Scotia, in Jan., 1793, 
 aged about 85. Born in Medford, he graduated 
 at Cambridge in 1728 ; was from 1733 to 1757 
 the minister of Harvard ; thence before 1772 he 
 removed to Chester. He was a descendant of 
 Richard, of Lynn from 1660 to 1694. He wrote 
 Father Abbey s will, a short humorous poem ; 
 and published a sermon on the death of Abigail 
 Belcher, 1772 ; also at ordination of Bruin R. 
 Comingoe over the Dutch congregation at Lunen- 
 burg, preached at Halifax, 1770, the first in Nova 
 Scotia on such an occasion. 
 
 SECCOMBE, JOSEPH, died in 1760, aged 54. 
 He was a brother of the preceding, a graduate of 
 1731, and was installed at Kingston, N. H., in 
 1737. He published ways of pleasure and paths 
 of peace ; rehearsal of the operations of Christ 
 as God, 1740 ; and a sermon to a fishing party, a 
 discourse written at sea. 
 
 SEEBER, HENRY, died in German Flats May 
 15, 1845, aged 104. He was born in Indian Cas 
 tle, and served in the French and subsequent 
 wars. At Oriskany he received three wounds, 
 and bore a ball in his body to his death. He 
 lived to see the sixth generation, and left two 
 hundred and thirteen descendants. 
 
 SEDGWICK, ROBERT, general, died in Ja 
 
 maica May 24, 1656. His widow married Rev. 
 Thomas Allen. He was an early settler of 
 Charlctown, Mass., a man of distinction, the 
 head of the families of Sedgwicks in this country. 
 He engaged in the service of Cromwell, and com 
 manded an expedition, designed against the Dutch 
 at New York ; but, as peace was made, he sailed 
 from Boston against the French and captured St. 
 John s and Port Royal. He was an enterprising 
 man, a merchant ; and, though far from an intol 
 erant spirit, he was religious. His letters to 
 Cromwell are in Thurloe s state papers. Cood- 
 win, p. 175. 
 
 SEDGWICK, THEODORE, LL. I)., judge, died 
 Jan. 24, 1813, aged 66. Born at West Hartford, 
 Conn., in May, 1746, he was a descendant of 
 Robert S., an early settler and distinguished mil 
 itary officer of Massachusetts, residing at Charles- 
 town. His father, Benjamin S., relinquished 
 mercantile business, removed to Cornwall, and at 
 his death left a widow and six children. Of these, 
 Theodore S. was the youngest son. He settled 
 as a lawyer at Sheffield, then at Stockbridge in 
 1785. In the war of the Revolution he was an 
 aid to General Thomas in 1776 in the expedition 
 to Canada ; and in the Shays rebellion he exert 
 ed himself most zealously in its suppression. In 
 1785 and 1786 he was a member of congress ; 
 also from 1789 to 1796. From 1796 to 1798 he 
 was a senator of the United States. In 1799 he 
 was a member of the house and was chosen 
 speaker. From 1802 till his death he was a 
 judge of the supreme court of Massachusetts. 
 lie died at Boston, and was buried at Stockbridge. 
 His daughter, Catherine S., is known by her vari 
 ous writings. His life was active and useful. As 
 his attachments and aversions were strong, he 
 was zealous as a politician ; in his manners he 
 was dignified, and his habits were social. He 
 was a communicant in the church of Dr. Chan- 
 ning at Boston. 
 
 SEDGWICK, THEODORE, the oldest son of 
 Judge Sedgwick, a lawyer of Albany, and then a 
 resident of Stockbridge for the last twelve or 
 more years, died of the apoplexy at Pittsfield, 
 while attending a political meeting, Nov. 7, 1839, 
 aged about 60. He graduated at Yale in 1798. 
 His three brothers, men much respected, are also 
 deceased. Henry D., a lawyer of New York, a 
 graduate of Williams in 1804, died in 1831, aged 
 45 ; Robert, a lawyer of New York, died at Sa 
 chem s Head in 1841, aged 54 ; and Charles, a 
 lawyer, and for many years clerk of the Berk 
 shire courts, died at Lenox in 1856, aged 64, 
 highly esteemed for his social qualities and active 
 benevolence, and greatly lamented by his numer 
 ous friends. 
 
 SEEGER, CHARLES L., a distinguished phy 
 sician, died in Northampton in May, 1848, aged 
 85. He was a native of Germany, and had been 
 
SEIXAS. 
 
 SEVER. 
 
 727 
 
 settled in N. nearly half a century. He pub 
 lished oration July 4, 1810 ; lecture on the chol 
 era, 1832. 
 
 SEIXAS, GEISHOUR, minister of the Jewish 
 congregation in the city of New York, died in 
 181(3, aged 70, in the fiftieth year of his min 
 istry. 
 
 SELDEN, DUDLEY, an eminent lawyer of New 
 York, died in Paris, France, in 1855. 
 
 SELWIN, or SELYNS, HENRY, died in 1700. 
 He was installed as the minister of the Dutch 
 church in Brooklyn Sept. 3, 1660. He resided 
 at N ew Amsterdam. He addressed a Latin poem 
 to C. Mather, dated 1697, which is prefixed to the 
 Magnolia. 
 
 SEMMES, THOMAS, Dr., an eminent physician 
 of Alexandria, Va., died about 1833, aged about 
 54. In the cholera of 1832 he was very assidu 
 ous in his labors. Williams Med. Biog. 
 
 SEMPLE, ROBERT B., D. D., died in "Virginia 
 Dec., 1831. He had been a preacher forty-two 
 years, and was president of the Baptist mission 
 ary convention. He published a history of the 
 Baptists in Va., 1809. 
 
 SEXTER, ISAAC, M. D., an eminent physician 
 of Xewport, 11. I., died in Dec., 1799, aged 44. 
 He was born in N. H., and studied with Dr. 
 Thomas Moffatt of Newport. He was a surgeon 
 in the Revolutionary war, and accompanied Ar 
 nold in his expedition to Quebec, of which he 
 prepared an account for the press. After the war 
 he practised for a time in Pawtucket ; then settled 
 at Newport. His wife was Miss Arnold of Paw- 
 tucket. He wrote for periodicals in America and 
 Europe. Thacher s Med. Biog. 
 
 SERGEANT, JOHN, missionary among the In 
 dians, died at Stockbridge July 27, 1749, aged 38. 
 He was born at Newark, N. J., in 1710, and was 
 graduated in 1729 at Yale college, where he was 
 afterwards a tutor for four years. In Oct., 1734, 
 he went to Houssatonnoc, an Indian village in 
 the western part of Massachusetts, and began to 
 preach to the Indians. That he might be en 
 abled to administer to them the Christian ordi 
 nances he was ordained at Deerfield Aug. 31, \ 
 173-3. Jonathan Edwards succeeded him. Mrs. 
 Sergeant was a sister of Colonel Ephraim Wil 
 liams, the daughter of Mr. E. Williams, one of 
 the first settlers of Stockbridge. Parsons in his 
 life of Pepperrell speaks of a faction, composed 
 by her husband, Brigadier Dwight, and the Wil- 
 liamses, for displacing Jonathan Edwards from 
 his charge of the Houssatonnoc Indian mission ; 
 and he publishes a letter of Secretary Willard to 
 Sir William, written in 1753, in favor of Edwards. ! 
 Mrs. Dwight was a teacher of the Indian girls. 
 His son, Dr. Erastus S., died at Stockbridge in 
 Nov., 1814, aged 72 ; his son, John S., sixty 
 years a missionary to the Indians at New Stock- 
 bridge, N. Y., died Sept. 8, 1824, aged 77. He 
 
 was supported in part by the commissioners of the 
 society for propagating the gospel, and in part by 
 individuals in England, whose munificence reached 
 him through the hands of Dr. Colman of Boston. 
 He had baptized one hundred and twenty-nine 
 Indians, and forty-two were communicants at the 
 time of his death. With great labor he trans 
 lated the whole of the New Testament, excepting 
 the Revelation, into the Indian language, and sev 
 eral parts of the Old Testament. In his life he 
 was just, kind, and benevolent. The Iloussaton- 
 noc or Stockbridge Indians emigrated to New 
 Stockbridge in the State of New York, and were 
 for many years under the care of his son. He 
 published a letter to Dr. Colman on the educa 
 tion of the children of the Indians, and a sermon 
 on the causes and danger of delusions in religion, 
 1743. Hopkins Memoirs of Houss. Indians; 
 Panoplist, II. ; Spr ague s Annals. 
 
 SERGEANT, ERASTUS, a physician in Stock- 
 bridge, Mass., died in 1814, aged 72. He was 
 the son of Rev. John S. ; studied two years in 
 Princeton college, then studied physic with his 
 uncle, Dr. Thomas Williams of Deerfield; and 
 commenced the practice in his native town in 
 1765. He was a skilful surgeon as well as phy 
 sician ; his business extended to the neighboring 
 towns. He was sedate, kind, benevolent, adorned 
 with the Christian graces. For many years he 
 was a deacon of the church. In the war he was a 
 major in the garrison at Lake Champlain in 1777. 
 He died of a pulmonary disease. At dinner he 
 was taken with bleeding and died immediately. 
 It is remarkable, that though neither parent had 
 a clouded reason, five of his children were in 
 sane. His son, Erastus, a physician in Lee, died 
 in 1832, aged about 60; a graduate of Dartmouth 
 in 1792. 
 
 SERGEANT, JOHN, died in Philadelphia Nov. 
 23, 1852, aged nearly 73. He graduated at 
 Princeton in 1795. For more than half a cen 
 tury he was honored for his great ability as a law 
 yer ; he was also distinguished in congress. In 
 1832 he Avas whig candidate for vice-president, 
 Mr. Clay for president. He was a worthy mem 
 ber of the Episcopal church. His father, Jona- 
 athan Dickinson Sergeant, was a grandson of 
 President Dickinson, and son of Jonathan Ser 
 geant. He was a patriot in the Revolution, and 
 was the first attorney-general of the State. He 
 died a victim to the yellow fever in 1793. His 
 mother was a daughter of Rev. Dr. Elihu Spen 
 cer. His sister, Sarah, married Rev. Dr. Samuel 
 Miller, and lived with him nearly fifty years. He 
 published a eulogy on Adams and Jefferson ; and 
 a speech on the Missouri question, 1820. 
 
 SEVER, NICHOLAS, minister of Dover, N. H., 
 died in Massachusetts in 1764, aged 84. Born in 
 Roxbury, he graduated at Harvard in 1701, and 
 was tutor and fellow; he was settled in 1711. 
 
728 
 
 SEVERANCE. 
 
 SEWALL. 
 
 The ministers before him were Maud, Rayner, 
 Pike ; and after him J. Gushing, J. Belknap, II. 
 Gray, etc. 
 
 SEVERANCE, LUTHER, died in Augusta, Me., 
 Jan. 25, 1855 ; editor of the Kennebec Journal. 
 He was a member of congress, and a commis 
 sioner to the Sandwich Islands. 
 
 SEVIEIl, JOHN, governor of Tennessee, died 
 in October, 1815. lie was a soldier of the Rev 
 olution, and was distinguished in the battle at 
 King s Mountain with Colonel Ferguson in 1780. 
 He and Colonel Shelby projected and executed 
 the enterprise, for which the legislature of North 
 Carolina in 1813 voted him a sword. In 1789 he 
 commanded the forces which defeated the Creek 
 and Cherokee Indians. He was a general in the 
 provisional army, and in 1798 governor of Ten 
 nessee. 
 
 SEVIER, AMBROSE H., colonel, died in the 
 last hour of 1848, aged 49. Born in the moun- x 
 tains of East Tennessee, he settled in Arkansas, 
 and was long a delegate to congress, first in 1827, 
 and a member of the senate of the United States. 
 Among his last services he perfected a treaty of 
 peace with the republic of Mexico. He held pub 
 lic stations for a quarter of a century. He was 
 sincere, straight-forward, zealous, faithful to his 
 principles, energetic, honorable. 
 
 SEWALL, SAMUEL, chief justice of the su 
 preme court of Massachusetts, died Jan. 1, 1730, 
 aged 77. He was born at Bishop-Stoke, Eng 
 land, March 28, 1652. His father, Henry, had 
 before this time been in America, and in 1G34 be 
 gan the settlement of Newbury. He finally es 
 tablished himself in this country in 1661, when 
 his son was nine years old. In his childhood 
 Judge Sewall was under the instruction of Mr. 
 Parker of Newbury. He was graduated at Har 
 vard college in 1671, and afterwards preached for 
 a short time. In 1688 he went to England. In 
 1692 he was appointed in the new charter one of 
 the council, in which station he continued till 
 1725. He was made one of the judges in 1692, 
 and chief justice of the supreme court in 1718. 
 This office, as well as that of judge of probate 
 for Suffolk, he resigned in 1728, on account of in 
 firmities. His brothers were John and Stephen. 
 His wife, Hf.nnah, was the only child of John 
 Hull. His daughter, Elizabeth, married Grove 
 Hirst, and lier daughter married Sir William 
 Pepperell ; his daughter, Mary, married S. Ger- 
 rish, and Judith married Wm. Cooper in 1720, 
 but died in the same year. By his wife he re 
 ceived a large fortune, 30,000 pounds in six 
 pences, which he employed for the glory of God 
 and the advantage of men. Eminent for piety, 
 wisdom, and learning, in all the relations of life 
 he exhibited the Christian virtues, and secured 
 universal respect. For a long course of years he 
 was a member of the old south church, and one 
 
 of its greatest ornaments. He was constant in 
 his attendance upon public worship, keeping his 
 bible before him to try every doctrine. He read 
 the sacred volume every morning and evening in 
 his family, and his prayers with his household as 
 cended to heaven. A friend to every follower of 
 Christ, he was liberal, hospitable, and benevolent. 
 For the praying Indians at Natick he at his own 
 expense built a house of worship ; jmd he uni 
 formly, as a member of the council and of the 
 society for propagating the gospel, exerted him 
 self for the benefit of his copper-colored brethren. 
 He deeply felt also for the enslaved negroes. 
 Between 1700 and 1710 he published the sell 
 ing of Joseph, in which he advocated their 
 rights. He was critically acquainted with the 
 Latin, Greek, and Hebrew languages. In his 
 last sickness he was resigned, patient, and com 
 posed, placing his whole dependence for salvation 
 upon the Redeemer. He left behind him several 
 volumes of copies of letters, and a diary in three 
 volumes, which embraces about forty years. 
 From this it appears, that as one of the judges 
 at the trial of the Salem witches in 1692, he con 
 curred in the sentence of condemnation ; but he 
 afterwards of his own accord made a confession 
 of his error. It was read by his minister, Mr. 
 Willard, on a day of public fast, and is preserved 
 in his diary. He published an answer to queries 
 respecting America, 1690 ; proposals, touching 
 the accomplishment of the prophecies, 4to., 1713; 
 a description of the new heavens and earth, 4to., 
 2d edit., 1727. Prince s Fun. Serm. 
 
 SEWALL, JOSEPH, 1). D., minister in Boston, 
 the son of the preceding, died June 27, 1769, aged 
 80. He was born Aug. 26, 1688, and was gradu 
 ated at Harvard college in 1707. Having evinced 
 a serious disposition from his earliest days, he 
 now directed his attention to the study of theol 
 ogy. Though a member of one of the first fam 
 ilies in the country, he sought no worldly object, 
 it being his supreme desire to serve God in the 
 gospel of his Son. He was ordained the minis 
 ter of the old south church in Boston, as colleague 
 with Mr. Pemberton, Sept. 16, 1713. After sur 
 viving three colleagues, Pemberton, Prince, and 
 Gumming, he died in the fifty-sixth year of his 
 ministry. His colleague, Samuel Blair, was dis 
 missed in October of the same year, and in 1771 
 John Bacon and John Hunt were ordained minis 
 ters of this church. Dr. Sewall possessed re 
 spectable abilities, and was well acquainted with 
 classical learning. In 1724 he was chosen presi 
 dent of Harvard college, but such was his humil 
 ity and the elevation of his views, that he de 
 clined the appointment, wishing rather to continue 
 in the office of a minister of the gospel. His 
 chief glory was the love of God and the zeal to 
 do good, for which he was conspicuous among 
 his brethren. Few ministers have ever lived 
 
SEW ALL. 
 
 with such uniform reference to the great end of 
 their office. Deeply interested himself in the 
 truths of religion, he reached the hearts of his 
 hearers ; and sometimes his voice was so modu 
 lated by his feelings, and elevated with zeal, as 
 irresistibly to seize the attention. Though he 
 was deliberate and cautious, he was courageous in 
 withstanding error. lie could sacrifice every 
 thing for peace but duty, and truth, and holiness. 
 During his last illness, which continued for a 
 number of months, he was remarkable for his 
 submission and patience. While he acknow 
 ledged himself to be an unprofitable servant, he 
 looked to the atoning sacrifice of Christ for par 
 don, lie spoke of dying with cheerfulness. 
 Sometimes he was heard to say with great pathos, 
 " Come, Lord Jesus, come quickly." At length 
 he died as one who was assured of a happy im 
 mortality. He married, Oct. 29, 1713, Elizabeth 
 Wallcy, who died before him. Only one child 
 survived him, his son, Samuel, who was a deacon 
 in the church from 17G3 to 1771. He published 
 a sermon on family religion, 171G; on the death 
 of Wait Winthrop, 1717; of King George I., 
 Thomas Lewis, and Samuel Hirst, 1727 ; of his 
 father, 1730 ; Benjamin Wadsworth, 1737 ; Jo- 
 siah Willard, 1756 ; Thomas Prince, 1758; Alex 
 ander Gumming, 17G3 ; a caveat against covet- 
 ousness, 1718; election sermon, 1724; on a day 
 of prayer for the rising generation, 1728; at the 
 ordination of three missionaries, 1733 ; fast ser 
 mon before the general court, 1740 ; sermon at 
 Thursday lecture ; the Holy Spirit convincing the 
 world of sin, of righteousness, and of judgment, 
 four sermons, 1741 ; on a day of prayer; on the 
 love of our neighbor, 1742; sermon on Revela 
 tion Y. 11, 12, 1745; on the reduction of Ha 
 vana, 1 762. Cliauncy s Fun. Scrm. ; Wisner s 
 Hist., 98. 
 
 SEWALL, STEP-HEX, chief justice of the supe 
 rior court of Massachusetts, died in 1760, aged 
 57. The nephew of Samuel Sewall, he was the 
 son of Major Stephen Sewall of Salem. His 
 mother was Margaret, the daughter of Jonathan 
 Mitchell. He. tas born in Dec., 1702, and was 
 graduated at Harvard college in 1721. Having 
 instructed a school in Marblehead for several 
 years, he began to preach with great acceptance. 
 In 1728 he was chosen a tutor in the college, and 
 he filled this office till 1739, when he was called 
 to take a seat on the bench of the superior court. 
 On the death of Chief Justice Dudley in 1752 he 
 was appointed to succeed him, though not the 
 senior judge. He was also soon elected a mem 
 ber of the council, and continued such till his 
 death, though it was with difficulty that he could 
 be prevailed upon to accept the appointment, as 
 he questioned the propriety of sustaining at the 
 same time the two offices. His estate was insol 
 vent. He was distinguished for genius and learn- 
 92 
 
 SEWALL. 
 
 729 
 
 ing. He united an uncommon degree of quickness 
 of apprehension with a deeply penetrating and 
 capacious mind. As a tutor, he proved that 
 there was a perfect consistency between the most 
 vigorous and resolute exertion of authority and 
 the most gentle and complacent manners. Though 
 he was a very humble and modest man he sup 
 ported the dignity of a judge. He \vas an ex 
 emplary Christian, and while he constantly 
 attended upon the institutions of the gospel, he 
 offered up sacrifices to the Lord in his own house, 
 though, as he was never married, his family can 
 not be supposed to have had the deepest interest 
 in his affections. His charity to those in want 
 was so great that it has been thought excessive. 
 He had a deep reverence of the Supreme Being, 
 and often spoke with approbation of the circum 
 stance in the character of Sir Matthew Hale, that he 
 never mentioned the name of God without making 
 a pause in his discourse. Maylicw s Fun. Serm. 
 
 SEWALL, STEPHEN, first Hancock professor 
 of Hebrew in Harvard college, died July 23, 
 1804, aged 70. He descended from Henry S. of 
 Newbury, by his second son, John. He was born 
 at York, Maine, in April, 1734, and was gradu 
 ated in 1761. He succeeded Mr. Monis in 1762. 
 Hebrew had sunk into contempt in the hands of 
 Mr. Monis, but it was now brought into honor. 
 AVhen Mr. Hancock founded the professorship of 
 Hebrew, he was inaugurated June 17, 1765, and 
 continued in office above twenty years. He took 
 an early part in the Revolution. After he lost 
 his professorship, he led a very retired life till 
 his death. His wife was a daughter of Professor 
 Wigglesworth. His lectures proved him to have 
 possessed an elegant taste. He published a He 
 brew grammar, 8vo., 1763; oratio funebris in 
 obitum D. Edvardi Holyoke, 1769 ; an oration on 
 the death of Professor Winthrop, 1779 ; transla 
 tion of the first book of Young s night thoughts 
 in Latin, 1780 ; carmina sacra, qua? Latine Gra> 
 ceque condidit America, 1789 ; the scripture ac 
 count of the Schechinah, 1794; the scripture 
 history, relating to the overthrow of Sodom and 
 Gomorrah, and to the origin of the salt sea, or 
 lake of Sodom, 1796. He wrote a Chaldee and 
 English dictionary, which is in the library of 
 Harvard college. 
 
 SEWALL, JONATHAN, attorney-general of 
 Massachusetts, died at Halifax in 1796. A de 
 scendant of Henry S., he was the nephew of 
 Chief Justice Stephen S. Having lost his parents 
 in early life, he Avas educated by the charity of 
 his friends, and graduated at Harvard college in 
 1748; taught school in Salem till 1756; then 
 studied law with Judge Chambers Itusscll of 
 Lincoln ; and commenced the practice in Charles- 
 town. About 1767 he was appointed attorney- 
 general. Being a tory in the Revolution, he 
 retired from this country in 1775, and resided in 
 
730 
 
 SEWALL. 
 
 Bristol. In 1788 he went to Halifax. His wife 
 was Esther, daughter of Edmund Quincy of 
 Quincy. One of his sons was attorney-general 
 and the other chief justice of Canada. He had 
 an insinuating eloquence, was an acute and learned 
 lawyer, and one of the finest writers of his day 
 in New England. He wrote various political pa 
 pers, the chief of which, signed Massachusetten- 
 sis, were answered by J. Adams, under whose 
 name an account of them is given. 
 
 SEWALL, DAVID, LL. D., judge, died Oct. 
 22, 1825, aged 90. He was a descendant of 
 John, the second son of Henry S., who lived in 
 Newbury in 1634 ; was born at York, Maine, and 
 graduated at Harvard college in 1755, being a 
 classmate and friend of John Adams. In 1777 
 he was appointed a judge of the supreme court 
 of Massachusetts; and in 1789 judge of the dis 
 trict court of the United States. He died at 
 York. He was an honest lawyer ; a learned and 
 upright judge; a sincere patriot; and an exem 
 plary Christian. 
 
 SEWALL, JONATHAN MITCHELL, a poet, was 
 born in York in 1749. Being adopted by his 
 uncle, Chief Justice Stephen S., he studied law, 
 and in 1774 was register of probate for Grafton 
 county, N. II. He afterwards removed to Ports 
 mouth, where he died March 29, 1808, aged 59. 
 His ode of war and Washington was celebrated, 
 and was sung in the llevolutionary war. A volume 
 of his poems was published, 1801. Spec. Amcr. 
 Poet. I. 198. . 
 
 SEWALL, SAMUEL, LL. D., chief justice of 
 Massachusetts, died June 8, 1814, aged 56. He 
 was the grandson of Joseph S., the minister of 
 Boston ; was born in Boston Dec. 11, 1757; his 
 mother was a daughter of Edmund Quincy. He 
 graduated at Harvard college in 1776. He set 
 tled at Marblehead, and in 1797 was a member 
 of congress ; in 1800 he was placed upon the 
 bench of the supreme court of Massachusetts. 
 After the death of Judge Parsons in 1813, he was 
 appointed chief justice. He died suddenly at 
 Wiscasset, and was succeeded by Chief Justice 
 Parker. The gentlemen of the bar erected a 
 monument to his memory. His sons, Samuel 
 and Edmund Q., were ministers of Burlington 
 and Danvers. Knapp s Biog., 219-231. 
 
 SEWALL, DANIEL, died at Kennebunk, Me., 
 Oct. 14, 1842, aged 87. Born in York, the 
 brother of Jotham, he Avas early devoted to farm 
 ing and mechanics, yet found time to study 
 much, and became skilled in mathematics and 
 natural philosophy. After being a while in the 
 army, he became a teacher. He was register of 
 probate from 1783 to 1820; then postmaster, and 
 clerk of the supreme court. He held various 
 other offices. No one doubted that he was a 
 man of integrity and faithfulness. He was the 
 brother of Gen. S. 
 
 SEWALL. 
 
 SEWALL, THOMAS, M. D., died in Washing 
 ton April 10, 1845, aged 58. Born in Augusta, 
 Me., he studied medicine in Boston. Erom 
 Essex he removed to Washington in 1820. In 
 1821 he was appointed professor of anatomy in 
 the medical college, and retained this place till 
 his death. He belonged to the Methodist church, 
 and was never ashamed of the religion of Christ. 
 A weekly prayer-meeting of pious members of 
 congress was held at his house. He published a 
 lecture, 1825; an essay on phrenology; and a 
 learned tract on temperance, which was translated 
 into German and circulated in Europe; also 
 charge, 1827 ; a sketch of Dr. Godman, 1830. 
 N. Y. Observer, April 19, 1845. 
 
 SEWALL, HENRY, general, died in Augusta, 
 Me., in Sept., 1845, aged 93. Born in York in 
 1752, the brother of Jotham, he learned to be a 
 mason of his father. He joined the army in 
 1775 and continued in it till the peace. When 
 the church was formed in Hallowell in 1791 he 
 united with it, and was its deacon. He was 
 useful, benevolent, and honored, during his long 
 life, being an eminent Christian. 
 
 SEWALL, DUMMER, died at Chesterville,Me., 
 in 1846, aged 85. He was a patriot of the Rev 
 olution and a pensioner. He went to C. in 1782, 
 when it was an unbroken wilderness. 
 
 SEWALL, JOTHAM, died at Chesterville, Me., 
 Oct. 3, 1850, aged 90. He was the son of Henry, 
 a mason, the brother of Prof. Stephen S. He 
 was born in York Jan. 1, 1760 : in the early part 
 of his life he was a mechanic. For many years 
 he was employed as a missionary by societies in 
 Massachusetts and Maine ; and he was widely 
 useful. His memoirs, by his son, were published 
 in 1853. He was rigidly temperate : for forty 
 years he had used neither tea nor coffee. Bread 
 and milk and fruits were his diet. He had thir 
 teen children. As an uneducated preacher he 
 had remarkable power, with a voice of great 
 depth, and a heart of great tenderness. He was 
 nearly forty years old when he began to preach ; 
 yet he preached in fourteen States, in four hun 
 dred and thirteen different plaees, and twelve 
 thousand five hundred and ninety-three limes. 
 Once, as he was the preacher at Brunswick, he 
 said to President Appleton, " You have one fault ; 
 when you would be earnest in the pulpit or out, 
 you open your eyes so wide as to show the white, 
 which is a little unpleasant." The reply was, 
 "Very well." After preaching himself, Mr. S. 
 asked for the president s friendly criticism, the 
 text being " A golden bell and a pomegranate," 
 Exod. XXVIII. 34, in the description of the priest s 
 robe; the doctrine deduced being, that good fruit 
 should attend a sounding profession. Dr. A. re 
 plied : " Your sermon, Mr. S., was valuable, but 
 not the less so because it had no connection with 
 your text." tiprague s Annals. 
 
SEWALL. 
 
 SHAW. 
 
 731 
 
 SEWALL, HENRY, minister of Bethel and of 
 other towns, died at Sangerville, Me., in 1850, 
 aged 78. Born in Bath, he began to preach as a 
 missionary in 1808; he was settled in 1812 in 
 Hebron and West Minot, and about 1820 in 
 Bethel ; in 1828 he removed to Sangerville and 
 was the minister about sixteen years. He was a 
 faithful preacher ; but he was obliged to toil with 
 his own hands for the support of his family. 
 
 SEWARD, WILLIAM, minister of North Kil- 
 lingworth, Conn., died in 1782, aged about 70. 
 He graduated at Yale in 1734. 
 
 SEWELL, JONATHAN, LL. D., judge, died at 
 Quebec Nov. 12, 1839, aged 73. He was chief 
 justice of Lower Canada. 
 
 SEYBERT, ADAM, M. D., died at Paris May 
 2, 1825, aged 52. Born and educated in Phila 
 delphia, in 1793 he went to Europe and studied 
 at Paris, London, Edinburgh, and Gottingen, 
 devoting especial attention to chemistry and min 
 eralogy. On his return to Philadelphia he 
 brought a good cabinet. For eight years he was 
 a member of congress. From 1819 to 1821 he 
 travelled in Europe ; and made a third voyage in 
 1824. He bequeathed 1,000 dollars for educating 
 the deaf and dumb, and 500 dollars to the or 
 phan asylum. He published statistical annals of 
 the United States from 1789 to 1818, 4to. 
 
 SIIAFER, JOSEPH L., D.D., died at Newton, 
 N. J., Nov. 12, 1853, aged G6. A graduate of 
 Princeton in 1808, he was settled in 1812. His 
 labors were greatly blessed ; in all he received 
 into his church six hundred members. He toiled 
 successfully for the establishment of an academy. 
 His character was that of great excellence. He 
 was gentle ; but faithful, bold, and energetic as a 
 preacher. 
 
 SIIALER, WILLIAM, died at Havana March 
 29, 1833, of the cholera, aged 55. He was Amer 
 ican consul at H. He was long consul-general 
 at Algiers. He had no family. He published 
 sketch of Algiers, 1826 ; on the language, etc., 
 of the Berbers in Africa, in Am. phil. trans., new 
 series, vol. II. 
 
 SHANKLIN, ANN, Mrs., died at the house of 
 her grandson, George W. Dunlop, Washington, 
 Dec. 5, 1850, aged 116. 
 
 SHANKLIN, J. A., an Episcopalian minister, 
 died in Charleston, S. C., in 1856. 
 
 SHARP, DANIEL, D. D., a Baptist minister of 
 Boston, died June 23, 1853, aged 69. Born in 
 Yorkshire, England, he came to New York as a 
 merchant at the age of 19. As a Baptist minis 
 ter he was first settled in Newark, N. J. ; in 
 Charles street, Boston, he was installed April 29, 
 1812. For his piety and useful labors forty-one 
 years he was held in general and high respect in 
 Boston. 
 
 SHATTUCK, BENJAMIN, first minister of Lit 
 tleton, Mass., graduated at Harvard in 1709, 
 
 and was pastor from 1717 to 1730, and was suc 
 ceeded by D. Rogers. The time of his death is 
 not known. His wife was a grand-daughter of 
 John Sherman of Watertown. Thaclier. 
 
 SHATTUCK, BENJAMIN, Dr., a distinguished 
 physician of Templeton, Mass., died in 1794, aged 
 52. He was grandson of Benjamin, the first 
 minister of Littleton. He graduated at Harvard 
 in 1765. His wife was Lucy Barren, the daugh 
 ter of a brave man, who fell in Johnson s fight in 
 1755. Thacher s Med. Biog. 
 
 SHATTUCK, GEORGE C., M.D., died in Bos 
 ton March 18, 1854, aged 70. He was the son of 
 Dr. Benjamin Shattuck of Templeton, who mar 
 ried Lucy Barren, and died in 1794, aged 52, and 
 who was the grandson of Benjamin Shattuck, the 
 first minister of Littleton. He graduated at 
 Dartmouth in 1803, and was president of the 
 Massachusetts medical society. He published 
 three dissertations, 1808. 
 
 SHAVER, JOHN, died at Burlington, Boone 
 county, Ky., April 22, 1851, aged 116. 
 
 SHAW, OAKES, minister of Barnstable, died 
 Feb. 11, 1807, aged about 70. Born at Bridge- 
 water, the son of Rev. John Shaw, he graduated 
 at Harvard in 1758. He was settled as the min 
 ister of Great Marshes, West Barnstable, Oct. 
 1, 1760 : the sermon was by John Shaw. A 
 grateful monument was erected by his people, 
 whom he faithfully served for forty-six yeai s, com 
 memorating his talents, piety, zeal, constancy, 
 his sincerity and kind affections, and his many vir 
 tues. James Otis was born in his parish. Mr. S. 
 was the father of Lemuel Shaw, the venerable 
 chief justice of Massachusetts, at whose house in 
 Boston his widow died in 1839, aged 94. He 
 had a brother, who was a minister in Haverhill. 
 Burr s Sermon ; Panoplist, ill. p. 43-45. 
 
 SHAW, JOHN, a physician and poet, died Jan. 
 10, 1809, aged 30. He was born at Annapolis, 
 May 4, 1778 ; graduated at the college there in 
 1795 ; and in 1800 proceeded to the Mediterra 
 nean in the frigate Philadelphia. At Tunis he 
 was the secretary of Consul Eaton. In the next 
 year he pursued his medical studies at Edinburgh, 
 and in 1803 accompanied Lord Selkirk to Canada. 
 Settling afterwards at Baltimore, he was appointed 
 professor of chemistry. He died while on a 
 voyage for his health. His poems were published 
 in one vol. 12mo., 1810. 
 
 SHAW, JOHN, second minister of Bridgewa- 
 ter, Mass., died in 1791, aged about 84, in the 
 sixtieth year of his ministry. Born in East 
 Bridgewater, he graduated at Harvard in 1729, 
 and was ordained in 1731. He succeeded Ben 
 jamin Allen, who was settled in 1718; and was 
 succeeded by Z. Sanger. Nunketest was the 
 Indian name of the town. He published a ser 
 mon at ordination of M. Taft, 1752 ; of Oali.es 
 Shaw, 1760. 
 
732 
 
 SHAW. 
 
 SHEPARD. 
 
 SHAW, WILLIAM, D. D., died at Marshfield, 
 Mass., July 1, 1816, aged 73. The son of Rev. 
 John S., and a graduate of Harvard in 1762, he 
 was ordained April 2, 1766, the successor of 
 Thomas Brown. His own successors have been 
 M. Parris and Seneca White, who was installed 
 in 1838. Mr. S. was the brother of Rev. Oakes 
 Shaw. He published a sermon at ordination of 
 J. C. Shaw, 1793; on the death of C. Ilobbins, 
 D.D., at Plymouth, 1799. 
 
 SHAW, ICHABOD, an ingenious artist, of Ply 
 mouth, Mass., died in 1822, aged 87 ; a descendant 
 of John, an early settler. He venerated the pil 
 grim fathers, and his manners were simple like 
 theirs. 
 
 SHAW, JEREMIAH, minister of Moultonbor- 
 ough, X. II., died in 1834, aged 88. He gradu 
 ated at Harvard in 1767. 
 
 SHAW, PHILANDER, minister of Eastham, 
 died Dec. 10, 1841, aged 72. The son of Rev. 
 William S. of Marshfield, he graduated at Har 
 vard in 1792, and was ordained in 1797. He 
 published a sermon preached at Welfleet, 1803. 
 
 SHAW, JOHN, died in Woolwich, Me., June 
 6, 1843, aged 91 ; a soldier during the Revolution 
 ary Avar, a man held in esteem. 
 
 SHAW, ROBERT G., fifty-six years a merchant 
 in Boston, died May 3, 1803, aged 78. He was 
 president of the eye and ear infirmary. 
 
 SHAYS, DANIEL, captain, the leader of the 
 rebels in Massachusetts, in 1787, was a captain in 
 the Revolutionary war. In the rebellion he ap 
 peared at Springfield at the head of two thou 
 sand men, and attempted to seize the arsenal; 
 but his forces were dispersed by Gen. Shepherd. 
 He next assembled a force at Pclham ; but in 
 Feb., 1787, Gen. Lincoln by a forced inarch sur 
 prised the rebels and took one hundred and fifty 
 prisoners, and put an end to the insurrection. 
 Such was the lenity of the government, that not 
 a man was executed. Even Shays, after hiding 
 himself a year or two in Vermont, obtained a 
 pardon. He removed to Sparta, in New York. 
 In his old age he had a pension of 20 dol 
 lars a month for his Revolutionary services. He 
 died Sept. 29, 1825, aged 85. The clemency 
 which he experienced, and which is honorable to 
 Massachusetts, made him a good citizen. 
 
 SHEAFE, SAMSON, died in 1772, aged 91. 
 The son of Samson of Newcastle, N. H., he 
 graduated at Harvard in 1702, and was a coun 
 cillor of N. H. 
 
 SHEDD, WILLIAM, a minister for only a year 
 of Abington, Mass., died in 1830, aged 32. 
 Born in Mount Vernon, N. H., he graduated at 
 Dartmouth in 1819, was ordained as an evange 
 list in 1823, and at New Orleans toiled for the 
 benefit of seamen ; and by a voyage to England 
 obtained aid for founding the Mariner s church 
 jn New Orleans. He wrote for the Spirit of the 
 
 Pilgrims, Canonicus, and a review of Stuart on 
 the Hebrews. 
 
 SIIEFTALL, LEVI, a respected Jew, died at 
 Savannah in Jan., 1809, at an advanced age. He 
 had some agency for the U. S. 
 
 SHELBY, ISAAC, colonel, the first governor of 
 Kentucky, died in Lincoln county in 1826, aged 
 75. He was a soldier of the Revolution and dis 
 tinguished himself in the battle of King s Moun 
 tain ; also on the Thames, in Upper Canada, in 
 the war of 1812. He was governor from 1792 
 to 1796, when he was succeeded by Garrand; he 
 also succeeded Scott in 1812, and was succeeded 
 by Madison in 1816. He lost the use of his 
 right arm by palsy in 1820 ; and died of apo 
 plexy. 
 
 SHELDON, DAMEL, general, died at New 
 port, R. I., in 1822 or 1823, aged 71. He was a 
 patriot of the Revolution, and many years major- 
 general of the militia. 
 
 SHELDON, DANIEL, Dr., an eminent physi 
 cian of Litchficld, Conn., died in 1840, aged 89. 
 Born in Hartford, he studied with the eccentric 
 Dr. Seth Bird of L., and first practised in Wood- 
 bury, having for his partner Dr. Seth Hastings, 
 father of the celebrated musician. He succeeded 
 Dr. Lemuel Hopkins in L., on his removal to 
 Hartford. Williams Mcd. Eiog. 
 
 SHELDON, NOAH, minister of Stockbridge, 
 Mass., died in 1856, aged 68. He graduated at 
 Williams college in 1815. 
 
 SHELDON, SAMUEL, deacon, died at Suffield 
 August 1, 1856, aged 99, in consequence of be 
 ing thrown from his wagon. 
 
 SHEPARD, THOMAS, minister of Cambridge, 
 Mass., died Aug. 25, 1649, aged 44. He was 
 born near Northampton, England, Nov. 5, 1605, 
 and was educated at Emanuel college, Cambridge. 
 While in this seminary it pleased God in infinite 
 mercy to awaken him from his natural state of 
 thoughtlessness and sin, to convince him that he 
 had been entirely selfish in his desires and con 
 duct, to inspire him with holy principles, and to 
 render him a humble disciple of Jesus Christ. 
 He met afterwards with many kinds of tempta 
 tions ; but, as he said, he was never tempted to 
 Arminianism, his own experience so perfectly 
 confuting the freedom of the will. After he left 
 the university he was eminently useful as a 
 preacher. His Puritan principles exposing him 
 to persecution, he narrowly escaped the pursui 
 vants, and arrived at Boston in this country 
 Oct. 3, 1635. After the removal of Mr. Hooker 
 and Mr. Stone to Connecticut, he formed a church 
 at Cambridge, and took the charge of it Feb. 1, 
 1636. Here he continued till his death. He 
 was succeeded by Mr. Mitchell. As a preacher 
 of evangelical truth and as a writer on experi 
 mental religion, he was one of the most distin 
 guished men of his time. It was on account of 
 
SIIEPARD. 
 
 the energy of his preaching, and his vigilance in 
 detecting and zeal in opposing the errors of the 
 day, that when the foundation of a college was to 
 be laid, Cambridge, rather than any other place, 
 was pitched upon as the scat of the seminary. 
 He was the patron of learning and essentially pro 
 moted its interests. He was distinguished for 
 his humility and piety. Under heavy afflictions 
 he acknowledged that he deserved nothing but 
 misery, and bowed submissive to the Divine will. 
 He usually wrote his sermons so early for the 
 Sabbath, that he could devote a part of Saturday 
 to prepare his heart for the solemn and affection 
 ate discharge of the duties of the following day. 
 lie published thesis sabbaticaD ; a letter, entitled 
 New England s^ lamentation for Old England s 
 errors, 1645; cautions against spiritual drunken 
 ness, a sermon ; subjection to Christ ih all his or 
 dinances the best means to preserve our liberty, 
 to which is added a treatise on ineffectual hearing 
 of the word ; the sincere convert ; the sound be 
 liever, a treatise on evangelical conversion ; sing 
 ing of psalms a gospel ordinance ; the clear sun 
 shine of the gospel upon the Indians, 4to., 1648 ; 
 a treatise of liturgies, power of the keys, and 
 matter of the visible church, in answer to Mr. 
 Ball, 4to., 1653 ; the evangelical call ; select cases 
 resolved and first principles of the oracles of 
 God ; these were republished, together with med 
 itations and spiritual experiences, extracted from 
 his private diary, by Mr. Prince of Boston, 1747 ; 
 of the right use of liberty ; reply to Gauden, 
 1661 ; the parable of the ten virgins; the church- 
 membership of children and their right to bap 
 tism, 1663; the saint s jewel and the soul s imita 
 tion of Jesus Christ, two sermons ; the four last 
 things, 4to. Mather s Magnalia, III. 84-93; 
 Sprague s Annals. 
 
 SHEPARD, SAMUEL, minister of Rowley, 
 Mass., died in 1668, aged 27. The son of Rev. 
 Thomas S. of Cambridge, he graduated in 1658, 
 and was ordained in 1665 as colleague with Mr. 
 Phillips. His wife was Dorothy, daughter of 
 Rev. II. Flint. 
 
 SIIEPARD, THOMAS, minister of Charles- 
 town, Mass., the son of Rev. Thomas, was born 
 in London April 5, 1635; was graduated at Har 
 vard college in 1653 ; and ordained April 13, 
 1659, as colleague to Mr. Symmes. After a min 
 istry of eighteen years he died of the small pox 
 Dec. 22, 1677, aged 42. President Oakes in a 
 Latin oration represents Mr. Shepard as distin 
 guished for his erudition, prudence, modesty, and 
 integrity, as a strenuous defender of the ortho 
 dox faith, and as holding the first rank among 
 the ministers of his day. He published the elec 
 tion sermon, 1672. In Mather s Magnalia there 
 is preserved a paper of excellent instructions to 
 his son, a student at college, who afterwards suc 
 ceeded him at Charlcstown in 1680, but died 
 
 SHEPARD. 
 
 733 
 
 in 1685. Magnalia, IV., 189-202; Oakcs El- 
 
 e 9y- 
 
 SHEPARD, JEREMIAH, minister of Lynn, 
 Mass., died in 1720, aged 72, in the forty-second 
 year of his ministry. The son of Rev. Thomas 
 of Cambridge, he graduated in 1669. He first 
 preached for a time in Rowley and Ipswich. He 
 was faithful, courageous, zealous, active ; of a 
 free, generous spirit and cheerful conversation. 
 He published a Sort of believers never saved, 
 1711; election sermon, 1715. t 
 
 SHEPARD, MASE, D. 1)., minister of Little 
 Compton, 11. I., died Feb. 14, 1821, aged 63. 
 Born in Norton, he was a descendant of Thomas, 
 who died in Milton, 1719. He graduated at 
 Dartmouth in 1785, and was settled in Septem 
 ber, 1787. He was a distinguished and success 
 ful preacher ; a man of commanding presence 
 and powerful voice, addressing the people with a 
 warm heart, without any notes. In his conversa 
 tion and conduct he won the affections of all. 
 His chosen theme in preaching was the sovereign 
 mercy of God. In one of several revivals of re 
 ligion, he received in one year one hundred and 
 twenty persons into his church. He was the 
 father of Prof. Charles U. Shepard. Sprague s 
 Annals. 
 
 SHEPARD, STEPHEX, missionary printer at 
 the Sandwich Islands, died July 6, 1834, at Hon 
 olulu. Born in Johnstown, N. Y., he embarked 
 at Boston Nov., 1827, to succeed Mr. Loomis as 
 printer soon after the printing of Luke was com 
 menced. He was anxious to give the Scriptures 
 to the islanders; but ill health took him off from 
 his labors in 1831. His death was peaceful and 
 joyful, his mind resting on the promises of the bible. 
 
 SHEPARD, THOMAS W., died at Northamp 
 ton, Mass., in 1843, aged 49. He was postmaster, 
 and publisher of the Hampshire Gazette. 
 
 SHEPARD, Mr., died near Cleveland, about 
 1846, aged 118. 
 
 SIIEPARD, SAMUEL, D. D., minister of 
 Lenox, Mass., died Jan. 4, 1846, aged 72. Born 
 in Chatham, now Portland, Conn., the son of 
 Daniel, he graduated at Yale in 1793. He lived 
 at Lenox more than half a century. His brother, 
 Deacon Daniel S., died in Portland, Conn., in 
 1850, aged 96. He published the election ser 
 mon, 1806 ; at execution of E. Wheeler; on fif 
 tieth anniversary of his ordination, 1845. 
 Sprague s Annals. 
 
 SIIEPARD, MICHAEL, died in Salem, Mass., 
 Oct. 10, 1856. He had been forty-three years a 
 member of the first Baptist church and a very 
 exemplary Christian. Among his ways of doing 
 good was the gift of thousands of dollars to the 
 Newton theological institution and to a missionary 
 society. He managed most wisely the property 
 of many widows and orphans, securing their 
 warmest gratitude ; and he was liberal to the 
 
734 
 
 SHEPHERD. 
 
 poor. He was ever devout ; and he entered into 
 rest, trusting for salvation in the Lord Jesus 
 Christ. 
 
 SHEPHERD, SAMUEL N., son of Rev. Samuel 
 S., and the minister of Madison, Conn., died 
 Sept. 30, 1856, aged 57, having been a successful 
 pastor thirty-one years, highly esteemed. He 
 was a graduate of Williams college in 1821. In 
 good health, he was seized with illness in the 
 morning and died in the afternoon. 
 
 SHEPHERD, LEVI, Dr., died at Northampton, 
 Mass., in 1805. He was the father of Thomas, 
 postmaster, who died in 1846, aged 68. 
 
 SHEPHERD, WILLIAM, general, died at 
 Westfield Nov. 11, 1817, aged nearly 80, being 
 born Dec. 1, 1737. He was the son of Deacon 
 John S. ; entering the army at the age of 17, he 
 was six years a captain under Amherst, from 
 1759, and was in various battles, as of fort Wil 
 liam Henry, Crown Point, etc. He married Sa 
 rah Dewey, who was fifty-seven years his wife. 
 Entering the army of the Revolution as a lieu 
 tenant-colonel, he was in 1783 a brigadier-general. 
 He fought in twenty- two battles. He was major- 
 general of the militia. From 1797 he was a 
 member of congress for six years. A virtuous, 
 good man, he was thirty-four years a professor of 
 religion and a constant attendant upon public 
 worship. His house was a house of prayer. 
 
 SHEPPARD, MOSES, a retired merchant of 
 Charleston, S. C., died Jan. 31, 1857. He left 
 600,000 dollars as a fund for an insane asylum. 
 
 SHEPLEY, JOHX, a lawyer, died at Saco, 
 Me., 1857, aged about 70. There was a John 
 Shepley in Salem, in 1630, who might have been 
 the ancestor of men of the name in New Eng 
 land. He once lived in Fitchburg, Mass., and 
 was a member of the legislature. Removing to 
 Maine, he was a law-partner of his brother, 
 Chief Justice Ether Shepley. He was reporter 
 of the supreme court four years. 
 
 SHERMAN, JOHX, minister of Watertown, 
 Mass., died Aug. 8, 1675, aged 71. He was born 
 in England in 1613, and educated at Cambridge. 
 His Puritan principles induced him to come to 
 this country in 1634. After being a short time 
 an assistant to Mr. Phillips at Watertown, he re 
 moved to Connecticut, where he preached occa 
 sionally. But after the death of Mr. Phillips in 
 1644, he returned to Watertown, and was minis- 
 ier in that place till his death. He was succeeded 
 by John Bailey. Besides being a distinguished 
 divine, Mr. Sherman was an eminent mathema 
 tician, and published a number of almanacs, to 
 which pious reflections were added. Though he 
 was a very humble man, in his preaching there 
 was an unaffected loftiness of style, and his dis 
 courses were enriched with figures of oratory. 
 He was twice married, having by his first wife six 
 
 SHERMAN. 
 
 children, and twenty by his last. MagnaUa, 
 m. 162-165. 
 
 SHERMAN, JOSIAH, minister of Woburn, 
 Mass., died in 1789, aged about 55. He gradu 
 ated at Princeton in 1754. He was the brother 
 of Roger Sherman of Connecticut. His prede 
 cessors were T. Carter, Jabez Fox, John Fox, E. 
 Jackson. 
 
 SHERMAN, ROGER, senator of the United 
 States, died July 23, 1793, aged 72. He was a 
 descendant of Capt. John S., who lived in Wa 
 tertown, Mass., in 1637, and was a representative 
 in 1663 ; he was born at Newton, Mass., April 
 19, 1721. His father, William S., a farmer, could 
 give him no advantages for education, excepting 
 those of a common school. Yet was he eager in 
 the pursuit of knowledge. Apprenticed to a 
 shoemaker, he often had a book open before him 
 while at work on his seat. The care of a numer 
 ous family devolved on him on the death of his 
 father in 1741. He kindly provided for his mother, 
 and assisted two brothers, afterwards ministers, 
 to obtain an education. He removed in 1743 to 
 New Milford, Conn., carrying his tools upon his 
 back. He soon relinquished his trade and be 
 came the partner of an elder brother, a country 
 merchant at New Milford. In 1745 he was ap 
 pointed county surveyor. Having acquired a 
 competent knowledge of the law, he was admitted 
 to the bar in 1754. In the following year he was 
 appointed a justice of the peace ; he was also 
 chosen a representative in the legislature, and a 
 deacon in the church. Removing to New Haven 
 in 1761, he was in 1766 chosen an assistant of 
 the colony, and appointed a judge of the superior 
 court, which office he held for twenty-three years. 
 He was a member of the first congress in 1774, 
 and continued a member nineteen years till his 
 death. He was one of those who signed the 
 act of independence in 1776. During the war 
 he was a member of the governor s council 
 of safety. After the adoption of the consti 
 tution of the United States, of the convention 
 for framing which he was a conspicuous mem 
 ber, he was elected a representative to con 
 gress. Being chosen a senator in 1791, he con 
 tinued in this station till his death. By two wives 
 he had fifteen children. Jeremiah Evarts mar 
 ried a daughter. His son, Roger, died March 5, 
 1856, aged 88, the oldest man in New Haven. 
 His talents were solid and useful ; his judgment 
 unfailing. Mr. Macon said of him : " Roger 
 Sherman had more common sense than any man 
 I ever knew." Mr. Jefferson pointed him out as 
 a man " who never said a foolish thing in his 
 life." He was eminently a self-taught man. Few 
 young men can reach the political distinction of 
 Roger Sherman ; all may possess his integrity, 
 and industry, and love of science and truth. 
 
SHERMAN. 
 
 SHIRLEY. 
 
 735 
 
 Having made a public profession of religion at 
 the age of twenty-one, he was never ashamed to 
 advocate the peculiar doctrines of the gospel, 
 which arc often so unwelcome to men of worldly 
 eminence. His sentiments were derived from the 
 word of God and not from the exertions of his 
 own reason. In the relations of private life he 
 secured esteem and affection. Goodrich. 
 
 SHERMAN, NATHANIEL, minister of Mount 
 Carmel, Conn., died in 1797, aged 74. Born in 
 Newton, Mass., he graduated at Princeton in 
 1753 ; was pastor at Bedford from 1756 to 1767 ; 
 and was installed at M. C. in 1768. 
 
 SHERMAN, JOHN, minister of Mansfield, 
 died at Trenton, N. Y., in 1828, aged about 54. 
 A grandson of Roger Sherman, and a graduate 
 of Yale in 1792, he was settled in 1797 in the 
 south parish of M. Soon in a revival many were 
 added to his church. In his religious opinions 
 he became anti-trinitarian, first adopting Watts 
 scheme, then becoming an Arian, next a Socinian. 
 He was dismissed by a ministerial council in 1805. 
 Tie published one God in one person only, 
 which was answered by D. Dow ; also statement 
 of his difficulties. Judge Vanderkemp answered 
 Mr. Dow ; and Mr. Welsh answered the state 
 ment. 
 
 SHERMAN, DAVID A., died in Racine county, 
 Wisconsin, Dec. 4, 1843, aged 63. Born in New- 
 Haven, he graduated in 1802, and was six years 
 a tutor in the college; afterwards he was the 
 president of a college in East Tennessee, and a 
 missionary in Wisconsin. 
 
 SHERMAN, ROGER MINOTT, judge, died in 
 Fairfield, Conn., Dec. 30, 1844, aged 71. He 
 was born in Woburn, Mass. ; the son of Rev. 
 Josiah and the nephew of Roger Sherman, and 
 graduated at Yale in 1792. As a lawyer he was 
 eminent in Norwalk and Fairfield. He was a 
 judge of the superior court from 1840 to 1842. 
 He was a member of the Hartford convention in 
 1814. He united the embellishments of litera 
 ture and science and the graces of Christianity. 
 His wife was Elizabeth, daughter of Dr. William 
 Gould of Branford and New Haven. 
 
 SHERMAN, JOSEPH, LL. D., president of 
 Jackson college, Tenn., died in 1849, aged 49; 
 a graduate of Bowdoin in 1826. 
 
 SHERAVOOD, RET-BEN, D. D., an Episcopa 
 lian minister, died at Hyde Park, N. Y., in 1856, 
 aged 67. 
 
 SHEW, JOEL, died at Oyster Bay, Long Isl 
 and, Oct. 6, 1855. An eminent water-cure doctor, 
 he died of the dropsy. 
 
 SHINE, DANIEL, a Methodist minister, died 
 at Louisburg, N. C., in 1829, aged 62. 
 
 SIIIPHERD, JOHN J., died Sept. 16, 1846, 
 at Walton, Michigan, aged 42. He had been a 
 minister at Elyria. He was the projector and 
 founder of Oberlin institute and colony. 
 
 SHIPMAN, NATHANIEL, judge, died in Nor 
 wich, Conn., July 14, 1853, aged 89; a much re 
 spected citizen. He became a member of the 
 church seven years before his death, and ho died 
 in peace. His only son, T. L. Shipman, was then 
 a minister of Jewett city. 
 
 SHIPPEN, EDWARD, one of the first settlers 
 of Pennsylvania, was a native of England, and a 
 member of the society of Friends. He came to 
 Massachusetts to avoid persecution, and settled 
 at Boston as early as 1669, but persecution drove 
 him thence to Pennsylvania, in which colony he 
 was speaker of the house of assembly, and mem 
 ber of the governor s council. He was also the 
 first mayor of Philadelphia. His descendants 
 have been persons of distinction to the present 
 day. Miller, II. 340. 
 
 SHIPPEN, WILLIAM, Dr., a physician of 
 Philadelphia, died in 1801, aged 89. He was 
 born in P. ; and was one of the founders of the 
 college of New Jersey, and a valuable member 
 for seventy years of the Presbyterian church. 
 Thaclier s Med. liiog. 
 
 SHIPPEN, EDWARD, LL. D., chief justice of 
 Pennsylvania, a descendant of Edward S., re 
 ceived this appointment in 1799, but resigned it 
 in Feb., 1806. He died April 15, 1806, aged 77. 
 
 SHIPPEN, WILLIAM, M. D., first professor 
 of anatomy in (he university of Pennsylvania, died 
 at Germantown July 11, 1808, aged 74. He was 
 a descendant of Edward S., and was graduated 
 at the college in New Jersey in 1754. The son 
 of Dr. William S., after studying medicine for 
 some time in Philadelphia, he completed his 
 medical education at Edinburgh. After his re 
 turn he commenced in 1764 a course of lectures 
 on anatomy at Philadelphia, which were the first 
 ever pronounced in the new world. Being one of 
 the founders of the medical school, he was ap 
 pointed professor of anatomy in 1765. He had 
 to struggle with many difficulties, and his life was 
 sometimes endangered by a mob in consequence 
 of his dissections. But he lived to see the insti 
 tution divided into five branches, all of which 
 were supplied with able professors, his own pu 
 pils, and become a rival to the medical school at 
 Edinburgh. Instead of the ten students, whom 
 he first addressed, he lived to address two hun 
 dred and fifty. About the year 1777 he was ap 
 pointed director-general of the medical depart 
 ment in the army of the United States, in the 
 place of Dr. Morgan. The death of an only son 
 in 1798 caused an almost entire abandonment of 
 his duties as a practitioner and lecturer ; but he 
 partially recovered his spirits and delivered a 
 course of lectures in 1807. As a demonstrator 
 of anatomy and a physician he was very distin 
 guished. He resigned his professorship in 1806 
 into the hands of his colleague, Dr. Wistar. 
 
 SHIRLEY, WILLIAM, governor of Massachu- 
 
736 
 
 SHORT. 
 
 SHUTE. 
 
 setts, died at Roxbury in 1771, aged 60 or 70. 
 He was a native of England, and was bred to 
 the law. After his arrival at Boston about the 
 year 1733, he practised in his profession till he 
 received his commission as governor in 1741, in 
 the place of Mr. Belcher. He planned the suc 
 cessful expedition against Cape Breton in 1745 ; 
 but, while his enterprising spirit deserves com 
 mendation, some of his schemes did not indicate 
 much skill in the arts of navigation and war. He 
 went to England in 1745, leaving Spencer Phipps, 
 the lieutenant-governor, commander-in-chief, but 
 returned in 1753. In 1754 he held a treaty with 
 the eastern Indians, and explored the Kennebec, 
 erecting two or three forts. In 1755, being com 
 mander-in-chief of the British forces in America, 
 he planned an expedition against Niagara, and 
 proceeded himself as far as Oswego. In June, 
 1756, he was superseded in the command of the 
 army by Abercrombie. He embarked for Eng 
 land in September, and was succeeded by Mr. 
 Pownall. After having been for a number of 
 years governor of one of the Bahama islands, he 
 returned to Massachusetts. Though he held sev 
 eral of the most lucrative offices within the gift 
 of the crown in America, yet he left no property 
 to his children. The abolition of the paper cur 
 rency was owing in a great degree to his firmness 
 and perseverance. His penetration and unre 
 mitting industry gained him a high reputation. 
 But it Avas thought, that, as a military officer, he 
 was not sufficiently active in seizing the moment 
 for success. During his administration England 
 learned the importance of this country, and the 
 colonists learned to fight, and thus were trained 
 for the mighty contest which in a few years com 
 menced. His instructions to Pepperell, with a 
 full account of the expedition against Louir.burg, 
 are preserved in the first volume of the historical 
 collections. He published Electra, a tragedy, and 
 birth of Hercules, a masque, 1765. 
 
 SHORT, WILLIAM, died in Philadelphia Dec. 
 5, 1850, aged 91. A native of Virginia, a class 
 mate at college with Judge Marshall, in 1774 he 
 was secretary of legation under Jefferson to 
 France. Under the present constitution he was 
 the first citizen nominated to a public office, hold 
 ing a commission from Washington as charge to 
 the French republic; and by him was appointed 
 minister at the Hague, and to Spain. His State 
 papers were written with great research and clear 
 ness. 
 
 SHOSIIAXIM, the last sachem of the Nash- 
 away Indians, joined Philip in his war. He was 
 taken prisoner and executed at Boston. 
 
 SHOVE, GEORGE, minister of Taunton, died 
 in 1687, aged about 42. Born in Dorchester, he 
 was ordained in 1G65. 
 
 SHOVE, SETH, the first minister of Danbury, 
 Conn., died in 1735, aged about 68. He was the 
 
 son of Rev. George S. ; graduated at Harvard 
 in 1687 ; and was settled in 1697. 
 
 SHREVE, HENRY M., died in St. Louis March 
 6, 1851 ; for forty years identified with western 
 navigation. He invented the steam snagboat, 
 and was superintendent of western river improve 
 ments. Democratic Review. 
 
 SHUBRICK, IRVINE, lieutenant in the navy, 
 died at Philadelphia in 1849, aged 52. He was 
 a native of South Carolina, and was distinguished 
 in various actions in the war of 1812. 
 
 SHUCK, ELIZA G., wife of J. L. Shuck, Bap 
 tist missionary in China, died in 1851, aged 28. 
 
 SHULTZ, JOHN A., governor of Pennsylvania, 
 died in Lancaster in 1852, aged 80. He was 
 chosen governor in 1823 and 1826. 
 
 SHURTLEFF, WILLIAM, minister of Ports 
 mouth, died May 9, 1747, aged about 60. Born 
 in Plymouth, Mass., he was graduated at Harvard 
 in 1707; ordained at New Castle in 1712, and re 
 moved in 1732 ; installed in the south parish of 
 Portsmouth Feb. 21,1733, as successor of Mr. 
 Emerson ; he was followed by Job Strong. He 
 was a faithful minister. In 1742 there were 
 added to his church sixty-three persons. He 
 published these sermons : at the ordination of 
 N. Merrill, 1726; on the sufferings of ship 
 wrecked mariners ; at ordination of N. Goohin ; 
 on the execution of two persons, 1739 ; at a lec 
 ture in Boston, 1741 ; account of the revival at 
 Portsmouth in Christian history ; a letter to his 
 brethren refusing to admit Whitcfield into their 
 pulpits. 
 
 SHURTLEFF, BENJAMIN, M. D., died at 
 Boston April 12, 1847, aged 71. A graduate of 
 Brown university in 1796, he was a physician in 
 extensive and successful practice. 
 
 SHUTE, SAMUEL, governor of Massachusetts, 
 died in 1742, aged 80. He was the son of mi 
 eminent citizen of London. His mother was the 
 daughter of Mr. Caryl, a dissenting minister of 
 distinction. His early education was under the 
 care of Charles Morton. From London he was 
 sent to Leyden, and afterwards he entered the 
 army of King William, served under Marlbo- 
 rough, and became a lieutenant-colonel. He was 
 wounded in one of the principal battles in Fbn- 
 ders. Arriving at Boston as governor Oct. 4, 
 1716, in the place of Dudley, he continued in 
 office a little more than six years. Ho embarked 
 Jan. 1, 1723, on his return to England, with com 
 plaints against the province. Governor Burnet 
 succeeded him. During his administration be 
 maintained a warm controversy with the house 
 of representatives. lie endeavored in vain to 
 procure a fixed salary, an object which Dudley 
 had sought without effect. His right of ncgallv- 
 ing the speaker was denied, and his powers r.s 
 commander-in-chief were assumed by the houcc. 
 In consequence of his complaints an explanatory 
 
SHUTE. 
 
 SKEXONDOU. 
 
 737 
 
 charter was procured in 1724, which confirmed 
 the governor in the rights for which he had con 
 tended. He died in England. Hutchinson, n. 
 215-217, 238; Minot, I. Gl. 
 
 SHUTE, DANIEL, D. D., minister of Hingham, 
 Mass., died Aug. 30, 1802, aged 80. He was 
 born July 19, 1722, and was graduated at Har 
 vard college in 1743. He was ordained pastor 
 of the second church in II., Dec. 10, 1746. By 
 the failure of his sight being under the necessity 
 of quitting his public labors, Mr. Whitney was 
 ordained his colleague Jan. 1, 1800. Under the 
 infirmities of age he was serene and patient. He 
 was a member of the convention which formed 
 the constitution of the United States. He pub 
 lished artillery election sermon, 17G7 ; election 
 sermon, 1768; on the death of E. Gay, 1787. 
 
 SIBLEY, MARK II., judge, died at Canandai- 
 gua Sept. 8, 1852, aged 56. Born in Great Bar- 
 rington, he settled in 1814 as a lawyer inC. He 
 sustained various offices ; was eloquent, and had 
 rare colloquial powers. 
 
 SICCARY, Dr., died in Virginia. Mr. Jeffer 
 son says he introduced the tomato plant. He 
 maintained that by eating in sufficient abundance 
 of the plant one need not die. He did not eat 
 enough, according to his theory; for he died, 
 though in a good old age. He was a Portu 
 guese Jew. 
 
 SIGNAY, JOSEPH, Catholic archbishop of Que 
 bec, died Oct. 3, 1850, aged 71. He was made 
 bishop in 1833, and archbishop in 1844. 
 
 SILLIMAN, ROBERT, minister in Saybrook, 
 Conn., died in 1786, aged about 70. He gradu 
 ated at Yale in 1737. He was the first minister 
 of New Canaan, about 1770, and went to S. in 
 1774. 
 
 SILLIMAN, GERSHOM, a Baptist elder, died 
 in Illinois in 1857, aged 73. He was born in 
 Weston, Conn., and was one of the fathers of the 
 Baptist church in the west. 
 
 SILSBEE, NATHANIEL, died at Salem July 1, 
 1850, aged 77. He was a successful merchant, 
 and sustained various offices ; he was a senator 
 of the U. S. from 1826 to 1835. 
 
 SIMMONS, GEORGE F.,dicd in Concord, Mass., 
 Sept. 5, 1855, aged 41, a graduate of Harvard in 
 1832; and much of a martyr to his opinions and 
 utterances concerning slavery. He was ordained 
 in 1838 as an evangelist in Boston, and soon was 
 a minister in Mobile ; but, offending the slave 
 holders by a sermon, he was obliged to flee, con 
 cealed in a vessel, such are the selfish bigotry 
 and ruffian tyranny of southern slave-masters. 
 He next was a minister in Waltham, a colleague 
 with his father-in-law, Mr. Ripley; and after 
 wards in Springfield, as the successor of W. B. O. 
 Peabody ; but both places he was compelled to 
 leave on account of his anti-slavery pulpit utter 
 ances. He next was settled in Albany; his ill- 
 93 
 
 health carried him to Concord, the place of his 
 death. 
 
 SIMMONS, CHARLES, died at North Wren- 
 tham May 12, 1856, aged 58. He was a minis 
 ter, and known as the author of Scripture manual, 
 and also of a laconic manual. 
 
 SIMONDS, BENJAMIN, colonel, died at Wil- 
 liamstown April 11, 1807, aged 81. He was an 
 early settler, a soldier at the age of twenty, a 
 man of enterprise and wealth. 
 
 SIMPKINS, JOHN, minister of Brewster, died 
 at Boston Feb. 28, 1843, aged 75. A son of 
 Deacon John S. of Boston, he graduated at Har 
 vard in 1786, and in 1791 was ordained at Har 
 wich, now Brewster, as successor of J. Dunster, 
 who was pastor forty-three years. He was a 
 good scholar and divine, evangelical but liberal. 
 For some years he was in poor health and had 
 retired from the ministry. 
 
 SIMPSON, SAMSON, a Jew, died at New York 
 in 1857, leaving 50,000 dollars, the interest to be 
 applied to meliorate the condition of the Jews at 
 Jerusalem, by promoting education and skill in 
 various arts. 
 
 SIMS, EDWARD D., died suddenly April 15, 
 1845. He was professor of English literature in 
 the university of Alabama ; and a member of the 
 Methodist church. 
 
 SITGREAVES, JOHN, district judge of North 
 Carolina, was an officer in the Revolutionary war, 
 and a member of congress after the peace. He 
 died at Halifax, N. C., in March, 1802. 
 
 SKELTON, SAMUEL, one of the first minis 
 ters of Salem, Mass., died Aug. 2, 1634. He was 
 a preacher in Lincolnshire, England, and, being 
 persecuted for his nonconformity, came to this 
 country in June, 1629, and was ordained with 
 Mr. Higginson at Salem August 6th. After the 
 death of his colleague he had for his assistant 
 Roger Williams. Though strict in discipline, he 
 was a friend to the utmost equality of privileges 
 in church and State. His fears of the assump 
 tion of authority by the clergy made him jealous 
 of the ministers, who used to hold a meeting once 
 a fortnight for mutual improvement. Magna- 
 lia, I. 16 ; III. 74, 76 ; Savage s Wintlirop, I. 26, 
 31; Morton, 82-86; Prince, 183-191; Neal,I. 
 140, 157 ; Hist. Coll. VI. 244. 
 
 SKEXONDOU, an Indian chief, died atOneida, 
 New York, in 1816, aged 106 or 110. In his 
 youth he was very savage and addicted to drunk 
 enness. In 1755 he was present at a treaty made 
 at Albany. At night lie was drunk, and in the 
 morning he found himself in the street, stripped 
 of his ornaments and clothing. Indignant at his 
 own folly, he resolved that he would never again 
 deliver himself over to the power of strong water. 
 Through the instructions of Mr. Kirkland, a mis 
 sionary, he lived a reformed man for more than 
 sixty years. He died in Christian hope. From 
 
738 
 
 SKINNER. 
 
 SMIBERT. 
 
 attachment to Mr. Kirkland, he had often ex 
 pressed a desire to be buried near his minister, 
 that he might, as he said, " Go up with him at 
 the great resurrection." At the approach of 
 death, after listening to the prayers, which were 
 read at his bedside by his great-grand-daughter, 
 he repeated his request. Accordingly his corpse 
 was conveyed to the village of Clinton, where he 
 Avas buried, March 13, with distinction; an ad 
 dress being made to the Indians by Dr. Backus, 
 president of Hamilton college, and interpreted 
 by Judge Dean of Westmoreland. After the 
 funeral the only surviving son of Skenondou re 
 turned thanks for the respect shown to his father. 
 In person he was tall and brawny, but well made. 
 His countenance expressed the dignity of an In 
 dian chief. He was a brave and intrepid warrior 
 in youth, and an able counsellor in age. He 
 watched the Canadian invasions with the cunning 
 of the fox, and repelled them with the agility and 
 fierceness of the mountain cat. To his vigilance 
 the inhabitants of German Flats on the Mohawk 
 were indebted for preservation from massacre. 
 His influence brought his tribe to our assistance 
 in the war of the Revolution. Among the Indian 
 tribes he was called " the white man s friend." 
 For several years he kept his dress for the grave 
 prepared, lie often went to Clinton to die, that 
 his body might lie near his Christian teacher. A 
 short time before his death, he said to a friend by 
 an interpreter : " I am an aged hemlock ; the 
 winds of an hundred winters have whistled through 
 my branches ; I am dead at the top. The gener 
 ation to which I belonged have run away and 
 left me ; why I live, the Great Good Spirit only 
 knows. Pray to my Jesus, that I may have pa 
 tience to wait for my appointed time to die." 
 
 SKIXNEIl, RICHARD, governor of Vermont, 
 died at Manchester May 23, 1833, aged 55. lie 
 was born at Litchfiejd, Conn., in 1778; removed 
 to Manchester in 1800 ; was a member of con 
 gress in 1813; judge of the supreme court in 
 181G; chief justice in 1817; and governor in 
 1820-1822. He was again chief justice from 
 1824 to 1829. For his private worth and his 
 public services he was much respected. 
 
 SKINNER, DANIEL, died in Corinth, Me., in 
 1841, aged 98. Born in Mansfield, he served in 
 the French war. He was a member of the Free 
 will Baptist church, an exemplary Christian. The 
 thought, that all temporal as well as spiritual good 
 came through the sufferings of Christ, deeply and 
 long affected him. 
 
 SKINNER, JOHN, Dr., died at New Haven, 
 Conn., in 1850, aged 85. 
 
 SKINNER, JOHN S., colonel, died at Balti 
 more in 1851, aged about 70. He was postmas 
 ter twenty years. He was a writer on agricul 
 ture ; and editor of the Plough, the Loom, and 
 the Anvil. 
 
 SKINNER, THOMAS, minister of Colchester, 
 Conn., died in 17G2, aged about 52. He gradu 
 ated at Harvard in 1732. He published a ser 
 mon on the death of his wife, 1745. 
 
 SKINNER, ICIIABOD LORD, died at Brooklyn, 
 N. Y., Jan. 29, 1852, aged about 80. He grad 
 uated at Yale in 1793. 
 
 SKINNER, EZEKIEI, M. D., a Baptist minis 
 ter in Ashford and Westport, Conn., died in 1855, 
 aged 78. He made three voyages to Africa for 
 the benefit of the Baptist mission and the colony. 
 
 SLATER, SAMUEL, died at Webster, Mass., 
 April 20, 1835, aged 67. He was the father of 
 cotton manufactures of the United States. The 
 first manufactory built in this country was built 
 by him in Pawtucket, R. I. He acquired a great 
 estate. Life by J. L. Slake. 
 
 SLATER, JOHN, died at Slaterville, R. I., June 
 3, 1843, aged 67. The beautiful village of his 
 name was built up under his direction. He left, 
 besides that, an immense estate. 
 
 SLUYTER, RICHARD, minister of the Dutch 
 church of Claverack, N. Y., died in 1843, aged 55. 
 In 1815 he was settled as colleague with Mr. 
 Gebhard over the churches of C. and Hillsdale. 
 He was born in Nassau. In his church were re 
 vivals in 1821-1823, 1833, 1835, 1838, 1842. He 
 received into the communion eleven hundred 
 souls. 
 
 SMALL, ISAAC, died at Canterbury, N. II., in 
 
 1821, aged 101; his widow, Hannah, died in 
 
 1822, aged 102. 
 
 SMALLEY, JOHN, D. D., minister of Berlin, 
 Conn., died June 1, 1820, aged nearly 86. He 
 was born in Lebanon Crank, now Columbia, 
 Conn., in 1734, the son of Benjamin. His pa 
 rents, especially his mother, led him in the path 
 of piety. He graduated at Yale college in 1756, 
 and was ordained April 19, 1758. He was a dis 
 tinguished theologian and a faithful and success 
 ful preacher. He published sermons on natural 
 and moral inability, 1760 ; eternal salvation not 
 a just debt, against John Murray, 1785 ; concio 
 ad clerum ; at the election, 1800; sermons on 
 connected subjects, 1803; sermons, 2 vols. 
 Sprague s Annals. 
 
 SMALLWOOD, WILLIAM, general, governor 
 of Maryland, died in 1792. lie was appointed 
 a brigadier in 1776, and major-general Sept. 15, 
 1780. In the defeat on Long Island in August, 
 his brigade suffered most severely. Among the 
 two hundred and fifty men whom he lost, were 
 many from the first families of Maryland. He 
 was in the battle of Camdcn and ui that of Ger- 
 mantown in 1777. In 1785 he was a delegate to 
 congress. He succeeded Paca as governor in 
 1785, and was succeeded by Howard in 1788. 
 
 SMIBERT, JOHN, an eminent portrait-painter, 
 died in 1751, aged 67. He was born in Edin 
 burgh in 1684. After serving his time as a house- 
 
SMITH. 
 
 painter, he repaired to London, and thence to 
 Italy, where he spent three years in copying Ra 
 phael, Titian, Vandyck, . and Itubcns. lie was 
 induced in 1728 to come to this country ; he set 
 tled in Boston, where he married a woman with 
 a considerable fortune, whom he left with two 
 children at his death. His son, Nathaniel, a 
 painter of great promise, died in early life. The 
 gazette of May 5, 17*57, speaks of his death. He 
 painted Mr. Lovcll, his schoolmaster. Many of 
 the portraits of Mr. S. are regarded as good 
 paintings. His head of Cardinal Bentivoglio, and 
 of Dr. Mayhew, have been commended. At Yale 
 college his large painting of Dean Berkeley and 
 his family is preserved. Smibert himself is one 
 of the figures, with an expressive countenance. 
 
 SMITH, JOHN, the father of the colony of 
 Virginia, died in London in 1631, aged 51. He 
 was born in Lincolnshire, England, in 1579. He 
 early discovered a romantic genius, and delighted 
 in daring and extravagant actions. At the age 
 of thirteen he sold his books and satchel to raise 
 money in order to convey himself privately to sea, 
 but was prevented. Being an apprentice to a 
 merchant he quitted his master at the age of fif 
 teen, and went to France and the low countries. 
 After his return he studied military history and 
 tactics, and, having recovered a part of the estate 
 which his father left him, he was enabled to set 
 out again on his travels at the age of seventeen, 
 in a better condition than before. Having em 
 barked at Marseilles for Italy with some pilgrims, 
 a tempest obliged them to anchor near a small 
 island off Nice. As his companions attributed 
 their unfavorable voyage to the presence of Smith, 
 they threw the heretic into the sea ; but by swim 
 ming he was enabled to reach the shore. After 
 going to Alexandria, he entered into the service 
 of the emperor of Austria against the Turks. By 
 his exploits he soon obtained the command of two 
 hundred and fifty horsemen. At the siege of 
 llegal the Ottomans sent a challenge, purporting 
 that the lord T urbisha, to divert the ladies, would 
 fight any captain of the Christian troops. Smith 
 accepted it, and, meeting his antagonist on horse 
 back in view of the ladies on the battlements, 
 killed him and bore away his head. A second 
 antagonist met the same fate. Smith then re 
 quested, that, if the ladies wished for more diver 
 sion, another champion might appear. His head 
 was added to the number of the others, though 
 Smith narrowly escaped losing his own. He was 
 afterwards taken prisoner ; but by killing his ty 
 rannical master he escaped into Kussia. When 
 he returned to England, he formed the resolu 
 tion to seek adventures in North America. Hav 
 ing persuaded a number of gentlemen in 1GOG to 
 obtain a patent of south Virginia, he engaged in 
 the expedition, which was fitted out under the 
 command of Christopher Newport, and arrived 
 
 SMITH. 
 
 739 
 
 with the first emigrants, who made a permanent 
 settlement, in the Chesapeake, April 26, 1607. A 
 colony was begun at Jamestown, and the govern 
 ment was in the hands of a council, of which 
 Smith was a member. When Newport returned, 
 more than one hundred persons were left in Vir 
 ginia. They would have perished with hunger 
 but for the exertions of Smith in procuring corn 
 of the Indians. When he could not effect his 
 object by purchase, he resorted to force. He 
 once seized the Indian idol, Okec, made of skins 
 stuffed with moss, for the redemption of which as 
 much corn was brought, to him as he required. 
 While exploring the Chickahominy river he was 
 taken prisoner, after having killed Avith his own 
 hand three of the enemy. He was carried to the 
 emperor Powhatan, who received him, clothed in 
 a robe of raccoon skins, and seated on a kind of 
 throne, with two beautiful girls, his daughters, 
 near him. After a long consultation two large 
 stones were brought in, and his head was laid 
 upon one of them. At this moment, when the 
 war-clubs were lifted to dispatch him, Pocahontas, 
 the king s favorite daughter, shielded him from 
 the blows, and by her entreaties saved his life. 
 He was sent to Jamestown, where, by his resolu 
 tion, address, and industry, he prevented the 
 abandonment of the plantation. In 1608 he ex 
 plored the whole country from Cape Henry to 
 the river Susquehannah, sailing about three thou 
 sand miles. On his return he drew a map of the 
 bay and rivers, from which subsequent maps have 
 been chiefly copied. In this year, when he was 
 president of the council, by his severity and his 
 example he rendered the colonists exceedingly 
 industrious. It happened, however, that the blis 
 tered hands of several young gentlemen, who 
 had known better times in England, called forth 
 frequent expressions of impatience and profane- 
 ness. Smith caused the number of every man s 
 oaths to be noted daily, and at night as many 
 cans of water to be poured inside his sleeve. 
 This discipline so lessened the number of oaths, 
 that scarcely one was heard in a week, and it 
 perfectly restored the subjects of it to good hu 
 mor. In 1609, being much injured by an explo 
 sion of gunpowder, he returned to England for 
 the benefit of medical assistance. In 1614 he 
 ranged the coast of what was then called north 
 Virginia, from Penobscot to Cape Cod, in an open 
 boat with eight men. On his return he formed a 
 map of the country, and desired Prince Charles, 
 afterwards the royal martyr, to give it a name. 
 By him it was for the first time called New Eng 
 land. For all his services and sufferings he 
 never received any recompense. He published 
 the sixth voyage made to Virginia, 1606 ; the first 
 voyage to New England with the old and now 
 names, 1614; a relation of his second voyage, 
 1615 ; description of New England, 1617 ; New 
 
740 
 
 SMITH. 
 
 England s trials, declaring the success of twenty- 
 six ships, employed thither within these six years, 
 etc., 1620 ; the general history of Virginia, New 
 England, pnd the Summer Isles, with the names 
 of the adventurers, etc., from 1584 to 1626, also 
 the maps and descriptions of all those countries 
 in six books, folio, 1627 ; his friend, Mr. Purchas, 
 had published in his pilgrims most of the narra 
 tive part before ; the true travels, adventures, and 
 observations of Captain John Smith in Europe, 
 Asia, Africa, and America, from 1603 to 1629, 
 folio, 1630 ; 2d edit. , 2 vols., 8vo., Richmond, 
 1819 ; this is preserved entire in Churchill s col 
 lections ; advertisements for the inexpcriencefl 
 planters of New England, 4to., 1630. Smith s 
 Travels ; Belknap s Amer. Biog., i. 240-319. 
 
 SMITH, RALPH, the first ordained minister of 
 Plymouth, Mass., died at Boston in 1662. He 
 was pastor from 1629 to 1633. Elder Brewster 
 had previously officiated as the religious teacher, 
 although he did not administer the ordinances. 
 He graduated at Cambridge, England, in 1613, 
 and John Rayner succeeded him at Plymouth. 
 In 1645 he was called to preach in Manchester, 
 Cape Ann. Sprague s Annals. 
 
 SMITH, HEXRY, minister of Wethersfield, 
 Conn., died in 1648, aged 91. He was born in 
 1557, the first of fifteen children. 
 
 SMITH, JOSEPH, of Hartford, Conn., married 
 in 1656 Lydin, daughter of Rev. E. Huit, and 
 was the father of Joseph, who removed to Hadley 
 in 1680, and was the ancestor of Rev. Ethan 
 Smith. There lived in Iladley about the same 
 time Philip Smith, a representative and deacon, 
 and Samuel, also a representative. Whether 
 they were brothers of Joseph is not known. 
 
 SMITH, CALEB, minister of Orange, N. Y., 
 died Oct. 22, 1762, aged 38. Born on Long Is 
 land, he was educated at Yale ; ordained Nov. 30, 
 1748; married Martha, daughter of Jonathan 
 Dickinson. He published a sermon on the death 
 of Aaron Burr. 
 
 SMITH, CHARLES JEFFERY, died on Long Is 
 land Aug. 10, 1770, aged 29. He was found 
 dead, his gun by his side. He had gone out a 
 gunning ; his gun was so placed, as if he had shot 
 himself. Some believed he was murdered. By 
 some his death was ascribed to suicide ; but his 
 friends knew that he was subject to a violent pain 
 in his breast, passing to his head, and by some it 
 was thought his death was occasioned by this dis- 
 . ease. He was ordained as a missionary at Lebanon 
 June 30, 1763. He was eminent for his gifts and 
 graces, extensively known, and very useful, espe 
 cially at the South. He died in the prime of life. 
 Mr. Buell, who was his intimate friend, published 
 a sermon on his death, relating to the mysterious 
 events of providence. He was the only son, and 
 inherited the estate of his father, who lived at 
 Brookhaven, L. I., and died in 1748. His estate 
 
 SMITH. 
 
 in Long Island, in lands and money, amounted to 
 six or seven thousand pounds. After being for a 
 time with the Indians, he labored for the instruc 
 tion of slaves in Virginia; and, having purchased 
 property in that State, he returned to Long Is 
 land to settle up his affairs. He published a 
 sermon on regeneration, 1766. 
 
 SMITH, SAMUEL, a historian, was a native of 
 Burlington, N. J., in which place he died in 1776. 
 He published a history of New Jersey from its 
 settlement to 1721,8vo., 1755, which is a judicious 
 compilation. 
 
 SMITH, WILLIAM, chief justice of the prov 
 ince of New York, the son of William S., an 
 eminent lawyer and judge of the supreme court, 
 who died Nov. 22, 1769, aged 73, was graduated 
 at Yale college in 1745. In the Revolution he 
 was a tory, and afterwards chief justice of Canada. 
 He published a history of the province of New 
 York, from the first discovery to the year 1732, 
 4to., 1757; 2d ed., 1814. A continuation from 
 1732 to 1762 was written by his son, William S. 
 
 SMITH, JOSIAH, minister in South Carolina, 
 died in 1781, aged 76. He was the first native 
 of that province who received a literary degree. 
 He was born in Charleston in 1704, being the 
 grandson of Gov. Thomas Smith, and graduated 
 at Harvard college in 1725. He was ordained 
 in Boston as minister for Bermuda July 11, 1726, 
 and afterwards became minister of Cainhoy, and 
 pastor of the Presbyterian church in Charleston. 
 Having become a prisoner of war at Charleston, 
 he was sent on parole in 1781 to Philadelphia, 
 where he died. He maintained, in the early part 
 of his ministry, a learned disputation with Hugh 
 Eisher on the right of private judgment. He 
 published a sermon at his own ordination ; the 
 Spirit of God a holy fire, 1727 ; the duty of pa 
 rents to instruct their children, 1727 ; the young 
 man warned; Solomon s caution against the cup, 
 1729 ; human impositions proved unscriptural ; 
 answer to a sermon of Hugh Fisher ; the divine 
 right of private judgment, 1730; on the preach 
 ing of Mr. Whitefield, 1740; on the death of 
 Hannah Dart, 1742 ; letters to W. Cooper, 1743 ; 
 Jesus persecuted in his disciples ; zeal for God 
 encouraged and guarded, 1745; a volume of 
 sermons, 8vo., 1752; the church of Ephesus 
 arraigned, the substance of five short sermons 
 contracted into one, 1765. Sprague s Annals. 
 
 SMITH, AARON, minister of Marlborough, 
 Mass., died in 1781, aged about 67. He gradu 
 ated at Harvard in 1735 ; was ordained in 1740 ; 
 was dismissed for ill health in 1778. 
 
 SMITH, WILLIAM, minister of Weymouth, 
 died in 1783, aged 77. Born in Charlestown, he 
 graduated at Harvard in 1725, and was settled in 
 1734. Among his predecessors were J. Hull and 
 T. and P. Thacher. His successor was J. Nor 
 ton. His wife was Elizabeth, the daughter of 
 
SMITH. 
 
 SMITH. 
 
 741 
 
 Col. John Quincy of Mount "\Vollaston in Brain- 
 tree. She died in 1775, aged 53. He was the 
 son of Daniel, who married Anna Shepard, the 
 daughter of Ilev. Thomas S. His daughters 
 married distinguished men. He had three 
 daughters ; Mary, who married Ilichard Cranch ; 
 Abigail, who married John Adams ; and Eliza 
 beth, who married first Ilev. John Shaw, and 
 then Ilev. Mr. Peabody. The following family 
 anecdotes are repeated : that Mr. Cranch and 
 Mr. Adams were suitors of Mary, and that the 
 former, who was in good business, was preferred 
 by Mary and the family, the father preaching on 
 the marriage from this text, " Mary hath chosen 
 that good part, which shall not be taken away." 
 In the course of time, Abigail, who had a strong 
 and cultivated mind, was married to John Adams, 
 and, as the father asked her what text he should 
 preach from, she replied, " And John came, nei 
 ther eating nor drinking, and ye say, he hath a 
 devil." She lived to see her chosen one chosen by 
 the people the president of the United States. 
 
 SMITH, THOMAS, minister of Pembroke, Mass., 
 died in 1788, aged 83. Born in Barnstable, he 
 graduated at Harvard in 1724, and succeeded in 
 1754 Daniel Lewis, the first*minister, who was 
 ordained in 1707. 
 
 SMITH, ROBERT, D. D., minister in Pennsyl 
 vania, died about 1785, aged 62. He was born 
 of Scotch parents in Londonderry, Ireland, about 
 the year 1723, and was brought to this country 
 about the year 1730. At the age of about sev 
 enteen years he became the subject of that Divine 
 influence, which so eminently accompanied and 
 blessed the preaching of Mr. "Whiteficld during 
 his first visit to America. His classical and theo 
 logical studies he pursued under the instruction 
 of Samuel Blair. In 1751 he was settled in the 
 Presbyterian church at Pequca in Pennsylvania, 
 in which station he continued to officiate with re 
 putation and usefulness till his death. His wife, 
 the sister of Mr. Blair, was intelligent and pious ; 
 in his absence, she conducted the family worship. 
 Two sons were physicians and three ministers. 
 He was one of the most able theologians, the 
 most profound casuists, and the most successful 
 preachers of his age. Soon after his settlement 
 he founded a school at Pequea. Many young 
 men, who have since filled very honorable sta 
 tions in church and state, received in it their clas 
 sical education. It was his care to instil with the 
 elements of literature the principles of a pure 
 and ardent piety. In the American preacher, 
 vol. IV., there are published three of his sermons, 
 entitled, the nature of saving faith; the excel 
 lency of saving faith; practical uses from the 
 nature and excellency of. saving faith. 
 
 SMITH, THOMAS, first minister of Portland, 
 Me., died May 23, 1795, aged 93. He was the 
 son of Thomas S., merchant of Boston; was born 
 
 March 21, 1702, and was graduated at Harvard 
 college in 1720. In 1725 he went to Falmouth, 
 now Portland, as chaplain to the troops stationed 
 there, and preacher to the inhabitants. He was 
 ordained March 8, 1727, the day on which a 
 church was gathered. Though he received for 
 his colleague Mr. Deane in 1767, he preached till 
 the close of 1784, and officiated in public prayer 
 till within a year and a half of his death. He 
 renounced all self-dependence, and placed his 
 hope in the mercy of God through the merits of 
 the Redeemer. He published a sermon at the 
 ordination of Solomon Lombard at Gorham, and 
 a sermon to seafaring men. Sprague s Annals. 
 
 SMITH, ELIHU HUBBARD, a physician, died 
 of the yellow fever in 1798, aged 27. He was 
 born at Litchfield, Conn., and was graduated at 
 Yale college in 1786. After pursuing a regular 
 course of medical studies under the direction of 
 his father, he commenced the practice at Weth- 
 ersfield in 1792, but removed to Xew York in 
 1793. In 1797 he commenced the medical repos 
 itory in conjunction with Drs. Mitchell and Miller. 
 At his early age he had explored a vast extent 
 of medical learning. His writings display singu 
 lar acuteness, great force of reasoning, and the 
 talent of accurate and extensive observation. 
 Besides his medical productions in the repository, 
 he published Edwin and Angelina, or the ban 
 ditti, an opera in three acts, 1797. 
 
 SMITH, JOHN BLAIR, first president of Union 
 college at Schenectady, the son of Dr. Robert S., 
 died Aug. 22, 1799, aged 43. In early life he 
 exhibited marks of uncommon energy of mind. 
 He was the subject of many pious prayers, and 
 those prayers were heard in heaven. When he 
 was about fourteen years of age, it pleased God 
 to excite among the youth in the academy at 
 Pequea a serious attention to religion. His mind 
 was at this period deeply impressed by the truths 
 of the gospel ; he was renewed by the agency of 
 the Holy Spirit ; and in a short time he avowed 
 himself a disciple of Jesus. From the year 1773, 
 when he was graduated at the college of New 
 Jersey, he devoted himself almost entirely to 
 theological studies, under the direction of his 
 brother, Samuel S. Smith, at that time president 
 of Hampden Sidney college in Virginia. In 
 1779 he was settled over a church in Virginia, 
 and at the same time he succeeded his brother as 
 principal of the seminary. Here he was emi 
 nently honored by the Great Head of the church 
 in being made instrumental in promoting a gen 
 eral religious solicitude and reformation among 
 the people of his charge and of the neighborhood. 
 As he was now called to extraordinary exertions, 
 he generally preached once at least every day, 
 and in the evenings he was commonly engaged in 
 religious conversation. His engagements inter 
 fering with the attention due to the college, he 
 
742 
 
 SMITH. 
 
 SMITH. 
 
 resigned this part of his charge, that he might 
 give himself wholly to the work of the Christian 
 ministry. His zeal was rewarded by the success 
 which attended his labors ; but, as his health was 
 enfeebled, he was persuaded to accept an invita 
 tion from the third Presbyterian church in Phil 
 adelphia, where he was installed in Dec., 1791. 
 When Union college was founded in 1795, he 
 presided over it for three years with high reputa 
 tion. But, amidst his literary occupations, the 
 duties of the sacred office most warmly interested 
 him. He improved every opportunity for preach 
 ing the gospel of his Redeemer. Being again 
 invited to his former charge in Philadelphia, he 
 returned to that city in May, 1799. His succes 
 sor in the care of the college was Dr. Edwards. 
 In a short time he was seized with the yellow 
 fever, of which he died in resignation and joyful 
 hope. 
 
 SMITH, ROBERT, D. D., first bishop of the 
 Episcopal churches in South Carolina, was conse 
 crated bishop in 1795, and died at Charleston in 
 Nov., 1801, aged 72. He had for forty-seven 
 years discharged the duties of a minister of St. 
 Philip s church. 
 
 SMITH, WILLIAM, D. D., first provost of the 
 college in Philadelphia, died May 14, 1803, aged 
 7G. He was a native of Scotland, received his 
 education at the university of Aberdeen, where 
 he was graduated in 1747. After being employed 
 as a private tutor in the family of Gov. Martin on 
 Long Island, he was invited to take the charge 
 of the college in Philadelphia, and he accepted 
 the invitation. After revisiting England, and re 
 ceiving regular ordination in the Episcopal church 
 in Dec., 1753, he returned to America, and in 
 May, 1754, was placed at the head of the infant 
 seminary. His popular talents and taste in polite 
 literature contributed greatly to raise the charac 
 ter of the college. He was principally assisted by 
 Dr. Allison. After being for many years a distin 
 guished preacher and writer, and rendering im 
 portant service to the literary interests of Amer 
 ica, he died at Philadelphia. He published a 
 sermon to freemasons, 1755 ; discourses on several 
 public occasions during the war, 1759, and 2d 
 edit., with sermons added, 1763; concerning the 
 conversion of the heathen in America, 1760; an 
 account of the charitable corporation for the 
 widows of clergymen, 1769; an oration before 
 the American philosophical society, 1773; on the 
 present crisis of American affairs, 1775; an ora 
 tion in memory of Montgomery, 1776; on tem 
 poral and spiritual salvation, 1790 ; eulogium on 
 Franklin, 1792. His works were published in 
 two vols., 8vo., 1803. 
 
 SMITH, JAMES, colonel, a patriot of the Revo 
 lution, died in 1806, aged about 92. He was a 
 native of Ireland. He settled as a lawyer and a 
 surveyor in York, Penn. He raised in 1774 the 
 
 first volunteer company in the State for the pur 
 pose of resisting Great Britain. In 1776 he was 
 a member of congress and signed the declaration 
 of independence. In Nov., 1778, he resumed his 
 professional pursuits. For many years he was 
 a professor of religion. 
 
 SMITH, COTTON MATHER, minister of Sharon, 
 Conn., died Nov. 27, 1806, aged 75. The son of 
 Samuel of Suffield, who was grandson of Rev. 
 Henry Smith, he graduated at Yale in 1751 ; was 
 ordained at Sharon Aug. 28, 1755 ; and continued 
 fifty-one years. He succeeded J. Searle and was 
 succeeded by D. L. Perry. He was an excejlent 
 minister, a man of eminent virtues. Several of 
 his contemporary neighboring brethren attained 
 a great age, as Lee of Salisbury, Farrand of Ca 
 naan, Champion of Litchfield, and Mills of Tor- 
 ringford. He was the father of Gov. Smith. His 
 wife was Temperance, the widow of Dr. Moses 
 Gale of Goshen, N. Y., daughter of Rev. W. 
 Worthington. She died at the house of her son- 
 in-law, Judge Jacob Radcliff of Albany, in 18CO. 
 Spr ague s Annals. 
 
 SMITH, JOHN, D. D., professor of languages 
 at Dartmouth college, died at Hanover in May, 
 
 1809, aged 56. He was born at Byfield, Mass., 
 Dec. 21, 1752, and was graduated in 1778 at 
 Dartmouth, where he was a tutor from 1774 to 
 1778, and professor from 1778 till his death. He 
 was a preacher, as well as a teacher of the ancient 
 languages. His daughter, Sarah, who had a fine 
 taste for poetry, and of whom a memoir is given 
 in the panoplist, IX. 385, died Aug. 17, 1812, 
 aged 23. He published a dedication sermon, 
 1795; Hebrew grammar, 1803; Greek grammar, 
 1809; Latin grammar, 3d edit., 1812; a sermon 
 at dedication, Hanover, 1796; at ordination of 
 T. Eastman, 1801. Spr ague s Annals. 
 
 SMITH, ISRAEL, governor of Vermont, died in 
 
 1810, aged 51. lie was born in Connecticut 
 April 4, 1759, and graduated at Yale college in 
 1781. He studied law with his brother at Ben- 
 nington. He lived first at Rupert, then at Rut 
 land. In 1791 he was elected one of the first rep 
 resentatives from Vermont, and continued in that 
 body till 1797, when M. Lyon was elected. At 
 this period he was chosen by the legislature chief 
 justice; but in 1798, in the prevalence of feder 
 alism, another was elected. From Dec., 1801, till 
 1803 he was a member of congress. From 1803 
 to 1807 he was a senator of the U. S. In 1807 
 he was chosen governor, but ere his term of ofiice 
 ended his nervous system became so impaired as 
 to terminate in derangement. He died at his 
 residence in Rutland. His diffidence was allied 
 to bashfulness. He was a man of strict integrity, 
 with a metaphysical turn of mind. On the trial 
 of Judge Chase he voted to acquit him on every 
 article ; on that of Judge Pickering he voted to 
 convict him. 
 
SMITH. 
 
 SMITH. 
 
 743 
 
 SMITH, WILLIAM LOUGHTON, LL. D., ambas 
 sador to Spain, died in South Carolina in 1812. 
 He was elected in 1789 a member of congress 
 from South Carolina, and with great ability sup 
 ported the administrations of Washington and 
 Adams. In 1797 he was appointed minister to 
 Portugal, and in 1800 to Spain; but the next 
 year, on the accession of Mr. Jefferson, his func 
 tions ceased. He published an oration July 4, 
 1796; a comparative view of the constitutions of 
 the States and of the U. S., 1797; a pamphlet 
 against the pretensions of Mr. Jefferson to the 
 presidency; essays signed Phocion. His speeches 
 and letter to his constituents were republished, 
 London, 1795. 
 
 SMITH, ISAAC, a judge of the supreme court 
 of New Jersey, died in 1807, aged 67. He was 
 graduated at the college in that State in 1755, 
 and afterwards commenced the practice of physic. 
 From the beginning of the troubles with Great 
 Britain he was distinguished for his patriotic ser 
 vices in the cause of his country. In 1776 he 
 commanded a regiment, and during the periods 
 of gloom and dismay he was firm and persever 
 ing. He associated valor with discretion, the 
 disciplined spirit of the soldier" with the sagacity 
 of the statesman. Soon after the termination of 
 the struggle, he received his appointment as 
 judge, and for eighteen years discharged the 
 arduous duties of that station. After the present 
 constitution of the U. S. was formed, he was a 
 member of the house of representatives, and was 
 esteemed by Washington and Adams. Endowed 
 with fine talents, and having enjoyed a classical 
 education, he united the character of a Christian, 
 scholar, soldier, and gentleman. He died in 
 hope of mercy through the Redeemer. Port 
 folio, new series, I. 135, 136. 
 
 SMITH, SAMUEL STANHOPE, D. D., president 
 of Princeton college, died Aug. 21, 1819, aged 
 69. He was the son of Robert Smith, D. I).; 
 was born at Pcquea, town of Salisbury, Lancaster 
 county, Penn., March 16, 1750 ; and graduated 
 in 1769 at Princeton, where he was afterwards 
 two years a tutor. Being an eloquent and popu 
 lar preacher in Virginia, Hampdeh Sidney college 
 was instituted with the design that he should be 
 come its president. After beiiig at the head of 
 that college a few years, he was appointed in 1779 
 professor of moral philosophy at Princeton ; and 
 was succeeded in Virginia by his brother, John S. 
 In the absence of Dr. Witherspoon as a member 
 of congress, much of the care of the college de 
 volved upon him ; and after his death in 1794 he 
 was elected his successor. In consequence of his 
 infirmities he resigned his office in 1812. He was 
 succeeded by Dr. Green. His wife was a daugh 
 ter of Dr. Witherspoon; his daughter married 
 J. M. Pintard, consul at Madeira. He published 
 
 a sermon on the death of R. Stockton, 1781 ; an 
 essay on the causes of the variety of the com 
 plexion and figure of the human species, 1788; 
 in which he ascribed all the variety to climate, 
 the state of society, and the manner of living ; 
 sermons, 8vo., 1801 ; lectures on the evidences of 
 the Christian religion, 12mo., 1809; on the love 
 of praise, 1810; a continuation of Ramsay s his 
 tory of the U. S., from 1808 to 1817; lectures 
 on moral and political philosophy ; the principles 
 of natural and revealed religion. 
 
 SMITH, JOHN, the second minister of Dighton, 
 Mass., died in Kentucky, about 1815 or 1820, 
 aged about 70 or 75. Born in Plainfield, Conn., 
 he graduated at Princeton in 1770; was settled 
 in 1772 as the colleague of N. Fisher ; and was 
 dismissed in Dec., 1801. The sermon at his ordi 
 nation, by Levi Hart of Preston, was printed by 
 S. Southwick, Newport. In 1802 he removed as 
 a missionary to the neighborhood of Canandaigua, 
 N. Y. In his liberality he gave a deed of six 
 thousand acres of land to found a seminary of 
 learning in C. Afterwards he was a missionary 
 and settled on a farm in Athens township, Bloom- 
 field, Lycoming co., Penn., where he remained 
 till 1811 or 1812. He next removed to Kentucky, 
 where his son Francis was a lawyer, at Shep- 
 herdsville, Nelson county ; and there he acted for 
 a time as a missionary. Francis removed to 
 Monmouth, 111., and died highly respected in 
 1838, aged 72, leaving a large family. Other 
 sons were John, a lawyer in Washington ; Lem 
 uel, a farmer now living near Alton, 111. ; Henry, 
 a merchant of Portland, Me., who died in 1853, 
 and whose son is Rev. Dr. Henry B. Smith, now 
 professor of theology in Union theological semi 
 nary, in the city of New York. 
 
 SMITH, GEORGE WILLIAM, governor of Vir 
 ginia, was elected as successor of Mr. Monroe in 
 1811. Being one of the attendants at the thea 
 tre in Richmond in the evening of Dec. 26, 1811, 
 when it took fire, he lost his life with Mr. Vena- 
 ble and seventy others. 
 
 SMITH, ISAAC, the first minister of Gilmanton, 
 N 1 . H., died in 1817, aged 72. Born in Sterling, 
 Conn., he graduated at Princeton in 1770, and 
 was settled Nov. 30, 1774. L. A. Spofford was 
 his successor. 
 
 SMITH, EDWARD DARRELL, M. D., professor 
 of chemistry and mineralogy in the college of So. 
 Carolina, died near St. Louis, Missouri, Aug. 17, 
 1819. He translated Desault s surgical works, 
 two vols.,8vo., 1814. 
 
 SMITH, DAXIEL, died in Louisville, Ky., in 
 1822, aged 33. Born in Bennington, Vt., he 
 graduated at Middlebury in 1810; studied theol 
 ogy at Andover ; and went with Mills in an ex 
 ploring tour to the southwest, lie was a mis 
 sionary in Natchez from 1816 to 1820, when he 
 
744 
 
 SMITH. 
 
 removed to L. He had intellect, and taste, and 
 piety, and was an excellent preacher. Sprague s 
 Annals. 
 
 SMITH, NATHANIEL, judge, died at Wood- 
 bury, Conn., March 9, 1822, aged 60. He was 
 born Jan. 6, 1762, and with few advantages foi 
 education rose to distinction. He practised law 
 in his native town. In 1795 he was a member ol 
 congress: from 1806 till 1819 he was a judge of 
 the supreme court. He was learned in the law ; 
 his mind was acute and powerful; and he wa 
 respected for his integrity and piety. 
 
 SMITH, EBENEZER, a Baptist minister, died in 
 Fredonia, N. Y., in 1824, aged 89. Two persons, 
 who heard him preach his first sermon in 1753, 
 heard him after seventy years preach his last in 
 1823, in a place five hundred miles distant from 
 the place where they heard the first sermon, 
 such is the tide of emigration in our country. 
 
 SMITH, JONATHAN, died at Hadley in 1829, 
 aged 80. lie graduated at Harvard in 1768, and 
 was a preacher on Martha s Vineyard forty years. 
 SMITH, ISAAC, died in Boston in 1829, aged 
 79 ; chaplain to the alms-house. He graduated 
 at Harvard in 1767, and was tutor and librarian. 
 SMITH, NATHAN, M. D., professor in the med 
 ical schools of Dartmouth, Yale, and Bowdoin 
 colleges, died at New Haven Jan. 26, 1829, aged 
 66. He was born in Rehoboth, Mass., Sept. 30, 
 1762. As his parents removed to Chester, Vt, 
 he was brought up as a farmer at the foot of the 
 Green Mountains. At the age of twenty-four he 
 began the study of physic. After practising a 
 few years at Cornish he projected a medical insti 
 tution at Dartmouth college. Being chosen a 
 professor, he went to Europe in 1796 for his im 
 provement in science. In 1798 the school was 
 opened ; for twelve years he lectured on the vari 
 ous branches usually taught ; in 1810 Dr. Cyrus 
 Perkins was appointed professor of anatomy. In 
 1813 he was chosen "professor of the theory and 
 practice of physic and surgery at Yale college, 
 and removed from Hanover to New Haven. In 
 1821 he was the first lecturer in the medical 
 school of Maine at Bowdoin college, and he lec 
 tured there for five years. His son, Nathan 
 Ryno Smith, is a distinguished physician and 
 professor at Baltimore. Dr. S. was eminent 
 both as a physician and surgeon, and had prac 
 ticed more extensively in New England than any 
 other man. His manners were pleasing and in 
 teresting ; in his friendships he was steady ; and 
 he was beloved by his numerous pupils. His 
 works, entitled medical and surgical memoirs, 
 were published, 8vo., 1831. Williams Med. 
 Biog. 
 
 SMITH, GUY, a minister, died in Wilkes 
 county, Geo., Aug., 1830, aged 73. 
 
 SMITH, JOHN, D. I)., professor of theology 
 in the theological seminary at Bangor, Me., died 
 
 SMITH. 
 
 in 1831, aged 65. He was born in Belchertown, 
 Mass., in 1766; graduated at Dartmouth col 
 lege in 1794; and, having studied theology with 
 Dr. Emmons, was ordained at Salem, N. II., in 
 1797. After twenty years he was dismissed and 
 settled at Wenham, Mass. In 1819 he succeeded 
 A. Wines as professor of theology at Bangor, 
 where he died in Christian peace. His successor 
 was Ilev. Mr. Pond. He published a treatise on 
 baptism ; two fast sermons ; on the peace, 1815 ; 
 to the senior class, 1822 ; to missionary society, 
 1830; at ordination of S. H. Peckham. 
 Sprague s Annals. 
 
 SMITH, JOHN M., professor of languages in 
 the Wesleyan college in Middletown, Conn., died 
 in 1832, aged 37. He was a Methodist minister. 
 
 SMITH, PETER THACHER, died in Oct., 1826, 
 aged 95. The son of Rev. Thomas, he grad 
 uated at Harvard in 1753 ; was ordained at Wind- 
 ham, N. H., in 1762 ; and dismissed in 1790. 
 
 SMITH, PRESERVED, minister of Howe, died 
 in 1834, aged 75. Born in Ashfield, he gradu 
 ated at Brown in 1786, and was pastor from 1787 
 to 1832, excepting the interval between 1804 and 
 1812, in which time he was settled in Mendon. 
 He published masonic sermon, 1798; farewell 
 sermon, 1804. 
 
 SMITH, NATHAN, a senator, brother of Judge 
 Nathaniel, died suddenly at Washington, Dec. 6, 
 1835, aged 68. He was born in Woodbury, Conn., 
 in 1770. He commenced the practice of law in 
 New Haven, where he made his home till his 
 death. None understood law better than he : 
 such was his regard for the right, that he would 
 not undertake a cause obviously unjust. He was 
 U. S. attorney for Connecticut; in 1833 he was 
 elected to the Senate. He was of the demo 
 cratic party. 
 
 SMITH, CHARLES, LL. D., judge, died at 
 Philadelphia March 18, 1836, at an advanced 
 age. He arranged and published the laws of 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 SMITH, SARAH LANMAN, the wife of the mis 
 sionary to Syria, Dr. Eli Smith, died at Boujah, a 
 village near Smyrna, Sept. 30, 1836, aged 34. 
 She had been three years in the east. She was 
 the daughter of Deacon Jabez Huntington of 
 Norwich, Conn. Her mother, an excellent Chris 
 tian, had the name of Lanman. Born in 1802, 
 he became early pious. In 1830 and 1831 she 
 and Sarah Breed established and conducted a 
 Sabbath school among the Mohegan Indians, the 
 remnants of the tribe of Samson Occom, at Mo- 
 legan or Montville, five miles distant. In 1833 
 she married Rev. Eli Smith, and sailed from Bos- 
 ,on in September. She arrived at Malta in No 
 vember and at Alexandria in December. Her 
 )rief but useful missionary labors were chiefly at 
 Beirut. In 1836, in ill health, on a voyage to 
 Smyrna, she was wrecked on the coast of Asia 
 
SMITH. 
 
 SMITH. 
 
 745 
 
 Minor, but escaped in a boat. Her private jour 
 nals were lost. She survived only a few woeks. 
 She died at the house of Mr. Adger, and was 
 buried in the cemetery of Boujah, a village four 
 or five miles from Smyrna. Just before her 
 death she said, " Tell my friends, I would not for 
 all the world lay my remains anywhere but here, 
 on missionary ground." Her last words were, 
 " Lord Jesus, receive my spirit ! " An interest 
 ing memoir of her life was published by Dr. E. 
 W. Hooker, in 1839. 
 
 SMITH, THOMAS G., a minister in the Dutch 
 Jleformed church, died at Tarrytown, N. Y., April 
 10. 1837, aged 79. 
 
 SMITH, PETER, judge of Madison county, 
 died at Schenectady of apoplexy in 1837. lie 
 was enterprising and wealthy; the father of Ger- 
 rit Smith. 
 
 SMITH, SAMUEL, general, died at Baltimore 
 April 25, 1839, aged 86. He was a merchant, 
 and held various public offices. He was in the 
 house or senate from 1793 to 1833. He had re 
 turned from a ride, and was found dead on the 
 sofa. He had been mayor of the city; and was 
 a soldier of the Revolution. 
 
 SMITH, ISAAC, Dr., an eminent physician of 
 Chatham, Conn., died in Christian faith and hope 
 in 1839, aged 67. Williams Med. Biog. 
 
 SMITH, JOHN, major, died at Hadley, Mass., 
 in 1840, aged 88. He was a patriot of the Rev 
 olution, an officer of the Mass. line. 
 
 SMITH, SIBYL WORTHINGTON, died in Had 
 ley, Mass., perhaps about 1830 or 1840, aged 
 102. ^he was the widow of Deacon Elijah 
 Smith of Belchertown, who died about 1769, 
 when his son, Rev. Ethan S., was seven years 
 old. Deacon Jacob Smith^of Hadley was her 
 son. 
 
 SMITH, JEREMIAH, LL. D., governor of N. II., 
 died in 1842, aged about 62. He was born at 
 Peterborough, N. IT., and graduated at Rutgers 
 college, X. J., in 1790. He was a representative 
 in congress from 1791 to 1797. He was gov 
 ernor in 1809, and was for several years chief 
 justice of the superior court, residing at Exeter. 
 He died at Dover. lie was highly respected as 
 a statesman and jurist, as a lawyer and judge; 
 and was of a good literary taste. His extraor 
 dinary mental powers were unimpaired in his 
 old age. His life was written by J. II. Morri 
 son, 1845. 
 
 SMITH, MARIA WARD, wife of the mission 
 ary, Eli Smith, died at Beirut May 27, 1842, 
 aged 23. She was the daughter of Moses Cha- 
 pin of Rochester, N. Y., and embarked on her 
 mission a year before death. She said, she was 
 not sorry she had come to Syria, though but to 
 die. On her sick bed she received a letter, an 
 nouncing the conversion of brothers for whom she 
 had earnestly prayed. 
 94 
 
 SMITH, ROBERT, died at Baltimore Nov. 26, 
 1842, aged 80. He was a volunteer soldier in 
 the Revolutionary war ; appointed by Jefferson 
 secretary of the navy, and by Madison secretary 
 of State, in which office he continued one year. 
 
 SMITH, JOSEPH, the founder of the Mor 
 mons, died June 27, 1844. He was born in 
 Vermont in 1805 : in his boyhood his parents re 
 moved to Palmyra, N. Y. After the age of 
 twenty he began his imposture. He pretended 
 to have received golden plates from an angel : 
 these, with the help of O. Cowdery, he says he 
 translated, and thus made the book of Mormon. 
 He lived in Kirtland, Ohio ; and thence removed 
 to Illinois. His book was made up of a manu 
 script story of Mr. Spaulding, written in 1809, 
 which fell into Smith s hands. About 1843 he 
 had as many as ten thousand followers. Such is 
 the amazing madness of men. In consequence 
 of a dispute of two rival newspapers, Joseph was 
 cast into prison, and a mob murdered him and 
 his brother Hiram, June 27, 1844. The next 
 prophet was Brigham Young, by whom the Mor 
 mons were removed to Utah, the central wilder 
 ness of the west, where it was thought he had 
 convened 100,000 followers and slaves in 1855. 
 Young is a shameless impostor. He has seventy 
 young women enslaved as his wives ; and his dis 
 ciples choose as many wives as they can feed. 
 Doubtless, if common sense is not entirely lost in 
 these women, they will make a revolt and over 
 throw the atrocious tyranny which keeps them 
 as prostitutes. 
 
 SMITH, ELI, died in Northford, formerly 
 a part of Branford, Conn., July 7, 1845, aged 
 79 ; a humble, devoted Christian. He could 
 count twenty-five persons, who became converts, 
 while members of his family. His son, Rev. Dr. 
 Eli Smith, the missionary in Syria, visited him 
 in his sickness. 
 
 SMITH, SAMUEL H., died at Washington 
 Nov. 1, 1845, aged 19. He edited a paper, the 
 New World, in Philadelphia in 1796, and at Wash 
 ington, when it became the seat of government, 
 he established the National Intelligencer, which 
 he edited till 1810. He was a friend of Jeffer 
 son, Madison, and Monroe. 
 
 SMITH, OLIVER, died at Hatfield Dec. 22, 
 1845, aged 80 ; leaving an estate of half a mil 
 lion of dollars, of which 20,000 dollars was for 
 the establishment of an agricultural school in 
 Northampton, and 360,000 dollars to eight towns 
 for orphan and poor children, and 10,000 dollars 
 to the colonization society. 
 
 SMITH, JOHN COTTON, LL. D., governor of 
 Connecticut, died at Sharon Dec. 7, 1845, aged 
 80. He was born in Sharon Feb. 12, 1765. 
 Graduating at Yale in 1783, he settled in his na 
 tive town as a lawyer. For several terms he was 
 a member of congress, but resigned in 1806. In 
 
746 
 
 SMITH. 
 
 SMITH. 
 
 1809 he was a judge of the supreme court, and 
 governor from 1813 to 1817. He was also pres 
 ident of the American board of commissioners, 
 and of the American bible society. He was tall 
 and .slender, and graceful; of dignified manners, 
 yet courteous and persuasive. At this period 
 some may be glad to learn what was his dress. 
 He wore breeches, black silk stockings and shoe- 
 buckles ; his hair powdered, turned back, with a 
 queue, and a friz over his ears. His boots, when 
 he appeared in them, were white-topped. He 
 was a zealous federalist in nis political principles ; 
 and an exemplary Christian professor, a man of 
 piety and benevolence. Goodrich s Recollec 
 tions. 
 
 SMITH, SUSAN, widow of Prof. John Smith, 
 died at Hanover Dec. 20, 1845, aged 82. She 
 was his second wife, the daughter of Col. David 
 Mason of Boston and Springfield. She wrote a 
 memoir of her husband. She had a strong and 
 well-furnished mind, and was a woman of benevo 
 lence and earnest piety and great usefulness. 
 
 SMITH, DANIEL, minister of Stamford, Conn., 
 died in 1846, aged 78. Born in New Canaan, he 
 graduated at Yale in 1791, and was ordained in 
 1793. 
 
 SMITH, AMASA, a minister in Maine, died at 
 Cumberland in 1847, aged 91. One minister, 
 still older, in Maine, Mr. Sawyer, survived him, 
 and now lives, 1857, aged 101. He was born in 
 Belchertown, Mass., the brother of Rev. Eli S. 
 He was first settled at Turner, then in Cumber 
 land, in 1806, remaining fourteen years ; then 
 was elsewhere a preacher. 
 
 SMITH, ELI, minister of Hollis, N. H., died 
 in 1847, aged 86. Born in Belchertown, he 
 graduated at Brown university in 1792, and was 
 pastor from 1793 to 1830. 
 
 SMITH, JOSEPH, died at Mercer, Penn., July 
 31, 1849, aged 84. Born in the county of Derry, 
 Ireland, in 1765, at the age of nine his parents 
 brought him to this country. His ancestors were 
 pious, and he early became pious. His trade 
 was that of a millwright. He settled at M. in 
 1800, and was an elder of the new-formed church ; 
 and was an eminent Christian : a son was a min 
 ister. A long account of him by Dr. W. S. 
 Plumer is in the N. Y. Observer March 16, 1850. 
 He became a Hebrew scholar : the bible was his 1 
 constant companion. 
 
 SMITH, ETHAN, minister of Hopkinton,N. II., 
 a descendant of llev. Henry S., of "Wethersfield, 
 died Aug. 29, 1849, aged 86. He died at the 
 house of his son-in-law, Rev. W. II. Sanford, of 
 Boylston. He was born in Belchertown Dec. 19, 
 1762, the son of Deacon Elijah ; graduated at 
 Dartmouth in 1790; was a minister at Ilaverhill, 
 N. H., nine years, and then from March 12, 1800, 
 for eighteen years at Hopkinton, N. II. He also 
 lived some years at Hebron, N. Y., Poultney, Vt., 
 
 and Hanover, Mass. He was descended from 
 Rev. E. Iluit. His mother died at Hadley aged 
 102. His wife was a daughter of Rev. D. San- 
 ford. On the Sabbath before his last illness he 
 preached with animation. His last words were, 
 " Joy and peace in believing." He published a 
 dissertation on the prophecies ; view of the Trin 
 ity, in answer to N. Worcester ; lectures on bap 
 tism; key to the figurative language of the 
 bible ; memoirs of Mrs. Bailey ; key to the Reve 
 lation ; prophetical catechism ; a tract to prove 
 the Indians to be descendants of the ten tribes ; 
 two sermons on episcopacy; farewell sermon ; one 
 at Hopkinton ; two sermons on vain excuses of 
 man ; on the moral perfections of God ; on the 
 daughter of Zion ; on the death of Mrs. Harris ; 
 at the ordinations of S. Martindale and H. 
 Smith. Sprague s Annals. 
 
 SMITH, WATERS, M. D., died in Brooklyn, 
 N. Y., Sept. 19, 1850. He was surgeon of the 
 U. S. naval hospital, one of the oldest and most 
 skilful surgeons in the navy. 
 
 SMITH, AZARIAH, M. D., missionary at Ain- 
 tab, died June 3, 1851, aged 34. Born at Man- 
 lius, N. Y., he graduated at Yale college in 1837, 
 and studied both physic and theology. He was 
 ordained in 1842, and embarked for Western 
 Asia in November. He married in 1848; his 
 wife, Corinth I. Smith, survived him. He was a 
 man of skill as a physician, of eminent piety, of 
 unwearied diligence, self-denying, and liberal, en 
 tirely consecrated to his work. 
 
 SMITH, DANIEL, died in Kingston. N. Y., 
 in June, 1852, aged about 45 ; an eminent Meth 
 odist minister, formerly in New York city. He 
 was the author of several excellent books for 
 youth and Sunday school libraries. 
 
 SMITH, JOHN R., died at Salem, N. C., Dec. 
 16, 1852, aged 68. As a preacher in the United 
 Brethren s church he spent years among the In 
 dians in Canada and the Cherokees. 
 
 SMITH, JUNIUS, died in Astoria, N. Y., Jan. 
 23, 1853, aged 72. Born in Plymouth, Conn., he 
 graduated at Yale in 1802 : for many years he 
 lived in London as a merchant. He devoted 
 much of his life to two objects, steam navigation 
 and the introduction of the tea plant into this 
 country. He cultivated it at Greenville, S. C. 
 He published oration, July 4, 1804. 
 
 SMITH, TiiEorniLUS, minister of New Ca 
 naan, died Aug. 29, 1853, aged 53. lie gradu 
 ated at Yale in 1824, and was a scholar, skilled 
 in biblical literature, a man of sound judgment, 
 a diligent preacher and faithful pastor. 
 
 SMITH, WILLIAM MOORE, published poems 
 written in Pcnn., 1785. His son, Richard P. 
 Smith, died near Philadelphia in 1854. He pub 
 lished novels, stories, and plays. Cycl. of Amer. 
 Lit. 
 
 SMITH, S. LISLE, one of the most brilliant 
 
SMITH. 
 
 SMITH. 
 
 747 
 
 orators of the west, died at Chicago July 30, 
 1854. 
 
 SMITH, JONATHAN, Baptist minister at Chic- 
 opee, died at Hartford Jan. 2, 1855, aged 94. 
 Born in Norton, he was a Revolutionary soldier 
 three years : he was present when the British 
 evacuated Boston. He then became a Baptist 
 minister and labored seventy years in preaching 
 the gospel. His residence was Chicopee. 
 
 SMITH, HOBERT, an Episcopal missionary, 
 died at Cavalia, West Africa, May 25, 1855, aged 
 30. He was a native of Tennessee, a graduate 
 of Yale, and a theological student of Alexandria. 
 
 SMITH, JACOB J., died at Cleves, O., Dec. 
 12, 1855, aged 101. 
 
 SMITH, WORTHINGTON, D. D., president of 
 the university of Vermont, died at St. Albans 
 Feb. 13, 1856, aged 62. He was born in Hadley, 
 the son of Deacon Seth Smith. He graduated 
 at Williams college. As a minister and as the 
 head of the college he was highly respected. 
 
 SMITH, ELI, D. D., the eminent missionary 
 to Syria, died at Beirut, in Syria, of a cancer of 
 the stomach, Jan. 11, 1857, aged 55. He was 
 born in 1801, the son of Eli Smith of Branford, 
 Conn., Northford society, about ten miles from 
 New Haven ; a village remarkable for the num 
 ber it has furnished of educated youth. He 
 graduated at Yale college in 1823, and at Ando- 
 ver theological seminary in 1826. In the same 
 year he embarked as a missionary of the Ameri 
 can board for Malta ; went to Cairo ; crossed the 
 desert to Syria in Feb., 1827; was at Beirut till 
 182S, when he returned to Malta and had care 
 of the press. In 1830 and 1831 he and Dr. 
 D wight made an exploring tour in Armenia, oc 
 cupying almost a year. They were at Tebreez in 
 Persia in Jan., 1831. They returned to Con 
 stantinople in May ; to Malta in July. He made 
 also two exploring tours with Dr. Robinson. Af 
 ter an absence of six years he visited this country 
 in 1832, and published his researches in Armenia. 
 In 1833 he married Miss Sarah Lanman Hunting- 
 ton, the daughter of Deacon Jabez Huntington 
 of Norwich, Conn., and sailed for Malta in that 
 year. He soon settled down at Beirut. She 
 gave him important aid in his labors; but she 
 died in 1836 at Boujah, a village near Smyrna, 
 and there was buried. Her memoir was writ 
 ten by Dr. Hooker. In 1838 he and Professor 
 Ilqbinson made an exploring tour in the east. 
 In 1839 he superintended the casting of Arabic 
 types in Leipsic. Dr. Smith married for his sec 
 ond wife Miss Chapin, the daughter of General 
 Chapin of Rochester, N. Y. ; but she, too, after a 
 few years was taken away and was buried at Bei 
 rut. In the course of time he sought another 
 companion in America, and was married in Oct., 
 1846, to Miss Hetty S. Butler of Northampton, 
 Mass., the daughter of Mr. Daniel Butler; and 
 
 she now is left a desolate widow at her beautiful 
 and late happy abode at Beirut on the shore of 
 the Mediterranean. He left a son by his second 
 wife and four children by his last, two sons and 
 two daughters. From the beginning of his mis 
 sionary life it was the great object of Dr. Smith 
 to make himself skilled in the Arabic language, 
 so as to be able to translate into it, as now spo 
 ken in the east, God s holy book ; and in his work 
 he had made very considerable progress, having 
 it is believed translated the Pentateuch and New 
 Testament ; the Psalms and the lesser Prophets ; 
 and Isaiah. It must be for his future biographer 
 to describe the variety and extent of his efforts in 
 accomplishing the object dear to the missionary 
 of the cross, that of communicating to the mis 
 guided and uninstructed the knoAvledge of Jesus 
 Christ, the Son of God, the Mediator between 
 God and man, the Saviour of all them that be 
 lieve. The memorable fact that this son of 
 America sleeps in distant Syria, at the foot of 
 Mount Lebanon, whither he went from the new 
 world to carry back the triumphs of the cross to 
 the old world, to Syria, and Egypt, and Persia, 
 and to gladden Jerusalem with the doctrine of 
 redemption, this fact compels the remark, that 
 the glory of this zealous missionary casts con 
 tempt on the fame of Alexander, the great war 
 rior ; for this mighty conqueror spread only dis 
 may and terror, desolation and death over the 
 wide east ; but the missionary sought to spread 
 over the same region the beams of eternal truth, 
 the principles of virtue, the elements of happi 
 ness, the hopes of bliss beyond the grave, and 
 the sure possession of ineffable joy, of immortal 
 glory. He was buried the day after his death, 
 the services being performed in the American 
 chapel, the consuls of the Protestant nations be 
 ing present, and a crowded congregation of 
 afflicted natives. Rev. Mr. Calhoun made an 
 address in English, and Rev. Mr. Ford in Ara 
 bic. His body was then placed in its grave in 
 the neighboring Protestant burying-ground, un 
 der the shade of the cypress, next to the grave of 
 his second wife, near the graves of the eminent 
 missionaries, Pliny Fisk and George B. Whiting. 
 Will not theirs be the resurrection of the just ? 
 As to some of the labors of Dr. Smith, in super 
 intending the casting of Arabic types in Germany, 
 he made an improvement in the form of the let 
 ters, rendering them more distinct and agreeable, 
 nearer to the style of writing than to the old 
 characters, to the great satisfaction of the natives 
 and of the learned in Europe. In his great labor 
 of translating he had the assistance of Professor 
 Bistany and of other natives; and thus he toiled 
 incessantly for eight years. Happily he had fin 
 ished the New Testament and other parts of the 
 Bible ; it must be for another to complete the 
 work of giving the whole Word of God to six 
 
748 
 
 SNELLING. 
 
 SOUTHWICK. 
 
 millions of the human family. A friend at Bei 
 rut wrote a few days after his death a letter con 
 cerning him, in which he said : " The precision 
 and logical order of his mind were its prominent 
 features. lie had not the vehemence and warmth 
 which enter into high oratory ; while there was a 
 seriousness, a force of argument, a tenderness, 
 and apparent conscientiousness, whose influence 
 was far better and more enduring. His field of 
 knowledge was wide, his scholarship ripe, and his 
 modesty equal to his attainments. But his 
 moral qualities were his chiefest glory. He had 
 subjected his whole nature to reason, and his rea 
 son to the teachings of God. The study of that 
 blessed book, which was constantly before him, 
 brought him into contact with the pure and the 
 heavenly, and seemed to bathe his spirit with 
 holy influences. A scholar, and largely ac 
 quainted with the world, he was still a very child 
 in simplicity, loving all, laboring for all, and not 
 ashamed of the most humble service. His faith 
 in the Divine goodness seemed never to forsake 
 him. With collectedness and serenity he met 
 the darkest adversities in life, and smiled as he 
 advanced to the dominions of death. When near 
 his end he said that he felt that he was a great 
 sinner, but there was a greater Saviour ; that he 
 had no righteousness of his own, and relied en 
 tirely on the blood of Christ ; that for aught he 
 knew he had more friends in heaven than re 
 maining on the earth, and soon he should be 
 with them and all the holy in the presence of 
 God. I heard the grave-clods fall upon the cof 
 fin of that accomplished scholar and meek, guile 
 less, devoted Christian ; and never did they sound 
 more harshly. And yet, truly interpreted, they 
 were the notes of triumph, such only as the dead 
 can give, when they pass into the regions of im 
 mortality : O death ! where is thy sting ? O 
 grave ! where is thy victory ? " He published 
 researches in Armenia, 2 vols., 1832 ; missionary 
 sermons and addresses, 1834. Jour. Commerce, 
 Feb. 27. 
 
 SNELLIXG, WILLIAM, an early physician of 
 Newbury, Mass., came from Devon, England, 
 and removed to Boston in 1654, and there died. 
 
 SNEYD, SAMUEL S., a Methodist minister, 
 died at Philadelphia in 1840, aged 47. 
 
 SNIDEIl, ANDREW, died at Intercourse, Lan- 
 caster county, Pa., Nov. 1, 1845, aged 112; a 
 soldier of the Revolution. 
 
 SNODGRASS, JAMES, died in 1846, aged 82 ; 
 minister of West Hanover, Penn., father of Rev. 
 Dr. S. of New York. 
 
 SNOW, JOSEPH, minister of Providence, R. L, 
 died April 10, 1803, aged 89. He was the son 
 of Joseph, and was born in P. and settled in 1743. 
 Among his successors were J. Wilson, Cyrus Ma 
 son, Mark Tucker in the second church, of which 
 he was the first pastor, from 1743 to 1793. He 
 
 was also the first pastor of the third church from 
 1793, in which T. Williams and W.Preston were 
 his successors. 
 
 SNOW, ELISIIA, a Baptist minister, died in 
 Thomaston, Me., in 1832, aged 92. 
 
 SNOWDEN, SAMUEL FINLEY, died in Brown- 
 ville, N. Y., May 21, 1845, aged 77. Born at 
 Philadelphia, son of Isaac S., whose seven sons 
 were educated at Princeton, he was pastor in 
 Princeton, N. J. ; then in New r Hartford, N. Y. ; 
 then of Sackett s Harbor. 
 
 SNYDER, SIMON, governor of Pennsylvania, 
 died in Nov., 1819. He succeeded Gov. McKean 
 in 1808. 
 
 SOMERJ3Y, ANTHONY, an early schoolmaster 
 of Newbury, Mass., died in 1686, aged 76. He 
 came from Lincolnshire, England, in 1639. 
 
 SOMMER, LUTHER, minister of Scoharie, 
 N. Y., died after Sept., 1786, then aged 76 ; in that 
 month he suddenly recovered his sight after being 
 blind seventeen years. He awaked in the morn 
 ing, and looked out and saw distinctly ; and went 
 to church without his usual guide. 
 
 SOUTIIALL, DANIEL, a Methodist minister, 
 died at Washington, Dist, Col., Oct. 15, 1830, 
 aged 67. 
 
 SOUTHARD, SAMUEL L., governor of New 
 Jersey, died June 26, 1842, aged 55. He was 
 born June 9, 1787, at Baskenridge, and gradu 
 ated at Princeton in 1804. In 1815 he became a 
 judge of the supreme court. He was a senator 
 of the United States in 1823, and in the same 
 year secretary of the navy : attorney-general of 
 New Jersey in 1 829, governor in 1832, and again 
 a senator in 1833 and 1838. Of the senate he 
 was the president in 1841. His wife was a Miss 
 Harrow. He was distinguished for talents and 
 eloquence, and for his private virtues. He pub 
 lished reports in the supreme court of New Jer 
 sey, 1819; an eulogy on Chief Justice Ewing, 
 1832. 
 
 SOUTHMAYD, JOHN, minister of Water- 
 bury, Conn., died in 1755, aged about 80. He 
 graduated at Harvard in 1697, and was pastor 
 from 1705 to 1735. J. Peck was the first minis 
 ter from 1669 to 1699. 
 
 SOUTIIMAYD, DANIEL S., first minister of 
 the Trinitarian church in Concord, Mass., died 
 in 1837, aged 35. Born in Castleton, Vt., he 
 graduated at Middlcbury college in 1822, and 
 was settled in 1827, and resigned in 1832, and 
 was succeeded by J. Wilder. He then was an 
 editor in Lowell and in New York. He died in 
 Texas. lie published sermon on the advance 
 ment of gospel truth, 1830. 
 
 SOUTH WICK, SOLOMON, died at Albany in 
 1839, aged about 65. He was a native of Rhode 
 Island. After being a journeyman printer he 
 established and edited the Albany Register, a 
 leading democratic paper; but, quarreling with 
 
SOUTHWORTH. 
 
 his party, it died in 1817. He established other 
 papers, the Christian Visitant, and the Plough 
 Boy; in 1827 he established an anti-masonic 
 paper. He was even a candidate for governor : 
 his thirty thousand votes gave Mr. Van Buren a 
 plurality over Smith Thompson. Tie experienced 
 reverses and misfortunes, and his political dreams 
 vanished. From an Infidol becoming a Chris 
 tian, he connected himself with the Methodist 
 church. For years he was a public lecturer on 
 temperance, biblical literature, and self-education, 
 thus obtaining a precarious support. 
 
 SOUTHWORTH, THOMAS, a younger brother 
 of Constant S., was born in 1016 and died Dec. 
 8, 1669, aged 53. He was selected to succeed 
 Elder Brewster ; but his father-in-law, Gov. Brad 
 ford, wished him to enter upon civil affairs. He 
 was a commissioner of the United Colonies from 
 16,39 for several years, and governor in 1664 of 
 the colony s territory in Maine, and was highly 
 esteemed for his good judgment and piety. He 
 married his cousin, Elizabeth, daughter of Rev. 
 John Ruyner ; and his only child, Eli/a, married 
 Joseph, son of the pilgrim John Howland. Mrs. 
 Rayner then was the sister of Mrs. Bradford, as 
 was also the wife of T)r. Samuel Fuller, and the 
 wife of William Wright of Plymouth. Their 
 name was Carpenter : their unmarried sister, 
 Mary Carpenter, a godly woman, died at Ply 
 mouth March 19, 1720, aged 90. It appears also 
 that J. Cooper of Scituate in 1634 called Olive 
 Bradford his sister ; so that probably his wife was 
 another sister of the Carpenter family. 
 
 SOUTIIWORTII, CONSTANT, died at Duxbury 
 in 1687, aged about 72. He was born in Eng 
 land, the son of Alice S., who married Gov. Brad 
 ford when he was about eight years old. He came 
 over in 1628 when he was thirteen years old. 
 The Plymouth company paid ten pounds for his 
 passage, and for diet eleven weeks at one shil 
 ling and eight pence per week. His father s 
 name is not known ; but it was probably Edward. 
 Southworth was a Basset-Lowe family in Eng 
 land. There was. an Edward in 1614, the son of 
 Robert, the son of Richard, the son of Aymond. 
 There was also a Thomas at Clarkborough and a 
 William at Ilcyton. Robert about 1604 con 
 sorted with the Puritans. Constant s oldest and 
 youngest sons were called Edward and William. 
 He married Elizabeth, the daughter of William 
 Collier, and sustained various offices, civil and 
 military. In Philip s war he was commissary- 
 general and accompanied the army. Captain B. 
 Church married his daughter Alice. Two of his 
 eons were with Church in his expeditions. He 
 left three sons, Edward, Nathaniel, and William. 
 The first occupied the homestead ; the sons of, 
 the two last lived in Tiverton. In his estate of 
 360 pounds was included an Indian boy at 10 
 pounds. His daughter Mercy married Samuel 
 
 SPARHAWK. 
 
 749 
 
 Freeman ; Mary married Daniel Alden. Eliza 
 beth had bequeathed to her two beds and furni 
 ture, " provided she do not marry William 
 Fobbcs; but if she do, then to have five shil 
 lings." Like most other young ladies, she chose 
 to decide the question of a husband for herself. 
 She accepted the five shillings. Mr. Fobes lived 
 in Duxbury and Little Compton : his son John 
 died in Bridgevater in 1661. Mr. S. s son Ed 
 ward had a son Thomas, whose son Jcdidiah was 
 a deacon of the church in North Yarmouth, Me. ; 
 and his son, Deacon John, died in 1814, aged 81. 
 From the daughters of this family there were 
 many descendants. 
 
 SPAIGHT, RICHARD D., governor of N. C., 
 a miserable, unprincipled duellist, died as a fool 
 dieth, in 1802. On account of some insult given 
 or received in a political dispute, he set himself up 
 as a mark to be shot at by John Stanley, and was 
 killed. Stanley was convicted and sentenced to 
 death for murder, but obtained a pardon. 
 
 SPALDING, SAMSON, the first minister of 
 Tewksbury, Mass., died in 1796, aged 86 ; in the 
 sixtieth year of his ministry. He graduated at 
 Harvard in 1732, and was settled in 1737. T. T. 
 Barton was settled in 1792 ; J. Coggin in 1806. 
 
 SPALDIXG, LYMAN, M. D., died at Ports 
 mouth Oct. 31, 1821, aged 46. His death was 
 caused by a wound in the head. He was born in 
 Cornish, N. H., and graduated at Harvard in 
 1797. He settled at Portsmouth. In 1812, be 
 ing appointed president of the college of physi 
 cians at Fail-field, N. Y., and professor of anat 
 omy and surgery, he removed to the city of New 
 York. He was a skilful physician and surgeon. 
 With him originated the plan of a pharmaco 
 poeia of U. S. He published a nomenclature of 
 chemistry, 1799; inaugural address, 1813; his 
 tory of scutellaria ; reflections on yellow fever, 
 1819. TJiaclier s Mcd. Biog. 
 
 SPALDING, JOSHUA, minister in Salem, Mass., 
 died at Newburg, or South-East, N. Y., in 1825, 
 aged 65. About 1780, at the age of twenty, he 
 was settled over the Tabernacle church in S., 
 Avhere he continued till 1802 ; then for three years 
 he was in New Jersey. Returning to Salem, he 
 preached in the Branch church till 1813, when he 
 removed to South-East in New York. For four 
 years he lingered under an attack of the palsy. 
 For forty years he was a zealous, devoted minis 
 ter. He published a sermon at the execution of 
 Coombs, 1787 ; defence, 1802; at opening of the 
 Branch church ; the Lord s songs, 1805 ; to a 
 charitable society, 1808. 
 
 SPARHAWK, JOHN, minister of Bristol, R. I., 
 died in 1718, aged 46. He graduated at Harvard 
 in 1689, and was ordained 1695. His son was 
 the minister of Salem, Mass., and died in 1755, 
 aged 41. A graduate of Harvard in 1731, he was 
 ordained in 1736. 
 
750 
 
 SPARHAWK. 
 
 SPENCER. 
 
 SPARHAWK, GEORGE, a physician, died at 
 Walpole, N. H., Feb. 12, 1847, aged 90. Born 
 in Brighton, he was graduated at Harvard in 1777. 
 
 SPARLING, HULDAH, Mrs., died at Oswego 
 in March or April, 1852, aged 110. She was 
 born at Walpack, N. J., and was wounded by the 
 Indians in the old French war. 
 
 SPAULDING, JOSIAH, minister of Buckland, 
 Mass., died in 1823, aged 72. Uc graduated at 
 Yale in 1778; was first the minister of Plainfield, 
 Conn., and was installed at B. in 1794. He pub 
 lished a sermon on inability, 1782; Universalism 
 confounds and destroys itself, 1805. 
 
 SPAULDING, THADDEUS, a patriot of the 
 Revolution, and an eminent Christian, died in 
 Townsend Feb. 10, 1836, aged 78 : his wife, Olive 
 Blood, died Feb. 19, aged 70. His son, Dr. 
 Thaddeus Spaulding, died at South Reading in 
 1844, aged 52; a good physician, and useful civ 
 ilian, and respected Christian. Thacher. 
 
 SPAULDING, EPHRAIM, missionary at the 
 Sandwich Islands, died in Westborough June 28, 
 1840. Born in Ludlow, Vt., he graduated at 
 Middle-bury in 1828. From 1831, for several 
 years, he was a missionary; but a bleeding at his 
 lungs compelled his return. Anderson s Serm. 
 
 SPEECE, CO.XRAD, D. D., died in Staunton, 
 Va., in 1836 ; a Presbyterian minister. His de 
 gree was given by Princeton in 1820. 
 
 SPENCE, JOHN, M. D., died in Dumfries, Va., 
 in 1829, aged 63 ; a native of Scotland. He 
 zealously promoted the vaccine inoculation ; he 
 wrote for the journals. Williams Med. Biog. 
 
 SPENCER, JOSEPH, a surgeon, died in the 
 early part of this century at Vienna, Wood 
 county, Va., leaving six sons and five daughters. 
 He was the son of Gen. Spencer ; was a surgeon 
 in the army of the Revolution ; and in 1794 emi 
 grated from New York to Ohio, and, with Col. 
 Abner Lord, purchased a tract of land, lying five 
 miles on the river at Marietta. His daughters 
 married Gen. Cass of Detroit, Gen. Hunt of 
 Maumee, Rev. Matthew Wallace of Indiana. 
 Another was Mrs. Martha Brainerd Wilson, who 
 died at Marietta in 1852, aged 69, and who was 
 born at Lebanon, Conn. 
 
 SPENCER, ELIIIU, D. D., minister of Eliza- 
 bethtown and Trenton, N. J., died in 1784. He 
 was a graduate of Harvard in 1746. A native of 
 East Haddam, he was a descendant of Jared,who 
 lived in Cambridge in 1634, then in Lynn, Hart 
 ford, and Iladdam, where he died in 1685. His 
 daughter married Jonathan D. Sergeant, who 
 died in 1793, leaving ten children, of whom the 
 eminent John Sergeant was one. 
 
 SPENCER, JOSEPH, major-general in the army 
 of the Revolution, died in 1789, aged 75. He 
 received this appointment in Aug., 1776; he had 
 been previously a brigadier, and in the war of 
 1758 had served as a major and colonel. He 
 
 was with the army in the expedition to Rhode 
 Island and in the retreat in 1778. On his resig 
 nation he was chosen a member of congress. He 
 died at East Haddam, the place of his birth. 
 His father was Isaac ; his wife was Martha, the 
 sister of David Brainerd. His brother, Elihu S., 
 D. D., successively minister of Jamaica, L. I., 
 and of Trenton, N. J., died Dec. 27, 1784. His 
 nephew, Oliver S., son of Capt. Samuel S., mar 
 ried a daughter of Robert Ogden ; commanded a 
 regiment in the battle of Princeton ; and after 
 the war was judge of probate in Ohio, where he 
 died Jan. 22, 1811. 
 
 SPENCER, SAMUEL, LL. D., judge of the 
 supreme court of N. C., died in 1793, aged about 
 54. He graduated at Princeton in 1759. 
 
 SPENCER, JACOB, died in Washington, N. J., 
 Oct. 13, 1836, aged nearly 100. He had seven 
 wives, and left one child. 
 
 SPENCER, AMBROSE, chief justice, a descend 
 ant of William S., of Cambridge and Hartford at 
 their settlement, died at Lyons, N. J., March 13, 
 1848, aged 82. He was born in Salisbury, Conn. 
 His father, Philip, a mechanic and farmer, edu 
 cated his two sons in Yale and Harvard ; at Har 
 vard they graduated in 1783. He studied law in 
 part with J. Canfield of Sharon, whose daughter, 
 Laura, he married, and settled in Hudson. He 
 was attorney-general in 1802, and a judge of the 
 supreme court in 1819. A federalist at first, he 
 early joined the republicans and was the warm 
 friend of De Witt Clinton, two of whose sisters 
 he married for his second and third wives. In 
 1823 he retired from the bench and resumed the 
 practice of the law. From the neighborhood of 
 Albany he removed to Lyons in 1839, there living 
 in his calm old age, yet presiding at the whig 
 national convention at Baltimore in 1844, which 
 nominated Clay and Frelinghuysen for president 
 and vice-president. 
 
 SPENCER, WILLIAM A., captain in the navy, 
 brother of the preceding, died in New York March 
 3, 1854, aged 61. He fought in the battle of 
 lake Champlain under McDonough. He married 
 two daughters of Peter Lorillard of N. Y. 
 
 SPENCER, ICIIABOD SMITH, D. D., minister 
 in Brooklyn, died Nov. 23, 1854, aged 57. He 
 was born in Rupert, Vermont, Feb. 23, 1797, and 
 studied at Salem academy, N. Y. He graduated 
 at Union college in 1822. While teaching school 
 at Schencctady and Canandaigua, he studied the 
 ology. He was first settled in the ministry at 
 Northampton, Sept. 11, 1828, as colleague with 
 Mr. Williams, and toiled there with great success 
 between three and four years, the additions to 
 the church being two hundred. He was dismissed 
 March 12, 1832, and became the first pastor of 
 the second Presbyterian church in Brooklyn, 
 where he remained till his death. At his funeral 
 Dr. Spring preached the sermon ; the bearers 
 
SPENCER. 
 
 SPRAGUE. 
 
 751 
 
 were ministers with scarfs, of the Reformed Dutch, 
 Congregational, Methodist, Baptist, Episcopal, 
 and Presbyterian denominations. He had been 
 ill for two years ; his sufferings for the last three 
 weeks were great. He had a disease of the kid 
 neys and ulceration of the bladder. When asked, 
 " Is it peace with you ? " he replied, " It is all 
 peace." He was a faithful and very successful 
 minister, giving himself wholly to his proper 
 work. He published two volumes of pastoral 
 sketches, and various single sermons. His ser 
 mons, with a sketch of his life, were published 
 by J. M. Sherwood, with a portrait, in 2 vols., 
 1855. 
 
 SPEXCER, ELIPIIALET M., minister of Carroll, 
 N. Y., died March 26, 1855, aged 68, a member 
 of the Otsego Presbytery. He was born in Great 
 Barrington, Mass., and was a brother of Joshua 
 S. of Utica. 
 
 SPENCER, JOHN C., son of Judge Ambrose 
 S., died of the consumption at Albany, May 17, 
 1855, aged 67. He was a member of congress 
 from Ontario in 1816; secretary of war in 1841-4; 
 and secretary of the treasury. He lived in Can- 
 andaigua till 1845, when he removed to Albany. 
 He was a successful lawyer, and held various 
 offices in public life. By his revision of the stat 
 utes of New York he gained high reputation. 
 He was a man of intellect and intense energy. 
 He belonged to the anti-masonic party, when Mr. 
 Van Bur en was governor. 
 
 SPENCER, GEORGE, died at Clinton, Iowa, 
 Aug. 20, 1856, aged 60. He lived in Utica, and 
 was for years principal of the academy ; but ill 
 health compelled him to abandon his literary 
 pursuits, lie was secretary of the railroad to 
 Binghamton ; and he invented a car ventilator. 
 He was serene and resigned in suffering. He 
 went to Iowa for his health. He published an 
 introduction to Latin, and an elaborate English 
 grammar. 
 
 SPOONER, EPHRAIM, deacon, a venerable, 
 much esteemed citizen of Plymouth, Mass., died 
 Sunday, March 22, 1818, aged 82. He was a 
 merchant and a judge, a representative and coun 
 cillor. He was most courteous, and he performed 
 all the acts of kindness promised by his man 
 ners. In the Revolution he was a zealous patriot. 
 For thirty-four years he was a faithful deacon of 
 the church. His wife, Elizabeth Shurtleff, died 
 a month before him ; he departed in peace. His 
 sons, James and Ebenezer, survived him. 
 Thaclier s Plymouth. 
 
 SPOONER, WILLIAM, M. D., died in Boston, 
 his native town, in 1836, aged nearly 76. He 
 graduated at Harvard in 1778. He studied with 
 Dr. Danforth, and then served as a surgeon in a 
 ship-of-war. He afterwards studied at Edinburgh 
 under Cullcn, Monro, and Black. In 1786 he 
 
 settled in Boston, where he obtained a good 
 share of medical practice. He was benevolent 
 and public-spirited, and in his manners affable 
 and courteous. His eldest son. William Jones S., 
 a lawyer of Boston, died in 1824 ; the author of 
 a phi beta kappa oration, whose memoir is in the 
 hist, coll., vol. X. Williams Med. Biog. 
 
 SPOTSO, DANIEL, Avas an Indian teacher at 
 Nantucket in 1698. There were then on the 
 island two churches, five congregations, and five 
 hundred Indians. Some of the other preachers 
 were Job Mukemuk, John Asherman, Netowah, 
 Wunnohson, and Noah. 
 
 SPRAGUE, RICHARD, o plain, an early set 
 tler of Charlestown, Mass., died in 1668, aged 
 63, bequeathing about 30 pounds to the church. 
 He and his brothers Ralph and William began 
 the settlement of C. in 1628, two years before 
 Winthrop and his company arrived in the Ara 
 bella. His son, Captain Richard, died in 1703, 
 bequeathing a parsonage-house and lands to the 
 church. William removed to Hingham. II. 
 Sprague of Hingham published an account of the 
 Spragues in 1828. Budington s Hist, of Charles- 
 town. 
 
 SPRAGUE, JOHN, a physician in Newbury- 
 port, died in 1784, aged 73. He graduated at 
 Harvard in 1730. 
 
 SPRAGUE, JOHN, M. D., a physician in Bos 
 ton, died in 1797, aged 84. He was graduated 
 in 1737; married the daughter of Dr. Lewis Dal- 
 Honde, a French physician; and had extensive, 
 profitable practice. He retired to Dedham with 
 a second wife, a lady of fortune. In 1779 he was 
 a member of the Massachusetts constitutional 
 convention. Tkacher. 
 
 SPRAGUE, EDWARD, minister of Dublin, 
 N. II., died in 1817, aged 78. He Avas the son 
 of Dr. Sprague, an eminent physician of Dedham, 
 and graduated at Harvard in 1770. He was or 
 dained at Dublin before 1780. Coming into pos 
 session, by inheritance, of a large estate, which he 
 sold for 50,000 dollars, the consequence was in 
 jurious by reason of his foolish expenses. He 
 died from wounds by the upsetting of his car 
 riage. He left his estate to his parish. 
 
 SPRAGUE, DEBORAH, wife of Seth Sprague, 
 died at Duxbury Nov. 2, 1843, aged 82. She 
 lived with her husband sixty-four years, and was 
 the mother of fifteen cliildren, all of whom lived 
 to have families ; in all, her descendants at the 
 time of her death were one hundred and seventy- 
 seven. 
 
 SPRAGUE, SAMUEL, died in Boston June 20, 
 1844, aged 90 ; a soldier of the Revolution. He 
 was an enterprising and successful mechanic, 
 many public buildings being the monuments of 
 his skill and labor. He lived happy with his wife 
 and children, and respected and esteemed by his 
 
752 
 
 SPRAGUE. 
 
 SPROAT. 
 
 many friends. The name of his son, Charles 
 Sprague, skilled in the construction of good verse, 
 is well known. 
 
 SPllAGUE, SETH, the son of Phineas of Dux- 
 bury, was born July 4, 1760, and died July 8, 
 1847, aged 87. A soldier of the Revolution, he 
 settled in Duxbury in husbandry and other busi 
 ness, and was long a magistrate and senator. He 
 was a democrat in politics. In various moral re 
 forms he took an early part. He was the father 
 of many children, one of whom is Peleg, born 
 April 27, 1793, judge of the U. S. district court. 
 
 SPRAGUE, TIMOTHY D., editor of the literary 
 magazine at Andover, Conn., died in Oct., 1849, 
 aged 30. He graduated at Yale in 1845. 
 
 SPRAGUE, JOSEPH E., sheriff of Essex, died 
 of apoplexy at Salem Feb. 22, 1852, aged 69. 
 Born in S., the son of Dr. William Stearns, he 
 assumed the name of his grandfather Sprague, 
 and graduated at Harvard in 1804. A member 
 of the Essex bar, he was an active politician of 
 the Jefferson school. lie was clerk of court, 
 postmaster, and high sheriff. He published ora 
 tions, July 4, 1810, and 1813. 
 
 SPRAGUE, WILLIAM, governor of Rhode 
 Island, died in Providence Oct. 19, 1856, aged 
 56. He was the son of William of Cranston; 
 was a representative to Congress in 1835; gov 
 ernor in 1838; senator of the United States in 
 1842. He was connected with the largest cotton 
 manufactory in the State. He had talent and 
 judgment, firmness and integrity, and in his hab 
 its was plain and abstemious. 
 
 SPRING, ALPHKUS, minister of Eliot, Maine, 
 died in 1791, aged about 46. He graduated at 
 Princeton in 1766, and was settled in 1768. John 
 Rogers, the first minister, was settled in 1721. 
 
 SPRING, SAMUEL, D. D., minister of Newbu- 
 ryport, Mass., died March 4, 1819, aged 73. He 
 was born in Northbridge Feb. 27, 1746, and grad 
 uated at Princeton college in 1771. He was the 
 only chaplain in Arnold s detachment, which pen 
 etrated through the wilderness of Maine to Que 
 bec in 1775. On his return in 1776 he left the 
 army. He was ordained Aug. 6, 1777. His wife 
 was a daughter of Dr. Hopkins, minister of Ilad- 
 ley ; his two sons were ministers in New York 
 and in Hartford, Conn. Besides his labors as 
 minister, Dr. Spring performed various other 
 important public services ; he was one of the 
 founders of the Massachusetts missionary society 
 in 1799, and its president; he assisted also in 
 founding the theological seminary at Andover, 
 and the American board of commissioners for 
 foreign missions, of which he was one of the pru 
 dential committee. In his theological views he 
 accorded with Drs. Hopkins, Bellamy, and West, 
 who were his teachers. He was distinguished 
 for metaphysical acuteness. He published friendly 
 dialogue on the nature of duty, 1784; disquisi 
 
 tion and strictures on Rev. D. Tappan s letters 
 to Philalethes, 1789; thanksgiving sermon, 1794; 
 a missionary sermon, 1802 ; at the ordination of 
 B. Bell, 1784; of C. Coffin, 1804; of S. Walker, 
 1805; inauguration of E. D. Griffin; at three 
 thanksgivings ; on the death of Washington ; of 
 T.Thompson; of N. Noyes, 1810; on sinners 
 coming to Christ immediately, 1780 ; on family 
 prayer; to missionary society, 1802; to humane 
 society, 1807 ; on agency of God and man in sal 
 vation, 1807; to benevolent society, 1818; on 
 the duel between Hamilton and Burr, 1804; two 
 discourses on Christ s self-existence, 1805; two 
 fast sermons, 1809, which occasioned a letter from 
 Mr. Aikin ; before the American foreign mission 
 society, 1818. Spragne s Annals. 
 
 SPRING, MARSHALL, M. D., a physician, 
 died in Jan., 1818, aged 75. He was born in 
 Watertown, Mass. ; graduated at Harvard col 
 lege in 1762; and settled at Waltham, where he 
 had extensive practice. He disapproved of the 
 resistance to Great Britain, and was a tory ; yet 
 in 1801 he was a democrat, or an adherent of 
 Mr. Jefferson. To his son he left a fortune of be 
 tween two and three hundred thousand dollars ; 
 but bequeathed nothing to religious or charita 
 ble institutions. He had a high reputation for 
 medical skill. Many resorted to him as to an 
 oracle. He was a man of keenness of wit. 
 Timelier. 
 
 SPROAT, JAMES, D. D., minister in Philadel 
 phia, died in 1793, aged 71. He was born at 
 Scituate, Mass., April 11, 1722, and was gradu 
 ated at Yale college in 1741. While a member 
 of this seminary he heard a sermon by Gilbert 
 Tennent, which made the most permanent im 
 pressions upon his mind. He was ordained Aug. 
 23, 1743, a minister in Guilford, where he was 
 highly popular and very useful. Thence he re 
 moved to Philadelphia, and succeeded Mr. Ten 
 nent at the close of the year 1768. Here he 
 continued till his death. Dr. Green, his colleague, 
 survived him. The manner of his funeral showed 
 the high esteem in which he was held. It was at 
 the time when the yellow fever made such ravages 
 in the city, and when even two or three mourning 
 friends were seldom seen attending a corpse to the 
 grave. About fifty persons followed him, and 
 some religious negroes voluntarily offered them 
 selves to carry the bier. He was a respectable 
 divine, and in his preaching he loved to dwell on 
 the peculiar doctrines of the gospel. His life 
 exhibited a most amiable view of the influence of 
 religion. The copious extracts from his diary in 
 the assembly s magazine evince his piety and sub 
 mission to the will of God under the heaviest 
 afflictions, and give an affecting account of the 
 distress occasioned by the yellow fever. 
 
 SPROAT, EBENEZER, colonel, died at Marietta 
 suddenly in Feb., 1805, aged 53. He was the 
 
SPURZIIEIM. 
 
 STANDISH. 
 
 753 
 
 son of Col. Ebenezer S. of Middleborough, Mass. 
 In the war he had the rank of major; and was 
 noble in appearance, six feet four inches high, 
 with a model form. He loved his fellow-soldiers, 
 and he loved a joke. Once three soldiers dined 
 on poor fare at his mother s inn : when the bill 
 was asked for, he went to his mother, and in 
 quired " How much it was worth to pick those 
 bones ?" She said, " A shilling." He returned, 
 and from the money-drawer paid each man a shil 
 ling, much to their satisfaction. He was appointed 
 a surveyor of lands in Ohio. The Indians called 
 him Hetuck or Big Buckeye; hence the name of 
 Buckeye to the natives of Ohio. He was sheriff 
 fourteen years of the county of Washington. 
 Jlildrcth s Biog. Memoirs. 
 
 SPURZIIEIM, JOHN CASPAR, M. D., died at 
 Boston Nov. 10, 1832, aged 55. He was born 
 near Treves on the Moselle in Germany, and be 
 came acquainted with Dr. Gall in 1800, and 
 became his fellow-laborer. After lecturing in 
 Europe he came to America, and commenced 
 some courses of lectures on phrenology Sept. 17, 
 and soon died after an illness, by the typhus fever, 
 of three weeks. 
 
 SQUANTO, a noted Indian at Plymouth, called 
 also Sisquantum and Tisquantum, was a native of 
 Plymouth, and joined the Pilgrims as their inter 
 preter in 1621. He had been carried off in 1614 
 with seven other Indians by Thomas Hunt, and 
 sold as a slave at 20 pounds in Malaga. His 
 services were important. He taught the people 
 how to plant corn and catch fish. He died in 
 Dec., 1622. 
 
 SQUAW, SACHEM, queen of the Indians in 
 New England, was the wife of Webbacowitts, 
 who was a powah or powwow, and king in right 
 of his wife. She submitted to the jurisdiction of 
 Massachusetts in 1644. 
 
 STAGEY, WILLIAM, colonel, died in Marietta 
 in 1804. A native of Massachusetss, he was a 
 patriot soldier, lie was taken prisoner by the 
 tories and Indians at Cherry Valley, and was a 
 prisoner four years. In 1789 he emigrated from 
 New Salem to Marietta. Ilildrdh. 
 
 STAGEY, JOSEPH, the first minister of Kings 
 ton, died in 1741, aged 47. Born in Cambridge, 
 he graduated at Harvard in 1719, and was set 
 tled in 1720. His successors were Maccarty, 
 ]laml, and Willis. He was very abstemious, and 
 took delight in fishing and fowling ; but diligent 
 in his ministerial duties and of eminent piety. 
 This parish was set off from Plymouth, and Major 
 John Bradford gave him two acres of land, on 
 which he built his house. 
 
 STAFFORD, WARD, minister in New York, 
 died in 18.31, aged about 60. Born in Washing 
 ton, N. H., he graduated at Yale in 1812; and 
 was settled over the Bowery church, which place 
 he resigned in 1828. He was afterwards settled 
 95 
 
 at Youngstown, Ohio. His successors at New 
 York were J. S. Christmas and Dr. Woodbridge. 
 STANDISII, MILES, the hero of New England, 
 died in Duxbury, Mass., Oct. 3, 1656, aged about 
 72. He was born in Lancashire about the year 
 1584. After having served for some time in the 
 army in the Netherlands, he settled with Mr. 
 Robinson s congregation at Leyden. Though not 
 a member of the church, he embarked with the 
 company that came to New England in 1620, and 
 was chosen captain or chief military commander 
 at Plymouth. In every hazardous enterprise, he 
 was foremost; he was resolute and daring; and 
 often, when in great danger, was guarded by the 
 providence of God. His wife, Rose, died Jan. 29, 
 1621. His second wife was Barbara^ His chil 
 dren were Alexander, Miles, Josiah, and Lora ; 
 also Charles and John, who died early. Alex 
 ander married Sarah Alden, and left children; 
 Miles married Sarah Winslow, and lived in Bos 
 ton ; Josiah, captain, lived in Norwich or Preston, 
 Conn., and had nine children. Lora died before 
 her father. Her sampler is preserved in Pil 
 grim s hall, Plymouth, as follows : 
 
 "Lora Standish is my name. 
 Lord, guide my heart that I 
 May doe thy will. Also fill 
 My hands with such convenient skill, 
 As may conduce to virtue void of shame ; 
 And I will give the glory to thy name." 
 
 In 1623 he was sent to Wessagusset or Wey- 
 mouth, to protect the settlers there from a con 
 spiracy of the Indians, which Massassoit had 
 disclosed. Having chosen eight men, he went to 
 the plantation under pretence of trade, and he 
 found it in a most perilous condition. The people, 
 by their unjust and disorderly conduct, had made 
 themselves contemptible in the eyes of the In 
 dians. To give the savages satisfaction on account 
 of corn which had been stolen, they pretended to 
 hang the thief, but hung in his stead a poor, de- 
 crepid old man. After Standish arrived at Wey- 
 mouth he was insulted and threatened by the 
 Indians, who had been named as conspirators. 
 Taking an opportunity, when a number of them 
 were together, he killed five, without losing any 
 of his men. He himself seized Pecksuot, a bold 
 chief, snatched his knife from his neck, and killed 
 him with it. The terror with which this enter 
 prise filled the savages was of great advantage to 
 the colonists. When the report of this transac 
 tion was carried to Holland, Mr. Robinson, in his 
 next letter to the governor, exclaimed, " O that 
 you had converted some, before you killed any ! " 
 Captain Standish was one of the magistrates or 
 assistants as long as he lived. At Duxbury he 
 had a tract of land, known by the name of " Cap 
 tain s hill." Mr. Hubbard says of him : " A little 
 chimney is soon fired ; so was the Plymouth cap 
 tain, a man of a very small stature, yet of a very 
 hot and angry temper. He had been bred a 
 
754 
 
 STANDISH. 
 
 STARR. 
 
 soldier in the low countries, and never entered 
 into the school of Christ, or of John the Baptist." 
 It does not appear, however, that in his military 
 expeditions he exceeded his orders. Morton says, 
 that he fell asleep in the Lord. Belknap s 
 Amer. Biog. I. 310-336. 
 
 STANDISH, WILLIAM, a descendant of Miles 
 S., died in Pembroke, Mass., in November, 1828, 
 aged 93. 
 
 STANFORD, JOHN, D. D., a Baptist minister, 
 died in New York Jan. 14, 1834, aged 80. 
 
 STANFORD, JOSHUA, died in Dublin, N. H., 
 Dec. 12, 1856, aged 103 years and 8 months. 
 
 STANLEY, JOHN, an eminent lawyer of North 
 Carolina, died in 1833. He was a member of 
 congress. 
 
 STANLEY, ANTHONY D., died in East Hart 
 ford March 16, 1853, aged 42, professor of mathe 
 matics in Yale college, where he was graduated 
 in 1830. He published a treatise on spherical 
 trigonometry, an edition of Day s algebra, and a 
 set of mathematical tables; and left projected 
 labors unfinished. 
 
 STANTON, EDWARD, died in Stonington in 
 1832, aged 7 1 ; a defender of fort Griswold. Shot 
 through the body, Col. Van Buskirk gave him a 
 silk cap to place in the wound, and gave him a 
 cup of water, the only acts of kindness that 
 day : honor to the name of this British officer. 
 S. kept the cap till his death. 
 
 STANTON, HENRY, brigadier-general, died at 
 fort Hamilton Aug. 2, 1856, aged about 70. He 
 was of the quartermaster s department. 
 
 STANWIX, colonel, commanded a consider 
 able force in 1757, designed for the protection of 
 the western frontiers. In 1758 he erected a fort 
 on the north side of the Mohawk, at the carrying- 
 place to Wood creek, and called it fort Stanwix. 
 It was designed in part for the security of the 
 friendly Indians. He then had the rank of brig 
 adier-general. 
 
 STAR, COMFORT, a minister in England, died 
 at Leeds in Sussex in 1711, aged 86. His father, 
 of the same name, a physician, came from Ash- 
 ford, E., and lived in Cambridge in 1634 ; then in 
 Duxbury; last in Boston, where he died in 1660. 
 Born in Ashford, he graduated at Harvard in the 
 fifth class in 1647, and was a tutor and fellow. 
 Returning to E., he was a minister in Cumber 
 land till deprived by the act of uniformity ; then 
 at Leeds. 
 
 STARK, JOHN, major-general, died May 8, 
 1822, aged 93. He was the son of Archibald S., 
 a native of Glasgow, who married in Ireland ; 
 was born at Londonderry, N. H., Aug. 28, 1728. 
 In 1736 his father removed to Derryfield, now 
 Manchester, on the Merrimac. While on a hunt 
 ing expedition, he was taken prisoner by the St. 
 Francis Indians in 1752, but was soon redeemed 
 at an expense of 103 dollars, paid by Mr. Wheel 
 
 wright of Boston. To raise this money, he re 
 paired on another hunting expedition to the An- 
 droscoggin. He afterwards served in a company 
 of rangers with Rogers, being made a captain in 
 1756. On hearing of the battle of Lexington, he 
 repaired to Cambridge, and, receiving a colonel s 
 commission, enlisted in the same day eight hun 
 dred men. He fought in the battle of Breed s 
 hill, June 17, 1775, his regiment forming the left 
 of the line, and repulsing three times, by their 
 deadly fire, the veteran Welsh fusileers, who had 
 fought at Minden. His only defence was a rail- 
 fence, covered with hay to resemble a breastwork. 
 In May, 1776, he proceeded from New York to 
 Canada. In the attack on Trenton he com 
 manded the van of the right wing. He was also 
 engaged in the battle of Princeton. Displeased 
 at being neglected in a list of promotions, he 
 resigned his commission in March, 1777, and re 
 tired to his farm. In order to impede the prog 
 ress of Burgoyne, he proposed to the council of 
 New Hampshire to raise a body of troops, and 
 fall upon his rear. In the battle of Bennington, 
 so called, though fought six miles northwest from 
 B., in the borders of New York, Saturday, Aug. 
 16, 1777, he defeated Col. Baum, killing two hun 
 dred and seven, and making seven hundred and 
 fifty prisoners. The place was near Van Schaack s 
 mills, on a branch of the Hoosuck, called by Dr. 
 Holmes Walloon creek; by others Walloom- 
 sack, and Walloomschaick, and Looms-chork. 
 This event awakened confidence, and led to the 
 capture of Burgoyne. Of those who fought in 
 this battle, the names of T. Allen, J. Orr, and 
 others, are recorded in this volume. In Septem 
 ber he enlisted a new and larger force, and joined 
 Gates. In 1778 and 1779 he served in Rhode 
 Island, and in 1780 in New Jersey. In 1781 he 
 had the command of the northern department at 
 Saratoga. At the close of the war, he bade adieu 
 to public employment?. In 1818 congress voted 
 him a pension of 60 dollars per month. John, 
 his third son, died in Manchester, N. II., in 1844, 
 aged 82. He was buried on a small hill near the 
 Merrimac; a granite obelisk has the inscription, 
 "Maj. Gen. Stark." A memoir of his life was 
 published, annexed to reminiscences of the French 
 war, 12mo., 1831. 
 
 STARK, ANDREW, LL. D., pastor of the asso 
 ciate Presbyterian church, New York, thirty years, 
 died in Scotland Sept. 18, 1849, aged 58, a faith- 
 ful and useful minister. 
 
 STARR, PETER, minister of Warren, Conn., 
 died in 1829, aged 84. Born in Danbury, he 
 graduated at Yale in 1764 ; was a pastor sixty 
 years ; and was the oldest minister in the State. 
 Hart Talcott was settled in 1825. 
 
 STARR, JOHN, a physician, died at Northwood, 
 N. IL, Sept. 8, 1851, aged 67. The son of Dr. 
 Ebcne/cr S. of Dunstable, he graduated at Har- 
 
STAUGIITON. 
 
 vard in 1804, and studied physic with Dr. M. 
 Spaulding. He commenced practice in Peter 
 borough. After three years he removed to 
 Xorthwood, where he toiled in his profession 
 thirty-six years. 
 
 STAUGHTOX, WILLIAM, D. D., died at 
 Washington Dec. 12, 1829, aged 59; a Baptist, 
 formerly president of Columbia college. He was 
 on his way to Georgetown college, Ky. lie came 
 from England in 1798; and had been pastor of a 
 church in Philadelphia six years, from 1805. He 
 published an eulogium on Dr. Hush, 1813 ; ad 
 dress at opening of Columbia college at Wash 
 ington, 1822. 
 
 STAUXTOX, BENJAMIN, an eminent physi 
 cian of Xewport, II. I., died at a very advanced 
 age in 17GO. Other physicians of X., who died 
 before him, were James Xoyes and Clarke Hod 
 man, and his son William. 
 
 STEARXS, JOSIAH, died in Epping, X. H., 
 July 25, 1788, aged 56, in the thirtieth year of 
 his ministry. He was the son of John of Biller- 
 ica, and of Esther, who was descended from the 
 celebrated Capt. Edward Johnson. His ancestor 
 John lived in B. at its incorporation in 1665, and 
 his earliest ancestor in this country was Isaac of 
 * Watertown, in 1630, who died Aug. 29, 1676, 
 leaving sons Isaac, Samuel, and probably others. 
 He graduated at Harvard in 1751. He had two 
 wives, Sarah Abbot of Andover, and Sarah Rue- 
 
 O 
 
 gles of Billerica, and had six sons and six daugh 
 ters. He published two sermons on the love of 
 God, preached at Exeter for the benefit of the 
 students of the academy ; also at ordination of 
 S. Gile, 1807; of T. Skelton, 1808; of E. P. 
 Sperry, 1813; on the death of D. Bacon, 1810; 
 of E. Stone, 1822; on the peace, 1815; at a 
 dedication, 1817; to society for Christian knowl 
 edge, 1820. N. II. Repos. ; Sprayue s Annals. 
 
 STEARXS, CHARLES, D. D., died at Lincoln 
 July 26, 1826, aged 74. A native of Leominster, 
 a graduate of 1773, he was ordained in 1781 the 
 successor of William Lawrence, the first minis 
 ter, lie published a sermon on music, 1792; a 
 poem, 1797; principles of religion, 1807; on the 
 death of E. Brooks, 1807 ; before a bible society; 
 convention sermon, 1815. 
 
 STEARXS, SAMUEL, son of Rev. Josiah S., 
 died at Bedford, Mass., Dec. 26, 1834, aged 66, 
 in the thirty-ninth year of his ministry. He was 
 highly respected. He was a grandson of Rev. 
 Samuel Ruggles of Billerica, and father of W. A. 
 Stearns, president of Amherst college. He was 
 graduated at Harvard college in 1794, and studied 
 theology with Rev. Jonathan French of Andover, 
 whose daughter he married. Ordained April 27, 
 1795, he, in consequence of a division, became, 
 June 5, 1833, the minister of the Trinitarian Con 
 gregational society, yet pastor of the same church. 
 He published a sermon at the ordination of Sam- 
 
 STEBBLXS. 
 
 755 
 
 ucl Gile, 1807 ; of T. Skelton, Foxborough, 1808 ; 
 on the murder of David Bacon, 1810; at the or 
 dination of E. P. Sperry, Dunstable, 1813 ; at 
 the dedication of a meeting-house in B. in 1817 ; 
 before Mass, society for promoting Christian 
 knowledge, 1820 ; at the funeral of Mr. Stone, of 
 Reading; address at Dracut on the return of 
 peace, 1814. Boston Recorder, Jan. 2, 1835; 
 April 24. 
 
 STEARXS, SAMUEL HORATIO, a minister in 
 Boston, died in Paris July 15, 1837, aged 35. He 
 was the son of the preceding, born at Bedford 
 Sept. 12, 1801 ; was graduated at Harvard in 
 1823 ; and ordained over the old south church 
 in Boston April 16, 1834. In ill health, he was 
 invited by Rev. E. E. Salisbury to visit with him 
 the south of Europe. He died in France. A 
 volume of his life and discourses was published 
 in 1838. The interesting account of him, in one 
 hundred and ninety-two pages, was prepared by 
 his brother, W. A. Stearns, now president of Am 
 herst college. Sprague s Annals. 
 
 STEARXS, ASAHEL, LL. D., professor of law 
 at Cambridge, died Feb. 5, 1839, aged 64. He was 
 born at Lunenburg in 1774, graduated at Har 
 vard in 1797, and practised law many years at 
 Cbelmsford. He was a member of Congress in 
 1815-1817. He was professor from 1817 till 
 1829, when he resigned his place. He died at 
 Cambridge. He published a volume on real ac 
 tions, 1824, and was one of the commissioners to 
 revise the statutes of the commonwealth. He 
 was a skilful lawyer, a zealous advocate, and a 
 man of integrity. 
 
 STEARXS, SILAS, a Baptist minister, died in 
 Bath, Me., in 1840, aged 55. 
 
 STEARXS, JOHN, M. D., died in Xew York 
 March 18, 1848, aged nearly 78 ; president of the 
 X. Y. medical society. A native of Wilbraham, 
 Mass., he graduated at Yale college in 1789. He 
 was a devoted practitioner and a consistent 
 Christian, being connected with Dr. Milnor s 
 church. He was one of the founders of the tract 
 society, and chairman of the finance committee. 
 He died in peace. 
 
 STEBBLXS, STEPHEN WILLIAMS, minister of 
 Westhaven, Conn., died Aug. 15, 1843, aged 85. 
 Born in Longmeadow in 1758, the grandson of 
 Dr. Stephen Williams, he graduated at Yale in 
 1782. He declined an invitation to succeed his 
 grandfather at L., and was settled at Stratford, 
 where he remained twenty-nine years, and then 
 for twenty-eight years was the pastor of West- 
 haven. His form was erect and noble, his 
 countenance was bland and expressive : he had 
 intellect, judgment, feeling. He was humble, 
 self-denying, condescending, and holy; and his 
 death was peace. 
 
 STEBBIXS, CYRUS, D.D., died at Waterford, 
 X. J., in 1841, aged 68. 
 
756 
 
 STEBBLNS . 
 
 STEUBEN. 
 
 STEBBIXS, DANIEL, Dr., died in Northamp 
 ton, Mass., Oct. 7, 1856, aged 90 years and 6 
 months. He was the son of Joseph of Wilbra- 
 ham, a descendant of Homeland, who came from 
 England in 1634 and was among the first settlers 
 of Springfield in 1636. To this ancestor, from 
 whom Dr. S. descended in the seventh genera 
 tion, he erected a granite monument in North 
 ampton, where he died in 1671. He graduated 
 at Yale in 1788, leaving only two survivors of 
 his class, Rev. Daniel Waldo, chaplain in con 
 gress, aged 94, and Judge John Woodworth of 
 Troy. He was educated as a physician, and prac 
 tised a few years. He came to Northampton in 
 1806. For thirty-five years he was the county 
 treasurer, annually chosen by the people. He 
 was a man of integrity and piety, industrious, in 
 terested in all the objects which conduce to the 
 public welfare. His last days were embittered 
 by suffering, and by the decay of his intellectual 
 powers ; but he cherished the hope, through the 
 gospel, that they would flourish anew, subject to 
 no second decay. 
 
 STEDMAN, C., published a history of the 
 American war, 2 vols. 4to., London, 1794. 
 
 STEEL, STEPHEN, the first minister of Tol- 
 land, Conn., died in 1759, aged 62, in the thirty- 
 seventh year of his ministry. Born in Hadley, 
 Mass., he graduated at Yale in 1718. Nathan 
 Williams was his successor. 
 
 STEEL E, JOHN, a useful magistrate at Hart 
 ford in 1636, was the first secretary of the gov 
 ernment. He removed to Farmington in 1651, 
 and died in 1664. He was one of the legislators, 
 who, to what was called Newtown, gave the name 
 of Hartford, probably because Mr. Stone was 
 born in H., England. The seal of Hartford, by 
 Mr. Hartley, is a hart fording a stream ; the crest 
 an eagle, with the motto, " Post nubila Phoebus." 
 It is described in " Hartford in the olden time." 
 
 STEELE, JOHN, general, died near Salisbury, 
 N. C., August, 1815. He was a member of con 
 gress soon after the adoption of the constitution, 
 and comptroller of the treasury ; a man of pro 
 found knowledge and strong reasoning powers. 
 
 STEELE, MARSHFIELD, minister of Machias, 
 Me., died in 1832, aged 60. Born in Hartford, 
 Conn., he graduated at Yale in 1790, and was 
 ordained in 1800. 
 
 STEELE, JOHN, M. D., missionary, died at 
 Madura Oct. 6, 1842, aged 38. Born in Hebron, 
 N. Y., he embarked at Boston in 1836. He was 
 highly respected ; his end was perfect peace. 
 His wife was Mary Snell of Plainfield, Mass. 
 
 STEEHS, GEORGE, a distinguished shipbuilder, 
 died on Long Island Sept. 25, 1856. He was 
 riding, when his horse ran away and threw him, 
 the injury causing his death. He constructed 
 the famous yacht America, which won the race at 
 Cowes in 1851. The steamers Niagara and Adri 
 
 atic, built by him, exhibited great beauty and 
 symmetry. 
 
 " STEPHENS, JOHN L., a traveller, died at 
 New York Oct. 13, 1852, aged 46. Born in 
 Shrewsbury, N. J., he graduated at Columbia 
 college in 1822. He studied and practised law, 
 but ill health compelled him to travel. From 
 1834 to 1836 he visited Europe, Greece, and Tur 
 key. President Van Buren sent him as ambassa 
 dor to Central America in 1839 in order to nego 
 tiate a treaty. He was concerned in the first 
 lines of steamers to Europe ; was a director in 
 the ocean steam navigation company, and presi 
 dent of the Panama railroad company, and passed 
 the winter of 1851 on the isthmus of Darien. 
 The iron track between the Atlantic and the Pa 
 cific will be forever associated with his name. He 
 published incidents of travel in Egypt, etc., 1837 ; 
 in Greece, Turkey, etc., 1838; in Central Amer 
 ica, 1841; in Yucatan. Gycl. of Am. Lit. 
 
 STEPHENSON, JAMES, D. D., died in Maury 
 county, Tenn., in 1832. 
 
 STETSON, ELLEN, Miss, a missionary to the 
 Cherokces, died at Dwight Dec. 29, 1848, aged 
 65. Born at Kingston, Mass., she entered upon 
 her labors as teacher of the female school in 1821 
 at "Old Dwight." In 1829 she removed to the 
 new station. She was very humble, yet full of 
 peace ; a most faithful and useful laborer for the 
 good of Cherokee girls during 27 years. 
 
 STEUBEN, FREDERICK WILLIAM, baron de, 
 a major-general in the American army, died at 
 Steubenville, N. Y., in 1794, aged 61. He was 
 a Prussian officer, who served many years in the 
 armies of Frederick, and afterwards entered the 
 service of Prince Charles of Baden. He had the 
 rank of lieutenant-general, and was also a canon 
 of the church. With an income of 2500 dollars 
 a year, he passed his winters at Paris, and there 
 became acquainted with Franklin. He arrived 
 at Portsmouth, N. IL, in Nov. 1777, with strong 
 recommendations to congress. He claimed no 
 rank, and only requested permission to serve as 
 a volunteer. He was soon appointed to the office 
 of inspector-general with the rank of major-gen 
 eral. He established a uniform system of ma 
 noeuvres, and by his skill and persevering industry 
 effected during the continuance of the troops at 
 Valley Forge a most important improvement in 
 all ranks of the army. He was a volunteer in 
 the action at Monmouth, and commanded in the 
 trenches of Yorktown on the day which concluded 
 the struggle with Great Britain. He was an 
 accomplished gentleman and a virtuous citizen, 
 of extensive knowledge and sound judgment. 
 His aids were North, Popham, and Walker. The 
 following anecdotes will illustrate his character. 
 When in Virginia, a militia-colonel rode up with 
 a boy, and said, "I have brought you a recruit." 
 The baron patted the boy on his head, and asked 
 
STEUBEN. 
 
 STEVENS. 
 
 757 
 
 his age, and in his indignation at the cheat ordered 
 the colonel to be dismounted, unspurred, and 
 turned into the ranks ; and said to the lad, " Go, 
 my boy, take the colonel s spurs and horses to 
 his wife ; make my compliments, and say, her 
 husband has gone to fight for the freedom of his 
 country, as an honest man should do. By pla 
 toons ! to the right wheel ! forward march ! " On 
 the arrival of the corps at Itoanoke, the colonel 
 escaped, and applied in vain to Governor Jefferson 
 for redress. At a review in Morristown he ar 
 rested a Lieut. Gibbons for a fault of which he 
 was innocent ; but, ascertaining his innocence, he 
 desired him to come to the front, when he said : 
 " Sir, the fault which was committed would have 
 been perilous in the presence of an enemy, but it 
 was not yours; I ask your pardon; return to 
 your command ; " and this was said with his hat 
 oif, and the rain pouring on his reverend head. 
 AVhat officer would not respect the veteran ? On 
 leaving a sick aid-de-camp in Virginia, he said, 
 " There is my sulkey, and here is half of my 
 money; I can do no more." For amusement he 
 sometimes miscalled words in English, similar in 
 sound. Mrs. Washington, at the dinner-table, 
 asked him once what he had caught, when he 
 went a-fishing. He replied that he had caught 
 two fish, adding, " I am not sure, but I think one 
 of them was a whale." " A whale, baron, in the 
 North river ? " " Yes, I assure you, a very fine 
 whale ; was it not ? " appealing to one of his aids, 
 who replied, " An eel, baron." At the house of 
 Mrs. Livingston, the mother of the chancellor, 
 he was introduced to a Miss Sheaff. " I am 
 happy," said he, " to be presented to you, though 
 at a great risk ; from my youth I have been cau 
 tioned against mischief, but I had no idea that 
 her attractions were so powerful ! " When the 
 army was disbanded, and the old soldiers shook 
 hands in farewell, Lieut. Col. Cochran, a Green 
 Mountain veteran, said, " For myself I could 
 stand it, but my wife and daughters are in the 
 garret of that wretched tavern, and I have no 
 means of removing them." "Come," said the 
 baron, " I will pay my respects to Mrs. C. and her 
 daughters ; " and when he left them their coun 
 tenances were brightened, for he gave them all 
 he had to give. This was at Newburg. On the 
 wharf he saw a poor wounded black man, who 
 wanted a dollar to pay for his passage to his 
 home. Of whom the baron borrowed the dol 
 lar, it is not known ; but he soon returned, 
 when the negro hailed the sloop, and cried, " God 
 bless you, master baron ! " The State of New 
 Jersey gave him a- small farm. New York gave 
 him 16,000 acres in Oncida county; a pension of 
 2500 dollars was also given him. He built him 
 a log house at Steubenville, gave a tenth part of 
 his land to his aids and servants, and parcelled 
 out the rest to twenty or thirty tenants. His 
 
 library was his chief solace. Having little exer 
 cise, he died of the apoplexy. AgreeaUv to his 
 request he was wrapped in his cloak and buried 
 in a plain coffin without a stone. He was a be 
 liever in Jesus Christ, a member of the reformed 
 Dutch church, New York. An abstract of his 
 system of discipline was published in 1779, and 
 in 1784 he published a letter on the subject of an 
 established militia and military arrangements. 
 
 STEVENS, JOSEPH, minister of Charlestown, 
 Mass., the son of Joseph S., died of the small 
 pox Nov. 16, 1721, aged 40. He was born in 
 Andover; was graduated at Harvard college in 
 1703; and was ordained colleague with Mr. 
 Bradstreet Oct. 13, 1713. He was a fervent and 
 eloquent preacher, cheerful though serious in 
 conversation, gentle as a father, and beloved by 
 all his congregation. There was published from 
 his manuscript his last sermon, entitled, another 
 and a better country in reserve for all true be 
 lievers ; and annexed to it a discourse on the 
 death of Mr. Brattle of Cambridge. He was 
 the great-grandfather of Joseph Stevens Buck- 
 minster. 
 
 STEVENS, TIMOTIIT, first minister of Glas- 
 tenbury, Conn., died April, 1726, aged 60. He 
 was the son of Timothy of Roxbury, and gradu 
 ated at Harvard in 1687. His wife was Eunice, 
 the daughter of John Chester; his second wife 
 was Alice, the widow of llev. John Whiting of 
 Lancaster. 
 
 STEVENS, PHINEHAS, first minister of Bos- 
 cawen, N. H., died in 1755, aged about 43. He 
 was born in Andover, and graduated at Harvard 
 in 1734; was settled Oct. 8, 1740. Three of his 
 successors were II. Morrill, N. Merrill, S. Wood. 
 
 STEVENS, BENJAMIN, D. 1)., minister of Kit- 
 tery, Maine, the son of Rev. Joseph, was grad 
 uated at Harvard college in 1740, and ordained 
 May 1, 1751. He died May 18, 1791, aged 70, 
 having been respected in life as an able minister 
 of the gospel, an exemplary Christian, and a mod 
 est and humble man. His only child, Sarah, 
 married llev. Joseph Buckminster. He gave his 
 library to the ministers of York and Kittory. 
 He published a sermon on the death of Andrew 
 Pepperell, 1752 ; on the death of Sir W. Pep- 
 perell, 1759; at the election, 1760; at the con 
 vention, 1764. Sprague s Annals. 
 
 STEVENS, EDWARD, general, a soldier of the 
 Revolution, died in Virginia Aug. 17, 1820. A 
 native of Virginia, he served with distinction dur 
 ing the whole war. He was the friend of Wash 
 ington and Greene. At the battle of the Great 
 Bridge near Norfolk, he commanded a battalion 
 of ritlemen. At the battle of Brandy wine for his 
 good conduct he received the public thanks of 
 the commander-in-chief ; and in the same way 
 was honored at the battle of Germantown. Pro 
 moted to the command of a brigade, he fought 
 
758 
 
 STEVENS. 
 
 STILES. 
 
 in the battle of Camden. In that of Guilford 
 court-house, he was severely wounded in the 
 thigh ; but he brought off his troops in good or 
 der. His military career ended at the siege of 
 Yorktown. From the adoption of the State con 
 stitution until 1790 he was a member of the sen 
 ate of Virginia. 
 
 STEVENS, EBENEZER, major-general, a sol 
 dier of the Revolution, died in 1823, aged 71. 
 He was born in Boston in 1751, and entered the 
 army as an artificer. He obtained the rank of 
 lieutenant-colonel of artillery. On the return of 
 peace he settled in New York, and was an enter 
 prising merchant. For many years he com 
 manded the division of the artillery of the State. 
 
 STEVENS, EDWIN, missionary to China, died 
 at Singapore Jan. 5, 1837, aged 36. Born at 
 New Canaan, he graduated at Yale in 1828, at 
 New Haven seminary in 1831. He was a chap 
 lain at Canton in 1832, and was skilled in the 
 Chinese language. 
 
 STEVENS, JOHN II., died at Stoneham.Mass., 
 July 9, 1851, aged nearly 85 ; for thirty-two years 
 pastor of the church at S. Born at Canterbury, 
 Conn., he was pastor of Methucn, Mass., from 
 1791 to 1795; of Stoneham from 1795 to 1827; 
 of the east parish of Haverhill from 1828 to 1833. 
 He published two sermons on the death of a 
 young man, 1803 ; and two fast sermons. 
 Sprague. 
 
 STEVENS, JOHN, died in Talbot county, Md., 
 in April, 185G. He had recently given 36,000 
 dollars for a packet to be in the service of the 
 Liberian colonization. 
 
 STEVENS, ROBERT L., died at Hoboken April 
 20, 1856, aged 68. He was remarkable for his 
 inventive powers. His father, John S., was con 
 nected with John Fitch in the improvement of 
 navigation by steam. His inventions are de 
 scribed in the Tribune of April 22. He is said 
 to have died Avorth two millions of dollars. 
 
 STEVENSON, JAMES, D. D., died in Maury 
 county, Tennessee, in 1832. 
 
 STEVENSON, WILLIAM, a Methodist minis 
 ter, died at Rock Run, Md., in 1839, aged 74. 
 Edward S., also a Methodist minister, died at 
 Snow Hill, Md., in 1839, aged 45. 
 
 STEVENSON, ANDREW, a Virginia statesman, 
 died of the pneumonia in Albemarle county, in 
 1857, aged 73. He was in early life an eminent 
 pleader at the bar. As a member of congress 
 he was chosen speaker of the house, and presided 
 with great dignity and ability. Next to Mr. Clay 
 he was regarded as best qualified for that station. 
 From congress he was sent as a minister to Eng 
 land, and in that position was distinguished, for 
 his character was dignified, his appearance splen 
 did, his social accomplishments remarkable. On 
 his return he was rector of the university of Vir 
 
 ginia, to which he devoted much care, as also to 
 the pursuits of agriculture. 
 
 STEWARD, ANTIPAS, first minister of Lud- 
 low, Mass., died in Belchertown in 1814, aged 
 80. Born in Marlborough, he graduated at Har 
 vard in 1760 ; was ordained in 1793, and dis 
 missed in 1803. He well understood Hebrew 
 and was a good scholar. 
 
 STEWARD, JOSEPH, a painter, died in April, 
 1822, aged 69. He graduated at Dartmouth 
 college in 1780. He became a preacher; but 
 losing his health he devoted himself to painting, 
 being instructed by Trumbull. He established a 
 museum at Hartford, Conn. 
 
 STEWART, DANIEL, general, died in Liberty 
 county, Georgia, in 1829, aged 69 ; a patriot of 
 1776. 
 
 STEWART, ZURIAII, widow of David S.,died 
 at Kingwood, N. J., Oct. 31, 1843, aged 103. By 
 her first husband, G. Opdycke, she had eleven 
 children. She left eighty-four grandchildren, one 
 hundred and eighty great-grandchildren, and 
 thirty-nine great-great-grandchildren. 
 
 STEWART, SARAH, wife of Rev. C. S. Stew 
 art, died June 16, 1854 ; a woman of great ex 
 cellence of character. Observer, July 17. 
 
 STEWART, JAMES, M. 1)., died at Baltimore 
 Jan. 31, 1846, aged 90. Born in Annapolis, he 
 studied medicine in Edinburgh; in 1780 he came 
 to B., and served in the army. He saw in the 
 city an increase from fifteen thousand inhabitants 
 to one hundred thousand. 
 
 STILES, ISAAC, died at North Haven May 14, 
 1760, aged 62. He was the son of John, whose 
 father John came from Milbrook, England, and 
 settled in Windsor in 1635. Born in Windsor, 
 a graduate of 1722, he was ordained at North 
 Haven Nov. 11, 1724; and was succeeded by Dr. 
 Trumbull. His predecessor, Mr. Wetmore, had 
 become an Episcopalian. He was a zealous and 
 eloquent preacher. His wife was a daughter of 
 Rev. Edward Taylor ; and President Stiles was 
 her only child. He published election sermon, 
 1742 ; at the ordination of his son at Newport, 
 1755 ; duty of soldiers, 1755. Sprague s An 
 nals. 
 
 STILES, ABEL, minister of Woodstock, north 
 society, died July 25, 1783, aged 74, in the forty- 
 sixth of his ministry. A brother of the preced 
 ing, he graduated in 1733, was a tutor, a good 
 scholar, and eminent theologian. Besides these 
 two sons, John, their father, had twelve children. 
 
 STILES, EZRA, D. I)., president of Yale col 
 lege, died at New Haven May 12, 1795, aged 67. 
 He was the son of Isaac Stiles, minister of .North 
 Haven, Conn.; was born Dec. 15, 1727. He was 
 graduated in 1746, and in 1749 was chosen tutor, 
 in which station he remained six years. After 
 having preached occasoually, his impaired health 
 
STILES. 
 
 and some doubt respecting the truth of Chris 
 tianity induced him to pursue the study of the 
 law. In 1753 he took the attorney s oath at 
 New Haven, and practised at the bar till 1755. 
 But, having resumed preaching, he was ordained 
 Oct. 22, 1755, minister of the second Congrega 
 tional church in Newport, Rhode Island. In 
 March, 1776, the events of the war dispersed his 
 congregation, and induced him to remove to 
 Dighton. lie afterwards preached at Portsmouth. 
 In 1777 he was chosen president of Yale college, 
 as successor of Mr. Clap, and continued in this 
 station till his death. It seems, from the private 
 journal of Mr. Stiles, that he was earnestly op 
 posed to the new-fangled doctrines of Dr. Hop 
 kins and Stephen West, of which he speaks thus : 
 " The people begin to be tired of the unintelligi 
 ble and new points, as 1. that an unconverted 
 man had better be killing his father than pray 
 ing for converting grace ; 2. that true repentance 
 implies a willingness to be damned ; 3. that we 
 are to give God thanks that he caused Adam to 
 sin and involved all his posterity in total deprav 
 ity ; that Judas betrayed, etc. ; 4. that the chil 
 dren of none but communicants are to be bap 
 tized ; 5. that the church and ministers are so 
 corrupt that no communion is to be held with 
 them." When he was a candidate for the presi 
 dency of the college, Dr. James Dana wrote to 
 him, that there was a party for Elizur Goodrich, 
 but that if he was chosen " there would be an 
 other college." The nine ministers, constitut 
 ing the trustees, with Mr. Goodrich, chose Mr. 
 Stiles. He was one of the most learned men of 
 whom this country can boast. He had a thor 
 ough knowledge of the Hebrew, Greek, and Latin 
 languages, the former of which he learned when 
 he was about forty years of age ; he had made 
 considerable progress in the Samaritan, Chaklee, 
 Syriac, and Arabic ; on the Persic and Coptic he 
 had bestowed some attention ; and the French 
 he read with great facility. He was also well 
 versed in most branches of mathematical know 
 ledge. Next to sacred literature, astronomy was 
 his favorite science. lie had read the works of 
 divines in various languages, and very few have 
 had so thorough an acquaintance with the fathers 
 of the Christian church. He possessed an inti 
 mate acquaintance with the Ilabbinical writings. 
 He was a most impressive and eloquent preacher, 
 for he spoke with that zeal and energy which the 
 deepest interest in the most important subjects 
 cannot fail to inspire. His early discourses were 
 philosophical and moral ; but he gradually be 
 came a serious and powerful preacher of the mo 
 mentous truths of the gospel. In the room of 
 labored disquisitions, addressed rather to the 
 reason than to the conscience and heart, he em 
 ployed his time in preaching repentance and 
 
 STILES. 
 
 759 
 
 faith ; the great truths respecting our disease and 
 cure; the physician of souls and our remedy in 
 him ; the manner in which the sinner is brought 
 home to God in regeneration, justification, sanc- 
 tification, and eternal glory ; the terrors and 
 blessings of the world to come; the influence of 
 the Holy Spirit and the efficacy of the truth in 
 the great change of the character, preparatory 
 for heaven. The doctrines of the trinity in unity, 
 of the divinity and atonement of Christ, with the 
 capital principles of the great theological system 
 of the doctrines of grace, he believed to have been 
 the uninterrupted faith of eight-tenths of Chris 
 tendom from the ascension of Jesus Christ to the 
 present day. He delighted in preaching the gos 
 pel to the poor. Among the members of his 
 church at Newport were seven negroes. These 
 occasionally met in his study, when he instructed 
 them, and, falling on their knees together, he im 
 plored for them and for himself the blessing of 
 that God with whom all distinction excepting that 
 of Christian excellence is as nothing. In the 
 cause of civil and religious liberty he was an en 
 thusiast. He contended that the right of con 
 science and private judgment was unalienable; 
 and that no exigences of the Christian church 
 could render it lawful to erect any body of men 
 into a standing judicatory over the churches. 
 He engaged with zeal in the cause of his country. 
 He thought that the 30th of January, which was 
 observed by the Episcopalians in commemoration 
 of the martyrdom of Charles I., " ought to be 
 celebrated as an anniversary thanksgiving, that 
 one nation on earth had so much fortitude and 
 public justice as to make a royal tyrant bow to 
 the sovereignty of the people." He was catholic 
 in his sentiments, for his heart was open to re 
 ceive all who loved the Lord Jesus in sincerity. 
 He was conspicuous for his benevolence, as well 
 as for his learning and piety. The following ex 
 tracts from his diary furnish evidence of his Chris 
 tian goodness : " The review of my life aston 
 ishes me with a sense of my sins. May I be 
 washed in the blood of Jesus, which cleanseth 
 from all sin. Purity and sanctify me, O blessed 
 Spirit ! I hope I love my Saviour for his divine 
 excellences, as well as for his love to sinners ; I 
 glory in his divine righteousness ; and earnestly 
 beseech the God of all grace to endue me with 
 true and real holiness, and to make me like him 
 self. I have earnestly importuned the youth of 
 this university to devote themselves to that divine 
 Jesus who hath loved them to the death. And, 
 praised be God, I have reason to hope the blessed 
 Spirit hath wrought effectually on the hearts of 
 sundry, who have, I think, been brought home to 
 God, and experienced what flesh and blood can 
 not impart to the human mind. Whether I shall 
 ever get to heaven, and through many tribula- 
 
760 
 
 STILLMAN. 
 
 STITH. 
 
 tions enter into rest, God only knows. This I 
 know, that I am the most unworthy of all the 
 works of God." 
 
 He was a man of low stature, and of a small 
 though well-proportioned form. His voice was 
 clear and energetic. His countenance, especially 
 in conversation, was expressive of benignity and 
 mildness; but, if occasion required, it became 
 the index of majesty and authority. He pub 
 lished a funeral oration in Latin on Governor 
 Law, 1751; a discourse on the Christian union, 
 preached before the Congregational ministers of 
 Ilhode Island, 1760; in this work he recommends 
 harmony among different Christians, and shows 
 an intimate acquaintance with the ecclesias 
 tical affairs of the country; a sermon at the 
 installation of S. Hopkins, 1770; a Latin oration 
 on his induction into his office, 1778 ; the United 
 States elevated to glory and honor, an election 
 sermon, preached May 8, 1783, which exhibits 
 the eloquence, and patriotism, and glowing sen 
 timents of liberty, with which the august occasion 
 could not fail to inspire him ; account of the set 
 tlement of Bristol, 1783; a sermon at the ordi 
 nation of II. Channing, 1787; history of the three 
 judges of King Charles I., Whalley, Goffe, and 
 Dixwell, 12mo., 1795; in this work he discloses 
 very fully his sentiments on civil liberty, and pre 
 dicts a republican renovation in England. He 
 left an unfinished ecclesiastical history of New 
 England, and more than forty volumes of man 
 uscripts. An interesting account of his life was 
 published by his son-in-law, Dr. Holmes, in 1798. 
 Spragne. 
 
 STILLMAN, SAMUEL, D. D., minister in Bos 
 ton, died March 13, 1807, aged 70. He was born 
 in Philadelphia Feb. 27, 1737. When he was 
 but eleven years of age his parents removed to 
 Charleston, South Carolina, and in an academy 
 in that city he received the rudiments of his edu 
 cation. The preaching of Mr. Hart was the means 
 of teaching him that he was a sinner, and of 
 converting him. Being ordained at Charleston 
 Feb. 26, 1759, he immediately afterwards settled 
 at James Island ; but his impaired health in 
 duced him in 1760 to remove to Bordentown, 
 New Jersey, where he preached two years, and 
 then went to Boston. After being an assistant 
 about a year in the second Baptist church, he was 
 installed the minister of the first, as successor of 
 Mr. Condy, who now resigned his office, Jan. 9, 
 1765. In this church he continued his benevo 
 lent labors, universally respected and beloved, 
 till his death by a paralytic shock. As an elo 
 quent preacher of the gospel Dr. Stillman held 
 the first rank. Embracing the peculiar doctrines 
 of the Christian religion, he explained and en 
 forced them with clearness and with apostolic 
 intrepidity and zeal. He possessed a pleasant 
 and most commanding voice, and, as he felt what 
 
 he spoke, he was enabled to transfuse his own 
 feelings into the hearts of his auditors. The to 
 tal moral depravity of man was a principle on 
 i which in his preaching he much insisted, and he 
 believed that the Christian was dependent on 
 j God s immediate agency for the origin and con- 
 l tinuance of every gracious exercise. From his 
 clear apprehension of the eternal personal elec 
 tion of a certain number of the human race to 
 salvation, he was led to believe the perseverance 
 unto eternal glory of all those who are regener 
 ated by the Spirit of God. The Godhead and 
 atonement of the Lord Jesus Christ were his 
 frequent themes. He was a preacher of right 
 eousness, and his own life was holy. In the 
 chamber of sickness and affliction he was always 
 among different denominations a welcome visitor. 
 His uncommon vivacity and energy of feeling 
 were united with a perfect sense of propriety, 
 and with affability, ease, and politeness. He pub 
 lished a sermon on the repeal of the stamp act, 
 1766; enlistments, 1769; dangers of youth, 
 1771 ; at the artillery election, 1770 ; at the or 
 dination of S. Shepard, 1771 ; of Stephen S. 
 Nelson, 1797 ; of Thomas Waterman, 1801 ; of 
 Lucius Bowles, 1805 ; on the death of Mary Still 
 man, 1768; of S. Ward, 1776; election sermon, 
 1779; on charity, 1785; before a society of free 
 masons, 1789; apostolic preaching in three dis 
 courses, 1790; on the death of N. Brown, 1791 ; 
 of Washington, 1800; of H. Smith, 1805; at the 
 execution of Levi Ames, 1773 ; thanksgiving ser 
 mon on the French revolution, 1794; on the 
 national fast, 1799; on opening the Baptist meet 
 ing-house in Charlestown ; on the first anniver 
 sary of the female asylum, 1801 ; on the first an 
 niversary of the Massachusetts Baptist missionary 
 society, 1803. A volume of twenty sermons was 
 published, 8vo., 1808, of which eight had never 
 before been published. 
 
 STILLWELL, JARRAT, general, died in New 
 York in 1843, aged 86 ; a Revolutionary soldier. 
 
 STILLWELL, WILLIAM, Methodist minister, 
 died at Astoria, N. Y., Aug. 9, 1851, aged 64. 
 He was thirty-one years pastor in Christie street, 
 New York. He performed the marriage service 
 eight thousand times ; the funeral service seven 
 thousand times. 
 
 STIRLING, earl of, see William Alexander. 
 
 STITH, WILLIAM, president of William and 
 Mary college, Virginia, was a native of that col 
 ony, and for some years a respectable clergyman. 
 He withdrew from the laborious office which he 
 sustained in the college, soon after the year 1740, 
 and died in 1750. He published a history of the 
 first discovery and settlement of Virginia, Wil- 
 liamsburg, 8vo., 1747. It brings down the his 
 tory only to 1624. An appendix contains a 
 collection of charters relating to the period com 
 prised in the volume. Besides the copious ma- 
 
STOCKBRIDGE. 
 
 STODDARD. 
 
 761 
 
 terials of Smith, the author derived assistance 
 from the manuscripts of his uncle, Sir John Ran- 
 dolph, and from the records of the London com 
 pany, put into his hands by Col. William Byrd, 
 president of the council, and from the valuable 
 library of this gentleman. Mr. Stith was a man 
 of classical learning, and a faithful historian ; 
 but he -was destitute of taste in style, and his de 
 tails are exceedingly minute. 
 
 STOCKBRIDGE, CHARLES, M. D., died at 
 Scituate, Mass., in 1806, aged 72, leaving a son 
 Charles, a physician, who died in S. in 1827, aged 
 38. His father, Benjamin, was a distinguished 
 physician before him in S. Dean s Hist, of S. 
 
 STOCKBRIDGE, JOSEPH, captain, died at 
 Bath, Maine, Aug. 9, 183.3, aged 76; a soldier of 
 the Revolution, engaged in various battles. 
 
 STOCKBRIDGE, CHARLES, M. D., a physi 
 cian of Scituate, died in Oct., 1827, aged 38. 
 
 STOCKING, JEREMIAH, minister of Glastcn- 
 bury, Conn., died in 1853, aged 85. 
 
 STOCKING, WILLIAM It., late missionary at 
 Oroomiah, Persia, died at New York April 30, 
 1854, aged 44. 
 
 STOCKTON, RICHARD, a statesman of New 
 Jersey, died ne^r Princeton Feb. 28, 1781, aged 
 50. lie was the son of John S., and grandson 
 of Richard S., who died in possession of a large 
 landed estate at Princeton in 1720; was born at 
 Princeton Oct. 1, 1730; was graduated in the 
 first class in 1748; and studied law with David 
 Ogdcn of Newark. In 1766 he visited England. 
 In 1774 he was appointed a judge of the supreme 
 court of New Jersey, and in 1776 a member of 
 congress. In debate he took an active part, and 
 signed the declaration of independence. No 
 vember 30th, a party of royalists captured him 
 and threw him into prison at New York, where 
 his sufferings destroyed his health. Congress 
 interposed for his release. The enemy destroyed 
 his library and devastated his lands. At the bar 
 Mr. S. appeared with unrivalled reputation and 
 success, refusing to engage in any cause which he 
 knew to be unjust, and standing forth in defence 
 of the helpless and the injured. He filled the 
 office of judge with integrity and learning. His 
 superior powers of mind, which were highly cul 
 tivated, were united with a flowing and persua 
 sive eloquence ; he was also a sincere Christian. 
 His son, Richard S., LL. D., a distinguished law 
 yer and a senator of the United States, and for 
 thirty years a trustee of Princeton college, died 
 at Princeton in 1828. 
 
 STODDARD, ANTHONY, the first in this 
 country of the family of Stoddards, died at Bos 
 ton March 15, 1687, aged about 70. He lived 
 in Boston as early as 1639, and was a representa 
 tive more than twenty years. His first wife was 
 a daughter of Emanuel Downing, and by her he 
 had sons, Solomon, Samson, and perhaps Simeon. 
 96 
 
 His second wife was Barbara, the widow of J. 
 Wc-ld, and her son was Stephen. His third wife 
 was Christiana, and by her he had Anthony, Jo 
 seph, and Ebenezer. 
 
 STODDARD, SOLOMON, minister of North- 
 nmpton, Mass., died Feb. 11, 1729, aged 85. He 
 was the eldest son of Anthony Stoddard, was 
 born in Boston in 1643, and was graduated at 
 Harvard college in 1662. He was afterwards ap 
 pointed a fellow. His health being impaired, he 
 went to Barbadoes as chaplain to Gov. Serle, and 
 preached to the dissenters on that island near 
 two years. After his return, being ordained 
 Sept. 11, 1672, as successor to Mr. Mather at 
 Northampton, he continued in that place till his 
 death. His ministerial labors were interrupted 
 for but a short time. His colleague, Mr. Edwards, 
 survived him. His wife was Esther, the daugh 
 ter of John Warham, and widow of his predeces 
 sor, E. Mather; she died in 1736, aged 91. Be 
 sides his children, here mentioned, Anthony and 
 John, he had sons Samuel and Aaron, and 
 daughters Mary, the wife of Rev. Stephen Mix ; 
 Esther, of Rev. Timothy Edwards ; Christina, of 
 Rev. William Williams of Hatfield ; and Sarah, 
 of Rev. Samuel Whitman of Farmington. Mr. 
 Stoddard was a learned man, well versed in re 
 ligious controversies, and himself an acute dispu 
 tant. He engaged in a controversy with Increase 
 Mather respecting the Lord s supper, maintain 
 ing that the sacrament was a converting ordi 
 nance, and that all baptized persons, not scanda 
 lous in life, may lawfully approach the table, 
 though they know themselves to be unconverted, 
 or destitute of true religion. As a preacher his 
 discourses were plain, experimental, searching, 
 and argumentative. He was blessed with great 
 success. He used to say that he had five har 
 vests ; and in these revivals there was a general 
 cry, What must I do to be saved ? He was so 
 diligent in his studies, that he left a considerable 
 number of sermons which he had never preached. 
 He wrote so fine a hand, that one hundred and 
 fifty of his discourses are contained in a small 
 12mo. manuscript volume. He published the 
 trial of assurance, 1696 ; doctrine of instituted 
 churches, London, 4to., 1700, in which he main 
 tained that the Lord s table should be accessible 
 to all persons not immoral in their lives ; that 
 the power of receiving and censuring members is 
 vested exclusively in the elders of the church ; 
 and that synods have power to excommunicate 
 and deliver from church censures. He published 
 also the necessity of acknowledging offences, 
 1701; the danger of degeneracy, 1702; election 
 sermon, 1703; sermon on the death of John Pyn- 
 chon, 1703; on the neglect of the worship of 
 God, relating to the supper, etc., 1707 ; the false 
 ness of the hopes of many professors, 1708; at 
 the ordination of J. Willard, 1718; of Thomas 
 
762 
 
 STODDARD. 
 
 Cheney, 1718; examination of the power of the 
 fraternity, 1718; appeal to the learned on the 
 Lord s supper, against the exceptions of I. Mather, 
 1709; plea for tithes ; divine teachings, 1712; a 
 guide to Christ, or the way of directing souls in the 
 way to conversion, compiled for young ministers, 
 1714; three sermons, showing the virtue of 
 Christ s blood to cleanse from sin, that natural 
 men are under the government of self-love, that 
 the gospel is the means of conversion, and a 
 fourth annexed to stir up young men and maid- 
 . ens to praise the Lord, 1717 ; a treatise concern 
 ing conversion ; the way to know sincerity and 
 hypocrisy, 1719; answer to cases of conscience, 
 1722; defects of preachers, 1723; whether God 
 is not angry with the country for doing so little 
 towards the conversion of the Indians, 1723; 
 safety of appearing at the judgment in the right 
 eousness of Christ; this work was republished at 
 Edinburgh, 8vo., 1792. Colman s Sermon on 
 Ms Death. 
 
 STODDARD, SAMPSON, minister of Chelms- 
 ford, Mass., died in 1740, aged about 60. Born 
 in Boston, he graduated at Harvard in 1701, and 
 was settled in 1706. His predecessors were J. 
 Eiske and T. Clark. He was succeeded by E. 
 Bridge and IT. Packard. 
 
 STODDARD, ANTHONY, minister of Wood- 
 bury, Conn., died Sept. 6, 1760, aged 82. He was 
 the son of Solomon S. of Northampton, born in 
 1678; graduated at Harvard in 1697; was or 
 dained as successor of Z. Walker, May 27, 1702; 
 and preached sixty years with great success, hav 
 ing four hundred and seventy-four admissions to 
 his church. He was also clerk of probate forty 
 years, and was to his people a lawyer and physi 
 cian ; and was one of the largest farmers in the 
 town. His wife from 1701 to 1714 was Prudence 
 Wells ; he next married Mary Sherman, who 
 died in 1720. He had eleven children. Among 
 his descendants were Major Amos, of Boston, 
 and Col. Henry Stoddard of Ohio. He pub 
 lished election sermon, 1716. CotJiren s Hist. 
 Woodbury. 
 
 STODDARD, ISRAEL, sheriff of Berkshire 
 county, died in Pittsfield in 1782, aged 41. He 
 was the son of John and the grandson of Rev. 
 Solomon S. 
 
 STODDARD, JOHN, a member of the council 
 of Massachusetts, the son of Rev. Solomon, died 
 at Boston June 19, 1748, aged 66. He was grad 
 uated at Harvard college in 1701. He discharged 
 the duties of several important stations with 
 great ability and uprightness. He was many 
 years in the council, was chief justice in the court 
 of common pleas, and colonel of a regiment. 
 With a vigorous mind and keen penetration he 
 united an accurate acquaintance with the con 
 cerns of the colonies and of the neighboring 
 tribes of Indians. Thoroughly established in 
 
 STONE. 
 
 the principles and the doctrines of the first fath 
 ers of New England, he greatly detested what 
 he considered the opposite errors of more mod 
 ern divinity. His wife was Prudence Chester of 
 Wethersfield. Edwards Sermon. 
 
 STODDARD, AMOS, major, died in 1813, aged 
 54. His father was Anthony of Woodbury, Conn., 
 who was a grandson of Rev. Anthony S. He 
 was a soldier from 1779 to the close of the war ; 
 then clerk of the supreme court in Boston. He 
 settled as a lawyer in Hallowell, Me., about 1792 ; 
 in 1799 he was appointed a captain of artillery 
 in the army. In the battle at fort Meigs he was 
 wounded by a shell, and in consequence died of 
 the lockjaw. He was civil commander of upper 
 Louisiana. He Avas a man of talents. He 
 published the political crisis, London; and 
 sketches of Louisiana, 12mo., 1812. 
 
 STODDARD, SOLOMON, JUN., died at North 
 ampton Nov. 11, 1847, aged 47. A graduate of 
 Yale college in 1820, he was a professor of lan 
 guages at Middlebury college. He was a de 
 scendant of Solomon, the second minister of 
 Northampton. His father, Solomon of North 
 ampton, still lives, aged 86 years, Feb. 18, 1857, 
 the son of Solomon, high sheriff of Hampshire, 
 who was the son of Colonel John. His mother 
 was a daughter of Benjamin Tappan. In 1836 
 he united with Professor Andrews in preparing 
 their Latin grammar. He was a good scholar 
 and highly esteemed teacher and professor. 
 
 STODDARD, HARRIET, wife of David T. S., 
 missionary in Persia, died of the cholera at Trcbi- 
 zond Aug. 2, 1848, aged 26; the daughter of Dr. 
 C. Briggs of Marblehead. She was a most ac 
 tive and useful member of the mission at Oroo- 
 miah. Mr. S., with his family, was on a journey 
 for his health to Constantinople. N. Y.Ob- 
 server, Nov. 25. 
 
 STODDARD, SILAS, captain, died in Mace- 
 don, Conn., July 3, 1850, aged 91. He served 
 and fought in the war of independence on board 
 the ship Discovery. 
 
 STOLL, JACOB, seventy years a minister of the 
 Dunkcrs, died in Lancaster county, Pa., in April, 
 1822, aged 91. 
 
 STONE, SAMUEL, one of the first ministers of 
 Hartford, Conn., died July 20, 1663. He was a 
 native of Hertford, England, and was educated 
 at Emanuel college, Cambridge. To escape per 
 secution he came to this country with Mr. Cotton 
 and Mr. Hooker, and was settled as an assistant 
 of the latter at Cambridge Oct. 11, 1633. He 
 removed with him in 1636 to Hartford. While 
 he was regarded as one of the most accurate and 
 acute disputants of his day, he was also celebrated 
 for his wit, pleasantry, and good humor. Being 
 eminently pious, he abounded in fastings and 
 prayer, and was a most strict observer of the 
 Christian Sabbath. His wife was Elizabeth Al- 
 
STONE. 
 
 STONE. 
 
 763 
 
 len, who lived till 1681. His daughter Elizabeth 
 married William Sedgwick, the son of Ilohert, 
 from whom she was divorced on account of his 
 absence in the West Indies and neglect, and then 
 married John Roberts, lie left a son Samuel, 
 who was a preacher : he fell down the bank of a 
 rivulet in the evening and was killed. His daugh 
 ter Mary married Joseph Fitch, and Sarah mar 
 ried Thomas Butler. His estate was 563 pounds ; 
 his books were estimated at 127 pounds, nearly a 
 quarter of the whole estate of this minister in 
 the wilderness. He published a Congregational 
 church, etc., London, 1652. In this work, which 
 is a curious specimen of logic, he endeavors to 
 demolish the system of a national, political church. 
 He left in manuscript a confutation of the anti- 
 nomians, and a body of divinity. The latter was 
 so much esteemed as to be often transcribed by 
 theological students. Mather s Magnolia, in. 
 62, 116-118. 
 
 STONE, NATHANIEL, first minister of Har 
 wich, now Brewster, died in 1755, aged about 85. 
 A graduate of 1690, he was ordained at the gath 
 ering of the church, Oct. 16, 1700 : his successor 
 was J. Dunster. He published election sermon, 
 1720; before the superior court April 24, 1728; 
 the state of man by the fall, 1731. 
 
 STONE, THOMAS, a patriot of the Revolution, 
 died at Port Tobacco, Md., Oct. 5, 1787, aged 
 44. lie was a descendant of William S., gov 
 ernor of Maryland in 1640, the son of Da 
 vid S. Having studied law, and married a 
 .daughter of Dr. G. Brown, with whom he re 
 ceived 1000 pounds, he purchased a farm. Be 
 ing in 1776 and in subsequent years a member of 
 congress, he signed the declaration of indepen 
 dence. In 1783 and 1784 he was also in con 
 gress. A deep melancholy settled upon him in 
 consequence of the death of his wife by the 
 small pox. He died suddenly, leaving a son, 
 who died in 1793, and two daughters. He was 
 amiable in disposition, and a professor of religion 
 of sincere piety. Goodrich. 
 
 STONE, TIMOTHY, first minister of Goshen, 
 in Lebanon, Conn., died in 1797, aged about 56. 
 He was a descendant of Ilev. Samuel S., a clergy 
 man in England in the reign of Elizabeth, the 
 father of Ilev. Samuel S. of Hartford, by his 
 son John, an emigrant to Salem in 1636, and to 
 Guilfbrd. He graduated at Yale in 1763, and 
 was ordained in 1767. His successors were 
 W. B. Itipley and E. Ripley. His wife was a 
 daughter of Ilev. Dr. Williams of Lebanon. His 
 son Timothy, minister of Cornwall from 1803 to 
 1827, died in 1852. He published a sermon on 
 selfishness, 1778 ; on the death of Faith Trum- 
 bull, 1780; at election, 1792; at ordination ofL. 
 llockwell at Lyme, 1794. Sprague s Annals. 
 
 STONE, JONATHAN, captain, died in 1801, 
 aged 50. Born in New Braintree, Mass., he 
 
 served in the war, and then lived at Brookfield. 
 He reared his log cabin at Belpre, Ohio, in 
 Dec., 1789. His son, Col. John, occupied the 
 farm in l852. IIildretJi. 
 
 STONE, JOHN HOSKINS, governor of Mary 
 land, died in 1804. He was a patriot of the Rev 
 olution. In early life and at an early period of 
 the Revolution he was the first captain in the cel 
 ebrated regiment of Smallwood. At the battles 
 of Long Island, White Plains, and Princeton, he 
 was highly distinguished. In the battle of Ger- 
 mantown Oct. 4, 1777, he received a wound 
 which deprived him of bodily activity for the re 
 mainder of his life. But he still bent his exer 
 tions to promote the same cause for which he 
 had bled. He was governor from 1794 to 1797. 
 lie died at Annapolis, leaving behind him the 
 reputation of an honest and honorable man, an 
 intrepid soldier, a firm patriot, and a liberal, hos 
 pitable, friendly citizen. 
 
 STONE, ELIAB, minister of Reading, Mass., 
 died Aug. 31, 1822, aged 85. Born in Framing- 
 ham, the son of Micah, he graduated at Harvard 
 in 1758; was ordained in 1761; and was pastor 
 sixty-one years. He published a sermon at ordi 
 nation of E. Hubbard, 1783; of M. Stone, his 
 son, at Brookfield, 1801 ; at funeral of I. Morrill, 
 1794; at the fast, 1799 ; on the death of C.Pren- 
 tiss, 1803; a half-century sermon, 1811. 
 
 STONE, DAVID, governor of N. C., died at 
 Raleigh in 1818. He had been a judge, and a 
 senator of the U. S. 
 
 STONE, BENJAMIN, the first preceptor of 
 Leicester academy, died in 1832, aged 76. Born 
 in Shrewsbury, he graduated in 1776, and began 
 his labors in the academy June 7, 1784. After 
 three years of useful service he became the pre 
 ceptor of Westford academy ; but for many years 
 he lived in retirement on a farm in Shrewsbury, 
 where he died. The first boy who entered his 
 school, became the governor of a neighboring 
 State, W. L. Marcy, late secretary of State of 
 the U. S. 
 
 STONE, ATOSSA, missionary in India, died at 
 Bombay Aug. 7, 1833, aged 35. She was the 
 daughter of Col. Joseph Frost of Marlborough, 
 N. H., and educated at Keene, Plainfield, and 
 Bradford, Mass. She married Rev. Cyrus Stone, 
 missionary, and embarked for Calcutta in June, 
 1827, in company with Mrs. Allen; and she was 
 buried near her and Mrs. Hervey. In her sick 
 ness she referred to the hymn in Worcester s 
 book, beginning with " Thou dear Redeemer," as 
 expressive of her state of mind. It was sung at 
 her funeral. She died, as an English officer at 
 Bombay wrote, 
 
 " Scattering the good seed on the moral waste. 
 Compar d with her s. earth s highest deeds how mean 
 Achievements anthenvd in a nation s shout, 
 The pompous vapors of a little day! " 
 
7G4 
 
 STONE. 
 
 STORES. 
 
 It were well if all soldiers felt like this one ; 
 and better, if the masters of soldiers felt so. 
 
 STONE, ISAAC, minister of Douglass, Mass., 
 died in 1837, aged 89. Born in Shrewsbury, he 
 graduated at Harvard in 1770, and was pastor 
 from 1771 to 1805. W. Phipps was the first 
 minister, in 1747. 
 
 STONE, WILLIAM M., Episcopal bishop of 
 Maryland, died in 1838, aged 58. 
 
 STONE, JOHN, M. D., died in Springfield, 
 Mass., in 1838, aged 73. Born at Rutland, he 
 commenced practice at Greenfield, whence about 
 1819 he removed for a short time to Providence; 
 afterwards he lived at S. He died universally 
 lamented. Williams Med. Biog. 
 
 STONE, JOSIAH, a Baptist minister, died at 
 New Boston, N. II., in 1839, aged 76. 
 
 STONE, WILLIAM, minister at East Ridge, 
 N. Y., died in 1840, aged 82. 
 
 STONE, WILLIAM L., died at Saratoga 
 Springs Aug. 15, 1844, aged 52; for many years 
 editor of the New York Commercial Advertiser. 
 His wife was a sister of President Wayland. He 
 published a memoir of Brant, in 2 volumes ; the 
 life of Red Jacket; and a work on the history of 
 Wyoming. For many years he was the useful 
 superintendent of the common schools in the city 
 of New York. 
 
 STONE, NOAH, Dr., died at Oxford, Conn., 
 1851, aged 68. 
 
 STONE, ENOS, colonel, died Oct. 23, 1851, 
 aged 76. He was the first settler of Rochester, 
 N. Y., and built the first house there. 
 
 STONE, TIMOTHY, died in S. Cornwall, Conn., 
 May 14, 1852, aged 78 ; many years pastor of 
 the church. His end was peace. He was active 
 in forming the Cornwall mission school. 
 
 STONE, MICAH, minister of Brookfield.Mass., 
 died Sept. 20, 1852, aged 82. Born in Reading 
 in 1770, the son of Rev. Eliab Stone, he gradu 
 ated at Harvard in 1790, and was pastor of South 
 Brookfield from 1801 to 1827. Then he with 
 drew, with the church, from the parish, and 
 formed a new society. His last sermon, at the 
 age of eighty, was delivered on the fiftieth anni 
 versary of his ordination, and gave evidence of 
 unimpaired intellect. As a neighbor, friend, and 
 minister he was highly esteemed. He published 
 a sermon on the death of Mary Reed, 1804; a 
 fast sermon, 1812 ; a semi-centennial sermon, 
 1851. 
 
 STORER, SETH, minister of Watertown, Mass., 
 died in 1774, aged 72. Born in Saco, the son of 
 Col. Joseph S., he graduated at Harvard in 
 1720, and was settled in 1724 as successor of H. 
 Gibbs. 
 
 STORER, EBEXEZER, an officer in the Revo 
 lutionary war, died at Gorham, Me., Jan. 20, 1846, 
 aged 87. He was born in Wells : his mother 
 was a sister of Gov. Langdon. He was a mer 
 
 chant of Portland and New York, and a Chris 
 tian. Christian Mirror, Feb. 12. 
 
 STORK, WILLIAM, published a description of 
 East Florida, with a journal of J. Bartram, 4to., 
 1774. 
 
 STORKE, CHARLES A. G., minister at Rowan, 
 N. C., died in 1831, aged 66. 
 
 STORRS, JOHN, minister of Southold on 
 Long Island, died in Mansfield, Conn., in 1799, 
 aged about 65. He graduated at Yale in 1756; 
 was a tutor in 1761 ; was ordained in 1763. In 
 consequence of the war he left his charge from 
 1776 to 1782, living in Mansfield, where his pat 
 rimony lay, and acting sometimes as chaplain in 
 the army. He resigned his charge at Southold 
 in 1787, and returned to Mansfield. He was the 
 father of Rev. R. S. Storrs ; and published a ser 
 mon at his ordination, 1786. 
 
 STORRS, RICHAKD SALTER, minister of Long- 
 meadow, Mass., died Oct. 3, 1819, aged 54. Born 
 in Mansfield, Conn., the son of Rev. John S., he 
 graduated at Yale in 1785, and was ordained 
 Dec. 7, 1785, succeeding S. Williams, and was 
 succeeded by B.Dickinson in 1823. His preach 
 ing was fervent and rich in evangelical truth, and 
 his ministry was very acceptable. His wife was 
 Sally, a daughter of Rev. N. Williston : he was 
 the father of distinguished sons, one of whom is 
 Rev. Dr. S. of Braintree, who is the father of a 
 distinguished son, Rev. Dr. S. of Brooklyn. His 
 earliest ancestor in America was Samuel of Mans 
 field, the son of Samuel of Sutton in England ; 
 next was Samuel, then John, then again John,, 
 then Samuel of Mansfield, then Rev. John Storrs 
 of Southold, who was his father. He was named 
 after Rev. Richard Salter, who adopted and edu 
 cated him in consequence of some family ties. 
 
 STORRS, WILLIAM, minister of Ashford, 
 Conn., died in 1824, aged about 50. He gradu 
 ated at Dartmouth in 1788. 
 
 STORRS, CHARLES B., president of a col 
 lege in Ohio, died at Braintree, Mass., Sept. 15, 
 1833, aged 39. He was the son of Rev. Richard 
 S. Storrs, and studied theology from 1817 three 
 years at Andover seminary. From 1822 to 1828 
 he was the pastor of Ravenna, Ohio. Afterwards 
 he was professor of theology and president of the 
 Western Reserve college at Hudson, Ohio. In 
 ill health he visited his brother, Rev. Dr. Storrs 
 at Braintree, there to die. He was a man reso 
 lute in purpose and persevering in effort, of 
 learning and deep piety. 
 
 STORRS, HENRY RANDOLPH, died in New 
 Haven July 29, 1837, aged 49. Born in Middle- 
 town, he graduated at Yale in 1804. He settled 
 as a lawyer at Utica, and was a member of con 
 gress 1819-21, 1823-31; of powerful elocution, 
 and a debater of high rank. From Utica he 
 removed to New York. Goodrich s Eecollec- 
 tions. 
 
STORKS. 
 
 STORY. 
 
 7C5 
 
 STORRS, NATHANIEL, died in Boston June 
 16, 18,31, aged 77 ; a distinguished teacher many 
 years. He was a native of Lebanon, N. H. 
 
 STORRS, JOHN, minister of Winchendon, 
 Mass., died in 1854, aged 52. Born in Mansfield, 
 Conn., he had been pastor in Barre and IIol- 
 liston, also in Norwich, Conn. ; and was agent of 
 the American bible society. 
 
 STORY, DAMKL, first minister of Marietta, 
 died Dec. 30, 1804, aged 49. An uncle of Judge 
 J. Story, he was born in Boston in 1755, and 
 graduated at Dartmouth in 1780. While preach 
 ing at Worcester, lie was engaged in 1789 to go 
 as a chaplain to Ohio, and commenced his labors 
 in the spring, preaching at Marietta and at the set 
 tlements of Waterford and Bclpre ; at the latter 
 place under the shade of a wide-branching tree. 
 From 1791 to 1795 he preached in the chamber 
 of the block-house of Campus Martins at Mari 
 etta. He preached also at the mouth of the 
 Muskingum on the left bank, fort Harmer being 
 on the right bank. He was accustomed to go to 
 Belpre, fifteen miles, and to Waterford, twenty 
 miles, in a canoe. He collected a church of 
 members from various places in 1796, over which 
 as pastor he was ordained, not on the spot, for 
 there was no minister west of the mountains, 
 but at Danvers in Mass., Mr. Cutler preaching 
 the sermon, Aug. 15, 1797. He was dismissed 
 at his own request, being in bad health, March 
 15, 1804 ; and died in the same year. He owned 
 lands ; but he left debts, which the sale of them 
 was only sufficient to pay. His property and his 
 life were sacrificed for the religious benefit of the 
 west. He was a good preacher; in prayer 
 greatly gifted. In his conversation he was cheer 
 ful and animated. He was never married. His 
 name is remembered with honor. Mr. Robbins 
 succeeded him. Hildrctli s Biog. Memoirs. 
 
 STORY, ISAAC, minister of Marblehead, died 
 in 1816, aged about 70. He graduated at Prince 
 ton in 1768; was ordained colleague with S. 
 Bradstreet of Marblehead in 1771 ; and married 
 his daughter. After thirty years he left the min 
 istry and engaged in secular business. He pub 
 lished an epistle from Yarico to Inkle ; a thanks 
 giving sermon, 1774, 1795 ; eulogy on Washing 
 ton ; oration at Worcester, 1801; Parnassian 
 shop, 1801. Sprague. 
 
 STORY, JOSEPH, judge, died in Cambridge 
 Sept. 10, 1845, aged nearly 66. He was the son 
 of Dr. Elisha Story of Marblehead, and was born 
 Sept. 18, 1779, and graduated at Harvard in 1798. 
 He became a member of the legislature in 1805, 
 and w^as elected speaker : he was also a member 
 of congress. Mr. Madison appointed him in 1811 
 a judge of the supreme court, an office he held 
 thirty-four years till his death. In 1830 he was 
 appointed Dane professor in the law school at 
 Cambridge. It is said he acquired the largest 
 
 fortune of any lawyer from his practice and his 
 books; the income from his books being 10,000 
 dollars a year. His wife, Sarah Waldo Wet- 
 more, was the daughter of Judge William Wet- 
 more. He left a son ; also a daughter, who 
 married George W. Curtis. In regard to law 
 yers fees Judge Story relates a pleasant anec 
 dote. Judge Parsons was once consulted by let 
 ter, and his opinion asked, and a fee of 20 dollars 
 was sent. He made no answer. After a while 
 came a second letter, to which the judge replied 
 that he had examined the case and formed an 
 opinion, but " somehow or other it stuck in his 
 throat." The gentleman took the hint and sent 
 him 100 dollars. In his politics Judge Story was 
 a republican, denominated a jacobin, an adherent 
 of Mr. Jefferson ; and he drew upon himself not 
 a little odium, living in the midst of warm feder 
 alists. But he rapidly rose to distinction as a 
 lawyer, for he was always a hard student, and he 
 had talents and genius. His political attachments 
 did not prevent him from making some important 
 discoveries and from uttering some indignant 
 New England feelings : " Virginia has ruled us 
 by the old maxim, divide and conquer." " We 
 have foolishly suffered ourselves to be wheedled 
 by southern politicians, until we have almost for 
 gotten that the honors and the constitution of 
 the Union are as much our birthright and our 
 protection as of the rest of the United States." 
 He combined in his character some traits which 
 are seldom united. He was a writer of poetry 
 and a learned, philosophical jurist : he was the life 
 of social parties, and almost unequalled in conver 
 sation, yet a hard and laborious student. In the 
 extent of his invaluable legal writings he stands 
 almost alone. His commentaries and his writ 
 ten judgments in his circuit make twenty-seven 
 volumes; and his judgments in the supreme 
 court form an important part of thirty-four vol 
 umes more. The reporters of the circuit cases 
 were J. Gallison, W. P. Mason, C. Sumner, and 
 W. W. Story. His commentaries on the consti 
 tution of the United States are in three volumes ; 
 and on the conflict of laws in one volume ; on 
 equity jurisprudence in two volumes; on the law 
 of pleadings in one ; on the law of bailments in 
 one. He wrote also on the law of agency ; of 
 partnership ; of bills of exchange ; of promissory 
 notes. In his last sickness he said to his wife : " I 
 shall die content, and with a firm faith in the 
 goodness of God. We shall meet again." He 
 was a member of the Unitarian church in Cam 
 bridge ; but, although the author of the account 
 of his life says of him, "he believed in the inspi 
 ration and doctrines of Christ, in the immortality 
 of the soul, in the unity of God," there does not 
 seem to be any evidence, in the two volumes of 
 his life, that he regarded the Son of God as any 
 thing more than an inspired man : not one word 
 
7G6 
 
 STOUGHTOX. 
 
 STRINGIIAM. 
 
 occurs in them intimating his belief of the teach 
 ings of Scripture concerning the pre-existence and 
 incarnation of the Son of God, and his death as 
 a propitiation for the sins of the world. In no 
 ticing the diversities of construction among 
 learned men of the same Divine word, every re 
 flecting man must feel it to be his duty to judge 
 for himself, and not to build his faith on the per 
 suasion of another. As to his poetry, if the 
 remarks of a critic are true, the defects of his 
 Power of solitude, written in early life, are " an 
 exaggeration of feeling, confusion of imagery, 
 and a want of simplicity of expression. The 
 style is stilted and artificial." His life was pub 
 lished by his son, William "VVetmore Story, in 2 
 vols., 1851. 
 
 STOUGHTON, WILLIAM, lieutenant-governor 
 of Mass., died at Dorchester July 7, 1701, aged 
 70. He was the son of Col. Israel Stoughton, 
 who commanded the Massachusetts troops in the 
 Pequot war. He was graduated at Harvard col 
 lege in 1650, and becoming a preacher was for 
 some years resident in England. After the res 
 toration in 1G60 he was ejected from a fellowship 
 in Oxford, and repaired to New England in 16G2. 
 Though not a settled minister he was appointed 
 to preach the election sermon in 1CG8. This 
 sermon has been ranked among the best delivered 
 upon the occasion. After the death of Mr. 
 Mitchell he declined an invitation to become his 
 successor in the care of the church at Cambridge. 
 In 1071 he was chosen a magistrate, and in 1677 
 went to England as an agent for the province. 
 He was a member of the council, and chief jus 
 tice of the superior court. Being appointed 
 lieutenant-governor in 1692, he was commander- 
 in-chief from 1694 to 1699, and again in 1700. 
 He was a man of great learning, integrity, pru 
 dence, patriotism, and piety. He was a generous 
 benefactor of Harvard college, giving to that 
 institution about 1,000 pounds. Stoughton hall 
 was erected at his expense in 1698. He left a 
 tract of land for the support of students, natives 
 of Dorchester, at the college, and another tract 
 for the benefit of schools. He was never mar 
 ried. Willarcrs Sermon. 
 
 STOUGHTOX, JUAN, don, Spanish consul, 
 died at Boston in 1820, aged 75. He had been 
 consul at B. for thirty years. 
 
 STOW, SAMUEL, first minister of Middlctown, 
 Conn., died May 8, 1704, aged 82. He was the 
 son of Thomas of Concord, and was born in Eng 
 land ; was graduated in 1645, in the third Har 
 vard class ; and went to Middletown in 1645, 
 remaining in the ministry ten years. He then 
 relinquished his profession, and was for the re 
 mainder of his life a much-respected citizen. His 
 wife was Hope, daughter of William Fletcher of 
 Concord : his daughter Hope married George 
 Phillips of Middletown. He gave a lot of land 
 
 to the town for the benefit of education. He left 
 in manuscript ten Essays for conversion of the 
 Jews. 
 
 STOWE, WILLIAM B., died at Ridgeville, 0., 
 in 1855, aged 73. Born in Marlborough, he 
 graduated at Williams college in 1811, and was 
 for many years a minister in New England and 
 New York, and performed much missionary 
 labor. 
 
 STRAWBRIDGE, WILLIAM, a Baptist min 
 ister, died at Lower Providence, Pa., in 1830, 
 aged 73. 
 
 STREET, NICHOLAS, minister of Taunton and 
 New Haven, died in 1674. He came from Eng 
 land ; was colleague with Mr. Hook at Taunton, 
 where he remained twenty years; and then was 
 colleague with Mr. Davenport in 1659, and re 
 mained at New Haven till his death. He was 
 pious, modest, judicious, and a good preacher. 
 His first wife was a sister of Elizabeth Pool ; his 
 second, the widow of Gov. Newman. Sprague s 
 Annals. 
 
 STREET, SAMUEL, minister of New Haven, 
 the son of Nicholas S., died Jan. 16, 1712, aged 
 82. He had been minister forty-two years. His 
 daughter married Theophilus Yale. 
 
 STREET, SAMUEL, first minister of Walling- 
 ford, Conn., died Jan. 16, 1717, aged 82. He 
 was the son of Rev. Nicholas S., and ordained in 
 1674, then 40 years of age. The church was 
 strictly Congregational, rejecting the Saybrook 
 platform, when formed. Mr. Whittelsey was or 
 dained in 1710. 
 
 STREET, NICHOLAS, minister of East Haven, 
 Conn., died in 1806, aged 76. He graduated at 
 Yale in 1751, and was settled in 1755, succeeding 
 the first pastor, J. Hemingway. He was distin 
 guished for piety, prudence, and benevolence. 
 Sprague. 
 
 STREETER, ZEBEDEE, a Universalist minister, 
 died at Surry, N. II., in 1808, aged 70. 
 
 STRICKLAND, JOHN, a minister, died at Hud 
 son, N. II., in 1823, aged 84. Born at Hadley, 
 he graduated at Yale in 1761. He was pastor at 
 Oakham, Mass., from 1768 to 1773; was installed 
 at Nottingham West in 1774; at Turner, Me., in 
 1774; at Andover, N. II., in 1786. 
 
 STRINGER, SAMUEL, Dr., died at Albany in 
 1817, aged 82. Born in Maryland, he was a sur 
 geon in the army in 1758, and after the war 
 settled and married in Albany. In the Revolu 
 tionary war, he was director-general of the hos 
 pitals at the north. He was esteemed as a 
 physician. In his habits he was frugal and tem 
 perate. Thaclier s Mca. Biog. 
 
 STRINGIIAM, JAMES S., M. D., a physician 
 of New York city, died at St. Croix in 1817, aged 
 about 42. Born in N. Y., he graduated at Co 
 lumbia college in 1793. He studied medicine in 
 part in Edinburgh. He succeeded Mitchell as 
 
STRONG. 
 
 professor of chemistry in Columbia college; then 
 was professor of medical jurisprudence. He wrote 
 for various journals. Timelier ts Me<l. liiog. 
 
 STIIOXG, Jon, died Sept. 30, 1751, aged 27, 
 at Portsmouth, N. II., where he had been a min 
 ister two years. lie was a native of Northamp 
 ton; a graduate of Yale in 1747; a missionary 
 among the Indians a short time. A letter of his 
 is preserved in Brainerd s life. 
 
 STRONG, THOMAS, first minister of New Marl- 
 borough, died Aug. 23, 1777, aged about GO. 
 Born in Northampton, he graduated at Yale in 
 1740, and was settled Oct. 31, 1744. T. Tattlow 
 of Marlborough, Conn., bequeathed Henry s com 
 mentary, in six large volumes, to the church, to 
 be lent out to the members : they were a treas 
 ure in the wilderness. His successors were C. 
 Alexander and J. Catlin. Mr. S. married Eliza 
 beth Barnard ; and his son, Thomas Barnard 
 Strong, a graduate of Yale in 1800, is a citizen 
 of Pittsfield. 
 
 STRONG, NATHAN, minister of Coventry, 
 Conn., the first in the north society, died in 1795, 
 aged about 75. He graduated at Yale in 1742. 
 
 STRONG, JOSEPH, minister of Williamsburg, 
 Mass., died in 1803, aged 73. The son of Jo 
 seph of Coventry, he graduated at Yale in 1749, 
 and was first the minister of Granby, Conn., from 
 1752 to 1770 ; was a chaplain in the army ; and 
 was settled in W. in 1781. His son, Joseph, 
 minister of Glastenbury, South Hadley, Belcher- 
 town, and Preble, N. Y., died in 1823, aged 67 ; 
 the father of Prof. Theodore Strong of Clinton. 
 He published a sermon at the ordination of S. 
 Graves ; on the death of G. Mills ; the church 
 one, 1783; two sermons in a volume, 1799. 
 Sprague s Annals. 
 
 STRONG, SIMEON, LL. D., judge, died at Am- 
 herst, Mass., Dec. 14, 1805, aged 69. Born in 
 Northampton, his father removed to Amherst ; he 
 graduated at Yale in 1756 ; was at first, a preacher, 
 but was admitted to the bar in 1761, and was ap 
 pointed a judge of the supreme court in 1800. 
 He was a learned lawyer, an upright judge, a 
 pious Christian, conversant with family and closet 
 devotions. 
 
 STRONG, NEHEMIAII, professor of mathema 
 tics in Yale college, died in 1807, aged 79. Born 
 in Northampton, he graduated at Yale in 1755; 
 was tutor three years ; then ordained in Sims- 
 bury, now Granby ; and was professor from 1770 
 to 1781. He died at Bridgeport. He published 
 astronomy improved, the substance of three lec 
 tures. 
 
 STRONG, CYPRIAN, D. D., minister of Chat 
 ham, now Portland, Conn., died in 1811, aged 67. 
 Born at Farmington, Conn., he graduated at Yale 
 in 1763, and was settled in 1767. The first min 
 ister was Daniel Newell, settled in 1721, the town 
 being then a part of Middletown. Dr. Strong s 
 
 STRONG. 
 
 7G7 
 
 ministry continued fifty-four years. He pub 
 lished a sermon on owning the covenant, 1780; 
 remarks on sermons of J. Lewis, 1789; inquiry 
 on baptism, 1793 ; at ordination of S. Shepard, 
 1795 ; of E. Gridley, 1797 ; of J. Bushncll, 1800 ; 
 at election, 1799; at the request of masons; a 
 fast sermon. Sprague s Annals. 
 
 STRONG, JONATHAN, 1). D., minister of Ran 
 dolph, Mass., died Nov. 9, 1814, aged 50. He was 
 born in Bolton, Conn., Sept 4, 1764; his parents 
 removed to Orford,N. II. lie was graduated at 
 Dartmouth college in 1786; ordained as the col 
 league of Mr. Taft in Jan., 1789. His successor 
 was Thaddeus Pomeroy. His daughter married 
 W. Cogswell, D. D. In three periods of success 
 ful toil during his ministry he numbered more 
 than two hundred converts. He was a faithful 
 preacher, of unpolished but powerful eloquence, 
 firm in his attachment to the great truths of the 
 gospel. A memoir of him by Rev. Mr. Storrs is 
 in the panoplist, vol. XII. He wrote much for the 
 Massachusetts missionary magazine, and also for 
 the panoplist. He published a sermon at the 
 thanksgiving, 1795; at the ordination of L. 
 White, 1798; on the landing of our forefathers, 
 1803; on the death of Dr. Z. Bass, 1804; be 
 fore the missionary society, 1808; on the national 
 independence, 1810; at a dedication, 1814. 
 Sprague s Annals. 
 
 STRONG, JOHN, general, died at Addison, Vt., 
 in 1816, aged 79. He was a soldier of the Revo 
 lution, and first judge of Addison county. 
 
 STRONG, NATHAN, D. D., minister of Hart 
 ford, Conn., died Dec. 25, 1816, aged 68. He 
 was the son of Nathan S., minister of Coventry; 
 was born in 1748 ; graduated at Yale college in 
 1769; and was ordained Jan. 5, 1774. In the 
 war he was a patriot and a chaplain in the army. 
 He was a learned and very useful minister, dis 
 tinguished for his discernment and knowledge of 
 men. Of the missionary society of Conn, he was 
 the principal founder in 1798. For some years 
 he was the editor of the Connecticut evangelical 
 magazine. Dr. S. issued a prospectus for his 
 sermons. As the poet Trumbull one day met 
 him, he inquired, " When are your sermons to be 
 out ? " The Dr. replied, " I cannot exactly tell ; I 
 am waiting to find a text to suit a man who never 
 comes to church, except when he has a child to 
 be baptized." He published the doctrine of eter 
 nal misery reconciled with the benevolence of God, 
 in answer to Huntington, 8vo. ; a sermon at the 
 execution of M. Dunbar, 1777 ; of R. Doane, 
 1797 ; on the death of Washington ; of S. Wil 
 liams, 1800; of C. Backus, 1804; of J. Cogswell, 
 1807; of C. Goodrich, 1815; at election, 1790; 
 at two thanksgivings ; at ordination of J. Strong, 
 1778; of J. L. Skinner, 1794; at convention of 
 a church; before a benevolent society; on muta 
 bility of life ; on the use of time ; a century ser- 
 
768 
 
 STRONG. 
 
 STUART. 
 
 mon, 1801; sermons, 2 vols. Sprague s An 
 nals; Am. Quar. Reg., Nov., 1840. 
 
 STRONG, CALEB, LL. D., governor of Massa 
 chusetts, died suddenly at Northampton, Nov. 7, 
 1819, aged 74. lie was the son of Caleb S., 
 descended from John S., who arrived from Taun- 
 ton, England, in May, 1630, and settled at Dor 
 chester, and thence removed to Windsor, and in 
 1659 to Northampton. He was born at N. in 
 Jan., 1745, and graduated at Harvard college in 
 1764. He studied law with Mr. Hawley, but 
 from ill health did not commence the practice 
 till 1772. In 1776 he was a member of the leg 
 islature with Mr. Ilawley, and continued in that 
 body an active friend of his country till 1780, 
 when he was chosen a councillor. In 1779 he 
 assisted in forming the constitution of Massachu 
 setts, and in 1787 that of the United States. 
 Under the new national government he was eight 
 years a senator, from 1789 to 1797. He was 
 governor from 1800 till 1807, when Mr. Sullivan 
 was elected ; and was again chosen governor 
 during the difficult period of the war, from 1812 
 to 1815. His wife, the daughter of John Hooker, 
 the minister of Northampton, died in 1817. lie 
 was a man of sound judgment, and of exemplary 
 piety. He wrote the address of the government 
 to the insurgents in 1786. His speeches from 
 1807 to 1808 were published, Svo., 1808. 
 
 STRONG, JOSEPH, J). D., died at Norwich, 
 Conn., Dec. 18, 1834, aged 80. He descended 
 from John Strong; his grandfather removed 
 from Windsor to Woodbury; his father, Rev. 
 Nathan S., of the second church in Coventry, was 
 graduated in 1742. He was a brother of Nathan 
 Strong of Hartford. His son, Henry Strong, 
 LL. I)., died at Norwich, Nov. 11, 1852, aged 64. 
 Dr. S. succeeded B. Lord. J. Fitch was the first 
 pastor. He had as a colleague C. B. Everett. 
 He published a sermon on the death of Gov. 
 Huntington, 1796; of Washington ; of Dr. J. 
 Lathrop, 1 803 ; of J. Murdock ; of A. Hooker, 
 1813. 
 
 STRONG, TITUS, D. D., Episcopal minister in 
 Greenfield, died June 11, 1855, aged 68. 
 
 STRYKER, ISAAC P., missionary for Borneo, 
 died at Batavia March 27, 1842. He sailed from 
 Boston in 1840, Capt. John Codman giving him 
 a free passage to Batavia in the ship Sarah Par 
 ker. After a residence for some time at B., he 
 had embarked for Borneo, when he was attacked 
 with a fatal fever. 
 
 STUART, GILBERT, or Gilbert Charles, a por 
 trait-painter, died Wednesday, July 9, 1828, aged 
 73. He was born in Newport, R. I., in 1755. 
 He was a pupil of Benjamin West in London. 
 He was applauded in England, but he returned 
 to America in 1790 or 1794, and resided chiefly 
 in Philadelphia and Washington till about 1801, 
 
 when he removed to Boston. He was long 
 racked with the gout. He left a daughter, Mrs. 
 Stebbins, a painter. He was thoroughly ac 
 quainted with his art, and as a portrait and his 
 torical painter was unequalled in this country. 
 He was also a man of a strong mind and inter 
 esting conversation. His picture of Washington 
 presents a head of calni and majestic wisdom, 
 familiar to all Americans. His pictures of Madi 
 son and Jefferson are in the gallery of Bowdoin 
 college. 
 
 STUART, DUNCAX, an early shipbuilder in 
 Newbury, Mass., died in Rowley in 1717, aged 
 100. He removed to R. before 1680. 
 
 STUART, ROBERT, died at Chicago Oct. 20, 
 1848, aged 63. He lived as an enterprising mer 
 chant at Mackinaw, connected with the great 
 west; but his chief residence was Detroit. He 
 went to Illinois for a temporary abode, as con 
 nected with the internal improvements in that 
 State. Full of joyous hopes as to rejoining his 
 family in Detroit, he fell a victim to the great 
 destroyer. But he was an exemplary Christian 
 and an elder in the church. He was Indian 
 agent, and held various offices of trust. Obs., 
 Nov. 18. 
 
 STUART, DAVID, died at Detroit, Nov. 22, 
 1853, aged 88 ; one of Astor s agents in his ex 
 pedition to Columbia river in 1810. 
 
 STUART, ROBERT, D. D., died near Nicholas- 
 villc, Aug. 10, 1856; the oldest minister of the 
 synod of Kentucky, an excellent and venerable 
 man. 
 
 STUART, MOSES, died at Andover Jan. 4, 
 1852, aged 71. The son of Isaac, he was born 
 at Wilton, Conn., March 26, 1780; was gradu 
 ated at Yale in 1799; was two years tutor, from 
 1802 to 1804. He first studied law, then theol 
 ogy, and was ordained as successor of Dr. Dana 
 over the central church, New Haven, March 5, 
 1806; but in 1810 removed to Andover as pro 
 fessor of sacred literature, where he passed the 
 remainder of his life. He had been a preacher 
 forty-seven years, a teacher forty-one, a professor 
 in the theological seminary thirty-eight. In per 
 son he was tall ; he was frank, noble, independent, 
 simple in manners ; though at times sarcastic and 
 severe, yet always honest and highly respected 
 for his integrity and directness. His wife, Han 
 nah Clark of Danbury, died in 1855. Three 
 sons graduated at Yale, two of whom entered 
 the profession of law, and one that of medicine. 
 One of his daughters married Professor Phelps 
 of Andover, and died in 1852 : she was a gil tcd 
 writer. Professor Stuart may be regarded as 
 eminently the father of biblical literature in this 
 country. His more important writings may be 
 divided into four or five classes. First, his gram 
 mars and other aids to the theological student ; 
 
STUART. 
 
 STUBER. 
 
 769 
 
 next, his various commentaries on several books 
 of the Old Testament, and on the epistle to the 
 llomans, on that to the Hebrews, and on the 
 Apocalypse of the New Testament. Then come 
 his letters relating to the Unitarian writings of 
 Dr. Channing of Boston ; and lastly his contro 
 versy with Professor Miller of Princeton. But 
 it was in the lecture-room that, in the judgment 
 of Professor Stowc, who was one of his stu 
 dents, he was more remarkable than even in his 
 writings, for " his readers can never feel the 
 kindling enthusiasm that was never wanting 
 among his hearers." The controversy in 1822 
 and 1823 between this learned professor at An- 
 dover and Dr. Miller, the head of the theo 
 logical school at Princeton, concerning the Son- 
 ship of Christ, is an event of note in the theolog 
 ical history of our country. What was the 
 doctrine of Professor Stuart? He believed that 
 the title of Son was not given to Christ in refer 
 ence to his pre-existing nature, but only in respect 
 to his human nature, and that he was the Word, 
 and not the Son of God from eternity. He also 
 believed that "infinite power, wisdom, justice, 
 benevolence, etc., all belong to God in his simple 
 unity," and that these attributes are not to be 
 distinguished from his substance or essence, which 
 is numerically one. Dr. Miller maintained, with 
 the ancient fathers of the church, that Christ was 
 the Son of God in his pre-existing nature, before 
 he came into the world, and was generated from 
 the divine essence of the Father. Yet he was 
 afraid to use the word derived, though the word 
 generated can have no other meaning. He says : 
 " The generation of the Son was eternal. This lan 
 guage is to be understood in a Divine and ineffable 
 sense, excluding derivation, inferiority, or subor 
 dination." It were well for all our theologians 
 who wish to teach any thing, not to use words in 
 an " ineffable sense." So also Mr. Stuart denies 
 a derivation of the Logos : " I believe that the 
 Logos is really and verily Divine, self-existent, 
 uncaused, independent, immutable in himself." 
 Yet he admits that he departs from the opinion 
 of antiquity, saying, " the Nicene fathers and 
 the Greek commentators, one and all, held that 
 Christ as to his divine nature was derived from 
 the Father." It was also the doctrine of the 
 fathers of the three first centuries, as he admits, 
 that the Son was derived from God. Notwith 
 standing, in his view, whatever was the opinion 
 of the ancients, it is impossible " to make the 
 idea of time and proper divinity harmonize with 
 that of derivation and consequent dependence." 
 The ancient fathers believed that the self-existent, 
 eternal God had a Son generated before the cre 
 ation of the world, in time or before all time, 
 derived from God the Father. These two Amer 
 ican professors, on the contrary, believed that the 
 97 
 
 being called the Word or the Son was underived, 
 independent, equal with him who is called the 
 Father, God himself, or one of three equal per 
 sons or beings, constituting God. So that the 
 controversy between them relates entirely to the 
 application of the term Son to Christ before he 
 came into the world. The conscientious inquirer, 
 who wishes to settle the question whether the 
 bible does not teach that Christ was the Son of 
 God in heaven, by whom God created the world, 
 and that he came to the earth to tabernacle in 
 human flesh, himself to sufi er, in order to make 
 atonement for the sins of man, will not build his 
 faith on human authority; though, if authority 
 were to govern, the ancient fathers stand higher 
 than the modern professors. But he will search 
 the Scriptures with his own eyes and reason. It 
 is pleasant to record it, that both these eminent 
 men recommend a free, untrammeled, manly in 
 quiry after truth. Dr. Miller says, " I rejoice 
 that our lot is cast in an age and a country, in 
 which the most unlimited freedom of inquiry 
 reigns." Mr. Stuart expresses the hope that the 
 time will come when we shall " hold ourselves 
 more and more free to canvass the opinions of 
 uninspired men, and faster bound to the simple 
 instructions of the bible." Surely, what is plainly 
 taught in God s book is to be received, however 
 discordant it may be with the teaching of vener 
 ated creeds and of learned professors and doctors 
 of theology. Among Mr. Stuart s writings are 
 his communications to the biblical repository; 
 Hebrew grammars ; commentaries on the He 
 brews, llomans, Daniel, Ecclesiastes, Proverbs, 
 Apocalypse ; a critical history of the Old Testa 
 ment canon ; a volume of miscellanies, including 
 his letters to Dr. Channing on the trinity; two 
 sermons at New Haven, 1810; letters to Dr. 
 Miller on the eternal generation of the Son, 
 1822 ; two sermons on the atonement, 1824 ; at 
 a dedication; at election, 1827; at ordination of 
 W. G. Schauffler ; on the Lamb of God ; on the 
 death of Mrs. Woods ; at ordination of T. Pun- 
 derson; of Fisk, Spaulding, etc., 1819; on fin 
 ishing the seminary building, 1821; sketch of 
 Mrs. E.Adams; on distilled liquors, 1830; hints 
 on the prophecies ; letters to Dr. Channing on 
 religious liberty; on the Old Testament canon; 
 on the wine question, 1848; various translations 
 of learned works ; course of Hebrew study, 1830 ; 
 on baptism, 1833 ; a grammar of the New Tes 
 tament dialect; conscience and the constitution, 
 1851; commentary on Ecclesiastes ; on the Prov 
 erbs. Sprac/ne s Annals. 
 
 STUBER, HENRY, Dr., died in Philadelphia, 
 about 1792, aged about 22. He was a young 
 man of learning and of great promise. He wrote 
 a continuation of the life of Franklin. Wil 
 liams. 
 
770 
 
 STUFFLEBEAN. 
 
 STUFFLEBEAN, JOHN, died in Illinois Jan. 
 16, 1844, aged 110 years and 11 months. Born 
 near Albany, he served in the Revolutionary war ; 
 in Kentucky he fought the Indians ; he finally 
 lived with a son near Kaskaskias. He was three 
 times married. 
 
 STURTEVANT, ZENAS, a soldier, died at 
 Plympton April 5, 1851, aged 81. By his grand 
 mother Sturtevant he M-as the sixth in descent 
 from Robert Cushman and from Isaac Allerton. 
 He was in the army of Gen. St. Clair in the In 
 dian battle near the forks of the Miami in Ohio, 
 Nov. 4, 1791. In the disastrous defeat he was 
 twice wounded and fell, but concealed himself 
 from the Indians and reached fort Jefferson in 
 three days. His company were all killed and 
 wounded but three : among the killed was Lieut. 
 Winslow Warren, son of Gen. James W. of Ply 
 mouth, and Ensign Cobb, son of Gen. D. Cobb of 
 Taunton. 
 
 STURTEVANT, NEWELL, a merchant of Bos 
 ton, died of apoplexy Oct. 20, 1856, aged 48. 
 On the same day, from the same cause, died 
 another Boston merchant, E. D. Peters ; both 
 natives of Maine. Mr. S. was born in Winthrop. 
 He was a pioneer in shipping coal from Pennsyl 
 vania, in which business he acquired an ample 
 fortune. He was honorable, and was esteemed. 
 
 STUYVESANT, PETER, the last Dutch gov 
 ernor of New York, began his administration in 
 1647. He was continually employed in resisting 
 the encroachments of the English and Swedes 
 upon the territory intrusted to him. In 1664 an 
 expedition from England was sent out against 
 the Dutch possessions. Three or four frigates 
 under the command of Col. Nichols appeared 
 before New Amsterdam or New York, and Gov. 
 Stuyvesant was summoned to surrender ; but, is 
 he was a good soldier, having lost a leg in the 
 service of the States, he was by no means dis 
 posed to comply. He returned a long letter vin 
 dicating the claims of the Dutch, and declaring 
 his resolution to defend the place. He was, 
 however, obliged to capitulate Aug. 27. The 
 whole of the New Netherlands soon became sub 
 ject to the English. He remained in this coun 
 try, and at his death was buried in a chapel on 
 his own farm a few miles from New York. 
 Smith s New York, 5-23. 
 
 STUYVESANT, PETER G., of New York, 
 died at Niagara Falls Aug. 16, 1847, aged 75. 
 In good health, he died in the plunging bath 
 near the hotel. He was an early member of the 
 historical society and its president, and vice-pres 
 ident of the American bible society. His prop 
 erty was reported to amount to 15,000,000 dol 
 lars. 
 
 SULLIVAN, JOHN, LL. D., major-general in 
 the American army, and president of New Hamp- 
 
 SULLIVAN. 
 
 shire, died in Durham Jan. 28, 1795, aged 54. 
 He was appointed by congress a brigadier-general 
 in 1775, and in the following year, it is believed, 
 a major-general. He superseded Arnold in the 
 command of the army in Canada June 4, 1776 ; 
 but was soon driven out of that province. He 
 afterwards, on the illness of Greene, took the 
 command of his division on Long Island. In the 
 battle of Aug. 27, he was taken prisoner with 
 Lord Stirling. In a few months, however, he was 
 exchanged. When Lee was carried off, he took 
 the command of his division in New Jersey, Dec. 
 20. Aug. 22, 1777, he planned and executed an 
 expedition against Staten Island, for which, on an 
 inquiry into his conduct, he received the approba 
 tion of the court. In Sept. he was engaged in 
 the battle of Brandywine, and Oct. 4 in that cf 
 Germantown. In the winter he was detached to 
 command the troops in Rhode Island. In Aug., 
 1778, he laid siege to Newport, then in the hands 
 of the British, with the fullest confidence of suc 
 cess ; but, being abandoned by the French fleet 
 under D Estaing, who sailed to Boston, he was 
 obliged, to his unutterable chagrin, to raise the 
 siege. Aug. 29 an action occurred with the pur 
 suing enemy, who were repulsed. On the 30th, 
 with great military skill, he passed over to the 
 continent, without the loss of a single article, and 
 without the slightest suspicion on the part of the 
 British of his movements. In the summer of 
 1779 he commanded an expedition against the 
 six nations of Indians in New York. Being 
 joined by Gen. Clinton, Aug. 22, he marched 
 towards the enemy under the command of Brant, 
 the Butlers, and others, at Newton, between the 
 south end of Seneca Lake and Tioga river ; at 
 tacked them in their works ; and completely 
 dispersed them. He then laid waste the country, 
 destroyed all their villages, and left not a single 
 vestige of human industry. This severity was 
 necessary to prevent their ravages. General 
 Sullivan had made such high demands for mili 
 tary stores, and had so freely complained of the 
 government for inattention to those demands, as 
 to give much offence to some members of con 
 gress and to the board of war. lie in conse 
 quence resigned his command Nov. 9. He was 
 in 1774 a member of the first congress, and also 
 a member in 1780. In the years 1786, 1787, and 
 1789 he was president of New Hampshire, in 
 which station, by his vigorous exertions, he 
 quelled the spirit of insurrection which exhib 
 ited itself at the time of the troubles in Massa 
 chusetts. In Oct., 1789, he was appointed 
 district judge. 
 
 SULLIVAN, JAMES, LL. D., governor of Mas 
 sachusetts, the brother of the preceding, died in 
 Boston Dec. 10, 1808, aged 64. He was born at 
 Berwick, Me., April 22, 1744. His father, a man 
 
SULLIVAN. 
 
 of liberal education, came to this country about 
 the year 1723: he took the sole charge of the 
 education of his son, James, and lived to sec him 
 distinguished in the world ; dying in July, 1795, 
 aged 105. Governor Sullivan was destined for 
 military life ; but the fracture of a limb in his 
 early years induced him to bend the vigorous 
 powers of his mind to the investigation of the 
 law. After pursuing the study of this science 
 under his brother, General Sullivan, and opening 
 an office at Biddeford, on Saco river, he soon rose 
 to celebrity, and was appointed king s attorney 
 for the county of York, in which he resided. On 
 the approach of the Revolution he took an early 
 and active part on the side of his country. Being 
 a member of the provincial congress of Massachu 
 setts in 1775, he was intrusted, together with two 
 other gentlemen, with a difficult commission to Ti- 
 conderoga, which was executed in a very satisfac 
 tory manner. Early in the following year he was 
 appointed a judge of the superior court. Soon 
 afterwards he purchased a farm in Groton and 
 removed his family to that place. He was a 
 member of the convention which framed the con 
 stitution of the State in 1779 and 1-780. In Feb. 
 1782, he resigned his office of judge, and returned 
 to the practice of the bar, first at Cambridge, 
 then at Boston, where he resided during the re 
 mainder of his life. He was appointed a dele 
 gate to congress in 1783; and in the ensuing 
 year was one of the commissioners in the settle- 
 men c of the controversy between Massachusetts 
 and New York respecting their claims to the 
 western lands. He was repeatedly chosen to 
 represent the town of Boston in the legislature ; 
 in 1787 he was a member of the executive coun 
 cil and judge of probate for Suffolk; and in 1790 
 was appointed attorney-general, in which office 
 he continued till June, 1807, when he was called 
 to the chief magistracy of the commonwealth, as 
 successor of Governor Strong. He was appointed 
 by President Washington agent under the fifth 
 article of the British treaty for settling the boun 
 daries between the United States and the British 
 provinces. Of the American academy of arts 
 and sciences he was one of the members from its 
 first institution ; a principal founder and many 
 years president of the Massachusetts historical 
 society ; and president of the Massachusetts Con 
 gregational charitable society. He was the pro 
 jector of the Middlesex canal, to which object he 
 devoted a great portion of time and labor. Soon 
 after his second election to the office of governor 
 his health became enfeebled, and he suffered a 
 long and distressing confinement, which termi 
 nated in his death. The various public offices, 
 which he sustained during a period of forty years, 
 were conferred upon him by the free and unbi 
 assed sufi rages of his countrymen. As he was 
 
 SULLIVAN. 
 
 771 
 
 not assisted in his progress to distinction by the 
 advantage of opulence or family connections, the 
 stations which he held were a proof of his 
 talents, of his indefatigable industry, and of the 
 confidence that was reposed in his integrity. As 
 a judge he was universally acknowledged to have 
 displayed the most perfect impartiality. As the 
 public prosecutor of the State he tempered the 
 sternness of official severity with the rarer ten 
 derness of humanity. His style of eloquence 
 was original, and adapted, with judicious discrim 
 ination, to the occasion, the subject, and to the 
 tribunal before which it was called forth. Deeply 
 versed in the science of the law, and equally well 
 acquainted with the sources of persuasion in the 
 human mind, he was alike qualified for the inves 
 tigation of the most intricate and complicated 
 questions of legal discussion, and for the devel 
 opment of the issues of fact before juries. As 
 the chief magistrate of the State, he considered 
 himself as the delegated officer, not of a political 
 sect, but of the whole people, and endeavored to 
 mitigate the violence of parties. In all the rela 
 tions of domestic and social life his conduct was 
 exemplary. He early made a profession of Chris 
 tianity, and his belief of its truth was never 
 shaken. When his frame was evidently shattered, 
 and he had reason to think that God was calling 
 him to his great account, the faith of Jesus was 
 ever gaining a new ascendency in his views, 
 and his thoughts expatiated with singular clear 
 ness on the scenes which awaited him, on the 
 mercy of his God, his own unworthiness, and the 
 worth of the Redeemer. His private prayers 
 and his domestic devotions, expressing at times 
 both the joy and the anguish of his feelings, 
 proved that his passions were not all given to the 
 world. He closed his laborious life with the un 
 shaken assurance of renewing his existence in 
 another and better state. Amidst the great and 
 constant pressure of business which occupied him, 
 he still found time for the pursuits of literature 
 and science. He was ever ready to contribute 
 the efforts of his powerful and original mind to 
 the purposes of public utility. He published ob 
 servations on the government of the United 
 States, 1791 ; dissertation on the stability of the 
 States; the path to riches, or dissertation on 
 banks, 1792; history of the district of Maine, 
 8vo., 1795 ; history of land titles in Massachusetts, 
 8vo., 1801; dissertation on the constitutional 
 liberty of the press, 1801 ; history of the Penob- 
 scot Indians in the historical collection. Buck- 
 minster s Sermon on his Death. 
 
 SULLIVAN, GEORGE, died at Exeter, N. II., 
 June 14, 1838, aged 64. He was born at Dur 
 ham, the son of Gen. John S., an officer of the 
 Revolutionary army, was graduated at Harvard 
 in 1790, and for more than forty years practised 
 
772 
 
 SULLIVAN. 
 
 SUMTER. 
 
 law at Exeter. He was a member of congress in 
 1811 and 1813, and attorney-general of New 
 Hampshire from 1816 to 1835. He was highly 
 respected for his talents, his useful life, and his 
 religious character. 
 
 SULLIVAN, WILLIAM, LL. D., brigadier- 
 general, died in Boston Sept. 3, 1839, aged 64. 
 He was the son of Governor James S. ; was grad 
 uated in 1792 ; and for many years practised law 
 in Boston. He published orations in 1803 and 
 1813; familiar letters; moral class-book, 1831 ; 
 political class-book, 1831 ; on temperance, 1832. 
 
 SUMMERFIELD, JOHN, a minister, died at 
 New York June 13, 1825, aged 27. He was born 
 in Lancashire, England, Jan. 31, 1798. After 
 early dissipation he became pious, and preached 
 in the Methodist connexion in Ireland. He came 
 to New York in 1821, and preached almost with 
 the popularity of Whitefield. His ill health in 
 duced him in 1823 to visit France, where, as a 
 delegate from the American bible society, he ad 
 dressed the Paris bible society. Few ministers 
 have exhibited such meekness, humility, disinter 
 estedness, and benevolence in life ; few have been 
 so eloquent in discourse. His memoirs by J. 
 Holland, with his portrait, were published, 8vo., 
 2d edit., 1830. 
 
 SUMNER, INCREASE, governor of Massachu 
 setts, died in Roxbury June 7, 1799, aged 52. 
 He was the son of Increase, who died in 1774; 
 his previous ancestors were Edward, George, and 
 "William of Dorchester, who was born in England 
 in 1605. He was born in Roxbury Nov. 27, 1746, 
 and was graduated at Harvard college in 1767. 
 After entering upon the profession of the law he 
 was chosen a representative of his native town in 
 the legislature, and then a senator. In 1782 
 Governor Hancock placed him on the bench of 
 the supreme court. As a judge he was dispas 
 sionate, impartial, and discerning. In 1797 he 
 was chosen governor as successor of S. Adams, 
 and he was reflected in the succeeding years till 
 his death. His wife was Elizabeth, daughter of 
 William Hyslop. His son, William Hyslop Sum- 
 ner, a graduate of 1799, still lives. He possessed 
 a strong and well-balanced mind. His judgment 
 was correct, and, though he maintained an unu 
 sual degree of self-command, yet his coolness of 
 temper was to be ascribed rather to the influence 
 of religious discipline, than to constitutional tem 
 perament. He was mild, candid, and moderate, 
 being remarkably free from every appearance of 
 party spirit. In the intercourse of domestic and 
 private life he was affectionate and faithful. Soon 
 after he commenced the practice of the law, he 
 made a public profession of his belief in Chris 
 tianity, and his life was exemplary. An inter 
 esting memoir by his son, W. II. Sumner, with a 
 fine portrait, is in New England Register, April, 
 1854. 
 
 SUMNER, JOSEPH, D. D., died at Shrews 
 bury Dec. 9, 1824, aged 84. Born in Pomfrct, 
 he graduated at Yale in 1759, and was ordained 
 as the successor of J. Gushing in 1762. lie was 
 present at the regular administration of the Lord s 
 supper for sixty- two years. In the Revolution 
 he was an earnest patriot, a useful friend of learn 
 ing, long a trustee of Leicester academy. His 
 white wig and venerable air gained respect, lie 
 published a sermon at the ordination of his son 
 Samuel at Southborough, 1791 ; at thanksgiving, 
 1799 ; at ordination of Wilkcs Allen, 1803 ; half- 
 century sermon, 1812. 
 
 SUMNER, CHARLES P., died in Boston April 
 2, 1839, aged about 62. He graduated at Har 
 vard in 1796, and was the sheriff of Suffolk. He 
 was the father of the eminent senator of the 
 United States, Charles Sumner ; also of George 
 Sumner, whose memoir of the pilgrims at Ley- 
 den is in hist, coll., vol. ix., third series. He 
 published the compass, a college poem, 1795 ; 
 eulogy on Washington, 1800 ; letter on freema 
 sonry, 1829; discourse on the sheriff s office, 
 1829. 
 
 SUMTER, THOMAS, general, a soldier of the 
 Revolution, died June 1, 1832, aged 97. After 
 the capture of Charleston, S. C., by the British, 
 he fled to North Carolina. But he soon returned 
 at the head of a little band of exiles. July 12, 
 1780, a part of his corps routed a detachment of 
 the British ; this success soon increased his troops 
 to six hundred men. Gov. Rutledge promoted 
 him and Marion from the rank of colonels to that 
 of brigadiers in the militia, lie was younger than 
 Marion ; of a larger frame, fitted for the toils of 
 war ; with a stern countenance, and determined 
 patriotism, and indomitable courage. He at 
 tacked, August 1st, three times unsuccessfully the 
 post of Rocky Mount ; August 6th, he attacked 
 the British at Hanging Rock, and destroyed Col. 
 Brown s regiment. About the time that Gates 
 was defeated at Camden, he captured a British 
 convoy. But through his own negligence he was 
 surprised near Catawba ford, by Tarleton, August 
 18th, at the head of nine hundred and sixty men, 
 and his force of eight hundred men instantly dis 
 persed, and his artillery lost. He retrieved his 
 character in the remainder of the campaign. lie 
 resolutely kept the field for three months. Nov. 
 12th he defeated the British under Major 
 Wcmyss, and Nov. 20th, at Blackstock hill, near 
 Tyger river, he repulsed Tarleton, who in vain 
 attempted to dislodge him. The wounded of the 
 enemy were left to the humanity of Sumter. In 
 this action he was himself severely wounded, and 
 in consequence long detained from the field ; but 
 he was consoled by the thanks of congress and 
 the applause of his country. In 1811 he was 
 chosen a senator of the United States. He died 
 suddenly at his residence at South Mount, near 
 
SUMTER. 
 
 Camdcn. His only son, Col. Thomas, died in 
 1840, aged 72. 
 
 SUMTEIl, THOMAS, colonel, only son of Gen. 
 S. of Revolutionary memory, died at his residence 
 near Statebnrg, S. C., in 1840, aged 71. His 
 son, J. L. S., was a mcmher of congress. 
 
 SUXSEETO, a Mohegan Indian, whose epi 
 taph is at Norwich : 
 
 " Here lies the body of Sunsecto. 
 0\vn son to Unciis, grandson to Oneeko, 
 Who were the famous sachems of Mohcgan; 
 But now they arc all dead, I think it is Wcrhocgen." 
 
 The meaning of Werheegcn is, all s well, or 
 good news. The epitaph was written by Mr. 
 Worthington of Xorwalk, son of Rev. Mr. "W. of 
 Saybrook. His irregularity of measure is almost 
 equal to that of some of our popular poets at the 
 present day. 
 
 SUTHERLAND, DAVID, minister of Bath, 
 X. II., died of disease of the heart, July 26, 1855, 
 aged 78. lie was long a very useful minister in 
 that part of the State in which he resided. He 
 published election sermon, 1815. 
 
 SUTHERLAND, COLIN, died at East Corra, 
 Canada, Oct. 15, 185C, aged 103, a native of Scot 
 land. 
 
 SWAIN, JOSEPH, minister of Wenham, Mass., 
 died in 1792, aged about 70. He graduated at 
 Harvard in 1744, and was ordained in 1750. 
 
 SWAN, JOSIAII, minister of Dunstable, N. II., 
 died in 1777, aged about G6. Born in Lancaster, 
 Mass., he graduated at Harvard in 1733. The 
 first minister, from 1695 to 1702, was Thomas 
 Weld. 
 
 SWAN, ROSWELL S., minister of Xorwalk, 
 Conn., died in 1819, aged 40. Born in Ston- 
 ington, he graduated at Yale in 1798, and was 
 ordained in 1807. The admissions to his church 
 were two hundred and sixty-one persons in twelve 
 years. Spragues Annals. 
 
 SWAX, JAMES, colonel, died in Boston or 
 Dorchester about 1831. lie went with Judge 
 W. Lathroj) from Cambridge, and fought in the 
 battle of Bunker Hill. He was a representative 
 of Dorchester. He published an essay on the 
 fisheries, 1784 ; observations on the fisheries of 
 Massachusetts, 178G; dissuasion from the slave 
 trade ; on the obstructions to the commerce be 
 tween this country and France, in French, 1790. 
 
 SWAX, TIMOTHY, died at Xorthfield in 1842, 
 aged 82 ; skilled in sacred music, the author of 
 China and other pieces. 
 
 SWEAT, MOSES, first minister of Sanford, 
 Maine, died in 1822, aged about 60. He was 
 ordained when the church was formed in 1786. 
 Harvard gave him a degree in 1790. 
 
 SWEET, BENONI, died in Lebanon, Conn., 
 August, 1840, aged 80 ; a celebrated surgeon. 
 
 SWEETZER, THOMAS W., died in Salem in 
 
 SWIFT. 
 
 773 
 
 1854, bequeathing 10,000 dollars to furnish the 
 poor with cooking-stoves. 
 
 SWETT, BENJAMIN, captain, was killed by 
 the Indians at Black Point, X T . II., 1677. He re 
 moved from Xewbury, Mass., to Hampton before 
 1664. 
 
 SWETT, JOHN BARNARD, M. D., died of the 
 yellow fever at Xcwburyport in 1796, aged 44. 
 The son of Samuel S. of Marblchead, he gradu 
 ated at Harvard in 1767, and studied physic in 
 Edinburgh. On his return he joined the Ameri 
 can army as a surgeon. After settling in 1780, 
 he had a wide surgical practice. He was intelli 
 gent, social, frank, good-humored, of polished 
 manners, a general favorite. His widow, a daugh 
 ter of W. Bourne of Marblehead, married Gov. 
 John T. Oilman. Thachcr s Med. Diog. 
 
 SWETT, JOHN A., Dr., was born in Boston, 
 graduated in 1828, practised with high reputa 
 tion in New York, and died in 1854, aged 45. 
 His work on diseases of the chest, 1852, is a val 
 uable text-book. He was connected with the 
 Xew York city hospital, and was a professor of 
 the theory and practice of physic in the univer 
 sity of Xew York. 
 
 SWIFT, JOHN, the first minister of Framing- 
 ham, Mass., died in 1745, aged 67. Born in 
 Milton, he graduated at Harvard in 1697, and 
 was settled in 1701 His successors were M. 
 Bridge, D. Kellogg, G. Trask, and D. Brighani. 
 Two other churches have been formed. His son 
 John was a graduate of 1733, and minister of 
 Acton thirty-seven years from 1738, dying in 
 1775, aged 72. He published a sermon on the 
 death of II. Breck, 1731; election sermon, 1732. 
 Sprague s Annals. 
 
 SWIFT, JOB, D. D., minister of Bennington, 
 Vt., died Oct. 20, 1804, aged about 61. He 
 was born in Sandwich, Mass., in 1743, and was 
 graduated at Yale college in 1765. About the 
 year 1766 he was ordained at Richmond, where 
 he continued seven years, making every exertion 
 to instruct his people in the peculiar doctrines 
 of the gospel. He was afterwards the minister 
 of Xine Partners in Xew York ; of Manchester, 
 Bennington, and Addison in Vermont. In Ben 
 nington he lived about sixteen years. While he 
 was on a mission, in the northern part of Ver 
 mont, undertaken at his own expense, he died at 
 Enosburgh. He rejoiced that his life was to ter 
 minate at a distance from his friends, without 
 witnessing the distresses of his family. The pa 
 tience with which he endured the pains of his 
 last sickness, and the composure with which he 
 met the king of terrors, excited the greatest as 
 tonishment in an unbeliever who was present. 
 While suffering a great variety of evils in life, he 
 never uttered a complaining word ; and, when 
 he discovered uneasiness or discontent in any of 
 
774 
 
 SWIFT. 
 
 SYMMES. 
 
 the members of his family, he inculcated upon 
 them the duty of submission, and reminded them 
 of the undeserved blessings which they were yet 
 permitted to enjoy. His wife was Mary Ann, the 
 sister of Judge Sedgwick. She died in 1826. 
 Benjamin, a senator from Vermont, and Samuel, 
 secretary of State, were their sons. A volume 
 of his sermons was published, 12mo., 1805. 
 Sprague s Annals. 
 
 SWIFT, SETH, minister of Williamstown, 
 Mass., died in 1807, aged 58. Born in Kent, the 
 brother of Rev. Job S., he graduated at Yale in 
 1774 ; studied theology with Dr. Bellamy ; and 
 was ordained in 1776, the successor of the first 
 minister, Whitman Welch, and was succeeded by 
 Walter King. He was the father of Rev. E. G. 
 Swift of Stockbridge, and of Rev. Elisha P. Swift, 
 professor in the Alleghany theological seminary. 
 He was warm in his temper, and zealous and en 
 ergetic, yet prudent, revered, and loved. 
 
 SWIFT, ZEPHANIAH, LL. D., chief justice 
 of Connecticut, died Sept. 27, 1823, aged 64. He 
 was born in Wareham, Mass., in Feb., 1759; his 
 father removed to Lebanon. He graduated at 
 Yale college in 1778. After being a member of 
 congress from 1793 to 1796, he accompanied Mr. 
 Ellsworth as secretary to France. In 1801 he 
 was elected a judge. From 1806 to 1819 he was 
 chief justice. In 1814 he was a member of the 
 Hartford convention. He died at Warren while 
 on a visit to Ohio. An oration on account of his 
 death was pronounced by S. Perkins at Wind- 
 ham, the place of his residence. He left a widow, 
 Lucretia Webbs, and seven children. Unaided 
 by family friends, he rose to distinction. He was 
 a learned and upright judge. He published ora 
 tion on domestic slavery, 1791 ; a system of the 
 laws of Connecticut, 2 vols., 1795 ; a digest of 
 the law of evidence, and a treatise on bills of ex 
 change, 1810 ; digest of the laws of Connecticut, 
 2 vols., 1823. 
 
 SWIFT, HEMAN, Dr., died in Bennington Jan. 
 30, 1856, aged 62 ; an eminent physician and 
 Christian. The son of Rev. Dr. Swift, he gradu 
 ated at Middlebury in 1811. 
 
 SYKES, JAMES, M. D., of Maryland, died of 
 the gout in 1722, aged 61. He was born near 
 Dover. As a physician he practised four years 
 at Cambridge, on the eastern shore ; then re 
 moved to Dover. While there he discovered 
 that a dreadful cholic, causing many deaths, was 
 produced by adulterated Peruvian bark. A work 
 man in Philadelphia, employed in pulverizing 
 bark, had mixed with it oxide of lead, to increase 
 the weight. In 1814 he removed to New York ; 
 but after a few years returned to Dover. 
 Thacker s Med. Biog. 
 
 SYME, ARCHIBALD, D. D., died in Peters- 
 burgh, Va., Oct. 26, 1845, aged 92 ; a respected 
 
 Episcopal minister and useful teacher. He was 
 born in Scotland. 
 
 SYMMES, ZECHARIAH, the second minister 
 of Charlestown, Mass., the son of Rev. AVilliam 
 S., died Feb. 4, 1671, aged 71. He was born in 
 Canterbury, April 5, 1599 ; came to New Eng 
 land in 1634 in the same ship with Ann Hutchin- 
 son and J. Lathrop ; and settled as colleague 
 with Mr. James, being chosen teacher Dec. 22, 
 1634. His son, Zechariah, the first minister of 
 Bradford, was born in 1638 ; was ordained Dec. 
 27, 1682, and died March 27, 1707, aged 69. He 
 preached the election sermon, 1648. Sprague s 
 Annals. 
 
 SYMMES, THOMAS, second minister of Brad 
 ford, Mass., died Oct. 6, 1725, aged 47. He was 
 the son of Zechariah S., the first minister of that 
 town. He was born Feb. 1, 1678; was gradu 
 ated at Harvard college in 1698 ; was ordained 
 the first minister of Boxford Dec. 30, 1702, but 
 was dismissed from that town in 1708, and suc 
 ceeded his father at Bradford in the same year. 
 He was a man of strong powers of mind and of 
 very considerable learning ; an animated, popu 
 lar, faithful, and successful preacher. His exer 
 tions to do good in private and public were re 
 warded by large accessions to his church. He 
 was remarkable for the sanctity of his life, for 
 secret devotion, and for his regard to days of fast 
 ing and prayer. He published monitor to de 
 laying sinners ; artillery election sermon, 1720 ; 
 against prejudice; at the ordination of J. Emer 
 son, 1721 ; joco-serious dialogue on singing, 1723 ; 
 on the support of ministers, 1724; historical 
 memoirs of the fight of Piggwacket, May 9, 
 1725, with a sermon on Lovewell s death. An 
 account of his life was published by J. Brown, to 
 which is annexed his advice to his children and 
 to the church. 
 
 SYMMES, WILLIAM, D. D., minister of An- 
 dover, Mass., died in 1807, aged 77. He was 
 graduated at Harvard college in 1750, and from 
 1755 to 1758 was a tutor hi that seminary; he 
 was ordained Nov. 1, 1758. His sermons were 
 written with great care and in a style remarkably 
 neat and correct. He was distinguished for his 
 prudence ; was hospitable, dignified in his manners 
 and pure in his principles and conduct. He pub 
 lished election sermon, 1785, and two other occa 
 sional discourses. 
 
 SYMMES, JOHN CLEVES, captain, author of 
 the theory of the hollow earth, died at Hamilton, 
 Butler county, Ohio, June 19, 1829. He was a 
 native of New Jersey, but emigrated at an early 
 age to the west. He was the son, as I suppose, 
 of J. C. S., a judge of the supreme court of New 
 Jersey, a member of congress, and in 1788 a 
 judge of the northwest territory, who died at 
 Cincinnati in March, 1814, whose wife was Su- 
 
TACKANASII. 
 
 sanna, daughter of Gov. Livingston, and whose 
 daughter married Gen. "\Villiam II. Harrison. 
 For some years he was a captain in the army. 
 During the Avar of 1812, he distinguished himself 
 by his intrepidity on the Niagara. lie was an ami 
 able and exemplary man. On his strange theory 
 of the earth he lectured in many cities and towns, 
 apparently in full persuasion of its truth. lie 
 supposed that the hollow earth, open at the poles 
 for the admission of light, had within it six or 
 seven concentric hollow spheres, also open at 
 their poles. 
 
 TACKAXASII, JOHN, Indian minister on 
 Martha s Vineyard, died Jan. 22, 1G84. He was 
 ordained colleague with Iliacoomes Aug. 22, 
 1670, the day of the formation of the first Indian 
 church on the island. He possessed considera 
 ble talents, and was exemplary in his life. Allow 
 ing himself in few diversions, he studied much, 
 and seemed to advance in piety, as he became 
 more acquainted with the truths of the gospel. 
 Of Indian preachers he was the most distin 
 guished. In prayer he was devout and fervent ; 
 faithful in his instructions and reproofs ; strict in 
 the discipline of his church, excluding the im 
 moral from the ordinances till they repented. 
 So much was he respected, that the English, 
 when deprived of their own minister, attended 
 his meetings and received the Lord s supper from 
 his hands. He died in the peace and hope of the 
 Christian. His place of residence was at Nun- 
 paug at the east end of Martha s Vineyard. The 
 preacher in 1698, at the visitation of Mr. Raw- 
 son, was Joseph Tackquannash, as his name was 
 written, having charge of eighty-four Indians at 
 Nunnepoag. Mayhew s Indian Conv. 15-16. 
 
 TADEUSKUND, principal chief of the Dela- 
 wares, died in 1763. He was burnt to death at 
 Wyoming on the Susquehannah. It is supposed 
 that he was made drunk, and then that his house 
 was set on fire, with the rest of the village. He 
 had been a useful man to his tribe. 
 
 TAFT, MOSES, one of the ministers of Brain- 
 tree, died in 1791, aged about 60. Born in Men- 
 don, he graduated at Harvard in 1751, and was 
 ordained in 1752. E. Eaton preceded him, and 
 Dr. J. Strong succeeded him. 
 
 TAFT, BJCZALEI-L, the son of Senator B. Taft, 
 was born in Uxbridge, and died in 1846, aged 
 66. A graduate of Harvard in 1804, he had no 
 occasion to depend for his support on the profes 
 sion of the law, but lived on a beautiful farm on 
 the banks of the Blackstone. He was represent 
 ative, senator, and councillor. 
 
 TAGGAUT, SAMUEL, minister of Colerain, 
 Mass., died in 1825, aged 71. For some years 
 he was a member of congress. Born in London 
 derry, he graduated at Dartmouth in 1774 ; was 
 settled in 1777 and resigned in 1818. He was a 
 member of congress. He published address to 
 
 TALCOTT. 
 
 775 
 
 electors, 1811; on impressments, 1813; in final 
 perseverance, 1801. 
 
 TAGGAItT, CYNTHIA, a writer of poetry, died 
 in 1849, aged 47. She was born in Rhode Island. 
 Her grandfather, an old soldier, had a farm at 
 Middletown six miles from Newport, which in the 
 war the British laid waste, and made her father 
 a prisoner. From the jail at Newport he escaped 
 through a window which had wooden bars, and 
 he crossed to the main land at Bristol ferry on a 
 raft of rails. She was many years an invalid. 
 Many pieces of poetry, of a melancholy cast, she 
 wrote on her sick bed. Some of them were col 
 lected and published in a small volume. Cycl. 
 of Amcr. Lit. 
 
 TAILER, WILLIAM, lieutenant-governor of 
 Massachusetts, died in 1732, aged 55. He came 
 from England with his commission from the 
 queen in 1711, and was stern for the prerogative, 
 and an Episcopalian ; but pleasant and facetious. 
 Marrying a relative of Gov. Stoughton, he came 
 in possession of his estate at Dorchester. Eliot s 
 Biog. 
 
 TALCOTT, JOHN, major, probably of Hart 
 ford, a distinguished officer in the Indian war of 
 1676, resigned the office of treasurer of Connec 
 ticut on receiving his military appointment. A 
 small army of four hundred and fifty men, of 
 whom two hundred were Mohegan and Pequot 
 Indians, was assembled at Norwich, and he 
 marched in June into the Nipmuck country, 
 where nineteen Indians were killed and thirty- 
 three made prisoners. Thence he marched to 
 Quabaug or Brookfield, and Northampton. After 
 he arrived at N., about seven hundred Indians 
 attacked the garrison at Hadlcy ; but he crossed 
 the river for its relief, and thus saved the town, 
 and probably other towns, from destruction. He 
 scoured the country as far as the falls above 
 Deerfield. Then he marched to Providence and 
 did good service in the Narraganset country. In 
 all, about four hundred and twenty Indians fell 
 in battle and were captured. He returned to 
 Connecticut in July, and having recruited, marched 
 to Westfield, and thence to the Houssatonnoc 
 river, where he again fought the enemy success 
 fully. The sachem of Quabaug was killed, and 
 forty-one Indians killed or taken. About the 
 same time Capt. Church killed King Philip, Aug. 
 12, 1676, and the savages generally submitted to 
 the English or fled. Major T. was probably the 
 son of John T., who was of Cambridge in 1632, 
 and was an assistant at Hartford in 1654. 
 TrumbulVs Hist. Conn. 
 
 TALCOTT, JOSEPH, governor of Connecticut 
 from 1724 to 1741, died Oct. 11, 1741, full of 
 days, and was succeeded by Gov. Law. He had 
 long served his country. Eminent for piety, he 
 called the periods of revival in his last years 
 times of refreshing ; but Gov. Law was rather 
 
776 
 
 TALCOTT. 
 
 TAPPAN. 
 
 disposed to suppress by rash legal enactments 
 what he deemed enthusiasm. His sister married 
 R. Edwards. 
 
 TALCOTT, HART, minister of Warren, Conn., 
 died suddenly in 183G, aged 45. lie graduated 
 at Dartmouth in 1812. He was pastor of Kil- 
 lingworth, the successor of A. Mansfield, from 
 1818 to 1824. He succeeded P. Starr at W. in 
 1825. 
 
 TALCOTT, SAMUEL A., attorney-general of 
 New York, died at New York in 1836, aged 45. 
 Born at Hartford, he graduated at Williams col 
 lege in 1809. lie had brilliant talents, but, un 
 happily wanting self-discipline, he was the grief 
 of his friends. With what mighty weight for 
 good ought the notes of such warnings to come 
 upon the ears of the young and tempted ? 
 
 TALIAFEHRO, JOHN, died in Virginia in 
 1853, aged 85. For more than twenty years he 
 was a member of congress, and for several years 
 was librarian of the treasury department at 
 Washington. 
 
 TALLMADGE, JAMES, colonel, died at Pough- 
 keepsie in 1828, aged 78. He was a soldier of 
 the Revolution, and commanded a company of 
 volunteers at the capture of Burgoyne. 
 
 TALLMADGE, BENJAMIN, colonel, died at 
 Litchfield, Conn., March G, 1835, aged 81. He 
 was born at Brookhaven, L. I. ; was graduated 
 in 1773 ; from 1770 he served in the army until 
 the close of the war, and was a distinguished 
 officer. lie had the custody of Major Andre, 
 and regarded him with great affection. In many 
 actions he was unhurt, and he gratefully acknow 
 ledged the divine protection. From 1784 till 
 his death he lived as a merchant in Litchfield. 
 In 1817 he was a member of congress. His re 
 ligious impressions began in 1793, from reading 
 the life of Col. Gardiner. He was an eminent 
 Christian, and he died in triumph. 
 
 TALLMADGE, JAMES, general, died sud 
 denly at New York in 1853, aged 75. lie was 
 born in Stamford, Dutchess county, N. Y. ; his 
 father, James, was born in Sharon, Conn., and 
 was a soldier of the Revolution. In 1798 he 
 graduated at Brown university ; from Dutchess 
 county he was sent to congress in 1817. lie op 
 posed Mr. Clay in regard to the extension of 
 slavery beyond the Mississippi, maintaining the 
 principles of the Wilmot proviso in an able 
 speech ; and it is said Mr. Clny s hostility pre 
 vented him from being in the cabinet of J. Q. 
 Adams, or from being sent as a minister to Eng 
 land. He visited Russia in 1835. For twenty- 
 five years he lived in New York in the winter, 
 and at his seat on Wappinger s Creek in the sum 
 mer ; and there he was a practical and skilful 
 farmer. He had great talents as a public speaker. 
 Of the American institute he was the president. 
 
 TALLMAN PELEG, a merchant, died in Bath, 
 
 Me., in 1841, aged 72. Born at Tiverton, R. I., 
 he entered the privateering service in 1778, at 
 the age of fourteen. In 1780 one of his arms 
 was shot off. From 1781 to 1783 he was a pris 
 oner. He next commanded a merchant vessel, 
 and he became a rich merchant. 
 
 TALMADGE, MATTHIAS BURNET, general, 
 died at Poughkeepsie, N. Y., Oct. 8, 1819, aged 
 45. Born at Stamford, N. Y., he graduated at 
 Yale in 1795. He was a judge of the district 
 court. His wife was a daughter of George Clin 
 ton. His only daughter married John Suyclam. 
 
 TALMAGE, JEIIIEL, died at Bloomfiekl,*N. J., 
 Sept. 26, 1854, aged 69. He was twenty-three 
 years pastor of Knowlton, and then a minister in 
 Ohio, laborious and earnest. He was buried be 
 side his Christian parents in Somcrvillc. His 
 son, P. S. T., is minister of Bloomficld, at whose 
 house he died. 
 
 TANTEQUIGGEN, LUCY, an Indian, the 
 Avidow of John T., died at Mohegan, Conn., in 
 June, 1830, aged 97. She was the sister of Sam 
 son Occom, the celebrated Indian preacher, and 
 a descendant by her mother from Uncas. She 
 was regarded as a pious woman ; in her last days 
 she expressed her willingness to die, that " she 
 might go where she should sin no more." A few 
 weeks after her death a Sunday-school was opened 
 at her house, where three or four generations of 
 her descendants lived, and this commencement 
 of benevolent efforts for the remnant of a once 
 powerful tribe has led to the erection of a meet 
 ing-house and the establishment of a teacher 
 among these Indians. 
 
 TAPPAN, or TOPPAN, PETER, Dr., was the 
 son of Abraham, a settler in Newbury, Mass., in 
 1637, and Susannah Goodale. He was born in 
 England in 1634; his sons were Peter, Samuel, 
 and Christopher. His last child was born in 
 1674. He was killed by a fall. One of the sons 
 or grandsons of Abraham emigrated to New 
 York, and from him, it is supposed, the town of 
 Tappan and Tappan Sea derived their name. 
 
 TAPPAN, EDMUND, a physician in Hampton, 
 N. II., died in 1739, aged about 40. He was the 
 son of Christopher, and grandson of Dr. Peter. 
 His mother was Sarah Angier of Cambridge. 
 
 TAPPAN, AMOS, minister of Kingston, N. II., 
 died in 1771, aged 35. Born in Newbury, Mass., 
 he graduated at Harvard in 1768. 
 
 TAPPAN, DAVID, D. I)., professor of divinity 
 in Harvard college, died Aug. 27, 1803, aged 51. 
 He was the son of Benjamin Tappan, minister of 
 Manchester, and was born April 21, 1753. The 
 name was formerly written Toppan. lie was 
 graduated at Harvard college in 1771. After 
 pursuing the study of divinity for two or three 
 years he commenced preaching, and was ordained 
 minister of the third church in Newbury in April, 
 1774. In this place he continued about eighteen 
 
TAPPAN. 
 
 TAPPAN. 
 
 777 
 
 years. His successor was Leonard Woods. In 
 June, 1792, he was elected professor of divinity 
 in Harvard college in the place of Dr. Wiggles- 
 worth, who had resigned, and after anxious de 
 liberation and the advice of an ecclesiastical 
 council he was inaugurated Dec. 26, 1792. When 
 he was introduced into this office, the students 
 of the university were uncommonly dissolute. 
 For some time they had received no regular in 
 struction in theology, and the tide of opinion be 
 gan to run in the channel of Infidelity. But the 
 lectures of Dr. Tappan, which combined enter 
 tainment with information, which were profound 
 and yet pathetic, elegant in style and conclusive 
 in argument, and which came warm from a pious 
 heart, soon checked the progress of profanencss 
 and dissipation, and put open irreligion to shame. 
 He was succeeded by Dr. Ware. His widow, 
 Mary, died in Sept., 1831, aged 72. His son, 
 Benjamin T., was the minister of Augusta, Me. 
 He possessed much activity and vigor of mind, 
 fertility of invention, and force of imagination. 
 He had a facility in fixing his attention, and dis 
 criminating and arranging his thoughts. His 
 readiness of conception and command of lan 
 guage enabled him both in speaking and writing 
 to express what he thought and felt with pro 
 priety, perspicuity, and force. The religious 
 principles which he embraced were the doctrines 
 of the eternal counsels of Jehovah ; man s fallen, 
 ruined state ; the electing love of God ; the 
 atonement of Christ; justification by grace ; and 
 the efficacy of the Divine Spirit in renewing sin 
 ners and preparing them for glory. The doctrine 
 of redemption by a crucified Saviour constituted 
 in his view the basis of the gospel. In such a 
 light did he regard the proper divinity of Jesus 
 Christ, that he declared it to be " the rock of 
 his eternal hopes." To benevolence and candor, 
 sincerity in speech, and uprightness in conduct, 
 he joined the careful cultivation and practice of 
 the personal virtues. He was superior to all fret 
 ful and anxious thoughts about his temporal 
 affairs, and to all vanity of external appearance. 
 When tried by the ignorance and stupidity or 
 by the perverseness and injustice of men, he was 
 calm and collected. For the conduct of those, 
 who had treated him with the most painful 
 unkindness, he invented the most charitable ex 
 cuses, and even sought opportunities of doing 
 them good. His religion as well as his nature 
 disposed him to sympathy, tenderness, and love. 
 Kind affections lighted up his countenance, gave 
 a glow to his conversation, and cheerfulness to 
 his active benevolence. When arrested by his 
 last sickness, and warned of his approaching dis 
 solution, he was not discomposed. With many 
 expressions of humility and self-abasement inter 
 mingled, he declared his hope in the infinite 
 mercy of God through the atonement of Christ. 
 98 
 
 When his wife expressed some of the feelings 
 which were excited by the thought of parting 
 with him, he said : " If God is glorified, I am 
 made forever. Can t you lay hold of that ? " To 
 his sons, he said : " I charge you to love God 
 supremely, and to love your neighbor as your 
 selves ; for without these there is no true reli 
 gion." He had such a sense of the evil of sin 
 and of his own ill desert, that nothing could 
 afford him consolation but the all-sufficient grace 
 of the Redeemer. In Jesus Christ his soul found 
 rest. He published two discourses, preached on 
 the Sabbath after his ordination, 1774; a dis 
 course on the character and best exertions of 
 unregencrate sinners, 1782 ; a sermon on the fast, 
 1783; on the peace, 1783; on the death of M. 
 Parsons, 1784; of eight persons drowned, 1794; 
 of J. Russell, 1796 ; of Washington, 1800 ; of 
 S. Phillips, 1802 ; of Dr. Hitchcock, and Mary 
 Dana, 1803; two friendly letters to Philalcthes, 
 1785; at the ordination of J. Dickinson, 1789; 
 of J. T. Kirkland, 1794 ; of J. Kendall ; of N. II. 
 Fletcher, 1800 ; installation of H. Packard, 1802 ; 
 address to the students of Andover academy, 
 1791 ; at the election, 1792 ; before an association 
 at Portsmouth, 1792 ; farewell sermon at New- 
 bury ; on the fast, 1793 ; a discourse to gradu 
 ates ; address to students at Andover ; to the 
 class which entered college, 1794, 179G, and 
 1798 ; on the thanksgiving, 1795 ; before the 
 convention, 1797 ; on the fast, 1798. Since his 
 death there have been published sermons on im 
 portant subjects, 8vo., and lectures on Jewish 
 antiquities, 8vo., 1807. Panoplist, I. 
 
 TAPPAX, SAMUEL, died at Portsmouth April 
 29, 1806, aged 45; the highly esteemed teacher 
 of one of the public schools, a very eminent 
 Christian. He was the son of Rev. Mr. T. of 
 Manchester. 
 
 TAPPAN, AMOS, died in Portsmouth, N. H., 
 in 1821, aged about 53. He was the son of Rev. 
 Benjamin T. ; was graduated at Harvard in 1788 ; 
 and for nearly thirty years taught a classical 
 school in P. Ilis wife was Isabella, the sister of 
 Rev. Joseph Buckminster. 
 
 TAPPAX, BENJAMIN, minister of Manchester, 
 Mass., died in 1790, aged about 70. He was the 
 son of Samuel, a farmer of Xewbury, and grand 
 son of Dr. Peter T., and his wife, Abigail Wig- 
 glesworth, was the daughter of the minister of 
 Maiden. He had twelve children ; two of his 
 sons, David and Amos, were graduates. He 
 wished also to educate Benjamin ; but, settled 
 on a salary of eighty pounds, his son, who over 
 heard him speaking of his poverty, nobly re 
 solved that he would not go to college. He 
 | graduated at Harvard college in 1742 ; his name 
 appears in the catalogue as Toppan. 
 
 TAPPAN, BENJAMIN, a merchant of North 
 ampton, Mass., died Jan. 29, 1831, aged 83. Of 
 
778 
 
 TAPPAN. 
 
 his ancestors, who wrote the name Toppan in 
 stead of Tappan, Abraham was the first in this 
 country ; he came from Yarmouth, England, and 
 settled at Xcvvbury in 1637, dying in 1672, leav 
 ing sons, Peter, Abraham, Jacob, John, and Isaac, 
 whose descendants have been many. He was the 
 son of Rev. Benjamin T., and the eldest of twelve 
 children. He served his time with William 
 Homes, a goldsmith of Boston, a descendant of 
 Rev. W. H., and the grandfather of Henry 
 Homes, and whose wife was a daughter of Mrs. 
 Mary Dawes, Dr. Franklin s sister, the mother 
 of William Dawes, a worthy citizen. He settled 
 in Northampton as a goldsmith in 1769, and 
 afterwards was a merchant, of the firm of Tappan 
 and Whitney. He was a patriot of the Revolu 
 tion, and marched with other volunteers from 
 Northampton to meet the forces of Burgoyne at 
 Saratoga. He was a man of most exemplary 
 character, of integrity and prudence, of Christian 
 principle and feeling, who brought vip his large 
 family in the paths of virtue and honor, and who 
 lived to be rewarded, as many other New Eng 
 land parents have been, by seeing his children 
 industrious, upright, enterprising, prosperous, 
 and some of them men of distinction in our coun 
 try. Instead of remembering and honoring such 
 a citizen and head of a family, why is it that a 
 mere adventurer, of no principle, who in perhaps 
 an unjust war loses an arm or only feels the 
 breath of a cannon-ball, is applauded through the 
 land, and elevated to some office, and pensioned 
 with an annual bounty from the public treasury 
 during the remainder of his life ? Is it not be 
 cause the race of fools is not extinct ? or, to speak 
 more calmly, because we the people are not wise ? 
 The children of Mr. Tappan knew how to honor 
 the memory of such parents as God had given 
 them. There assembled in the place of their 
 birth, June 1, 1848, from different States six 
 brothers, still living in 1857, and three sis 
 ters, between the ages of 60 and 77, namely : 
 Benjamin, a democratic lawyer of Ohio, who had 
 been a senator of the United States ; William, 
 a farmer of Binghamton, N. Y. ; John, long a 
 merchant in Boston, whose life forty years be 
 fore Providence had preserved, when the ship 
 Jupiter, in which he was returning from England, 
 struck an iceberg and sunk with most of the 
 passengers, and who is well known for his benev 
 olent deeds ; Arthur, one of the founders of Ober- 
 lin college, a merchant of New York, who had 
 failed with high honor, for with a debt of a mil 
 lion of dollars he paid up the whole ; Charles, a 
 bookseller in Boston ; Lewis, a merchant in New 
 York, whose talents and zeal have been mani 
 fested in the anti-slavery cause; Sarah, since 
 deceased, the wife of Solomon Stoddard of North 
 ampton ; Rebecca, the wife of Col. William Ed 
 wards of New York ; Lucv, the widow of Rev. Dr. 
 
 TAPPAN. 
 
 John Pierce of Brookline. Of this family of nine 
 there were a hundred children, among them six 
 or eight ministers, or the wives of ministers, 
 one, David Tappan Stoddard, a missionary in 
 Persia. Besides these, Mr. Tappan s daughter 
 Elizabeth, who died in 1819, was the wife of a 
 minister, Rev. Alexander Phoenix. 
 
 TAPPAN, SARAH, wife of Benjamin T., died 
 at Northampton March 26, 1826, aged 78. She 
 was the daughter of William Homes, goldsmith, 
 who was an excellent Christian, a descendant of 
 Rev. W. Homes. Her mother was a daughter 
 of Thomas Dawes of Boston. Her life Avas a 
 Christian life and her end was peace. She left 
 nine children, and sixty-one grandchildren. Her 
 memoir was published in 1834. 
 
 TAPPAN, ENOCH S., M. D., died in Augusta, 
 Me., in 1847, aged 65. The son of Professor T., 
 he graduated at Harvard in 1801. 
 
 TAPPAN, CHRISTOPHER, died at Newbury 
 July 23, 1747, aged 75, having been minister of 
 the first church fifty years. He was the son of 
 Peter T. ; graduated at Harvard in 1691, and was 
 ordained in 1696. -He was a man of learning 
 and piety, a very successful minister, and a useful 
 physician and surgeon, demanding no fees. 
 
 TAPPAN, WILLIAM BLNGHAM, a religious 
 poet, died in West Needham, Mass., in 1849, 
 aged 54; general agent of the American Sunday 
 school union. His father was Samuel T. of Bev 
 erly, a teacher, who died when he was twelve 
 years old. His only schooling Avas for six months. 
 An apprentice, he ascribed much in the preser 
 vation of his morals to his mother s prayers. He 
 toiled and studied ; for four years he was not ab 
 sent from church. Of twelve apprentices Avith 
 him, all but tAvo came to ruin. He was a success 
 ful teacher six years in Philadelphia. After his 
 marriage he became a religious man. Removing 
 to Boston, he zealously engaged in Sabbath 
 schools, and was salesman of the Sunday school 
 union. In Cincinnati he prosecuted the same be 
 nevolent object ; also again four years in Phila 
 delphia ; then the rest of his life in Boston. In 
 1840 he obtained a license to preach, and he 
 preached with great interest at Mattapoisett the 
 last Sabbath before his death. His attack Avas 
 sudden and violent, but his faith failed not ; he 
 said, "I m going, my sight is gone, Avifc, 
 daughter, fareAvell ; Lord Jesus, receive my spirit." 
 Such a benefactor of men deserves honorable re 
 membrance. He died a poor man at Grantville, 
 Needham. He published several volumes of 
 poetry, but without pecuniary profit. 
 
 TAPPAN, JAMES, colonel, died at Gloucester 
 Feb. 6, 1853, aged 85. His death was occasioned 
 or hastened by a fall on the ice. As he Avas the 
 early schoolmaster of D. Webster, he frequently 
 in his old age Avas the grateful recipient of his 
 bounty. Such a record is most honorable to his 
 
TAPPEN. 
 
 TAYLOR. 
 
 779 
 
 great scholar, who preceded him in the descent 
 to the grave. 
 
 TAPPEX, JOHN, an officer in the Revolutionary 
 war, died at Fallsburgh in 1846, aged 92. 
 
 TARLETON, B., lieutenant-colonel in the 
 British service, published a history of the southern 
 campaigns of 1780 and 1781, 4to., London, 1787. 
 
 TASK, THOMAS, colonel, a brave officer in the 
 French and Revolutionary wars, died in New 
 Durham, X.H., in 1809, aged 87. Born in Dur 
 ham, he lived twenty years in N. D., in the set 
 tlement of which town he was active. 
 
 TASSEMAKER, Mr., the first minister set 
 tled in Schencctady, was murdered with all his 
 family by the Indians, who burned that city in 
 1690. He was of the Dutch church. Rev. J. 
 Fonda could obtain no information of his age 
 and character, the annals of the Dutch church 
 having perished. 
 
 TATIIAM, WILLIAM, an engineer and drunk 
 ard, threw himself before the mouth of a gun, 
 fired at Richmond, Va., Feb. 22, 1819, on the 
 birthday of Washington, and* was blown to 
 pieces, aged 67. A native of England, a lawyer 
 in North Carolina, Mr. Monroe gave him an 
 office in the arsenal in Virginia. He compiled an 
 analysis of Virginia, and published two tracts re 
 lating to the canal between Norfolk and North 
 Carolina. 
 
 TAWAXQUATUCK, the first sachem con 
 verted to Christianity on Martha s Vineyard, lived 
 on that island when the English first settled 
 there in 1642. He died about the year 1670. 
 His conversion, through the labors of Mr. May- 
 hew, was a circumstance very irritating to his 
 copper-colored brethren, who were indignant 
 that he should turn away from the religion of 
 their fathers. One night, after an assembly of 
 the Indians, as Tawanquatuck lay asleep upon a 
 mat by a little fire, an Indian approached him 
 and let fly a broad-headed arrow, intending to 
 drench it in his heart s blood ; but it struck his- 
 eyebrow, and being turned in its direction by the 
 solid bone, glanced and slit his nose from the 
 top to the bottom. The next morning Mr. May- 
 hew visited the sagamore, and found him prais 
 ing God for his great deliverance. He afterwards 
 became a Christian magistrate to his people, and 
 discharged faithfully the trust reposed in him as 
 long as he lived. Mayhew s Indian Converts. 
 
 TAYLOR, JOSEPH, minister of Southampton, 
 L. I., died in 1682, aged 30. He graduated at 
 Harvard in 1669, and succeeded Rev. Robert 
 Fordham in 1680. 
 
 TAYLOR, JOHN, minister of Milton, Mass., 
 died in 1749, aged 56. Born in Boston, he grad 
 uated at Harvard in 1721, and was ordained in 
 1728, the successor of P. Thacher. His succes 
 sor was N. Robbins. He was a classmate of 
 
 Dr. Chauncy, to whom he left his papers with 
 orders to burn them, and who says of him that 
 few men were more universally beloved. Hist. 
 Coll., vol. x. 
 
 TAYLOR, NATHANIEL, minister of New Mil- 
 ford, Conn., died in 1800, aged 78, in the fifty- 
 second year of his ministry. Born in Danbury, 
 he graduated at Yale in 1745, and" was ordained 
 in 1748. He was a scholar and a teacher of 
 youth preparing for college, and a trustee of the 
 college. In 1759 he was a chaplain at Ticonde- 
 roga, and a patriot in the war of the Revolution, 
 in one year relinquishing his salary to his people. 
 S. Griswold became his colleague in 1790. By 
 his first wife, who was a daughter of Rev. D. 
 Boardman, the first minister of New Milford, he 
 had a son, Nathaniel, who was the father of Rev. 
 Dr. N. Taylor of the theological seminary at New 
 Haven. He published a sermon at Crown Point, 
 1762; at the ordination of D. Brownson, 1764. 
 Sprague s Annals. 
 
 TAYLOR, EDWARD, first minister of Warro- 
 noce or Westfield, Mass., was born in Leicester 
 shire, England, in 1642, and died June 29, 1729, 
 aged 87. A graduate of Harvard in 1671, he in 
 the same year Avent to Westfield to preach ; 
 Philip s war delayed his settlement till Aug. 27, 
 1679. X. Bull was his colleague in 1726. Sub 
 sequent ministers have been J. Ballantine, N. At- 
 water, I. Knapp and E. Davis. He married in 
 1674 Elizabeth, daughter of James Fitch of Nor 
 wich. His second wife, in 1692, was Ruth, 
 daughter of Samuel Wyllys of Hartford. By her 
 he had five daughters, who married ministers ; 
 Ruth, who married Rev. B. Colton of West 
 Hartford ; Naomi, who married Rev. E. Devo 
 tion of Suffield ; Anne, who married Rev. B. 
 Lord of Norwich ; Mehitable, who married Rev. 
 W. Gager of Lebanon ; and Keziah, who married 
 Rev. Isaac Stiles, and was the mother of Presi 
 dent Stiles. He had four other daughters, who 
 married ministers in Connecticut. His descend 
 ants remain in W. Among his descendants is 
 II. W. Taylor of Canandaigua, a judge of the su 
 preme court of New Y r ork. He left fourteen 
 quarto volumes of four hundred pages each; 
 much of it in poetry. Holland s Hist. II. 142 ; 
 Sprague s Annals. 
 
 TAYLOR, GEORGE, a patriot of the Revolu 
 tion, died at Easton Feb. 23, 1781, aged 65. He 
 was born in Ireland in 1716. On his arrival at 
 Durham on the Delaware, he engaged in labor in 
 the iron works of a Mr. Savage, who paid the 
 expenses of his voyage. Advanced to be clerk, 
 after the death of Mr. S. he married his widow, 
 and became a man of fortune. Being a member 
 of congress soon after the declaration of inde 
 pendence was passed, he signed the engrossed 
 copy Aug. 2, 1776. Goodrich. 
 
780 
 
 TAYLOR. 
 
 TAYLOR. 
 
 TAYLOR, WILLIAM, died in Pitt county, 
 N. C., in Oct., 1794, aged 114. He was a native 
 of Virginia. 
 
 TAYLOR, HEZEKIAH, first minister of New- 
 fane, Vt., died in 1814, aged 66. Born in Graf- 
 ton, Mass., he graduated at Harvard in 1770 and 
 was settled in 1774. 
 
 TAYLOR, JOHN, colonel, a senator of the 
 United States, died suddenly in Caroline county, 
 Va., Aug. 20, 1824, at an advanced age. He 
 was distinguished for his attention to agriculture. 
 He published construction construed ; an inquiry 
 into the principles and policy of the government 
 of the United States, 1814 ; and other works. 
 
 TAYLOR, RICHARD, commodore, died in Old- 
 ham county, Ky., in 182-5, aged 78. He was an 
 officer in the Revolutionary war. 
 
 TAYLOR, JAMES, minister of Sunderland, 
 Mass., died in 1831, aged 47. He graduated at 
 Williams college in 1804. 
 
 TAYLOR, JOHN, colonel, governor of South 
 Carolina from 1826 to 1828, died in 1832. He 
 had been a member of congress. 
 
 TAYLOR, JOHN, a Baptist minister, died in 
 Franklin county, Ky., in 1835, aged 82. 
 
 TAYLOR, SARAH LOUISA, died in 1838, aged 
 
 27. Her memoir was written by Rev. Lot 
 Jones. 
 
 TAYLOR, JOHN, minister, died at Bruce, 
 Mich., in 1840, aged 77. He graduated at Yale 
 in 1784. 
 
 TAYLOR, JOHN, minister of Deerfield, Mass., 
 died in 1840, aged about 76. Born in Westfield, 
 he graduated at Yale in 1784, and was pastor 
 from 1787 to 1806, the successor of J. Ashley, 
 and was succeeded in 1807 by Rev. Dr. Wil- 
 lard, who still lives in this year, 1857. He pub 
 lished century sermon, 1804; farewell at Deer- 
 field, 1806. 
 
 TAYLOR, PHILIP W., a minister for sixty 
 years, died in Shelby county, Ky., about 1840, 
 aged upwards of 80. Born in Caroline county, 
 Va., he was a soldier of the Revolution, and 
 present at the surrender of Cornwallis. In 1781 
 he was a pioneer settler in Kentucky. He 
 was not only a preacher, but for two years high 
 sheriff. 
 
 TAYLOR, JOHN M., colonel, died in Phila 
 delphia in 1843, aged 92. He was commissary- 
 general of the American army in 1775, at the 
 siege of Quebec, and he remained in the service 
 with honor till 1779. 
 
 TAYLOR, SAMUEL AUSTIN, missionary to 
 Constantinople, died at Worcester in 1847, aged 
 
 28. He graduated at Amherst in 1837, and at 
 Andover theological seminary in 1842. 
 
 TAYLOR, JAMES, general, died at Newport, 
 Ky., in 1848, aged 80. His last political act was 
 voting, on his sick bed, on the day of his death, 
 for his relative, President Taylor. He served iu 
 
 the war of 1812. It was thought his landed es 
 tate was worth 3 or 4,000,000 of dollars. 
 
 TAYLOR, ZACHARY, president of the United 
 States, died at Washington July 9, 1850, aged 
 65. The son of Col. Richard T., he was born in 
 Orange county, Va., Sept. 24, 1784. Perhaps 
 Zachary Tailor, who arrived in Virginia in 1635, 
 was his ancestor. In 1808 he entejed the army. 
 In 1810 he married Margaret Smith of Maryland. 
 In the war of 1812 he served at the west; in 
 1816 he commanded at Green Bay. He served 
 under Scott in the Black Hawk war. He was 
 also in the Florida war, and was intrusted with 
 the command of all the troops. At the close of 
 the war he purchased an estate and settled at 
 Baton Rouge. He distinguished himself greatly 
 in the Mexican war, and among other victories, 
 gained, Feb. 23, 1847, the memorable one of 
 Bucna Vista over Santa Anna. The whig con 
 vention of 1848, smitten with his military fame, 
 nominated him for the presidency. He was in 
 augurated March 4, 1849. He was ill only five 
 days, was in office sixteen months, and was 
 succeeded by Mr. Fillmore. He left a widow, one 
 son, and two daughters: Ann, married to Dr. 
 R. C. Wood, surgeon in the army; Bessy, to 
 Major W. W. S. Bliss. A daughter deceased, 
 Sarah Knox, was married to Col. Jefferson Davis. 
 
 TAYLOR, OLIVER ALDEN, minister of Man 
 chester, Mass., died Dec. 18, 1851, aged 50. 
 Born at Yarmouth, his mother was the daugh 
 ter of Rev. T. Alden. His parents emigrated to 
 Ilawley, where he had no advantages of early 
 education. At the age of sixteen he joined the 
 church with fifty-three others. Having prepared 
 to enter college at an academy, he borrowed 10 
 dollars, and made a journey on foot to Alleghany 
 college, where his uncle, T. Alden, was president. 
 He graduated at Union college in 1825, and 
 studied theology at Andover, where he lived 
 twelve years, devoted to literary pursuits. He 
 was the minister of M. from 1839 till his death ; 
 and was eminent for learning and piety. His 
 wife was a daughter of Dr. N. Cleaveland. In 
 1836 he was a teacher of sacred literature iu the 
 seminary at Andover. He published various ar 
 ticles in the biblical repository and spirit of the 
 pilgrims; brief views of the Saviour, for the 
 young, 1835 ; the music of the Hebrews, a trans 
 lation ; memoirs of llcinhard; catalogue of the 
 seminary library, 1838 ; memoir of Andrew Lee, 
 1844 ; also some poetical effusions. A memoir 
 of him by his brother, Rev. T. A. Taylor, was 
 published in 1853. Rprayue s Annals. 
 
 TAYLOR, STEPHEN, D. D., died at Rich 
 mond, Va., in 1853, aged 56. He graduated at 
 Williams college in 1815, and was for a quarter 
 of a century one of the most useful ministers in 
 Virginia. He was a professor in the theological 
 seminary ; but, not concurring in the acts of the 
 
TAYLOR. 
 
 TEMPLE. 
 
 781 
 
 general assembly in 1838, he resigned that office. 
 lie had peace in death. 
 
 TAYLOR, RICHARD, second chief of the In 
 dian Cherokee nation, died at Tahlequah, Ar 
 kansas, in 1853. He commanded under Jackson 
 in the Creek war. 
 
 TAYLOR, JOHN W., a distinguished states 
 man, died at Cleveland, Ohio, in 1854, aged 70. 
 He died in the family of his son-in-law, "W. D. 
 Bcattie. Born in Saratoga county, N. Y., he 
 studied law in Albany, and was a member of 
 congress from 1813 to 1833, and was speaker in 
 1821. He was most earnestly opposed to the 
 admission of Missouri as a slave State. He sur 
 vived the great debaters on that subject, King, 
 Tallmadge, Clay, Holmes, Randolph, Pinckuey, 
 and Storrs. 
 
 TAYLOR, STEPHEN W., LL. D., president 
 of Madison university, Hamilton, N. Y., died in 
 1856, aged 66. He had been wasting away by 
 disease two or three years. He was a graduate 
 of Hamilton college, having borrowed the money 
 necessary to defray the expenses of his educa 
 tion. About 1816 he was at the head of Black 
 river academy at Lowville ; in 1834 he took 
 charge of the grammar school at Hamilton. In 
 1846 he went to Pennsylvania and built up a 
 Baptist college. In 1850 he became president of 
 Madison university. His son, B. F. Taylor, was 
 an editor at Chicago ; and his son, A. H. Taylor, 
 principal of Hamilton academy. He was gen 
 tlemanly, affectionate, and generous. He had 
 an iron will. He said to students in poverty, 
 " Every boy in this country can acquire a liberal 
 education, if he wills it." 
 
 TECUMSEH, an Indian chief, died Oct. 5, 
 1813, aged 43. He was the son of a Shawanee 
 warrior, and was born on the Scioto river, Ohio. 
 He was engaged in many incursions into Ken 
 tucky, and intercepted many boats descending the 
 Ohio. It is supposed that about 1806 he and 
 his brother, Elskwatawa the prophet, formed the 
 project of uniting all the western Indians in a 
 war against the Americans. When Gen. Harri 
 son attacked and defeated the prophet in the 
 battle of Tippecanoe, Nov. 7, 1811, Tecumseh 
 was absent, on a visit to the south. In the war 
 of 1812 he was an ally to the British, with the 
 rank of brigadier-general. At the siege of fort 
 Meigs, and at the second assault in July, he was 
 present, being at the head of two thousand warriors. 
 In the battle at Moravian town, on the Thames, 
 Gen. Harrison had for his aids Gen. Cass and 
 Com. Perry. Col. R. M. Johnson commanded 
 on the left, and came in personal conflict, it is 
 said, with Tecumseh. His horse being killed and 
 himself wounded by three balls in his right thigh 
 and two in the left arm, the savage chief rushed 
 upon him with his tomahawk; but, drawing a 
 
 pistol from his holster, Johnson laid him dead at 
 his feet. In this battle, Col. J. s brother, Lieut- 
 Col. James J., was killed. The project of uniting 
 all the western Indians against the Americans, 
 and the efforts made to execute the project, dis 
 play a savage energy and perseverance, but indi 
 cate very little wisdom. The prophet as well as 
 the warrior being now deceased, such a combina 
 tion will probably never be made again. King 
 Philip; Pontiac, the Ottawas chief, who in 1763 
 captured Michillimackinac and invested Detroit ; 
 the Prophet, and Tecumseh, may be regarded as 
 the most remarkable of the savage warriors of 
 America. His life was written by Dr. Daniel 
 Drake, 1841. 
 
 TEFFT, ELIZA, wife of Rev. J. C. Tefft, mis 
 sionary in Africa, died at the Mendi station June 
 10, 1851, aged 26. She was the daughter of 
 E. C. Benton of Pittsfield, Mass., afterwards of 
 Seville, Ohio. 
 
 TELFER, Dr., died at Toronto, Upper Can 
 ada, March 7, 1857, an eminent physician. 
 
 TEMPLE, DANIEL, a missionary in Malta, 
 died in Reading, Mass., Aug. 9, 1851, aged 61. 
 Born in Reading, the eldest of thirteen children, 
 he worked at the trade of a shoemaker till the 
 age of twenty-one, when he became a Christian 
 convert. He graduated at Dartmouth in 1817 ; 
 at the theological seminary in Andover in 1820. 
 Having been an agent for the American board of 
 missions one year, he was ordained in 1821. He 
 sailed as a missionary for Malta in 1822, and car 
 ried with him the first printing-press for the east. 
 His wife, Rachel, the daughter of Col. T. Dix of 
 Boscawen, N. II., died in Malta in 1827. In 
 1830 he married Martha Ely of Longmeadow, 
 Mass., and sailed again for Malta. From 1833 
 to 1844 he lived in Smyrna, occupied with his 
 press. But now, a change being determined up 
 on in the Greek department of the mission in 
 Turkey, to which he was specially devoted, it 
 was deemed best that he should return to Amer 
 ica. He was employed as an agent of the board, 
 and in preaching in various places. In 1847 he 
 was installed at Phelps in New York, where he 
 continued two years. He died in his paternal 
 home, in the midst of his relatives, in the confi 
 dence that he was going to his eternal home in 
 the heavens. He said : " I am a happy man. I 
 am looking forward to an eternity of blessedness." 
 His name was venerated in the east by Turks 
 and Greeks. They knew him long and well. 
 He was not only noble in looks, but truthful and 
 generous in character. He published a sermon 
 at Boston, 1822. In connection with his press 
 he prepared books in the modern Greek, Italian, 
 and Armenian languages ; he wrote many Scrip 
 ture histories, and edited a magazine in Greek. 
 Sprayue s Annals. 
 
782 
 
 TEN BROECK. 
 
 TENNENT. 
 
 TEX BROECK, PETRUS, Episcopal minister 
 at Portland, Me., died at Danvers, Mass., in 1849, 
 aged 57. 
 
 TEX EYCK, SARAH, died in Somerset county, 
 N. J., in 1844, aged 101 years. 
 
 TEXXEXT, JOHN, a physician of Virginia, 
 published at Williamsburgh, in 1736, an essay on 
 the pleurisy, which was reprinted in Xe\v York 
 in 1742. In this work he first brought into view 
 the virtues of the Seneca snake-root. The im 
 mediate cause of a pleurisy or peripneumony, in 
 his opinion, is a viscidity of blood of the same 
 nature with that produced by the venom of the 
 rattlesnake ; and, as the rattlesnake root had 
 been found a cure for the bite of the snake, he 
 proposed it as a cure for the pleurisy. Ham- 
 say s Rev. 36. 
 
 TEXXEXT, WILLIAM, a useful scholar and 
 minister of a Presbyterian church at Xeshaminy, 
 Penn., died about 1743. He received Episcopal 
 ordination in Ireland, and emigrated to this coun 
 try in the year 1718, with four sons, Gilbert, 
 William, John, and Charles. After his arrival he 
 renounced his connection with the Episcopal 
 church, and was admitted into the synod of Phila 
 delphia. He spent a short time in the State of 
 New York, and then in 1721 or 1722 removed to 
 Bensalem, Penn. Here he remained not more than 
 four or five years ; for in 1726 he settled at Xesha 
 miny, about twenty miles north of the city of 
 Philadelphia, where he became pastor of a small 
 Presbyterian congregation. Here he established 
 a seminary of learning, which soon received the 
 name of the " log college," by which it was long 
 known. But this institution, though humble in 
 name, was the nursery in which many ministers 
 of the gospel were trained up for eminent useful 
 ness. Among these were his four sons, who 
 were educated under his sole instruction, and 
 Messrs. Rowland, Campbell, Lawrence, Bcatty, 
 Robinson, and Samuel Blair. He had the hap 
 piness to see all his sons employed in the ser 
 vice of the church for several years before his 
 death. As the calls for ministerial service were 
 urgent, he sent them out as soon as they were 
 qualified for the work. Of these, John died in 
 early life, and the others lived to an advanced age, 
 and were among the most useful and respectable 
 ministers of their time. He was a man of great 
 integrity, simplicity, industry, and piety; and to 
 his labors and benevolent zeal the American 
 churches are in no small degree indebted. Bou- 
 dinofs Life of T. 
 
 TEXXEXT, GILBERT, minister of Philadelphia, 
 the son of the preceding, died about 1765, aged 
 62. lie was born in Ireland. At the age of 
 14 he began to be anxious for the salvation of his 
 soul ; he was often in great agony of mind, but at 
 length the character of Jesus Christ as the Sav 
 iour of sinners filled him with peace. Still he 
 
 was diffident of his Christian character, and in 
 consequence pursued the study of physic for a 
 year, but afterwards devoted himself to theology. 
 In the autumn of 1726 he was ordained minister 
 of Xew Brunswick in X. J. For some time he 
 was the delight of the pious, and was honored by 
 those who were destitute of religion. But, when 
 God began to bless Iris faithful labors to the 
 awakening of secure sinners, and to their conver 
 sion from darkness unto light, he presently lost 
 the good opinion of false professors ; his name 
 was loaded with reproaches, and the grossest im 
 moralities were attributed to him. But he bore 
 all with patience. Though he had sensibility to 
 character as well as other men, yet he was willing 
 to encounter disgrace, rather than neglect preach 
 ing the truth, however offensive to the sinful, 
 whom he wished to reclaim. Towards the close 
 of the year 1740 and in the beginning of the 
 year 1741, he made a tour in Xew England, at 
 the request of Mr. Whitefield. An astonishing 
 efficacy accompanied his labors. Visiting various 
 towns, he was everywhere remarkably useful. In 
 this tour the dress, in which he commonly entered 
 the pulpit, was a great coat, girt about him with 
 a leathern girdle, while his natural hair was left 
 undressed. His large stature and grave aspect 
 added a dignity to the simplicity or rather rus 
 ticity of his appearance. In 1743 he established 
 a new church in Philadelphia, consisting of the 
 followers of Mr. Whitefield. In 1753, at the re 
 quest of the trustees of New Jersey college, he 
 went to England to solicit benefactions for that 
 seminary. After a life of great usefulness he died 
 in much peace, and was succeeded by Dr. Sproat. 
 For more than forty years he had enjoyed a 
 habitual, unshaken assurance of his interest -in re 
 deeming love. As a preacher, he was in his vig 
 orous days equalled by but few. His reasoning 
 powers were strong, his language forcible and 
 often sublime, and his manner of address warm 
 and earnest. His eloquence, however, was rather 
 bold and awful than soft and persuasive. When 
 he wished to alarm the sinner, he could represent 
 in the most awful manner the terrors of the Lord. 
 He was bold, courageous, ardent, and indepen 
 dent. A number of Presbyterians, both among the 
 clergy and laity, who were considered as mere 
 formalists in religion, violently opposed Mr. 
 Whitefield and Mr. T. The consequence was 
 that the synod of Philadelphia was split into 
 two synods, which treated each other with great 
 censoriousness. At length Mr. T., who had been 
 principally concerned in promoting the separa 
 tion, became desirous of restoring harmony, and 
 labored with great industry for this purpose. His 
 longest and most elaborate publication, entitled 
 the peace of Jerusalem, was upon this subject. 
 The synods were united in 1758. The whole 
 transaction illustrates his character. An ardent 
 
TENNENT. 
 
 love to -what he conceived to be truth and duty 
 always triumphed over all considerations of a per 
 sonal kind. He published the righteousness of 
 the scribes and pharisees considered ; a sermon 
 on justification; remarks upon a protestation to 
 the synod, 1741 ; the examiner examined, or Gil 
 bert Tennent harmonious, in answer to Mr. Han 
 cock s pamphlet, entitled the examiner, or Gilbert 
 against Tennent ; three sermons on holding fast 
 the truth against the Moravians ; at the ordina 
 tion of C. Beatty, 17-43; on the victory of the 
 British arms: two sermons at Philadelphia, on 
 account of a revival of religion in Prince s Chris 
 tian history, 1744 ; on the success of the expedi 
 tion against Louisburg ; discourses on several 
 subjects, on the nature of justification, on the law, 
 and the necessity of good works vindicated, 12mo., 
 1745; on the lawfulness of defensive war, 1747; 
 on the consistency of defensive war with true 
 Christianity ; defensive war defended ; a fast ser 
 mon ; before the sacramental solemnity, 1748 ; 
 essay on the peace of Jerusalem ; at a thanksgiv 
 ing; on the displays of divine justice in the pro 
 pitiatory sacrifice of Christ, 1749 ; sermons on 
 important subjects, adapted to the present state 
 of the British nation, 8vo., 1758; at the opening of 
 the Presbyterian church. Assembly s Miss. 
 Mag. I. 238-248; n. 46. 
 
 TEXNENT, WILLIAM, minister, of Freehold, 
 N. J., died March 8, 1777, aged 71. He was the 
 brother of the preceding, and was born in Ireland, 
 June 3, 1705. He arrived in America when in 
 the 14lh year of his age. Having resolved to de 
 vote himself to the ministry of the gospel, his in 
 tense application to the study of theology under 
 the care of his brother at New Brunswick so im 
 paired his health as to bring on a decline. He be 
 came more and more emaciated, till little hope of 
 life was left. At length he fainted and apparently 
 expired. The neighbors were invited to attend 
 his funeral on the next day. In the evening his 
 physician, a young gentleman who was his par 
 ticular friend, returned to the town and was af 
 flicted beyond measure at the news of his death. 
 On examining the body he affirmed that he felt 
 an unusual warmth, and had it restored to a 
 warm bed, and the funeral delayed. All proba 
 ble means were used to restore life ; the third 
 day arrived, and the exertions of the doctor had 
 as yet been in vain. It was determined by the 
 brother that the funeral should now be attended, 
 but the physician requested a delay of one hour, 
 then of half an hour, and finally of a quarter of an 
 hour. As this last period nearly expired, indica 
 tions of life were discovered. The efforts were 
 now renewed, and in a few hours Mr. T. was re 
 stored to life. His recovery, however, was very 
 slow ; all former ideas were for some time 
 blotted out of his mind, and it was a year before 
 he was perfectly restored. To his friends he rc- 
 
 TENNENT. 
 
 783 
 
 peatedly stated that, after he had apparently 
 expired, he found himself in heaven, where he be 
 held a glory which he could not describe, and 
 heard songs of praise before this glory which 
 were unutterable. He was about to join the 
 throng when one of the heavenly messengers 
 said to him, " You must return to the earth." At 
 this instant he groaned and opened his eyes upon 
 this world. For three years afterwards the 
 sounds which he had heard were not out of his 
 ears, and earthly things were in his sight as 
 vanity and nothing. 
 
 In Oct., 1733, he was ordained at Freehold, as 
 the successor of his brother, John T. It was not 
 long before his inattention to worldly concerns 
 brought him into debt. In his embarrassment a 
 friend from New York told him that the only 
 remedy was to get a wife. " I do not know how 
 to go about it," was the answer. " Then I will 
 undertake the business," said his friend ; " I have 
 a sister-in-law in the city, a prudent and pious 
 widow." The next evening found Mr. T. in New 
 York, and the day after he was introduced to 
 Mrs. Noble. Being pleased with her appearance, 
 when he was left alone with her he abruptly told 
 her that he supposed she knew his errand, that 
 neither his time nor inclination would suffer him 
 to use much ceremony, and that if she pleased 
 he would attend his charge on the next Sabbath, 
 and return on Monday and be married. With 
 some hesitation the lady consented ; and she 
 proved an invaluable treasure to him. About the 
 year 1744, when the faithful preaching of Mr. T. 
 and John Rowland was the means of advancing 
 in a very remarkable degree the cause of religion 
 in New Jersey, the indignation and malice of 
 those who loved darkness rather than light, and 
 who could not quietly submit to have their false 
 security shaken, were excited against these ser 
 vants of God. There was at this time prowling 
 through the country a noted man, named Tom 
 Bell. One evening he arrived at a tavern in 
 Princeton, dressed in a parson s frock, and was 
 immediately accosted as Ilev. Mr. Rowland, whom 
 he much resembled. This mistake was sufficient 
 for him. The next day he went to a congrega 
 tion in the county of Hunterdon, and, declaring 
 himself to be Mr. Rowland, was invited to preach 
 on the Sabbath. As he was riding to church in 
 the family wagon, accompanied by his host on an 
 elegant horse, he discovered, when he was near 
 the church, that he had left his notes behind, and 
 proposed to ride back for them on the fine horse. 
 The proposal was agreed to, and Bell, after re 
 turning to the house and rifling the desk, made 
 off with the horse. Mr. Rowland was soon in 
 dicted for the robbery, but it happened that on 
 the very day in which the robbery was committed 
 he was in Pennsylvania or Maryland ; and this 
 circumstance being proved by the testimony of 
 
784 
 
 TENNEXT. 
 
 TENNEY. 
 
 Mr. T. and two other gentlemen, who accompa- should I say? Why, that he was an idle, lazy 
 
 nied him, the jury brought in a verdict of not 
 
 fellow, and that it was his business to do the 
 
 guilty. Mr. Rowland could not again be brought work that I had appointed him." He was the 
 before the court ; but the witnesses were indicted 
 for wilful and corrupt perjury. The evidence was 
 very strong against them, for many had seen the 
 supposed Mr. Rowland on the elegant horse. 
 Mr. T. employed John Coxe, an eminent lawyer, 
 to conduct his defence. He went to Trenton on 
 the day appointed, and there found Mr. Smith of 
 New York, one of the ablest lawyers in America, 
 and of a religious character, who had voluntarily 
 attended to aid in his defence. He found also at 
 Trenton his brother Gilbert, from Philadelphia, 
 with Mr. Kinsey, one of the first counsellors in 
 the city. Mr. Tennent was asked who were his 
 witnesses ; he replied that he had none, as the 
 persons who accompanied him were also indicted. 
 He was pressed to delay the trial, as he would 
 most certainly be convicted ; but he insisted that 
 it should proceed, as he trusted in God to vindi 
 cate his innocence. Mr. Coxe was charging Mr. 
 T. with acting the part of an enthusiast, when 
 the bell summoned them to court. The latter 
 had not walked far in the street, before he was 
 accosted by a man and his wife, who asked him 
 if his name was not Tennent. The man said 
 that he lived in a certain place in Pennsylvania 
 or Maryland ; that Mr. T. and Mr. Rowland had 
 lodged at his house, or at a house where he and 
 his wife had been servants, at a particular time, 
 and on the next day preached ; that, some nights 
 before he left home, he and his wife both dreamed 
 repeatedly that Mr. T. was in distress at Tren 
 ton, and they only could relieve him; and that 
 they in consequence had come to that town, and 
 wished to know what they had to do. Mr. T. 
 led them to the court house, and their testimony 
 induced the jury to bring in a verdict of not 
 guilty, to the astonishment of his enemies. He 
 was well skilled in theology, and professed him 
 self a moderate Calvinist. The doctrines of 
 man s depravity, the atonement of Christ, the 
 necessity of the all-powerful influence of the 
 Holy Spirit to renew the heart, in consistency 
 with the free agency of the sinner, were among 
 the leading articles of his faith. With his friends 
 he was at all times cheerful and pleasant. He 
 once dined in company with Gov. Livingston and 
 Mr. Whitefield, when the latter expressed the 
 consolation he found in believing, amidst the 
 fatigues of the day, that his work would soon be 
 done, and that he should depart and be with 
 Christ. He appealed to Mr. T. whether this was 
 not his comfort. Mr, T. replied : " What do you 
 think I should say if I was to send my man, 
 Tom, into the field to plough, and at noon should 
 find him lounging under a tree, complaining of 
 the heat, and of his difficult work, and begging 
 to be discharged of his hard service ? What 
 
 friend of the poor. The public lost in him a 
 firm asserter of the civil and religious rights of 
 his country. Few men have ever been more 
 holy in life, more submissive to the will of God 
 under heavy afflictions, or more peaceful in death. 
 His account of the revival of religion in Freehold 
 and other places is published in Prince s Chris 
 tian history. Assembly s Miss. Mag. II. 97-103, 
 146, 202, 233. 
 
 TENNENT, WILLIAM, minister of Norwalk, 
 Conn., died in 1777, aged about 40. He gradu 
 ated at Princeton in 1758; was settled in 1763, 
 the successor of M. Dickinson, and was succeeded 
 by M. Burnet. 
 
 TENNEY, DANIEL, died at Hopkinton,N.IL, 
 in 1816, aged 82 ; a soldier in the Revolutionary 
 war, whose brother was killed at his side in the 
 battle of Bunker Hill. 
 
 TENNEY, SAMUEL, M. D., a physician and 
 judge, died in 1816, aged about 65. He was 
 born at Byfield, Mass., and graduated at Harvard 
 college in 1772. Having studied physic, he re 
 paired to the army on the day of Breed s Hill 
 battle, and was employed in the night in dress 
 ing the wounded. He served in the Rhode Is 
 land line during the war, at the close of which he 
 settled at Exeter, N. II., but did not resume his 
 profession. He was judge of probate from 1793 
 till 1800, when he was elected a member of 
 congress. He was a man of literature, and sci 
 ence, and religion. In the collections of the 
 historical society he published an account of Exe 
 ter, and communications in various journals. 
 Thacher. 
 
 TENNEY, DATID, a missionary, died at Shoal 
 Creek, 111., Oct. 21, 1819, aged 34; a native of 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 TENNEY, TABITIIA, the widow of Dr. Sam 
 uel T., died at Exeter, N. H., in 1837, aged 75. 
 Her father was Samuel Oilman ; her mother was 
 of the name of Robinson. She published the 
 new pleasing instructor ; female quixotism, 2 vols., 
 1829. Cyd. of Amer. Lit. 
 
 TENNEY, CALEB JEWETT, D. D.. died at 
 Northampton, Mass., Sept. 28, 1847, aged 67. 
 He was a son of William T., of Hollis, N. II., a 
 descendant of Thomas, who came over from Eng 
 land with Rev. E. Rogers in 1638, and settled at 
 Rowley. His mother was Phcbe Jewett of Row 
 ley. He was born in Ilollis May 3, 1780. At the 
 age of twelve a good Providence preserved his 
 life, as the wheel of a cart, loaded with wood, 
 Avent over him, across his hips as he lay on his 
 face. He graduated at Dartmouth in 1801, re 
 ceiving the highest appointment, the valedictory 
 oration, at commencement. Daniel Webster was 
 a member of his class. He had become pious at 
 
TERRELL. 
 
 the age of sixteen, in consequence of reading Da- 
 vies sermons, by request of his mother. Having 
 studied theology a little while with Drs. Burton 
 and Spring, he was ordained at Newport, R. I., 
 in September, 1804, as successor of Dr. Hopkins, 
 and there remained twelve years : and there he 
 married Ruth Channing, the daughter of John 
 Channing. For twenty-four years he was the 
 minister of Wethersfield, Conn., from 1816 to 
 1840, although from ill health he ceased to preach, 
 in 1833. So successful were his labors in 1820 
 and 1821, that two hundred persons were added 
 to his church. His predecessors in this ancient 
 town were H. Smith, Russell, Bulkley, Rowland- 
 son, Woodbridge, Mix, Lockwood, Marsh. Re 
 moving in 1842 to Northampton, he there suf 
 fered the great affliction of the death of his wife. 
 His last years were spent in the acceptable ser 
 vice of the colonization society. He was a learned 
 theologian and a useful preacher, doctrinal, in 
 structive, solemn, affectionate, and earnest; a 
 j udicious and faithful pastor ; and a man of emi 
 nent and steady piety, amiable, just, and gener 
 ous, a true philanthropist. He was sick but one 
 week, and not thought dangerous till just before 
 he died. He said, " I have a comfortable hope." 
 His wife, Ruth, the daughter of John Channing, 
 of Newport, died in 1842, aged 60 : his daughter, 
 Ruth, has died since his decease. His diary is 
 preserved. He published a sermon on baptism ; 
 at ordination of R. Robbins, 1816 ; New England 
 distinguished, 1827 ; on the death of Dr. Marsh, 
 1821; of Dr. Austin, 1830; of A. Mitchell, 
 1832. N. T. Observer, April 1, 1848; Sprague s 
 Annals. 
 
 TERRELL, WILLIAM, M. D., died in Sparta, 
 Geo., July 4, 1855 ; a member of congress from 
 1817 to 1821. He took an interest in agricul 
 ture, and in 1853 made a liberal donation of 
 20,000 dollars to found an agricultural professor 
 ship in the university of Georgia. 
 
 TERRY, NATHANIEL, died at his son s in New 
 Haven June 14, 1844, aged 76. A graduate of 
 Yale in 1786, he lived in Hartford, and was a 
 member of congress, a useful and respected man. 
 His father was Ephraim of Enfield, who married 
 Ann Collins, the daughter of Rev. N. Collins, and 
 a descendant by her mother, Alice Adams, from 
 Gov. Bradford. Besides Seth Terry of Hartford, 
 he had brothers, Samuel, Ephraim, Elijah, Eli- 
 phalet. 
 
 TERRY, ELI, died at Terrysville, Conn., Feb. 
 24, 1852, aged 80 ; the most extensive clock man 
 ufacturer in the United States. 
 
 TESCIIEMACIIER, J. E., died in 1853; a 
 geologist and naturalist. 
 
 TETARD, LEWIS, a professor in Columbia 
 college, N. Y., died in 1787. He came from 
 Switzerland, and was the minister of the French 
 church in New York, and a chaplain in the army. 
 
 TIIACIIER. 
 
 785 
 
 THACHER, THOMAS, first minister of the old 
 south church in Boston, died Oct. 15, 1678, aged 
 58. The son of Rev. Peter T. of Old Sarum, he 
 was born in England May 1, 1620, and arrived 
 in this country June 4, 1635. He pursued his 
 studies under the direction of Chauncy. Jan. 2, 
 1644, he was ordained minister of Weymouth; 
 but after the death of his wife in 1664 he was in 
 duced to remove to Boston. When a new church 
 was formed out of the first by persons displeased 
 with the settlement of Mr. Davenport, Mr. 
 Thacher was installed its pastor Feb. 16, 1670. 
 His colleague, Mr. Willard, survived him. His 
 wife was a daughter of Rev. Ralph Partridge. 
 His son, Ralph, was a minister at Martha s Vine 
 yard. Being well skilled in the Hebrew, he com 
 posed a lexicon of the principal words in that 
 language. President Stiles speaks of him as the 
 best Arabic scholar in the country. As a preacher 
 he was very popular, being remarkably fervent 
 and copious in prayer. He was also a physician. 
 He published a fast sermon, 1674 ; a brief rule 
 to guide the common people in the small pox 
 and measles, 1677; 2d ed., 1702. Magnolia, 
 in. 148-153 ; Sprague s Annals. 
 
 THACHER, PETER, first minister of Milton, 
 the son of the preceding, died Dec. 17, 1727, aged 
 76. He was born at Salem in 1651, and was 
 graduated at Harvard college in 1671. In a few 
 years he went to England, where he became ac 
 quainted with a number of eminent divines. On 
 his return he was ordained at Milton, June 1, 
 1681. His successor was John Taylor. His wife 
 was Theodora, daughter of Rev. John Oxen- 
 bridge ; his second wife, the widow of Rev. J. 
 Bailey ; his third, the widow of J. Gee. His 
 daughter by his first wife married Rev. S. Miles. 
 In his natural temper there was a great deal of 
 vivacity, which gave an interest to his conversa 
 tion and to his public performances. While he 
 was cheerful and affable, he was eminent for 
 sanctity and benevolence. Besides the ordinary 
 labors of the Lord s day he preached a monthly 
 lecture, and encouraged the private meetings of 
 his neighbors for religious purposes. Having 
 studied the Indian language, he also at a monthly 
 lecture imparted to the Indians of a neighboring 
 village the gospel of salvation. Being a physi 
 cian, his benevolence prompted him to expend a 
 great part of his yearly salary in the purchase of 
 medicines for the sick and indigent. His death 
 was sudden. The last words which he uttered 
 were, " I am going to Christ in glory." He pub 
 lished unbelief detected and condemned, to which 
 is added the treasures of the fathers inheritable 
 by their posterity, 1708; election sermon, 1711; 
 Christ s forgiveness a pattern, 1712 ; on the death 
 of Samuel Man, 1719; a divine riddle, he that is 
 weak is strong, 1723; the perpetual covenant. 
 Sprayue s Annals. 
 
786 
 
 THACHER. 
 
 THACHER. 
 
 THACHER, RALPH, was a minister at Mar 
 tha s Vineyard in 1G97 ; dismissed in 1714. He 
 was the son of Rev. Thomas, of Boston. His 
 successors were Holmes, Boardman, and Jona 
 than Smith, ordained in 1788; Joseph Thaxter 
 was then pastor of Edgartown. 
 
 THACHER, PETER, minister in Boston, died 
 Feb. 26, 1739, aged 61. He was born in that 
 town, the son of Rev. Thomas T., and was gradu 
 ated at Harvard college in 1696. While a mem 
 ber of college it pleased a sovereign God to give 
 him a deep sense of his sin, and at length to in 
 spire him with a cheerful faith in the Saviour. 
 After living at Hatfield some time as a school 
 master, he was settled in the ministry at Wey- 
 mouth, where he remained eleven or twelve 
 years. He was installed pastor of the new north 
 church in Boston, as colleague with Mr. Webb, 
 Jan. 27, 1720. In consequence of some divisions 
 in the society, and some irregularity in the meas 
 ures which were adopted to obtain Mr. Thacher, 
 the association refused to assist in his settlement. 
 He possessed a strong masterly genius. Mr. 
 Cooper calls him the evangelical reasoner. In 
 the gift of prayer he was almost unequalled. 
 During his last sickness he was cheerful, for he 
 hoped in the mercy of God through the Re 
 deemer. He published the election sermon, 1726, 
 and a sermon on the death of Mrs. Gee. 
 Sprague s Annals. 
 
 THACHER, PETER, minister of Middlebor- 
 ough, Mass., died April 22, 1744, aged 56. He 
 was the son of Rev. P. Thacher, of Milton. He 
 was born Oct. 6, 1688, and was graduated at Har 
 vard college in 1706. After preaching two years 
 in Middleborough, he was ordained Nov. 2, 1709. 
 He was succeeded by Sylvester Conant. He 
 was very distinguished for the sanctity of his life. 
 At one period his faithful exertions as a minister 
 were the means of adding near two hundred 
 members to his church in less than three years. 
 He published an account of the revival of religion 
 in Middleborough, in the Christian history, where 
 is a minute account of his life by Mr. Prince. 
 Recorder, Feb. 9, 1843. 
 
 THACHER, OXENBRIDGE, a representative of 
 Boston in the general court, died July 8, 1765, 
 aged 45. He was the son of Oxenbridge T., who 
 died in 1772, aged 92, and grandson of Rev. 
 Peter T., of Milton. He was graduated at Har 
 vard college in 1738. He was a learned man 
 and good writer. He published a pamphlet on 
 the gold coin, 1760 ; and the sentiments of a Brit 
 ish American, occasioned by the act to lay cer 
 tain duties in the British colonies, 1764. 
 
 THACHER, ROLAND, minister of Wareham, 
 died in 1775, aged about 63. He graduated at 
 Harvard in 1733. 
 
 THACIIER, PETER, minister of Attleborough, 
 Mass., died in 1785, aged 69. The son of Peter 
 
 T. of Middleborough, he graduated at Harvard 
 in 1737, and was ordained in 1748. lie pub- 
 Dished a sermon on the death of H. Weld, 1782, 
 A volume of his sermons was published after his 
 death. 
 
 THACHER, PETER, D. D., minister in Boston, 
 the son of Oxenbridge T., died Dec. 16, 1802, aged 
 50. He was born in Milton, March 21, 1752, 
 and was graduated at Harvard college in 1769. 
 Sept. 19, 1770, he was ordained the minister of 
 Maiden. As a preacher he was admired. His 
 oratorical powers, his fluency in prayer, and the 
 pathos of his expression were applauded by the 
 serious and intelligent, and rendered him uncom 
 monly acceptable to the multitude. No young 
 man preached to such crowded assemblies. Mr. 
 Whitefield, in his prayers, called him the young 
 Elijah. Being a strict Calvinist in his sentiments, 
 he contended zealously for the faith of his fathers. 
 When the controversy began with Great Britain 
 he exerted himself in tho pulpit, in conversation, 
 and in other ways, to support the rights of his 
 country. He was a delegate from Maiden to the 
 convention which formed the constitution of 
 Massachusetts in 1780. Being democratic in his 
 sentiments, he contended that there should be no 
 governor ; and, when a decision was made con 
 trary to his wishes, he still made objections to the 
 title of Excellency, given to the chief magistrate. 
 But afterwards, as he became better acquainted 
 with the policy of government, he was warmly at 
 tached to those parts of the constitution which he 
 had once disapproved. He was installed minister 
 of the church in Brattle street, Boston, as suc 
 cessor of Dr. Cooper, Jan. 12, 1785, and in this 
 vineyard of the Lord he continued till his death. 
 Being afflicted with a pulmonary complaint, his 
 physicians recommended the milder air of a more 
 southern climate. He accordingly sailed for Sa 
 vannah, where he died. He was succeeded by 
 Mr. Buckminster. Just before he set sail from 
 Boston, he was visited by Dr. Stillman, to whom 
 he expressed his belief that he should not recover, 
 and said, with peculiar energy : " The doctrines I 
 have preached are now my only comfort. My 
 hopes are built on the atonement and righteous 
 ness of Christ." The last words which he uttered 
 were, " Jesus Christ, my Saviour." In the chamber 
 of sickness he wasremarkably acceptable. To the 
 distressed and afflicted his voice was that of an angel 
 of comfort. In prayer he was uncommonly elo 
 quent, uttering in impressive and pathetic lan 
 guage the devout feelings of his own heart, and 
 exciting deep emotions in the hearts of his hear 
 ers. He published an oration against standing 
 armies, March 5, 1776 ; on the death of A. El 
 liot, 1778; three sermons in proof of the eternity 
 of future punishment, 1782; observations on the 
 state of the clergy in New England, with stric 
 tures upon the power of dismissing them usurped 
 
THACHER. 
 
 THAXTER. 
 
 787 
 
 by some churches, 1783 ; a reply to strictures 
 upon the preceding; on the death of J. Paine, 
 1788; of Gov. Bowdoin, 1791 ; of Gov. Hancock, 
 1793; of S. Stillman.jun., 1794; of T. Russell 
 and N. Gorham, 1796 ; of Dr. Clarke and Re 
 becca Gill, 1798; of Gov. Sumner, 1799; of 
 Washington, 1800 ; at the ordination of E. Kel 
 logg, 1788; of W. F. Rowland, 1790; at the 
 ordination of his son, T. C. Thacher, 1794 ; me 
 moirs of Dr. Boylston, 1789; before the Massa 
 chusetts Congregational charitable society, 1795 ; 
 before a society of freemasons, 1797 ; at the artil 
 lery election, 1798; a century sermon, 1799. 
 Spr -ague s Annals. 
 
 THACHER, THOMAS, minister of Dedham, 
 Mass., brother of the preceding, was graduated 
 at Harvard college in 1775, and died Oct. 19, 
 1812, aged 56. He published a sermon on be 
 nevolence, 1784; at a thanksgiving, 1795; on 
 the death of N. Robbins, 1795 ; of Washington, 
 1800 ; after the execution of J. Fairbanks, 1801 ; 
 on death of S.Adams, 1804; at Christmas, 1799; 
 at the ordination of E. Dunbar; of J. Tucker- 
 man; before the humane society, 1800; century 
 sermon, 1801 ; Dudleian lecture, 1805 ; at the 
 dedication of Milton academy, 1807; at a fast; 
 character of Dr. West, 1808. 
 
 THACHER, SAMUEL COOPER, minister in 
 Boston, died Jan. 2, 1818, aged 32. He was the 
 son of Rev. Peter T. ; was born Dec. 14, 1785; 
 was graduated at Harvard college in 1804; and 
 in 1806 went to Europe with Mr. Buckminster. 
 He was ordained as the successor of J. T. Kirk- 
 land in Boston May 15, 1811, and died in Mou- 
 lins in France, whither he went for his health. 
 He published a memoir of Mr. Buckminster, and 
 many reviews in the monthly anthology, that of 
 the constitution of Andover theological seminary 
 exciting the most attention, After his death a 
 volume of sermons, with a memoir, was published, 
 8vo., 1824. 
 
 THACHER, GEORGE, judge, died at Bidde- 
 ford, Me., in 1824, aged about 70. He graduated 
 at Harvard in 1776, and was a member of con 
 gress, and a judge of the supreme court of Mas 
 sachusetts. He had wit and humor and self- 
 command. When in congress, a bill was reported 
 in respect to the eagle to be imprinted on the 
 American coin. He opposed it, saying, the eagle 
 was a royal bird, not suitable for our democracy ; 
 but the figure of a goose would be very proper 
 to be stamped on the dollar, in which case gos 
 lings would be right for the dimes. It is said 
 that he was challenged for this speech by the re 
 porter of the bill ; and that he replied to the 
 second, that he would write a note consulting 
 Mrs. Thacher on the subject : in the mean while 
 the challenger might mark his size on a wall and 
 fire at it with a pistol, and, if he hit it, he would 
 
 acknowledge that he was shot. This ended the 
 matter. 
 
 THACHER, PETER O., judge, died in Boston 
 Feb. 22, 1843. The son of Dr. T., he was born 
 in Maiden in 1776 ; graduated at Harvard in 
 1796; and was appointed a judge of the muni 
 cipal court in Boston in 1823, in which office he 
 faithfully served for twenty years, much respected 
 for his integrity and humanity. 
 
 THACHER, JAMES, Dr., died at Plymouth 
 May 24, 1844, aged 90. He was born in Barn- 
 stable. A surgeon in the Revolutionary army, 
 he was present in the principal battles. At the 
 close of the war he settled in Plymouth as a sur 
 geon, and was eminent and in successful practice 
 during most of his life. He was a public-spirited, 
 disinterested citizen. He published a military 
 journal; new dispensatory; on hydrophobia; 
 modern practice of physic ; American orchardist, 
 1822; American medical biography, 2 vols. 8vo., 
 1828; on the management of bees; on demon- 
 ology, ghosts, etc., 1831; history of Plymouth, 
 1832; also communications to societies and peri 
 odicals. Williams Med. Biog. 
 
 THACHER, THOMAS C., minister of Lynn, 
 Mass., died in 1849, aged 79. The son of Dr. 
 Peter T. of Boston, he graduated at Harvard in 
 1790, and was pastor from 1794 to 1813, being 
 succeeded by Isaac Hurd. 
 
 THACHER, WASHINGTON, an agent of the 
 American home missionary society, died at Utica 
 June 29, 1850, aged 56. A native of Attlebor- 
 ough, Mass., he was a descendant of Thomas 
 Thacher of Boston. His ministerial life was 
 earnest and useful. 
 
 THATCHER, ORLANDO G., minister of Brad 
 ford, X. H., died in 1837, aged 39. He gradu 
 ated at Dartmouth in 1823. 
 
 THATCHER, BENJAMIN B., died in Boston 
 July 14, 1840, aged 30, after a year of illness. 
 Born in Maine, a graduate of Bowdoin college 
 in 1826, he was eminent for talents and acquire 
 ments. His father, Samuel, was a member of 
 congress. He wrote during ten years for the 
 reviews ; he wrote poetry with skill ; and he 
 published a history of the Indians. 
 
 THAXTER, THOMAS, the ancestor of the 
 Thaxters of Hingham and its vicinity, lived there 
 as early as 1638, and died in 1654. His son 
 John, who died in 1687, had twelve children, of 
 whom Samuel was a colonel and councillor, one 
 of whose daughters, Elizabeth, married first 
 Capt. John Norton, then Col. Benjamin Lincoln, 
 the father of Gen. B. Lincoln. Lincoln s Hist, 
 of Hinr/liam. 
 
 THAXTER, THOMAS, a physician in Hing 
 ham, died in 1813, aged 64. 
 
 THAXTER, JOSEPH, minister of Edgartown, 
 Martha s Vineyard, died July 18, 1827, aged 
 
788 
 
 THAXTER. 
 
 about 83. He was the last of the Revolutionary 
 chaplains. Born in Hingham, he graduated at 
 Harvard in 1768, and was ordained Nov. 8, 1780. 
 His predecessors were T. Mayhew, J. Dunham, 
 S. Wiswall from 1713 to 1746, J. Newman from 
 1747 to 1758, S. Kingsbury from 1761 to 1778. 
 As to other ministers on the Vineyard, J. 
 Mayhew was the first at Tisbury ; then Torrey, 
 Hancock, Damon, Morse, Hatch ; and R. Thacher, 
 the first at Chilmark ; then Holmes, Boardman, 
 Smith. Hist. Coll., second series, vol. in. 
 
 THAXTER, ROBEET, M. D., died at Dor 
 chester, of ship fever, in 1852, aged 75. He was 
 the son of Dr. Thomas, an eminent physician of 
 Hingham, and graduated at Harvard in 1798. 
 In 1802 he settled in Hingham, but removed to 
 Dorchester in 1809. For thirty years he was not 
 kept from business one day by illness. 
 
 THAYER, EZRA, minister at Ware River, 
 died in 1775, aged about 40. He graduated at 
 Harvard in 1754. 
 
 THAYER, EBENEZER, minister of Hampton, 
 N. H., died in 1792, aged 58 ; supposed to have 
 been a descendant of Nathaniel, an early settler 
 of Boston. He graduated at Harvard in 1753, 
 and was tutor from 1760 to 1766, when he was 
 ordained the successor of Ward Cotton. He 
 was succeeded by J. Appleton. Some of the 
 previous ministers were J. Wheelwright and Sea 
 born Cotton. He was the father of Rev. Dr. 
 Nathaniel T. 
 
 THAYER, EBENEZER, first minister of the sec 
 ond church in Roxbury, died in 1733, aged about 45. 
 Born in Boston, he graduated at Harvard in 1708 
 and was settled in 1712; succeeded by N. Wal 
 ter. He published two sermons, on the first and 
 last days of the year, 1722; at election, 1725. 
 
 THAYER, ELIHU, D. D., minister of Kings 
 ton, N. H., died in 1812, aged 65. Born in 
 Braintree, the son of Nathaniel, he graduated at 
 Princeton in 1769, and was settled in 1776. He 
 was a good scholar and excellent minister. He 
 fitted many young men for college. His wife 
 was a daughter of Colonel John Calef of Kings 
 ton ; by her he had six sons and five daughters. 
 He published a sermon on the death of Gov. 
 Bartlett, 1795; a summary of Christian doc 
 trines and duties. A volume of his sermons was 
 published, 1813. Sprague s Annals. 
 
 THAYER, NATHANIEL, D.D., died at Roches 
 ter, N. Y., June 23, 1840, aged 71; pastor of the 
 church of Lancaster, Mass. He was born at 
 Hampton, N. H. ; graduated at Harvard college 
 in 1789; and was ordained in 1793. His 
 mother was a daughter of Rev. J. Cotton of 
 Newton. He was a man of talents and acquire 
 ments. More than twenty of his occasional dis 
 courses were published ; among them, to masons, 
 1797; artillery election, 1798; at installation of 
 W. Emerson, 1799; ordination of S. Willard, 
 
 THOMAS. 
 
 1807 ; at a fast ; on death of F. Gardner, 1814 ; on 
 leaving old meeting-house, 1817; at election, 
 1823; at a dedication, 1828; at thanksgiving, 
 1828 ; at Townsend, Feb. 10, 1828. 
 
 THAYER, CAROLINE MATILDA, Mrs., died in 
 Louisiana in 1844, a grand-daughter of Gen. 
 Warren. She was a writer for periodicals, in 
 prose and poetry. 
 
 THAYER, MINOTT, died at Braintree, Mass., 
 in 1856, aged 85; a useful citizen, and for years 
 a representative of the town. Families of the 
 name of Thayer were among the early settlers ; 
 Richard, son of Richard of Boston, and Thomas, 
 lived in Braintree in 1650 ; and from the latter 
 there were between two thousand and three 
 thousand descendants. 
 
 TPIOMAS, WILLIAM, one of the fathers of 
 Plymouth, died at Marshfield in 1651, aged 76. 
 He came to Plymouth in 1630. He was an as 
 sistant seven years. His son, Nathaniel, who 
 served in Philip s war, died in 1718, aged 74. 
 
 THOMAS, JOHN, an Indian, remarkable for 
 longevity, died at Natick, Mass., in 1727, aged 
 110. He was among the first of the praying In 
 dians. He joined the church, when it was first 
 gathered at Natick by Mr. Eliot, and was exem 
 plary through life. Rellmap. 
 
 THOMAS, JOHN, a major-general in the 
 American army, died May 30, 1776. He de 
 scended from a respectable family in the county 
 of Plymouth, Mass., and served in the war of 1756, 
 against the French and Indians, with reputation. 
 In April, 1775, residing at Kingston, Mass., he 
 raised a regiment and marched to Roxbury. He 
 was soon appointed by congress a brigadier-gen 
 eral, and during the siege of Boston he com 
 manded a division of the provincial troops at 
 Roxbury. In March, 1776, he was appointed 
 major-general, and after the death of Montgom 
 ery was intrusted with the command in Canada. 
 lie joined the army before Quebec on the first 
 of May, but soon found it necessary to raise the 
 siege and commence his retreat. He died of the 
 small-pox at Chamblee. On his death the com 
 mand devolved for a few days on Arnold, and 
 then on Gen. Sullivan. His aid-de-camp was 
 Maj. Joshua Thomas, judge of probate, who died 
 at Plymouth in Jan., 1821. Gen. T. was a man 
 of sound judgment and fixed courage, and was 
 beloved by his soldiers and amiable in the rela 
 tions of private life. 
 
 THOMAS, JAMES A., died in Tatnall county, 
 Ga., April 11, 1804, aged 133. He was temper 
 ate, and he retained his eyesight and his facul 
 ties to the last. 
 
 THOMAS, Jonx, a physician, died in 1818, 
 aged 60. He was born in Plymouth, Mass., 
 April 1, 1758, and was appointed surgeon in the 
 army, 1776, on the resignation of his father. 
 He and a brother, a captain, served during the 
 
THOMAS. 
 
 THOMPSON. 
 
 789 
 
 whole war, at the close of which he settled at 
 Poughkeepsie, N. Y., where he died. In his 
 conduct he was honorable, just, and benevolent. 
 For wit and humor he was unrivalled. Col. 
 AVm. North relates, that once at dinner at head 
 quarters, Dr. T. told a story, which caused Gen. 
 Washington to laugh heartily ; it was concerning 
 an inquisitive Yankee at Taunton, who journeyed 
 to Rhode Island to see llochambeau s French 
 army, and who on his return said : " The fools, 
 who call a hat a chapeau : why couldn t they call 
 it a hat at once, and done with it ? " 
 
 THOMAS, THOMAS, general, a patriot and 
 officer of the Ilcvolution, died in Westchester 
 co., N. Y., in 1824, aged 80. 
 
 THOMAS, ISAIAH, LL. D., an eminent printer, 
 died at Worcester, Mass., April 4, 1831, aged 82. 
 He was a descendant of Peter of Boston, who 
 was born in 1682, the son of George. The son 
 of Moses T., he was born in Boston in 1749. His 
 father being dead, he was at the age of six ap 
 prenticed to Z. Fowle, a printer, and remained 
 with him eleven years. In 1770 he published 
 the Massachusetts Spy in Boston. For an arti 
 cle in his paper in 1771, Gov. Ilutchinson and 
 council ordered Thomas to appear, but he ex 
 pressly refused to go ; the attorney-general then 
 presented in vain a bill of indictment to the grand 
 jury, and next was directed to file an information 
 against him ; but such resistance was made that 
 the measure was dropped. In 1775 he removed 
 his press to Worcester, where he printed the 
 Spy, May 3d. A few days before, he was in the 
 battle of Lexington. In 1788 he opened a 
 bookstore in Boston, under the firm of Thomas 
 and Andrews, and opened printing-houses and 
 bookstores in other towns, still residing at Wor 
 cester. At one time he had sixteen presses in 
 use, and eight bookstores. In 1791 he printed 
 an edition of the bible in folio, and many subse 
 quent editions. He was the founder and presi 
 dent of the American antiquarian society, for 
 which he erected a brick house at Worcester, and 
 to which he presented many books, and made a 
 large bequest. lie was also a benefactor of Lei 
 cester academy. He published a valuable history 
 of printing in America, 2 vols. 8vo., 1810. 
 
 THOMAS, PKLKG, died at Lebanon, Conn., in 
 April, 1834, aged 98 : from early life he esteemed 
 the bible more than all other books. 
 
 THOMAS, JOSEPH, died at Plymouth, Mass., 
 in 1838, aged 84; a captain of artillery during 
 the war of the Revolution. 
 
 THOMAS, JAMES, governor of Maryland in 
 1835, died in 1845, aged 61; a man of worth, 
 highly esteemed. 
 
 THOMAS, NEIIEMIAH, minister of Scituate, 
 Mass., died in 1831, aged about 62. He gradu 
 ated at Harvard in 1789, and was ordained in 
 1792. Ills predecessors were Lathrop, Chauncy, 
 
 Baker, Gushing, Pitcher, Bourne, Grosvenor, and 
 Dawes. 
 
 THOMAS, DANIEL, minister of South Abing- 
 ton, died Jan. 5, 1847, aged 68. A memoir of 
 him, written Avith great skill and beauty, occupies 
 two columns of the Boston Recorder of Feb. 18. 
 A native of Middleborough, he graduated at 
 Brown university in 1803, and was ordained June 
 1, 1808, the first inister of South Abington. 
 He was a clear, intelligent preacher : the gospel 
 with him was a theme of ineffable love. In his 
 person he was neat, immaculate : he was tall 
 and thin, his dark eye beamed kindly, his swell 
 ing forehead was shaded with venerable locks, his 
 sallow features wasted by toil and age. He was 
 never married; but, betrothed to a very lovely 
 woman of his own parish, whose illness contin 
 ued for thirty-seven years, he all this time cher 
 ished her affection, was true, gentle, and happy in 
 this trial! He published an oration, 1810; a 
 letter to J. Norton on the Trinity, 1815 ; at the 
 funeral of J. W. Dawes, 1824. 
 
 THOMAS, PHILEMON, general, died at Baton 
 Ilouge Nov. 18, 1847, aged 83. He was a mem 
 ber of congress. He headed the insurrection 
 against Spain in West Florida. 
 
 THOMAS, CALVIN, M. D., died at Tyngs- 
 borough, Mass., in 1851, aged 85. 
 
 THOMAS, JOHN B., died at Plymouth in 
 1852, aged 65. A graduate of Harvard in 1806, 
 he was a lawyer and clerk of the courts, and 
 president of the Old Colony bank. 
 
 THOMPSON, JOHN, died in Petersburgh, Va., 
 in 1799, aged 22. His w ritings in the Petersburg 
 Gazette, with the signatures of Casca and Gracchus, 
 were in hostility to the federal administration. 
 His life was written by Mr. Hay. His letters, 
 signed Curtius, addressed to Chief Justice Mar 
 shall in 1798, were published, 12mo., 1804. 
 
 THOMPSON, EBENEZER, Dr., secretary of 
 State in New Hampshire, died at Durham in 
 1802, aged 65. He sustained various civil offi 
 ces, and was also a physician. 
 
 THOMPSON, Sir BENJAMIN, count Rumford, 
 died Aug. 20, 1814, aged 61. He was a de 
 scendant of Jona. T. of Woburn in 1659 ; was 
 born in Woburn, Mass., March 26, 1753. His 
 father died while he was young ; his mother, 
 Mrs. Ruth Pierce, in 1811. Being placed as a 
 clerk to a merchant in Salem, he was disqualified 
 for business by his devotion to the mechanic arts. 
 Through the kindness of Sheriff Baldwin he ob 
 tained permission to attend the philosopical lec 
 tures of Prof. Winthrop at Cambridge. He 
 afterwards taught school in Rumford, now Con 
 cord, N. II., where he married Sarah, the widow 
 of B. Rolfe and the daughter of Rev. Mr. Walker. 
 By this marriage his pecuniary circumstances 
 were rendered easy. In about two years his ad 
 herence to the British cause induced him to leave 
 
790 
 
 THOMPSON. 
 
 THOMPSON. 
 
 his family in 1775 and to repair to England, 
 where he was patronized by Lord Germainc. His 
 personal appearance and manners recommended 
 him. He was under secretary in the northern 
 department. Near the close of the contest he 
 went to New York, and commanded a regiment 
 of dragoons, and became entitled to half pay. 
 On his return the king knighted him. His ac 
 quaintance with the minister of the duke of 
 Bavaria induced him to go to Munich, where he 
 introduced important reforms in the police. The 
 prince raised him to nigh military rank and cre 
 ated him a count of the empire. He added the 
 title of Ilumford. In 1800 he was in London, 
 and projected the royal institution of Great Brit 
 ain. He died at Autreuil, France. His first 
 wife died at Charlestown, N. II., in Feb., 1792. 
 It would seem that hn abandoned her. How this 
 is to be reconciled to good moral principle is yet 
 to be explained. His daughter, Sarah, Countess 
 Ilumford, died in Concord, N. II., in 1852, aged 
 70. He bequeathed 50,000 dollars to Harvard 
 college, and appropriated other sums to promote 
 discoveries in light and heat. His own discov 
 eries gave him high reputation, and caused him to 
 be elected a member of many learned societies. 
 His essays were published at London, 1796. 
 
 THOMPSON, JAMES, a preacher forty years, 
 was drowned in the Kentucky river at Frankfort 
 in 1818, aged 74. 
 
 THOMPSON, JOHN, minister of South Ber 
 wick, Me., died in 182S, aged 88. Born in Scar 
 borough, he graduated at Harvard in 1765, and 
 was settled in 1783. J. Wade, J. Wise, and J. 
 Foster \vere ministers before him. 
 
 THOMPSON, JOHN, the minister of Standish 
 and South Berwick, Me., died Jan. 20, 1829, aged 
 87, in the sixty-first year of his ministry. He 
 was the son of Rev. Wm. T., who was minister 
 of Scarborough from 1728 to 1759, and was 
 graduated at Harvard in 1765 ; was minister of 
 Standish from 1768 to 1783, in which year he 
 was installed at Berwick. 
 
 THOMPSON, WILLIAM, died at Hickory Hill, 
 Baltimore county, Md., July 22, 1833, aged 111. 
 He left twelve surviving children, the eldest 91, 
 the youngest 25. 
 
 THOMPSON, ELIZA N., missionary at Jerusa 
 lem, wife of Rev. William M. Thompson, died 
 at Jerusalem July 22, 1834, aged 34. Her name 
 was Eliza Nelson Hanna, and she was born in 
 Baltimore : she lived in Jamaica, Long Island. 
 Her time of service in Syria was short. She and 
 Mrs. Dodge opened a school for Frank children 
 early in 1833 at Beirut. Removed to Jerusalem, 
 she found herself, in May, 1834, in circumstances 
 of great alarm and suffering. An earthquake 
 shook down a part of her house, which was near 
 the castle. Then occurred the struggle between 
 the rebel Fellahs and the government, when the 
 
 bullets and balls whistled around her. Soon, after 
 a sickness of a few days, she died. She was 
 buiied on the top of Zion near the sepulchre of 
 David. Dr. Dodge died the next January. Oth 
 ers, the noble-minded from distant America, sleep 
 with them in the holy land and will share in a 
 glorious resurrection. J. W. Alexander wrote : 
 
 " Mourn not for her, who falls 
 On consecrated ground, 
 Whom God from Zion calls 
 In heav n his praise to sound. 
 Mourn not for her, who gains 
 Jerusalem above ; 
 Her soul, let loose, attains 
 The golden streets of love." 
 
 THOMPSON, BENJAMIN, Dr., died at Wash 
 ington in 1840, aged 54. His previous residence 
 was at Concord, N. II. lie made himself famous 
 as a botanical physician. 
 
 THOMPSON, LATHROP, minister of Sharon 
 and Chelsea, Vt., and of Southold, L. I., died in 
 Chelsea in 1843, aged 82. He was born in Farm- 
 ington, Conn. ; but his father removed to Wind 
 sor, Vt. After being in Southold from 1810 to 
 1826, he returned to Chelsea and lived with his 
 son-in-law, Rev. Calvin Noble. He survived four 
 wives. 
 
 THOMPSON, JOHN, professor of mathematics 
 and philosophy in Wabash college, died at Craw- 
 fordsville, Ind., in 1843. 
 
 THOMPSON, SMITH, judge, died in Pough- 
 keepsie Dec. 18, 1843, aged 76. Having studied 
 law with Chancellor Kent, he became district at 
 torney, and was judge of the supreme court of 
 New York in 1801 ; in 1814 he was chief justice. 
 In 1818 he was secretary of the navy ; but in 
 1823 he became an associate justice of the su 
 preme court of the United States, which place 
 he held till his death. Learned as a judge, his 
 private life was pure and exemplary. 
 
 THOMPSON, WADDY, died near Greenville, 
 S. C., Feb. 9, 1845, at a very advanced age. He 
 was for many years a judge ; a man of distinc 
 tion in South Carolina, of integrity and talents. 
 
 THOMPSON, JONATHAN, died at New York 
 in 1846, aged 73. From 1820 to 1829 he was 
 collector of the port of New York. He collected 
 and exactly accounted for upwards of a hundred 
 millions of dollars. Gen. Jackson removed him 
 from office. 
 
 THOMPSON, ABRAHAM G., died in New York 
 in Nov., 1851. His estate was 380,000 dollars, 
 of which he left 347,000 to public charities. To 
 the bible society he gave 65,000 ; to the tract 
 society and seamen s friend society, 54,000 each ; 
 to the colonization and home mission society, 
 43,000 each ; to the education society and Amer 
 ican board of missions, 32,000 each ; to the in 
 stitutions for the deaf and dumb and for the 
 blind, 10,800 each. 
 
 THOMPSON, JOHN, Dr., died at New Lisbon, 
 
THOMPSON. 
 
 THORNTON. 
 
 791 
 
 Ohio, in 1852, aged 75. He was a member of 
 congress from 1825 to 1827, and from 1829 to 
 1837. 
 
 THOMPSON, ISAAC, M. D., died in Connecti 
 cut in 1852. He was the inventor of a famous 
 eye-water. 
 
 THOMPSON, JAMES, D. D., died at Barre, 
 Mass., in 1854, aged 75. A graduate of 1799, 
 he was settled at Barre in 1804. His doctrines 
 were Unitarian. He preached a half-century 
 sermon. 
 
 THOMPSON, THOMAS F., died in New York 
 July 28, 1856, bequeathing 14,000 dollars to va 
 rious charitable institutions. 
 
 THOMSON, CHARLES, secretary of congress, 
 a patriot of the Revolution, died Aug. 16, 1824, 
 aged 94. He was born in Ireland in 1730, and 
 came to this country with his three elder brothers 
 about 1741. He landed at Newcastle with slen 
 der means of subsistence. Having been educated 
 by Dr. Allison, he kept the Friends academy. 
 He afterwards went into Philadelphia, where he 
 obtained the advice and friendship of Dr. Frank 
 lin. At the first congress in 1774 he was called 
 upon to take minutes of their measures ; from 
 that time he was sole secretary of the Revolu 
 tionary congress. He resigned his office in July, 
 1789, having held it fifteen years. An Indian 
 tribe, which adopted him, gave him the name of 
 " The man of truth." He was strictly moral and 
 his mind was deeply imbued with religious prin 
 ciples. In his last years he was principally 
 employed in preparing for his removal into the 
 eternal world. He died in Lower Merion, Mont 
 gomery county, near Philadelphia. His wife was 
 Hannah Harrison. His mind was enriched with 
 various learning, and his character was marked 
 by regularity, probity, firmness, and patriotism. 
 He translated the Septuagint, which was pub 
 lished, entitled, holy bible translated from the 
 Greek, 4 vols. 8vo., 1808. 
 
 THOMSON, CATHARINE, wife of F. B. Thom 
 son, missionary to Borneo, died at Batavia Nov. 
 17, 1839, aged 26. Her name was Catharine 
 Wyckoft of New Brunswick, N. J. She died in 
 peace. When asked if she was sorry she had 
 come to make a sacrifice of her life, she said she 
 was not : " Tell my dear parents and friends I 
 do not regret it in the least. I am only sorry 
 that I have done so little." 
 
 THOMSON, SAMUEL, Dr., died in Boston in 
 1843, aged 74. He was the originator of what 
 was called the Thomsonian system in medical 
 treatment. 
 
 THOMSON, FREDERIC B., missionary to Bor 
 neo, died at Berne, Switzerland, April 2, 1848, 
 aged 38. Born in New Brunswick, N. J., he was 
 a graduate of 1831. He embarked May, 1838. 
 When he died, he was on his way to this country 
 to obtain a reinforcement of the mission ; but on 
 
 reaching the residence of his late home he was 
 taken with his last illness. 
 
 THORNDIKE, ISRAEL, a merchant, died May 
 10, 1832, aged about 75. He was the son of 
 Andrew, a descendant of Paul, a representative, 
 who married in Beverly in 1G68. lie was a native 
 of Beverly, Mass. In the Revolutionary war he 
 was in part the owner and the commander of an 
 armed ship. His cruises were successful. For 
 many years he was a partner with his brother-in- 
 law, Moses Brown, and afterwards engaged in 
 commerce to the East Indies and China, which 
 he continued till his death, lie was a large 
 owner in manufacturing establishments. After a 
 long residence in Beverly, he passed his last 
 years in Boston, where he died. He purchased 
 in 1818 the library of Professor Ebeling of Ham 
 burg, of more than three thousand volumes, of 
 great value in relation to American history, and 
 presented it to Harvard college. It includes 
 three hundred and fifty volumes of newspapers 
 printed in this country. To three sons he be 
 queathed each about half a million of dollars, and 
 other sums to another son, to his widow and 
 daughters; in all about 1,800,000 dollars to his 
 relations. Some poor man may be inclined to 
 say, that were he the owner of one or two mil 
 lions of dollars, he would bequeath much to the 
 great charities of the world; but, perhaps, on 
 gaining the power, he would lose the disposition 
 to benefit others beyond his own family, and 
 would forget, that of them to whom much, as the 
 stewards of heaven s bounty, is given, much will 
 be required. 
 
 THORNDIKE, ROBERT, died at Camden, Me., 
 in 1834, aged 103; he was born in Beverly, Mass. 
 
 THORNTON, THOMAS, minister of Yarmouth, 
 Mass., died at Boston Feb. 15, 1700, aged 92. 
 He was one of the ejected ministers of England 
 in 1662. The next year he was in Yarmouth, a 
 neighbor to Mr. Walley of Barnstable, also 
 ejected, and remained till 1675. His charge em 
 braced also the present towns of Dennis, and of 
 Brewster and Harwich, in part ; several hundred 
 Indians were under his friendly inspection. As a 
 physician he had occasion to traverse often his 
 wide parish. A brook, hill, and pond are yet 
 called by his name. Few Americans who love 
 to trace a long line of ancestry can be so much 
 gratified as the descendants of Mr. Thornton, for 
 he was descended in the seventh generation from 
 John Thornton, lord mayor of York, in England. 
 From him descended the Thorntons of Maine 
 and John AVingate Thornton, a lawyer of Boston, 
 who is of the seventh generation from him. The 
 ancestors of J. "W. T. from Thomas were Timo 
 thy, Ebenezer, and Timothy of Boston, mer 
 chants ; Thomas G. of Saco, Maine, physician ; 
 and James B. of Saco, merchant. One important 
 and most beneficial influence of the minister of 
 
792 
 
 THORNTON. 
 
 TICKNOR. 
 
 Yarmouth Avas in his securing the good will of the 
 Indians on the cape, so that they dwelt in peace. 
 Had they joined King Philip in his war, the event 
 would have been disastrous. In 1673 the num 
 ber of praying or Christian Indians in Yarmouth, 
 Harwich, and Barnstable, was one hundred and 
 twenty-two, so that the whole number of Indians 
 was probably five hundred, supposed not to be 
 exceeded by the white population of Yarmouth. 
 
 THORNTON, MATTHEW, colonel, a patriot of 
 the Revolution, died June 24, 1803, aged 88. He 
 was a native of Ireland. His father lived a few 
 years at Wiscasset, then removed to Worcester. 
 Mr. T. settled as a physician in Londonderry, 
 N. II. He accompanied Pepperell as a surgeon 
 in the expedition to Louisburg in 1745. Of the 
 provincial convention in 1775 he was the presi 
 dent, and, taking his seat as a member of congress 
 Nov. 4, 1776, he signed the declaration of inde 
 pendence, but was not present to vote for it, as 
 were not Rush, Clymer, Wilson, Ross, and Tay 
 lor. He was soon appointed a judge of the 
 superior court, in which office he remained till 
 1782. About 1780 he removed to Merrimac on 
 the banks of the Merrimac. He died while on a 
 visit to his daughters at Newburyport. On his 
 grave is the inscription : " An honest man." 
 
 THORNTON, THOMAS G., a physician, died at 
 Saco, Me., March 4, 1824, aged 55. He was born 
 in Boston, the son of Timothy, a merchant, a de 
 scendant of Rev. Thomas T. In the administra 
 tions of Jefferson, Madison, and Monroe, he was 
 U. S. marshal for Maine. His wife was Sarah, 
 daughter of Thomas Cutts. 
 
 TIIROOP, WILLIAM, minister of Southold, 
 L. I., died in 1756, aged about 36. He gradu 
 ated at Yale in 1743, and was pastor of the 
 second church in Mansfield, Conn., from 1744 to 
 1746, when he removed to Southold, where he 
 had considerable success in his labors. 
 
 TIIROOP, BENJAMIN, the minister of Bozrah, 
 in Norwich, Conn., died in 1785, aged about 72. 
 He graduated at Yale in 1734, and from 1738 
 was pastor forty-seven years. He published a 
 sermon on the death of B. Sylvester, 1753 ; elec 
 tion sermon, 1758. 
 
 THROOP, BENJAMIN, colonel, died at Oxford, 
 N. Y., in 1822, aged 80. He was a brave officer 
 in the Avar of the Revolution. He led one hun 
 dred warriors of the Mohegan tribe to Canada 
 in 1776, most of whom died of the small-pox and 
 by the fate of war. He was then a captain and 
 lieutenant-colonel in the line. He fought in the 
 battles of Long Island, White Plains, Saratoga, 
 and Monmouth. 
 
 T1IURBER, DANIEL, M. D., died at Mendon, 
 Mass., in 1836, aged 70. 
 
 TIIURSTON, DAVID, first minister of the 
 second church in Medway, was pastor from 1752 
 
 to 1769, and was succeeded by D. Sanford. He 
 graduated at Princeton in 1751. 
 
 TIIURSTON, GARDNER, a Baptist minister, 
 died at Newport, R. I., in 1802, aged 80. He 
 was born in N., and succeeded Mr. Eyers in 
 1759, and was succeeded by Joshua Bradley. 
 He was eminently pious. Benedict. 
 
 THURSTON, PEARSON, minister of Somers- 
 worth, N. H., died at Leominster, Mass., in 1819, 
 aged 55. Born in Lancaster, Mass., he gradu 
 ated at Dartmouth in 1787 ; and was pastor from 
 1792 to 1812. In this last year his house was 
 burnt, with the church records, communion ser 
 vice, and a social library. 
 
 THURSTON, JOHN BUCKNER, judge, died at 
 Washington Aug. 30, 1845, aged 82. A native of 
 Virginia, he emigrated to Kentucky. He was a 
 senator of the U. S. 1805-1810, and an associate 
 judge of the circuit court till his death. 
 
 THWING, BENJAMIN, was a member of the 
 Boston church in 1642, and had sons Edward and 
 John. He was a proprietor of Watertown. 
 
 TIBBETS, GEORGE, mayor of Troy, died in 
 1849, aged 86. From poverty he rose to great 
 wealth ; for many years he was a State senator. 
 
 TICHENOR, ISAAC, governor, died at Ben- 
 nington, Vt., in Dec., 1838, aged 84. He was 
 a senator of the United States in 1796, and 
 from 1815 to 1821 ; also a judge of the supreme 
 court of Vermont; governor from 1797 to 1808. 
 
 TICKNOR, ELISHA, an excellent teacher, died 
 in Boston in 1821, aged about 60. He was a 
 descendant of William T., who settled in Scitu- 
 ate as early as 1646. He was the son of Col. 
 Elisha T., who at the age of seventeen removed 
 with his father from Connecticut to Lebanon, 
 N. H., and who was an officer in the war of the 
 Revolution, and a highly respected citizen, dying 
 in 1822, aged 85. He graduated at Dartmouth 
 in 1783, and was from that year preceptor of 
 Moor s school till 1786, when he removed to Bos 
 ton, and had the care of a grammar-school until 
 1794. Afterwards he was a prosperous merchant. 
 He took great interest in education, and in the 
 establishment of the savings institution. He mar 
 ried in 1791 Betsey, the widow of Dr. Benjamin 
 Curtis, and by her was the father of George Tick- 
 nor, the eminent author, of Boston. 
 
 TICKNOR, CALEB, M. D., of New York, died 
 about 1842 or 1843, aged 36. Born in Salisbury, 
 Conn., he was one of three brothers, who were 
 physicians. His medical education was at the 
 Berkshire institution. He adopted Ilahnemann s 
 system, or that of homoeopathy. He was a man 
 of skill and integrity. He wrote much for the 
 medical journals. He published philosophy of 
 living, a work much admired. Dr. Williams, in 
 his medical biography, devoted an article to him ; 
 but strangely forgot to mention the time of his 
 
TICKNOR. 
 
 TILTON. 
 
 793 
 
 death, which was probably in 1833 or 1843. His 
 brother, Luther, died after him in 1846. His 
 wife, Mary, the daughter of Samuel Lee of Salis 
 bury, died in 1841. An address at his funeral is 
 spoken of in Boston med. and surg. jour., vol. 
 XXIII. 
 
 TICKNOR, LtmiER, M. D., died at Salisbury, 
 Conn., in 184^, aged 55; president of the Connec 
 ticut State medical society. Born in Jericho, Vt., 
 at the age of fifteen he lost his father, who was 
 killed by the falling of a tree. He was a self- 
 made man, of great energy and indomitable per 
 severance ; liberal-hearted, generous, benevolent. 
 In his death he was greatly lamented. His 
 brother, Dr. Caleb Ticknor of New York, died 
 before him. N. Y. Jour, of Med., May, 1846. 
 
 TILDEN, THOMAS, arrived at Plymouth in the 
 ship Ann in 1623, and was probably the brother 
 of Joseph, who died in Scituate in 1670. Joseph 
 T., who died at Boston in 1853, was a member of 
 the American academy and of the historical so 
 ciety of Massachusetts. 
 
 TILDEN, Mr., published in thirty pages his 
 poems, designed to animate the soldiers, 1756. 
 lie was then 70 years old ; but nothing more is 
 known concerning the author. Cycl. Am. Lit. 
 
 TILESTON, JOHN, died in Boston in 1826, 
 aged 92. He was many years master of the 
 north writing-school; and was probably a de 
 scendant of Thomas, a freeman of Massachusetts 
 in 1637. 
 
 TILCHMAN, WILLIAM, chief justice of Penn 
 sylvania, died April 30, 1827, aged 70. He was 
 born Aug. 12, 1756, in Talbot county, on the 
 eastern shore of Maryland. His father, James, 
 was secretary of the proprietary land office. His 
 mother s father was Tench Francis, an eminent 
 lawyer of Philadelphia, the brother of Richard 
 Francis, who was the author of maxims of equity, 
 and of Mr. Philip Francis, the translator of Hor 
 ace. After the removal of his family to Phila 
 delphia he studied law in that city, under the 
 direction of Benjamin Chew, from 1772 to 1776. 
 In 1783 he was admitted to the courts of Mary 
 land ; but in 1793 he returned to Philadelphia, 
 and practised law till his appointment by Mr. 
 Adams, March 3, 1801, chief judge of the circuit 
 court of the United States. The law establish 
 ing this court being repealed in about a year, Mr. 
 Tilghman again practised law till he was ap 
 pointed, in July, 1805, president of the courts of 
 common pleas in the first district. In Feb., 
 1806, he succeeded E. Shippen as chief justice 
 of the supreme court. His wife was Margaret 
 Allen, daughter of James A. of Philadelphia. 
 Besides his ordinary official duties, he, in obedi 
 ence to the legislature, reported about 1809 the 
 English statutes in force within the State ; a work 
 of great labor, and requiring an intimate know 
 ledge of the written law of England and of the 
 100 
 
 colonial legislation. It was also his great and 
 constant toil to incorporate the principles of sci 
 entific equity with the law of Pennsylvania. He 
 published an eulogium on Dr. Wistar, 1818. 
 
 TILLARY, JAMES, M. D., died in New York 
 city > Du t the year of his death his biographer, 
 Dr. Thacher, neglects to mention. It was prob 
 ably about 1810 or 1820. He came from Scot 
 land, and was more than forty years a much 
 respected physician in New York. During the 
 yellow fever in 1795 and 1798, he remained no 
 bly at his post and refused no service of danger. 
 He cheered the poor and forsaken. The grati 
 tude of the people made him afterwards resident 
 physician. He was president of the St. An 
 drew s society. . He was a philanthropist, also a 
 Christian. Hosack s Address ; Thacher. 
 
 TILLEY, EDWARD, was one of the one hun 
 dred pilgrims in the Mayflower to Plymouth in 
 1620, with Ann his wife ; but they both died in 
 the first sickness. Henry Samson, of their family, 
 a cousin, lived and left descendants. He was a 
 man of judgment, who with Bradford was asso 
 ciated with the first exploring party to give good 
 advice. Bradford s Hist. 
 
 TILLEY, Joiix, was one of the one hundred 
 pilgrims in the Mayflower to Plymouth in 1620, 
 with his wife ; but they both died soon after com 
 ing ashore. Their daughter, Elizabeth, survived 
 the early general sickness, and married John 
 Howland, leaving ten children. He was of the 
 second exploring party. Bradford s Hist. 
 
 TILLINGHAST, PARDON, a minister, was 
 born near Beachyllead in England, in 1622, and 
 succeeded Mr. Olney, a Baptist minister at Prov 
 idence, in 1645. About 1700 he built at his own 
 expense at the north end of the town a meeting 
 house, which was replaced by a larger one in 
 1718. He published in 1689 a tract on water 
 baptism, which drew a reply from George Keith, 
 the Quaker. Benedict. 
 
 TILLINGHAST, JOSEPH L., died suddenly at 
 Providence Dec. 30, 1844, aged more than 50. 
 He was a ripe scholar, and repeatedly a member 
 of congress. 
 
 TILTON, JOSEPH, doctor, died at Exeter, 
 N. H., Dec. 5, 1837, aged 94 ; a surgeon in the 
 army of the Revolution. 
 
 TILTON, JAMES, M. D., a physician, died May 
 14, 1822, aged 77. He was born in Delaware 
 June 1, 1745; was sent early to Finley s Not 
 tingham academy ; and settled as a physician at 
 Dover. In 1776 he served as a surgeon in the 
 army; in 1777 he was called to the hospital de 
 partment, and continued as hospital surgeon till 
 the close of the war. He introduced the hospital 
 huts, with a fire in the middle, and a hole in the 
 roof for the escape of smoke. With his pecu 
 niary resources exhausted, he resumed his pro 
 fession, and lived on a farm in New Castle county. 
 
794 
 
 TILTON. 
 
 The office of commissioner of loans, given him 
 in 1785, he held for some years. In the war of 
 1812 he was appointed physician and surgeon- 
 general of the army of the United States. He 
 visited the hospitals of the northern frontier. 
 At the age of seventy a disease of his knee ren- 
 s dered amputation necessary. He died near Wil 
 mington. He was never married. His height 
 was about six feet and a half; in person, man 
 ners, speech, and all his habits he was an original. 
 He was a Christian. In his last sickness the 
 Scriptures were his principal study. Of the vica 
 rious righteousness of Christ he was fond of con 
 versing. He published observations on military 
 hospitals, and some papers on agriculture. He 
 maintained that a farmer should live on the pro 
 duce of his own land, and of course should re 
 ject tea and coffee. As for himself, he kept no 
 tea-cups and saucers. Thacher s Med. Biog. 
 
 TILTON, NATHAN, minister of Scarborough, 
 Me., died in 1851, aged 79. Born in East Kings 
 ton, N. H., he graduated at Harvard in 1796. 
 He was settled in 1800 and resigned his charge 
 in 1827. 
 
 TILTON, JOSEPH, a respected lawyer, died in 
 Exeter, N. H., 1856, aged 81; a graduate of Har 
 vard in 1797. He was associated at the bar with 
 eminent men, as Webster, Mason, Smith, Sulli 
 van, Woodbury, Bartlett, Cutts, and Haven. 
 
 TIMROD, WILLIAM H., died in 1838, aged 
 46. He was a mechanic, and wrote poetry. 
 Cycl. of Amer. Lit. 
 
 TINKER, THOMAS, was one of the one hun 
 dred pilgrims in the Mayflower to Plymouth in 
 1620, with his wife and son ; but they all died in 
 the first sickness. 
 
 TITCOMB, WILLIAM, of Newbury, Mass., died 
 in 1676. He came from Newbury, England, as 
 early as 1642. He had five sons and seven daugh 
 ters. One of his descendants was Colonel T., who 
 was killed in the French war in 1755. 
 
 TITCOMB, BENJAMIN, died at Brunswick, 
 Me., Oct., 1848, aged-88; minister of a Baptist 
 church. His son, Benjamin, also a Baptist 
 preacher, died in Brunswick in 1829, aged 40. 
 He published the Cumberland gazette, the first 
 newspaper in Maine. 
 
 TITUS, PIICEBE, Mrs., died at Huntington, 
 L. I., about Jan., 1846, aged. 91; a woman of 
 courage and energy. Her name was Platt. She 
 was a young wife, when in the war two brothers 
 were captured and imprisoned in the pestilential 
 jail of New York. She heard they were starv 
 ing. " They shall not starve," said this bold 
 sister. Amidst many perils she made her way 
 to the prison-house week after week with a bas 
 ket of provisions. When they were sentenced 
 to be shot, she went to the British commander 
 and begged their lives. One of these, Ananias 
 Platt, left about 15,000 dollars to the Presbyte- 
 
 TOKKOHWOMPAIT. 
 
 rian church, Albany. Her only son was Platt 
 Titus of Troy. 
 
 TOBEY, SAMUEL, minister of Berkley, Mass., 
 died in 1781, aged 66. Born in Sandwich, he 
 graduated at Harvard in 1733 and was ordained 
 in 1737. 
 
 TODD, JOHN, lived in Rowley in 1650, was 
 representative in 1686. Fifteen of the name 
 graduated at Yale, and one at Harvard. 
 
 TODD, SAMUEL, first minister of Plymouth, 
 Conn., died in 1789, aged about 75. He gradu 
 ated at Yale in 1734, and was settled in Water- 
 bury, now Plymouth, from 1740 to 1766, when 
 A. Storrs succeeded. 
 
 TODD, JONATHAN, second minister of East 
 Guilford, Conn., now Madison, died in 1791, aged 
 77, in the fifty-eighth year of his ministry. The 
 son of Jonathan of New Haven, he graduated at 
 Yale in 1732. He was the successor of John 
 Hart. He participated in the controversy relat 
 ing to the settlement of J. Dana. In his old age 
 he was tranquil. He had no children. He pub 
 lished a sermon, young people warned, 1740 ; 
 at the election, 1749; on the death of N. Chauncy, 
 1756; narrative relating to the church at Wal- 
 lingford, 1759 ; reply to Eells remarks ; on the 
 death of T. Ruggles, 1770; of T. Hill, 1781 ; of 
 A. Redfield, 1783. Sprague s Annals. 
 
 TODD, ELI, M. D., died in 1833, aged about 
 64. He was physician of the retreat for the in 
 sane at Hartford, Conn. ; was born in New Ha 
 ven, the son of Michael, a merchant ; graduated 
 at Yale college in 1787 ; and after practising 
 many years in his profession at Farmington, re 
 moved to Hartford in 1819, and exerted an im 
 portant agency in founding the retreat for the 
 insane, of which he was the physician. He was 
 a man of superior talents and extensive acquire 
 ments, and respected and beloved as a physician, 
 philanthropist, and Christian, though once an 
 Infidel. Williams 1 Med. Biog. 
 
 TODD, CLARISSA, Mrs., missionary, died at Ma 
 dura June 1, 1837. Her name was Clarissa Em 
 erson. Born in Chester, N. H., she married first 
 Edmund Frost, missionary at Bombay ; next, in 
 1826, Henry Woodward, missionary ; and then, in 
 1836, William Todd, missionary at Madura. 
 
 TODD, SAMUEL, died in Albany, Vt., May 30, 
 1840, aged 98 years. He served in the Revolu 
 tionary war, was in Bunker Hill battle, and helped 
 build the fort at Crown Point. 
 
 TOIIKUKQUONNO, JOHN, an Indian sachem 
 at Little Compton in 1698, had a good character. 
 
 TOKKOIIWOMPAIT, DANIEL, Indian min 
 ister at Natick in 1698, ordained by Eliot, had a 
 church of seven men and three women, and un 
 der his care fifty-nine men and fifty-one women, 
 and seventy children under sixteen years of age. 
 He died in 1716, aged 64. After his death, O. 
 Peabody was sent to preach to these Indians. 
 
TOL. 
 
 TORREY. 
 
 795 
 
 TOL, JOHN C., died in Glenville, N. Y., Oct. 
 25, 1848, aged 68. A graduate of Union college 
 in 1799, he was the minister of Canajoharie. 
 
 TOLEIl, RICHARD II., editor twenty-three 
 years of the Lynchburg Virginian, died at Rich 
 mond in 1848, aged 49. 
 
 TOMLIXSOX, GIDEON, died at Stratford, 
 Conn., in 17GG, aged 34. An officer in the army, 
 he was at the capture of Ticonderoga. His son, 
 Jabez H., died in 1849, aged 88. His grandson, 
 Gideon, was governor of Connecticut from 1827 
 to 1831. 
 
 TOMLIXSON, DANIEL, minister of Oakham, 
 Mass., died Oct. 29, 1842, aged 83. Born in 
 Derby, Conn., he graduated at Yale in 1781, was 
 ordained June 22, 1786, and was pastor fifty-six 
 years ; for the last ten years he had a colleague. 
 
 TOMLIXSOX, GIDEON, governor of Connec 
 ticut, died at Fairfield Oct. 8, 1854, aged 74. 
 Born at Stratford, he graduated at Yale in 1802. 
 From 1818 to 1827 he was a member of congress, 
 then governor four years, and six years senator 
 of the United States. 
 
 TOMPKIXS, DANIEL D., vice-president of the 
 United States, died at Staten Island June 11, 
 1825, aged 50. He was born June 21, 1774, the 
 son of the Revolutionary patriot, Jonathan G. T., 
 who died in May, 1823, aged 86, at Fox Mead 
 ows, or Searsdale, on the river Bronx, in West- 
 chester county, X. Y. He graduated at Columbia 
 college in 1795, and settled at New Y r ork as a 
 lawyer. In the party struggles of 1799-1801 he 
 was a conspicuous republican. In 1803 he suc 
 ceeded Mr. Lewis as chief justice of the superior 
 court, and in 1807 was elected governor. In 
 1812 he prorogued the legislature, in order to 
 prevent a corrupt system of banking. During 
 the war, which began in 1812, he was as gov 
 ernor extremely active and devoted to the cause 
 of his country. His efforts had an important 
 bearing on the result of the war. At the close of 
 the war he purchased a farm in Richmond county} 
 in view of the city. In 1817 he was elected 
 vice-president ; Mr. Munroe being president. 
 
 TOMPKIXS, GEORGE, judge, died near Jeffer 
 son city, Mo., in 1846, aged 66. He was a judge 
 of the State supreme court, a man of legal 
 knowledge and moral worth, well acquainted 
 with the history of the west. 
 
 TOMPSOX, WILLIAM, first minister of Brain- 
 tree, Mass., died Dec. 10, 1666, aged 68. He 
 was a native of England, was first settled in Lan 
 cashire. After his arrival in this country, when 
 a church was gathered at Mount "\Yollaston, or 
 Braintree, now Quincy, he was chosen its pastor, 
 and was installed Sept. 24, 1639. Mr. Flynt 
 was settled as his colleague March 17, 1640. In 
 the year 1642 he accompanied Mr. James and 
 Mr. Knowles to Virginia, in order to carry the 
 gospel to the ignorant, but was soon obliged to 
 
 leave that colony for his nonconformity to the 
 Episcopalian worship. 
 
 TOMPSOX, SAMUEL, of Braintree, son of Rev. 
 William, died in 1695, aged 63. Born in Eng 
 land, he came with his father in 1637, was deacon 
 of the church, and representative fourteen years. 
 
 TOMPSOX, EDWARD, minister of Marshfield, 
 Mass., died in 1705, aged 39. The son of Ben 
 jamin, he graduated at Harvard in 1684, and 
 taught a school several years at Newbury. His 
 predecessors were E. Bulkier, S. Arnold ; his suc 
 cessors J. Gardner and S. Hill. On his grave 
 stone near the Winslow tomb is this inscription : 
 " Here in a tyrant s hand dcth captive lie a rare 
 synopsis of divinity." His last sermons, heaven the 
 best country, were published in 1712. 
 
 TOMPSON, BENJAMIN, the son of Rev. Wil 
 liam T., died in 1714, and was buried at Roxbury, 
 aged 71. He graduated at Harvard in 1662, and 
 was a preacher in Boston from 1667 to 1770, 
 when he removed to Cambridge. He was also a 
 physician and a poet. He wrote an elegy on S. 
 Whiting, printed in Mather s Magnalia. Cycl. 
 of Am. Lit. 
 
 TOMPSON, JOSEPH, of Billerica, son of Rev. 
 William T., died in 1732, aged 91. He was 
 schoolmaster, captain, selectman, town-clerk, 
 deacon, and representative. Among his descend 
 ants were Benjamin and Colonel William of B. 
 
 TOOLEY, HENRY, a useful man, died at Nat 
 chez in 1848, aged 75 ; mayor of the city, a Meth 
 odist professor for sixty years, and a preacher for 
 his last fifteen years. He understood Hebrew, 
 and was much interested in astronomy, and was 
 the father of temperance in Natchez. 
 
 TOOTH ACHER, ROGER, an early settler of 
 Billerica in 1660; had a son, grandson, and great- 
 grandson, all physicians and named Roger. 
 
 TORREY, WILLIAM, captain, an early author in 
 Massachusetts settled at Weymouth and was a free 
 man in 1642 and a representative several years. 
 He might have died as late as 1663. He was a good 
 penman, skilled in Latin, and usually clerk of the 
 deputies. He published a small book on the 
 millennium, " written by a very old man, in con 
 tinual expectation of his translation into another 
 life and world," 2d ed. 1757. 
 
 TORREY, SAMUEL, minister of Weymouth, 
 Mass., died April 21, 1707, aged 75, the succes 
 sor of T. Thacher. He was the son of Capt. Wil 
 liam. He had been in the ministry fifty years, 
 and was an able and faithful preacher. He was 
 educated at Harvard, but did not take a de 
 gree, as he did not comply with a new law, re 
 quiring four years residence. Such was his gift in 
 prayer that he was always chosen, as Mr. Prince 
 says, " to bring up the rear of their religious exer 
 cises." He was very liberal. At a public fast in 
 1696, after the other exercises, he finished by a 
 prayer of two hours in length, so regular, perti- 
 
796 
 
 TORREY. 
 
 TOWSON. 
 
 nent, free, lively, affecting, that, towards the end, 
 glancing upon some new scenes of thought, a 
 rare lawyer, Mr. Reed, said to Mr. Prince, " We 
 could not help wishing him to enlarge upon 
 them." So deep were his views, that the gover 
 nor and council invited him to assist them with 
 his wisdom and advice. After the death of Pres 
 ident Rogers of Harvard college in 1686 he was 
 chosen his successor, but declined the office. His 
 wife was a daughter of Secretary Rawson. He 
 published the election sermon in the years 1674, 
 1683, and 1695 Eliot s Biog. 
 
 TORREY, JOSIAH, first minister of Tisbury, 
 Martha s Vineyard, died in 1723, aged about 45. 
 He graduated at Harvard in 1698, and was a 
 trustee. He was ordained in 1701. J. Mayhew 
 had preached at T. before him. His successors 
 were Hancock, Damon, Morse, and Hatch, or 
 dained in 1801. R. Thacher was at the same 
 time minister at Chilmark. 
 
 TORREY, JOSEPH, minister of South Kingston, 
 R. I., died in 1792, aged 93. He graduated at 
 Harvard in 1728. 
 
 TORREY, DOROTHY, died at Windsor, Conn., 
 Jan. 16, 1838, aged 106, with no disease. Her 
 husband died aged 91. 
 
 TORREY, CHARLES T., died in Baltimore May 
 9, 1846, aged 33. Born in Scituate, Mass., he 
 graduated at Yale in 1833. He was a minister 
 at Providence, R. L, and Salem, Mass. Attempt 
 ing to carry away and liberate some slaves in 
 Maryland, he was sentenced to the State prison, 
 in which he died of the consumption. 
 
 TOTO, a friendly Windsor Indian, gave notice 
 of the proposed Indian attack on Springfield in 
 1675 or 1676. 
 
 TOURO, JUDAH, died at New Orleans, Jan. 18, 
 1854, aged 78, worth nearly tw6 millions of dol 
 lars, by him chiefly bequeathed to the public 
 institutions of New Orleans. Born in Newport, 
 R. I., in 1776, he went to N. O. in 1802, and was 
 wounded in its defence in the war of 1812. He 
 was of the Jewish faith. 
 
 TOWN, ITIIIEL, architect, died in New Haven 
 June 13, 1844, aged 60; a native of Thompson. 
 
 TOWNER, WILLIAM, M. D. and general, 
 died in Williamstown, Mass., in 1813, aged 58. He 
 was an early settler and a useful physician. 
 
 TOWN SEND, PENN, colonel, died in Boston, 
 Aug. 25, 1727, aged 75. He was the son of 
 William, who lived in Boston as early as 1636. 
 He was speaker, chief judge of the common pleas, 
 and colonel. He used to pray in the field with 
 the militia, as well as in his family and closet. 
 He was an encourager of learning, and one of the 
 managers of the society for propagating the gos 
 pel among the Indians. 
 
 TOWNSEND, JONATHAN, first minister of 
 Needham, Mass., died in 1762, aged 64. He 
 graduated at Harvard in 1716. He was suc 
 
 ceeded by Dr. West, who was transferred to 
 Boston. He published two fast sermons, 1729 ; 
 caveat against strife, 1749. Perhaps this last 
 sermon was by J. T. of Medfield. 
 
 TOWNSEND, JONATHAN, minister of Medfield, 
 Mass., died in 1776, aged about 56. He gradu 
 ated at Harvard in 1741. He published conven 
 tion sermon, 1758; two sermons on the reduction 
 of Quebec, 1760. 
 
 TOWNSEND, SOLOMON, minister of Barring- 
 ton, R. I., died in 1798, aged 82. Born in Boston, 
 he graduated at Harvard in 1735, and was pastor 
 from 1741 to 1798. The previous pastors were 
 J. Wilson, S. Torrey, and P. Heath. 
 
 TOWNSEND, DAVID, M. D., a respectable 
 physician of Boston, a member of the Mass, med 
 ical society, died in 1829, aged 74. His son, 
 Alexander, a graduate of the class of 1802, died a 
 lawyer in Boston, in 1835 ; he published a 4th of 
 July oration, 1810; address to charitable fire 
 society. 
 
 TOWNSEND, ISAAC H., died in New Haven 
 in 1847, aged 43. He graduated in 1822. In 
 1842 he was associated with Judge Hitchcock in 
 the arrangement of the law school of Yale, at the 
 reorganization of which he was one of the pro 
 fessors in 1846. 
 
 TOWNSEND, JOHN, died in Albany, Aug. 
 26, 1854, aged 71. He was mayor of the city, 
 and held many important stations, and was uni 
 versally respected. The son of Henry T., he was 
 born at Stirling Iron-works, back of Newburg, 
 N. Y., and came to Albany as clerk to his brother 
 Isaiah, in 1802 ; and became his partner in the 
 iron and hardware trade, and acquired a princely 
 fortune. He was one of the original owners of 
 Syracuse, and there established the manufacture 
 of salt by solar evaporation. He was president 
 of the Commercial bank of Albany. He survived 
 his brother many years. His wife was the 
 daughter of Judge A. Spencer ; and seven chil 
 dren survived him. Sprague s Sermon on his 
 Death. 
 
 TOWNSEND, ELIZA, died in Boston in 1854, 
 aged 65. She wrote poetry for the anthology, 
 Unitarian miscellany, and portfolio. She was 
 esteemed for her intellect and amiable qualities. 
 Cycl. of Am. Lit. 
 
 TOWNSEND, SAMUEL, of Madison county, 
 Ala., died in 1856, aged 55 ; the wealthiest planter 
 of Kentucky. By his will about forty slaves were 
 to be liberated and removed from the State, and 
 a large portion of his property to be distributed 
 among them. 
 
 TOWSON, NATHAN, major-general, died at 
 Washington July 20, 1854, aged 71. He ac 
 quired a military reputation in the war of 1812, at 
 the battles of Chippewa and Bridgewater. In 
 his last years he was paymaster-general. He 
 was a native of Maryland. His wife, who died 
 
TRACY. 
 
 TREAD WELL. 
 
 797 
 
 July 21, 1832, was Sophia Bingham, the daughter 
 of Caleb Bingham of Boston. 
 
 TRACY, ELISIIA, Dr., died in Norwich, Conn., 
 in 17,52. He was eminent as a physician, and 
 was a classical scholar, and adorned with the 
 moral and social virtues. 
 
 TRACY, UIUAII, a statesman, died at Wash 
 ington June 19, 1807, aged 53. He was gradu 
 ated at Yale college in 1778, and afterwards, di 
 recting his attention to the law, he soon rose to 
 eminence in that profession. The last fourteen 
 years of his life were devoted to the service of 
 his country in the national councils, where he 
 was admired by his friends, and respected by his 
 opponents. After having been a member of the 
 house of representatives for some time, he was 
 chosen a senator, and he continued in this high 
 station till his death. In the beginning of March, 
 1807, while in a feeble state of health, he exposed 
 himself by attending the funeral of Mr. Baldwin 
 of the senate. From this period he declined. 
 His three daughters married three judges, namely, 
 Gould of Litchfield, Howe of Northampton, and 
 Metcalf ofDedham ; Mrs. M. died in 1857. His de 
 votion to the public service precluded him from 
 that attention to his private interests which claim 
 the principal regard of most men. His speeches 
 displayed a vigorous and well-informed mind. In 
 wit and humor he was unrivalled ; in delivery 
 graceful, and lucid in argument. He was some 
 times severe ; but the ardor of debate, the rapid 
 ity of his ideas, and the impetuosity of his elo 
 quence constituted an apology. He was an 
 instructive and agreeable companion. 
 
 TRACY, STEPHEN, first minister of Norwich, 
 Mass., died in 1822, aged 73. Born in Norwich, 
 Conn., he graduated at Princeton in 1770, was 
 pastor from 1781 to 1799, when he was suc 
 ceeded by B. R. Woodbridge. 
 
 TRACY, ELISIIA, died at Norwich, Conn., in 
 1842. He was an eminent and much respected 
 citizen. 
 
 TRACY, ADELINE, missionary to China, died 
 in Streetsborough, O., in 1851, aged 41. She was 
 the daughter of Deacon Alfred White of West 
 Brookfield, a descendent of Peregine White. 
 She married Ira Tracy in China in 1834. After 
 a few years service she returned, in very poor 
 health. 
 
 TRACY, RACHEL, died in Utica April 7, 1852, 
 aged 73. She was the daughter of Judge Ben 
 jamin Huntingdon, of Norwich, Conn., and the wid 
 ow of Wm. G. Tracy, a merchant of Whitcstown, 
 who died in 1830. Her brothers, Henry and George 
 H., were conspicuous men in Oneida county. She 
 possessed great excellence of character, and was a 
 model of goodness. N. Y. Observer, April 29. 
 
 TRACY, EBENEZER, Dr., died at Middletown 
 July 29,1856, aged 99. 
 
 TRANTHAM, or TRENTIIAM, BETSEY, Mrs. 
 
 died Jan. 10, 1834, in Maury county, Tenn. 
 aged 154. She was born in Germany, and 
 emigrated to North Carolina in 1710. For the 
 last twenty years her vision was good. At the 
 age of 65 she bore her only child, who survived 
 her. 
 
 TRASK, WILLIAM, captain, an early settler of 
 Salem, died in 1666, leaving sons William and 
 John and daughters. He came with governor 
 Endecott in 1628, and was representative of Salem, 
 Mass., five years. Felt. 
 
 TRASK, NATHANIEL, the first minister of 
 Brentwood, N. II., died in 1789, aged 67. Born 
 in Lexington, Mass., he graduated at Harvard in 
 1742, and was settled in 1748. 
 
 TRASK, NAIIUM, Dr., died at Windsor, Vt., 
 1837, aged 76. 
 
 TRAXALL, ABRAHAM, preacher to the society 
 of the United Brethren fifty years, died near/ 
 Mount Pleasant, Pa., in 1825, aged 74. / 
 
 TREADWELL, DANIEL, professor of mathe 
 matics in King s college, N. Y., died in 1760, aged 
 about 26. Born at Portsmouth of parents who 
 came from Ipswich, Mass., he graduated in 1754. 
 He was an eminent mathematician, though 
 young. Eliot. 
 
 TREADWELL, JOHN, minister of Lynn, Mass., 
 died in 1811, aged 73. Born in Ipswich in 1738, 
 he graduated at Harvard in 1758, and was pastor 
 from 1763 to 1782. His predecessors were S. 
 Batchelor, who died in 1661, aged 100 ; S. Whit 
 ing, who died in 1679, aged 83 ; T. Cobbet, who 
 died in Ipswich, aged 77 ; J. Shcpard, who died 
 aged 72 ; J. Whiting, who died aged 82 ; and N. 
 Henchman, who died aged 62. 
 
 TREADWELL, JOHN, LL. D., governor of 
 Connecticut, died Aug. 19, 1823, aged 77. The 
 son of Ephriam T., he was born in Farmington, 
 Nov. 23, 1745 ; graduated at Yale college in 1767 ; 
 and, having studied law with Titus Hosmer of 
 Middletown, settled in his native town, but did 
 not engage in the practice. He was an only son, 
 and the heir of a competent estate. After sus 
 taining various offices, as judge of probate and of 
 other courts and lieutenant-governor, he was in 
 1809 chosen governor as successor of Trumbull, 
 but was succeeded by Griswold in 1811; thus be- " 
 ing thrown out of all public employments, which 
 had occupied him thirty years. This was painful. 
 For twenty years he was a deacon of the church 
 of which he became a member at the age of 
 twenty-six under the salutary influence of affliction 
 by the loss of a daughter. lie was the first pres 
 ident of the American foreign mission society, 
 and continued in that place till his death. His 
 wife was a daughter of Joseph Pomeroy, of a 
 family from Northampton. Gov. T. was not a 
 man of popular address or character, but he was a 
 man of unbending integrity, and great usefulness ; 
 he was a.lso an eminent Christian, bowing meekly 
 
798 
 
 TREAD WELL. 
 
 TItEVETT. 
 
 to God s will under heavy afflictions, and dying in 
 the joyous hope of the believer. In his last years 
 he wrote a series of theological essays, which were 
 not published. 
 
 TREADWELL, JOHN D., M. D., died at Sa 
 lem, Mass., June 6, 1833, aged 65. He gradu 
 ated at Harvard in 1788. 
 
 TREADWELL, JOHN G., M. D., a graduate 
 of Harvard in 1825, died in Salem Aug. 8, 1856, 
 aged about 51. He bequeathed his property, 
 over 100,000 dollars, after the death of his 
 mother, aged 80, to Harvard college, to estab 
 lish professorships of physiology and anatomy. 
 If the prescribed conditions were not accepted, 
 the whole property was to go to the Massachu 
 setts general hospital. 
 
 TREAT, ROBERT, governor of Connecticut, 
 died at Milford July 12, 1710, aged 88. He was 
 the son of Richard of Wethersficld. He was chosen 
 one of the magistrates in 1673. After Philip s 
 war commenced, he was sent to Westfield at the 
 head of the Connecticut troops, and, when the 
 enemy attacked Springfield, he marched to its 
 relief and drove them from the town. He also 
 attacked the Indians in their assault upon Had- 
 ley Oct. 19, and put them completely to flight. 
 In 1676 he was chosen deputy-governor, and in 
 1683 governor, to which office he was annually 
 elected for fifteen years. From 1698 to 1708 he 
 was again deputy-governor. His character was 
 very respectable, and he had rendered the most 
 important services to his country. 
 
 TREAT, SAMUEL, first minister of Eastham, 
 Mass., the son of the preceding, died March 18, 
 1717, aged 68. He was graduated at Harvard 
 college in 1669. lie was ordained in 1672, a 
 church having been established for more than 
 twenty years. Soon after his settlement he 
 studied the Indian language, and devoted to the 
 Indians in his neighborhood much of his time 
 and attention. Through his labors many of the 
 savages were brought into a state of civilization 
 and order, and not a few of them were converted 
 to the Christian faith. In 1693 he wrote a letter 
 to Increase Mather, in which he states that there 
 were within the limits of Eastham five hundred 
 adult Indians, to whom he had for many years 
 imparted the gospel in their own language. He 
 had under him four Indian teachers, who read in 
 separate villages on every Sabbath, except on 
 every fourth, when he himself preached the ser 
 mons, which he wrote for them. He procured 
 schoolmasters and persuaded the Indians to 
 choose from among themselves six magistrates, 
 who held regular courts. He passed near half a 
 century in the most benevolent exertions as a 
 minister of the gospel. His second wife was the 
 widow of Rev. B. Estabrook and daughter of 
 S. Willard. His daughter was the mother of 
 Judge Paine. He was a consistent and strict 
 
 Calvinist, who zealously proclaimed those truths 
 which are calculated to alarm and humble the 
 sinner ; and it pleased God at different times to 
 accompany his labors with a Divine blessing. An 
 extract from one of his sermons, which proves 
 that the author was able to array the terrors of 
 the Lord against the impenitent, is preserved in 
 the historical collections. He was mild in his 
 natural temper, and his conversation was pleas 
 ant and sometimes facetious, but always decent. 
 He published the confession of faith in the Nau- 
 set Indian language; and the election sermon, 
 1713. Sprague s Annals. 
 
 TREAT, RICHARD, first minister of Brim- 
 field, Mass., graduated at Yale in 1719. He was 
 born in Glastenbury, Conn.; was settled in 1725, 
 and resigned in 1734. 
 
 TREAT, SALMON, minister of Preston, Conn., 
 died in 1846, aged about 73. He was a grand 
 son of Richard T., one of the first settlers of 
 Wethersfield, and the son of James. A gradu 
 ate of Harvard in 1694, he was ordained at Pres 
 ton in 1698, and resigned in 1744. 
 
 TREAT, JOSEPH, general, died at Bangor 
 Feb. 27, 1853, aged 77. He was skilled in the 
 Indian languages of the eastern part of Maine. 
 
 TRECOTHICK, JAMES, died in London, in 
 Sept., 1843, aged 90. A native of Boston, he 
 graduated at Harvard in 1773. His father was 
 James Ivers, who took by will the estates and 
 assumed the name of his uncle, Barlow Treco- 
 thick, a merchant of London and member of 
 parliament. 
 
 TRESCOTT, LEMUEL, colonel, died at Lubec, 
 Me., in 1826, aged 75 ; one of the best field-of 
 ficers in the war of the Revolution. He com 
 manded a battalion of the light infantry under 
 Lafayette, and he enjoyed the confidence of 
 Washington. He was the best disciplinarian. 
 Struggling with poverty, he yet devoted himself 
 to the cause of liberty. After the return of 
 peace, as he acquired an estate, his house and 
 heart were ever open to distress. He was an 
 upright man, a patriot, a Christian. If he has 
 left descendants, they may speak with satisfac 
 tion of their ancestor. He was probably a de 
 scendant of John, who died in Dorchester in 
 1740, aged 89; and of William, a freeman of 
 Dorchester in 1643. Farmer. 
 
 TREVETT, SAMUEL II., M. D., died of the 
 yellow fever on board the Peacock at Norfolk, 
 Nov. 4, 1822, aged 39. Born in Marblehead, he 
 was graduated at Harvard in 1804, and served as 
 a surgeon in the United States frigate at the 
 capture of the Macedonian, and was captured in 
 the President. He was surgeon in the navy- 
 yard at Charlestown, of which office it is said ho 
 was deprived, because he displeased his superiors 
 by his honest evidence in a case under trial, and 
 was ordered away on a cruise ; such sometimes 
 
TREVORE. 
 
 TRUMBULL. 
 
 799 
 
 are the pitiable malignity and oppressions of 
 the holders of power. Thachcr s Mcd. Biog. 
 
 TItEVOKE, WILLIAM, was a seaman, who, 
 with one Ely, a seaman, was hired by the one 
 hundred Pilgrim settlers in the Mayflower to re 
 main for one year, after which time they returned 
 to England. They were passengers indeed ; but 
 not properly to be reckoned among the Pilgrims, 
 who sought a new home, any more than the 
 other seamen, employed for a shorter time. 
 
 TRIMBLE, JOHN, a judge of several courts 
 in Kentucky, died in Harrison county in 1852, 
 aged G9 ; an able lawyer and upright man. He 
 was the brother of Robert T. 
 
 TROOST, GERARD, M. ])., died at Nashville, 
 Tcnn., Aug. 15, 1800, aged 74 ; long a professor 
 in the university of X. He was born in Hol 
 land ; came to this country in 1810; was first 
 president of the academy of natural sciences at 
 Philadelphia. In 1825 he joined Owen s com 
 munity in Ohio. As State geologist, his reports 
 were deemed very valuable. Cijcl. of Amer. 
 Lit. 
 
 TROTT, NICHOLAS, chief justice of South 
 Carolina, was born in England in 16G3. In 1700 
 he was speaker of the assembly, and a friend of 
 the people. Being appointed chief justice, he 
 espoused the cause of the proprietors, and drew 
 upon himself the popular resentment. He died 
 at Charleston in 1740, aged 77 ; Richard Alleyn 
 succeeded him. He was learned in Hebrew. He 
 revised and published the laws of South Carolina 
 before 1734. 
 
 TROTTER, GEORGE, general, died near Lex 
 ington, Ky., in 1815, aged 37. Born in Virginia, 
 he served under Harrison in the war of 1812. 
 Until a few weeks before his death he had be 
 stowed no thoughts upon religion. Then he 
 took up his bible, and continued to read, until 
 seized with a fatal disease. His last words 
 seemed to be this prayer : " O Lord, be merciful 
 to me a sinner." 
 
 TROUP, ROBERT, colonel, died at New York 
 in 1832, aged 84. He was an officer in the war 
 of the Revolution. He published a letter on 
 the lake-canal policy of New York, 1822. 
 
 TROUP, GEORGE M., governor of Georgia, 
 died in South Carolina in 1856. Born in Geor 
 gia, he was senator of the United States in 1810, 
 and was governor in 1823. In a dispute with 
 the general government respecting the removal 
 of the Creeks, he disregarded the treaty, and 
 ordered the State militia to be in readiness to 
 resist any troops of the United States. He left 
 the chair of State in 1827, and from 1828 served 
 six years again in the senate. He was a great ad 
 vocate of southern State rights, of which party he 
 was a candidate for the presidency in 1852. 
 
 TROWBRIDGE, CALEB, minister of Groton, 
 Mass., died in 17GO, aged G8. He graduated at 
 
 Harvard in 1710. His predecessors were S. 
 "Willard, G. Ilobart, I). Bradstreet ; his successor 
 was S. Dana. 
 
 TROWBRIDGE, EDMUND, a judge of the 
 supreme court, died at Cambridge in 1793, aged 
 94. His original name was Goff. Born in New 
 ton in 1709, he graduated at Harvard in 1728; 
 was attorney-general in 1749; was appointed 
 judge in 17G7 ; but, being attached to the royal 
 government, resigned in 1772. It was before him 
 that Capt. Preston, defended by Mr. Adams, was 
 tried. 
 
 TROWBRIDGE, AMASA, Dr., of Watertown, 
 N. Y., was killed by being run over, as he was 
 riding, by horses in a lumber wagon, in 1841, 
 aged 27. He was eminent as a physician and 
 surgeon ; and so was his father of the same 
 name, who removed from Watertown to be a 
 professor in the Willoughby institute, Ohio. 
 Williams Mcd. Biofj. 
 
 TROWBRIDGE, HENRY, died in New Haven 
 in 1849, aged 70 : bequeathing to the board of 
 foreign missions 5,000 dollars ; and 5,000 to the 
 home missionary society ; 2,OGO to the bible 
 society ; 2,000 to the seamen s friend society ; 
 2,000 to the poor of the first Congregational so 
 ciety, etc., in all, 25,000 dollars. 
 
 TRUE, HENRY, the first minister of Hamp- 
 stead, N. H., died in 1782, aged about 57. He 
 graduated at Harvard in 1750, and was ordained 
 in 1752. Daniel Kelley succeeded him. 
 
 TRUE, JABEZ, Dr., died at Marietta, of an 
 epidemic fever, in 1823, aged G3. He was born 
 in Hampstead, N. H., the son of Rev. Henry 
 True, and studied physic with Dr. Flagg. He 
 emigrated to Marietta in the summer of 1788. 
 His professional services were often attended with 
 danger from the Indians in the bridle-paths of 
 twenty or thirty miles. In 1799 he joined the 
 church and became its deacon. lie was cheerful, 
 benevolent, pious ; and he had an excellent wife, 
 an aid to him in his deeds of charity. lie once 
 caught a boy on a tree in his garden, who was in 
 pursuit of the summer sweeting ; and said : " Ah, 
 James ! you are on the wrong tree ; come down, 
 my lad." And when he came down, he showed 
 him the best tree, and with a pole helped him to 
 apples, telling him to call, when he wanted the 
 good apples. The boy was cured of his habit. 
 Hildrdli. 
 
 TRUE, BENJAMIN, a printer in Boston, died 
 in 1845, aged SO. He published the Boston 
 Yankee, and was then associated in the Boston 
 Statesman. lie was patriotic, honest, benevo 
 lent. 
 
 TRUMBULL, JONATHAN, governor of Con 
 necticut, died Aug. 17, 1785, aged 74. He was 
 the son of Joseph T. of Lebanon, descended 
 from John T., who came from England ard lived 
 in Rowley, Mass., in 1640-43, whose son, John, re- 
 
800 
 
 TRUMBULL. 
 
 TBUMBULL. 
 
 moved to Suflfield, and Jiis son, Joseph, settled at 
 Lebanon. He was born in 1710, and was gradu 
 ated at Harvard college in 1727. He was cho 
 sen governor in 17G9, and was annually elected 
 till 1783, when he resigned, having been occupied 
 for fifty years without interruption in public em 
 ployments, and having rendered during eight 
 years war the most important services to his 
 country. Having seen the termination of the 
 contest in the establishment of the independence 
 of America, he withdrew from public labors, that 
 he might devote himself to the concerns of relig 
 ion, and to a better preparation for his future 
 existence. His wife was Faith llobinson, a de 
 scendant of John R. of Leyden, by whom he had 
 four sons and two daughters; Joseph was com 
 missary-general in 1775, and died unmarried; 
 John was aid to Gen. Lee ; David died in Leba 
 non Jan. 17, 1822, aged 71 ; Faith married Gen. 
 Iluntington ; Mary married Gen. William Wil 
 liams of Lebanon. On the death of his wife, 
 Faith Trumbull, T. Stone published a sermon 
 in 1780. Washington, in a letter of condolence 
 on his death to one of his sons, wrote thus : 
 " Under this loss, however great as your pangs 
 may have been at the first shock, you have every 
 thing to console you. A long and well-spent 
 life in the service of his country placed Gov. 
 Trumbull among the first of patriots; in the 
 social duties he yielded to none ; and his lamp 
 from the common course of nature being nearly 
 extinguished, worn down with age and cares, but 
 retaining his mental faculties in perfection, are 
 blessings which attend rarely his advanced life. 
 All these combining have secured to his memory 
 universal respect here, and no doubt increasing 
 happiness hereafter." A long letter of Gov. T. 
 upon the war is printed in the historical collec 
 tions. 
 
 TRUMBULL, JONATHAN, governor of Con 
 necticut, the son of the preceding, died Aug. 7, 
 1809, aged G9. He was born in Lebanon March 
 2G, 1740; graduated at Harvard college in 
 1759 ; and settled in his native town. From 
 1775 to the close of the campaign in 1778, he 
 was paymaster to the army in the northern de 
 partment. In 1780 he was appointed secretary 
 and first aid to Washington, in the enjoy 
 ment of \vhose confidence and friendship and 
 in whose family he remained until the end of the 
 war. In March, 1789, he was a member of con 
 gress ; in 1791 speaker of the house; and in 
 1794 a senator of the United States. In 1798 
 he succeeded Wolcott as governor, and remained 
 in office eleven years till his death. He died of 
 dropsy of the heart at Lebanon Aug. 7, 1809, 
 aged 09. He had no children. His wife, Eunice 
 Backus, died at New Haven Feb., 1826, aged 76. 
 In deliberative assemblies he presided with great 
 dignity, being graceful in manner and elegant in 
 
 language. His incorruptible integrity was united 
 with a sound judgment and extensive knowledge. 
 To the ancient religious principles of New Eng 
 land he was zealously attached. It -was with 
 serenity and Christian hope, founded on the 
 atonement made for sin, that he met the king of 
 terrors. 
 
 TRUMBULL, BENJAMIN, D. D., an historian, 
 minister of North Haven, Conn., died Feb. 2, 
 1820, aged 85. He was the grandson of Benoni 
 T., the brother of the first Gov. T. s father. He 
 was a native of Hebron, and lived long in the 
 family of Dr. Wheelock. He graduated at Yale 
 college in 1759 ; was ordained Dec. 25, 1760. 
 His widow died in June, 1825, aged 92. His 
 daughter Martha, widow of Rev. Aaron Wood 
 ward, died in 1851. With a salary not exceed 
 ing 400 dollars he left a good estate, the result of 
 his prudence and industry. In the sermon at his 
 ordination, Dr. Wheelock urged upon the peo 
 ple the duty of providing for him ; but said he 
 should not, if he believed him to be " a sensual, 
 sleepy, lazy, dumb dog, that cannot bark." His 
 historical works are valuable. He published 
 essays in favor of the claim of Connecticut to the 
 Susquehannah country, in the Journal, 1774; ser 
 mon at a thanksgiving, 1783; a treatise on 
 divorces, 1788 ; at the ordination of Mr. Holt, 
 1789 ; a century sermon, 1801 ; address on prayer 
 and family religion, 1804 ; twelve discourses on 
 the Divine origin of the Scriptures ; history of 
 Connecticut, vol. I., 8vo., 1797 ; vol. II., 1818 ; 
 history of the United States to 1765, vol. I., 1819. 
 Sprague s Annals. 
 
 TRUMBULL, JOHN, LL. D., judge, a poet, 
 died May 10, 1831, aged 81. A descendant of 
 John T. of Suffield, he was the son of John T., 
 minister of Watertown, Conn., who died Dec. 13, 
 1787, aged 72 ; his mother was Sarah Whitman, 
 daughter of Rev. Samuel W. of Farmington, 
 and grand- daughter of S. Stoddard. He was 
 born in 1750. His fatRer directed his early 
 studies, and at the age of seven he was judged 
 qualified for admission to college. He Avas grad 
 uated at Yale in 1767. From 1771 to 1773 he 
 was a tutor, and in this period he published his 
 poem, the progress of dulness, which had a 
 great sale. Having studied law with John Ad 
 ams at Boston, he settled at Hartford in 1781, 
 and became distinguished in his profession. In 
 1784 he published his celebrated poem, McFingal, 
 which had thirty editions. About the year 1797 
 his feeble health withdrew him from business. 
 He was the victim of hypochondria. But from 
 1801 to 1819 he was a judge of the superior 
 court. In 1820 he revised his works, for which 
 he received a handsome compensation. Having 
 in 1825 removed with his wife to Detroit, to re 
 side in the family of his son-in-law, Mr. Wood- 
 bridge, he there died. His wife was Sarah, 
 
TBUMBULL. 
 
 TUCKER. 
 
 801 
 
 daughter of Col. Leverett Hubbard of New Ha 
 ven. He had two sisters; one married Dr. Caleb 
 Perkins of West Hartford, and the other Rev. 
 Timo. Langdon of Danbury. From early life he 
 was a professor of religion, whose consolations 
 he experienced in his last days. His poetical 
 works were published in 2 vols. 8vo., 1820. 
 
 TRUMBULL, JOHN, colonel, the painter, died 
 in New York Nov. 10, 1843, aged 87. He was 
 the son of Gov. T., and born at Lebanon, and 
 graduated at Harvard in 1773. In the war he 
 was a member of Washington s family, his aid-de 
 camp; and adjutant under Gates. After the war 
 he went to Europe to perfect himself in the art 
 of painting, and studied with Benjamin West. 
 He was a fifth commissioner under the Jay treaty, 
 with Pinckney and Gore, for the settlement of 
 American claims upon England. His four great 
 historical paintings are in the Capitol at Wash 
 ington, the Declaration of Independence, the 
 Surrender at Saratoga, the Surrender of Corn- 
 wallis, and the Resignation of Washington. 
 The Trumbull gallery, which he presented to 
 Yale college, contains fifty-five of his paintings. 
 N. Y. Observer, Nov. 15. 
 
 TRUSSELL, MOSES, died at New London, 
 N. H., in 1843, aged 83. At Bunker Hill battle, 
 while speaking to a friend, a ball from a ship took 
 off one of his hands and also one of his friend s. 
 
 TRUXTON, THOMAS, a naval commander, died 
 May 5, 1822, aged 67. The son of a lawyer, he 
 was born on Long Island Feb. 17, 1755. He 
 early went to sea. Early in 1776 he sailed as a 
 lieutenant in the private armed ship, the Con 
 gress ; captures were made off Havana, and of one 
 of the prizes he took the command and brought 
 her to New Bedford. In June, 1777, he com 
 manded the Independence, fitted out by himself 
 and Isaac Sears, and off the Azores captured three 
 large and valuable ships. He afterwards sailed 
 in the Mars. His prizes were numerous. Sailing 
 in the St. James of twenty guns, in a severe en 
 gagement he disabled a British ship of thirty-two 
 guns. He returned from France with a most 
 valuable cargo. After the war, residing at Phil 
 adelphia, he was extensively concerned in trade to 
 Europe and Asia. In 1794 he was intrusted with 
 the command of the Constellation, in which, Feb. 
 9, 1799, he captured the French ship, L lnsur- 
 gente, of superior force, losing one man killed and 
 two wounded ; the enemy lost twenty-nine killed 
 and forty-four wounded. Feb. 1, 1800, he gained a 
 victory over La Vengeance, of fifty-four guns and 
 500 men, but one of his own masts falling, the si 
 lenced vessel escaped in the night. For this action 
 congress gave him a golden medal. Being ap 
 pointed to command the expedition against Tripoli, 
 but denied the assistance of a captain to command 
 his flag ship, he declined the service. Jefferson for 
 this dismissed him. In 1816 he was high sheriff 
 101 
 
 of Philadelphia, and remained in that office till 
 1819. He died at Philadelphia. His only re 
 maining son, William, died at Key West in April, 
 1830. 
 
 TRYON, WILLIAM, died Jan. 27, 1788. He 
 was once governor of New York. He and Com 
 modore Collier conducted the attack upon New 
 Haven in 1779, when twenty-seven were killed, 
 and among the wounded was Dr. Daggett, pro 
 fessor of divinity, who was barbarously treated. 
 Barber s Conn. Hist. Coll. 
 
 TUCK, HENRY, a minister, died in Lincoln 
 county, N. C., in 1837, aged 97. 
 
 TUCKE, JOHN, minister of Gosport, Isles of 
 Shoals, a graduate of 1723, died Aug. 12, 1773, 
 aged 71. Hull, Brock, Belcher, and Moody had 
 previously preached on the Isles. His son, John, 
 was a chaplain in the army. He was an industri 
 ous, faithful, learned minister, and a useful phy 
 sician. He published a sermon at the ordination 
 of his son, 1761. 
 
 TUCKE, JOHN, first minister of Epsom, N. H., 
 died in 1777, aged 36. Born in Gosport, the son 
 of J. T., he graduated at Harvard in 1758, and 
 was pastor from 1761 to 1774. 
 
 TUCKER, JOHN, D. D., minister of Newbury, 
 Mass., died March 22, 1792, aged 72. He was 
 born at Amesbury, and was graduated at Har 
 vard college in 1741. He was ordained colleague 
 with Christopher Tappan, Nov. 20, 1745. As 
 there was not a perfect union in the invitation 
 which was given him, he hesitated long ; but, as 
 the opposition arose from contrariety of sentiment 
 which, probably, would continue to exist, he was 
 induced to accept the call. Those who dissented, 
 formed with others the Presbyterian society, of 
 which Jonathan Parsons was the first minister. 
 Mr. Moor succeeded him. Ho possessed a strong 
 and well-furnished mind, and in argumentation 
 exhibited peculiar ingenuity. He was habitually 
 meek and placid, but when called to engage in 
 controversy he defended himself with courage 
 and with the keenness of satire. He published 
 a sermon at the ordination of Edmund Noyes, 
 1761 ; four sermons, on the danger of sinners 
 hardening their hearts, on God s special care over 
 the righteous under calamities, on the reconcilia 
 tion of sinners to God, and on being born of God, 
 1756; at a thanksgiving, 1756; on the doctrines 
 and uncharitableness of J. Parsons, as exhibited 
 more especially in his late discourses, 1757; at 
 the ordination of A. Moody, 1765; account of an 
 ecclesiastical council, to which is annexed a dis 
 course, being a minister s appeal to his hearers 
 as to his life and doctrines, 1767 ; two discourses 
 on the death of J. Lowell, 1767; remarks on a 
 sermon of A. Hutchinson; the reply of A. Hutch- 
 inson considered, 1768; a letter to J. Chandler; 
 a reply to Mr. Chandler s answer, 1768; remarks 
 on Mr. Chandler s serious address, 1768; at the con- 
 
802 
 
 TUCKER. 
 
 TUDOH. 
 
 vention of ministers, 17G8; two sermons, on the 
 condition of salvation, and on the nature and ne 
 cessity of the Father s drawing such as come to 
 Christ, 1769; at the election, 1771; remarks on 
 a discourse of J. Parsons, 1774; the Dudleian 
 lecture, 1778; and a sermon at Newburyport, 
 1788. Sprague s Annals. 
 
 TUCKER, JEDIDIAH, first minister of Loudon, 
 N. H., died in 1818, aged 57. He was settled in 
 1789. 
 
 TUCKER, JAMES W., minister in Rowley, 
 Mass., died in 1819, aged 32. He graduated at 
 Yale in 1807. He published a sermon on the 
 national fast, 1815. 
 
 TUCKER, THOMAS TUDOR, treasurer of the 
 United States, died in Washington May 1, 1828, 
 aged 83. He was a patriot of the Revolution, a 
 member of the first congress, a faithful public 
 officer, and estimable in private life. He died in 
 a resigned and pious frame of mind. 
 
 TUCKER, ST. GEORGE, judge, died in Nelson 
 county, Virginia, in Nov., 1827, aged 75. Born 
 in Bermuda, he was educated at William and 
 Mary college. He had been a judge of the State 
 court, and was appointed in 1813 judge of the 
 district court of the United States, in the place of 
 Tyler, deceased. In 1778 he married the mother 
 of Johh Randolph. He succeeded E. Pendleton 
 as judge of the court of appeals in 1803. He 
 wrote poetry. A piece of three stanzas is ad 
 mired, the two first relating to his " youth." The 
 last stanza is the following : 
 
 " Days of my age, yo will shortly be past ; 
 Pains of my age, yet a while ye can last ; 
 Joys of my age, in true wisdom delight ; 
 Eyes of my age, be religion your light ; 
 Thoughts of my age, dread ye not the cold sod ; 
 Hopes of my age, be ye flx d on your God." 
 
 He was a patriot of the Revolution, a man of 
 taste and of an amiable character. He published 
 an examination of the question, how far the com 
 mon law of England is the law of the United 
 States ; a treatise on slavery, 1796 ; letter on the 
 alien and sedition laws, 1799; commentaries on 
 Blackstone. Cycl. of Amer. Lit. 
 
 TUCKER, SAMUEL, commodore, died at Bre 
 men, Me., in 1833, aged 85. Born in 1747, the 
 son of a shipmaster at Marblehead, he was placed 
 on board the frigate Royal George, at the age of 
 twelve. As commander of the ship Phoenix he sailed 
 from Boston to London just before the war. Re 
 turning in a vessel of Robert Morris, he was the 
 means of saving it in a storm. Washington soon 
 sent him a commission in the navy as captain, 
 which was soon followed by that of commodore, 
 Manley being sick at Beverly. In every battle 
 he conquered. His last years were employed in 
 agricultural pursuits, the war having left him in 
 affluence. 
 
 TUCKER, EBEXEZER, a soldier of the Revolu 
 tion, died at Tuckerton, N. J., in 1845, aged 87. 
 He held various offices, and was a member of 
 congress. 
 
 TUCKER, HEXRY ST. GEORGE, judge, died at 
 Winchester, Va., Aug. 28, 1848, aged 69. He 
 was professor of law in the university of Virginia, 
 and a judge in the State and national courts; also 
 a member of congress. He was learned and ac 
 complished. He published various treatises of law. 
 
 TUCKER, EBEXEZER, the first minister of Phil- 
 ipston, died at Heath in 1848. He graduated at 
 Harvard in 1783; was pastor of P. from 1785 to 
 1799; then removed to Heath as his place of 
 residence. 
 
 TUCKER, BEVERLEY, judge, professor in 
 William and Mary college, died at Winchester, 
 Va., Aug. 26, 1851, aged 67. He was the son of 
 Henry St. George T.; studied law; removed from 
 Virginia to Missouri in 1815, and there was ap 
 pointed a judge. In 1830 he returned to Vir 
 ginia. He held to the States-right doctrines. He 
 published a work on pleading ; lectures on gov 
 ernment ; three novels, George Balcombe, Parti 
 san Leader, and Gertrude. Cycl. of Amer. Lit. 
 
 TUCKER, EDWARD, a minister of the Univer- 
 salists, died at Jamaica Plain in 1853, aged 76. 
 He was a minister in Salem in 1808; then in 
 Charlestown and Portsmouth. Next, at Charl- 
 ton, he was connected with a Unitarian society. 
 
 TUCKERMAN, JOSEPH, D. D., died April 20, 
 1840, aged 62. He was born at Boston in 1778 ; 
 was graduated in 1798; and was pastor in Chel 
 sea from 1801 to 1826. Out of regard to the 
 neglected poor in Boston, he acted as a minister 
 at large, and was the almoner of many charities. 
 He died at Havana in Cuba. 
 
 TUDOR, SAMUEL, first minister of Wintonbury 
 church in Windsor, Conn., died in 1757, aged 
 about 50. He graduated at Yale in 1728; and 
 was a descendant of Owen Tudor from Wales, an 
 early settler of Windsor, whose son Samuel com 
 menced the settlement on the east side of Connec 
 ticut river. 
 
 TUDOR, ELIIIU, M. D., died at East Windsor 
 March 6, 1826, aged 93. He graduated at Yale 
 in 1760. His wife was Miss Brewster, a descend 
 ant of Elder B. Though an Episcopalian he was 
 a communicant in the Congregational church. 
 He was a son of Rev. Samuel. He was a sur 
 geon with Wolfe in 1759, and at the capture of 
 Havana in 1762, and afterwards in the hospitals 
 of England. Discharged at his own request on 
 half-pay, he returned to America and lived on 
 the paternal farm sixty years. He lived to be 
 the oldest surviving graduate of Yale. Thaclier s 
 Med. Biog. 
 
 TUDOR, WILLIAM, an author, died March 9, 
 1830, aged about 51. He was the son of Wil- 
 
TUFTS, 
 
 Ham T., a lawyer and distinguished citizen of Bos 
 ton, who died July 8, 1819, and grandson of John 
 T., who died in 1796, aged 86; was graduated at 
 Harvard college in 1796, and settled in Boston as 
 a lawyer. He died at Rio de Janeiro, where he 
 was American charge d affaires. He published 
 a discourse before the humane society, 1817 ; let 
 ters on the eastern States, 1820; miscellanies, 
 1821 ; the life of James Otis, 8vo., 1823. 
 
 TUFTS, PETER, died in Maiden in 1700, aged 
 82. He came from England in 1654, and left 
 sons, Peter, Jonathan, and John, and four daugh 
 ters. 
 
 TUFTS, SIMON, Dr., the son of Peter, died in 
 1746, aged 46, the first regular-bred physician in 
 his native town, Medford, Mass. He graduated 
 at Harvard in 1724. His circle of practice em 
 braced ten or twelve neighboring towns. On his 
 death sermons were preached at Medford, Bos 
 ton, Charlestown, and Cambridge. To the poorer 
 class of students he made no charge for his ser 
 vices. He had two sons, eminent physicians, of 
 whom Simon died in Medford in 1786, aged 60. 
 Thacher s Med. Biog. 
 
 TUFTS, JOHN, minister of the second church 
 in Newbury, Mass., died in 1750, aged about 63. 
 He was a descendant of Peter, and graduated at 
 Harvard in 1708. He published a discourse at 
 the ordination of B. Bradstreet, 1729. 
 
 TUFTS, COTTON, M. 1)., a physician in Wey- 
 mouth, the son of Dr. Simon T. of Medford, died 
 Dec. 8, 1815, aged 84. He graduated in 1749. 
 His practice in early and middle life was exten 
 sive. He was a member of the convention for 
 adopting the constitution of the United States, 
 and a member of the State senate. He was also a 
 deacon of the church. Thacher s Med. Biog. 
 
 TUFTS, AARON, doctor, died in Dudley, Mass., 
 in 1843, aged 73. A native of Charlestown, he 
 studied medicine with Dr. Eaton of Dudley ; af 
 ter a practice of a few years he engaged in man 
 ufactures, and acquired a handsome fortune, and 
 occupied a beautiful estate. But affliction came 
 upon him. His son, G. A. Tufts, a graduate of 
 1818, a senator, died in 1835, greatly lamented. 
 
 TULLAR, DAVID, died at Sheffield, Mass., in 
 1839, aged 90. He graduated at Yale in 1774, 
 and was the minister of many towns: of Milford, 
 Conn., from 1780 to 1803 ; of Rowley from 1803 
 to 1810 ; of Hawley; of Windsor, Vt. ; of Cale 
 donia, N. Y.; of Ipswich Line-brook church from 
 1823 to 1831, laboring there with great success. 
 
 TULLY, JOHN, died in Middletown, Conn., 
 in 1701. He came from England, and was a 
 maker of almanacs from 1681 to his death. 
 
 TUPPER, THOMAS, of Lynn, removed to Sand 
 wich in 1637, and died in 1676, aged 96. Ann, 
 his wife, died in 1675, aged 96. He and Richard 
 Bourne were the purchasers of the Sandwich 
 lands in 1637, both men of wealth. In his re- 
 
 TURNER. 
 
 803 
 
 gard for the spiritual interests of the Indians he 
 preached to them, although he was not educated 
 for the ministry. He founded an Indian church 
 near Herring river, supplied with a succession 
 of ministers of his name. A pastor, his great 
 grandson, died in 1787. Hist. Coll. ill. 188, and 
 I. 201 ; N. E. Memorial. 
 
 TUPPER, BENJAMIN, general, died at Marietta, 
 Ohio, in June, 1792, aged 56. Born in Stough- 
 ton, now Sharon, he was apprenticed to Mr. Wil- 
 kington, a farmer in Dorchester. He lived in 
 Easton and Chesterfield, serving in the war, and 
 reaching the rank of colonel. He and Rufus 
 Putnam originated the Ohio company. He trav 
 elled with wagons to the Ohio, and reached Mari 
 etta Aug. 9, 1788. A professor of religion, he 
 encouraged public worship in the new settlement. 
 Daniel Story was the first minister. His wife was 
 H. White. Of his children, Maj. Anselm died 
 at Marietta in 1808 ; Col. Benjamin died at 
 Putnam in 1815 ; Gen. Edward W. died atGalli- 
 polis, in 1823; Rosanna married Winthrop Sar 
 gent, and died in 1790 ; Sophia married Nathan 
 iel Willis, and died in 1789; Minerva married 
 Col. Nye, and died at Marietta in 1836. Only 
 Edward W. T., of Putnam, is left as a represent 
 ative of the family. Hildreth s Biog. Mem. 
 
 TUPPER, WILLIAM, colonel, died at Mon- 
 son in 1825, aged 90, formerly of Marlborough. 
 
 TURELL, JANE, the wife of Rev. Ebenezer 
 Turell, died at Medford in 1735, aged 27. She 
 was the daughter of Rev. B. Colman. Her men 
 tal powers were very early unfolded. At the age 
 of four she could repeat the catechism and many 
 psalms. At the age of eleven she began to write 
 poetry. Her memoirs with her poems were pub 
 lished in 1735. Cycl. of Amer. Lit. 
 
 TURELL, EBENEZER, second minister of 
 Medford, Mass., died Dec. 5, 1778, aged 76. 
 He was a native of Boston ; was graduated at 
 Harvard college in 1721 ; and was ordained Nov. 
 25, 1724, as successor of Aaron Porter. Dr. 
 Osgood was his successor. He was an eminent 
 preacher, of a ready invention, a correct judg 
 ment, and fervent devotion, who delivered Divine 
 truth with animation, and maintained discipline 
 in his church with boldness tempered with pru 
 dence. To his country he was a zealous friend in 
 all its interests. After following to the grave 
 three wives, he died in Christian hope. He pub 
 lished a sermon at ordination of S. Cooke ; direc 
 tion as to present times, 1742; dialogue abou . 
 the times ; exhortation on the past ; on witch 
 craft, in hist. coll. ; the life and character of Dr. 
 Colman, 8vo., 1749. 
 
 TURNBULL, ROBERT T., died at Charleston, 
 S. C., in 1833, aged 60 ; reputed as the ablest 
 writer on the side of " nullification." 
 
 TURNER, JOHN, was one of the one hun 
 dred Pilgrims in the Mayflower to Plymouth ic 
 
804 
 
 TURNER. 
 
 TUTTLE. 
 
 1620, with two sons ; but they all died in the first I 
 sickness. A daughter came over afterwards, and 
 was married at Salem. 
 
 TURNER, HUMPHREY, a settler of Scituate 
 in 1633, died in 1673, leaving amofag other chil 
 dren a son, John, who married Mary Brewster, a 
 daughter of Jonathan Brewster. John s son 
 Ezekiel lived in New London, and died in 1704, 
 leaving a son, Ezekiel, and ten daughters, all of 
 whose descendants are of course descendants of 
 Elder Brewster of Plymouth. Thomas Turner, 
 a settler in New London after 1729, from whom 
 many families are descended, is supposed to have 
 been a descendant of Humphrey. Miss Caul- 
 kins Hist. New London. 
 
 TURNER, DAVID, first minister of Rehoboth, 
 Mass., died in 1757, aged 63. Born in Scituate, 
 he graduated at Harvard in 1718, and was settled 
 in 1721. The church grew under him from ten 
 members to one hundred and seventy. R. Rog- 
 erson from England succeeded him, and then O. 
 Thompson. 
 
 TURNER, PHILIP, a celebrated surgeon, died 
 in 1815, aged 74. He was born in Norwich, 
 Conn., in 1740 ; studied with Dr. Elisha Tracy, 
 whose daughter he married ; and served as a 
 surgeon in the French war from 1759 to 1763. 
 He then settled in Norwich. In the Revolution 
 ary war he was surgeon-general of the eastern 
 department. In 1800 he removed to New York. 
 He was soon appointed a surgeon in the army. 
 He died at York Island. Thacher. 
 
 TURNER, CHARLES, minister of Duxbury, 
 Mass., died in 1816, aged about 66. He gradu 
 ated at Harvard in 1752. He published a ser 
 mon at ordination of G. Damon, 1760; of T. 
 Haven, 1770 ; the election sermon, 1773 ; a Plym 
 outh discourse, 1773; two fast sermons, 1783. 
 
 TURNER, a hermit of this name, died on the 
 East Rock in New Haven, Nov. 2, 1823. He was 
 found dead in his cabin, built of mud and stone, 
 on the top of the rock, in which he had lived for 
 years. He kept two or three sheep. He begged 
 his food. Of his history little was known. 
 
 TURNER, JAMES, governor of North Carolina, 
 died in Warren county in 1824, aged 57. He 
 was a senator of the U. S. 
 
 TURNER, JAMES, a minister in Bedford 
 county, Va., died in 1828, aged 68. 
 
 TURNER, WILLIAM, doctor, died at Newport, 
 R. I., in 1837, aged 62 ; a surgeon in the U. S. 
 army. 
 
 TURNER, EDWARD, professor of mathematics 
 and natural philosophy at Middlebury college, 
 died in 1838, aged about 40. He graduated at 
 Yale in 1818. 
 
 TURNER, ANDREW, colonel, a patriot of the 
 Revolution, died in Harford county, Md., in 1840, 
 aged 89. 
 
 TURNER, GEORGE, captain, a Revolutionary 
 
 soldier, died in Philadelphia in 1843, aged 03. 
 He was born in England. In the war he had a 
 command in S. C., and was distinguished in se 
 vere engagements. Washington esteemed him. 
 
 TURNER, DANIEL, commodore, died in Phil 
 adelphia in 1849 or 1850. His first commission 
 in the navy was in 1808. In the battle of lake 
 Erie in 1814 he commanded the Caledonia. 
 
 TURNER, GEORGE F., M. I)., died at Corpus 
 Christi in 1 854, aged 47. He graduated at Har 
 vard in 1826. He was assistant surgeon in 1833, 
 and surgeon in the army in ] 840. He served in 
 Florida, and afterwards at the falls of St. Anthony. 
 In the Mexican war he was medical surveyor. 
 
 TURRILL, STEPHEN, died in Charlotte, Vt., 
 Feb. 28, 1844, aged 101. He was a soldier under 
 Abercrombie in 1758, and served during the Revo 
 lutionary war. 
 
 TUSTEN, colonel, and a physician, command 
 ed the troops assembled at Minisink to withstand 
 the 300 Indians, who had destroyed the settle 
 ment July 20, 1779. The question was, whether 
 to seek the enemy at Grassy Swamp brook. Col. 
 T. gave reasons for not going then into the 
 woods ; but a Major Meeker, mounting his horse 
 and flourishing his sword over his head, desired 
 the brave to follow him and the cowards to stay 
 behind. They marched seventeen miles, when 
 Col. Hathorne arrived and took the command. 
 He \vas also averse to the pursuit. But again 
 Major Meeker flourished his sword and prevailed. 
 The troops were drawn into an ambush, and after 
 fighting the whole day were defeated, with the 
 loss of forty-four valuable citizens of Goshen, 
 among whom were Jones, Little, Duncan, Vail, 
 Townsend, and Knapp. Dr. Tusten dressed the 
 wounds of thirteen men in a nook of the rocks ; but 
 he and they all fell under the tomahawk. Such 
 was the consequence of yielding to rash counsel. 
 
 TUTHILL, A. G. D., died at Montpelier, Vt., 
 June 12, 1843, aged 67 ; late of Buffalo. He was 
 a pupil of Benjamin West, and known as an artist, 
 skilled in historical and portrait painting. 
 
 TUTTLE, MOSES, the first minister of Gran- 
 ville, Mass., died in Southold, L. I., in 1785, aged 
 65. He graduated at Yale in 1745, and was set 
 tled in 1747, and dismissed in 1754. His suc 
 cessors were J. Smith and Dr. Cooley. His wife 
 was Martha, the daughter of Rev. Timothy Ed 
 wards. If report is true, her temper was not 
 sweet. On the appointed day of marriage he 
 failed to appear, in consequence of a flood in the 
 Connecticut. When he appeared, she at last 
 consented to an interview, when she asked, 
 " Why did you not come on the day agreed 
 upon ? " To his answer, " The flood made the 
 river impassable," she replied, " That is no ex 
 cuse at all." Perhaps she thought he was as good 
 a swimmer as Leander. She died in 1794, aged 
 77. Holland s Hist. II. 65. 
 
TWIGGS. 
 
 TWIGGS, or TWIGG, LEVI, major, was killed 
 by a bullet through his heart at the storming of 
 Chapultepec in Mexico, Sept. 1C, 1847. He was 
 the son of Gen. T. of Ga., and had served his 
 country thirty-four years. 
 
 TWITCIIELL, AMOS, M. D., died in Kecne, 
 N. H., May 26, 1850, aged 69. He was a skilful 
 physician and surgeon ; and rode for forty years 
 forty miles a day. He successfully tied the caro 
 tid artery of a man in Sharon, wounded by a pis 
 tol, lie was earnestly engaged in the cause of 
 temperance and against the use of tobacco. 
 N. Y. Independent, June 20. 
 
 TYLER, ANDREW, minister in Dedham, west 
 church, died in 1775, aged about 60. He was 
 born in Boston, and graduated at Harvard in 
 1738, and succeeded Josiah Dwight, the first min 
 ister in 1743, and was dismissed in 1772. T. 
 Thachcr was his successor. 
 
 TYLER, SAMUEL, a judge in chancery, died 
 in Williamsburg, Va., in 1812. 
 
 TYLER, JOHN, rector in the Episcopal church, 
 died at Norwich, Conn., in 1813, aged 86. 
 
 TYLER, ROYALL, judge, died in Brattleboro , 
 Vt., in Aug., 1826, aged 66. Born in Boston, he 
 graduated at Harvard in 1776. He was aid to Gen. 
 Lincoln in the Shays rebellion. Settling in Ver 
 mont, he was a successful advocate. He was a 
 judge of the supreme court twelve years, chief jus 
 tice half of that period. He was a poet, scholar, 
 and an erudite judge, of elegant manners and so 
 cial habits. He published reports in the supreme 
 court of Vt., 2 vols., 1809-1810 ; the Algerine 
 captive ; several comedies, and some poems, spec 
 imens of which may be found in the cyclopedia 
 of Amer. literature. N. Y. Statesman, Aug. 25. 
 
 TYLER, ROYAL, minister of Salem, Conn., 
 died in 1826, aged about 60. He was graduated 
 at Dartmouth in 1788. He was minister in Cov 
 entry, Andover society, from 1792 to 1818; of 
 Salem, Conn., from 1818 to 1822. 
 
 TYLER, EDWARD II., editor of the New Eng r 
 lander, died at New Haven Sept. 28, 1848, aged 
 48 ; the son of Judge R. Tyler, of Brattleboro , 
 Vt. lie graduated at Yale in 1825, and was a 
 minister in Midclletown, and then in Colebrook. 
 He founded with others the New Englandcr, and 
 became its editor and proprietor in 1843. 
 
 TYLER, WILLIAM, bishop of the Roman 
 Catholic church, died at Providence, R. I., in 1849. 
 
 TYLER, JOSEPH D., an Episcopal minister, 
 died in Staunton, Va., in 1852, aged 48. Born 
 in Brattleboro , Vt., he graduated at Yale in 
 1829. Of the State institution for the deaf and 
 dumb at S. he was the principal for fifteen years. 
 
 TYNG, WILLIAM, a merchant of Boston, died 
 in 1653, leaving five daughters and an estate of 
 2774 pounds. He was a freeman in 1638 ; was 
 representative, and treasurer of the colony. 
 
 TYNG, EDWARD, general, a merchant of Bos- 
 
 TYTLER. 
 
 805 
 
 ton, died in Dunstable, in 1681, aged 80. He 
 was brother of William ; was in B. as early as 
 1639 ; was representative, assistant fourteen years, 
 and colonel of Suffolk regiment. Of his daugh 
 ters, Hannah married II. Savage, Eunice married 
 Rev. S. Willard, and Rebecca married Gov. J. 
 Dudley. Ilis son, Edward, was appointed gover 
 nor of Annapolis, but was taken prisoner on his 
 passage and died in France ; and this Edward s 
 son Edward was a brave naval commander who 
 died 1755, and his daughter Mary married Rev. 
 John Fox, and his daughter Elizabeth married a 
 brother of Dr. Franklin. 
 
 TYNG, JOHN, major, of Chelmsford, was killed 
 by the Indians in Aug., 1710, aged about 40. 
 He graduated at Harvard in 1691, leaving two 
 sons: Col. Eleazer, a graduate of 1712, who 
 died in 1782, aged 92; and Judge John of 
 Tyngsborough, a graduate of 1725, who died in 
 1797, aged 92. 
 
 TYNG, ELEAZER, colonel, died at Dunstable 
 in 1782, aged 92. The son of Col. John of Wo- 
 burn, he graduated at Harvard in 1712. 
 
 TYNG, JOHN, died April 17, 1797, aged 93. 
 The son of John of Chelmsford, he graduated at 
 Harvard in 1725, and was a justice of the com 
 mon pleas court. 
 
 TYNG, DUDLEY ATKINS, LL. D., died in Bos 
 ton in 1829, aged about 70; a graduate of 1781. 
 He was the son of Dudley Atkins, a merchant 
 of Newburyport. He assumed the name of 
 Tyng for the following reason : James Tyng, 
 having large landed estates in Tyngsborough, 
 died without a male heir. His sister and heir 
 was Mrs. Winslow, a descendant of Gov. Dudley. 
 She determined to make Mr. Dudley Atkins her 
 heir, because he also was descended from Dudley, 
 though related to her only as her sixth cousin ; 
 he in consequence took the name of Tyng. His 
 farm of one thousand acres was only a burden 
 and an injury to him ; for it diverted him from 
 his high prospects in his profession. For years 
 he was the excellent collector of Newburyport ; 
 but lost his office on the accession of Jefferson. 
 He then succeeded E. Williams as reporter of 
 the supreme court, which station he honorably 
 held during the rest of his life. An interesting 
 account of his character, by his friend, John Low 
 ell, is in hist, coll., 3d series, vol. II. 
 
 TYTLER, JAMES, eminent for learning, was 
 a native of Scotland, and emigrated to this coun 
 try about the year 1796. He died at Salem, 
 Mass., in Jan., 1804, aged 53. He was poor, and 
 lived on a point of land at a little distance from 
 the town. Returning to his house in a dark 
 night, he fell into a clay pit and was drowned. 
 His conduct in life was marked by perpetual im 
 prudence ; yet he was a man of no common sci 
 ence and genius. He was one of the editors of 
 the Edinburgh edition of the Encyclopedia Britac- 
 
806 
 
 ULMER. 
 
 UNDERBILL. 
 
 nica. He published an answer to Paine s age of 
 reason, and a treatise on the plague and yellow 
 fever. 
 
 ULMER, GEORGE, major-general, died at 
 "VValdoborough, Me., in Jan., 1826, aged 70. 
 Born in W. of German parents, at the age of 20 
 he could neither read nor write. Enlisting in 
 the army, he was with Montgomery at Quebec, 
 at the capture of Burgoyne, and in the battles of 
 Brandywine and Monmouth. In this period he 
 learned to read. Settling at Ducktrap, he be 
 came a merchant, and was a representative and 
 senator of Massachusetts, afterwards of Maine. 
 As a legislator he manifested powers of intellect 
 and of eloquence. He was for years sheriff of 
 ILmcock county, Me. 
 
 ULRICK, Mrs., died at Hollis, N. H., in 1789, 
 aged 104. 
 
 UNCAS, sachem of the Mohegan Indians in 
 Connecticut, is said to have been a Pequot by 
 birth and of royal descent. Rebelling against 
 Sassacus, he was expelled from the Pequot coun 
 try and by his enterprise became chief of the 
 Mohcgans. To the English he was an uniform 
 friend, at the time of their lirst settlement in Con 
 necticut and for many subsequent years. When 
 all the other Indians of New England were by 
 the arts of Philip combined for the destruction 
 of the whites, the sachemdom of Mohegan alone 
 remained in friendship. He was a brave warrior ; 
 but oppressive to his captive subjects. In 1637 
 he with seventy Mohegan warriors accompanied 
 Capt. Mason in his expedition against the Pequots. 
 At the destruction of the Mystic fort and of the 
 Pequot race he and his Indians formed the sec 
 ond line. He received a part of the one hundred 
 and eighty captives. As he had given some um 
 brage to the Massachusetts government, he went 
 to Boston in 1638, and making a present of wam 
 pum to the governor, formed a treaty of friend 
 ship, to which he was faithful. In Sept. he made 
 a treaty with the colonists of Connecticut, and he 
 conveyed to them in 1640 Colchester and all his 
 land excepting Mohegan. In 1643, when the 
 Narragansett sachem attacked him with one 
 thousand men, he took Miantunnomu prisoner, 
 and, having obtained the advice of the commis 
 sioners of the united colonies, Winthrop, Wins- 
 low, Hopkins, etc., he cut off his prisoner s head. 
 This seems a savage act. The wonder in this 
 case is, that Christian white men should give such 
 advice. In 1654 he subdued the chief at Sims- 
 bury. In King Philip s war two hundred Mohe 
 gan and Pequot Indians marched with two hun 
 dred and fifty whites under Major Talcott to 
 Brookfield and Northampton ; and this little 
 army, June 12th, defeated seven hundred Indians 
 at Iladlcy and saved the town. In the summer 
 there was a great drought at Mohegan ; the corn 
 was dried up in August. Uncas, who had given 
 
 no encouragement to the preaching of Mr. Fitch, 
 now went to the good man, with many Indians, 
 asking his prayers for rain, and engaging to as 
 cribe the blessing, if granted, to the mercy of 
 God in hearing prayer. A day of fasting and 
 prayer was observed ; and the day following 
 there was copious rain. Uncas was now an old 
 man. He probably died soon afterwards. His 
 brother was Nowequa. Onecho, his eldest son, 
 assisted the English in the Avar of 1676. The 
 family declined in power with the decay of the 
 tribe. Isaiah Uncas attended Dr. Wheelock s 
 school. About 1800 Noah and John Uncas were 
 living ; but the name is now extinct at Mohegan. 
 The regal burying-ground is not at Mohegan, 
 but at Norwich city, on the plain, near the 
 house of the late Calvin Goddard, and near the 
 falls of the Y an tic. There are several grave 
 stones. The inscription on the stone, not of the 
 sachem Uncas, as Dr. Holmes represents, but of 
 Samuel Uncas, his great grandson, who died in 
 1741, aged 27, is this : 
 
 " For beauty, wit, and sterling sense, 
 For temper mikl and eloquence, 
 For courage bold and things Werheegan, 
 lie was the glory of Mohegan. 
 His death has caused great lamentation 
 Both to the English and the Indian nation. " 
 
 The " things Werheegan" are either things per 
 taining to warfare, or things agreeable and wel 
 come. There are less than a hundred Mohegans, 
 including those of mixed blood, now remaining. 
 Something of their history may be known by 
 looking at the articles Fitch, Occom, Jos. John 
 son, and Tantequiggen, in this book. The French 
 and Revolutionary Avars, and above all the use of 
 spirituous liquors, have nearly exterminated the 
 tribe. HoAvever, there is noAV reason to hope for 
 amendment. They retain of their large territory 
 tAvo thousand seven hundred acres of good land, 
 and have several houses, Avhich they rent to Avhite 
 men ; they have noAV schools and a preacher. If 
 they can renounce strong drink, and should culti 
 vate their remaining land diligently, and espe 
 cially if the poAver of religion should be felt 
 among them, they would become a respectable 
 and happy community. 
 
 UNCAS, BENJAMIN, Indian sachem, died at 
 Mohegan in 1769. He left his estate to his eldest 
 son, on condition of his opposing Mason s claim. 
 
 UNCAS, GEORGE PEGEE, died at Mohegan, 
 or Montville, Conn., July, 1833 ; the last of the 
 royal race. He Avas buried in the grave-yard of 
 his ancestors at Nonvich. 
 
 UNCAS, JOHN, an Indian, died at NorAvich 
 Dec. 19, 1842, aged 89, and Avas buried in the 
 royal Mohegan burying-ground ; the last male 
 descendant of the early Uncas. 
 
 UNDERIIILL, JOHN, captain, of Boston, died 
 at Oyster Bay, L. I., about 1672. His descend- 
 
UNDERWOOD. 
 
 VANDERLYN. 
 
 807 
 
 ants, mostly Quakers, remain on Long Island. 
 lie came to New England in 1630 ; was repre 
 sentative of Boston ; then engaged in the Pequot 
 war. He lived in Dover ; then settled in Stam 
 ford, Conn. ; in 16-16 he removed to Flushing. 
 Winthrop gives an account of his sitting on the 
 stool of repentance in the Boston church, for 
 some offence, with a white cap on his head. 
 Eliot; Wood s Hist, of L. I. 
 
 UNDERWOOD, NATHAN, minister of Har 
 wich, Mass., died in 1841, aged 89. Born in 
 Lexington, he was a soldier in the Revolutionary 
 war, in the battles of Lexington, Bunker Hill, 
 White Plains, and Trenton. A graduate of 1788, 
 he was a preacher for forty years ; the pastor of 
 H. from 1792 to 1828. 
 
 UPDIKE, DANIEL, died in East Greenwich, 
 R. I., June 15, 1842, aged 81 years. His father 
 was Ludowick U., an accomplished man ; his 
 grandfather was Daniel U., attorney-general. 
 Having studied law with J. M. Varnum, he was 
 admitted to the bar in 1784. He was attorney- 
 general in 1790. He had a good library. Among 
 his cherished relics of the past was a silver coffee 
 pot, presented to his grandfather by Bishop 
 Berkeley. His parents died in old age ; his sur 
 viving brothers and sisters were eight in number. 
 
 UPHAM, CALEB, minister of Truro on Cape 
 Cod, died in 1786, aged 62. He graduated at 
 Harvard in 1744, and was ordained in 1755. He 
 was a good scholar, an animated preacher, and 
 friend to his country. In his writings he indi 
 cated a strong taste for poetry. 
 
 UPHAM, EDWARD, a Baptist minister at New 
 port, R. I., died in 1797, aged about 83. He 
 was born in Maiden, probably a descendant of 
 Nathaniel, a freeman of M. in 1653, and gradu 
 ated at Harvard in 1734. 
 
 UPHAM, TIMOTHY, first minister of Deer- 
 field, N. II., died in 1811, aged 62, in the thirty- 
 ninth year of his ministry. Born at Maiden, he 
 graduated at Harvard in 1768, and was settled. 
 Dec. 9, 1772. His sons were Nathaniel of Ro 
 chester, the father of Prof. Thomas C. Upham 
 of Bowdoin college, and Timothy of Ports 
 mouth. He published a masonic discourse, 1792. 
 N. E. Geneal. Reg., vol. I. 
 
 UPHAM, SAMUEL, captain, a Revolutionary 
 soldier, died at Montpelier, Vt, in 1848, aged 
 85. He was one of the earliest settlers of M. ; 
 and the father of Senator Upham. 
 
 UPSHUR, ABEL P., secretary of State, died 
 Feb. 28, 1844, aged 53, killed by the bursting of 
 a large wrought-iron gun on board the steamer 
 Princeton in the Potomac river. There were also 
 killed Mr. Gilmer, Mr. Maxcy, and others. The 
 president was on board. Born in Virginia, he 
 studied law with Wirt, and became a judge of the 
 general court. In 1841 he was appointed by 
 President Tyler secretary of the navy, and in 1843 
 
 secretary of State. He published a pamphlet, 
 reviewing Story on the constitution. 
 
 UPSON, BKNONI, D. D., minister of Berlin, 
 Conn., died in 1826, aged 76. He graduated at 
 Yale in 1776, and was a trustee of the college. 
 
 USHER, JOHN, Episcopal minister at Bristol, 
 R. I., died in 1804, aged 81. He graduated at 
 Harvard in 1743. 
 
 USHER, JOHN, lieutenant-governor of New 
 Hampshire, died at Medford, Mass., in 1726, aged 
 77. The son of Ilezckiah of Cambridge in 1639, 
 of Boston in 1646, he was a bookseller and sta 
 tioner in Boston, a colonel and a councillor. He 
 was five years in his N. H. office from 1692, and 
 was reiippointed in 1702. He married a daugh 
 ter of Samuel Allen, whose claims in N. H. he 
 supported. From Portsmouth he removed to 
 Medford. His son, John, was a graduate of Har 
 vard in 1719, was a minister, and died in 1775, 
 aged 76, leaving a son John, an Episcopal min 
 ister of Bristol, R. I., who graduated in 1743 and 
 died in 1804, aged about 81. Farmer. 
 
 VAILL, JOSEPH, minister of Hadlyme in East 
 Haddam, Conn., died in 1838, aged 86. He 
 graduated at Dartmouth in 1778. G. Rawson 
 preceded him. He had three sons, who were 
 ministers, Joseph, William, and Franklin. 
 
 VALLET, PETER, an eminent merchant of 
 New York, died in 1753. Born in France, he 
 fled to this country from religious intolerance, 
 and was one of the supporters of the old French 
 church in New York. 
 
 VAN ALSTYNE, JACOB, died in Fonda, N. Y., 
 May 11, 1844, aged 95. He was a soldier of the 
 Revolution. 
 
 VAN ARSDALE, ELIAS, LL. D., died at 
 Newark, N. J., in 1846, aged 75, a distinguished 
 member of the bar, long president of the State 
 bank at N. 
 
 VAN BUREN, JOHN, died in Kingston, N. Y., 
 in 1855, one of the oldest lawyers of Ulster bar. 
 He was a member of congress from 1841 to 1843. 
 
 VANCE, JOSEPH, governor of Ohio, died near 
 Alabama, Ohio, in 1852. He was an old resident 
 in the State ; was a member of congress from 
 1821 to 1835, and governor in 1836. 
 
 VAN DER HEYDEN, JACOB D.,the patroon 
 of Troy, N. Y., died in 1809, aged 50. 
 
 VAN DER KEMP, FRANCIS ADRIAN, LL.D., 
 died at Trenton, N. Y., in 1829, at an advanced 
 age. He was a native of Holland and a man of 
 literature. 
 
 VANDERLYN, PETER, Dr., died at Kingston, 
 N. Y.,in 1802. 
 
 VANDERLYN, JOHN, an excellent painter, 
 died in Kingston, N. Y., his native place, Sept. 
 23, 1852, aged 76. From 1796 he remained in 
 Paris five years. His first historical composition 
 was the murder of Miss McCrea by the Indians. 
 Marius on the ruins of Carthage was his master- 
 
808 
 
 VAN DYCK. 
 
 VAN RENSSELAER. 
 
 piece; it was removed to Paris in 1808. He 
 made many copies from Correggio, Titian, and 
 other old masters, as theDanae, the Antiope, etc. 
 He returned in 1815. His panoramic exhibitions 
 proved unsuccessful and occasioned pecuniary 
 embarrassments. In 1832 the government em 
 ployed him to paint a full length portrait of 
 Washington for the representatives hall. For a 
 panel in the rotunda of the capitol, he also painted 
 the landing of Columbus. He at last exhibited 
 a full length picture of Gen. Taylor. His two 
 prints of the falls of Niagara were published in 
 1805. 
 
 VAN DYCK, ABRAHAM, a distinguished law 
 yer, died at Coxsackie, N. Y., in 1835, aged 56. 
 
 VANE, Sir HENRY, governor of Massachu 
 setts, was born in England about 1612, and edu 
 cated at Oxford. He then went to Geneva, 
 where he became a republican, and found argu 
 ments against the established church. After his 
 return to London, as his nonconformity displeased 
 the bishop, he came to New England in the be 
 ginning of 1635. In the next year, though he 
 was only twenty-four years of age, he was chosen 
 governor ; but, attaching himself to the party of 
 Mrs. Hutchinson, he was in 1637 superseded by 
 Gov. Winthrop. He soon returned to England, 
 where he joined the party against the king, 
 though he was opposed to the usurpation of 
 Cromwell. In 1651 he was a commissioner to 
 Scotland. Mackintosh declared, that he pos 
 sessed one of the most profound minds, not infe 
 rior, perhaps, to Bacon s. Milton addressed a 
 beautiful sonnet to him. His life, by C. W. Up- 
 ham, is in library of American biography, vol. IV. 
 After the restoration he was tried for high trea 
 son, and beheaded June 14, 1662, aged 50. He 
 published a number of speeches ; the retired 
 man s meditations, or the mystery and power of 
 godliness, showing forth the living word, etc., 4to., 
 1655; a healing question, 1656; a needful cor 
 rective, or balance in popular government ; the 
 love of God and union with God ; an epistle gen 
 eral to the mystical body of Christ, etc., 1662 ; 
 the face of the times, or the enmity between the 
 seed of the woman and of the serpent, 1662; 
 meditations concerning man s life ; meditations 
 on death ; and a number of political tracts, and 
 pieces relating to his trial. 
 
 VAN GELDER, Mr., died at Pinotaway town, 
 N. J., Feb. 28, 1818, aged 116 years. 
 
 VANIIINING, HENRY, died in Norton, Ohio, 
 in 18-40, aged 102; a soldier of the Revolution, 
 an early settler of O. 
 
 VAN HORN, JOHN, Dr., of Springfield, Mass., 
 died in 1805, aged 78. 
 
 VAN IIOIINE, ABRAHAM, minister at Fonda, 
 N. Y., died in 1840; forty years pastor of the 
 Dutch church. 
 
 VAN HORNE, JOHN P., died at New York 
 
 in March, 1854, leaving in legacies 70,000 dollars, 
 and the residue of his estate, about 150,000 dol 
 lars, to the bible society. 
 
 VAN LENNEP, EMMA L., wife of a mission 
 ary, died in Smyrna Sept. 12, 1840, aged 20. 
 She was the daughter of Henry Bliss of Putney, 
 Vt., and West Springfield, Mass., and sailed for 
 Smyrna in Dec., 1839. Among her last words, 
 she said, " Christ is sufficient." 
 
 VAN LENNEP, MARY E., Mrs., wife of Henry 
 Van Lennep, missionary at Constantinople, died 
 Sept. 27, 1844. She was the only daughter of Rev. 
 Dr. Hawes of Hartford, Conn., married in 1843. 
 Her sickness was the typhus fever. A memoir 
 of her by her mother was published in 1847. 
 She left this country in Oct., 1843. She rejoiced 
 in the privilege of being a missionary. In her 
 last morning, unable to speak, she yet "- whis 
 pered words of strong hope and joyful expecta 
 tion." 
 
 VAN NESS, WILLIAM W., judge, the son of 
 Wm. W. V., who died in 1821, aged 83, was born 
 at Claverack, N. Y., in 1775, and practised law 
 at Hudson. He was a judge of the supreme 
 court of New York from 1807 till his resignation 
 May 1, 1822, when he returned to the bar at New 
 York. Repairing to the south for his health, 
 he died at Charleston, Feb. 28, 1823, aged 47. 
 His eldest daughter married Henry Livingston. 
 Without any peculiar advantages of education or 
 patronage he rose to distinction by the force of 
 his talents. He was a learned, impartial, re 
 spected judge. In his manners he was courteous, 
 and in private life he was amiable and beloved. 
 He died as a Christian, invoking the mercy of the 
 Saviour of sinners. At a meeting of the bar in 
 New York, Mr. Jay and Mr. Griffin described 
 his eminent and excellent character. 
 
 VAN NESS, JOHN P., general, died at Wash 
 ington March 7, 1846, aged 76. A native of 
 New York, he married a daughter of David Burns, 
 who inherited a fortune in Washington. To the 
 improvement of the city he much contributed. 
 He presented a lot for a church in 1845. He 
 was a member of congress. 
 
 VAN NESS, CORNELIUS P., governor of Ver 
 mont, died in Philadelphia Dec. 16, 1852, aged 
 71. He had been collector of Burlington, chief 
 justice, and governor of Vermont ; minister to 
 Spain nine years ; and collector of the port of New 
 York. 
 
 VAN NEST, PETER, died in Pemberton, N. J., 
 Sept. 17, 1850. He had been a Methodist itin 
 erant minister fifty-four years. 
 
 VAN RENSSELAER, JEREMIAH, the founder 
 of the family of that name in the State of New 
 York, a man of wealth and a director of the 
 Dutch West India company, emigrated to New 
 York about 1660. Others of the same name 
 emigrated about the same time. He brought out 
 
VAN RENSSELAER. 
 
 settlers from Holland and purchased of the In 
 dians an extensive tract around Albany. The 
 purchase was confirmed by the Dutch govern 
 ment and a patent was obtained. After Nicolls 
 conquest of the Dutch settlements in 1664, the 
 duke of York granted another patent, which was 
 confirmed by Queen Anne, giving the right of 
 holding courts and of sending a representative 
 to the assembly. By one of the family the manor 
 was accordingly represented till the Revolution. 
 His lands have descended from generation to gen 
 eration, and are now held by the heirs of his 
 descendant, Stephen Van II., formerly lieutenant- 
 governor of New York. 
 
 VAN RENSSELAER, JEREMIAH, a patriot 
 of the Revolution, and lieutenant-governor of 
 New Y T ork, was for some years a member of con 
 gress.- He died at Albany Feb. 22, 1810, aged 
 69. 
 
 VAN RENSSELAER, HENRY K., general, a 
 patriot of the Revolution, was a colonel in the 
 army of the United States, and afterwards gen 
 eral of the militia of New York. At the cap 
 ture of Burgoyne he was wounded. For his 
 services he received a pension from his country. 
 He died at Albany in Sept., 1816, aged 72. His 
 son, Solomon Van R., was adjutant-general of 
 New York in 1809. 
 
 VAN RENSSELAER, PHILIP S., mayor of 
 Albany, was elected in 1798, and amidst all the 
 changes of party was annually reflected, except 
 ing in two years, till 1823. For twenty-three 
 years he was a faithful chief magistrate of the 
 city, assiduous in promoting its moral and politi 
 cal interests. He died Sept. 25, 1824, aged 58. 
 He was a much respected and useful citizen. Of 
 the Albany bible society he was at the time of 
 his death the president, and a trustee of Union 
 college. He was the principal founder of the 
 Albany academy, and of the Lancaster school so 
 ciety. His fortune and talents were employed 
 for the promotion of benevolent objects. In his 
 death, while the poor lost their best friend, the 
 church was deprived of an exemplary member. 
 
 VAN RENSSELAER, STEPHEN, LL. D., 
 major-general, died at Albany Jan. 16, 1839, 
 aged 74. He was born in New York in Nov., 
 1764, and graduated at Cambridge in 1782. He 
 was six years lieutenant-governor of New York ; 
 a member of congress from 1822 to 1829; was 
 appointed in 1810 one of the canal commissioners. 
 In the war of 1812 he commanded on the Niag 
 ara frontier. He was called the patroon ; a title, 
 like that of seignior in Lower Canada, denoting 
 the proprietor of large estates in lands. He Ava? 
 the fifth in descent from Kilian Van R., the origi 
 nal proprietor in 1637 of a territory forty-eight 
 miles long and twenty-four broad. He was the 
 friend of Washington, Hamilton, and Jay. He 
 102 
 
 VAN WART. 
 
 809 
 
 was munificent in deeds of benevolence and in 
 the promotion of learning. 
 
 VAN RENSSELAER, WILLIAM K., died in 
 New York June 18, 1845, aged 82. He was a 
 member of congress ten years, but lived in retire 
 ment his last twenty years ; and was a man much 
 respected. 
 
 VAN RENSSELAER, NICHOLAS, colonel, 
 died at Albany March 29, 1848, aged 93. He 
 was a soldier with Montgomery at Quebec, and 
 also at Ticonderoga. 
 
 VAN RENSSELAER, SOLOMON, general, 
 died near Albany April 23, 1852, aged 78. He 
 was the son of Gen. H. Iv. Van R., a soldier ; 
 and served under Wayne in 1794, and was 
 wounded through the lungs. He was adjutant- 
 general of New York, and a member of con- 
 ress. 
 
 VAN SANTVOORDT, CORNELIUS, was born 
 at Leyden in 1687. A call being sent from Staten 
 Island to Holland for a minister, who was able 
 and willing to preach in the French and Low 
 Dutch languages, he declared his acceptance of 
 it, and entered upon the duties of his office in 1718. 
 He labored at Staten Island about twenty-two 
 years. In 1740 he was removed to Scheneetady, 
 where he continued in the exercise of his ministry 
 until his decease Jan. 6, 1752, old style, aged 65. 
 He was a man of talents, learning, and piety, and 
 sound in the doctrines of grace. While on Staten 
 island he preached in French and Low Dutch. 
 He published, it is believed, in Low Dutch, an 
 anonymous conciliatory pamphlet on the Freigh- 
 linghuisen controversy about the year 1725 ; and 
 a translation in the same language of John a 
 Marck s Latin exposition of the Apocalypse, Ley- 
 den, 4to., 1736. 
 
 VAN SINDEREN, ADRIAN, a merchant in 
 New York, died in Brooklyn in 1843. His father 
 was a minister of the Dutch church in King s 
 county, N. Y. Having acquired a competence, 
 he retired to Newtown ; then to Brooklyn. In 
 both places he was an eminently worthy citizen 
 and useful Christian, munificent and active. 
 He was president of the seamen s friend society, 
 and twenty-eight years of the Long Island bible 
 society. 
 
 VAN VLECK, JACOB, a Moravian minister, 
 died at Bethlehem, Pa., in 1831, aged 80. 
 
 VAN VOAST, JOHN J., died in Glenville, 
 N. Y., in 1844 aged 103. 
 
 VAN VRANCKEN, NICHOLAS, minister of 
 the Dutch churches of Fishkill, Hopewell, and 
 New Hackensack, N. Y., died May 20, 1804, 
 aged 42. He was an excellent man, greatly be 
 loved. 
 
 VAN WART, ISAAC, colonel, one of the cap 
 tors, with Paulding and Williams, of Andre , was 
 born at Greensburgh, Westchester county, N. Y., 
 
810 
 
 VAN ZUREN. 
 
 VAUGIIAN. 
 
 in 1748, and died at his residence in the town of 
 Mount Pleasant May 23, 1828, aged 80. He was 
 a worthy man, sober, industrious, moral, and re 
 ligious, and much respected in his neighborhood. 
 His account of the capture of Andre was this : 
 He was at the encampment at North Castle, 
 where Col. Jameson commanded, when Paulding 
 proposed to go on a scout below. They started 
 in the afternoon, and Williams joined them. At 
 Mount Pleasant they passed the night in a barn. 
 The next morning at nine o clock they lay in wait 
 on the North river post-road, in a field, now the 
 property of Mr. Wiley, three-quarters of a mile 
 from Tarrytown. He was sentinel, lying in the 
 bushes by the fence, while the others played 
 cards. In thirty minutes, seeing a man riding a 
 black horse on the rising ground, opposite Tar 
 rytown academy, he summoned his companions 
 to take their firelocks and stand by the fence. 
 Having captured Andre, they took off his boots 
 and found the papers in his silk stockings. In 
 conveying him to the encampment, they allowed 
 him to ride, but avoided the highway ; " big 
 drops of sweat kept falling from his face." He 
 once expressed a wish that they had blown his 
 brains out when they stopped him. Having ar 
 rived at Sands mills, ten miles from the place 
 of capture, they surrendered him to Col. Jameson. 
 
 VAN ZUIIEN, CASPER, was a Dutch minister 
 on Long Island before 1677. 
 
 VARICK, RICHARD, colonel, third president 
 of the American bible society, was born in 1752. 
 In 1783 he was one of Washington s military 
 family, being recording secretary. He was a 
 mayor of the city of New York in 1789 ; also so 
 late as 1801, when he was removed and Edward 
 Livingston appointed in his place. After Mr. 
 Jay, who succeeded Mr. Boudinot, he was elected 
 president of the bible society. He died at Jer 
 sey city July 30, 1831, aged 79. His life was 
 upright. For many years he was a member of a 
 Christian church. In his manners he was dig 
 nified, and fixed in his principles, political and 
 religious. 
 
 VARNUM, JAMES MITCHELL, general, a sol 
 dier of the Revolution, died at Marietta, Ohio, 
 Jan. 10, 1789, aged 40. He was the son of Jo 
 seph and grandson of Sam. V., who came from 
 Wales to this country in 1649 and settled in Dra- 
 cut, Mass. He was born in 1749, and graduated 
 at Providence college in the first class in 1769, 
 and afterwards studied law and resided at East 
 Greenwich. In Feb., 1777, he was appointed a 
 brigadier-general in the army of the United 
 States. In Nov., he commanded at Red Bank, 
 and served under Sullivan in Rhode Island in 
 Aug., 1778, but resigned in 1779. In 1786 he 
 was a delegate to congress, and in Oct., 1787, 
 was appointed a judge of the Northwestern Ter 
 ritory. A letter to his wife, on the value of relig 
 
 ion, is in Massachusetts magazine, Nov., 1790. 
 She was Martha Childe, of Warren, and died at 
 the age of 88, leaving no children. An account 
 of her life is in Hildreth s biographical memoirs. 
 
 VARNUM, JOSEPH BRADLEY, general, a sol 
 dier of the Revolution, brother of the preceding, 
 was born about 17.30, and resided at Dracut. 
 After the adoption of the constitution he was 
 elected a member of congress, in which body he 
 remained twelve years. He was the speaker four 
 years. Of Mr. Jefferson s administration he was 
 a zealous supporter. In 1811 he succeeded Mr. 
 Pickering as senator of the United States. Of 
 three conventions of Massachusetts he was a use 
 ful member. He died suddenly Sept. 11,1821, 
 aged 71, being then major-general of a division 
 of the militia. 
 
 VASSALL, WILLIAM, an associate in the 
 charter of Massachusetts, came over at the settle 
 ment; but returned to England in 1631. He 
 again came and settled at Scituatc in 1630 ; 
 thence he went to Barbadocs, where he died. 
 Lewis, John, and William, graduates of Harvard 
 in 1728, 1732, 1733, were his descendants. 
 Eliot s Biog. 
 
 VAUDREUIL, MARQUIS DE, governor of Can 
 ada, received the government of Montreal in 
 1689, and in 1703 succeeded to the govern 
 ment of the whole province of Canada. He con 
 tinued in this office till his death Oct. 10, 1725. 
 His administration was distinguished by vigilance, 
 firmness, and success. He was succeeded by the 
 Chevalier de Bcauharnois, who sent one of his 
 officers to penetrate to the south sea. This object 
 was effected. 
 
 VAUGHAN, WILLIAM, poet and physician, 
 died about 1640, aged 63. He came from Wales 
 to Newfoundland. He published the golden 
 fleece, in prose and verse, 1626; and church mil 
 itant, a poem, in 1640. Cycl. of Amcr. Lit. 
 
 VAUGHAN, WILLIAM, Dr., chief justice of 
 New Hampshire, died at Portsmouth in 1719, 
 aged about 70. His wife was Margaret, daughter 
 of Richard Cutt. His son George, a graduate of 
 Harvard in 1696, was lieutenant-governor of 
 New Hampshire. Belknap ; Farmer. 
 
 VAUGHAN, JOHN, M. D., died in Delaware 
 in 1807, aged 31. lie was the son of John, a 
 Baptist minister in Chester county, Penn., and 
 .studied at Philadelphia. In 1799 he settled 
 at Wilmington, Del. He soon gained a high 
 reputation, was the friend of great men, and 
 a member of various societies. From 1806 he 
 occasionally preached the gospel to his Baptist 
 brethren. He published an edition of Smith s 
 letters ; numerous communications to the medi 
 cal museum, and New York medical repository ; 
 observations on animal electricity, in favor of 
 Perkins tractors, 1797. 
 
 VAUGHAN, BENJAMIN, LL. D., died at Hal- 
 
VAUGHAN. 
 
 VOSE. 
 
 811 
 
 lowcll Doc. 8, 1835, aged 84. His father was a 
 wealthy planter in Jamaica, whence he removed 
 to London. At the age of sixteen he was placed 
 under the instruction of Dr. Priestley. He then 
 went to Cambridge, and studied law and medi 
 cine. In politics he was the associate of Frank 
 lin, Priestley, and Price. In 1792 he was a mem 
 ber of parliament. In 1797 he came to Maine. 
 lie had a fine library, a part of which he liber 
 ally gave to Bowdoin college. He was a man 
 of learning, devoted to scientific and literary pur 
 suits ; he was also social, courteous, hospitable, 
 and benevolent. 
 
 VAUGHAN, CHARLES, died at Hallowell, 
 Me., in 1839, aged 87. The brother of Benja 
 min, he was born in England. He was a man of 
 knowledge, and made efforts for the improvement 
 of agriculture. His brother, John, died in Phila 
 delphia in 1841, aged 85 ; secretary of the Amer 
 ican philosophical society, a much respected citi 
 zen, at whose decease an aged brother was living 
 in London. 
 
 VAUX, ROBERTS, died at Philadelphia Jan. 
 7, 1836, a member of the society of Friends. 
 He was a justice of the court of common pleas ; 
 and long distinguished for his zeal in promoting 
 philosophy, education, and human improvement. 
 
 VEAZIE, SAMUEL, minister of Duxbury, Mass., 
 died in 1797, aged 86. He graduated at Har 
 vard in 1736. He was pastor from 1739 to 
 1750, and was succeeded by C. Turner. His pre 
 decessor was John Itobinson. The earlier preach 
 ers were Brewster, Partridge, Holmes, and Wis- 
 wall. After Turner were Sanger and Allyn. 
 He was pastor of Hull from 1753 to 1767 ; and 
 it is believed that he was afterwards a teacher 
 many years, and died at Harpswell or Brunswick, 
 Me. 
 
 VENABLE, ABRAHAM B., a senator of the 
 United States from Virginia, perished with Gov. 
 Smith and about seventy others, principally fe 
 males, in the conflagration of the theatre at 
 Richmond, Dec. 26, 1811. Mr. Bott, a lawyer, 
 and his wife, Miss Almerine Marshall, daughter 
 of Chief Justice M., and Miss Clay, daughter of 
 a member of congress, were among the victims. 
 
 VEXXER, THOMAS, a conspirator against 
 Cromwell, was a wine-cooper in Boston. Going 
 to England, he was in 1657 at the head of a fa 
 natical company of insurgents. Brought before 
 the protector, he behaved with pride, insolence, 
 and railing. He again led out a rabble of forty 
 men, and was, in Jan., 1661, drawn and quar 
 tered. 
 
 VERGXIES, FRANCIS, Dr., died at Newbury- 
 port in 1830, aged 83. 
 
 VIGXEROX, CHARLES ANTHONY, Dr., a Ger 
 man, an eminent physician of Newport, R. I., 
 died about 1760 or 1770, aged over 100. He 
 was learned and popular, and practised till near 
 
 the close of his life. Dr. Hooper was his con- 
 temporary. 
 
 V1GO, FRANCIS, colonel, a patriot worthy of 
 remembrance, died in Knox county, Ind., March 
 22, 1836, aged upwards of 90. A native of Sar 
 dinia, he in early life emigrated : having amassed 
 a fortune, he applied the whole of it to supply 
 the starving army of Gen. George Rogers Clark 
 at the west. For many years he in consequence 
 lived in comparative indigence. At last two 
 friends prosecuted his claims for him, and were 
 allowed, just before his death, 30,000 dollars for 
 money and supplies to the Virginia troops. 
 
 VINAL, WILLIAM, minister of Newport, R. I., 
 died in 1781, aged 63. Born in Boston, he grad 
 uated at Harvard in 1739, and was pastor from 
 1746 to 1768. Dr. Hopkins succeeded the next 
 year. His predecessors were John Clarke, N. 
 Clapp, J. Gardner, and J. Helyer. 
 
 VINCEXT, PHILIP, a minister in England, 
 made a visit to this country in 1637, and pub 
 lished the true relation of the battle between 
 the English and the Pequots, 1638. It is re 
 printed in the Massachusetts historical collections, 
 vol. VI., third series. Joseph Hunter s letter 
 concerning it is in historical collections, 4th se 
 ries, vol. I. 
 
 VIXCEXT, JOHN, captain, an Indian, died at 
 Parkerstown, Vt., in Aug., 1810, aged 95. Born 
 at Loretto, Canada, he had a command in the 
 Cagnawaga tribe. He was present at Braddock s 
 defeat. In the Revolutionary war he joined the 
 Americans, believing the Great Spirit was with 
 Washington, whom his young warriors could not 
 hit, when Braddock was killed. He piloted our 
 troops through Maine to Quebec. He was a 
 Catholic, and kept a French bible, and was not 
 negligent of daily worship. He was a pensioner 
 of Vermont. 
 
 VINCENT, Louis, an Indian chief, was edu 
 cated at Moor s school and at Dartmouth college, 
 where he was graduated in a class of four in 
 1781. In the preceding year Peter Pohquon- 
 noppeet, a Stockbridge Indian, was graduated. 
 Vincent was one of the chiefs of the Hurons or 
 Wyandots near Quebec. In his last years he was 
 a schoolmaster. He died at Loretto, Canada, 
 in May, 1825, aged about 65. His son, a grand 
 chief, was then in England. 
 
 VINCENT, JOSEPH, a soldier of the Revolu 
 tion, died at Salem, Mass., Nov., 1832, aged 96. 
 
 VIXTON, JOHN R., major, was killed at the 
 siege of Vera Cruz March 22, 1847, aged 46 ; a 
 soldier, scholar, and Christian. Born in Provi 
 dence, R. I., he served in the Florida war. 
 
 VINTON, ANNE ADAMS, relict of Josiah V., 
 died in Braintree Dec. 18, 1851, aged 95; a de 
 scendant of John Alden, and a Christian. 
 
 VOSE, JOHN, died in Atkinson, N. II., March 
 31, 1840, aged 73 ; a graduate of Dartmouth in 
 
812 
 
 WABAN. 
 
 WADSWORTH. 
 
 1795. He was the son of Samuel of Bedford, 
 who was the son of Robert of Milton, Muss. , 
 The earlier ancestors were Henry and Thomas, 
 and llobert, from Lancashire in 1G33, who had a 
 farm in that part of Dorchester which is now 
 Milton. For twenty-one years he was the learned 
 preceptor of Atkinson academy; then eleven 
 years of Pembroke academy. As a senator and 
 in other public trusts he was faithful ; a friend of 
 temperance and of Sunday schools ; an exem 
 plary Christian. He published a phi beta kappa 
 oration, 1805 ; on 4th of July, 1809; on agricul 
 ture, 1813; a system of astronomy, 1827; and a 
 compendium, 1832 ; original works. N. 77. Re 
 pository, July, 1846. 
 
 WABAN, an Indian, welcomed Mr. Eliot to 
 his wigwam in Newton, Oct. 28, 1646, when he 
 first preached to the Indians, and became an em 
 inent Christian and a useful magistrate. Remov 
 ing to a tract of three thousand acres in Natick, 
 the Indians cultivated the land and were much 
 civilized. He died in 1674, aged 70. One of his 
 exhortations is preserved in Neal s history. As 
 to his views of administering justice, it is said 
 that, when asked by a younger justice, " When 
 Indians get drunk and quarrel, what you do den ? " 
 He replied, " Hah ! tie um all up, and whip um 
 plaintiff, and whip um fcndant, and whip um wit 
 ness ! " The following is the form of a warrant 
 he issued : " You, you big constable, quick you 
 catch um Jeremiah OfFscow, strong you hold um, 
 safe you bring um afore me. Waban, justice 
 peace." This is similar to the warrant mentioned by 
 Judge* Davis : " I Hihoudi, you Peter Waterman, 
 Jeremy Wicket : Quick you take him, fast you 
 hold him, straight you bring . him before me, 
 Hihoudi." This simplification of legal writings 
 rather exceeds the proposed improvements of 
 modern reformers of law. 
 
 WADE, JOHN, first minister of South Ber 
 wick, Me., died in 1703, aged about 30. He gradu 
 ated at Harvard in 1693, and was settled in 1702. 
 He was succeeded by J. Wise. 
 
 WADE, DAVID E., died at Cincinnati in 1842, 
 aged 80. A native of New Jersey, he was one 
 of the first settlers of C. ; he helped to found the 
 first church, of which he was forty years an elder, 
 and lived to see fifty churches spring up in the 
 fifty years of his residence at C. 
 
 WADE, RICHARD D. A., lieutenant-colonel of 
 U. S. artillery, died in Portsmouth, N. H., in 
 1850. He fought in Florida and Mexico. 
 
 WADDELL, JAMES, D. D., the eloquent 
 blind minister of Virginia, died Sept. 17, 1805, 
 aged 66. Born in Ireland in 1739, he was edu 
 cated by Dr. Finley in Pennsylvania; in 1762 
 he became pastor of Lancaster and Northumber 
 land ; in 1775 he removed to the church of Tink 
 ling Spring in Augusta county, west side of the 
 Blue Ridge, Va. His last removal was to an 
 
 estate, called Hopewell, in the northeast corner 
 of Albemarle county, on the east side of the Blue 
 Ridge, adjoining Orange and Louisa counties, Va. 
 At this, his home, he died. lie was a man of 
 great learning and eloquence, arousing the deep 
 est sympathies. For some years he was blind 
 by cataracts. By couching he recovered the sight 
 of one eye. His daughter, Janetta, who married 
 Rev. Dr. Alexander, was accustomed to read 
 Latin to him. In regard to his preaching, 
 Mr. Wirt speaks of entering his old, decayed 
 house of worship in the forest. He was struck 
 with the appearance of a blind, tall, very spare 
 old man, whose head, covered with a white linen 
 cap, whose shriveled hands and voice, were all 
 shaking under the influence of the palsy. His 
 subject was the passion of the Saviour, and the 
 sacrament was to be administered. As he de 
 scended from the pulpit to distribute the symbols, 
 the bread and wine, there was a deep solemnity 
 in his appearance. He then drew a picture of 
 the sufferings of our Saviour ; of his trial before 
 Pilate, of his ascent to Calvary, of his crucifixion 
 and death. His voice trembled on every sylla 
 ble, and every heart trembled in unison. He 
 presented the original scene to the eyes of the 
 assembly, and all were indignant. He touched 
 upon the patience and the forgiving meekness of 
 the Redeemer, and as he represented his eyes 
 lifted in tears to heaven for man, and his voice 
 breathing a prayer for the pardon of his murder 
 ers, the voice of the preacher, which had all along 
 faltered, grew fainter and fainter, until, his utter 
 ance being completely broken, he raised his 
 handkerchief to his eyes and burst into a loud 
 and irresistible flood of grief. The groans and 
 sobs of the congregation mingled in sympathy. 
 When he was enabled to proceed, he broke the 
 awful silence in a manner which did not impair 
 the dignity and solemnity of the subject. Re 
 moving his white handkerchief from his aged 
 face, wet with tears, and slowly stretching forth 
 the palsied hand which held it, he said, adopt 
 ing the words of Rousseau, " locrates died like 
 a philosopher ; " then pausing, raising his ether 
 hand, pressing both, as clasped together, with 
 warmth and energy to his breast, lifting his sight 
 less eye-balls to heaveii, and pouring his soul 
 into his tremulous voice, he added, " but Jesus 
 Christ like a God ! " British Spy in Va.; Evan. 
 Intel, March, 1808; N. Y. Spectator, Oct. 19, 
 1805. 
 
 WADSWORTH, SAMUEL, captain, of Milton, 
 was killed with Lieut. Sharp and twenty-six sol 
 diers by the Indians at Sudbury, April 18, 1676. 
 His son, President W., erected a monument in 
 S. to his memory. 
 
 WADSWORTH, BENJAMIN, president of Har 
 vard college, died March 16, 1737, aged 67 ; the 
 son of Capt. Samuel W., he was born at Milton, 
 
WADSWORTH. 
 
 WAINWRIGHT. 
 
 813 
 
 and was graduated at Harvard in 1690, and was 
 ordained minister of the first church in Boston, 
 as colleague with Mr. Allen, Sept. 8, 1696. Here 
 he continued till his election as the successor of 
 President Leverett. Into this office he was in 
 ducted July 7, 1725, Mr. Foxcroft, his colleague, 
 remaining in the church at Boston. His succes 
 sor was President Holyoke. His learning was 
 considerable, and he was most pious, humble, 
 prudent, and a very pathetic and excellent 
 preacher. A tenth part of his income he de 
 voted to charitable uses. He published artillery 
 election sermon, 1790 ; exhortations to early 
 piety, 1702 ; three sermons, 1706; on the day of 
 judgment, 1709 ; on assembling at the house of 
 God, 1710; the well ordered family, 1712; five 
 sermons ; advice to the sick and well ; explana 
 tion of assembly s catechism, 1714; invitation to 
 the gospel feast in eleven sermons, 12mo. ; saint s 
 prayer to escape temptation ; on the death of I. 
 Addington, 1715; of President Leverett ; elec 
 tion sermon, 1716; twelve sermons, 1717; zeal 
 against flagrant wickedness ; essay for spreading 
 the gospel into ignorant places, 8vo., 1718; 
 Christ s fan is in his hand ; imitation of Christ a 
 Christian duty, 1722; a dialogue on the Lord s 
 supper, 1724; it is honorable not shameful to 
 suffer, 1725 ; the benefits of a good and mischiefs 
 of an evil conscience, in fourteen sermons; none 
 but the righteous saved. Sprague. 
 
 WADSWORTH, DANIEL, minister of Hart 
 ford, Conn., died in 1747, aged about 41. He 
 graduated at Yale in 1726, and succeeded T. 
 Woodbridge in 1732. His successors were E. 
 Dorr, N. Strong, J. Hawes. 
 
 WADSWORTH, JEREMIAH, of Connecticut, 
 commissary-general during the greater part of 
 the Revolutionary war, died at Hartford in 1804, 
 aged 60. He was a member of congress. 
 
 WADSWORTH, JAMES, general, died at 
 Durham, Conn., in 1817, aged 88. 
 
 WADSWORTH, BENJAMIN, D. D., minister 
 of Danvers, Mass., was born in Milton July 29, 
 1750 ; graduated at Harvard college in 1769 ; 
 was ordained in 1773; and died in Jan., 1826, 
 aged 75, in the fifty-fourth year of his ministry. 
 He was eminently pious, and a prudent, faithful 
 minister. He published a sermon at the ordina 
 tion of J. Badcock, 1783; at thanksgiving, 1795 
 and 1796; eulogy on Washington ; at a dedica 
 tion, 1807 ; before a society for suppressing in 
 temperance, 1815; to bible society; at installa 
 tion of M. Dow ; on death of S. Holten, 1816. 
 
 WADSWORTH, PELEG, major-general, a sol 
 dier of the Revolution, died in Nov., 1829, aged 
 about 80. He was graduated at Harvard col 
 lege in 1769. In 1780 he was sent from Boston 
 to command in the district of Maine. In Feb., 
 1781, a party of the enemy captured him in his 
 own house, and conveyed him to Bagaduce or 
 
 Castine. From his prison in the fort he and 
 Major Burton effected their escape in June, by 
 most extraordinary efforts, crossed the Penob- 
 scot in a canoe, and travelled through the wilder 
 ness to St. Georges. Of his captivity and escape 
 Dr. Dwight gives a long account in the second 
 volume of his travels. For many years he was 
 a member of congress from Cumberland district. 
 He died at Hiram, Me. His son, Lieut. Henry 
 W., was blown up in a fire-ship in the harbor of 
 Tripoli, with Capt. Somers, Midshipman Izard, 
 and a few men, in Sept., 1804. 
 
 WADSWORTH, WILLIAM, general, died at 
 Genesee, N. Y., in Feb., 1833 ; an early settler in 
 western New York. 
 
 WADSWORTH, JAMES, died at Gencsco, 
 N. Y., in 1844, aged 76. A native of Durham, 
 Conn., he graduated at Yale in 1787. Associated 
 with his brother, he purchased a large tract of 
 land on the Genesee river, and thus became a 
 man of great wealth, of which he made a gener 
 ous use in promoting the diffusion of knowledge. 
 He endowed the first normal school in the State 
 of New York. 
 
 WADSWORTH, DANIEL, died in Hartford, 
 Conn., July 28, 1848, aged nearly 77. He was 
 the son of Col. Jeremiah II., the principal founder 
 of the Wadsworth athenaeum in Hartford. He 
 also built a tower and country-seat on Talcott s 
 mountain, which he left to the public. His pic 
 ture gallery he gave to the city of Hartford. 
 Though his property amounted to 300,000 dol 
 lars, he left nothing to any of the great charitable 
 and religious societies. S. G. Goodrich says the 
 elegant seat of Talcott s mountain is now occu 
 pied by a thriving manufacturer of axes. His 
 wife was a daughter of the second Gov. Trum- 
 bull. Goodrich s Recollections. 
 
 WAGGAMAN, GEORGE A., died at New Or 
 leans March 23, 1843, aged 53. He had been 
 secretary of State and a senator of the United 
 States; yet, if he may be justly termed a fool 
 for being killed in a duel, what term may be ap 
 plied to the ruler of a people who sacrifices one 
 hundred thousand lives in a war not defensive 
 and not needful ? 
 
 WAGNER, JOHN, Dr., died at Charleston, 
 S. C., in 1841, aged about 48. He graduated at 
 Yale in 1812, and then studied medicine in New 
 York, London, and Paris. He was an eminent 
 surgeon. In 1829 he was a professor in the med 
 ical college, and in 1832 was appointed to the 
 chair of surgery. Much suffering by disease 
 was his lot in life. Williams Med. Eiocj. 
 
 WAINWRIGHT, ARTHUR, D. D., died at 
 Pottsville, Penn., in 1839. 
 
 WAINWRIGHT, Dr., died in New York of 
 the bite of a rattlesnake, Dec. 9, 1847, aged 36. 
 He was the son of a banker in London, and had 
 been some years in extensive practice in New 
 
WALNWRIGHT. 
 
 WALDRON. 
 
 York. The snake was received from a brother- 
 in-law in Alabama ; he was carelessly handled by 
 the doctor, his fangs entering between his rin 
 gers. The flesh near the wound was cut out, and 
 several doctors lent their aid vainly. As his arm 
 swelled, he begged an amputation, but it was 
 refused. As he was near his end, the pain leav 
 ing his hand and arm, the ease creeping upward, 
 he said : " This is horrible ! to know that death 
 is feeling his way to my vitals. That arm is dead 
 already! and" placing the other hand at his 
 heart " the destroyer will soon be HERE ! " These 
 words are fearfully monitory to the sinner. The 
 religious character of Dr. "W. is not known ; but 
 the dying sinner, impenitent and unbelieving, will 
 have reason to lay his hand upon his heart and 
 to cry out in anguish and horror, " The de 
 stroyer will soon be here ! " 
 
 WAINWRIGHT, JONATHAN MATHEW, D. D., 
 bishop in New York, died Sept. 21, 1854, aged 
 62. He was a grandson of J. Mayhew, and son 
 of Peter W. of Boston. He graduated at Har 
 vard in 1812. His ministerial labors began in 
 1819 in Hartford. He was afterwards rector of 
 Grace church in New York, and Trinity church 
 in Boston. He became bishop in 1852. He 
 published a sermon before the foreign missionary 
 society of the Episcopal church, 1848. 
 
 WAITE, BENJAMIN, M. D., died at South 
 Kingston, R. L, in 1811, aged 85. Besides be 
 ing a skilful physician, he was forty-five years a 
 Baptist minister in the town of his residence. 
 
 WAKELEY, ABEL, a soldier of the Revolu 
 tion, died in Greenville, Greene county, N. Y., in 
 1850, aged 89. He was born in Roxbury, Conn. 
 He served during the whole war, and was in the 
 front rank in the storming of the redoubt at 
 Yorktown. He was also a soldier of the Cross, 
 for more than half a century a member of the 
 church of which Beriah Hotchkin was the pastor. 
 N. Y. Observer, April 27. 
 
 WALDO, SAMUEL, brigadier-general, died in 
 stantly of the apoplexy on the Penobscot, May 
 23, 1759, aged 63. He was the son of Jonathan 
 W., a wealthy merchant of Boston, who died in 
 1731. There were in his life remarkable coinci 
 dences with the life of his friend, Sir William 
 Pepperrell. They lived in Maine and were rich 
 bachelors ; they were councillors together ; they 
 commanded regiments and were together at Lou- 
 isburg ; they passed a year together in England ; 
 they were born the same year and died nearly at 
 the same time. He lived, when in Maine, at 
 Falmouth. He was an accomplished man, active 
 and enterprising ; and was a distinguished officer. 
 He had crossed the ocean fifteen times. He was 
 pointing out to Gov. Pownall the boundary of his 
 land, when he fell dead. His daughter, Hannah, 
 was for four years engaged to be married to An 
 drew Pepperrell, the son of Sir William, when 
 
 through his fault she dissolved the engagement. 
 In six weeks she married T. Flukcr, secretary of 
 Massachusetts ; and her daughter married Gen. 
 Knox, who was enabled to save and rescue much 
 of the Waldo property from confiscation. Daugh 
 ters of Knox married Mr. Swan, John Holmes 
 and Judge Thachcr. Andrew P. died unmarried 
 in 1751, aged 28. His son, Col. Samuel, died in 
 1770, aged 49. Parsons Pepperrell. 
 
 WALDO, ALBIGEREU, Dr., of Pomfret, Conn., 
 died in 1794, aged about 44. He was a skilful 
 surgeon in the army. Thacher s Mcd. Eiog. 
 
 WALDO, DANIEL, died at Worcester July 
 9, 1845, aged 82. His father was an eminent 
 merchant in Boston, but in the war removed in 
 1782 to Worcester. With him his son was a 
 partner in business, and remained a merchant 
 forty years. He was remarkable for justice, cour 
 tesy, and liberality. He left to Leicester acad 
 emy a legacy of 6,000 dollars, and other noble 
 bequests. Sweetzer s Serm. ; Washbiirn s Leic. 
 Academy. 
 
 WALDO, ELIZABETH, Miss, died at Worcester 
 in Aug. or Sept., 1845. She bequeathed about 
 12,000 dollars to each of six societies, namely, 
 the American bible ; the foreign evangelical ; the 
 American Protestant; the colonization ; the Amer 
 ican bethel ; and the Bangor theological seminary. 
 
 WALDO, SARAH, Miss, died in Boston, 1851. 
 She bequeathed more than 50,000 dollars to va 
 rious charitable societies and theological semina 
 ries, and made the American home missionary 
 society residuary legatee. Boston Adver., April 
 5, 1851. 
 
 WALDRON, RICHARD, major, president of 
 New Hampshire, was killed by the Indians, June 
 29, 1689, aged 80. He was an early settler of 
 Dover, came from Somersetshire, England, about 
 1635, and began a plantation at Cocheco, or Do 
 ver, about 1640. From 1654 he was a represen 
 tative to the general court at Boston twenty-two 
 years, and several years the speaker of the house, 
 and president, after Cutt, in 1681. He was chief 
 military officer. In the war of 1676 two compa 
 nies were sent to him from Massachusetts with 
 orders to seize all Indians concerned in the war. 
 There assembled at his house four hundred In 
 dians. The English captain wished to attack 
 them, but Major W. substituted a stratagem in 
 the place of an open attack. He proposed to the 
 Indians a sham-fight, and after they had fired the 
 first volley he made them all prisoners. Dismiss 
 ing those whom he deemed friendly, he sent to 
 Boston about two hundred, some of whom were 
 hung, and the rest sold as slaves in foreign parts. 
 This occurrence awakened in the savage breast 
 the desire of revenge, which after thirteen years 
 was gratified. The Indians adopted the following 
 stratagem : To each of the garrisoned houses in 
 Dover they sent two squaws to ask a lodging, for 
 
WALDRON. 
 
 WALKER. 
 
 815 
 
 the purpose of opening the doors in the night to 
 the assailants. June 29, 1689, the Indians thus 
 entered Major Waldron s house, and made pris 
 oner of the brave old soldier, who fought them 
 with his sword in hand. Seating him in an elbow 
 chair on a long table in the hall, they asked him, 
 " Who shall judge Indians now?" and then 
 horribly mangled and killed him. His descend 
 ants have been men of distinction. 
 
 WALDRON, WILLIAM, first minister of the 
 new brick church in Boston, died of a fever in 
 1727, aged 30. He was the son of Ilichard of 
 Portsmouth, and was graduated in 1717; was 
 ordained in 1722. His wife was Eliza Allen of 
 Martha s Vineyard; his daughter married Col. J. 
 Quincy. Spragnc s Annals. 
 
 WALES, JOHN, the first minister of Rayn- 
 ham, Mass., died in 1765, aged Go. Born in 
 Braintree, he graduated at Harvard in 1728, and 
 was succeeded by P. Fobes. He was a faithful 
 and pathetic preacher ; in public prayer he was 
 almost unequalled in appropriate excellence. He 
 was the father of Prof. Wales of Yale college. 
 
 WALES, SAMUEL, D. D., professor of divinity 
 in Yale college, the son of the preceding, died 
 Feb. 18, 1794, aged about 46. He graduated 
 in 1767, and was the minister of Milford from 
 1770 to 1782. He succeeded Prof. Daggett June 
 12, 1782. His mind for two years was broken 
 down by the epilepsy. He brought to the theo 
 logical chair great abilities, a pure and energetic 
 style, exemplary piety, and dignity and solemnity 
 of manner. He published election sermon, 1783. 
 Sprague. 
 
 WALES, ATHERTON, minister of Marshfield, 
 Mass., died in 1795, aged 92, in the fifty-seventh 
 year of his ministry. Born in Braintree, he grad 
 uated at Harvard in 1726; and was settled as 
 the first pastor of the second church in 1739. E. 
 Leonard succeeded him. He was eminently 
 pious and faithful. 
 
 WALES, JONATHAN-, M. D., died at Randolph,- 
 Mass., in 1843, aged Go. 
 
 WALES, THOMAS B., died in Boston June 15, 
 1853, aged 77. The son of Dr. Ephraim W. of 
 Randolph, he graduated at Cambridge in 1795. 
 His father graduated in 1768. lie was a very 
 successful and respected merchant. 
 
 WALES, HKNHY, M. J)., of Boston, died in 
 1S5G, aged about 36. He graduated in 1838, 
 and he bequeathed his library, of about one thou 
 sand four hundred volumes of splendid books, 
 to Harvard college. 
 
 WALKER, ZECHAIUAH, first minister of Wood- 
 bury, Conn., died Jan. 20, 1700, aged 62. He 
 was settled at W. in June, 1678. Born in Bos 
 ton in 1637, he preached first at Jamaica, L. I., 
 from 1663 to 1668; and then was installed, May 
 5, 1670, over the second church in Stratford. He 
 was a learned man, a powerful preacher, of good 
 
 judgment, and much beloved. During his min 
 istry one hundred and eight were admitted to 
 the church. At S. there was an unhappy division 
 between his friends and those of a rival preacher, 
 Israel Chauncey. 
 
 WALKER, ROBERT, judge of the supreme 
 court of Connecticut, a descendant of Robert W., 
 who lived in Boston in 1634, and of Zechariah, 
 his son, the minister of Jamaica, L. I., and of 
 Stratford and Woodbury, Conn., was graduated 
 at Yale college in 1730, and died at Stratford in 
 1772. He was judge from 1760 to 1772, and 
 was succeeded by W. S. Johnson. One of his 
 daughters married Mr. Wetmore, minister of 
 Stratford, and another John M. Breed, mayor of 
 Norwich. His son, Gen. Joseph Walker of Strat 
 ford, died at Saratoga Aug. 11, 1810. 
 
 WALKER, TIMOTHY, first minister of Con 
 cord, N. II., died in 1782, aged 77. Born in 
 Burlington, Mass., he graduated at Harvard in 
 1725, and was settled Nov. 18, 1730. He was 
 nearly fifty-two years in the ministry. His suc 
 cessors were I. Evans, A. McFarland, N. Bouton. 
 
 WALKER, BENJAMIN, colonel, died at Utica 
 in 1818. He was aid and friend of Baron Steu- 
 ben. He generously scattered his wealth among 
 the poor. 
 
 WALKER, TIMOTHY, judge, died May 5, 
 1822, aged 85. He was a patriot of the Revo 
 lution, the son of T. W., the minister of Concord, 
 N. II. He graduated at Harvard college in 
 1756; and in 1776 was one of the committee of 
 safety. He commanded a regiment of minute- 
 men, and served a campaign at Winter Hill under 
 Sullivan. For several years he was chief justice 
 of the court of common pleas. His son, Charles, 
 a lawyer, graduated at Harvard in 1789, and died 
 in 1834 ; his grandson, Charles, graduated in 
 1818, and died in 1843 in New York. 
 
 WALKER, SAMUEL, minister of Danvers, 
 died July 7, 1826, aged 47. A graduate of 
 Dartmouth in 1802, he was ordained in 1805, and 
 was faithful and useful and respected. 
 
 WALKER, WILLIAM, judge, resided in Berk 
 shire county, Mass. In 1775 he was an officer 
 in the army at Cambridge. For many years he 
 was the judge of the county court and judge of 
 probate. He died at Lenox in Nov., 1831, aged 
 80. In his politics he was a republican in the 
 party times of 1801. He was tall, with white 
 locks, of great personal dignity ; Gov. Lincoln 
 remarked, that he was the most venerable man 
 he ever saw. He was indeed venerated by those 
 who knew him, not only for a long life of faithful 
 public service, but for his social virtues, his pure 
 morals, his disinterested benevolence, and ardent 
 piety. Of the church at Lenox he was an exem 
 plary member; of the Berkshire bible society, 
 president. In one of the last years of his life he 
 travelled over the bleak hills of Berkshire with 
 
816 
 
 WALKER. 
 
 WALLEY. 
 
 the sole object of arousing his fellow-citizens in 
 different towns to a sense of the value of some 
 moral and charitable institution designed for 
 their benefit. 
 
 WALKER, JACOB, a slave, a very remarkable 
 man, twenty-seven years the pastor of a Baptist 
 church, died at Augusta, Ga., May 26, 1846, aged 
 76. He Avas a slave till his death, having refused 
 freedom, offered him by his people, lest he should 
 be lifted above his flock. He was loved by his 
 large communion of fourteen hundred persons, 
 as few ministers have been loved. His people 
 placed a marble tablet over his grave. 
 
 WALKER, MRS., wife of William Walker, 
 missionary in West Africa, died in April, 1849. 
 By her cheerful labors several persons were con 
 verted to God. 
 
 WALKER, JOSEPH, minister of Paris, Me., 
 died in 1851, aged 59. He graduated at Bow- 
 doin in 1818. 
 
 WALKER, PEREZ, captain, died at Sturbridge, 
 Mass., in 1851 or 1852, a philanthropist and 
 Christian. He was a benefactor of Amherst col 
 lege ; for years he sustained a missionary at the 
 west. He bequeathed 1750 dollars to various 
 societies. 
 
 WALKER, SEARS COOK, well-skilled in astron 
 omy, died in 1853, aged about 48. 
 
 WALKER, CHARLES, M. D., a respectable phy 
 sician of Northampton, Mass., died Jan. 17, 1855, 
 aged 52. He graduated at Yale college in 1824. 
 
 WALKER, TIMOTHY, LL. I)., judge, died at 
 Cincinnati Jan. 15, 1856, aged 53. A native of 
 Wilmington, Mass., and descendant of William 
 Brewster, he graduated in 1826. Having studied 
 law, he settled in Cincinnati. In 1833, he with 
 Judge Wright established a law school ; but he re 
 signed his professorship in 1844, from which 
 time he was in full practice as a lawyer. He was 
 an excellent teacher, a profound and learned 
 jurist. In 1838 he gave a course of lectures on 
 commercial law. He edited the Western law 
 journal, and published introduction of American 
 law. Boston Adv., July 16, 1856. 
 
 WALL, ARTHUR, died in Wake county, N. C., 
 in 1840, aged 130, "or thereabouts." 
 
 WALL, GARRET D., judge, died at Burlington, 
 N. J., in 1850, aged 67. He was chosen gov 
 ernor in 1829, but declined the appointment. 
 From 1835 to 1841 he was a senator of the 
 United States, succeeding Mr. Frelinghuysen. 
 He was a judge of the court of errors and appeals. 
 
 WALLACE, ANDREW, a soldier of the Revo 
 lution, died at New York in 1835, aged 105. 
 Born in Scotland, he served in the army from 
 1776 to 1813. 
 
 WALLACE, JAMES, D. D., died in South Car 
 olina Jan. 15, 1851. He was professor of mathe 
 matics in the S. C. college, as he had previously 
 been in Columbia college, N. Y., and George 
 
 town college, D. C. He published a treatise on 
 globes, and practical astronomy. 
 
 WALLACE, HORACE B., " of Philadelphia, 
 killed himself in consequence of a disease of the 
 brain, in Paris, in 1852, aged 35. He was the son 
 of John B. Wallace, an eminent lawyer of Phila 
 delphia. He graduated at Princeton in 1835. 
 From his papers was published after his death a 
 volume entitled, art, scenery, and philosophy in 
 Europe, 1852. Cycl. of. Amer. Lit. 
 
 WALLACE, MATTHEW G., died at Terre 
 Haute in July, 1854, aged about 80 ; a Presby 
 terian minister nearly sixty years, one of the first 
 in Cincinnati, a champion of the truth. 
 
 WALLCUTT, THOMAS, died at the McLean 
 asylum, Boston, June 5, 1840, aged 82. In his 
 last days he had epileptic fits. Born in Boston, 
 he lived in the family and was educated in the 
 school of Dr. Wheelock, of Hanover, and went a 
 missionary to the St. Francis Indians. In the 
 war he was a steward in the army. Being a fair 
 penman, he long served at Boston as a clerk in 
 the office of the secretary of State. He was 
 secretary of the historical society and of the peace 
 society. Having collected many books, he com 
 mitted about eight hundred volumes to William 
 Allen, who married a daughter of his friend 
 President Wheelock, and by him they were pre 
 sented to Bowdoin college. The remainder of 
 his library he gave to the antiquarian and histor 
 ical societies. Boston Recorder, June 19. 
 
 WALLER, JOHN, died in South Carolina, July 
 4, 1802, aged 62. Born in Virginia, he was or 
 dained as a Baptist minister in 1770, and was 
 very successful. In Virginia he baptized more 
 than 2,000 persons and assisted in forming eigh 
 teen churches and ordaining twenty-seven min 
 isters. For some years he was pastor over five 
 churches ; he counted 1500 church-members. 
 In his persecutions he was five times imprisoned, 
 in all one hundred and thirteen days. 
 
 WALLEY, THOMAS, minister of Barnstable, 
 Mass., died March 24, 1679, aged 61. He was 
 ejected from a parish in London in 1662, and in 
 1663 sought a refuge in America, and was settled 
 in Barnstable. His prudence was the means of 
 restoring the harmony of the church, which had 
 been interrupted. He was an accomplished 
 scholar and an eminent Christian, remarkable for 
 humility. He published balm in Gilcad to heal 
 Zion s wounds, an election sermon in Plymouth, 
 June 1, 1669. 
 
 WALLEY, JOHN", a judge of the superior court 
 of Massachusetts and a member of the council, 
 died at Boston Jan. 11, 1712, aged 68. In the 
 year 1690 he accompanied Sir W. Phipps in his 
 unsuccessful expedition against Canada, being in 
 trusted with the command of the land forces. 
 He was one of the principal founders of the town 
 and church of Bristol. The high trusts, reposed 
 
WALLEY. 
 
 WALTER. 
 
 817 
 
 in him by his country, were discharged with abil 
 ity and fidelity, and he exhibited an uncommon 
 sweetness and candor of spirit and the various 
 virtues of the Christian. His journal of the ex 
 pedition to Canada is preserved in Ilutchinson. 
 
 WALLEY, JOHN, minister of Ipswich, died in 
 17S1. aged 68. He graduated at Harvard in 
 1734. He was ordained at Ipswich in 1747 ; in 
 stalled at Bolton in 1773; and died at Roxbury. 
 He was a faithful, diligent preacher, solicitous to 
 bring the truth to the hearts of his hearers. 
 
 W ALLEY, SAMUEL II., a worthy citizen of 
 Boston, died at Burlington, Vt., in 1850. His 
 wife was a daughter of Deacon William Phillips. 
 His good deeds made him highly respected. He 
 was the brother of Thomas, who became a Cath 
 olic and lived at Brookline, and died in 1848, 
 aged 79. They were the sons of Thomas, and 
 the fourth in descent from Rev. Thomas of Barn- 
 stable. 
 
 WALN, NICHOLAS, died in Philadelphia in 
 1813; formerly a distinguished member of the 
 bar, latterly a preacher among the Friends. 
 
 WALN, ROBERT, Jux., a poet, was born in 
 Philadelphia in 1794, and was liberally educated, 
 but did not pursue any profession. On his return 
 from a voyage to Canton as supercargo he pub 
 lished in 4to. numbers a history of China. He 
 died July 4, 1825, aged 31. After the publica 
 tion of the 3d volume of the biography of the 
 signers of the declaration of independence, he 
 edited that work. He published the hermit in 
 Philadelphia, a satirical work, 1819; a second 
 series of do.; the American bards ; touches at 
 the times, with other poems, 1820; life of Lafay 
 ette, 1824. Spec. Am. Poet.,m. 213. 
 
 WALN, ROBERT, died at Philadelphia in 183G, 
 aged 71; a merchant, and a member of congress 
 from 1798 to 1801. 
 
 WALSH, MICHAEL, died at Amesbury, Mass., 
 in 1840, aged 77. He was a native of Ireland, 
 an eminent teacher and useful citizen. He pub 
 lished mercantile arithmetic. 
 
 WALTER, NEHEMIAH, minister of Roxbury, 
 Mass., died Sept. 17, 1750, aged 86. He was 
 born in Ireland in December, 1663. His father, 
 who settled in Boston, brought him to this country 
 as early as 1679 ; he was graduated at Harvard 
 college in 1684. He soon afterwards went to 
 Nova Scotia, and lived in a French family. Thus 
 acquiring a correct knowledge of the French lan 
 guage, he was enabled in the latter periods of his 
 life to preach to a society of French Protestants 
 in Boston, in the absence of their pastor. After 
 his return he- pursued his studies for some time at 
 Cambridge, where he was appointed a fellow of 
 the college. He was ordained at Roxbury Oct. 
 17, 1688, as colleague with the apostolic Eliot. 
 After a ministry of more than sixty-eight years he 
 died in peace and hope. His wife was Sarah, 
 103 
 
 daughter of Increase Mather. His daughter 
 married G. Firmin. His ministry and that of 
 Mr. Eliot occupied a space of near one hundred 
 and twenty years. He preached a few years after 
 his settlement without notes, in the usual manner 
 of the day ; but, his memory having been impaired 
 by a fit of sickness, he from that cause kept his 
 notes before him. He was eminent in the gift of 
 prayer. It was a maxim with him, that those re 
 ligious principles might well be suspected which 
 could not be introduced in an address to Heaven ; 
 and he was pleased in observing that those, who 
 in their preaching opposed the system of Calvin, 
 were wont to pray in accordance with it. His 
 whole life was devoted to the great objects of the 
 Christian ministry. He presented a bright exam 
 ple of personal holiness. Mr. Whitcaeld, who 
 saw him in 1740, calls him a good old Puritan, 
 and says, "I had but little conversation with him, 
 my stay was so short ; but I remember he told 
 me, he was glad to hear I said that man was 
 half a devil and half a beast." In his own preach 
 ing it was the care of Mr. Walter to humble man, 
 and to exalt the grace of God. He published the 
 body of death anatomized, an essay on indwelling 
 sin, 12mo., 1707; on vain thoughts; the great 
 concern of man ; the wonderfulness of Christ ; 
 the holiness of heaven, 1713; a convention ser 
 mon, 1723; unfruitful hearers detected and 
 warned, 1754; a posthumous volume of sermon 
 on the 55th chapter of Isaiah, with his life, Svo., 
 1755. Sprague. 
 
 WALTER, THOMAS, minister of Roxbury, 
 Mass., the son of the preceding, was born in 
 1696, and was graduated at Harvard college in 
 1713. He was ordained a colleague with his father 
 Oct. 29, 1718, but died Jan. 10, 1725, aged 28. 
 He was one of the most distinguished scholars 
 and acutest disputants of his clay. He was a 
 champion of the doctrines of grace. In his last 
 illness he was for some time very anxious for the 
 salvation of his soul, as the follies of his youth 
 were fresh in his view ; but at length his appre 
 hensions were removed. He said, " I shall be a 
 most glorious instance of sovereign grace in all 
 heaven." He published a sermon at the lecture 
 for promoting good singing, 1722 ; the Scrip 
 tures the only rule of faith and practice, 1723 ; 
 and two other sermons. Sprague. 
 
 WALTER, NATHANIEL, minister of the second 
 church in Roxbury, died in 1776, aged about 67. 
 The son of Rev. Thomas, he graduated at Har 
 vard in 1729, and was ordained in 1734. He 
 was the father of Rev. William ; and his daugh 
 ter Rebecca married Rev. M. Byles, jun., and 
 Maria married Gen. Joseph Otis, of Barnstable. 
 He succeeded E. Thayer, and was succeeded by 
 Abbot, Bradford, Flagg, and Whiting. 
 
 WALTER, THOMAS, a botanist, was a native 
 of England. After his arrival in this country he 
 
818 
 
 WALTER. 
 
 WARD. 
 
 became a planter a few miles from Charleston in 
 South Carolina, and died towards the close of 
 the last century. He published flora Carolini 
 an a, 1788. 
 
 WALTER, WILLIAM, D. D., died in Boston 
 Dec. 5, 1800. He was the son of Thomas W., 
 by Rebecca, a daughter of Rev. Joseph Belcher. 
 Born in 1737, he graduated at Harvard in 1756. 
 He was rector of Trinity church from 1764 to 
 1776, and rector of Christ s church in 1792. 
 He was the grandson of Rev. Nathaniel W., of 
 Roxbury, and the father of Lynde and William 
 W., merchants of Boston. 
 
 WALTER, WILLIAM BICKER, a poet, was 
 born in Boston; the only son of William, a 
 merchant, and grandson of the Rev. William, 
 D. I).; graduated at Bowdoin college in 1818 ; 
 and died in Charlestons. C., April 23, 1823, aged 
 27. He published Sukey, a poem, 1821 ; a vol 
 ume of poems, 1821 Spec. Am. Poet. 11., 161. 
 
 WALTERS, DANIEL D., doctor, a physician 
 in extensive practice in New York, died in 1824, 
 aged 51. He published a diary concerning the 
 yellow fever in 1822. This fever, he maintained, 
 originated in a specific poison brought from abroad. 
 His family belonged to the society of Friends : he 
 confided for religious teachings in Barclay s books. 
 Williams Med. Biog. 
 
 WALTON, WILLIAM, first minister of Marble- 
 nead, died about 1668. He came from England 
 m 1637, and was succeeded by S. Cheever. 
 
 WALTON, GEORGE, colonel, governor of 
 Georgia, died Feb. 4, 1804, aged 63. He was 
 the only son of William, and a patriot of the 
 Revolution; was born in Frederick county, Va., 
 in 1740, and was early apprenticed to a carpen 
 ter, whose economy would not allow his young 
 apprentice a candle to read at night. In his zeal 
 for knowledge he found a substitute in pine knots. 
 In 1774 he commenced the practice of the law 
 in Georgia. Being from Feb., 1776, till Oct., 1781, 
 a member of congress, he signed the declaration 
 of independence. With a colonel s commission 
 in the militia he assisted in the defence of Savan 
 nah in Dec., 1778, and was wounded in the thigh, 
 and kept a prisoner till Sept., 1779. In the next 
 month he was chosen governor; and again in 
 1789. He was also a senator of the United 
 States, and for fifteen years a judge of the supe 
 rior court. To such eminence did this self-taught 
 man rise by the force of his talents, his industry, 
 and the favor of Providence. In his last years 
 he suffered from the gout. Goodrich. 
 
 WALTON, JOSEPH, minister in Portsmouth, 
 third church, died in 1822, aged 80. Born in New 
 castle, he was settled in 1789. 
 
 WALTON, WILLIAM C., pastor of a free church 
 in Hartford, Conn., died in 1834, aged 40. 
 
 WALTON, EZEKIEL P., general, died at Mont- 
 
 pelier, Vt.,in 1855, aged 66; editor of the Ver 
 mont Watchman. 
 
 WAMPUS, JOHN, an Indian sachem, was one 
 of the native owners of the town of Sutton, Mass. 
 His sale of the land was confirmed to the pur 
 chasers in 1704. 
 
 WAPLES, SAMUEL, captain, an officer of the 
 Revolutionary army, died in Accomac county, Va., 
 in 1834, aged 60. 
 
 WARD, NATHANIEL, first minister of Ipswich, 
 Mass., died in 1653, aged about 83. He was 
 born in Haverhill, England, in 1570, the son of 
 John W., a minister of the established church. 
 He was educated at the university of Cambridge. 
 Being settled in the ministry at Standon in Hert 
 fordshire, he was ordered before the bishop, Dec. 
 12, 1631, to answer for his noncomformity ; and, 
 refusing to comply with the requisitions of the 
 church, he was at length forbidden to continue 
 in the exercise of his clerical office. In April, 
 1634, he left his native country, and arrived in 
 New England in June. He was soon settled as 
 pastor of the church at Agawam or Ipswich. In 
 1635 he received Mr. Norton as his colleague ; 
 but in the following year he was by his own re 
 quest released from his engagement as a minister, 
 and Nathaniel Rogers was settled in his place. 
 In 1641 he was chosen by the freemen without 
 the consent of the magistrates to preach the 
 election sermon. In Dec. of the same year the 
 general court established one hundred laws, called 
 " the body of liberties," which were drawn up by 
 Mr. Ward in 1639, and had been committed to 
 the governor and others for consideration. In 
 1647 he returned to England, and soon after his 
 arrival published a work entitled, " the simple 
 cobbler of Aggawam in America," which was 
 written during the civil wars of Charles I., and 
 designed to encourage the opposers of the king, 
 and the enemies of the established church. lie 
 resumed his profession, and in 1648 was settled 
 at Shenfield in Essex, where he remained till his 
 death. He was a man of great humor. Besides 
 his simple cobbler at Aggawam, which was printed 
 at London in 4to. and at Boston 1713, and winch 
 is a curious specimen of his wit and the vigor of 
 his mind, he published several other humorous 
 works ; but they are now forgotten, excepting a 
 trifling satire upon the preachers in London, 
 entitled, Mercurius antimccharius, or the simple 
 cobbler s boy with his lap full o caveats, etc. 
 1647. Sprague. 
 
 WARD, JAMES, doctor, the son of Nathaniel 
 W., went with him to England and became a 
 physician. He graduated at Harvard in 1645. 
 
 WARD, JOHN, first minister of Haverhill, 
 Mass., died Dec. 27, 1693, aged 87. The son 
 of Nathaniel W., he was born in England 
 Nov. 5, 1606. He came to this country in 1639, 
 
WARD. 
 
 WARDEN. 
 
 819 
 
 preached for some time at Agamenticus, but in 
 1041 was settled at Havcrhill. Here he continued 
 till his death. About a month before this event 
 he preached an excellent sermon. His firm 
 health in his advanced age was owing to his tem 
 perance in eating, drinking, sleeping, and to his 
 much exercise. He sometimes walked thirty 
 miles without any difficulty. He was very mod 
 est and diffident ; plain iu his dress and prudent 
 in his whole conduct. He was a physician as 
 well as a minister. His successors were Rolf, 
 Gardner, Brown, Barnard, Shaw, Abbot, Dodge, 
 and Phclps. Sprague s Annals. 
 
 WARD, SAMUEL, doctor, died in Greenwich. 
 N. J., Feb. 17, 1774. He was a man of benevo 
 lence, and venerable for his religion. 
 
 WARD, SAMUEL, governor of Rhode Island, 
 died March 26, 1776. He was chosen governor 
 in 1762, and again in 1765 and in 1766. He was 
 also chief justice of the supreme court. He was 
 a member of the first congress in 1774. While 
 attending his duty as a member of this body, he 
 died at Philadelphia of the small pox. His 
 brother, Henry W., a patriot of the Revolution, 
 died in Dec., 1797. He was not only a firm pat 
 riot, but a sincere Christian, a devout attendant 
 on the Lord s supper, and a useful member of 
 the church with which he was connected. 
 
 WARD, ARTEMAS, the first major-general in 
 the American army, died at Shrewsbury, Mass., 
 Oct. 28, 1800, aged 73. He was graduated at 
 Harvard college in 1748, and was afterwards a 
 representative in the legislature, a member ol 
 the council, and a justice of the court of com 
 mon pleas for Worcester county. When the 
 war commenced with Great Britain, he was ap 
 pointed by congress first major-general, June 17, 
 
 1775. After the arrival of Washington in July, 
 when a disposition was to be made of the troops 
 for the siege of Boston, the command of the 
 right wing of the army at Roxbury was intrusted 
 to him. He resigned his commission in April, 
 
 1776, though he continued some time longer in 
 command, at the request of Washington. He 
 afterwards devoted himself to the duties of civil 
 life. He was a member of congress both before 
 and after the adoption of the present constitu 
 tion. He had a long decline, in which he exhib 
 ited the most exemplary patience. He was a 
 man of incorruptible integrity. His life pre 
 sented the virtues of the Christian. 
 
 WARD, EPHRAIM, minister of West Brook- 
 field, died in 1818, aged 77; highly respected. 
 He was a native of Newton, a graduate of Har 
 vard in 1763, and was settled in 1771 over the 
 church of the then first parish of Brookfield. 
 lie published several sermons. 
 
 WARD, JOSIAII M., Dr., died in Berlin, Conn., 
 in 1825, aged 43. Born in Guilford, he studied 
 medicine with Dr. Percival of B., and succeeded 
 
 him in business. The fatal spotted fever of 1823, 
 and after, demanded of him much labor and fa 
 tigue. Some of his own children died in 1825, 
 and in that year he followed them. Thaclicr. 
 
 WARD, SAMUEL, colonel, died at New York 
 Aug. 16, 1832, aged 75. The son of Gov. Ward 
 of Rhode Island, he graduated in 1771, in the 
 third class of Brown university. In 1774 he 
 was enrolled in the patriot company of the Kent 
 ish guards. As a captain he was in the camp at 
 Cambridge in 1775, and accompanied Arnold 
 through the wilderness of Maine to Quebec. He 
 was made prisoner, but exchanged. As a major 
 in Greene s regiment he fought at Red Bank fort, 
 and served bravely during the whole war. His 
 military operations were then exchanged for 
 those of the merchant. He made a voyage from 
 Providence to Canton in 1783, and then estab 
 lished himself in business in the city of New 
 York. His affairs carried him to Europe. On 
 his return he settled on a farm at East Green 
 wich, R. I., where he lived to see his children ed 
 ucated to usefulness. At last, to be near his 
 children, who were in business in New York, he 
 removed to Jamaica, L. I. Here he lived as a 
 patriarch until it pleased God to remove him from 
 the earth. His wife was a daughter of Gov. Wil 
 liam Greene of Rhode Island, and thus he was 
 again connected, as he had been before by mili 
 tary sendees, with the soldiers of that name. 
 
 WARD, SAMUEL, died in New York Nov. 27, 
 1839, aged 53; president of the bank of com 
 merce. He was the head of the banking-house 
 of Prime, Ward, and King. He had intelli 
 gence, a sound judgment, and integrity; and was 
 a man of strong religious feelings, zealous to 
 promote the objects of benevolence. 
 
 WARD, NATHANIEL, died in Irwington, Ga., 
 in 1840, aged 98. He was a Virginian, and 
 served several campaigns under Washington ; a 
 poor man, but nobly patriotic. 
 
 WARD, JOHN, died in St. John s, New 
 Brunswick, Aug. 5, 1846, aged 92 ; the father of 
 the city. Born in Westchester, he was a tory and 
 soldier: in 1783 he embarked with his regiment 
 of loyal Americans for New Brunswick, where 
 he held various offices and lived in high esteem. 
 
 WARD, ARTEMAS, LL. D., died at Boston 
 Oct. 7, 1847, aged 84, chief justice of the court 
 of common pleas. He was a graduate of Har 
 vard in 1783, a member of congress in 1815, and 
 was appointed a judge in 1821, holding his place 
 nineteen years. Of learning and courtesy, he 
 was respected on the bench and esteemed in do 
 mestic and social life. 
 
 WARD, SAMUEL, governor of Rhode Island, 
 died in Jan., 1851 ; a supporter of law during the 
 Dorr rebellion. 
 
 WARDEN, JOHN, died in New Scotland, N. Y., 
 in 1836, aged 100. 
 
820 
 
 WARDEN. 
 
 WARNER. 
 
 WARDEN, DAVID B., U. S. consul at Paris, 
 died in that city in 1845 ; a man of scientific and 
 literary acquirements. A native of Ireland, he 
 was consul and secretary of legation to France 
 for forty years before his death. He published 
 account of the United States, 3 vols., 1819; the 
 same in French at Paris ; on consular establish 
 ments, 1813; the same in French; bibliotheca 
 Americana, collection of books relating to N. A., 
 1831; and bib. Americo-sept., Paris, 1820. 
 Goodricli s Recollections. 
 
 WARDWELL, DANIEL, M. D., died at An- 
 dover, Mass., April 14, 1851, aged 67. lie en 
 joyed an extensive practice and was much beloved. 
 
 WARE, HEXRY, D. D., Hollis professor of 
 theology at Harvard college, died at Cambridge 
 July 12, 1845, aged 81. He was born at Sher- 
 born April 1, 1764, and was of the fifth genera 
 tion from Robert Ware, who lived in Dedham 
 from 1642 to 1699. The intervening ancestors 
 after Robert, were John, Joseph, and John. His 
 brother, Joseph Ware, a farmer, was the father 
 of Judge Ashur Ware of Maine. He graduated 
 in 1785, and was ordained at Hingham as succes 
 sor of Dr. Gay Oct. 24, 1787. He became pro 
 fessor in 1805, as successor of Dr. Tappan, and 
 remained in office till 1840. His first wife was 
 Mary, daughter of Rev. Jonas Clarke of Lexing 
 ton ; his second, married in 1807, was Mary, 
 daughter of James Otis and widow of Benjamin 
 Lincoln, jun. ; his third wife, married Sept., 1807, 
 was Elizabeth, daughter of Nicholas Bowes. Of 
 his daughters, Lucy Clark married Rev. Joseph 
 Allen, D. D., of Northborough ; Harriet, by his 
 third wife, married Rev. Edward B. Hall, D. D., 
 of Providence ; Elizabeth Ann married Rev. 
 George Putnam, D. D., of Roxbury; and Caro 
 line Rebecca married Edward Warren, M. D., of 
 Newton. His children, the offspring of two wives, 
 were nineteen in number. Of his sons were 
 Rev. Henry and Rev. William, John, M. D., 
 Charles Eliot, M. D., George Frederic, Thornton 
 Kirklanci. In 1839, at a family meeting, fifty of 
 his descendants were present. In his last years 
 he was nearly blind. On his appointment as 
 professor of divinity, a warm controversy sprung 
 up on the propriety of placing a Unitarian in 
 that office. Dr. Morse was one of the writers on 
 the occasion. Dr. Ware published letters to 
 Trinitarians and Calvinists, and other tracts in 
 answer to Dr. Woods ; lectures on the evidences 
 and doctrines of Christianity. 
 
 WARE, HENRY, junior, D. D., died in Fra- 
 mingham, Mass., Sept. 22, 1843, aged 49. He 
 was born in Hingham in 1793, the son of Rev. 
 Dr. W., and graduated at Harvard in 1812. Jan. 
 1, 1817, he was ordained pastor of the second 
 church in Boston, as successor of Dr. J. Lathrop. 
 After thirteen years he was dismissed, and 
 R. W. Emerson was his successor. He then 
 
 travelled a year in Europe. On his return he 
 was professor of pulpit eloquence in the divinity 
 school, Cambridge. At last he had long infirmi 
 ties and illness. 
 
 WARE, WILLIAM, minister in New York, died 
 at Cambridge Feb. 19, 1852, aged 54. The son 
 of Rev. Prof. Ware, he graduated at Harvard in 
 1816, and was pastor of the Unitarian church in 
 New York from 1821 to 1836. He was then a 
 minister at West Cambridge from 1843 to 1845. 
 He travelled in Europe. He delivered various 
 lectures. He published Zenobia ; Probus ; letters 
 from Palmyra. 
 
 WARIIAM, JOHN, first minister of Windsor, 
 Conn., died April 1, 1670. He was an eminent 
 minister in Exeter, England, before he came to 
 this country. Having taken the charge of a 
 church which was gathered at Plymouth, consist 
 ing of persons about to emigrate to America, he 
 accompanied them as teacher and Mr. Maverick 
 as pastor. They arrived at Nantasket May 30, 
 1630, and in June began a settlement at Dor 
 chester. In 1635 this church removed and set 
 tled at Windsor. Mr. Maverick, while prepar 
 ing to follow them, died Feb. 3, 1636 ; but Mr. 
 W. joined them in Sept. Here he continued 
 about thirty-four years till his death. Though he 
 was distinguished for piety and the strictest mor 
 als, yet he was sometimes the prey of religious 
 melancholy. He was known to administer the 
 Lord s supper to his brethren, while he did not 
 participate with them, through apprehension that 
 the seals of the new covenant did not belong to 
 him. It is supposed that he was the first minis 
 ter in New England who used notes in preaching ; 
 yet he was animated and energetic in his manner. 
 Mather s Magnolia, III. 121 ; Sprague. 
 
 WARNER, SETH, colonel, a soldier of the 
 Revolution, died at Woodbury, Conn., in 1785, 
 aged 41. He was born in Woodbury about 1744. 
 In 1773 he removed to Bennington, Vt., where 
 he became an indefatigable hunter. In the con 
 troversy with New York he and Ethan Allen were 
 the leaders of the people. New York passed an 
 act of outlawry against him March 9, 1774. At 
 the head of troops which he raised, he marched 
 with Allen to capture Ticonderoga in 1775. Re 
 ceiving a commission from congress he also raised 
 a regiment and joined Montgomery in Canada ; 
 but on the approach of winter his men were dis 
 charged. After the death of Montgomery he 
 raised another body of troops in 1776 and 
 marched to Quebec. He covered the retreat to 
 Ticonderoga. Forced to abandon that post, July 
 6, 1777, the enemy overtook him at llubbardton 
 July 7, and attacked the three regiments of Hale, 
 Francis, and AVarner. Francis fell; Hale surren 
 dered with his regiment ; but Warner made good 
 his retreat to Manchester. Called to the aid of 
 Stark Aug. 16, 1777, he arrived in season to meet 
 
WARNER. 
 
 WARREN. 
 
 821 
 
 and defeat the reinforcement of the enemy, and 
 thus to participate in the renown of the Bcnning- 
 ton victory. He then joined the army under 
 Gates. In vain did the New York convention in 
 1777 solicit congress to revoke his commission. 
 Worn down by his toils, he sunk under a compli 
 cation of disorders, and died at Woodhury, 
 whither he had removed his family. Vermont, 
 in gratitude to this brave soldier, granted a valu 
 able tract of land to his widow and children. 
 
 WARNER, AUGUSTUS L., M. D., professor 
 of surgery in Hampden Sidney college, Virginia, 
 died in 1847. 
 
 WARREN, RICHARD, one of the one hun 
 dred pilgrims who came to Plymouth in the May 
 flower in 1620. His name, in the compact signed 
 by tha company, is one of the ten names having 
 the title of Mr. prefixed. He died in 1628 : his 
 widow, Elizabeth, died in 1673, aged 90. They 
 had two sons and five daughters. Mary married 
 Robert Bartlett of Duxbury, who came in 1623. 
 Her brother Benjamin s daughter, Rebecca War 
 ren, married William Bradford in 1679. 
 
 WARREN, PETER, Sir, commodore, long 
 employed on the coast of America, died in Eng 
 land in 1752. He cooperated with Pepperrell in 
 the capture of Louisburg. His wife was Susan, 
 daughter of J. Delaucy of New York. He pur 
 chased lands on the Mohawk, and invited his 
 nephew, William Johnson, to take charge of 
 them. Parsons Life of Pepperrell. 
 
 WARREN, JOSEPH, a major-general in the 
 American army, was killed at Bunker s Hill June 
 17, 1775, aged 35. He was descended from an 
 ancestor who was an early settler of Boston. 
 His mother s name was Stevens, whose sister Su 
 sanna married John Sumner. His father, Joseph, 
 a farmer in Roxbury, Mass., was killed in 1755, 
 as he was gathering apples, by falling from the 
 ladder : he was a worthy, respected man, an ex 
 emplary Christian. He was born at Roxbury in 
 1740, and was graduated at Harvard college in 
 1759. Having studied under Dr. Lloyd, he in a 
 few years became one of the most eminent physi 
 cians in Boston. But he lived at a period when 
 greater objects claimed his attention than those 
 which related particularly to his profession. He 
 was a bold politician. While many were waver 
 ing with regard to the measures which should be 
 adopted, he contended that every kind of taxa 
 tion, whether external or internal, was tyranny, 
 and ought immediately to be resisted; and he 
 believed that America was able to withstand any 
 force that could be sent against her. From the 
 year 1768 he was a principal member of a secret 
 meeting or caucus in Boston, which had great 
 influence on the concerns of the country. In 
 this assembly the plans of defence were matured. 
 After the destruction of the tea, it was no longer 
 kept secret. He was twice chosen the public 
 
 orator of the town on the anniversary of the 
 massacre, and his orations breathe the energy of 
 a great and daring mind. It was he who, on the 
 evening before the battle of Lexington, obtained 
 information of the intended expedition against 
 Concord, and at ten o clock at night dispatched 
 an express to Hancock and Adams, who were at 
 Lexington, to warn them of their danger. He 
 himself, on the next day, the memorable 19th of 
 April, was very active. After the departure of 
 Hancock to congress, he was chosen president of 
 the provincial congress in his place. Four days 
 previous to the battle of Bunker s or Breed s Hill 
 he received his commission of major-general. 
 When the intrenchments were made upon the 
 fatal spot, to encourage the men within the lines, 
 he went down from Cambridge and joined them 
 as a volunteer on the eventful day of the battle, 
 June 17. Just as the retreat commenced, a ball 
 struck him on the head, and he died in the 
 trenches. He was the first victim of rank that 
 fell in the struggle with Great Britain. In the 
 spring of 1776 his bones were taken up and en 
 tombed in Boston. Congress made provision for 
 the education of his four children. With warm 
 zeal he was yet judicious in council, and candid 
 and generous towards those who had different 
 sentiments respecting the controversy. His mind 
 was vigorous, his disposition humane, and his 
 manners affable and engaging. In his integrity 
 and patriotism entire confidence was placed. To 
 the most undaunted bravery he added the vir 
 tues of domestic life, the eloquence of an accom 
 plished orator, and the wisdom of an able states 
 man. He published orations in 1772 and in 
 1775, commemorative of the 5th of March, 1770. 
 WARREN, JAMES, a patriot of the Revolution, 
 died at Plymouth Nov. 17, 1808, aged 82. He 
 was descended from Richard W., one of the first 
 settlers of Plymouth in 1620, and was born in 
 the year 1726. He was graduated at Harvard 
 college in 1745. Directing his attention to com 
 mercial affairs, he was for many years a respecta 
 ble merchant. About the year 1757 his father 
 died and left him a handsome patrimonial estate, 
 which had descended from Richard W. He was 
 at this time appointed a high sheriff, as successor 
 of his father, and he retained this office till the 
 commencement of the war, notwithstanding the 
 active part which he took in opposing the meas 
 ures of the British ministry. In May, 1766, he 
 was chosen a member of the general court from 
 Plymouth, and he uniformly supported the rights 
 of his country. The government, who knew his 
 abilities and feared his opposition, tried the influ 
 ence of promises and threats upon him ; but his 
 integrity was not to be corrupted. In 1773 his 
 proposal for establishing committees of correspon 
 dence was generally adopted. He was for many 
 years speaker of the house of representatives. 
 
822 
 
 WARREN. 
 
 Preferring an active station, in which he could 
 serve his country, he refused the office of lieuten 
 ant-governor, and that of judge of the supreme 
 court, but accepted a seat at the navy board, the 
 duties of which were very arduous. At the 
 close of the war he retired from public employ 
 ments to enjoy domestic ease and leisure. Amidst 
 public cares, which demanded his abilities and 
 much occupied him, he never neglected the 
 more humble duties of domestic life, or the more 
 exalted claims of religion. 
 
 WARREN, MERCY, an historian, wife of the 
 preceding, the daughter of James Otis of Barn- 
 stable, was born in 1727, and died at Plymouth 
 in Oct., 1814, aged 87. Before the Revolution 
 she wrote some political pieces. She published 
 poems, dramatic and miscellaneous, 1790 ; a his 
 tory of the American Revolution, 3 vols. 8vo., 1805. 
 Cycl. of Amer. Lit. 
 
 WARREN, JOHN, M. D., a physician, died in 
 Boston April 4, 1815, aged 61. He was brother 
 of Gen. Joseph W. ; was born in Roxbury July 
 27, 1753 ; and graduated at Harvard college in 
 1771. Being settled in the practice of physic at 
 Salem, he marched as surgeon to the scene of 
 battle at Lexington. He was soon appointed 
 hospital surgeon ; other Massachusetts surgeons 
 in the war were Foster, Eustis, Adams, Townsend, 
 Hart, Fiske, and Bartlett. In 1772 he followed 
 the army to Long Island and New Jersey. In 
 1777 he was intrusted with the military hospitals 
 of Boston, in which post he remained during 
 the war. In 1780 he gave a course of dissections ; 
 and in 1783 he was appointed a professor of 
 anatomy and surgery in the medical school of 
 Cambridge. In 1796 he indorsed the notes of a 
 medical friend, who had purchased lands in 
 Maine, and in- consequence of his failure was 
 obliged to pay for and receive the lands, which 
 caused him immense vexation and great loss of 
 property. For years he was subject to an or 
 ganic disease of the heart, but he died of an inflam 
 mation of the lungs. His wife was a daughter of 
 Gov. Collins ; his son, Dr. John Collins W., suc 
 ceeded him as professor of anatomy and surgery. 
 He was the most eminent man in New England, 
 unless Dr. Nathan Smith might be considered as 
 equally skilful. As an eloquent anatomical lec 
 turer he was unequalled. For industry and 
 temperance he was remarkable. Firmly believing 
 the Christian religion, he was not regardless of 
 its duties. He attended on the Sabbath public 
 worship, and was careful to instruct his family in 
 religious worship. He had himself been instruct 
 ed by a pious mother. At times he was subject 
 to great depression of spirits, the consequence of 
 afflictions ; so that he lost the wish to live to old 
 age. He was liberal, generous, charitable in pri- 
 ate life, and a disinterested, enlightened friend 
 
 WARREN. 
 
 of his country. He delivered various public ora 
 tions and addresses. Thaclter II. 254-271. 
 
 WARREN, EDWARD, a missionary to Ceylon, 
 was born in 1786; graduated at Middlebury 
 college in 1808; and studied theology at Andover. 
 He sailed for Ceylon in Oct., 1812. After a resi 
 dence of some years, falling into consumption, 
 he for his health sailed with Mr. Richards in 
 April for Cape Town, where he died Aug. 11, 1818, 
 aged 32. Archdeacon Twistleton said of him 
 and Mr. II., " Men of more amiable manners and 
 purer lives I never saw." 
 
 WARREN, MOSES, minister in Wilbraham, 
 Mass., died in 1831, aged about 68. Born in 
 Upton, he graduated at Harvard in 1784, and was 
 pastor of the south parish from 1788 to 1829. 
 
 WARREN, ISAAC, died in Charlestown March 
 19, 1834, aged 76. He liberally endowed War 
 ren academy in Woburn, and was a benefactor of 
 Middlebury college. 
 
 WARREN, SAMUEL, colonel, died in Pendle- 
 ton, S. C., in 1841, aged 80. He was a Revolu 
 tionary officer, and a legislator, a man of a high 
 character. 
 
 WARREN, DELIVERANCE, Mrs., died in Read- 
 field, N. Y., in Jan., 1843, aged 104 years and 
 8 months. She had been a member of the Bap 
 tist church more than 80 years. 
 
 WARREN, MARY, Mrs., died in 1851, aged 
 108. 
 
 WARREN, SILAS, a useful teacher, died in 
 Jackson, Me., Jan. 7, 1856, aged 88. Born in 
 Weston, he graduated in 1795, and from 1812 
 was ten years the minister of Jackson. The re 
 mainder of his life he spent on a farm and in 
 teaching. Boston Adv., July 16, 1856. 
 
 WARREN, JOHN COLLINS, M. 1)., died in 
 Boston May 4, 1856, aged 77, the son of Dr. John 
 W., and a graduate of 1797. His mother was 
 the daughter of Gov. Collins of It. I. After 
 studying physic he spent several years in the 
 hospitals of London and Paris. He was the 
 eminent professor of anatomy and surgery at 
 Cambridge nearly forty years ; and president of 
 the Boston society of natural history, and a mem 
 ber of many learned societies. He and his friend 
 Dr. James Jackson originated the general hos 
 pital and McLean asylum. Six children survived 
 him, by his first wife, Susan, a daughter of Jona 
 than Mason ; his second wife, Anna, daugh 
 ter of T. L. Winthroj), died in 1850. The remains 
 of his uncle, Gen. Warren, he placed in a stone 
 urn, in whose skull was visible the hole made by 
 the fatal ball. He published a book on the fam 
 ily of the De Warrens, etc., at the expense of 4,000 
 or 5,000 dollars ; but unluckily, as Mr. Savage 
 remarked, he did not prove the connection with 
 the English family. He published a work on 
 the mastodon of this country and the geneal- 
 
WASHINGTON. 
 
 ogy of Warren, 1854 ; and also contributed many 
 papers to the Mass. med. society. Boston Adver 
 tiser, July 16, 1856. 
 
 WARBINGTON, LEWIS, a captain in the 
 navy, died at Washington in 1851, aged 68. He 
 was a native of Williamsburg, Va., educated at 
 William and Mary college ; and he entered the 
 navy in Jan., 1800, and was distinguished in the 
 war with Tripoli, and with England in 1812. lie 
 was amiable, and of a modesty which won esteem. 
 
 WASHBURX, SETH, colonel, died at Leicester, 
 Mass., in 1793, aged 70; one of the founders of 
 the academy. He fought at Bunker Hill. Among 
 his sons were, it is believed, Judges Ileuben of 
 Vermont and Ebenezer of Alabama, and Gov. E. 
 Washburn of Worcester. 
 
 WASHBURX, JOSEPH, minister of Farming- 
 ton, Conn., was graduated at Yale college in 1793, 
 and was ordained in 1795. His declining health 
 induced him in 1805 to seek a more southern 
 climate. While on his passage with his wife 
 from Norfolk to Charleston, he died Dec. 25, and 
 his body was deposited in the ocean. His suc 
 cessor was Noah Porter. He was one of the 
 editors of the Connecticut evang. magazine. A 
 volume of his sermons was published after his 
 death, in 12mo. 
 
 WASHINGTON, GEORGE, commander-in-chief 
 of the American army during the war with Great 
 Britain, and first president of the United States, 
 died at Mount Vernon, Va., Dec. 14, 1799, aged 
 67. He was the third son of Augustine Washing 
 ton, and was born at Bridges creek, in the county of 
 Westmoreland, Va., Feb. 22, 1732. His great 
 grandfather had emigrated to that place from 
 Sulgrave, Northamptonshire, the north of Eng 
 land, about the year 1657. At the age of ten 
 years he lost his father, and the patrimonial 
 estate descended to his elder brother, Lawrence 
 Washington, Avho in the year 1740 had been en- 
 engaged in the expedition against Carthagena. 
 In honor of the British admiral, who command 
 ed the fleet employed in that enterprise, the 
 estate was called Mount Vernon. At the age 
 of 15, agreeably to the wishes of his brother, as 
 well as to his own urgent request to enter into 
 the British navy, the place of midshipman in a 
 vessel of war, then stationed on the coast of Vir 
 ginia, was obtained for him. Every thing was in 
 readiness for his departure, when the fears of a 
 timid and affectionate mother prevailed upon 
 him to abandon his proposed career on the ocean, 
 and were the means of retaining him upon the land 
 to be the future vindicator of his country s rights. 
 This mother had not ceased, since the death of 
 her husband, to gather her little flock of chil 
 dren round her daily, and to read to them lessons 
 of wisdom, usually from Sir Matthew Hale s 
 contemplations, the excellent maxims of which 
 sank into George s mind. This book of his 
 
 WASHINGTON. 
 
 823 
 
 mother he ever preserved with care. All the 
 advantages of education, which he enjoyed, were 
 derived from a private tutor, who instructed him 
 in English literature and the general principles 
 of science, as well as in morality and religion. 
 After his disappointment with regard to entering 
 the navy, he devoted much of his time to the 
 study of the mathematics ; and in the practice 
 of his profession as a surveyor, he had an oppor 
 tunity of acquiring that information respecting 
 the value of vacant lands, which afterwards greatly 
 contributed to the increase of his private for 
 tune. At the age of 19, when the militia of 
 Virginia were to be trained for actual service, he 
 was appointed adjutant-general with the rank of 
 major. It was for a very short time that he 
 discharged the duties of this office. In the year 
 1753 the plan formed by France, for connecting 
 Canada with Louisiana by a line of posts, and 
 thus of inclosing the British colonies, and of es 
 tablishing her influence over the numerous tribes 
 of Indians on the frontiers, began to be developed. 
 In the prosecution of this design possession had 
 been taken of a tract of land then believed to 
 be within the province of Virginia. Mr. Dinwid- 
 die, the lieutenant-governor, being determined to 
 remonstrate against the supposed encroachment 
 and violation of the treaties between the two . 
 countries, dispatched Major Washington through 
 the wilderness to the Ohio, to deliver a letter to 
 the commanding officer of the French, and also 
 to explore the country. This trust of danger 
 and fatigue he executed with great ability. He 
 left Williamsburg Oct. 31, 1753, the very day on 
 which he received his commission, and at the 
 frontier settlement of the English engaged guides 
 to conduct him over the Alleghany mountains. 
 After passing them, he pursued his route to the 
 Monongahela, examining the country with a mil 
 itary eye, and taking the most judicious means for 
 securing the friendship of the Indians. He se 
 lected the forks of the Monongahela and Alle 
 ghany rivers, as a position which ought to be 
 immediately possessed and fortified. At this 
 place the French very soon erected fort du Quesne, 
 which fell into the hands of the English in 1758 
 and was called by them fort Pitt. Pursuing his 
 way up the Alleghany to French creek, he found 
 at a fort upon this stream the commanding 
 officer, to whom he delivered the letter from Mr. 
 Dinwiddie. On his return he encountered great 
 difficulties and dangers. As the snow was deep 
 and the horses weak from fatigue, he left his at 
 tendants at the mouth of French creek, and set 
 out on foot, with his papers and provisions in his 
 pack, accompanied only by his pilot, Mr. Gist. 
 At a place upon the Alleghany, called the Mur 
 dering town, they fell in with a hostile Indian, 
 who was one of a party then lying in wait, and 
 who fired upon them not ten steps distant. They 
 
824 
 
 WASHINGTON. 
 
 took him into custody and kept him until nine 
 o clock, and then let him go. To avoid the pur 
 suit which they presumed would he commenced 
 in the morning, they travelled all night. On 
 reaching the Monongahela they had a hard clay s 
 work to make a raft with a hatchet. In attempt 
 ing to cross the river to reach a trader s house, 
 they were inclosed by masses of ice. In order to 
 stop the raft, Maj or Washington put down his set 
 ting pole ; hut the ice came with such force against 
 it as to jerk it into the water. lie saved himself 
 hy seizing one of the raft logs. With difficulty 
 they landed on an island, where they passed the 
 night. The cold was so severe that the pilot s 
 hands and feet were frozen. The next day they 
 crossed the river upon the ice. Washington 
 arrived at Williamsburg Jan. 16, 1754. His jour 
 nal, which evinces the solidity of his judgment 
 and his fortitude, was published. 
 
 As the French seemed disposed to remain 
 upon the Ohio, it was determined to raise a regi 
 ment of three hundred men to maintain the claims 
 of the British crown. The command was given 
 to Mr. Fry, and Major Washington, who was ap 
 pointed lieutenant-colonel, marched with two 
 companies early in April, 1754, in advance of the 
 other troops. A few miles west of the Great 
 Meadows he surprised a French encampment, in 
 a dark, rainy night, and only one man escaped. 
 Before the arrival of the two remaining companies 
 Mr. Fry died, and the command devolved on 
 Colonel Washington. Being joined by two other 
 companies of regular troops from South Carolina 
 and New York, after erecting a small stockade 
 at the Great Meadows, he proceeded towards 
 fort du Quesne, which had been built but a short 
 time, with the intention of dislodging the French. 
 He had marched only thirteen miles to the west 
 ernmost foot of the Laurel hill, before he received 
 information of the approach of the enemy with 
 superior numbers, and was induced to return to 
 his stockade. He began a ditch around it, and 
 called it fort Necessity ; but the next day, July 
 the 3d, he was attacked by 1500 men. His 
 own troops were about 400 in number. The ac 
 tion commenced at ten in the morning and lasted 
 until dark. A part of the Americans fought 
 within the fort and a part in the ditch filled with 
 mud and water. Colonel Washington was him 
 self on the outside of the fort during the whole 
 day. The enemy fought under cover of trees and 
 high grass. In the course of the night articles of 
 capitulation were agreed upon. The garrison 
 were allowed to retain their arms and baggage, 
 and to march unmolested to the inhabited parts 
 of Virginia. The loss of the Americans in killed 
 and wounded was supposed to be about 100, and 
 that of the enemy about 200. In a few months 
 afterwards orders were received for settling the 
 rank of the officers, and those who were commis- 
 
 WASHINGTON. 
 
 sioned by the king being directed to take rank of 
 the provincial officers, Col. Washington indig 
 nantly resigned his commission. He now re 
 tired to Mount Vernon, that estate by the death 
 of his brother having devolved upon him. But 
 in the spring of 1755 he accepted an invitation 
 from Gen. Braddock to enter his family as a vol 
 unteer aid-de-camp in his expedition to the Ohio. 
 He proceeded with him to Wills creek, after 
 wards called fort Cumberland, in April. After 
 the troops had marched a few miles from this 
 place, he was seized with a raging fever; but, re 
 fusing to remain behind, he was conveyed in a 
 covered wagon. By his advice, twelve hundred 
 men were detatched in order by a rapid move 
 ment to reach fort du Quesne before an expected 
 reinforcement should be received at that place. 
 These disencumbered troops were commanded by 
 Braddock himself, and Col. Washington, though 
 still extremely ill, insisted upon proceeding with 
 them. After they arrived upon the Mononga 
 hela he advised the general to employ the rang 
 ing companies of Virginia to scour the woods and 
 to prevent ambuscades ; but his advice was not 
 followed. July 9, when the army was within 
 seven miles of fort du Quesne, the enemy com 
 menced a sudden and furious attack, being con 
 cealed by the wood and high grass. In a short 
 time Col. Washington was the only aid who was 
 unwounded, and on him devolved the whole duty 
 of carrying the orders of the commander-in-chief. 
 He was cool and fearless. Though he had two 
 horses killed under him, and four balls through 
 his coat, he escaped unhurt, while every other 
 officer on horseback was either killed or wounded. 
 Dr. Craik, the physician, who attended him in his 
 last sickness, was present in this battle, and says: 
 " I expected every moment to see him fall. Noth 
 ing but the superintending care of Providence 
 could have saved him from the fate of all around 
 him." After an action of three hours the troops 
 gave way in all directions, and Col. Washington 
 and two others brought off Braddock, who had 
 been mortally wounded. He attempted to rally 
 the retreating troops ; but, as he says himself, it 
 was like endeavoring " to stop the wild bears of 
 the mountains." The conduct of the regular 
 troops was most cowardly. The enemy were 
 few in number and had no expectation of victory. 
 In a sermon occasioned by this expedition, Sam 
 uel Davies of Hanover county thus prophetically 
 expressed himself: " As a remarkable instance of 
 patriotism, I may point out to the public that 
 heroic youth, Col. Washington, whom I cannot 
 but hope Providence has hitherto preserved in so 
 signal a manner for some important service to 
 his country." For this purpose he was indeed 
 preserved, and at the end of twenty years he 
 began to render to his country more important 
 services than the minister of Jesus could have 
 
WASHINGTON. 
 
 anticipated. From 1755 to 1758 he commanded 
 a regiment which was raised for the protection of 
 the frontiers, and during this period he was inces 
 santly occupied in efforts to shield the exposed 
 settlements from the incursions of the savages. 
 His exertions were in a great degree ineffectual, in 
 consequence of the errors and the pride of gov 
 ernment, and of the impossibility of guarding 
 with a few troops an extended territory from an 
 enemy which was averse to open warfare. He in 
 the most earnest manner recommended offensive 
 measures as the only method of giving complete 
 protection to the scattered settlements. In the 
 year 1758, to his great joy, it was determined to 
 undertake another expedition against fort du 
 Quesne, and he engaged in it with zeal. Early 
 in July the troops were assembled at fort Cum 
 berland ; and here, against all the remonstrances 
 and arguments of Col. Washington, Gen. Forbes 
 resolved to open a new road to the Ohio instead 
 of taking the old route. Such was the predicted 
 delay, occasioned by this measure, that in Novem 
 ber it was resolved not to proceed further during 
 that campaign. But intelligence of the weakness 
 of the garrison induced an alteration of the plan 
 of passing the winter in the wilderness. By slow 
 marches the army was enabled, on the 25th of 
 Nov., to reach fort du Quesne, of which peacea 
 ble possession was taken, as the enemy on the 
 preceding night, after setting it on fire, had aban 
 doned it, and proceeded down the Ohio. The 
 works in this place were repaired, and its name 
 was changed to that of fort Pitt. The success of 
 the expedition was to be attributed to the British 
 fleet, which intercepted reinforcements destined 
 for Canada, and to events in the northern colo 
 nies. The great object which he had been anx 
 ious to effect being now accomplished, and his 
 health being enfeebled, Col. Washington resigned 
 his commission as commander-in-chief of all the 
 troops raised in Virginia. 
 
 Soon after his resignation he was married to 
 Martha, the widow of Mr. Custis, a young lady 
 to whom he had been for some time strongly 
 attached, and who to a large fortune and a fine 
 person added those amiable accomplishments 
 which fill with silent felicity the scenes of domes 
 tic life. His attention for several years was prin 
 cipally directed to the management of his estate, 
 which had now become considerable. He had 
 nine thousand acres under his own management. 
 So great a part was cultivated, that in one year 
 he raised seven thousand bushels of wheat and 
 ten thousand of Indian corn. His slaves and 
 other persons employed by him amounted to 
 near a thousand ; and the woollen and linen 
 cloth necessary for their use was chiefly manufac 
 tured on the estate. He was at this period a 
 member of the legislature of Virginia, in which 
 he took a decided part ia opposition to the prin- 
 104 
 
 WASHINGTON. 
 
 825 
 
 ciple of taxation asserted by the British parlia 
 ment. He also acted as a judge of a county 
 court. In 1774 he was elected a member of the 
 first congress, and was placed on all those com 
 mittees whose duty it was to make arrangements 
 for defence. In the following year, after the bat 
 tle of Lexington, when it was determined by 
 congress to resort to arms, Col. Washington was 
 unanimously elected commander-in-chief of the 
 army of the united colonies. All were satisfied 
 as to his qualifications, and the delegates from 
 New England were particularly pleased with his 
 election, as it would tend to unite the southern 
 colonies cordially in the war. He accepted the 
 appointment with diffidence, and expressed his 
 intention of receiving no compensation for his ser 
 vices, and only a mere discharge of his expenses. 
 He immediately repaired to Cambridge in the 
 neighborhood of Boston, where he arrived on the 
 2d of July. He formed the army into three 
 divisions, in order the most effectually to inclose 
 the enemy, intrusting the division at Iloxbury to 
 Gen. Ward, the division on Prospect and Winter 
 hills to Gen. Lee, and commanding himself the 
 centre at Cambridge. Here he had to struggle 
 with great difficulties, with the want of ammuni 
 tion, clothing, and magazines, defect of arms and 
 discipline, and the evils of short enlistments ; but 
 instead of yielding to despondence he bent the 
 whole force of his mind to overcome them. He 
 soon made the alarming discovery that there was 
 only sufficient powder on hand to furnish the army 
 with nine catridges for each man. With the 
 greatest caution to keep this fact a secret, the 
 utmost exertions were employed to procure a 
 supply. A vessel, which was dispatched to 
 Africa, obtained in exchange for New England 
 rum all the gunpowder in the British factories ; 
 and in the beginning of winter Capt. Manly cap 
 tured an ordnance brig, which furnished the 
 American army with the precise articles of which 
 "it was in the greatest want. In September, Gen. 
 Washington dispatched Arnold on an expedition 
 against Quebec. In February, 177G, he proposed 
 to a council of his officers to cross the ice and attack 
 the enemy in Boston, but they unanimously dis 
 approved of the daring measure. It was, how 
 ever, soon resolved to take possession of the 
 heights of Dorchester. This was done without 
 discovery on the night of the 4th of March, 
 and on the 17th the enemy found it necessary 
 to evacuate the town. The recovery of Boston 
 induced congress to pass a vote of thanks to 
 Gen. Washington and his brave army. 
 
 In the belief that the efforts of the British 
 would be directed towards the Hudson, he has 
 tened the army to New York, Avhere he himself 
 arrived April 14th. He made every exertion to 
 fortify the city, and attention was paid to the forts 
 in the highlands. While he met the most em- 
 
826 
 
 WASHINGTON. 
 
 WASHINGTON. 
 
 barrassing difficulties, a plan was formed to assist 
 the enemy in seizing his person, and some of his 
 own guards engaged in the conspiracy ; but it 
 was discovered, and some who were concerned in 
 it were executed. In the beginning of July, 
 Howe landed his troops at Staten Island. His 
 brother, Lord Howe, who commanded the fleet, 
 soon arrived ; and as both were commissioners 
 for restoring peace to the colonies, the latter 
 addressed a letter upon the subject to "George 
 Washington, Esquire ; " but the general refused 
 to receive it, as it did not acknowledge the public 
 character with which he was invested by con 
 gress, in which character only he could have any 
 intercourse with his lordship. Another letter 
 was sent to " George Washington, &c. &c. &c." 
 This for the same reason was rejected. After the 
 disastrous battle of Brooklyn on the 27th of 
 August, in which Stirling and Sullivan were taken 
 prisoners, and of which he was only a spectator, 
 he withdrew the troops from Long Island, and in 
 a few days he resolved to withdraw from New 
 York. At Kipp s bay, about three miles from the 
 city, some works had been thrown up to oppose 
 the enemy ; but on their approach the American 
 troops fled with precipitation. Washington rode 
 towards the lines, and made every exertion to pre 
 vent the disgraceful flight. He drew his sword, 
 and threatened to run the cowards through ; he 
 cocked and snapped his pistol, but it was all in 
 vain. Such was the state of his mind at the mo 
 ment, that he turned his horse towards the ad 
 vancing enemy, apparently with the intention of 
 rushing upon death. His aids now seized the 
 bridle of his horse and rescued him from destruc 
 tion. New York was on the same day, Sept. 15, 
 evacuated. In October he retreated to the White 
 Plains, where, Oct. 28, a considerable action took 
 place, in which the Americans were overpowered. 
 After the loss of forts Washington and Lee, he 
 passed into New Jersey in November, and was 
 pursued by a triumphant and numerous enemy. 
 His army did not amount to three thousand, and 
 it was daily diminishing ; his men, as the winter 
 commenced, were barefooted and almost naked, 
 destitute of tents, and of utensils with which to 
 dress their scanty provisions ; and every circum 
 stance tended to fill the mind with despondence. 
 But Gen. Washington was undismayed and firm. 
 He showed himself to his enfeebled army with a 
 serene and unembarrassed countenance, and they 
 were inspired with the resolution of their com 
 mander. Dec. 8, he was obliged to cross the 
 Delaware ; but he had the precaution to secure 
 the boats for seventy miles upon the river. 
 While the British were waiting for the ice to 
 afford them a passage, as his own army had been 
 leinforced by several thousand men, he formed 
 the resolution of carrying the cantonments of 
 the enemy by surprise. On the night of Dec. 
 
 25 he crossed the river nine miles above Trenton, 
 in a storm of snow mingled with hail and rain, 
 with about two thousand four hundred men. 
 Two other detachments were unable to effect a 
 passage. In the morning, precisely at eight 
 o clock, he surprised Trenton, and took one 
 thousand Hessians prisoners, one thousand stand 
 of arms, and six field pieces. Twenty of the 
 enemy were killed. Of the Americans, two pri 
 vates were killed and two frozen to death ; and 
 one officer and three or four privates were 
 wounded. On the same day he recrossed the 
 Delaware with the fruits of his enterprise ; but in 
 two or three days passed again into New Jersey, 
 and concentrated his forces, amounting to five 
 thousand, at Trenton. On the approach of a 
 superior enemy under Cornwallis, Jan. 2, 1777, he 
 drew up his men behind Assumpinck creek. He 
 expected an attack in the morning, which would 
 probably result in a ruinous defeat. At this mo 
 ment, when it was hazardous if not impracticable 
 to return into Pennsylvania, he formed the reso 
 lution of getting into the rear of the enemy, and 
 thus to stop them in their progress towards Phil 
 adelphia. In the night he silently decamped, 
 taking a circuitous route through Allenstown 
 to Princeton. A sudden change of the weather 
 to severe cold rendered the roads favorable for 
 his march. About sunrise his van met a British 
 detachment on its way to join Cornwallis, and 
 was defeated by it ; but as he came up he exposed 
 himself to every danger and gained a victory. 
 With three hundred prisoners he then entered 
 Princeton. During this march many of his sol 
 diers were without shoes, and their feet left the 
 marks of blood upon the frozen ground. This 
 hardship and their want of repose induced him 
 to lead his army to a place of security on the road 
 to MorristOWQ. Cornwallis in the morning broke 
 up his camp, and, alarmed for his stores in Bruns 
 wick, urged the pursuit. Thus the military 
 genius of the American commander, under the 
 blessing of Divine Providence, rescued Philadel 
 phia from the threatened danger, obliged the 
 enemy, which had overspread New Jersey,, to 
 return to the neighborhood of New York, and 
 revived the desponding spirits of his country. 
 Having accomplished these objects, he retired to 
 Morristown, where he caused his whole army to 
 be inoculated with the small pox, and thus was 
 freed from the apprehension of a calamity which 
 might impede his operations during the next cam 
 paign. 
 
 On the last of May he removed his army to 
 Middlebrook, about ten miles from Brunswick, 
 where he fortified himself very strongly. An inef 
 fectual attempt was made by Sir William Howe to 
 draw him from his position, by marching towards 
 Philadelphia; but, after Howe s return to New 
 York, he moved towards the Hudson, in order to 
 
WASHINGTON. 
 
 defend the passes in the mountains, in the ex 
 pectation that a junction with Burgoyne, who 
 was then upon the lakes, would be attempted. 
 After the British general sailed from New York 
 and entered the Chesapeake, in August, Gen. 
 "Washington marched immediately for the defence 
 of Philadelphia. Sept. 11, he was defeated at 
 Brandywine, with the loss of nine hundred, in 
 killed and wounded. A few days afterward, as 
 he was pursued, he turned upon the enemy, de 
 termined upon another engagement ; hut a heavy 
 rain so damaged the arms and ammunition that 
 he was under the absolute necessity of again re 
 treating. Philadelphia was entered by Cornwal- 
 lis Sept. 26. Oct. 4, the American commander 
 made a well-planned attack upon the British 
 camp at Germantown ; but, in consequence of 
 the darkness of the morning, and the imperfect 
 discipline of his troops, it terminated in the loss 
 of twelve hundred men, in killed, wounded, and 
 prisoners. In Dec. he went into winter quarters 
 at Valley Forge, on the west side of the Schuyl- 
 kill, between twenty and thirty miles from Phila 
 delphia. Here his army was in the greatest dis 
 tress for the want of provisions, and he was 
 reduced to the necessity of sending out parties to 
 seize what they could find. About the same time 
 a combination, in which some members of con 
 gress were engaged, was formed to remove the 
 commander-in-chicf and to appoint in his place 
 Gates, whose recent successes had given him a 
 high reputation. But the name of Washington 
 was too dear to the great body of Americans to 
 admit of such a change. Notwithstanding the 
 discordant materials of which his army was com 
 posed, there was something in his character 
 which enabled him to attach both his officers and 
 soldiers so strongly to him that no distress could 
 weaken their affection or impair the veneration 
 in which he was generally held. Without this 
 attachment to him the army must have been dis 
 solved. Gen. Conway, who was concerned in 
 this faction, beiir* wounded in a duel with Gen. 
 Cadwallader, and thinking his wound mortal, 
 wrote to Gen. Washington, " You are in my eyes 
 the great and good man." Feb. 1, 1778, there 
 were about four thousand men in camp unfit for 
 duty, for the want of clothes. Of these scarcely a 
 man had a pair of shoes. The hospitals were 
 also filled with the sick. At this time the enemy, 
 if they had marched out of winter quarters, could 
 easily have dispersed the American army. The 
 apprehension of the approach of a French fleet 
 inducing the British to concentrate their forces, 
 when they evacuated Philadelphia, June 17, and 
 marched towards New York, Gen. Washington 
 followed them. Contrary to the advice of a 
 council he engaged in the battle of Monmouth 
 June 28, the result of which made an impression 
 favorable to the cause of America. He slept in 
 
 WASHINGTON. 
 
 827 
 
 lis cloak on the field of battle, intending to renew 
 the attack the next morning, but at midnight 
 the British marched off in such silence as not to 
 be discovered. Their loss in killed was about 
 three hundred, and that of the Americans sixty- 
 nine. As the campaign now closed in the mid 
 dle States, the American army went into winter 
 quarters in the neighborhood of the highlands 
 upon the Hudson. Thus, after the vicissitudes of 
 two years, both armies were brought back to the 
 point from which they set out. During the year 
 1779, Gen. Washington remained in the neigh 
 borhood of New York. In Jan., 1780, in a win 
 ter memorable for its severity, his utmost exer 
 tions were necessary to save the army from 
 dissolution. The soldiers in general submitted 
 with heroic patience to the want of provisions and 
 clothes. At one time they ate every kind of 
 horse food but hay. Their sufferings at length 
 were so great, that in March two of the Connect 
 icut regiments mutinied, but the mutiny was 
 suppressed and the ringleaders secured. In Sept. 
 the treachery of Arnold was detected. In the 
 winter of 1781, such were again the privations of 
 the army that a part of the Pennsylvania line re 
 volted and marched home. Such, however, was 
 still their patriotism that they delivered up some 
 British emissaries to Gen. Wayne, who hanged 
 them as spies. Committing the defence of tne 
 posts on the Hudson to Gen. Heath, Gen. Wash- 
 ton, in August, marched with Count Itochambeaux 
 for the Chesapeake, to cooperate with the French 
 fleet there. The siege of Yorktown commenced 
 Sept. 28, and Oct. 19 he reduced Cornwallis to 
 the necessity of surrendering, with upwards of 
 seven thousand men, to the combined armies of 
 America and France. The day after the capitu 
 lation, he ordered that those who were under ar 
 rest should be pardoned, and that divine service, 
 in acknowledgment of the interposition of Provi 
 dence, should be performed in all the brigades 
 and divisions. This event filled America with 
 joy, and was the means of terminating the war. 
 
 Few events of importance occurred in 1782. 
 In March, 1783, he exhibited his characteristic 
 firmness and decision in opposing an attempt to 
 produce a mutiny by anonymous letters. His 
 address to his officers on the occasion displays in 
 a remarkable degree his prudence and the cor 
 rectness of his judgment. When he began to 
 read it he found himself in some degree embar 
 rassed by the imperfection of his sight. Taking 
 out his spectacles he said, " These eyes, my 
 friends, have grown dim, and these locks white, 
 in the service of my country ; yet I have never 
 doubted her justice." He only could have re 
 pressed the spirit which was breaking forth. 
 April 19, a cessation of hostilities Avas proclaimed 
 in the American camp. In June he addressed a 
 letter to the governors of the several States, con- 
 
828 
 
 WASHINGTON. 
 
 WASHINGTON. 
 
 gratulating them on the result of the contest in 
 the establishment of independence, and recom 
 mending an indissoluble union of the States 
 under one federal head, a sacred regard to public 
 justice, the adoption ef a proper peace establish 
 ment, and the prevalence of a friendly disposi 
 tion among the people of the several States. It 
 was with keen distress, as well as with pride and 
 admiration, that he saw his brave and veteran 
 soldiers, who had suffered so much, and who had 
 borne the heat and burden of the war, returning 
 peaceably to their homes without a settlement of 
 their accounts or a farthing of money in their 
 pockets. Nov. 25, New York was evacuated, 
 and he entered it, accompanied by Gov. Clinton 
 and many respectable citizens. Dec. 4, he took 
 his farewell of his brave comrades in arms. At 
 noon the principal officers of the army assembled 
 at Francis tavern, and their beloved commander 
 soon entered the room. His emotions were too 
 strong to be concealed. Filling a glass with wine, 
 he turned to them and said : " With a heart full 
 of love and gratitude, I now take leave of you ; 
 I most devoutly wish that your latter days may 
 be as prosperous and happy as your former ones 
 have been glorious and honorable." Having 
 drunk, he added : " I cannot come to each of 
 you to take my leave, but shall be obliged to you 
 if each of you will come and take me by the 
 hand." Gen. Knox, being nearest, turned to 
 him. Incapable of utterance, Gen. Washington 
 grasped his hand and embraced him. In the 
 same affectionate manner he took leave of each 
 officer. In every eye was the tear of dignified 
 sensibility, and not a word was articulated to in 
 terrupt the silence and the tenderness of the 
 scene. Ye men who delight in blood, slaves of 
 ambition! AVhen your work of carnage was fin 
 ished, could ye thus part with your companions 
 in crime ? Leaving the room, Gen. Washington 
 passed through the corps of light infantry, and 
 walked to Whitehall, where a barge waited to 
 carry him to Powles Hook. The whole company 
 followed in mute procession with dejected coun 
 tenances. When he entered the barge, he turned 
 to them, and, waving his hat, bade them a silent 
 adieu, receiving from them the same last affec 
 tionate compliment. On the 23d of Dec. he re 
 signed his commission to congress, then assem 
 bled at Annapolis. He delivered a short address 
 on the occasion, in which he said : " I consid 
 ered it an indispensable duty to close this last 
 solemn act of my official life by commending 
 the interests of our dearest country to the pro 
 tection of Almighty God, and those who have the 
 superintendence of them to his holy keeping." 
 He then retired to Mount Vernon to enjoy again 
 the pleasures of domestic life. Here the expres 
 sions of the gratitude of his countrymen, in affec 
 tionate addresses, poured in upon him, and he 
 
 received every testimony of respect and vener 
 ation. 
 
 In his retirement, however, he could not over 
 look the public interests. He was desirous of 
 opening by water carriage a communication be 
 tween the Atlantic and the western portions of 
 our country, in order to prevent the diversion of 
 trade down the Mississippi, and to Canada, from 
 which he predicted consequences injurious to the 
 union. Through his influence two companies 
 were formed for promoting inland navigation. 
 The legislature of Virginia presented him with 
 one hundred and fifty shares in them, which he 
 appropriated to public uses. In the year 1786 
 he was convinced, with other statesmen, of the 
 necessity of substituting a more vigorous general 
 government, in the place of the impotent articles 
 of confederation. Still he was aware of the dan 
 ger of running from one extreme to another. 
 He exclaims, in a letter to Mr. Jay : " What as 
 tonishing changes a few years are capable of pro 
 ducing! I am told that even respectable char 
 acters speak of a monarchical form of government 
 without horror. From thinking proceeds speak 
 ing ; thence to acting is often but a single step. 
 But how irrevocable and tremendous ! AVbat a 
 triumph for our enemies to verify their predic 
 tions ! What a triumph for the advocates of des 
 potism to find that we are incapable of governing 
 ourselves, and that systems, founded on the basis 
 of equal liberty, are merely ideal and fallacious !" 
 In the following year he was persuaded to take a 
 seat in the convention which formed the present 
 constitution of the United States, and he pre 
 sided in that body. In 1789 he was unanimously 
 elected the first president of the United States. 
 It was with great reluctance that he accepted 
 this office. His feelings, as he said himself, were 
 like those of a culprit going to the place of ex 
 ecution. But the voice of a whole continent, the 
 pressing recommendation of his particular friends, 
 and the apprehension that he should otherwise 
 be considered as unwilling to hazard his reputa 
 tion in executing a system which he had assisted 
 in forming, determined him to accept the ap 
 pointment. In April he left Mount Vernon to 
 proceed to New York, and to enter on the duties 
 of his high office. He everywhere received tes 
 timonies of respect and love. At Trenton the 
 gentler sex rewarded him for his successful enter 
 prise, and the protection which he afforded them, 
 twelve years before. On the bridge over the 
 creek which passes through the town, was 
 erected a triumphal arch, ornamented with laurels 
 and flowers and supported by thirteen pillars, 
 each encircled with wreaths of evergreen. On the 
 front of the arch was inscribed in large gilt letters : 
 
 "THE DEFEJfDER OF THE MOTHERS 
 
 WILL BE THE 
 PROTECTOR OF THE DAUGHTERS." 
 
WASHINGTON. 
 
 WASHINGTON. 
 
 829 
 
 At this place he was met by a party of matrons, 
 leading their daughters, who were "dressed in 
 white, and who with baskets in their hands sung 
 with exquisite sweetness the following ode, writ 
 ten for the occasion : 
 
 " Welcome, mighty chief, once more 
 Welcome to this grateful shore. 
 Now no mercenary foe 
 Aims again the fatal blow, 
 Aims at THEE the fatal blow, 
 Virgins fair and matrons grave, 
 Those thy conquering arms did save, 
 Build for thee triumphal bowers; 
 Strew, ye fair, his way with flowers, 
 Strew your HERO S way with flowers." 
 
 At the last line the flowers were strewed be 
 fore him. After receiving such proofs of affec 
 tionate attachment he arrived at New York, and 
 was inaugurated first president of the United 
 States, April 30. In making the necessary ar 
 rangements of his household, he publicly an 
 nounced that neither visits of business nor of 
 ceremony would be expected on Sunday, as he 
 wished to reserve that day sacredly to himself. 
 In Oct. and Nov., 1789, he visited New England. 
 At the close of his first term of four years, he 
 prepared a valedictory address to the American 
 people, anxious to return again to the scenes of 
 domestic life ; but the earnest entreaties of his 
 friends and the peculiar situation of his country 
 induced him to be a candidate for a second elec 
 tion. During his administration of eight years 
 the labor of establishing the different departments 
 of a new government was accomplished ; and he 
 exhibited the greatest firmness, wisdom, and inde 
 pendence. He was an American, and he chose 
 not to involve his country in the contests of Eu 
 rope. He accordingly, with the unanimous advice 
 of his cabinet, Messrs. Jefferson, Hamilton, 
 Knox, and Kandolph, issued a proclamation of 
 neutrality April 22, 1793, a few days after he 
 heard of the commencement of the war between 
 England and France. This measure contributed 
 in a great degree to the prosperity of America: 
 Its adoption was the more honorable to the pres 
 ident, as the general sympathy was in favor of the 
 sister republic, against whom it was said Great 
 Britain had commenced the war for the sole pur 
 pose of imposing upon her a monarchical form 
 of government. He preferred the peace and wel 
 fare of his country to the breath of popular ap 
 plause. Another act, in which he proved himsell 
 to be less regardful of the public partialities and 
 prejudices than of what he conceived to be the 
 public good, was the ratification of the British 
 treaty. The English government had neglected 
 to surrender the western posts, and by commer 
 cial restrictions and in other ways had evinced a 
 hostile spirit towards this country. To avert the 
 calamity of another war, Mr. Jay was nominated 
 as envoy extraordinary in April, 1794. In June, 
 1795, the treaty which Mr. Jay had made was 
 
 submitted to the senate, and was ratified by that 
 :)ody on the condition that one article should be 
 altered. While the president was deliberating 
 upon it, an incorrect copy of the instrument was 
 made public by a senator, and the whole country 
 was thrown into a state of extreme irritation. 
 At this period he, in August, conditionally rati- 
 ied it, and in Feb., 1796, when it was returned 
 from his Britannic Majesty with the proposed al 
 teration, he declared it to be the law of the land. 
 After this transaction, the house of representa 
 tives requested him to lay before them the papers 
 relating to the treaty, but he with great inde 
 pendence refused to comply with their request, as 
 they could have no claim to an inspection of them 
 except upon a vote of impeachment, and as a 
 compliance would establish a dangerous prece 
 dent. He had before this shown a disposition to 
 maintain the authority vested in his office, by de 
 clining to affix his signature to a bill which had 
 passed both houses. 
 
 As the period for a new election of a president 
 of the United States approached, and after plain 
 indications that the public voice would be in his 
 favor, and when he probably would be chosen for 
 the third time unanimously, he determined irre 
 vocably to withdraw to the shades of private life. 
 He published in Sept., 1796, his farewell address 
 to the people of the United States, which ought 
 to be engraved upon the hearts of his country 
 men. In the most earnest and affectionate man 
 ner he called upon them to cherish an immova 
 ble attachment to the national union, to watch 
 for its preservation with jealous anxiety, to dis 
 countenance even the suggestion that it could in 
 any event be abandoned, and indignantly to frown 
 upon the first dawning of every attempt to alien 
 ate any portion of our country from the rest. 
 Overgrown military establishments he represent 
 ed as particularly hostile to republican liberty. 
 While he recommended the most implicit obe 
 dience to the acts of the established government, 
 and reprobated all obstructions to the execution 
 of the laws, all combinations and associations, 
 under whatever plausible character, with the 
 real design to direct, control, counteract, or awe 
 the regular deliberations and action of the con 
 stituted authorities, he wished also to guard 
 against the spirit of innovation upon the principles 
 of the constitution. Aware that the energy of 
 the system might be enfeebled by alterations, he 
 thought that no change should be made without 
 an evident necessity, and that in so extensive a 
 country as much vigor as is consistent with liberty 
 is indispensable. On the other hand he pointed 
 out the danger of a real despotism, by break 
 ing down the partitions between the several de 
 partments of government, by destroying the 
 reciprocal checks, and consolidating the different 
 powers. Against the spirit of party, so peculiarly 
 
830 
 
 WASHINGTON. 
 
 WASHINGTON. 
 
 baneful in an elective government he uttered 
 his most solemn remonstrances, as well as against 
 inveterate antipathies and passionate attachments 
 in respect to foreign nations. While he thought 
 that the jealousy of a free people ought to be 
 constantly and impartially awake against the in 
 sidious wiles of foreign influence, he wished that 
 good faith should be observed towards all nations, 
 and peace and harmony cultivated. In his opin 
 ion, honesty, no less in public than in private affairs, 
 is always the best policy. Providence, he believed, 
 had connected the permanent felicity of a nation 
 with its virtue. Other subjects, to which he 
 alluded, were the importance of credit, of econ 
 omy, of a reduction of the public debt, and of 
 literary institutions ; above all he recommended 
 religion and morality as indispensably necessary 
 to political prosperity. " In vain," says he, " would 
 that man claim the tribute of patriotism, who 
 should labor to subvert these great pillars of 
 human happiness, these firmest props of the duties 
 of men and of citizens." Bequeathing these 
 counsels to his countrymen, he continued in office 
 till the fourth of March, 1797, when he attended 
 the inauguration of his successor, Mr. Adams, and 
 witli complacency saw him invested with powers 
 which had for so long a time been exercised by 
 himself. He then retired to Mount Vernon, giv 
 ing to the world an example most humiliating to 
 its emperors and kings, the example of a man 
 voluntarily disrobing himself of the highest au 
 thority, and returning to private life, with a char 
 acter having upon it no stain of ambition, of 
 covetousness, of profusion, of luxury, of oppres 
 sion, or of injustice. 
 
 It was now that the soldier, the statesman, 
 and the patriot hoped to repose himself, after the 
 toils of so many years. But he had not been 
 long in retirement before the outrages of repub 
 lican France induced our government to raise an 
 army, of which, in July, 1798, he was appointed 
 commander-in-chief. Though he accepted the ap 
 pointment, his services were not demanded, and he 
 himself did not believe that an invasion would be 
 made. Pacific overtures were soon made by the 
 French directory, but he did not live to see the 
 restoration of peace. On Friday, Dec. 13, 1799, 
 while attending to some improvements upon his 
 estate, he was exposed to a light rain which wetted 
 his neck and hair. Unapprehensive of danger, he 
 passed the afternoon in his usual manner ; but 
 at night he was seized with an inflammatory 
 affection of the wind-pipe. The disease com 
 menced with a violent ague, accompanied with 
 some pain and a sense of stricture in the throat, a 
 cough and difficult deglutition, which were soon 
 succeeded by fever and a quick and laborious 
 respiration. About twelve or fourteen ounces of 
 blood were taken from him. In the morning his 
 family physician, Doctor Craik, was sent for; but 
 
 the utmost exertions of medical skill were applied 
 in vain. The appointed time of his death Mas 
 Believing from the commencement of his 
 
 complaint that it would be mortal, a few hours 
 before his departure, after repeated efforts to be 
 understood, he succeeded in expressing a desire 
 that he might be permitted to die without being 
 disquieted by unavailing attempts to rescue him 
 from his fate. After it became impossible to get 
 any thing down his throat, he undressed himself 
 and went to bed, there to die. To his friend and 
 physician, who sat on his bed, and took his head 
 in his lap, he said with difficulty, " Doctor, I am 
 dying, and have been dying for a long time ; but 
 I am not afraid to die." Respiration became 
 more and more contracted till half-past eleven 
 on Saturday night, when, retaining the full pos 
 session of his intellect, he expired without a 
 struggle. Thus Dec. 14, 1799, in the 68th year 
 of his age, died the father of our country, " the 
 man first in war, first in peace, and first in 
 the hearts of his fellow-citizens." This event 
 spread a gloom over the country, and the tears 
 of America proclaimed the services and virtues 
 of its hero and sage, and exhibited a people not 
 insensible to his worth. The senate of the United 
 States, in an address to the president on this melan 
 choly occasion, indulged their patriotic pride, 
 while they did not transgress the bounds of truth, 
 in speaking of their WASHINGTON. " Ancient 
 and modern names," said they, " are diminished 
 before him. Greatness and guilt have too often 
 been allied ; but his fame is whiter than it is 
 brilliant. The destroyers of nations stood abashed 
 at the majesty of his virtues. It reproved the 
 intemperance of their ambition, and darkened 
 the splendor of victory. The scene is closed, 
 and we are no longer anxious lest misfortune 
 should sully his glory; he has travelled on to the 
 end of his journey, and carried with him an increas 
 ing weight of honor ; he has deposited it safely 
 where misfortune cannot tarnish it, where malice 
 cannot blast it." Mary, his mother, died at Fred- 
 ericksburg Aug. 25, 1789, aged 82. She lived 
 about four months after the inauguration of her 
 son as president of the United States. Martha, his 
 widow, died May 22, 1802; in her sickness the 
 Lord s supper was administered to her. 
 
 Gen. Washington was rather above the com 
 mon stature ; his frame was robust and his consti 
 tution vigorous. His exterior created in the be 
 holder the idea of strength united with manly 
 gracefulness. His eyes were of a gray color, and 
 his complexion light. His manners were rather 
 reserved than free. His person and whole deport 
 ment exhibited an unaffected and indescribable 
 dignity, unmingled with haughtiness, of which 
 all who approached him were sensible. The 
 attachment of those who possessed his friend 
 ship was ardent, but always respectful. His 
 
WASHINGTON. 
 
 WASHINGTON. 
 
 831 
 
 temper was humane, benevolent, and conciliatory ; 
 but there was a quickness in his sensibility to any 
 thing offensive, which experience had taught him 
 to watch and correct. He made no pretensions 
 to vivacity or wit. Judgment rather than genius 
 constituted the most prominent feature of his 
 character. As a military man he was brave, 
 enterprising, and cautious. At the head of a 
 multitude, whom it was sometimes impossible to 
 reduce to proper discipline before the expiration 
 of their time of service, and having to struggle 
 almost continually with the want of supplies, he 
 yet was able to contend with an adversary 
 superior in numbers, well disciplined, and com 
 pletely equipped, and was the means of saving 
 his country. The measure of his caution has by 
 some been represented as too abundant ; but he 
 sometimes formed a plan, which his brave offi 
 cers thought was too adventurous, and sometimes 
 contrary to their advice he engaged in battle. 
 If his name is not rendered illustrious by splendid 
 achievements, it is not to be attributed to the 
 want of military enterprise. 
 
 He conducted the war with that consummate 
 prudence and wisdom which the situation of his 
 country and the state of his army demanded. 
 He also possessed a firmness of resolution, which 
 neither dangers nor difficulties could shake. In 
 his civil administration he exhibited repeated 
 proofs of that practical good sense, of that sound 
 judgment, which is a most valuable quality of the 
 human mind. More than once he put his whole 
 popularity to hazard in pursuing measures which 
 were dictated by a sense of duty, and Avhich he 
 thought would promote the welfare of his coun 
 try. In speculation he was a real republican, 
 sincerely attached to the constitution of the United 
 States, and to that system of equal political rights 
 on which it is founded. Heal liberty, he thought, 
 was to be preserved only by preserving the au 
 thority of the laws, and maintaining the energy 
 of government. Of incorruptible integrity, his- 
 ends were always upright, and the means which 
 he employed were always pure. He was a poli 
 tician to whom wiles were absolutely unknown. 
 When any measure of importance was proposed, 
 he sought information and was ready to hear 
 without prejudice whatever could be said in re 
 lation to the subject ; he suspended his judg 
 ment till it was necessary to decide ; but after 
 his decision had been thus deliberately made, it 
 was seldom shaken, and he was as active and per 
 severing in executing, as he had been cool in 
 forming "il. He possessed an innate and unas 
 suming modesty, which adulation would have 
 offended, which the plaudits of millions could not 
 betray into indiscretion, and which was blended 
 with a high sense of personal dignity, and a just 
 consciousness of the respect which is due to 
 station. lie dined at four o clock. Sometimes 
 
 members of congress were late. He said to them : 
 " Gentlemen, we are punctual here. My cook 
 never asks whether the company has arrived, but 
 whether the hour has." In 1789 an escort to 
 Salem was to attend him at Boston at eight ; but 
 the escort did not overtake him until he reached 
 Charles river. He said, " Major, I thought 
 you had been too long in my family not to know 
 when it was eight o clock." 
 
 With regard to the religious character of 
 General Washington there have been different 
 opinions. In the extracts from some of his pri 
 vate letters, which have been published by the 
 historian of his life, the name of the Supreme 
 Being is once or twice introduced in a manner 
 which in common conversation is deemed irrever 
 ent. It is also understood that in a few instances 
 during the war, particularly when he met Gen. 
 Lee retreating in the battle of Monmouth, his 
 language was unguarded in this respect. It may 
 not be impossible that a good man in a moment 
 of extreme irritation should utter a profane ex 
 pression ; but perhaps it is less possible that such 
 a man, when his passion has passed away and 
 his sober recollections have returned, should not 
 repent bitterly of his irreverence to the name of 
 God. On the other hand, General Washington, 
 when at the head of the army, issued public or 
 ders, calling upon his officers to discountenance 
 the habit of profanity ; he speaks in his writings 
 of " the pure and benign light of revelation," and 
 of the necessity of imitating " the charity, hu 
 mility, and pacific temper of mind which were the 
 characteristics of the Divine author of our blessed 
 religion ; " he gratefully acknowledged the inter 
 positions of Providence in favor of this country ; 
 his life was upright and virtuous ; he principally 
 supported an Episcopal church in the neighbor 
 hood of Mount Vernon, where he constantly at 
 tended public worship ; during the Avar he not 
 unfrequently rode ten or twelve miles from camp 
 for the benefit of the institutions of religion ; and 
 it is believed that he every day had his hour of 
 retirement from the world for the purpose of 
 private devotion. In a letter to Dr. Ilodgers, 
 June 11, 1783, he said: "Glorious indeed has 
 been our contest, if we consider the prize for 
 which we have contended, and glorious its issue. 
 But in the midst of our joys I hope we shall not 
 forget that to Divine Providence is to be ascribed 
 the glory and the praise." 
 
 General Washington was blessed with abun 
 dant wealth, and he was not ignorant of the 
 pleasure of employing it for generous purposes. 
 His style of living was dignified, though he main 
 tained the strictest economy. While he was in 
 the army he wrote to the superintendent of his 
 estate in the following terms : " Let the hospi 
 tality of the house be kept up with regard to the 
 poor. Let no one go hungry away. If any of 
 
832 
 
 WASHINGTON. 
 
 WASHINGTON. 
 
 this sort of people should be in want of corn, 
 supply their necessities, provided it does not en 
 courage them in idleness. I have no objection 
 to your giving my money in charity, when you 
 think it is well bestowed ; I mean, that it is my 
 desire that it should be done. You are to con 
 sider that neither myself nor my wife are in the 
 way to do these good offices." Thus was he be 
 neficent, while at the same time he required an 
 exact compliance with engagements. A pleasing 
 proof of the generous spirit which governed him 
 is exhibited in his conduct towards the son of his 
 friend, the Marquis de Lafayette. The mar 
 quis, after fighting in this country for American 
 liberty, had returned to France ; but in the con 
 vulsions of the French Revolution he was exiled 
 and imprisoned in Germany. General Washing 
 ton gave evidence of sincere attachment to the 
 unhappy nobleman, not only by exerting all his 
 influence to procure his release from confinement, 
 but by extending his patronage to his son, who 
 made his escape from France, and arrived with 
 his tutor at Boston in 1795. As soon as he was 
 informed of his arrival, he wrote to a friend, re 
 questing him to visit the young gentleman and 
 make him acquainted with the relations between 
 this country and France, which would prevent 
 the president of the United States from publicly 
 espousing his interest, but to assure him of his 
 protection and support. He also directed this 
 friend to draw upon him for moneys to defray 
 all the expenses, which young Lafayette might 
 incur. Towards his slaves General Washington 
 manifested the greatest care and kindness. .Their 
 servitude lay with weight upon his mind, and he 
 directed in his will that they should be emanci 
 pated on the decease of his wife. There were 
 insuperable difficulties in the way of their receiv 
 ing freedom previously to this event. On the 
 death of Mrs. Washington in 1802, his estate, as 
 he had no children, was divided according to his 
 will among his and her relations. It amounted 
 by his own estimate to more than 500,000 dollars. 
 The public addresses and other productions 
 of General Washington s pen are written in a 
 style of dignified simplicity. Some have seen so 
 much excellence in his writings, that they have 
 been ready to transfer the honor to his secreta 
 ries ; but nothing has appeared under his name 
 to which his own powers were inadequate. A 
 volume of epistles, confidential and domestic, 
 attributed to him, was published in 1777, and 
 republished about the year 1796. Of these Gen 
 eral Washington, in a letter to the secretary of 
 State in 1797, declared the following to be forge 
 ries ; a letter to Lund Washington, dated June 
 12, 1776; a letter to John Parke Custis, dated 
 June 18, 1776 ; letters to Lund Washington, 
 dated July 8, July 16, July 15, and July 22, 1776; 
 and a letter to Mrs. Washington, dated June 24, 
 
 1776. His official letters to the American con 
 gress, written during the war, were published in 
 two volumes, 8vo., 1795. Since his death his 
 letters to Arthur Young and Sir John Sinclair, on 
 agriculture and the rural economy of the United 
 States, have been published. Marshall s Life 
 of Washington ; Jiis Life by Ramsay, and San- 
 croft, and Irving. 
 
 WASHINGTON, MARTHA, the widow of 
 George W., died May 22, 1802, aged 70. She 
 was the daughter of Mr. Dandridge of the county 
 of New Kent in Virginia, and was born in May, 
 1732. Her first husband was Col. Daniel P. 
 Custis, who lived on thePamunkey river, a branch 
 of York river. Of the children by this marriage 
 Martha died in womanhood at Mount Vernon in 
 1770, and John Custis in 1781, at the siege of 
 Yorktown, aged 27, leaving several children. 
 She married Washington in 1759. During the 
 Avar she was accustomed to spend the winters at 
 head-quarters. The remains of husband and wife 
 rest in the same vault. She was amiable and 
 dignified, and adorned with the Christian virtues, 
 and cheered with the Christian hope as she went 
 down to the grave. 
 
 WASHINGTON, WILLIAM, colonel, a soldier 
 of the Revolution, a relative of George Wash 
 ington, died in South Carolina in 1810. He was 
 born in Stafford county, Va. He served as a 
 captain under Mercer ; he fought at the battle 
 on Long Island, and distinguished himself in 
 that of Trenton, in which he was wounded. He 
 was afterwards major and lieutenant-colonel. At 
 the battle of the Cowpens he commanded the 
 cavalry, and contributed much to the victory. 
 For his good conduct he received a sword from 
 congress. In the battle of Eutaw Springs he 
 was wounded and taken prisoner. After the war 
 he resided at Sandy Hill, S. C., the family seat 
 of his wife, Jane Elliott. In 1798 George Wash 
 ington selected him _as one of his staff, with the 
 rank of brigadier-general. His son, William, 
 died at Charleston in March, 1830, aged 45. 
 
 WASHINGTON, THOMAS, brigadier-general, 
 a brave and skilful officer in the Revolutionary 
 war, died in Rutherford county, Tcnn., in 1818, 
 aged 55. 
 
 WASHINGTON, LAWRENCE AUGUSTINE, died 
 at Wheeling, Va., in 1824, aged 49; a nephew 
 and one of the heirs of George Washington. 
 
 WASHINGTON, BUSIIROD, judge, died at 
 Philadelphia Nov. 26, 1829, aged 70. The first 
 president of the American colonization society, 
 the nephew of George Washington and heir of 
 his books and papers, he was born in 1759, and 
 studied law with James Wilson. At the siege of 
 York he was a private soldier under Mercer. In 
 1797, he was appointed by Mr. Adams a judge 
 of the supreme court of the United States, an 
 office, which he retained till his death. At the 
 
WASHINGTON. 
 
 WATSON. 
 
 833 
 
 first annual meeting of the colonization society 
 he delivered an address, which expresses his de 
 vout confidence in the blessing of God upon the 
 institution. His widow, the daughter of Mr. 
 Blackburne, died in a few days after him. His 
 nephew, John Augustine W. (the son of Corbin 
 W.), to whom he bequeathed the mansion at 
 Mount Vernon, died June 14, 1832, aged 43. 
 He was a man of integrity and simplicity of man 
 ners, devoted to the performance of his duties, a 
 patriot, and a Christian. He published reports 
 in the court of appeals of Virginia, 2 vols., 
 1798-9. 
 
 WASHINGTON, BAILEY, Dr., died in Wash 
 ington Aug. 4, 1854, aged 67. He was born in 
 Va., and was a relative of George Washington. 
 He entered the navy as a surgeon in 1810. He 
 was surgeon of the Enterprise when she cap 
 tured the Boxer. He was fleet-surgeon under 
 llogers, Elliott, and Paterson in the Mediter 
 ranean. 
 
 WATERHOUSE, JOHN FOTHERGILL, M. D., 
 died at Charleston, S. C., in 1817, aged 26. The 
 son of Dr. W., he graduated at Harvard in 1811. 
 He Avas a physician, a naturalist, and an orator. 
 
 WATERHOUSE, BENJAMIN, M. D., died at 
 Cambridge, Oct. 2, 1846, aged 92. Born in 
 Newport, he was sent to London in 1775, and 
 placed under the care of his relative, Dr. Foth- 
 ergill. His studies were continued at Edinburgh, 
 and at Leyden, where he graduated. After an 
 excellent medical education, he returned and was 
 chosen a professor at Cambridge, where he passed 
 the remainder of a long life. In his politics he 
 was a follower of Mr. Jefferson. A particular 
 memoir of him is in the Polyanthos, vol. II. He 
 published the botanist, in twelve numbers, in the 
 Anthology ; a work aiming to prove that the 
 Earl of Chatham was Junius ; a lecture against the 
 use of tobacco ; a treatise on the small pox, kine 
 pox, etc. ; a discourse on the history of medicine, 
 and other medical treatises. 
 
 WATERMAN, SIMON, first minister of Welles, 
 Conn., died in 1813, aged about 74. He gradu 
 ated at Yale in 1759, and was pastor from 1761 
 to 1780 of the second society in Wallingford. 
 Of Plymouth, Conn., he was minister from 1790 
 to 1810. The previous and subsequent minis 
 ters there were A. Storrs and L. Hart. 
 
 WATERMAN, ELIJAH, minister of Bridgeport, 
 Conn., was graduated at Yale college in 1791 ; 
 ordained at Windham in 1794; installed at 
 Bridgeport in 1806 ; and died at Springfield Oct. 
 11, 1825, aged 56. He published the noble con 
 vert, a sermon, at the request of Pierpont Ed 
 wards, 1809; an oration, 1794; a century sermon, 
 1800 ; at execution of C. Adams, 1803 ; on death 
 of N. Strong, 1807 ; of A. Hawley ; of D. Ely ; 
 of F. Lockwood ; catechism of Geneva; life of 
 Calvin, 8vo., 1813. Sprague s Annals. 
 105 
 
 WATERMAN, WILLIAM, a soldier of the Rev 
 olution, died in Royalton, Vt., in 1845, aged 87. 
 He was wounded through the thigh at White 
 Plains, and was a prisoner in a ship oif New 
 York, from which he escaped by swimming to 
 Long Island. 
 
 WATERS, NICHOLAS B., M. D., died in Phil 
 adelphia in 1796, aged 32. His medical degree 
 he received in 1788. His wife was Hester, the 
 daughter of David Rittenhouse. He published 
 an abridgment of Benjamin Bell s system of sur 
 gery, in a large volume, 1791. Thatcher s Med. 
 Biog. 
 
 WATERS, ISRAEL, captain, a benefactor of 
 Leicester Academy, died about 1823, at Charlton. 
 His important legacy to the academy amounted 
 to about 8,000 dollars. He was a manufacturer 
 of leather. Washburn s Sketch of Leicester 
 Academy. 
 
 WATERS, CORNELIUS, minister of GofTstown, 
 N. H., from 1781 to 1795, died in 1824, aged 76. 
 Born at Millbury, Mass., he graduated at Dart 
 mouth in 1774. He was succeeded at G. by Gov. 
 Morrill. Next he was pastor at Ashby, Mass., 
 from 1797 to 1816. 
 
 W ATKINS, TOBIAS, doctor, died at Washing 
 ton Nov. 14, 1855, aged 75; many years United 
 States auditor of accounts. He was an able con 
 tributor to several journals and magazines. 
 
 WATKINS, JOHN L., M. D., died at Cleves, 
 O., Dec. 12, 1855, aged 75 ; born in New Jersey, 
 and a graduate of Princeton in 1814. 
 
 WATROUS, JOHN, colonel, died at Colchester, 
 Conn., in Jan., 1817, aged 91. 
 
 WATROUS, JOHN R., M. D., an eminent phy 
 sician and surgeon, died at Colchester, Conn., in 
 1843, aged 91. He was a surgeon in the army 
 of the Revolution, the companion of Dr. Hall of 
 East Hartford. He was a member of the gen 
 eral assembly of Connecticut in 1795. 
 
 WATSON, JOHN, died at Plymouth, Mass., in 
 1826, aged 78. He graduated at Harvard in 
 1766, and was president of the pilgrim society. 
 He was proprietor of Clark s Island, and lived 
 there about forty years, pleased with its antiqua 
 rian associations. He left sons and daughters. 
 
 WATSON, ELKANAH, died at Port Kent, N. Y., 
 Dec. 12, 1842, aged 84. Born in Plymouth in 
 1758, lie in early life travelled in Europe. He 
 lived many years in Pittsfield, Mass., and re 
 moved to Albany in 1815, to Port Kent on Lake 
 Champlain in 1825. He wrote much on agricul 
 ture and internal improvements. In London he 
 published on account of his early journey in the 
 wilderness of New York. He published history 
 of the canals, 1820. His memoirs, entitled men 
 and times of the Revolution, were published by 
 his son, Winslow C. W., in 1856, containing his 
 journal of travels in Europe, etc., from 1772 to 
 1842. 
 
834 
 
 AVATSON. 
 
 WEBB. 
 
 WATSON, BENJAMIN M., died at Newton 
 Aug. 31, 1851, aged 71. Born at Marblehead.a 
 descendant of Winslow, he graduated at Harvard 
 in 1800, and studied law with Judge Parsons, but 
 became a merchant, and Avas president of the 
 mercantile marine insurance company. 
 
 WAWWAW, an Indian chief, lived at Wells, 
 Me., about the year 1740, and laid claim to the 
 territory there. 
 
 WAY, JOHN, captain, died in New London in 
 1831, aged 92. In returning from the funeral of 
 his neighbor, John Starr, aged 90, he fell and 
 expired. He never had a day s sickness. 
 
 WAYNE, ANTHONY, major-general, died in 
 Dec., 1796, aged about 51. He was born in 
 Easttown, Chester county, Penn., in 1745. In 
 1773 he was appointed a representative to the 
 general assembly, where, in conjunction with 
 Dickinson, Mifflin, Thompson, and other gentle 
 men, he took an active part in opposition to the 
 claims of Great Britain. In 1775 he quitted the 
 councils of his country for the field. He entered 
 the army as a colonel, and at the close of the 
 year accompanied Gen. Thompson to Canada. 
 When this officer was defeated in his enterprise 
 against the Three Rivers in June, 1776, and taken 
 prisoner, Wayne received a flesh wound in the 
 leg. His exertions were useful in the retreat. 
 At the close of the campaign he was made a 
 brigadier-general. In the campaign of 1777 in 
 the middle States he took a very active part. In 
 the battle of Brandywine he distinguished him 
 self, though he was in a few days afterward sur 
 prised and defeated by Major-general Gray. He 
 fought also in the battle of Germantown, as well 
 as in the battle of Monmouth in June, 1778. In 
 his most daring and successful assault upon 
 Stony Point in July, 1779, while he was rushing 
 forward with his men under a tremendous fire of 
 musketry and grape-shot, determined to carry 
 the works at the point of the bayonet, he was 
 struck by a musket ball upon his head. He was 
 for a moment stunned ; but, as soon as he was 
 able to rise so as to rest on one knee, believing 
 that his wound was mortal, he cried to one of 
 his aids, " Carry me forward and let me die in the 
 fort." When he entered it, he gave orders to 
 stop the effusion of blood. In 1781 he was 
 ordered to march with the Pennsylvania line from 
 the northward, and form a junction with Lafay 
 ette in Virginia. July 6th, after receiving infor 
 mation that the main body of the enemy under 
 Cornwallis had crossed James river, he pressed 
 forward at the head of eight hundred men to 
 attack the rear-guard. But to his utter astonish 
 ment, when he reached the place, he found the 
 whole British army, consisting of four thousand 
 men, drawn up ready to receive him. At this 
 moment he conceived of but one way to escape. 
 He rushed upon the enemy, and commenced a 
 
 gallant attack, which he supported for a few min 
 utes, and then retreated with the utmost expedi 
 tion. The British general was confounded by 
 this movement, and, apprehensive of an ambus 
 cade from Lafayette, would not allow of a pur 
 suit. After the capture of Cornwallis, he was 
 sent to conduct the war in Georgia, where with 
 equal success he contended with British soldiers, 
 Indian savages, and American traitors. As a re- 
 ward for his services the legislature of Georgia 
 presented to him a valuable farm. At the con 
 clusion of the war he retired to private life. In 
 1787 he was a member of the Pennsylvania con 
 vention, which ratified the constitution of the 
 United States. In 1792 he succeeded St. Clair 
 in the command of the army to be employed 
 against the Indians. In the battle of the Miamifi, 
 Aug. 20, 1794, he gained over them a complete 
 victory and afterwards desolated their country. 
 On the 3d of Aug., 1795, he concluded a treaty 
 with the hostile Indians northwest of the Ohio. 
 While in the service of his country he died in a 
 hut at Presque Isle, and was buried on the shore 
 of lake Erie. 
 
 WAYNE, ISAAC, colonel, only son of Major- 
 general W., died in Chester co., Penn., Oct. 26, 
 1852, aged 82. He Avas a State senator and an 
 excellent citizen. In 1814 he was a candidate 
 for governor against Snyder. 
 
 WEARE,MESHECH, president of the State of 
 New Hampshire, died Jan. 15, 1786, aged 72. 
 The son of Nathaniel W. of Hampton, he was 
 graduated at Harvard college in 1735. In 1754 
 he was appointed a commissioner to the congress 
 at Albany, afterwards one of the justices of the 
 superior court, and in 1777 chief justice. Chosen 
 president of New Hampshire in 1776, he was in- 
 i vested at the same time with the highest offices, 
 legislative, judicial, and executive, in which he 
 was continued by annual elections during the 
 whole war. When a new constitution was adopted, 
 he was again in 1784 elected president ; but he 
 resigned before the close of the year. He died 
 at Hampton Ealls, worn out with public services. 
 He " dared to love his country and be poor. 
 
 WEATHERFOPJ), Mr., a Baptist minister, 
 died in Pittsylvania county, Va., in 1833, aged 90. 
 
 WEATHERS, JAMES, a minister, died in 
 Granville county, N. C., in 1843, aged 93. He 
 was a soldier of the Revolution. 
 
 WEBB, JOSEPH, minister of Eairfield, Conn., 
 died in 1732, aged about 00. He graduated at 
 Harvard in 1684, and was ordained in 1694. 
 
 WEBB, JOHN, minister in Boston, was gradu 
 ated at Harvard college in 1708. He was or 
 dained the first minister of the new north church 
 in Boston, Oct. 20, 1714. After surviving one 
 colleague, Mr. Thacher, and enjoying the assist 
 ance of another, Dr. Eliot, for eight years, he 
 died in peace and joy April 16, 1750, aged 62. 
 
WEBB. 
 
 WEBSTER. 
 
 835 
 
 His colleague pronounced him " one of the best 
 of Christians and one of the best of ministers." 
 He published the following sermons : to a society 
 of young men, 1718; 011 the advantages of early 
 piety, 1721 ; before the general assembly, 1722; 
 warning against bad company keeping, 1726; on 
 the death of W. Waldron, 1727; the believer s 
 redemption by the blood of Christ ; on the pay 
 ment of vows, 1728 ; directions to obtain salva 
 tion in seven sermons, 1729 ; the great concern 
 of New England ; at the ordination of a deacon, 
 1731 ; the duty of a degenerate people to pray 
 for the reviving of God s work ; a sermon to two 
 malefactors, 1734 ; the government of Christ, an 
 election sermon, 1738; on the death of P. Thacher, 
 1739; Christ s suit to the sinner while he stands 
 and knocks at the door. 
 
 WEBB, NATHAN, first minister of Uxbridge, 
 Mass., died in 1772, aged 66. He graduated at 
 Harvard in 1725. He was ordained in 1731 and 
 was pastor forty-one years. Wacantuck was the 
 Indian name of the town. 
 
 WEBB, ISAAC, an eminent naval architect, 
 died at New York in 1840, aged 46. 
 
 WEBBER, SAMUEL, D. D., president of Har 
 vard college, died of the apoplexy July 17, 1810, 
 aged 51. He was born in Byfield in 1759; was 
 graduated in 1784; and in 1789 succeeded Dr. 
 Williams as professor of mathematics. In 1796 
 he examined the boundary between the United 
 States and New Brunswick. After the death of 
 Dr. Willard he was elected president, and in 
 ducted into his office May 6, 1806. His daugh 
 ter married Prof. J. F. Dana. He published a 
 system of mathematics, 2 vols. 8vo., 1801 ; an 
 eulogy on President Willard, 1804. 
 
 WEBSTER, JOHN, governor of Connecticut, 
 died at Hadley, Mass., in 1665. He was a magis 
 trate of Connecticut in 1639, and governor in 
 1656. About 1660 he, with Rev. Mr. Russell and 
 his associates, purchased the territory now in 
 cluded in Hadley and other towns, and removed 
 thither. He was the ancestor of Noah Webster. 
 
 WEBSTER, SAMUEL, D. D., minister of Salis 
 bury, Mass., was born in Bradford in 1718; was 
 graduated at Harvard college in 1737 ; and was 
 ordained Aug. 12, 1741. After a ministry of 
 nearly fifty-five years, he died July 18, 1796, aged 
 77. At the time when he entered the sacred 
 office, his mind was so impressed with the impor 
 tance of the work in which he was about to en 
 gage, that he was ready to abandon all thoughts 
 of the calling. In his preaching he was remark 
 ably clear and plain. There was an earnestness 
 in his manner which convinced his hearers that 
 he himself felt what he delivered. He did not 
 preach the things which he considered as of 
 doubtful disputation. He possessed a happy 
 talent in visiting his people, and could adapt him 
 self to their circumstances, and in a pleasing 
 
 manner give them instruction. The beauties of 
 Christian virtue were exhibited in his whole life. 
 He published a sermon, 1756; at ordination of 
 S. Webster, 1772 ; the duty of an enslaved people, 
 a fast sermon, 1774; to two companies of minute- 
 men, 1775; election sermon, 1777; two discour 
 ses on infant baptism, third edit., 1780 ; on the 
 death of J. Tucker. 
 
 WEBSTER, EBENEZER, captain, a soldier of 
 the French and the Revolutionary wars, died at 
 Salisbury, N. H., in 1816, aged 76. He was the 
 son of Ebenezer of Kingston, six miles from Ex 
 eter, and of Susannah, daughter of Rev. S.Bach- 
 elder, and he was the son of Ebenezer, who set 
 tled in K. in 1700. The next ancestor was 
 Thomas of Hampton, then John of Ipswich, who 
 came from Ipswich in England. He was the 
 father of Daniel Webster, by his second wife, 
 Abigail Eastman of Salisbury. Among the chil 
 dren by his first wife was Abigail, who married 
 Mr. Haddock, the father of Prof. Haddock of 
 Dartmouth college. ; 
 
 WEBSTER, DAVID, colonel, died at Ply 
 mouth, N. H., June 28, 1824. He was the oldest 
 inhabitant, one of the first settlers. Coming from 
 Hollis with his wife and child, there was no road 
 nor path from Boscawen to Plymouth, a journey 
 of two days on foot in winter. His valuable es 
 tate was near the mouth of Baker s river. He 
 was the first sheriff of Grafton county. 
 
 WEBSTER, EZEKIEL, an eminent lawyer, the 
 brother of Daniel, lived at Boscawen, N. H., and 
 died in the court-house at Concord in 1829, aged 
 about 48. He graduated at Dartmouth in 1804, 
 and was a State senator. 
 
 WEBSTER, NATHANIEL, minister of Bidde- 
 ford, Me., died at Portland in 1830, aged 81. 
 He graduated at Harvard in 1769. 
 
 WEBSTER, CHARLES R., died July 18, 1834, 
 aged 71. He was a bookseller in Albany as early 
 as 1784. He established and conducted for forty 
 years the Albany Gazette. 
 
 WEBSTER, JOSIAH, minister of Hampton, 
 N. H., died in 1837, aged 65. He was born in 
 Chester Jan. 16, 1772, and graduated at Dart 
 mouth college in 1798. From 1799 to 1806 he 
 was minister at Chebacco in Ipswich. He was 
 installed at Hampton as the successor of Mr. 
 Appleton, June 8, 1808, and was pastor nearly 
 twenty-nine years. E. D. Eldredge was his suc 
 cessor. He published a sermon at the installa 
 tion of J. Lord, Thomaston, 1809; at ordination 
 of J. W. Dow, Tyringham, 1811 ; at the thanks 
 giving, 1812 ; before the general association of 
 New Hampshire, 1819; at ordination of J. C. 
 Webster, 1837, as seamen s chaplain for Russia. 
 
 WEBSTER, REDFORD, died in Boston in 
 1838, aged 77. He wrote poetry and miscella 
 nies. 
 
 W 7 EBSTER, NOAH, LL. D., died at New 
 
WEBSTER. 
 
 WEEMS. 
 
 Haven May 28, 1843, aged 84. Born in West 
 Hartford, a descendant of John of Hartford, he 
 graduated at Yale in 1778. After being ad 
 mitted to the bar he engaged in the business of 
 instruction. In 1783 he wrote an English gram 
 mar, and also some political pieces. In 1793 he 
 commenced at New York the Commercial Adver 
 tiser ; iu 1798 he removed to New Haven, and in 
 1807 began to compile his English dictionary, 
 first published in 1828. In the edition of 184*0 
 were printed 4394 new words, freely furnished by 
 the author of this Biographical work, the acknowl 
 edgment for which has not yet been made by the 
 editor. He lived some years in Amherst. For 
 the last forty years he was incessant in his studies, 
 and had vigorous health. He died in composure 
 and resignation. He published various ele 
 mentary school books ; sketches of American 
 policy, 1784 ; and his dictionary of the English 
 language in 1828. A quarto edition, revised by 
 C. A. Goodrich, was published at Springfield by 
 G. and C. Merriam, 1854. 
 
 WEBSTER, JOHN W., professor of chemistry 
 and mineralogy in the medical school connected 
 with Harvard college, was hung as a murderer 
 in the yard of the Leverett street jail in Boston, 
 Aug. 30, 1850, aged about 56. He graduated 
 at Harvard in 1811 5 was appointed professor in 
 1827. He murdered in 1849 in the medical 
 building in Boston, Dr. George Parkman, out of 
 revenge, or to evade the payment of a debt. This 
 execution on the gallows of such a man for such 
 a crime is honorable to the administration of jus 
 tice in Massachusetts. What security can there 
 be for human life, if the life of the murderer is 
 spared through a pitiable, falsely-called human 
 ity ? It is God s command, " He that sheddeth 
 man s blood, by man shall his blood be shed." 
 He published a manual of chemistry ; description 
 of the island of St. Michael, 1821. 
 
 WEBSTER, DANIEL, LL. D., died at Marsh- 
 field, Mass., Oct. 24, 1852, aged 70. He was 
 born in Salisbury, N. H., Jan. 18, 1782, the son 
 of Capt. Ebenezer W. He graduated at Dart 
 mouth in 1801, being one of the two first schol 
 ars of his class. He practised law in Boscawcn 
 and in Portsmouth. In 1813 he was a mem 
 ber of congress. He removed to Boston in 
 1816 : was re-elected to congress in 1822, and in 
 1828 entered the senate of the United States. 
 His famous debate with Hayne was in 1830, and 
 that with Calhoun in 1833. He visited Europe 
 in 1839, and was secretary of State from 1841 to 
 1843. He negotiated the Ashburton treaty ; 
 afterwards he served in the Senate ; his last 
 office was that of secretary of State under Pres 
 ident Fillmore. It is stated by Mr. Ticknor that 
 after he had signed his will he prayed aloud 
 for some minutes, ending with the Lord s prayer 
 and the usual ascription. It was announced by 
 
 the commissioners on his estate, that his assets 
 amounted to 35,000 or 3(5,000 dollars, and his 
 debts to about 155,000 dollars. Thus, it would 
 seem, he knew nothing of the economies of pri 
 vate life. Yet among our public men of his day 
 none were superior to him in talents, learning, 
 and forcible eloquence. He aimed to be presi 
 dent of the United States ; but failed. Had he 
 held that station for the last four years, it is not 
 supposable that his strong arm would have failed 
 to shield the new settlers and citizens of the 
 far west from the outrages of border-ruffianism. 
 It will be honorable to his memory to repeat his 
 words, which he uttered in his speech in Faneuil 
 Hall in Boston, Nov. 1, 1844 : " What ! when all 
 the civilized world is opposed to slavery, when 
 morality denounces it, when every thing re 
 spected, every thing good bears united witness 
 against it, is it for America, America, the 
 land of Washington, the model republic of 
 the world, is it for America to come to its as 
 sistance, and insist that its maintenance is neces 
 sary to the support of her institutions ? " His 
 works, in 6 vols., 8vo., were published 1851. 
 
 WEBSTER, RICHARD, minister of Mauch 
 Chunk, Penn., died in 1855 or 1856. He wrote 
 a history of the Presbyterian church, which in 
 Aug., 1856, J. W. Wilson, of Philadelphia, pro 
 posed to publish in one volume of seven hundred 
 pages, with a biography by Dr. Van Rensselaer. 
 
 WEEKES, DANIEL, died at Ship Harbor, Nova 
 Scotia, Dec. 29, 1851, aged 116; having been 
 born on Long Island Dec. 3, 1735. At the age 
 of twenty-four he served in the British army, 
 when Wolfe fell. Adhering to the royal cause, 
 he received a grant of land in Nova Scotia. In 
 1838 he recovered his sight. He toiled in the 
 woods bareheaded till within two years of his 
 death. His children were twenty-one, his de 
 scendants some hundreds. 
 
 WEEKS, HOLLAND, minister of Abington, 
 Mass., died at Henderson, N. Y., in 1843, aged 
 about 70. He graduated at Dartmouth in 1795. 
 He became at last a fanatic or enthusiast, and 
 was dismissed from his pastoral charge. 
 
 WEEKS, WILLIAM R., D. D., of Newark, 
 N. J., died at Oneida June 26, 1848, aged 66. 
 He was an able writer and a successful teacher ; 
 a man of an excellent character. 
 
 WEEMS, MASON L., a writer and Episcopal 
 minister, resided in Virginia, but died at Beau 
 fort, S. C., May 23, 1825, after long sickness. 
 Before the Revolution he was rector of Mount 
 Vernon parish, when the old church at Pohick 
 had George Washington for an attendant on his 
 ministry. A large family compelled him to seek a 
 better income than his parish afforded, and he be 
 came a book agent for Matthew Gary. The bible, 
 Marshall s life of Washington, and his own pop 
 ular books he scattered over the south, travelling 
 
WELBY. 
 
 WELD. 
 
 837 
 
 with a few sermons in his knapsack, that he might 
 occasionally preach. lie had a peculiar extrava 
 gance of style ; but he had energy, humor, pathos, 
 and skill in awakening enthusiasm. Immedi 
 ately after the decease of Washington, he pub 
 lished a history of his life and death, virtues and 
 exploits, dedicated to Mrs. Martha Washington, 
 Feb. 22, 1800. The eleventh edition, fully un 
 folded, was published of the life of G. W., 1811. 
 Afterwards, he published the life of Benjamin 
 Franklin ; the life of William Penn ; the life of 
 Gen. Francis Marion. lie published also God s 
 revenge against murder, a tragedy; and various 
 tracts. Cycl. of Amer. Lit. 
 
 WELBY, AMELIA B., Mrs., a poetess, died 
 at Louisville, Ky., May 3, 1852, aged 31. She 
 was born in Maryland and married Mr. George 
 Wclby of Louisville: Her poems were published 
 in 1850. Cycl. of Amer. Lit. 
 
 WELCH, DANIEL, minister of Mansfield, 
 Conn., died suddenly in 1782, aged about 56. 
 Born in Windham, he graduated at Yale in 1749, 
 in the class of Dr. Hopkins, and succeeded Mr. 
 Throop in the north society. His successors 
 were M. C. Welch and W. Ely. He had good 
 pulpit talents, and was beloved by his people and 
 respected by a large acquaintance. 
 
 WELCH, SAMUEL, the oldest native of New 
 Hampshire, was born at Kingston Sept. 1, 1710, 
 and died at Bow April 5, 1823, aged 112. He 
 was always a man of temperance. At the age of 
 112 he retained his faculties, and conversed on 
 the events of past days. When asked, if it 
 seemed to him that he had lived so long, he re 
 plied : " O no, but a little while." Weary of the 
 burthen of life, he expressed a willingness to die. 
 
 WELCH, MOSES C., D. D., minister of Mans 
 field, Conn., died in 1824, aged 70, in the fortieth 
 year of his ministry. He succeeded his father, 
 Daniel, who was a native of Windham, a gradu 
 ate of Yale in 1749, and who died in 1782. Dr. 
 C. graduated at Yale in 1772. He studied law 
 and physic and taught school for some years, and 
 was ordained in 1784. His son, Jonathan A., was 
 a lawyer in Brooklyn, Conn. : his son, Archibald, 
 a physician of Hartford, was killed in the railroad 
 disaster at Norwalk. His fourth wife survived 
 him. He was a man of talents, of strong pas 
 sions, impetuous, witty, and satirical, a very popular 
 preacher, sometimes in his preaching touching 
 on the democracy of the day, which he thought 
 allied to French atheism. He had a dignified 
 air, but was pleasant in private intercourse. 
 Many pupils fell under his care. He was the 
 friend of Samuel Nott. He published a sermon 
 on the death of S. White, 1794 ; of B. Chaplin ; 
 of Mrs. Pond; of A. Miller, 1801 ; of Mary J. 
 Salter; of J. W. Judson ; of J. Gurley, 1812; a 
 century sermon, 1801; election sermon, 1812; 
 at the execution of S. Freeman for murder, 
 
 1805; to Windham association; at ordination of 
 W. Andrews ; and several controversial pam 
 phlets. Sprague s Annals. 
 
 WELCH, THOMAS, M. D., died in Boston in 
 Feb., 1831, aged 80. Born in B., he graduated 
 in 1772, and served as a surgeon in the army. 
 The marine hospital at Charlestown was under 
 his care, and he was also quarantine physician for 
 Boston. He was greatly respected. Uoston 
 Med. Jour. iv. 
 
 WELCH, SARAH, Mrs., died in Boston in 
 1850, aged 101. She was a native of Gloucester 
 and daughter of Jonathan Coates. 
 
 WELCH, ARCHIBALD, M. D., of Hartford, 
 was killed by the railroad plunge into the river 
 May 6, 1853, aged 58. He was born at Mans 
 field, Vt., where he practised physic twenty years ; 
 for the last fifteen he lived in Wetherstiekl and 
 Hartford, in good reputation. He was a son of 
 Rev. M. C. Welch, and grandson of Rev. Dan 
 iel W. By his mother he descended from Rev. 
 W. Williams of Hatfield, and Rev. J. Ashley of 
 Deerfield. He married in 1819 Cynthia Hyde 
 of Lebanon : two of his sons, Henry and Moses, 
 were graduates of Yale. 
 
 WELCOTT, NANNIE, died at Oxford, Me., 
 July 17, 1848, aged 114. 
 
 WELD, THOMAS, first minister of Dunsta- 
 ble, N. H., died in 1702, aged 49. Born in Rox- 
 bury, he graduated at Harvard in 1671. The 
 church was gathered and he ordained Dec. 16, 
 1685. By his wife, Mary Savage, he was the 
 father of Rev. Habijah W. 
 
 WELD, HABIJAH, minister of Attleborough, 
 Mass., died in 1782, aged 79. Born in Dunstable, 
 he graduated at Harvard in 1723 and was ordained 
 in 1727, the successor of E. White : M. Short 
 was the first minister. He was succeeded by J. 
 Wilder. His wife was Mary, the daughter of 
 Rev. John Fox of Woburn : she died aged 92. 
 They had fifteen children, of whom Elizabeth 
 married Rev. O. Shaw of Barnstable, and Lucy 
 married Rev. O. Noble of Coventry, and Hannah 
 married Caleb Fuller of Hanover. Mr. W. s 
 father was the first minister of Dunstable. He 
 had a very loud and pleasant voice, and was 
 highly esteemed as a preacher and minister, and 
 very successful. Thacher s Serin. ; Sprague. 
 
 WELD, EZRA, minister of Braintree, Mass., 
 died in 1816, aged 80. Born in Pomfret, Conn., 
 he graduated at Yale in 1759, and was ordained 
 in 1762. He was a very faithful and useful min 
 ister. His predecessors were H. Adams and S. 
 Niles ; his successors S. Page, R. S. Storrs, E. A. 
 Park. He published a sermon at the ordination 
 of S. Niles; on union, 1794 ; at a fast, 1799. 
 
 WELD, LEWIS, minister of Hampton, Conn., 
 died in 1844, aged 78. The son of Rev. Ezra of 
 Braintree, he graduated at Harvard in 1789 ; 
 was ordained in 1792; and dismissed in 1824. 
 
838 
 
 WELD. 
 
 WELLS. 
 
 He afterwards preached at Fabius, N. Y. lie 
 died at Belleville, N. J., near the residence of his 
 son, Theodore D. W., in full hope of a blessed 
 immortality. His widow, Elizabeth, daughter of 
 John Clark of Lebanon, Conn., died Aug. 31, 
 1853, aged 81. He was a man of talents and 
 distinguished usefulness. 
 
 WELD, LEWIS, Rev., died in Hartford Dec. 
 30, 1853, aged 57; principal of the American 
 asylum for the deaf and dumb. Born in Hamp 
 ton, Conn., the son of Rev. L. W., he was a 
 graduate in 1818. In 1822 he was principal of 
 the institution in Philadelphia for the deaf and 
 dumb. As the successor of Mr. Gallaudet in 
 the same office, he lived twenty-three years at 
 Hartford, and was successful and greatly respected. 
 He was unceasing in a regard to the spiritual in 
 terests of his pupils, as became an enlightened, 
 far-looking Christian. His wife was Mary, 
 daughter of Dr. Mason E. Cogswell of Hartford. 
 He left five children. 
 
 WELDE, THOMAS, first minister of Roxbury, 
 Mass., died in England in 1662. He was a native 
 of England, and was a minister in Essex before 
 he came to this country. Refusing to comply 
 with the impositions of the established church, he 
 determined to seek the quiet enjoyment of the 
 rights of conscience in America. He arrived at 
 Boston June 5, 1632, and in July was invested 
 with the pastoral care of the church in Roxbury. 
 In Nov. following, he received J. Eliot as his col 
 league. In 1639 he assisted Mr. Mather and 
 Mr. Eliot in making tho tuneful New England 
 version of the Psalms. In 1641 he was sent 
 with Hugh Peters to England as an agent for the 
 province, and he never returned. He was settled 
 at Gateshead, but was ejected in 1662. His 
 sons, Edward, John, and Thomas, were ministers : 
 the two first not in this country, but Thomas, of 
 Dunstable, died in 1702, aged 50. He published 
 a short story of the rise, reign, and ruin of the 
 antinomians, familists, and libel-tines that infected 
 the churches of New England, 4to., 1644 ; 2d 
 edit., 1692 ; an answer to W. R. s narration of 
 the opinions and practices of the New England 
 churches, vindicating those godly and orthodoxal 
 churches from more than one hundred impu 
 tations, etc., 1644. With others he wrote the 
 perfect pharisee under monkish holiness, against 
 the Quakers, 1654. Sprague. 
 
 WELDE, THOMAS, grandson of Rev. T. W., 
 was the minister of Dunstable, Mass., from 1756 
 to his death in 1702, aged 50. He was the son 
 of Thomas, a representative in the general conrt, 
 and graduated at Harvard in 1671. 
 
 WELLES, NOAH, D. D., minister of Stam 
 ford, Conn., was graduated at Yale college in 
 1741, and was ordained Dec. 31, 1746. He died 
 about 1776. Born in Colchester, he was of 
 Welsh origin. By his wife, Abigail Woolsey, he 
 
 had thirteen children. .He was a theologian of 
 great distinction, and he took an active part in 
 the controversy respecting an American episco 
 pate. He published a discourse in favor of the 
 Presbyterian ordination ; a vindication of the va 
 lidity and divine right of Presbyterian ordination, 
 as set fovth in Mr. Chauncy s Dudleian lecture 
 and Mr. Welles discourse, in answer to the excep 
 tions of J. Learning, 1767; a funeral sermon on 
 Mr. Hobart, 1773. Sprague. 
 
 WELLES, SAMUEL, died at Paris Aug. 31, 
 1841, aged 63. A native of Boston, he was 
 long a well-known American banker in Paris, es 
 tablished there in 1815. He was a man of ability 
 and integrity, friendly, hospitable. 
 
 WELLES, JOHN, a rich merchant, died in 
 Boston Sept. 25, 1855, aged 90. He was the son 
 of Arnold W., and graduated in 1782, outliving 
 his class and all preceding graduates. He was 
 successively in business with his father, with 
 Samuel, and with Benjamin W. He was a repre 
 sentative, senator, and councillor. His summers 
 he spent on a valuable farm in Natick. which had 
 been in possession of the Welles family from the 
 days of the apostle Eliot, the teacher of the 
 Natick Indians. 
 
 WELLINGTON, TIMOTHY, Dr., died of dis 
 ease of the heart, at West Cambridge, Mass., in 
 1853, aged 71. The son of Timothy of Lexing 
 ton, he graduated at Harvard in 1806. His 
 practice was extensive and successful. His son is 
 Dr. William W. Wellington of Cambridgcport. 
 
 WELLS, THOMAS, governor of Connecticut, 
 died at Hartford Jan. 14, 1660, aged 62. He was 
 appointed deputy-governor in 1654, and governor 
 in 1655. His successor was John Webster. At 
 this time the number of rateable persons in the 
 colony of Connecticut, as distinct from New 
 Haven, was only 775. In 1657 J. Winthrop was 
 governor and Mr. Wells deputy-governor. Hugh, 
 the brother of Gov. W., was one of the founders 
 of Hartford, but removed to Hadley about 1660. 
 These brothers were the sons of Thomas, a 
 wealthy merchant and zealous Puritan of Lon 
 don ; and Samuel Welles of Boston and Paris, 
 and John Welles of New York, were of this 
 family, though the name differs a little. 
 
 WELLS, THOMAS, the first minister of Ames- 
 bury, Mass., died in 1734, aged 87. He was 
 the first man who received an honorary degree 
 at Harvard, in 1703. He was settled in 1672. 
 His successor was E. March, who died aged 88. 
 
 WELLS, THOMAS B., minister of North Guil- 
 ford, Conn., died in 1808, aged 70, in the forty- 
 second year of his ministry. 
 
 WELLS, HENRY, Dr., a physician in Mon 
 tague, Mass., died in 1814, aged 72. Born in 
 New York in 1742, he graduated at the early 
 age of fifteen at Princeton in 1757. Before the 
 Revolutionary war he settled in Brattleboro , 
 
WELLS. 
 
 and thence he removed to Montague. He was 
 widely consulted as a physician. Dr. Itichard 
 W., late of Canandaigua, was his son. He 
 dressed much like the Quakers. He wore velvet 
 or buckskin small-clothes, a long vest with flaps 
 and pockets, and a broad-brimmed, low-crowned 
 hat. The following anecdote shows the good 
 effect of his cheerfulness and facetiousness. Hav 
 ing spent an evening with a patient dangerously 
 sick, as he went to find his bed, the patient, being 
 inoculated with his good humor, sent a messen 
 ger to him with a boot-jack, "to enable him to 
 pull off his buckskin breeches." " Go and tell 
 him," said the doctor, " he need be under no fear 
 of dying at present." Williams Med. Biog. 
 
 WELLS, WILLIAM CHARLES, Dr., died in 
 London in 1817, aged 60. Born in Charleston, 
 his father, a Scotchman, was a tory, and so was 
 the son. From 1775 to 1778 he studied his pro 
 fession at Edinburgh. From 1780 he was in South 
 Carolina for some years; but in 1784 went to Eng- 
 gland. He is chiefly known by his experiments on 
 dew. He published a volume of essays on vision 
 and dew, 1816 ; also some papers in the philosophi 
 cal transactions ; and miscellanies. Gycl. of 
 Amer. Lit. 
 
 WELLS, WILLIAM, D. D., minister of Brat- 
 tleboro , Vt., died in 1827, aged 83. He was 
 born in England in 1744, and was a minister at 
 Bronsgrove about twenty years. From 1794 to 
 1814 he was the minister of B., though not in 
 stalled ; then formed a new church in the east 
 village. In his principles he was an Arian. He 
 was the father of William Wells, a graduate of 
 Harvard in 1796 ; an excellent tutor, afterwards 
 bookseller in Boston, still living. Dr. Wells 
 predecessor at B., the first minister, was A. 
 Reeve, a graduate of Yale in 1731, who was set 
 tled in 1770, and died in 1798, aged 90. 
 
 WELLS, JOHN DOANE, M. D., professor of 
 anatomy and surgery in the medical school of 
 Maine, died at Boston July 25, 1830, aged 31. 
 He was born in B. March 6, 1799; graduated at 
 Harvard college in 1817; and, having finished his 
 medical education in Europe, succeeded Dr. Smith, 
 and delivered his first course of lectures in the 
 spring of 1823. In Sept., 1826, he was chosen 
 professor in the medical school at Pittsficld, and 
 lectured there four years. At the close of 1829, 
 he repaired to Baltimore to deliver a course of 
 lectures ; and thence in March, 1830, to his post 
 at Brunswick, Me. But, exhausted by his labors, 
 he was able to lecture only one week. As a lec 
 turer on anatomy, it has been thought that no 
 one in this country was superior to him. lie was 
 a member of the church in Boston, of which Dr. 
 Lowell was pastor. 
 
 WELLS, RUFUS, the first minister of Whately, 
 Mass., died Nov. 8, 1834, aged 90. A native of 
 
 WENDELL. 
 
 839 
 
 Deerfield, he graduated at Harvard in 1764, and 
 was ordained in 1771. He was succeeded by 
 Bates and Ferguson. 
 
 WELLS, SAMUEL W., died at Salem, Mass., in 
 1751, aged about 48 ; for many years a teacher 
 of navigation. He graduated at Harvard in 1823. 
 
 WELLS, DANIEL, judge, died at Cambridge, 
 June 23, 1854, aged 63, chief justice of the 
 common pleas. He was appointed attorney-gen 
 eral in 1838; chief judge in 1844. He was born 
 in Greenfield, where he lived most of his life ; a 
 graduate of Dartmouth in 1810. His death was 
 sudden by disease of the heart. 
 
 WELSH, THOMAS, a physician, died in Boston 
 in 1831, aged 89. lie graduated at Harvard in 
 1772 ; was a surgeon in the Revolutionary army, 
 taking care of the wounded at Lexington and 
 Bunker Hill ; and subsequently had extensive 
 practice in Boston, where he was quarantine 
 physician, and he was connected also with the 
 marine hospital at C harlestown. He was a con 
 sulting physician of the Massachusetts general 
 hospital. He published oration March 5, 1783 ; 
 eulogy on N. Gorham, 1796. 
 
 WELSTEED, WILLIAM, minister in Boston, 
 died in 1753, aged 58. Born in Boston, he gradu 
 ated at Harvard in 1716 ; was a tutor several 
 years ; succeeded Mr. Waldron in 1728 in the 
 new brick church ; and had E. Gray as a colleague 
 for ten years. He was an excellent Christian, an 
 accomplished gentleman, an exemplary minister. 
 He published election sermon, 1751. Sprague. 
 
 WENDELL, OLIVER, judge, died in Boston 
 Jan. 15, 181 8, aged 85. He graduated at Harvard 
 in 1753. He was a descendant of Evart Janson 
 Wendell, who came from Embden to Albany : 
 his father Jacob, a merchant in Boston, married 
 Sarah, daughter of Dr. James Oliver of Cam 
 bridge. Mild, benevolent, exemplary, faithful in 
 public life, he enjoyed in his failing years great 
 peace and the hopes of a blessed immortality 
 though the propitiation made by Christ. His wife 
 was Mary, daughter of Edward Jackson, and her 
 mother was Dorothy Quincy. His daughter 
 Sarah married Rev. Dr. Holmes, of Cambridge, 
 and was the mother of Oliver Wendell Holmes, 
 physician and poet. 
 
 WENDELL, JOHN II., general, died suddenly 
 at Albany, while attended an association of the 
 reformed Dutch church, July 11, 1832, aged 88. 
 He was a soldier of the Revolution. At the be 
 ginning of the contest he abandoned the law and 
 was a captain in the army. He was in the battle 
 of Monmouth, and at the surrender of Burgoync. 
 He died under his paternal roof; and was long a 
 man of piety. 
 
 WENDELL, PETER, died at Albany, Oct. 29, 
 1849, aged 63; the oldest physician, chancellor of 
 the regents of the university. 
 
840 
 
 WENTWORTH. 
 
 WERTMULLER. 
 
 WENTWORTH, WILLIAM, ancestor of the 
 Wentworths of New England, died at Dover, 
 N. II., about 1690 or 1700, more than 80 years 
 old. He was of Exeter in 1639, and was a ruling 
 elder of the church of Dover. 
 
 WENTWORTH, JOHN, lieutenant-governor 
 of N. II., died at Portsmouth in 1730, aged 58. 
 He was the son of Samuel of Portsmouth or 
 Dover, and grandson of William, and was born 
 in 1672. He was in office from 1717 to 1729. 
 His commission had annexed to it the name of 
 Joseph Addison, then secretary in England. His 
 administration was acceptable to the people ; but 
 in a few years the harmony was interrupted, and 
 he had the misfortune also to lose the favor of 
 Gov. Belcher. The office-seekers in those days 
 quarrelled, as they do now. He was the father 
 of sixteen children. Eliot. 
 
 WENTWORTH, BENNING, governor of New 
 Hampshire, the son of lieutenant-governor Went- 
 worth, died in 1770, aged 74. He was graduated 
 at Harvard college in 1715. After having been a 
 member of the assembly and of the council, 
 his mercantile business called him to London, 
 where he solicited and obtained the commission 
 of governor. He began his administration in 
 1741 and continued in this office near twenty years. 
 He was superseded in 1767 by his nephew, John 
 Wentworth. He possessed strong passions and his 
 resentments were lasting. Closely attached to the 
 interest of the church of England, in his grants of 
 lands, by which he enriched himself, he reserved a 
 right in every township for the society for propa 
 gating the gospel, of which he was a member. 
 Bennington in Vermont has its name from him, 
 and he granted many other towns in that State. 
 Though during his administration he declined giv 
 ing a charter for a college in New Hampshire unless 
 it was put under the direction of the Bishop of 
 London, yet he afterwards gave a lot of five hun 
 dred acres of land to Dartmouth college, and 
 on this land the college edifice was erected. He 
 co-operated with the assembly in giving to Har 
 vard college 300 pounds towards repairing the 
 library which had been destroyed by fire. In his 
 appointment of civil and military officers he Avas fre 
 quently governed by motives of favor ; but his ad 
 ministration in other respects was beneficial. He 
 was frequently visited by the gout, and from these 
 visits he did not acquire much patience. 
 
 WENTWORTH, JOHN, LL. D., governor of 
 New Hampshire, died April 8, 1820, aged 83. He 
 was a descendant of W. Wentworth of Dover, 
 and the son of Murk Hunting W., and was born 
 in 1736. lie graduated at Harvard college in 
 1755. At the age of 31 he was appointed gov 
 ernor in 1767 as successor of B. Wentworth, 
 and remained in office till the Revolution of 1775. 
 He gave the charter of Dartmouth college. He 
 was a very acceptable and popular governor. 
 
 In 1792 he was appointed lieutenant-governor 
 and commander-in-chief of Nova Scotia, but was 
 succeeded by Prevost in 1808. He resided at 
 Halifax, where he died. His wife, whom he 
 married in 1760, was Miss Hilton. He had a 
 pension of 500 pounds per annum given him by 
 the British government in 1808. He was a man 
 of large and liberal views, of sound judgment, 
 and cultivated taste. He did much to encourage 
 agriculture, cultivating a farm and building an 
 elegant house at Wolfsboro , on the border of 
 lake Winnipiscogee. 
 
 WEQUASH, sachem of the Niantic Indians 
 in Connecticut, died at an early period after the 
 settlement of Lyme, and is buried at the Chris 
 tian Indian burying-ground on the west side 
 of the bay near the mouth of the Niantic river. 
 His memorial-stone says, " He was the first con 
 vert among the New England tribes." This may 
 be a mistake. Mr. Griswold was a missionary 
 to these Indians. It would be well if some 
 measures were taken to preserve this Indian 
 grave-yard, near the surges of the bay, from dese- 
 ecration. Mr. Shepard wrote concerning this 
 Pequot : " Wequash, the famous Indian at the 
 river s mouth, is dead and certainly in heaven. 
 He knew Christ, he loved Christ, he preached 
 Christ up and down, and then suffered martyr 
 dom for Christ." FeWsEccl. Hint. N. E. 
 
 WERAUMAUG, an Indian, was a Pootatuck 
 sagamore, who became sachem of the Wyante- 
 nucks in New Milford. He lived two miles below 
 the village. He had a reservation of two thousand 
 acres in Washington, called the hunting-grounds 
 of Raumaug. He died about 1735. Under the 
 watchful instruction of Rev. D. Boardman he 
 became a Christian, and died such, though the 
 Indians with him remained in heathenism. In 
 1736 a part of his people removed to Schaghticoke 
 and were there taught by the Moravian mission 
 aries. Mr. Boardman called him a distinguished 
 sachem, of great abilities and eminent virtues, the 
 most potent prince in the colony. 
 
 WERDEN, PETER, a Baptist minister of 
 Cheshire, Mass., died in 1808, aged 80. He was 
 ordained at Warwick in 1751, and removed to 
 Cheshire in 1770, and was there pastor 38 years. 
 Benedict s Hist. 
 
 WERTMULLER, ADOLPH ULRIC, an eminent 
 painter of Philadelphia, died near Marcus Hook, 
 Oct. 5, 1811, aged 61. Born in Stockholm, he 
 studied and pursued his profession several years 
 in Paris, and first came to Philadelphia in 1794 ; 
 but returned to Europe in 1796. Losing a large 
 sum of money by the failure of others, he 
 returned to Philadelphia in 1800, and obtained 
 an income by exhibiting his picture of Danac. In 
 1801 he married a rich lady of Swedish descent. 
 His last residence was a farm at Marcus Hook, 
 on the Delaware. His Danac sold at New York 
 
WESSELHOEFT. 
 
 for 1500 dollars ; a small copy at Philadelphia 
 for 500. His picture of Washington is thought 
 not to be accurate. 
 
 WESSELHOEFT, ROBERT, doctor, died at 
 Leipsic in Nov. or Dec., 1852 : he was the founder 
 of the Brattleboro water-cure establishment, Vt. 
 
 WEST, SAMUEL, D. I)., minister of New Bed 
 ford, Mass., died at Tiverton, II. I., Sept. 24, 
 1807, aged 77, and was buried at New Bedford. 
 He was born in Yarmouth March 4, 1730, and 
 was early occupied in the labors of husbandry. 
 Discovering traits of genius, a few intelligent 
 and good men resolved to give him a liberal edu 
 cation. He was graduated at Harvard college 
 in 1754, having gained a rank among the most 
 distinguished of his class. About the year 1764 
 he was ordained at New Bedford. The year 
 1765 awakened his attention to politics, and he 
 became a whig partisan. He wrote many forcible 
 pieces in the newspapers. He deciphered the 
 letter of Dr. Church. He was a member of the 
 convention for forming the constitution of Mas 
 sachusetts and of the United States ; and was 
 chosen honorary member of the academy of 
 sciences at Philadelphia, and a member of the 
 academy at Boston. In the latter part of his 
 life his memory almost entirely failed him. He 
 possessed an original mind of vigorous powers. 
 During the last thirty years of his life he used 
 no notes in preaching. It was his practice, when 
 he was not in his own pulpit, to discourse upon 
 any text which was pointed out to him ; and some 
 times the most difficult passages would be given 
 him for the purpose of trying his strength. He 
 was not, however, a very popular preacher. There 
 were defects in the tone and inflection of his 
 voice, and there was a singularity and uncouth- 
 ness in his manner, for which the ingenuity and 
 strength of his arguments could not compensate. 
 His manners were unpolished ; his figure and 
 deportment were not very attractive ; nor was his 
 temper very mild and amiable. Notwithstand 
 ing his singularities, no man could accuse him of 
 the wilful violation of any principle of moral rec 
 titude. He published a sermon at the ordination 
 of S. West, 1764; election sermon, 1776; at the 
 anniversary of the landing of the forefathers, 
 1777 ; at the ordination of J. Allyn, 1788 ; on 
 infant baptism ; essays on liberty and necessity, 
 in which the arguments of President Edward 
 and others for necessity are considered, the first 
 part in 1793, the second in 1795. To these 
 essays Dr. Edwards, the son of the president, 
 wrote an answer, and Dr. West left behind him a 
 reply almost completed, lie maintains that 
 volition is not an effect, for which a cause is to 
 be sought in nature, or out of man, but, being 
 the mind willing, is itself an efficient cause : 
 that human volitions are not effects, unless divine 
 volitions are effects ; that divine prescience and 
 106 
 
 WEST. 
 
 841 
 
 permissive decree do not imply the necessity of 
 events ; and that man has a self-determining 
 power, or that he himself determines, though 
 acting with motives. He adopted Berkeley s ideal 
 theory, denying the existence of matter. The 
 following anecdote relating to his faith has been 
 preserved. At a minister s meeting, when Berke 
 ley s scheme was discussed, father Farrand of 
 Canaan was present. On coming away, it was 
 discovered that Dr. West s horse was gone. 
 " Stolen," said F. ; " you must advertise him ; but 
 can you describe him ?" W. replied, " I could 
 tell every white hair on him." " But have you a 
 perfect idea of him ?" " Yes." " Well, then, 
 saddle it, and ride ! " 
 
 WEST, SAMUEL, D. D., minister in Boston, 
 died April 10, 1808, aged 69. He was born at 
 Martha s Vineyard Nov. 19, 1738. His father, 
 Thomas W., was the colleague of E. Mayhew, 
 but afterwards removed to Rochester. He was 
 graduated at Harvard college in 1771, and soon 
 afterwards was appointed chaplain at fort Pow- 
 nall in Penobscot, where he had a good opportu 
 nity for pursuing his theological studies. He was 
 ordained minister of Necdham April 25, 1764, 
 and was installed pastor of the church in Hollis 
 street, as successor of Mr. Wight, March 12, 
 1789. He had a lingering illness of several years. 
 He was succeeded by Mr. Holley. Being of a 
 mild disposition, he was never disposed to intol 
 erance, polemical discussion, or acrimonious cen 
 sure of others. He could live in habits of friend 
 ship with men whose opinions were opposite to 
 his own. His sentiments in the latter period of 
 his life, it is represented, suffered considerable 
 change. Having an excellent memory, he was 
 in the practice of preaching without the use of 
 notes, though his sermons were always the fruit 
 of deep study and reflection. He published a 
 sermon at the ordination of Jonathan Newell, 
 1774; at a funeral; two fast sermons, 1785; 
 election sermon, 1786 ; at his own instalment, 
 1789; at the artillery election, 1794; atathanks- 
 giving, 1795 ; on the death of George Washing 
 ton, 1800 ; essays in the Columbian Centinel of 
 an old man, from Nov. 29, 1806, to Aug. 22, 1807. 
 
 WEST, BENJAMIN, LL. D., postmaster at 
 Providence, R. L, died in 1813, aged 63. He 
 was professor at Brown university of mathematics, 
 astronomy, and natural philosophy, from 1786 to 
 1798. 
 
 WEST, STEPHEN, D. D., minister of Stock- 
 bridge, Mass., was born in Tolland, Conn., in 
 1736; was graduated at Yale college in 1755; 
 and ordained June 13, 1759. He died May 13, 
 1819, aged 83. Ephraim G. Swift was his col 
 league for a few years. During his ministry of 
 nearly sixty years, five hundred and four persons 
 were admitted to the church, of whom twenty- 
 two were Indians. His predecessor was Mr. Ed- 
 
842 
 
 WEST. 
 
 WHARTON. 
 
 wards. He is principally known for his essay 
 on moral agency, published in 1772, in which his 
 metaphysical doctrine is the antipode of that of 
 Dr. Samuel West of New Bedford. He main 
 tains that volition in every case is an effect, the 
 production of God s immediate agency ; so that 
 he represents man to be a passive instrument, a 
 mere machine. Yet he speaks of moral agency 
 and human liberty, and these as consisting in 
 " voluntary exertion," not in the power of choice, 
 but in actual willing ; not reflecting that brutes 
 have voluntary exertion as well as man. This 
 doctrine, though he was himself eminently pious, 
 is well calculated to destroy the sense of account- 
 ableness and to promote the opinions of the 
 Universalists. He published also a treatise on 
 the atonement, 1785; life of Dr. Hopkins, 1805; 
 and about twenty occasional sermons and tracts. 
 Sprague. 
 
 WEST, BENJAMIN, died March 18, 1820, aged 
 82 ; a distinguished painter, president of the royal 
 academy in England. He was born at Spring 
 field, near Philadelphia, in 1738, of Quaker pa 
 rents. His taste for painting was very early 
 indicated. In 1760 he went to Italy; thence to 
 Paris, and in Aug., 1763, to London, where he 
 settled. He married a Miss Shewell of Phila 
 delphia. From 1764 for forty years he exposed 
 his works to the public entertainment. lie in 
 troduced modern dresses. Many of his subjects 
 were from the Scriptures. The catalogue of his 
 paintings in 1805 occupied ten pages of small 
 print ; among them are Death on the pale horse, 
 and Christ healing the sick. 
 
 WEST, JOEL, minister in Chatham, Conn., 
 died in 1826, aged 60, in the thirty-fifth year of 
 his ministry. 
 
 WEST, NATHANIEL, a rich merchant, died in 
 Salem, Mass., in 1851, aged 96. 
 
 WESTBROOK, THOMAS, one of the Pejep- 
 scott proprietors in Maine, died Feb. 11, 1743-4. 
 The town of Westbrook may be named from his 
 father or ancestor. There was a John W. of 
 Portsmouth in 1665. 
 
 WESTEHLO, ELIARDUS, D. D., minister in 
 Albany, died in 1790. He was a native of Hol 
 land. He had just finished his studies in the 
 university of Groningen, when he was invited to 
 the Dutch church in Albany. He came to America 
 in 1760. In 1771 he readily imparted his aid, in 
 conjunction with Dr. Livingston and others, to 
 wards effecting a union of the Dutch churches, 
 then divided into parties, and he had the happi 
 ness of seeing this object completed in the fol 
 lowing year. He was highly popular and useful 
 as a preacher. He was a man of strong mind, 
 of eminent piety, and of great erudition in the 
 ology, and in oriental literature. 
 
 WESTON, FRANCIS, of Salem, a representa 
 
 tive in the first general court in 1634, removed 
 to Providence, and was one of the founders of 
 the first Baptist church in America. 
 
 WESTON, NATHAN, an early settler of Hal- 
 lowell, Me., died in 1832, aged 92. 
 
 WESTON, DANIEL, minister of Gray, Me., 
 died in 1837, aged 73. He graduated at Har 
 vard in 1795. 
 
 WESTWOOD, WILLIAM, a respected early 
 settler in Hartford, Conn., about 1636, died in 
 Hadley April 9, 1669, aged 62. He was a native 
 of Essex, England, and came to Cambridge about 
 1632. He lived in Hadley eleven years. His 
 daughter, Sarah, married Aaron Cook, son of 
 Capt. A. C. of Northampton. To her he gave 
 his lands in Hartford, which were inherited by 
 her son, A. C. of Hartford. 
 
 WETHERELL, WILLIAM, first minister of 
 the second church of Scituate, died in 1684, aged 
 84. He was of Cambridge in 1635, and was pas 
 tor at S. from 1645 till his death. He wrote an 
 elegy on Sarah Gushing in 1679. 
 
 WETMORE, JAMES, an Episcopalian mission 
 ary, died May 14, 1760, aged about 66. He was 
 graduated at the college in Saybrook in 17 14; 
 ordained the first minister of North Haven in 
 Nov., 1718 ; but in Sept., 1722, he announced his 
 conversion to the Episcopal persuasion. This 
 was the time at which Dr. Cutler changed his 
 sentiments. After going to England for orders 
 in 1723, Mr. W. was on his return established 
 rector of the church at Rye, in the province of 
 New York, under the patronage of the society 
 for propagating the gospel. In this place he con 
 tinued till his death. His successor at North 
 Haven, Isaac Stiles, died on the same day. Such 
 was his zeal for Episcopacy, that he once declared 
 he would rather join in worship with a Jewish 
 synagogue than with a Presbyterian church. He 
 published a letter against Dickinson in defence 
 of Waterland s discourse on regeneration, about 
 the year 1744 ; a vindication of the professors of 
 the Church of England in answer to Ilobart s 
 sermon in favor of Presbyterian ordination, 1747 ; 
 a rejoinder to Hobart s serious address ; an ap 
 pendix to Beach s vindication. 
 
 WETMORE, NOAH, minister of Brookhavcn, 
 N. Y., died in 1796, aged 76. He graduated at 
 Yale in 1757. 
 
 WETMORE, IZRAHIAH, minister of II unting- 
 ton, Conn., died in 1798, aged 69. He graduated 
 at Yale in 1748. 
 
 WETMORE, LEONIDAS, captain, died in a 
 steamboat in Missouri in 1849. He fought with 
 the Indians in Florida, and was in various battles 
 in Mexico. 
 
 WIIARTON, CHARLES HENRY, D. D., Epis 
 copal minister in Burlington, N. J., died July 23, 
 1833, aged 86. 
 
WHARTON. 
 
 WIIEELOCK. 
 
 843 
 
 WHARTON, LEVI, M. D., died at Providence 
 Aug. 29, 1851, aged 90 ; a surgeon in the Rev 
 olutionary army. 
 
 WHEAT, or WHEET, NATHANIEL, Dr., died 
 in Manchester, N. H., in 1856, aged 74. Born 
 in Canaan, he was fifty years in the practice of 
 his profession, and always ready to visit the poor. 
 
 WIIEATLEY, PHILLIS, a poet, was a native 
 of Africa, and was brought to America in 1761, 
 when she was between seven and eight years old. 
 She soon acquired a knowledge of the English 
 language, and made some progress in Latin. 
 While she was a slave in the family of John 
 Wheatley in Boston, she wrote a volume of 
 poems. Africa may well boast that one of her 
 daughters, not twenty years of age, should pro 
 duce the following lines. They are extracted 
 from the poem on imagination : 
 
 " Though winter frowns, to fancy s raptured eyes 
 The fields may flourish, and gay scenes arise ; 
 The frozen deeps may break their iron bands, 
 And bid their waters murmur o er the sands ; 
 Fair Flora may resume her fragrant reign, 
 And with her flowery riches deck the plain ; 
 Sylvanus may diffuse his honors round, 
 And all the forest may with leaves be crown d ; 
 Showers may descend, and dews their gems disclose, 
 And nectar sparkle on the blooming rose." 
 
 She afterwards was married to Mr. Peters, and 
 died at Boston Dec. 5, 1794, aged 31. She pub 
 lished, besides other separate pieces, poems on 
 various subjects, religious and moral, 8vo., Lon 
 don, 1773. 
 
 WHEATON, LABAN, judge, died at Norton, 
 Mass., March 23, 1846, aged 92. Born in Marsh- 
 field, he graduated at Harvard in 1774, in the 
 class of Fisher Ames. He studied both theology 
 and law ; for eight years he was a member of 
 congress. After the death of a beloved daughter 
 he founded, with a part of the property he had 
 devoted to her, an important seminary, known 
 as the Wheaton female seminary, which ranks 
 high among similar seminaries, and has been very 
 useful. He was humble, lamenting the course 
 of his life. For the last seventeen years he at 
 tended on orthodox preaching. Holmes Fun. 
 Sermon. 
 
 WHEATON, HENRY, LL. D., died in Rox- 
 bury, Mass., March 11, 1848, aged 67; a native 
 of Providence, and a graduate of Brown in 1802. 
 He was a descendant of Robert W., a Baptist 
 minister, an emigrant, who first settled in Salem 
 in the time of Charles I., and then in Rhode 
 Island. Having studied law, in 1812 he was the 
 editor of the National Advocate at New York, 
 and soon a judge in the marine court. As re 
 porter of the supreme court of the United States 
 from 1815 to 1827, he published twelve volumes 
 of reports. In 1837 he was minister to Prussia, 
 where he continued in high reputation many 
 years. On his return he was professor of inter 
 
 national law at Cambridge. He published a 
 treatise on the law of captures ; elements of in 
 ternational law ; sketch of the law of nations ; 
 digest of the reports ; life of W. Pinckney ; a 
 history of the Northmen ; a correspondence with 
 the department of State ; and various addresses 
 and discourses. Cycl. of Amer. Lit. 
 
 WHEATON, ROBERT, the son of Henry, died 
 in 1851, aged 25. He had been admitted to the 
 bar. There was published a volume of selections 
 from his writings, in 1854. Cycl. of Am. Lit. 
 
 WHEATON, LEVI, M. D., died at Providence 
 Aug. 29, 1851, aged 90. He graduated at Brown 
 university in 1782, and was appointed professor 
 of the theory and practice of medicine in 1815. 
 
 WHEELER, THOMAS, captain, died in 1676. 
 He was of Concord, Mass., and served in Phil 
 ip s war. He published a narrative of his expe 
 dition to the Nipmug country in 1675, which may 
 be read in N. H. hist. coll. 
 
 WHEELER, HANNAH, widow, died in Keene, 
 N. H.,in 1824, aged 103. 
 
 WHEELER, ELIJAH, minister of Great Bar- 
 rington, Mass., died in 1827, aged 53. Born in 
 Pomfret, Conn., he was for some years an Infidel 
 physician ; but becoming a Christian, he studied 
 theology with Dr. West of Stockbridge, and was 
 a successful minister from 1806 to 1823, admit 
 ting one hundred and fifty-two members. The 
 first minister was S. Hopkins. Sprague. 
 
 WHEELER, CHARLES S., died at Leipsic 
 June 13, 1843, aged 25. A graduate of Harvard 
 in 1837, he published an edition of Herodotus 
 with notes. 
 
 WHEELER, NELSON, professor, died at Roy- 
 alston, Mass., in 1855, aged 41. He was an emi 
 nent teacher in Worcester when he was chosen, 
 in 1852, professor of Greek in Brown university. 
 
 WHEELOCK, ELEAZAR, D. D., first presi 
 dent and founder of Dartmouth college, died 
 April 24, 1779, aged 68. He was a descendant 
 of Ralph W., a native of Shropshire, educated 
 at Clare Hall, Cambridge, and an eminent 
 preacher, who came to this country in 1637, and 
 settled first at Dedham, and thence removed to 
 Medfield, where he died in 1683, aged 83, leav 
 ing numerous descendants in various towns. 
 His grandfather, Eleazar W. of Medfield, after 
 wards of Mendon, distinguished not only as a 
 Christian, but also as a soldier in the Indian wars, 
 died in 1731. His father, Ralph W., a deacon 
 of the church, died at Windham, Conn., in 1748, 
 aged 66 ; his mother was Ruth Iluntington, the 
 daughter of Christopher H. of Norwich. He 
 was an only son, and was born in Windham in 
 April, 1711; was graduated at Yale college in 
 1733 ; and was ordained in 1735 the minister of 
 the second society in Lebanon, where his labors 
 were attended with a remarkable blessing. Dur 
 ing the revival about 1740 he preached with 
 
844 
 
 WHEELOCK. 
 
 WIIEELOCK. 
 
 great zeal and effect in many towns of New Eng 
 land. Yet he successfully withstood the enthu 
 siasm of the Separatists. While he had under 
 his care a few English youth, Samson Occom, a 
 Mohegan Indian, solicited admission into his 
 school in Dec., 1743, and was received, and re 
 mained in his family five years. In consequence 
 of the education of Occom, Dr. Wheelock was in 
 duced to form the plan of an Indian missionary 
 school. He conceived that educated Indians 
 would be more successful than whites as mission 
 aries among the red men. The project was new, 
 for the labors of Sergeant and the Brainerds, as 
 well as those of Eliot and the Mayhews, were 
 the labors of missionaries among the Indians, 
 and not labors designed to form a band of In 
 dian missionaries. Two Indian boys of the Del 
 aware tribe entered the school in Dec., 1754, and 
 others soon joined them. In 1762 Dr. W. had 
 more than twenty youth under his care. For 
 the maintenance of these Indians, funds were 
 obtained by subscription of benevolent individ 
 uals, from the legislatures of Connecticut and 
 Massachusetts, and from the commissioners in 
 Boston of the Scotch society for propagating 
 Christian knowledge. Joshua Moor, a farmer 
 at Mansfield, having made a donation of a house 
 and two acres of land in Lebanon, contiguous to 
 Dr. Wheelock s house, the institution received 
 the name of Moor s Indian charity school. Of 
 this school several gentlemen were associated 
 with Dr. W. as trustees ; but in 1764 the Scotch 
 society appointed a board of correspondents in 
 Connecticut, who in 1765 sent out white mission 
 aries and Indian school-masters to the Indians in 
 New York. For the enlargement of this school 
 Mr. Whitaker, minister of Norwich, and Samson 
 Occom, were sent to Great Britain in 1766. The 
 money which they collected for Moor s school 
 was put into the hands of a board of trustees in 
 England, of which the Earl of Dartmouth was 
 the head, and into the hands of the Scotch so 
 ciety. As the school increased, Dr. W. deter 
 mined to remove it to a more favorable location, 
 nearer to the Indians, and to establish in con 
 nection with it a college for instruction in all the 
 branches of science. Efforts were made to in 
 duce Dr. W. to establish the college at Pittsfield, 
 Stockbridge, and Albany ; but larger tracts of 
 land being offered in New Hampshire, he con 
 cluded to transplant his school to Hanover, and 
 there to found the college, of which a charter was 
 given by Gov. Wentworth in 1769. It was an 
 error not to have located the college at Pittsfield 
 or Albany, which had offered a subscription of 
 about 10,000 dollars. In 1770 he procured a 
 dismission from his people, of whom he had 
 been the faithful minister about thirty-five years, 
 and removed his school to the wilderness on the 
 western border of New Hampshire, and there 
 
 also laid the foundations of the college. The 
 school was not merged in the college, as has 
 been supposed, but it ever has been and is still 
 distinct, with a separate incorporation, obtained 
 at a subsequent period from New Hampshire. 
 Of Moor s school the earl of Dartmouth was a 
 benefactor, but not of Dartmouth college, to the 
 establishment of which he and the other trustees 
 of the fund were opposed, as being a departure 
 from the original design. It would be but an 
 act of justice were this college called Wheclock 
 college, or even Wentworth college, or Phillips 
 college, rather than Dartmouth. The patriarch 
 and his family, pupils, and dependants, consisting 
 of about seventy souls, resided at first in log 
 houses ; but the frame of a small two-story col 
 lege was soon set up. The first commencement 
 in the college was held in 1771, when four stu 
 dents graduated, one of whom was J. Whcelock. 
 At this period the number of his scholars, des 
 tined for missionaries, was twenty-four, of whom 
 eighteen were whites and only six Indians. This 
 alteration of his plan was the result of experi 
 ence. He had found that of forty Indian youth 
 who had been under his care, twenty had re 
 turned to the vices of savage life. The celebrated 
 Brant was one of his pupils. Among the mis 
 sionaries whom he employed were Occom, C. J. 
 Smith, T. Smith, T. Chamberlain, S. Kirkland, 
 L. Frisbie, and D. McClure. The Revolutionary 
 war obstructed in a great degree the benevolent 
 project which had been commenced. After be 
 ing at the head of the college about nine years, 
 he died in Christian peace, and was succeeded in 
 his office by his son, John Wheelock. Two of 
 his daughters married Profs. Woodward and 
 Riplcy. His daughter, Ruth Patten, died at 
 Hartford, Conn., Dec. 5, 1831, aged 91. His son, 
 Col. Eleazar, died in Ohio, suddenly, about Jan., 
 1812. 
 
 Dr. Wheelock was one of the most interesting, 
 eloquent, and successful ministers in New Eng 
 land. Dr. Trumbull describes him as " of a 
 comely figure, of a mild and winning aspect ; his 
 voice smooth and harmonious, the best, by fur, 
 that I ever heard. He had the entire command 
 of it. His gesture was natural but not redun 
 dant. His preaching and addresses were close 
 and pungent, yet winning, beyond all comparison, 
 so that his audience would be melted even into 
 tears before they were aware of it." Besides his 
 constant labors in the ministry for about forty-five 
 years, he conducted his school in Lebanon about 
 thirty years, and then at Hanover had the double 
 care of the school and college for nine years. 
 Forest lands were to be cleared and cultivated, 
 various buildings erected, distant missions estab 
 lished and directed, funds in the difficult period 
 of the war were to be procured, and a multitude 
 of English and Indian youth were to be governed 
 
WIIEELOCK. 
 
 WHEELCCK. 
 
 845 
 
 and taught. For enlarged views, and indomita 
 ble energy, and persevering and most arduous 
 toils, and for the great results of his labors in the 
 cause of religion and learning, perhaps no man in 
 America is more worthy of being held in honor 
 than Eleazar A\ f heelock. It was a noble Chris 
 tian spirit, and not a selfish zeal, which governed 
 him. Although some lands were at first given 
 him, yet for his cares and labors at Hanover he 
 received merely the means of subsistence for his 
 family. His whole life was devoted to the good 
 of mankind. He published a narrative of the 
 Indian charity school at Lebanon, 1762 ; sermon 
 at the ordination of Charles J. Smith, 1763 ; nar 
 ratives in several numbers from 1763 to 1771; 
 continuation of the narrative, 1773, to which is 
 added an abstract of a mission to the Delaware 
 Indians west of the Ohio, by McClure and Fris- 
 bie ; a sermon on liberty of conscience, or no 
 king but Christ in the church, 1775. His me 
 moirs, by Drs. Me Clure and Parish, were pub 
 lished, 8vo. 1811, with extracts from his corre 
 spondence. Sprague. 
 
 WIIEELOCK, JOHN, LL.D., second president 
 of Dartmouth college, died April 4, 1817, aged 
 63. The son of the preceding, he was born at 
 Lebanon, Conn., Jan. 28, 1754. After being a 
 member of Yale college, he removed with his 
 father to Hanover, and graduated in the first 
 class of four persons at Dartmouth in 1771. 
 Two of the others were Frisbie and Ripley. In 
 1772 he was appointed a tutor, and was devoted 
 to the business of instruction until the beginning 
 of the Revolution. In 1775 he was a member 
 of the assembly ; in the spring of 1777 he was 
 appointed a major in the service of New York, 
 and in Nov., a lieut. -colonel in the continental 
 army, under Col. Bedel. In 1778 he marched a 
 detachment from Coos to Albany. By direction 
 of Stark he conducted an expedition into the 
 Indian country. At the request of Gen. Gates, 
 he entered his family and continued with him 
 until he was recalled to Hanover in 1779, by the 
 death of his father, whom he succeeded in the 
 office of president at the age of 25. His associ 
 ates in the care of the college were Professors 
 "Woodward, Kipley, and Smith. The trustees in 
 1782 resolved to send him to Europe in order to 
 promote the interests of the college. With let 
 ters from Gen. Washington, Governors Trumbull 
 and Livingston, and others, he sailed from Bos 
 ton Jan. 3, 1783, and visited France, Holland, 
 and England, procuring considerable donations 
 for the college in money, books, etc. On his re 
 turn in the brigantine, Peace and Plenty, he 
 left Halifax Dec. 29th, and in the morning: of 
 
 O 
 
 Jan. 2, 1784, was shipwrecked on the bar off the 
 point of Cape Cod, losing his strong box, con 
 taining his money and papers. Yet his voyage 
 was in various respects advantageous to the col 
 
 lege. His laborious duties were now resumed 
 and continued for more than thirty years. Be 
 sides attending the daily recitations of the senior 
 class, he for many years delivered two public lec 
 tures a week on theology, and history, evincing 
 " the extent of his learning, the diversified pow 
 ers of his intellect, and the irresistible force and 
 pathos of his eloquence." His favorite subjects 
 of investigation were intellectual philosophy, 
 ethics, politics, and history. After faithfully serv 
 ing the college thirty-six years, he was removed 
 from office by the trustees in 1815. The cause 
 of this event might be found, among other cir 
 cumstances, in a local ecclesiastical controversy 
 of long continuance. This event aroused a 
 strong feeling of indignation, which induced the 
 legislature to pass an act enlarging the board of 
 trustees and changing the title of the college; 
 but the act was ultimately declared unconstitu 
 tional. By the new trustees he was restored to 
 office in Feb., 1817. But his health was by this 
 time effectually undermined. His wife, Maria, 
 the daughter of Gov. Suhm of St. Thomas, died 
 Feb. 16, 1824, aged 66. His only child, Maria 
 Malleville, wife of President William Allen, died 
 at Brunswick, Maine, June 3, 1828, aged 40. He 
 bequeathed about half his estate, consisting of 
 several houses, some wild lands, and some 
 hundred acres of leased lands in Hanover and 
 Lebanon, to the theological seminary at Prince 
 ton. To his family he said, that " he had noth 
 ing of his own ; all was the gift of God ; and to 
 him he would devote it. Trust in him and 
 serve him, and he will bless you." He died in 
 perfect composure and peace, relying for salva 
 tion on the atoning blood of Jesus Christ. He 
 prepared for the press a large historical Avork, 
 proposals for the publication of which were once 
 issued by a Boston bookseller ; but the work is 
 yet in manuscript. He published an eulogy on 
 Dr. Smith, in 1809; sketches of the history of 
 Dartmouth college, 1816. 
 
 WHEELOCK, EDWARD, Baptist missionary to 
 Burmah, died on his passage from Rangoon to 
 Calcutta in August, 1849. His widow, Mrs. 
 Jones, died at sea from Calcutta in May, 1831: 
 she had two children of the name of Jones. 
 Mr. W., in his application to the board, said : 
 "To Burmah would I go; in Burmah would I 
 live ; in Burmah would I die." 
 
 WHEELOCK, RALPH, captain, died at South- 
 bridge, Mass., in Jan., 1822, aged 97. 
 
 WHEELOCK, EPHRAIM, colonel, a veteran of 
 the Revolution, died at Medfield, Mass., in 1826, 
 aged 93. 
 
 WHEELOCK, JAMES R., minister of Barre, 
 Vt., died in Boston Nov. 24, 1841, aged 51. His 
 father, James of Hanover, the son of President 
 E. Wheelock, died in 1836, aged about 60 ; a 
 graduate of Dartmouth in 1776. 
 
846 
 
 WHEELOCK. 
 
 WHELPLEY. 
 
 WHEELOCK, THOMAS, died at Winchester, 
 N. II., in 1853, aged 91. 
 
 WHEELWRIGHT, JOHN, the founder of 
 Exeter, N. H., died at Salisbury, N. H., in 1679, 
 between 80 and 90 years of age. He came to 
 this country from Alford, near Boston, in Lincoln 
 shire. He was a graduate of Cambridge, Eng 
 land, a friend of Cromwell, an Episcopal minis 
 ter until with thirty of his brethren driven from 
 the church by the tyranny of Laud, and then 
 called the Lincolnshire Nonconformists. Pur 
 chasing land of the Indians, he founded Exeter, 
 N. H., and carried out, as his descendants main 
 tain, the first democratic constitution on this con 
 tinent. Afterwards he purchased five hundred 
 acres and removed to Wells ; then became the 
 pastor of Hampton ; and thence to Salisbury, 
 where he died ; but the place of his burial is not 
 known. After being a minister in England, he was 
 induced in consequence of the impositions of the 
 established church to come to Massachusetts soon 
 after its first settlement. Having married Mary 
 Hutchinson, he was a brother-in-law to the fa 
 mous Mrs. Hutchinson, and partook of her anti- 
 nomian zeal. He preached in Boston on a fast 
 day in 1G36, and his sermon was filled with invec 
 tives against the magistrates and ministers. The 
 court of magistrates in return adjudged him 
 guilty of sedition. As all endeavors to convince 
 him of his error Avere in vain, sentence of banish 
 ment was passed upon him in Nov., 1637. In the 
 year 1638, accompanied by several persons from 
 Braintree, where he had been a preacher, and 
 which was a part of Boston, he went to New 
 Hampshire, and laid the foundation of the church 
 and town of Exeter. The next year, thinking 
 themselves out of the jurisdiction of Massachu 
 setts, they combined into a separate body politic ; 
 but in 1642, when Exeter was annexed to Essex 
 county, Mr. Wheelwright, being still under the 
 sentence of banishment, removed with a part of 
 his church to Wells in the district of Maine. In 
 1644 he was restored to the freedom of the col 
 ony upon his making an acknowledgment. In 
 1647 he removed to Hampton, where he was 
 minister for several years. In 1658 he was in 
 England and in favor with Cromwell. After the 
 restoration he returned to America, and settled 
 as successor of William Worcester at Salisbury, 
 N. II., where he died. He was the oldest min 
 ister in the colony, and was a man of learning, 
 piety, and zeal. An Indian deed, alleged to 
 have been given to him in 1629, and which had a 
 bearing on the claims of Mason and Allen, Mr. 
 Savage in his edition of Winthrop has shown to 
 be a forgery. His daughter, Rebecca, married 
 first Samuel Maverick ; next William Bradbury 
 of Salisbury. Rev. R. W. Clark of Portsmouth 
 was a descendant. Sprague. 
 
 WHEELWRIGHT, JOHN, j udge, died in Wells, 
 
 Me., about 1760, aged 85. He was the son of 
 Samuel of Wells, and the grandson of Rev. John 
 W. His public services were of great value. He 
 was deemed the bulwark of Massachusetts against 
 the assaults of the French and Indians on the 
 east. On his gravestone is the figure of a judge 
 in full wig, with flowing robes. He was the 
 great-grandfather of Ebcnezer of Newburyport. 
 
 WHEELWRIGHT, ABRAHAM, captain", died 
 in Newburyport Oct. 9, 1850, aged 93. He and 
 his brothers were once extensive merchants. 
 Boston Adv., Oct. 16. 
 
 WHEELWRIGHT, JOSEPH, M. D., died at 
 Heathsville, Va., in 1853, aged 61. Born in 
 Newburyport, he graduated at Harvard in 1811, 
 and was forty years a physician. 
 
 WHEELWRIGHT, EBENEZER, died in New 
 buryport, Mass., Jan. 1, 1855, aged 91. He was 
 a descendant of John W. His father was Jere 
 miah, who went with Arnold to Quebec, who was 
 a grandson of Judge John W. of Wells, Me., and 
 he was a grandson of Rev. John W. He was a 
 man of inflexible integrity in business, and a 
 venerable Christian. Reduced in consequence of 
 the war of independence to comparative poverty, 
 yet his perseverance and energy enabled him to 
 bring up as he wished a large family. He had 
 judgment, and great benevolence, and the most 
 amiable domestic virtues. His wife, Anna, was 
 the daughter of William Coombs, a distinguished 
 merchant and Christian: she died Aug. 4, 1855. 
 aged 90. Of his nine children, eight are still 
 living, among whom Mary, the widow of Rev. 
 Dr. John Codman, is the oldest. His son Wil 
 liam furnishes a memorable instance of Yankee 
 enterprise. His name is held in the highest ven 
 eration in South America, where he has lived 
 many years. He superintended and built the 
 first railroad of any consequence in South Amer 
 ica, that from Caldera, on the seacoast, to 
 Copiapo, about latitude 27 S. in Chili, thence 
 to the mines. He also organized the Pacific 
 steam navigation company, and introduced water 
 and gas into the city of Valparaiso. Other sons 
 are Ebenezer of Newburyport, and Isaac W. of 
 Byfield, a graduate of Bowdoin in 1821 ; and 
 his grandson, Henry B. W. of Taunton, is skilled 
 in the ancestral history of the family. 
 
 WHELPLEY, SAMUEL, a minister, died in 
 New York in 1817, aged 51. He was born in 
 Berkshire county, Mass., in 1766. For many 
 years he resided at Morristown, N. J., where he 
 had the charge of an academy. About 1812 he 
 removed to the city of New York. He had 
 acutcness and originality as a writer. He pub 
 lished the triangle, in defence of the New Eng 
 land doctrines, or against three points of old 
 Calvinism, 2d edit., 1831 ; letters on capital pun 
 ishment and war ; compend of history ; lectures 
 on ancient history. 
 
WHELPLEY. 
 
 WHITCOMB. 
 
 847 
 
 W IIELPLEY, PHILIP MELANCTHON, minister 
 in New York, son of the preceding, was born in 
 Stockbridge, Mass., in 1792; received an honor 
 ary degree at Princeton in 1815 ; was ordained 
 over the first Presbyterian church, New York, 
 April 25, 1815 ; and died at Schooley s moun 
 tain July 17, 1824, aged 31. He published a 
 sermon on the landing of the pilgrims at Ply 
 mouth, 1822 ; one before the united foreign mis 
 sion society in 1823. 
 
 WIIIPPLE, JOSEPH, minister of Hampton 
 Falls, N. H., died in 1757, aged 56. Born in 
 Ipswich, he graduated at Harvard in 1720, and 
 was ordained in 1727. 
 
 WIIIPPLE, WILLIAM, general, a patriot of 
 the llevolution, died Nov. 28, 1785, aged 54. 
 He was born at Kittery, Me., in 1730; his mother 
 was the daughter of Robert Cutts, a shipbuilder. 
 By several voyages to the West Indies he acquired 
 a considerable fortune. From 1759 he was con 
 cerned in trade at Portsmouth. Being a mem 
 ber of congress in 1776, he signed the declaration 
 of independence. In 1777 he was appointed with 
 Stark a brigadier-general. He fought at Sara 
 toga ; and was one of the officers who conducted 
 the prisoners to Cambridge. At the time of his 
 death he was a judge of the superior court. 
 
 WHIPPLE, JOSEPH, Dr., died in Boston in 
 1804, aged 48. He was one of the founders of 
 the medical society and its secretary, and was a 
 good physician and useful man. 
 
 WHIPPLE, ABRAHAM, commodore, died at 
 Marietta May 29, 1819, aged 85. His wife, 
 Sarah, sister of Gov. Hopkins of Rhode Island, 
 died in 1818, aged 79. Born in Rhode Island, 
 he went to sea in boyhood : he commanded the 
 privateer Game-cock, and in one cruise in 1759 or 
 1760 took twenty-three French prizes. In the 
 frigate Providence, in 1778, he escaped from the 
 blockaded harbor and carried dispatches to 
 France, for which service Washington wrote him 
 a complimentary letter. At the capture of 
 Charleston in 1780 he was taken prisoner, and 
 remained such to the end of the war. In 1784 
 he commanded the first vessel that unfurled our 
 flag in the Thames. In 1788 he emigrated to 
 Ohio. His daughters married Col. E. Sproat, 
 and Dr. Comstock of Smithfield. His life was 
 written by Dr. Hildreth. 
 
 WIIIPPLE, WILLIAM, an officer of the army 
 and navy, died at Providence in July, 1820, aged 
 67. 
 
 WIIIPPLE, EDWARDS, died in Shrewsbury, 
 Mass., Sept. 22, 1822, aged 44. Born in New 
 Braintree in 1778, he graduated at Williams col 
 lege in 1801 ; was settled in Charlton in 1804, and 
 dismissed in 1821; and installed Sept. 26, 1821, 
 in Shrewsbury, where he lived only a year. 
 Nelson s Sermon on his Death. 
 
 WIIIPPLE, SOLOMON, colonel, died in Cum 
 
 berland, R. L, in 1824, aged 87. He was an 
 officer of the Revolution. His farm was once 
 the residence of Mr. Blackstone, the original 
 proprietor of Boston. Pawtucket river from 
 Whipple s bridge is called Blackstone river. 
 
 WHIPPLE, THOMAS, Dr., died at Wentworth, 
 N. H., in 1835, aged 50. He was a member of 
 congress. 
 
 WHISTLER, GEORGE W., colonel, died at 
 St. Petersburg April 7, 1849; chief engineer of 
 the Petersburg and Moscow railroad. A grad 
 uate of West Point, he devoted himself to civil 
 engineering. He was chief engineer of the rail 
 road between Boston and Albany. In 1842 he 
 went to Russia : the great railroad was com 
 pleted a year after his death. 
 
 WHITAKER, NATHANIEL, D. D., first minis 
 ter of Chelsea in Norwich, Conn., died in March, 
 1795, aged about 85. He was graduated at Har 
 vard in 1730, and was installed at Norwich Feb. 
 15, 1761. In 1766 Mr. Wheelock employed 
 him to go to England with Samson Occom, to 
 solicit aid for Moor s Indian school. He was dis 
 missed in 1772 ; his successors were Judson, 
 King, Hooker, Mitchell, and Dickinson. As 
 the pastor of the third church in Salem, Mass., 
 he was installed July 28, 1769; but after a 
 few years service he was dismissed in 1784, 
 and was installed at Norridgewock, Me. He 
 died in Virginia. He published a sermon at or 
 dination of C. J. Smith, 1763 ; on the death of 
 Whitefield ; two sermons on reconciliation, 1770; 
 confutation of Wise s churches quarrel, etc., 1774; 
 sermon against toryism, 1777 ; two sermons, at 
 the beginning and end of the Revolutionary war ; 
 history of the third church, 1784. 
 
 WHITAKER, JONATHAN, minister of Sharon, 
 Mass., died at Henrietta, N. Y., in 1835, aged 
 64. Born in Salem, he graduated at Harvard 
 in 1797 ; was pastor from 1799 to 1816, in which 
 year he was installed at New Bedford as successor 
 "of E. Randall, of the united parish, and was suc 
 ceeded by O. Dewey in 1823, then by J. Angier 
 and E. Peabody. He published a sermon before 
 a bible society, 1818. 
 
 WH1TCOAT, RICHARD, one of the bishops 
 of the Methodist church in America, died in 1806, 
 at Dover, Delaware. 
 
 WHITCOMB, JOHN, a Revolutionary pen 
 sioner, died at Swanzey, N. H., in 1835, aged 
 103. 
 
 WHITCOMB, JOHN P., general, died at Har 
 vard, Mass., April 21, 1847, aged 50; a man of 
 extensive business, widely known and respected. 
 He had been a prominent advocate of the tem 
 perance cause. 
 
 WHITCOMB, JAMES, governor of Indiana, 
 died at New York Oct. 4, 1852, aged 60. He 
 was a senator of the United States, and vice- 
 president of the American bible society. 
 
848 
 
 WHITE. 
 
 WHITE. 
 
 WHITE, WILLIAM, one of the one hundred 
 pilgrims in the Mayflower to Plymouth in 1620, 
 died soon, Feb. 21, 1621. Edward Thompson, 
 his servant, died at Cape Cod Dec. 4, and never 
 reached Plymouth. Mr. White s widow in less 
 than three months after his death married Ed 
 ward Winslow, whose wife died March 24. His 
 descendants were numerous. His was the first 
 child born in New England. 
 
 WHITE, PEREGRINE, the first Englishman 
 born in New England, was born on board the 
 Mayflower in the harbor of Cape Cod, before 
 the landing at Plymouth, about Nov. 20, 1620, 
 and died at Marshfield July 20, 1704, aged 84. 
 He was the son of William and Susanna White. 
 The News-Letter of 1704 says: "He was vig 
 orous and of a comely aspect to the last." He 
 bore civil and military offices. The court gave 
 him two hundred acres of land in consideration 
 of his birth. A monument was proposed in 1854. 
 P. White s daughter, Sarah, married Thomas 
 Young of Scituate, and reached the age of 92. 
 His father died Feb. 21, and his mother made 
 good haste to marry, May 12, 1621, Edward Wins- 
 low, who was in still greater haste. 
 
 WHITE, JOHN, minister of Gloucester, Mass., 
 was graduated at Cambridge in 1698, and died in 
 1760, aged 83. He published a book, entitled 
 New England s lamentations, in 1734, recom 
 mended by Thacher, Sewall, Prince, Webb, 
 Cooper, and Thacher. 
 
 WHITE, EBENEZER, first minister of Mans 
 field, Mass., died in 1761, aged 47. Born in 
 Brookline, he graduated at Harvard in 1733, and 
 was ordained in 1737. His successor was R. 
 Green, who died in 1808, at the age of 70. 
 
 WHITE, THOMAS, the first minister of Bolton, 
 Conn., died in 1763, aged about 63. He gradu 
 ated at Yale in 1720, and was settled in 1725. 
 G. Colton succeeded him. 
 
 WHITE, TIMOTHY, a minister at Nantucket, 
 died in 1765, aged 63. He graduated at Har 
 vard in 1720. 
 
 WHITE, DAVID, first minister of Hardwick, 
 Mass., died in 1784, aged 74. He graduated at 
 Yale in 1730, and was settled in 1736. T. Holt, 
 his successor, reached the same age. Mr. W. 
 was esteemed and very useful, and lived as pas 
 tor nearly fifty years harmoniously with his 
 people. 
 
 WHITE, STEPHEN, minister of Windham, 
 Conn., died in 1793, aged 75, in the fifty-third 
 year of his ministry. Born in Middletown, he 
 graduated at Yale in 1736, and succeeded president 
 Clap at Windham, 1740. By his wife, a sister of 
 E. Dyer, he had thirteen children. He was a 
 scholar, a Christian, an able and judicious divine. 
 He published a sermon on the death of Gov. 
 Trumbull, 1778. 
 
 WHITE, HAFFIELD, major, died at Wolf 
 creek near Marietta. A native of Danvers, Mass., 
 he was an officer in 1775. In 1788 he removed 
 to Ohio. After the peace of 1795 he lived with 
 his son. Hildretli. 
 
 WHITE, ALEXANDER, a distinguished mem 
 ber of the first congress, died at Woodville, Va., 
 in 1804, aged 66. He was a man intelligent, elo 
 quent, patriotic. 
 
 WHITE, SAMUEL, a senator of Delaware, 
 died at Wilmington Nov. 4, 1809, aged 39. From 
 March, 1801, he was a senator till his death. 
 The following facts may illustrate the times a 
 little. In his speeches he laid his hat on the 
 bench before him, and his copious brief behind 
 his hat. On the trial of Judge Pickering, he 
 said, " The accused is in default, not in contempt 
 of court, but under the awful visitation of God ; 
 and, as he is deranged, our proceedings scarcely 
 deserve thenameof a mock trial." Wilson Carey 
 Nicholas, of Va., here called out, " Order, order, 
 order ! I will not submit to hear our proceedings 
 called by the name of a mock trial." Mr. W. 
 said to the president : " I am in order, sir, I 
 repeat it, sir, it is a mock trial. I have no 
 wish to offend; but if that gentleman is offended, 
 I am ready to give him satisfaction at any time 
 and place." It does not appear that the presi 
 dent gave any rebuke at this offer before the sen 
 ate to fight a duel. Mr. W. was so blinded as 
 to think duelling justifiable ; and was second to 
 Gardiner in his duel with Campbell. Yet he 
 was a man of sense, of integrity, of polished 
 manners, of excellent temper ; cards and games 
 of hazard he detested. He was zealously opposed 
 to the slave trade. He Avas himself what is called 
 a dead shot. He and his colleague, William W. 
 Wells, practised in this way : one would hold a 
 shingle in his hand, and the other five or six paces 
 distant would shoot a ball through it. Then, one 
 would fall on his knees and set a shingle up 
 edgeways on his head, and the other would shoot 
 as before. My informant, a senator, once saw 
 this experiment. Had Mr. W. been married, he 
 might have deemed his life of more value than 
 he held it as a duellist. 
 
 WHITE, HUGH, judge, the first settler of 
 Whitestown, N. Y., died in 1812, aged 80. He 
 was a citizen of Middletown, Conn., when he 
 emigrated with his family in 1784 to the Mohawk 
 river at W., that region being then the abode of 
 savages. He lived to see the western wilderness 
 of New York occupied by about 300,000 inhabi 
 tants, being a greater population than that of his 
 native State. 
 
 WHITE, JOSHUA E., a physician, was a native 
 of Pennsylvania, and died at Savannah August 
 25, 1820. He published letters, being a journal 
 of travels in England, etc., 2 vols. 8vo., 1812. 
 
WHITE. 
 
 WIIITEFIELD. 
 
 849 
 
 WHITE, Mrs., widow of Henry White, died 
 in New York in 1836, aged 99 ; the daughter of 
 Gov.Van Courtlamlt. 
 
 WHITE, LEVI, minister of Sandisfield, Mass., 
 for thirty years, died at Gull Prairie, Mich., in 
 1836, aged 65. Born in Randolph, he graduated 
 at Dartmouth in 1796, and was ordained in 1798. 
 He admitted into the church three hundred and 
 thirty-nine members. 
 
 WHITE, WILLIAM, D. D., bishop of the Pro 
 testant Episcopal church of Pennsylvania, died at 
 Philadelphia July 17, 1836, aged 88. He was 
 born at Philadelphia April 4, 1748, and educated 
 at the university. In 1770 he repaired to Eng 
 land, and was ordained deacon and priest by Dr. 
 Young, bishop of Norwich. On his return to 
 Philadelphia, in Sept., 1772, he was settled as 
 an assistant minister of Christ church and St. 
 Peter s church. In the Revolutionary war he 
 was chaplain to congress. When chosen bishop 
 in 1786 there were only three of his brethren 
 present, to give him their votes. He and Bishop 
 Provoost of New York were consecrated in Eng 
 land by Archbishop Moore, Feb. 4, 1787. For the 
 rest of his long life he performed the duties of 
 pastor and bishop with ability, prudence, and 
 zeal, being held by his fellow-citizens in high 
 respect. For a long time he was senior and pre 
 siding bishop. At the time of his death about 
 thirty-two bishops had been consecrated : Bishop 
 Seabury in Scotland in 1784 ; Bishop Madison in 
 1790 in England ; almost all the others by Bishop 
 White. He was a voluminous author. He pub 
 lished memoirs of the Protestant Episcopal 
 church in the United States, 1820 ; comparative 
 views of the controversy between the Calvinists 
 and Arminians ; lectures on the catechism ; and 
 commentaries on the ordination service. 
 
 WHITE, DAVID, missionary to Africa, died at 
 Cape Palmas, Jan. 23, 1837, aged 29. His wife, 
 Helen M. Wells of Newburg, N. Y., died Jan. 27 ; 
 both of the fever. He was a native of Pittsfield, 
 Mass.; graduated at Union college, 1851; and 
 studied theology at Princeton. His zeal for the 
 spread of the gospel carried him to the post of 
 danger, where he had been only a few weeks when 
 he died. In his preaching by an interpreter, the 
 Sabbath before he was taken sick, he told the 
 people it might be the last time they would hear 
 his voice, and asked them what message he should 
 carry to the courts of heaven ? They heard him 
 with emotion. 
 
 WHITE, HUGH LAWSON, a senator of the 
 United States from Tennessee, died near Knox- 
 villo April 10, 1840, aged 67; a distinguished 
 lawyer and statesman. 
 
 WHITE, HENRY, M. D., died in Southamp 
 ton, L. I., Dec. 23, 1840, aged 90. He was the 
 son of Rev. Libanus White, fifty-four years the 
 minister of S. In the Revolutionary army he 
 107 
 
 was a surgeon. Captured in a privateer, he for 
 seven months knew the horrors of the " Jersey " 
 prison-ship. For thirty-eight years he was a 
 ruling elder in the church. 
 
 WHITE, THOMAS W., died at Richmond, Va., 
 in 1843, aged 55; editor of the Southern Literary 
 Messenger. 
 
 WHITE, ROBERT, judge, died in Nashville, 
 Tenn.,in 1844, aged 78. He came from Gallo 
 way, Scotland, about 1794, and settled in Vir 
 ginia. He was a judge of the court of errors and 
 appeals in Tennessee. 
 
 WHITE, JOHN, judge, speaker of the house 
 of representatives, in a fit of depression shot 
 himself in Richmond, Ky., Sept. 22, 1845. 
 
 WHITE, EDWARD D., governor of Louisiana, 
 died in 1847. He was twice a member of con 
 gress, respected and very popular. 
 
 WHITE, LEONARD, died in Haverhill, Mass., 
 in 1849, aged 82 ; a venerable citizen, who had 
 filled various offices and had been a member of 
 congress. He was in the class at Harvard of his 
 friend J. Q. Adams, in 1787. 
 
 WHITE, HENRY, D. D., died in New York, 
 Aug. 25, 1850, aged 50; professor of theology in 
 the Union theological seminary. 
 
 WHITE, WILLIAM, a Presbyterian minister, 
 died in Liberty co., Ga., Feb. 1, 1851, aged 91. 
 
 WHITE, JOHN, minister in Dedham, Mass., 
 died Feb. 1, 1852, aged 64. The son of Deacon 
 John of Concord, he graduated at Harvard in 
 1805. He was ordained over the third parish in 
 D. in 1814. His predecessors were J. Dwight, 
 A. Tyler, and T. Thacher. 
 
 WHITE, HENRY, died in 1846, in Christiana 
 village, Delaware ; a very aged Methodist min 
 ister. 
 
 WIIITEFIELD, GEORGE, an eloquent itiner 
 ant preacher, died at Newburyport Sept. 30, 
 1770, aged 55. He was born in Gloucester, Eng., 
 Dec. 16, 1714. After having made some pro 
 gress in classical learning, he was obliged to as 
 sist his mother, who kept an inn, in her business ; 
 but at the age of 18 he entered one of the col 
 leges at Oxford. Here he became acquainted 
 with John and Charles Wesley, whose piety was 
 ardent and singular, like his own. From the 
 strict rules and methods of life which these young 
 men followed they were called Methodists, and 
 they were the founders of the sect thus denomi 
 nated. His benevolent zeal led him to visit the 
 poor, and even to search out the miserable objects 
 in goals, not only to diminish their wants, but 
 that he might impart to them the consolations 
 and hopes of the gospel. He took orders, being 
 ordained by the bishop June 20, 1736, and 
 preached his first sermon in the church at Glouces 
 ter. When a complaint was afterwards entered 
 with the bishop that by his sermon he drove fifteen 
 persons mad, the worthy prelate only expressed 
 
850 
 
 WHITEFIELD. 
 
 WHITFIELD. 
 
 a wish that the madness might not be forgotten 
 before the next Sunday. After preaching at vari 
 ous places he was induced by a letter from Mr. 
 Wesley, who was in Georgia, to embark for Amer 
 ica. He arrived at Savannah May 7, 1 738. After 
 laboring in this place with unwearied fidelity for 
 several months to promote the interests of religion, 
 he embarked for England Sept. 6th. He was 
 ordained priest at Oxford by Bishop Benson, Jan. 
 14, 1739. In Nov. he again arrived in America, 
 and he travelled through the middle and southern 
 colonies, dispensing the gospel to immense mul 
 titudes. In Sept., 1740, he arrived at Rhode 
 Island from Savannah, having been invited by 
 the ministers of Boston, and he preached in dif 
 ferent parts of New England. At the end of 
 Oct. he went to New York, and he soon returned 
 to Georgia. He was much occupied in the es 
 tablishment of an orphan house near Savannah. 
 In Jan., 1741, he sailed for England. He arrived 
 again in America in Oct., 1744 ; and he now spent 
 between three and four years in this country. In 
 March, 1748, he went to the Bermudas, and in 
 July he reached London. Having crossed the 
 Atlantic for the fourth time, he arrived at 
 Savannah Oct. 27, 1751, and returned to his 
 native country in April, 1752. In his fifth visit to 
 the new world he remained here from May, 1754, 
 to March, 1755. His sixth voyage brought him 
 to Virginia in Aug., 1763, and he did not set sail 
 again for Great Britain till June, 1765. For the 
 seventh and last time his zeal to do good induced 
 him to brave the dangers of the ocean, and he 
 landed upon the American shore Nov. 30, 1769, 
 never again to leave it. After preaching in 
 various parts of the country, he died suddenly at 
 Newburyport, Mass. Few men since the days 
 of the apostles have labored with such indefatiga 
 ble zeal in preaching the gospel of salvation, as 
 Mr. W. He was the means of imparting the 
 pure principles and the elevated hopes of reli 
 gion to thousands both in Great Britain and 
 America. No preacher ever had such astonish 
 ing power over the passions of his auditory, or 
 was attended by such multitudes as he some 
 times addressed in the fields. Mr. Jotham Sew- 
 all stated that Mr. W. died on Sunday, and that 
 on Thursday before he heard him preach at York, 
 Me., on the text, " I am the way, the truth, and 
 the life." In his sermon he said : " How can 
 you be saved? By works. By works! (strik 
 ing the desk with great force with his hand.) 
 Should you see a man making a rope of sand, 
 with which to climb to the moon, would you not 
 deem him a fool ? So is the man who would be 
 saved by works." He also said: "In ancient 
 Rome a man was accused of a capital crime, and 
 brought into court, when his brother, who had 
 lost both his hands in war for his country, presented 
 himself before the judges and lifted up both the 
 
 stumps of his arms [lifting up his hands with his 
 fists closed], and said nothing. Instantly his 
 brother for his sake was set free, uncondemned. 
 So Christ in heaven only lifts up his pierced 
 hands, and thus intercedes effectually for sinners." 
 In the early periods of his life he was guilty in 
 some instances of uncharitableness and indiscre 
 tion ; but he afterwards had the magnanimity to 
 confess his fauY He was in reality a man of a 
 very liberal and catholic spirit, for he had little 
 attachment to forms, and embraced all who loved 
 the Lord Jesus in sincerity. His life was spent 
 in most disinterested and benevolent exertion. 
 The following lines will show the opinion which 
 was formed of his character by the evangelical 
 poet, Cowper : 
 
 " lie loved the world that hated him ; the tear 
 That dropp d upon his bible was sincere ; 
 Assail d by scandal and the tongue of strife, 
 His only answer was a blameless life, 
 And he that forg d, and he that threw the dart, 
 Had each a brother s interest in his heart. 
 Paul s love of Christ and steadiness unbrib d 
 Were copied close in him, and well transcrib d; 
 He followed Paul, his zeal a kindred flame, 
 His apostolic charity the same ; 
 Like him cross d cheerfully tempestuous seas, 
 Forsaking country, kindred, friends, and ease; 
 Like him he labor d, and like him content 
 To bear it, suffer d shame where er he went. 
 Blush, calumny ! and write upon his tomb, 
 If honest eulog3 T can spare thee room, 
 Thy deep repentance of thy thousand lies, 
 Which, aim d at him, have pierc d th offended skies; 
 And say, blot out my sin, confess d, deplor d, 
 Against thine image in thy saint, Lord?" 
 
 His letters, sermons, controversial and other 
 tracts, with an account of his life, were published 
 in seven volumes, 8vo. 1771. Gillies Life of 
 W.; Middleman s Biog. Evang.; Parsons 1 , Pem- 
 berton s and Wesley s Sermons. 
 
 WHITEHEAD, JAMES, D. D., minister in 
 Norfolk, Va., and in Baltimore, died about 
 1808. 
 
 WHITE-HEAD, DECARI or SCHACHIPKAKA, 
 chief of the Winnebago Indians, on Wisconsin 
 river, died April 20, 1836, aged 89. 
 
 WHITEI1ILL, JOHN, judge, died at Pequea, 
 Lancaster county, Penn., in 1815, aged 94. He 
 was a member of the council of safety and of 
 congress, and an associate judge of Lancaster 
 county. 
 
 WIIITFIELD, HENRY, first minister of Guil- 
 ford, Conn., died in AVinchester, England, after 
 1650. lie was born in England in 1597, the 
 son of a rich lawyer, and was settled at Okely 
 in Surrey before he came to this country in 1639. 
 He continued at Guilford until 1650, when he 
 returned to his native country, and finished 
 his life in the ministry at Winchester. He was 
 a good scholar, a distinguished divine, and an 
 excellent preacher. He published the light ap 
 pearing more and more, etc., giving an account of 
 
WIIITFIELD. 
 
 WHITING. 
 
 851 
 
 the progress of the gospel among the Indians, 
 1651. Magnalia, III. 217, 218: Sprague. 
 
 WIIITFIELD, JOHN, a Methodist minister, 
 died in North Carolina in 1833, aged 88. 
 
 WIIITFIELD, JAMES, Roman Catholic arch 
 bishop, died at Baltimore Oct. 19, 1834, aged 64. 
 He was born at Liverpool in 1770. He was a 
 merchant, and became a prisoner under Bona 
 parte at Lyons, where he became acquainted with 
 Ambrose Marechal, afterwards archbishop of Bal 
 timore, whom he succeeded. He came first to 
 B. in 1817. 
 
 WHITING, WILLIAM, major, one of the first 
 settlers of Hartford in 1636, died in 1647. He 
 was a man of wealth and education, a magistrate, 
 and treasurer of the colony. Goodwin s Gen 
 ealogical Notes. 
 
 WHITING, SAMUEL, first minister of Lynn, 
 Mass., died Dec. 11, 1679, aged 82. The son of 
 John W., mayor of Boston, England, he was 
 born in 1597, and was educated at Cambridge. 
 He arrived at Boston May 26, 1636. In about 
 a month he went to Lynn, where a church was 
 gathered Nov. 8. Mr. Cobbet was his colleague 
 for several years, and after his removal one of 
 his own sons was his assistant. His son, Samuel, 
 first minister of Billerica, died in 1713 ; Joseph 
 was minister of Lynn ; his daughter married Jer 
 emiah Ilobart. He possessed an accurate know 
 ledge of Hebrew, and wrote Latin with elegance. 
 His disposition was peculiarly amiable, and the 
 sanctity of his life impressed all men with re 
 spect for him. From his writings Norton s life 
 of Cotton was partly composed. He published 
 a treatise upon the last judgment, 1664; Abra 
 ham interceding for Sodom, a volume of ser 
 mons, 1666. Magnalia,ia.. 156-161 ; Sprague. 
 
 WHITING, JOHN, minister in Hartford, Conn., 
 died before 1689. The son of William of II., he 
 graduated at Harvard in 1653. He preached two 
 years in Salem, Mass., an assistant to Mr. Norria; 
 then was settled in the first church in H. ; and 
 next was installed in 1670 over a new, the south 
 church, with which he was connected till his 
 death. His wife was a sister of llev. J. Collins : 
 she married, after his death, Rev. John Russell of 
 Hadley. His son, William, commanded the Con 
 necticut troops sent to Port Royal. The Ameri 
 can quarterly register has by mistake printed his 
 name Samuel, who, graduating the same year, 
 was the minister of Billerica. 
 
 WHITING, JOHN, second minister of Lan 
 caster, Mass., was killed by the Indians Sept. 11, 
 1697, aged 33. The son of Rev. Samuel of Bil 
 lerica, he graduated at Harvard in 1685, and was 
 settled in 1690. He succeeded J. Rowlandson. 
 He was succeeded by Prentiss, Harrington, 
 Thayer. Surprised, away from the fort, by the 
 Indians, they offered him quarter ; but he chose 
 rather to fiyrht than to fall into their hands. His 
 
 widow, Alice Cook of Cambridge, married Rev, 
 T. Stevens of Glastenbury. His sister, Elizabeth, 
 married Rev. T. Clark of Chelmsford, Mass. 
 
 WHITING, SAMUEL, first minister of Biller 
 ica, Mass., died in 1713, aged nearly 80. Born 
 in England, the son of Rev. Samuel of Lynn, he 
 graduated at Harvard in 1653, and was settled 
 in 1663. His successors were Ruggles, Chan 
 dler, Cummings, Whitman, and Abbott. His 
 mother was a daughter of Oliver St. John, a man 
 of note in Cromwell s time. His son, John, was 
 the minister of Lancaster. A manuscript volume 
 of his sermons fell into the hands of his descend 
 ant, llev. M. G. Thomas of Concord, N. H. 
 
 WHITING, JOSEPH, died in 1717, aged 72, 
 the son of the first William W. He was a mer 
 chant of Hartford, and treasurer of Connecticut. 
 He married Mary, daughter of John Pynchon 
 and Anna Wyllys : his second wife was Anna, 
 daughter of Col. John Allyn, and of his wife, who 
 was a daughter of Henry Smith and grand 
 daughter of William Pynchon. His daughter, 
 Margaret, by his second wife, married Rev. Jona 
 than Marsh. 
 
 WHITING, JOSEPH, minister of Lynn, died 
 in 1723, aged 82. The son of Rev. Samuel, he 
 was born in Lynn, and graduated at Harvard in 
 1661, and was settled in 1680, having assisted 
 his father for some years before. In 1682 he 
 went to Southampton on Long Island. 
 
 WHITING, SAMUEL, the first minister of 
 Windham, Conn., died in 1725. The brother of 
 Rev. John, he was ordained Dec. 4, 1700, and 
 died at Enfield, while on a visit to his cousin and 
 brother-in-law, Rev. Mr. Collins. He was suc 
 ceeded by President Clap. He was the brother 
 of llev. John of Hartford. His wife was 
 Elizabeth, the daughter of Rev. TV. Adams of 
 Dedham: she was born in 1681, and died in 
 1766. Her second marriage was with Rev. Mr. 
 Niles. She died in New Haven, at the house of 
 her son, Col. Nathan Whiting. His daughter, 
 Mary, married President Clap, and died in 1736. 
 He published a thanksgiving sermon, 1721. 
 
 WHITING, WILLIAM, colonel, son of Rev, 
 John of Hartford, died about 1730. He served 
 in Canada. His wife was Mary, daughter of 
 John Allyn. His sister married Rev. S. Russell. 
 lie removed to Newport, R. I. 
 
 WHITING, JOHN, minister of Concord, Mass., 
 twenty years, died in 1752, aged about 72. Born 
 in Lynn, he graduated at Harvard in 1700 ; was 
 tutor from 1703 to 1706, and librarian from 1707 
 to 1712, in which year he was ordained. He was 
 learned, benevolent, and rich. The first minister 
 of his church was P. Bulkley ; his successors 
 were Bliss, Emerson, and Ripley. 
 
 WHITING, JOHN, colonel, son of the preceding, 
 died at Windham, Conn., in 1786, aged 80. He 
 graduated at Yale in 1726, and was a preacher, 
 
852 
 
 WHITING. 
 
 WHITING. 
 
 then judge of probate, and a colonel. His 
 daughter, Mary, married H. Jones of North Car 
 olina ; and their daughter married Gov. Nash in 
 1779. 
 
 WHITING, WILLIAM, Dr., died in Great Bar- 
 rington Dec. 8, 1792, aged 62. Born in Nor 
 wich, Conn., the son of llev. Samuel of Wind- 
 ham, he studied with Dr. Bulkley of Colchester. 
 He lived in Hartford till 17G6 ; then settled in 
 G. B. He was a professor of religion in the 
 Episcopal church, and often in public life ; a 
 member of the provincial congress, and of the 
 convention to frame the constitution, and chief 
 judge of the court of common pleas. His son, 
 Mason Whiting, died in Binghamton, N. Y., in 
 1849, aged 74, whose wife was Mary, a descendant 
 of Pres. Edwards, and whose daughter, Amelia, 
 is the wife of Prof. W. S. Tyler of Amherst col 
 lege. 
 
 WHITING, EBENEZER, major, died at West- 
 field in 1794, aged 59. He was the son of 
 Charles, who died at Montville, and grandson of 
 Col. William. His mother was Elizabeth, daugh 
 ter of Samuel Bradford of Duxbury, a descendant 
 of Gov. Bradford. His wife was Ann, daughter 
 of Col. Eleazer Fitch of Windham. He resided 
 at Norwich, and was a major in the Revolution 
 ary army. His son, Henry, a brigadier-general 
 in the army of the United States, died at St. 
 Louis Sept. 10, 1851. 
 
 WHITING, WILLIAM BRADFORD, colonel, died 
 in Canaan, N. Y., near New Lebanon, in 1796, 
 aged 65. He was a colonel in the Revolution, a 
 senator of New York, and a judge. His accom 
 plished and excellent daughter Harriet whom 
 the writer knew more than fifty years ago as the 
 friend of his sister Elizabeth married Eleazar 
 Backus, a bookseller of Albany, now of Phila 
 delphia, if yet among the living. She died July 
 13, 1804, after being the mother of one child. 
 
 WHITING, SAMUEL, colonel, brother of the 
 preceding, died at Stratford, Conn., in 1803, aged 
 81. He served in the French Avar as a colonel, 
 and in the Revolutionary war. Four of his sons 
 were also in the army. 
 
 WHITING, SAMUEL, first minister of Rock- 
 ingham, Vt., died in 1819, aged 70. Born in 
 Franklin, Mass., he graduated at Harvard in 
 1769, and was pastor from 1773 to 1809. 
 
 WHITING, THURSTON, a minister in Warren, 
 Me., died in 1829, aged 79. 
 
 WHITING, JOHN, deacon, died at Canaan, 
 N. Y., Oct. 2, 1844, aged 80. He was the son of 
 Col. William B. He was ready for every good 
 word and work, a pillar in the church, a father in 
 Israel, like thousands of others, whom God in 
 his grace has scattered over our land. 
 
 WHITING, JOHN, general, died in Great 
 Barrington Jan. 13, 1846, at an advanced age. 
 He was a descendant of William, in the line of 
 
 John, of the sixth generation; the son of Gama 
 liel. He was an eminent lawyer. His first wife 
 was Hannah, daughter of Col. Aaron Kellogg, 
 married in 1800 ; his second was Lucy Allen, 
 married in 1831. His son, Francis, was born in 
 1808; his daughter, Martha, married David 
 Allen. 
 
 WHITING, NATHAN, a worthy citizen of New 
 Haven, died Feb. 17, 1848, aged 75, the son of 
 Col. William B. W. By his first wife, Lydia 
 Backus of Norwich, he had a daughter, Harriet 
 B., wife of A. N. Skinner, late mayor of New 
 Haven ; and also Alexander, a physician in New 
 York. His second wife, now a widow, was Mrs. 
 Nancy Breed Williams of Norwich. 
 
 WHITING, EDWARD, captain, died in Nor 
 wich July 14, 1851, aged 74; a man of an excel 
 lent character, held in high esteem by his fellow- 
 citizens. 
 
 WHITING, HENRY, brigadier-general, died 
 at St. Louis Sept. 16, 1851. He was among the 
 oldest officers of the army. He arrived two days 
 before his death from a tour of duty in Texas, 
 and fell dead instantly in his room, probably from 
 disease of the heart. He lived many years at 
 Detroit. He was the son of Gen. John W. of 
 Lancaster, Mass. He was a man conversant with 
 literature, and wrote various articles for the 
 North American review, among which was the 
 sketch of Pres. Taylor, relating chiefly to his mil 
 itary life. 
 
 WHITING, GEORGE B., missionary of the 
 American board in Syria, died of the cholera at 
 Beirut Nov. 8, 1855. He was the son of John 
 W. and of Lydia Leffingwell of Norwich, and 
 grandson of Col. William B. W. He had been, 
 with his wife, a daughter of John Ward of Newark, 
 a missionary twenty-six years ; first at Beirut, then 
 eight years at Jerusalem. His letters to the 
 missionary herald were most interesting. Dr. 
 Smith, his associate in Syria, says, "The Ameri 
 can church has sent into the missionary field few 
 so lovely spirits as that of our brother who has 
 just been called to his reward." 
 
 WHITING, DANIEL, died at Philadelphia, at 
 the house of his son-in-law, Rev. Dr. Brainard, 
 June 7, 1855, aged 87. He was the son of Col. 
 William B. Whiting of Canaan, N. Y., and 
 brother of Deacon John W. of Canaan, and of 
 Deacon Nathan W. of New Haven. As a lawyer 
 he practised at Canaan, Albany, and Troy. For a 
 time he was a partner in a book concern in Albany 
 with Backus and Whiting, and editor of the Al 
 bany Daily Sentinel. At the bar he was conver 
 sant with Hamilton, Burr, Clinton, Kent, and 
 Spencer. He died with trust in the Saviour, 
 whose name he professed thirty years before his 
 death, under the ministry of Dr. Tucker. For 
 nine years he had been blind. He was the last 
 of a large family, distinguished for piety. 
 
WHITMAN. 
 
 WHITNEY. 
 
 853 
 
 WHITMAN, JOHN, the ancestor of a large 
 posterity, died at Wcymouth, at a great age, 
 about 1692. He came from England to Charles- 
 town about 1638. 
 
 WHITMAN, ZECIIARIAH, minister of Hull, 
 Mass., died in 1726, aged 82. He graduated at 
 Harvard in 1668, and was settled in 1670. The 
 Dorchester records describe him as " Vir pius,hu- 
 milis, orthodoxus, utilissimus." 
 
 WHITMAN, SAMUEL, minister of Farming- 
 ton, Conn., died in 17*31, aged 75. He gradu 
 ated at Harvard in 1696 ; was a teacher in Salem 
 in 1699; and was ordained in 1706. He was a 
 fellow of Yale from 1724 to 1746. He was pre 
 ceded by T. Pitkin and succeeded by S. Hooker. 
 His son, Elnathan, a graduate of 1726, was min 
 ister of the second church in Hartford from 1732 
 to his death in 1776. He published the election 
 sermon in 1714. 
 
 WHITMAN, SAMUEL, minister of Goshen, 
 Mass., died in 1827, aged 75. Born in Wey- 
 mouth, he graduated at Harvard in 1775 ; was 
 minister of Ashby from 1778 to 1783; then of 
 Goshen from 1788 to 1818. He published a ser 
 mon at ordination of L. Lankton ; of Mr. Hal- 
 lock; on baptism of Christ, 1800; a key to the 
 atonement and justification, 8vo., 1814; sermon 
 to missionary society, 1817; at Cummington, 
 1819; history of proceedings at Goshen, 1824. 
 Spr ague s Annals. 
 
 WHITMAN, BERNARD, Unitarian minister of 
 Waltham, Mass., died in 1834, aged 38. He 
 published artillery election sermon, 1829 ; letter 
 on revivals, 1831 ; answer to E. Pearson s letter. 
 
 WHITMAN, KILBORN, minister of Pembroke, 
 Mass., died in 1835, aged about 70. Born in 
 Bridge water, he graduated at Harvard in 1785, 
 and was pastor from 1787 to 1796. His prede 
 cessor was T. Smith, who reached the age of 83. 
 He published sermon at ordination of J. Cush- 
 man, 1796; oration, 1798. 
 
 WHITMAN, LEVI, minister of Wellfleet, 
 Mass., died at Kingston in Aug., 1839, aged 90. 
 Born in Bridgewater, he graduated at Harvard in 
 1779, and was pastor at W. from 1785 to 1808. 
 He was a member of the convention for adopting 
 the constitution of the United States. 
 
 WHITMAN, JOHN, deacon, died at East 
 Bridgewater, Mass., Aug. 5, 1842, aged 107 years 
 and 4 months, a descendant of the fourth gener 
 ation from Miles Standish. lie had fourteen 
 children ; three of his sons were ministers. 
 
 WHITMAN, JASON, Unitarian minister, died 
 at Lexington, Mass., in 1848, aged 49. He grad 
 uated at Harvard in 1825; was for some years a 
 minister in Saco ; then secretary of the Unitarian 
 association in Boston, whence he removed to 
 Portland in 1835, and remained ten years. In 
 184."- he was installed at Lexington. 
 
 WIHTMOKE, EDWARD, general, was drowned 
 
 in Plymouth bay in Feb., 1761. At the second 
 capture of Louisburg, in 1758, he was military 
 governor of the place, being colonel of the twenty- 
 second regiment and brigadier-general. 
 
 WHITNEY, AARON, first minister of Peters 
 ham, Mass., died in 1779, aged 65. He gradu 
 ated at Harvard in 1737. He was the father of 
 Rev. Peter W. 
 
 WHITNEY, PETER, second minister of North- 
 borough, Mass., died in 1816, aged 72. Born in 
 Petersham, he graduated at Harvard in 1762, 
 and was ordained in 1767. Joseph Allen was his 
 successor. The first minister was John Martin, 
 from 1746 to 1767. He published two fast ser 
 mons, 1774; history of the county of Worcester, 
 1793 ; at ordination of P. Whitney, jun. ; on the 
 death of Lucy Sumner. 
 
 WHITNEY, JOSIAH, D. D., minister of Brook 
 lyn, Conn., died in 1824, aged 93. Born at 
 Plainfield, he graduated at Yale in 1752. He 
 studied theology with Mr. Breck of Springfield, 
 whose daughter he married. He was ordained 
 in 1756, and after being sole pastor fifty-seven 
 years, received as colleague, in 1813, Abiel Abbot, 
 who soon became a Unitarian, and was dismissed. 
 He published a sermon at ordination of E. 
 Weld; election sermon, 1788; on the death of 
 Gen. Putnam, 1790 ; of N. Russell, 1795 ; a half- 
 century sermon, 1806. Spragne s Annals. 
 
 WHITNEY, ELI, inventor of the cotton-gin, 
 died Jan. 3, 1825, aged 59. He was born at West- 
 borough, Mass., Dec. 8, 1765. His mechanical 
 genius was early manifested. He graduated at 
 Yale college in 1792. Proceeding to Georgia, 
 and becoming acquainted with the widow of Gen. 
 Greene, she invited him to make her house his 
 home, while he studied law. While at her house 
 he invented the cotton-gin, a rrmchine for sepa 
 rating the seed from the cotton ; an invention of 
 vast importance to the States which cultivate cot 
 ton. It has been worth to them 100,000,000 
 dollars. His disappointments, difficulties, and 
 trials in the vindication of his rights are described . 
 in a memoir of his life in Silliman s journal for 
 Jan., 1832, which contains also a beautiful por 
 trait. In 1798 he commenced the manufacture 
 of fire-arms for the United States. His first con 
 tract amounted to 134,000 dollars for ten thousand 
 st and of arms, which he made in ten years. His 
 next contract was for fifteen thousand stand of 
 arms. He had unequalled sufferings from his 
 disease. His wife, whom he married in 1817, 
 was Henrietta, daughter of Pierpont Edwards. 
 Two daughters and a son survived him. lie was 
 highly beloved and respected in domestic life. 
 For inventive power and a persevering spirit, 
 which never relinquished an undertaking until it 
 was accomplished, he had scarcely a parallel. 
 His name will he ranked with the names of Ful 
 ton, Arkwright, and Watt. Of his monument 
 
854 
 
 WHITNEY. 
 
 WHITTLESEY. 
 
 after the model of that of Scipio at Rome, a prirt 
 is in Silliman s journal. Similar monuments at 
 New Haven have been placed over the remains of 
 Dr. X. Smith and Mr. Ashmun. 
 
 WHITNEY, DAVID S., died at Gainsville 
 Ala., in 1840. He was for years a merchant in 
 Northampton, Mass., and removed to the south. 
 His Christian character was always held in high 
 esteem. 
 
 WHITNEY, SARAH, Mrs., a Quaker, died at 
 Casco, Me., in July, 1843, aged 100 years and 8 
 months. 
 
 WHITNEY, PETER, minister of Quincy, Mass., 
 died in 1843, aged 73. He graduated at Harvard 
 in 1791, and was ordained in 1800, and succeeded 
 by W. P. Lunt. His predecessor was A. Wibird. 
 
 WHITNEY, SAMUEL, missionary to the Sand 
 wich Islands, died Dec. 15, 1845, aged 52. Born 
 at Branford, Conn., he was two years a member 
 of Yale college. He arrived at Hawaii in 1820, 
 was licensed to preach by the missionaries in 
 1823, and ordained 1825. Most of his time was 
 spent on the island of Kanai. He said in his ill 
 ness, " I have fought the good fight." In twenty- 
 six years of service the Saviour had been with 
 him. " Christ is the rock on which I rest." 
 Throwing up his arms, he said : " And is the vic 
 tory won ? Glory, glory, glory ! Hail, glorious 
 immortality ! " Let the great warriors of the 
 earth look upon this dying man. 
 
 WIIITON, JOHN MILTON, D. D., died at An 
 trim, N. II., Sept. 28, 1856, aged 71, having been 
 the minister forty-five years to a day. Born in 
 Winchendon, Mass., he graduated at Yale in 
 1805. The first minister was Walter Fullington, 
 from 1800 to 1804. He published a history of 
 N. H. for schools ; a history of Antrim. In 1806 
 he published in the repository an account of the 
 ministers of Hillsborough. 
 
 WIIITTELSEY, SAMUEL, minister of Wal- 
 lingford, Conn., died April 15, 1752, aged 66. 
 He was graduated at Yale college in 1705 and 
 . was ordained as the colleague of Mr. Street in 
 May, 1710. He was one of the most distinguished 
 preachers and faithful ministers of the colony in 
 which he lived. Such was the vigor and penetra 
 tion of his mind, that he easily comprehended 
 subjects which presented great difficulties to 
 others. His wife was Sarah, daughter of Rev. N. 
 Chauncy of Ilatfield. His son Samuel was min 
 ister of Milford from 1738 till his death in 1768. 
 His son, Chauncey W., an eminent scholar, was 
 minister of New Haven from 1758 till his death 
 in 1787. He published a sermon upon the death 
 of John Hall, 1730; at the election; on the 
 awful condition of impenitent souls in their sepa 
 rate state, 1731 ; at the ordination of his son, 
 Samuel W., at Milford, 1737. Dana s Cent. 
 Disc. ; Sprague. 
 
 WIIITTELSEY, SAMUEL, minister of Mil- 
 
 ford, Conn., died in 1768, aged 55. He gradu 
 ated at Yale in 1729, and was tutor from 1732 
 to 1738. He was a man of an excellent spirit 
 and judgment, an eminent Christian. S. An 
 drew preceded and S. Wales succeeded him. 
 
 WIIITTELSEY, CIIAUNCEY, minister in New 
 Haven, died July 24, 1787, aged 69. The son of 
 Rev. Samuel W. of Wallingford, he graduated 
 at Yale in 1738, and was ordained over the first 
 church in New Haven as colleague with Mr. 
 Noyes, March 1, 1758, and continued in office 
 nearly thirty years. Mr. Dana was his successor. 
 His wife was Elizabeth, daughter of Col. Whiting. 
 He published a sermon at New Haven, 1744; 
 to a class, 1745; on the death of A. Noyes, 1768 ; 
 of Mary Clap, 1769 ; at the ordination of 
 J. Hubbard, 1779; election sermon, 1778. 
 Sprague s Annals. 
 
 WHITTELSEY, SAMUEL G., missionary at 
 Oodooville, Ceylon, died at Dindigal March 10, 
 1847, aged 38. He had gone to D., on the con 
 tinent, for his health. Born in Preston, he grad 
 uated at Yale in 1834. In 1842 he was ordained : 
 his station was Oodooville, at the female mission 
 ary seminary. He said he had rather be a mis 
 sionary in that dark land than to be " in Amer 
 ica, enjoying all the pleasures of a civilized and 
 Christian country." 
 
 WHITTEMORE, AARON, the first minister 
 of Pembroke, N. H., died in 1767, aged 55. 
 Born in Concord, Mass., he graduated at Har 
 vard in 1734, and was settled in 1737. J. Emery, 
 born in Andover, was his successor. 
 
 WIIITTEMORE, AMOS, inventor of the card 
 machine, died at West Cambridge, Mass., in 
 April, 1828, aged 69. He was the inventor of 
 the machine for sticking cards, which indicated a 
 powerful mechanical genius, and which was a 
 most useful invention. Each machine in his man 
 ufactory occupied no more space than a small 
 table ; the wire was reeled off, cut off the right 
 length for teeth, bent, holes were pricked in the 
 leather, the teeth were inserted, and this was 
 continued till the card was completed, and all by 
 the unassisted machine. 
 
 WHITTLESEY, SAMUEL, died in Utica,N. Y., 
 in 1842, aged 66. Born in Litchfield, Conn., 
 he graduated at Yale in 1803; was pastor at 
 New Preston in Washington county from 1807 
 to 1817 ; then was principal of the deaf and dumb 
 asylum at Hartford ; in 1826 he took the charge 
 of a female seminary in Utica ; and in 1833 be 
 came the publisher of the mother s magazine in 
 New York. Sprague s Annals. 
 
 WHITTLESEY, FREDERIC, judge, died in 
 Rochester, N. Y., in Sept., 1851, aged 54 ; a mem 
 ber of congress and judge of the supreme court. 
 He was professor of law in Genesee college at 
 Lima. Internal improvements were earnestly 
 promoted by him. 
 
WIIITTLESEY. 
 
 WIGGLESWORTH. 
 
 855 
 
 WHITTLESEY, AJVNA L., Miss, died at Bei 
 rut May 1, 1852. She had been there one year 
 as a teacher in the female boarding-school. She 
 had a vigorous intellect and a zealous heart. 
 Her character is described by Dr. De Forest in 
 missionary herald, July, 1852. 
 
 WHITWELL, WILLIAM, minister of Marble- 
 head, died in 1781, aged 44. Born in Boston, 
 he graduated at Princeton in 1758, and was or 
 dained colleague with Barnard in 1762. He was 
 a gentleman and a Christian ; in his preaching 
 concise and pertinent, instructive and pathetic. 
 He published a sermon to mariners, 1769 ; on 
 the death of Mr. Barnard. Sprague. 
 
 WI1YTE, ARCHIBALD, a minister, died at Ar- 
 gyle, N. Y., in 1849, aged 93 ; a learned and 
 pious man. 
 
 "WIBI11D, ANTHONY, minister of Quincy, Mass., 
 died in 1800, aged 72. Born in Portsmouth, he 
 graduated at Harvard in 1747, and was ordained 
 in 1755. His predecessors were Thompson, 
 Flint, Fiske, Marsh, Hancock, Bryant; his suc 
 cessors, P. Whitney, and W. P. Lunt. 
 
 WICKES, ELiPHALET,died in Troy, N. Y., June 
 7, 1850, aged 81. He was the son of Thomas of 
 Iluntington, L. I. As a lawyer he lived in the 
 town of Jamaica until 1835. He was of integ 
 rity and of reputation as a lawyer. Before he 
 undertook a cause he endeavored to reconcile the 
 parties. He was an elder of the church. For 
 thirty years he devoted to charity a certain per 
 centage of his income. He founded a scholar 
 ship in Princeton seminary. About to die, he 
 said : li It may be that I am now to be called 
 home. Well, I have a good home to go to." 
 N. Y. Observer, Oct. 19. 
 
 WIER, Mr., died in Davidson county, N. C., 
 Aug. 9, 1824, aged 120. He was a native of 
 Germany. 
 
 WIGGIX, TIMOTHY, died at Barry, near Lon 
 don, early in 1856, aged 83. Born in Hopkinton, 
 he went into business in Boston with his elder 
 brother in 1798 : the firm of B. and T. W. con 
 tinued about twenty years, during some of which 
 he resided in Manchester, and there married a 
 lady of beauty and piety, most amiable and 
 agreeable. About 1826 he commenced business 
 as a banker in London with great success; but 
 giving credit largely without security, in 1836 he 
 lost his property ; he had considered himself 
 wortli a million and a half. With the aid of 
 friends and of the bank of England, he paid all 
 his debts and repaid the advances; but his own 
 fortune melted away to nothing. He did not 
 sink clown in miserable despondence ; he submit 
 ted to Providence without a murmur, and died 
 in the Christian hope of a blessed immortality. 
 
 WIGGLESWORTH, MICHAEL, a poet, was 
 graduated at Harvard college in 1651, and was 
 afterwards ordained minister of Maiden, where 
 
 he continued till his death, June 10, 1705, aged 
 73. His wife was Sybil Sparhawk, granddaugh 
 ter of Rev. Samuel Newman; she died in 1708. 
 He had five daughters, Abigail, Mary, Martha, 
 Esther, and Dorothy ; and sons, Samuel and Ed 
 ward. He Avas useful, not only as a minister, but 
 as a physician. During his illness, which occa 
 sionally interrupted his exertions as a preacher 
 for several years, he still sought to do good by 
 his labors as a poet. The following extract from 
 his sermon on wearing hair may have a peculiar 
 application at the present day : " It argues much 
 wantonness, when men shall affect a kind of 
 bravery, as now-a-dayes they do, by curling or 
 frizeling of their hair, and parting it with a seam 
 in the middest; it argues much effeminacy. The 
 Lord abhors such vanity in women ; but for men 
 to do it is a most loathsome thing, and a fashion 
 altogether unbeseeming a Christian." " Why 
 should we wear it at such a time as this, when 
 every one useth it, the very basest sort of per 
 sons, every ruffian, every wild-Irish, every hang 
 man, every varlet and vagabond shall affect long 
 hair, shall men of peace and honor esteem it an 
 honor unto them ? " He published the day of 
 doom, or a poetical description of the great and 
 last judgment, with a short discourse about eter 
 nity, sixth edit., 1829 ; a sermon on wearing 
 hair ; meat out of the eater, or a meditation con 
 cerning the necessity, end, and usefulness of afflic 
 tions unto God s children, fifth edit., 1718. 
 Holmes 1 Annals. 
 
 WIGGLESWORTH, EDWARD, D. D., first 
 Hollis professor of divinity in Harvard college, 
 died in 1765, aged 72. The son of the preced 
 ing, he was graduated at Harvard college in 
 1710. After he commenced preaching, his servi 
 ces were enjoyed in different places. So conspic 
 uous were his talents, and so exemplary was he 
 for every Christian virtue, that when the profes 
 sorship of divinity in Harvard college was founded 
 by T. Hollis, he was unanimously appointed first 
 professor, and was inducted into this office Oct. 
 24, 1722 ; when he declared his assent to the 
 confession of faith in the assembly s catechism, 
 especially to the doctrine of the trinity and of 
 the eternal godhead of Christ ; also to that of 
 predestination and special grace. He was a 
 prominent writer in the controversy relating to 
 Mr. Whitefield, whose preaching at Cambridge 
 he censured. He died, conscious of the failings 
 of life, yet hoping for pardon through Jesus 
 Christ. His son succeeded him in 1765. His 
 daughter married Prof. Sewall. The next pro 
 fessor was Dr. Tappan. He published sober re 
 marks, 1724 ; on the duration of future punish 
 ment, 1729; a trial of the spirits, 1735; on the 
 death of Mr. Wadsworth, 1737 ; inquiry into the 
 imputation of the guilt of Adam s sin to his pos 
 terity, 1738; a letter to Mr. Whitefield, 1745; 
 
856 
 
 WIGGLESWORTIL 
 
 WILDER. 
 
 on the inspiration of the Old Testament, 1753; 
 two lectures on the ministers of Christ, 1754; 
 Dudleian lecture, 1757 ; doctrine of reprobation, 
 1763. Appletoii s Sermon; Sprague. 
 
 WIGGLESWORTH, SAMUEL, minister of Ips 
 wich hamlet, now Hamilton, Mass., died in 1768, 
 aged 79. The son of Michael by his second 
 wife, Martha, he graduated at Harvard in 1707. 
 He commenced the practice of medicine in 1710, 
 but was settled as a minister in 1714. He pub 
 lished a sermon at the ordination of J. Dennis ; 
 of J. Warren at Wenham, 1733 ; at the elec 
 tion, 1733; account of Mr. Hale; a pamphlet 
 concerning a council; at the convention, 1751; 
 on death of J. Rogers, 1746 ; at a fast; two ser 
 mons to men enlisted, 1755 ; Dudleian lecture, 
 1760 ; on admitting members from other churches, 
 1765. Spragne s Annals. 
 
 WIGGLESWORTH, EDWARD, D. D., the 
 successor of his father as the Hollis professor of 
 theology at Harvard, died in 1794, aged about 62. 
 He graduated in 1749 and was chosen professor 
 in 1765. He was secretary of the commissioners 
 of the society in Scotland for propagating the 
 gospel among the Indians. He was an original 
 member of the American academy of arts and 
 sciences. He published the Dudleian lecture on 
 the errors of the Roman church, 1777; sermon 
 on the death of J. Winthrop, 1779. Sprague s 
 Annals. 
 
 WIGGLESWORTH, THOMAS, a rich mer 
 chant, died in Boston April 27, 1855, aged 79. 
 He was the son of Rev. Edward W. of Cambridge, 
 and was graduated in 1793. He was engaged 
 in the Russia and India trade. 
 
 WIGHT, JABEZ, minister in Norwich, Conn., 
 died in 1782, aged 81. Born in Dedham, he 
 graduated at Yale in 1715; was pastor of the 
 fifth society in N. in 1726. 
 
 WIGHT, EBEXEZER, second minister of Hollis 
 street church, Boston, died in 1821, aged about 
 65. Born in Dedham, he graduated at Harvard 
 in 1776, and succeeded Dr. M. Byles in 1778. 
 His successors were West, Holley, Pierpont. 
 
 WIGHT, HENRY, D. D., died in Bristol, R. I., 
 Aug. 12, 1837, aged 84. Born in Medfield, he 
 graduated at Harvard in 1782. For one year, 
 while the college exercises were suspended, he 
 served in the army. He was sole pastor in B. 
 from 1785 to 1815, and then had a colleague till 
 1828. He kept a daily record seventy years. 
 He died in peace, leaving a widow and seven 
 children. 
 
 AVIGIITMAN, VALENTINE, a Baptist minister, 
 died at Groton, Conn., in 1796, aged 76, in the 
 forty-second year of his ministry. 
 
 WILBUR, HERVEY, died at Newburyport 
 Jan. 5, 1852, aged 65. Born in Worthington, 
 his late education was with several ministers in 
 Oneida county, N. Y. As a preacher he was use 
 
 ful in various places, and was minister of Wendell 
 six years from 1817. Then he was at the head 
 of several female seminaries, and prepared and 
 delivered astronomical and other lectures, with 
 illuminated diagrams. He published a sermon 
 on religious education ; the reference bible ; and 
 various school books and manuals. Dimmick s 
 Sermon. 
 
 WILCOX, JOSEPH, general, died at Marietta, 
 Ohio, in 1817. Before he went to the west he 
 lived at Killingworth and was marshal of Con 
 necticut, lie was an officer of the Revolution. 
 
 WILCOX, ROBERT, captain, died at Lebanon, 
 Conn., in 1822, aged 71 ; a native of Newport. 
 He was during the whole war of the Revolution 
 on board of ships, except when a prisoner tAvo 
 years. He was with Paul Jones, and was the 
 first who boarded from the Bon Homme Richard 
 the British ship Serapis, which was captured, 
 while the American ship sunk. 
 
 WILCOX, CARLOS, a poet and minister of 
 Hartford, Conn., died at Danbury of the con 
 sumption May 29, 1827, aged 32. He was born 
 at Newport, N. II., Oct. 22, 1794, but his parents 
 soon removed to Orwell, Vt. He graduated at 
 Middlebury college in 1813; studied theology at 
 Andover ; and, after preaching in various places, 
 and spending two or three years in writing his 
 poems, was ordained at Hartford in Dec., 1824. 
 In consequence of ill health he was dismissed in 
 May, 1826. His intimate friends, whom he com 
 memorated in his poetry, were Allen, Lamed, 
 Fisher, Parsons, Fisk, and Andrus. He had the 
 genius of a poet. A long and interesting ac 
 count of him is given in Dr. Sprague s annals. 
 His principal poems are the age of benevolence, 
 and the religion of taste, both of which were pub 
 lished in his remains, 8vo. 1828. 
 
 WILDE, RICHARD HENRY, born in Balti 
 more, was attorney-general of Georgia, and died 
 suddenly of a fever, as professor of law in Louis 
 iana at New Orleans, Sept. 10, 1847, aged 58. 
 For several years he was a member of congress. 
 He was best known as a scholar and poet. He 
 published a work on the love, madness, and im 
 prisonment of Tasso. 
 
 WILDE, SAMUEL SUMNER, LL. D., judge, 
 died in Boston June 12, 1855, aged 84. Born 
 at Taunton, Feb. 5, 1771, he graduated at Dart 
 mouth in 1789. He practiced law in Augusta, 
 Me. ; for thirty-five years from 1815 to 1851 he 
 was a judge of the supreme court of Massachu 
 setts ; then lived five years in retirement. He 
 was a member of the Hartford convention. His 
 daughter, the wife of Attorney-general C. Gushing, 
 died some years before him. He was skilled in 
 the law of real estate, and his decisions on the 
 common law were respected. He published ora 
 tion July 4, 1797 ; masonic oration, 1799. 
 
 WILDER, LUKE, captain, an officer of the 
 
WILDER. 
 
 WILLARD. 
 
 857 
 
 Revolutionary army, died at Bangor, Me., in 1836, 
 aged 82. Born in Lancaster, Mass., he marched 
 to join Stark at Bennington. 
 
 AVILDER, JOHN, minister of Attleboro , died 
 in 1836, aged 77. Born in Templeton, he grad 
 uated at Dartmouth in 1784, and was pastor as 
 successor of H. Weld from 1790 to 1822. He 
 was succeeded by T. Williams. He was a faith 
 ful minister, and witnessed several revivals of 
 religion among his people. He published sev 
 eral sermons. 
 
 WILDER, JONAS, of Brighton, a highly es 
 teemed teacher, died at Newton in June, 1839, 
 aged 39. 
 
 AVILDER, NATHANIEL, died at Wendell, Mass., 
 Jan. 24, 1851, aged 100; a Revolutionary pen 
 sioner. 
 
 WILDMAN, BENJAMIN, minister of Wood- 
 bury, Conn., was settled colleague with Mr. Gra 
 ham Oct. 22, 1766, and died Aug. 2, 1812, aged 
 76. lie was a graduate of 1753 ; a faithful, an 
 imated, popular minister. Rum-drinking was an 
 evil custom of his day. Once he asked Dr. Bel 
 lamy as to the best means of persuading his peo 
 ple to attend meeting. The advice given was, 
 "Place a barrel of rum under the pulpit." 
 " Ah," said Mr. Wildman, " I am afraid to do 
 this, for I should have the attendance of half the 
 church of Bethlehem every Sabbath ! " There 
 was then a case of discipline for intemperance 
 pending in that church. At a wood-bee, when 
 his parishioners brought loads of wood, the 
 custom was to ask them to drink before they 
 unloaded. A jocose poor man, wanting a share 
 of refreshment, entered the wood-yard with a 
 heavy log on his shoulder ; the minister cried 
 out to him, " Come, come, good friend ; come 
 in and drink before you unload ! " 
 
 WILEY, EDWARD, died in Savannah in 1850, 
 an honorable merchant. Born in New York, he 
 lived thirty years in S. In 1842 he failed in 
 business, and compromised with his creditors for 
 fifty cent s on a dollar, and obtained a full release. 
 But in a few years, having repaired his losses, he 
 paid up the entire balance. 
 
 WILEY, JOHN, M. D., died in Brooklyn in 
 1852, bequeathing more than 20,000 dollars to 
 hospitals and other charities. 
 
 WILKIN, JAMES W., general, died in Goshen, 
 N. Y., in 1845, aged 82. He was much engaged 
 in public life, and was respected and beloved. 
 
 WILKINS, DANIEL, first minister of Amherst, 
 N. H., died in 1785, aged about 70. He gradu 
 ated at Harvard in 1736, and was ordained in 
 June, 1741. The next minister was J. Barnard, 
 ordained in 1780. 
 
 WILKIXS, JOHN, general, died at Pittsburg, 
 Va., in 1816, aged 54. 
 
 WILKINS, JAMES C., colonel, died at Louis 
 ville, Ky., in 1849. Born in Pennsylvania, he 
 108 
 
 removed about 1809 to Mississippi, and was an 
 eminent cotton merchant, of the firm of AVilkins 
 and Linton, New Orleans. He was charitable and 
 generous. Many merchants in difficulty experi 
 enced his kind aid ; the widow and orphan he 
 did not forget. 
 
 WILKINSON, JEMIMA, an impostor, died in 
 1819. She was born in Cumberland, R. I., about 
 1753, and was educated a Quaker. She was art 
 ful, bold, and zealous. About 1773, when she 
 recovered from a fit of sickness, in which she 
 had been apparently dead, she announced that 
 she had been raised from the dead, and had re 
 ceived a divine commission as a religious teacher. 
 Having made a few proselytes, she removed with 
 them to the State of New York, and settled near 
 Seneca and Crooked Lakes, calling her village 
 Jerusalem. In consequence of the dupery of her 
 followers, she was enabled to live in a style of 
 elegance, being waited upon by half a dozen 
 handsome girls. She inculcated poverty; but 
 was careful to be the owner of lands, purchased 
 in the name of her companion, Rachel Miller. 
 AVhen she preached, she stood in the door of her 
 bed-chamber, wearing a waistcoat, a stock, and a 
 white silk cravat. In a short time her followers 
 began to fall off. 
 
 AVILKINSON, JAMES, general, a soldier of the 
 Revolution, died Dec. 28, 1825, aged 68. He 
 was born in Maryland about 1757, and studied 
 medicine. In 1775 he repaired to Cambridge as 
 a volunteer. In 1776 he was a captain in a regi 
 ment which proceeded to Canada. On the sur 
 render of Burgoyne he carried the dispatches to 
 congress and received the brevet of brigadier- 
 general. After the peace he settled in commer 
 cial business in Kentucky. Again he entered the 
 army and had the command on the Mississippi. 
 In the war of 1812 he served on the northern 
 frontiers. Not long before his death he went to 
 Mexico, where he was attacked with the diar 
 rhoea, which is common among strangers. At 
 the age of 56, he married Miss Trudeau, aged 26. 
 He published memoirs of my own times, 3 vols., 
 8mo., 1816. 
 
 AVILKINSON, ABRAHAM, died at Pawtucket, 
 R. I., in 1849, aged 80. AVith Slater he founded 
 the first cotton factories at Pawtucket. 
 
 AVILLARD, SIMON, major, of Salem, died at 
 Charlestown, where he was holding a court, in 
 1676, aged about 70. The son of Richard of 
 Kent in England, he came to this country in 
 1634 ; lived a short time at Cambridge ; in 1635 
 was chief of the settlers of Concord ; then lived 
 in Lancaster and Groton, from which last place he 
 was driven by the Indian war in 1676; at last he 
 resided in Salem. He sustained various civil 
 offices, and was skilful as a soldier. His wives 
 were Mary Sharp ; Elizabeth, sister of President 
 Dunster; Mary D., the cousin of the president; 
 
WILLARD. 
 
 WILLARD. 
 
 and by these he had a goodly numbe of children, 
 who might help to people a new country, nine 
 sons and eight daughters. It is not known 
 by which of these wives President Willard was 
 his son. Sprague s Annals. 
 
 WILLARD, SAMUEL, minister in Boston and 
 vice-president of Harvard college, died Sept. 12, 
 1707, aged 67. He was the son of Major Simon 
 W., and was born at Concord Jan. 31, 1640. He 
 was graduated at Harvard college in 1659. He 
 was afterward settled the minister of Groton in 
 1663; but the ravages of the Indian war drove 
 him from that place in 1676. G. Hobart suc 
 ceeded him at G. He was settled colleague with 
 Mr. Thacher, the first minister of the old south 
 church in Boston, April 10, 1678. In 1700 he 
 received Mr. Pemberton as an assistant minister. 
 After the resignation of President Mather, he as 
 vice-president took the superintendence of Har 
 vard college Sept. 6, 1701, and presided over that 
 seminary till his death. President Leverett suc 
 ceeded him. By two wives he had twenty 
 children. Mr. W. possessed very superior pow 
 ers of mind. His imagination was rich though 
 not luxuriant, his perception was rapid and cor 
 rect, and in argument he was profound and clear. 
 His learning also was very considerable. In 
 controversy he was a champion, defending the 
 cause of truth with courage, and with enlightened 
 and affectionate zeal. All his talents and acqui 
 sitions were devoted to God, who had created 
 him anew in Christ Jesus, and implanted in his 
 heart all the pure, and humble, and lovely virtues 
 of Christianity. In the time of the witchcraft 
 delusion he distinguished himself by opposing 
 the rash proceedings of the courts. The cata 
 logue of his writings occupied a page in Dr. 
 Sprague s Annals. His chief work is his body 
 of divinity, a folio volume, made up of monthly 
 lectures, delivered for nineteen years. His doc 
 trine of the divinity is : " There is one essence or 
 substance and three distinct subsistences in the 
 Godhead. These subsistences, which are eternal, 
 are relative properties, and not merely relations. 
 The unity of essence makes the Godhead one ; 
 the three subsistences make the three persons. 
 The Father s manner of subsistence consists in 
 his begetting the Son. The Son s manner of sub 
 sisting consists in his being begotton of the 
 Father. The Holy Ghost s manner of subsisting 
 consists in his proceeding both from the Father 
 and from the Son." All this theoretical expla 
 nation is rejected in the more modern theory of 
 Professor Stuart. He published a sermon to 
 the second church after they had received the cov 
 enant ; a discourse on the death of J. Leverett, 
 1679; of Maj. Thos. Savage, 1682 ; animadversions 
 on the Baptists, 1681 ; covenant-keeping the way 
 to blessedness ; on the fiery trial ; at a fast; elec 
 tion sermon, 1682 ; the child s portion, 1684 ; on 
 
 justification ; heavenly merchandise, 1686 ; on 
 laying hands on the bible in swearing, 1689; the 
 barren fig-tree s doom ; against excessive sorrow ; 
 the danger of taking the name of God in vain ; 
 on promise-keeping, 1691 ; on worshipping God ; 
 on discerning the times ; on the doctrine of the 
 covenant of redemption, 1693 ; at the election ; 
 at a fast ; the law established by the gospel, 
 1694 ; spiritual desertions discovered and reme 
 died, 1699; a remedy against despair; love s 
 pedigree ; the perils of the times displayed, the 
 substance of several sermons ; on the calling of 
 the Jews, 1700; the Christian s exercises by 
 Satan s temptations ; caution about swearing ; on 
 the death of W. Stoughton, 1701; at a fast; 
 Israel s true safety, 1704; fountain opened, or 
 blessings to be dispensed at the national conver 
 sion of the Jews, 1727 ; sacramental meditations. 
 His largest work, and the first folio volume on 
 divinity printed in this country, was published in 
 1726, entitled a body of divinity in two hundred 
 and fifty expository lectures on the assembly s 
 shorter catechism. It is considered as a work of 
 great merit. Pemberton s Serm. ; Sprague. 
 
 WILLARD, SAMUEL, minister of Biddeford, 
 Me., died in 1741, aged 35. The son of John, a 
 merchant at Kingston, Jamaica, and grandson 
 of Rev. Samuel of Boston, he graduated at Har 
 vard in 1723. His wife was the daughter of 
 Samuel Wright of Rutland. He was the father 
 of President Joseph Willard. Sprague. 
 
 WILLARD, JOSIAH, secretary of Mass., the 
 son of Rev. Samuel W., of Boston, died in 1756, 
 aged 75. He was graduated at Harvard college in 
 1698. In June, 1717, the king appointed him 
 secretary of his native province, and he was con 
 tinued in that station thirty-nine years till his 
 death. He was also a judge of the probate of 
 wills and a member of the council. While he 
 commanded the highest respect in the public offi 
 ces which he sustained, his heart was the abode 
 of all the Christian virtues. SewalVs and 
 Prince s Sermons. 
 
 WILLARD, JOSIAII, first minister of Sunder- 
 land, Mass., died in 1790, aged 90. He was set 
 tled in 1718, and resigned in 1721. 
 
 WILLARD, JOSEPH, D. D., LL., D., president 
 of Harvard college, died Sept. 25, 1804, aged 65. 
 He was born at Biddeford Dec. 29, 1738, the son 
 of Rev. Samuel W. He was graduated at Har 
 vard college in 1765; and was ordained Nov. 25, 
 1772, as a colleague with Mr. Champney, minister 
 of Beverly, where he continued in the high esteem 
 of the people of his charge till he was elected 
 president in the place of Dr. Langdon. Into this 
 office he was inducted Dec. 19, 178.1. During 
 the last years of his life his usual health was un 
 settled. He died at New Bedford. His widow, 
 Mary, daughter of Jacob Sheafe of Portsmouth, 
 died in March, 1826. Mr. Webber succeeded 
 
WILLARD. 
 
 him. He was distinguished for his acquaintance 
 with classical literature and with mathematical 
 and astronomical science. His attainments in 
 Greek learning have been equalled by few in 
 America. At the head of the university he 
 mingled paternal tenderness with strict authority, 
 and by his dignified person and deportment united 
 with candor, generosity, and benevolence, he se 
 cured at the same time respect and affection. 
 lie published a thanksgiving sermon, 1783 ; at 
 the ordination of J. McKeen, 1785 ; on the 
 death of T. Hilliard, 1790; at the ordination of 
 II. Packard, 1793 ; a Latin address on the death 
 of Washington, prefixed to Tappan s discourse, 
 1800; and mathematical and astronomical commu 
 nications in the memoirs of the American acad 
 emy. Webber s Eulogy ; Holmes ; Pearson ; 
 Sprague. 
 
 WILLARD, JOHN, D. D., minister of Stafford, 
 Conn., died Feb. 16, 1807, aged about 76. He 
 was the brother of President Willard, and grad 
 uated at Harvard in 1751. For more than fifty 
 years he was a faithful minister, with little com 
 pensation for his services, toiling with his hands 
 for his own subsistence. He was respected for his 
 talents and acquirements, and generous kindness 
 to the young, who needed his aid in acquiring an 
 education. 
 
 WILLARD, SAMUEL, a physician, died in Ux- 
 bridge, Mass., in 1811, aged 63. 
 
 WILLARD, JOSEPH, son of Rev. John, died 
 at Lancaster, N. H., in 1827, aged 66. He 
 graduated at Harvard in 1784 ; was pastor in 
 North Wilbraham, Mass., from 1787 to 179-i; 
 then of Lancaster, N. H., from 1794 to 1822. 
 
 WILLARD, JOSEPH, minister of Mendon, 
 Mass., died in 1828, aged 86. He graduated at 
 Harvard in 1765, and was pastor from 1769 to 
 1782, and was succeeded by C. Alexander. His 
 predecessors were J. Emerson, G. Rawson, J. 
 Dorr. He next was installed in 1785 at Boxbo- 
 rough, where he continued nearly forty-three years. 
 
 WILLARD, SIMEON, died at Boston Sept. 20, 
 1848, aged 95; long known as a clock-maker. 
 
 WILLARD, ASIIBEL, Dr., died at Wrentham 
 Nov. 20, 1852, aged 85. 
 
 WILLARD, SIDNEY, professor of Hebrew, etc., 
 at Harvard college, died Dec. 6, 1856, aged 76. 
 The son of President W., he graduated at Har 
 vard in 1798; was librarian of the college from 
 1800 to 1805 ; was professor of Hebrew, as suc 
 cessor of Dr. Pearson from 1807 to 1831. He 
 published a Hebrew grammar, 1817. Boston 
 Advertiser, Dec. 10, 1856. 
 
 WILLES, HENRY, minister of Franklin, Conn., 
 from 1718 to 1749, died in 1758. His society 
 was at time of settlement called West Farms, 
 Norwich. He was graduated at Yale in 1715. 
 
 WILLET, MARINUS, colonel, a soldier of the 
 Revolution, died in New York, Aug., 1830, aged 
 
 WILLIAMS. 
 
 859 
 
 90. He waS in fort Stanwix Aug. 3, 1777, when 
 it was invested by St. Leger. Aug. 6th he sallied 
 from the fort and bravely attacked the enemy in 
 order to favor the approach of Herkimer with aid ; 
 but II. had been defeated. In a few days he and 
 one officer effected a march of fifty miles through 
 the wilderness to German Flats, in order to urge 
 the sending of sufficient aid to the fort. July 10, 
 1781, he defeated a party of the enemy at Cor- 
 rey s town. 
 
 WILLEY, ANNA, Mrs., died in Concord, N. II., 
 in 1835, aged 100. 
 
 WILLEY, ELIJAH F., a Baptist minister, died 
 at Cleveland, Ohio, in 1841, aged 55. 
 
 WILLEY, CHARLES, died in Nottingham, 
 N. H., Jan. 23, 1853, aged 107 : he was a soldier 
 of the Revolutionary war. 
 
 WILLIAMS, THOMAS, one of the Pilgrims in 
 the Mayflower in 1620. He died before the end 
 of March of the next year. lie left no descend 
 ant. 
 
 WILLIAMS, ROGER, the father of Providence 
 plantation, died in April, 1683, aged 84. He 
 was born in Wales in 1599, and was educated at 
 Oxford. After having been a minister in the 
 church of England, his nonconformity induced 
 him to seek religious liberty in America. He 
 arrived at Hull Feb. 5, 1631. In April he was 
 chosen an assistant to Mr. Skelton in the minis 
 try at Salem. Such was his puritanic zeal, that 
 he contended for a complete separation from the 
 English church, and even refused to join in fel 
 lowship with his brethren in Boston, unless they 
 would declare their repentance for having com 
 muned, before they came to this country, with 
 the church of England. He was of opinion, also, 
 that the magistrate might not punish the breach 
 of the Sabbath, or any violation of the precepts 
 of the first table. Before the close of the sum 
 mer he was obliged to retire to Plymouth, where 
 he preached as an assistant to Mr. Smith about 
 two years. In 1633 he returned to Salem, and, 
 after the death of Mr. Skelton in 1634, was the 
 sole minister of the church. His peculiar senti 
 ments and conduct soon brought him before the 
 court, where he was accused of asserting that 
 offences against the first table of the law ought 
 not to be punished, unless they disturbed the 
 public peace ; that an oath ought not to be ten 
 dered to an unregenerate man ; that a Christian 
 should not pray with the unregenerate ; and that 
 thanks ought not to be given after the sacrament, 
 nor after meat. He asserted that the Massachu 
 setts patent was invalid and unjust, because a fair 
 purchase had not been made of the Indians. He 
 even refused to commune with the members of 
 his own church, unless they would separate from 
 the polluted and anti-Christian churches of New 
 England. As he could not be induced to retract 
 any of his opinions, sentence of banishment was 
 
860 
 
 WILLIAMS. 
 
 WILLIAMS. 
 
 passed upon him in 1635. He obtained permis 
 sion to remain till spring ; but, as he persisted in 
 preaching in his own house, orders were sent in 
 Jan., 1636, to seize him and send him to England. 
 He escaped, and went with four of his friends to 
 Seekhonck, now llehoboth, and crossing the river 
 laid the foundation of a town, which, in acknowl 
 edgment of God s goodness to him, he called 
 Providence. His early associates were John 
 Throckmorton, William Arnold, William Harris, 
 Stukley AVescot, John Greene, Thomas Olney, 
 Richard Waterman, Thomas James, Robert Cole, 
 William Carpenter, Francis Weston, and Ezekiel 
 Holliman. lie purchased the land honestly of 
 the Indians; and, while he enjoyed liberty of con 
 science himself, he granted it to others. Having 
 embraced the sentiments of the Baptists, he was 
 baptized in March, 1639, by one of his brethren, 
 and he then baptized Ezekiel Holliman, and ten 
 others. But he soon entertained doubts respect 
 ing the correctness of his principles ; the church, 
 which he had formed, was dissolved ; and he 
 came to the conclusion that baptism ought not 
 to be administered in any mode without a revela 
 tion from heaven. At this period he studied the 
 Indian language, and used his endeavors to 
 impart to the savages the blessings of the gospel. 
 In 1643 he went to England as agent for 
 the colonists, to procure an act confirming their 
 voluntary government. He obtained a charter, 
 and, returning with it, landed at Boston in Sept., 
 1644. Though he was still under the sentence 
 of banishment, a letter of recommendation from 
 some of the principal members of parliament 
 secured him from any interruption on his way 
 to Providence. In 1651 he went again as agent 
 for the colony to England, and continued there till 
 1654. On his return he was chosen president of 
 the government, in which station he was continued 
 till 1657, when Benedict Arnold was appointed. 
 Being zealous against the Quakers, he in 1672 
 held a public dispute with three of their most 
 eminent preachers, which occupied three days at 
 Newport and one day at Providence. Of this 
 dispute he afterwards published an account. His 
 memory is deserving of lasting honor for the 
 correctness of his opinions respecting liberty of 
 conscience, and for the generous toleration which 
 he established. So superior was he to the mean 
 ness of revenge, and such was his magnanimity, 
 that he exerted all his influence with the Indians 
 in favor of Massachusetts, and ever evinced the 
 greatest friendship for the colony from which he 
 had been driven. For some of its principal men 
 he preserved the highest affection, and main 
 tained a correspondence with them. In his con 
 troversial writings, especially with Mr. Cotton, 
 respecting toleration, he shows himself a master 
 of argument. His talents were of a superior 
 order. In the religious doctrines which he 
 
 embraced, he seems to have been remarkably 
 consistent. The Scriptures he read in the origi 
 nals. Though his writings and his conduct in 
 the latter period of his life evince that he was 
 under the influence of the Christian spirit ; yet 
 his mind was so shrouded in doubt and uncer 
 tainty, that he lived in the neglect of the ordi 
 nances of the gospel. He did not contend, like 
 the Quakers, that they were superseded, but 
 found himself incapable of determining to what 
 church it was his duty to unite himself. He 
 would pray and preach with all who would hear 
 him, of whatever denomination. If his conscience 
 had been enlightened, one would suppose it must 
 have reproved him for not partaking of the sa 
 crament also with different sects. His first bap 
 tism he appears to have renounced, not so much 
 because he was dissatisfied with the time or the 
 mode of its administration, as because it was 
 received in the church of England, which he 
 deemed anti-Christian. He published a key to 
 the language of America, or a help to the tongue 
 of the New England Indians, 8vo., 1643, which 
 has been reprinted in the collections of the Mas 
 sachusetts historical society ; an answer to Mr. 
 Cotton s letter concerning the power of the mag 
 istrate in matters of religion ; the bloody tenet of 
 persecution for the cause of conscience, 1644 ; the 
 bloody tenet yet more bloody by Mr. Cotton s 
 endeavor to wash it white in the blood of the 
 Lamb, etc., to which is added a letter to Mr. 
 Endicott, 4to., 1652 ; the hireling ministry none 
 of Christ s, or a discourse on the propagation of 
 the gospel of Christ Jesus ; experiments of spir 
 itual life and health, and their preservatives, 
 London, 1652; George Fox digged out of his 
 burrows, 1676, which was written against Fox 
 and Burrows, and gives an account of his dispute 
 with the Quakers. An answer to it was published 
 in 1679, entitled, a New England fire-brand 
 quenched. Winthrop ; Magnolia, VII. ; Hist. 
 Collect. 
 
 WILLIAMS, JOHN, first minister of Deerfield, 
 Mass., died June 12, 1729, aged 64. He was the 
 grandson of Robert, who came to this country 
 and settled in Roxbury in 1638. He was the 
 son of Deacon Samuel W. ; was born in Rox 
 bury, Dec. 10, 1664 ; and was graduated at Har 
 vard college in 1683. In May, 1686, he was or 
 dained at Deerfield, a frontier town, much exposed 
 to the incursions of the savages. In the beginning 
 of 1704 information was received from Col. 
 Schuyler of Albany of the designs of the enemy 
 against Deerfield, and the government, at the soli 
 citation of Mr. W., ordered twenty soldiers as a 
 guard. In the night of Feb. 28th, the watch 
 patroled the streets, but before morning they 
 went to sleep. Three hundred French and 
 Indians, who had been hovering about the town, 
 when they perceived all to be quiet, surprised the 
 
WILLIAMS. 
 
 WILLIAMS. 
 
 861 
 
 garrison house. A party of them then broke 
 into the house of Mr. W., who, as soon as he was 
 awakened, snatched the pistol from the tester, 
 and put it to the breast of the first Indian that 
 approached, but it missed fire. The savages 
 seized and bound him. Two of his children, and 
 a negro woman of his family, were taken to the 
 door and murdered. His wife, the only daugh 
 ter of Mr. Mather of Northampton, and all his 
 children, excepting his eldest son, with himself 
 were compelled immediately to begin their march 
 towards Canada. In wading a small river on 
 the second day, Mrs. W., who had scarcely recov 
 ered from a late confinement, fell down ; and soon 
 afterwards an Indian killed her with his hatchet. 
 About twenty other prisoners were murdered, 
 because their strength began to fail them. At 
 length, after witnessing the most agonizing scenes 
 during a journey of three hundred miles, he 
 arrived in Canada. Here new trials awaited him, 
 for every exertion was made to convert this heretic 
 to popery. His Indian master, after seeing the 
 inefficacy of other methods, lifted his hatchet 
 over the head of his prisoner, and threatened to 
 kill him, if he did not instantly cross himself and 
 kiss a crucifix ; but Mr. W. was governed by too 
 elevated principles to be made to violate conscience 
 from regard to his life. He was redemed in 1706. 
 One of his daughters he was unable to bring 
 with him. She had become assimilated to the 
 Indians, and afterwards married one of them and 
 embraced the Rom an Catholic religion. Settling 
 again in Deerfield he continued in that place till 
 his death. He was succeeded by Mr. Ashley. 
 His three eldest sons, Eleazar, Stephen, and "War- 
 ham, were ministers of Mansfield, Springfield, and 
 Watertown, and were highly respected and useful. 
 He published warnings to the unclean, a sermon 
 at the execution of Sarah Smith at Springfield, 
 1698 ; a sermon at Boston lecture after his re 
 turn from Canada; God in the camp, 1707; the 
 redeemed captive, 12mo., which gives a minute 
 account of his sufferings, and has passed through 
 several editions ; a serious word to the posterity 
 of holy men, calling upon them to exalt their 
 fathers God, being the abstract of a number of 
 sermons. Foxcroffs Sermons ; Sprague. 
 
 WILLIAMS, WILLIAM, minister of Hatfield, 
 Mass., died suddenly in 1741, aged 76. He was 
 the son of Isaac of Newton, and grandson of 
 Robert of Roxbury, and graduated at Harvard in 
 1683, in a class of three, one of whom was his 
 cousin, Rev. John W. From 1685 he was pastor, 
 as the successor of N. Chauncy, fifty-six years till 
 his death, and was succeeded by Mr. Woodbridsre. 
 
 j o 
 
 His predecessor was Mr. Atherton. His notions 
 of church music differ from those of the present 
 age. In a sermon at Watertown in 1723 he says, 
 that the practices of a corrupt church are to be 
 condemned, " as burning of caudles, instrumental 
 
 music, sacred vestments, etc." His first wife 
 was Eliza, daughter of Rev. Seaborn Cotton, by 
 whom he had sons, who were ministers, William 
 of Weston and rector Elisha ; his second wife 
 was Christian, daughter of Rev. S. Stoddard, by 
 whom he had two sons, Rev. Dr. Solomon and 
 Israel. A daughter married Rev. J. Ashley. He 
 preached a half-century sermon from his ordina 
 tion ; and so also did his son, Solomon ; his 
 grandson, Eliphalet of East Hartford ; and his 
 great-grandson, Solomon of Northampton. He 
 was a man of distinguished talents. He pub 
 lished a sermon at the ordination of Stephen 
 Williams, 1716; of Warham Williams, 1723; 
 of Nehemiah Bull, 1726 ; obligation of parents 
 to transmit religion, 1721; of baptism; the 
 great salvation explained in several sermons, 1717; 
 election sermon, 1719; convention sermon, 1726; 
 on the death of S. Stoddard, 1729 ; the duty and 
 interest of a Christian people to be steadfast ; 
 directions to obtain a true converson, 1736. 
 
 WILLLVMS, ELEAZAR, first minister of Mans 
 field, Conn., the eldest son of Rev. John W., was 
 graduated at Harvard college in 1708; was or 
 dained in 1710; and died Sept. 21, 1742, aged 
 33. He published the election sermon, 1723 ; 
 sinners invited to Christ, three sermons, 1735. 
 
 WILLIAMS, WARHAM, minister of Water- 
 town, Mass., west precinct, now Waltham, died 
 in 1751, aged 52. The son of Rev. John of 
 Deerfield, he graduated at Harvard in 1719, and 
 was ordained in 1723. As he was preaching he 
 was struck with palsy, four months before his 
 death. Sprague. 
 
 WILLIAMS, EBEXEZER, first minister of Pom- 
 fret, Conn., died March, 1753, aged 62. The 
 son of Deacon Samuel W. of Roxbury, and 
 nephew of Rev. John, he graduated at Harvard 
 in 1709, and was ordained in 1715. His wife was 
 Penelope Chester, the daughter of John C. of 
 Wethersfield. He was a good scholar, and exerted 
 an influence for good. In his last days he be 
 came very corpulent, so that he could not reach 
 his feet. Sprague. 
 
 WILLIAMS, CHESTER, minister of Hadley, 
 died in 1753, aged 36. The son of Rev. Eben- 
 ezer of Pomfret, he graduated at Yale in 1735, 
 and was a tutor, and was ordained about Jan., 
 1741. He succeeded Mr. Chauncy and was suc 
 ceeded by Dr. Hopkins. His wife was Sarah, 
 daughter of Eleazer Porter of Hadley. 
 Sprague. 
 
 WILLIAMS, WILLIAM, minister of Weston, 
 Mass., the son of Rev. W. W. of Hatfield, was 
 graduated at Harvard college in 1705, and died 
 in 1753, aged about 68. His wife, a daughter of 
 Rev. S. Stoddard, was the sister of his father s 
 second wife. As his widow she married William 
 Smith of New York. He published a sermon at 
 the ordination of D. Hall, Suttou, 1729; at the 
 
862 
 
 WILLIAMS. 
 
 artillery election, 1737 ; on the execution of P. 
 Kennison for burglary, 1738; on saving faith; 
 at the election, 1741; on the death of Caleb 
 Lyman, 1742; of his wife, 1745. Sprague. 
 
 WILLIAMS, EPHRAIM, colonel, founder of 
 Williams college, died in 1755, aged 40. He was 
 born in 1715, was the son of E. AV. of Newton, 
 who was afterwards one of the first settlers of 
 Stockbridge. In early life he made several voy 
 ages to Europe. Possessing uncommon military 
 talents, in the war between England and France 
 from 1740 to 1748 he found opportunity to exert 
 them. The command of the line of the Massa 
 chusetts forts on the west side of Connecticut 
 river was intrusted to him. At this period he 
 resided chiefly at Hoosac fort, which stood on the 
 bank of Hoosac river in Adams, and he also com 
 manded a small fort at Williamstown, three or 
 four miles distant. In 1755 he took the command 
 of a regiment and joined Gen. Johnson. Sept. 
 8th, he was sent out at the head of one thousand 
 men with about two hundred Indians to skirmish 
 with the enemy near lake George. He was am 
 buscaded, and in the action was killed. His party 
 retreated to the main body, and in another en 
 gagement on the same day the enemy were 
 repulsed, and Baron Dieskau taken prisoner. 
 He was a brave soldier, and was beloved by his 
 troops. He was aifable and facetious. His 
 politeness and address gained him great influence 
 in the general court. He bequeathed his prop 
 erty to the establishment of a free school in the 
 township west of fort Massachusetts, on the con 
 dition that the town should be called Williams- 
 town. In 1785 trustees were appointed; in 1791 
 the school was opened ; and in 1793 it was incor 
 porated as a college, under the presidency of Dr. 
 Eitch. It is now a flourishing seminary, which 
 does honor to the munificence of its founder, and 
 to the liberality of the general court, which has 
 patronized it. Coll. Hist. Soc. 
 
 WILLIAMS, ELISHA, president of Yale col 
 lege, died July 24, 1755, aged 60. The son of Rev. 
 W. W. of Hatfield, he was graduated at Harvard 
 college in 1711. He was the minister of New- 
 ington in Wether sfield, Conn. In 1726 he was 
 inaugurated president in the place of Dr. Cutler ; 
 but his impaired health induced him in Oct., 1739, 
 to resign his office, and Mr. Clap succeeded him. 
 He now lived at Wethersfield and was soon made 
 a justice of the superior court. In 1745 he went 
 as chaplain in the expedition against Cape 
 Breton. In the following year he was appointed 
 colonel of a regiment on the proposed expedition 
 against Canada. He afterwards went to Eng 
 land, where he married a lady of superior accom 
 plishments. He died at Wethersfield. Dr. Dod- 
 dridge, who was intimately acquainted with him, 
 represents him as uniting in his character " an 
 ardent sense of religion, solid learning, consum- 
 
 WILLIAMS. 
 
 mate prudence, great candor and sweetness of 
 temper, and a certain nobleness of soul, capable 
 of contriving and acting the greatest things, 
 without seeming to be conscious of his having 
 done them." He presided at commencements 
 with great dignity. He married first Eunice, 
 daughter of Thomas Chester, a grandson of 
 Leonard; next Elizabeth, daughter of Ilev. 
 Thomas Scott of Norwich, England. Few men 
 have been subjected to such heavy afflictions ; yet 
 he bore them as a Christian. Soon after 1740 he 
 was bereaved of his eldest son, who was liberally 
 educated and of rare endowments ; then of his 
 eldest daughter, gifted and eminently pious; then 
 of his youngest son, a graduate of Yale, of great 
 promise. About 1750 he lost a daughter of ami 
 able and engaging qualities, and soon afterwards 
 his beloved wife was taken away from him. He 
 published a sermon on divine grace, 1727 ; on the 
 death of T. Ruggles, 1728 ; the rights and lib 
 erties of Protestants, 1744. Clap s Hist, of 
 Tale College; Sprague. 
 
 WILLL\MS, SOLOMON, D. D., minister of 
 Lebanon, Conn., the son of W. W.,of Hatfield, 
 was born in Jan., 1701, and graduated at Har 
 vard college in 1719. He was ordained Dec. 5, 
 1722, and died Feb. 29, 1776, in the 76th year of 
 his age and the 54th of his ministry, having been 
 one of the distinguished men of his day. His 
 wife was Mary Porter of Hadley. He published 
 a sermon at the ordination of Jacob Eliot, 1730; 
 on the death of J. Woodward, 1741 ; of John 
 Robinson, 1739 ; of Rev. Eleazer Williams, 1743 ; 
 of Rev. J. Meacham, 1752 ; of Rev. Ebenezer 
 Williams, 1753; of Faith Huntington, 1775; on 
 a day of prayer ; election sermon, 1741 ; the 
 more excellent way, against enthusiasm, 1742; 
 Christ the king and witness of the truth, 1744; 
 a vindication of the Scripture doctrine of justify 
 ing faith, in answer to A. Croswell, 1746 ; the 
 true state of the question concerning the qualifi 
 cations for communion, in answer to J. Edwards, 
 1751; for success in arms, 1759; half-century 
 sermon, 1772. Sprague. 
 
 WILLIAMS, STEPHEN, D. D., first minister of 
 Longmeadow, died June 10, 1782, aged 89, in 
 the 66th year of his ministry. The son of Rev. 
 John W., he was born at Deerfield, May 14, 
 1693, and Feb. 29, 1704, was carried captive by 
 the Indians to Canada, whence he returned Nov. 
 21, 1705. He was graduated at Harvard college 
 in 1713, and ordained over the second church of 
 Springfield, now Longmeadow, Oct. 17, 1716. In 
 1745 he went to Louisburg as a chaplain under 
 Pepperrell, and in 1755 he went to Lake Cham- 
 plain in the same capacity under Sir W. Johnson, 
 and in 1756 under Winslow. By the officers and 
 soldiers, he was held in esteem and honor. By 
 his first wife, Abigail Davenport, he had seven 
 children, three of whom were ministers ; all pres- 
 
WILLIAMS. 
 
 ent at his funeral ; his son Stephen was minister 
 of Woodstock, Warham of Northford, and Nathan 
 of Tolland. His wife was a daughter of John 
 Davenport of Stamford and, sister of Ilev. John 
 D. Probably he was the principal means of 
 sending a missionary to the Houssatohnoc Indi 
 ans, for, Sept. 9, 1734, he went to New Haven 
 and engaged John Sergeant for that service. He 
 published a sermon at the ordination of John 
 Keep, Sheffield, 1772. Spr ague s Annals. 
 
 WILLIAMS, ABRAHAM, minister of Sandwich, 
 Mass., died in 1784, aged 58. Born in Marlbo- 
 rough, he graduated at Harvard in 1744, and 
 was ordained in 1749. He published convention 
 sermon, 1757. Sprague. 
 
 WILLIAMS, EUNICE, a captive among the In 
 dians, died in Canada about 1786, aged 90. She 
 was the daughter of Itev. John W., of Deerfield, 
 born in 1696, and carried captive with her father 
 in her 8th year. She soon forgot the English 
 language, became conformed to Indian habits, 
 and married an Indian, named John De Rogers. 
 She could not be persuaded to return to civilized 
 life. In 1740 she visited her brother Stephen at 
 Longmeadow ; and she made subsequent visits. 
 S prague s Annals. 
 
 WILLIAMS, WARHAM, minister of Northford 
 society in Branford, Conn., died in 1788, aged 62. 
 The son of Rev. Dr. Stephen W., he graduated 
 at Yale in 1745; was a tutor four years; and 
 was ordained the first pastor at N. in 1750. By 
 his wife, Ann, the daughter of Rev. S. Hall of 
 Cheshire, he had twelve children. His second 
 wife was the widow of Col. Whiting of New 
 Haven. He was a scholar and a solid divine, 
 being ranked " among the weighty characters in 
 the ministry." At the close of life he cherished 
 a humble hope as to the future, but " with trem 
 bling." Sprague s Annals. 
 
 WILLIAMS, SIMON, minister of Windham, 
 N. H., died in 1793, aged 64. Born in Ireland, 
 he graduated at Princeton in 1763, and was or 
 dained in 1766. 
 
 WILLIAMS, OTHO HOLLAND, colonel, died 
 in 1794, aged 45. Born in Maryland, he wa 
 a brave officer in the Revolutionary war ; held a 
 command in the Maryland line ; and was deputy 
 adjutant-general of the American army. At 
 the capture of fort Washington he was taken 
 prisoner. In the retreat of Greene from South 
 Carolina to Virginia, in the beginning of 1781, he 
 was intrusted with the command of the light 
 corps in the place of Gen. Morgan, who was in 
 disposed, and by his manoeuvres he greatl) 
 embarrassed Cornwallis in his pursuit. After the 
 war he resided at Baltimore. He was a firm anc 
 disinterested patriot as well as a gallant soldier 
 In the relations of private life his conduct securec 
 esteem. 
 
 WILLIAMS. 
 
 863 
 
 WILLIAMS, JOHN, a Baptist minister in Vir 
 ginia, died in 1795, aged 48. He was born in 
 flanover. He had the care of Merwin church. 
 He had fourteen children. His appearance was 
 noble and majestic. 
 
 WILLIAMS, NEHEMIAH, minister of Brimfield, 
 Mass., died in 1796, aged about 47. The son of 
 Chester Williams, minister of Hadley, he was 
 graduated at Harvard college in 1769. He was 
 ordained Feb. 9, 1775. As a preacher he was 
 distinguished for the energy and pathos with 
 which his discourses were delivered. His life was 
 most holy and benevolent, but on his dying bed 
 be declared that his hope of salvation rested 
 wholly upon the free and sovereign mercy of God 
 through Jesus Christ. At the moment of his 
 departure he cried, "I have finished my course 
 with joy," and, clasping his hands as in devotion, 
 expired" without a struggle. A posthumous vol 
 ume of twenty- four sermons was published. 
 N. Y. TJieol. Mag. 
 
 WILLIAMS, EBENEZER, minister of Falmouth, 
 Me., died in 1799, aged about 60. Born in Rox- 
 bury, he graduated at Harvard in 1760 ; succeeded 
 Mr. Wiswall in 1765 ; and in 1798 was succeeded 
 by Mr. Miltimore. 
 
 WILLIAMS, SIMON F., first minister of Mere 
 dith, N. H., died in 1800, aged about 40. He 
 graduated at Dartmouth in 1785, and was pastor 
 from 1792 to 1798 ; and was succeeded by D. 
 Smith and F. Norwood. 
 
 WILLIAMS, ELIPHALET, D. D., minister of 
 East Hartford, Conn., died in 1803, aged 76. 
 The son of Rev. Solomon, he was born at Leba 
 non Feb. 21,1727; graduated at Yale college in 
 1743 ; and was ordained in March, 1748. His 
 predecessor, S. Woodbridge, was minister from 
 1705 to 1746 ; his successors were Yates, ordained 
 in 1801, Fairchild, and Mead. His wife was the 
 daughter of Rev. Warham W. Two of his sons 
 were ministers, Solomon W. of Northampton, and 
 Elisha W. of Beverly. Few ministers live, as he 
 lived, to preach a half-century sermon from the 
 time of ordination. He was an eminent minister 
 and an exemplary Christian, and had an unblem 
 ished reputation. He published a sermon on 
 account of the earthquake, 1755; at a thanksgiv 
 ing, 1760 ; at the election, 1769 ; on the death of 
 Gov. Pitkin, 1769. 
 
 WILLIAMS, WILLIAM, died at Dalton,Mass., 
 in 1808, aged 74. He graduated at Yale in 1 754, 
 and was clerk of the common pleas of Hamp 
 shire county until 1775. He was a venerable 
 Christian. He married Dorothy, daughter of 
 Rev. Jonathan Ashley, who died in 1833, aged 
 89. His father, Israel of Hatfield, died in 1823, 
 aged 79. 
 
 WILLIAMS, HENRY, first minister of Leverett, 
 Mass., died in 1811, aged 67. Born in Stoning- 
 
8G1 
 
 WILLIAMS. 
 
 WILLIAMS. 
 
 ton, Conn., he received an honorary degree from 
 Dartmouth in 1782. He was settled in 1784. 
 
 WILLIAMS, WILLIAM, a patriot of the Revo 
 lution, died Aug. 2, 1811, aged 80. The son of 
 Rev. Solomon W., he was born at Lebanon, Conn., 
 April 8, 1731, and was graduated at Harvard col 
 lege in 1751. In 1755 he belonged to the staff 
 of Col. Ephraim Williams, and was engaged in 
 the battle of lake George. In 1776 and 1777 he 
 was a member of congress and signed the decla 
 ration of independence. In his zealous patriot 
 ism he made great efforts and sacrifices for the 
 liberties of his country. His wife was a daugh 
 ter of Gov. Trumbull. His surviving son lived in 
 Lebanon. His last days were devoted to reading, 
 meditation, and prayer. From his youth till his 
 death, he was a deacon of the church and an 
 exemplary Christian. Goodrich. 
 
 WILLIAMS, BENJAMIN, governor of North 
 Carolina, a patriot of the Revolution, was for 
 some years a member of congress. He was gov 
 ernor from 1799 to 1802, and again in 1807, and 
 uied July 20, 1814. 
 
 WILLIAMS, JONATHAN, brigadier-general, was 
 born in Boston in 1752. For many years he was 
 at the head of the engineer corps of the army. 
 He was also a member of congress. He died at 
 Philadelphia in May, 1815, aged G3. He pub 
 lished a memoir on the use of the thermometer 
 in navigation, 1799; elements of fortification, 
 transl., 1801 ; Kosciusko s manoeuvres for horse 
 artillery, transl., 1808. 
 
 WILLIAMS, THOMAS, Dr., died at Roxbury, 
 Mass., in 1815, aged 70. 
 
 WILLIAMS, AVERT, minister of Lexington, 
 Mass., died in 1816, aged about 34. Born in 
 Guilford,Vt.,he graduated at Dartmouth in 1804, 
 and was pastor after J. Clark from 1807 to 1815. 
 C. Briggs was his successor. 
 
 WILLIAMS, SAMUEL, LL. D., an historian, 
 died in Rutland, Vt., 1817, aged 73. He was the 
 son of Rev. Warham W. of Waltham, Mass. ; 
 was graduated at Harvard college in 1761 ; and 
 ordained the minister o*Bradford Nov. 20, 1765. 
 He was professor of mathematics at Harvard col 
 lege from 1780 till 1788, when he resigned and 
 removed to Rutland, where he preached from 
 1789 to 1795. For some years he was the editor 
 and proprietor of the Rutland Herald. He pub 
 lished two sermons on regeneration, 1766; at 
 ordination of T. Barnard, 1773 ; of J. Prince, 
 1780 ; on the love of country, 1775 ; at the elec 
 tion, 1794; evidence of personal religion, 1799; 
 love of country, 1799; before the centre lodge; 
 the natural and civil history of Vermont, in 8vo., 
 1794 ; second edit, in 2 vols. 1809 ; a masonic 
 discourse, and several scientific papers. 
 Spr ague s Annals. 
 
 WLLLIAMS, THOMAS, Dr., died in Lebanon, 
 Conn., in 1819, aged 83. He was the son of 
 
 Rev. Dr. Solomon W., of Lebanon ; was gradu 
 ated at Yale in 1756; and spent his life as a 
 practising physician. 
 
 WILLIAMS, ISAAC, died Sept. 25, 1820, aged 
 84, strong in the faith of a blessed immortality, 
 and rich in good deeds. He was born in Chester 
 county, Pa. At the age of 18 lie served as a 
 ranger and spy in the army of Braddock. He 
 settled west of the mountains in 1769, in the west 
 of Virginia. He made money by the entries of 
 lands in a singular way. By girdling a few trees 
 and planting a patch of corn an entry was made; 
 and thus he sold many lots of four hundred acres 
 each very cheap to new-comers. Then the owner 
 by paying a small sum into the treasury gained 
 the right of entering one thousand acres adjoin 
 ing. His last residence and plantation was oppo 
 site the mouth of the Muskingum on the Vir 
 ginia side of the Ohio. Of course he was likely 
 to hold slaves. He was so generous, that once in 
 a scarcity he sold hundreds of bushels of corn to 
 his suffering Ohio neighbors at fifty cents a 
 bushel, when he was offered by speculators three 
 times that sum. The way by which he acquired 
 his fine farm was this. In 1773 his wife s brother, 
 named Tomlinson, in reward of her services as 
 housekeeper, chose four hundred acres opposite 
 the Muskingum, girdled four acres, fenced and 
 planted it with corn, and gave it to her. After 
 thirteen years he determined to occupy it, and 
 built his cabin. The spot is still in the possession 
 of her descendants. Mr. W s adventures are 
 described by Ilildreth. 
 
 WILLIAMS, WILLIAM, a Baptist minister, died 
 at Wrentham, Mass., in 1822, aged about 75. 
 Born in Pa., he graduated in the first class, 1769, 
 at Brown university. 
 
 WILLIAMS, SAMUEL PORTER, minister of 
 Newburyport, died in 1826, aged 46. A descen 
 dant of Rev. Sol. W., he was born at Wethers- 
 field, Conn., Feb. 22, 1779; graduated at Yale col 
 lege in 1796 ; and, after being engaged in a mer 
 cantile employment, studied theology with Dr. 
 Dwight, and was ordained at Mansfield Jan. 1, 
 1807. After being dismissed Sept. 7, 1817, he 
 preached two years at Northampton, and then 
 succeeded Dr. Dana at Newburyport Feb. 8, 1821. 
 A volume of sermons, with a print and a sketch 
 of his life, was published in 8vo., 1827. 
 
 WILLIAMS, OTHO L., a Methodist minister, 
 died at Winchester, Va., in 1828, aged 45. 
 
 WILLIAMS, NATHAN, D. D., minister of Tol- 
 land, Conn., died April 15, 1829, aged 93. The 
 son of Rev. Stephen W. of Longmeadow, born 
 in 1735, he graduated at Yale in 1755, was or 
 dained at Tolland in 1760, and retired from his 
 active duties about 1814. His widow, Mary Hall 
 of Wallingford, died March 9, 1833, aged 95. 
 Dr. Sprague gives his remembrance of him. His 
 was one of the lingering white wigs remembered. 
 
WILLIAMS. 
 
 In prayer he often said, " we earnestly pray," 
 pronouncing the first syllable of earnestly as air. 
 He was cheerful but dignified, and full of anecdote 
 in conversation. lie published the election ser 
 mon, 1780 ; at a fast, 1793 ; an anniversary of 
 independence, on death of E. Hall, 1794; of Rev. 
 N. Strong, 1795; a dialogue on baptism and dis 
 cipline. Sprague s Annals ; Puritan Recorder, 
 April 12, 1855. 
 
 WILLIAMS, WILLIAM S., Dr., died in Deer- 
 field, Mass., in 1829, aged 67. 
 
 WILLIAMS, HENRY, died in Boston in Oct., 
 1830. He was an eminent miniature painter, and 
 he made admirable anatomical preparations. 
 
 WILLIAMS, DAVID, with Paulding and Van 
 Wart, one of the captors of Maj. Andre, died at 
 Livingstonville, N. Y., in Aug., 1831, aged 78. 
 
 WILLIAMS, JOSHUA L., minister in Middle- 
 town, Conn., died Dec. 29, 1832, aged 46. His 
 son, John M. W., of Yale college, aged 18, died 
 the next day; on new year s day both were buried 
 in one grave. 
 
 AVILLIAMS, ELISHA, a distinguished lawyer, 
 died at Hudson June 29, 1833, aged 59. He 
 was the son of Col. Ebenezer Williams of Pom- 
 fret, Conn., and of Jerusha Porter, the daughter 
 of Col. Eleazer Porter of Hadley. Both his 
 father and his uncle, Rev. Chester W., married 
 sisters. He settled in Hudson in 1799. 
 
 WILLIAMS, NATHANIEL W., died in Tennes 
 see, of the cholera, on board the steamboat 
 Mount Vernon, in 1833, aged 44. He was a 
 wealthy banker of Nashville, a man highly re 
 spected. 
 
 WILLIAMS, SOLOMON, the fifth minister of 
 Northampton, Mass., died in 1834, aged 82. The 
 son of Rev. Eliphalet W., by his wife, the 
 daughter of Rev. Elisha Williams, his uncle, he 
 graduated at Yale in 1770. He succeeded in 
 1778 Mr. Hooker, whose daughter he married, 
 and was succeeded by Dr. Tucker and Dr. 
 Spencer. There was but one church in N., 
 until, in the last ten years of his life, there 
 were formed the Unitarian, Episcopal, Baptist, 
 and Edwards churches, and, in about ten years 
 afterwards, the Methodist and Catholic churches. 
 His widow, Mary, died in 1842, aged 85. His 
 excellent daughter, Mary, died in Northamp 
 ton in 1853, aged 67. He published a sermon 
 on Christ the physician, 1777 ; three sermons, 
 1799; to a missionary convention, 1802; three 
 sermons, 1805 ; historical sketch of Northampton, 
 1815. Sprac/ue s Annals. 
 
 WILLIAMS, EPHRAIM, died at Deerfield, 
 Mass., Dec. 27, 1835, aged 75. lie was at first a 
 partner of Judge Sedgwick, and then a leading 
 lawyer in Berkshire. He was the first reporter of 
 the decisions of the supreme court. He was a 
 member of the senate and council. He pub 
 lished the first volume of Mass, reports. 
 109 
 
 WILLIAMS. 
 
 865 
 
 WILLIAMS, NATHAN, judge, died at Geneva, 
 N. Y., in 1835. 
 
 WILLIAMS, JOSHUA, minister at Upper Mid- 
 dletown, Conn., died in 1836, aged 75. He 
 graduated at Yale in 1780. 
 
 AVILLIAMS, JOHN W., died at Philadelphia 
 in 1837, aged 34. Born in Connecticut, he grad 
 uated at Yale in 1822. He was a lawyer, and the 
 editor of the American quarterly review and of 
 the National Gazette. 
 
 WILLIAMS, JOSHUA, D. D., minister of West 
 Pennsborough, Pa., died in 1838, aged 71. 
 
 WILLIAMS, NATHANIEL, teacher of the Smith 
 grammar school, Boston, died in 1738, aged 63. 
 He graduated at Harvard in 1693, and in 1698 
 was ordained as an evangelist for one of the 
 West India Islands. But the climate was found 
 unhealthful. On his return he succeeded Master 
 Chcever ; he also preached, and practised physic. 
 He was called " the beloved physican," his voice 
 and countenance doing good like a medicine. He 
 wrote a pamphlet on the inoculation for the 
 small pox. Eliot s Biog. 
 
 AVILLIAMS, ROBKRT, Dr., a surgeon in the 
 Revolutionary army, died in Pitt county, N. C., in 
 1840, aged 82; a man highly respected for his 
 virtues. He was a member of the convention 
 which adopted the constitution of the United 
 States. 
 
 AA r ILLIAMS, DAVID, a soldier of the Revo 
 lution, died at Elizabethtown, N. J., in 1841, 
 aged 84. 
 
 AVILLIAMS, SAMUEL, died in Boston Jan. 
 16, 1841, aged 81 ; a Boston merchant. He lived 
 in London as a distinguished banker thirty years. 
 
 AA^ILLIAMS, JOHN, a Baptist minister, died at 
 Richfield, N. Y., in Aug., 1843, aged 100 years 
 and 7 months. He was a great-grandson of 
 Roger Williams. Ordained at the age of 25, he 
 long preached in Foster, R. I. He was respected 
 as a man of understanding and piety, and a 
 good citizen. He left many descendants, some 
 of the fifth generation. 
 
 AVILLIAMS, ELISHA SCOTT, a Baptist minister, 
 died at Beverly Feb. 3, 1845, aged 87. He was 
 born at East Hartford, the son of Rev. Eliphalet 
 AV., and graduated at Yale in 1775. He published 
 a sermon before a missionary society. Sprague. 
 
 AA T ILLIAMS, JOHN, the oldest counsellor at 
 the Boston bar, died in 1845, aged 72; a graduate 
 of Harvard in 1792. 
 
 A\ T ILLIAMS, SIDNEY P., M. D., a physician in 
 Philadelphia, died March 5, 1845, aged 33 ; the 
 only son of Dea. E. AViliiams, of Northampton, 
 Mass. He graduated at Yale in 1829. AVhen 
 an aged father of wealth is thus made childless, 
 it has sometimes been seen, that, in the absence 
 of the claims of family pride, the claims of gen 
 erous charity, in obedience to the promptings of 
 wisdom and benevolence, have been regarded ; 
 
8GG 
 
 WILLIAMS. 
 
 WILLIAMSON. 
 
 and thus great calamity, God s appointment, glori 
 fies God. 
 
 WILLIAMS, JOHN, Dr., died at Walpole, 
 N. H., in 1846, aged 97. During the war he was 
 a physician in Hanover, N. H.; then in Provi 
 dence. He was an apothecary, and physician at 
 Cambridge, and made much use of steam. 
 
 WILLIAMS, WILLIAM G., captain, engineer, 
 fell at Monterey mortally wounded, Sept. 21, 
 1846. He was graduated at West Point, and 
 for twenty-two years was a topographical engi 
 neer, being employed in the Cherokee country, 
 on the Niagara, and in Canada ; he was superin 
 tendent of harbor constructions, and carried on 
 a triangular survey of the lakes. As a painter 
 he was a member of the national academy of 
 design. 
 
 WILLIAMS, EBEXEZER, captain, an officer of 
 the Revolution, died at Central Bridge in Scoha- 
 rie co., N. Y., July 1, 1847, aged 98. The son of 
 Jonathan W. of Lebanon, he entered the army in 
 1775, and was in various battles. Through the 
 influence of a pious mother, he reverenced reli 
 gion, and was long an exemplary Christian. 
 
 WILLIAMS, JOHN D., of Roxbury or Boston, 
 died in Sept., 1848. He bequeathed about 50,000 
 dollars to the Boston asylum, to the society for 
 theological education, and the Mass, general 
 hospital. 
 
 WILLIAMS, BETSEY, a Punkapog Indian, 
 died at Stoughton, Mass., Feb. 2, 1848, aged 100. 
 
 WILLIAMS, THOMAS, or TAHORAGWA- 
 NEGEN, died Dec. 16, 1848, atCahnowaga, near 
 Montreal, aged 89; a chief of the Iroquois nation, 
 and descended from Rev. J. Williams, of Deer- 
 field. In the war of the Revolution he acted 
 with the British at Bennington and Saratoga. 
 He professed the Christian religion, and died re 
 spected and beloved. 
 
 WILLIAMS, ABIEL, minister of Dudley, Mass., 
 died in 1850, aged 75. He graduated at Brown 
 university in 1795. 
 
 WILLIAMS, MARMADUKE, judge, died in 
 Tuscaloosa, Ala., in 1850, aged 78. Bornin North 
 Carolina, he was a member of congress from 1803 
 to 1809. For several years he was a judge of 
 the county court in Alabama, until he reached the 
 age of 70. 
 
 WILLIAMS, THOMAS, consul of Venezuela, 
 died at New York in 1852, aged 62. He was a 
 translator of French novels. 
 
 WILLIAMS, CHARLES K., LL. D., governor 
 of Vermont, died in Rutland in 1853, aged 71. 
 Born in Cambridge, the son of Prof. S. Williams, 
 he graduated at Williams college in 1800, and 
 was many years judge, and chief-justice of the 
 supreme court of Vermont. From 1850 to 1852 
 he was governor. 
 
 WILLIAMS, SARAH P., wife of William F. 
 W., missionary at Mosul, died July 1, 1854. 
 
 WILLIAMS, EDWIN, a geographer, died in 
 New York, Oct 21, 1854, aged 58. He was the 
 editor of Williams annual register and the states 
 man s manual. 
 
 WILLIAMS, THOMAS W., died at New Lon 
 don Sept. 12, 1855, aged 40. He died of a con 
 gestion of the brain, after an illness of twenty-four 
 hours ; the only son of Gen. William Williams, 
 of Norwich. As an upright and skilful merchant, 
 engaged extensively in the whale fisheries, he 
 acquired great wealth, which chiefly fell into the 
 hands of his father, of well-known liberality and 
 charity. He himself was liberal and charitable. 
 A number of papers contained notices of his 
 death and character, and the sermon of Dr. 
 Tryon Edwards on his death, entitled, the future 
 unknown, were published. 
 
 WILLIAMSON, HUGH, M. D., LL. D., a 
 physician, died in New York in 1819, aged 83. 
 He was born in West Nottingham, Penn.,Dec. 5, 
 1735. From 1760 to 1763 he was professor of 
 mathematics in the college of Philadelphia. He 
 afterwards studied medicine at Edinburgh and 
 Utrecht. On his return he practised successfully 
 in Philadelphia. In order to procure subscrip 
 tions for an academy at Newark, Del., he sailed 
 from Boston for London Dec. 22, 1773, and was 
 examined before the privy council in Feb., 1774, 
 on the subject of the destruction of the tea at 
 Boston. Dr. Hosack and Thacher give a minute 
 account of the manner in which he at this period 
 procured personally very adroitly and at great haz 
 ard, from a public office in London, the famous let 
 ters of Hutchinson and Oliver, which Franklin sent 
 to Massachusetts. The account is fortified by let 
 ters of Bishop White, James Read and John 
 Adams. Mr. Read received the account from the 
 lips of Dr. Williamson, and John W., a brother, 
 confirmed the account to Dr. Hosack. All this is 
 an extraordinary mistake ; for those very letters 
 were made public in Boston and acted upon by 
 the legislature in June, 1773, six months before 
 Dr. Williamson set sail from Boston for London. 
 After his return in 1776 he resided in North Caro 
 lina. In 1780 he was surgeon in the militia 
 under Caswell. After the peace he was for five 
 or six years a member of congress ; he also as 
 sisted in framing the constitution of the U. S. 
 In his last years he resided in New York. He 
 published a discourse on the benefit of civil his 
 tory, 1810; observations on the climate of Amer 
 ica, 1811; history of North Carolina, 2 vols. 8vo., 
 1812 ; and many medical and philosophical com 
 munications. Thacher. 
 
 WILLIAMSON, MATTHIAS, a Revolutionary 
 officer and a lawyer, died in Elizabethtown, N. J., 
 in 1836, aged 84. He was in the commissary 
 department. 
 
 WILLIAMSON, JACOB, judgp, a soldier of 
 the Revolution, died in Amwell, N. J., in 1841, 
 
WILLIAMSON. 
 
 WILSON. 
 
 8G 
 
 aged 83. He was benevolent and kind and 
 highly respected. 
 
 WILLIAMSON, ISAAC II., died at Elizabeth- 
 town, N. J., July 10, 1844, aged 67. He was 
 governor and chancellor of the State from 1817 
 to 1829. He was an able jurist, an excellent 
 officer, a citizen highly respected and beloved. 
 
 WILLIAMSON, WILLIAM DURKEE, died at 
 Bangor May 27, 1846, aged 66. Born in Can 
 terbury, Conn., he graduated at Providence in 
 1804. He commenced the practice of law at B. 
 in 1807. In the first legislature of Maine he was 
 a senator, and a member of congress in 1821; 
 afterwards a judge of probate until 1840. He 
 published a history of Maine in two volumes, 
 1832. 
 
 WILLIS, ELIAKIM, minister of Maiden, Mass., 
 died in 1801, aged nearly 87. Born in Dart 
 mouth, Mass., he graduated at Harvard in 1735, 
 and was ordained in 1752. A. Green succeeded 
 him in 1795. The two first ministers of the town 
 were M. Matthews and M. Wigglesworth. 
 
 WILLIS, HENRY, a soldier of the llevolution, 
 died at Newark, N. J., in 1842, aged 85; buried 
 with military honors. 
 
 WILLIS, ZEPIIANIAH, minister of Kingston, 
 died March 6, 1847, aged 99. Born in Bridge- 
 water, he graduated at Harvard in 1778, and 
 survived all his classmates. He was pastor from 
 1780 to 1828, nearly fifty years. Stacy, Macarty, 
 and Hand preceded him ; Cole was his successor. 
 
 WILLIS, NATHAN, general, died at Pittsfield, 
 Mass., June 16, 1851, aged 88. His father was 
 Nathan of West Bridgewater, descended from 
 John Willis, who lived in Duxbury in 1637, and 
 at Bridgewater in 1656, dying in 1693. He mar 
 ried first a daughter of Col. Tupper of the Ilev- 
 olutionary army. Living in Rochester, he was 
 its representative in 1800, and senator for years 
 from 1806. After 1813 he removed to Pittsfield, 
 and was for several years in the public service. 
 In his politics he was denominated a republican. 
 In his old age he made a profession of his Chris 
 tian faith, and became a member of the church. 
 
 WILLISTON, NOAH, minister of West Haven 
 in North Haven town, Conn., died in 1811, aged 
 77. He was born in Springfield, Mass., the 
 grandson of Joseph W., and graduated at Yale 
 in 1757. His wife was a daughter of his prede 
 cessor, Mr. Birdseye, who lived to be 103 years 
 old. His two sons, Payson and David Howe, 
 were ministers ; and his two daughters married 
 ministers : Sarah married R. S. Storrs, and Han 
 nah married E. Kingsbury. 
 
 WILLISTON, E. B., president of Jefferson 
 college, Miss., died at Norwich, Vt., in 1837, 
 aged 37. 
 
 WILLISTON, RALPH, minister of Zion s 
 church, died in Hempstead, L. I., in 1839, aged 65 ; 
 formerly rector of Zion s church in New York. 
 
 WILLISTON, SETII, D. D.,died in 1851, agec 
 80. lie was a cousin of Dr. Payson W., a grad 
 uate of Dartmouth in 1791. In 1796 he preached 
 at Chenango, when there was only one meeting 
 house to the west beyond, in the State of New 
 York, and that was Mr. Grover s log-house, at 
 Bristol, near Canandaigua. In 1809 he was set 
 tled at Durham, N. Y. ; after some years he was 
 dismissed. He was the author of several books : 
 lectures on the moral imperfections of Christians, 
 1846 ; harmony of divine truth ; vindication of 
 the doctrines of the reformation. 
 
 WILLISTON, PAYSON, D. D., died at East- 
 hampton, Mass., Jan. 30, 1856, aged 92 years and 
 7 months. The son of Rev. Noah W. of West 
 Haven, he graduated at Yale in 1783, was settled 
 the first minister of Easthampton in 1789, and 
 resigned in 1833, after a faithful ministry of 
 forty-four years. He lived to see a little settle 
 ment in the wilderness grown into a large town 
 of two churches, the seat of prosperous and ex 
 tensive manufactures, conducted by his own son, 
 and that son the founder and benefactor of a 
 large and excellent academy in the same town. 
 In 1853 his name was the first not starred in the 
 Yale catalogue. Dr. Woodbridge of Hadley 
 preached his funeral sermon. He was well and 
 able to make visits until within a few days of his 
 death. He published a sermon in a volume of 
 sermons, 1799; a half-century sermon from his 
 settlement, 1839. Sprague s Annals. 
 
 WILLOUGHBY, FRANCIS, deputy-governor 
 of Massachusetts, died in Charlestown in 1671. 
 He was in office during his last six years. What 
 is supposed to be his journal, written in cypher, 
 is preserved in the library of the antiquarian 
 society at AYorcester. Budington. 
 
 WILLSON, HORACE, Dr., died in Clarksburg, 
 Md., in 1847, aged 54. He was skilful, and en 
 gaged in the public service as a legislator. 
 
 WILMER, WILLIAM H., D. D., president of 
 William and Mary college, Va., died at Williams- 
 burg in 1827. 
 
 WILMER, SIMON, Episcopal minister in 
 Charles county, Md., died in 1840, aged 66. 
 
 WILSON, JOHN, first minister of Boston, died 
 Aug. 7, 1667, aged 78. He was born at Wind 
 sor, England, in 1588, and was the son of Rev. 
 Dr. Wm. W. He was educated at King s col 
 lege, Cambridge, where he obtained a fellowship ; 
 but was deprived of it for his nonconformity to 
 the English church. After studying law for three 
 years at one of the inns of court, he directed his 
 attention to theology, and was a chaplain in sev 
 eral honorable families. He then settled in the 
 ministry at Sudbury in Suffolk. In 1629 he came 
 to this country in the same fleet with Gov. Win- 
 throp. Charlestown was fixed upon as a place 
 of settlement, and Mr. Wilson and Mr. Phillips 
 preached under a tree. A church was formed on 
 
868 
 
 WILSON. 
 
 Friday, July 30th, and Aug. 27th, Mr. Wilson 
 was ordained as teacher by the imposition of 
 hands. This ceremony was performed by some 
 of the brethren merely as a sign of his election 
 to be their minister, and not because he had re 
 nounced his former ordination. In a few months, 
 when the greater part of his church removed 
 across the river to Shawmut, or Boston, he ac 
 companied them. In 1631 he returned to Eng 
 land for his wife, whom he had left behind, 
 enjoining it upon Gov. Winthropand some other 
 brethren to prophesy, or to impart instruction 
 and give exhortations in the church during his 
 absence. In Oct., 1632, thirty-three members 
 were dismissed to form a new church at Charles- 
 town. They had Mr. James for their pastor, to 
 whom Mr. Symmes was soon united as teacher. 
 In Nov., Mr. Wilson was again ordained as pastor. 
 In the following year he received Mr. Cotton as 
 his colleague, and after his death Mr. Norton, 
 July 23, 1656. He survived them both. Mr. 
 Davenport succeeded him. His daughter mar 
 ried Rev. E. Rogers ; his youngest, Mary, mar 
 ried Rev. S. Danforth. Mr. Wilson was one of 
 the most humble, pious, and benevolent men of 
 the age in which he lived. Kind affections and 
 zeal were the prominent traits in his character. 
 Such was his readiness to relieve the distressed, 
 that his purse was often emptied into the hands 
 of the needy. Every one loved him, and he was 
 regarded as the father of the new plantation. 
 He appears frequently to have possessed a partic 
 ular faith in prayer. Events sometimes occurred 
 according to his predictions. The blessings pro 
 nounced by him had been observed to be so pro 
 phetical, that on his death-bed the most consid 
 erable persons brought their children to him to 
 receive his benediction. Having a most wonder 
 ful talent at rhyming, he used to write pieces of 
 poetry on all occasions, and to send them to all 
 persons. He was also a great anagrammatist. 
 Dr. Mather thinks that he made more anagrams, 
 and made them more nimbly, than any man since 
 the days of Adam. They generally conveyed 
 some religious truth or advice. But it was not 
 always the case that the letters of his anagram 
 corresponded with those of the name. It was 
 perhaps in pleasant allusion to this discordance, 
 as well as in reference to the hospitable temper 
 of Mr. Wilson, that Mr. Ward, the witty author 
 of the simple cobbler of Aggawam, said that the 
 anagram of John Wilson was, " I pray come in, 
 you are heartily welcome." In the early periods 
 of his life his discourses were very correct ; but 
 as he advanced in years his sermons consisted 
 principally of exhortations, admonitions, and 
 counsels without much connection or method, but 
 delivered with affectionate warmth. He partook 
 of the common error of his times in calling upon 
 the civil magistrate to punish those who were 
 
 WILSON. 
 
 deemed heretical in doctrine. His portrait is in 
 the library of the historical society. He pub 
 lished in England some helps to faith, 12mo. In 
 this country an extemporary sermon, 1665, was 
 taken down by a stenographer and afterwards 
 published. Sprague s Annals. 
 
 WILSON, JOHN, minister of Medfield, Mass., 
 died in 1691, aged about 68. The son of the pre 
 ceding, he graduated in the first class at Har 
 vard college in 1642 ; was ordained as colleague 
 with R. Mather at Dorchester in 1649 ; but after 
 two years removed to Medfield, where he was 
 minister forty years. 
 
 WILSON, MATTHEW, D. D., a physician and 
 minister, died in Lewes, Del., March 31, 1790, 
 aged 61. He was born in Chester county, Penn., 
 in 1729. He studied medicine with Dr. Mc 
 Dowell, a physician and minister, and himself 
 sustained those offices twenty-four years ; he also 
 for years had the charge of an academy at New 
 ark. He was a profound theologian and a good 
 Hebrew and classical scholar, truly benevolent 
 and pious, mild, affable, and courteous. In the 
 time of the Revolution his patriotic zeal was 
 ardent. He resolved to drink no more tea, and 
 obliged his wife and children to deny themselves. 
 He published a paper, proposing seventeen 
 plants as a substitute. But his wife s sister, on a 
 visit from Philadelphia, infringed his domestic 
 regulation ; she brought tea with her, and as it 
 was of the " old stock," which paid no duty, " tea 
 she would drink." He published a history of a 
 malignant fever, 1774 ; remarks on the cold 
 winter of 1779-1780; an essay to prove that 
 most diseases proceed from miasmata in the air, 
 1786. Thacher. 
 
 WILSON, JAMES, judge, died in 1798, aged 
 56. A patriot of the Revolution, he was born in 
 Scotland about 1742. After being educated at 
 Edinburgh, he came to Philadelphia in 1766. 
 and studied law with J. Dickinson. Being a 
 member of congress from 1775 to 1777, he 
 signed the declaration of independence. Being 
 a member of the convention which framed the 
 constitution of the United States, he was chair 
 man of the committee which reported it ; he was 
 also a member of the State convention which 
 ratified it. In 1789 he was appointed a judge of 
 the supreme court of the United States. He 
 died at Edenton, N. C., while on a circuit. lie 
 was eminent as a lawyer and judge, and was pro 
 fessor of law in the university of Pennsylvania. 
 His works, including his lectures, are in 3 vols. 
 8vo., published 1804. 
 
 WILSON, JAMES, minister in New York, suc 
 cessor of Dr. Rodgers, died in 1799, aged 47. 
 Born in Scotland, he was pastor from 1785 to 
 1788 : then he became a minister in Charleston, 
 S. C. 
 
 WILSON, ALEXANDER, an ornithologist and 
 
WILSON. 
 
 WINCIIELL. 
 
 8G9 
 
 poet, died in Philadelphia Aug. 23, 1813. He 
 was born at Paisley, Scotland, and came to this 
 country in 1794. Becoming acquainted with 
 Mr. Bartram of Philadelphia, he was induced to 
 devote himself to the study of natural history. 
 He commenced in 1808 the publication in seven 
 volumes, 4to., of his most interesting and valua 
 ble work, the American ornithology, with colored 
 plates. An 8vo. edition has since been published. 
 Besides his ornithology, he published the forest 
 ers, a poem, in portfolio, n. s. vol. I.; in Scot 
 land he published the laurel disputed, a poem on 
 Allan Ilamsay and Robert Ferguson, 1791 ; and 
 Watty and Meg, a poem, 1792. The eighth 
 and ninth volumes of his ornithology were pub 
 lished by Mr. Ord in 1814 ; the ninth has an 
 account of Wilson. Charles Lucien Bonaparte 
 has published three supplementary volumes, fol., 
 1825-1828. 
 
 WILSON, PETER, LL. D., professor of Greek 
 and Latin in Columbia college, N. Y., died at 
 Hackensack, N. J., in Aug., 1826, aged 79. He 
 was a distinguished scholar. He published a 
 learned work on Greek prosody. 
 
 WILSON, SAMUEL, M. D., a physician, died 
 in 1827, aged 64. He was born at Charleston, 
 S. C., Jan. 26, 1763, the son of Dr. Robert W., 
 an eminent physician. At the age of seventeen 
 he fought under Marion in the Revolutionary 
 war. He went to Edinburgh in 1784 to pursue 
 the study of medicine. In 1791 he was associ 
 ated in business with Dr. Alexander Baron ; in 
 1810 with his brother, Dr. Robert W. ; and after 
 wards with his sons, Drs. Isaac and Samuel W. 
 Many young physicians were instructed by him. 
 He was a respected physician ; an amiable, be 
 nevolent man ; an elder and communicant in the 
 church for thirty years. 
 
 AVILSON, JAMES P., D. D., minister in Phil 
 adelphia, was first a distinguished lawyer, and 
 then was for many years the pastor of the first 
 Presbyterian church. He died at his residence 
 in Bucks county, Dec. 10, 1830. His general 
 knowledge and talents and his usefulness and 
 excellent character caused him to be regarded 
 as one of the most distinguished men of this 
 country. He published lectures on the parables 
 and the historical parts of the New Testament, 
 8vo., 1810. 
 
 WILSON, WILLIAM, minister at Augusta, Va., 
 died Jan. 1, 1S36, aged 83. 
 
 WILSON, Mrs., wife of Dr. A. E. Wilson, 
 missionary in Africa, died at Mosika Sept. 18, 
 1836. Her name was Mary J. Smithey of Rich 
 mond, Va. 
 
 WILSON, JAMES, an eminent lawyer and 
 member of congress, died at Keene, N. H., in 
 1839, aged 72. 
 
 WILSON, JAMES, a Presbyterian minister, 
 died at Providence in 1839, aged 80. He re 
 
 ceived an honorary degree at Brown university 
 in 1798. 
 
 WILSON, ALEXANDER E., M. D., missionary 
 to Africa, died at Cape Palmas in 1840, aged 36. 
 Born in Mecklenburg county, N. C., he received 
 a college education. He embarked in 1834 for 
 Cape Town : he was at Port Natal in 1837. His 
 wife was Mary Hardcastle of New York. His 
 last sermon was from the text, " There remaineth 
 a rest unto the people of God." He died in 
 peace, relying on the atonement; he asked for 
 the singing of Cowper s hymn, " There is a foun 
 tain fill d with blood." With great fervor he 
 gave his exhortations to the living. 
 
 WILSON, JOSHUA L., D. D., died in Cincin 
 nati Aug. 14, 1846, aged 72. Born in Virginia, 
 he was brought up in Kentucky as a blacksmith, 
 but became a minister, first in Kentucky, then in 
 1808 as pastor of the only Presbyterian church 
 in Cincinnati, where for many years he was the 
 chief minister of the highest character and influ 
 ence, the most popular until the arrival of Dr 
 Beecher in 1832. His church was so large that 
 in 1833, after the colonizing of the second church, 
 five hundred and eighteen members remained. 
 Dr. W., in the division of the Presbyteria.i 
 churches in 1837, attached himself to the old 
 school. In his prosecution of Dr. Beecher, his 
 justification or excuse was a conviction that 
 his teachings were erroneous and pernicious. 
 Perhaps he was not aware of an imperiousness of 
 will and of other human imperfections. 
 
 WILSON, JOHN, a lawyer, died at Belfast, 
 Me., in 1848, aged 71. He graduated at Har 
 vard in 1799. 
 
 WILSON, NATHANIEL, died in Boston in 1849, 
 aged 60 ; purser in the U. S. navy. He was in 
 the battle of Plattsburg. He left his property, 
 25,000 dollars, to his native town, Belfast, Me., 
 for the purposes of education. 
 
 WILSON, HENRY R., D. D., died at Phila 
 delphia in 1849, aged 69. 
 
 WILSON, JAMES G., died at Plainfield, N. J., 
 in 1850, aged 41 ; a printer and publisher and 
 bookseller. The New Yorker, the N. Y. Whig, 
 the Empire State, and the Brother Jonathan 
 were published by him ; also, the Weekly Dis 
 patch. 
 
 WILSON, WILLIAM, a painter of high repu 
 tation, died at Charleston, S. C.,in 1851. 
 
 WILSON, ROBERT I)., D. D., died in South 
 Salem, Ross county, Ohio, April 17, 1851, aged 
 84. 
 
 WINCHELL, JAMES M., minister in Boston, 
 died in 1820, aged 28. The son of Col. Martin 
 E. W., he was born in Duchess county, N. Y., in 
 1791 ; was graduated at Brown university in 
 1812; and succeeded Mr. Clay in the first Bap 
 tist church in Boston March 30, 1814. He died 
 of the consumption. lie published Watts 
 
870 
 
 WINCHESTER. 
 
 hymns, arranged according to the subjects ; two 
 discourses, containing a history of his church, 
 1819. 
 
 WINCHESTER, JONATHAN, first minister of 
 Ashburnham, Mass., died in 1767, aged 51. Born 
 in Brookline, he graduated at Harvard in 1737, 
 and was settled in 1760. He was succeeded by 
 J. Gushing. 
 
 WINCHESTER, ELHANAN, an itinerant 
 preacher of the doctrine of restoration, died at 
 Hartford, Conn., in April, 1797, aged 45. He 
 was born in Brookline, Mass., in 1751. Without 
 an academical education he commenced preach 
 ing, and was the first minister of the Baptist 
 church in Newton. In 1778 he was a minister 
 on Pedec river in South Carolina, zealously teach 
 ing the Calvinistic doctrines, as explained by Dr. 
 Gill. In the following year his labors were very 
 useful among the negroes. In 1781 he became 
 a preacher of universal salvation in Philadelphia, 
 where he remained several years. He afterwards 
 endeavored to propagate his sentiments in vari 
 ous parts of America and England. His system 
 is very similar to that of Dr. Chauncy. He pub 
 lished a volume of hymns, 1776; a plain politi 
 cal catechism for schools ; a sermon on restora 
 tion, 1781 ; universal restoration, in four dia 
 logues, 1786; lectures on the prophecies, Ameri 
 can edit., 2 vols. 8vo., 1800. 
 
 WINCHESTER, SAMUEL G., minister of 
 Natchez, Miss., died in New York in 1841, aged 
 39 ; a man of remarkable talent and greatly 
 beloved. 
 
 WINDER, WILLIAM H., general, died in 
 1824, aged 49. He was born in Somerset 
 county, Maryland, in 1775, and practised law 
 at Baltimore. In the war of 1812 he was 
 first a colonel, then brigadier-general. At the 
 buttle of Bladensburg he commanded the troops. 
 On the return of peace he resumed his profession. 
 
 WINDER, LEVIN, governor of Maryland, 
 died July 1, 1819, aged 63. He was a soldier of 
 the Revolution. He was governor during the 
 war with Britain from 1812 to 1815. In 1816 he 
 was a member of the Maryland senate ; he was 
 also a general of the militia. 
 
 WINDS, WILLIAM, general, died in New Jer 
 sey in 1789, aged about 62. His residence was 
 one mile from Dover, Morris county, on the road 
 to Rockaway. He was born in Southold, L. I. 
 He purchased a large tract of land in New Jer 
 sey, and was one of the founders of the Presby 
 terian church in Rockaway, and bequeathed to it 
 more than half his property. In 1775 he was 
 lieutenant-colonel in Lord Stirling s regiment. 
 In 1776 he was colonel, and led his regiment to 
 Ticonderoga. He was a large, athletic man, and 
 had a most powerful voice, of which, on one oc 
 casion, he made a very good use. Commanding 
 a small detachment near Hackensack, he found 
 
 WINES. 
 
 that a much larger force of the enemy was ad 
 vancing against him. Unwilling to retire, he 
 awaited their approach to within half a mile and 
 in the hearing of his voice, when he roared out 
 the command, " Open to the right and left, and 
 let the artillery through ! " As the enemy were 
 not prepared to meet cannon, on hearing this 
 they fled. He had his singularities. He was ex 
 citable, stern, and of an imperious temper. He 
 once during service in church applied his wagon- 
 whip to some unruly boys present. To a cooper, 
 who, from laziness, neglected to prepare some 
 barrels at the time agreed upon, he applied his 
 hickory, saying in no mild tones, " I will teach 
 you to lie, and be lazy too ! " With his soldiers 
 he was very popular. Two of them, being out 
 of provisions, put a stone in their camp-kettle 
 when Winds was expected. As he inquired, 
 " Well, men, any thing to eat ? " they replied, 
 "Not much." "What have you got in that 
 kettle ? " Their answer was, " A stone, general, 
 for they say there is some strength in stones, if 
 you can only get it out ! " He replied : " There 
 ain t a bit of strength in it. You must have 
 something better to eat." Then he rode off to a 
 Quaker s house, and offered the good woman 
 money for a part of her batch of bread. She 
 said, "Thee cannot have it to help men to fight." 
 " I don t care a fig about thee and thou, but I 
 want the bread." Then he seized the bread, and, 
 throwing down the money, carried it off in his 
 bag to his hungry men. Rev. John Darley, pas 
 tor at Parsippany, attended him as a physician, 
 drew up his last will, preached his funeral ser 
 mon, and wrote his epitaph. N. T. Evangelist, 
 Oct. 23, 1856. 
 
 WIND SHIP, JONATHAN, captain, a skilful 
 horticulturist, died in Roxbury in 1847. 
 
 WINDSHIP, CHARLES W T ILLIAMS, a physi 
 cian, died in Roxbury Aug. 27, 1852, aged 78. 
 The son of Dr. Amos W. of Boston, he gradu 
 ated at Harvard in 1793. He was skilful, and 
 practised in the western country, in Havana, 
 Cuba, in Boston and Roxbury. 
 
 WINES, ABIJAH, died in 1833, aged 60. 
 Born in Southold, L. I., of Welsh extraction, he 
 graduated at Dartmouth in 1794, and was or 
 dained at Newport, N. II.. in 1796, having studied 
 theology with Dr. Emmons. In 1818 he became 
 a teacher in the Maine charity school at Bangor, 
 but in a year he removed to Deer Island, where 
 he preached twelve years. His mind became 
 disordered, and he died in the hospital at Charles- 
 town, and was buried at Amesbury, where his 
 son-in-law, Rev. B. Sawyer, lived. He published 
 a sermon on depravity, 1804 ; the sinner s inal.il- 
 ity, 1812; vain amusements; merely amiable 
 man no Christian; moral young men; ordina 
 tion of B. Sawyer at Cape Elizabeth. Spraync s 
 Annals. 
 
WINGATE. 
 
 WIXGATE, JOSHUA, colonel, the son of J. W., 
 an early settler at Dover, N. H., was at the con 
 quest of Louisburg in 1745, and died at Hamp 
 ton, aged about 90. His son, Paine, was minister 
 of Amesbury ; and his son, Paine, was the oldest 
 living graduate of Harvard. 
 
 "WIXGATE, PAINE, minister of Amesbury, 
 Mass., died in 1780, aged 83 or 86. Born in 
 Hamilton, N. H., he graduated at Harvard in 
 1723, and was settled. in 1720, being the pastor 
 sixty years. He was the first minister of the 
 second church. He was the father of Judge 
 Wingate. 
 
 AVIXGATE, PAINE, judge, died at Stratham, 
 N. H., March 7, 1838, aged 98. He was born at 
 Amesbury May 14, 1739, the son of Ilev. P. W., 
 was graduated at Harvard in 1759, and ordained 
 at Hampton Falls in 1763. After his dismission 
 in 1771 he engaged in agriculture at Stratham. 
 He was a member of congress under the confed 
 eration in 1787, and a senator from 1789 to 
 1793; a member of congress 1793-1795. From 
 1798 to 1809 he was a judge of the superior 
 court of New Hampshire. He was highly re 
 spected and esteemed. He had lived with his 
 wife three-quarters of a century. She was a sis 
 ter of Timothy Pickering, and died Jan. 7, 1843, 
 aged 100 years and 8 months. 
 
 WIXGATE, JOSHUA, general, died in Port 
 land Xov. 6, 1843, aged 70. Born in Haverhill, 
 Mass., he was graduated at Harvard in 1795, 
 and then was a merchant in Hallowell. Accom 
 panying his father-in-law, Gen. Dearborn, to 
 AVashington, he was for years chief clerk in the 
 war department. Afterwards he was collector 
 of Bath, which office he resigned in 1822. He 
 was president of the branch bank of the United 
 States. 
 
 WIXSHIP, JOSIAII, minister of Woolwich, 
 Me., died Sept. 29, 1824, aged 86. Born in 
 Cambridge, lie graduated in 1702. Ordained 
 June 12, 1765, he was fifty-nine years minister. 
 
 WINSLOW, GILBERT, one of the pilgrims 
 in the Mayflower to Plymouth in 1620. He was 
 born in 1600, and was a brother of Edward ; but 
 he soon left the colony, and went, it is supposed, 
 to Portsmouth, and died before 1600. 
 
 WIXSLOW, EDWARD, governor of Plymouth 
 colony, died May 8, 1655, aged 59. The son of 
 E. W., he was born in Worcestershire in 1595. 
 In his travels, becoming acquainted with Mr. 
 Ilobinson at Ley den, he joined his church, and 
 accompanied the first settlers of New England in 
 1020. He was one of the party which discov 
 ered the harbor of Plymouth. Possessing great 
 activity and resolution, he was eminently useful 
 in the establishment of the colony. When the 
 first conference was held with Massassoit, he of 
 fered himself as a hostage. In June or July, 
 1621, he visited the sachem, accompanied by 
 
 WINSLOW. 
 
 871 
 
 S. Hopkins, with Tisquantum, or Squanto, an In 
 dian, for a guide ; on his way to Pakanokick, the 
 Indians at Namaschet gave him the best enter 
 tainment in their power, supplying him with the 
 spawn of shad and a kind of bread, called by 
 them Maizium. On arriving at the residence of 
 the king, he presented to him a horseman s laced 
 coat of red cotton, and when arrayed with it the 
 savage seemed wonderfully delighted. In 1022 
 he made a voyage to Monhegan Island, to pro 
 cure a supply of bread from the fishing vessels. 
 In March, 1623, on hearing that Massassoit was 
 sick, he made him a second visit, having, as he 
 says, " one master John Hampden, a gentleman 
 of London, who then wintered with us, and de 
 sired much to see the country, for my consort, 
 and Hobbamoc for our guide." This was proba 
 bly the celebrated Hampden, for he resided at 
 that period in London; in Jan., 1621, he took 
 his seat in James third parliament, which was 
 dissolved in about twelve months, and the next 
 one did not sit till Feb., 1624. In this interval 
 Hampden could visit Plymouth. On arriving at 
 Narragansett, the king was found extremely sick j 
 but the skilful attendance of Mr. Winslow was 
 the means of restoring him to health. In his 
 gratitude, Massassoit disclosed a plot of the 
 " Massachuseuks," which was suppressed by 
 Standish. In the autumn of 1623 Mr. W. went 
 to England as an agent for the colony, and re 
 turned in the following spring with a supply of 
 necessaries and the first cattle which were intro 
 duced into New England. He went again to 
 England in 1624 and returned in 1625. 
 
 In 1633 he was chosen governor, Mr. Bradford 
 being importunate not to retain the office, but to 
 have some one appointed in his place ; he was 
 again elected governor in 1636 and 1044. He 
 frequently went to the Penobscot, Kennebec, and 
 Connecticut rivers on trading voyages. Going 
 to England as an agent in 1635, he was thrown 
 into the Fleet prison for seventeen weeks, on the 
 complaint of T. Morton, for teaching in the church 
 at Plymouth, and for performing the ceremony 
 of marriage. He exerted his influence in Eng 
 land to form the society for propagating the gos 
 pel in New England, which was incorporated in 
 1049, and of which he was an active member. 
 In 1055 he was appointed one of the commission 
 ers to superintend the expedition against the 
 Spaniards in the West Indies. The troops were 
 defeated by an inconsiderable number of the 
 enemy near St. Domingo. In the passage be 
 tween Hispaniola and Jamaica he died of a fever, 
 and was buried in the ocean. His wife died March 
 24, 1621; his second wife, whom he married 
 May 12, 1621, was Susanna, widow of Wm. White. 
 This was the first marriage in New England. lie 
 published good news from New England, or a 
 relation of things remarkable in that plantation, 
 
872 
 
 WINSLOW. 
 
 WINTHROP. 
 
 to which is annexed an account of the Indian 
 natives, 1623. His account is republishod in 
 Bclknap, and abridged in Purchas. He published 
 also hypocrisy unmasked, relating to the com 
 munion of the Independent with the Reformed 
 churches, 1646; and the same in 1649 with anew 
 title, the danger of tolerating levellers in a 
 civil State, or a narration, etc. ; New England s 
 salamander discovered, or a satisfactory answer 
 to many aspersions cast upon New England, 1647 ; 
 reprinted in Mass. hist, coll., XXII., 110-145; 
 and a narration of disturbances made in New 
 England by Samuel Gorton and his accomplices, 
 4to., 1649. Bellmap s Amer. Biog., II. 
 
 WINSLOW, JosiAH, governor of Plymouth, 
 the son of the preceding, died at Marshfield, 
 Dec. 18, 1680, aged 51. He was chosen gov 
 ernor in 1673 as successor of Mr. Prince, and was 
 continued in this office till 1680. In Philip s war, 
 being commander of the Plymouth forces, he 
 evinced himself a brave soldier. He married, 
 perhaps about 1655, Penelope Pelham, daughter 
 of Herbert P. of Boston. He was general-in- 
 chief of the united colonies in 1678, and governor 
 for seven years from 1673 till his death. His print 
 is in the N. E. Register of Oct., 1850, taken from 
 a painting belonging to Isaac Winslow, the only 
 descendant of the name, which is now in the hall 
 of the Massachusetts historical society. He was 
 an accomplished man and a delightful companion, 
 and his magnificent hospitality was enhanced by 
 the charms of a beautiful wife. She died in 1703, 
 aged 72. His son, Isaac W., a councillor and 
 general, died in 1738, aged 67. 
 
 WINSLOW, JOHN, major-general in the Brit 
 ish service, was the grandson of the preceding. 
 He was a captain in the unfortunate expedition 
 to Cuba in 1740, and afterwards major-general 
 in the several expeditions to Kennebec, Nova 
 Scotia, and Crown Point in the French wars. 
 He died at Hingham in April, 1774, aged 71. 
 His son, Dr. Isaac W., died at Marshfield in 
 1819, aged 80. 
 
 WINSLOW, JOHN. M.D., died at Marshfield, 
 Mass., in 1814, aged 80. 
 
 WINSLOW, HARRIET, wife of Miron Wins- 
 low, missionary to Ceylon, arrived at Jaffna in 
 Feb., 1820, and died at Oodoville Jan. 14, 1833. 
 Her memoir, by her husband, was published in 
 1835. Her name was Harriet W. Lathrop of 
 Norwich, Conn. 
 
 WINSLOW, BENJAMIN I)., assistant minister 
 at St. Mary s church, Burlington, N. J., died in 
 1839, aged 24. Born in Boston, he graduated 
 at Harvard in 1835. Bishop Doane published a 
 volume of his sermons and poetical remains. 
 Cycl. of Amer. Lit. 
 
 WINSLOW, ANNE, wife of M. Winslow, mis 
 sionary at Madras, died June 20, 1843; her 
 name was Anne Spiers, daughter of Mr. Spiers, 
 
 born in Cuddalore, but brought up in England. 
 She was married in 1838. 
 
 WINSLOW, ISAAC, died at Roxbury July 26, 
 1856, aged 82; long a merchant in Boston, a de 
 scendant of John, the brother of Edward W. 
 He had a literary taste and read much in the 
 bible. The only notice he desired was, he said, 
 this : " He fell asleep in Jesus, to God be the 
 glory ! " 
 
 WINTER, FRANCIS, a -patriot of the Revolu 
 tion and chaplain, died in Bath, Me., in 1826, 
 aged 81. He graduated at Harvard college in 
 1765. 
 
 WINTHROP, JOHN, the second governor of 
 Massachusetts, died March 26, 1649, aged 61. 
 He was born at Groton in Suffolk, England, Jan. 
 12, 1588. His father, Adam, was a lawyer, as 
 was his grandfather, Adam, who was of eminence 
 in his profession and a lover of the gospel in the 
 reign of Henry VIII. He was himself bred to 
 the law, though inclined to theological studies. 
 Having converted a fine estate of 6 or 700 pounds 
 per annum into money, he embarked for America 
 in the forty-third year of his age, as the leader of 
 a company of emigrants to Massachusetts, and 
 with a commission as governor. Endicott had 
 been two years governor before him, being an 
 associate of a company in London, who chose 
 the governor and council. He was the first gov 
 ernor under the colonial charter. But when 
 Winthrop came, the company transferred the gov 
 ernment to Massachusetts. He arrived at Salem 
 June 12, 1630, and soon removed to Charles- 
 town, and afterwards crossed the river to Shaw- 
 mut or Boston. In the three following years he 
 was re-chosen governor, for which office he was 
 eminently qualified. His time, his exertions, his 
 interests were all devoted to the infant plantation. 
 In 1634 Mr. Dudley was chosen in his place, but 
 he was reelected in 1637, 1638, and 1639, and in 
 1642, 1643, 1646, 1647, and 1648. He died worn 
 out by toils and depressed by afflictions. Mr. 
 Endicott succeeded him. He was the husband 
 of four wives, and the father of thirteen children. 
 His first wife was Mary, the daughter of John 
 Forth, and by her he had sons, John, Henry, and 
 Forth, and three daughters ; his second was the 
 daughter of William Clopton ; his third was Mar 
 garet, daughter of Sir Tindal Knight, and she 
 came to Massachusetts, and by her he had chil 
 dren, Adam, Stephen, Deane, Samuel, Anne, 
 William ; his fourth was Martha, the widow of 
 Thomas Coytmore, who lost his life by shipwreck, 
 and by her he had a son, Joshua. From his son 
 John descendc d most of the Winthrops ; from 
 his son Adam descended Prof. Winthrop of Cam 
 bridge. He was a most faithful and upright 
 magistrate and exemplary Christian. He was at 
 first very mild in the administration of justice; 
 but he afterwards yielded to the opinions of others, 
 
WIXTIIROP. 
 
 who thought that severer discipline was necessary 
 in a new plantation. Not having a high opinion 
 of a pure democracy, when the people of Connec 
 ticut were forming a government, he wrote them 
 a letter, in which he observed : " The best part 
 of a community is always the least, and of that 
 least part the wiser are still less." In a speech 
 to the general court he took occasion to express 
 his sentiments concerning the power of the magis 
 tracy and the liberty of the people : "You have 
 called us," said he, " to office ; but, being called, 
 we have authority from God, it is the ordinance 
 of God, and hath the image of God stamped upon 
 it ; and the contempt of it hath been vindicated 
 by God with terrible examples of his vengeance. 
 There is a liberty of corrupt nature, which is in 
 consistent with authority, impatient of restraint, 
 the enemy of truth and peace, and all the ordi 
 nances of God are bent against it. But there is 
 a civil, moral, federal liberty, which consists in 
 every one s enjoying his property, and having 
 the benefit of the laws of his country, a liberty 
 for that only which is just and good ; for this 
 liberty you are to stand with your lives." In the 
 course of his life he repeatedly experienced the 
 versatility of the public opinion ; but, when he 
 was left out of office, he possessed perfect calm 
 ness of mind, and still exerted himself to serve 
 his country. In severe trials his magnanimity, 
 wisdom, and patience were conspicuous. He de 
 nied himself many of the elegancies of life, that 
 he might give an example of frugality and tem 
 perance, and might exercise liberality without 
 impoverishing his family. He was condescend 
 ing and benevolent. In a severe winter, when 
 wood was scarce, he was told that a neighbor was 
 wont to help himself from the pile at his door. 
 " Does he ? " said the governor in seeming anger. 
 " Call him to me, and I will take a course with 
 him that shall cure him of stealing." When the 
 man appeared, he addressed him thus : " Friend, 
 it is a cold winter, and I hear you are meanly 
 provided with wood ; you are welcome to help 
 yourself at my pile till the winter is over." He 
 afterwards asked his informant, " Whether he 
 had not put a stop to the poor man s stealing ? " 
 Though he was rich when he came to this coun 
 try, yet, through his devotion to public business 
 while his estate was managed by unfaithful ser 
 vants, he died poor. He was so much of a theo 
 logian that he sometimes gave the word of 
 exhortation in the church. His zeal against 
 those who had embraced erroneous doctrines 
 diminished in his latter years. He was careful 
 in his attendance upon the duties of public and 
 of family worship. Governor s Island, in the 
 harbor of Boston, was granted to him, and still 
 remains in the possession of his descendants. He 
 procured a law against the heathenish practice 
 of health-drinking. From his picture it appears 
 110 
 
 WINTHROP. 
 
 873 
 
 that he wore a long beard. He kept an exact 
 account of occurrences and transactions in the 
 colony down to the year 1648, which was of great 
 service to Hubbard, Mather, and Prince. It was 
 not published till the year 1790, when it was 
 printed in 8vo. A manuscript of the third vol 
 ume of Winthrop s history was found in 1816 in 
 the New England library, kept in the tower of 
 the old south church. Mr. James Savage trans 
 cribed it, and, adding notes to this and the work 
 already printed, published a new edition in 2 vols. 
 8vo., 1825. Besides adding valuable notes, he 
 collated the former manuscripts with the edition 
 of 1790, and corrected many errors and suggested 
 amendments. His model of Christian charity, 
 written on shipboard, is in hist, coll., 3d series, 
 vol. vii; the Winthrop papers are in vols. IX. 
 and x. Mather s Magnalia, n. 8-15 ; Bel- 
 knap s Biog. II. 337-338. 
 
 WINTHROP, JOHX, F. R. S., governor of 
 Connecticut, died in Boston April 5, 1676, aged 
 70. He was the son of the preceding, and his 
 fine genius was improved by a liberal education 
 in the universities of Cambridge and of Dublin, 
 and by travel upon the continent. He arrived at 
 Boston in Oct., 1635, with authority to make a 
 settlement in Connecticut, and the next month 
 dispatched a number of persons to build a fort 
 at Saybrook. Pie was chosen governor in 1657, 
 and again in 1659, and from that period he was 
 annually reflected till his death. In 1661 he 
 went to England and procured a charter, incor 
 porating Connecticut and New Haven into one 
 colony. His second wife, Elizabeth Read, was 
 the daughter of Col. Read, whose widow married 
 Hugh Peters ; and thus, by mistake, it is some 
 times said that he married a daughter of Hugh 
 Peters. Roger Williams calls Mr. Peters the 
 father of John Winthrop, jun. He possessed a 
 rich variety of knowledge, and was particularly 
 skilled in chemistry and physic. His valuable 
 qualities as a gentleman, a Christian, a philoso 
 pher, and a magistrate secured to him universal 
 respect. He published some valuable communi 
 cations in the philosophical transactions. Felt. 
 
 WINTHROP, FITZ JOHN, F. R. S., governor 
 of Connecticut, the son of the preceding, died 
 Nov. 27, 1707, aged 68. He was born March 14, 
 1639. In 1689 he was major-general of the 
 army sent to operate against Canada. In 1694 
 he was agent of the colony to Great Britain, and 
 rendered such service that the legislature pre 
 sented him with 500 pounds. He was governor 
 from 1698 till his death. His son, John, a grad 
 uate of Harvard college in 1700, and who died 
 in England in 1747, was a learned man, and a 
 member of the royal society. 
 
 WINTHROP, WAITSTILL, major-general, son 
 of Gov. J. Winthrop, of Conn., died in Boston 
 Sept. 7, 1717, aged 75. Born at Boston in 1642, 
 
874 
 
 he was a member of Andros council and of the 
 first council under the new charter, 1692. His 
 wife was Mary, daughter of William Browne of 
 Salem. His son, John, a graduate of 1700, a 
 fellow of the royal society, married a daughter 
 of Gov. J. Dudley, and died in 1747 ; and his 
 son, John Still, who died in 1776, aged 56, had 
 five sons, John, a graduate of 1770 ; Francis 
 Bayard and William, of New York ; Joseph of 
 Charleston, S. C. ; and Thomas Lindall, lieuten 
 ant-governor. Gen. W., with another executor 
 of his father s will, sold the ten-hill farm in 
 Charlestown, of six hundred acres, for 3300 
 pounds, to widow Elizabeth Lidgett. The curious 
 and long Latin epitaph on the death of Gen. W., 
 together with an English translation, may be 
 read in Mr. Bridgman s memorials of the dead 
 in Boston. It seems, that, in addition to his mil 
 itary office and that of chief justice, he was also 
 a physician, for the epitaph says : 
 
 " He that under this stone now sleeps in death 
 Still lives in the hearts of thousands, 
 Whose livea he has prolonged." 
 
 It says also of him and the three governors 
 reposing with him : 
 
 " Four Winthrops lie buried in this tomb, 
 Who were sufficient to enrich even the four quarters of the 
 
 earth. 
 
 He is unacquainted with the history of New England 
 Who is ignorant of this family." 
 
 WINTHROP, JOHX, LL. D., F. R. S., Hollis 
 professor of mathematics and natural philosophy 
 in Harvard college, died at Cambridge May 3, 
 1779, aged 64. He was the son of Adam 
 Winthrop, a member of the council, and a de 
 scendant of the governor of Massachusetts. He 
 was graduated in 1732. In 1738 he was ap 
 pointed professor in the place of Mr. Green 
 wood. He immediately entered upon the duties 
 of this office and discharged them with fidelity 
 and high reputation through life. In 1761 he 
 sailed to St. John s in Newfoundland, to observe 
 the transit of Venus over the sun s disk, June 6th, 
 agreeably to the recommendation of Mr. Halley. 
 When the day arrived, he was favored with a 
 fine, clear morning, and he enjoyed the inexpres 
 sible satisfaction of observing a phenomenon 
 which had never before been seen, excepting by 
 Mr. Horrox in 1639, by any inhabitant of the 
 earth. He was distinguished for his very inti 
 mate acquaintance with mathematical science. 
 His talents in investigating and communicating 
 truth were very rare. In the variety and extent 
 of his knowledge he has seldom been equalled. 
 He had deeply studied the politics of different 
 ages; and he was thoroughly acquainted with 
 the controversy between Christians and deists. 
 His firm faith in the Christian religion was 
 
 WINTHROP. 
 
 founded upon an accurate examination of the 
 evidences of its truth, and the virtues of his life 
 added a lustre to his intellectual powers and sci 
 entific attainments. In his family he devoutly 
 maintained the worship of the Supreme Being. 
 While he himself attended upon the positive in 
 stitutions of the gospel, he could not conceive 
 what reason any one, who called himself a Chris 
 tian, could give for neglecting them. The day 
 before his death he said : " The hope that is set 
 before us in the New Testament is the only 
 thing which will support a man in his dying 
 hour. If any man builds on any other founda 
 tion, in my apprehension his foundation will fail." 
 His accurate observations of the transit of Mer 
 cury in 1740 were noticed by the royal society of 
 London. He published a lecture on earthquakes, 
 1755; answer to Mr. Prince s letter upon earth 
 quakes, 1756; two letters on comets, 1759; an 
 account of several fiery meteors, 1765. 
 
 WINTHROP, JAMES, LL. D., judge, the son 
 of the preceding, was graduated in 1769, and 
 fought in the battle of Bunker Hill. For some 
 years he was chief justice of the court of com 
 mon pleas, and register of probate. He died at 
 Cambridge Sept. 26, 1821, aged 70. His brother, 
 William, a graduate of 1770, died in 1825, at 
 Cambridge. The valuable library which he had 
 collected he bequeathed to Alleghany college, 
 Pennsylvania. He published a translation of a 
 part of the Apocalypse, 1794, and various scien 
 tific papers. 
 
 WINTHROP, THOMAS LIXDALL, lieutenant- 
 governor of Massachusetts, a descendant of Gov. 
 W., died in Boston Feb. 22, 1841, aged 81. He 
 was the son of John Still Winthrop and of Jane 
 Borland, grand-daughter of Timothy Lindall. 
 He graduated at Harvard in 1780, and married 
 Elizabeth Bowdoin Temple in 1786. From 1826 
 to 1832 he was lieutenant-governor. He was 
 president of the Massachusetts historical society 
 and of the American antiquarian society. He 
 was the father of Mrs. Tappan, wife of Rev. Dr. 
 T. of Augusta, Me., and of five sons, James, 
 who took the name of Bowdoin, who graduated 
 at Bowdoin college in 1814, was a lawyer in Bos 
 ton, and died in 1834; Francis William, de 
 ceased; George Edward ; Grenvillc Temple ; and 
 Robert Charles of Boston, late a senator of the 
 United States. He was a man of large property, 
 and highly respected by his fellow-citizens. He 
 was a benefactor of the historical society. His 
 body found a resting-place in a remarkable tomb 
 in the King s chapel burying-ground in Boston, 
 a tomb in which were placed three of his an 
 cestors, who were governors; John of Massachu 
 setts, John and Fitz John, governors of Connec 
 ticut, and also Waitstill, a brother of the last, 
 chief justice and major-general. There also rest 
 
WINTIIHOP. 
 
 Elizabeth Bowdoin, the wife of Lieut.-Gov. W., 
 and his sister, Mrs. Ann Winthxop Sears, the 
 mother of David Sears. 
 
 WINTHROP, ADAM, died near New Orleans 
 in 1846, aged 68; clerk in the district court of 
 Louisiana. He graduated at Harvard in 1800. 
 
 WIRT, WILLIAM, LL. D., died at Washington 
 Feb. 11, 1835, aged 62. Born at Bladens- 
 burg Nov. 8, 1772, his father was a Swiss, 
 his mother a German, both dying before he 
 was eight years old. By an uncle he was edu 
 cated till he was fifteen, but he never was at 
 college. In 1792 he commenced the practice of 
 law in Virginia. Marrying the daughter of Dr. 
 George Gilmer, he lived with him near Char- 
 lottesville, and here he was introduced to the ac 
 quaintance of Jefferson, Madison, and Monroe. 
 It is said he was reclaimed from dissipation by a 
 sermon of James Waddell. In 1802 he was ap 
 pointed chancellor and lived at Williamsburg ; 
 his second wife was a daughter of Col. Gamble. 
 He removed to Norfolk in 1803 ; to Richmond in 
 1806. As a lawyer he was distinguished at the 
 trial of Burr. In 1817 he was attorney-general 
 of the U. S. In 1830 he removed to Baltimore. 
 As a Christian he was exemplary and held in 
 respect. About 1802 he wrote the British spy, 
 in which he spoke of the blind preacher Wad- 
 dell ; it passed through ten editions. His old 
 bachelor was written in 1812; his life of Patrick 
 Henry in 1817. 
 
 WISE, JOHN, minister of Ipswich, now Essex, 
 Mass., died April 8, 1725, aged 73. He was the 
 son of Joseph W., of Roxbury ; was graduated 
 at Harvard college in 1673 ; and was soon or 
 dained at Chebacco in Ipswich. In 1688 he was 
 imprisoned by Andros for remonstrating against 
 the taxes as a grievance, because imposed without 
 an assembly. After the Revolution he brought 
 an action against Mr. Dudley, the chief justice, 
 for denying him the benefits of the habeas corpus 
 act. Being a chaplain in the unhappy expedi 
 tion against Canada in 1690, he distinguished 
 himself not only by the pious discharge of the 
 sacred office, but by his heroic spirit and martial 
 skill. When several ministers signed proposals 
 in 1705 for establishing associations, which 
 should be intrusted with spiritual power, he 
 exerted himself with effect to avert the danger 
 which threatened the Congregational churches. 
 In a book, which he wrote upon this occasion, 
 entitled the churches quarrel espoused, he exhib 
 ited no small share of the wit and satire of a 
 former minister of Ipswich, Mr. Ward. He con 
 tended that each church contains in itself all 
 ecclesiastical authority. In 1721, when the inoc 
 ulation for the small pox was first introduced, he 
 was one of those ministers who approved of it. 
 Mr. Stoddard of Northampton was another. He 
 was enriched with the excellences of nature and 
 
 WISTAR. 
 
 C7K 
 O ( tJ 
 
 religion, uniting a graceful form and majestic 
 aspect to a lively imagination and sound judg 
 ment, and to incorruptible integrity, unshaken 
 fortitude, liberal charity, and fervent piety. His 
 attachment to civil and religious liberty was zeal 
 ous and firm. He was a learned scholar and 
 eloquent orator. In his last sickness he expressed 
 a deep sense of his own unworthiness in the sight 
 of Heaven, and a conviction that he needed the 
 Divine mercy and was entirely dependent on the 
 free grace of God in Christ Jesus. He published 
 the churches quarrel espoused, 1710; and a vin 
 dication of the government of the New England 
 churches, about the year 1717 or 1718. It was 
 reprinted in 1772. lie contends that the eccle 
 siastical government, as established by Christ 
 and as existing in New England, was a democ 
 racy, and was best calculated for the advantage of 
 all. Sprague s Annals. 
 
 WISE, JEREMIAH, minister of Berwick, Me., 
 was graduated at Harvard college in 1700, and 
 was ordained successor of John Wade Nov. 26, 
 1707. He died in 1756. He was a man of emi 
 nent piety and goodness. He published a ser 
 mon on the death of Charles Frost, 1725 ; elec 
 tion sermon, 1729 ; a sermon at the ordination of 
 James Pike, 1730. 
 
 WISNER, BENJAMIN B.,D. D., died in Boston 
 of the scarlet fever Feb. 9, 1835, aged 40; min 
 ister of the old south church, one of the secreta 
 ries of the American board of missions. Born 
 in Goshen, N. Y., Sept. 29, 1794, his father, P. B. 
 Wisner, soon afterwards removed to Geneva, 
 where he was one of the first settlers and found 
 ers of the church. He graduated at Union col 
 lege in 1813, and was a tutor for several years, 
 lie studied theology at Princeton. His wife was 
 Sarah H.Johnson of Johnstown. He was ordained 
 Feb. 21, 1821. Ill health induced him to relin 
 quish the beloved work of the ministry for the 
 office of secretary in 1832. He died after a short 
 illness, in Christian peace and hope. A memoir 
 is inserted in the missionary herald for 1836. 
 He was a man of judgment, wisdom, and energy. 
 His successor was S. H. Stearns. His predeces 
 sors in the old south church were Thacher, Wil- 
 lard, Pemberton, Sewall, Prince, Gumming, 
 Blair, Bacon, Hunt, Eckley, and Huntington. 
 He published a sermon on the death of Mrs. 
 Phillips, 1823; of W. Phillips, 1827; before a for 
 eign missionary society ; review of Channing s 
 dedication sermon, 1826; to society for propa 
 gating the gospel ; history of the old south 
 church, 1830; on Sabbath schools; review of the 
 new divinity tried, 1832. Sprague s Annals. 
 
 WISTAR, CASPAR, M. D., a physician, died 
 Jan. 22, 1818, aged 56. He was a grandson of 
 Caspar W., who emigrated from Germany in 
 1717, and established a glass manufactory in New 
 Jersey. He was born in Philadelphia Sept. 13, 
 
876 
 
 WISTAR. 
 
 WITUERSPOON. 
 
 1761 ; his parents were Quakers. In Oct., 1783, 
 he went to England in order to complete his med 
 ical education. His father s death put him in pos 
 session of a fortune; yet was he not induced to 
 relax in his industry. He returned to Philadel 
 phia in Jan., 1787. In 1789 he was elected pro 
 fessor of chemistry in the college; and in 1808 
 he succeeded Shippen as professor of anatomy. 
 As a lecturer he was fluent and eloquent, and he 
 gave most ample instruction. As a physician he 
 was scrupulously attentive to his patients and em 
 inently skilful. lie died of a malignant fever. 
 Three children, by his second wife, Elizabeth 
 Mifliin, niece of Gov. M., survived him. He pub 
 lished a system of anatomy. Tilgliman s Eu- 
 loqy ; Thacher. 
 
 WISTAR, THOMAS, of Philadelphia, died in 
 1851, aged 88. He was a merchant, a man of 
 probity and benevolence. 
 
 WISWALL, ICHABOD, minister of Duxbury, 
 Mass., died it is thought about 1700. But little 
 is known of him. There is, however, a record of 
 one important public service. He went to Eng 
 land with the Massachusetts agents to assist in 
 procuring what was obtained, the charter of Mas 
 sachusetts Bay, uniting the colonies of Plymouth 
 and Massachusetts. He was pastor thirty years, 
 and was succeeded by J. Robinson from 1700 to 
 1737 ; subsequently by Veazie, Turner, Sanger, 
 and Allyn. His predecessors were W. Brewster, 
 R. Partridge, and J. Holmes. 
 
 WISWALL, JOHN, first minister of Falmouth, 
 Me., died in 1812, aged about 85. He graduated 
 at Harvard in 1749, and was pastor from 1756 to 
 1764. E. Williams and W. Miltimore succeeded 
 him. 
 
 WITHEREL, OBADIAH, died in Albion, Me., 
 in 1844, aged 98. Born in Pepperell, he served 
 in the whole Revolutionary war. One of the first 
 settlers of Norridgewock, he lived there more 
 than fifty years. 
 
 WITHERELL, or WETHERELL, WILLIAM, 
 first minister of the second church in Scituate, 
 died in 1684, aged 84. He was born in England ; 
 settled in 1645 ; and was succeeded by Mighill, 
 Lawson, Elles, Barnes, and Deane. 
 
 WITHERSPOON, JOHN, D. D., LL. D., pres 
 ident of the college of New Jersey, died Nov. 
 15, 1794, aged 72. He was born in Yester, near 
 Edinburgh, Feb. 5, 1722, and was lineally de 
 scended from John Knox. At the age of four 
 teen he entered the university of Edinburgh, 
 where he continued till he reached the age of 
 twenty one, when he was licensed to preach the 
 gospel. He was soon ordained at Beith, and 
 thence was translated to Paisley. Here he lived 
 in high reputation and great usefulness, until he 
 was called to the presidency of Princeton college. 
 So extensively was he known that he was invited 
 to Dundee, to Dublin, and Rotterdam. He 
 
 arrived with his family at Princeton, N. J., in 
 Aug., 1768, and took the charge of a seminary, 
 over which had presided Dickinson, Burr, Ed 
 wards, Davies, and Finley, men distinguished for 
 genius, learning, and piety. His name brought 
 a great accession of students to the college, and 
 by his exertions its funds were much augmented. 
 But the war of the American Revolution pros 
 trated every thing. While the academical shades 
 were deserted, and his functions as president were 
 suspended, he was introduced into a new field of 
 labor. As he became at once an American on his 
 landing in this country, the citizens of New Jer 
 sey, who knew his distinguished abilities, ap 
 pointed him a member of the convention which 
 formed the constitution of that State. Here he 
 appeared as profound a civilian as he had before 
 been known to be a philosopher and divine. 
 From the Revolutionary committees and conven 
 tions of the State he was sent, early in 1776, a 
 representative to the congress. He was during 
 seven years a member of that illustrious body, 
 and he was always collected, firm, and wise amidst 
 the embarrassing circumstances in which con 
 gress was placed. His name is affixed to the 
 declaration of independence. But, while he was 
 thus engaged in political affairs, he did not lay 
 aside his ministry. He gladly embraced every 
 opportunity of preaching, for his character as a 
 minister of the gospel he ever considered as his 
 highest honor. As soon as the state of the 
 country would permit, the college was reestab 
 lished, and its instruction was recommenced 
 under the immediate care of the vice-president, 
 Dr. Smith. After the termination of the strug 
 gle for American liberty, Dr. W. was induced 
 from his attachment to the college to cross the 
 ocean, that he might promote its benefit. After 
 his return, he entered into that retirement which 
 was dear to him, and his attention was principally 
 confined to the duties of his office as president, 
 and as a minister of the gospel. For more than 
 two years before his death he was afflicted with 
 the loss of sight; but during his blindness he 
 was frequently led into the pulpit, and he always 
 acquitted himself with his usual accuracy and 
 animation. At length he sunk under the pres 
 sure of his infirmities. He was succeeded by 
 Dr. Smith. He possessed a mass of information, 
 well selected and thoroughly digested. Scarcely 
 any man of the age had a more vigorous mind 
 or a more sound understanding. As president 
 of the college he rendered literary inquiries more 
 liberal, extensive, and profound, and was the 
 means of producing an important revolution in 
 the system of education. He extended the study 
 of mathematical science, and it is believed he was 
 the first man who taught in America the sub 
 stance of those doctrines of the philosophy of 
 j the mind, Avhich Dr. Reid afterwards developed 
 
WITIIERSPOON. 
 
 WOLCOTT. 
 
 877 
 
 with so much success. lie was very distinguished 
 as a preacher. He loved to dwell on the great 
 doctrines of Divine grace. Though he wrote his 
 sermons and committed them to memory, yet as 
 he was governed by the desire of doing good and 
 wished to bring his discourses to the level of 
 every understanding, he was not confined, when 
 addressing his hearers, within the boundaries of 
 what he had written. His life was upright and 
 holy. Besides the daily intercourse with Heaven 
 which he held in the closet, and occasional sea 
 sons of solemn recollection and devotion, he ob 
 served the last day of the year with his family as 
 a day of fasting, humiliation, and prayer. 
 
 His works are various, for he wrote on politi 
 cal, moral, literary, and religious subjects. No 
 one has more strikingly displayed the pernicious 
 effects of the stage ; and his treatises on the na 
 ture and necessity of regeneration, justification 
 by free grace through Jesus Christ, the impor 
 tance of truth in religion, or the connection 
 between sound principles and a holy practice, are 
 highly esteemed. Though a very serious writer, 
 he yet possessed a fund of refined humor and 
 delicate satire. In his ecclesiastical characteris 
 tics his wit was directed at certain corruptions in 
 principle and practice, prevalent in the church of 
 Scotland, and it is keen and cutting. He formed 
 a union of those who accorded with him, and 
 became at length their leader. His works were 
 published in 4 vols., with an account of his life by 
 Dr. Rodgers, 8vo., 1802. Ed wards Qu. Beg., 
 Nov., 1836. 
 
 WITIIERSPOON, JOHN R., M. D., died in 
 Greensborough, Ala., about 1850, aged about 
 75. He graduated at Princeton in 1794. He 
 published a description of a Latin bible of the 
 9th century, in his possession. 
 
 WITIIERSPOON, JOHN, D. D., died in Hills- 
 boro , N. C., Sept. 25, 1853, aged 61 ; a grandson 
 of President W. Born at Newbern, he gradu 
 ated at Chapel Hill ; he was at first a lawyer, 
 afterwards a minister at H., also at Camden and 
 Columbia, S. C. He was able and influential. 
 
 WITIIERSPOON, ALEXANDER, Dr., died at 
 Washington in 1854, aged 37. Educated medi 
 cally at New York, he was house surgeon in the 
 city hospital. At his decease he was a member 
 of the medical corps of the army. He contrib 
 uted papers to the medical journals. 
 
 WITHINGTON, LEMUEL, of Dorchester, died 
 Nov. 12, 1847, aged 90. He served his country 
 in Putman s regiment at the age of sixteen. In 
 his old age he was resigned, though twenty years 
 blind. A religious man, he died in peace, in the 
 hope of glory. 
 
 WOLCOTT, HENRY, the first ancestor in this 
 country of many distinguished men of the name 
 of Wolcott, died in AV^indsor, Conn., in 1655, 
 aged 77. lie came from Somersetshire, Eng 
 
 land, in 1630; settled at Dorchester; but in 
 1636 removed to Windsor, where he was a mag 
 istrate. Among his descendants may be reck 
 oned three governors of Connecticut. His stone 
 monument, of a handsome form, one of the oldest 
 in the State, was made by his son-in-law, a stone 
 cutter, Matthew Griswold, ancestor of the Gris- 
 wold family in Lyme. 
 
 WOLCOTT, ROGER, governor of Connecticut, 
 a descendant of Henry W., died May 17, 1767, 
 aged 88. He was born at Windsor Jan. 4, 1679. 
 His parents lived in a part of the country which 
 suffered much from the Indians, and in the town 
 there was neither a schoolmaster nor minister, so 
 that he was not a member of a common school 
 for a single day in his life. When he was twelve 
 years of age he was bound as an apprentice to a 
 mechanic. At the age of twenty-one, when the 
 laws permitted him to enjoy the fruits of his 
 labors, he established himself on the east side of 
 Connecticut river in the same town in which he 
 was born, where by the blessing of God upon his 
 industry and frugality he acquired what was con 
 sidered as a plentiful fortune. He is an eminent 
 proof of the power of talents and integrity, in a 
 free country, in raising one to distinction, notwith 
 standing the disadvantages of education and of 
 birth. He rose by degrees to the highest mili 
 tary and civil honors. In the expedition against 
 Canada in 1711 he was commissary of the Con 
 necticut forces, and at the capture of Louisburg 
 in 1745 he bore the commission of major-general. 
 He was successively a member of the assembly 
 and of the council, judge of the county court, 
 deputy governor, chief judge of the superior 
 court, and from 1751 to 1754, governor. In all 
 his exaltation above his neighbors he exhibited no 
 haughtiness of deportment, but was easy of 
 access, free and affable, of ready wit and great 
 humor. His literary attainments were such, that 
 in conversation with the learned upon most sub 
 jects he secured respect. He was much attached 
 to the peculiar doctrines of the gospel, and was 
 for many years a member of a Christian church. 
 From the year 1754, when his life was more 
 retired, he devoted himself particularly to read 
 ing, meditation, and prayer. He was very careful 
 in searching into himself, that he might perceive 
 his own character, and know whether he was 
 rescued from that depravity, to which previously 
 to the renewing agency of the Divine Spirit the 
 human mind is subjected, and whether he was 
 interested in the salvation of the gospel. In his 
 last moments he was supported by the hopes of 
 the Christian, and he entered into his rest. He 
 had eleven children. He published poetical med 
 itations, with a preface by Mr. Bulkley of Col 
 chester, 1725; a letter to Mr. Hobart in 1761, 
 entitled, the New English Congregational churches 
 are and always have been consociated churches, 
 
878 
 
 WOLCOTT. 
 
 WOLFE. 
 
 and their liberties greater and better founded in 
 their platform, agreed upon at Cambridge in 
 1648, than in the agreement at Saybrook in 1708. 
 A long poem, written by Gov. Wolcott, entitled, 
 a brief account of the agency of J. Winthrop in 
 the court of Charles II., in 1662, in procuring the 
 charter of Connecticut, is preserved in the collec 
 tions of the historical society. It describes with 
 considerable minuteness the Pequot war. His 
 vacant hours was published, 1724. Hist. Coll. 
 IV. 262-297. 
 
 WOLCOTT, ERASTUS, a judge of the superior 
 court of Connecticut, died in 1793, aged 70. 
 The son of the preceding, he was born about the 
 year 1723. In 1776 he commanded a regiment 
 of militia, and assisted in the investment of Bos 
 ton. He was appointed a brigadier-general in 
 1777, and went on an expedition to Peekskill. 
 He was repeatedly a member of congress. To 
 wards the close of his life he resigned his office 
 of judge. Integrity and patriotism were united 
 in his character with religion. He was a zealous 
 friend to republican principles, an able advocate 
 of the rights of his country. His last illness he 
 bore with a cheerful serenity and submission to 
 the will of God. A short religious tract, written 
 by him, was annexed to McClure s sermon on his 
 death. 
 
 WOLCOTT, ALEXANDER, Dr., died at Wind 
 sor, Conn., in 1795, aged 93. 
 
 WOLCOTT, OLIVER, LL. D., governor of 
 Connecticut, the son of Gov. Rcger W., died 
 Dec. 1, 1797, aged 71. He was born about the 
 year 1726, and graduated at Yale college in 1747. 
 He held a captain s commission in the war 
 with the French. Cn retiring from military ser 
 vice he studied physic; but his attention was 
 drawn from this profession by his appointment as 
 high sheriff of the county of Litchfield, which 
 office he sustained about fourteen years. He 
 was a member of the memorable congress which 
 agreed upon the declaration of independence in 
 1776, and he boldly advocated that measure. 
 Barlow, in his vision of Columbus, says : 
 
 " Bold Wolcott urg d the all important cause, 
 With steady hand the solemn scene he draws ; 
 Undaunted firmness with his wisdom join d, 
 Nor kings nor worlds could warp his steadfast mind." 
 
 He was chosen governor in 1796. Mr. Trumbull 
 succeeded him. Incorruptible integrity and un 
 shaken firmness were conspicuous traits in his 
 character. He was the friend of virtue and re 
 ligion. In his last sickness he expressed a deep 
 sense of his personal unworthiness and guilt. 
 
 WOLCOTT, WILLIAM, Dr., died at Windsor, 
 Conn., in 1825, aged 72 ; the son of William of 
 East Windsor. 
 
 WOLCOTT, OLIVER, governor of Connecticut 
 and circuit judge, died at New York June 1, 
 
 1833, aged 73. He was a native of Litchfield, 
 the son of Oliver W., who was also governor. 
 He graduated at Yale in 1778. Educated for 
 the bar, Washington appointed him auditor and 
 comptroller of the treasury. He succeeded Ham 
 ilton from 1795 to 1800 as secretary of the treas 
 ury, in which place he continued till the end of 
 J. Adams term of office. From 1800 to 1815 
 he was a merchant in New York. After the war 
 of 1812 with England, he was governor from 
 1817 to 1827; then he returned to New York to 
 be near his children. His wife was Elizabeth, 
 daughter of John Stoughton of Windsor. His 
 sister, Mary Anne, wife of Chauncey Goodrich, 
 was a very accomplished woman. Born in 1765, 
 in the war a leaden statue of George III. was 
 carried from New York to Litchfield and cast 
 into bullets, and she and other ladies formed 
 them into good patriotic cartridges. He was a 
 statesman, and was acquainted with literature, 
 and in his conversation was sagacious and witty, 
 and made keen observations on the world. His 
 correspondence in two volumes was published 
 by his grandson, Gibbs. GoodriclCs Recollec 
 tions. 
 
 WOLCOTT, FREDERIC, councillor and sena 
 tor in Connecticut, died at Litchfield in 1837, aged 
 70. The brother of Oliver, he graduated at 
 Yale in 1786. A man of talents and character, 
 he was forty-five years in office. 
 
 WOLCOTT, Mrs., wife of Samuel W., mis 
 sionary to Syria, died at Beirut Oct. 26, 1841, in 
 great peace. 
 
 WOLF, GEORGE, died at Philadelphia March 
 11, 1840, aged 63. He was governor, 1829- 
 1835; first comptroller of the United States, 
 1836; collector of Philadelphia and member of 
 congress, 1824-1829. 
 
 WOLFE, JAMES, a major-general in the Brit 
 ish army, was killed Sept. 13, 1759, aged 32. 
 lie was born inWesterham in Kent, Jan. 2, 1727. 
 He entered young into the army, and soon dis 
 tinguished himself as a brave and skilful officer. 
 After his return from the expedition against Lou- 
 isburg in 1758, he Avas immediately appointed 
 to the command of one of the expeditions des 
 tined against Canada in 1759. He arrived at the 
 Island of Orleans, in the neighborhood of Que 
 bec, late in June. On the last of July he at 
 tacked the French intrenchments at Montmo- 
 rency on the left bank of the St. Charles, but his 
 troops were thrown into disorder by the enemy s 
 fire, and he was compelled to give orders for re 
 turning to the island. He now determined to 
 effect a landing above the city, and by scaling a 
 precipice to gain the heights back of the town, 
 where it was but slightly fortified. He was fully 
 aware of the temerity of the enterprise, but re 
 solved to execute it. Sept. 13, an hour before 
 daybreak, he landed with a strong detachment 
 
WOLFE. 
 
 WOOD. 
 
 879 
 
 about a mile above cape Diamond. Ascending 
 the precipice by the aid of the rugged projec 
 tions of the rocks and the branches of trees and 
 plants growing on the cliffs, the van gained the 
 heights, and quickly dispersed a captain s guard 
 which had been intrusted with a four-gun bat 
 tery. The whole army was soon upon the heights 
 of Abraham. Montcalm now perceived that a 
 battle could no longer be avoided, and that the 
 fate of Quebec depended on the issue. He im 
 mediately crossed the St. Charles and marched 
 to attack the English army. In the beginning of 
 the action Wolfe received a ball in his wrist, but, 
 wrapping a handkerchief around his arm, he con 
 tinued to encourage his men. He soon received 
 a shot in the groin, which he also concealed. He 
 was advancing at the head of the grenadiers with 
 charged bayonets, when a third bullet pierced 
 his breast. Being conveyed into the rear, he 
 still discovered, in the agonies of death, the most 
 anxious solicitude concerning the fate of the day. 
 Asking an officer to support him while he viewed 
 the field : " Tell me, sir," said he, " do the enemy 
 give way there ? tell me, for I cannot see. 
 His sight was dimmed and confused, and almost 
 extinguished forever. Being told that the enemy 
 was visibly broken, he reclined his head from ex 
 treme faintness on the officer s arm ; but was 
 soon aroused by the cry of " They run, they run ! " 
 " Who run ? " exclaimed the hero. The officer 
 replied, " The French ; they are" beat, sir ; they 
 are flying before you." The general then said, 
 " I am satisfied, my boys ! " and almost instantly 
 expired. This death of the illustrious Wolfe, in 
 the thirty-third year of his age, combines every 
 circumstance to gratify the thirst for military 
 glory. If the creatures of God were allowed to 
 seek their own honor, and if men, destined for 
 immortality, would choose to place this honor 
 in having their names repeated and their hero 
 ism applauded by future and unknown genera 
 tions, perhaps no instance of a death more to -be 
 envied could be found in the annals of history. 
 The body of Wolfe was carried to England, and 
 a monument was erected to his memory in West 
 minster abbey. He was formed by nature for 
 military greatness. His apprehension w-as quick 
 and clear, his judgment sound, his courage dar 
 ing perhaps to an extreme. With a temper 
 lively and almost impetuous he was not subject 
 to passion, and with the greatest independence 
 he was free from pride. He was manly yet gen 
 tle, kind and conciliating in his manners. He 
 was not only just, but generous ; and he searched 
 out the objects of his charity and beneficence 
 among his needy officers. One of the most cel 
 ebrated of the paintings of Benjamin West is 
 that of the death of Gen. Wolfe. His life and 
 correspondence was published in London in 1827, 
 2 vols. 8vo. 
 
 WOMPATUCK, or WAMPATUCK, JOSIAH, 
 the sachem of Mattakeeset, now Pembroke, Mass., 
 received in 1652 fourteen pounds to extinguish 
 his title to the lands. The rights or claims of his 
 son, Josiah, were subsequently purchased in 1686. 
 
 AVOOD, WILLIAM, author of the earliest 
 printed account of Massachusetts, came to this 
 country in 1629, and, after a residence of about 
 four years, set sail for England Aug. 15, 1633. 
 Nothing further is known with certainty concern 
 ing him. He says, that in the town in which he 
 resided there were, in three years and a half, 
 only three deaths, and two of those were infants. 
 Mr. Lewis supposes that he lived in Lynn, and 
 was the William W. who was the representative* 
 in 1636, and in 1637 removed to Sandwich, where 
 he was town clerk. He published New England s 
 prospects, being a true, lively, and experimental 
 description of that part of America commonly 
 called New England ; London, 1634, 1635, and 
 1639 ; reprinted in Boston with an introductory 
 essay, 1764. This work is well written and very 
 amusing. It is surprising that it has not been 
 republished in the Massachusetts historical col 
 lections. The towns which he describes are 
 Wichaguscusset, Mount Wolleston, Dorchester, 
 Iloxbury, Boston, Charlestown, Medford, New 
 ton, Watertown, Mistick, Winnisimet, Saugus, 
 Salem, Marblehead, Agowamme, and Merrimack, 
 although in the two last places there were " scarce 
 any inhabitants." As to the peninsula of Bos 
 ton, he says that " a little fencing will secure their 
 cattle from the wolves ; " at the south side, at 
 one corner, was " a great broad hill," with a fort 
 upon it ; on the north side was an equal hill, hav 
 ing a windmill upon it ; and to the northwest 
 " a high mountain, with three little rising hills 
 on the top of it, wherefore it is called the Tra- 
 mount." This word now appears in the form of 
 Tremont. His specimen of the Massachusetts 
 Indian language is the earliest to be found, the 
 following are a few of the words : abamocho, the 
 devil; aunum, a dog; cowims, sleeps ; cossaquot, 
 bow and arrows ; cone, the sun ; coepot, ice ; 
 eat chumnis, Indian corn ; hoc, the body ; hub 
 hub hub, come come come ; matchet, it is naught ; 
 mattamoi, to die; matta, no; mawcus sinnus, 
 a pair of shoes ; maw paw, it snows ; matchet 
 wequon, very blunt; nuncompecs, a boy; nick- 
 squaw, a maid ; nippe, water ; nasampe, pottage ; 
 netop, a friend ; ottucke, a deer ; occone, a deer 
 skin; ottommaocke, tobacco; ontoquos, a wolf; 
 pow wow, a conjurer; pappouse, a child; picke, 
 a pipe ; papowne, winter ; pequas, a fox ; pesissu, 
 a little man ; sagamore, a king; sachem, a king; 
 sannup, a man ; squaw, a woman ; suckis suacke, 
 a clam ; sequan, the summer ; tokuche, a hatchet ; 
 wampompeage, Indian money ; winnet, very 
 good ; wigwam, a house ; wawpatucke, a goose ; 
 wompey, white ; squi, red ; as cos coi, green. 
 
880 
 
 WOOD. 
 
 WOOD, SAMUEL, Dr., was one of the first set 
 tlers of Danbury, Conn., about 1685. He was 
 born and educated in England, and was a regular 
 bred physician, able, skilful, and useful many 
 years in the town. 
 
 WOOD, JAMES, governor of Virginia, died at 
 Richmond in June, 1813. He was a distinguished 
 general officer in the Revolutionary army. He 
 was chosen governor in 1796, and was succeeded 
 by Mr. Monroe in 1799. 
 
 WOOD, JOHN, a native of Scotland, died in 
 May, 1822. In 1806 he edited a paper, the West 
 ern World, in Kentucky, and in 1817 a paper, the 
 Atlantic World, at Washington. In his last years 
 "he resided at Richmond, Va., and was employed 
 in drawing maps of the counties. He published 
 a history of Switzerland and of the Swiss revolu 
 tion ; history of the administration of J. Adams ; 
 a statement of the sources, etc. of the above, 1802 ; 
 exposition of the Clintonian faction, 1802; anew 
 theory of the diurnal motion of the earth, 1809. 
 
 WOOD, ABRAHAM, first minister of Chester 
 field, N. H., died in 1823, aged 75, in the fifty- 
 first year of his ministry. He graduated at Dart 
 mouth in 1767, and was ordained Dec. 31, 1772. 
 
 WOOD, ASAHEL, a Baptist minister, died at 
 Poultney, Vt., in 1824, aged 55 ; bequeathing his 
 property, after the death of his wife, to foreign 
 mission and educational societies. 
 
 WOOD, SAMUEL, D. D., died at Boscawen, 
 N. II., Dec. 24, 1836, aged 84. He was born in 
 Mansfield, Conn., but his father removed to Leb 
 anon, N. H. ; he graduated at Dartmouth in 1779, 
 and was ordained in 1781 at Boscawen. The 
 next year between thirty and forty heads of fami 
 lies were added to the church. No minister in 
 the State fitted so many young men for college, 
 being one hundred in number, of whom about 
 fifty became ministers of the gospel. By them 
 he was regarded with aifection and respect. His 
 charity was manifested in the aid of those who 
 needed his assistance. On the day before his 
 death he preached on " working while it is day." 
 His last words before his death were, " All is 
 well." He published a sermon at the ordination 
 of B. Wood ; a fast sermon, 1804. 
 
 WOOD, Lois, Mrs. , died at Leominster, Mass. 
 in 1836, aged 100 years and 6 months. 
 
 WOOD, Mrs., the wife of George Wood, mis 
 sionary, died-at Singapore March 8, 1839. Mr. 
 Orr made an address at her funeral. Her name 
 was Johnston, of Morristown, N. J. N. Y. Ob 
 server, Nov. 14, 1840. 
 
 WOOD, SYLVANUS, died in Woburn Aug. 
 
 1840, aged 93, a pensioner. In the battle of 
 
 Lexington he took the first prisoner of the war, 
 
 WOOD, JAMKS, a Methodist minister, died at 
 
 Kingwood, Va., in 1840, aged 89. 
 
 WOOD, STEPHEN, a soldier of the Revolution- 
 
 WOODBRIDGE. 
 
 ary war, who fought in various battles, died in 
 Salem, Mass., in 1841, aged 94. 
 
 WOOD, THOMAS II., minister of Halifax, Vt., 
 died in 1842, aged 69. Born in Norwich, Conn., 
 tie graduated at Williams college in 1799. 
 
 WOOD, STEPHEN, Dr., died in Miami, Ohio, 
 in 1844, aged 82. He was the last survivor of 
 the band of pioneers associated with John Cleves 
 Symmes in the settlement of North Bend in 
 1789. Probably no man had lived so long in 
 Ohio. 
 
 WOOD, JOEL, died at Fort Miller, N. Y., June 
 6, 1845, aged 48. He was fifteen years a mis 
 sionary among the Choctaw Indians, and one year 
 among the Tuscaroras. From ill health he left 
 the south, and for five years was the pastor of a 
 church at Fort Miller. N. T. Obs., July 12. 
 
 WOOD, SILAS, died at Huntington, L. L, 
 March 2, 1847, aged 78. He was a member of 
 congress, and the author of a history of Long 
 Island. 
 
 WOOD, BENJAMIN, died at Upton, Mass., April 
 24, 1849, aged 76. His parents removed from 
 Mansfield to Lebanon, N.H., where he was born ; 
 Dr. W. of Boscawen was his brother. A graduate 
 of Dartmouth in 1793, he studied with Emrnons, 
 and was ordained June 1, 1796. He knew eight 
 seasons of revival. His voice was fine ; he had 
 earnestness and unction, and was a popular and 
 successful preacher, of pathetic eloquence. He 
 published a sermon at Upton, 1796 ; on death 
 of Mrs. Ruggles ; to an education society; a 
 masonic address at Uxbridge, 1819 ; masonic at 
 Milford, 1820; masonic at Holden, 1825; on 
 baptism, 1823. Sprague s Annals. 
 
 WOOD, JOHN, a merchant, died in New York 
 in 1850, aged 60. He was a patron of many of 
 the philanthropic institutions of the city. 
 
 WOOD, LUKE, minister of Somers, Conn., 
 died in 1851, aged 74. 
 
 WOOD, SALLY S., died at Kennebunk, Me., 
 Jan. 6, 1855, aged 95. She was, perhaps, the first 
 authoress in Maine. Among the novels which 
 she published were Dorval, the speculator ; Ferdi 
 nand and Almira ; Amelia, or the influence of 
 virtue ; and tales of the night. 
 
 WOOD, JOSEPH, judge, died at New Haven 
 Nov. 13, 1856, aged 77. He was a graduate of 
 Yale in 1801. He formerly lived in Stamford. 
 Present at a weekly meeting of a few literary men 
 at the house of President Day, he spoke with 
 animation twenty minutes, when soon afterwards 
 he fell and instantly expired. His death was 
 caused by an ossification of the coronal artery of 
 the heart. 
 
 WOODBRIDGE, BENJAMIN, D. D., the first 
 graduate of Harvard college, died Nov. 1, 1684, 
 aged 60. The son of Rev. John W. of England, 
 he was born in 1622, and graduated in 1642. On 
 
WOODBRIDGE. 
 
 his return to England, he succeeded Dr. Twissat 
 Newbury, where he gained a high reputation as 
 a scholar, a preacher, a casuist, and a Christian. 
 After he was ejected in 1(562 he continued to 
 preach privately. He died at Inglefield in Berks. 
 His work on the justification of sinners, a volume 
 of 359 pages, is a well-written, valuable work, and 
 a rare book. The writer of this holds the only 
 copy he has ever heard of in this country. Dr. 
 Calamy says : " He was a universally accom 
 plished person ; one of a clear and strong reason, 
 and of an exact and profound judgment. His 
 learning was very considerable, and he was a 
 charming preacher, having a most commanding 
 voice and air. His temper was staid and cheer 
 ful, and his behavior very genteel and obliging." 
 He published a sermon on justification by faith, 
 1653 ; the method of grace in the justification 
 of sinners, 4to., 1656 ; church-members set in 
 joint, against lay preachers, 1656. He also pub 
 lished a work written by Mr. Noyes, entitled, 
 Moses and Aaron, or the rights of Church and 
 State, containing two disputations, 1661. 
 
 WOODB11IDGE, JOHN, first minister of Kil- 
 lingworth, Conn., died in Wethersfield, in 1690, 
 aged about 46. He was the son of Rev. John 
 W. of Andover, Mass. He graduated at Har 
 vard in 1664, and was pastor at K. from 1666 to 
 1679, and was succeeded by A. Pierson in 1684. 
 He was re-settled in Wethersfield as the succes 
 sor of J. Rowlandson in 1679, and was succeeded 
 by Mix, Lockwood, Marsh, Tenney ; the three 
 first ministers were II. Smith, Russell, and 
 Bulkley. 
 
 WOODBRIDGE, JOHN, first preacher of An 
 dover, Mass., died March 17, 1695, aged 81. He 
 was the son of Rev. John W.; was born in Stan- 
 ton, Wiltshire, England, in 1613; and, after 
 passing some time at Oxford, pursued his studies 
 in private. In 1634 he came to this country with 
 his uncle, Thomas Parker. He was ordained as 
 pastor at Rowley in 1645 ; but, upon the invita 
 tion of his friends in England, he returned to 
 them in 1647. Being ejected in 1662, he again 
 sought a retreat in America, and became an as 
 sistant to Mr. Parker of Newbury, and actec 
 with him in his controversy with his church 
 After his dismission on account of his views of 
 church discipline, he was a magistrate of the 
 colony. His successors at A. were Dane, Bar 
 nard, Symmes, Loring. In the second church 
 were Phillips, French, Edwards, Badger. Hii 
 wife was a daughter of Gov. T. Dudley. His son 
 Benjamin, minister of Bristol, and in 1688 oi 
 Kittery, who died at Medford Jan. 15, 1710 
 wrote the ingenious lines for the tomb of Mr 
 Cotton, found in Mather s Magnalia, III. 31. His- 
 son, John, the minister of Wethersfield, died ii 
 1690 ; and his descendants, ministers, were John 
 111 
 
 WOODBRIDGE. 
 
 881 
 
 )f West Springfield, who died in 1718, and 
 ohn of South Hadley,who died Sept. 10, 1783, 
 aged 79. The grandson of the last, making the 
 enth John W. of this family in the ministry, is 
 F. Woodbridge, D. D., of Hadley. Mather s 
 Mag. II. 219. 
 
 WOODBRIDGE, BENJAMIN, the first preacher 
 at Bristol, R. I., died at Medford in 1710. He 
 ivas the son of Rev. John W. After being for 
 bur years from 1680 at Bristol, he was succeeded 
 iv Samuel Lee; and in 1688 was a preacher at 
 vittery, Me. But it does not appear that he was 
 he settled minister in either town. His wife 
 was Mary, the daughter of Rev. John Ward. 
 He wrote an elegy on John Cotton, which is in 
 Mather s magnalia. 
 
 WOODBRIDGE, JonN, first minister of West 
 Springfield, died June 10, 1718, aged 40. The 
 on of Rev. John W. of Wethersfield, he gradu 
 ated in 1694, and was ordained in 1698. His 
 wife was a daughter of Rev. Joseph Eliot. His 
 son, John, was the minister of South Hadley ; 
 another son, Benjamin, was the minister of 
 Amity, now Woodbridge, in Connecticut, and 
 died much respected in 1785, aged 73, in the 
 forty-fourth year of his ministry. Two sons set 
 tled in Stockbridge. Holland s Hist, of West 
 ern Jfass. 
 
 WOODBRIDGE, BENJAMIN, the first misera 
 ble victim in New England to the rode of honor, 
 died in Boston, murdered in a duel, July 3, 1728, 
 aged 19. He was the son of Dudley W. His 
 grave-stone is in the Granary burying-ground. 
 Bridgman s Pilgrims of Boston. 
 
 WOODBRIDGE, TIMOTHY, minister of Hart 
 ford, Conn., died April 30, 1732, aged nearly 80. 
 The son of Rev. John W. of Andover, he was 
 graduated at Harvard college in 1675, and was 
 ordained Nov. 18, 1685. His predecessors were 
 Hooker, Stone, and Haynes ; his successors, 
 Wadsworth, Dorr, Strong, and Hawes. He in 
 troduced into Connecticut, in 1696, the practice of 
 baptizing the children of those who owned the 
 covenant without being received into full com 
 munion. He was tall and of a majestic aspect. 
 For his useful labors and Christian zeal and ex 
 emplary virtues, he was one of the most distin 
 guished men of his day. He published an election 
 sermon, 1727. He was no mean poet. To C. 
 Mather, on his magnalia, he wrote : 
 
 " Great your attempt. No doubt some sacred spy, 
 That liegcr in your sacred cell did lie, 
 Nurs d your first thoughts with gentle beams of light, 
 And taught your hands things past to bring to sight. 
 Thus led by secret, sweetest influence, 
 You make returns to God s good providence j 
 Recording how that mighty Hand was nigh 
 To trace out paths, not known to mortal eye, 
 To those brave men that to this land came o er, 
 And plac d them safc ou the Atlantic shore, 
 
882 
 
 WOODBRIDGE. 
 
 And gave them room to spread, and bless d their root, 
 Whence, hung with fruit, now many branches shoot." 
 
 WOODBRIDGE, SAMUEL, first minister o 
 East Hartford, Conn., died in 1746, aged G( 
 He had been forty-three years minister, and WE 
 succeeded by E. Williams. He graduated i 
 Harvard in 1801. 
 
 WOODBRIDGE, ASIIBEL, minister of Glai 
 tenbury, Conn., died in 1758, aged 53. He wa 
 graduated at Yale in 1724. He was a ver 
 humble, excellent, and pious man. 
 
 WOODBRIDGE, TIMOTHY, minister of Hat 
 field, Mass,, thirty years, died in 1770, aged 5 
 He was preceded by Atherton, Chauncy, an 
 Williams ; and succeeded by Lyman, Waterburj 
 and Pratt. 
 
 ^WOODBRIDGE, EPHRAIM, the minister o 
 New London, Conn., died in 1776, aged 30. Th 
 son of Rev. John of Wethersfield, he graduate) 
 at Yale in 1765. His predecessors were Blin 
 man, Bulkley, Bradstreet, Saltonstall, Adams 
 Byles. 
 
 WOODBRIDGE, JOHN, minister of South 
 Hartley, Mass., died in 1783, aged 80. Born in 
 West Springfield, the son of Rev. John W., h. 
 graduated at Yale in 1726. He was first settlec 
 as a minister in Poquonnuck, a village of Wind 
 sor, in 1729, and removed to South Hartley ir 
 1742. He was the ninth Rev. John W. who 
 were all related to each other as ancestor and 
 descendant. 
 
 WOODBRIDGE, BENJAMIN, the first minister 
 of Woodbridge, Conn., died in 1785, aged 65 or 
 75. He graduated at Yale in 1740 ; he was or 
 dained in 1742; and in 1783 had Mr. Ball for a 
 colleague. The town was named after him ; in 
 return for the honor he presented to the town 
 Whitby s commentary. The regicides Goffe and 
 Whalley had a lodge in this town, seven miles 
 from New Haven. 
 
 WOODBRIDGE, ENOCH, chief justice of Ver 
 mont, died at Vergennes in 1805. 
 
 WOODBRIDGE, RUGGLES, colonel, the son 
 of Rev. John W., died at South Hadley March 
 8, 1819, aged 80. He was a colonel in the Rev 
 olutionary army, and a physician ; no man in the 
 town had so great influence. For fifteen years 
 he was treasurer of the Hampshire missionary 
 society. He gloried in the cross of Christ. 
 Holland, n. 274. 
 
 WOODBRIDGE, SYLVESTER, Dr., died at 
 Southampton, Mass., in 1824, aged 70. He was 
 the son of Rev. John W. of South Hartley. He 
 probably studied his profession with a brother, 
 who was a physician. In consequence of a vote 
 of invitation from the town he settled in South 
 ampton, where he toiled skilfully and faithfully 
 during his life. He ever delighted in reading 
 new books and prosecuting his medical studies. 
 
 WOODBURY. 
 
 He was also an habitual student of the bible ; a 
 constant attendant on public worship ; zealous in 
 theological discussion. His general habits were 
 those of the Puritan stamp. Of his children, 
 Rev. John Woodbridge, ]). D., is the aged min 
 ister of Hartley; Mindwell, who died in 1837, 
 was the wife of Rev. Vinson Gould ; and Rev. 
 Sylvester Woodbridge, D. D., is a minister in the 
 city of New Orleans. B. B. Edwards Centen 
 nial Address. 
 
 WOODBRIDGE, WILLIAM, died in Franklin, 
 Conn, Feb. 27, 1836, aged 80. He was a grad 
 uate of Yale in 1780, was a preacher, and was an 
 honored teacher fifty years. He wrote for the 
 annals of education, published by his son, W. 
 C. W, and contributed to other papers. He 
 wrote the dead bird, published by the Sabbath 
 school union. 
 
 WOODBRIDGE, JOHN E, died in Youngs- 
 town, Ohio, Dec. 1, 1844, aged 67. His mother 
 was a daughter of President Edwards; his father 
 was Jahleel W. of Stockbridge. He was an early 
 settler of Y., and by his amiableness, urbanity, 
 integrity, love of order, and respect for religion, 
 was, like thousands of other excellent men of 
 like character, and placed in like circumstances, 
 a great benefactor of a new and prosperous 
 "own. 
 
 WOODBRIDGE, BENJAMIN R, second min 
 ster of Norwich, Mass., died at South Hadley in 
 1844, aged about 60. Born in S. II., he gradu 
 ated at Dartmouth in 1775, and was pastor from 
 1799 to 1831. S. Tracy was the first minister of 
 Norwich, born in Norwich, Conn. ; a graduate of 
 Princeton in 1770; settled from 1781 to 1799; 
 died in 1822, aged 73. Mr. W. died suddenly, 
 "ailing from his chair. On the previous day he 
 ittended the laying of the corner-stone of a new 
 meeting-house. 
 
 WOODBRIDGE, WILLIAM C, died in Bos 
 on Nov. 9, 1845, aged 50. After graduating at 
 if ale in 1811, he studied theology. He became 
 i teacher in the institution of Mr. Gallaudet for 
 he deaf and dumb at Hartford. From about 
 820 he spent six or seven years in Europe, col- 
 ecting materials for his geography. After his 
 eturn he devoted himself to the improvement 
 f education. He published the American an- 
 als of education ; various works on education 
 nd geography. N. Y. Observer, Dec. 6, 1845 ; 
 Goodrick s Recollections. 
 
 WOODBURY, ISRAEL, Dr, died at Beverly, 
 lass., in 1797, aged 63 ; an eminent physician. 
 WOODBURY, BENJAMIN, died in Ohio Dec. 
 9, 1845, aged 53. Born in New London, N. H., 
 raduated at Dartmouth in 1817, he taught an 
 cademy five years in New Jersey and New Or- 
 ans, where he caught the spirit of missions from 
 ylvester Lamed. He was the minister of Fal- 
 outh, Mass., from 1824 to 1833. In one revi- 
 
WOODBURY. 
 
 WOODS. 
 
 883 
 
 val there were five hundred converts. He formed 
 temperance societies throughout the county of 
 Barnstable. In 1 835 he removed to the Maumee 
 valley in Ohio, where he spent the rest of life in 
 most important labors, employed by the home 
 missionary society. He saw the moral wilder 
 ness blossom. His last words were: "The 
 Saviour is most precious." His predecessors 
 at Falmouth were J. Metcalf, J. Marshall, S. 
 Palmer, Z. Butler, I. Mann, II. Lincoln ; his suc 
 cessors, J. Bent and II. B. Hooker. 
 
 WOODBURY, LEVI, judge, died at Ports 
 mouth, X. II., Sept. 4, 1851, aged 61. Born in 
 Francestown, the son of Peter "W., a State sena 
 tor, he graduated at Dartmouth in 1809. In 1816 
 he was judge of the superior court ; governor in 
 1823 ; senator in 1825 ; secretary of the navy in 
 1831; and secretary of the treasury from 1834 
 to 1841, when he was re-elected to the senate. 
 In 1845 he was appointed, on the death of Judge 
 Story, a judge of the supreme court of the United 
 States. At the time of his death he was re 
 garded a prominent candidate of the democratic 
 party for the office of president. He was distin 
 guished for indefatigable industry and for the 
 able and faithful discharge of his public duties. 
 
 WOODFORD, THOMAS, was town-crier, Hart 
 ford, 1640, to receive two pence for the use of 
 his lungs at a public meeting. He was also bell- 
 ringer in 1640, for Hartford then had a bell, in 
 stead of a drum or a conch-shell, to summon to 
 meeting. He was also sexton. Thomas Wood- 
 ford was a citizen of Northampton in 1662 ; 
 whether T. W. of Hartford, or his son, is not 
 known. 
 
 WOODFORD, WILLIAM, general, a soldier of 
 the "Revolution, died in Virginia in 1792. He 
 had the rank of colonel, when he repulsed an 
 attack made on him by a party of royalists, near 
 Great Bridge, Williamsburg, Dec. 15, 1776. He 
 was behind a breast work ; it was " a Bunker Hill 
 affair in miniature." He served in New Jersey 
 in June, 1778, having then the rank of general. 
 
 WOODHOUSE, JAMES, M. D., professor of 
 chemistry in the college of Philadelphia, died 
 of the apoplexy June 4, 1809, aged 38. The 
 son of a bookseller, he was born in Philadelphia 
 Nov. 17, 1770. In 1791 he served as a surgeon 
 in the army of St. Clair. In 1795 he was cho 
 sen professor. For his improvement in science 
 he visited England and France in 1802. He 
 published an inaugural dissertation on the chem 
 ical and medical properties of the persimmon 
 tree, and the analysis of astringent vegetables, 
 1792 ; the young chemist s pocket companion, 
 1797; an answer to Dr. Priestley s considerations 
 on the doctrines of phlogiston and the decompo 
 sition of water; an edition of ChaptaPs chemis 
 try, with notes, 2 vols. 8vo., 1807. 
 
 WOODHULL, JOHN, D. D., died at Free 
 
 hold, N. J., in 1824, aged about 80 ; a venerable 
 pastor. He graduated at Princeton in 1766. 
 
 WOODHULL, GEORGE S., 1). D., died at 
 Middletown Point, N. J., Dec. 25, 1834, aged 60. 
 He graduated at Princeton in 1790, and was a 
 trustee of the college. 
 
 WOODHULL, JOHN, died at River Head, 
 N. Y., March 21, 1855, aged 100. Born in 
 Brookhaven, he was for fifty years a member and 
 officer of the church. 
 
 WOODMAN, JOSEPH, first minister of San- 
 bornton, N. II., died in 1807, aged 59. Born 
 in West Newbury, Mass., he graduated at Prince 
 ton in 1766, and was pastor from 1771 to 1807 ; 
 and was succeeded by A. Bodwell. 
 
 WOODRUFF, AARON D., attorney-general of 
 New Jersey, died in Sussex co., in 1817, aged 55. 
 
 WOODRUFF, HEZEKIAH N., minister of 
 Stonington, Co nn., died in the interior of New 
 York, in 1833, aged about 70. Born in Far- 
 mington, Conn., he graduated at Yale in 1784 ; 
 was pastor at Stonington from 1789 to 1803; 
 then was a preacher at Oncida in the State 
 of New York. He published a sermon at ordina 
 tion of Clark Brown ; of his brother, E. T. 
 Woodruff, at North Coventry, 1801. Sprayue a 
 Annals. 
 
 WOODRUFF, ARCHIBALD, captain, died at 
 Cincinnati in 1845, aged 72. Born in Elizabeth- 
 town, N. J., he was editor of a daily paper in 
 New York, and afterwards engaged in navigation. 
 He removed to C. in 1819. 
 
 WOODS, ABEL, a Baptist minister, died at 
 Hamilton, N. Y., Aug. 11, 1850, aged 85. 
 
 WOODS, LEONARD, D. D., professor of theol 
 ogy in the theological seminary at Andover, Mass., 
 died Aug. 24, 1854, aged 80. Born in Prince 
 ton, Mass., June 19, 1774, the son of Samuel, he 
 graduated at Harvard in 1796. After studying 
 theology a few months with Dr. Backus of Som- 
 ers, Conn., he was ordained as pastor of the church 
 in Newbury, Mass., Dec. 5, 1798, remaining there 
 nine years. He was installed professor of the 
 ology at Andover Sept. 28, 1808, and continued 
 in the office about thirty-eight years till 1846. 
 He died of an ossification of the heart. On the 
 night before his death, when a friend asked if he 
 should pray with him, he replied, " There is no 
 prayer that meets my case, but that of the publi 
 can, God be merciful to me, a sinner. " He had 
 instructed more than one thousand students in 
 theology. He was one of the founders of the 
 American tract society at Boston, in 1814, and 
 assisted in preparing its early publications ; he 
 promoted its union with other societies in the Amer 
 ican tract society in 1825. His last years were 
 spent in revising his lectures for publication, and 
 in writing a history of the theological seminary. 
 In regard to the important doctrine of the pre- 
 existent Sonship of Christ, the two professors at 
 
884 
 
 WOODS. 
 
 WOODS. 
 
 Andover, Woods and Stuart, seemed to hold 
 contradictory views. Prof. Stuart maintained 
 that Christ is not called the Son of God, except 
 in reference to the miraculous manner of his 
 earthly existence, but that he is called the Word 
 in reference to his pre-existent nature ; in fact, that 
 he is the Son of God only as a man. On the 
 other hand, Prof. Woods maintains that he was 
 the Son of God from eternity, not indeed literally 
 but metaphorically ; not because derived from 
 God, but because of his Divine dignity, and be 
 cause he " eternally stood in a personal rela 
 tion to the Father, which is represented to us 
 under the idea of the filial relation." " He called 
 himself the Son of God in such a sense as to 
 imply that he was God, one with the Father." 
 So that the constant distinction in Scripture be 
 tween the Father and his Son would seem to be 
 overlooked by this professor. The two professors, 
 although thus differing, agreed in the general 
 doctrine that Christ, whether called Son or Word, 
 #as eternally one of three equal persons making 
 up the one God. If, then, it should be asked, 
 what were his notions of the unity of God, Dr. 
 Woods reply is : " God is one. All divine attri 
 butes and acts belong to this one Being, Jeho 
 vah, and to him only." Yet he labors to prove 
 that the existence of three equal eternal persons 
 in the Godhead is not inconsistent with this 
 unity. There are two American books on which 
 he remarks, which are in opposition to his theory ; 
 one is the bible news by Dr. Noah Worcester, 
 and the other by a layman, a lawyer of New 
 York, George Griffin, the father of Fdmund D. 
 Griffin and the brother of Rev. Dr. Griffin, who 
 maintains that Christ in his Divine nature as the 
 Son of God was the real sufferer on the cross. 
 As to the doctrine of antiquity, in speaking of 
 Christ as " God of God," the meaning seems to 
 be, beyond all doubt, that the Son was derived 
 from God. So the creed of the English Episco 
 pal church says : " I believe in one Lord Jesus 
 Christ, the only begotten Son of God, begotten 
 of his Father before all worlds, God of God, light 
 of light, very God of very God, begotten not 
 made." So the venerated Ilichard Hooker of 
 the English church says : " The Father alone is 
 originally that Deity which Christ originally is 
 not ; for Christ is God by being of God." And 
 so the fathers in the early ages of the Christian 
 Church taught most clearly the derivation of the 
 Son of God. Thus Athanasius says of the 
 Father : " He only is unbegotten and he only is 
 the fountain of divinity ; therefore he is styled 
 the only God." So Hilary says : " He is the one 
 God, because he is self-existent God." And 
 Eusebius says, that " God alone is underived and 
 unbegotten, who hath his divinity of himself, 
 and is the cause of the Son s being." It is to be 
 considered by the inquirer after truth, whether 
 
 the doctrine of three equal, eternal, independent 
 persons, making up one God, is not an American 
 doctrine, the invention of our reasoners, who, 
 taking for granted that Christ is the infinite God, 
 felt constrained to deny that he could be begotten 
 or derived from God, the fountain of divinity. 
 After all, every man is bound to build his faith 
 upon holy Scripture, irrespective of old or new 
 creeds ; and he must judge whether or not the 
 bible teaches that the Son of God is a being de 
 rived from God. As Dr. W. believed that the 
 eternal, infinite Son could not suffer, the bearing 
 of this theoretical view on the doctrine of the 
 atonement, the first doctrine of importance, is 
 the next point of inquiry. If it be asked, how 
 is his doctrine different from that of the Socini- 
 ans, since they believe that only the man Christ 
 could suffer ? Dr. Woods replies : " We believe 
 that all the divine and human perfections which 
 the Scriptures ascribe to Christ constitute but 
 one person." " The value of any action or suf 
 fering in Christ must be according to the dignity 
 or excellence of his whole character," as it is 
 " attributable to his whole person." He therefore 
 regarded the suffering of Christ of as high value 
 in making an atonement, " as if it had been the 
 suffering of the Divinity." As to all similar state 
 ments, Dr. Noah Worcester replied to the sup 
 porters of them : " This person you call the Son 
 of God endured no share in the sufferings of the 
 cross ; the man only suffered and died. This 
 real sufferer had never enjoyed one moment of 
 pre-existent dignity or glory. But in my 
 scheme," Dr. Worcester continues, " the sufferer 
 is that glorious Son, by whom God created all 
 things in heaven and earth." Every reflecting 
 reader must feel impelled to study the Scriptures 
 earnestly, in order to discover which of these 
 doctrines or what other doctrine relating to the 
 atonement it has pleased God to reveal. The 
 authority of great names can settle nothing. 
 The creeds and confessions of contending sects, 
 churches, and councils can settle nothing. The 
 plain meaning of God s word is the sole inquiry. 
 But if the judgment of others is to weigh with 
 the earnest theological inquirer, he will have to 
 consider whether the earlier fathers of the three 
 first centuries do not teach the doctrine that 
 Christ was " the son of God, begotten before the 
 whole creation," yet capable of becoming and ac 
 tually becoming himself the sufferer on the cross. 
 He will have to judge whether Dr. Woods 
 scheme, or that which he opposes, is most con 
 sistent with the great, all-important doctrine of 
 atonement for sin by the blood of him who came 
 down from heaven for the express purpose of 
 being himself a sacrifice for sin. 
 
 WOODS, JOHN, died in Hamilton, Ohio, in 
 1855, aged 61. He was a lawyer, born in Penn 
 sylvania ; a member of congress from Ohio from 
 
WOODVILLE. 
 
 WOOLMAN. 
 
 885 
 
 1824 to 1828; then the publisher of the Hamil 
 ton Intelligencer. In 1845 he was chosen audi 
 tor of Oliio. 
 
 WOODVILLE, JOHN, an Episcopal minister, 
 died at St. Mark s parish, Va.,in 1834, aged 76. 
 
 WOODWARD, SAMUEL, minister of Weston, 
 Mass., died in 1782, aged 56. He was born at 
 Newton, the son of Ebenezer; he graduated at 
 Harvard in 1748, and was ordained in 1751. He 
 died beloved and lamented, lie published a 
 sermon at the ordination of J. Wheeler, 17GO ; 
 of John Marsh, 1774; at Lexington, 1779; on 
 the death of Cyrus Woodward, 1782. 
 
 WOODWARD, BKZALKKL, first professor of 
 mathematics at Dartmouth college, died Aug. 25, 
 1804, aged 59. He was born at Lebanon, Conn., 
 in 1745; graduated at Yale college in 1764; and 
 after being a preacher, was appointed in 1782 
 professor, in which capacity he was highly re 
 spected. His wife was a daughter of Dr. E. 
 Wheelock. His son, William H. W., chief jus 
 tice of the court of common pleas, died at Han 
 over Aug. 9, 1818, aged 44. His son, Henry W., 
 was a missionary at Ceylon. 
 
 WOODWARD, DAVID, colonel, died in Ran 
 dolph, Vt., in 1823, aged 97 ; an officer in the 
 old French war. 
 
 WOODWARD, SAMUEL, Baptist minister at 
 Brunswick, died in 1832, aged 83. 
 
 WOODWARD, HENRY, missionary at Cey 
 lon, died Aug. 3, 1834, aged 37. He was the 
 son of Prof. Beza W. of Hanover, and graduated 
 at Dartmouth in 1815, at Princeton seminary in 
 1818. lie embarked June 8, 1819, and spent 
 his life at Ceylon and on the continent in the 
 neighborhood. His wife, Lydia Middleton of 
 Crosswicks, N. J., died in 1825. His second wife 
 was Mrs. Frost, Clarissa Emerson of Chester, 
 N. II. 
 
 WOODWARD, JONATHAN, died at Dunsta- 
 ble, Mass., Dec. 24, 1840, aged 101 ; a Revolu 
 tionary pensioner. 
 
 WOODWARD, JAMES WHEELOCK, minister 
 of Norwich, Vt., died in 1847, aged about 70. 
 He was the son of Prof. Woodward, and gradu 
 ated at Dartmouth in 1798. He published a 
 sermon on the death of Eden Burroughs, D. D., 
 1814. 
 
 WOODWARD, THOMAS G., died in 1849, 
 aged 61 ; editor of the New Haven Daily Courier. 
 He had a fund of native humor. 
 
 WOODWARD, SAMUEL BAYARD, M. D., a 
 distinguished physician, died in Northampton, 
 Mass., Jan. 3, 1850, aged 63. He was for many 
 years the acceptable superintendent of the large 
 State lunatic asylum at Worcester. His earliest 
 known ancestor was Henry Woodward, who came 
 to Dorchester in 1638, and was an inhabitant of 
 Northampton in 1658, and died April 7, 1685. 
 He was born in Torringford, Conn., the son of 
 
 Dr. Samuel Woodward, an eminent physician in 
 extensive practice, who died in 1835, aged 84, 
 and who had four sons that were physicians : one 
 of whom, Elijah, was his own associate ; and two 
 others, Henry and Charles, settled in Middle- 
 town, of whom Charles still lives. Dr. W., be 
 fore he went to Worcester, was for years a phy 
 sician in Wethersfield, Conn., and a State 
 senator. lie was superintendent of the lunatic 
 hospital from Jan. 1, 1833, to July 1, 1846. He 
 immediately transplanted himself to a beautiful 
 residence in the town of the abode and the place 
 of the burial of his first ancestor, Henry. His 
 wife, married in 1815, who survives, was Maria, 
 daughter of Eleazer Porter of Hartford. Among 
 his children are his daughters Urania and Maria, 
 and his son, Dr. Rufus Woodward, who, after 
 studying his profession in Paris, has been for 
 some years in practice at Worcester. He pub 
 lished annual reports of the State lunatic asy 
 lum, and occasionally an article in the medical 
 journals, and two or three pamphlets on medical 
 etnd moral subjects. 
 
 WOODWORTH, SAMUEL, died in New York 
 Dec. 9, 1842, aged 57. Born in Weymouth, 
 Mass., about 1786, he was an apprentice to the 
 Centinel office of B. Russell, Boston ; afterwards 
 a printer in New Y T ork, where he died, a drunk 
 ard, an outcast, forsaken, with scarcely a friend 
 to follow him, the poor slave of his appetite, to 
 his grave. Yet what he might have done is 
 shown by his famous song of the old oaken 
 bucket, the chorus to which is : 
 
 " The old oaken bucket. 
 
 The iron-bound bucket, 
 
 The moss-eover d bucket, 
 
 That hung in the well." 
 
 Alas ! that the writer himself should prefer to 
 drink from a different spring. The first stanza 
 is this : 
 
 " How dear to this heart are the scenes of my childhood, 
 
 When fond recollection presents them to view! 
 The orchard, the meadow, the deep-tangled wild wood, 
 And every lov d spot v;hich my infancy knew." 
 
 The whole may be read in the New York Obser 
 ver of July 15, 1852. 
 
 WOOLEY, AARON K., judge, died at Lex 
 ington, Ky.,in 1849, aged 49. Born in Newark, 
 N. J., he settled in Kentucky in 1828, and was a 
 judge, and for ten years law professor in Tran 
 sylvania university. 
 
 WOOLIIOPTER, PHILIP D., a printer, died 
 at Savannah in 1818. He was for twenty years 
 one of the editors of the Columbian Museum. 
 
 WOOLMAN, JOHN, a writer against slavery, 
 died in England in 1772, aged 52. He was a 
 descendant of J. W., a settler of Burlington, 
 N. J., in 1680, and was born in 1720. He was a 
 preacher among the Quakers, and a coadjutor of 
 
886 
 
 WOOLSEY. 
 
 Anthony Benezet in his labors for the freedom of 
 the blacks. He was the grandson of Henry 
 Burr of New Jersey, who at his death in 1742 
 bequeathed liberty to all his slaves; supposed to 
 be the first instance of emancipation. Peter 
 "White, the son-in-law to Burr, also bequeathed 
 freedom to his slaves. These examples had their 
 influence on Woolman, who visited Maryland 
 about 1757 in order to discuss the affair of " slave- 
 keeping," and who wrote earnestly upon the sub 
 ject. On a visit to England he died. He was a 
 man of great industry, self-denial, and benevo 
 lence. His works were published, 1774; 5th 
 edit., Philadelphia, 1818. 
 
 WOOLSEY, MELANCTHON LLOYD, general, 
 a soldier of the Revolution, was born on Long 
 Island about 1757. He was afield officer at the 
 age of twenty-two, and rendered important ser 
 vices on the northern frontier. After the war he 
 resided at Plattsburg. "While on a journey to 
 visit his son, Com. W., at Sackett s Harbor, he 
 was taken sick, and died at Trenton, N. Y., June 
 29, 1819, aged 62. 
 
 WOOLSEY, MELANCTHON T., a captain in 
 the navy of the United States, died at Utica in 
 1838, aged 59 ; an officer much respected and 
 esteemed. 
 
 WOOLWORTH, AARON, D. D., minister of 
 Bridgehampton, L. I., was born in Longmeadow ; 
 graduated at Yale in 1784; was ordained in 1787 ; 
 and died April 2, 1821, aged 57. His wife was 
 a daughter of Rev. Dr. Buell ; he left five chil 
 dren. He was a distinguished and useful min 
 ister. AT. Y. Observer, Nov. 26, 1842. 
 
 WOOSAMEQUEN was one of the Indian 
 names of Massassoit. 
 
 WOOSTER, DAVID, major-general in the 
 Revolutionary war, died May 2, 1777, aged 66. 
 He was born at Stratford in 1711, and was grad 
 uated at Yale college in 1733. At the com 
 mencement of the war with Great Britain he was 
 appointed to the chief command of the troops in 
 the service of Connecticut, and made a brigadier- 
 general in the continental service ; but tins com 
 mission he afterwards resigned. In 1776 he was 
 appointed the first major-general of the militia 
 of his native State. While opposing a detach 
 ment of British troops, whose object was to de 
 stroy the public stores at Danbury, he was mor 
 tally wounded at Ridgefield April 27, 1777. 
 
 WOOSTER, BENJAMIN, minister of Fairfield, 
 Vt., died in 1840, aged 77. He graduated at 
 Yale in 1790; was settled as the minister of 
 Cornwall, Vt., in 1787, but was pastor only a few 
 years; in 1804 he was installed at Fairfield. He 
 commanded a company of volunteers about 1813 
 at the siege of Plattsburg, and remained four 
 years in the army. 
 
 WO-PEQUAND, or WO-PEQUOIT, was the 
 name of Sassacus father, the chief of the Indi- 
 
 WORCESTER. 
 
 ans living at the mouth of the Thames in Con 
 necticut. From him these Indians were called 
 Pequots or Pequods. The name is given by the 
 Dutch explorers of the country about 1614 as 
 Pequats. 
 
 WORCESTER, WILLIAM, the first minister of 
 Salisbury, Mass., died in 1662. He emigrated 
 with his family from Salisbury, England, about 
 1637. The church was formed in 1638. He was 
 succeeded by John Wheelwright, who was fol 
 lowed by J. Ailing, Caleb Gushing, E. Noyes. 
 His sons were Samuel, William, Timothy, and 
 Moses. Of these, Samuel of Bradford died in 
 1680, leaving a son, Francis, whose son was Fran 
 cis of Sandwich. Farmer. 
 
 WORCESTER, FRANCIS, minister of Sand 
 wich, Mass., died at Hollis, N. H., in 1783, aged 
 85. The son of Samuel, he was born in Brad 
 ford, Mass. Without a college education, he be 
 came pastor of the second church in Sandwich 
 from 1735 to 1745. He was a zealous friend of 
 the great revival of that period. Subsequently 
 he lived at Exeter, Plaistow, and Hollis. 
 
 WORCESTER, NOAH, a venerable citizen of 
 Hollis, N. H., the son of Rev. Francis W., died 
 in 1817, aged 81. He left a large family, of 
 which four sons were eminent ministers, Noah, 
 Leonard, Thomas, and Samuel. Farmer. 
 
 WORCESTER, SAMUEL, D.D., first secretary, 
 of the American board of commissioners for for 
 eign missions, died June 7, 1821, aged 50. He 
 was born in Ilollis, N. H., Nov. 1, 1771, a de 
 scendant in the sixth generation of William W. 
 He was graduated at Dartmouth college in 1795, 
 and ordained at Fitchburg, Mass., Sept. 27, 1797. 
 April 20, 1803, he was installed the pastor of the 
 Tabernacle Church in Salem. At the institution 
 of the foreign mission society in 1810, he was 
 chosen recording secretary, and upon him de 
 volved the chief care and labor of the society. 
 In 1817, when Mr. Cornelius was settled as his 
 colleague, he was allowed to devote three-quar 
 ters of his time to the missionary cause. In 
 1820, in a state of feeble health, he visited the 
 missionary stations at the south. From New 
 Orleans he proceeded to Mayhew, and thence, 
 May 25th, to Brainerd, a missionary station 
 among the Cherokees, dearer to him than any 
 city or mansion on the earth, where he died. His 
 body rests in the territory of the Cherokees. 
 The body of his nephew, Samuel A. Worcester, 
 for preaching the gospel to the same Indians in 
 disregard of the unconstitutional laws of Geor 
 gia, was shut up among convicts in the prison- 
 house of the Georgians, and there held, in defi 
 ance of the supreme court of the U. S. Dr. W. 
 was a bright example of pastoral faithfulness 
 and of habitual, fervent piety. During his min 
 istry in Salem, two hundred eighty-five were 
 added to the church. He attended more than 
 
WORCESTER. 
 
 WORCESTER. 
 
 887 
 
 eighty ecclesiastical councils. He was humble, 
 benevolent, and disinterested. He died a poor 
 man ; but he left his family what is more valua 
 ble than riches, the benefit of his eminently 
 holy character and of his instructions and pray 
 ers. Multitudes in this world of selfishness toil 
 only for themselves ; he toiled incessantly for the 
 good of others, and for the kingdom of Jesus 
 Christ. He was conspicuous for a cool, sound 
 judgment; was distinguished as a writer; and 
 enjoyed in a high degree the confidence of the 
 churches. His wisdom and talents are seen in 
 the ten first annual reports of the board, of 
 which he was the secretary. Mr. Evarts was his 
 first successor as secretary ; and then for a short 
 time Mr. Cornelius, his former colleague at Sa 
 lem. His wife was a daughter of Dr. Jonathan 
 Fox of Hollis. Of his children are Rev. Dr. 
 Samuel M. W. of Salem, and Jonathan Fox, a 
 teacher. He published sermons on future pun 
 ishment, 1800; two discourses on the perpetuity 
 of the covenant with Abraham, 8vo., 1805; let 
 ters to T. Baldwin, 1807 ; on the death of Elea 
 nor Emerson, 1808; of R. Anderson, 1814; be 
 fore the Mass, missionary society, 1809; God a 
 rewarder ; at the installation of E. D. Griffin, 
 1811; at the ordination of E. L. Parker, 1810; 
 of the missionaries, Newell, Judson, Nott, Hall, 
 and Rice, 1812; of six missionaries, 1815; of 
 W. Cogswell, 1815; fast sermons on the war, 
 1812; before the foreign mission society of Sa 
 lem, 1813 ; three separate letters to W. E. Chan- 
 ning, on Unitarianism, 1815 ; Christian psalmody, 
 1815 ; before the American education society, on 
 true liberality, at the first anniversary, 1816; the 
 drunkard a destroyer, 1817; ten reports of the 
 American foreign mission society, from 1811 to 
 1820; sermons, 8vo., 1823. Sprague s An 
 nals; Memoir by his son, S. M. W. 
 
 WORCESTER, THOMAS, minister of Salis 
 bury, N. II., died in 1831. He was the brother 
 of Samuel. His brother, Evarts, minister -of 
 Peacham, Vt., died in 1836, aged 29, having 
 been ordained at Littleton the same year. He 
 published a sermon at thanksgiving, 1795; on 
 death of J. Wardwell, 1814; on our Saviour s 
 divinity, 1810 ; on the testimony of the Son of 
 God, 1810 ; on the Divine Sonship of Christ, 
 1810; the glory of Christ, 1811; call for evi 
 dence as to Christ s being God ; examples of 
 faith and worship, 1814; ecclesiastical usurpa 
 tion, 1815; chain of argument as to trinity, 
 1817; letter to trinitarian brother, 1819. 
 
 WORCESTER, NOAH, D. D., died at Brigh 
 ton, Mass., Oct. 31, 1838, aged 79. He was the 
 founder of the Massachusetts peace society. He 
 was born at Hollis, N. II., Nov. 25, 1758 ; was 
 the brother of Rev. Samuel W., great-grandson 
 of Rev. Francis W., who was the great-grandson 
 of Rev. William W., the first minister of Salis 
 
 bury With no education except in a common 
 school, he was in early life several years in the 
 army. After his marriage he lived from 1779 to 
 1782 in Plymouth, N. II., and then removed to 
 Thornton, where he was a farmer and town clerk 
 and also taught school. In 1785 he published a 
 letter to J. Murray on his sermon on the origin 
 of evil. By advice of some ministers he studied 
 theology for a while, and was ordained at Thorn 
 ton in 1787. In 1810 he removed to Salisbury, 
 N. H., and thence in 1813 to Brighton. Mass., 
 where he edited the Christian disciple till 1819. 
 In 1815 he published a solemn review of the cus 
 tom of war. This led to the , formation of the 
 Massachusetts peace society, organized in Jan., 
 1816. As secretary, and as editor of the friend 
 of peace, he labored till he reached the age of 70. 
 Dr. Channing published a discourse on his char 
 acter, in which he says, after alluding to his 
 feebleness and sufferings and narrow circum 
 stances yet contented and cheerful, " On leaving 
 his house and turning my face towards the city, I 
 have said to myself, How much richer is this poor 
 man than the richest who dwell yonder?" The 
 peculiar doctrines which he advanced in his bible 
 news, published in 1810, were the following: 
 Jesus Christ, as he believed he found taught in the 
 Scriptures, was truly the Son of God, before the 
 creation of the world ; not created himself, as the 
 Arians maintain, but derived; divine in dignity 
 and various powers received from God, but capa 
 ble of suffering, if he chose to suffer; the ani 
 mating soul or spirit in the body of Christ, for he 
 tabernacled in the flesh and died in agony on the 
 cross, and the very being who came down from 
 heaven was the sufferer. The Holy Ghost, or 
 Holy Spirit, or Spirit of God does not mean a 
 person or being distinct from God, but God s 
 agency or sacred influence, bestowed in various 
 ways upon a world of dark-minded, perishing sin 
 ners, by which they are enlightened, regenerated, 
 and saved: the phrase he finds thus employed, 
 as he thinks, most plainly, more than two hun 
 dred times. He published a sermon at ordina 
 tion of T. Worcester, 1791 ; against the Baptist 
 theory, 1809; review of testimonies in favor of 
 the divinity of the Son of God, 1810; bible 
 news, 1810; address to Trinitarian clergy, 1814; 
 appeal to the candid, 1814 ; solemn review of the 
 custom of war, eighth edit., 1825. lie and 
 Thomas published a word in season, 1813. 
 
 WORCESTER, HENRY A., minister of a New 
 Jerusalem church in Portland, Me., died in 1840, 
 aged 38. He graduated at Yale in 1828, and 
 was highly esteemed. He published a small vol 
 ume of sermons. 
 
 WORCESTER, NOAH, M. D., died at Cincin 
 nati in 1847, aged 36; a professor in the West 
 ern Reserve college, and a physician in C. He 
 graduated at Harvard in 1832. 
 
888 
 
 WORCESTER. 
 
 WORCESTER, LEONARD, first minister of 
 Peacham, Vt., died in 1846, aged 79. He was the 
 son of Noah of Hollis, and was first an apprentice 
 to I. Thomas, printer, of Worcester ; then a jour 
 neyman ; then sole printer and partner as a pub 
 lisher and bookseller. He was a deacon in Mr. 
 Austin s church, and was brought into notice by 
 a reply to a sermon of Dr. Bancroft on the doc 
 trine of election. Studying theology while print 
 ing, he was settled at Peacham, and after more 
 than fifty years service had for a short time as a 
 colleague, D. Merrill, the author of the " Ox 
 sermon." After the publication of the bible news 
 by his brother Noah, he embraced his peculiar 
 doctrines, according to which he modified and 
 published the confession of his church. As to 
 the Son of God, his faith was that Christ was, in 
 his original nature and state, properly the Son of 
 God, derived from God, not created, by an eter 
 nal generation ; thus distinct from God, not prop 
 erly God, but Di^ie. The Spirit he regarded 
 not as a person distinct from God. He de 
 lighted especially in the doctrines of atonement 
 and of justification by faith. Four of his sons 
 were ministers, Samuel A., Evarts, Isaac 11., 
 and John II. He was the brother of Samuel 
 of Salem, and of Thomas, minister of Salisbury, 
 N. H., who died in 1831. He published an ora 
 tion on Washington s death, 1800 ; at ordination 
 of Gridley and Worcester as missionaries, 1825. 
 
 WORTH, W. J., general, died in Texas May 
 7, 1849, aged 55, a native of Hudson, N. Y. In 
 1812 he entered the army, and was distinguished 
 in battles in Canada. For some time he was su 
 perintendent of West Point. He had the chief 
 command in Florida in 1821. He won at Mon 
 terey the brevet of major-general, and fought in 
 various other battles, in some of which, it is 
 thought, he hazarded the lives of his men too 
 freely. But what is the life of his men to a 
 great soldier ? He was brave to a fault, chival 
 rous, of imposing presence, haughty, impetuous. 
 
 WORTHINGTOX, WILLIAM, minister of Say- 
 brook, Conn., died Nov. 16, 1756, aged 60. He 
 was the son of William of Hartford and Colches 
 ter, and grandson of Nicholas, the emigrant an 
 cestor of all who bear the name in this country, 
 who was wounded in the Cromwellian wars, and 
 emigrated about 1650, and settled in Ilatfield, 
 and thence removed to Hartford. A graduate of 
 Yale in 1716, he was ordained at Pochog, or that 
 part of S. which is now called Westbrook, in 
 1726. He was a man of great dignity and influ 
 ence, a persuasive and popular preacher and faith 
 ful pastor. His daughter, Temperance, married 
 Rev. Mr. Smith of Sharon, and was the mother 
 of Gov. J. C. Smith. She died at Albany in 
 1800, at the house of Judge Radcliff, her son-in- 
 law. Professor Fowler of Amherst is his de- 
 
 WORUMBO. 
 
 scendant. He published the election sermon, 
 1744. 
 
 WORTIIINGTON, JOHN, LL. D., colonel, an 
 eminent lawyer, died at Springfield, Mass., in 
 April, 1800, aged 81. He was graduated-at Yale 
 college in 1740. In 1774 he was a member of 
 the legislature of Massachusetts, and opposed the 
 measures of the friends of liberty. His name 
 was in the same year included in the list of the 
 mandamus councillors, but he declined the ap 
 pointment. Mr. David Ames married his 
 daughter. Holland, II. 135. 
 
 WORTIIINGTON, PETER, an African, died in 
 Baltimore in 1833, aged 110. 
 
 WORTIIINGTON, GEORGE, Dr., died at 
 Georgetown, D. C., in 1836, aged 77 ; a man 
 highly respected. 
 
 WORTIIINGTON, WILLIAM, died at Cincin 
 nati June 5, 1846, aged 98: he served the seven 
 years of the Revolutionary Avar. 
 
 WORTMAN, TUNIS, died at New York in 
 1822. He published an oration on the influence 
 of social institutions on morals and happiness, 
 1796; a treatise on the liberty of the press, 1800. 
 
 WORUMBO, or WARRUMBEE, sachem of the 
 Ameriscoggan Indians, had a fort on the Ameris- 
 coggan, or, as it is now called, Androscoggan 
 river; which, in his absence, was captured by 
 Church in 1690. About the 9th or 10th of Sept., 
 Maj. Church sailed from Portsmouth with three 
 hundred soldiers. In a few days he arrived at 
 Maquoit, and proceeded to Pejepscott fort in 
 Brunswick, and thence marched up the river 
 about forty miles, according to Mather, and Sun 
 day, Sept. 14, captured the Indian fort, making 
 prisoners of one man and the wives and children 
 of Worumbo and Hawkins. The prisoners were 
 afterwards released at Wells, on the appearance 
 of the chiefs with a flag of truce and their en 
 gagement to live in peace, with the delivery of 
 many prisoners. From Church s account of the 
 expedition, it is uncertain whether the Indian 
 fort was at Lewiston, Jay, or Rumford, at each 
 of which places are falls, at the distances of 
 twenty, forty-five, and sixty miles from Pejep 
 scott. He says that the Indians ran down from 
 the fort to the river, and ran in under the sheet 
 of water at the falls. At Rumford upper falls, 
 for there are three pitches, the water shoots 
 over in a manner which would allow of passing 
 under it. The falls, three miles below Jay point, 
 called Rockamecko, do not answer this descrip 
 tion, nor do those at Lewiston. Yet the distance 
 of sixty miles seems a long march with three 
 hundred men into the wilderness. With boats 
 or canoes he could not have been supplied. July 
 7, 1684, Warrumbee, with five other sagamores, 
 namely, Darumkine, Wihikermett, Wedpn Dom- 
 hegon, Nehonongassett, and Numbanewett, gave 
 
WORUMBO. 
 
 WRIGHT. 
 
 889 
 
 a deed of land to Richard Wharton of Boston, 
 which was the foundation of the claim of the 
 Pejepscott proprietors. The contract was made 
 at Pejepscott or Pejepscook, as the Indians 
 called the falls at Brunswick, and the territory 
 granted was to extend from five miles above " the 
 upper part of the Androscoggan uppermost falls" 
 in a northeast line to the Kennebec, and four 
 miles westward of the falls, and thence " down to 
 Maquoit." The point of legal controversy was 
 what was intended by the " uppermost falls " of 
 Androscoggan. The court has settled, that it 
 means Lewiston falls, twenty miles above Bruns 
 wick ; yet, from reading Warrumbee fl deed, the 
 first book of records of the Pejepscott proprie 
 tors, and other papers, it seems clear that Bruns 
 wick upper falls were intended. A northeast 
 line from Lewiston would strike the Kennebec at 
 Xorridgewock or Waterville, and confer an im 
 mense territory, to which these Indians had no 
 pretensions, and interfere with the Kennebec 
 company. Besides, the falls at Lewiston are the 
 middle falls of the river, and those at Rumford, 
 forty miles distant, are the uppermost. In one 
 place the deed speaks of " the uppermost part of 
 Androscoggan falls," as though the falls extended 
 same distance in the river, which is not the case 
 with the single fall at Lewiston, but which an 
 swers to the three falls of Brunswick, separated 
 many rods from each other. This deed professes 
 to confirm a previous grant of land, with the 
 same western boundary, to Thomas Purchase, 
 and iiis house is described as being near the cen 
 tre of the territory; as he lived between Bruns 
 wick and Bath, his house would be far from the 
 centre, if the line was four miles west of Lewis- 
 ton. The deposition of Peripole, an Indian, in 
 1793, that the river at Brunswick and for some 
 miles above was called by the Indians Pejepscook, 
 and not Androscoggan, is confuted by a deed in 
 1639 of T. Purchase, whose land is described 
 as lying " at Pejepscott upon both sides -of 
 the river of Androscoggan," and by a deed of 
 J. Blaney in 1683, whose lands are described as 
 lying between " the river of Kennebec, Ambros- 
 ccggan, and Casco bay." The proprietors in 1715 
 describe Brunswick as on the Androscoggan 
 river. Tho. Johnson s old map, founded on pre 
 vious surveys and on a plan in 1719 made by Jos. 
 Heath, a surveyor of the Pejepscott company, 
 five years only after their purchase, exhibits dis 
 tinctly by a double line their western boundary, 
 four miles from Brunswick falls. On the whole 
 it seems evident, that Warrumbee intended 
 Brunswick falls as one of the boundaries in his 
 deed. But even the poor remnant of his tribe 
 have disappeared from Rocamecko point in Jay 
 and from Pennicook in Rumford, and their whole 
 territory has fallen into the hands of the whites. 
 112 
 
 Is there not a debt of justice due to the few 
 Indians who yet remain in the United States? 
 
 WRAGG, WILLIAM, a lawyer of S. Carolina, 
 died in Sept., 1777. He was born in 1714, and 
 was educated and studied law in England. After 
 his return to this country he was for many years 
 a member of the assembly, and in 1753 a mem 
 ber of the council. He declined in 1769 the 
 appointment of chief justice for a most honora 
 ble reason, to prevent a suspicion that his politi 
 cal course was influenced by the hope of office. 
 In the Revolution his sense of duty restrained 
 him from espousing the cause of independence. 
 Leaving his country, he embarked for England, 
 and was shipwrecked on the coast of Holland, 
 and lost; his infant son was saved. A monu 
 ment to his memory in Westminster abbey ex 
 hibits the melancholy scene of his last moments. 
 He was a man of talents, and eloquence, and 
 many virtues. He published reasons for not 
 concurring in the non-importation resolution, 
 1769. 
 
 WRANGMAN, JOIIN, died at Peru, N. J., 
 in 1835, aged 102. 
 
 WRIGHT, MEHITABEL, a distinguished artist, 
 died in London in Feb., 1786, at an advanced 
 age. She early discovered a singular talent in the 
 moulding of figures in wax. On the death of 
 her husband, an aged Quaker of Philadelphia, 
 she repaired with her family about the year 1772 
 to London, where she acquired great celebrity 
 for her plastic skill. Her numerous busts, among 
 which were those of the king and queen, Chat 
 ham, Barre, and Wilkes, and her Indian family, 
 and story of queen Esther, were deemed very 
 fine. Her society was sought for her uncommon 
 powers in intellect and conversation. Her pat 
 riotism was unshaken. It is supposed that she 
 communicated to Dr. Franklin much political 
 information, derived from sources to which few 
 could have access. 
 
 WRIGHT, JOB, second minister of Bernards- 
 ton, Mass., died in 1822, aged 85. Born in East 
 Hampton, he graduated at Yale in 1757, and 
 was pastor from 1761 to 1782, when he was dis 
 missed on account of the poverty of the people. 
 J. Norton was the first minister. 
 
 WRIGHT, NATHANIEL H., a poet, was born 
 in Concord, Mass., in 1787, and educated as a 
 printer in Boston, where he edited the Kaleido 
 scope, and died May 13, 1824, aged 37. He 
 published the fall of Palmyra, a poem ; Boston, 
 or a touch at the times, a small pamphlet. 
 
 WRIGHT, ISAAC, died in New York in 1832. 
 He and his son-in-law, Francis Thompson, cre 
 ated the first establishment of the very impor 
 tant packet system from New York to Europe. 
 He was a man of probity and philanthropy, a 
 member of the society of Friends. 
 
890 
 
 WRIGHT. 
 
 WYLIE. 
 
 WRIGHT, HENRY, D. D., died at Bristol, 
 R. I., in Aug., 1837, aged 85 ; a graduate of 
 Harvard in 1782. 
 
 WRIGHT, CHESTER, minister of Montpelier, 
 Vt., died April 16, 1840, aged 63. Born in Han 
 over, N. H., he was a farmer ; at the age of 
 twenty-one a Christian convert, he resolved to 
 preach ; and was graduated at Middlebury in 
 1806, and settled the first pastor of Montpelier 
 from 1809 to 1830. In twenty years the church 
 increased from seventeen to more than four hun 
 dred members. In 1836 he was installed in Hard- 
 wick, Vt., remaining pastor till his death at M. 
 He was highly respected and remarkably useful 
 as a minister. He published an arithmetic and 
 several sermons. 
 
 WRIGHT, JAMES, colonel, died in Duplin co., 
 N. C., in 1840, aged 84 ; a soldier of the Revo 
 lution, a venerable citizen. 
 
 WRIGHT, BENJAMIN, died in New York Aug. 
 24, 1842, aged 72. Born in Wethersfield, he 
 removed in early life to Fort Stanwix. He edu 
 cated himself as a surveyor. A member of the 
 canal board in 1816, he became a director and a 
 chief constructor of the Erie canal ; he was after 
 wards consulted in regard to a multitude of canals 
 and railroads. No individual did more for inter 
 nal improvements. He was also a man of ac 
 knowledged probity. 
 
 WRIGHT, JUDAH, blind from infancy, died 
 in Holden, Mass., in 1844, aged 70. He was a 
 scholar, a reasoner, a philosopher, and a Chris 
 tian. His knowledge of history was extensive 
 and exact. Yet he was poor, and lived by man 
 ual labor and by charity. 
 
 WRIGHT, ELIZUR, died in Tallmadge, Ohio, 
 Dec. 15, 1845, aged 83. A graduate of Yale in 
 1781, he devoted himself to agriculture. In 1810 
 he emigrated to Ohio with a large family. Much 
 of his time was given to scientific studies : some 
 of his mathematical papers are in the American 
 journal of science. 
 
 WRIGHT, SILAS, governor, died at Canton, 
 N. Y., Aug. 27, 1847, aged 52. He was born in 
 Amherst, Mass., May 24, 1795, being a descend 
 ant of Samuel Wright of Northampton, who 
 died in 1665. In childhood he lived at Wcy- 
 bridge, Vt. ; and was graduated at Middlebury in 
 1815. He settled as a lawyer at Canton. His 
 various offices were those of a State senator ; a 
 member of congress in 1826 ; comptroller ; a 
 senator of the U. S. in 1833 and 1837, and 1843; 
 and governor in 1844. He had many friends, 
 who regarded him as a candidate for the high 
 station of president of the U. S. But he was 
 suddenly smitten down in his strength, showing 
 the vanity of earthly hopes and prospects. 
 Holland s Hist. n. 171. 
 
 WRIGHT, ROYAL N., a home missionary, died 
 at Belvidere, 111., in Oct., 1849. A native of 
 
 Hanover, N. H., he graduated at Dartmouth in 
 1837 : he attended the meeting of the American 
 board at Pittsficld just before his death. 
 
 WRIGHT, THEODORE S., pastor of the first 
 colored church in New York city, died March 25, 
 1847, aged 49. 
 
 WRIGHT, EUNICE, widow of Moses W. of 
 Northampton, Mass., died in 1851, aged 98. 
 
 WRIGHT, FANNY D ARUSMONT, died at Cin 
 cinnati Dec. 14, 1852, aged 57. If her name 
 shall be remembered, it will be as that of a 
 woman who was an enemy of God s pure and 
 heavenly truth. She published fables and tracts ; 
 also, lectures complete, 1836. 
 
 WRIGHT, ALFRED, missionary among the 
 Choctaws, died at Wheelock March 31, 1853, 
 aged 65. Born in Columbia, Conn., he gradu 
 ated at Williams college in 1812, at Andover 
 seminary in 1814; he went on his mission to 
 Mayhew in 1821, to Wheelock in 1832. His 
 wife was Harriet Bunce of Charleston, S. C. He 
 had labored more than thirty years among the 
 Indians, and was eminently useful. It was his 
 wish to finish the translation of the bible on 
 which he had long toiled. His industry was 
 incessant, rising at five o clock for his work. His 
 end was peaceful, triumphant. Since the church 
 was founded in 1832, five hundred seventy-seven 
 persons were admitted. 
 
 WRIGHT, HULDAH, died at Chicago in 1854, 
 aged 67. The daughter of Stephen Dewey of 
 Sheffield, Mass., she married, in 1812, Jonathan 
 Wright, who removed to Chicago in 1834, and 
 was ruling elder in the first church till his death 
 in 1840. In 1842 she united with the second 
 church. Her life was a life of devotion and faith, 
 of charity and good works ; her end was peace, 
 amid the tears of those who reverenced and loved 
 a woman of great excellence. 
 
 AVRIGHT, JOHN, one of the first preachers of 
 the gospel in Ohio, died in Delphi Aug. 31, 1854, 
 aged 78. He was licensed to preach in 1802. 
 
 WYCOFF, HENRY J., an eminent merchant 
 of New Jersey, died in 1839, aged 72 ; a zealous 
 friend of benevolent institutions. 
 
 WYLIE, ANDREW, D. D., died in Blooming- 
 ton, Ind., Nov. 11, 1851, aged 62. He had been 
 president of Jefferson college, also of Washing 
 ton college, and for the last twenty-three years 
 president of Indiana State university at Bloom- 
 ington. He had done much for good morals and 
 sound learning. 
 
 WYLIE, SAMUEL BROWN, D.D., died at Phil 
 adelphia Oct. 14, 1852, aged 80; for fifty-three 
 years pastor of the first Reformed church. He 
 had been professor of ancient languages in the 
 university of Pennsylvania. He was eminent in 
 oriental, classical, and general literature, a good 
 teacher, a learned theologian, a philanthropist, 
 and true Christian. 
 
WYLLIS. 
 
 WYTHE. 
 
 891 
 
 WYLLIS, GEORGE, governor of Connecticut 
 in 1642, came from England to Hartford in 1638, 
 and died in March, 1644. He was the son of 
 llichard of Fenny-Compton in Warwickshire. 
 He was eminently pious, and, from regard to the 
 purity of divine worship, left a fine estate in the 
 county of Warwick and encountered the hard 
 ships of the wilderness. His descendants are 
 distinguished in the civil history of Connecticut. 
 His son, Samuel, died May 30, 1709 ; the charter 
 in the time of Andros was concealed in a hollow 
 oak, standing until August, 1856, called "char 
 ter oak." Hezekiah, the son of Samuel, was sec 
 retary, and died in 1734. George, the son of 
 Ilezekiah, died April 24, 1796, aged 85, being 
 annually chosen secretary sixty-one years till his 
 death. Samuel, the son of George, died June 9, 
 1823, aged 85. He also was secretary from 1796 
 to 1809, the family holding the office ninety- 
 eight successive years. He was, besides, in the 
 rank of colonel, a soldier of the Revolution, and 
 major-general of the militia. Col. Hezekiah W. 
 died in April, 1827, aged 80. 
 
 WYLLIS, HEZEKIAH, colonel, died at Hart 
 ford in 1827, aged 80. He graduated at Yale in 
 1765. He was the last of the family of George 
 W., who died aged 86, and three of whose sons, 
 near 1817, died aged 80 or upwards. 
 
 WYLLY, RICHARD, colonel, an old Revolu 
 tionary officer, died at Savannah in 1801. 
 
 WYLLYS, SAMUEL, general, a patriot of the 
 Revolution, died at Hartford, Conn., in 1823, 
 aged 84. The son of George W., he was born 
 Jan. 15, 1739; graduated at Yale college in 
 1758; and in 1775 was appointed lieutenant-col 
 onel in Spencer s regiment. In Jan., 1775, con 
 gress appointed him colonel of a regiment in the 
 Connecticut line, in which capacity he served dur 
 ing the war. He was afterwards major-general 
 of the militia. In May, 1796, he succeeded his 
 father as the secretary of State, in which office 
 he continued till 1809, when in consequence of 
 a paralytic affection he resigned. For ninety- 
 eight years he and his father and grandfather 
 held the office of secretary, and that in a repub 
 lic where the elections were annual. He was of 
 the tenth generation from Richard W. of Napton, 
 in the reign of Henry VIII. 
 
 WYMAN, RUFUS, M. D., died in 1842 at Rox- 
 bury, aged 64. A graduate of Harvard in 1799, 
 he was long superintendent of the M Lean asy 
 lum for the insane in Somerville. 
 
 WYMAN, ROBERT, missionary at Ceylon, died 
 at sea Jan. 13, 1845, aged 30. Born in Cumber 
 land, Me., he graduated at Bowdoin college in 
 1836, and, after studying theology, embarked for 
 Ceylon in Oct., 1841. He was a teacher in Bat- 
 ticotta seminary. Ill health compelled him to 
 undertake a voyage to the United States, Dec. 27, 
 
 1844. He was buried in the deep. His widow 
 arrived at Boston May 4. 
 
 WYMAN, THOMAS W., a captain in the U. S. 
 navy, died in Florence, Italy, in 1854, aged about 
 64. He entered the navy in 1810 ; was made 
 captain in 1842 ; was faithful in the discharge of 
 his duties and was highly esteemed. 
 
 WYNKOOP, PETER S., died in Hudson Nov. 
 1, 1848, aged 62 ; pastor at Blooming Grove. 
 He was first settled at Madison, then at Hyde 
 Park ; and was a faithful minister. N. Y. Ob 
 server, Nov. 18. 
 
 WYNNE, J. H., published a general history 
 of the British empire in America, two vols. 8vo., 
 1770. 
 
 WYTHE, GEORGE, chancellor of Virginia, and 
 a distinguished friend of his country, died June 
 8, 1806, aged 80. He was born in the county 
 of Elizabeth city in 1725. His father was a re 
 spectable farmer, and his mother was a woman 
 of uncommon knowledge and strength of mind. 
 She taught the Latin language, with which she 
 was intimately acquainted, and which she spoke 
 fluently, to her son ; but his education was in 
 other respects very much neglected. His parents 
 having died before he attained the age of twenty- 
 one years, like many unthinking youths he com 
 menced a career of dissipation and intemperance, 
 and did not disengage himself from it before he 
 reached the age of thirty. He then bitterly 
 lamented the loss of those nine years of his life, 
 and of the learning which, during that period, 
 he might have acquired. But never did any man 
 more effectually redeem his time. From the 
 moment when he resolved on reformation, he 
 devoted himself most intensely to his studies. 
 Without the assistance of any instructor he ac 
 quired an accurate knowledge of the Greek, and 
 he read the best authors in that as well as in the 
 Latin language. He made himself also a pro 
 found lawyer, becoming perfectly versed in the 
 civil and common law, and in the statutes of 
 Great Britain and Virginia. The wild and 
 thoughtless youth was now converted into a 
 sedate and prudent man, delighting entirely in 
 literary pursuits. When the time arrived which 
 Heaven had destined for the separation of the 
 wide, confederated republic of America from the 
 dominion of Great Britain, he was one of the 
 instruments in the hand of Providence for accom 
 plishing that great work. He took a decided 
 part in the very first movements of opposition. 
 Not content merely to fall in with the wishes of 
 his fellow-citizens, he assisted in persuading them 
 not to submit to British tyranny. With his, pupil 
 and friend, Thomas Jefferson, he roused the 
 people to resistance. As the controversy grew 
 warm, his zeal became proportionably fervent. 
 Before the war commenced, he was elected a 
 
892 
 
 WYTHE. 
 
 YALE. 
 
 member of the Virginia assembly. After having 
 been for some time speaker of the house of bur 
 gesses, he was sent by the members of that body 
 as one of their delegates to the congress, which 
 assembled May 18, 1775, and did not separate 
 until it had declared the independence of America. 
 In that most enlightened and patriotic assembly 
 he possessed no small share of influence. He 
 \vas one of those who signed the memorable 
 declaration, by which the heroic legislators of this 
 country pledged " their lives, their fortunes, and 
 their sacred honor " to maintain and defend its 
 violated rights. By a resolution of the general 
 assembly of Virginia, dated Nov. 5, 1776, he and 
 Jefferson, Pendleton, Mason, and T. L. Lee were 
 appointed a committee to revise the laws of the 
 commonwealth. This was a work of very great 
 labor and difficulty. The three first prosecuted 
 their task with indefatigable activity and zeal, 
 and, June 18, 1779, made a report of one hundred 
 and twenty-six bills, which they had prepared. 
 This report showed an intimate knowledge of 
 the great principles of legislation, and reflected 
 the highest honor upon those who formed it. 
 The people of Virginia are indebted to it for 
 almost all the best parts of their present code of 
 laws. Among the changes then made in the 
 monarchical system of jurisprudence which had 
 been in force, the most important were effected 
 by the act abolishing the right of primogeniture, 
 and directing the real estate of persons dying 
 intestate to be equally divided among their 
 children, or other relations ; by the act for regu 
 lating conveyances, which converted all estates in 
 tail into fees simple, and thus destroyed one of 
 the supports of the proud and overbearing dis 
 tinctions of particular families ; and finally by the 
 act for the establishment of religious freedom. 
 
 After finishing the task of new modelling the 
 laws, he was employed to carry them into effect 
 according to their true intent and spirit, by being 
 placed in the difficult office of judge of a court 
 of equity. He was appointed one of the three 
 judges of the high court of chancery, and after 
 wards sole chancellor of Virginia, in which sta 
 tion he continued until the day of his death, 
 during a period of more than twenty years. His 
 extraordinary disinterestedness and patriotism 
 were now most conspicuously displayed. Al 
 though the salary allowed him by the common 
 wealth was extremely scanty, yet he contentedly 
 lived upon it, even in the expensive city of Rich 
 mond, and devoted his whole time to the service 
 of his country. With that contempt of wealth 
 which so remarkably distinguished him from 
 other men, he made a present of one-half of his 
 land in Elizabeth city to his nephew, and the pur 
 chase money of the remainder, which he sold, 
 was not paid him for many years. While he 
 
 resided in Williamsburgh he accepted the profes 
 sorship of law in the college of William and 
 Mary, but resigned it when his duties as a chan 
 cellor required his removal to Richmond. His 
 resources were therefore small ; yet with his lib 
 eral and charitable disposition he continued, by 
 means of that little, to do much good, and always 
 to preserve his independence. This he accom 
 plished by temperance and economy. 
 
 He was a member of the Virginia convention, 
 which in June, 1788, considered the proposed 
 constitution of the United States. During the 
 debates he acted for the most part as chairman. 
 Being convinced that the confederation was 
 defective in the energy necessary to preserve 
 the union and liberty of America, this venerable 
 patriot, then beginning to bow under the weight 
 of years, rose in the convention, and exerted his 
 voice, almost too feeble to be heard, in contending 
 for a system, on the acceptance of which h-- con 
 ceived the happiness of his country to depend. 
 He was ever attached to the constitution, on 
 account of the principles of freedom and justice 
 which it contained; and in every change of affairs 
 he was steady in supporting the rights of man. 
 His political opinions were always firmly republi 
 can. Though in 1798 and 1799 he was opposed 
 to the measures which were adopted in the 
 administration of President Adams, and repro 
 bated the alien and sedition laws, and the raising 
 of the army ; yet he never yielded a moment to 
 the rancor of party spirit, nor permitted the dif 
 ference of opinion to interfere with his private 
 friendships. He presided twice successively in 
 the college of electors in Virginia, and twice voted 
 for a president whose political principles coin 
 cided with his own. After a short but very 
 excruciating sickness he died. It was supposed 
 that he was poisoned ; but the person suspected 
 was acquitted by a jury of his countrymen. By 
 his last will and testament he bequeathed his val 
 uable library and philosophical apparatus to his 
 friend, Mr. Jefferson, and distributed the remain 
 der of his little property among the grandchil 
 dren of his sister, and the slaves whom he had 
 set free. 
 
 YALE, ELIHU, the principal benefactor of Yale 
 college, died in Wales July 8, 1721, aged 73. 
 lie was born at New Haven in 1648, and at the 
 age of ten years went to England, and about 
 the year 1678 to the East Indies, where he 
 acquired a large estate, was made governor of 
 fort St. George, and married an Indian lady of 
 fortune. After his return to London he was cho 
 sen governor of the East India company, and 
 made those donations to the college in his native 
 town, which induced the trustees to bestow on it 
 the name of Yale. 
 
 YALE, LE ROY MILTON, M. D., died at Holmes 
 
YALE. 
 
 YOUNG. 
 
 893 
 
 Hole in Tisbury, Martha s Vineyard, in 1849. He 
 received his medical degree from Harvard in 
 1829. 
 
 YALE, ELISHA, D. D., minister of Kingsboro , 
 N. Y., died Jan. 9, 1853, aged 72. lie was born 
 in Lee. He had been nearly fifty years in K., 
 settled over a very industrious people, chiefly em 
 ployed in the manufacture of gloves ; hence the 
 name of a new village, Gloversville. He trained 
 them to regular and remarkable beneficence. He 
 was a most faithful and excellent minister. 
 
 YALE, CYRUS, minister of New Hartford, 
 Conn., died in 1 854, aged 65. Born in Lee, Mass, 
 he graduated at Williams college in 1811; was 
 ordained in 1814; dismissed in 1834, and became 
 the minister of Ware for three years, and was 
 then re-settled in New Hartford till his death by 
 paralysis. He was zealous in the cause of tem 
 perance and peace. As the fruits of four revi 
 vals, three hundred and thirty persons joined his 
 church. He wrote a memoir of Rev. J. Hallock, 
 1828. He also published a sermon at the ordi 
 nation of II. Goodwin; on the death of S. E. 
 Hawley ; at the funeral of a child ; before the 
 Adelphic society ; on erecting a meeting-house ; 
 on a living faith ; at thanksgiving ; life of A. 
 Hyde; to consociation, 1849; sketches of minis 
 ters of Litchfield county, 1852. Sprague s 
 Annals. 
 
 YALES, WILLIAM, Dr., died at Morris, Ot- 
 sego co., N. Y., April 7, 1857, aged 90. He was 
 a native of England, and was the first who intro 
 duced vaccination in the United States. 
 
 YANCEY, MARY, Mrs., died in Louisa county, 
 Va., in 1840, aged 100; leaving a numerous, 
 respectable offspring. 
 
 YANCEY, ROBERT Y., an editor, died in Mem 
 phis, Tenn., in 1852, aged 46. He published the 
 Reporter at Somerville, and at M. the Eagle and 
 Enquirer, and then the Southerner. 
 
 YARROW, THOMAS, Dr., died at Sharpetown, 
 N. J. , in 1841; an aged physician and much 
 respected citizen. 
 
 YATES, ROBERT, chief justice of New York, 
 died Sept. 9, 1801, aged 63. He was born at 
 Schenectady in Jan., 1738, and became eminent 
 as a lawyer in Albany. In 1776 and 1777 he was 
 chairman of the committee for military operations. 
 Under the constitution of the State, which he 
 assisted in framing in 1777, he was appointed a 
 judge of the supreme court. He was chief jus 
 tice from 1790 till 1798. Of the convention 
 which formed the federal constitution he was a 
 member. For his many virtues he was esteemed, 
 and respected as an upright, learned judge, and 
 an accomplished scholar. 
 
 YATES, JOSEPH C., governor of New York, 
 died at Schenectady March 19, 1837. He was a 
 judge of the supreme court of New York, and 
 governor from 1822 to 1825. 
 
 YATES, ANDREW, D. D., died in 1844. He 
 graduated at Yale in 1794, and was professor of 
 logic and ethics at Schenectady from 1814 to 
 1825. 
 
 YEATES, JASPER, judge, a patriot of the 
 Revolution, died March 14, 1817. He was a 
 member of Lancaster county committee of cor 
 respondence, Penn., in 1774, and of the conven 
 tion which ratified the constitution of the United 
 States in 1788. He was a judge of the supreme 
 court of Pennsylvania from 1791 till his death at 
 Lancaster. He was a man of sound judgment 
 and great industry and faithfulness in his office. 
 He published reports of cases in the supreme 
 court of Pennsylvania, 1817. 
 
 YORK, ISAAC, a Revolutionary soldier, died 
 in Standish, Me., in 1846, aged 89; the oldest 
 inhabitant born in S. 
 
 YOUNG, HENRY, general, died in King and 
 Queen s county, Va., in 1817, aged 75. He was 
 a Revolutionary officer. 
 
 YOUNG, DANIEL, minister of a German re 
 formed church in Augusta, Ga., died in 1831. 
 He was also a professor in York seminary. 
 
 YOUNG, SAMUEL, Dr., died in Hagerstown, 
 Md., in 1838, aged 99; a man much respected. 
 
 YOUNG, JOHN, governor of New York, died 
 at New York in April, 1852, aged 50; assistant 
 treasurer of the United States at New York. He 
 was a member of congress in 1841-3 and gov 
 ernor in 1847-9. 
 
 YOUNG, SAMUEL, died in Ballston, N. Y., in 
 1850, aged 71 ; a man of political distinction, 
 having sustained many offices in the State of 
 New York. He was born in Lenox, Mass. For 
 a long period he was either a representative or 
 senator in the State legislature. One of the 
 board of canal commissioners in 1817, he con 
 tinued till the completion of the Erie canal. He 
 was also of the board of regents of the univer 
 sity. He was a man of a simple taste, honest, 
 fearless, indomitable, of high talents. After the 
 age of sixty he studied several modern languages. 
 He loved his books, his garden, and the society 
 of the young. 
 
 YOUNG, ALEXANDER, D. D., died in Boston 
 March 16, 1854, aged 53. He was the son of 
 Alexander Young, a printer, and born in Bos 
 ton ; he graduated at Harvard in 1820; was 
 settled over the sixth church in Boston as the 
 successor of Dr. Greenwood, Jan. 19, 1825. He 
 published a sermon on sins of the tongue, 1829; 
 and several works of great value to all readers, 
 who are making inquiry concerning the early 
 history of New England, namely, chronicles of 
 the Pilgrim fathers of the colony of Plymouth ; 
 also chronicles of the first planters of Massa 
 chusetts. 
 
 YOUNG, HENDERSON, judge of the sixth 
 judicial circuit of Kentucky, died in 1854. 
 
894 
 
 YOUNGMAN. 
 
 ZEISBERGER. 
 
 YOUNGMANj JOHN GEORGE, a Moravian 
 missionary, was first employed among the Mo- 
 hegans in Connecticut, and afterwards among 
 the Delawares on the Susquehannah, and in the 
 western country. He died at Bethlehem in July, 
 1808, aged 87. 
 
 YOUNGS, JOHX, the first minister in South- 
 hold, L. I., had been a ministe in Hingham, 
 England, but came to this country with a part 
 of his church in 1640, and in Oct. commenced 
 the settlement of S. He died in 1672, aged 73. 
 His son, John, colonel and sheriff of the county, 
 died in 1688, aged about 64. His brother, Ben 
 jamin, and others of the name were judges of the 
 common pleas. 
 
 YOUNGS, SAMUEL, a soldier of the Revolu 
 tion, died at Irving, N. Y., in 1839, aged 79. 
 After the war he studied law, and was surrogate, 
 and was much respected. 
 
 YUMMANUM, a Pequot Indian, the last sa 
 chem of the tribe at Nihantic in Lyme, Conn., 
 died about 1740. 
 
 ZABRISKIE, JOHX, a minister, died at Mill 
 stone, N. J., in 1850, aged 72. 
 
 ZEISBERGER, DAVID, a Moravian mission 
 ary among the Indians of North America, died 
 in 1808, aged 87. He was a native of Moravia, 
 in Germany, whence his parents emigrated to 
 Herrnhut in Upper Lusatia, for the sake of reli 
 gious liberty. He was born in 1721. In 1738 
 he came to Georgia, where some of his brethren 
 had begun a settlement, that they might preach 
 the gospel to the Creeks. Thence he removed 
 to Pennsylvania, and assisted in the commence 
 ment of the settlements of Bethlehem and Naza 
 reth. From 1746 he was for sixty-two years a 
 missionary among the Indians. Perhaps no man 
 ever preached the gospel so long among them, 
 and amidst so many trials and hardships. He 
 was one of the oldest white settlers in the State 
 of Ohio. In the last forty years of his life he 
 only paid two visits to his friends in the Atlantic 
 States. His last journey to Bethlehem was in 
 1781. He died at Goshen, on the river Muskin- 
 gum, in Ohio. He was a man of small stature, 
 with a cheerful countenance, of a cool, intrepid 
 spirit, with a good understanding and sound 
 judgment. His portrait is prefixed to Hecke- 
 welder s narrative. Amidst all his privations 
 and dangers he was never known to complain, 
 nor ever regretted that he had engaged in the 
 cause of the Redeemer. He would never con 
 sent to receive a salary, although he deemed it 
 proper for some missionaries. He trusted in his 
 Lord for the necessaries of life, and he looked 
 to the future world for his reward. Free from 
 selfishness, a spirit of universal love filled his 
 bosom. A more perfect character has seldom 
 been exhibited on the earth. 
 
 It is a melancholy fact, that he suffered more 
 from white men, called Christians, by reason of 
 their selfishness, and depravity, and hostility to 
 the gospel, than from the Indians. In 1745, on 
 his journey towards the five nations, he was ar 
 rested at Albany with Mr. Post, and after much 
 abuse, imprisoned seven weeks in the city of New 
 York. At last he was declared innocent of any 
 treasonable views, and was liberated. At one 
 time a plot was laid by one Girty, an English 
 agent, or trader at Sandusky, to procure his 
 scalp, and nearly succeeded. 
 
 In March, 1782, between ninety and one hun 
 dred of the Christian Indians at Gnadenhutten, 
 on the Muskingum, were massacred by a party 
 of whites from the settlements on the Ohio. The 
 immediate cause of this massacre was the mur 
 der of a woman and child by some Sandusky 
 warriors, in which, however, it is incredible that 
 the whites could have thought the Christian In 
 dians were implicated. The party found the In 
 dians at work in a corn-field, and hailed them as 
 friends, and offered to protect them from their 
 enemies, and even called them good Christians. 
 When they were secured, it was told them that 
 they must die. Begging for a short delay, that 
 they might prepare for death, they fell on their 
 knees and prayed to their God and Saviour, and 
 sang his praises, and then kissed each other with 
 a flood of tears mingled with lofty Christian 
 hope. Some of the party remonstrated against 
 what was proposed, but it being in vain, they 
 withdrew to a distance, wringing their hands, 
 saying they were innocent of the blood which 
 was to be shed. Then one of the white monsters 
 began the work of death. Seizing a cooper s 
 mallet, he knocked in the head fourteen unre 
 sisting victims one after another, and then handed 
 the instrument to a brother monster, saying, " I 
 think I have done pretty well!" More than 
 ninety men, women, and children, were killed 
 and scalped, when the murderers, having set fire 
 to the houses, and scalped their victims, went off 
 shouting and yelling. Such a foul and horrible 
 deed cannot be found in the page of history. 
 The object was the plunder of eighty horses, of 
 furs, and other property of these peaceable In 
 dians. Of these victims, sixty-two were grown 
 persons, one-third of whom were women ; thirty- 
 four were children. Two of them had been 
 members of David Brainerd s church in New 
 Jersey. The leader of this horrible party had 
 the name of Williamson. Two months after 
 wards he attacked the warrior Indians at San 
 dusky, and was defeated. Col. Crawford was 
 taken prisoner, and the savages, in retaliation, 
 tied him to a stake and put him to death by 
 various tortures; under which he was tauntingly 
 asked, how he felt, and whether they did as well 
 
ZENGER. 
 
 ZINZENDORF. 
 
 895 
 
 to him as he had done to the helieving Indians? 
 They added, " We have to learn barbarities of 
 you white people ! " 
 
 Had the back settlers of our country partici 
 pated in the benevolent spirit of the Moravians, 
 the benefit to the Indians would have been incal 
 culable. Amidst all obstacles, the brethren, in 
 the days of Mr. Zeisberger, instructed and bap 
 tized about fifteen hundred of the Indians. The 
 calm death of those whcuwere murdered at Mus- 
 kingum is a delightful proof of the influence of 
 the gospel on men concerning whom it is some 
 times said they cannot be made Christians. 
 
 In the evening of his days, as the faculties of 
 Mr. Z. began to fail him, his desire to depart and 
 to be with Christ continually increased. Yet he was 
 patient and resigned. His last words were : " Lord 
 Jesus, I pray thee come, and take my spirit to 
 thyself. Thou hast never yet forsaken me in my 
 trials ; thou wilt not forsake me now." 
 
 He made himself acquainted with two lan 
 guages, the Onondaga and the Delaware. About 
 1768 he wrote two grammars of the Onondaga, 
 in English and German, and a dictionary, Ger 
 man and Indian, of more than seventeen hundred 
 pages. In the Lenape, or language of the Del- 
 awares, he published a spelling-book, first in 
 1776, and an enlarged edition in 1806 ; also ser 
 mons to children, and an hymn-book of three 
 hundred and sixty pages, containing upwards of 
 five hundred hymns, translated partly from Ger 
 man and partly from English. He left in manu 
 script a grammar in German of the Delaware 
 language, which has been translated by Mr. Du 
 Ponceau ; also a harmony of the four gospels, 
 translated into Delaware. It is believed that the 
 last has been published by the female missionary 
 society of Bethlehem. Amer. Reg. V. ; Heck- 
 ewelder s Narrative. 
 
 ZENGER, JOHN PETER, a printer in New 
 York, died in 1746. He came from Germany, 
 and established a press in 1726. In 1733. he 
 established the Weekly Journal. In consequence 
 of some strictures in that paper on Gov. Crosby 
 and the council he was imprisoned by a warrant 
 from the governor and council in Dec., 1734, and 
 kept in close confinement thirty-five Aveeks. An 
 drew Hamilton, an eminent lawyer of Philadel 
 phia, though aged and infirm, repaired to New 
 York to defend him at his trial. Prosecuted for 
 publishing a false libel on the governor, Mr. H. 
 admitted the publication, but insisted that the 
 publication was not false. The court would not 
 allow the witnesses of the truth to be examined ; 
 would not allow the jury to judge of the law as 
 well as of the fact; yet the jury, notwithstanding 
 the direction of the bench, brought in a verdict 
 of not guilty. Afterward in England Mr. Owen, 
 prosecuted by desire of the commons, was in like 
 
 manner acquitted. This precedent had its weight 
 in the trials relating to the writings of Junius. 
 It is to America and to Andrew Hamilton that 
 the principle may be traced, that the jury have a 
 right to examine the truth of the alleged libel 
 and the motives of the writer. The common 
 council of New York presented Mr. H. the free 
 dom of their corporation in a gold box. Zenger s 
 widow, Catherine, and his son, John, continued 
 his paper after his death. A narration of his 
 trial was published at Boston ; also at London, 
 with the trial of William Owen, 8vo., 1765. 
 Holmes, u. 5 ; Thomas, II. 95. 
 
 ZEPHANIAH, an aged Indian at Marshpee, 
 in Barnstable, Mass., died in 1767, aged 90. He 
 was the son of Popmunnuck, who was chief of the 
 tribe in 1648. 
 
 ZIMMERMAN, SAMUEL, was killed on the 
 railroad near Hamilton, Upper Canada, March 
 12, 1857, as the cars ran off the track and broke 
 down the bridge over a canal. More than sev 
 enty persons were killed. Born in Pennsylvania, 
 he went a poor boy to Canada, where as a rail 
 road contractor he amassed a fortune. He lived 
 in a splendid style near the Clifton house, Niag 
 ara. He was married before his death. 
 
 ZIXZENDORF, NICHOLAS Louis, count, the 
 founder of the sect of the Moravians, died at 
 Herrnhut May 9, 1760, aged 60. He was born 
 at Dresden in May, 1700. He studied at Halle 
 and Utrecht. About the year 1721 he purchased 
 the lordship of Bertholdsdorf in Lusatia. Some 
 poor Christians, the followers of John Huss, ob 
 tained leave in 1722 to settle on his estate. 
 They soon made converts. Such was the origin 
 of the village of Herrnhut. From this period 
 Count Z. devoted himself to the business of in 
 structing his fellow-men by his writings and by 
 preaching. He travelled through Germany, and 
 in Denmark became acquainted with the Danish 
 mission in the East Indies and Greenland. 
 About 1732 he engaged earnestly in the promo 
 tion of missions by his Moravian brethren, whose 
 numbers at Herrnhut were then about five hun 
 dred. So successful were these missions, that in 
 a few years four thousand negroes were baptized 
 in the West Indies, and the converts in Green 
 land amounted to seven hundred and eighty- 
 four. In 1737 he visited London, and in 1741 
 came to America, and preached at Gcrmantown 
 and Bethlehem. Feb. 11, 1742, he ordained at 
 Oly, in Pennsylvania, the missionaries Rnuch 
 and Buettner, and Rauch baptized three Indians 
 from Shekomeco, east of the Hudson, the " first 
 lings of the Indians." He soon, with his daugh 
 ter, Benigna, and several brethren and sisters, 
 visited various tribes of Indians. At Shekomeco 
 he established the first Indian Moravian congre 
 gation in North America. In 1743 he returned 
 
896 
 
 ZUBLY. 
 
 to Europe. At his burial, his coffin was carried 
 to the grave by thirty-two preachers and mis 
 sionaries whom he had reared, and some of whom 
 had toiled in Holland, England, Ireland, North 
 America, and Greenland. What monarch was 
 ever honored by a funeral like this ? The sect 
 established by Z. boasts not of great orators and 
 learned theologians ; indeed, it boasts of nothing ; 
 but no sect has been more deeply imbued with 
 the meek and benevolent spirit of the gospel, or 
 manifested more of a noble missionary zeal. 
 
 ZUBLY, JOHN JOACHIM, D. D., first minister 
 of the Presbyterian church in Savannah, died in 
 July, 1781. He came from St. Gall in Swit 
 zerland, and took the charge of this church in 
 1760. He preached to an English and German 
 congregation, and sometimes also he preached in 
 
 ZUBLY. 
 
 French. He was a member of the provincial 
 congress in 1775, but, as he differed in opinion 
 from his fellow-citizens with respect to the inde 
 pendence of the United States, he incurred their 
 displeasure, aud his subsequent days were embit 
 tered. He was a man of great learning, of a 
 vigorous and penetrating mind, and of a heart 
 moulded into the Christian spirit. He published 
 a sermon on the value of that faith without which 
 it is impossible to please God, 1772 ; a sermon 
 on the death of J. Osgood of Midway, 1773 ; 
 the law of liberty, a sermon on American affairs, 
 at the opening of the provincial congress of 
 Georgia, with an appendix giving an account of 
 the struggle of Switzerland to recover liberty, 
 1775. Georgia Analyt. Eepos. I. 49; Gordon, 
 II. 75. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 CLASSIFIED AND SELECT 
 
 Artists. 
 Allston, Washington 
 
 Page Cobb, Sylvamis R 
 29 Coit, Jonathan 
 
 Page 
 . . .242 Stevens, John 
 . . .246 Stoughton, William 
 . . . 259 S weetzer. Thomas W 
 
 Page 
 ..758 
 ..766 
 ..773 
 
 Beck, George 
 Birch, Thomas 
 Brou were, John II 
 Bulfinch, Charles 
 Cheney, Seth 
 Clark, John 
 Clevengcr, S. L. V:ii 
 Colo. Thomas 
 Copley, John S 
 Dunlap, William 
 Enrle. James 
 Earle, Ralph 
 Evans, Oliver 
 Fainiian, Gideon 
 Fairman. David 
 
 76 Cresson, Elliott 
 . ... 92 Dexter, Samuel 
 . . . .144 Dixon, Alexander 
 159 Dodge. David L 
 218 Dowse, Thomas 
 . . . .229 Ihvight, Edmund 
 . . . .237 Dwight. Louis 
 249 Eliot, Samuel .- 
 202 Erring, William 
 313 Evarts. Jeremiah 
 318 Faneuil, Peter 
 318 Gallaudet, Thomas II 
 344 Girard, Stephen 
 317 Golcltrap, Thomas W 
 347 Goodell, Solomon 
 
 . . .272 Thompson, Benjamin 
 
 ..789 
 
 . . .300 Thompson, Abr. G 
 . 304 Thompson, Thomas F 
 
 ..790 
 . .791 
 
 . . .305 Thorndike, Israel 
 . . .307 Touro, Judah 
 
 ..791 
 ..796 
 
 . .79 3 
 
 . . .318 Treadwell, John G 
 . . .334 Trowhridge, Henry 
 . . .343 Waldo, Daniel 
 . . 345 Waldo, Elizabeth 
 
 -.798 
 ..799 
 ..814 
 . .814 
 
 . . .347 Waldo, Sarah 
 . . . 372 Wallcut, Thomas 
 . . .381 Weld, Lewis 
 . . .385 Wiley, John, 
 . . .886 Williams, Ephrahn 
 . . .393 Yale, Elihu 
 
 ..814 
 ..816 
 ..838 
 
 ..857 
 ..862 
 ..892 
 
 
 
 ...411 Ziiizeudorf, N. L 
 ...418 
 ...428 
 
 ..895 
 .. 1 
 
 Green, John 
 
 395 Harvard. John 
 808 llenrv, Alexander 
 
 
 . . . .420 Holdcn, Samuel 
 
 ...438 Divines. 
 
 llei-wig, Leopold 
 
 429 ! Hollis, Thomas 
 
 ...439 
 . 441 Abbot Abiel 
 
 
 441 Hone Philip 
 
 . . .442 Abeel, John N 
 
 .. 2 
 
 Inman, Henry 
 
 4C-3 Hopkins, Asa 
 
 . . . 448 Abercrombie, James 
 . . .449 Alexander, Archibald 
 
 .. 2 
 .. 15 
 
 
 4S1 Jay, Ann 
 
 . . .471 Allen, John 
 
 ...16 
 
 
 489 Kiniball, Daniel 
 
 . . . 493 Allen, Thomas 
 
 .. 16 
 
 
 500 Ladd, William 
 
 
 .. 17 
 
 
 
 
 21 
 
 
 
 
 .. 28 
 
 
 
 . . .508 Appleton, Nathaniel 
 . . .51)9 Appleton, Jesse 
 
 ...as 
 
 ...39 
 . 40 
 
 Robertson, Alexander 
 
 706 Lay, Benjamin 
 
 Savage, E I ward 
 Smibert, John 
 
 722 Lowry , James 
 738 Maclure. William 
 
 . . .539 Armstrong, William J 
 . . . 543 Asbury, Francis 
 548 Austin Samuel 
 
 .. 42 
 .. 46 
 . 50 
 
 Stuart, Gilbert 
 Trumbull, Jolin 
 Vanderlyn, John 
 Wertmuller. A. U 
 
 768 McDonogh, John 
 . 801 Mel n tosh, Duncan 
 807 McLean, Joseph 
 840 Mercer, Jesse 
 
 . . .506 Backus, Isaac 
 
 .. 51 
 
 . . .568 Backus, Charles 
 
 ...52 
 
 .. .570 Backus, Azel 
 
 ...52 
 . . . 57 
 
 
 842 Miller, Jonathan P 
 
 
 ... 63 
 
 Wright, Mehitabcl 
 
 889 Morris, J udah 
 Murray, Joseph 
 Murray. John. .. 
 
 ...588 Barnes, David 
 . . .599 Bascom, H. B 
 . . . 601 Bass, -Edward 
 
 ... 65 
 ...70 
 ...71 
 
 Benefactors & Philanthropists. Mussey, B. B 
 Nevins, Kussell II 
 Abbot, Samuel 1 Norris, John 
 Alford, John 1 5 Olvphant, David 
 Appleton, Samuel 40 Pariah, U 
 
 . . .602 Bates, Joshua 
 . . 604 Baxter, George A 
 .. .610 Beach, John 
 . .. .623 Bellamy, Joseph 
 . . .634 Benedict, Joel 
 . 652 Bentley William 
 
 ...71 
 
 ...72 
 ...74 
 .. 80 
 ...82 
 84 
 
 Bartlett, William 
 Benezet, Anthony 
 
 68 Perkins, Alfred E 
 83 i Perkins, Thomas II 
 
 . . . 652 Berkeley, George 
 . . .654 Blair, Jaines 
 
 .. 86 
 .. 94 
 94 
 
 
 88 Phelps, Anson G 
 
 Bissell. Jcsinh 
 Boudinot, Elias 
 Boiightou, Benjamin 
 Koyiston, Nicholas 
 Boylston. Ward Nicholas 
 Brown, Nicholas 
 Brown, Moses 
 Brown. Nicholas 
 Burr. Joseph 
 
 92 Phillips, John 
 100 Phillips, William 
 107 Plummer. Caroline 
 115 Pouieroy, Jonathan L 
 115 Prescott, Aaron 
 145 Redwood, Abraham 
 151 Reed, William 
 1 ">1 Reynolds. Micajah 
 171 Richardson, William 
 
 . . .659 Blair, John 
 . . .659 Blatohford. Samuel 
 
 ... 95 
 ...97 
 . 100 
 
 . . .670 Bostwick. David 
 . . .679 Boyd, William 
 
 ..In;, 
 ...112 
 
 . . .696 Bradstreet, Simon 
 . . .698 Brattle, William 
 ...700 Brazer, John 
 . . . 702 Brewster, William 
 
 ..125 
 ..182 
 
 ..133 
 ...136 
 
 ..139 
 ..140 
 ..148 
 ..155 
 ..157 
 ..159 
 
 Caldwell, Elias B 
 
 183 Rii^ell Thomas 
 
 . . .717 Brodhead, Jacob 
 . . .726 Brown, Francis 
 ...731 Buckniinster, Joseph 
 . . .734 Buell, Samuel 
 
 Chandler. Peter 
 Chandler. Abiel 
 
 208 Seats, Joshua 
 208 Scybcrt Adam 
 
 Clark, Ebenezer 
 Clark. Enoch W 
 2 
 
 221* Sheppard. Moses 
 229 Smith, Oliver 
 
 (897) 
 
 
898 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Bulklev. Peter 
 
 Page 
 159 
 
 Frelinghuysen, Theodore J 
 French, Jonathan 
 Frey, Joseph 
 
 Page 
 367 Lyman, Joseph 
 367 Maecartv. Thaddeus . . . 
 
 Page 
 540 
 
 542 
 
 Bullard, Artemas 
 Burr, Jonathan 
 Burr, Aaron 
 
 161 
 107 
 169 
 
 
 549 
 
 
 
 
 Burton. Asa 
 
 173 
 
 Furnian, Richard. 
 
 - ,. . L XillKler 
 
 
 Bvics. Mather 
 CaldweU, David 
 Campbell, Alexander 
 Cancr, Henry 
 Cannon, James S 
 Carroll, John 
 
 179 
 183 
 189 
 189 
 189 
 193 
 
 Gadsden, Christopher 
 Gardiner, John S. John 
 Gay, Ebenezer 
 Gilbert, Eliphalet W 
 Gile, Samuel 
 Gillet, Eliphalet 
 
 371 Manning, James 
 374 Mason, John 
 376 Mather, Richard 
 380 Mtither, Increase 
 330 Mather, Cotton 
 380 Mather Samuel 
 
 547 
 554 
 5f>5 
 657 
 558 
 
 Casas, B. Las 
 
 201 
 
 
 386 Mati"uon F A 
 
 
 Chandler, Thomas B 
 Channing. William E 
 
 208 
 209 
 
 Gray, Thomas 
 
 394 Maxcy, Jonathan 
 
 561 
 
 563 
 
 (":i;ijiin, Calvin 
 
 210 
 
 
 3H6 Mavhew, Jonathan 
 399 McCall. Thomas II 
 401 McCalla, Daniel 
 
 503 
 
 564 
 504 
 
 Chaplin, Daniel 
 
 210 
 
 Greenwood, Francis W. P 
 Griffin, Edward D 
 Griswold. Alexander V 
 Hallock, Moses 
 
 Chaplin, Jeremiah 
 Chase, Philander 
 Chauncy, Charles 
 
 210 
 212 
 213 
 
 402 : McCulloch, Thomas 
 
 566 
 
 569 
 
 Chauncv, Charles 
 
 215 
 
 Hardenbcrgh, Jacobus 
 Harris, Samuel 
 
 413 Mo Keen, Joseph 
 414 McLeod Alexander 
 
 669 
 
 570 
 
 Cheverus, L. De 
 Clap, Nathaniel 
 Clap. Thomas 
 Clark, Peter 
 
 219 
 226 
 226 
 228 
 
 Harris, William 
 Harris, ThaJdeus 
 Hart, Levi 
 
 415 ! Merrill, Thomas A 
 415 Merwin, Samuel 
 
 574 
 575 
 
 Clarke. John 
 Clay, Joseph 
 Cleaveland, John 
 Cobbett, Thomas 
 Codman, John 
 Coffin, Charles 
 Cogswell, James 
 
 231 
 232 
 234 
 242 
 243 
 245 
 245 
 245 
 246 
 
 Haven, Samuel 
 Haynes, Lemuel 
 Redding, Elijah 
 Ilemmenway, Moses 
 Henry, T. Charlton 
 Higginson, Francis 
 Higginson, John 
 Hill, William 
 Hilliard, Timothy 
 Hitchcock. Gad 
 Hitchcock, Enos 
 Hoar, Leonard 
 Hobart, Noah 
 Hobart, John Henry 
 Hoge, Moses 
 Holley , Horace 
 Hollingshead, William 
 
 419 Milledoler, Philip 
 423 Miller, Samuel 
 434 Milnor, James 
 424 Mitchell, Jonathan 
 428 Moody, Joshua 
 430 Moody, Samuel 
 
 577 
 579 
 580 
 5S1 
 586 
 580 
 588 
 588 
 589 
 589 
 594 
 594 
 595 
 597 
 598 
 599 
 599 
 
 Cogswell, William 
 
 433 Moore, Zephauiah S 
 433 Moorhead, John 
 435 Morgan, Abel 
 435 Morrison, William 
 435 Morse, Jedidiah 
 436 Morton, Charles 
 437 Mountain, Jacob 
 438 , Mnhlenberg, Henry M 
 439 Murdock, James 
 
 Coke, Thomas 
 
 Colman, Benjamin 
 Cone, Spencer II 
 Comvell, Henry 
 Cooper, William 
 Cooper, Samuel 
 
 250 
 258 
 258 
 259 
 260 
 
 Cooper, Myles 
 
 261 
 
 Cornelius, Eh as 
 Cotton, John 
 
 263 
 265 
 
 Croswell, William 
 
 273 
 
 Holmes, Abiel 
 
 
 600 
 
 Cumings. Henry 
 
 274 
 
 Holyoke, Edward 
 
 440 Nelson, David 
 
 603 
 
 603 
 
 Cummings, Asa 
 
 274 
 
 Cutler, Timothy 
 
 277 
 
 Homes, William 
 
 
 605 
 
 Daggett, Naphtali 
 
 278 
 
 Hooke, William 
 
 .... 442 Niles Samuel 
 
 607 
 
 Dana, James 
 
 280 
 
 Hooker, Thomas 
 
 442 Niles Samuel 
 
 608 
 
 Danforth, Samuel 
 
 283 
 
 Hooker, John 
 
 444 Nisbet. Charles 
 
 609 
 
 Davenport, John 
 Davies, Samuel 
 
 285 
 288 
 
 Hooker, Asahel 
 
 444 N orris, Edward 
 
 610 
 611 
 
 
 292 
 
 Hopkins, Samuel 
 
 445 Norton, Asahel S 
 
 613 
 613 
 
 De Witt, John 
 
 300 
 
 Dickinson, Jonathan 
 
 301 
 
 Howard, Simeon 
 
 450 Nott. Samuel 
 
 613 
 614 
 
 Dickinson, Austin 
 
 303 
 
 Dow, Lorenzo 
 Dow, Daniel 
 
 306 
 06 
 
 Hubbard, William 
 
 452 Noyes, Nicholas 
 
 . 456 Oakes Uriah 
 
 615 
 
 610 
 
 
 309 
 
 Huntington, Joshua 
 Hyde, Alvan 
 Inglis, Charles 
 Inglis, James 
 Jackson, William 
 James, Thomas 
 Jarvis, Abraham 
 
 458 Olin, Stephen 
 462 Osgood, David 
 463 Oxenbridge, John 
 463 Packard. Hezekiah 
 466 Parish, Elijah 
 
 621 
 625 
 630 
 030 
 634 
 
 Duffield, George 
 Dunster. Henry 
 Dwi"ht, Timothy 
 
 311 
 313 
 315 
 
 Dwight, Sereno E 
 Ecklcy, Joseph 
 Edwards, Timothy 
 
 317 
 321 
 322 
 
 468 Park, Calvin 
 469 Parker, Thomas 
 
 634 
 635 
 
 Edwards, Jonathan 
 Edwards, Jonathan 
 
 322 
 326 
 
 Jenkins, Charles 
 Johnson, Samuel 
 Johnson, Win. Samuel. , 
 Johnson, Samuel 
 
 475 Parker, Samuel 
 478 Parker, Nathan 
 479 : Parker, Edward L 
 481 Parkman, Francis 
 
 635 
 630 
 030 
 637 
 637 
 
 Edwards, Morgan 
 Edwards, Justin 
 Edwards, Bela B 
 
 328 
 329 
 829 
 
 
 330 
 
 
 
 638 
 
 Eliot, Andrew 
 Eliot, John 
 
 333 
 334 
 
 Kirkland, John T 
 
 496 Parsons, Moses 
 499 Parsonsi David . . 
 
 639 
 640 
 
 Emerson, William 
 
 338 
 
 Kunze, John C 
 
 5-10 Partrid"-e. Ralph 
 
 641 
 
 Emerson, Joseph 
 Euimous, Nathaniel 
 
 339 
 339 
 
 Kurtz, J. D 
 Kuypers, Gerard A 
 
 500 Patten," William 
 
 i;.;-j 
 643 
 
 England, John 
 Ewing, John 
 Fcnwiok, Benedict 
 Finley, Samuel 
 Finley, Robert 
 Fisher. Jonathan 
 Fisk, Wilbur 
 
 342 
 346 
 ,350 
 351 
 352 
 353 
 354 
 
 Kuypers, Zachariah II 
 Langdon. Samuel 
 Lamed, Sylvester 
 Lathrop. John 
 Lathrop, Joseph 
 Lathrop, John 
 
 500 Payson, Phillips 
 
 643 
 
 503 Payson, Selh 
 
 644 
 
 504 Pavson, Edward 
 504 Peabodv, Oliver 
 505 Peabodv, William B. 
 505 1 Peabody, Oliver W. B 
 
 644 
 
 f,44 
 640 
 040 
 <i40 
 
 
 354 
 
 
 . ...510 Peet, Stephen 
 
 . 047 
 
 
 355 
 
 
 
 t!48 
 
 
 355 
 
 
 . ..518 Perkins, Nathan . 
 
 
 Fitch, James 
 
 355 
 
 356 
 
 Lee, Chauncey 
 
 519 Perrine, Matthew 
 
 054 
 
 520 1 Peters, Ihi"-h 
 
 
 Flinn, Andrew 
 Flint. Henry 
 Flint, Abel 
 Flint, James 
 Forbes, Eli 
 
 357 
 357 
 357 
 357 
 359 
 360 
 
 Le Mercier, Andrew 
 Lewis, Isaac 
 Lindsley, Philip 
 Linn, William 
 Linn, John B 
 Livingston, John H 
 Livingston, Gilbert 11 
 Looruis, Harvey 
 Lord, Benjamin. . . 
 
 521 Peters, Samuel A 
 
 656 
 G57 
 
 
 658 
 
 526 Pierce, John 
 526 Pierpont, James 
 530 Piorson, Abraham 
 531 Pomeroy, Benjamin 
 534 Porter, John 
 ...535 Porter, Nehemiah. .. 
 
 663 
 663 
 664 
 070 
 072 
 672 
 
 
 360 
 
 Foxcroft, Thomas 
 Freeman, James.. . 
 
 362 
 ...366 
 
INDEX. 
 
 899 
 
 Porter, Eliphalet 
 
 Page 
 673 
 673 
 
 WMV. -ester, Samuel 
 
 Page 
 886 
 
 887 
 
 Pngo 
 
 
 
 673 
 
 
 888 
 
 Thomas, W 
 
 l orrer. 
 
 .. 674 
 
 
 ;...895 
 
 Uncas 806 
 
 
 675 
 
 Zubly, John J 
 
 896 
 
 Vincent, Louis 811 
 
 Prentiss, Thomas 
 
 077 
 681 
 
 Indians. 
 
 .. 15 
 
 Waban 812 
 
 Worumbo 888 
 
 |> . . T> ,, !< 
 
 082 
 
 
 1> > 1 1 
 
 683 
 
 
 
 ...683 
 
 Inventors and Engineers. 
 
 Bushnell, David 174 
 Coleman, Obed M 250 
 
 
 684 
 
 Bi" Warrior 
 
 91 
 
 Puffer, Hen ben 
 Reese, Thomas 
 Rhees, Morg.i:i J 
 
 684 
 698 
 7<M) 
 700 
 
 Black Dog 
 Black Hawk 
 BlacU Hoof. 
 
 93 
 93 
 
 :;;;;;" Ho 
 
 
 700 
 
 
 101 
 
 Cotting, Uriah 265 
 
 
 ...701 
 
 Boudinot, Elias 
 Brant, Joseph 
 
 107 
 131 
 147 
 
 Darby, William 284 
 Dearborn, Benjamin - .* , 
 De Gerstner 297 
 
 Ripley, Sy Ivanus 
 
 703 
 
 . 703 
 
 1 11 Cl Her 
 
 705 
 
 
 148 
 
 Fitch, John 356 
 
 - Ml P 
 
 
 
 149 
 
 Godfrey, Thomas &83 
 
 Robinson, John 
 
 706 
 
 709 
 
 Bryant, Solomon 
 Burr, Mary 
 Bushy head, Jesse 
 
 154 
 172 
 174 
 189 
 
 Guess, "George 403 
 Kimball, Increase 493 
 
 Rogers. John 
 
 710 
 712 
 
 King AVilliam 495 
 
 Kvaii, John 501 
 
 Rogers, William M 
 Romeyn, John B 
 
 712 
 713 
 721 
 
 Caonabo 
 Cheeshahteaumuck 
 
 190 
 218 
 240 
 
 Orr, Hugh 628 
 Perkins, Jacob 653 
 Pope, Joseph 671 
 
 
 721 
 
 
 202 
 
 Head, Nathan 695 
 
 Seabury. Samuel 
 Sewall Joeph 
 
 725 
 728 
 
 Cornplanter 
 
 264 
 273 
 
 Rumsey , James 716 
 Shrove, Henrv M 736 
 
 Sharp. Daniel 
 Shepard, Thomas 
 
 731 
 732 
 737 
 
 Ephruim 
 Folsom, David 
 
 342 
 359 
 301 
 
 Stevens, Robert L 758 
 Whistler. George W 847 
 Whitney, Eli 853 
 
 Smith, Thomas 
 Smith, John B 
 
 741 
 741 
 . . 742 
 
 Gcdney, Kachael... 
 Greenough, Thomas. 
 
 377 
 398 
 420 
 
 AVhittemore, Amos 854 
 
 Judges and Lawyers. 
 
 Adams, Andrew 4 
 Addison, Alexander 14 
 Allen, William 18 
 Allyn, Matthew 29 
 
 Smith Samuel S 
 
 743 
 
 
 425 
 
 
 744 
 
 
 429 
 
 Smith, Ethan 
 
 746 
 750 
 
 Hobbamoc 
 Homer, Elmira. . . . 
 IIo\vdee, Sarah 
 
 437 
 441 
 451 
 452 
 
 Spring. Samuel 
 Staughton William 
 
 752 
 
 Stiilman, Samuel 
 Stoddard Solomon 
 
 760 
 761 
 
 Humming Bird 
 
 455 
 470 
 
 Arnold, Peleg 46 
 Ashmun, John II 47 
 
 Tappan, David 
 
 770 
 
 779 
 
 Johnson, Joseph 
 
 481 
 485 
 
 
 
 T , , 1 . t ( ill < t 
 
 782 
 
 
 485 
 
 
 
 782 
 
 
 488 
 
 
 
 ... .784 
 
 
 4119 
 
 Benson, Egbert 84 
 
 Thacher, Peter 
 Tucker, John 
 Tuekerman, Peter 
 
 786 
 801 
 802 
 812 
 
 Little Turtle 
 Logan 
 Lowrie, George 
 
 528 
 5:33 
 539 
 545 
 
 Berrien, J. Macphersou 88 
 Bigelow. Timothy 90 
 Blackburn, Samuel 93 
 Blair, John 95 
 
 Wadsworth, Benj-iinin 
 Waimvright, Jonathan M. . . . 
 Wales, oamuel 
 Walter, Nehemiah 
 
 812 
 814 
 815 
 817 
 
 Maminash, Sally 
 Massassoit 
 Molntosh, William 
 Miantuimomu 
 
 546 
 555 
 508 
 575 
 
 Blake. George 96 
 Bliss, George 99 
 Bradbury, Theophilus 116 
 
 Brearley, David 133 
 
 
 818 
 
 Mitark. 
 
 581 
 
 
 
 .. 820 
 
 
 59-f 
 
 
 
 820 
 
 
 (J08 
 
 
 
 820 
 
 
 009 
 
 Burnet, Jacob 167 
 
 Welde, Thomas 
 
 838 
 
 
 613 
 
 Burr, Peter 169 
 
 West, Samuel 
 West Stephen 
 
 841 
 .. 841 
 
 Nowequa 
 Nunnenunteno 
 
 614 
 610 
 617 
 
 Chase, Samuel 211. 
 Chauncey, Charles 213 
 Chauucey, Charles 217 
 
 
 843 
 
 
 840 
 
 
 617 
 
 Chew Benjamin 219 
 
 Whelpley, Philip M 
 
 847 
 848 
 
 Oga-na-ya 
 
 618 
 623 
 
 
 Chipman, Ward 220 
 
 White. William 
 
 849 
 
 
 623 
 
 Church, Samuel 224 
 
 Whitefield, Geor"e. 
 
 849 
 
 
 625 
 
 Clavton, Thomas 234 
 
 Wigglesworth, Eduard 
 
 855 l Osooit 
 856 1 Osson 
 
 626 
 626 
 
 Colden, Cadwallader D 249 
 Cranch, Richard 271 
 
 
 
 630 
 
 
 Willard, Joseph 
 
 858 
 
 
 6-11 
 
 Cushing, William 276 
 
 Williams, |{o"-cr 
 
 859 
 
 
 643 
 
 Dag^ett, David 279 
 
 Williams, John 
 
 860 
 
 Paul, Silas 
 
 643 
 ...... 055 
 
 Dana, Francis 280 
 Dana, Samuel 280 
 
 
 862 
 
 Philip 
 
 657 
 
 668 
 
 Dane, Nathan 2S2 
 
 AVilliams, Solomon 
 
 802 
 
 AVilliams. Stephen 
 
 862 
 
 
 . ., 670 Davis. John 292 
 
 Williams, Eliphalet 
 
 863 
 
 Pontiae 
 Powhatan , - . 
 
 671 
 675 
 
 Dawes, Thomas 292 
 Day, Thomas 293 
 
 AVilliams, Solomon 
 
 865 
 
 Wilson, John 
 
 867 
 
 
 684 
 
 DC Lanccy, James 298 
 
 Wilson, James 
 
 868 
 
 
 685 
 
 Desaussure, Henry AV 299 
 
 Wilson, James P 
 
 868 
 
 Bed Jacket 
 Uirh.-onville 
 Kidge, John 
 
 095 
 702 
 702 
 708 
 
 Dewev, Daniel 299 
 Drayton, AVilliam 308 
 Dravton. John 308 
 Dua ne, James 309 
 Dudley Paul 310 
 
 Wilson, Joshua L 
 Winchester, Elhanau 
 
 SOU 
 
 870 
 
 
 S75 
 
 
 712 
 
 AVitherspoon, John 
 Woodbriditc, Benjamin 
 Woodbridge John. 
 
 876 
 880 
 
 881 
 
 Snir .imaii 
 Skcnondou , 
 Siinsceto 
 Tac-kawash, John 
 Tacleuskuud . . 
 
 722 
 737 
 773 
 
 . . . 775 
 
 Dulaney , Daniel 311 
 Durfee, Job 314 
 Dyer, Eliphalet 318 
 Edwards, Pierrcpont 328 
 
 Woodbridge, Timothy 
 Woods. Jxiouard 
 
 881 
 ...883 
 
900 
 
 1XDKX. 
 
 Page 
 
 Edwards Ilenry P 329 
 
 Emmett, Thomas A 339 
 
 Emott, James 341 
 
 Ford, Gabriel II 359 
 
 Foster, Jedediah 300 
 
 Giilloway, Joseph .373 
 
 Goddard, Calvin 383 
 
 Gould, James 391 
 
 Graham, John A 392 
 
 Granger, Gideon 393 
 
 Greenleaf, Simon.. 398 
 
 Gridlcy, Jeremy 400 
 
 Griswold, Stanley 402 
 
 Hamilton, Andrew 408 
 
 Harrison, Robert II 415 
 
 Hay, George 421 
 
 Hey ward, Thomas 429 
 
 Ilil lhouse, James A 433 
 
 Hitchcock, Samuel J 435 
 
 Hoar, Samuel 435 
 
 Hobart, John S 437 
 
 Hoffman, David 433 
 
 Hoffman, Ogden 438 
 
 Holmes, John 440 
 
 Hopkinson, Francis 448 
 
 Hopkinson, Joseph 449 
 
 Horsmander, Daniel 449 
 
 Hosmer, Stephen T 449 
 
 Howell, David 452 
 
 Hubbard, Samuel 453 
 
 Ingersoll, Jared 4(i3 
 
 Ingersoll, Jonathan 403 
 
 Imlell, James 464 
 
 Jackson, Charles 407 
 
 Jacob, Stephen 467 
 
 Jay, John 409 
 
 Johnson, William 481 
 
 Johnson, Wm. Samuel 482 
 
 Jones, David 483 
 
 Jones, Samuel 485 
 
 Kent, James 491 
 
 Killam, William 492 
 
 Kinsey, James. 495 
 
 Kirby, Ephraim 495 
 
 Lansing, John 504 
 
 Law, Richard 507 
 
 Lee, Charles 518 
 
 Lincoln, Levi 524 
 
 Lit toll, William 527 
 
 Livermorc, Samuel 528 
 
 Livormore, Arthur 528 
 
 Livingston, Brockholst 530 
 
 Livingston, Edward 531 
 
 Ijoi-.irt ellow, Stephen 534 
 
 Lowell, John 538 
 
 Lynde, Benjamin 541 
 
 Marsh, Charles 549 
 
 Marshall, John 549 
 
 Martin. Luther 550 
 
 Martin, Francis X 550 
 
 Mason, Jeremiah 555 
 
 Matthews, Vincent 661 
 
 Mellon, Prentiss 573 
 
 Merrill, Benjamin. 574 
 
 Merrill, James C 574 
 
 Mitchell, Stephen M 582 
 
 Morris, Robert II 592 
 
 Morton. Perez 596 
 
 Nelson, William 003 
 
 Nicholson, Joseph II 607 
 
 Nilcs. Nathaniel 608 
 
 Ogden, David 15 618 
 
 Olcott, Simeon 620 
 
 Oliver, Peter 622 
 
 Poine, Robert Treat 632 
 
 Paine, Elijah.. 633 
 
 Parker, Isaac 636 
 
 Parsons, Theophilus 640 
 
 Praive, Dutce J 646 
 
 Pinkney, William 666 
 
 Prntt, Peter 676 
 
 I ratt, Benjamin 670 
 
 I rontiss, Samuel 678 
 
 f nlnam, Samuel 687 
 
 Quincy, Edmund 688 
 
 Uadoliffe, Jacob 690 
 
 Hawle. William 094 
 
 I .oad. George 695 
 
 Read, John 695 
 
 Reeve, Tapping 698 
 
 Richardson, William 701 
 
 Roane, Spencer 705 
 
 Robinson, Jonathan 708 
 
 Robinson, M. M 708 
 
 Root, Jesse 713 
 
 Ross, George 
 
 Rush, Jacob 
 
 Rutledge, John 
 
 Saltonstall, Richard 
 
 Sargent, Nathaniel P 
 
 Sodgwick, Theodore 
 
 Sergeant, John 
 
 So wall, Samuel 
 
 Sewall, Stephen 
 
 Sewall, Samuel 
 
 Sewoll, Jonathan 
 
 Sherman, Roger M 
 
 Shippen, Edward 
 
 Smith, William 
 
 Smith, Jeremiah 
 
 Spencer, Ambrose 
 
 Stearns, Asahel 
 
 Story, Joseph 
 
 Strong, Simeon 
 
 Sullivan, George 
 
 Sullivan, William 
 
 Swift, Zephaniah 
 
 Thacher, George 
 
 Thacher, Peter 
 
 Thompson, Smith 
 
 Tilghman, William 
 
 Trowbridge, Edmund 
 
 Tucker, St. George 
 
 Tucker, Henry St. George. 
 
 Tucker. Beverley 
 
 Ward. Artemas. . . 
 
 90 
 
 Washington, Bushrod . 
 
 Whcaton, Laban 
 
 Wheaton, Henry 
 
 Wilde, Samuel S 
 
 Wilson, James 
 
 Winthrop, Waitstill . . . 
 Winthrop, .fames 
 
 Wirt, William 
 
 Wolcott, Erastus 
 
 Worthington, John. . . 
 
 Wragg, William 
 
 Wythe, George 
 
 Yates, Robert 
 
 .875 
 
 .878 
 .888 
 .889 
 .891 
 .8! -3 
 
 Men of Learning. 
 
 Abbot, Benjamin.. 
 Adams, Charles B. 
 Adrian, Robert.. . . 
 
 Alden, Timothy 
 
 Audubon, John James. 
 Banister, John 
 
 . 15 
 .. 49 
 
 Barclay. Robert 
 
 Barnes, Daniel II 
 
 Bartram, John 
 
 Bartram, William 
 
 Beck, Lewis C 
 
 Belknap, .Jeremy 
 
 Beverly, Robert 
 
 Bollan, AVilliam 
 
 Bonnycastle, Charles. . . 
 
 Bordley, John B 
 
 Boucher, Jonathan 
 
 Bowditch, Nathaniel. . . . 
 
 . 76 
 
 . 79 
 . 88 
 .100 
 
 .101 
 .104 
 .105 
 
 .108 
 
 Bradford. Alden 
 
 Brattle. William 
 
 Brown, Charles B 
 
 Buckminstor, Joseph S. , 
 
 Burke, John D 
 
 Butler, Caleb. . . 
 
 .124 
 .133 
 .140 
 ..156 
 .165 
 
 Butler, Mann 
 
 Callender, John 
 
 Cardoll, William S 
 
 Carey, Matthew 
 
 Carter, Nathaniel II. ... 
 
 Catesby, Mark 
 
 Chalmers, George 
 
 Charlevoix, I oter De.. . . 
 Chastellux, Marquis De. 
 
 Checvor, E/ekiel 
 
 Clayton, John 
 
 ..178 
 .178 
 .180 
 .191 
 .191 
 .194 
 .203 
 .2H4 
 
 .210 
 .212 
 
 .218 
 .233 
 
 Clifford, John D 
 
 Colbnrn, Zera 
 
 Colden, Cadwalladcr. 
 
 Cooper, Thomas 
 
 Cooper, James F 
 
 Coxe, Daniel 
 
 Coke, Tench 
 
 Cutbush, James 
 
 Cutler, Manassch. . . . 
 
 .246 
 
 .247 
 
 .202 
 .202 
 ..270 
 .270 
 .277 
 .278 
 
 De Kay, James E. . . . 
 
 Dennic, Joseph 
 
 Dray tun, William II. 
 
 .308 
 
 Pago 
 
 Dummer. Jeremiah 311 
 
 Dnponceau, Peter S 314 
 
 Dutton, Matthew R 314 
 
 Dwight, Theodore 317 
 
 Eaton, Amos 321 
 
 Eddy, Samuel 322 
 
 Ellicott, Andrew 335 
 
 Elliott, Stephen 335 
 
 Evans, Lewis 344 
 
 Everett, Alexander II 340 
 
 Farmer, John: 348 
 
 Farrar, John 348 
 
 Fisher, Alexander M 353 
 
 Fiske. Nathan W 355 
 
 Fobes, Perez 358 
 
 Follen, Charles T. C 358 
 
 Foot, Joseph 1 359 
 
 Franklin, \Villiam 366 
 
 Frisbie. Levi 308 
 
 Grew, Theophilus 39 J 
 
 Griffin, Edmund D 400 
 
 Grimko, Thomas S 401 
 
 Grimshaw, William 402 
 
 Gros, John D 403 
 
 Hakluyt, Richard 404 
 
 Hall, John E 400 
 
 Hall, Frederic 407 
 
 Harris, Thaddeus W 415 
 
 llaskell, Daniel 418 
 
 Hassler, Ferdinand 418 
 
 Hazard, Ebeuezer 423 
 
 Hedge, Levi 424 
 
 Hennepin, Louis 425 
 
 Hentz, N. M 428 
 
 Hewitt, Alexander 429 
 
 Houghton, Douglass 449 
 
 Hoyt, Epuphras 452 
 
 Hutchins, Thomas 459 
 
 Johnson, Edward 478 
 
 Josselyn, John 485 
 
 Judd. Sylvester 480 
 
 Kalm, Peter 488 
 
 Kemp, .John 490 
 
 Kingsley, James L 495 
 
 Knapp, Samuel 497 
 
 Lafon, Barthelemy ..502 
 
 Lawson, John 509 
 
 Lcverett, John 521 
 
 Liusley, James II 527 
 
 Locke, John . . .532 
 
 Logan, James 532 
 
 Mansfield, Jared 648 
 
 Marsh, James 549 
 
 Marshall, Humphrey 549 
 
 Melish, John 572 
 
 Michanx, Andre 576 
 
 Miuot. George R 580 
 
 Minto, Walter 581 
 
 Mitchell, John 582 
 
 Monette, John W 583 
 
 Moody, Samuel 5S7 
 
 Morton, Nathaniel.. . . . . .590 
 
 Mourt, George 597 
 
 Murray, Lindley , 002 
 
 Newman, Samuel P 005 
 
 Nii-ollet. J. N ...607 
 
 Partridge, Alden 041 
 
 Patterson, Robert 642 
 
 Peabody , David 645 
 
 Pearson, Eliphalet 640 
 
 Peck, William D 047 
 
 Pierce. Benjamin 648 
 
 Pemberton, Thomas 648 
 
 Pemberton, Ebenczer 048 
 
 Pickering, John 002 
 
 Pitkin, Timothy 007 
 
 I opkin, JohnS 072 
 
 Prince, Nathan 083 
 
 I roud. Robert OH3 
 
 I mvhas, Samuel 
 
 I nrsli. Frederic 085 
 
 Pynchon, William 687 
 
 liamsav, David 091 
 
 095 
 
 7(10 
 
 704 
 
 700 
 
 721 
 
 723 
 
 745 
 
 758 
 
 700 
 
 Storrs. Charles 15 704 
 
 Stn.-.rt, .Moses 7(58 
 
 Taylor, Oliver A 780 
 
 Redfleld, William C. 
 
 Rich, Obadiah 
 
 Itittcnhousc, David. 
 
 Robic, Thomas 
 
 Sanderson, John . . , 
 
 Say. Thomas 
 
 Smith. Samuel 
 
 Stiles, Ezra 
 
 Stith, William 
 
INDEX. 
 
 901 
 
 
 Page 
 800 
 802 
 805 
 
 
 Page 
 429 
 434 
 
 4as 
 
 452 
 
 Woodward. Henry 
 Wright, Royal N 
 
 Page 
 s*.-, 
 
 
 r 1Tn .!.:,,. * 
 
 Ilin-M ;!< Abel K 
 
 
 Iliti-hciM k, Harvey 
 Hoyt Ard 
 
 Wright, Alfred 
 Wyuwn, Robert 
 Youngman. John G 
 Zeisberger, David 
 
 Persons over One 
 Years. 
 
 Alden, John 
 Alice 
 
 S .N) 
 
 Mil 
 
 894 
 8 J-i 
 
 Hundred 
 
 ..11 
 
 10 
 
 Warden, David B 
 Weblier, Samuel 
 
 \\ cli-NT No-ill 
 
 820 
 8,35 
 835 
 845 
 
 864 
 
 Hume, Robert W 
 Johnson, Maria P 
 Jones, Samuel T 
 
 455 
 482 
 485 
 487 
 
 Wh.vlMc-k. John 
 
 vv l \l "- 1 
 
 8f>8 
 
 Judson, Adoniram 
 
 488 
 
 . j . 
 
 874 
 
 Judson, Emily C 
 
 488 
 
 Wooil. William 
 Wood. John 
 
 879 
 830 
 .893 
 
 Kinney, Henry 
 Kirkland, Samuel 
 Knapp, Horton 
 
 495 
 496 
 497 
 
 Missionaries. 
 
 9 
 
 
 507 
 
 
 33 
 
 
 508 
 
 
 86 
 
 Lobdell Henry 
 
 532 
 
 Ange, Francis 
 
 38 
 
 
 532 
 
 Anglin, Ilenrv 
 
 33 
 
 
 532 
 
 Appleton, Lydia 
 
 40 
 
 A 1* V -t 
 
 18 
 
 
 532 
 
 Arnold, Seth 
 
 46 
 
 Allen, Mvra 
 Allen, Orpah 
 Allen, Azubiih 
 Andrews, I arnelly 
 Ai)thor]>. George II 
 
 27 
 27 
 27 
 36 
 41 
 76 
 
 Lowrie, Walter M 
 Lyman. Henry 
 Mar<|notte, Joseph 
 Marsh, Samnel 1) 
 May hew, Zeehariah 
 Maynard, Eliphnl 
 McLean, Alexander 
 Mills, Samuel J 
 
 539 
 541 
 548 
 549 
 563 
 564 
 570 
 579 
 580 
 
 Atwell, Lucretia 
 Badger. Rachel 
 
 49 
 55 
 06 
 
 Bartlett. Elisha 
 Bayley, Matthias 
 Belknap. Ezekiel 
 
 68 
 73 
 80 
 
 Beuj.imin, Nathan 
 Bigot, Vincent 
 
 84 
 91 
 
 93 
 
 
 84 
 
 
 87 
 
 Billings. Asahel 
 
 91 
 
 
 93 
 
 Montgomery, William B 
 Mosely, Samuel 
 
 585 
 596 
 598 
 
 Binkley, Adam 
 Rirdseye, Nathan 
 Blowers, Sampson S 
 
 92 
 92 
 99 
 
 Boardman. George D 
 
 99 
 107 
 
 1 , 1 
 
 108 
 
 
 598 
 
 Bo"art, Abraham 
 
 100 
 
 * 1 
 
 14 
 
 
 509 
 
 Boucher, Charles 
 
 Kit) 
 
 Br linerd. David 
 
 127 
 
 Muzzy, Mrs 
 
 602 
 
 Brown, Svphax 
 
 151 
 
 Braiuerd. John 
 Brebeuf, Jean De 
 Bressani, F. G 
 Bridgman, James G 
 
 131 
 134 
 135 
 133 
 152 
 
 Newell, Samuel 
 Newell, Harriet 
 Newton, Mrs 
 Niehols, John 
 
 604 
 604 
 606 
 600 
 616 
 
 Burnham, Lydia 
 Burr, Mary 
 Bushc, Benjamin 
 Butler, William 
 
 102 
 107 
 172 
 174 
 177 
 
 1 t ! s P 
 
 154 
 
 
 634 
 
 Butterworth. Catharine. . 
 
 17-i 
 
 ]!uell, William 
 Burgess, N. M. Hall 
 Burgess, Mrs 
 Bushncll, Mrs 
 
 159 
 1(52 
 1(32 
 174 
 
 178 
 
 Parsons, Levi 
 Perry, Joseph M. S 
 Pierce, Mary 
 Pohlman, William J 
 
 640 
 655 
 CH3 
 609 
 (509 
 
 Campbell, Jenny 
 Carrier. Thomas 
 Clark, Daniel 
 Cobb, Ebenezer 
 Coffee. John 
 
 189 
 l:i3 
 228 
 241 
 244 
 
 Bnttner, Gottlieb 
 
 178 
 
 178 
 
 Pond, Cornelia E 
 
 671 
 071 
 
 Cole, Coletta 
 Collamore, John 
 
 249 
 250 
 
 
 189 
 
 
 675 
 
 
 262 
 
 Campbell, Harvey M 
 Carlicil, E. De 
 
 189 
 191 
 
 00 
 
 Price, Jonathan D 
 Ralle, Sebastiou 
 
 079 
 691 
 692 
 
 Crawford, Marv 
 Crull, Philip. " 
 Currier, Mehetabel 
 
 272 
 273 
 275 
 
 Castle. Angelina 
 Chamberlain, Levi 
 
 202 
 204 
 205 
 
 Kanch, C. II 
 lieed, William 
 Dice, Luther 
 
 694 
 697 
 700 
 
 Davie, Mary . 
 Davy, John 
 Deems, Adan, 
 
 288 
 292 
 297 
 
 
 210 
 
 
 701 
 
 Deputy, Jacob 
 
 2: .> 
 
 , , TV , r _ 
 
 212 
 
 
 701 
 
 Drinker, Edward 
 
 ::tis 
 
 
 212 
 
 
 701 
 
 Dnnlap. Hush 
 
 313 
 
 
 218 
 
 Richards, William L 
 
 701 
 
 Easton, Violctte 
 
 316 
 
 Condcc, Mrs 
 Crane. Edwin 
 dimming!*, Abraham 
 
 258 
 272 
 274 
 275 
 
 Itobinson, Charles 
 Satterlee, A. B 
 Schneider, Mrs 
 
 708 
 722 
 723 
 724 
 
 Eaton, Abigail 
 Elliott, Robert 
 El well. Mehetabel 
 Eve, Adam 
 
 321 
 335 
 337 
 345 
 
 Dibble, Sheldon 
 l)oil"c Aa 
 
 301 
 305 
 
 Scuddcr, Katharine 
 
 725 
 727 
 
 Farrar, Timothy 
 Farrar, Mary 
 
 348 
 349 
 
 
 317 
 
 
 744 
 
 Ferry, Rachel 
 
 350 
 
 
 317 
 
 Smith Maria W 
 
 745 
 
 
 
 
 Edwards. William 
 
 328 
 346 
 
 Smith, Azariah. 
 Smith, Robert 
 
 746 
 747 
 
 Follow, Peter 
 
 :;:,S 
 
 Fontaine, William 
 
 
 
 Everett Joel S 
 
 346 
 
 Smith, Eli 
 
 747 
 
 Forbes, Duncan 
 
 369 
 
 Fisk, Pliny 
 Fisk, Is.-uie 
 Foote, Koxaua 
 i i-encb, Henry S. G 
 
 354 
 354 
 359 
 367 
 309 
 
 Spanlding, Ephraim 
 Stetson, Ellen 
 Stevens. Edwin 
 Stoddard, Harriet 
 
 750 
 756 
 758 
 702 
 7113 
 
 Francisco, Henry 
 Gilley, John 
 Goodrich, Hannah 
 Cough, Hannah 
 Grant, Anna 
 
 
 
 :N7 
 
 898 
 
 
 ... 371 
 
 
 780 
 
 Green, Ezra 
 
 
 
 
 373 
 
 Tefft Eliza 
 
 781 
 
 
 -t]:{ 
 
 Goddard, Josiah 
 Goodall, Hervey 
 
 383 
 386 
 393 
 
 Temple, Daniel 
 Thompson, Eliza 
 
 781 
 ...790 
 7!H 
 
 Harvey, Benjamin 
 Hatch Elisha 
 
 4 IS 
 419 
 
 Hitchcock, Thomas 
 
 419 
 
 Grant, Asahel 
 
 394 
 394 
 
 Thomson, Frederic B 
 
 791 
 
 794 
 
 Hightown, Joshua 
 Hills, Ebenezer 
 
 432 
 4:u 
 
 Gridley, Elnathan 
 
 400 
 
 402 
 
 Tracy. Adeline 
 
 797 
 808 
 
 Howell, Silas 
 Hunt, Littleton 
 
 4:72 
 
 450 
 
 Grout, Hannah 
 Gnil ic B \. 
 
 403 
 
 403 
 
 Van Lennep. Mary E 
 
 808 
 845 
 
 Jamieson, Robert 
 
 . ..4>:i> 
 469 
 
 Il-ill. Gordon 
 Hall, AlansonC 
 Hnll.Klay. Albert R 
 Hamlin, Henrietta 
 Hancock, Martha 
 Hawlcv, Gideon 
 Hebard, Story 
 Ilubanl, Itcbecca 
 
 406 
 407 
 407 
 410 
 
 413 
 120 
 41M 
 424 
 424 
 
 White, David 
 Whiting, George B 
 
 852 
 852 
 
 853 
 
 
 471 
 
 
 475 
 
 Jim 
 
 470 
 
 Whittelsey, Samuel G 
 Wilson, Mrs 
 Wilson. Alexander 
 Winslmv. Harriet 
 Winslow, Anne 
 Wood, Mrs 
 Wood! Joel . . 
 
 854 
 809 
 809 
 872 
 872 
 880 
 ...880 
 
 John 
 Johnson, Noah 
 
 477 
 479 
 482 
 
 Jones, Nancy 
 Judd, Lois 
 Judkins, Philip 
 Karues, Sarah W 
 
 4S5 
 4S7 
 1-7 
 
 Hervev. William. . . 
 
 ...429 
 
902 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Page 
 
 Kennison, Jenny 491 
 
 Ke-nniston. David 491 
 
 Killam, Rebecca 492 
 
 Kincaid. Mary 493 
 
 Knight. Deborah .497 
 
 Knox, William 499 
 
 Lacy. Jacob 501 
 
 Lane. E/.ekiel 502 
 
 Langstaff. Henry 503 
 
 Langworthy, Content 503 
 
 Jjiiirum, Mary 504 
 
 Layne, Charles 509 
 
 Lear, Mrs 510 
 
 Leasure. Joseph 510 
 
 Lee. Elizabeth 519 
 
 Le Forge. Henry 520 
 
 Lemell, Eleanor 521 
 
 Lent, Isaac 521 
 
 Leonard, Abigail 521 
 
 Lewis. Comfort 523 
 
 Lilly. Anna 523 
 
 Lincoln, Ruth 525 
 
 Linn, John 527 
 
 Lovejoy, Hannah 536 
 
 Lovejoy, Pompcy 536 
 
 Lovewell. Mr 537 
 
 Lusk, John 539 
 
 Macklin, Robert 543 
 
 Mallet, Angeline 546 
 
 Marshall, Andrew 550 
 
 Martha 550 
 
 Martin, John 550 
 
 Matthews, Mary 561 
 
 Mayo. Mrs 564 
 
 McDaniel. Archibald 566 
 
 McDonald, Donald 566 
 
 McDougal, Alexander 567 
 
 McGuin, Samuel 567 
 
 Mclntire, Mrs 567 
 
 Mclntosh, Ann 568 
 
 Mclntire. John 568 
 
 Miller. John 578 
 
 Miimiek. Mrs .580 
 
 Moor, Mordecai 588 
 
 Moore, Hannah 588 
 
 Moore, Elizabeth 588 
 
 Woore, Samuel 589 
 
 Mosher, Hannah 596 
 
 Murphy, John 599 
 
 Murray, William 602 
 
 Nuu hbors, Mr 602 
 
 Newby, Mrs 604 
 
 Newell, Hep/.ibah 605 
 
 Niblet, Solomon 606 
 
 Niles, George 608 
 
 Norris, Phebe 611 
 
 Norton, Molly 613 
 
 Orr, John 623 
 
 Orr. ls:iac 624 
 
 Osborne, Mrs 625 
 
 I :. llote, Joseph 633 
 
 Palmer, George 634 
 
 Pearce. Elizabeth 646 
 
 Peniry, Sarah 649 
 
 Perkins, William 652 
 
 IVrUiiis. Erastus 653 
 
 Philbrick, Abigail 657 
 
 Pierce, Robert 602 
 
 Pinson. Sarah 667 
 
 Piper. Susannah 667 
 
 P:ai.te. Marie 667 
 
 Politis, Peter 669 
 
 Potter. Mercy 674 
 
 Pratt. Ephraim 676 
 
 PrM . en. William 680 
 
 PIT .ely. Philip 683 
 
 Ramsay, William 692 
 
 Raiikins, Catharine 693 
 
 Ream. Jeremiah 695 
 
 Redlon, Sarah 696 
 
 i .oil-ty. John 698 
 
 Reynolds, Joseph 700 
 
 Roberts, Charles 706 
 
 it il.i !. Marie 706 
 
 lioe.-e. William 710 
 
 Rogers. Adams 712 
 
 Ross. Alexander 714 
 
 Rump. Frederic 716 
 
 Rvalls. Henry 719 
 
 Sanfnrd. Joshua 721 
 
 . Mary 722 
 
 r, Elizabeth 723 
 
 . Hannah 726 
 
 Seeber, Henry 726 
 
 Shanklin, Ann 731 | 
 
 Shaver, John 
 
 Shcpard, Mr 
 
 Small, Isaac 
 
 Smith. Jacob J 
 
 Snider, Andrew 
 
 Sparling, Huldah 
 
 Stanford, Joshua 
 
 Ten Eyck, Sarah 
 
 Thorndike, Robert.. . . 
 
 Torrey, Dorothy 
 
 Ulrick, Mrs 
 
 Van Gelder, Mr 
 
 Vanhining, Henry. . . . 
 Van Voast, John J.. . . 
 
 Wall, Arthur 
 
 Warden, John 
 
 Warren, Mary 
 
 Welch, Samuel 
 
 Welch, Sarah 
 
 Welcott, Nannie 
 
 Whitman, John 
 
 Whitney, Sarah 
 
 Wier. Mr 
 
 Wilder, Nathaniel. . . ; 
 
 Willcy, Anna 
 
 Willey, Charles 
 
 Wingutc, Mrs 
 
 Wood. Lois 
 
 Woodhull, John 
 
 Woodward, Jonathan. 
 Worthington, Peter . . 
 Wrangman, John 
 Yancey, Mary 
 
 Page 
 . . .731 
 
 "738 
 ..747 
 
 ..748 
 . . .750 
 ..754 
 ...782 
 ..791 
 . . .796 
 , . .806 
 ..808 
 ..808 
 ..809 
 . .816 
 ...819 
 , . .822 
 ..837 
 ..837 
 ..837 
 ..853 
 ..854 
 i . .855 
 ..857 
 ..859 
 . .859 
 ..871 
 ..880 
 ..883 
 
 885 
 888 
 889 
 893 
 
 Physicians and Surgeons. 
 
 Ames, Nathaniel 
 
 Anderson. James 
 
 Aspinwall, William 
 
 Atkinson. Israel 
 
 Avery, William 
 
 Bard, John 
 
 Bard, Samuel 
 
 Baron, Alexander 
 
 Bartlett. Josiah 
 
 Bartlett . Zaccheus 
 
 Barton, Benjamin S 
 
 Bayley, Richard 
 
 Baylies, William 
 
 Baynam, William 
 
 Beatty, John 
 
 Beck "John B 
 
 Beck, T. Romeyn 
 
 Belden, Joshua 
 
 Bliss, James C 
 
 Bond, Thomas 
 
 Boweu, Pardon 
 
 Boylston, Zabdiel 
 
 Brackett, Joshua. . . 
 
 . 76 
 . 78 
 . 98 
 .101 
 .111 
 .113 
 .116 
 
 Brigham. Amariah 
 
 Brown, Samuel 
 
 Bruce, Archibald 
 
 Buel, William 
 
 Bulfii-ch. Thomas 
 
 Bull, William 
 
 Bullard, Artemas 
 
 Cadwallader, Thomas. . 
 
 .139 
 .140 
 .152 
 .157 
 .159 
 . 161 
 
 161 
 
 182 
 
 183 
 
 193 
 
 Chalmers. Lioi.el 204 
 
 Caldwell, Charles. , 
 Carrigain, Philip 
 
 Cheevcr, Abijah 
 
 Childs, Timothy 
 
 Church, Benjamin 
 
 Clark, John. . . 
 
 218 
 
 220 
 
 Clarke, Thaddeus 
 
 Clayton, Joshua 
 
 Cleaveland. Parker. . . . 
 Cleaveland. Nehemiah . 
 
 Cochran, John 
 
 Coffin, Charles 
 
 Coffin, Nathaniel 
 
 Coffin, John G 
 
 Cogswell, Mason F 
 
 Cookc, Elisha 
 
 Cornelius. Elias 
 
 Cotton, John 
 
 Craik, James 
 
 Cutler, John 
 
 Cutter, Ammi R 
 
 Dana, James F 
 
 Danforth. Samuel 
 
 Dewces, William P. ... 
 De Witt. Benjamin. . . . 
 Dixwell, John 
 
 .1>::2 
 .233 
 ..2*-> 
 .237 
 ..242 
 ..244 
 
 ..244 
 .244 
 .245 
 
 Page 
 
 Doane. George .3(4 
 
 Donaldson. William 305 
 
 Dorsey, John S 305 
 
 Douglass. William 306 
 
 Drake, Daniel 307 
 
 Dwiglit, Benjamin W 317 
 
 Eldridge, Charles 330 
 
 Emerson, Samuel 339 
 
 Erving, Shirley 343 
 
 Evans, Cadwailader 314 
 
 Field, Richard 350 
 
 Fisher, Joshua- 353 
 
 Fiske, Caleb 355 
 
 Fiske, Oliver 355 
 
 Flint, Austin 357 
 
 Freeman. Nathaniel 306 
 
 Fuller, Samuel 309 
 
 Gallup, Joseph A 373 
 
 Ganiage, William 373 
 
 Garden, Alexander 374 
 
 Godman, John D 385 
 
 Gorham, John 390 
 
 Graeme, Thomas 392 
 
 Graham, Andrew 392 
 
 Greene, Peter 398 
 
 Greene, Thomas 398 
 
 Greene, Alpheus S 398 
 
 Griffitts, Samuel P 401 
 
 Harris, Tucker 414 
 
 Hart, John 417 
 
 Hay ward, Lemuel 423 
 
 Hay ward, Nathan 423 
 
 Hazard, Enoch 423 
 
 Ilersey, E/.ekiel 428 
 
 Horsey, Abner 428 
 
 Hinde 434 
 
 Holland, Abraham 439 
 
 Holyoke, Edward A 441 
 
 Hooker, Thomas 444 
 
 Ilosacki David 449 
 
 Hunt, Ebenezer 456 
 
 Ingalls, William 403 
 
 Ives, Levi 404 
 
 James, Thomas 408 
 
 Jeffries, John 474 
 
 Jones, John 483 
 
 Jones, Noble W 484 
 
 JonesJ Walter 484 
 
 Jones, Thomas P 485 
 
 King, David 494 
 
 Kissam, Richard S 493 
 
 Kittredge, Thomas ..497 
 
 Kollock, Lemuel 499 
 
 Kulin, Adam 5CO 
 
 Lathrop, Joshua 504 
 
 Lining, John 527 
 
 Lloyd, James 531 
 
 Lovell, Joseph 537 
 
 Low, James 537 
 
 Maci:evcn. William J 543 
 
 547 
 
 547 
 
 547 
 
 562 
 
 564 
 
 578 
 
 Miner, Thomas 580 
 
 Mitchell, Ammi I! 582 
 
 Mitchell, Samuel L 5S3 
 
 Monro, George 583 
 
 Morgan. John 5S9 
 
 596 
 
 597 
 
 .599 
 
 Nicoll. John . ..607 
 
 Noyes, Josiah. ... 616 
 
 Oliver, Bei-iainin L 022 
 
 Oliver, Daniel 622 
 
 P.irrish. Joseph 637 
 
 Pea body. Nathaniel 645 
 
 Perkins, Elisha 652 
 
 653 
 
 661 
 
 664 
 
 Post, Wright . . . . . .674 
 
 Potter. Nathaniel 074 
 
 Prescott, 
 
 Mann. James. 
 
 Mann, Perez 
 
 Manning, John 
 
 May, Frederic 
 
 Mayhew, Matthew 
 
 Miller, Edward. . . 
 
 Morton. Samuel G 
 
 Moultrie, John 
 
 Munson, JKneas. . . 
 
 Perkins, Cvrus. . . 
 Physick. Philip S. 
 Pierson/Abel D. . 
 
 .271 
 
 .277 
 .278 
 .282 
 283 
 .299 
 ..299 
 .304 
 
 OU 
 
 .678 
 
 Rmnsay, Alexander 092 
 
 Rand, Isaac 692 
 
 Redman, John 696 - 
 
 Revere, John 699 
 
 Ridgely, Charles 702 
 
 Rock wood, Ebcnezer 709 
 
 Rodgers, J. Kearney 709 
 
 Rush, Benjamin 716 
 
INDEX. 
 
 903 
 
 Scwall, Thomas 
 Shattuck, George C 
 Shippen, William 
 ShurtlctT. Beaj imin 
 Smith, Nathan 
 Spalding, Lyman 
 Spooncr. William 
 Spring, Marshall 
 Spurzheim, John G 
 Sweet, Benoni 
 Thacher. James 
 Thompson, Samuel 
 Tilton. James 
 Todd, Eli 
 
 Pago 
 730 
 731 
 735 
 736 
 744 
 749 
 751 
 752 
 753 
 773 
 787 
 ...791 
 793 
 794 
 
 Pago 
 Wigglesworth, Michael 855 
 Wilcox, Carlos 850 
 Wright, Nathaniel II 889 
 
 Printers and Publishers. 
 
 Aitken, Robert 14 
 Armstrong, Samuel T 43 
 Bat-he, Benjamin F 61 
 Bingham. Caleb 91 
 Bradford, William 121 
 Bradford. Andrew 12: 
 Butler, William 177 
 
 Calhoun, John C 
 Calvert, George 
 Calvert, Leonard 
 Carroll. Charles 
 Carver, John 
 CM well, Richard 
 Champlain, Samuel Do 
 Chittenden, Thomas 
 Clairborne, William C. C 
 (Hair, Arthur St 
 Clark, William 
 Clarke, John 
 Clay, Henry 
 Clinton, George 
 
 Page 
 1^4 
 186 
 187 
 194 
 197 
 202 
 206 
 221 
 224 
 224 
 ..229 
 229 
 232 
 238 
 
 Townsend. Daniel 
 Tudor, Elihu 
 
 ...790 
 802 
 803 
 
 Butler. Simeon 
 Coleman, William A. . 
 Cummings, Jacob A.. . 
 Day, Stephen 
 Dobson, Thomas 
 
 In 
 250 
 274 
 293 
 304 
 ..309 
 
 Clinton, George 
 Clinton. De Witt 
 Clymer. George 
 Coddington, William 
 Collins, John 
 Cooke, Elisha 
 Cornbury, Edward II 
 Cortlandt, Pierre Von 
 Crawford, William II 
 Cushing, Thomas 
 Cushuian, Robert 
 Cutt, John 
 
 240 
 241 
 243 
 250 
 259 
 263 
 264 
 272 
 275 
 276 
 278 
 
 Twitchell, Amos 
 Warren, John 
 Warren, John C 
 Washington, Bailey 
 Waterhouse, Benjamin 
 Welch, Thomas 
 Welch, Archibald 
 Williamson, Hugh 
 
 805 
 .822 
 S->2 
 . 8:53 
 
 8as 
 
 837 
 837 
 806 
 
 809 
 
 Dunham, Josiah 
 Elliot. Jonathan 
 Fleet, Thomas 
 Fowle, Daniel 
 Fox, Justus 
 Franklin, Benjamin.. . 
 
 313 
 335 
 350 
 301 
 
 302 
 
 302 
 
 
 875 
 
 Dallas, Alexander J 
 Danforth, Thomas 
 D Aulnay 
 Davis, John 
 
 279 
 282 
 284 
 292 
 
 Woodhouse, James 
 Woodward, Samuel B 
 
 Poets. 
 
 883 
 885 
 
 . 3 
 
 Gaine. Hugh 
 Goddard, William .... 
 
 . . .371 
 3^2 
 
 394 
 
 Green, Timothy 
 Hale David 
 
 405 
 
 Dayton, Jonathan 
 Deane. Silas 
 
 294 
 294 
 
 Hilliard, William 
 Holt, John 
 Holt, Charles 
 Hough. George 
 Lang, John 
 
 433 
 440 
 440 
 449 
 502 
 5^0 
 
 Dexter, Samuel 
 Dickerson, Mahlon 
 Dickinson, John 
 Dinsmodr, Samuel 
 Dinwiddie, Robert 
 
 300 
 301 
 302 
 304 
 304 
 . . . .309 
 
 Allen. James 
 Allen; Paul 
 Alsop, Richard 
 
 25 
 27 
 30 
 
 Barlow, Joel 
 Beveridge, John 
 
 61 
 88 
 
 Moore, Jacob B 
 Mussey, B. B 
 
 589 
 602 
 
 Dudley. Joseph 
 Dummcr, William 
 
 310 
 312 
 
 Bleecker. Anthony 
 Boyd, William 
 Bradstreet, Anne 
 
 98 
 113 
 125 
 126 
 144 
 140 
 190 
 2 7 9 
 
 Nancrede, Joseph 
 Newman. Mark II 
 Noah. Mordccai M. . . . 
 
 602 
 000 
 609 
 635 
 
 Dunmore, John 
 Early, Peter 
 Eaton. Theophilus 
 Edwards, Ninian 
 
 313 
 318 
 319 
 328 
 
 Brooks, .lames G 
 Brown, William II 
 Capen. Joseph 
 
 Prentiss. Charles 
 Ritchie. Thomas 
 Rivington. James 
 
 677 
 704 
 705 
 717 
 
 Edwards, Henry W 
 Ellery William 
 
 329 
 335 
 
 Ellsworth, Oliver 
 Endecott, John 
 
 336 
 341 
 
 
 238 
 
 Smith Samuel II 
 
 745 
 
 Eustis, William 
 
 343 
 
 Coffin. Robert S 
 
 244 
 
 249 
 
 Southwick. Solomon . 
 
 748 
 704 
 
 Fauquier, Francis 
 Fcnner, James 
 
 349 
 350 
 
 Crafts. William 
 Davidson, Lucrctia M 
 
 270 
 287 
 
 304 
 
 Thomas, Isaiah 
 True, Benjamin 
 
 Statesmen and 
 
 7S9 
 799 
 
 Magistrates. 
 
 5 
 
 Foot, Samuel A 
 Forsyth, John 
 Franklin, Benjamin 
 
 359 
 300 
 362 
 
 V H 1 W 
 
 319 
 
 
 309 
 
 V > - > Tl P 
 
 350 
 
 Gadsden, Christopher 
 
 370 
 
 ,, > V,, ... 
 
 307 
 
 Gaillard, John 
 
 371 
 
 C If -P Tlioi laa 
 
 j ; 
 
 Gallatin, Albert 
 
 372 
 
 t " V , , i 
 
 395 
 
 
 
 Genet, Edmund C 
 
 377 
 
 
 433 
 
 
 13 
 
 Gerry, Eibridge 
 Giles, William B 
 Gill, Moses 
 
 378 
 380 
 380 
 
 Honey wood, St. John 
 Johnson, William M 
 Key, Francis S 
 
 442 
 479 
 492 
 
 497 
 
 Alden, John 
 Ames, Fisher 
 Andros, Edmund 
 
 14 
 31 
 30 
 .. .. 41 
 
 Gilman, John T 
 Gooch, William 
 
 381 
 385 
 
 Knight, Henry C 
 Ladd, Joseph B 
 Lake, William 
 Leggett, William 
 Low, Samuel 
 Lyou, Richard 
 
 .......497 
 501 
 502 
 520 
 537 
 541 
 545 
 
 Argall, Samuel 
 Baldwin. Abraham. . . 
 Bartlett. Josiah 
 Bnssett. Itichard 
 Bayard, James A 
 Belcher, Jonathan. . . 
 Bell Samuel 
 
 41 
 50 
 07 
 
 71 
 
 72 
 
 77 
 
 80 
 
 Gookin, Daniel 
 Gore. Christopher 
 Gray, William 
 Grayson. William 
 Griswold, Matthew 
 Griswold. Roger 
 
 387 
 389 
 394 
 394 
 402 
 402 
 403 
 
 
 548 
 
 
 . . 80 
 
 Habcr- ham. Joseph 
 
 404 
 
 MeCrcery, John 
 
 566 
 .. .. 573 
 
 Bellingham, Itichard. 
 Berkeley, William. . . . 
 Berkley, Norborne. . . 
 
 82 
 85 
 87 
 87 
 
 Hall, Lyman 
 Hamilton, Alexander 
 Hamilton, Paul 
 
 406 
 408 
 410 
 412 
 
 Mellen, Grenville 
 Miller James W 
 
 573 
 
 578 
 
 Morell William 
 
 5^9 
 
 Bibb William W 
 
 89 
 
 Harper, Robert G 
 
 413 
 
 Munford, William 
 
 598 
 (124 
 
 Bingham, William. . . 
 Blake, Joseph 
 
 91 
 90 
 
 Harrison, Benjamin 
 Harrison, William II 
 
 415 
 416 
 
 Osborn Selleck 
 
 626 
 
 Bland Richard 
 
 .97 
 
 
 420 
 
 O-I IMHI Frances S 
 
 626 
 
 
 97 
 
 Havrie, Kobcrt V 
 
 422 
 
 Paine, Robert T. 
 
 682 
 
 
 Ins 
 
 
 422 
 
 Parke, John 
 
 635 
 
 
 1 10 
 
 1 leister. Joseph 
 
 424 
 
 
 
 
 111 
 
 Hendrick William 
 
 425 
 
 
 60" 
 
 Bradford William 
 
 117 
 
 Henry, Patrick 
 
 425 
 
 
 668 
 
 Bndlbrd William 
 
 121 
 
 Hill. Isaac 
 
 432 
 
 Ray, William 
 Rose, Aquila 
 Sands, Kobcrt C 
 Shaw, John 
 - Smith, William M 
 
 Oil I 
 
 713 
 721 
 731 
 74(i 
 
 Bradford, William 
 Bradley, Stephen R. . 
 Bradstreet, Simon. . . . 
 Bin-lift, William 
 
 122 
 124 
 125 
 105 
 171 
 
 Hillhoiise, James 
 llinckley, Thomas 
 
 433 
 434 
 440 
 
 
 444 
 
 
 444 
 
 Tappan, William B 
 Tilden. Mr 
 Wain, Ro!:ert 
 Wclby, Amelia B. . . 
 
 778 
 793 
 817 
 
 ...837 
 
 Bun-ill, James 
 Butler, Peirce 
 ( abut. George 
 1 Calhoui). John E. . . 
 
 172 
 177 
 182 
 ...184 
 
 Hopkins, Stephen 
 Howard. John E 
 Howard, Benjamin 
 lluiitiimtun, Samuel. . . 
 
 447 
 450 
 
 1M 
 .. 456 
 
904 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Iluntington, Samuel 
 Hutchinson, Thomas 
 Izard, Ralph 
 ]/ard. George 
 
 Page 
 . . . .458 
 459 
 465 
 ....465 
 
 Rodney, Caesar 
 Russwurm, John B 
 Rutlcdge, Edward 
 Saltonstall, Gurdon 
 Sevier, John 
 Sherman, Roger 
 Shirley, William 
 Shute, Samuel 
 Smith, John 
 Smith, Israel 
 Smith, John C 
 Southard, Samuel L 
 Stockton, Richard 
 
 Pago 
 710 
 718 
 718 
 720 
 728 
 734 
 735 
 736 
 739 
 742 
 745 
 748 
 
 
 Pa so 
 142 
 
 
 142 
 
 Brown, John 
 Brown, Andrew 
 
 144 
 146 
 
 Jackson, James 
 Jackson, Andrew 
 Jefferson. Thomas 
 Jenks, Joseph 
 
 ...465 
 ....466 
 471 
 ....475 
 
 Brown, Jacob 
 Bull, John 
 Burbeck, Henry 
 
 150 
 161 
 
 162 
 
 Johnson, Isaac 
 
 ....477 
 . . . .478 
 478 
 ....478 
 ....479 
 482 
 . ... 491 
 
 Burgoyne, John 
 Burrows, William 
 Butler, Richard 
 Butler, Thomas 
 
 162 
 173 
 174 
 175 
 175 
 
 Johnson, Robert 
 Johnson, Gabriel 
 Johnson, Thomas 
 Johnstone, Samuel 
 
 761 
 
 768 
 
 Stuyvesant, Peter 
 Sullivan, James 
 Sunnier, Increase 
 Taylor, Zachary 
 Thomson, Charles 
 Thornton, Matthew 
 Tichenor, Isaac 
 Tomlinson, Gideon 
 Tompkins, Daniel D 
 Tracy, Uriah 
 Treadwell, John 
 Treat, Robert 
 
 770 
 770 
 772 
 780 
 791 
 792 
 792 
 795 
 795 
 797 
 797 
 798 
 ...799 
 
 Butler, Zebulon 
 Butler. William 
 Byrd, William 
 Cadwallader, John 
 Calhoun, Patrick 
 Campbell, Samuel 
 Carlton, Guy 
 Cass, Jonathan 
 Champe, John 
 Chandler, John 
 Chauncey, Isaac 
 
 176 
 177 
 180 
 182 
 184 
 188 
 191 
 202 
 205 
 208 
 213 
 219 
 
 King. Rnfus 
 King, William 
 King. William K 
 Knight, Neherniah R 
 Langdon, John 
 Laurens, Henry 
 Law, Jonathan 
 Lee, Richard Henry 
 Lee, Arthur 
 Lee, Thomas Sim 
 Leet, William 
 Levcrctt, John 
 Lewis, Meriwether 
 Lewis, Morgan 
 Lincoln, Enoch 
 Livingston, Philip 
 Livingston, William 
 Livingston, Robert R 
 Lloyd, Edward 
 Lloyd, James 
 Lowndes, William 
 Lndlow, Roger 
 Macon, Nathaniel 
 Madison, George 
 Madison, James 
 Martin, Alexander 
 Mason, George 
 Mayhew, Thomas 
 McDowell, James 
 McDuffie, George 
 Mi Kean, Thomas 
 Meigs, Return J 
 Mercer, John 
 Metcalfe, Thomas 
 Aliddleton, Henry 
 
 493 
 495 
 495 
 ....498 
 503 
 ....506 
 ....507 
 514 
 . ... 515 
 ....518 
 520 
 521 
 522 
 523 
 525 
 528 
 529 
 529 
 531 
 532 
 538 
 539 
 543 
 544 
 544 
 550 
 553 
 562 
 567 
 567 
 568 
 572 
 573 
 575 
 576 
 
 Childs, Thomas 
 Church, Benjamin 
 Cilley, Joseph 
 Clarke. George R 
 Clarkson, Matthew 
 Clinton, James 
 Clinton, Henry, Sir 
 Coffee. John 
 Conway, Henry 
 Conway, Robert 
 Cooper, James B 
 Cornwall!?, Charles 
 Cortcz, Hernando 
 Covingtou, Leonard 
 Croghan, William 
 Cropper, John 
 dimming. John N 
 Gumming. Robert 
 Gushing, Thomas U 
 Dale, Richard 
 Davidson, William 
 Da vie, William R J<!*. . 
 Dayton, Elias 
 Dearborn, Henry 
 
 220 
 
 222 
 
 !!!"!224 
 
 231 
 232 
 238 
 240 
 244 
 258 
 258 
 262 
 264 
 264 
 270 
 272 
 273 
 274 
 274 
 276 
 279 
 287 
 288 
 293 
 294 
 296 
 
 Tryon, William 801 
 Fpshu r, Abel P 807 
 Vane, Henry 80S 
 Van Rensselaer, Stephen 809 
 Waldron, Richard 814 
 Walton. George 818 
 Weare, Mesliech 834 
 Webster, Daniel 836 
 Wentworth, Renning 840 
 Wentworth, John 840 
 Williams, Benjamin 864 
 Winslow, Edward 871 
 Winslow, Josiah 872 
 Winthrop, John 872 
 Winthrop, John 873 
 Winthrop, Fitn-John 873 
 Winthrop, Thomas L 874 
 Wolcott, Roger 877 
 Wolcott, Oliver 878 
 Woodburv, Levi 88 
 Wright, Silas 890 
 Wyllis, George 891 
 
 "Warriors and Patriots. 
 
 Abercrombie, James 5 
 Ackland. John D c 
 Adair, John 
 Alexander. William. Lord Stirling... . 15 
 Allen, Ethan 18 
 Allen, William Henry 25 
 Amher.-t, Jeffrey 33 
 Andre. John 34 
 Arbuckle. Matthew 41 
 Armistead, W. K 42 
 Armstrong, Robert 42 
 Armstrong, John 42 
 Arnold, Benedict 48 
 Ashley, John *j 
 Ashlev, William 47 
 Ather ton. Humphrey 48 
 Bacon. Nathaniel 53 
 Bainbridge, William 56 
 Barney, Joshua > 
 Ban-on, Samuel 66 
 Tiarron, James "6 
 Barry, John 6C 
 Barton, William 88 
 Bayard, John 
 Biddle, Nicholas S 
 Biddlo, Thomas 8-; 
 i Blakeley. Johnston 9f 
 Bliss, John [* 
 Bloomlield, Joseph jJJ 
 Bomford. George 11 
 Boone, Daniel -JO-j 
 Bouquet, Henry 10 
 Bowie, Robert 11 
 Boyd, John 1 1]- 
 Braddock, Edward 116 
 Bradford, William l^l 
 i Bradford, Gamaliel 1-1 
 Bradford, William 122 
 Bradstrect, John JZ 
 Brady, Hugh J 
 Brock, Isaac 141 
 i Brooke, George M Mi 
 
 Millodge, John 
 Miller, Stephen D 
 Miller, John 
 Mitchell, David B 
 Monroe, James 
 Morrill, David L 
 Morris, Lewis 
 Morris, Robert 
 Morris, Gouverneur 
 Morrow. Jerenii.ih 
 Moultrie, William 
 Murray, William Vans 
 Nelson, Thomas 
 Nicholas, Wilson C 
 Ogden, Aaron 
 < t horpe, James 
 ( )sgi iod. Samuel 
 Oils. James 
 Otis, Harrison Gray 
 Paca, William 
 Page. John 
 Parris, Albion K 
 Patterson, William 
 Peiidleton, Edmund 
 PiMin. William 
 Phillips. John 
 Phipps, William 
 I irkcring, Timothy 
 Pierce, Benjamin 
 I inckney, Thomas 
 Pincknoy, Charles 
 Pleasants, James 
 Plnmer, William 
 Poinsett, Joel U 
 Polk, James K 
 Pownoll, Thomas 
 I l-escott, William 
 Prince, Thomas 
 Pynchon, John 
 Randall, Richard 
 Randolph, Peyton 
 Randolph, Edmund 
 Rantoul, Robert 
 Rnbbins, Ashur 
 Robinson, Moses 
 
 577 
 578 
 578 
 583 
 583 
 592 
 592 
 592 
 593 
 594 
 5 J7 
 600 
 603 
 606 
 618 
 619 
 625 
 627 
 029 
 630 
 631 
 637 
 642 
 649 
 649 
 660 
 660 
 
 . . .em 
 
 666 
 666 
 668 
 668 
 669 
 669 
 675 
 67.8 
 081 
 687 
 6113 
 093 
 692 
 60S 
 70C 
 70S 
 
 Dickinson, Philemon 
 
 303 
 304 
 
 Dwight. Joseph 
 Easton, James 
 Eaton, William 
 Egbert, Samuel 
 Eustace, John S 
 Fellows. John 
 Few, William 
 Floyd, William 
 Folsom, Nathaniel 
 Forbes, Joseph 
 Forrest, Uriah 
 Foster, Gideon 
 Frelinghuysen, Frederic .... 
 Frost, John 
 Frye, Joseph 
 Gaines, Edmund P 
 Gansevoort, Peter, jun 
 Gates, Horatio 
 Gibbons, Edward 
 Gibson, John 
 Gist, Mordecai 
 Greene, Nathaniel 
 Gridloy, Richard 
 Hale. Nathan 
 Hampton, Wade 
 Harmar, Josiah 
 Harmon, Johnson 
 Harrington, Lewis 
 Hayne, Isaac 
 Hazen, Moses 
 Heath, William 
 Henry, William 
 ] [erkimer, General 
 Hilton. Winthrop 
 llnbbard, Caleb 
 linger. Isaac 
 Hull, William 
 Hull. Isaac 
 Humphreys, David 
 Hnntiugton. Jeremiah 
 Iluntington, Ebenezcr 
 Irvine, William 
 
 315 
 319 
 320 
 330 
 343 
 349 
 350 
 358 
 359 
 359 
 360 
 361 
 367 
 368 
 369 
 372 
 374 
 376 
 378 
 379 
 382 
 396 
 400 
 405 
 411 
 413 
 413 
 414 
 422 
 423 
 423 
 428 
 428 
 434 
 453 
 454 
 454 
 455 
 455 
 457 
 458 
 464 
 
INDEX. 
 
 905 
 
 Pago 
 
 Irwin, Jared 464 
 
 James, John 468 
 
 Joim-on, \Villi:im. Sir 480 
 
 Johnson, Richard M 482 
 
 Jonc*. Jolin Paul 483 
 
 Jones, J:in>b 485 
 
 Jones, Roger 485 
 
 Kalb, Baron Do 488 
 
 Kearney, Stephen W 489 
 
 Kennon, Beverley 491 ; 
 
 Knox, Henry 498 1 
 
 Kosciusko, Thaddeus 499 
 
 Lafayette, G. M 501 
 
 Laurens, John 506 
 
 Lawrence, James 507 
 
 Ledyard. Colonel 512 
 
 Lee, Charles 513 
 
 Loc, John 518 
 
 Lee, Henry 518 
 
 Lee, Samuel 519 
 
 Lincoln, Benjamin 523 
 
 Lingan, James M 525 
 
 Livingston, Henry 530 
 
 Lovewell, John 537 
 
 Lyman, Phinehas 540 
 
 Mackenzie, Alexander S 543 
 
 Macomb, Alexander 543 
 
 Manly, John 546 
 
 Marion, Francis 548 
 
 Mason, John 551 
 
 Mason, David 553 
 
 Mattoon, Ebenezer 561 
 
 McClary , Andrew 505 
 
 McDonough, Thomas 56(5 
 
 McDougall, Alexander 566 
 
 Mclntosh, John 568 
 
 Meigs, Return J 572 
 
 Mercer, Hugh 573 
 
 Mimiu, Thomas 577 
 
 Miller, James 579 
 
 Mitchell, David 582 
 
 Montgomery, Richard 585 
 
 Mooers, Benjamin 588 
 
 Morgan, Daniel 589 
 
 Morris, Lewis 592 
 
 Morris, Charles 594 
 
 Morton. Jeremiah 596 
 
 Muhlenberg, Peter 598 
 
 Murray, Alexander 601 
 
 Nash, Francis 602 
 
 Nelson, Roger 603 
 
 Nicholson, James 607 
 
 Nicholson, Samuel 607 
 
 Nicholson, John B 607 
 
 Nixon, John 609 
 
 Ogden, Matthias 618 
 
 Paine, Edward 633 
 
 Parsons, Samuel U 639 
 
 Pepperrell, AVilliam 650 
 
 Perry, Oliver II 654 
 
 Pickens, Andrew 661 
 
 Pike, Zebulon M 664 
 
 Pinckncy, Charles C 665 
 
 Pomeroy, Seth 670 
 
 Porter, Moses 672 
 
 Porter, David 
 
 Porter, Peter B 
 
 Porterfleld, Robert 
 
 Prrhle. Edward. . . 
 
 Prescott, William 
 
 Putnam, Israel 
 
 Putnam, Rufus 
 
 Quincy, Josiah 
 
 Reed, Joseph 
 
 Revere, Paul 
 
 Ripley, Eleazar Wheelock. 
 
 Rodgers, John 
 
 Scammell, Alexander 
 
 Schuyler, Philip 
 
 Scott, Charles 
 
 Screven, Thomas 
 
 Sewall, Henry 
 
 Shelby, Isaac 
 
 Sheldon, Daniel 
 
 Shepherd. William 
 
 Smallwood, William 
 
 Smith, Samuel 
 
 Spencer, Joseph 
 
 Stanwix, Colonel 
 
 Steuben, F. W 
 
 Stevens, Edward 
 
 Stevens, Ebenezer 
 
 Sullivan, John 
 
 Sumter, Thomas 
 
 Talcott, John 
 
 Tallmadge, Benjamin 
 
 Throop, Benjamin. 
 
 Towsou, Nathan 
 
 Truxton, Thomas. .... 
 
 Tucker, Samuel 
 
 Tupper, Benjamin 
 
 Ulmer, George 
 
 Varnum, James M 
 
 Wadsworth, Peleg. . . 
 
 Ward, Artemas 
 
 Ward, Samuel 
 
 Warner, Scth 
 
 Warren, Joseph 
 
 Warren, James 
 
 Warrington, Lewis.. . . 
 AVashington, George.. 
 Washington, Thomas. 
 
 Wayne, Anthony 
 
 Whipple, Abraham. .. 
 
 Whiting, Henry 
 
 Wilkinson, James 
 
 Williams, William. . . . 
 
 Williams, Otho H 
 
 Williams, Jonathan.. . 
 Williams, William G.. 
 AVilliams, Ebenezer. . . 
 Winder, William H... 
 
 Winds, William 
 
 Wolfe, James 
 
 Wood, James 
 
 Woodford, William. . . 
 
 Pago 
 ..673 
 
 . . .674 
 ..674| 
 ..676 ! 
 
 . . .678 
 
 ...685 ! 
 ..6871 
 ..689 ! 
 
 . . .696 
 ..699: 
 ..703 ; 
 ..709 i 
 ..723; 
 ..723: 
 ..724J 
 724 
 ..730 
 
 ...732 
 ..732 
 ..734 
 ..738 
 ..745 
 ..750 
 ..754 
 
 . . .75(5 
 . .757 
 ..758 
 ..770 
 
 ...772 
 . .775 
 ..776 
 ..792 
 ..796 
 
 . . .801 
 ..802 
 ..803 
 
 . . .806 
 ..810 
 ..813 
 ..819 
 ..819 
 
 . . .820 
 ..821 
 ..821 
 ..823 
 ..823 
 ..832 
 ..834 
 ..847 
 ..852 
 
 . . .857 
 ..864 
 ..864 
 
 ,.866 
 ..866 
 ..870 
 ..870 
 ,.878 
 ,880 
 
 Woolsey, M. L 
 
 Wooster, David.. . . 
 Worth, W. J.. .-... 
 Wyllys, Samuel. , , 
 
 .886 
 
 .891 
 
 Women of Eminence. 
 
 Page 
 
 Adams, Hannah 13 
 
 Anthony, Susanna 38 
 
 Beekman, Cornelia 77 
 
 Bleeker, Ann Eliza 97 
 
 Brace, Lucy C 115 
 
 Bradford, Alice 120 
 
 Bradford, Susan 123 
 
 Brooks, Maria 143 
 
 Bullock, Lydia 161 
 
 Caldwell. Rachel 183 
 
 Campbell, Maria 189 
 
 Case, Mary 202 
 
 Codman, Catherine 243 
 
 Colby, Maria Otis 247 
 
 De Witt, Susan 300 
 
 D Ossoli, Sarah M., 306 
 
 Duston, Hannah 314 
 
 Dwight, Margarette 317 
 
 Dyer, Mary 318 
 
 Edwards, Sarah 328 
 
 Farrar, Phebe 348 
 
 Faugeers, Margaretta 349 
 
 Ferguson, Elizabeth 350 
 
 Fiske, Catharine 355 
 
 Fletcher, Bridget 356 
 
 Freeman, Sarah 367 
 
 Frelinghuysen, Charlotte 367 
 
 Gould, Bulah U 392 
 
 Hart, Ruth 418 
 
 Ilentz, Caroline Lee 428 
 
 Hinsdale, Nancy 435 
 
 Hodge, Hannah 438 
 
 Hooper, Lucy 444 
 
 Hubbard, Polly 453 
 
 Huntington, Susan , 458 
 
 Hutchinson, Ann 459 
 
 Hyde, Nancy M 463 
 
 Jacobs, Phebe Ann 467 
 
 Johnson, Arbella 477 
 
 Jones, Margaret 482 
 
 Knox, Ruth 499 
 
 Lake, Mary 502 
 
 Lee, Ann 516 
 
 Logan, Martha 533 
 
 Logan, Deborah 534 
 
 Lyon, Mary 542 
 
 Madison, Dorothy 544 
 
 McDonald, Flora 566 
 
 Neff, Mary 602 
 
 Outcin, Nancy C 629 
 
 Phelps, Elizabeth 657 
 
 Ilamsay, Martha L 692 
 
 Reidesel. Frederica 702 
 
 Ripley, Dorothea 703 
 
 Rowson, Susanna 715 
 
 Smith, Susan 746 
 
 Warren, Mercy 822 
 
 Washington. Martha 832 
 
 Wheatley, Phillis 843 
 
 Wood, Sally S 880 
 

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