THE LIBRARY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY 
 
 OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 LOS ANGELES
 
 Chesterfield County 
 
 Economic and Social 
 
 ISOM TEAL 
 
 A. L. CAMPBELL 
 
 CLAUDE A. SHERRILL 
 
 University of South Carolina 
 
 Pflgeland Board of Trade 
 
 June 1922 
 
 Bulletin University of South Carolina — Issued Monthly. 
 No. in. July 1922. Second Class Mail Matter.
 
 CHESTERFIELD COUNTY 
 
 Economic and Social 
 
 ISOM TEAL 
 
 A. L. CAMPBELL 
 
 CLAUDE A. SHERRILL 
 
 A Laboratoy Study in the Department of Rural Social Science 
 of the University of South Carolina, 
 
 JUNE 1922
 
 v> 
 
 i* 
 
 o 
 
 TABLE OF CONTENTS 
 
 Ac K NOWLKDC. M KNTS 
 
 FOREWOKJ) 7 
 
 I A BrIKF lIlSTOKY OF ClIESTERFIKLD COUXTY 
 
 II Xattk-XL Uksoiiu i:s and I ndI'striks 17 
 
 Geography — Climate — Soils — Minerals — Timber — Indus- 
 tries — The Railroad Situation — Raw Products — Capital 
 and Laboi'. 
 
 1 1 1 Facts About the Folks 25 
 
 Total Population — Density of Population — Rural and 
 Urban^ — Color and Nativity — Illiteracy^ — Vital Statis- 
 
 y.j tics — Church IMemberships. 
 
 >- I ^' Schools 32 
 
 ^' Rank of S'chools in State and Nation — One Teacher 
 
 Schools — Neg'ro Schools. 
 
 \' AVealth AM) Taxatiox 41 
 
 An Agricultural County — ^Tenancy and Mortgage 
 £« Debts — Our Textile Mills — Automobiles — Banks — 
 
 If) Liberty Ponds — Taxation. 
 
 o yi Chesterfield Aoricultcre 4S 
 
 Farms — Idle Land — Use of Faim Machinei-y — The Fi- 
 nancial Aspect — Livestock and Poultry — Crop Re- 
 turns — Cotton — Corn — Oats — Farm Tenancy — Depend- 
 
 Q ence on Cotton — Boll Weevil Menace — Our Viewpoint. 
 
 V 1 1 Food and Feed Production- CO 
 
 O Chesterfield County's Food and Feed Shortag'e — Short- 
 
 , ag:e in Detail — Reasons for Deficit in Home Grown 
 
 Supplies — Hov/ Conditions May Be Improved. 
 
 yj\ I Evidences of 1'kogress 71 
 
 Agriculture — Cooperation — Chesterfield County Fair 
 — Organization of Poultry Raisers — Fruit Growing — 
 Chesterfield's Highway.^ — Pageland — Town of Ches- 
 terfield. 
 
 IX Chesterfield County Problems SI 
 
 Education — Economic Shortcomings — Diversification 
 of Crops — Cooperative Marketing — Looking Ahead. 
 
 References Srt 
 
 449G2G 
 
 X
 
 L,
 
 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 
 
 We are indebted to Mv. Roy L. Hurst and Mr. James E. Millard 
 for preparing "A Brief History of Chesterfield County ;" to Mr. 
 Charles L. Hunley for the articles on "Chesterfield County High- 
 ways," "Chesterfield County Fair," and the "Organization of Poul- 
 try Raisers ;" to Mr. I'aul H. Hearu for the account of the "Town 
 of Chesterfield ;" to Mr. J. D. Sexton for the article on "Fruit Grow- 
 ing;" and to Mr. C. M. Tucker and Dr. J. D. Colson for the write-up 
 on "Pageland." 
 
 Mr. J. N. McBride. Development Agent of the Scalioard Air Line 
 Railway, generously contributetl two pictures of peach orchards near 
 McBee. The Pageland Board of Trade furnished a picture of the 
 Pageland High School building. Mr. William Godfrey supplied lis 
 with some valuable historical data. 
 
 The expense of publishing and distributing this bulletin was borne 
 by our advertisers, the University of South Carolina, the Pageland 
 Board of Trade, and three individual contributors. Dr. J. T. Ladd, 
 Mr. Henry Wannamaker, and Dr. F. S. Blair. 
 
 To Dr. Wilson Gee, Professor of Rural Social Science at the Univer- 
 sity of South Carolina, should go the credit for having this work 
 undertaken. Its completion was also due to his efforts, both of a 
 supervisory nature and in supplementary writing. 
 
 Quite a number of public-spirited citizens of the county made 
 .suggestions that proved helpful, as well as cooperating in other ways. 
 We wish to express our appreciation to all those rendering assistance. 
 
 ISOM TEAL. 
 A. L. CAMPBELL. 
 CLAUDE A. SHERRH^L. 
 University of South Carolina, 
 May 22, 1«J22.
 
 FOREWORD 
 
 Wilson Gi:e 
 
 Professor of Rural Social Science, 
 University of South Carolina 
 
 A kn()\vk'(l.i:o of inafluMnatics is necessary to an intelligent applica- 
 tion of the laws of the science. We live amid an environment aox- 
 erniMl hy the natural laws of i)hysics. chemistry and hiolojiy. Had not 
 some more thoughtful and energetic than the most of us are applied 
 themselves to a study and mastery of these laws and their practical 
 utility, we sliould have heen living yet as primitive man did, more 
 or less completely dependent upon the vicissitudes of a changing 
 environment, and without the comforts of homes, electric lights, tele- 
 I)hones, railroads, automobiles, radio phones, and numerous othe." 
 material things making up a great part of the civilization of today. 
 
 The same principles apply to the life of a county. For tliat county 
 to progress as it really should, some more interested, enterprising 
 and thoughtful along these lines than are the most of us, must spend 
 their time balancing the resources against the liabilities and telling 
 us just where a particular county stands among the sisterhood of 
 counties. 
 
 The following study made iiy Messrs. Isoni Teal. A. L. Canipbell, 
 and Claude A. Sherrill. students in the University of South Carolina 
 and native sons of Chesterfield Comity, has been undertaken with 
 just such a motive in view that it would at least be the fault of the 
 citizen of that county if he did not know the much about Chester- 
 field and its people that is included within these covers. This bulle- 
 tin oil Chesterfiehl County is the fourth in a series designed eventu- 
 ally to cover the entire State. It is dedii-ated to the citizenshii) 
 of Chesterfield County in the hope that the inspiration from a wnrlliy 
 past will beget a nobler future. 
 
 I'liivci'sity nl' South Carolina, 
 -Mav liL'. I'.IL'L'.
 
 I. 
 
 A BRIEF HISTORY OF CHESTERFIELD 
 COUNTY 
 
 James E. Millard. 
 Roy L. Hurst. 
 
 There are no records of any white settlement in what is now 
 known as Chesterfield County prior to the year 1730. Up to this 
 time this territory, which had been made the upper part of Craven 
 county in 1GS2, was an unexplored wilderness, inhabited by certain 
 tribes of Indians, principally the Saraws (Cheraws) and Kadapaws, 
 who had been subjected by, and made a part of the Catawbas when 
 they moved south about 1650. 
 
 Desiring to open up this territory and promote the growth of the 
 Pri)vince. the British Government in 1731 ordered the township of 
 Queensborough to be marked out, and offered various kinds of boun- 
 ties to induce speedy settlement. This township was located just 
 above the junction of the Great and the Little Pee Dee Rivers, and 
 extended up the west bank of the former to embrace the eastern part 
 of the present Chesterfield County. 
 
 The royal bounties soon attracted the attention of a colonj- of 
 Welsh Baptists in Newcastle County, Delaware, who had come over 
 from Wales to Penepec, Pennsylvania, in 1701, and moved from 
 thence to new lands in Delaware about 1703. 
 
 The first of these came to the Pee Dee in 1736, and after obtaining 
 a large grant of land extending from below Mars Bluff up the river 
 to the fork of the Yadkin and Rocky Rivers, began to make per- 
 manent settlements. By the end of 1737 practically the whole colony 
 had arrived. 
 
 The British Government continued its liberal policy, and by 1743 
 the number of settlers had been greatly increased, most of them 
 still of the Welsh stock. The settlements were pushed slowly but 
 steadily up the river, in spite of the hardships and dangers which 
 these sturdy pioneers had to face. 
 
 Soon other settlers of English, Scotch, and Irish stock began to 
 move up the river from the coastal regions, and a new element was 
 added to the population. This influx of people continued steadily 
 until the op'.Miing years of the Resolution, some coming up from the 
 lower jNirts of the State, and others moving down from Virginia.
 
 10 Chesterfield County: Economic and Social 
 
 From these first families of Welsh, English, Irish, ami Scotch 
 peoples, who were simple, sturdy, sober, and pious to a marked 
 degree, have descended most of the present families in this county. 
 These different elements gradually intermingled in later years, so 
 that each has now to a large extent lost its national characteristics, 
 but nearly all the family names of today can be easily traced back to 
 these worthy forbears. 
 
 ^Vith increased population and better organization came steady 
 growth in progress and prosperity. Slavery was introduced, Thomas 
 Ellerby being the first slave-holder of whom there is any record, and 
 continued to be one of the great sources of wealth until the Civil 
 War. And with prosperity came restiveness under British dominion, 
 a growing desire for liberty and freedom from the injustices his 
 Majesty's government was beginning to inflict. The causes of this 
 widespread dissastisfaction need not be enumerated. Suffice it to 
 say that when the conflict finally burst forth, these settlers were 
 as ready to throw off the yoke of oppression as they had formerly 
 been loyal to their king. 
 
 The first definite governmental organization was effectetl in 176S 
 when St. David's Parish was established. By the Circuit Courts 
 Act of 1700 Cheraw District was laid off. annual courts created, and 
 officers appointed by the Crown. Though parochial organization was 
 entirely inadequate to meet the needs of the time, it temporarily 
 relieved the tension, and so continued until county organization and 
 government wore instituted. 
 
 During the struggle for freedom no important engagements took 
 place within the present boiuids of Chesterfield County. A regiment 
 of British soldiers under Major McArthur was for a time stationed 
 at Cheraw, and skirmishes between it and Colonel Powell's regiment 
 were numerous. These, together with occasional forays by both 
 Whigs and Tories, constituted the extent of warfare in this territory. 
 
 With the return of peace in 1782 prosperity began to reassert itself. 
 St. David's Academy, which had been erected on the site of the 
 present church of that name about 1777. commenced to assume dis- 
 tiiKtidn, and a great interest in education was revived. In fact, the 
 couDty might bo said to have entered into the second period of its 
 history. New .iikI valual)le additions to pojiulation were being con- 
 stantly made, and almnt this time, or shoi-tly liefore. appeared some 
 of the names f)f llic more prominent faiuilics ; MiiKuig tlicin being 
 the names of Ciaig and Chairman. 
 
 In 1785 by an act of the (Jeneral Asscnihly (-(Piiiit ics were created. 
 Clieiaw District was divided into three parts and the present Clies- 
 tcrticld Cdtnity came into existeiu-e, lieing named in honor of the 
 lOarl of ( 'licstcrlicld. Its boundaries were as follows: P.cginning at
 
 ChESTEIU'IKLI) ColNTV: KcoNO.MIC AND SoCIAL 11 
 
 the mouth of Cedar Creek, on I'ee Dee River, thence up to the head 
 of the southerniiio.st branch of the said creelv. thence l).v direct line to 
 tlie fork of Lynches' Uiver, thence u\> said river to the State line, 
 thence along State line to I'ee Dee River, thence hack down Pee Dee 
 River to the mouth of Cedar Creek. These boundaries embrace 
 approximately nine hundred square miles. 
 
 By the same Act county courts were created and the justice.s 
 empowered to select a site for and erect a court house, and to levy 
 taxes for the same. The site of the present court house was selected 
 as being most suitable. The county courts were to be held once in 
 every three months, their jurisdiction in criminal cases lieing very 
 limited, but in civil cases extending to the hearing and determination 
 of all causes at common law. Owing to the chaos of the period just 
 after the Revolution, suits were exceedingly numerous. 
 
 From the v^ry beginning of its existence as a legislative entity, 
 Chesterfield County has made slow but steady strides in progress. 
 In 1800 its poiiulation was o21(), nearly one-third bein<j; negroes. In 
 1880 the population was 16.345, almost one-half of which were 
 negroes. In 1020 its population was .^1,060. 
 
 Cheraw, named after the aborigines who formerly occupied this 
 district, is the oldest and largest town in Chesterfield County. The 
 tirst settlement was probably made Iktc about 1752 and was known 
 as Cheraw Hill. It was laid out as a town in 1TG6 by Eli and Joseph 
 Kershaw, and in 1775 was given the name of Chatham, in honor of 
 the first Earl of that name, which name it bore until its incorpora- 
 tion in 1821. 
 
 Situated at the head of navigation on the Pee Dee, thus l)eing in 
 direct touch with Georgetown and Charleston by steamboat, and hav- 
 ing an important post road running through the town, it early 
 developed an extensive trade with the surrounding country, par- 
 ticularly the back country of North Carolina. Yet despite these 
 numerous advantages it grew slowly until after its incorporation, at 
 which time it contained about 400 inhabitants. It was from the 
 first noted for the wealth and culture of its people. The St. David's 
 Academy was long (listinguisbcil ;is diic of the best in the State, and 
 St. David's Ccnieti'iy. in wbi'li lie many Revolutionary soldiers is 
 probably one of thi' most historic and scenic places exLsting in South 
 Carolina today. The town has an aggregate of more tiian fifteen 
 miles of streets. The full-grown, mitive shade trees which have been 
 allowed to grow along the streets, render them delightful drives and 
 walks, and add a touch of natural beauty to the town. Although no 
 longer connected with (Georgetown and Charleston by I)oat line, Cheraw 
 still nniintains an excellent trade witli the rest of tlie Stare and sur- 
 rounding country. Situated as it is on lines of both the Seaboard
 
 1£ ChestkkI' iKLD County : Economic and Social. 
 
 Air Line and Atlantic Coast Line railroads, it is virtually the gate- 
 way of all the trade within the county. In recent years a cotton 
 mill, knitting mill and several other manufacturing industries have 
 been established there. The population at the last census numbered 
 8,150. Cheraw is indeed one of the thriving towns of the State, and 
 especially of the Pee Dee section. 
 
 Chesterfield, the second largest town in the county, was n,imed 
 after the district, and became the seat of justice about 1826. It is 
 located on the south side of Thompson's Creek, a branch of the Pee 
 Dee River, about twelve miles northwest of Cheraw. In 1826 the 
 village contained about 100 inhabitants, twelve houses, and two 
 stores ; a handsome brick court house was in course of erection. The 
 people wisely allowed a grove of native trees to remain standing in 
 the rear of the court house greatly adding to the town's appearance, 
 which was already very neat and orderly. The town grew slowly, 
 l)ut its progioss was sure. It was incorporated February 5, 1872, 
 with about 200 inhabitants. Until about 1900 the county seat was 
 connected with Cheraw only by post i-oad ; then, however, the Ches- 
 terfield and Lancaster Railroad was built through the town, thereby 
 opening up a new and better means of trade with Cheraw and the 
 rest of the State. After this the progress of the town was more 
 marked, and today it is a thriving town numbering 856 inhabitants. 
 
 The other towns in the county were chartered at various later 
 dates, and ai'e all rather young in years as compared with Cheraw 
 and Chesterfield. They are all progressive, although the progress is 
 rather slow at times. These towns owe their existence almost 
 entirely to agriculture, and especially to tbe production of cotton, 
 as there are very few manufacturing enterprises in the county. The 
 opening of short-line railroads, and even of highways, have a'ded 
 greatly in the development of the towns tbroughout the couury. 
 
 When the War Between the States broke out in 1861. the county 
 (iid her part by furnishing men and supplies to the Confederacy. 
 Five companies were organized from the Chesterfield district ; Com- 
 panies B, C. and D of the Eighth Regiment were called together April 
 34, 1861, under the commands of M. I. Hough, Wm. C. Coit, and 
 Jno. S. Miller respectively. The remaining two companies organized 
 in the district were Companies D and E of the 21st Regiment, South 
 Carolina Volunteer Infantry. The county itself was the scene of 
 Aery little actual fighting. On the 2nd of March, 1865, General 
 Siicrnijin, on his famous "march to the sea," enteretl the county seat, 
 Chesterfield ; there his tro<^ps engaged in a skirmish with Butler's 
 Cavalry, which gave way rapidly. Early on the morning of March 
 3rd tlie Union troops moved out of Chesterfield, forded Thompson's 
 Creek, and at the top of the hill beyond struck tlie road to Cheraw.
 
 Chestkim iKi.i) C(»inty: P^coxomic and Social 1'^ 
 
 At Choraw they found an ininicnsc amount ot ( 'onfiulcrate military 
 supplies which had been nioveil there when Charleston was evacu- 
 ated ; these were used or destroyed by the Federal soldiers. The 
 detachment remained in Cheraw until the 6th of March, at which 
 time the march on Fayetteville was resumed. Outside of these inci- 
 dents the county was never molested by the activities of the war. 
 \or did tlie district snfl'er seriously from the Reconstruction; so far 
 as can be ascertained there was very little, if any. trouble between 
 the whites and the negroes, during that iieriod when the majority 
 of the South was suffering. 
 
 The progress of the county has been much more marked and rapid 
 since the opening of railroad lines through it. The first mention we 
 have of a railroad in the county is the Cheraw and Darlington Rail- 
 road which connected at Cheraw with the railroad to Salisbury, 
 North Carolina ; this road was constructed some time prior to 1883, 
 and was later, in 1807, consolidated with the Atlantic Coast Line of 
 South Carolina. In 1883 the Chester and Cheraw Railroad was com- 
 pleted to Lancaster, and partially graded between that point and 
 Cheraw ; this line was never completed, however. A gap of eighteen 
 miles remained to be built between Cheraw and Hamlet, North Caro- 
 lina, which would complete what was considered to be the shortest 
 line from Augusta, Ga., to Richuutnd, Ya. On December 24, 1889 the 
 Chesterfield and Kershaw Railroad was chartered, ihe route being 
 from Cheraw to Camden. South Carolina. Sometime later this road 
 together with the completed line from Cheraw to Hamlet, North 
 Carolina, was made a part of the main line of the Seaboard Air Line 
 Railway system. 
 
 There were two railroads constructed into the interior of the 
 county. On December 24. 1887 the Chesterfield and Lancaster 
 Railroad was chartered, the route being from Cheraw to Lancaster, 
 South Carolina, by way of Chesterfield Court House. This road was 
 not built until about 1900, and has never been completed through to 
 Lancaster, the terminus at present being the town of Crowburk. a 
 fiw miles west of rageland. The Charlotte. Monroe and Columbia 
 Railroad was chartered January 15. 1901. its route to be from 
 McBee, to some point on the northern l>oundary line of the State, 
 in the township of Old Store or Mt. Craghan, this point to be oppo- 
 site, or nearly opposite, the town of Monroe, North Carolina ; the line 
 was to pass through the townships of Alligator, Jefferson, Old Store, 
 and probably Mt. Croghan. The road was constructe<l as far as the 
 town of Jefferson, but has never been extended past that point. Both 
 the Chesterfield and Lancaster and the Charlotte. Monroe and Colum- 
 bia Railroads have, in recent years, become branch lines of the Sea- 
 board Air Line Railway. In spite of the non-completion of these
 
 14 Chesterfield County: Ecoxo:mic axd Social 
 
 roads, the interior of tlie comity lias been si'eatly aided by tlieir 
 cun:-.ti'Uctioii. Tbey linve been the means of opening up new sections. 
 and have greatly facilitated the transportation of and trade in 
 cotton, the staple product of the entire district. 
 
 Little can be ascertained of Chesterfield County's history from the 
 close of the Civil War to the opening of the twentieth century or even 
 later. There are no facts worthy of special mention, outsidrt of the 
 opening up of railroads and the building up of towns, which are dis- 
 cussed elsewhere in this article. The county took no special part 
 in the Spanish-American War, beyond furnishing a number of men 
 for the South Carolina Volunteer Infantry. The county, as a whole, 
 griw ; lowly l)ut steadily in population and industries. That part of 
 the district aroiuid Cher aw and Chesterfield outstripped the others, 
 due. in all probaltility, to the fact that the soil in that section was 
 more productive than elsewhere in the county. The educational 
 system, we regret to say, was sadl.v neglected, with the result that 
 Chesterfield has always been regarded as one of the backward coun- 
 ties of the State. 
 
 When the United States entered the World War in 1017. the county 
 responded loyally to the various "causes." originated by the war. 
 Besides furnishing almost a thousand men for government service, 
 it did its part in the Liberty Loan Drive. Red Cross, Y. M. C. A., and 
 all other campaigns. The county subscribed a total of $1,044,400 in 
 the Liberty Loan drives, the total number of subscribers being 4.o4!>. 
 C('ini)any I of" the llstli Infantry was organi/cd in ("heraw. and 
 was made up almost entirely of men from the county. The comi)aiiy 
 was luider the command of Captain William L. (iillespie until his 
 promotion to major of the Third Battalion, 118th Infantry. Captain 
 E. Smytlie Blake was then placed in command. The total number 
 of registrants from the county under the Selective Service system 
 was 5,G66 ; out of this number Sl."> were inducted into service. Sev- 
 eral of the men won the coveted Distinguished Si'rvice ^ledal fctr 
 extraordinary heroism on Ibc liattlcfield. Company I was in the 
 thick <■;■ tlie lighting wlien the llindciiburg Lin." was lu'di^cn. and tlie 
 •county may well lie jiroud of evei-y son lliat doiined the khaki or 
 the I)lue. 
 
 Since liic close of llie war, Chesterfield County luis bei'n confronted 
 l»y the same jji'olileins tlnit b.ave affected e\-ci-y oilier county in the 
 St.-ite. 'i'lii- lin;in'-ial condition has been somewhat weakened by the 
 rise in i)i-ice of everytliing except cotton. ( )n the whole the economic 
 <-oii(lif ions have not been of the best; but al present conditions are 
 rapidly changing for the better. ;inil the county is moving forward 
 once more, more nipidly than before the war.
 
 Chesterfield i'uisry : Imonomm and S<»( iai, l.") 
 
 From its begiuuijij,' tlio chief industry of tlie ((Hiiity lias In'ou the 
 cultivation of cotton. Other i-r<ii)s. such as corn, wheat, and 
 tobacco, are raised rather extensively in some sections of the county. 
 An extract from "A Goorfrraphy of South Carolina, " by Thomas l\ 
 Lookwood, published at Chai'leston in l.^''.!', says: 
 
 "The soil, climate, and aspect of Chesterlield District is remarkably 
 adapted to the cullure of the vine, and nothing but a lack of public 
 spirit in the wealthier agriculturists prevents it from being one of 
 the finest wine countries in the world." 
 
 In 1826 cotton .sold in Chestertield County for ten to ten and one- 
 half cents per pound. From the census of 1883 we find that there 
 were 18,480 acres planted in cotton, and 7,7.'{.*> bales produced in the 
 county. Also about this time a society, of which there were several 
 throughout the State, was established in Cheraw for the promotion 
 of agriculture. Ky ]ss3, Cheraw. thr<Migh which nearly all the cot- 
 ton of the county had to be shipped, was shii)ping about 10.000 bales 
 annually. At this time the ccmnty had six towns and trading set- 
 tlements with a total of sixty-seven stores ; since then several new 
 towns and trading settlements have been built up. due to the opening 
 up of new lands in the district. In recent years it has Ijecome not only 
 a producer but also a consumer of cotton : a cotton mill is in opera- 
 tion at Cheraw. In 1918 the county consumed 3,(140 bales of cotton. 
 The total production in 1919 was 36,265 bales. 
 
 Chesterfield County has never ranked especially high in education ; 
 it has always been a backward county in this respect, until the last 
 few years, when a marke<l advance has been made in e<lucation and 
 educational facilities throughout the county. Education began a 
 slow improvement about 18.32 ; in 1843 about $1,000 was allowed per 
 annum by the State for free schools. Recently the county has 
 started a movement to stamp out the blot of illiteracy within its 
 borders, and this movement is progressing with much success. In 
 1920 Chesterfield County became one of the chief beneficiaries of the 
 .$140,0(M) fund appro)>riated by the Legislature to assist schools in con- 
 tinuing terms for a periml of seven m<tnths: to participate in the fund 
 a tax of eight mills on the dollar was levied by the Statt> on each 
 school district cooperating; twenty-five pupils were enrolled tnider 
 each teacher. Since that time several of the schools have become 
 excellent high schools, one or two having been made accredited State 
 high schools in the past year or so. 
 
 Along religious lines the county can hold its o^^n with almost any 
 other county in the State. The Methodist. Baptist, and Presbyterian 
 sects predominate, with the Methodists the sti'ongest in numbers. 
 There are very few Catholics, there being only one church of thi.< 
 faith in the count v. at Cheraw. Since the settlement of Cheraw. St.
 
 1() Chesterfield County: Economic and Social 
 
 David's Episcopal Church has been well known throughout the State. 
 The historic old church still stands, although a handsome new build- 
 mg has been erected in another section of the town. From Cheraw 
 came one of the best known religious leaders and teachers of the 
 South, Dr. James H. Thoruwell. 
 
 Although once considered one of the backward counties of the 
 State, and perhaps not without cause, that is a closed book now, and 
 today, Chesterfield, one of the larger counties of the State, bids fair 
 to become one of the foremost counties of South Carolina.
 
 II. 
 NATURAL RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES 
 
 IsoM Teal. 
 
 Geography 
 
 Chesterfield County is situated in the northeastern part of South 
 Carolina, lying south of the North Carolina counties of Anson and 
 Union. The Pee Dee River separates it from Marlboro County on 
 the east, while Darlington is to the south. Bordering on the western 
 side are found the counties of Ker.shaw and Lancaster. It is eighth 
 among the counties of the State in size, its area being 8.37 square 
 miles, or 5.3.5.6S0 acres. 
 
 The Sand Hill belt, which forms the fall line between the Pied- 
 mont Plateau and the Coastal Plain, extends across the northwestern 
 part of the county. The topogi-aphy is mainly rolling or hilly, with 
 smooth or nearly level areas Iteiiig found around Cheraw and McBee. 
 Below Cheraw the river-terrace land, or second bottom, develops 
 into the large level area in the vicinity of Montrose and Cashs. The 
 bottom lands are rather extended, while the swampy sections are 
 comparatively small, even along the larger streams. 
 
 Four systems of regional drainage, comprising two rivers, the Pee 
 Dee and Lynches, and two creeks, Thompson and Big Black, together 
 with their tributaries, make this a favored territory from a drainage 
 viewpoint. 
 
 The uphuid has a general elevation of from five hundred to seven 
 hundred and fifty feet above sea level. 
 
 Climate 
 
 Following a line parallel to the sea coast, and dividing the State 
 into halves, there is a strip of territory commonly known as the 
 Sand Hills. This range is in effect a terrace, and on it are tlie cele- 
 brated winter resorts of Camden and Aiken in South Carolina and 
 Pinehurst in North Carolina. Chesterfield County lies directly across 
 the path of this range and hence enjoys the mild winters that are 
 peculiar to it. The Inhabitants are blessed with a gift of nature, the 
 benefits and pleasures of whirh the northern tourists travel many 
 miles and spend much money to get. Residents fail to appreciate 
 our ideal climate because it is a continuous thing and, for us, is
 
 18 Chesterfield County: Economic and Social 
 
 free, but this in no wise decreases its great value. Very largely to 
 it can be attributed our low death rate and healthy population. 
 Such a climate is also particularly well adapted to the growing of 
 fruit, while grains and the hardier crops may be grown throughout 
 the year. 
 
 Table I. — Climate of Chesterfield County 
 
 Normal Monthly, Seasonal and Annual Temperature and Precipi- 
 tation as averaged from the records of the three weathei* bureau 
 stations of Cheraw. Society Hill in Darlington County, and Heath 
 Sjn-ings in Lancaster County. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Precipi- 
 
 
 
 
 Temperature 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 tation 
 
 
 ;; 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 ,_ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 g 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 '^ a 
 
 oj a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Month 
 
 
 ^ s 
 
 ^ 
 
 13 ><1 
 
 B. a 
 
 2 
 
 
 2 ^ 
 
 c S 
 
 s 
 
 SS 
 
 % S 
 
 O 
 
 
 S 
 
 s 
 
 s 
 
 < 
 
 < 
 
 ^ 
 
 December 
 
 January 
 
 February 
 
 53.5 
 53.7 
 53.8 
 
 33.2 
 33.7 
 33.7 
 
 43.6 
 43.7 
 44.3 
 
 78.3 
 
 78.7 
 SO 
 
 3.32 
 3.16 
 4.1 
 
 WINTER 
 
 53.7 
 
 33.5 
 
 43.9 
 
 ri> 
 
 :!.4 
 
 3.53 
 
 March 
 April 
 May . 
 
 64.6 
 72.6 
 
 82 
 
 43 
 
 49.4 
 
 59 
 
 53.8 
 61.2 
 70.6 
 
 91.3 
 94 
 102 
 
 10.3 
 25 
 
 38 
 
 3.45 
 3.08 
 3.32 
 
 S PR INC 
 
 r3.i 
 
 50.5 
 
 61.7 
 
 95.8 
 
 26.4 
 
 3.28 
 
 June . 
 July .. 
 August 
 
 87.4 
 89.6 
 
 88.4 
 
 65.9 
 69.5 
 68.9 
 
 76.8 
 79.6 
 
 78.6 
 
 104 
 106 
 102.9 
 
 45 
 53. 
 54 
 
 5.82 
 5.93 
 
 SUMMER 
 
 8S.5 
 
 68.1 
 
 7.S.3 
 
 1(»4.:! 
 
 5. OS 
 
 September 
 October . , 
 November 
 
 83.6 
 74.3 
 64.1 
 
 62.9 
 
 73.1 
 
 101 
 
 38.7 
 
 3.51 
 
 51.1 
 
 62.4 
 
 97.7 
 
 25.3 
 
 2.77 
 
 40.2 
 
 52.1 
 
 88.7 
 
 14.3 1 
 
 2.16 
 
 EALI. 
 
 74 
 
 51.4 
 
 62.5 
 
 96.8 
 
 26.11 
 
 2.81 
 
 V.'.ir 
 
 72.3° 
 
 50.9' 
 
 61.7" 
 
 1()('..3o 
 
 
 45.9;! in 
 
 Wfllcst Year. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 59.86 in 
 
 I »iicsi Year. . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 31.10 in 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 Chesterfield Cointy: Economic and Social 1'.> 
 
 On preoodiiif; pa;ie is n taMe. coiuitliiil from tlio roconls of the 
 Weathor Buroau stations at ("licraw, Society Hill, and Ileatli Springs, 
 whicli gives tlie normal montlily, seasonal, and annual temperature 
 and precipitation for tliis county and adjoining territory. 
 
 The mean temperature for the year is about G2o Fahreidieit. Tlie 
 summers are hot, June, July and August averaging around 79o F., 
 but as a usual thing there are tempering breezes to relieve the 
 heat. The winter months run about 44o F. ; zero temperatures are 
 almost unknown. The average date of the last killing frost in the 
 spring is around April 5, and of the first in the fall about Novem- 
 ber 1. 
 
 Thr rainfall is ample for successful crop production and is well 
 distributed. The precipitation is heaviest during spring and early 
 summer, when the growing plants are most in need of moisture, and 
 lightest in autumn, when cotton picking makes clear weather desir- 
 able. Snows rarely occur, and the heaviest remain on the ground 
 only a short time; never longer than two or three days. 
 
 Soils 
 
 There are four natural divisions in the soils of Chesterfield 
 County : first, the upland soils derived from unconsolidated beds of 
 sand and clay ; second, upland soils derived by weathering from con- 
 solidated rocks such as slate and granite ; third, first-bottom alluvial 
 soils subject to frequent stream overflow ; fourth, second-bottom, 
 old alluvial soils lying above overflow. These are grouped into 
 series, each series having the same color, similar subsoils, a common 
 origin, and. as a rule, the same type of relief and drainage. In turn 
 the series are divided into types, according to texture, which is 
 determined by the amount contained of the various grades of sand, 
 gravel, silt, and clay. In all, there are thirty-two soil types, repre- 
 senting nineteen series, and five miscellaneous types. 
 
 The iiplaiid sandy soils constitute about sixty per cent of the 
 county: the ui)land clay soils about twenty-five per cent; the first 
 bottom soils api)roxianitely ten per cent; and the terrace soils five 
 per cent. 
 
 The sandhill phase of the Norfolk series occurs in extensive areas, 
 and is the main soil of the Sand Hill belt, which makes up the greater 
 part of the southern and central sections of the county. It is covered 
 largely by scrub oak, principally blackjack, some longleaf pine, and 
 a scattered growth of wire grass. Large stretches of territ(U-y in 
 this section are unoccupied, though here and there clearings are 
 found which are devoted principally to the production of cotton.
 
 20 Chesterfield County : Economic and Social 
 
 Usually these settlements are found on the spots of other soil types 
 which are found within the Sand Hill belt. 
 
 Norfolk sand has a loose, grayish surface and is found in the 
 noitheastern part of the county, around Pageland and Angelus. 
 Land of this type, altho low in organic matter and nitrogen, is 
 especially well adapted to the growing of vegetables, -watermelons 
 and cantaloupes, cotton, corn, and legumes, cowpeas, vetch, velvet 
 beans, and soy beans. For the best results, however, it is necessary 
 to heavily fertilize these crops. 
 
 Norfolk sandy loam is a gray sand covering a loamy sand, which 
 is underlain at a depth of about ten or fifteen inches by a yellow, 
 sandy clay. It is found extensively developed in the northeastern 
 part of the county, particularly in areas north of Cheraw and east 
 of Chesterfield. The surface, as a rule, is flat to undulating, tho 
 where streams have cut comparatively deep valleys, it is gently 
 rolling. This makes cultivation easy since there is no washing and 
 improved farm machinery may be used. 
 
 This land is probably better farmed than any other in the county 
 and the j'ields show the result of such attention. A bale of cotton 
 to the acre can be made by using around eight hundred pounds of 
 fertilizer. Where corn is cultivated on the Williamson plan a return 
 of forty to fifty bushels per acre is the result. This type of soil 
 produces large quantities of tobacco in neighboring counties, and 
 there is no reason why Chesterfield should not also take an important 
 part in the tobacco growing industry. 
 
 It is believed that truck farming would prove a profitable venture 
 in this territory. Other parts of the South having a similar soil 
 devoted to trucking are highly successful. Peachei?;, plums, and 
 grapes could also be produced to advantage. 
 
 Georgeville clay loam is found principally on the slopes of streams 
 in the northwestern and north-central parts of the county. It is a 
 red clay loam of a depth approximating six inches, under which 
 layer is found a red, brittle clay subsoil. This land was once 
 covered by shortleaf pine, some oaks, and a scattered hardwood 
 growth, but much of it is now cleared and under cultivation. 
 
 The chief crops in this section are cotton, corn, and oats. Less 
 fertilizer is used liere than on tho lighter soils, but the harvests are 
 not .so good. The stiff land makes cultivation difiicult, especially 
 during rainy .seasons. Grains are grown with success, and cowpeas, 
 clover, and vetch would also do well. The introduction of live stock 
 on a l:irgcr scale is rccoiimiciHlcd.
 
 Chesterfield County: Economic and Social 21 
 
 Minerals 
 
 The only minerals that have as yet Iteeii discovered and exploited 
 in Chesterfield County are gold and granite. Several small gold 
 mines were formerly operated on a very limited scale in the region 
 around Jefferson. It is reported that the largest of these, the Brewer 
 Mine, was for a while quite successful, employing al one time as 
 many as two hundred hands. However, they have all long ago ceased 
 operations, and it is very much to be doubted if this undertaking 
 will ever be revived. 
 
 Another once promising enterprise was the Oro Granite Quarry, 
 which is located nine miles west of Ruby. It was worked intermit- 
 tently for some while, but proved to be a losing proposition finan- 
 cially and hence was abandoned. 
 
 Timber 
 
 The 1920 report of the United States Forest Service places the 
 amount of merchantable pine in South Carolina at 1.3.889,800,000 feet, 
 the major portion of which consists of shortleaf pine. In 1908 there 
 were approximately 45,000,000,000 feet, or over three times the pres- 
 ent supply. The United States uses each year four times the amount 
 of the annual growth of timber for the whole country. Applying this 
 ratio to South Carolina, whose annual growth is 250,000,000 feet, there 
 is found to be a yearly loss in this State of three-fourths of a bil- 
 lion feet. The significance of this situation cannot l>e over-empha- 
 sized. There is an ever increasing drain on our aheady depleted 
 forests, and unless vigorous measures are adopted to conserve the 
 present stand and replant the cut-over areas, sooner or later the 
 lumber supply will be entirely exhausted. 
 
 Chesterfield County has 164,756 acres in woodland, according to 
 the 1920 census. This is 31 per cent of its total area and gives it a 
 high rank in the State, there being only eleven other counties mak- 
 ing a better showing in this respect. The 1920 report of the State 
 Commissioner of Agriculture gives the value of the lumber and 
 timber products of the county for that year to be $525,925.00. Only 
 two other industries, the textile and cotton seed oil, show a larger 
 value for their annual products. Shortleaf and longleaf pine form 
 the bulk of the timber output, altho some oak, gum, and poplar are 
 also marketed. 
 
 Ill 1920 the lu!nl)iv<- itiisiness in Chesterfield County came third 
 among the industries in jioint of yearly monetary returns. But the 
 direct profits derived from (he sale of lumber does not even approxi- 
 mate the actual value of our forests. It must be remembered that 
 belts of woixlland protect the growing crops. ;is well as man and live
 
 '2'2 Chesterfield County: Ecoxomic and Social 
 
 SlocIc. from Ihe extremes of cold or parcliiiig winds. They also act 
 as moisture reservoirs, absorbing excessiA-e rainfall and holding it 
 until periods of drought when it is gradually withdrawn by the drier 
 fields adjoining. 
 
 I'erhaps the strongest argument for the preservation of adequate 
 forest reserves is that of the prospective worth. Statistics show that 
 the supply of timber is rapidly diminishing while the demand for 
 it Is constantly increasing. Before many years pas.^ any section 
 having a stand of merchantable timber will be in possession of a 
 commodity of great desirability and high value. 
 
 Industries 
 
 There are four requisites for any considerable development of 
 indus[ries, namely : ample transportation facilities, available raw 
 products, efficient workers, and sufficient capital. The fact that 
 these essential elements are lacking, in part at least, explains why 
 Chesterfield does not rank high among the manufacturing counties 
 of the State. 
 
 However, there are two principal raw products of importance, 
 cotton and timber, and from these goods are manufactured on a 
 limited scale, mainly at Cheraw, the only town having adequate rail 
 connections and a population large enough to supplj' the workers. 
 
 The Railroad Situation 
 
 The railroad advantages enjoyed by Chesterfield County as a whole 
 are lamentably few. and this condition is one of the chief factors 
 in retarding its industrial growth. The system serving the largest 
 territory is the Seaboard Air Line, the main line of which traverses 
 the southeastern section of the county. Its service is supplemented 
 by the Charlotte, Monroe and Columbia Railway running from 
 McBee to Jefferson, and the Chesterfield and Lancaster, connecting 
 Cheraw and Crowburk. The fact that one end of each of these roads 
 has no terminal connections causes their usefulness to be seriously 
 imi)aired. Another road is the South Carolina Western Railway 
 running from McRee to Ilartsville. A prong of the Atlantic Coast 
 Line system skirts the eastern border, but Cheraw is its only station 
 of any size in this county. 
 
 It will be readily seen that the only points having rail transporta- 
 tion facilities to any api)reciable extent are Cheraw and McP.ee, with 
 the advantage decidedly in favor of the former. At that i)hue two 
 main lines and one l>ranch meet, thus effecting a junction which 
 makes Ihe Tij) Top Town easily accessil)lo. For the other towns the 
 beiiedts to Ix' derived from up-to-date train service will coTitinue 
 to ])(• (IciiicMl niilil tlic liraiicli lines are imijrovcil and lengthened or
 
 Chestkkfikli) Coi'NTv: Economic and Social 23 
 
 new roads orK!inize<l and built. This is an nndi'rtakin}; that may 
 well be investifiatod by our farsij^hted and proj^ressive leaders, and 
 they may be assured that if their eft'orts are successful they will have 
 accomplished a feat of no mean proportions and one of which their 
 fellow citizens will take due cognizance. 
 
 Raw Products 
 
 Cotton, cotton seed, lumber, and brick clay are the princii)al 
 materials needed by our local manufacturing enterprises and they 
 are all found in reasonably large quantities within the county 
 boundaries. So far as the proximity of the raw products is con- 
 cerned we could easily support several times the number of textile 
 plants, oil mills, and brick works that we actually have at the pres- 
 ent time. The stand of timber is more than adequate for the present 
 requirements, but is being constantly decreased. 
 
 Capital and Labor 
 
 As regards quantitj', these two essentials are, comparatively speak- 
 ing, below the average in Chesterfield County. Of course it is 
 scarcely possible that the State reports give the exact amount 
 invested in manufacturing, for it takes time for these figures to be 
 tabulated and printed, and meanwhile new capital is being adde<]. 
 Again no account is taken in the State reports of such funds as 
 "surplus" and "undivided profits" which are frequently left in the 
 businesses. However, an approximation can be obtained. 
 
 From data given in the annual report of the Commissioner of 
 Agriculture, Commerce and Industries for 1920, the following cal- 
 culations have been made. Tiie total amount of capital invested 
 in all industries in Chesterfield County is $723,353.00. The com- 
 bined products have an annual value of $3,044,603. There is an 
 average of 457 persons employed, whose total wages, not including 
 managers' salaries, anmunts to $845,222.00. For purposes of com- 
 parison the same items are given for Spartanburg Counry, which are: 
 cai)ital invested .$30.."7.".(;43 ; value of annual products, $.".2,71(i..3.s4.00 : 
 average number of persons employed. 0.403 : total wages, not includ- 
 ing salaries of managCi-s. $8,789,484.00. 
 
 The above figures indicate that manufacturir.g coiuerns are not 
 large in si-<e or many in number in Chesterfield County, but two 
 outstanding things should be especially noted. The first is that the 
 value of our annual ))roducts is over four times the amount of capi- 
 tal invested. Also the value of the products turned out in one year 
 by the average employee is $(!.()(!2.15. The best that Spartanburg 
 could do was to make gocds valued at less than twici> the amount
 
 24 
 
 Chestertield Coitnty: Economic and Social 
 
 ol capital invested, while the average worker made only $5,553.18 
 worth of products. 
 
 These are signirieant facts. They mean that our home industries 
 are better managed, and have more efficient workmen, then the large 
 plants found in a manufacturing center like Spartanburg. That 
 being the case, it would seem that the factor most needed in order 
 to increase our industrial organizations is initiative. When that is 
 supplied the necessary capital will be forthcoming, m-eu if it has 
 to be furnished by capitalists residing in distant regions. 
 
 Table II. — Classified Industries in Chesterfield County Based on the 
 1920 Report of the State Commissioner of Agriculture, Commerce 
 and Industries. 
 
 .ti > 
 
 ? o 
 
 « S - -• 
 
 "7, a; a « 
 
 3 ■■'-' 9 
 
 S O 0) 
 
 a h 
 
 Textile.-: 
 
 Cotton Seed Oil Mills.. 
 
 Boxes, Baskets, etc 
 
 Brick and Tile 
 
 Electricity 
 
 Foundries and Machine 
 
 Shops 
 
 Flour and Grits 
 
 Lumber and Timber 
 
 Products 
 
 Printing and Publi.sliing 
 
 Total 
 
 $141,100 
 
 175,000 
 
 146,615 
 
 13,500 
 
 20,000 
 
 5,000 
 3,000 
 
 209,188 
 10,000 
 
 $1,111,999 
 
 900,000 
 
 377,679 
 
 90,000 
 
 7,400 
 
 15,500 
 6,000 
 
 525,925 
 10,100 
 
 .$723,353 $3,044,603 
 
 $108,9{)0 
 
 26,376 
 
 118,335 
 
 18,000 
 
 4,000 
 
 10,022 
 600 
 
 555,363 
 3,536 
 
 105 
 61 
 
 135 
 30 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 2 
 
 111 
 3 
 
 $845,222 
 
 457 
 
 283 
 182 
 303 
 275 
 365 
 
 300 
 309 
 
 216 
 308 
 
 2.541
 
 III. 
 FACTS ABOUT THE FOLKS 
 
 A. L. Campbkll. 
 
 In this chapter some of the most important facts concerning the 
 folks themselves of Chesterfield County are mentioned and discussed 
 briefly. Unless otherwise mentioned the data used were derived 
 from the 1920 census. 
 
 Total Population 
 
 The population of Chesterfield County in 1920 was 31,909. It has 
 reached its present population by a steady increase over many years 
 and by a very marked increase within the last two decades. From 
 the figures of the twelfth census (1900) and the thirteenth census 
 (1910) we see that the population increased from 20,401 in 1900 to 
 26,301 in 1910, an increase of 28.9 per cent. During the decade 
 1910 to 1920 the increase was from 28,301 to 31,969, or 21.5 per cent. 
 This is a very creditable showing as compared with the other counties 
 of the State. The State average increase in population during the 
 period 1900-1910 was only 13.1 per cent and from 1910 to 1920 only 
 11.1 per cent. 
 
 Density of Population 
 Chesterfield County ranks 8th in area in the State with 837 square 
 miles, while in total population it ranks 21st. Thus we see that in 
 density of population our county ranks rather low. It comes 37th 
 among the forty-six counties of the State in this respect with 38.2 
 persons per s<iuare mile. The average density of the State is 56.1 
 people per square mile. 
 
 Rural and Urban 
 
 In density of rural population, Chesterfield ranks 39th with 34.4 
 people per square mile. Since the density of the total population 
 was only 38.2 people per square mile we see that the population is 
 predominantly rural. The census bureau defines urban population 
 as that residing in cities and other incorporated places having 2,500 
 inhabitants or more, and rural population as that residing outside 
 of such incorporated places. Therefore Chesterfield has only one 
 town, Cheraw, that is classed as urban.
 
 2G CliESTERl-IELD CoLNTY I ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL 
 
 Cheraw has a population of 3,150. In 1910 its population was 
 2,873. Its increase of 9.1 per cent during thie last decade repi-esents 
 the increase in uvhan inhabitants as compared with the rural popu- 
 lation increase of 20.5 per cent. It must be remembered, thoujih, 
 that in the rural population is included the towns of Chesterfield, 
 Pageland, Jefferson, McBee. Patrick, Ruby, Mt. Croghan and Mid- 
 dendorf, since the population of each of these towns is less than 
 2,500. The population of these rural towns together is only 6,219. 
 This number subtracted from the so-called rural population leaves 
 22.000 people, or 70.0 per cent of the total population, living in the 
 open country in our county. 
 
 Color and Nativity 
 
 The composition of the population of any county provides a cri- 
 terion by which its social status and its chances for prosperity may 
 be reckoned. Of course the greater per cent white among the popu- 
 lation the better its foundation and chances for progress. 
 
 Of the total poi)ulation of Chesterfield County 60.5 per cent is 
 white. It ranks 9th in the State in this particular. The average 
 for the State is only 48.0 per cent. The negi-o population is steadily 
 increasing in nniiibcrs Iiut decreasing in ratio of total population in 
 our county. Chest t'rfiold with an increase of 19.6 per cent ranks 
 :'>]■(] in the State in increase in negro population from 1910 to 1920, 
 while its rank is Nth in increase in white population, 22.S per cent, 
 during the same period. The State average white increase was 20.5 
 I»er cent and the negro increase was 3.5 i)er cent. Our county 
 ranks 3Sth in negro decrease in ratio of the total population. 
 
 Illiteracy. 
 
 Chesterfield County (Idcs not coinijarc vc>ry favorably with the rest 
 of the Stale in the matter of literacy. With a per cent of 19.1 it 
 I'iinks 24th in the Slate in total illiteracy of persons ten years of age 
 iuid over. I'lic average illiteracy of the State, ten yeai's of age and 
 over, is only 18.1 per cent. Thus we see that Chesterfield ranks a 
 little iibdve the State average in total illiteracy. 
 
 In n.itive white illiteracy Chesterfield County ranks 40th, or in 
 otliei- words, the ])er cent illiterate in its white population is greater 
 than that of any other county of the State. The per cent illiterate 
 of its while i»oi»ulation is l.'}..",, while the average for the State is 
 only (!.."). 
 
 Since oni- wliile citizens over twenty-one ye;irs of ;ige, itoth men 
 :ni(l women, li;ive the respoii.sibiiity n|ion tlieni of seeing to the 
 sliibilily of the government throngli their v<tfes, their erlncalion and 
 characteristics are esitecially interesting to us. Our county ranks
 
 Ciii:sii:i!rii;i,i) County: Economic and Social 27 
 
 46th in both nu>n and women nalivo white illitcrati's. twcnty-uno 
 years of ase and over. Of our voters, IT.n per cent of the men and 
 18 per cent of the women are illiterate. By comparing; tliis condi- 
 tion with that of the State as a whole we can better appreciate its 
 significance to Chesterfield as a county. The State average illiteracy 
 of men voters is only 8.5 per cent and of women voters 8.1 per cent. 
 
 We cannot connnend ourselves by these comparisons but neverthe- 
 less it is well to face the facts that the condition may be improved 
 as speedily as possible. Our condition would be apiialling indeed 
 if we were forced to remain in the "rear rank" indefinitely, but there 
 are various indications of our moving up and letting some other 
 c(mnty occupy the uncovetod position. Such undertakings as adult 
 schools, night schools, and the enforcement of the school attendance 
 law, together with the increased appreciation of education in gen- 
 eral, point to a lower illiterac.v percentage. 
 
 While the schools of our county have made wonderful progress 
 in the last few years they have made no concerted effort to reach 
 mature illiterates. This is not surprising, though, when we consider 
 the fact that South Carolina as a whole only a short time ago spent 
 the least per capita for education of any State in the Union, that 
 the annual expenditure per pupil was less than that of any other 
 State, that teachers' salaries were lowest in the states, the school 
 term the shortest and the average attendance next to the lowest. At 
 the present this is not true. Our Legislature now seems to realize the 
 fact that its most important appropriation is for schools. 
 
 The problem in the elimination of illiteracy in Chesterfield Coiuit.v 
 is not as largely a negro question as in several counties. The per 
 cent of negroes in our population is below the average of the State 
 while the per cent of illiteracy is a great deal above the average. 
 The younger members of both races are taking advantage of their 
 educational opportiuiities, but something must be done for the adult 
 illiterates who comprise so large a per cent of dur population. The.se 
 can only be reached by night and adult schools. There is at present 
 some work being done along this line and from the report of the 
 State Supervisor of Adult Schools we see that these schools that 
 have already been organized have done splendid work and continued 
 advancement seems certain. 
 
 In Chesterfield County there were organized, during the year end- 
 ing July 20, 1921, twenty-seven adult schools, twenty-one white and 
 six colored, with an enrollment of 5SG students, 473 of whom were 
 white and 113 colored. During this time there was $2,211 spent for 
 this purpose. A special mid-summer campaign was put on against 
 illiteracy during the month of August. 1021. A paid organizer visited 
 the comity and organized seven adult schools, all white, with an
 
 28 Chesterfield Colnty: Economic and Social 
 
 enrollment of 193. Only $905 was spent during this period. Even 
 with the meager appropriations by the Legislature and the small 
 amount that the county board has been able to contribute, Chester- 
 field County ranks as one of the thirteen leading counties in thd 
 State in the work done by adult and night schools. 
 
 That these steps are improving the illiteracy situation in our 
 county is shown by comparing the figures cm illiteracy of the 1910 
 census with those of the last census. In 1910 28.9 per cent of the 
 total population was illterate, while in 1920 there was only 19.1 
 per cent illiterate. 
 
 Since South Carolina as a whole is striving to decrease its high 
 illiteracy percentage we should strive to pass on to some other 
 county our rank of 4Gth among the counties of the State in this 
 respect. With the interest of the public, both literate and illiterate, 
 aroused and the hearty support of the work by the public assured, it 
 seems certain that our county will move forward rapidly from its 
 low position in literacy. The safest and surest method of finally 
 eradicating illiteracy is through the strict enforcement of the com- 
 pulsory attendance law. This is only possible with the sentiment 
 of the people of the county back of the officers whose duty it is to 
 enforce the measure. Our State's slogan is "Let South Carolina 
 Secede from Illiteracy." Our aim should be to lead the way in this 
 secession. 
 
 Vital Statistics 
 
 A few statistics regarding the birth and death rate and the health 
 conditions, with suggestions for improvement, in our county will help 
 to give us an insight into one of the most important problems that 
 can confront a people. According to the bureau of vital statistics of 
 South Carolina for the year 1919 there were 9S.'> births in Chester- 
 field County, an average of 32.1 per 1,000 population. This makes 
 our county rank 5th in the State in birth rate. On the other hand 
 our death rate is fairly low, only 363 in the county for the year 1919, 
 or an average of 11.9 per 1,000 population. Chesterfield County ranks 
 2Sth in this respect. The State average birth rate per 1,000 inhabit- 
 ants is 27.1 and the death rale per 1,000 people is 13.6. 
 
 From the al)ove figures we .see that our county ranks above the 
 average in birth rate and below the average in death rate, a very 
 desirable condition. The natural healthfulncss of our climate more 
 than steps taken to safeguard health by its people probably is the 
 cau.se of the above mentioned condition. Although we are proud of 
 our low death rate, that does not necessarily mean that our health 
 (■(iiiditions are what they should be. We should be just as interested 
 ill jircscrving the health of the seemingly well portion of our people
 
 Chesterfield County: Economic and Social 29 
 
 as ill saviiifi the life of tlio disea.sotl. Siiice our ijoitulation is dis- 
 tinctly rural it miglit be well to repeat what has been often spoken 
 and written since tlie war on the pliysioal condition of the rural 
 people. 
 
 Tlie selective draft law literally exi)l(ided the theoretical hvibble 
 that since a person lived in the (tpeii country he would be healthy and 
 develop normally without the aid or direction of any one. It was 
 only after it was noted tliat the number of draft reje<tions of boys 
 from the counti-y was greater than those from the city that it was 
 realized that the health condition, of children particularly, in the 
 country needed any attention. Child welfare workers and parents 
 alike, have been content to permit the activities of chilil conservation 
 to be concentrated almost exclusively upon the city child. 
 
 A county unit plan of public health work, as is being organized in 
 some counties of the State, would be a great movement towards the 
 protection of the health of our people if organized in Chesterfield 
 County. This unit is composed of one public health doctor and one 
 or moi'e competent public health nurses. The ultimate aim of the 
 county unit is to develop a nursing service covering the entire county 
 with community nurses responsible to the county nurse and working 
 under the supervisioiTof the county health otlicer. A district nurse 
 supervises the work of the county units. The head of the entire 
 system is the State supervising nurse. A health educational program 
 is undertaken by these nurses in connection with their regular work 
 of caring for the sick, inspecting school children, helping improve 
 sanitary conditions in the homes, and fighting epidemics. 
 
 Church Membership 
 
 From the repcu't on lUliyidu-s Bodies published in 1916 by the 
 bui'ean of the census we find that 14.677 people of Chesterfield County 
 are church members. This number is 75 per cent of the total popu- 
 lation, ten years of age and over, and makes our county rank 13th 
 in this respect. The denominational affiliations of these members 
 are as follows: Methodists, 6,070, of whom 4,oS3 are whites and 2,596 
 are negroes; Baptists, 6,574,of whom 4,214 are whites and 2..360 are 
 negroes; Presbyterians, 771, of whom 633 are whites and 13S are 
 negroes; Episcopalians, 140; Catholics, 30; and all other smaller 
 bodies, 283. 
 
 Chesterfield ranks a little alxive the State average in church mem- 
 bership. The fact that only twelve counties in the State have a 
 larger per cent of membership is something to commend ourselves 
 for, but still the condition is not ideal for there remains one out of 
 every four of our i)oinilatioii. ten years of age and over, out of the
 
 30 Chesterfield County : Economic and Social 
 
 church. This knowledire slioiiUl lie an incentive to greater activity 
 upon the part of the organized chiircli and otlier religious workers. 
 
 Facts About the Folks. 
 
 How Chesterfield County compares with the other counties in the 
 State in numerous important particulars. The figures are for 1920 
 except where otherwise indicated. 
 
 8th — In area, square miles 837 
 
 Berkeley County is the largest county in the State with 
 an area of 1,238 square miles ; Cherokee is the smallest, 
 having an area of 373 square miles. The total area of 
 the State is 30,495 square miles. 
 
 21st — In total population 31,969 
 
 Charleston County ranks first with 10S;.4.50 inhabitants; 
 Jasper County comes last with a pn])ulation of 9,SG9. 
 The total population of the State is 1,683,724. 
 
 39th — In density of rural population, per square mile 34.4 
 
 Spartanburg County with a rural population of 93.6 per 
 square mile ranks first : Jasper County comes last with 
 a density of only 16.6 in rural population per square mile. 
 
 37th — In density of total population, per square mile 38.2 
 
 Spartanburg County with a density of 123.2 per square 
 • mile ranks first in the State ; Jasper County comes last 
 with a density of only IS. The State average is 56.1. 
 9th — In per cent white population is of total population.... 60.5 
 Only 48.6 per cent of the population of the State is 
 white. 
 9tli — In sniallness of the ]ier (ont negroes of total population. . 39.5 
 The average of all Ihe counties of the State is 51.4 per 
 cent negroes. 
 
 8th — In per cent increase in while i)()i»ulali(in, 191(>-2() 22.8 
 
 Florence County ranks first with an increase of 66.2 
 per cent. The State average increase was 20.5 per cent. 
 Seven counties failed to show any increase. 
 
 3rd — In per cent increase in negro population, 1910-20 19.6 
 
 Kicliland County ranks first with an increase of 27.3 
 per cent. The State average increa.se was :].~t ])rr cent. 
 Xineteeji counties showed a decrease. 
 38th — In i)ercentage negro decrease in ratio of the total poim- 
 
 lation. 1!»1(M!IL'(> .6 
 
 Greenwood ('oiiiil\ ranks first with a per c(>nt of 9.4. The 
 State average decrease was ;».9 i)er cent. Four counties 
 showed an increase in negro population in ratio of the
 
 Chesterfield County: Economic and Social 31 
 
 total population. Of these four, Williitmslnir;,' showed 
 greatest increase with a per cent of 4.3. 
 
 24th — In percentage total illiteracy 10 years of age and over. ... 19.1 
 Pickens County ranks first with a per cent of only 1<>.7. 
 Berkeley comes last with 38.4 per cent of its population 
 illiterate. The State average was IS.l per cent. 
 
 46th — In i)ercentage native wliite illiterates 10 years of age 
 
 and over ] 3.3 
 
 Abheville County ranks first with diily 5.3 i)er cent. The 
 State average is 6.5 per cent. 
 
 4Gth — In percentage native white illiterate males 21 years of 
 
 age and over 17.3 
 
 Charleston County ranks first with a per cent of 1.7. 
 The State average is 8.5 per cent. 
 
 40tli — In percentage native white illiterate females 21 years of 
 
 age and over IS 
 
 Calhoun County ranks first with a per cent of 1.7. The 
 State average is 8.1 per cent. 
 
 28th— In death rate per 1,000 of population, 1919 11.9 
 
 Richland County, with 26. 1 deaths per 1,000 population 
 has highest death rate. Colleton County has fewest 
 deaths, 7.4 per 1,000 inhal)itants. The State average is 
 13.6. 
 
 5th— In birth rale per 1,000 of population, 1919 32.1 
 
 Horry County ranks first with 39.1 births per 1,000 popu- 
 lation. Colleton County has fewest with only 18.2. The 
 State average is 27.1. 
 
 13th — In church membership, per cent of po])ulation 10 years 
 
 of age and over that are church memlters, 1916 75 
 
 Barnwell County comes first in this particular. Colleton 
 comes last with only 54 per cent of its population 10 
 years of age and over church members. The State aver- 
 age is 74 per cent.
 
 IV. 
 
 SCHOOLS 
 
 Claudi: a. Sherrill. 
 
 Chesterfield County with her 31,969 inhabitants had in 1921 a total 
 taxable wealth of §13,962,800, or a per capita wealth of $436. There 
 are twenty-six other counties in the State which make a better 
 showing. During 1920 we spent $1,182,936 in operating our automo- 
 biles, or an average expenditure of $37.00 for every person in the 
 county, regardless of whether he owned a car or not. During the 
 same period each of us spent only $4.67 for the education of our 
 children. In 1920 we had invested in automobiles $2,277,000 ; in 
 school property. $365,365. 
 
 Rank of Schools in State and Nation 
 
 There are few, if any, governmental activities for which so many 
 significant facts have been gathered, by uniform methods, over so 
 long a period of time as has been done in the matter of education. 
 A comprehensive method of indicating school conditions and ten- 
 dencies has been worked out by the Department of Education of the 
 Russell Sage Foundation by means of the index number, which is 
 a well established .statistical device commonly u.sed for measuring 
 changes in wholesale and retail prices and rates of wages over a 
 long period of time, and which number lends itself readily in denot- 
 ing changes, conditions and cost of education over a period of years. 
 
 The ten sets of educational data that have been considered as set 
 out in the table below are unusually adapted for inclusion in an 
 inde.x number. Increases in them reflect improved educational con- 
 ditions and decreases reflect worse conditions. I.ike the stock prices 
 they can all be measured in terms of a theoretical par value of 100; 
 and because of this they can be combined in an index number that 
 is a direct average instead of a relative percentage.
 
 Chesterfield County: Econo.mk and Sociai, ;>:> 
 Index Figures for Chesterfield County Schools 1910 and 1920 
 
 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 •^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ■^ 
 
 _ 
 
 "Z- C 
 
 ? 
 
 6 
 
 t? 
 
 c 
 
 '^Z 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 ^ 
 
 w ^ 
 
 iH 
 
 T-l 
 
 C) 
 
 Ti 
 
 r-" C3 
 
 CI 
 
 Ci 
 
 Ci 
 
 Ci 
 
 CT- 
 
 tH 
 
 
 T-( 
 
 r-t 
 
 
 
 1. I'lT font of school population 
 
 attendinj^- school daily 49.5 .-',9.6 
 
 59.8 
 
 (M.f) 
 
 45.4 
 
 01.5 
 
 2. Averasje days attended hy each f If 
 child of s<hooI aw 21.4 |11.6 
 
 36.2 
 
 47.0 24.4 
 
 30.2 
 
 3. Averafj;e number of days schools t 
 were kei)t open 55 
 
 t 
 25.0 
 
 GO 5 37 n 
 
 40.0 
 
 48 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 4. I'er cent that hii^h scliool at- 
 tendance was of total attend- 
 ance 
 
 .10 
 
 
 .13 
 
 
 
 10.24 
 
 5. Per cent that hoys were of 
 j^irls in hifjh schools 
 
 9S. 
 
 
 75. 
 
 
 * 
 58.59 
 
 6. Average expenditure per child 
 
 in average attendance 8.80 
 
 1.48 
 
 .39.57 
 
 5.04 6.24 
 
 25.03 
 
 7. Average expenditure per child 
 of school age 
 
 4..35| .58 2.3.66 1 3.22 1 2.84 [15.43 
 
 
 8. Average exi)enditure per teach- 1 1 | 
 
 er employed 11.34 1.29|41.04 12.3G G.91 
 
 31.47 
 
 9. Expenditure per jiupil for pur- 
 po.ses other than teacliers' 
 salaries . . . . 3 40 
 
 .094 
 
 26.20 
 
 .61 2.24 
 
 15 46 
 
 
 
 10. Expenditure per teacher em- 
 ployed for salaries 
 
 18.30 
 
 2.53 
 
 50.08 
 
 23.16 1 11.33 
 
 40.11 
 
 Chesterheld ('(mnty Index... . 27.01 8.21 41.21 1 19.35 1 13.94 83.67 
 
 State Index 1 .... 1 1 .... 1 124 ST 
 
 29.. '19 
 
 
 *1918 State figures — county figures not availalde. 
 tl909 tigures--1910 figures not available. 
 
 South Carolina is at tlie bottom of the list of states in tlie matter 
 of education witli an index number of 29. .'{9. Montana leads witli 
 75.79. In 1910 there were 276,980 illiterates in the State, or 25 
 per cent; 50.245 of tliese being whites. Negro majority cannot l)e
 
 34 Chesterfield County: Economic and Social. 
 
 jjiveu as the sole cause of South Carolina's position in this regard, 
 though this fact does materially influence it. We are backward in 
 our white education as well. 
 
 Chesterfield County's schools have an index number of 33.67 and 
 thereby outstrii) the general average of the State. Were the average 
 for the State equal to that of Chesterfield County, South Carolina 
 would rank 46th instead of 52nd in the list of States and territories, 
 while a State average of 41.21, or the average of Chesterfield County's 
 white schools, would bring South Carolina to the rank of 3Sth instead 
 of 52nd in the list of states. 
 
 Teachers 
 
 Among the sorely neglected factors of our school system comes one 
 of the most important, namely, the teacher. While the buildings, 
 the grounds and the supplies are necessary constituents of a real 
 school, all of these are practically of no avail without the vitalizing 
 touch of a real teacher. Teachers who breathe life and spirit into 
 the school become absorbed in the work and put forth their best 
 efforts to make the school what it should be. But these teachers 
 cannot be secured on the small salaries that they have been offered. 
 It is a fundamental principle of economics that the best teachers 
 will go whei'e the best salaries are offered, or quit teaching to fol- 
 low a more remunerative trade or profession, as many of them have 
 done already. 
 
 Chesterfield County, in 1920, paid her men teachers on an average 
 $860.70 and her women teachers $567.57. However, there were only 
 17 men teachers as compared with the 132 women teachers, which 
 makes the average salary for both sexes $714.13. There has been 
 about a two hundred per cent gain in both the men's and women's 
 .-lalaries during the period from 1910-1920. While the 1920 figures 
 show a marked gain over the 1910 figures it does not yet equal the 
 salaries paid employees engagetl in vocations which require prepa- 
 ration less than that of a teacher. Will teachers who have spent 
 years in preparation and a consideriiblc amount of money, be content 
 to work for such a salary when uneducated people in other trades 
 are receiving several times that amount? Below are a few of the 
 salaries paid in Chesterfield County according to the report of the 
 State Commissioner of Agriculture, Commerce and Industries in 1920 
 to followers of different trades. Compare them with the salary that 
 we i)ay our toacliers and then see if you do not recognize a missing 
 link. Machinists receive $1,670, jirintcrs $1,178, electricians $1,000, 
 and day laborers $739 annually. 
 
 Now, are we not practicing false economy when we compare the 
 pittance we allow our teacliers witli the servi<e that is rendered?
 
 Chesterfield County: Economic and Social 35 
 
 Cheap teachers are expensive — extravaj^antly expensive. They 
 may not cost more directly, but they do cost childhood, manhood and 
 womanhood. As long as we employ cheap teachers we may expect 
 cheap service. But when we bej^in paying our teachers salaries that 
 compare favorably with those paid in other trades and professions, 
 we may expect, and will receive, a higher grade of etiiciency in 
 service rendered. 
 
 CHART NUMBER 
 
 A qrapHtc f«pr«»«n+«*ion of the con- 
 dition of Chesterfield County Schooli 
 
 One-Teacher Schools 
 
 Some one has said : "The average farmer and rural teacher think 
 of the rural school as a little house, on a little ground, with a little 
 equipment, where a little teacher, for a little while at a little salary, 
 teaches little children, little things." 
 
 According to the last report of the State Superintendent of Educa- 
 tion out of a total of 2.305 white schools in South Carolina 015 were 
 (>ne-teacher schools, 620 were two-teacher, and 324 were three-teacher 
 schools. Expressed in percentage figures, approximately 40 per cent 
 of our white schools employ one teacher ; 67 per cent have two 
 teachers or less; and 81 per cent have three feachers or less. 
 
 The situation in Chesterfield County is somewhat better than the 
 average for the State. In 11)21, there were 58 white schools in Ches- 
 terfield County. Of this number 15, or 26 per cent, were one-teacher 
 affairs. There were 21, two-teacher schools, 10 with three teachers, 
 and 12 employing more than three teachers. All of us are sufli- 
 ciently acquainted with school matters to know that a well graded, 
 properly tauixht school requires a number of well-equipped, well-paid 
 teachers to conduct it.
 
 36 Chesterfield County: Economic and Social 
 
 The county making the best showing in this respect is Dillon with 
 only 4 per cent of its schools one-teacher affairs ; Darlington ranks 
 second with 7 per cent ; Florence third with 17 per cent ; and Spar- 
 tanburg fourth with 18 per cent of its white schools one-teacher 
 affairs. 
 
 The county with the worst showing is Georgetown where 76 per 
 cent of the white schools employ only one teacher ; Berkeley has 72 
 one-teacher schools out of every hundred, and there are some six 
 or more other counties that do not widely differ from these distressing 
 figures. 
 
 In our conception of the modern State, its most priceless posses- 
 sion and basic fabric is the individual citizen, and the child of today 
 is the citizen of tomorrow. 
 
 With this idea in view, the education of the child is of most funda- 
 mental and far-reaching importance, it matters not whether that 
 child is urban or rural. 
 
 And the fact that a child happens to have been born in the coun- 
 try should be no reason why he is not provided witli as good an 
 education as the child in the city. His rights are of equal impor- 
 tance with those of the urban child ; it is as much the duty of the 
 State to provide the country boy and girl with superior educational 
 facilities as it is for the city boy or girl to possess these advantages. 
 
 This situation becomes more imperative in a State like South Caro- 
 lina whore 82. ,5 per cent of our population is rural, and where 
 approximately 7+ out of every hundred of our people live on the 
 farm. 
 
 It is well to i-ecall that the white rural illiteracy in South Carolina 
 in 1920 was approximately three times as great as the white urban 
 illiteracy. 
 
 The nialtor is of vital imjtort to the city, also; for in considerable 
 measure the city recruits its force from the ranks of the country. To 
 be sure it more often takes the best e<iuipped in Ihe country ranks, 
 but it sliould not demur at the additional expense incurred to 
 jtropcrly educate the country child. 
 
 In a study of a typical up-country rural community, it was found 
 lliat (»f the white owners operating their own lands over 62 per cent 
 of these fini.shed (heir education lielow the 8th grade, and in the 
 case of the wliite tenant approximately 80 per cent (inisbed below 
 high scliool, the majority of these not liaving completed the fifth 
 grade. 
 
 There is a inciiiicc in Ibis sitnatioii and it is (he menace of igno- 
 rance. It will r.iiit iiiiic to retard and liazard the i)rogr(>ss of our 
 civili/.alioii until the issue is .scpiarely met.
 
 Chesterfield County: Economic and Social 37 
 
 The most practical solution of the country school situation lies in 
 the consolidated school. Consolidation in its best form takes place 
 when schools are not forced to close for lack of students, but are 
 deliberately abandoned for the purpose of creating a larger school 
 where more ethcient work may be done, or the same work at a 
 diminished cost. 
 
 Former Commissioner of Education, P. P. Claxton, had the follow- 
 ing to say regarding the consolidated school : 
 
 "The improvement and consolidation of rural schools and the use 
 of such schools as rural social centers have a marked intluence upon 
 the prosperity and intellectual development of the people who live 
 in the country. The movement in this direction has only begun and 
 its continued progress is dependent in a large measure upon the 
 improvement of highways and highway transportation. Better 
 roads are essential to better rural schools." 
 
 The way is bei)ig blazed by such counties as Dillon and Darling- 
 ton. If one South Carolina county can practically eliminate one- 
 teacher schools, why cannot all of them do so? We have resources 
 enough in South Carolina to provide good schools for all our people 
 and it is short-sighted policy when we do not. If constitutional 
 restrictions limiting amounts of revenue are in the way of adequate 
 State appropriations and equalizing funds we should remove them 
 and not only offer but require every boy and girl to have a good 
 grammar school education ; and place within the easy reach of all 
 good high school facilities. 
 
 Negro Schools 
 
 We have two distinct systems of schools, one for the whites and 
 one for the negroes. While the State has never yet secured sufficient 
 funds to provide everything in the way of education that it realizes 
 is needed, still each year shows a steady advance in that direction. 
 And the negro schools in Chesterfield County showed marked improve- 
 ment during the decade between 1910 and 1920. For example, in 
 1910. $1,869.35 was expended for the education of the negro in Ches- 
 terfield County; in 1920, $13,355.22— an increase of more than 600 
 per cent in ten years ; or .59c. per colored child of school age in 1910, 
 as compared with $3.23 per colored child *if school age in 1920. This 
 showing is interesting and also gratifying ; but a great deal more 
 might be done for the negro race along these lines, with advantage 
 to the whites as well as to the negroes. It is cleai-ly evident that 
 the system for the whites is superior to the one for the negroes, 
 and naturally so. Although the whites deserve a better system, at 
 the same time the negroes should not be disregarded, but should be 
 given what is due them. 
 
 44962G
 
 38 Chesterfield County: Economic and Social 
 
 In 1910 there were 3,009 whites enrolled as compared with 1510 
 negroes for that year. For the same year there were 2,350 whites 
 in average attendance against 1,261 negroes. These figures show that 
 the average attendance compared with enrollment for the negroes 
 was greater than the whites by 4.6 per cent. In 1920 the average 
 attendance compared with the enrollment for the negroes was greater 
 than the whites by 6.4 per cent. During the ten years, 1910-1920, 
 the increase in enrollment has been more than doubled and the most 
 interesting fact is that with a doubled enrollment we also have more 
 than a doubled attendance. In average attendance for the ten years 
 the whites gained 57.8 per cent, while the negroes gained 113 per 
 cent. These figures show conclusively that the negro is exercising 
 greater energy toward the opportunities afforded them than the white 
 people. 
 
 In 1920 Chestirfield County spent .$24.13 per capita on her whites, 
 with a rank in the State of 20th. In the same year she spent $3.35 
 per capita on her negroes, and ranked 9th in the State. So in pro- 
 portion, compared to other counties, Chesterfield is giving her negroes 
 a better showing than she is the whites. Bamberg County only 
 spends $1.45 per capita on the negroes, ranking 46th, while she 
 spends $30.22 on her whites, ranking 32nd. 
 
 Ten Years Gain In Our White Schools 
 
 1910 
 
 I Per Cent 
 1920 I Gain 
 
 Total Revenues 
 
 Total value school property 
 
 Number of local tax districts with 
 special levy 
 
 Number voting or increasing special 
 tax during year 
 
 Number of town schools 
 
 Number of country schools 
 
 Number of white schools 
 
 Spent for teachers and supervision.. 
 
 Spent for buildings and supplii's. . . . 
 
 Total school population 
 
 Total enrollment 
 
 Per cent that enrollment is of total 
 school population 
 
 Average daily attendance 
 
 Per cent that average daily attend- 
 ance is of enrollment 
 
 Average anmial salary (men) 
 
 Average annual salary (women)... 
 
 fLoss. 
 
 (127,578.49 
 42,300 
 
 37 
 
 6 
 
 51 
 
 76 
 
 16,691.68 
 
 3,998.40 
 
 4,738 
 
 3,009 
 
 63.5 
 2,350 
 
 78.9 
 360. 
 182. 
 
 $149,429.52 
 345,700 
 
 53 
 
 26 
 
 7 
 
 53 
 
 149 
 
 89,552.75 
 
 33,504.05 
 
 6,203 
 
 6,084 
 
 98.08 
 3,710 
 
 60.98 
 860.70 
 567.57 
 
 441.8 
 717.2 
 
 43.2 
 
 16.6 
 .039t 
 
 96.t 
 435.3 
 863.2 
 
 30.9 
 102.1 
 
 54.4 
 57.8 
 
 t22.7 
 134.t 
 211.8
 
 Chesterfield County: Economic and Social 39 
 
 How We Rank In Schools 
 
 Rank. 1920 
 43rd — In pei'centaKe of enrollofl pupils In regular attend- 
 ance (white) 60.98 
 
 GeorjL^etown ranks first with SO.SJ) ; Cherokee last 
 
 with 00.80 ; average for State 67.91. 
 36th — In percentage of regular attendance (negroes) 67.31 
 
 Georgetown ranks first with 87.24 ; Hampton last 
 
 with 63.31 ; average for State 70.60. 
 43rd — In percentage in regular attendance (both races)... 63.49 
 
 Georgetown ranks first with 84.89 ; Dillon last with 
 
 61.51 ; average for State 69.34. 
 21st— In percentage of white schools that are one-teacher 
 
 schools 42.10 
 
 Darlington leads with 10.34 per cent ; Beaufort las! 
 
 with 76.47 per cent ; average for State 43.22 per 
 
 cent. 
 13th — In average length of session in town schools (white) 
 
 in days 175 
 
 Calhoun, Georgetown, Lancaster and Richland tie 
 
 for first place with 180; Horry last with 136. 
 32nd — In average length of session in county schools 
 
 (white) in days 118 
 
 Charleston ranks first with 159 ; Horry last with 90. 
 22nd — In per capita expenditure according to enrollment 
 
 (white) $24.13 
 
 Darlington ranks first with $72.67 ; Abbeville last 
 
 with $16.69 ; average for State, $26.08. 
 11th — In per capita expenditure according to enrollment 
 
 (colored) $.3.35 
 
 Charleston ranks first with $11.57 ; Bamberg last with 
 
 $1.45 ; average for State, $3.04. 
 7th— In per capita expenditure according to enrollment 
 
 (both) $15.90 
 
 Charleston ranks first with $33.11 ; Clarendon last 
 
 with $7.45; average for State, $13.93. 
 32nd — In average salary paid white teachers (men) $860.70 
 
 Charleston ranks first with $2.317.62 ; Lexington 
 
 last with $537.00. 
 17th — In average salary paid white teachers (women) $.567.57 
 
 Charleston ranks first, $890.25; Lexington last with 
 
 $385.38.
 
 40 Chesterfield County: Economic and Social 
 
 Rank. 1920 
 
 13th — In per capita investment in school property $11.42 
 
 Florence ranks first with $29.07 ; Fairfield last with 
 
 $2.77; 
 15th — In total value of school property $365,365 
 
 Greenville ranks first with $2,568,374 ; Jasper last 
 
 with $38,042. 
 
 13th — In number of local tax districts 53 
 
 24th — In number of local tax districts levying special tax . . 30 
 
 0th — In receipts from State appropriations (both races) $36,348.75 
 
 Spartanburg ranks first with $49,511.38; Jasper last 
 
 with $3,180. 
 18th — In average number white pupils to school accord- 
 ing to enrollment 107 
 
 Charleston ranks first with 159 ; Berkeley last with 
 
 31 ; average for State 81. 
 17th — In average number white pupils to school according 
 
 to average attendance 65 
 
 Charleston ranks first with 125 ; Berkeley last with 26. 
 ISih — In average number white pupils to teacher according 
 
 to enrollment 40 
 
 Pickens ranks first with IS ; Berkeley last with 24 ; 
 
 average for State, 35. 
 18th — In average number white pupils to teacher accord- 
 ing to average attendance 25 
 
 Jasper ranks first with 15 ; Greenville last with 31. 
 
 Average for State, 21. 
 12th — In percentage that one-teacher schools are of total 
 
 white schools 26 
 
 Dillon ranks first with 4 per cent; Georgetown 
 
 ranks last with 76 per cent ; average for State is 40 
 
 per cent.
 
 V. 
 
 WEALTH AND TAXATION 
 
 Cl-AUDK A. SlIFKRILL. 
 
 Total Wealth 
 
 In practice the law of our State requires that all property be 
 returned for taxation on a basis of 42 per cent of the actual value. 
 On this basis, it is our purpose to present a comparison of the prop- 
 erty in Chesterfield County as returned for taxation for the years 
 1910 and 1920, sho\Yin,sj: our increase for the ten years. 
 
 The report of the Comptroller General for 1910 shows $3,862,190 
 worth of property returned for taxation, of which $1,167,560 was 
 personal property and $2,264,530 was real property. Reckoning 
 this as 42 per cent of the actual value, we find that the true value 
 was $9,195,690. The per capita wealth on the basis of $9,195,690 as 
 the actual value was $349.63. 
 
 For the year 1920 we find $5,964,370 worth of property returned 
 for taxation, of which $2,342,760 was personal property, and $3,621,610 
 was real property. Reckoning as above, the actual value for this 
 year was $14,200,881. The per capita wealth based on the actual 
 value $14,200,881 was $436. 
 
 The increase during the ten years, for the taxable value was 
 $2,102,180 or 54.4 per cent, and for the actual value was $5,005,191 ; 
 which was an increase of the per capita wealth, for the actual value 
 of $94.57. 
 
 An Agricultural County 
 
 Chesterfield County is and always has been preeminently an agri- 
 cultural county. There are only 18 other counties in the State 
 which can boast of greater agricultural wealth. 
 
 In 1910 our total farm wealth amounted to $6.494.023 ; in 1920 
 the value of all our farm property was $21,351,988. These figures 
 indicate a remarkable increa.se of 228 oer cent while Die average 
 for the State for the same period — the decade between 1910 and 
 1920— was 143 per cent. 
 
 Tenancy and Mortgages Debts 
 In 1920 only 39.8 per cent df our farms wore operated by owners, 
 while the State average was 35.1 per cent. One-third t>f our owner-
 
 42 Chesterfield Coua'ty: Economic axd Social 
 
 operated farms were encumbered by mortgages, with an aggregate 
 mortgage indebtedness of $535,356. The total value of the land 
 and buildings on the owner-operated farms in 1920 was $2,284,832. 
 Thus it can be seen that 23.4 per cent of their value was mortgaged. 
 Mortgage debt on farm properties is not an evil when the end is 
 property ownership. Statistics do not indicate for what purpose 
 the money borrowed is applied, but if it is converted into more land, 
 live stock, farm buildings and farming implements then the mort- 
 gage debt represents expansion and development, but not so when 
 used for bread and meat, hay and other operating expenses. 
 
 Approximately sixty per cent of our farms are cultivated by ten- 
 ants. During the decade from 1910 to 1920 tenancy in Chesterfield 
 County increased about 7 per cent and an increase is noted in South 
 Carolina and the United States generally. The counties in which 
 tenancy is smallest are letl by Beaufort with 14.9 per cent and 
 Georgetown and Berkeley with 23.8 per cent and 24.2 per cent 
 respectively. Tenancy, like mortgage debt, as a means to ultimate 
 ownership, is not to be looked upon as a harmful tendency. But if 
 a tenant uses rented land merely as a means of scant livelihood year 
 after year with no thought of saving his profits for the purpose of 
 purchasing land on which to live, he becomes a liability rather than 
 an asset to the conuuunity and county. Farm ownership causes 
 thrift, pride and independence ; tenancy encourages laziness, indif- 
 ference and dependence. There is plenty of room for improvement in 
 this direction in our county. 
 
 Our Textile Mills 
 
 There are now in the county two mills ; one cotton mill and one 
 knitting mill. Those have a combined capital stock of $273,679, and 
 employ about one hundred and twenty-five men, women and children. 
 The mills are both progressive and prosperous, and offer most excel- 
 lent advantages to any one who cares to have I'eal work to do at 
 good wages. 
 
 Automobiles 
 
 In 1920 there was one automobile for every 15.4 people in Chester- 
 field County. In this respect she ranked tenth among the counties 
 of the State: Marlboro, with the ratio of 1 to 12.3 ranks first and 
 Berkeley with a ratio of 1 to 59.8 ranks last. The average for the 
 State was one automobile for every 18 inhabitants. 
 
 Assuming $i.l(K) as tlie average price per car, Chosterfiold (bounty 
 with her 2,070 automol)iles has invested, at first cost, $2,277,000. 
 
 Based on tlie one-eighth of a cent a gallon tax on gasoline we used
 
 Chester I'iKi.i) County: Economic and Social 43 
 
 900,951 iralloiis diiriiii: 1920. At an average value of 32 cents a gal- 
 lon, this totals .$291,184.32. 
 
 Rating the average number of miles per gallon as 13, there were 
 11,829,363 miles traveled on this gasoline. Ten cents per mile would 
 be a consei'vative estimate for the operating expenses of the car, 
 this to include gasoline cost, tires, repairs and depreciation on car. 
 Such an estimate would indicate that it cost the people of Chester- 
 field County $1,1S2,9.3G..30 to operate their cars during 1920, or a cost 
 of $581.12 per car, or $1.5G per day per car. Since automobiles have 
 come into general use they have been increased approximately 44.0 
 per cent per year for the last few years, but on December 31, 1921, 
 we find only 1880 automobiles in Chesterfield County. This shows 
 that 9 per cent of the number used in 1920 were not registered in 
 1921. 
 
 The report of the Superintendent of Education for 1920 estimates 
 the value of all school ijroperty in Chesterfield County at .$365,365, 
 about one-sixth of the value of the autoniobiles. The total expendi- 
 ture in 1920 in our county for schools was $160,141.35. In other 
 words, we spend over seven times as much to ride in automobiles in 
 one year as we do to educate our children. These facts show con- 
 clusively that we are abundantly able to spend thousands of dollars 
 more for their education and thereby place our money in an invest- 
 ment which yields ever inci'easing dividends and which knows no 
 yearly depreciation. 
 
 Banks 
 
 In November, 1919, we had eleven banks in Chesterfield County, 
 one national and ten State banks, with total resources of $4,981,- 
 927.74. In 1914 we had ten banks, one national and nine State, 
 with total banking resources of $2,337,434.87. These figures indicate 
 an increase of 112.7 per cent in our banking resources during five 
 years, or a per capita increase from $88.49 in 1914 to $155.83 in 1919. 
 
 The years 1914 and 1919 were chosen to indicate the growth and 
 expansion of banking in our county for the reason that the figures 
 for 1914 will indicate pre-war conditions. The report for 1920, the 
 latest figures available, could not be looke«l upon as indicative of 
 normal conditions. 
 
 Comparing loans and discounts for this period, the 1919 figure is 
 $3,027,230.65; those for 1914, $1,839,771.69. An inf-rease of approxi- 
 mately 64.5 per cent is indicated here. 
 
 These figures, however, are not indicative of smaller banking 
 business — but the establishment of a well organized and systema- 
 tized Federal Keserve Banking system which makes possible the 
 realization of greater resources on less capital. The decrea.se in capi-
 
 44 Chesterfield County: Economic and Social 
 
 tal stock is worthy of note. Figures of 1919 are $432,750, and those 
 for 1914 are $445,394, or a decrease of $12,644. It was the estab- 
 lishment of the Federal Reserve Banking system which enabled the 
 capital stock to remain the same or be reduced in costs and yet have 
 a very great annual gain in resources. 
 
 This increase in all phases of banking cannot be attributed to the 
 increase in popuhition. for from 1910 to 1919 we only increased 21.5 
 per cent in population, while we increased 64.5 per cent in loans 
 and discounts and 112.7 per cent in banking resources. It just means 
 that while times were good we gained in wealth and have laid it up 
 for times that will not be so good or the "rainy day." 
 
 Liberty Bonds 
 
 Chesterfield County ranks very low in comparison with the other 
 counties of the State in total subscription to government bonds 
 during the recent World War. The total subscription was $1,044,400, 
 which only represented 65.5 per cent of our allotteil quota. 
 
 Taxation 
 
 The present tax system, and no other, is authorized by the Con- 
 stitution of 1895, and though only 26 years old, has proven itself 
 inadequate to provide for a fast growing society. The law requires 
 that all property, real, personal and possessory, be listed and returnetl, 
 assessed and taxed, at its actual or true value in money. That this 
 provision is in practice a dead letter is so well recognized by every- 
 body in the State that the State Tax Commission in 1915 found it 
 necessary to recognize this fact oflicially and openly to proceed with 
 the equalization of assessments on a 42 per cent basis. According 
 to a report of a joint special committee of the General Assembly of 
 South Carolina, the general charge of outlawry against our system 
 as it exists in point is proved, for the operation of the tax system 
 in South Carolina "is as much of an outlaw business as the gentle 
 art of cracking safes and distilling moonshine whiskey." 
 
 Of cour.se, taxation is a State-wide problem and its solution will 
 be State-wide and not confined to any one county, but it will be 
 interesting to mention some of the conditions that have arisen in our 
 county by reason of the general property tax. For example, in 1910, 
 the United States cen.sus value per acre of land in Chesterfield 
 County was $11.97, and we all know that a census value is ultra 
 conservative when compared with considerations actually paid when 
 land is sold. The assesse<l tax value per acre for 1910 was $2.63. 
 Ten years ago might be considered history by some, but we learn that 
 in 1920, the census value per acre was $44.95 and the assessed value 
 of an acre of land in Chesterfield County was couched in the grand
 
 Chesterfield County : Economic and Social 45 
 
 sum of $3.49. Thi.s is perfcH-tly ab.svird when land all arouiul us ia 
 being sold for from $25 to $400 per acre. From a report made by 
 a special committee appointed in 1920 by tlie General As.sembly of 
 South Carolina to make a thorough study of the tax situation in the 
 State and to make recommendations of a solution thereof we find 
 that out of a number of traits of land sold in Chesterfield County 
 between July, 1917, and February, 191S, the assessed value for taxa- 
 tion was less than onefouilh of the considerations actually paid 
 therefor. And yet we wonder why we have such high lax rates and 
 still not raise sufficient revenue to meet the increasing demands of 
 government. In addition to tiiis, most of the personal property, both 
 tangible and intangible, which constitutes a large part of our wealth 
 and fiom which a large part of our taxes should be derived, does 
 not find its place upon our tax books. The landowner and the cor- 
 porations in Chesterfield County bear the burden of taxation simply 
 because the man whose wealth is composed of personal property can 
 keep it off the tax books and the landowner and corporations cannot. 
 The present tax law in the State makes such a state of affairs pos- 
 sible. 
 
 Facts About Wealth and Taxation in Chesterfield County 
 Rank. 
 
 19th— In total farm wealth, 1920 census $21,351,988.00 
 
 Anderson ranks 1st, with $61,635,823, and Jasper 
 ranks last with $4,255,029. 
 22nd — In per capita crop value, 1920 (basetl on eleven 
 
 leading crops) $132.85 
 
 Calhoun ranks 1st with $234.01, and Charleston 
 ranks last with $25.37. 
 19th — In value of crops per acre, 1920 (basetl on eleven 
 
 leading crops) $34.00 
 
 Beaufort ranks 1st with $72.00, and York ranks 
 last with $27.00. 
 
 15th— In value of non-food crops. 1920 $8,182,588.00 
 
 Orangeburg ranks 1st, with $18,216,362, and 
 Jasper ranks last, with $471,371. 
 19th — In rank of counties in average improved acreage 
 
 per farm, 1920 33.'^ 
 
 16th— In total number of farms, 1920 4,487 
 
 Sth — In area of counties in square miles, 1920 837 
 
 28th— In total taxable property, 1920 $14,200,881.00 
 
 Charleston ranks 1st with $89,464,800 and Allen- 
 dale last, with $7,802,500.
 
 40 Chesterfield County : Economic and Social 
 
 Rank. 
 
 26th— In increase in taxable property, 1910-1920 54.4% 
 
 Florence ranks 1st, with 123.72 per cent and 
 Barnwell last with a loss of 27.7 per cent. 
 
 16th— in tax rate per $100 assessed valuation, 1920 $3.00 
 
 Pickens i-anks 1st with $4.00 and Beaufort last 
 with $2.00. 
 4th — In average levy in county not including principal 
 
 town districts, 1910 (mills) 44 
 
 Dillon ranks 1st, with 49^4 and Aiken last with 
 30 1'-. 
 4th — In percentage that assessed value of land per acre 
 
 is to census value 7.8% 
 
 Census value $44.95 and assessed $3.49. 
 
 12th— In number of inhabitants per bank, 1920 2,906 
 
 Number of banks, eleven. 
 
 15th— In total banking resources, 1914 $2,337,434.87 
 
 Charleston ranks 1st, with $18,981,051.53, and 
 Jasper last, with $76,242.57. 
 
 40th— In total subscription to Liberty Loans $1,044,400.00 
 
 39th — In percentage increase in per capita total bank- 
 ing resources, 1914-19 84% 
 
 22nd — In per capita expenditures according to enrollment 
 
 of whites, 1920 $24.13 
 
 Darlington ranks 1st with $72.67 and Abbeville 
 last, with $16.69. 
 11th — In per capita expenditure according to enroll- 
 ment of negroes $3.35 
 
 7th — In per capita expenditure according to enroll- 
 ment of both races $15.90 
 
 12tii — In percentage white mortgagi'd farms are of total 
 
 farms owned by whites, 1920 8.8% 
 
 12th — In per cent of mortgaged farms (of all farms), 
 
 1920 8.2% 
 
 16th— In negro farms mortgaged, 1920 19.7% 
 
 Total numl)er owned I)y negroes, 319. 
 
 2l8t— In negro owned farm of total farms, 1920 8% 
 
 19th — In rank of counties in average improved acreage 
 
 per farm, 1!»2() 38% 
 
 15th— In total value of all school property, 1920 $365,365.00 
 
 <Jreciiville ranks 1st, with $2,568,374 and .Jn.sper 
 l;is( Willi .$:!S.()42.
 
 CllESTKHFIKM) CoiNTV: Kc(JNO.MIC AND ."^OCIAL IT 
 
 Rank. 
 
 29th— In capital invostod in textile industry, 1920 $141,000.00 
 
 Spartanburg ranks 1st, with $20,886,724 and Ches- 
 terfield 29th last, with $141,000. 
 
 10th — In number of inhabitants per automobile, 1920.... 15.4 
 
 Marlboro ranks 1st, with 12..*} ind Bei'koley last, 
 with 59.8. 
 
 IGth — In number of automobiles and trucks, 1920 2,070 
 
 Greenville ranks 1st, with 6,726 and Jasper last, 
 with 226.
 
 VI. 
 
 CHESTERFIELD AGRICULTURE 
 
 IsoM Teal. 
 
 Appended to the end of this chapter will be found a table, com- 
 piled from the 1920 census, which is designed to show the standing of 
 Chesterfield as compared with the other counties of the State. Ab- 
 solute accuracy is not claimed, but these ratings should reveal our 
 true position in agrarian matters, as well as indicating the general 
 trend of our farming methods. The salient facts contained therein are 
 used as a basis of a discussion calculated to bring out the most 
 noticeable deficiencies along with whatever appears to be of greatest 
 excellence and desei-ving special mention. 
 
 Farms 
 
 The number of farms given for 1920 was 4,487, and in this par- 
 ticular we rank 16th. The per cent increase from 1910-1920 was 
 27.6 as against a State Increase of only 9.2%. The farms have a 
 wide range in size, there being 14 containing less than 3 acres each 
 and 10 having over 1000 acres apiece. The majority fell between the 
 20 to 100 acre limits, divided as follows : 1,963 farms were between 20 
 and 49 acres, while 973 had from 50 to 99 acres. More than half of 
 all the farms are less than 50 acres in size. The natural conse- 
 quences of this condition are hand made crops, little improved 
 farm machinery, high production costs, small profits, and little 
 accumulated farm wealth. We have far too few farms of sufficient 
 size to permit extensive farm operations by the use of improved 
 implements and modern methods. 
 
 40.3% of the farm land in the county is improved. Thirty-one 
 counties make a better showing in this respect. This feature of 
 undevelopment has its redeeming side, however, since it shows that 
 there is still plenty of room for expansion, and that tenants and 
 new settlers aspiring to farm ownership will be able to purchase 
 iniiispd land at very low prices and develop it tlieniselves. 
 
 Likewise we should not be unduly concerned because 51% of the 
 land in farms is wmMllaiid. This re])reseiits a reserve for future use, 
 and at present it is paying dividends by furnishing fire wood, cross 
 ties, telephone poles, and saw timber. Proper conservation of such
 
 Chesterfield County: Economic and Soclxl 40 
 
 assets is to bo cimmraged. but tiiere is little (biubt tlmt tin- i)er- 
 C'ontiiKO of woodbmd to tilled land is at iiroscnt tno liii,'li. 
 
 Idle Land 
 
 It is rorogiiizod that any territory having forests should iireserve 
 a certain part of them for the purpose of supplyinyr timber and other 
 forest pi'oducts that are continually in demand. To meet these 
 needs we have estimated tliat ChsterHeld County ought to have 
 50,000 acres of wootlland. But after setting aside 50,000 acres as 
 the area tliat ought to be left in woodland, tliere remains in this 
 county 121,028 acres of land that is not utilized for any productive 
 purpose. Allowing seventy-five acres to the average family of five 
 members, there is room for 1,022 new fumilies, or S,10f) people. The 
 waste land amounts to over a fifth of the total area of the county 
 and could support, theoretically, a number oiiuivalent to one fourth 
 of the present total population. 
 
 However, there are various practical cousiderations that niake 
 impossible the utilization of all of the territory now lying idle. 
 Chief among these is the lack of fertility of the soil in some of the 
 sand hill regions. It is realized that such places, under present 
 methods of cultivation, cannot be made i)rofitable. Fruit, and par- 
 ticularly peaches, is being grown successfully in some parts of the 
 sand hills. Whether in time all of this .section will be so used 
 remains to be seen. But irrespective of this result, and considering 
 only fertile areas, there can still be found an abundance of good 
 farming land as yet unoccupied. That this is an undesirable state 
 of affairs goes without saying. A spar.sely settled conununity is 
 rarely prosperous. Good schools and churches cannot be main- 
 tained, the roads are generally poor, and there is lacking that spirit 
 of cooperation and good will that comes from close association with 
 companionable neighbors and produces a feeling of social well-being. 
 
 Use of Farm Machinery 
 
 More serious attention should be directed to the value of farm 
 implements and machinery per acre of improvcnl land. This value 
 is $7.70 and places the county in 24th place. The rank 
 in Itself is merely of passing interest ; the conditions responsible for 
 it have profound and far reaching effects and warrant investigation. 
 
 The advent of labor saving devices on the farm has been slow, 
 but as is often the case with slow progress, it has been sure and 
 steady. Wherever a mowing machine, a corn sheller, or wood saw 
 is introduced, the work which they do is never thereafter done by 
 hand, or with inferior tools, as was formerly the rule. No one will 
 deny that modern machinery lessens the grind and lightens the labor
 
 50 Chesterfield County: Economic and Social 
 
 of the daily or seasonal work on the farm. That it is not more 
 extensively used is due partly to the proverbial backwardness of 
 farmers, partly to ignorance and shiftlessness, but chiefly to our 
 staple crop of cotton and the small size of the average farm. 
 Cotton must be picked, and largely cultivated, by hand. It is well 
 known that a little farm with its limited output and small scale 
 operations cannot afford the implements necessary for scientific and 
 up-to-date farming. Then where cotton is grown on small farms, 
 which is the situation in Chesterfield County, it follows that very 
 little machinery can profitably be used. So long as this circum- 
 stance remains true, life on the farm will continue to be dull and 
 unattractive, requiring arduous and never-ceasing labor and yield- 
 ing meager profits in return. 
 
 The Financial Aspect 
 
 Altho Chesterfield County is Sth in size in the State, in value of 
 all farm property it is 19th. While still below the average in total 
 wealth, the rate of increase in farm wealth from 1910-1920 was 
 extraordinarily high, being 228.7%. Only three other counties had a 
 larger percentage increase for the same period. The per capita 
 country wealth was $740.89, which gave a rank of 19th. Marlboro, 
 in first place, had for every country dweller $1,129.(1.3. In our 
 county the value of all crops grown in 1919 was enough to give to 
 every person in it $132.85. For the same year Calhoun's crops 
 amounted to $234.01 for every person. Chesterfield came 19th in 
 tlie value of crops per acre, the figure being .$34.00. For every inhab- 
 itant we had live stock products worth $13.88, which was a standing 
 of 14th. Etlgefield led with live stock protlucts valuetl at $22.00 per 
 I)erson. The value of cotton and other non-food crops grown in 
 Chesterfield amounted to 77% of the total worth of all our crops. 
 Twenty-one counties grew relatively more food stuffs, and it is a 
 safe prediction that they gained by the policy. Where a farmer 
 protluces his own food and also his stock feed, the money made on 
 cotton and tobacco is largely profit, but when this is not done he is 
 lialile to find very little left after meeting his living expeiise.s. 
 
 Livestock and Poultry 
 
 Chesterfield's showing in this department is somewhat above the 
 average. When the meat, poultry, butter and egg supply per person 
 is considered, it becomes evident that the peoi)le of this county clearly 
 realize the tremendous advantage of having home raised products. 
 Tiicre is a two fold benefit resulting, in that cotton money is not 
 expended for talde reciuirements, and there is also a profit gained 
 from the sale of surjjlus meats, eggs, and butter. A very gratifying
 
 Chesterfield County: Economic and Social ^>\ 
 
 tendency to be especially noted is thnt our fanners arc rapidly 
 augmenting their stocks of cattle, pork, and poultry. Chesterfield 
 was 2nd in tiie State in per cent increase in poultry from 1!H0-lf>20 
 with 80.9% ; 13th in per cent increase in hogs 1910-llt20 with WZ ; 
 15th in per cent increase in nimiber of cattle for same period with 
 47%. It is hardly to be contended that the farms are as yet stocked 
 to the point of maximum profitableness from such sources, but 
 the progress being made towards that very desirable end is altogether 
 satisfactory. 
 
 Crop Returtis 
 
 While the farmers of Cheslerfield County are not in the foremost 
 rank of heavy producers, they are by no means in the rear. A glance 
 at the figures for the leading crops will immediately dispel any 
 doubts that may exist as to the competency of our farmers or the 
 productiveness of the land. 
 
 The average value of all crops per acre in 1910 was .?.34.0(). wliicli 
 made a rank of lOtli in the State. In the total value of all non-food 
 crops we came 15th with $8,182,588.00 worth. Orangeburg led the 
 State in this regard with $18,210,302.00. If the money value of all 
 the crops grown in 1019 was divided equally among all the inhab- 
 itants of this county each person would receive $132.85. There 
 were 21 counties in the State that did better, Calhoun leading with 
 a per capita crop value of $234.01. 
 
 Chesterfield's showing in 1919 of a yield of 15.3 bushels of corn 
 per acre was barely above the state average. However, the percen- 
 tage increase in the total annual production from 1910 to 1919 was 
 good ; the latter year showing a 46.7% bigger crop than 1910. The 
 1919 yield of oats per acre was 20.1 bushels, thus entitling the 
 county to the rank of 12th. 
 
 Cotton 
 
 In total production of cotton in 1920, Orangeburg came first in the 
 State with 93.000 bales. Chesterfield's showing of 84.000 bales gave 
 her the 22nd place on the table. However, in the matter of yield of 
 lint cotton per acre Chesterfield ranked IGth with 255 pounds. 
 Marlboro County, by producing 330 pound? per acre, came first. 
 
 The above figures prove that Chesterfield i)lanters are above the 
 average in ability to grow cotton. The value of this crop alone 
 brought into tlie county in 1920 the sum of $2,300,400. rroficicnicy 
 in the growing of a money crop is of great imi)ortance and it is a 
 distinct advantage to have such a record. Cotton, if properly co- 
 ordinated with live stock and supplementary crops, may be made 
 the key to wealth.
 
 52 Chesterfield County : Economic and Social 
 
 Corn 
 
 111 1909 there were 444,138 bushels of corn grown in Chesterfield 
 County. For 1919 the yield was 651,659 bushels, which was a gain 
 of 207,521 bushels or 46.7 per cent. Only twelve other counties had 
 a larger percentage increase for this period. If the corn grown by 
 the whole State in 1919 had been divided equally among all the 
 people living in it, each person would have received 16.3 bushels. 
 But if the corn grown in this county had been divided among Chester- 
 field County people, each person would have received 20.4 bushels. 
 Thus it is seen that in the matter of corn raised in proportion to 
 population this county ranks well above the State average. The 
 yield per acre for the State as a whole was 15 bushels and in 
 Chesterfield County it was 15.3 bushels per acre. 
 
 Oats 
 
 In 1919 there were 4,135 acres of land planted in oats in this 
 county. From this acreage there was harvested 83,394 bushels of the 
 grain, or 20.1 bushels to the acre. The State average in production 
 of oats per acre was 18.3 bushels. The highest yield was obtained 
 in Marlboro where 28 busiiels was the record. Only eleven counties 
 had a greater per acre production than Chesterfield. In respect to 
 the quantity of oats grown compared with the number of people 
 living within its borders, Chesterfield again was above the average, 
 liaving 2.6 bushels to each person, which gave it the rank of 17th 
 in the State. 
 
 Farm Tenancy 
 
 In 1920 there were in this county 4,487 farms, and of this number 
 60% were operated by tenants. Since a higli degree of tenancy is 
 an admitte<l evil, and as the percentage of all farms in the State 
 that were operated by tenants was 64.5%, our standing is relatively 
 favorable. In Marlboro the tenancy ran as higli as 85.6 °o. The 
 actual number of tenants in Chesterfield was 2,693, of whom 1,261, 
 or 46.8%, were negroes. 
 
 There Is a striking similarity between the counties having the 
 highest degree of white tenancy and tliose having the greatest 
 illiteracy among whites. This would seem to indicate that 
 tile reason most white tenants are not land owners is because they 
 liavi'ii't tlie oflucation, or general level of intelligence, sufficient to 
 become and remain landed proprietors. Whether this be true or not, 
 the fact is dial in tho.se counties where white tenancy is most i)re- 
 valent there is Hiund the greatest extent of white illiteracy- 
 
 Altho 60% of the number of all farms in the county are operated 
 l»y tenants, the .Miiniint ..(' land achially used by (licni is only 37.8%
 
 CHESTERriELD CoUNTY : ECONOMIC AND SoCIAL 53 
 
 Of the total area in farms. In othfr words the 1.7'.i4 farms oi)('rat('(l 
 by owners or manat^ors contain 1!)S,837 acres, wlicroas tlu; '2X,'Xi 
 farms operated by tenants contain only 121 .0."."; acres. This makes 
 the average size of an owner operatetl fiirm lio.s acres, and Ihat 
 of a tenant operated farm 44.0 acres. 
 
 It is interesting to trace the color line among the farming classes 
 of this connty. In lf)20 there were 1,444 white farm owners and 
 1,432 white tenants. For the same year the negro farm owners 
 numbered 340 and the negro tenants 1,2()1. Thus it is seen that 
 there were slightly more white than negro tenants. However, there 
 were more white farm owners than white tenants, while for every 
 negro farm owner there were 3.7 negro tenants. The situation 
 amounts to this : practically all the negroes engaged in agriculture 
 in this county are tenants, but the total number of tenants is divided 
 nearly equally between whites and blacks. Thei-efore one-half the 
 tenancy problem is also a negro problem. 
 
 Why an exce.ssive degree of tenancy should be avoi<led will be 
 explaine<l in a later chapter, but the chief objections to be listed 
 against it are as follows. The system depends on a rental to be 
 paid either in cash or a certain amount or fraction of the cotton 
 grow^n. This forces the tenant to devote his efforts almost exclu- 
 sively to one crop. Being poor, he must obtain his supplies from 
 merchants who take a lien on his crop and in addition often charge 
 a ruinous rate of interest on the amounts advanced. With these 
 conditions to face, the tenant naturally exerts every effort to get 
 all he can out of the farm, replacing as little as possible. The con- 
 sequences are plainly in evidence wherever tenancy is practise«l : 
 depleted, run-dow^n soils, dilapidated buildings, and a shifting popu- 
 lation caring little for permanent improvements. 
 
 Dependence on Cotton 
 
 In 1920 South Carolina had 48 per cent of her cultivated land 
 planted in cotton. The staple sold for an amount equal to 51 per 
 cent of the total value of the eleven leading crops. Flence the 
 State is justly known as a leading exponent of the one-crop system. 
 
 Chesterlield County farmers in lt)lt) planted 42.G:;G acres in corn. 
 4,13.5 acres in oats, 1,7G1 acres in tobacco, while they utilized for 
 cotton alone 60,850 acres. The cotton acreage was 4(i.3 per cent 
 of all the cultivated land, and that year the cotton brought as nuich 
 as Gl per cent of the value of all crops, vegetables, fruits, and nuts 
 grow^n in the county. It must be borne in mind, however, that I'.'IO 
 was a banner year for the cotton grower and that the price received 
 for his main conuiiodity establishcxl a high mark. This showing 
 was made before the appearance of the boll weevil, and in a year
 
 54 Chesterfield County : Economic and Social 
 
 when \yeather conditions made possible a large yield, and economic 
 and political circumstances combined to set a record breaking price. 
 If the conditions which pi-evailed at that time had lasted longer the 
 farmers would soon have become fabulously rich, but the law of 
 mechanics which says that for every action there must be an equal 
 and opposite reaction, holds true in the business world as well. In 
 spite of the fact that everybody ought to have known that a boom 
 of unparalleled magnitude must of necessity be followed by a cor- 
 responding period of depression, when the break did come it caught 
 most of the farmers unprepared. Cotton suddenly changed from a 
 big asset to a heavy liability. Expected profits turnetl out to be great 
 losses. Meanwhile the food and fee<istuffs, which had previously 
 been purchased with the money realized on cotton, had to be bought 
 on credit. Obligations steadily increased while the price of cotton 
 continued downward. Readjustment is even now still in progress 
 and is following the lines logically to be expected. Live stock and 
 poultry are gaining in number, while food and other supplementary 
 crops are distinctly in vogue. 
 
 It is argued by the one-crop advocates that it is better to grow 
 cotton exclusively and purchase all the supplies necessary than to 
 divert the land and labor to the production of things which show a 
 lower marketable value. It is true that, in general, more money 
 can be made fi'om an acre of cotton than from the same acre planted 
 in anything else. But what is not so evident is that altho there is not 
 likely to be much profit from tlie sale of these products, when the aver- 
 age farmer undei'takes to buy them for his own consuin]ition he is 
 charged a fancy price. Usually they are bought on credit and here 
 a further toll is exacted to compensate the merchant for "carrying"' 
 him. Wlien every tiling is cleared up the farmer finds this to be the 
 case. Food and feed crops have not the marketable value of coffon. 
 Yet when he has them to buy tlie cost is greater tlian the profit 
 realized on cotton on an area sulTicient to ])roduee sncii food and 
 feedstuffs. 
 
 Where cotton is relied on absolutely an occasional good year may 
 bring large monetary returns, but such good fortune is always 
 followwl by reverses that wipe out the temporary gains. Such a 
 system j)ufs farming on a gambling basis, develops the time-credit 
 plan, tends to impoverish the soil, increases the difficulties of crop 
 marketing, makes for periodic idleness of macliinery and labor, 
 lowers the genenil in(eIlig(Mice of farm hands, and lias a depressing 
 effect on (he social life of tlie comniunily. 
 
 Boll Weevil Menace 
 As outliiic«l aliove, an all cotton fnrm is a projiosition of doubtful 
 protitalilcricss under norma! cDndiddns. Varying weatlier, an un-
 
 Chesterfikld County : Economic and Social ')') 
 
 stable market with fluctuating prices, and other shifting factors make 
 the undertaking frauglit with financial dangers from the outset. 
 When we add the long heralde<l boll weevil to this list of menaces 
 confronting our cotton farmer, the situation becomes acute. Up to 
 this point a diversification of farming interests has been urge<l as 
 a step intendetl to lessen the ri.sks incident to farming. With the 
 advent of the boll weevil the adoption of this policy ceases to be 
 merely advisable and becomes absolutely neces.sary. 
 
 The advance guard of the boll weevil invasion reached Chester- 
 field County in 1021. The damage done the crop in our county that 
 year was relatively slight. However, if the experience of regions 
 wiiich were earlier infested can be relied on, the loss from this cause 
 will be lieavy in 1922 and ensuing years. This is in our case a 
 forecast, but it is based on ])ast results observed in the boll weevil 
 sections of the country, and can be accepted as rea.sonably certain. 
 
 The most successful measures for combating the weevil have 
 been found to be, first, a reduction of cotton acreage and an increase 
 in footl crops and live stock. Second, fall and winter ploughing and 
 elimination <>f licdg(M-ows and weetly fence corners. Third, the 
 selection of an early maturing type of cotton, having a stalk witii 
 comparatively little foliage. Fourth, early planting and intensive 
 cultivation. Fifth, picking up and burning fallen squares, and also 
 ploughing under the dead stalks after the crop is gathered. Sixth, 
 dusting the plants with calcium arsenate. 
 
 Such steps re<iuce the harm done by the weevils to a minimum. As 
 yet no method has been discovered whereby the evil eftects can be 
 eliminated entirely. 
 
 Our Viewpoint 
 
 Because this county is predominantly agricultural, having its 
 very existence based on the tilling of the soil, the fortunes of its 
 people ebbing and flowing with the ever changing conditions that 
 influence and control the making and selling of their crops, the posi- 
 tion is here taken that anything that affects either adversely or 
 favorably, the farmer and his work is of supreme importance. When 
 the farmer reaches the point where he understands his problems and 
 can successfully cope with their difficulties, he will have advanced 
 far towards that state of efficiency in production that is requireil 
 of an operator in other undertakings. Once familiarized witli the 
 risks, nee<lless losses, and wasteful methods too often found in 
 present day farnnng. and being made ac(piainted with the renuMlics 
 for them, he will soon revolutionize his occupation. With under- 
 standing will come appreciation, and farmers as a class will begin 
 to look upon their work as a profession, calling for all the technical
 
 56 Chesterfield County : Economic and Social 
 
 learning, skill, and exercise of sound judgment that a manufacturer, 
 doctor, or chemist employs. When this is brought about it will be 
 accompanied by security for everybody. For to firmly establish the 
 farmer in his rightful economic and social standing is to guarantee 
 the preacher, lawyer, and doctor prompt payment of their bills; to 
 insure the merchant against loss from customers impoverished by 
 crop failures; to make possible the support of adequate public in- 
 stitutions. We believe the farmers to be the real foundation on 
 which all other interests in Chesterfield County, either directly or 
 indirectly, rest. We have therefore tried to point out a few places 
 where improvements may be made, being of the opinion that the 
 suggestions, if carried out, will be of material aid in the future 
 development of a county rich in possibilities. 
 
 Facts About Farms and Their Management 
 
 The ratings listed below are based mainly on the 1920 census 
 reiK)rt. 
 
 Among the counties of the State, Chesterfield ranks : 
 
 16th — In total number of farms 4,487 
 
 In 1010 there were 3,.517, which makes 970 more 
 than ten years ago, or an increase of 27.6% for the 
 period. The increase for the State was only 9.2%. 
 
 19th— In value of all farm property $21,351,988 
 
 Anderson leads with $61,635,823 and Jasper is last, 
 having $4,255,029 worth. 
 
 4th— In farm wealth increase 1910-1920, per cent 228.7 
 
 The State showed a gain of 143%. 
 
 intli— In ])er capita country wealth $740.89 
 
 Marlboro, in first place, had in 1920 for every 
 country dweller $1,129.(53; Charleston had least, 
 $289.57. 
 
 22nd— In per capita crop values, 1920 $132.85 
 
 Calhoun, coming first, had $234.01 ; Charleston, 46th, 
 had $25.37. 
 
 19th— In value of crops per acre, 1920 $34.00 
 
 15th— In value of non-food crops, 1919 $8,182,588 
 
 Orangeburg produce<l highest amount, $18,216,362, 
 and Jasper lowest, $471,371. 
 
 22nd — In percentage that non-food crops wei-e of total crop 
 
 values in 1919 ; per cent 77 
 
 lieaufort made best showing, having only 22%, while 
 Marlboro's i)r(Hlu(ts were 89% non-food crops. 
 
 24th — In value of farm implements and machinery per
 
 Chesterfield County : Economic and Social 57 
 
 acre of improved land $7.70 
 
 For this purpose Anderson spent most, $ll.(i'J; while 
 
 Barnwell expended least, .$3.84. 
 14th — In value of live stock products per person, 1020. . $13.88 
 
 Edgefield's live stock products per person were worth 
 
 $22.00 and Charleston's $1.71. 
 32nd — In farm land improved, per cent 4G.3 
 
 Barnwell has G8.4%, and Georgetown 16.9%. 
 19th — In average improved acreage per farm, per «ent . . 33 
 
 Allendale is first with 55.2% and Georgetown last 
 
 with 21%. 
 12th — In total land area in woodland, per cent 30.7 
 
 Horry's percentage is 43.1, and Beaufort's 15.4% 
 
 10th — In woodland in farms, per cent 51 
 
 34th — In percentage of farms operated by tenants, per cent. GO 
 
 Marlboro's tenancy is greatest, S5.G%, and Beaufort's 
 
 smallest, 14.9%. 
 12th — In percentage of all farms that are mortgaged, per 
 
 cent 8.2 
 
 14.7% of Oconee's farms are mortgaged; only 2.6% of 
 
 Marlboro's. 
 12th — In percentage of white owned farms that were mort- 
 gaged (1910), per cent 8.8 
 
 21st — In percentage of all farms owned by negroes, per cent 8 
 
 78% of the farms in Beaufort are owned by negroes ; 
 
 only 2% In Dillon. 
 16th — In percentage of negro farms mortgaged (1910), per 
 
 cent 19.7 
 
 17th — In increased yield of corn in 1919 over 1910, 
 
 bushels 207,521 
 
 Anderson showed increase of 577,080 bushels ; Hamp- 
 ton decreased by 334,845 bushels. 
 13th — In percentage increase in corn production (1910- 
 
 1919) , per cent 40.7 
 
 22nd — In yield of corn per acre in 1919, bushels 15.3 
 
 Charleston makes 23.0 bushels per acre and Barnwell 
 
 9.5 bushels. 
 
 18th — In amount of corn per person in 1919, bushels 20.4 
 
 17th — In amount of oats per person in 1919, bushels 2.6 
 
 12th — In yield of oats per acre in 1919, bushels 20.1 
 
 Marlboro has highest yield, 28 bushels per acre, and 
 
 Jasper lowest. 8.1 bushels.
 
 58 Chesterfield County : Economic and Social 
 
 Sth — In wheat per person, bushels .H 
 
 Lexington grew most, 1.9 bushels per person while 
 
 Berkeley had none. 
 33rd — In yield of wheat per acre in 1919, bushels 0.0 
 
 Dillon makes 13 bushels per acre while Berkeley 
 
 plants none. 
 15th — In percentage increase in number of cattle (1910- 
 
 1920) , per cent 47 
 
 Dillon's in^-ease was 109% while Abbeville decreased 
 
 61%. 
 32nd — In beef production per person in 1920, pounds 9.9 
 
 Beaufort produced 129.8 pounds for every person ; 
 
 Greenville 3.G pounds. State average 17.8 pounds. 
 9th — In number of pounds of poultry per person in 1920; 
 
 pounds Ill 
 
 Saluda had 15.4 pounds ; Charleston 2.6. 
 22nd — ^In pork production per person in 1920, pounds . . . 77.4 
 
 Horry had 183.3 pounds ; York 22 pounds ; State 
 
 average G7 pounds. 
 2nd— In increase of poultry (1910-1920), per cent 80.9 
 
 Charleston's increase was 97.4% ; Berkeley decreased 
 
 by 00.8%. 
 . 9th — In smallness of egg deficit per person in 1919, dozens 7.8 
 
 Lexinj;ton had to import only 2.0 dozen per person ; 
 
 Charleston 10.2 dozen. 
 14tli — In butter production per person in 1919, pounds . . 12.5 
 
 Cherokee produced 23.0 pounds for each inhabitant ; 
 
 Charleston only .1 pound. State average 8.2 pounds. 
 13th— In increase in hogs 1910-1920, per cent 96 
 
 The Iiogs in Anderson increasetl 276% ; in Hampton 
 
 they decreased 43%. 
 12th— In decrease of sheep 1910-1920, per cent 35 
 
 Marion had an increase of 38% ; Barnwell's sheep 
 
 decreased 99%. 
 15th — In production of tobacco 
 22nd — In production of cotton, bale.-s 34,000 
 
 Orangel)urg comes first with 93,000 bales; Beaufort 
 
 last with 400. 
 11th— In area of idle land, acres 121,028 
 
 This estimate does not include 50,000 acres that are 
 
 l(;ft for woodland. 
 1 Ith — 111 imiiiber of new .settlers needed 8,109 
 
 Allowing the average family of five members seventy-
 
 Chesterfield County: Economic and Social 50 
 
 five acres of land, this rouiity cDuId accomiiKKliite 
 1,G22 new families. 
 16th — In lint cotton produced per acre in IJfJO, ixmiids.. 255 
 
 Marlboro made most, 33G pounds, and Reaufort least, 
 9G pounds per acre.
 
 VII. 
 
 FOOD AND FEED PRODUCTION 
 
 A. L. Campbell. 
 
 It is hai'd to realize what a small per cent of the food and feed 
 supply needed in Chesterfield County is pro<luced at home. Doubt- 
 less many are ignorant of the great amount of money going out of 
 the county each year for food and feed supplies, which could easily 
 and pi'ofitably be raised in the county. If from the facts set forth 
 in the following paragraphs some of our farmers may be persuaded 
 to try to better the situation, our work in compiling these statistics 
 will not have been in A\ain. The figures, unless otherwise stated, 
 were taken from the 1920 Census report. 
 
 Chesterfield County's Food and Feed Shortage 
 
 In 1919 Chesterfield County consumed $0,138,155 worth of food 
 and feed. Its total production of these supplies amounted to only 
 .$3,171,804, which is $2,9GG,351 less than the amount consumed. 
 This sliows the enormous sum of money leaving the county for food 
 and feed supplies each year. When we consider the fact that our 
 population is almost entirely rural the folly of this enormous out- 
 flow of cash is more apparent. If the population of all towns and 
 villages, where the people are not engagwl in agricultural pursuits, 
 were left out of consideration there would still be a shortage — or 
 in other words the actual farmers do not produce enough food and 
 feed supplies for themselves. It is no uncommon sight to see 
 farmers buying from the local merchants some of the most staple 
 articles of their food and feed supply such as corn, both for food 
 and foiMl, hay, meat and other livestock products. Why not raise 
 these sui)i)lies at home and decrease the flow of wealth from our 
 county? In the long run this will be found the best policy with 
 most of our staple articles of food and feed. In some instances 
 it has even proved to be a wise policy to grow enough wheat for 
 home consumijtion notwithstanding the comparatively low acreage 
 yield in Chesterfield County. 
 
 Cotton, as we all know, is our thief money crop. It is not our 
 iiitenlion to disparage the growing of this croj) ; for even under boll 
 weevil conditions it can still be profitably grown after the farmers 
 leurn the best methods to co])e with the pest. It seems very likely 
 that cotton will foutiiiue to be flic chief money cfoi) in Chesterfield
 
 Chesterfield County : Economic and Social CI 
 
 County, but we licpe not tlio only one as it has been in the past. 
 The extent to which non-food rrops are jirnwn in <iur county is 
 shown by the figures in the following paragraph. 
 
 During the year 1019 the non-food trops produced in Chesterfield 
 County sold for $S,1S2,5SS. These figures compared wifh those of 
 the production of food crops show that the value of non-food crops 
 Is $5,009,784 in excess of all food and feed crops produced. During 
 the past few years instead of increasing to their correct proportion 
 of the total value of all crops produced in the county, food and feed 
 crops have not even kept pace in percentage increase with non-food 
 crops, notably with cotton. For instance in 1010 the total volume 
 of all crops produceil in Chesterfield County was $3,107,504. Of 
 this amount $2,352,047 worth, or 75 per cent of the total, was non- 
 food ci'ops, leaving only $755,517 worth of footl and feed. In 1919 
 the total value of all crops protluced in our county was $10,004,070. 
 Of this amount the $8,182,588 worth of non-food crops reijresent 77 
 per cent of the total. The above figures besides showing tliat the 
 production of food crops has not kept pace with the production 
 of non-food crops, also show the great extent to which the farmers 
 of our county are dependent upon money crops for their existence. 
 
 Our food shortage as shown by the table at the end of this chapter 
 represents only the shortage in necessities that could be raised at 
 home, or in other words only staple food and feed stuffs are taken 
 into consideration. If the value of the necessarily imported articles 
 of food and luxuries used in our county was a<lded to the shortage, 
 our food bill would be a great deal larger. These articles must be 
 bought either from the proceeds of some non-food crop or from the 
 sale of food and feed supplies. They do not figure importantly in 
 this discussion since oiar chief aim is to show wherein we fail in 
 making use of our soil and climatic resources in raising the staple 
 articles of supply to which our geographical position is suited. 
 
 It has been arguefl that our farmers can gi'ow non-food crops and 
 purchase their food and feed supplies more profitably than they can 
 be grown at home. This is not the case. There is not a single 
 article listed in our shortage table that cannot be grown in the 
 county more cheaply than it can be purchased from outside sources. 
 When supplies are imported, the farmer has to pay the profits of 
 the middlemen between tlie producer and himself, as well as trans- 
 portation costs. Those items of expense do not increa.se the value 
 of the article at all but they add to the purchase price. As our food 
 and feed deficit of $2,900,351 is decreased the wealth of our county 
 will be correspondingly increased.
 
 62 Chesterfield County: Ecoxomic and Social 
 
 Shortage in Detail 
 
 Although Chesterfield County ranks 13th in the state in corn 
 .production there is not nearly enough produced in the county to 
 meet the home demands. To supply the needs of the population and 
 to furnish ihe necessary supply foi- livestock, 991,039 bushels of 
 corn are needed yearly. In 1920 our production was only 051,659 
 bushels. There was, therefore, a total shortage of 339,380 bushels, 
 or a per capita shortage of 10.5 bushels. So large a corn deficit is 
 inexcusable when we bear in mind the adaptibility of our soil and 
 climate to corn production and the comparatively good yields produced 
 per acre. 
 
 In hay and forage production we also fall short. The necessary 
 amount to feed our livestock during the year 1920 was 12,948 tons. 
 Only 8,344 tons were produced, leaving a deficit of 4,G04 tons. This 
 shortage is especially significant when we realize that our meat 
 production, beef particularily, is affected thereby. Twenty-four 
 counties produced less hay and forage than Chesterfield. The extent 
 of the increase in the production of hay and forage during the last 
 ten years is very encouraging. In 1910 only 1,487 tons were produced 
 while in 1920 the production was 8,344 tons, an increase during the 
 decade of 0,857 tons, or a percentage increase of 461 per cent. 
 
 Another staple ai-ticle of food in which our production was 
 deficient is butter. The needed amount per year is 1,534,512 pounds. 
 The yearly production in Chesterfield County is only 400,270 pounds. 
 This leaves a deficit of 1,134,242 pounds, or a per capita deficit of 
 35 pounds. Considering the wholesomeness of dairy products as 
 foods and the cheapness of their production this shortage is aston- 
 ishing and of great import. Every farmer, both tenant and land- 
 owner, should own at least one milk cow. Nothing else at so small 
 expense will add as much to the food supply. 
 
 Our total meat shortage was 1,863,015 pounds. This inchulos all 
 kinds of meats used for food but of course beef and pork comprised 
 the greater part. The total amount produced was 2,996,293 pounds. 
 The amount needed was 4,859,288 pounds. In other words 1,863,015 
 pounds of meat had to be secured outside of the county. At the 
 l)rcs('nf coinparntivcly high i)rices of meats this represents a vast 
 expciKliturc. 
 
 Reasons for Deficit in Home Grown Supplies 
 
 There are tiiree main factors causing Clu'slcrlicld County's dt'licit. 
 These are: (1) excessive tenancy; (2) the one crop evil: (3) 
 the lack of a ready cash market for honic raised supjdics. Each of 
 these are evils that can gradually be corrected by the farmers them-
 
 Chesterfield Cointy : Economic and Social G3 
 
 selves aiul by the cooiiorativo cikUnivoi- of the raniH'is and local 
 business men. 
 
 Tenancy is the prevailing system of land tenure in the county. 
 Of the 4,4S7 farm.s in Chesterfield County in 1020 2,0;):{, or (JO per 
 cent, were operated by tenants. This system has been },'rudually 
 growing on us for many years. In 1010, of the 3,517 farms in our 
 county only 1,SG5, or 03 per cent, were operateil by tenants. That 
 the production of food and feed crops is affected by this system can 
 be easily recognized by a little thought. Most cash renters as well 
 as share croppers produce their crops with borrowed capital, either 
 in the form of supplies, stock and farming machinery or in cash. 
 To be able to pay his landlord, merchant or banker when the crop 
 is harvested, the tenant must be able to turn his produce into ready 
 cash. Under the present conditions this cannot be satisfactorily 
 done except with the so called money crops, cotton and tobacco. 
 The average length of occupancy of a farm by the tenant under the 
 existing system is scarcely longer than two years. Thus we see 
 there is no incentive for the tenant farmer to attempt to improve 
 the land, rather to take all the fertility possible from the soil during 
 his occupancy. Therefore, cotton and tobacco are the chief crops 
 of farms worked by non-owners. The tenant is not to be blamed 
 for this condition. Owing to the short term contract usually made 
 between the landlord and tenant no satisfactory system of diver- 
 sified farming can be established by the tenant. He will not take 
 chances upon having a portion of the fruits of his toil reaped by his 
 successor. Since tenancy in some form is sure to be continued as 
 a method of land tenure owing to the size of our farms and the 
 character of the population, the plausible way to combat the evil 
 effects is to improve the system and educate the tenant farmers 
 along the line of diversified farming. The situation create^l by the 
 boll weevil problem makes it as necessary for the tenant farmer to 
 be able to live at home as it is for the owner operator. 
 
 The prevailing tendency of our farmers to follow the one crop 
 system of farming makes for a large deficit in food and feed supplies. 
 Money crops compristxl in 1020, 77 per cent of the total value of all 
 crops produceil in the county. This 77 per cent was composed almost 
 entirely of the one crop, cotton. With such a large per cent of our 
 farm laud planted in cotton, food and feed crops can only be 
 planted to a very small extent. 
 
 The third reason for the food and feed deficit has to do with the 
 disposition of these .supplies after they are produced. There is no 
 question conierning the disposition of all fee<l crops prinlueed for 
 they can be di.sposed of most profitably by having them consumed 
 by stock on the farm. Unless there is a way provided for disposing
 
 64 Chesterfield County : Economic and Social 
 
 of the surplus food products produced the tendency will continue 
 to be towards underproduction. Our local market system at present 
 does not offer the farmers satisfactory cash markets for produce 
 other than cotton and tobacco. An improvement in the marketing 
 situation would add an incentive to the production of food and feed 
 supplies. 
 
 How Conditions May Be Improved 
 
 There has been much written about and many estimates made 
 of the loss that the South sustains annually through its failure to 
 produce enough food crops and animal products for its own needs. 
 It seems to be the consensus of opinion among the farmers' advisors 
 that it is bad business to buy what can be produced at home. This 
 is not alwaj's true, but under the present circumstances it is certainly 
 the safest plan for the farmer to follow, owing to the added dangers 
 of the one crop system occasioned by the advent of the boll weevil. 
 Our food and feed deficit must be cut down and the remedy seems 
 to be diversified or balanced farming including liberal attention to 
 stock raising. This, of course, does not mean that cotton must be 
 left out altogether but that it must cease to monopolize the attention 
 of the farmers. 
 
 There are certain essentials to any satisfactory and permanently 
 successful cropping or farming system: (1) the system must main- 
 tain or increase soil fertility; (2) it must not involve too great a 
 i'isk; (3) it must yield a fair money return for labor and capital 
 invested. 
 
 The first of these essentials not only involves the crops grown, 
 but also the manner of disposing of these crops. The second essen- 
 tial requires that there be more than one crop, and perhaps more 
 than one money crop. It is too risky for the average farmer to 
 depend on any one crop to furnish the revenue with which to buy 
 his necessities. Cotton will continue to be our chief money crop in 
 Chesterfield County but for our farmers to play safe it should not be 
 the only source of revenue. 
 
 The third essential of a successful cropping system, a fair money 
 return for labor and capital invested, will be evident under the 
 system of balanced farming. The income will be more substantial 
 after this system is in operation than it is at present and the 
 chances of loss a great deal less. The revenue received from 
 the sale of money crops can be .spent in making permanent im- 
 provements on tlie farm and in the home, thereby increasing 
 the productiveness of the farm and making farm life more 
 wortliwliile. Tinder a thoroughly balanced system of farming both 
 caiiital and labor can be used to best advantage for the entire year.
 
 CnESTKRi'iELi) County: Economic and Social 05 
 
 Instead of a larj^e oxpoiuliture in one season of the year and almost 
 the total income coming;; in at a later season the expense and income 
 will be spread througliout the year. The seasonal nature of labor 
 occasioned by the one crop system will also be remedied. Profitable 
 employment can be found on the farm during all seasons. 
 
 The development of the livestock industry should be an important 
 factor under a system of diversiticd farming. The raising of live- 
 stock necessitates the production of feed crops, for no more livestock 
 should be kept than the farmer produces feedstuffs to feed. In other 
 words, certain crops must be produced under a system of diversified 
 fai'ming to maintain soil fertility as well as supply the needs on 
 the farm, and when such crops are produced, then livestock enough 
 should be kept to consume the surplus of these crops. 
 
 Feed crops, if grown to sell directly, cannot compete with cotton 
 as a money cro[), but growing feed crops to be consumed by livestock 
 is very different. If our acreage in money crops is to be decreased 
 then our acres must be made more productive. The growing of feed 
 crops for our stock on a balanced farming plan offers the best means 
 to this end ; because some of the best soil improving crops such as 
 velvet beans, vetch, clover and cowpeas are at the same time among 
 the best feetl crops. Thus an increased interest in stock raising will 
 besides wiping out our meat deficit, furnish an additional source of 
 revenue and go far towards putting our farmers on a substantial 
 basis of farming. 
 
 The number of livestock in Chesterfield County is shown in detail 
 in the table of livestock units at the end of this chapter. A lightly 
 stocked farm area means one animal unit for every five acres of 
 land in farms. An animal vuiit consists of either one horse, one 
 milk cow, two beef cattle, five hogs, seven sheei). or one hundred 
 fowls. For our county to be on a lightly stocked basis we need 
 G3,97S animal units, while only 1G,4U3 are to be found. In other 
 words, our farms are supporting only 25 per cent of the number <if 
 livestock that they should under a balanced farming system. 
 
 Since dairy and beef cattle, sheep, swine and poultry snpi>1y prac- 
 tically one-half of the food .supply of the country our failure to have 
 our farms well stocked results in a very serious delicit in our foml 
 prcKluction. The meat bill is one of the biggest items in the grocery 
 bill of the average family. Any farmer can jirtHluce his meat supply 
 at very small cost on surplus products about the farm. Four hogs 
 averaging 150 pounds each and two or three beef cattle will furnish 
 the bulk of the meat supply for the average family. The addition of 
 more cattle and swine on our farms will decrease our grocery bills 
 and better utilize the land not suited for cultivattMl crops.
 
 6G Chesterfield County : Economic and Social 
 
 Dairying stiould be developed tc a greater extent in Chesterfield 
 County. At present we have only 3,685 milk cows in the county. 
 That is approximately one milk cow for every nine persons which 
 is evidently too small a number to furnish the needetl supply of 
 dairy products all the year round. Dairying should become a 
 profitable industry in Chesterfield County if creameries were estab- 
 lished and operated on the cooperative plan. It is more profitable 
 to sell cream to a creamery than to make farm butter for sale. 
 It has been found that a creamery can be profitably operated where 
 the continuous supply of products from six hundred cows may be 
 had. It would be a decided step forward in our farming system if 
 dairying should be developed to the extent that creameries could be 
 established in various sections of the county. 
 
 Poultry raising is another neglected feature of farming that 
 merits increased attention. The cost of living on the farm could be 
 materially decreased by an iuci-eased production of poultry products. 
 The cost of keeping a flock of laying hens and enough other poultry 
 to furnish a variety in the meat supply is relatively low considering 
 tne value of their products. Every farmer will profit by the addition 
 of a few fowls to his barnyard. Besides producing enough poultry 
 products for home consumption many farmers find it profitable to 
 produce a surplus for the market. Poultry raising, both as a side 
 line and as an industry, is gaining a foothold in Chesterfield County. 
 An organization of poultry raisers has been organized which is 
 increasing the interest in the industry and putting it on a firm basis. 
 
 Chesterfield County Balance Sheet in Foodstuifs: 1919 
 
 1. Food and feed needed : 
 
 31,9(;!» people @ $161.28 $5,155,060 
 
 7,106 work animals @ $75.75 538,279 
 
 5,984 dairy cattle @ $35.67 213,449 
 
 1,102 other cattle @ $15.55 16,136 
 
 95 sheep @ $3.44 327 
 
 16,641 swine @ $12.86 214,003 
 
 Total food and feed needed $6,138,155 
 
 2. Food and feed produced : 
 
 Food and feed crops $2,424,088 
 
 Dairy products 194,635 
 
 Poultry products 246,341 
 
 Honey and wax 3,082 
 
 Heef cattle and swine 303,658 
 
 I'otnl food and feed produced $3,171,804
 
 Chesterfield County : Economic and Social 07 
 
 Shortage in hoino-raised footl and feed 2,000,351 
 
 Cotton and other non-food crops 8,182,588 
 
 Distribution of Food and Feed Shortage 
 1. Meat needed for 31,001) peoph? (Ti) 152 pounds 4,850,288 
 
 Meat produced : 
 
 546 calves @ 150 pounds 81,000 
 
 550 cattle @ 350 pounds 104,(!00 
 
 102,838 poultry @ 3.5 pounds 350,033 
 
 14,746 swine @ 160 pounds 2,350,840 
 
 Total meat produced 2,0f)0,273 
 
 Shortage 1,803,015 
 
 2. Butter needed for 31,969 people @ 48 pounds 1,534,512 
 
 Produced 400,270 
 
 Deficit, pounds 1.134,242 
 
 3, Fowls needed @ 12 fowls per person 383,028 
 
 Produced 101 ,S3(i 
 
 Deficit, fowls 281,792 
 
 4. Eggs needed @ 17.5 dozen per person 550,458 
 
 Prod.iced 309,052 
 
 Deficit, dozen 240,806 
 
 5. Corn needetl @ 31 bushels per person 001,039 
 
 Produced, bushels 051,059 
 
 Deficit 330,380 
 
 6. Wheat needed @ 4 bushels per person 127,876 
 
 Produced, bushels 18,112 
 
 Deficit, bushels 100,704 
 
 7. Hay needed for 7,095 work animals @ 10 tons per day, 12.948 
 
 Produced, tons 8,344 
 
 Deficit, tons 4.004 
 
 Facts About Food and Feed Production 
 
 The following facts and comparisons show in com ise form how 
 Chesterfield County ranks in the state in the production of a few 
 staple articles of food and feed. Th*> data are derived mainly from 
 the United States Census of 3920.
 
 68 Chesterfield County : Economic and Social 
 
 loth — In total corn production, bushels 651,059 
 
 Orangeburg County led with 1,460,318 bushels. Jasper 
 County produced least with a yield of 154,526 bushels. 
 The average county production in the state was 597,218 
 bushels. 
 
 22nd — In corn production per acre, bushels 15.3 
 
 Charleston County ranks first with a per acre produc- 
 tion of 23.6 bushels. Barnwell comes last with a pro- 
 duction of 9.5 bushels per acre. The state average 
 was 15 bushels per acre. 
 
 ISth — In per capita production of corn, bushels 20.4 
 
 Calhoun ranks first with a per capita production of 
 31.8 bushels. Charleston comes last with 4.2 bushels. 
 State average 16.3 bushels per person. Since for our 
 food supply and feed for livestock there is needed 31 
 bushels per person, we find a per capita shortage in 
 Chesterfield County of 10 bushels. The total deficit for 
 the county is 339,380 bushels. 
 
 13th — In per cent increase in corn production 1910-1919... 46.7 
 
 Charleston County ranks first with an increase of 108.2 
 per cent. Three counties showed a decrease. 
 
 8th — In wheat production per person, bushels .6 
 
 Lexington County with a per capita production of 1.9 
 bushels ranks first. Thirteen counties produced less 
 than .1 bushel per person. State average is .37 bushels 
 per capita. Four bushels per person are needed ; 
 therefore, our deficit is 3.4 bushols per person, or a 
 total of 108,594 bushels. 
 
 33rd — In wheat prcxluction per acre, bushels 0.6 
 
 Dillon County with a per acre production of 13 bushels 
 leads in this respect. Average for state, 7.4 bushols. 
 
 22nd — In hay and forage produced, total crop (tons) 8,344 
 
 During the ten year period 1910 to 1920 prcxluction 
 incroaswl from 1,487 tons to 8,344 tons, an increase of 
 400 per cent. 
 
 12tii — In oats produced per acrt>, bushels 20.1 
 
 Marlboro le<l with 28 bushels per acre. Jasper comes 
 last with only 8.1 bushels per acre. Average for state. 
 18.35 bushels. 
 
 17tb — In per capita oat prcKluctioii, buslicls 2.6 
 
 Saluda ranks first with 10.2 bushels produced per 
 capita. The state average was 2.1 bushels per person.
 
 Chesterfield County : Economic and Social C9 
 
 32n(l — In beof production \nn- poi'Son, pouiids 9.9 
 
 Beaufort County led with 129.8 pounds per person. 
 Greenville last with only 3.G pounds per capita. Aver- 
 age for state, 17.S pounds. 
 
 22nd — In pork production per capita, pounds 77.4 
 
 Horry County ranks lirst with 183.3 pounds per capita. 
 York comes last with 22 pounds. 
 
 15th — In increase in number of cattle 1910 to 1920, per cent. . 47 
 
 Dillon comes first with an increase of 109 per cent. 
 
 13th — In pei-centase increase in swine 9G 
 
 Anderson County ranks first with an increase of 270 
 per cent. 
 
 14th — In value of total livestock products per person $13.88 
 
 Edgefield ranks first with $22 wortli per capita. 
 
 Charleston ranks lowest with $1.70 worth per person. 
 14th-— In l)utter production per person, pounds 12 
 
 Cherokee County comes first with 23.6 pounds per 
 
 capita. Charleston ranks lowest with only one pound 
 
 per person. Average for state, 8.2 pounds. 
 9th — In smallness of egg deficit per person, dozen 7.8 
 
 Lexington comes first with a deficit of only 2.G dozen. 
 
 Charleston conies last with a deficit of 16.2 dozen. 
 2nd— In increase of poultry of all kinds 1910-1920, per cent. 80.9 
 
 Charleston ranks first with an increase of 97.4 per 
 
 cent. Berkeley comes last by decreasing 60.8 per cent. 
 9th — In poultry protluction per person, pounds 11.1 
 
 Saluda County produces most, 15.4 pounds per capita. 
 
 Charleston comes last with only 2.0 pounds per person. 
 
 Chesterfield County Livestock — 1920 Census 
 
 1. Animal units on h:in<l : Animal units 
 
 6960 mature work animals 6.900 
 
 88 colts (1-2) « 
 
 3085 dairy cattle 3,GS5 
 
 3171 calves and heifers (1-2) 1.5S0 
 
 827 other cattle (1-2) 413 
 
 8811 swine (1-5) 1,702 
 
 7830 pigs (1-10) 7S3 
 
 71 sheep (1-7) 10 
 
 24 lambs (1-10) 2 
 
 101,836 poultry (1-100) 1,018 
 
 Total aniiiKil units 10,403
 
 TO Chesterfield County : Economic and Social 
 
 II. Animal units needed : 
 
 Acres in farms divided by 5 — 319,892 acres divided 
 
 by 5 63,978 
 
 Per cent that units on Jiand is of tlie units on a 
 
 lightly stocked farm area 25 
 
 Per cent below the level 75
 
 VIII. 
 
 EVIDENCES OF PROGRESS 
 
 IsoM Teal. 
 A. L. Campbkll. 
 
 The most outstaudlng characteristic of this county in recent times 
 has been its extraordinary rate of development. Not so many years 
 ago land could be bought in large tracts at the ridiculously low price 
 of one dollar an acre. The rural districts were spar.sely settled and 
 farming was relatively unprofitable. Roads were more like winding 
 trails than highways. One teacher schools were common, and a gen- 
 eral condition of backwardness prevailed. 
 
 The last decade or two has changed all that. Throughout the 
 breadth of the county there has occurred a great movement of expan- 
 sion and inii)rovement. On all sides and in every activity betterments 
 are to be noted. Wo propose in this chapter to introduce some of the 
 evidences of such advancement. 
 
 Agriculture 
 
 Since Chesterfield County is so predominantly a rural community 
 the rating of the county is determined by the condition of its farmers. 
 Its progress depends almost entirely on those engaged in agricultural 
 pursuits. Any progressive step in agriculture means an advance 
 for the county as a whole. 
 
 During the last decade our farm weaUh increased 228.7 per cent. 
 Only three counties increased more. That our farmers are making 
 good use of their ability and increased resources is shown by the 
 many instances where we lead in production. In 1010 only 14 
 counties produced more corn, 15 more cotton per acre, S more 
 poultry products and 13 more dairy products per capita, than 
 Chesterfield. Our increase in the production of these and other 
 products during the last decade is well above the state average. 
 Only 12 counties rank higher in percentage increase of corn produc- 
 tion, 1010-1020; 12 in increase in swine, and one in increase in 
 poultry. Many more instances of where we lead might be mentioned 
 but these will suffice to show the upward trend in production. 
 
 Our farming sj-stem is improving. Cotton is fast losing its place 
 of supremacy on our farms. Improved methods of farming are 
 being introduccnl and new enterprises such as stock and poultry
 
 72 Chesterfield Couxty : Economic and Social 
 
 raising, trudging and fruit growing are being adopted. Eacli j-ear 
 the teudencj^ is towards a more diversified and substantial plan. 
 
 Cooperation 
 
 The fact that we are becoming more and more inclined towards 
 cooperatioQ in matters of common interest shows a progressive spirit 
 in our county. 
 
 The many organizations of folks interested in the same industry 
 or movement found in the county are forms of cooperation. Each 
 member of such an organization gets the benefit of every other 
 member's experience through their regular meetings and discussions. 
 This spirit of mutual helpfulness is the thing that is making a 
 success of various new industries such as poultry raising and fruit 
 growing and is a big factor in Chesterfield County's progress. 
 
 The latest evidence of our cooperative spirit is the way in which, 
 within the last few months, Chesterfield joined hands with the 
 other counties in the development of the South Carolina Cotton 
 Growers Cooperative Marketing Association. This is our first venture 
 on a large scale in cooperative marketing ; therefore, we know as 
 yet very little from practical experience about this form of market- 
 ing. The chief reason for this is the fact that our main crops for 
 the market, cotton and tobacco, are so widely grown that it is 
 necessary for the producers of the entire state to organize and pool 
 their products in order to benefit materially from cooperative selling. 
 The fact that our farmers did join whole-heartedly w'ith such an 
 organization when it was launched is very gratifying. 
 
 In order to put this state-wide organization across successfully 
 and to make sure of having at least 400,000 bales of cotton to sell 
 cooperatively, each county was assigned a quota of approximately 
 one-fourth of the 1920 production. Chesterfield produced 34,000 bales 
 in 1020; therefore her quota was 8,500 bales. The amount actually 
 pledged to date is 10,178 bales, or about 20 per cent over her quota. 
 This represents the pledges of 199 of our leading farmers. The 
 acceptance of this form of marketing by the producers of our most 
 important crop is a very decided step forward. It shows that our 
 farmers are realizing that the theory of the farmer's independence 
 and "every man for himself and the devil take the hindermost" is 
 iibsolntciy wrong. 
 
 Chesterfield County Fair 
 
 The County Fair held under the auspices of the Chesterfield 
 County Fair As.sociation furnishes each year an opi)ortunity for the 
 folks of the county to spend pleasantly and profitably a few days of 
 relaxation after the strenuous harvest season. It affords an oppor-
 
 Chesterfield County : Economic and Social 73 
 
 tunity for the people of different sections to meet and wliile enjoying 
 tlie amusement and social features to see wliat otiiers are doinj; and 
 receive profitable suggestions. 
 
 Besides tlie material benefits that the fair furnishes by promoting 
 friendly rivalry among the farmers and by jiroviding a pla^e for 
 disseminating ideas it is a splendid means of promoting the s])irit 
 of fellowship among the people of the county. A connnon ground 
 is afforded on wliich all classes may meet and e.vchange ideas and 
 come to a better understanding of each other. 
 
 Our Ck>unty Fair Association has put forth earnest effort in behalf 
 of our fair each year. That, without exception, the fair has been 
 a success every j'ear is due to the work of its officers and the 
 cooperation of tlie people as a whole. 
 
 Regarding the organization and worlv of tlie Fair Association Mr. 
 C. L. Ilunley of Chestertield has submitted these facts : 
 
 "Mainly thru the efforts of L. II. Trotti, Mayor of Chesterfield, 
 the Chesterfield County Fair Association was organized in the early 
 autumn of 1913. The first officers were, L. II. Trotti, President; 
 W. J. Tiller, Vice-President; C. L. Ilunley, Secretary and Treasurer. 
 The first County Fair was held in November 1913 and was a fine 
 exhibition of the County's I'esources. Every November thereafter 
 the Chesterfield County Fair has been held and is looked forward to 
 as an annual county event. 
 
 "The Fair Association is a stock company with a capital stock of 
 five thousand dollars. The Association owns 12 acres of valuable 
 land in the western suburbs of Chesterfield along-side the railroad 
 track. There are ample buildings to take care of the exhibits, which 
 are of varietl character every year. 
 
 "The present officers of the Fair Association are, L. H. Trotti, 
 President ; J. A. Welsh, Vice-President ; W. P. Odom, Secretary and 
 Treasurer — these three, together with I'arnell Meehan and J. W. 
 Hanna, form the Executive Committe which has complete charge of 
 the fair. The annual exhibition will again be staged in November 
 of this year." 
 
 Organization of Poultry Raisers 
 
 The adoption of poultry raising as an industry in our county is 
 another detour from the beaten patli of tlie past. For several years 
 a few of our citizens have shown an interest in poultry rai.sing, 
 but only within the last few months has this interest so increased as 
 to materialize in a club for the promotion of the enterprise. Mr. 
 C. L. Ilunley gives us the following regarding this club: 
 
 "The Chesterfield County Poultry Club was organ ize<l in December 
 of 1921 and is one of tlie livest organizations in South Carolina.
 
 74 Chesterfield County: Economic and Social 
 
 There iire OG paid members 'of this club and banquets are held 
 monthly. 
 
 "Great preparations are being made by this Poultry Club for their 
 annual exhibition which will be held in connection with the Chester- 
 field County Fair this year. Five hundred dollars are being offered 
 in prizes for champion birds. 
 
 "The officers of the Chesterfield County Poultry Club are, D. "W. 
 Knight, Jr., President; Parnell Meehan, Vice-President; Gratton 
 McFarlin, Secretary; J. Andy Teal, Treasurer." 
 
 Fruit Growing 
 
 One of the most promising and widely adopted new enterprises of 
 our county is fruit growing. The region which has lately been 
 named the Carolina Fruit Hills extends diagonally across 
 the county. Oidy within the last few years has fruit growing been 
 undertaken on a commercial basis. In the vicinity of McBee peach 
 growing has taken the strongest foothold. Good sized orchards are 
 also found near Cheraw, Pageland, and Ruby. 
 
 Mr. J. D. Sexton furnishes us the following article regarding this 
 industry in the McBee vicinity and in the county as a whole: 
 
 "Fruit growing in Chesterfield County has been a possibility more 
 or less considered for years. To any thoughtful person looking over 
 the lands around McBee, there has always come visions of mile after 
 mile of peach trees, acres of vineyards interspersed here and there 
 with fields of dewberries. The topography of this country naturally 
 .-suggests such a development. McBee is in the heart of the Sand 
 Hill section now more aptly named the Fruit Hill Section of South 
 Carolina. The McBee Ridge runs in a northwesterly direction form- 
 ing a natural watershed between Black Creek and Lynches River 
 with their many tributaries. Such a lay of the land affords air 
 drainage par excellence; air drainage, that constant settling from 
 the hills to the lowlands of moist air whicli protects the higher lands 
 from early and late frosts. So ample is this air drainage on the 
 McBee Ridge that for more than a generation, long before commercial 
 orchards were ever dreamed of, there has never been a total loss 
 here of fruit i)i home orchards. This condition presented to the 
 minds of some of the more progressive fanners the advantages of 
 connnercial fruit growing. Then too the soil, light and sandy tho 
 it is on the higher ground, is very responsive to care and fertilizer, 
 .so much so that young fruit trees and vines grow off quickly and 
 vigorously, soon producing fruit of four striking characteristics; 
 namely, uniform size — not too big or too little — high color, delicious 
 flavor, and splendid keei)lng (pialities. These four qualities are of
 
 CHESTERriELD CoUNTY : ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL 75 
 
 prime inujortance in growing; fruit; for inarki't. With all these 
 advantages it is not at all remarkable that peach orchards should 
 dot the landscape as they now do around McBee. 
 
 "To Mr. H. R. McLeod is due the honor of establishing^ the first 
 commercial orchard of any conse<iuencc. Mr. McLeod's first attempt 
 was a block of 1000 trees set in 191(! which i)roduce<l in its first 
 bearing year $1000 wortli of fruit, and in its second bearing year 
 more than $4000 worth. AVithin the past year the peach industry 
 has grown to larger projmrtions. A number of the leading citizens 
 now have young orchards of hundred acre blocks. The Seaboard 
 Air Line has actively contributed to the development of this industry 
 and the leaders of the McBee comm unity have talked peaches, 
 dreamed peaches and livetl peaches until this little town within a 
 fev/ years can claim the honor of being tlio peach city of the Palmetto 
 State. Still there is room here for more orchards and more people. 
 
 "Grape growing, dewberry culture, also cantaloupe and water- 
 melon production are otiier jxxssibilities of the section which are 
 rapidly coming to the front. Fruit growing has come to stay, and 
 it is the writer's prediction that within the span of only a few short 
 years, the Sand Hills of Chesterfield will become a key-stone in 
 the State's arch of agricultural importance." 
 
 Chesterfield County Highways 
 
 Within the last few years a road building movement of consider- 
 able magnitude has been inaugurated in this county. In our opinion 
 this work will result in untold benefit to everybody concerned. Good 
 roads will do much towards making good times. 
 
 Mr. C. L. Hunley explains our road building prixgram in the account 
 here given : 
 
 "Improved roads for Chesterfield County can be dated from the 
 beginning of the year 1021. It was then that the old system of a 
 Supervisor was abolished and a County Commission was appointed, 
 they in turn electing a County Highway Engineer. Mr. T. E. Mulloy 
 was elected to this position, 
 
 "At the first, provision was made by Engineer Mulloy for a com- 
 plete and comprehensive survey of all the main arteries of travel. 
 These were: 1. From Cheraw, thru Chesterfield, Ruby, Mt. Croghan, 
 Pageland, and to Lancaster County line, this being the direct route 
 to Lancaster, S. C. This highway is now a part of the Calhoun 
 Highway. 2. From Cheraw, thru Patrick and McBee to the Kershaw 
 County line, this being on the direct route to Camden and Columbia 
 and is a part of the Washington-Jacksonville route and has been offi- 
 cially named the Jefferson Davis Highway. 3. From Society Hill, thru 
 Cheraw to the North Carolina line on the direct route to Wadesboro,
 
 76 Chesterfield County : Economic and Social 
 
 N. C. 4. From Chesterfield to the North Carolina line, this being 
 the direct route to Wadesboro, N. C. 5. From MeBeo, thru Jefferson 
 and Pageland to the North Carolina line, this being on the direct 
 route to Monroe and Charlotte, N. C. These roads, or nearly all of 
 them, have been adopted into the State Highway System. 
 
 "Having the main roads to be improved, the kind of construction 
 next received attention. It was decided that gravel roads would be 
 constructed as far as possible. Where gravel was not obtainable 
 then top soil or sand-clay roads would be built. 
 
 "Paying for the work as it progressed was tlie financial policy that 
 was adopted. The ordinary county road levy was fixed at four mills 
 and one-half of this was set aside for permanent roads. Then two 
 additional mills were levied under the State Highway Act for per- 
 manent roads. In addition all money received from automobile 
 license fees were set aside for the permanent road program. 
 
 "To date the four separate county forces under direction of Mr. 
 Mulloy have built about thirty-five miles of permanent roads of 
 a first class type. The Cheraw-Chesterfield section of the Calhoun 
 Highway is complete, behig graded and graveled thruout and is now 
 in fine shape and is second to no road that is not of the hard 
 surface type. About ten miles of the Calhoun Highway west of 
 Chesterfield has been completed ; this section is a top soil road but 
 is in splendid condition. About five miles of the Pageland- Jefferson 
 road has been completed, this being a top soil road. About eight 
 miles of the Cheraw-McBee section of the Washington-Jacksonville 
 (Jefferson Davis Highway) is now completed, five miles of this 
 being of gravel surface, 'the balance of sand-clay. 
 
 "Engineer Mulloy has not tried to build highways too fast ; he is 
 after permanent roads and is willing to make haste slowly. His 
 forces are working smoothly and on a definite program. It is 
 planned that by midsummer 1023 all the main arteries of travel of 
 the county will have been constructed. Then he will broaden the 
 program and commence the construction of the lateral roads of the 
 county. For years Chesterfield County spent large sums of money 
 on her roads but to no avail— all went to patch up bad spots in bad 
 roads. But now she has a definite job outlined and steady progress 
 is being made towards its completion. For every dollar that is 
 spent now real constructive values of a jiormanent nature are 
 obtained." 
 
 Pageland 
 
 This town and the .surrounding territory is known for its rapid 
 growth and general progressiveness. The article below was written 
 by Mr. C. :M. Tucker and Dr. J. D. Colson.
 
 Chesterfield Cointy: Economic and Social 77 
 
 "Pagelaiul is one of the Ix'st towns of its size in the state. It is 
 located in the Pie<lmont section, beinj,' in the upper part of Cliester- 
 field County, and is 45 miles from Cliarlotte, N. C, 20 miles from 
 Monroe, N. C, 35 miles from Cheraw, 20 miles from Chesterfield, 
 14 miles from Ruby, 10 miles from Mt. Croghan, 9 miles from Jeffer- 
 son, 27 miles from Kershaw, and 2G miles from Lancaster. High, 
 dry, and healthy, it stands near the highest point in the county, 
 bidding defiance to mosquitoes, malaria, and other low country 
 handicaps. It is on a ridge where the sand of the low country and 
 the clay of the up country come togetlier, and is well watere<l but 
 ideally drained. The winters are not severe, and the summer breeze 
 night and day is the boon of the town and the envy of others less 
 favoreil. Mosquito nets are unknown, and malaria is a stranger. No 
 finer climate can be found, and those who seek health, comfort, and 
 happiness w'ill do well to see this town first. 
 
 "The population in 1020, as given in the census report, was 521. 
 The town is governe<l by a mayor, four wardens, one policeman, and 
 an active Board of Health. It is laid off with broad streets and 
 sidewalks, and is destined to be a place of much beauty and attrac- 
 tion. 
 
 "Pageland is rapidly becoming a hub from which splendid high- 
 ways radiate. It is on the Calhoun Highway running east and west, 
 and also on a highway running north and south connecting Monroe, 
 N. C, and Charlotte, N. C, with the various towns south. These 
 four main roads out branch off into a net-work of roads as the 
 distance increases, thus giving the town an enviable position with 
 respect to roads. The Chesterfield and Lancaster Railway serves 
 the town, and makes north and south connections with the Seaboard 
 Air Line Railway at Cheraw. 
 
 "The Pageland High School has an enrollment of 425 pupils, one 
 principal and twelve teachers. There are class rooms for every 
 grade, and a large auditorium and stage where entertainments are 
 given by local and foreign talent, 'and public meetings ax'e held. The 
 school occupies about two acres fronting on the main street and the 
 building is a credit to any town of this size. The value of the school 
 property is about $40,000, and the total taxable property of the 
 district is $206,000. 
 
 "Listed below are business enterprises and other organizations that 
 show the remarkable development of the town, as well as its pos- 
 sibilities : 
 
 "The Pageland Journal is a well supported weekly paper 
 giving local and general news. In connection with it is a 
 well equipped job office.
 
 78 Chesterfield County: Economic and Social 
 
 "The local telephone company gives local and long dis- 
 tance service to its patrons. Besides many local lines to 
 nearby centrals, it has Bell connections with Camden, and 
 independent lines to Monroe, Mt. Croghan, liuby and 
 Chesterfield. 
 
 "An ice plant of six tons capacity furnishes ice for all 
 local needs and some for shipping. 
 
 "Another asset is a bottling plant which serves its ter- 
 ritory by truck. 
 
 "A novelty vp^orks makes whateAer is required. 
 
 "Two insurance and real estate agencies look out for the 
 insurance and real estate of the town and community. 
 
 "A large modern ginning plant with the latest improved 
 machinery gins about five thousand l:>ales of cotton annually, 
 and handles seed, meal, hulls, wood, and coal. 
 
 "The Bank of Pageland with a capital of $50,000 and 
 resources of more than half a million dollars serves the 
 merchants, manufacturers, and farmers in a financial way. 
 
 "A Building and Loan Association aids in Iniilding new 
 homes and paying for old ones. The third series has just 
 been started. 
 
 "There are a number of retail merchants, one depart- 
 ment ?tore. one wholesale grocery, two drug stores, one 
 meat market, four garages, t\v^o blacksmith shops, five 
 cotton buyers, two physicians, no lawyers, four churches 
 and five ministers; also the following fraternal or social 
 organizations : Masons, Juniors, Woodmen, American 
 Legion, and dependent or kindred societies. 
 
 "There is one dairy which supplies milk, butter and ice 
 cream. 
 
 "Three cotton warehouses provide storage capacity for 
 the benefit of the farmers. 
 
 "A sweet potato curing house is to be built soon. 
 
 "Several large trucks do public hauling, and aid the 
 farmers in marketing their cotton and other products. 
 Melons and cantaloupes, which bring in money at a much 
 needed time, are marketed in quantities. 
 
 "Two of the best hotels in the South acconmiodate those 
 who come and go. Pageland's fame as a place to get good 
 things to eat has spread over this and adjoining states. 
 Many traveling salesmen drive miles fartlier in order to 
 reach Pageland for the night. 
 "The town lies in the heart of a fine agricultural section. The 
 principle products are cotton, for whidi there is a domaiul for tliat
 
 Chesterfield CouNTr: Economic and Social 79 
 
 grown ill this section because of the length and sniootlmess of its 
 staple, corn, oats, niolons. cnntaloupos. peas, and potatoes. The 
 growing of peanuts is being started on a large scale. Growing 
 peaches for the market is beginning, about eighty acres having been 
 set in young trees recently. 
 
 "A live and active Board of Trade, coinpose<l of nearly two 
 hundred of the leading citizens of the town and community, is con- 
 stantly on the alert, seeking to bring in new enterprises, to secure 
 better roads, to assist the bu.'-iness nion and the farmers in marketing 
 their pnxlucts to advantage, and to make this a bigger, better, and 
 more enterprising community. Pageland is known as a wide awake, 
 progressive town." 
 
 Town of Chesterfield 
 
 Regarding the recent progress of Chesterfield town and community, 
 Mr. Paul II. riearn has written the following account : 
 
 "The town of Chesterfield is located a little to the northeast of the 
 center of the county by the same name, of which it is the county 
 seat. It is reached by the Chesterfield & Lancaster Railroad, a 
 branch of the Seaboard, and by the Cnlhoun Highway. 
 
 "The population of the town is slightly under 1,000, but Court- 
 house Township, in which it is located, has a population, according 
 to the census of 1920, of 0,379, composed almost altogether of small, 
 independent farmers, with a very small proportion of negroes. Many 
 of the people are descndants of the original Scotch and Irish settlers, 
 the town being little affected by present-day immigration. This 
 thickly settled territoi-y is ideally spread around the town, giving a 
 fine support to its mercantile establishments. There is also a good 
 trade here from the entire county, as all its citizens have occa.sion 
 to visit the county seat at intervals. 
 
 "The Chesterfield High School has an enviable standing among 
 the educational institutions of the state. 
 
 "Chesterfield has an altitude of over 700 feet and is located on a 
 long ridge running in a general easterly and westerly direction, 
 which for generations was known as 'Healthy Ridge.' The drainage 
 is perfect, with a slope on the north to Thompson's Creek and on 
 the south to Indian Creek. The climate is almost ideal, with an 
 annual mean temperature of about 60° Fahrenheit. A straight line 
 from Southern Pines, N. C, to Camden, S. C, will pass thru Chester- 
 field, which enjoys the same salubrious winter climate as these 
 famous health and pleasure resorts. 
 
 "Even m the early days this locality was not atifected by epidemics 
 of typhoid fever and other such diseases. 
 
 "The chief prtxluct of the farmers immetliately adjacent to Chester- 
 field is cotton, tlio the soil and cliinate are adapted to practically
 
 80 Chesterfield County: Economic and Social 
 
 every farm, truck and fruit crop save only those limited to tropical 
 climates. An extra good staple of cotton is produced here, making 
 of Chesterfield a fine market, where top-prices pre^'ail. For the 
 1921-1922 season about 12,000 bales were sold here, much cotton 
 coming from North Carolina towns, attracted by better prices. 
 
 "In spite of several disastrous fires, Chesterfield has made great 
 progress during the past ten years. Many new store buildings have 
 been erected and all are occupied by prospering firms. There are 
 two prosperous banks, one of which increased its deposits from 1914 
 to 1921 three hundred per cent, while the other in the same period 
 increased over six hundred per cent. 
 
 "A thoroly modern waterworks and t^ewerage system lias been 
 installed. The town has al.so installed a municipally-owned lighting 
 plant that is up-to-date and thoroly adequate. 
 
 "An ice plant of twelve-ton capacity is to date the latest industrial 
 addition to the town."
 
 IX. 
 
 CHESTERFIELD COUNTY. PROBLEMS 
 
 IsoM Teal. 
 
 If oue should visit a liydro-electric power plaut located at the 
 fall line on a larj^e river, he would be impressed by the enormous 
 size and the intricate complexities of the wonderfully constructed 
 and highly scientific machinery found there. The rush of the water 
 through massive turbines, the whirring of tremendous wheels, the 
 swishing of belts, all besi)eak power. From thousands of little creeks 
 and sti-eams draining millions of acres of land, water has flowed to 
 the river, which increasing in size as it goes, finally at the falls has 
 gained such volume and force that it turns the great water wheels of 
 the power plant with ease. 
 
 In a distant city the electricity so generated is utilized to run 
 great factories and furnish illumination for numberless houses and 
 streets. It propels clanging street cars, runs heavy machines, and 
 furnishes heat for cooking and ironing, as well as power for ice 
 machines and fans. 
 
 Between the thundering power producing plant on the river and 
 the humming power using devices in the city, there is a connecting 
 link. Small insignificant wires connect the two. These copper 
 strands add no positive qualities of their own. Rarely seen and 
 never heard, they merely carry energy from the place where it is 
 found to the place where it is needed. But it is energy that, properly 
 directed, is capable of doing great work, but also, if mishandled, in- 
 calculable damage. 
 
 The authors of this booklet hope that it will serve as transmission 
 lines. In the laboratories and libraries of the University are found 
 thousands of pamphlets, books, charts, reports, and statistical tables. 
 This literature represents the work of numerous governmental 
 institutions, bureaus, departments, and committees, as well as many 
 independent enterprises. To divert a small portion of this knowledge 
 to the solution of our own county i)roblems has been our aim. 
 
 Education 
 
 The biggest problem confronting this county today is that of 
 educating her people. In 1920 18.1% of the population of South 
 Carolina was illiterate. Louisiana was the only state in the Union
 
 82 Chesterfield County: Economic and Social 
 
 th;it had a greater percentage. In the state Chesterfield ranked 
 24th in total illiteracy, with a percentage of 19.1 ; 46th in native 
 white illiterates over ten years of age, with a percentage of 13.3 ; 
 and 46th in native white illiterate voters, the percentage being 18. 
 The situation, bluntly stated, is this: considering the whole popula- 
 tion, South Carolina is next to the most ignorant State in the nation ; 
 and, taking into account only the native born white people, Chester- 
 field is the most ignorant county in the State. Chesterfield has a 
 larger part of its white voters who are unable to read or write their 
 own names than any other county in South Carolina. 
 
 We hear a great deal now-a-days aboiit the advantages of a democ- 
 racy. The good sense of all the people expressing itself at the 
 polls is supposed to insure the election of the best officers and the 
 adoption of the wisest governmental policies. But when the white 
 voters of Chesterfield County went to the polls in 1920, there were 
 18 out of every hundred who could not read the names printed on 
 the ballot. Whatever preferences these unfortunates may have had 
 in regard to the candidates, their choice was necessarily based on 
 what they had heard. Their only understanding of the issues of the 
 campaign was got from idle rumors and chance discussions. Once 
 having selected their candidates, they voted, but they dropped into 
 the box ballots that had to be marked by others, and these others 
 were often strangers. It must be acknowledged that such a state 
 of affairs is humiliating to the illiterates. What is worse is the 
 humiliation of the county on account of its backwardness in many 
 respects that can be attributed directly to the sheer ignorance of 
 18% of its white voters. Illiteracy is a danger to good government ; 
 it is a curse to those affilicted by it; and it is the most expensive 
 condition imaginalde. 
 
 Nearly everyone professes to believe in the desirability of e(^luca- 
 tion because of the general cultui-al effects and satisfaction accruing 
 to those getting it. But there are some who question its money value. 
 In times of financial stress there is always a hue and cry for lower 
 taxes, and a misguidetl few would even curtail the school appro 
 priations. For the benefit of those actuated by sordid monetary 
 motives the following extracts are quoted from a pamphlet entitled 
 "Does It Pay?" issued by the South Carolina Council of Defense 
 in 1918. 
 
 "TIk? average jirdductive capacity of (lie inhabitants of Massa- 
 chusetts in 1910 was .$460 per year; for tlie United States as a wliole 
 $.'{32; and for South Carolina, $171. 
 
 "Now the average schooling that in 1910 liad l)e('n given to the 
 citizens of Massjichusetts was 7.4 years; that of tlie United States
 
 Chesterfield County : P]conomic and Social 83 
 
 as a whole, 5.23 years; while that of South Carolina was only .'5.18 
 years. 
 
 "In 1{)10 Mas.sachu.setts spent .$10,013,000 for school purposes, or 
 $86.08 per pupil in average daily attendance. The United States 
 in 1910 spent $.''.50,272,000 for education, or $27.85 per pupil in 
 average daily attendance. Durin;; the same year South Caroliua 
 spent $1,687,000 for school i)urposes, or ^C>.9?, per pupil in average 
 daily attendance. 
 
 "It would, of course, be very unfair to attribute all this difference 
 in productive capacity to differences in the educational systems of 
 the several states. The large capital on hand, the great trading 
 centers and the numerous factories already established in Massa- 
 chusetts give that state an advantage. Furthermore, the effect of 
 climate, and many other factors must be considered before the exact 
 share played by education could be determined. In this and in all 
 other comparative studies of peoples, it must be recognized that 
 absolutely accurate estimates of the part played by education in 
 economic development are not possible. Yet the unbiased observer 
 must recognize that education is a controlling factor when he sees 
 that among all varieties of races, and accompanied by all kinds and 
 conditions of climate, natural resources, geographical location, 
 economic and social environment, in every case educated people 
 produce much and amass wealth, while uneducated people under the 
 same conditions produce little and save less." 
 
 The same pamphlet asserts that "Every day spent in^ .school pays 
 the child nine dollars. Here is the proof. Uneducated laborers 
 earn on the average $500 per year for forty years, a total of $20,000. 
 High school graduates earn on the average $1,000 per year for forty 
 years, a total of $40,000. This education required twelve years of 
 school of 180 days each, a total of 2.100 days in school. If 2,160 
 days at school add $20,000 to the income for life, then each day at 
 school adds $9.02. The child that stays out of school to earn less 
 than $9.00 a day is losing money, not making it." 
 
 From this it can be seen that our schools are really wealth pro- 
 ducing factories, with the pupils acting as workers and each child 
 drawing a wage of $9.02 a day. It is true that the pay is deferred 
 until later on in life, but the main point is that they inevitably get 
 it. There are few children who can afford to turn down such well 
 paying employment. 
 
 It is needless to argue further the case for etlucation. "We know 
 that Chesterfield County, altlio making rapid progress in this regard, 
 has not yet reached a satisfactory stage in her educational advance- 
 ment. To obtain this end there are no insurmountable obstacles. 
 Money, teachers, and children are the requisities, and all these can
 
 84 Chesterfield County : Economic and Social 
 
 be had. The compulsory attendance law, if enfoi'ced, will insure 
 the pupils. State aid and local taxes can be made to supply what- 
 ever amount of money the people demand. When the mony is sup- 
 plied teachers can be recruited without end. What is really needed 
 is an awakened public consciousness of the necessity for more and 
 better schools. 
 
 Economic Shortcomings 
 
 According to figures based on the 1920 report of the State Tax 
 Commission, Chesterfield ranks 2Sth among the counties in total 
 wealth. The same authority places our per capita wealth at $436, 
 which gives a place of 44th in the State. Richland, coming first, 
 has a per capita wealth of $891. In total farm wealth this county 
 ranks 19th. In the percentage increase in farm wealth from 1910 
 to 1920 Chesterfield, by increasing her farm wealth 228.7% in the 
 ten years, was outdone in this particular by only three other coun- 
 ties. 
 
 Here we have facts showing that the wealth of the county, espe- 
 cially farm wealth, has been greatly increased in the past decade. 
 But closer study will reveal that, in spite of this considerable 
 gain, this is still a relatively poor county. There are only two other 
 counties in the State that have less wealth per person than Ches- 
 terfield. 
 
 Such being the case, it would seem logical to suppose that the 
 developments of which the county will be capable of making in the 
 near future will be strictly limited in extent. For how can good 
 roads be built, expensive school houses erected, and fine farms 
 equipped with modern machinery and appliances, if the people 
 haven't the money to pay for such improvements? The answer to 
 the question is that our prosperity is dependent almost entirely on 
 agriculture. From 1910 to 1920 the total farm wealth of this county 
 increased 228.7%, which was much greater than the average for the 
 state. Now if such a betterment was brought about by the hap- 
 hazard methods employed by the average farmer, the possibilities of 
 expansion are limitless if modern, scientific principles be applied. 
 The two things that are calculated to be most profitable, and are 
 urgently recoiumondod for adoption, are diversification of crops and 
 cooperative marketing. 
 
 Diversification of Crops 
 
 In condemning the practice of devoting the most of our land and 
 efforts to the gi'owing of cotton, we are not unmindful of the good 
 points of such a plan. Where one crop is specialized in, it is possi- 
 ble, in gCK)d years, to make extraordinary profits. Also, a thorough
 
 Chesterfield County : Economic and Social 85 
 
 knowledge is ohtainod of (he plnnt and its iicculiaritios. A smallei* 
 equipniont of machinery is required. Cotton is taiiRihle and hetter 
 adapted as a hasis for tlie extension of credit by merchants and 
 bankers. A dishonest tenant might dispose of eggs, grain, pork, or 
 truck without the knowledge of his creditor, but the bales of cotton 
 are recorded by the owners as they are ginned. 
 
 But in spite of these advantages the one crop system has failed, 
 not alone in the South with cotton, but in the Central States with 
 corn, and in the North and Northwest with wheat. Some of the 
 factors making for this failure have been successive poor crops or 
 prolonged low prices, crop diseases, ravages of crop pests, such as the 
 boll weevil, and depletion of soil fertility due to lack of rotation. 
 Furthermore, in all sections of the country, paralleling the failure 
 of the one crop system, there has been a marked success for the 
 diversification of crops method of farming. The following article 
 dealing with this subject is quoted from The Literary Digest of 
 March 25, 1922: 
 
 "The richest sections of the country are not those that depend on 
 a single crop, such as wheat or cotton. Specialized crops, such as 
 fruit, tobacco, or even potatoes, and the dairy and poultry indus- 
 tries, figure very largely in the counties where agricultural wealth 
 is highest. Census figures, on which these statements are based, bear 
 out the wisdom of campaigns to bring out diversified agriculture, 
 according to Andrew L. Bostwick, Statistician of the Liberty Central 
 Trust Company of St. Louis, who says : 
 
 " 'Of the leading ten counties seven are in the Pacific States (Cali- 
 fornia and Washington), one is in the Middle West, and two are in 
 the East. Los Angeles County, California, with a total of nearly 
 $72,000,000, comes first, and Fresno County, in the same state, is 
 second. Fruit, of course, is largely responsible for the enormous 
 agricultural values in these regions. 
 
 " 'Third on the list comes Aroostook County, Maine. In value of 
 crops alone this county ranks second in the United States, and by 
 far the greatest part of the value represents potatoes. Lancaster 
 County, Pa., the other Eastern county in the first ten, comes fifth ; 
 tobacco, in addition to hay and grain crops, is responsible for the 
 high rank. Dane County. Wisconsin, is the highest Middle West 
 county on the list, being tenth. Dairying is very important ; in value 
 of crops alone this county ranks not tenth, but twenty-fifth. 
 
 " 'The richest Illinois county is McLean, the eleventh. The richest 
 one-crop county, and also the richest county in the cotton licit proper 
 is Bolivar, Mississippi, in the famous 'delta' section. 
 
 " 'It is interesting to note that of the fifty leaders scarcely more 
 than a dozen belong to the cotton belt. If crops alone were con-
 
 86 Chestekfield County : Economic and Social 
 
 sidered, without live stock products, the result would probably be 
 more favorable to the South. 
 
 " 'In a number of instances the dairy industry has raised individual 
 counties to high standing in value of farm products. St. Lawrence 
 County, N. Y., ranks lOSth in value of crops alone, but in the crop 
 and live stock products list it stands fourteenth. The poultry and 
 egg industry of Sonoma County, near San Francisco, is the cause 
 of that county's rank of eighth in the final list ; in value of crops 
 alone it stantls forty-second. 
 
 " 'On the whole, the statistics as given present a rather strong 
 argument for a diversified agriculture, with attention to dairying 
 and to such specialized crops as the land and climate may permit'." 
 
 Chesterfield County has long been guilty of depending almost 
 entirely on cotton. That this is done is in no wise due to necessity, 
 for there are quite a number of crops that are adapted to our soils 
 and climate. When other sections of the country changed from one 
 crop to several, they found it profitable. Where other sections stuck 
 to one crop they failed to prosper. There is nothing to indicate that 
 Chesterfield can prove to be an exception to the general rule. The 
 task that seems to be between Chesterfield County and wealth is that 
 of overthrowing the deep-rooted one-crop system and introducing 
 diversification. When this is done Chesterfield will be removed 
 from the ranks of the cotton cursed. 
 
 Cooperative Marketing 
 
 Wherever goods of any kind are produced there is always the prob- 
 lem of disi)osing of them. In the case of novelties or non-essentials 
 this is often a very vital matter because the demand for such articles 
 fluctuates greatly from time to time. However, for staple products 
 that have a universal use, there is a constant and continuous need 
 a!)'l consequently a more uniform price. Wheat and cotton are 
 e^aml)!9S of commodities that are necessities in the true sense of the 
 word. Since cotton is at present the mainspring in Chesterfield 
 County's economic works, it is well to study the best methods of 
 wiling it. 
 
 The old pi-;iclic(' of h;in<lliiig cotlon for tlio market was for the 
 farmers to soil their crop as soon as it was ginned. The result was 
 as might have been expected. About 70X of the entire year's crop 
 was sold during September, October, November, and December. This 
 (lumping of such an enormous quantit.v of the staple in so short a 
 jieriod glutted the market. The price declined and the growers had 
 to take what was o('f'ere<l. because obligations incurred in making the 
 cr<»i) were falling due and bad to be met. The middlemen took over 
 the cntlnii ;il "distress" iiriccs, doled it (»ul in even (|nantilies through-
 
 Chesterfield Cointv: Economic and Social 87 
 
 (lilt the yt'iir at niiu-li hi^'hor lii^urt's iiii<l iidckctcd the profit. In 
 smli a j,'anu' the (xlds were all against the fanner, lie wa.s ohlified 
 to sell ill the fall in order to pay his debts. His attention was 
 directed solely towards planting and cultivating and he knew noth- 
 ing about grading hi.s product, the market quotations, financial and 
 trade conditions, or the world's consumption of cotton goods, the 
 reserve su]ti)ly of the raw material, and the many other jKiiiits of 
 information that are the stock in trade of the middlemen. Isolated 
 cases of holding for better prices were not so successful because 
 practically all the supply had already been bought at low prices and 
 because the speculatoi's could still buy cheaj) futures from the 
 unorganized and helpless farmers. 
 
 Instances without number might be citetl to show that such a 
 system is both unjust and highly injurious to the planter. Space 
 limitations will permit only a few illustrations here. 
 
 That violent price fliictuatiims are bound to be harmful cannot 
 be doubted. It is on record that in 1903-04 cotton fell from about 
 ISVaC to 61/jC in lOOi-OS; in 1904-05 it rose from 614c to about 10c; 
 in 1906-07 it fell from 12c to 81/20; it rose to 12c later in the same 
 year; it rose to 15c in 1909-10; it fell to Sy^c in 1911-12. Not only 
 does cotton rise and fall in value during short intervals but in an 
 official investigation made several years ago by the Bureau of Mar- 
 kets of the United States Department of Agriculture it was fcmnd 
 that there was a difference of from ,$2 to $12.50, or even more, per 
 bale for different bales of cotton of the same grade sold in the same 
 market on the same day. For instance, in Raleigh, N. C, there was 
 a difference of $5 in the price paid for two bales of the same grade 
 and weight : in Starkville, Miss., the difference was $1.3.25 ; in Jewett, 
 Texas, tliere was a difference of $12.50; an Oklahoma town showed 
 a difference of $14.95; in St. Matthew.s, South Carolina, the differ- 
 ence was $10.30. 
 
 The cooi)erative marketing phui has for its object the elimination 
 of the defects existing under the old system. By contracting with the 
 growers for the control of their cotton after it is grown, the coopera- 
 tive sales agency is in a position to distribute the sales over a long 
 period of time, thus avoiding flooding the market and depressing the 
 price. With proper grading the farmers will get equitable i)rices for 
 their protluct. The cooperative association, by handling such large 
 quantities of cotton, is enabled to employ expert selling agents who 
 are thoroughly familiar with the market and trade conditions. By 
 selling direct, some expenses due to unnecessary handling may be 
 avoided. The association, having good credit, can use modern, scien- 
 tific financing methods. Such steps mean that the handling of the 
 cotton as it passes through the various stages between the grower
 
 88 Chesterfield County : Economic and Social 
 
 and the consumer will be more efficiently done than formerly. The 
 profits made will then be turned back to the rightful owners, the 
 farmers. That will mean that the fortunes formerly made by the 
 farmers but taken by the cotton brokers and other middlemen, will 
 henceforth be made by and paid to the farmers alone. 
 
 Quite recently the cooperative marketing idea has been introduced 
 into Chesterfield County and we are informed that already the 
 farmers have contracted to sell a large proportion of their next year's 
 crop through the Cotton Association. We predict success for the 
 movement. It is well to bear in mind, however, that the best results 
 can be obtained only through a strong organization. This means that 
 the members must be loyal to the association and all abide by their 
 contracts. To meet overhead expenses of the organization, and to 
 be most effective generally, a large volume of business must be done 
 by the association. Thus it is to the interest of the members to sell 
 all their own cotton through the association and to bring in other 
 members as well. 
 
 Looking Ahead 
 
 Reviewing the progress made by this county during the past twenty 
 years, we cannot but be impressed by the remarkable developments 
 shown. But judging impartially our position in the State, we are 
 forced to the conclusion that Chesterfield has not yet achieved a 
 place among the leading counties. An analysis of our resources and 
 possibilities reveals limitless opportunities for expansion and im- 
 provements. Our soils and climate are suited to the growing of fruit, 
 as well as truck and various staple crops. It would not be surpris- 
 ing if in time Chesterfield peaches should not rival California oranges 
 in public favor. Highway building, diversified farming, ana coopera- 
 tive marketing are just getting luuler way. Infant industries are 
 increasing and beginning to fiourish. Education is coming from 
 behind at a rapid pace. 
 
 The carrying forward of these varied activities (o their maximum 
 development will call for no small amount of ability. Intelligent, 
 persistent, and well-directed work will be requircnl. Solving the 
 problems connected with future advancement c<mstitutes the job of 
 this generation.
 
 REFERENCES 
 
 Gregg's "History of the Old Cheraws." 
 
 Report of the Provost Marshal General on the First Draft under 
 the Selective Service Act. 
 
 Mills' "Statistics." 
 
 Sherman's "Memoirs." 
 
 United States Census Reports. 
 
 "Soil Survey of Chesterfield County," Bureau of Soils, U. S. Depart- 
 ment of Agriculture. 
 
 "Timber Depletion, Lumber Pieces, Lumber Exports and Concentra- 
 tion of Timber Ownership," issued June 1, 1920, by The Forest 
 Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture. 
 
 State Commissioner of Agriculture, Commerce and Industries Re- 
 ports. 
 
 Reports of the Bureau of Markets and Crop Estimates of the 
 Department of Agriculture. 
 
 "Does it Pay?" a pamphlet issued in 191S by S. C. Council of 
 Defense. 
 
 Reports of the State Tax Commission. 
 
 The Literary Digest of March 25, 1922. 
 
 "Catalogue of the Mineral Localities of South Carolina," issued 
 1907 by the State Geologist. 
 
 Watson's "Handbook of South Carolina." 
 
 Farmers' Bulletins, issued by U. S. Department of Agriculture. 
 
 Bureau of Vital Statistics, U. S. Census Report on Religious Bodies, 
 issued 1916, U. S. Census. 
 
 Reports of State Superintendent of Education. 
 
 Reports of State Comptroller General. 
 
 Other reference works found in the laboratory of the Department 
 of Rural Social Science, University of South Carolina.
 
 I CAPITAL $50,000,00 
 
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 I SURPLUS $17,500.00 
 
 OLDEST, LARGEST ANO STRONGEST BANK IN 
 GHESTERFIELO, S. G. 
 
 R. E. RIVERS, President M. I. HOUGH, VicePres. 
 
 C. C. DOUGLASS. Cashier D. L. SMITH, Asst. Cashier 
 
 R. T. REDFERN, Ir., Teller 
 
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 LUCAS AUTO CO. 
 
 Chesterfield, S. C. 
 
 The Garage of Service. All cars, trucks and tractors 
 repaired. Sales and Service on FORD, DORT, 
 WILLYS KNIGHT and OVERLAND CARS. 
 
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 Jefferson Loan & Insurance Co, 
 
 Jefferson, South Carolina 
 
 SEE US FOR INSURANCE 
 
 THE FARMERS BANK 
 
 JEFFERSON, SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 C. C. DOUGLASS. President 
 
 E. R. KNIGHT. Vice-Pres. ED. J. MILLER. Vice-P,es. 
 
 D. H. DOUGLASS. Cashier 
 
 
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 THE JEFFERSON BANK 
 
 JEFFERSON. S. C. 
 
 The Bank that stands squarely behind the farmer. 
 
 Our interests arc the same. We want an account 
 from ever}' farmer in thi.s vicinity. 
 
 The small depositor receives the same consider- 
 ation at our hands as does the large. If you have no 
 account with us, we want you to start one. Can- 
 celled checks are the best receipts. 
 
 Should you have money that you do not expect 
 to use at once place it with us and we will pay you in- 
 terest on it. 
 
 We solicit the accounts of individuals, merchants 
 and farmers. 
 
 1801-1922 
 
 University of South Carolina 
 
 FOR INFORMATION. WRITE 
 
 DR. W. S. CURRELL. President 
 
 COLUMBIA, S. C. 
 
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 g Columbia, S. C. ^ 
 
 N . . . - 
 
 g The University offers courses leading to the following degrees: 
 
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 S! I . School of Arts and Sciences, A. B., and B. S. 
 
 2. School of Education, A. B. 
 
 3. Graduate School, A. M. 
 I 4. School of Engineering, C. E. 
 
 g 5. Schoo of Law, LL. B., 3 year course, 5 Professors. 
 
 i{ 6. School of Business Administration. 
 
 Next Session Begins September 20, 1922 
 
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 I IVe invite you to: i 
 
 Make your home in McBee. 
 Get you a fruit farm near McBee. 
 Make you a fortune in fruit at McBee. 
 
 Best climate in the United States. 
 Everybody who comes here stays and 
 All that leave come back. 
 
 McBee Chamber of Commerce. 
 
 The State Bank 
 
 McBee, S. C. 
 
 IN THE HEART OF THE 
 CAROLINA FRUIT HILLS. 
 
 President Vice-President Cashier Asst. Cashier 
 
 R. B. Kin^ J. D. Ingram F. E. Kerr D. A. Kinf? 
 
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 DEPOSIT YOUR MONEY IN 
 
 CHERAW 
 
 THREE STRONG BANKS 
 
 I Members of Federal Reserve System 
 
 Bank of Gheraw 
 First National Banl( 
 
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 Mercliants & Farmers Bani( 
 
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 H. W. DUVALL 
 
 CHERAW, S. C. I 
 
 COTTON 
 
 The Bank of Mt. Croghan 
 
 Mt. Croghan, S. C. 
 Capital and Surplus $30,000.00 
 
 It is unsafe to carry money on your person, or keep it in your 
 home. 
 
 Deposit your money with us and pay by check. 
 
 A check is the best receipt. 
 
 One Minute and One Dollar starts an account. 
 
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 I Wholesale Groceries — 
 
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 Kennington's Pharmacy 
 
 PAGELAND, RUBY AND JEFFERSON, S. C. 
 G.W.KENNINGTON, Jr., Ph. G., Ph. C, Owner 
 
 THE STORE THAT SERVICE BUILT 
 
 We are always pleased to serve you, 
 day or ni^ht. 
 
 One price to all and we guarantee i 
 everything we sell, if you are not pleased 
 come back and get your money, we will 
 thank you to take it. | 
 
 Prescriptions are filled by graduate 
 licensed pharmacists at each store. 
 
 We have a full line of drugs, candies, 
 toilet goods, kodaks and stationery. 
 
 WE APPRECIATE YOUR BUSINESS 
 
 The Store With a Conscience 
 
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 ® C. G. MORGAN, Cashier. 
 
 I U. F. MOORE, Asst. Cashier. 
 
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 THE BANK OF PAGELAND 
 
 PAGELAND, S. C. i 
 
 Capital Stock $ 50,000.00 
 
 Resources $500,000.00 
 
 In the protection that Ave afford our customers, 
 and in the service that we render we strive to make 
 this a "100 per cent bank." 
 
 GLEAN, COMFORTABLE ROOMS-EXCELLENT 
 HOME COOKED MEALS 
 
 Our rates were $2.00 per day before the war, $2.00 
 
 during the war, and are $2.00 now. 
 
 THE HOME OP THE TRAVELING SALESMAN. 
 
 HOTEL PAGELAND 
 
 Mrs. J. C. Blackwell, Prop. 
 
 We have the most modernly equipped gin in Chester- 
 field County. During Ginning season we gin every 
 (hiy and night, because we liave ginning to do. 
 Highest Market Prices Paid For Seed Every Day In 
 The Year. 
 
 J. E. AGERTON. 
 
 Pageland, S. 0. 
 
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 The Paper that brings results for the advertiser. 
 Advertising pays if done in the right paper and the 
 PAGELAND JOURNAL is the right paper. 
 
 I ROBERT S. LATIMER 
 
 E(lit(»i' and I'uhlislier 
 
 I Ford Dealer-Ford Trucks and Fordson's Tractors 
 
 Ford Parts and Accessories 
 
 H. B. REDFEARN 
 
 m PAGELAND, S- C. 
 
 Deico Electric Light Plants and Water Systems 
 
 Electric Fixtures, Fans and Motors 
 
 Funderburk Electric Service Co. 
 
 i PAGELAND, S- C. 
 
 C. B. MUNGO, President. 
 
 G. C. MUNGO, Vice Pres. & Trader. 
 
 H. V. MUNGO. Sec. Treas. & Gen. Mgr. 
 
 MUNGO BROTHERS 
 
 Wholesale and retail Dealers in Dry Goods, Clothing, 
 
 Millinery, Heavy and Fancy Groceries, Cotton, Cot- ^ 
 
 ton Seed and Live Stock. ii 
 
 Telephone No. 16. Pageland, S. C. f 
 
 „ _ ___ „___ M
 
 raii][Hii!§ii]l}i!illliil][i!iIlHllllg!lHl!lS[l!l[l!SlHll^ 
 
 'the CATO CO. 
 
 General Merchandise 
 
 A Satisfied Customer is 
 a Store's Greatest Delight 
 
 WE HAVE THEM 
 
 Cash Merchants Sell for Less 
 
 Pageland, S. C. 
 
 Our Business Is y^^-^^-^i^;^:^^^' certain you wju 
 
 have a monthly income should you be- 
 come totally disabled, — you will have a support in your old age, 
 and after you are gone your loved ones won't wan{ and be de- 
 pendent. 
 
 We write all kinds of insurance, Real Estate, Rents, Loans. 
 
 DUKE INSURANCE AND CONMISSIDN COMPANY 
 Chas. M. Duke, Pres. & Mgr. Pageland, S. C. 
 
 Pageland Insurance and Realty Go. paseiand,s.c. 
 
 SOLICITS! 
 NEGOTIATES! 
 
 Life Insurance 
 
 Fire Insurance 
 
 Automobile Insurance 
 
 Hail Insurance 
 
 Health and Accident Insurance 
 
 Loans on Real Estate 
 Sales of Real Estate 
 Purchases of Real Estate 
 
 L. L. PARKER, President J. S. WALLACE, Manager 
 
 H®
 
 gji)iiiiiii[as]i]H!Hii][H!si]®agM^[s»p[aM[iii®i® 
 
 EUBANKS AND FUNDERBURK 
 
 Contractors and Builders 
 
 Pageland, S. C. 
 
 I All Kinds of Construction Work, Brick or Wood. 
 
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 i 
 
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 MOORE & MUNGO 
 
 DEALERS IN 
 
 T)ry Goods, Shoes, Heavy and Fancy Qroceries, 
 Fruits and Candies. 
 
 Pageland, S. C. 
 
 New Superior Chevrolet is a 
 Wonder 
 
 The secoud largest in 
 production in the world, 
 and {^rowing amaziniil.v. 
 Many new improvements 
 make this the car you will 
 want. See it and be con- 
 vinced. 
 
 PAGELAND MOTOR CO. 
 
 Pageland. S. C. 
 Agents for Chesterficdd 
 County. 
 
 SMITH-BAKER 
 COMPANY 
 
 Dealers in 
 
 Dry Goods, Shoes and 
 
 Notions. Heavy and 
 
 Fancy Groceries. 
 
 Country Produce 
 Bought and Sold. 
 
 PAGELAND, S, G. 
 
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 3:1 S'ESllSSEHllllliJlIlSllIilllllPMSll^iH k k ;i ?i « r- n ;s x My. a a a a a ifn r. h]
 
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