GOJT 
 
 TEXPBOOK 
 
 OF 
 

 
 THE LIBRARY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY 
 OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 LOS ANGELES 
 
SCOTT-BROWNE'S 
 
 TEXT-BOOK of PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 A. NEW PRESENTATION OF THE PRINCIPLES OF 
 THE ART, 
 
 AS PRACTISED BY NINE-TENTHS OF THE MEMBERS OF THE PROFES- 
 SION IN AMERICA; AND THE ONLY WORK EMBODYING THE 
 
 IMPROVEMENTS MADE IN THE LAST TEN YEARS. 
 
 FOR 
 
 SCHOOLS, COLLEGES A ND PRIVATE INSTRUCTION. 
 
 BY 
 
 MR. AND MRS. D. L. SCOTT-BROWNE, 
 
 TEACHERS OF THE ART FOR EIGHT YEARS IN THE COLLEGE OF PHONOGRAPHY: 
 EDITORS OF "BROWNE'S PHONOGRAPHIC MONTHLY AND REPORTERS' JOUR- 
 NAL" (ORGAN OF THE PROFESSION): AUTHORS OF THE AMERICAN 
 STANDARD SERIES OF PHONOGRAPHIC TEXT-BOOKS; MEMBERS 
 OF THE AMERICAN PHILOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 
 
 PART I. 
 
 NEW-YORK: 
 D. L. SCOTT-BROWNE. 
 1882. 
 
COPYRIGHT I'.Y 
 MRS. A. C. SCOTT-BROWNE. 
 
 1882. 
 
o 
 o 
 
 c? 
 
 k* 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 THIS work is a new, modern presentation of the principles of what is known 
 as the STANDARD AMERICAN or BENN PITMAN SYSTEM or FONOGRAFY (the most 
 popular system in use), with, added thereto, such improvements as have, by the 
 best fonosrafik scholars, teachers and practitioners of the art, been made and 
 accepted during the past ten years, and which have never before been embodied 
 in text-book form. 
 
 During the past five years this system, as herein presented, has been taught at 
 SCOTT- BROWNE'S COLLEGE OF FONOGRAFY, New-York City, with the most gratify. 
 ' , ing results; and the gentlemen and ladies graduated at this institution, now occupying 
 **\ both professional and official positions, are among the most competent and success- 
 ful shorthand writers in the country. 
 
 }_ This work presents but one style of writing, equally suited to all uses required 
 t/j either by the amanuensis or verbatim reporter, and is, in every respect, the system 
 ^_ best adapted to the acquirement and practise of the great mass of people for 
 BC all business and reporting purposes, as its developement has been extended fanner, 
 OC and contributed to by a greater number of minds, than any other, pre-eminently 
 ? fitting it to be the standard system of shorthand writing in America. 
 
 The use of/", instead of ph, in the words fonografy, stenografy, etc., in this book, 
 
 is in strict accordance with the orthografy of the Greek words from which they are 
 
 ;* derived; also, the dropping of final e in words where the preceding vowel is 
 
 short, as in positiv, derivativ, etc., (sustaining one of our oldest orthographic rules). 
 
 are both in agreement with the recommendation and practise of <he Filological 
 
 rjj Societies of England and America. 
 
 THK AUTHORS. 
 3 Fonografik Headquarters, 
 
 New-York City, 
 July, 1 88 a, 
 
 452137 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 I'REFACK Ut 
 
 To THE LEARNER ........ v 
 
 DEKINITIUNS .... ..... viii 
 
 CONSONANTS: 
 
 Lesson I. Consonant Alfabet ....... i 
 
 VOWELS AND VOWEL1ZATION: 
 
 Lesson II. Positiv and Rebtiv Values ...... 6 
 
 Lesson III. Short Vowels ....... 13 
 
 Lesson IV. Extra Vowels ....... 17 
 
 Punctuation, Capitals, Emphasis ...... 18 
 
 Lesson V. Difthongs or Compound Vowels ..... 19 
 
 Lesson VI. Joined Vowel Ticks ...... 21 
 
 CIRCLES AND LOOPS: 
 
 Lesion VII. Brief addil ional signs for s and z .... 22 
 
 Lesson VIII. Loops for st and str ...... 27 
 
 SEMICIRCLES AND HOOK: 
 
 Lesson IX. Brief Signs for Wa and Ya .... 29 
 
 Lesson X. Brief Wo. and Ya Signs disjoined . 32 
 
 ASPIRATE TICK, HEH: 
 
 Lesson XI. Heh on stems ....... 37 
 
 ABBREVIATIONS AND POSITION: 
 
 Lesson XII. Abbreviations Simple and Compound Stems . . 38 
 
 Lesson XIII. Abbreviations Circles, Loops and Vowels . 43 
 Lessoa XIV. Abbreviations Brief Wa. and Ya Signs Vowel, Stem, 
 
 and Brief Sign Combination ...... 46 
 
 HALF-LENGTHS AND ED TICK: 
 
 Lesson XV. Halving Stems to add / or ded tick Abbreviations . 48 
 
 INITIAL HOOKS: 
 
 Lesson XVI. Small Initial Hooks for / and r on mated stems/ and r 
 
 on unmated stems Abbreviations ..... 55 
 
 Lesson XVII. The Initial Circle on / and r hook signs Abbreviations . 63 
 
 Lesson XVIII Back Hook for in, cn.un. . . . . 66 
 
 Lesson XIX. W-tick 67 
 
 Lesson XX. Small Terminal Hooks for n f and v Abbreviations . 69 
 
 Expression of Numbers ........ 74 
 
 Lesson XXI. SAun and skun Hooks Abbreviations ... 75 
 
 SHADING AND LENGTHENING: 
 
 Lesson XXII. Shading Eiii lengthening ing lengthening oth-r curves 
 
 and Ra and Hah Abbreviations ..... 78 
 
 PREFIXES AND AFFIXES: 
 
 Lesion XXIII. Prefixes Compound Prefixes .... 81 
 
 Lesson XXIV. Affixes Abbreviations as Affixes . ... 85 
 
 ANALOGY AND PHRASING: 
 
 Lesson XXV. Analogy Phrasing ...... 88 
 
TO THE LEARNER, 
 
 IN taking up the study of Fonografy the learner must under- 
 stand, from the start, that he is to lay aside the methods of both 
 spelling and writing words as taught in our books and dictionaries; 
 and that he must place himself in the attitude of a child who is just 
 beginning to learn his ABC. There are two reasons for this advice: 
 
 ist. The fonografik alfabet, unlike the one in our spelling books, 
 contains as many letters or signs as there are elements or sounds in 
 the English language, and not one of these letters or signs stands 
 for more than one sound or value, hence, every word is to be spelled 
 by just those letters or signs that represent the sound heard in the 
 word one sign for each sound, and no more. For example, the 
 word talk is composed of three sounds, or elements, t-aiv-k; speak is 
 composed of four elements, s-p-e-k; back, three elements, b-d-k; 
 laugh, three elements, l-ah-f; etc. So, in fonografy, there must be 
 just as many signs used in spelling a word as there are elements, or 
 sounds, heard in the pronunciation of the word; three signs in spelling 
 talk, because there are but three elements heard; four signs in speak, 
 because there are but four elements heard; and so on, in this way 
 with all the words in the language. 
 
 2d. The letters or signs of the fonografik alfabet are all new 
 and unfamiliar to the learner, the same as a b c are new and un- 
 familiar to the child just learning them, and must be acquired in the 
 same way by memorizing. The child memorizes principally by 
 the repeating process. The adult shortens this process by bringing 
 his mind his judgment his reasoning powers to his assistance. 
 He calls to his aid all the ideas that he can associate in any way 
 with the lessons he is learning, that could avail him any thing in ac- 
 quiring them. The more intelligent the student, the more will he 
 learn by this law of association of ideas. 
 
 The quickest way to learn the alfabet is, First: read it over, 
 noticing the name, sound, form, direction and thickness or shading of 
 each sign. Second: read carefully what is said about the manner of 
 writing the stems whether upward or downward, etc., following the 
 directions given in the TEXT-BOOK, on page 2. Third: write the 
 first eight stems of the alphabet, making and naming them in pairs, 
 accenting the second one of each pair, and repeating words to rhyme 
 with them as follows: 
 
SCOTT-BROWNES TEXT-BOOK . 
 
 Pe Be, Te De, Cha Ja, Ka Ga; 
 This is for w<r to learn this </ l (y. 
 
 Also notice that the stems are arranged in the same regular order 
 as the spokes of a wheel, and that there is a thin and thick or light 
 
 and heavy spoke to each direction, thus: ~/fc~ \i/ \[/ 
 which, paired thus: \JL^ and separated without breaking their 
 order, appear just as they are seen in the alfabet: 
 
 \\ II '// ' = 
 
 Pe Be, Te De, Cha Ja, Ka . 
 This t> for me to 7<frtr this day. 
 
 Then write the next eight stems, making and naming them also 
 in pairs, and repeating words that will rhyme with them: 
 
 Ef Ve, Ith The, Es Ze, Ish Zhe; 
 This too, for *< to learn, you jr. 
 
 The remaining stems are unmated and divided into triplets, with 
 words to rhyme, as follows: 
 
 La Er Ra, Em Un Ing; 
 
 Did you say I might sing? 
 
 Wa Ya Hah. 
 
 Yes, ha-//<7/ 
 
 Write the alfabet in SCOTT-BROWNE'S FONOGRAFIK COPY BOOK, 
 following the directions therein given. The last alfabet exercise in 
 the Copy-Book being like the one on page 3 of this book. If the 
 Copy-Book is not used, any blank note-book will do, taking care to 
 have the exercises neatly and correctly written. 
 
 At this point ask why some of the stems are mated differ- 
 ing only in being light and heavy. Answer. Because the elements 
 or sounds represented by the stems of each mated pair are formed 
 alike in the mouth, and are alike, with the exception that the light 
 ones,/, t, etc., are whispered, while their mates or cognates, b, d, 
 etc., are voiced the voice being heard before the lips separate to 
 give them utterance. Therefore the whispered mated elements are 
 represented by light lines light sound, light stem and the voiced 
 mated elements by heavy lines heavy sound, heavy stem. Pronounc- 
 ing the syllables ap, ab; at, ad; ach, aj; a/;, ag; etc., will enable 
 the student to preceive, at once, both the similarity and difference 
 between the mated elements. 
 
 The unmated elements are all voiced except Hah, and are repre- 
 sented by the curved stems that remained after the mated stems were 
 provided for. 
 
OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 PENS AND PENCILS. 
 
 Practise with either pen or pencil. It is better to be familiar 
 with the use of both. Let the pen be fine, and the ink clear and 
 black. Hold the pen loosely so that it can be turned easily in writ- 
 ing the outlines of words containing stems made in different direc- 
 tions. Some reporters hold the pen or pencil between the first and 
 second fingers. It is a good way, as the pen is more easily con- 
 trolled and it enables one to write longer without fatigue. Both this 
 and the usual way are recommended each as a rest to the other. 
 Of pencils graded by numbers, use No. 3; of Dixon's pencils, use 
 those marked S. M. (Soft Medium); of the American Fonografic Pen- 
 cils, use those marked S (Soft). 
 
 TIME REQUIRED TO LEARN PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 Directions faithfully followed and lessons thoroughly learned, 
 together with an hour's daily practise, will enable the average student 
 to master this book in about two months. A month's additional 
 practise, of from two to three hours daily, from another's reading 
 using any common school reading books (from Second to Fourth 
 omitting all the poetry), and good business letters will fit the 
 student to begin the work of receiving dictations of business letter.s, 
 provided he can spell, punctuate and write longhand, or operate :: 
 writing machine well. These three are positiv pre-requisites in a 
 shorthand amanuensis. 
 
 HOW AND WHEN TO PRACTISE. 
 
 In writing after another's reading let the same matter be re- 
 peated three times, at least. This enables the writer to criticise his 
 first effort, make corrections, choose better forms for words, and im- 
 prove generally the appearance of the second effort. The third 
 effort confirms the corrections and improvements of the second and 
 advances one's speed. After writing any thing the third time let the 
 shorthand notes be read as many as two or three times and written 
 out in longhand once. Repetition in writing and reading practise, 
 is one of the secrets of gaining speed in writing and readiness in 
 reading. As progress is made in correctness and speed of writing, 
 the repeating practice can be gradually discontinued. Let the stu- 
 dent ahvays read every thing he writes. One's own notes, after be- 
 coming able to write easily, make better reading exercises than 
 engraved fonografy. Amanuenses and reporters will have no trouble 
 in reading their notes if, during the preparatory course, they faith- 
 fully read every thing they write. 
 
DEFINITION OF FONOGRAFY, 
 ETC. 
 
 FONOGRAFY (Phonography). Any system of writing language 
 in which only the SOUNDS of the SPOKEN word are represented. 
 
 STENOGRAFY. Any system of shorthand writing, using briet 
 alfabetic signs, arbitrary characters, principles of contraction, etc., 
 adequate to the representation and speed of verbatim speech. The 
 term is applied to systems of un-fonetik shorthand. 
 
 STENO-FONOGRAFY. Any system of fonetic shorthand employ- 
 ing the alfabetik signs of stenography, principles of abbreviation 
 and contraction, devices, etc.. adequate to the representation and 
 speed of verbatim speech. 
 
 FONETIKS (Phonetics). The science of the sounds of the human 
 voice. (Webster.) 
 
 FONETIK (Phonetic) or Fonik (Phonic). Relating to the repre- 
 sentation of sounds by characters. (Webster.) 
 
 Fonetik or Fonlk Shorthand and Steno-Fonografy both mean 
 one and the same thing. 
 
 The system of Shorthand or Stenografy taught in this book 
 is fonetik or fonografik, and, hence, like all other systems having 
 a fonetik basis, is termed, for brevity, Fonografy instead of Steno- 
 Fonografy, there being no longhand fonografy to require the other 
 as a distinguishing name. 
 
 PRONUNCIATION OF NATURE, QUESTION, ETC. 
 The theoretical pronunciation of the words nature, Juture, ques- 
 tion, fixture, etc., is not so conveniently or quickly represented in 
 fonografy as the popular pronunciation; therefore this work sanctions 
 the fonografik writing of nachur, fuchur, queschun, jixchur, etc. If 
 the reporter is to write what he hears, he will seldom have occasion 
 to represent other than the popular pronunciation given to this class 
 of words. 
 
LESSON I. 
 
 1. CONSONANT ALFABET. 
 
 FONOGRAFIK 
 
 STEM or LETTER. 
 
 NAME. 
 
 SOUND. 
 
 POWER. 
 
 STRAIGHT 
 
 STEMS (MATED). 
 
 
 \ 
 
 Pe 
 
 P 
 
 as in up 
 
 $ 
 
 \> 
 
 Be 
 
 b 
 
 a 
 
 2 
 
 H 
 
 ^ 
 
 1 
 
 Te 
 
 t 
 
 .... .... it 
 
 j 
 M 
 
 1 
 
 De 
 
 d 
 
 .... aid 
 
 s 
 
 / 
 
 Cha 
 
 ch 
 
 M ... .... each 
 
 a 
 
 / 
 
 Ja 
 
 j 
 
 .... joy, age, edge 
 
 
 
 
 Ka 
 
 k 
 
 ,, .... oa, >o, echo 
 
 
 \ 
 
 Ga 
 
 g 
 
 egg, ego 
 
 CURVED STEMS (MATED). 
 
 
 / . 
 
 Ef 
 
 f 
 
 as in .... \f t laugh, phase 
 
 H 
 z 
 
 v 
 
 Ve 
 
 V 
 
 ., .... eve, Stephen 
 
 Id 
 
 1 
 
 Ith 
 
 th 
 
 .... ... oath 
 
 H 
 J 
 
 M 
 
 ( 
 
 The 
 
 dh 
 
 the 
 
 H 
 
 ) 
 
 Es 
 
 s 
 
 i .... .... us, are 
 
 a 
 
 2 
 
 ) 
 
 Ze 
 
 z 
 
 ), .... .... ooze, as 
 
 p 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 O 
 
 ^J 
 
 Ish 
 
 sh 
 
 ,< ash, ocean 
 
 u 
 
 1 J 
 
 Zhe 
 
 zh 
 
 ,, .... azure 
 
 CURVED AND STRAIGHT STEMS (NOT MATED) 
 
 ai 
 
 ' f upward 
 
 La 
 
 1 
 
 as in a /e 
 
 Is 
 
 ~\ 
 
 Er 
 
 r 
 
 . .... ear 
 
 J U 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 ^^upward 
 
 Ra 
 
 r 
 
 11 .... .... roar 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 j lr ^ 
 
 Em 
 
 m 
 
 .... .... aim 
 
 1 \_y 
 
 Un 
 
 n 
 
 ,, .... .... a 
 
 2S id 
 
 
 
 
 91, -^ 
 
 Ing 
 
 ng 
 
 tt song 
 
 Mr ^ 
 
 Wa 
 
 w 
 
 .... .... way 
 
 /r 
 
 S 5 
 
 Ya 
 
 y 
 
 ,, .... .... rou 
 
 J ASPI- ^^ up- 
 
 g w ^RATE.- ward 
 
 Hah 
 
 h 
 
 , , .... .... hay 
 
SCOTT-BROWtfeS TEXT-BOOK 
 
 MANNER OF WRITING THE STEMS. 
 
 2. The Stems \ Pe, \ Be, \ Te, \ De, / Cha, / Ja, 
 are written downward. 
 
 3- - . Ka, - Ga, are written from left to right. 
 
 4. \_ JSf, ^ Ve t C I*** C The, ) Et % ) Ze, _J Zhe, 
 are written down-ward. 
 
 5. _y Ish is written downward when it is the only stem in a 
 word, but when joined to other stems may be written either upward 
 or downward, according to rules given in advanced lessons. When 
 written upward it is named Ska. 
 
 6. f~^La is written upward when it is the only stem in a word, 
 but when joined to other stems may be written either upward or 
 downward, according to rules given in advanced lessons. When writ- 
 ten downward it is named El. 
 
 7. ~~~^ Er is always written downward. 
 
 8. ^~ Ra is always written upward. 
 
 9. /"^ Km, ^s Un, ^^ Ing, are written from left to right. 
 
 10. ~>j IVa, f~ Ya, are written downward. 
 
 11. ^ Hah is always written upward. 
 
 RESUMED 
 
 a. _J Ish, written downward when it is the only stem in a word. 
 Written either upward or downward, according to certain rules, when 
 joined to other stems. Upward name, Sha. 
 
 b. f~ La, written upward when it is the only stem in a word. 
 Written either upward or downward, according to certain rules, when 
 joined to other stems. Downward name, El. 
 
 c. ^ Ra, ^ Hah, always written upward. 
 
 d. _ Ka, _ Ga, /^ Em, \^y Un, \^/ Ing, written from left 
 to right. 
 
 e. All the other stems invariably written downward. 
 
 NOTE. Trace and name every one of the stems on page i several times; after 
 which, practise writing them in "Scott-Browne's Phonographic Copy-Book," page i. 
 
OF PHONOGRAPHY 
 
 3 
 
 12.-EXERCISE TO BE WRITTEN IN COPY-BOOK. 
 Pe, Be, \\ \\ \\ \\ .... \\ \\ 
 
 Te, De, | ] | | | | ... . I | I .. I I 
 
 Cba, Ja,/ / /../..// //.../././.../ /../. 
 
 Ka, Ga, 
 
 Ef - Ve >.S^J^....^W. \-^-...S~V_ \_^_ . V ^ 
 
 Ith, The, ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( 
 
 Es, Zc, )..) I.)' )...) ....)..) )) ).). 
 
 LaorEir- r r~...c...c.. .r r r r r r r r 
 Er - ?s "^.^N.ZN.Zi.^ "^ ~w:^ T> t> 
 
 Ra, / / / y / / / / ^ ^ / / 
 
 Em ^^ s~^ s~*\ s~*\ 
 
 Un, v^ v_x ^_s \^s ^^ v_y ^s v>- 
 
 I n S> ^^ ^^ N^*/ \^s s_x N^ s ^^/ s^x *^s **^s \^^ ^_J 
 
 Ya, r.: r....r...r._ r... r r. r....c...c. r. r_. 
 
 Hah. ^ ^- ^...^f.. ^. ^ </ ^ ^ <^..<^. </. 
 
 NOTE. For practise on this exercise see page 2 of " Phonographic Copv-Book." 
 
SCO TT-BR O WN&S TEXT- B O OK 
 
 MANNER OF JOINING CONSONANT STEMS. 
 
 13. When two or more stems are used in the outline of a word, 
 they are written without lifting the pen; the next beginning where the 
 preceding one ends. Illustration : 
 
 p k, n t, r m I, b n t, r r, k k, m m, m n. 
 
 14. RULE I. The first downward stem of a consonant outline 
 must end on the line of writing. Illustration: 
 
 f 
 
 *Pi f v > ch & PP> nl, d t. 
 
 15. RULE II. ^^ first upward stem of a consonant outline must 
 begin on the line of writing. Illustration: 
 
 r k, II, h n, sh /, m r. 
 
 16. Join the following stems without making an angle: 
 
 r - ......... C .s_.... 
 
 Ik, f n, t!i n, In, vg, d f, I r, 
 
 O ..... .O ...... r^ ..... ^ 
 
 / s, m s, m n, m ng, b ng, t n, r sh. 
 
 17. Always make an angle between the following stems: 
 
 f n, v ng, I m, r s. 
 
 18. Curve Em a little more before Ka and a little less before 
 Tt, in order to secure sharper angles; thus: i^V__ m k, \ m t. 
 
 Practise on the foregoing outlines until they can be written readily 
 and neatly. 
 
 Read carefully and with patience, the Exercise on the following 
 page, pronouncing aloud, first the name, and then the sound of each 
 stem. Illustration: 
 
 Pe-Em p m, sounding the p as in ape, leaving off 
 the a; m as in tiie, leaving off e. 
 
 NOTE. For practise on this exercise see page 3 of " Phonographic Copy-Book." 
 
OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 19. READING EXERCISE. 
 
 20. The hook on //aA cannot be made perfectly when ///& s 
 joined to Ja, Ya, etc., but an imperfect hook or offset is made on the 
 stems, which is just as legible to the student as the complete hook, 
 after becoming familiar with it. 
 
 The above Reading Exercise contains the correct consonant out- 
 lines of the following words: 
 
 21. WRITING EXERCISE. 
 
 a. Pope, pub, pity, pick; bevy, busy, bush, bijou; Tabby, 
 tidy, tag; daisy, duly, door, dame, deny; check, China, cherry; 
 Johnny, gem, jury, Jehu; keep, Cady, cage, coffee; Goth, Gus- 
 sie, gush, gaily, gear, game. 
 
 b. Fish, fame; vale, valley, veer, vary; theme, thorough; 
 sewer; zeal; sham, shallow. 
 
 c. Lehigh, lodge, Lena, lung, league, love, lobby, Lizzie, Laura, 
 Alma; arm, ark, early, Aurora; rock, review, rib, rich, ridge, rash, 
 rely, wreath, renew, rear. 
 
 d. Make, mug, meadow, map, move, mail, Mary, maim, money, 
 among, Mayhew; nap, into, inch, nag, enough, knoweth, noisy, 
 Nash, nail, narrow, anyway, N. Y. (En- Ya), N. H. (En-Hah). 
 
 e. Await, awoke, Oyer, Yahoo; holy, Harry, honey, ha-ha. 
 NOTE. Practise on pages 4 and 5 of "Scott-Browne's Phonographic Copy- Book. " 
 
SCOTT-BROWNE'S TEXT-BOOK 
 
 VOWELS AND VOWELIZATION. 
 
 LE SSON II. 
 
 POSITIV AND RELATIV VALUES. 
 
 1. The sound for which any sign or letter stands is called the 
 value or power of that sign or letter ; and if that si^n or letter never 
 stands for any other value or power never changes its value, but 
 always keeps the same that value is termed fixed, or positiv, or 
 absolute, all three of these words being in use to express the same 
 idea. It has been observed in the foregoing lesson that the values 
 of the fonografik (phonographic) consonant-signs are positiv, fixed, 
 unchanging; that is, p is always p, and d always d, wherever they are 
 written, and never stand for the sound of f or t or any other value 
 than each its own. 
 
 2. But in this lesson it will be noticed that the values of the 
 simple vowel signs are not positiv, but are dependent upon their rela- 
 tion to the consonant stem for their values. To illustrate : A heavy dot 
 written opposit the beginning of a stem thus, I , is called e, but if 
 this same dot is moved down opposit the middle of the stem, thus, 
 
 "I , it is called a, and if moved again down opposit the end of the 
 stem, thus, .1 , it is called ah; thus forming a short scale of three 
 sounds, f, a, ah, the consonant stem being of a convenient size to 
 furnish three distinctly different vowel sounds. By this, then, it is seen 
 that the simple vowel signs do not have fixed values, as it can not be 
 known what to call a dot till it has been placed 'by the side of a stem; 
 hence, it is said that the vowel signs possess relativ value; that is, 
 their relation to the stem must be shown before it can be known what 
 sound, or value, to giv them. 
 
 3. The vowel signs, then, possess not positiv but relativ value, 
 and are represented by dots and dashes written in three different places 
 by the side of the consonant stem, and made heavy and light to cor- 
 respond with long and short vowel signs. Heavy signs for long vowels 
 and light signs for short ones. 
 
 THE VOWEL SCALE, OR ALFABET. 
 
 4. There are, in the English language, sixteen simple vowel ele- 
 ments six long, and ten short, and seven compound vowels, or 
 difthongs, as heard in the following words: 
 
OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 LONG VOWELS. 
 
 "Be, err, fare, far, fall, move. 
 
 SHORT VOWELS. 
 
 7t, ell, up, CUT, at, ask, log, wh^le, wolf, and j[,* 
 the initial element of the difthong, z-oo, heard in the words blue, rue, 
 rude, tune, suit, etc. 
 
 COMPOUND VOWELS, OR DIFTHONGS. 
 
 Ale, old, tee, oil, owl, true, pre. 
 
 5. For practical reporting purposes it is not found necessary to 
 represent each of these elements with a distinct sign of its own. 
 Eighteen signs are regarded sufficient fourteen simple and four com- 
 pound signs. Two of the seven difthongs a and o are, for reasons 
 not necessary to explain here, classed, in fonografy (phonography), 
 with the simple vowels and represented by simple signs. 
 
 LONG VOWELS AND THEIR SIGNS. 
 
 6. The six long vowels (including a and d), classed together, are 
 
 as follows: 
 
 e a ah aw o oo 
 
 and represented thus: 
 
 : . i -: ! : 
 
 : 
 
 e a ah aw o oo 
 
 W> gave alms all cold hod. 
 
 7. When a vowel sign is written opposit the beginning of a stem 
 it is said to be in the first place; when opposit the middle of a stem, 
 in the second place; when opposit the end of a stem, the third place. 
 
 8. Observe that the beginning or first place, of a vowel, is where 
 the stem begins to be -written. The first place of Pe, Cha, Ef, Itk, etc., 
 is at the top because that is where those stems begin; while the first 
 place of La, Ra, Hah, is at the bottom, because that is where those 
 stems begin. (See next page, lines 2-7, first and fourth columns.) 
 
 9. The dash signs are written at right angles to the consonant 
 stem; that is, in an opposit direction to that of the stem. (See next 
 page, fourth, fifth and sixth columns.) 
 
 10. The consonant portion of a word is written first and the 
 vowel portion afterwards. 
 
 * This sound is formed in the mouth like the vowel in it, but uttered like the 
 vowel in up, from the back of the mouth, with the throat as nearly in position for sound- 
 ing ii (in up} as the tongue can allow and preserve the form of I (in it). 
 
SCOTT-BROWNE 'S TEXT-BOOK 
 
 II. EXERCISE ON LONG VOWELS. 
 
 DOTS. DASHES. 
 
 BEGINNING. MIDDLE. END. BEGINNING. MIDDLE. END. 
 
 -....l ISt ".. .l*:^, lard place. 1 "< *~ -j - pUc. !, rdl)Iace . 
 
 w-/ 
 
 a 
 g-a-ve 
 
 ah 
 
 aw 
 a-\\ 
 
 c-lld 
 
 oo 
 
 i-oo-A 
 
 - r .. 
 
 . 
 
 \. 
 
 - 
 
 M 
 
 
 Te 
 
 3- . .... 
 
 ta 
 
 tab 
 
 taw 
 
 toe 
 
 too 
 
 Key 
 
 kay 
 
 kah 
 
 caw 
 
 1 
 
 coe 
 
 1 
 coo 
 
 4. / 
 
 /? 
 
 s<< 
 
 / 
 
 ^x- 
 
 /\ 
 
 5- )". 
 
 y 
 
 \ 
 
 r 
 
 V 
 
 J 
 
 6. ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7- <T~ 
 
 r 
 
 r 
 
 \ 
 
 ^ 
 
 / 
 
 s- 1 
 
 \ 
 
 .1 
 
 -\ 
 
 -I 
 
 
 Eat 
 9- ... __ 
 
 ate 
 
 aht 
 
 awt 
 
 oat 
 
 oot 
 1 
 
 Eke 
 
 ache 
 
 ahk 
 
 awk 
 
 oak 
 
 ook 
 
 10. s*_s 
 
 s ^ 
 
 ^j, 
 
 (_, 
 
 vjy 
 
 < 
 
 !^I. 
 
 ....r~ 
 
 ....C. 
 
 -^ 
 
 "v 
 
 \ 
 
LA >v } 
 
 PHONOGRAPHY. Q 
 
 12. RULE III. Vowels that are read before a consonant are writ- 
 ten to the left of vertical and inclined stems, the same as they would 
 be in longhand, and above horizontal stems, the same as an upper line 
 of writing reads before a lower line. Illustration: 
 
 . X... -I v -( > J. .r. -C 
 
 ope, aid, eve, oath, ace, ooze, eel, awl, 
 
 ore, eke, ache, oak, aim, e'en, own. 
 
 13. RULE IV. Vowels that are read after a. consonant are writ- 
 ten to the right of vertical and inclined stems, and below horizontal 
 stems. Illustration: 
 
 X 
 
 L.. 1- 
 
 ^_ 
 
 J.: J..... C 
 
 ^ *"" 
 
 bow, 
 
 tea, dough, 
 
 fee, 
 
 sow, shoe, law, 
 
 ray, hah, 
 
 key, 
 
 , - 
 
 coo, g a y< 
 
 may, 
 
 ma, knee, neigh, 
 
 gnaw. know. 
 
 14. In naming the letters, or signs, of fonografik (phonographic) 
 words, be careful to get the exact sound for each sign, and, after 
 spelling the words by their correct sounds, be doubly careful to pro- 
 nounce them exactly as they were spelled, Illustration: 
 
 *\ a-p, ape, and not ap; 
 
 k-s t-a-m, tame, and not tarn; 
 
 K~N d-o-m, dome, and not domj 
 
 L t-a-k, take, not tack; 
 
 b-a-k, bake, not back; 
 /'\ r-a-t, rate, not rat. 
 
 In this way, carefully spell, both by sound and name of each sign, 
 and pronounce, correctly, the fonografik words on page n. 
 
10 SCOTT-BROWNS 'S TEXT-BOOK 
 
 15. Do not allow the common, printed spelling to mislead when 
 pelling a word in fonografy. Illustration: 
 
 Ache, a-k, and not a-se-aitch-e : 
 
 coo, k-oo, and not se-double-o; 
 
 thaw, Ith-aw, not te-aitch-a-doubleyou; 
 
 eel, e-l, not double-e-l; 
 
 talk, t-aw-k, not t-a-el-k; 
 
 though, The-o, not t-aitch-o-you-je~aitch; 
 
 gale, Ga-a-l, not je-a-l-e; 
 
 shawl, Ish-a-w-l, not Es-aitch-a-doubleyou-l; 
 
 rouge, Ra-oo-Zhe, not ar-o-you-je-t. 
 
 cage, -0^;, not se-a-je e. 
 
 16. Write no more signs in a word than there are sounds heard 
 in its pronunciation. Silent letters seen in printed words are never 
 represented in fonografy. Illustration: Know, n-o ^*-/ ; gnaw, 
 
 ^ - \ 
 
 n-aw t^^ ; see, s-e =- ) ; cope, k-o-p = " \ 
 
 17. Before writing a word in fonografy pronounce it slowly and 
 then sound all the elements separately, heard in the slow pronunciation, 
 in order to determine the exact sounds, and the correct signs to be 
 written. Illustration: 
 
 Word. Slow pronun- Separate Names of conso- Stcmout- Nameofeach Full 
 ciation. sounds. nant stems. line. sound. word. 
 
 Zero, zero, z-e-r-o, Ze-Ra y^ Ze-e-Ra-o y\ 
 
 Dado, dado, d-a-d-o, De-De 
 
 De-a-De-o 
 
 Cocoa, c o c oa, k-o-k-o, Ka-Ka Ka-o-Ka-o j 
 
 Delay, d e 1 ay, d-e-l-a, De-La Y De-e-La-a Y^ 
 
 NOTB. Remember that the pen must not be lifted till all the consonant stemt of an 
 outline are written, after which the vowel signs are placed. 
 
OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 18. READING EXERCISE 
 
 ON LONG VOWELS. 
 
 ist Place Vowels, 
 
 jrd Place Vowels. 
 
 \V-> ^---V ^ ^ ^ )'- L - 
 
 ..3,.F~. . [^ ...k . . ...... 1^ ..... < ..... Zl 
 
 >-V--C 
 s./o./\.. 
 
 2nd Place Voivels. 
 
 ^ ..... -I ..... I- ..... /...._,_..-(. ) 
 
 V-^-^ 
 ....TS .^. -7... __ 
 
 '' ..... 
 
 
 
 - r 
 
 \r 
 
12 SCOTT.BROWNES TEXT-BOOK 
 
 19. WRITING EXERCISE 
 
 ON THE LONG VOWELS. 
 
 Pea, pa, paw, Po, poo, ape, ope, bay, baa, bow, obey, eat, ate, 
 oat, tea, aid, ode, day, dough, age, Jo, eke, ache, oak, key, coo, 
 gay, fee, fay, foe, eve, oath, thaw, sou, ace, ooze, Shah, shaw, show, 
 shoe, lee, lay, lo, eel, ale, ail, awl, aim, ma, knee, gnaw, wo, woo, 
 yah, yo, haw, hoe, hah. 
 
 Peep, pope, papa, paid, peach, poach, peak, poke, opaque, Peko, 
 path, peal, pail, pale, Paul, pole, pool, palm, babe, beat, beet, 
 bait, boat, boot, beach, beak, bake, bath, bail, ball, bowl, below, beam, 
 balm, boom, boohoo, tape, teach, take, talk, teeth, tooth, tale, tall, 
 toll, tool, team, tame, tomb, deep, daub, dado, dale, dole, delay, 
 deem, dame, dome, doom, cheap, cheat, Choate, cheek, chalk, 
 choke, Job, joke, jail, keep, cape, cope, coop, coach, cage, cake, 
 coke, keel, cole, cool, calm, comb, gale, goal, ghoul, game, 
 feed, fade, food, Feejee, faith, fame, foam, veto, vote, vague, 
 vogue, thief, thieve, theme, sheep, shape, Sheik, shake, zeal, leap, 
 loop, lobe, load, leach, liege, leak, lake, leaf, loaf, laugh, leave, 
 lath, loathe, leal, lame, loom, leeway, mope, meek, make, mauve, 
 move, meal, male, mail, mole, maim, mama, knave, 'neath, name, 
 gnome, heap, hope, whoop, heat, hate, hoot, heed, hoed, heath, halo, 
 ho-ho, ha-ha. 
 
 Write Ra for r in the following words: 
 
 Ray, raw, rOw, reap, rope, robe, rate, wrought, wrote, root, 
 route, reed, raid, road, rowed, rood, reach, rage, wreak, rake, 
 rogue, wreath, wreathe, wrath, rouche, reel (Ra-El), rail, relay, 
 (Ra-La), rear, roar, Reno, zero, mar, moor, Nero, hero. 
 
 Write Er for r in the following words: 
 
 Ore, oar, peer, pier, par, pour, poor, bier, bore, bar tear, tar, 
 tore, tour, deer, door, char, chore, jeer, jar, car, Geer, fear, four, 
 far, veer, shear, shore, leer, lore, lark, ream, roam, Rome. 
 
 Write El (downward) for / in the following words: 
 
 Veal, vale, Thole, reel, rail, nail, knoll, league. 
 
 Write Sha and La (both upward) for sh and / in the following 
 words: 
 
 Shawl, shoal, shield, leash. 
 
OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 L E SSON III. 
 
 SHORT VOWELS. 
 
 I. The six short vowels, classed together, are heard in the fol- 
 lowing syllables: 
 
 f(t) 40 d?(t) 40 *(t) <**t) 
 
 and are represented thus: 
 
 jr 
 
 7t 
 
 i 
 fell 
 
 a 
 flat 
 
 d 
 on 
 
 u 
 pup's 
 
 od 
 foot 
 
 ask cur 
 
 2. The six /iwag- and six short vowels may be easily memorized 
 by repeating the following words containing them: 
 
 "We gave alms all a?ld food, 
 e a a a o od 
 7t fell flat on pup's foot, 
 it et at ot ut oot 
 
 3. Rules for writing vowels heard between STEM CONSONANTS: 
 
 RULE V. ALL first place and the two long second place 
 vowels, a and o, are written after the first consonant. Illustration: 
 
 peak big talk dock bake dome cake comb. 
 
 RULE VI. ALL the third place and the two SHORT second place 
 vowels, /and , are written before the second consonant. Illustration: 
 
 ........ L ........ Ll ........ ^r-r. ......... s_A ...... 
 
 palm boom tack took neck numb 
 
 NOTE. If first place vowels were written before the second stem, 
 and third place vowels after the first stem, it would bring the vowel 
 signs within the angles, and then it could not be told whether the 
 vowel was a first place one to the second stem or a third place one to 
 
 the first stem. Illustration: v->> \_ It cannot be told whether 
 the first word is balm or beam, or the second word, pack or pick\ but 
 
14 
 
 SCOTT-BROWNES TEXT-BOOK 
 
 by applying Rule V. the following word, ^~> , is known to be beam; 
 and by applying Rule VI. this word, \^~"t , is known to be balm, 
 4. The second place vowels could be written to either stem, but 
 to make an equal division of the signs to each stem it was thought 
 best by Mr. Pitman to write the long ones to the first and the short 
 ones to the second stem, which added to the legibility of such 
 words as \ bake, N-t_ beck, \^~^ dome, \^ dumb, etc., when in 
 careless or rapid writing the size of the vowel was not accurate. 
 
 .* lit 
 
 7t 
 
 ist Place Vowels. 
 
 5. READING EXERCISE 
 
 ON SHORT VOWELS. 
 
 flat 
 
 _]OuC 
 
 bat. 
 
 *- 
 
 l-Z../r....< 
 
OF PHONO GRAPH 'Y. 
 
 3rd Place Vowels. 
 
 ,. .1 J 
 
 ..... . . ,U ...Ir 1 
 
 6. WRITING EXERCISE 
 
 ON SHORT VOWELS. 
 
 Ebb, abby, odd, eddy, add, itch, etch, edge, echo, egg, ash, ill, 
 ell, Ella, alley, Emma, Anna, pity, petty, patty, putty, pod, pitch, 
 patch, pick, peck, pack, Puck, pig, pygmy, peg, pug, pith, 
 pussy, push, pill, pull, pully, pink, batch, badge, budge, back, book, 
 big, beg, bag, bog, bug, buggy, bevy, busy, bush, bushy, bijou, bill, 
 billow, bell, ballet (ballay), bung, tip, tap, top, tub, attach, touch, 
 tick, tack, attack, tuck, took, tag, tug, taffy, tally, tarry, Tenney 
 tung, tank, dip, ditty, oddity, dig, dog, dug, death, doth, dell, dull, 
 dally, doll, dim, dumb, ding, dong, chip, chap, chop, chat, chick, 
 check, chill, chilly, chimney, chink, jib, job, jet, jut, Judd, judge, 
 Jack, jockey, jig, jag, jog, jug, gill, jelly, jolly, gem, Jennie, 
 Johnnie, Kipp, cab, cob, cub, Kitty, catch, cudgel, Cudjo, kick, cook, 
 keg, cog, coffee, cafe, kith, cash, calla, callow, king, kink, gig, gag, 
 Goth, gush, galley, gull, gully, gum, guinea, gang, gong, fob, fitch, 
 fetch, fudge, fag, fog, foggy, fellow, fallow, follow, Fanny, funny, 
 fang, valley, volley, vim, thatch, thick, thicket, thumb, thong, zinc, 
 ship, shop, shabby, shadow, shock, shook, shaggy, sham, shank, 
 lip, lap, lop, elbow, Libby, lobby, lad, laddie, ledge, allege, lodge, 
 lick, lack, lock, locket, luck, lucky, look, live, love, lofty, loth, lilly, 
 loll, lull, limb, lamb, rally, map, mop, mob, Mattie, meadow, match, 
 mock, muck, mug, miff, muff, myth, moth, mash, mush, mashed, 
 mill, milk, mellow, mum, mummy, Minnie, many, money, among, 
 nip, nap, knap, nib, knob, Netie, niche, notch, nudge, nick, neck, 
 knack, knock, nook, knag, nag, gnash, unlucky, ninny, Nancy, 
 
SCOTT- BROWNES TEXT-BOOK 
 
 Nemmie, numb, hip, happy, happily, hub, hit, hat, hot, hut, hid, 
 head, ahead, hood, hitch, hatch, hedge, hath, hallow, hollow, hulloa, 
 honey, Hannah, hang, hung, hank. 
 
 Write Ra for r in the following words: Perry, parry, bury, 
 berry, cherry, carry, curry, ferry, furrow, thorough, lurch, rip, rap, 
 rib, rob, rub, writ, rat, rot, rut, rid, red, rod, ruddy, rich, wretch, 
 ridge, wreck, rack, rock, rocket, rook, rig, rag, rug, ring, wrong, 
 wrung, rink, rank, merry, marry, marrow, morrow, Murray, enrich, 
 Harry, hurry. 
 
 Write Er, for r in the following words: Erie, aerie, purr, burr, 
 lurk, rim, rum. 
 
 Write L'.l (downward) for / in the following words: Kill, kingly, 
 thill', rill, knell, null, annul, elegy, ilk, elk, alack, leg, lag, log, lug, 
 luggage, Ilm, elm, Elmo, alum, Alma, lung, link, lank. 
 
 Write Sha, La, and Ra (all upward) for sA and / and r in the frl- 
 lowin<2f words: Shell, shallow, lash, lashed, polish, polished, abolish, 
 abclis..eJ, rash, rush, hash, hush. 
 
OF PHONOGRAPHY. 17 
 
 LESSON IV. 
 
 EXTRA VOWELS 
 
 AND THEIR SIGNS. 
 
 1. The vowels ? in her and d in dare are not classed in their 
 proper places with the other long vowels, partly on account of such 
 an arrangement breaking up the usual six-vowel order of long and 
 short vowels, and partly because some fonografik authors do not pro- 
 vide for their representation, but use as substitutes either the second 
 place light dot / for the sound of e in her and i in sir or the light dash 
 u for in cur, and the second place heavy dot a for the vowel in dare. 
 It is much better that these distinct sounds have distinct signs of their 
 own, and this book provides proper representation for them as fol- 
 lows: 
 
 2. A light dash written in second place, parallel w ith the stem 
 for the vowel in her, sir, etc., and in third place, parallel with the 
 
 stem, for the vowel in dare. Illustration: ^ err, i" Goethe 
 (Ge(r)tuh), a air, \_/^ fairy. 
 
 3. The vowel in ask, past, alas, etc., is the true short mate of 
 the vowel in far, the correct sign for which is the third place light dot 
 used also to represent the sharper vowel heard in rat, which is the 
 short mate of the vowel heard in air, dare, etc. On account of the 
 similarity of these two vowels it is not necessary, for reporting pur- 
 poses, to have two distinct signs. Should a distinct sign be required, 
 in order to teach exact pronunciation, the light third place parallel 
 dash can be used to represent the short vowel in rat, and the same 
 sign made heavy to represent the long vowel in dare. 
 
 4. The vowel heard in cur, work, journey, etc., is more of a 
 gutteral than the one heard in earnest, mercy, girl, etc., and is repre- 
 sented by the second place light dash, as in cup. 
 
 5. READING EXERCISE 
 
 ON EXTRA VOWELS. 
 
IS SCOTT-BROWNE'S TSXT-BOOK 
 
 6. WRITING EXERCISE. 
 
 ON EXTRA VOWELS. 
 
 Goethe, Percy, (Ra for r), mercy. 
 
 Write Er for r in the following words: 
 
 Earth, earthy, earthly, earl, early, ergo, air, airy, pair, pare, 
 pear, bear, bare, barely, tare, dare, Adair, fare, fair, affair, lair. 
 
 Write Ra for rin the following wo~ds: Fairy, Thayer, rare, mare, 
 rarer (three lengths of Ra), thus: ^^^^ 
 
 Fair day. Percy came early. Poor, cheap fare. Rare, early pear. 
 
 PUNCTUATION, CAPITALS, EMPHASIS. 
 
 i. Th punctuation marks used in fonografic writing are: 
 
 /( EMPHASIS Used to indicate 
 
 ..PERIOD Used at the end of I ~~~~ emphatic words and sen- 
 
 / complete sentences. tences. 
 
 -+. DASH-Used in a break of | - CAPiTAUZER-Used to denote 
 
 ' sentences capitalization or name, and 
 
 ! the words equal to. 
 
 ..PARENTHESIS Used to en- \ ^ PLEASANTRY OR LAUGHTER- 
 
 close parenthetical remarks. . ^ Used to denote mirtnful 
 
 I O feeling. 
 
 C"j BRACKET Used to enclose re- I x INTERROGATION Used to de- 
 I marks by reporter or editor. note a question. 
 
 # i i ......... KXCLAMATION Used to indi- 
 
 HYPHEN Used to indicate | cate feeling, pathos, wou- 
 
 compound words. der or surprise. 
 
 All other punctuation marks used in writing and printing must 
 be supplied in the transcripts made of one's shorthand notes. 
 2. Capital letters are indicated thus: 
 
 E, | O, ( N. Y., f^*" Lima. 
 
 3- 1 letter writing, or in memoranda, the vowel initials of 
 names, if preferred, can be expressed by their signs written in the 
 correct vowel place by side of the cancelled Te stem, thus: 
 
 *l 17 "T 
 
 Jf \ 
 
 4. To indicate emphasis in print, words are set in italic letters. 
 To indicate emphasis in longhand writing, words are underscored by 
 a straight, horizontal line. To indicate emphasis in fonografic writ- 
 ing, words are underscored by a waved line. Illustration: 
 
 (/ "^ nn " ILI ~~ 
 
OF PHONOGRAPHY. 19 
 
 LE SSON V. 
 
 DIFTHONGS, OR COMPOUND VOWELS. 
 
 i. i oi ow ew 
 
 My boy's owl fLew. 
 
 DIFTHONG SIGNS. 
 
 2. The difthong signs are derived from the letter \f , or in- 
 clined cross, thus: 
 
 ow 
 
 Observe that in writing these signs, the angle should be made 
 sharper than is shown in the cross. 
 
 3. The difthong signs possess fixed values, and are written in 
 the most convenient place, usually the third place. 
 
 4. The difthong following r, as in rude, rumor, rule, etc., is not 
 so sharp as that heard in pure, cure, beauty, etc., but the same sign is 
 used to represent both. 
 
 5. Initial difthongs should be written first, and, if convenient, 
 
 joined to the following stem. Illustration: 1. Ida, \^ ivy, ) ice. 
 
 6. READING EXERCISE 
 
 ON DIFTHONGS. 
 
 _*.... V (r ..... X 1 ......... *) ..... J 
 
 j^ U..U.._r...v 
 A A. *\ 
 
 r> 
 
 > 
 
20 SCOTT-BROWNE'S TEXT- BOOK 
 
 7. WRITING EXERCISE 
 
 ON DIFTHONGS. 
 
 Pie, tie, Ida, Ike, Guy, fie, vie, ivy, thigh, sigh, ice, eyes, shy, 
 lie, lye, ally, nigh, high, isle, aisle, pipe, pike, pile, abide, byway, 
 tidy, tithe, time, tiny, dike, dime, idol, chime, China, jibe, kite, 
 chyle, chyme, guide, guile, Fido, five, shiny, like, life, alive, lime, 
 imbibe, mighty, mile, knife, hypo, height, hide. 
 
 Boy, boil, toy, toil, joy, coy, coil, Voy, avoid, alloy, oil, annoy, 
 noisy, ahoy. 
 
 Bow, Dow, cow, vow, row, owl, owlish (ow-La-Sha), chow-chow, 
 couch, gouge, fowl, foul, avowed, vouch, loud, mouth. 
 
 Pew, dew, adieu, due, chew, Jew, cue, thew, Sue, lieu, hew, hue, 
 Hugh, huge, beauty, duty, dupe, duke, eschew, Jewess, juicy, July, 
 Jehu, cube, imbue, mule. 
 
 Write Er for r in the following words: Ire, pyre, attire, dire, 
 gyre (Ja-Er), fire, lyre, rhyme, Irish (i-Er-Ish), toiler, lure, allure 
 (El-Er), rheum. 
 
 Write /v'rt for r in the following words: Rye, wry, ripe, right, 
 rite, write, Wright, arrive, writhe, irate, aright, mire, roy, roil (Ra- 
 El), roilly (/\a-La), rout, rowdy, rue, pursue, bureau, jury, fury, 
 furore, rude, review. 
 
 Write El for / in the following words: File, Nile, foil, roil, 
 Hoyle, fowl, foul. 
 
OF PHONO GRAPHY. 21 
 
 LESSON VI. 
 
 JOINED VOWEL-TICKS. 
 
 i. A vowel (belonging either to the dot or dash class), following 
 a difthong, is more quickly and conveniently represented by a small 
 tick joined to the difthong sign, and written in the direction of Te 
 on oi and ew, and of Ka on i and ow. 
 
 2. READING EXERCISE 
 
 ON JOINED VOWEL TICKS. 
 
 A 
 
 3. WRITING EXERCISE 
 
 ON JOINED VOWEL TICKS. 
 
 Iota, Iowa, lona, piety, pious, bias, Tioga, diet, dial, Viola, 
 scion, Zion, boyish, coyish, voyage, towel, dewy, Dewey, Jewess, 
 duel, dual, jewel, Jewish, Shuey, annuity. 
 
 Write Er for r in the following words: Dyer, power, tower, 
 dower, shower, jeweler, fewer, sewer, newer. 
 
 Write Ra for r in the following words: Diary, fiery, riot, Ryan, 
 miry, higher, royal (Ra-El} royally (Ka-La), cower, Rowell (Ra-El), 
 jewelry, ruin, renewal (7 stem), hewer. 
 
 Write El for / in the following words: Vial, viol, lion, royal, 
 vowel, Rowell, Howell, fuel, Newell, renewal. 
 
22 SCOTT-BROWNE 'S TEXT-BOOK 
 
 CIRCLES AND LOOPS, 
 
 LESSON VII. 
 
 BRIEF ADDITIONAL SIGNS FOR S AND Z. 
 
 1. The frequently occurring sounds of s and z are, in a large 
 class of words, represented by a small circle, o , named Is or 7z, used 
 at the beginning of stems, between stems, and at the end of stems, 
 thus securing convenience in joining, brevity of outline, and greater 
 ease and rapidity in writing. 
 
 2. The circle is joined to straight stems by a leftward motion 
 of the pen, moving in three distinct directions, as shown in this little 
 square joined initially to the Pe stem, \ , while a fourth direction 
 forms the stem. 
 
 3. The circle is always written on the concave side of a curve 
 thus: ^_ 
 
 4. In joining the circle to any stem, either initially or finally, 
 let the first and last movements be at right angles with the stem. 
 Illustration: 
 
 .b ....... ... 
 
 VJI..X*.. C.VG ..V o) a-/ a/ ...... fa .. ^..<r~b...<O>....~^. o 
 
 Let the learner practise on the squares until without their aid a 
 perfect circle can be easily formed. 
 
 5. The circle has no effect upon vowelization. A vowel heard 
 either before or after a consonant represented by a stem is always 
 written before or after the stem, whether a circle is on the stem or 
 
 not. Illustration: \. up, /\ sup, \v/tV, \v spy, ' eat, i seat, 
 _^_ ache, Q_S_ sake. 
 
 6. A vowel is never read before an initial circle. The initial 
 circle always reads first, and then any vowel that may be before the 
 stem, and then the stem, and then any vowel that may follow the 
 
 stem. Illustration: j settee, .fy- satiety, "f. soda. See page 24, 
 line 4. 
 
OF PHONOGRAPHY. 23 
 
 7. Initial s is expressed on the Hah stem by a circle in the place 
 of the hook. Illustration: g\ Sofia. See line 4, seventh and eighth 
 words of page 24. 
 
 8. Initial z is always represented by the stem. See page 25, 
 line 16. 
 
 9. The circle at the end of stems is always read last. A vowel 
 cannot read after a circle because the circle furnishes no places in 
 which three different vowels could be written. See page 24, line 5. 
 
 10. A circle between two straight stems running in the same 
 direction, is written by the same motion of the pen as the circle on a 
 single straight stem. See page 24, line 6. 
 
 u. A circle between straight stems, struck in different directions, 
 is written outside of the angle. See page 24, line 7. 
 
 12. A circle between a straight line and a curve, is always written 
 on the concave side of the curve. See page 25, line 8. 
 
 13. A circle between Em and any other curve, when it cannot 
 come within the curve of both stems, is written on the concave side 
 of Em. See page 25, line 9. 
 
 14. A circle between Ef, Un, and La, and between La and Ve, 
 and La and Ith, is written on the concave side of La. See page 25, 
 line 10. 
 
 15. The circle between other curve combinations is written on 
 the concave side of both curves. See page 25, line n. 
 
 LARGE CIRCLE FOR SES, SEZ, ZEZ. 
 
 16. The double sound of s or z ses, sez, zez is expressed by a 
 large circle in such words as 
 
 ...V <o 6 No .... .,.... 
 
 passes, possess, teases, possessed, excessive, races. 
 
 17. The use of a double-sized circle to express the double sound 
 of s and z, allows the plural ending of words to be formed in analogy 
 with words in the singular number terminating with the small circle. 
 Illustration: 
 
 piece, pieces, case, cases, rose, roses; 
 
34 SCOTT-BROWNE'S TEXT-BOOK 
 
 also the third person singular of such verbs as end with the small 
 circle is expressed with the large circle. Illustration: 
 
 ....................... L" ............. 6 .................. A . ........ A ................... 
 
 toss, tosses, rise, rises. 
 
 See page 25, lines 12 and 13. 
 
 18. A third sound of s following ses, sez, zez, is expressed by a 
 small circle on the back of the large circle. Illustration: 
 
 possesses, abscesses, excesses, successes, recesses. 
 
 See page 25, line 14. 
 
 19. The vowel /, heard in sez, is never written; but if any other 
 vowel than / occurs between the s or z sounds, it is written if legi- 
 bility requires it. Illustration: 
 
 .............. rf .............. rP ..... ........ ^ ...... V. 
 
 exist, exhaust, basis, bases, 
 
 See page 25, line 15. 
 
 20. READING EXERCISE 
 
 ON CIRCLES. 
 
 \ ...... :\ ....... i. ...... r- ....... r- ....... ft <r 
 
 
 4-f ....... -t ..^*o !..V....v< ..... oX <r 
 
 .5-.\o ..... V ..... X ...... V ........ C t f ...... i 
 
OF PHONOGRAPHY. 35 
 
 cfL^-JkL 
 
 NO. t ID ./:.... '^... 
 
 2i. WRITING EXERCISE 
 
 ON CIRCLES. 
 
 Soap, soup, sips, saps, seat, stays, stows, stew, suit, sight, sty, 
 seed, said, sad, sawed, sowed, soda, suds, such, sage, sages, seize, 
 sedge, sausages, seek, sake, sick, sacks, success, successes, Sussex, 
 sag, sago, safe, sofa, save, seive, sythe, size, sizes, seize, seizes, 
 sash, sashes, seal, seals, sails, sale, solo, sorry, sorrows, sore, sere, 
 sour, sire, same, some, sum, psalm, sin, son, sun, sane, soon, 
 sneeze, snows, sing, sang, sung, sway, sways, Swiss, Soho, Sahara. 
 
 Pass, piece, peace, passes, pieces, pace, paces, pause, pauses, 
 posses, possesses, base, bays, boys, abase, abases, abuse, abscess, 
 abscesses, tease, teases, days, dose, doze, dozes, disease, diseases, 
 cheese, cheeses, chase, chews, etches, ages, joys, Jews, juice, rejoice, 
 rejoices, kiss, kisses, Cass, Cass's, case, cases, oaks, aches, echoes, 
 ox, ax, axes, axis, axgs, excess, excesses, excuse, excuses, exercise, 
 exercises, exercised, guess, guesses, gaze, geese, goose, gas, gases, 
 gauze, Guy's, face, faces, vase, vases, vice, vices, voice, voices, 
 
28 SCOTT-BROWNE 'S TEXT-BOOK 
 
 trows, views, reviews, thighs, oaths, shows, shoes, ashes, lace, laces t 
 loose, looses, lose, loses, lease, allays, alleys, Ellis, Alice, raise, (Ra 
 for r) raises, race, races, recess, recesses, rise; arise, (Er for r) arises, 
 arouse, arouses, erase, erases, ears, oars, errs, airs, miss, misses, 
 muss, aims, noise, annoys, noises, news, niece, nice, ounce, ounces, 
 wise, ways, yes, use (uze), haze, hiss, hisses, house, houses, hews, 
 hues, Hughes, hies, Hayes, pushes, bushes, tushes (upward stem, Sha t 
 for sh following Te, De, Ef, La, JRa, and Hah), dishes, dashes, fishes, 
 lashes, luscious, rushes, hushes, possessed, pacify, passive, passeth, 
 pestle (p-s-f), puzzle, poison, obesity, beset, besides, beseech, basks, 
 abusive, bustle (b-s-l), baser, besom, business, basin, baseness, ab. 
 sence, upset, tasty, outside, task, tassel, teasel, desk, dusk, dusky, 
 dusty, decides, decisive, diseased, docile (either upward or downard /), 
 desire, desirous, disrobe, dislike, dispels, disloyal, dozen, Chesapeake, 
 chosen, chisel, Jason, jostle, cusp, cask, cassock, excessive, cha'sm, 
 cosmos, cousin, Casino, castle (k-s-l), Castile (k-s-t-l), gasp, gossip, 
 gusto, guzzle, fiasco, fizzle (El stem), fosil, vessel, vassal, visage, 
 thistle (El stem), lisp, receive (r-s-v), misty, mask, listen (El stem) 
 ]essen, lesson, loosen, reason, risen, rosin, resume (Er stem), missile, 
 muzzle, music, musk, mosque, mistletoe (in-z-l), mouser (Ra stem), 
 miser, misery, honesty, nasty, necessity, necessary, nestle, nozzle, 
 insist, resist, subsist, desist, system, scissors, saucer, season, Susan, 
 schism, Sicily, successive, unsafe, unseen, Owasco, anxiety, anxious 
 (Ing-hh-Js), hasty, hastily, husk, hassock, husky, hustle (La stem), 
 hasten. Hosannah, hussar (Ra stem). 
 
 SHORT SENTENCES. 
 
 See Miss Dewey's roses. Yes, Laura's peaches are ripe. Olive's 
 mosses are rare. Take back Johnny's books. Naughty Darius 
 Howe chews gum. Katie Lewis makes nice, rich coffee. Miss Lillie 
 Snow ate some savory soup. Choose right ways. Resist laziness. 
 Lizzie likes ripe, juicy pears. Maurice says no such slow coach was 
 seen. Sadie saw some ice houses. Newell Dyer's sons saw the sun 
 rise. Viola passes Jennie's house many times. Sadie supposes they 
 are wrong. Lucy knows they are right. Susan does seem sad. 
 Lizzie sings Katie's merry song. Johnny's cows like husks. Dogs 
 chase cows. Mollie says it snows. Chicago's chime-bells make merry 
 music. Tommie's owl eats mice. Honesty satisfies reason. Wise 
 boys look ere they leap. Lena loves rainy days. Seek happiness. 
 
OF PHONOGRAPHY. 37 
 
 LESSON VIII. 
 
 LOOPS FOR ST AND STR. 
 
 1. A small loop written initially on stems expresses initial st 
 sounds; written finally, expresses final st or zd sounds. Illustration: 
 
 \ step, '\ state, r~^ steak, .0 still, Tl star, er^ starry, 
 er^ stem ?xL> stony, ^- past or passed, & guest or guessed, /--^ 
 mist or missed, ~^-f honest, TS>< abused, f? gazed, ^ Caroused, <^A 
 housed. See lines 1-3 below. 
 
 2. A large final loop on stems expresses sir. Illustration: 
 ^. pastor, : ^~ toaster, ^f faster, I Lester, 0' vester. See 
 line 4 below. 
 
 3. A circle is written on the back of loops to express s or z fol- 
 lowing st or sir. Illustration: 'fc posts, ^ posters. See line 5 
 below. 
 
 4. The loops can be used in the middle of words provided, at 
 the point of junction, the stems do not cross each other. If the stems 
 cross, the loop is reduced to the value of the s circle. Illustration: 
 b^ destiny, OsOt testify, (^.yesterday. See line 6 below. 
 
 5. READING EXERCISE 
 
 ON ST AND STR LOOP. 
 
 .'.-x ........ \ ..... i ...... -L / _. ^ ^ 
 
 3-X....X. 
 
 .4,^ ....... b: 
 
38 SCOTT-BROWNE'S TEXT- BO OK 
 
 6. WRITING EXERCISE 
 
 ON ST AND STR LOOPS. 
 
 Steep, step, stop, stoop, stab, stub, state, stout, steady, study, 
 stitch, stage, steak, stake, stick, stack, stalk, stock, stuck, stucco, 
 stag, stiff, stuff, staff, stave, stove, Stacy, steal, steel, stale, stall, 
 stole, stool, still, stilly, Stella, style, steer, stay, store, starry, story, 
 steam, stem, stony, sting, stung. 
 
 Pieced, paste, paced, pest, pester, past, passed, posts, posters, 
 beasts, baste, boasts, boaster, boost, best, busts, abased, abused, 
 teased, taste, toast, toaster, tests, attest, dost, dust, dusters, adduced, 
 doused, chaste, chased, chests, Chester's, jests, joist, cased, kissed, 
 cast, castor, coast, coaster, costs, Custer's, gazed, guests, guessed, 
 ghosts, aghast, feasts, faced, fist, fast, faster, fussed, Foster, vest, 
 vast, vaster, least, laced, list, lest, Lester's, last, luster, loosed, 
 erased, erst, arrest, aroused, raced, roast, roaster, wrist, rest, roused, 
 roosts, roosters, mists, missed, masts, masters, amassed, amused, 
 most, must, musters, nests, Nast, honest, Nestor, songster, song- 
 sters, waste, waists, West, Wistar, Worcester (Wooster), yeast, 
 yester. 
 
 Artist (Ra for r), artists, reduced, richest, rejoiced, refused, re- 
 vised, upraised, ballast, tallest, utmost, teamster, dullest, coolest, 
 calmest, mildest, forests, forester, fensed, evinced, announced, re- 
 nounced, artistic, statistics. 
 
 SHORT SENTENCES. 
 
 Air-castles fade like mist. Hester despises wrong. Step fast. 
 Lester must eat some roast lamb next Tuesday. Take enough rest. 
 Despise laziness. Waste no time. Be just. James must go 
 West. Invest money safely. Ernest Stout just paid Chester West 
 some money. It must be best. Jack's master testifies last. Lester 
 came yesterday. Alice states facts. Make haste slowly. Haste 
 makes waste. 
 
OF PHONOGRAPHY. 29 
 
 SEMICIRCLES AND HOOK. 
 
 LESSON IX. 
 
 BRIEF SIGNS FOR WA AND YA. 
 
 SEMICIRCLES. 
 
 e We, 3 Wit, o Ye, F. 
 
 I. Small semicircles for w and j are employed in a large class 
 of words, adding greatly to legibility, and facilitating ease and speed 
 of writing. Illustration: 
 
 V -1 J 
 ... . \ ...... X _______ b ..... .../ 
 
 weep, web, waits, watch, -walks, yacht, yokes, unyoke, yellow. 
 2. The small circle is conveniently written within We and Wu 
 signs to express sw in certain words. Illustration: 
 
 ............ *S ............ .1 ........... i- ......... O 
 
 V . 
 
 sweep, sweet, swig; swings, suavity. 
 
 WA HOOK ON LA, RA, EM, UN. 
 
 3. Brief Wa is joined to La, Ra, Em, and Un, as a hook. Illus- 
 tration: 6 waz7, <iV^ wore, *rS TW?W, CL^/ w<?w. See next page, lines 6-7. 
 
 4. The circle for initial s is written on the Wa hook of ^a, but 
 never on the hooks of La, Em, and Un the circle and Wa stem 
 being used for sw preceding these three stems. Illustration: (^" swore, 
 
 swells. See next page, line 8. 
 
 YI, YOI, vow. 
 
 5. The tr-ifthongs yi, yoi, yow, are expressed by brief Ya joined 
 to the difthong signs. Illustration: 
 
 genii, Honeoye, meow. 
 
 NOTE (a). In joining Wti to Pe, Be, Ka, Ga, and Ing, observe 
 that the motions of the pen are similar to those made in forming a 
 plain figure z. 
 
 (b). In joining We" to Te, De, Cha, Ja, and Ish, observe that 
 the motions of the pen are like those made in forming a figure 9, 
 while Ye is joined to Te, De, and Ith, by a motion similar to that in 
 forming a figure 7. 
 
30 SCOTT-BROWNE'S TEXT-BOOK^ _ 
 
 6. READING EXERCISE 
 
 ON BRIEF WA AND YA SIGNS. 
 
 ...K ..... ^ ...... .1; ......... :1 ....... 1 ........ -1 ....... 1-.J- .../ ..... /. 
 
 2. .. . 2 _ o ^ Q , ^4 a _ . *_>> vs_ *^> ..... V- ....... < 
 
 .3,.:! ..... ^....l ..... ^l_.wTN ....."?>.. .^ 
 
 -1 ...... / 
 
 J5 
 
 i 
 
 ^ 
 
 .0 
 
 7 ._WRITING EXERCISE 
 
 ON BRIEF WA AND YA SIGNS. 
 
 Wipe, web, Webster, witty, wittily, wet, wettest, wait, witticism, 
 weeds, wade, wades, widows, widest, witch, bewitch, watch, wage, 
 wedge, weak, wake, walk, woke, wicks, wax, waxes, waxed, wigs, 
 wife, waif, woof, weave, weaves, wives, withe, wash, wing, wings. 
 
 Sweep, swop, swoop, swab, sweet, sweeter, sweetest, sweetly, 
 sweat, Swede, swayed, switch, swig, suave, suavity, swath, swathe, 
 swash, swing, swung, assuage, assuages, unswayed, unswathe, 
 Zouave. 
 
 Weal, wail, wall, wallow, wool, wooly, Wallace, Willis, Wells, 
 willow, welcome, wellfare, wealth, unwell, unwieldy, unwelcome, 
 wealthy, Willoughby, war, wore, weary, wary, worry, wear, ware, 
 wares, beware, worse, worst, worth, worthless, worthy, unworthy, 
 warm, worm, wormwood, swore, swear, swears, soiree, swarm, 
 swarms, swarthy, wammel, wem, wean, wane, win, wins, winnow, 
 wen, wan, won, one, .once, wince, winces, winced, windy, window, 
 winnow, Wednesday. 
 
OF PHONO GRAPHY. 
 
 Yacht, yoke, unyoke, yak, youth, youths, usury ( Ye-Zhe-Ra), 
 Vale, yell, yellow, yellowish (upward stem for sfi), yawl, yelp, yelk, 
 yield, year (Er stem), yore, yarrow (Ra stem), yam, yon. yawn, 
 yawns, Eunice, unique, unity, unite, young, youngster, yank. 
 
 Genii, Honeoye, meow. 
 
 SHORT SENTENCES. 
 
 William Wallace knew no fear. Willie Woods must make no 
 delay. Eunice buys cheap cake. See young Yulee's yacht. Johnnie 
 keeps young sheep. Fannie's kitty says "meow!" Yellow dogs 
 wag yellow tails. Wet dogs sometimes yelp. Jennie sweeps well. 
 Emma likes sweet cookies. Wage no war. Always keep sweet 
 peace. Wealth follows work; welcome both, worthy youths. 
 Take no wine. Study well. Win. 
 
32 
 
 SCOTT-BROWNES TEXT-BOOK 
 
 LESSON Z. 
 
 BRIEF WA AND YA SIGNS DISJOINED. 
 
 1. The semicircles for the coalescents, W(pd) Y(e) cannot be con- 
 veniently joined between stems or at the end of stems, in a large 
 class of words especially words containing the y(e) element and 
 are, therefore, disjoined and written in the vowel places, taking the 
 order of vowel sounds and made heavy when in the place of long 
 vowels and light when in the place of short ones. 
 
 2. Tabular view of brief Wa and Ya in vowel places: 
 
 WA SERIES. 
 
 wit 
 wet 
 wag 
 
 wot 
 wim 
 wool 
 
 
 Long. 
 
 
 
 
 Short. 
 
 we 
 
 in 
 
 week 
 
 
 c wi 
 
 in 
 
 wa 
 
 
 
 witke 
 
 
 c -we 
 
 " 
 
 wa 
 
 
 
 -waft 
 
 
 <- wa 
 
 " 
 
 wa 
 
 In 
 
 wall 
 
 
 D WO 
 
 in 
 
 wo 
 
 it 
 
 woke 
 
 
 D WU 
 
 " 
 
 woo 
 
 n 
 
 WOOL'll 
 
 
 o woo 
 
 u 
 
 YA SERIES. 
 
 
 Long. 
 
 
 
 
 Short, 
 
 
 v ye 
 
 in 
 
 year 
 
 
 u yi 
 
 in 
 
 ytt 
 
 <> ya 
 
 44 
 
 yale 
 
 
 ^ ye 
 
 " 
 
 yet 
 
 u ya 
 
 " 
 
 yard 
 
 
 j ya 
 
 (4 
 
 yak 
 
 ya 
 
 In 
 
 yawn 
 
 
 -i yo 
 
 in 
 
 yon 
 
 yo 
 
 " 
 
 yoke 
 
 
 r> yu 
 
 " 
 
 yciung 
 
 n yoo 
 
 X 
 
 you 
 
 
 ft yoo 
 
 u 
 
 Yucatan 
 
 NOTE (a). The w signs are made from a circle cut in two verti- 
 cally, thus: Q while for the y signs it is cut in two horizontally, 
 thus: Q- 
 
 (b). The w sign in dot vowel places opens to the right, or 
 towards the east, while the w sign in dash vowel places opens to the 
 left or towards the west; and the y sign in dot vowel places opens 
 upward, or towards the north, while the y sign in dash vowel places, 
 opens downward, or towards the south. 
 
 NOTE (c). Observe that the vowel sound in Wi and Yf is that 
 of a dot vowel, hence We and Yi are the signs used in the dot-vowel 
 places. 
 
 (</). The vowel sound in Wit and Yu is that of a dash vowel, 
 hence W& and Yu are used in dash-vowel places. 
 
OF PHONOGRAPHY. 33 
 
 W AND Y EQUIVALENTS. 
 
 3. Before giving a list of words illustrating the use of the dis- 
 joined semicircles, it will be an advantage to the student to under- 
 stand clearly the alfabetic equivalents of 10 and y. 
 
 The sound represented by w is the same as u in quick and nearly 
 the same as oo in coo (being briefer in pronunciation than oo, and in 
 some words more like oo in foof), and the final element of the dif- 
 thongs o, ow, ew, as will be easily perceived by the slow pronuncia- 
 tion of 0=0-00, ow=ah-oo, eiv=e-oo. 
 
 4. The sounds represented by y in you and pity are the same as 
 e in be and I in it; but, when followed by another vowel sound in such 
 words as beauteous, opiate, etc., the e becomes shorter and the? 
 sharper, producing a short sound like unaccented e in the syllable be 
 in behold. Y-a, e-a, and i-a; y-o, e-o, and f-o, when quickly pronounced, 
 are one and the same thing. For example, the syllable io in folio, can 
 be spelt three ways -folio, foleo, folyo and indicate the same pronun- 
 ciation. 
 
 5. The following words contain w(oo) and y(e) sounds repre- 
 sented in different ways by alfabetic equivalents, without changing the 
 pronunciation: Iowa=Io-ooa=Ioa; Owen=Oooen=Oen; bowie^ 
 bo-ooy = bo-I; boa=-bo-ooa=bowa; bivouac =bivooac = bivwac, 
 quick=kooik=kvvik; twig=tooig=tuig; sweet=sooeet=sueet; Yale= 
 gSle = Iale=; yank ==gank = lank; India= Indea= Indya; opiate = 
 ope3te=opyate ; atheist=athi-ist=athyist ; carrier=carre-er=carry- 
 er; anterior=antereor=antery-or. 
 
 6. There are a few words in which the syllabication might seem 
 changed by the use of a sign that suggested the letter y such as 
 
 \^"^ barrier, s~\s merrier, the fonografic forms of which sug- 
 gest the spelling of the words with a y and two r's, instead of three, 
 thus: meryer, baryer, and syllabized thus, mer-yer, bar-yer, instead of 
 thus, mery-er, bary-er; but as there are no such words as mer-yer and 
 bar-yer, no confusion can arise by the use of the y sign. The words 
 collier (yer), lawyer, etc., would never be pronounced colly-er, lawy-er, 
 for the reason that there are no such words in the language. English 
 speaking students will have no difficulty in distinguishing between- 
 these two classes of words. 
 
34 SCOTT-BROWNE S TEXT-BOOK 
 
 7. There are a few concurrent vowels the initial one of which 
 is accented which better be expressed by their separate signs, thus: 
 
 idea, pean, seance, eon, eolis, Leo, Leon, 
 
 writing nearest to the stem that vowel which is heard next to the 
 stem. 
 
 8. The concurrent vowels in such words as bowie, boa, doughy, 
 Owen, etc., are more conveniently and quickly expressed by the dash 
 for o and a brief w sign joined, than by the exact vowel signs written 
 separately taking advantage of the terminal oo or w element of o, 
 and representing it by the brief w sign, which sign carries with it, or, 
 at least, suggests on account of its names, We and Wu, an accom- 
 panying short vowel sound, dot or dash, according to the direction in 
 which it opens. Illustration: ^ bowie, \* doughy, vi^ or ^j 
 Owen, & oasis using Wi, because it represents w with a 
 dot vowel sound following it. \ boa, ^ __ ' Noah using 3 Wii, 
 because it represents w with a dash vowel sound following it the 
 vowel sounds in these words being invariably pronounced in ordinary 
 speech (even by the best sckolars), nearer like the vowel in up than 
 like short ah. By taking advantage of this pronunciation a distinction 
 can be made between X boa, and \ bowie v-x Not and ^--^ 
 Noah, etc., etc. 
 
 NOTE. While it may seem teaching a tautophonical pronuncia- 
 tion to represent the vanish or terminal sound of o by both the o dash 
 and brief w sign attached to the o dash, it is necessary to so repre- 
 sent it in order to secure a sign that will join legibly to the dash and 
 at the same time represent, or suggest, the short vowel sound follow- 
 ing the o sound. The student may regard that the dash represents 
 the radical or initial sound of o (short, as in whole), while the w sign 
 represents both the vanish or terminal sound of o and the short vowel 
 following it; or he may, if preferred, regard the dash as representing 
 full o, and brief TV sign as representing only the short vowel follow- 
 ing. Either way, it expresses the same thing. 
 
OF PH ONOGRAPHY. 35 
 
 9. The concurrent vowels of poet, poem, bowie, boa, towage, Zoe t 
 Not, if expressed by their separate signs, are written thus: 
 
 X X I- )- v .... 
 
 but if by their joined signs, thus: 
 
 ^ x~> .X ^ h )' v 
 
 It will be seen that the joined signs are more readily and quickly 
 made, for the following reasons: The student does not have to think 
 of the particular place by the side of the consonant stem in which to 
 write the sign of the second vowel, and does not have to lose time in 
 pen-liftings or in going back to place the vowel to a downward stem, 
 as in the words poet, towage, etc. Besides, it enables the vowels to 
 be read in their proper order, forward or downward, instead of back- 
 ward or upward, as in the words bowie, towage, etc., where the sepa- 
 rate signs are written. 
 
 10. The concurrent vowels in deity, deist, etc., can be quickly 
 and legibly expressed by a single sign, thus: " deity, k deist, 
 
 C\f I" 
 
 theist, etc., instead of thus: I u etc. 
 
 it. Concurrent vowels having any other than e, i, y, oo, o, w, 
 for the initial vowel must be expressed by separate signs, thus: 
 X payee. )l Isaiah, (' I or f * I laity, \ or I gayety, 
 rawish. 
 
 12. READING EXERCISE 
 
 ON BRIEF WA AND YA DISJOINED. 
 
 \ X or\-. 
 
 $ 
 
 O ... h 
 
36 
 
 SCOTT-BROWNE'S TEXT-BOOK 
 
 13. WRITING EXERCISE 
 
 ON BRIEF WA AND YA DISJOINED. 
 
 Poets, poetic, poem, bowie-knife, boa, towage, doughy, Zoe, 
 showy, Louis (Looi), lower, Louisa, rower, mower, Noe, Noel, 
 Noah, hoer, oasis, oases, stoic, Stowell, snowy, slowest, soloist. 
 
 Opiate, barrier, carrier, merrier, Collier, lawyer, piano, fiasco, 
 geology, theology, theory, theories, theorize, theorized, Zenobia, 
 Zenia, area, Arabia, mania, ammonia, India, olio, folio, folios, 
 foliage, deist, deistic, theist, atheist, atheistic, atheistical, atheistic- 
 ally, atheism, insignia, maniac, superior, exterior, inferior, interior, 
 anterior, odious, odium, idiom, idiot, idiocy, idiotic, piteous, beau- 
 teous, tedious, copious, copiously, furious, various, impious, happier, 
 happiest, wealthier, wealthiest, worthier, worthiest, balmiest, funni- 
 est, studious, studiously, dubious, curious, tinier, tiniest, sorriest, 
 silliest, annual, manual, biennial. 
 
 Payee, pean, idea, gayety. seance, Isaiah, laity, Leo, Leon, 
 eolis, rawish, eon. 
 
Of PHUNOGKAPHY. 
 
 37 
 
 ASPIRATE TICK, HEH. 
 
 LESSON XI. 
 
 HEH ON STEMS. 
 
 i. A small inclined tick for initial h, is used on the following 
 stems: Em, Er, and Wa. Illustration: 
 
 home, homely, harm, -whistle. 
 
 2. Heh is also used on the joined brief w signs and hook, made 
 in the direction of Pe or Cha, and written upward or downward 
 according to convenience of joining Ilustration: 
 
 -wheat, -whack, whiff, whale, whir, whine, whim. 
 3. READING EXERCISE 
 
 ON ASPIRATE TICK. 
 
 4. WRITING EXERCISE 
 
 ON ASPIRATE TICK. 
 
 Hymn, hem, ham, hum, hemal, Hummel, homely, homeliness, 
 homeless, homelike, homicide, homo, homily, hominy, humility, 
 hammock, harm, harmless, harmony, harmonize. 
 
 Whey, whoa, whiz, whizzes, whist, whittle, Whittlesey, whistle, 
 whistler, whisk, whiskey, whiskers. 
 
 \Vhip, Whipple, whop, whopper, wheat, Whateley, Whitelaw, 
 whittle, Whitchor, whack, whacks, whig, whiff, whang. 
 
 Whale, whaler. Wheeling, whir, whirs, whirl, whirligig, wharl, 
 wherry, wharf, wharves, whim, whimsical, whine, whinney. 
 
 452137 
 
SCOTT-BROWNE 'S TEXT-BOOK 
 
 ABBREVIATIONS AND POSITION. 
 
 LESSON XII. 
 
 ABBREVIATIONS. 
 
 1. There are certain words of common, frequent use, that, fo- 
 the sake of greater speed in writing, are abbreviated in their fono- 
 grafic representation, the same as words are abbreviated in common 
 print; that is, expressed by one, two, or more of their letters or 
 signs, instead of all. About two-thirds of these abbreviations are 
 complete in their consonant representation the vowels only being 
 omitted; and although the advanced fonografer never writes the 
 vowels in any word, except when absolutely necessary, these special 
 words with vowels, only, omitted are placed in the list of abbrevia- 
 tions, because they are never to be vowelized but learned as the 
 special, fixed signs for those words; while the words not in the list of 
 abbreviations are vowelized or not, as the writer finds necessary. 
 
 2. Some words are abbreviated by omitting the consonants, 
 retaining only the vowel, while other words, still, are represented by 
 brief signs such as the circle, loops, half-circles, etc. 
 
 VOWEL RULE OF POSITION. 
 
 3. Before giving a Hst of abbreviations it will be necessary to 
 explain what is termed "The vowel rule of position." It is already 
 well understood that there are three PLACES by the side of a consonant 
 stem for vowels. Corresponding to these three vowel PLACES are 
 three stem or outline POSITIONS governed by the vowels: Words con- 
 taining a first place vowel to be written in first position above the 
 line; words containing a second place vowel to be written in second 
 position on the line; words containing a third place vowel to be 
 written in third position thru or under the line. 
 
 4. The first position for upright and inclined stems is HALF the 
 height of a Te stem above the line; and for horizontals and brief signs, 
 about HALF-WAY BETWEEN the lines of writing, according to the 
 
 vidth between the lines writing a little below the centre on wide- 
 med paper. 
 
 5. The second position for all signs is on the line of writing. 
 
 6. The third position for upright and inclined stems is THROUGH 
 r ACROSS, the line; and for horizontals and brief signs, UNDER the Una, 
 
OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 39 
 
 7. It is a great aid to legibility to write, not only the greater 
 number of abbreviations, but also words of ONE SYLLABLE in the 
 position indicated by the vowel or accented vowel, if a word contain 
 more than one. 
 
 8. Some of the abbreviations are not written according to the 
 "vowel rule of position." 
 
 (a). This occurs where there are two or more words having the 
 same outline and containing vowels of the same class; they require 
 to be written in different positions to prevent conflict and confusion, 
 as well as hesitancy in reading. See signs for do and had, each and 
 which, if and for, etc. 
 
 (b). Again, where there is but one word of a certain stem or out- 
 line, it is always written in second position, regardless of the vowel 
 rule, because that position is the most natural, and favors ease and 
 speed of writing. See sign for your. 
 
 (f). Where there are two words of the same outline and vowel 
 class, the most frequently-occurring one is given the second position. 
 See signs for each and which, ease and -was, law and will, are and our, 
 no and own, 
 
 (if). Where there are two words of the same outline, but differing 
 vowels, the most frequently occurring one takes the second position, 
 regardless of the vowel, and the other one the next position to it. 
 See which and muck, think and thank. 
 
 9. SIMPLE STEMS. NO. i. 
 
 ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THE FONOGRAFIE ALFABET. 
 
 p 
 ...\ pay, up 
 
 B 
 
 \ by 
 
 \ be 
 to be 
 T 
 
 V 
 
 It 
 
 at, out 
 
 
 D 
 
 / J 
 
 1 
 
 dollar 
 
 - j y 
 
 'I 
 
 do 
 
 / advantage 
 
 1 
 
 had, advertise 
 
 / large 
 
 
 
 _ company, accompany 
 
 
 Oh 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 G 
 
 ./... 
 
 each 
 
 " give 
 
 L 
 
 which 
 
 go, together 
 
 
 much 
 
 ago 
 
40 
 
 SCOTT-BROWNE'S TEXT-BOOK 
 
 V F 
 
 , z 
 
 N 
 
 ^ if, off 
 
 * ease, easy 
 
 ^-s in, any 
 
 V_ for 
 
 ) was 
 
 ^ / know, no 
 
 i few 
 -x=- 
 
 v 
 
 Sh 
 
 ' she, wish 
 
 own 
 
 ever 
 ^__ have 
 
 ^l shall, shalt 
 
 Ng 
 
 ^ thing 
 
 
 / issue 
 
 ^s long, along 
 
 v view 
 Th 
 
 L 
 
 f law 
 
 5^. language 
 
 ( think 
 
 
 
 
 
 W 
 
 / thank-ed, thousand 
 
 f~ will 
 
 A why 
 
 f Dh 
 
 _ allow 
 
 
 v thee, thy 
 
 f-~ - - 
 
 R 
 
 "^ way 
 
 \ they, them 
 
 > year 
 
 ^. away 
 
 / tho', thou 
 
 ~~\ are 
 
 Y 
 
 ) see 
 
 our 
 
 f^~ your 
 
 
 M 
 
 H 
 
 ) say, so, saw 
 
 ^~^ me, my 
 
 ^... hi s h 
 
 ...X-. us 
 
 /-^ may, am 
 
 ^ Ohio 
 
 10. Final s is added to any of the above signs by writing the 
 circle on the end of the stem. 
 
 II. SHORT SENTENCES. 
 
 Pay up your bills. It will be your dollar each time they go. 
 It was in my wish. Which way will they go? Why do they ask 
 them for it? It was years ago. They know why it was so. Do 
 they ever go up ? Have they ever thanked ? They say so. It will be 
 easy for us. Shall they go away ? They will wish them much joy. 
 Each company will be large. Do they see any advantage in it? It 
 was to be so. They may think so. If they do, she shall know it. 
 Does she own it? No., she knows it. They had it out each day. 
 Your things are in Ohio. 
 
OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 41 
 
 12. COMPOUND 
 V pprnliar-ly-ity 
 
 STEMS. No. 2. 
 V^x . familiar-ly-ity 
 
 \ - publish-ed 
 
 \^*^ 
 
 ... belong 
 
 J .... especially 
 
 i;i,_ 
 
 \ /^~^~\ . become 
 
 
 ... .\ ... to become 
 
 I talk 
 
 L ; alike 
 lawyer 
 
 L._ take 
 
 
 _ | took 
 _ ' dignity 
 
 / acknowledge 
 
 -x ... argue 
 /\^ refer 
 / regular-ly-ity 
 
 7 catholic 
 
 /\. represent 
 
 L kill 
 
 s-~^ make 
 
 ./"\ came, come 
 
 ^^^^i many, money 
 
 > . effect 
 \ affect 
 
 s~^s among 
 into 
 
 > fact 
 . V. forever 
 
 ^^s unto 
 notwithstanding 
 
 V- 
 
 ^/" follow 
 
 / enjoy 
 
42 
 
 SCOTT- BROWNE'S TEXT-BOOK 
 
 / knowledge 
 
 ^~ enlarge 
 
 never 
 
 .. nevertheless 
 i or Cx.. .. only 
 
 NOTE. Should the student think these abbreviations difficult to 
 learn, let him notice that very few of them are abbreviated beyond 
 the omission of vowels, so that once looking at them is sufficient to 
 learn them. Those that are abbreviated by the omission of conso- 
 nants should be written over several times, and then, by practising 
 them in short sentences they will be remembered. 
 
 13. SHORT SENTENCES. 
 
 Notwithstanding many peculiar things, they are happy. Never- 
 theless, anything will do for them Hope for many things. Never 
 follow lawyers. Do nothing half-way. Enjoy knowledge forever. 
 Enlarge your knowledge. Never follow peculiar ways. They came 
 in time for your lawyer's money. 
 
OF PHONO GRAPH Y. 
 
 43 
 
 LESSON XIII. 
 
 ABBREVIATIONS CONTINUED. 
 
 I. CIRCLES, LOOPS, AND VOWELS. NO. 3. 
 
 
 
 . is, his 
 
 V) themselves 
 
 o 
 
 as, has 
 
 
 
 
 ^ says 
 
 ... tf.^So . 
 
 first 
 
 \ size 
 
 \ 
 
 . subject 
 
 c* 
 
 s .. 
 
 subjected 
 
 b us well as 
 .. \ sir 
 
 N 
 
 .. best 
 
 ~x ... ours, hours 
 
 1 
 
 . its 
 
 tf-N 
 
 
 
 seem 
 
 f 
 
 . said 
 
 
 
 
 6~*\ same, some 
 
 A.... 
 
 such 
 
 <j->/ something 
 
 / 
 
 . just 
 
 Q_y 
 
 
 
 seen 
 
 f 
 
 .. suggest 
 
 
 
 
 *>~~/ soon 
 
 \-o 
 
 . because 
 
 
 
 
 ... ^^. ... necessarv 
 
 
 . signature 
 
 s~z=> . . .. most, must 
 
 c 
 
 several 
 
 
 
 
 <5s_x stenographer 
 
 (o 
 
 these, thyself 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 honest 
 
 c 
 
 this 
 
 
 
 
 ... ^-0 ....:. next 
 
 c 
 
 . . thus, those 
 
 --- wise 
 
44 
 
 SCOTT-BROWNE'S TEXT-na- > \ 
 
 r. 
 
 west - /T" 
 
 . yes, yours, yourself 
 
 f^~ use, uze 
 
 C - usage 
 
 2. The affix " self " is expressed by a small final circle on stems, 
 and " selves " by a large circle. 
 
 uses, uzes 
 
 used 
 
 yesterday 
 
 - highest 
 
 3. WRITING EXERCISE 
 
 This is peculiar. They will enjoy themselves. This subject was 
 used yesterday. Will they suggest something? She is a flrst-rate 
 stenographer. Several said it was so. Yes, they go West next 
 Wednesday. She is as happy as they are. The boy says his things 
 will come as soon as they wish for them. They have only necessary 
 things. She used yours several times yesterday. They are honest 
 as well as wise. His highest aim is to be just. Be just, because it 
 is best. His signature is necessary, as well as yours. 
 
 4 ._VOWEL SIGNS. No. 4. 
 
 the 
 
 s two, too 
 
 v..to 
 
 a, an 
 
 1 .owe, oh, O ! 
 
 ..!.... but 
 
 .. and 
 
 
 
 ..."....11 
 I 
 awe 
 
 / who-m 
 
 X 
 
 of 
 1 
 or 
 
 ...^...should 
 
 V 
 
 I 
 
 .how 
 
 ought, aught 
 
 on, he, him 
 
 6. .whose 
 
OV PHONOGRAPHY. 45 
 
 5. READING EXERCISE. 
 
 ..r ' f-J. 
 
 6. WRITING EXERCISE. 
 
 The boy has a dog. I see a duck and an owl. They are all up 
 stairs. At sight of it I stood in awe. He ought to go soon. Too 
 many of them are in the house. It is too much for him to do. Who 
 took my book ? To whom will you go for counsel ? He or I must 
 see to it. Will they talk to him ? He will go, but I shall stay. 
 Should he think best, they may have it. How soon will he come? 
 Whose book is this? How long have they had it? 
 
46 
 
 SCOTT.BROWNES TEXT-BOOK 
 
 LESSON XIV. 
 
 ABBREVIATIONS CONTINUED. 
 
 I. BRIEF WA AND YA SIGNS. NO. 5. 
 we 3 what yet 
 
 c with ? would 
 c were ye 
 
 2. VOWEL, STEM, AND BRIEF 
 
 idea 
 
 beyond 
 
 SIGN COMBINATIONS. NO. 6, 
 s^" area 
 
 ^^v now 
 
 |C while 
 
 v. / knew, new 
 
 f~ well 
 
 I'll I will 
 
 c/ where 
 
 I'm, I am 
 
 i/ aware 
 / whereas, worse 
 
 
 altogether 
 
 </\^_ wherever 
 
 c/\__ wheresoever 
 
 \ together 
 
 when 
 
 1 . almighty 
 
 <*_, one 
 
 ? although 
 
 ^"^ whence 
 
 j. whoever 
 however 
 
 ^__p once 
 
 ^^^V^ whenever 
 
 f\w- whensoever 
 
 
OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 47 
 
 withhold, withheld 
 
 withal 
 
 you're, you are 
 
 3. READING EXERCISE. 
 
 I r \ 
 
 4. WRITING EXERCISE. 
 
 It is now time we were on our way. What would you do for 
 him ? When and where would it be best to go ? Which one is it ? 
 What is the area of the State in which you live ? I hope she is no 
 worse. He may go without it altogether. We are within two miles 
 of the house. Your ideas will have weight. Do you know yet how 
 it is? How long ago was it? Whenever you are right go ahead. 
 I am aware of the fact. Whoever he is we must see him. 
 
48 SCOTT-BROWNE'S TEXT- BO OK 
 
 HALF-LENGTHS AND ED TICK. 
 
 LESSON XV. 
 
 HALVING STEMS TO ADD T OR D 
 
 I. A stem can be halved to add the sound of t or </at the end 
 of words or syllables. Illustration: 
 
 ...I:.. .._p ...... ^_ o^.^T. ...."> ..... q^ . \ ' x- v 
 
 * ]- 
 
 debt, cuts, fate, shuts, late, art, sent, appetite, occupied, potato, 
 
 elated, berated, robbed, habit, cheated, untied, aptly softly. 
 
 SHADING THE UNMATED HALF-LENGTHS. 
 
 2. When the stems La, Er, Em, and Un, are halved to add d 
 let them be shaded; but when halved to add t let them remain light. 
 Illustration: 
 
 Kt, ailed, art, aired, sort, sword, mate, made, neat, need, p e lt, 
 ^ ^ - k ^ '' 
 
 toiled, melt, killed, tart, desired, tempt, dimmed, silent, mined. 
 3. The half-length stem for // is written according to the same 
 rules as full-length La, while the half-length for Id is invariably 
 made downward, because it is shaded, and is vowelized the same as 
 Y.i from the top down, because it is made downward, like Ya. 
 Illustration: 
 
 ...v-...V r. ^ ^ ..... ^ X... <V 
 
 delight, polite, knelt, lead, lad, puzzled, spoiled, mailed, nailed, revealed, 
 NOTE. The vowel after a halved stem at the end of such words 
 as rated, righted, elated, avoided, etc., is understood to be /, there- 
 fore it is never necessary to write it. 
 
Of PHONOGRAPHY. 49 
 
 ED TICK. 
 
 4, The syllable ed at the end of such derivativ words as fated, 
 sifted, remitted, etc., where the primativ word fate, sift, etc., is 
 halved to add a final t or d, is expressed by a small tick, written in 
 the direction of Te or Ka, at the end of a word. Illustration: 
 
 fate, fated, sift, sifted, remit, remitted, sort, sorted, smart, smarted, 
 
 want, wanted, wend, wended, word, worded, reward, rewarded. 
 
 5. The ed tick is also used at the end of full-length stems where 
 it is not convenient or advisable to add the d sound by halving. 
 Illustration' 
 
 A.. ...rf .......... ^. m ....... '[ ........ :f 
 
 resisted, exhausted, imitated, animated, stated, studied. 
 
 6. The ed tick is written after the loops. When following the 
 sir loop it expresses only d with the vowel /omitted- Illustration: 
 
 X ../.. t / . 
 
 \^_. -/- 
 
 pasted, adjusted, disgusted, rested, fasted, lasted, 
 
 arrested, wasted, hoisted, fostered, bolstered, mastered. 
 
 J. The halving principle is very sparingly used in writing 
 straight-stem words of one syllable; such words as peat, pit, beat, 
 bought, boat, bead, coat, cud, goat, guide, etc,, being written by the 
 majority of reporters with both stems, while others use the halving 
 principle and never omit the vowels. Illustration: 
 
 or _.9 r T 
 
 P eat t beat, bought, coat. 
 
 8. For convenience in speaking or writing, the halved stems 
 can be named by adding the t or d sound to the stem name. Exam- 
 ple: Pe, Pet orPed, etc.; Ef, Eft; Ve, VgtorVgd; Ith, Itht; The, 
 
50 SCOTT-BROWNE 'S TEXT-BOOK _ _ 
 
 Thet or Thed; Es, Est, etc.; La, Lat or Lad; El, Eld; Er, Ert or 
 Erd; Ra, Rat or Rad; Em, Emt or Emd; Un, Unt or Und; Hah, 
 Haht or Hahd. This will make distinguishing terms for /, t, etc., 
 expressed by stems, and /, t, etc,, expressed by halving. 
 9. Ing, Wa, and Ya are never halved. 
 
 10. The circle or loop on halved stems always read last. Illus- 
 tration: 
 
 \a -C ?} <~* -0 <^ t 
 
 >O ...... ..... ....... . ....... ....................... ____ .... _______ ____ . ___ ........ ,.<?.- ---- 
 
 pets, sifts, salts, sorts, meets, needs, midst, didst, couldst. 
 
 11. The reporter writes st loop on halved stems to form the su- 
 perlative degree of certain adjectives. Illustration: 
 
 '? xP .V-> ,\J> -^-/l 
 
 late, latest, soft, softest, neat, neatest, smart, smartest. 
 
 WHEN NOT TO HALVE. 
 
 12. The halving principle does not apply in the following cases: 
 
 (a). When initial Ra, in words of one syllable, is followed by t 
 or d writing such words as right, rite, rate, road, rood, ride, etc., 
 with stems for t and d. 
 
 (b). When a final vowel follows t or d writing pity, tidy, duty, 
 fatly, veto, muddy, naughty, lady, etc., with stems for t and d, in 
 order to furnish places for the vowels following the t and d. 
 
 (c). When the consonant before the t or d is both preceded and 
 followed by vowels writing such words as abate, abode, acute, avoid, 
 allayed, amid, unite; parried, borrowed, torrid, carried, furrowed, 
 varied, married, narrowed, harrowed, pallid, tallowed, dallied, gullied, 
 followed, valid, mellowed, inlaid (La for /), -wallowed ( Wa hook), hal- 
 lowed, yellowed (brief Ya), etc., with stems for /and d. 
 
 (d). When concurrent vowels come before the t or d writing 
 poet, diet, fiat, laureate, naid, etc., with stems for t and d. 
 
 (e). When t or d follows a stem preceded by another stem, with 
 which it does not form an angle. Ilustration: 
 
 piped, bobbed, kicked, gagged, liked, fact, faggot, harrowed, reared. 
 
OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 51 
 
 13. READING EXERCISE. 
 
 TERMINAL HALF-LENGTHS. 
 
 __ L L. L. (L C 
 
 ) 1 "_ -.._._ *.--.. *... 
 
 ^ X^ - - - >1 ^^ f* ..... ^ ^^. . \^ . ,. a 
 
 r L* i- / 
 
 \ . ..... \V- . ^ ....*U. c^ . . i ft, 
 
 XL^ ?f< N I , r 
 
 /*~* 
 
52 
 
 SCOTT-BROWNE'S TEXT-BOOK 
 
 INITIAL HALF-LENGTHS. 
 
 TWO HALF-LENGTHS. 
 
 >>-.. 
 h 
 
 ED TICK ON HALF-LENGTHS. 
 
 _/y... "v ..^. L ..... u. . H, 
 
 5. L ..... ^H.^js#?..-^-^ 
 
 UPWARD ED TICK. 
 
 14. In writing the / tick on Za^ it is better to strike it upward, 
 on account of the liability, in rapid writing, of the downward tick 
 becoming a hook. Illustration: 
 
 .. ........... .< ............. -S 
 
 wilt, wilted, salted, related, emulated, diluted. 
 
 k ..... : .V 
 
 DISJOINED WHOLE AND HALF LENGTHS. 
 instituted, substituted, destitute, pathetic, emphatic, synthetic. 
 
OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 53 
 
 15. WRITING EXERCISE. 
 
 Pick, picked, poke, poked, pack, packed, talk, talked, tuck, 
 
 tucked, tack, tacked, checked, joked, jagged, reasoned, limit, remit, 
 
 limited, remitted, elect, elected, erect, erected, sift, sifted, scent, 
 
 scented, sound, sounded, rescind, rescinded, resound, resounded, 
 
 descend, descended, decent, descent, dissent, dissented, absent, 
 
 absented, invite, invited, indict, indicted, repeated, reputed, inhab- 
 
 ited, uninhabited, remedied, innocent, incentive, intend, intended. 
 
 16. -ABBREVIATIONS HALF-LENGTHS. No. 7. 
 
 put 
 
 j . issued 
 
 ^/ afterward 
 
 ..>..- bad 
 
 ...C..lt 
 
 ^-^^forward 
 
 about 
 
 r 
 
 ^-4/ 
 
 
 lead 
 
 -inward 
 
 ....!. did 
 
 r. old, world 
 
 -Ioutward 
 
 . 1 debt 
 
 lord, read 
 
 VC better 
 
 ... 1 doubt 
 
 .. .might 
 
 ..>. debtor 
 
 ..."..caught 
 
 . immediate-ly 
 
 ^ 
 
 could 
 
 ^..made 
 
 ...V until 
 
 act 
 
 "^..not 
 
 ^/ 
 
 
 
 little 
 
 
 
 ^ under, hand, hundred 
 
 S* 
 
 God, got 
 
 
 write 
 
 
 S-x- sent, cent, 
 
 /**S 
 
 -get, good 
 
 
 written 
 
 thought 
 
 ^ 
 
 .writing 
 
 -'-that 
 
 -....-Want, wind 
 "^..went wont 
 
 /^ re taia 
 
 east 
 
 f 
 
 .^2., astonish-ed 
 
 J 
 wished 
 
 c/.. word 
 
 .J establish-ed 
 
54 SOOTT-BKO'WE'S TEXT-BOOK 
 
 17. READING EXERCISE. 
 
 v^ 
 
 V 
 
 f r 
 
 rj L. 
 
 
 V 
 
 c 
 
 n .... C ... . 
 
 \>,' ...I' 
 
 ^x 
 
 
 c ^ 
 
 18. WRITING EXERCISE. 
 
 You would enjoy a visit to the old world. I want you to give 
 me your word that you will do all the good that lies in your power. 
 Never go in debt. Read only good books. The Lord God leadeth 
 me. We went to the woods afterward. Do not be too forward. 
 That was a good act. He could not read for the want of a book. 
 He is not a bad boy. Put your cap on the rack. How much good 
 and beauty we have in this world ! Have you any doubt about it? 
 
OF PHONOGRAPHY. 55 
 
 INITIAL HOOKS. 
 
 LESSON XVI. 
 
 SMALL INITIAL HOOKS FOR L AND J?, ON 
 MATED STEMS. 
 
 1. When either I or r immediately follows any other consonant 
 they are expressed by a small hook at the beginning of the consonant 
 stem. Ilustration: 
 
 \ \ r r r .1. /...._ _ 
 
 pi, bl, tl, dl, chl, jl, kl, gl. 
 
 V,.A 1 1 / / - - 
 
 pr, br, tr, dr, chr, jr, kr, gr. 
 
 s. _.T\ ..C 5. J......J 
 
 fl. fr, thl, tkr, shl, shr. 
 
 2. In writing the hooks on stems, the first motion of the pen 
 is made in an opposite, parallel direction to the stem; and the next 
 and last motion is at right angles with the stem, as shown in the ac- 
 companying illustration: 
 
 C C... ,1.5 
 
 Let these characters be practised with care until the hooks can 
 be readily and perfectly made. Careless writers incline to make 
 these hooks look like loops or circles. It is just as easy to make 
 them right as wrong, if proper care is exercised in the beginning to 
 understand the principles of movement in forming them. 
 
 L HOOK WORDS. 
 
 3. Notice that the / hooks are on the right and upper side of 
 the stems. 
 
 ^? A ^ V V P 
 
 \ _____ \>A ..... rs . ...N? ..... I 
 
 .. 
 
 pica, please, play, plows, abL\ blows, idle, clay, clause, glow. 
 
 ^ ...... !U .V_ ...SL -C ... \y ...'V . . 
 
 flee, fleece, Jlow, oval, Ethel, bushel, official, ambrosial. 
 
56 SCOTT-BROWNE'S TEXT-BOOK 
 
 R HOOK WORDS. 
 4. Notice that the r hooks are on the left and under side. 
 
 V...V.. \< ....vj: ;] \ :1 r.. \_ 
 
 pry, praise, brew, breeze, tree, eater, trust, odor, draw, dress, 
 
 cry, crow, ochre, acre, grow, ogre, egress, grass, 
 
 freeze, frizzes, frost, throw, ether, thrust, usher, azure. 
 
 5. In comparing the / and r hook signs, let the student regard 
 
 v f .<s. L_ 
 
 //, tl, fi, thl, 
 
 and so forth, as so many pieces of wire bent so as to form the initial 
 hook, and that these same pieces of bent wire, when TURNED OVER, 
 become 
 
 N 1 .^ 3 
 
 pr, tr, fr, thr. 
 
 To illustrate still more clearly, let them be written in pairs, as follows: 
 
 \ \ \ % etc.. 
 
 //, p>', bl, br, 
 
 ,_V. ^^.^ C... 5 C ....). J } J J 
 
 fli f r i v ^> vl 'i *hl, thr, dhl, dhr, shl, shr, z/il, zhr, 
 the shr and zhr forms being turued over endwise to give the forms 
 for shl and zhl. 
 
 SPECIAL VOWELIZATION. 
 
 6. The initial hooks are intended for the expression of / and r 
 preceded by a stem consonant without a vowel between the stem and 
 
OF PHONOGRAPHY. 57 
 
 hook consonants, as \nplay, pry, etc., and for the expression of such 
 syllables as pie, ble, fie, per, ber, ter, etc. , in couple, bible, trifie, reaper, 
 fiber, cater, etc.; but there are many words of long, awkward form, 
 such as collect, correct, fulcrum, telegram, etc., that are shortened in 
 ourtme and rendered even more legible by using these hook signs; 
 and for this class of words special rules, for showing that the vowel 
 is to be read between the hook and the stem, are given. 
 
 7. When the vowel heard belongs to the dash class, represent it 
 by the dash sign struck through the stem at right angles made heavy 
 for long vowels and light for short ones and written in first, second, 
 or third place, the same as in ordinary vowelization. Illustration: 
 
 -- 
 
 fall, cold, full, fulcrum 
 
 8. As the shape of the dots will not admit of their being written 
 through the stem and be distinguished, like the dashes, the vowels of 
 the dot class are represented by small circles, written, for long vowels, 
 before upright and inclined stems, and above horizontal ones; written, 
 for short vowels, after upright and inclined stems, and below hori- 
 zontal ones, observing, as usual, the three vowel places. Illustration: 
 
 feel, fail, carpets, fill, fell, Paroxysm. 
 
 9. When the vowels heard in err and air are to be read between 
 the hook and stem, indicate it by making the parallel dash signs into 
 ellipses, thus: 
 
 ........ X 
 
 birth, careless. 
 
 10. The difthong signs are either struck through the stem, or else 
 written at the beginning or at the end of stems, to denote that they 
 are to be read between an initial hook and stem, thus: 
 
 cure, casital. 
 
SCOTT-BROWNE'S TEXT-BOOK 
 
 ii. READING EXERCISE. 
 
 .\ \ V- " 
 
 - 
 
OF PHONOGRAPHY. 59 
 
 12. WRITING EXERCISE. 
 
 Apple, able, clue, eclai, please, pleases, pleased, play, played, 
 plow, blow, blaze, blazed, idle, idles, clay, close, glaze, glass, fly, 
 flow, fleece, flees, flies, flows, fleeced, oval. 
 
 People, peopled, pickled, buckled, tickled, cockled, giggled, 
 fickle, cobble, gable, table, stable, stubble, scuffle, faithful, truthful, 
 mouthful, treacle, draggle, prattle, brittle, scuttle, fiddle, victuals, 
 thickly, flatter, blacker, flavor, pressure, special, initial, nuptial, 
 influential, essential, substantial, prudential, especial, ambrosial, 
 casual, visual, official, officially, bleach, oblige, club, cloth, clotkes, 
 clash, claim, gloom, youthful, vocal, unable, muddle, employ, 
 simple, sample, example, dissemble, resemble, tumble, rumble, 
 devil, level, lawful, ankle, uncle, angle, ethical, plaster, blister, 
 bluster, cluster, cloister. 
 
 Pray, pry, brow, tree, trio, eater, try, utter, tray, draws, odor, 
 cry, crew, acre, agree, free, fray, offer, over, affray, threw, throw, 
 through, usher, azure. 
 
 Price, prize, prizes, prized, breeze, braced, trace, trust, trusted, 
 crust, crazed, grist, grazed, grazes, grasses, thrice, thrust, precise, 
 process, blazes, crisis, crises. 
 
 Prop, probable, prime, probe, approach, preach, pretty, bribe, 
 brick, brag, brush, bravo, broom, broil, brier, briny, bridge, 
 breeches, breath, breathe, break, bring, trip, tribe, trick, track, truth, 
 trim, trash, drug, dream, droll, drear, dreary, drouth, dressy, creep, 
 crape, group, grim, grab, growl, grog, frog, freak, frail, thrill, 
 throng. 
 
 Paper, pauper, taper, dipper, cheaper, jobber, keeper, caper, 
 copper, gutter, figure, vigor, vapor, vicar, entry, sentry, pitcher, 
 major, lodger, ledger, archer, richer, Rogers, degree, decreed, 
 degrade, sugar (Ska), shiver (S/ia), measure, leisure, erasure, fisher, 
 treazure, treasury, pleasure. 
 
 VOWELS HEARD BETWEEN HOOK AND STEM. 
 
 Germ, firm, Germany, person, charm, form, George, courage, 
 full, fulsome, procure, cheerful. 
 
60 SCOTT-BROWNE'S TEXT-BOOK 
 
 L AND R HOOK ON UNMATED STEMS. 
 
 13. The initial hook for / on Em, Un, Ra, and Hah is made 
 large. Illustration: 
 
 ..................... O ........ CL^... ............. </. .......... _ ............ _ ......... 
 
 ml, nl, rl, hi. 
 
 14. The hook for r on Em, Un, Hah is made small, and the stem 
 shaded, to distinguish the mr, nr, and hr combination signs from win, 
 wn, and Hah, Illustration: 
 
 mr, nr, hr. 
 
 15. A large initial hook on La expresses the other liquid conso- 
 nant, r. Let it be noticed of the two liquids that La takes a large 
 hook for r and that Ra takes a large hook for /. Illustration: 
 
 Ir, rl. 
 
 16. The initial hooks for / and r are never used on Es, Ze, Er, 
 Ing, or Wa. Ing, when hooked initially, being required to express 
 nr; and Es, Ze, Er,. Wa, when hooked initially, being required to 
 express Thr, Dhr, Per, Ver. Ydl Ya with initial hook is not 
 used for anything, as it is an inconvenient form to join; besides, it is 
 quicker and better to express yl by the brief Ya sign and / stem. 
 
 17. READING EXERCISE. 
 camel, animal, canal, kernel and colonel, spiral, exhale, help, color, 
 
 /?. 'k ^r.... 1 ^ "( ^ k. ^A. 
 
 rumor, tremor, moral, minor, north, cohere, adhere, inherit. 
 
 18. WRITING EXERCISE 
 
 Enamel, canaille, kernel, colonel, enameled, spirals, relapse, 
 relapsed, relax, relaxes, relaxed, spinal, spaniel, channel, panel, 
 canal, final, flannel, penal, vernal, finally, coral, choral, floral, rural, 
 barrel, peril, Tyrol, thoroughly, help, helper, helpless, health, 
 
OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 61 
 
 healthy, healthier, he. 
 helmet, inhale, unwl 
 scholar, secular. Fowl 
 
 IQ. L AND R 
 
 R 
 
 .. .^ . appear 
 .^S^principal-Iy, principle 
 .-.^...praotisu 
 
 jlthiest. healthful, heliotrope, halcyon, helm. 
 lolesome. exhale, unhealthy, color, collar, 
 er, valor, raillery, stickler. 
 
 HOOK ABBREVIA' 
 
 HOOK, STRAIGHT STEW 
 
 -\ true 
 
 1 
 
 --doctor 
 1 dear 
 
 ... 1 during 
 /...cheer 
 ./.chair 
 
 HOOK, STRAIGHT STEM 
 
 r 
 
 ..'.....deal 
 1 ...deliver-ed 
 
 A.... children 
 I HOOK, CURVED STEMS 
 
 ... ...either 
 ..-/...there, their 
 ^ other 
 ..^f.-sure, assure 
 _o..share 
 ...Mr., mere 
 <r-s.more 
 
 riONS. No, 8. 
 s. 
 
 y larger 
 
 c care, occur 
 cure, accrue. 
 correct-ed 
 c T^aggregaie-ed 
 . agree 
 
 ...N. re-member 
 .-^...number 
 ....1... utter, truth 
 
 L 
 
 <t 
 
 ...>.. .able, abiy 
 
 1 till, tell 
 
 3. 
 
 call 
 
 c clerk 
 collect-e(J 
 
 humor 
 near, nor, honor 
 
 ...f.. at all 
 ] 
 "V"" 1 form 
 
 J> from 
 '. over 
 
 ..A- every, very 
 
 ""V aVer 
 . *. . author, three 
 
 .. ^ through 
 
 hire 
 
 f hear, here, her 
 
 ..^-hair 
 
 ' remark 
 /~^* manner 
 
'S TEXT- BOOK 
 
 L HOOK, CURVED STEMS. 
 
 
 feel, fill, fall 
 .. fail, fell 
 .. full 
 . evil 
 . avail 
 
 value 
 
 million 
 \*7> promulgate-d 
 
 ?N. family 
 
 ^ 
 real-ly 
 
 ' roll 
 ~ rule 
 
 heal, hall 
 <^.. hole, hale, hell 
 ... X- howl, whole 
 enroll 
 
 ruler 
 thoroughly 
 
 2O. DISTINGUISHING OUTLINES AND CONTRACTIONS. 
 
 \ 
 
 propose, prepare, purport, appropriate, predict, product, purchase. 
 perhaps, 
 
 ^ ....... L / .......... n ........ ^ ....... n ......... ^ ..... 
 
 protect, dark, church, credit, courage, accuracy, girl. 
 
 declare, calculate, report, reporter record, regard, important, 
 
 required, importance. 
 
 TV.. 
 
 import-ed, impart-ed, insurance, current, crowned, grant, grand, 
 
 ground. 
 
OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 63 
 
 LESSON XVII. 
 
 THE INITIAL CIRCLE ON L AND R HOOK SIGNS. 
 
 1. To prefix s on r hook signs, the hook is made into a circle. 
 
 2. To prefix s on / hook signs, the circle is made within the 
 look. Illustration: 
 
 ....X ..... "X ...... N( .. N ..... X . . X ..... /:... -/* ... 
 
 spray, pry, spry, upper, supper, crawl, scrawl, 
 
 ,...% ...... .% ..... \ ....... \ ........ V>' ...... ,v* ...... x .; .. i 
 
 plat, splat, plash, splash, bloom, sublime, play, display. 
 
 ' 
 
 3. The circle on Ka, before an /.hook on Pe and Be, is elon- 
 gated or flattened, like a loop, and the pen is carried entirely over 
 the stem before it turns to form the hook; thus enabling the writer 
 to get that part of the hook, where it joins the stem on which it 
 Delongs. quite distinct.* Illustration: 
 
 excusable, explored. 
 
 4. In writing such words as disagree, descry, prescribe, etc., the cir- 
 cle is written on the right side of the first stem, and the second stem, 
 which is Ka or Ga. is written directly out from the top of the circle. 
 This brings the circle on the r hook side of Ka and Ga. Illustration: 
 
 disagree, 
 
 v 
 prescribe. 
 
 * Some writers make the turn of the pen directly on the A"i stem, instead of alter 
 the crossing over. That way which is easiest and most legible to the writer is the /vst- 
 
64 SCOTT-BROWNE'S TEXT-BOOK 
 
 5. Many writers omit the r representation in the words describe, 
 prescribe, etc., and express them thus: 
 
 1 V_ ^ 
 
 d v .. '0 v 'd 'N. 
 
 v\ v\ v\ 
 
 6. In writing the circle on the r hook side, between stems run- 
 ning in the same direction, it is not necessary to show the hook, as 
 the left and under side of straight stems is known to be the r hook 
 side, while the right and upper side of straight stems is known to be 
 the circle side. Illustration: 
 
 .......... \ \ -\ \ ..... - C ^ 
 
 psp, p-spr, tst, t-str, ksk, k-skr, 
 
 \*C. 
 ..... \ ..... 
 
 precept, prosper, dusty, destroy, distressed, cask, excrescence, excursive. 
 
 7. Per preceded by Dis is written thus; <k as in the words 
 disappear, disparage, dayspring, etc. 
 
 8. In such words as tasteful, boastful, trustful, etc., where the 
 / hook sign cannot be made following the st loop, the pen crosses the 
 stem, thus reducing the loop to simple s and enabling the writer to 
 form a perfect hook on the Ef stem. This contracts the words to 
 tas'ful, boas'ful, trus'ful, etc. Illustration: 
 
 tasteful, boastful, trustful, breastplate. 
 
 9. WRITING EXERCISE. 
 Spray, supper, sober, suitor, strew, cider, suppress, cypress, 
 
 soberly, screw, scarcely<= a $ secrecy, sacred, supply, sable, 
 satchel, sickle, cycle, possible, disciple, display, displayed, accusable, 
 physical, peaceful, passively, plausible, classical, classically, crucible. 
 explore, taxable, graceful= c C_ (the hook of the Ef in graceful is 
 implied by the circle at the end of the Ga stem being elongated like a 
 loop. If there was no / hook to express, the circle would be kept 
 round, thus: ^_), disgraceful, prosperous, prosperously, distresses. 
 
OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 65 
 
 disaster, disasters, disastrous, cheese-press, Caspar, excreable, 
 excursive, describe, disagreeable, disagreeably, disappear, disparage, 
 dayspring, pastry, pasture (Pis-Cher), extreme, gastric, mixture 
 (Em-Kas-Cher), fixture (Ef-Kas-Cher), dishonor=4__, , designer, 
 strainer, streamer. 
 
 Straggle, struggle, strapper, supreme, soprano, sobriety, strata, 
 stream, streamed, streamlet, strength, strange, stranger, strangest, 
 strut, street, strait, straight, straighter, sprite, sprout, sprayed, des- 
 perate, desperately, desperado, whisper, whispered, distribute, dis- 
 tributed, distract, distracted, distrust, distrusted, trustful, distrustful, 
 mistrust, mistrustful, expressly, describe, descried, prescribe, pro- 
 scribe, subscribed, ascribed, abstract, extract, extracted, excusable, 
 crucible, taxable, explore, explored, explode, exploded, display, dis- 
 played, displays, frustrate, frustrated, hemisphere (hemisfere), gossi- 
 mer, moral, morally, curse, discourse, discoursed, 
 
 atmosphere immoral, mortal, immortal, course, persuade. 
 
 io. ABBREVIATIONS. 
 
 CIRCLE ON L AND K HOOK SIGN'S. No. Q. 
 
 <\ 
 
 . ..:9_. surprise 
 .../P.. surprises 
 
 s 
 
 surprised 
 
 \ 
 
 spirit 
 
 jx separated 
 
 c^- scare 
 secure 
 -scarce 
 
 ../v- 
 
 /^.scarcely 
 o~^> 
 
 ..N.. supply 
 . x... supplied 
 
 skill 
 
 s scale 
 school 
 
(jg SCO TT- BROWNE'S TEXT-BOOK 
 
 LESSON XVIII. 
 
 BACK HOOK FOR IN, EN, UN. 
 
 \. The syllables in, en or un, preceding the s circle on r hook 
 signs, are expressed by a small back hook, made so as to bring the 
 circle on the r hook side of the stem. Illustiation: 
 
 \ _^ ,...1 ^ -^ _ 
 
 inspire, inspired, instruct, insecure, unscrupulous. 
 2. This hook is also used on sla, set; sent. Illustration: 
 
 inslave, unceremonious, unseemly. 
 
 3. WRITING EXERCISE. 
 
 Inseparable, inseparably, insuperable, unsuppressed, instructor, 
 unstrung, inscribe, insecurity, insoluble, unsolvable, unsalable, 
 unsullied, insular, insult, insulted, unsolicited, unceremoniously, 
 unseemly, ensample, ensemble (ongsombl). 
 
 4. READING EXERCISE. SENTENCES. 
 
 N i _ L.2.. LJZ-*. 
 
 v 
 ./N> o^f 
 
 ^^C-v !$LjL 
 
 X X. *\\ ... .To .*. / 
 
 ' r ~*-\ / ' ' 
 
 1 v\ ^~^->> C^,. 
 
 f 1 C 
 
 , - -\.i s 
 
OF PHONOGRAPHY. 67 
 
 LESSON XIX. 
 
 W TICK. 
 
 i. The sound of w following a stem consonant is expressed by 
 a vertical or horizontal tick joined initially to the stem. Illustration: 
 
 V 
 
 I 
 
 twice, twirl, dwell, quick, quagmire, thwack, Schwab, 
 2. The circle for initial j can be written on the w, or wu, tick, 
 in such words as squaw, squabble, squirrel, etc. Illustration: 
 
 squaw, squirrel. 
 
 3. The kwr and kivl words can be expressed by two different 
 principles, both of which are equally correct. Some writers make 
 no exceptions in the use of the wu tick principle carrying it into all 
 the kwr and kwl combinations ; while others prefer to express the w 
 in these combinations by a hook on the Ra and La stems; and still 
 other writers make use of both principles the tick in some words 
 and the hook in others. "* . 
 
 The following words illustrate the use of both the tick and hook: 
 
 queer, 
 _ >. p 
 i 7" or Q **i ^ 
 
 square, 
 
 quelled, 
 -* or ^/ 
 
 sqtiall, 
 \ / or ^ 
 
 squirm, 
 
 P * 
 c ^ or p ^ or 
 
 quarry, 
 
 quart, 
 
 squared. 
 
 
 NOTE. The author of this work uses the tick in all the kwl com- 
 binations, and the hook in nearly all the kwr combinations, especially 
 in all words containing a half-length, such as quart, squared, etc. 
 
 * The English fonografer writes Erd following Ef, Ve, La, Ka, Co., etc., in the 
 words feard, fired, veered, lard, cored, scored, geared, etc., but it is neither prac- 
 tised nor recommended by American fonografers. 
 
68 SCOTT-BROWNE'S TEXT-BOOK 
 
 4. The iv& tick is useful in writing such Spanish names as 
 Puebla, Buena Vista, etc. Illustration: 
 
 Puebla Buena Guardafui Gnaxaca. 
 
 (Pivdblah) (BwdnaK), (Gwardafwee). (Gwdhdka) 
 
 5. WRITING EXERCISE. 
 
 Twist, twists, twisted, untwist, untwists, untwisted, tweezers, 
 twitter, twinkle, twilight, twirl, twill, twilled, dwell, dwelt, Dwight, 
 dwarf, dwarfish, Dwinnell, equip, equipoise, quibble, quiet, quota, 
 quest, inquest, request, requested, bequest, bequeath, quad, quick, 
 quicker, quickest, quickly, quake, Quaker, quack, quicksilver, quick- 
 sand, quagmire, quaff, quaffed, quoth, quiesce, acquiesce, quase, 
 quassia, quill (El), quell, equal, equally (La), qualify, qualified, dis- 
 qualify, disqualified, quality, querl, quarrel, quirk, queer, choir, 
 quire, qualm, qualmish, equator, quarter, guano, thwack, thwacked, 
 Thwing, Schwab, Schwartz. 
 
 Squaw, squabble, squatter, sequel, square, squirm, esquire. 
 
 Words in which the hook for w, instead of the tick, might better 
 be used: 
 
 Query, quarry, quarried, quart, squared, squirt, squirted. 
 
OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 LESSON XX. 
 
 SMALL TERMINAL HOOKS FOR N, F, AND V. 
 
 I. The sound of n at the end of words and syllables, and in the 
 middle of words where no vowel follows it, is represented by a small 
 terminal hook made on the left, and under side, of straight stems, 
 and on the inside of curved stems. Illustration: 
 
 fin, tinge, June, canopy, fate, loan, main, swain, run, hen. 
 
 2. S, terminating -hook words, is expressed by making the 
 hook into a circle, on straight stems, and by writing a circle within 
 the hook of curves. Illustration: 
 
 .4 
 
 bones, dines, chains, tokens, runs, Athens, nuns, refines. 
 
 3. The large circle and the loops are written on he -hook side 
 to express ns-s, nst, nstr. Illustration: 
 
 expenses, enhances, danced, glanced, funster, spinsters. 
 F AND V HOOK, 
 
 4. The sound of f, or its cognate, v, at the end of words and 
 syllables, and in the middle of words where no vowel follows it, is 
 represesented by a small terminal hook made on the circle side of 
 straight stems; and the circle for s, terminating f and f-hook words, 
 is made -within the hook, to distinguish it from simple s without 
 the/ or v sounds. Illustration: 
 
 ..... N 
 
 \3' 
 
 froof, approves, devote, devise, division, 
 
 deafen, strife, gloves, archives, hoofs, 
 
70 
 
 SCOTT-BROWNE'S TEXT-BOOK 
 
 5. The hook for f and v is never written on the curve stems. 
 NOTE (a). Observe that the s circle formed within hooks is 
 
 elongated, like a loop, and made in the direction of the stem to which 
 the hook belongs. 
 
 (b). The large circle and the loops for si and sir are never written 
 on hooks. 
 
 6. If a vowel follows n, for v, those consonants must be rep- 
 resented by the stems, in order to furnish a place for the vowel- 
 Illustration: 
 
 ... !* VL k, Su< .X -^ x- ... ^ . 
 
 brine, briny, fun, funny, assign, assignee, rain, rainv, 
 
 cough, coffee, grieve, gravy, heave, heavy, rough, review. 
 
 \ 
 
 
 7. READING EXERCISE. 
 
 .? ...... ^ * 3- 
 
 /5 _ 
 
OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 8. WRITING EXERCISE. 
 
 Pawn, pen, open, been, bone, tan, eaten, oaten, din, don, chain, 
 chin, June, coin, keen, cane, oaken, gun, gown. 
 
 Spun, spoon, sabin, satan, satin, stone, sadden, scan, skin, 
 sicken, sustain, Staten, stewpan, weapon, widen, wooden, waken, 
 wagon, worn, warn, Warren, sweeten, Sweden, sworn, queen, 
 quince, quinces, equinox, equinoctial, equestrian. 
 
 Prune, brown, brain, bran, train, drown, drawn, churn, adjourn, 
 crane, acorn, crown, corn, green, grain, grin, groan, twine, twines, 
 twin, twins, twain, entwine, twinge, twinges. 
 
 Plain, plan, blown, clean, clan, clown, glean, glen, decline, 
 recline. 
 
 Fan, fun, vine, thin, assign, zone, shine, lawn, urn, moon, nun. 
 
 Soften, seven, serene, Simon, Stephen, Stamen, flown. 
 
 Suspense, strains, screens, widens, stamens, Stevens, woman's. 
 
 Puff, bluff, pave, brave, strive, dove, cave, rove, serve. 
 
 Puffs, paves, drives, chiefs, Jove's, oaves, coughs, cuffs, graves, 
 grieves, arrives, roves, raves. 
 
 Panic, pancake, pinch, punch, punish, pennon, bandy, banjo, 
 banish, tonnage, Charming, candy, conic, coinage, expunge, experi- 
 ences, expenses, finish, furnish, vanish, thinness, heathenish, linear, 
 lonely, minute, mlntite, minutely, minuteness, mental, mantel, 
 miner, piquancy, potent, potency, demean, demeanor, vacancy, 
 organic, envenom, phenomena, phenomenon, plenty, planet, pleni- 
 tude, plunge, blanch, French, fringe, plenary, penurious, penance, 
 finance, synonym, seminary, sponge, Spanish, stauuch, stingy, 
 pippin, bobbin, obtain, barn, Auburn, Italian, deepen, detain, do- 
 main, adorn, cabin, roughen, raven, region, regain, famine, foreign, 
 lemon, Lyman, illumine, remain, imagine, machine, engine, tribune, 
 blacken, chairman, African, Mormon, Norman, Herman, Hellman. 
 
 Preference, toughen, deafen, deafness, define, divine, devote, 
 devout, devotee, devour, reveal, rival, revere, rover, river, reverence, 
 equivalent, quiver, quaver, hover, beaver, tougher, cover, clever, 
 clover, devise, advise, division, devotion, defence, advance, bever- 
 age, engraver, provide, provided, provision, Providence, providen- 
 tial, -xtravagance, extravagant. 
 
72 
 
 SCOTT-BROWNE'S TEXT-BOOK 
 
 SHORT SENTENCES. 
 
 Ten honest men live in one town. Nine fair women spun six- 
 teen skeins of woolen yarn. The moon shines upon the lawn. Green 
 are the banks of Bonny Doon. When it rains, the Robins say, 
 "Cheer up, cheer up, cheer up!" Rover is a brave dog, you will 
 discover, and serves his masler faithfully. The Bluff river divides 
 our farm. Never swerve from right behavior. See the rainbow! 
 The poor, with industry, are happier than the rich, in idleness. Put 
 down your pen and join the children in their fun. 
 
 9. ABBREVIATIONS. TV, F, AND V HOOKS. No. 10. 
 
 N HOOK. 
 
 * opinion 
 
 ( then 
 
 ./~^> begun 
 
 \ upon 
 
 Cthan 
 ... 
 
 \ began 
 
 _^ been 
 
 (^ alone, loan 
 
 >-^3 
 
 r turn torn 
 
 ... J done 
 
 men 
 
 P 
 
 ... .... sudden 
 
 1 down 
 </ join 
 
 ,,s~z* man 
 human 
 
 .... J - at length 
 
 P 
 
 v delinquent 
 
 J general-ly 
 
 V-V 
 
 women 
 
 . s\ ... happen 
 
 3 can 
 gone 
 
 6~& woman 
 ...^-? known, none 
 
 . . \ ....punish-ed 
 TV., explain-ed 
 
 __, gain, again 
 
 union 
 
 ~f 
 d question 
 
 v often, phonog- 
 \o raphy 
 
 ~* learn 
 
 J.. Christian 
 
 ^ even 
 
 \ ^ pecuniary 
 
 CT-5 
 
 * correspond 
 
 ^* thine 
 
 __^-r begin 
 
 ..r~/. consequential 
 
OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 73 
 
 *T 
 
 V_. ..signify-ied-cant 
 
 ... !dL western 
 
 5^ fallen 
 
 .. ( .. southern 
 .. ..*\ pertain 
 v appertain 
 
 ^| .. .prudential 
 _^i prominent 
 ""V-^ permanent 
 
 ^ 
 
 ... . . point, appoint 
 
 Y 
 
 HALF-LENGTHS. 
 
 -3 
 consequent 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 behind bind 
 
 .. -a second 
 
 ^j? 
 
 J tend 
 
 ... . J ... attend 
 J 
 
 did not, didn't 
 
 .. . J ... .do not, don't 
 
 ....TSrf .. superintend 
 "-a acquaint-ed 
 
 .... -a . gained 
 
 Vj> 
 . find 
 
 ....x-? round 
 ....sx 9 ... .surround 
 3t_. ....around 
 J understand 
 
 .. | .. had not. hadn't 
 
 Vj . found 
 
 \s> turned 
 
 . . - ... ... gentlemen 
 ....(/ gentleman 
 kind 
 can't 
 
 Wr.. foundation 
 
 . . x> land 
 
 
 
 mind 
 
 S3, 
 
 minds 
 
 .. .~~f...., accident 
 ....Tin subsequent 
 ... -TV? returned 
 C learnt 
 
 ... rr.TH^ 1 cannot 
 
 meant, mend. 
 
 / - i SN impend 
 
 .. 1 . at once 
 
 a 
 
 -B 
 
 .consequence 
 
 --f* amount 
 ENS, ENSES, ENST. 
 
 .. ^. balanced 
 
 c ~o . occurrence 
 
 ...~^> ... against 
 "\ 
 
 ^. ...balance 
 ... . \_ . balances 
 
 . .7~O ...Kansas 
 . .TT'o gains 
 
 -^ 
 
 .. .... experience 
 
 transcript 
 
 O 
 
 
 9 -v 
 
74 SCOTT-BROWN&S TEXT-BOOK 
 
 \ before 
 
 F AND V HOOK. 
 
 _\3-' provision 
 tv ) proficient-ly- 
 
 profit, prophet 
 x profitable 
 
 v above 
 " difficult-y 
 
 \j perfect 
 
 prophetic 
 
 differed-ent- 
 
 > ....belief, believe 
 I- defect 
 j ...advocate 
 .... l/r deficient-iency 
 ...L_P defence 
 j advance 
 
 *^~- -^ providence-tial- 
 
 gave, goverm- 
 J ... ment 
 
 C \> proof, prove 
 ... ^v. approve 
 
 '-Xx 
 
 \a improve-d-ment 
 
 %5 believed 
 
 ini 
 
 extravagant-ly- 
 
 forgive 
 ._V_3 forgave 
 ^? or/\_half 
 
 *\. provide 
 
 EXPRESSION OF NUMBERS. 
 
 I. Numbers are expressed by the usual Arabic figures; but 
 in writing single figures, 1 and 6, on account of their resem- 
 blance to fonografic characters, must be written thus: <^s one, 
 six. 
 
 2. In expressing but one denomination of numbers, such as 
 millions, thousands, or hundreds, the fonografic signs are used thus: 
 16 C~\ 16,000,000; 12 ( or 12^ 12,000; 9 -^ or 9 v A 900; 
 
 or c - yv 1 loo; a-^/ or o Q -1 600; 
 6.000,000. 
 
OF PHONOGRAPHY. 75 
 
 LE SSON XXI. 
 
 SHUN AND ESHUN HOOKS. 
 
 SHUN HOOK. 
 
 i. The syllable shun (or zhun) following a stem consonant, 
 is expressed by a large final hook made on either side of straight 
 stems, and on the concave side of curve stems. Illustration: 
 
 potion, passion, inception, addition, perdition, occasion, sections, 
 
 dissection, rations, adhesion, fashions, visionary, motions, 
 
 ..... O ........ -to ......... 35 
 
 nations, dissention, oration, volition, persuasion, reservation, 
 
 2. In writing the words unction, sanction, distinction, etc., the 
 stem for the Ka sound can be omitted, without impairing legibility. 
 Illustration: 
 
 unction, sanctions, distinction. 
 
 3. The syllable ist, following Shun and Eshun, is expressed by 
 half-length ^j (Est) on the hooks. Illustration: 
 
 elocutionist, factiomst, annexationtst, 
 
 ESHUN HOOK. 
 
 4. The syllable shun following s represented by a circle, and 
 a vowel, is expressed by a small hook on the back of the circle. 
 Illustration: 
 
 .X JL ........ ~A ............ S* .............. i- 
 
 position, decision, accession, physician, cessation, pulsation, 
 
76 SCOTT-BROWNE-S TEXT-BOOK 
 
 incision, musician, accusation, propositions, juxtaposition, 
 
 vexation, pronunciation, transition. 
 
 5. Words containing this small hook are legible without writing 
 the vowel tha'. i? heard be'orr he hook; out if it is desired to express 
 this vowel any time, write it on the left side ot .ne hook for first place 
 vowels and on the right for second place vowels. Illustration: 
 
 ...s ................... % 
 
 precision, processions, sensational. 
 
 6. WRITING EXERCISE. 
 
 Potion, passion, passions, editions, addition, sedition, section, 
 suction, deception, attraction, attractions, detraction, inception, sub- 
 traction, perception, reception, inspection, exception, refraction, 
 infraction, reduction, subtraction, perdition, approbation, attrition, 
 adoration, ration, rations, oration, orations, derision, actions, cau- 
 tion, occasion, fashion, fashions, vision, visions, visionary, caution- 
 ary, missionary, nation, nations, national, diction, dictionary, mis- 
 sion, missions, notions, notional, lotion, allusion, solution, adhesion, 
 cohesion, dilation, adoration, admonition, attention, dissension, dis- 
 tention, distraction, restriction, probation, approbation, volition, 
 violation, affiliation, pretension, apprehension, recreation, tradition, 
 aggregation, peroration, navigation, apparition, repetition, reputa- 
 tion, selection, election, elocution, elocutionist, elocutionists, fac- 
 tionist, factionists, affectionate, affectionately, observation. 
 
 Opposition, position, possessions, decision, causation, accession, 
 accusation, aquisition, physician, physicians, incision, musician, 
 musicians, sensations, proposition, prepositions, supposition, cesssa- 
 tion, secession, annexation, annexationist, pulsations, vowelization, 
 civilization, taxation. 
 
OF PHONOGRAPHY. 77 
 
 7. ABBREVIATIONS. SHUN AND ESHUN HOOKS. No. n. 
 
 SHUN HOOKS. 
 
 \ passion 
 , ,\i objection 
 
 l 
 
 ... U consideration 
 
 -* 
 
 <-' exaggeration 
 
 V3v fashionable-bly 
 .... P ... session 
 
 ... >X objectionable 
 ....O .. subjection 
 
 ... D occasion 
 <=-^ creation 
 
 > n 
 
 ....is . association 
 missionary 
 
 v> exhibiton 
 
 1-^3 direction 
 
 :.S"? . national 
 
 U tuition 
 . ... station 
 
 - correction 
 collection 
 crrr* aggression 
 
 -^\ -- situation 
 .. <r>y.. dissuasion 
 .... V*v psrsuasion 
 
 U instruction 
 
 ESHUN HOOK. 
 
 \ 
 
 - . .opposition 
 
 1 e 
 acquisition 
 
 o~^ .. ..conversational 
 ... <4, -- .conversationist 
 
 .. \o ....position 
 
 - ;^C procession 
 
 \ possession 
 
 T 
 
 .__ _..". decision 
 
 \proposition 
 
 J 
 
 . oi ... -generalization 
 
 o^ compensation 
 
 p /^e 
 ...S4 civili/ation 
 
 o . accession 
 
 "X 
 
 TT'.... organization 
 
 0, 
 
 .. realixaiioti 
 
78 SCOTT-BROWNE'S TEXT-BOOK 
 
 SHADING AND LENGTHENING. 
 
 LE S3ON XXII. 
 
 SHADING EM. 
 
 I. Em is shaded to express a following/ or b, and is then called 
 Emp or Emb. Illustration: 
 i 
 
 I 
 
 imp, stump, hemp, lamp, glimpse, wampum, limbo, embargo. 
 
 LENGTHENING EMP. 
 2. Emp is lengthened to add a following r. Illustration: 
 
 empire, temper, simper, ember, chamber, somber. 
 
 3. WRITING EXERCISE. 
 
 Pomp, pumps, bump, damp, dumps, stamp, stump, stampede, 
 jumps, camp, gump, vamp, thump, lamp, lump, limp, romp, rump, 
 mumps, swamp, samp, slump, hump, hemp, primp, plump, tramp, 
 crump, cramp, glimpse, wampum, limbo, Jumbo, humbug, Sambo. 
 
 Pumper, Plumper, temper, temporal, distemper, damper, jumper, 
 Kemper, vampire, romper, hamper, scamper, ember, umber, amber, 
 somber, limber, lumber, chamber, slumber, December, November, 
 September, dismember, timber, cumber, encumber, Cumberland, 
 Chamberlain. 
 
 LENGTHENING ING. 
 
 4. Ing is lengthened to express a following kr (Ker) or gr (Ger). 
 Illustration: 
 
 anchor or anger, sinker, winker, tinker, 
 
 _O J*~s. ._O jo 
 
 thinker, finger, linger, stronger. 
 
OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 LENGTHENING THE OTHER CURVES. 
 5^ AU the ocher curved stems are lengthened to express a fol- 
 lowing tr, dr, thr, dhr. Illustration: 
 
 enter, render, smarter, mother, philanthropy, father. 
 
 6. Of the straight stems, only Ra and Hah are lengthened to 
 express the following words: 
 
 writer, rather, hither. 
 
 7. WRITING EXERCISE. 
 
 Anchor, sinker, Bunker, tinker, canker, rancor, ranker, thinker, 
 spanker, winkers, hanker, handkerchief. 
 
 Anger, finger, linger, languor, stronger, monger, mongrel, 
 hunger, Hungerford. 
 
 Father, fatherless, fatherly, mother, motherly, motherless, 
 thither, nitre, neuter, center, central, Easter, eastern, easterly, 
 Esther, oyster, Astor, Astral, astronomy, astronomical, astronomer, 
 latter, later, literature (La-ter-Cher), literary, latterly, literally, col- 
 lateral, winter, wonder, wander, eccentric, eccentricity, render, 
 hinder, cinder, sunder, wither, weather, whither, whether, flounder, 
 philantrophy, philanthropist, philanthropical. 
 
 Enterprise, interrupt, interruption, entertain, interest, interested, 
 introduce, introduction, interpret, interpretation, interpose, inter- 
 twine, interdict, uninterrupted, uninteresting. 
 
 8. ABBREVIATIONS. DOUBLE LENGTHS. No 12. 
 
 ( 
 
 i 
 
 father 
 thither 
 
 ) ....Easter 
 ( . letter 
 
 thitherward 
 
 f ... literary 
 
 
 
8u 
 
 SCOTT-BROWNE'S TEXT-ROOK 
 
 latter 
 
 writer 
 
 .-^"...rather 
 
 ... matter, mother 
 
 ._ neither, entire 
 
 entirely 
 
 .. .interest 
 
 senator 
 
 . northern 
 
 ^N . / .... longer 
 
 - - ^\or >| . .water 
 
 ^"X .. whithersoever 
 
 V 
 
 *\ weather 
 
 -^^X whether 
 
 <ZL... . hither 
 
 . ~-\ hither and thithei 
 
 rv \ farther, further 
 
 C ~X farther than 
 
OF PHONO GRAPHY. Ql 
 
 PREFIXES AND AFFIXES. 
 
 LESSON XXIII. 
 
 PREFIXES. 
 
 r. The prefixes, con, com, cum, cog; contra, contro, counter; 
 fore; magna, magne, magni; circum, self; etc., are represented by 
 brief arbitrary signs written either before or above the remainder 
 of the word. 
 
 CON, COM, CUM, COG. 
 
 2. The sign for con, com, cum and cog is a dot. Illustration: 
 
 ..... j- .......... S ............ .Vx .......... 1'.: 
 
 contain, comprise, cumbersome, cognitiv. 
 CONTRA, CONTRO, ETC. 
 
 3. The sign for contra, contro and counter is a tick. Illustration: 
 
 contradiction, controversy, countermand* 
 
 FORE. 
 
 4. The sign for fore is Ef. Illustration: 
 
 forestall, forefathers. 
 
 MAGNA, ETC. 
 
 5. The sign for maga, magne and magni is Em. Illustration: 
 
 s~*Ls^~b_ ......... _ .......... L_ ...... __ ........ V_y 
 
 magnanimous, magnetic, magnify. 
 
 CIRCUM AND SELF. 
 
 6. The sign, for circum and self is a small circle, written \njirst 
 position before or above the remainder of the word, for circum, and 
 in second position before or above the remainder of the word for self. 
 Illustration: 
 
 S-N o 
 
 ........... .. A ................. ........ >> ..... . 
 
 circumscribe, self-made. 
 
SCOTT-BROWNE'S TBXT-BOOK 
 
 COMPOUND PREFIXES. 
 
 7. Whenever any other syllable comes before these prefixes 
 thus making a compound prefix the stem or sign for the syllable is 
 written in the prefix's place, and the prefix is not written, but implied, 
 or, understood to be expressed, together with the syllable standing in 
 its place; or, in other words, if a stem or circle is written over another 
 stem in such a way as to occupy the place of a prefix sign, it must 
 be read together with the prefix the syllable that the sign stands 
 for being read first and the prefix last. Illustration: 
 
 conceivable, 
 
 inconceivable, 
 
 1 
 
 construe, 
 
 -1. ........ 
 
 misconstrue' 
 
 *lc k~ 
 
 w 
 
 compromised, uneompromised, committal, non-committal, 
 
 O 
 
 V3 /xj P 
 
 _ /^r-r: 1.. I 
 
 cognition, recognition, conceit, self-conceit. 
 
 X K * UN 
 
 composed, decomposed, comfort, discomfort, 
 
 L '*v ^"^"^ 
 
 i 
 
 contradicted, uncontradicted, controvert, uncontroverted, 
 
 reconcilable, irreconcilable, magnetized, unmagnetited 
 eircumspect, uncircumspect. selfish, unselfish, 
 
 foreseen, unforeseen, accommodation, incognito, 
 
 V_P ^^ 
 
 non-conductor, uncommon, concomitant. 
 
OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 8. Some words, having the prefix discon, are not conveniently 
 written according to the usual rules for writing compound prefix 
 words, in which case, the remainder of the word is written near the 
 prefix sign, and, in some cases, the prefix is expressed in full, about 
 as quickly as to use a disconnected sign. Illustration: 
 
 discontinue, discontent, disconnect. 
 
 9. The syllable kong, in Congress, conquer, etc., is expressed by 
 the con dot, thus: 
 
 Congress, conquer. 
 
 10. Con, com or cog can be expressed by writing the remainder 
 of the word close to a preceding word, thus: 
 
 U 
 
 in connection, in consideration, common consent. 
 
 r iF* 
 
 Lv 
 must contrive, to be concluded, will convince. 
 
 ii. READING EXERCISE. 
 
 "^ .................. '^S> ............. I ....... 
 
 common, commence, committee. 
 
 _ Lj _______________ L ....... ____ ..... Ii ...... 
 
 continued, constituent, contrition. 
 
 ..... - 
 
84 SCOTT-BROWN ffS TEXT-BOOK 
 
 12 WRITING EXERCISE. 
 
 Compute, computed, computation, compose, composes, com- 
 posed, composition, compositor, compost, compound, compounded, 
 compassion, comprise, comprised, compressed, comply, complied, 
 complex, complexion, complication, complicate, combine, contain, 
 contains, contusion, constrain, construction, contrite, contrition, 
 contribute, contribution, consistently, constantly, continue, con- 
 tinued, constrained, condemn, condemnation, conjure, concur, con- 
 course, concrete, conclude, conclusion, conclave, conglomerate, con- 
 glomeration, confide, confidence, configuration, conflagration, con- 
 vex, convivial, convenience, convenient, convey, conveyance, con- 
 vert, convertible, conceive, conception, completion, compilation, 
 compensation, condense, condensation, contrive, contrives, con- 
 trary, conduct, construct, contract, control, controllable, contrasted, 
 console, consolation, consolidate, consolidation, conservatory, con- 
 servation, conservatism, concern, common, commune, commence, 
 commenced, conquer, conquerable, congress, congressional, cog- 
 nate, cognation, cognition, cognomen, cognominal, cognominate. 
 
 Accomplish, accomplishments, accommodated. 
 
 Inconsistent, inconstant, inconsolable, uncontrollable, uncon- 
 vinced, unconquerable, inconceivable, uncommon, uncommonly, 
 recompense, recommend, recommendation, recognize, recognizes, 
 recognized, recognition, recognizable, misconstruction, miscompute, 
 non-conformity, non-committal, non-conductor, decomposition, dis- 
 comfort, disconcert, disconcerted, disconnection. 
 
 Contraband, contradict, contradiction, contradistinction, contra- 
 vene, counterpoise, counterpoint, contrapuntal, counteract, counter- 
 acted, counteraction, counter-irritant, counter-irritation, countermand, 
 counter-mine, counter-balance, counterpart, countersign. 
 
 Foreknow, fore-ordain, foretell, fore-told, foreknowledge, 
 forewarn, foreseen, foresight, forerunner, forecast, foreshadow, 
 fore-foot, fore-finger, fore-father, foresee, fore-lock, forebode, fore- 
 close, foreclosure, forego, foregone, foreground, forehanded. 
 
 . Magnanimous, magnanimity, magnify, magnificent, magnitude, 
 magnetism, magnetic, magnesia. 
 
OF PHONOGRAPHY. 5 
 
 LESSON XXIV. 
 
 AFFIXES. 
 
 1. Affixes (also termed suffixes) are expressed by simple stems 
 or arbitrary signs, either joined or disjoined, and are great aids to 
 speed without impairing legibility. 
 
 BLE, ELY. 
 
 2. When it is not convenient to write Bel (Be with / hook) for 
 the final syllables ble and bly the simple stem Be is employed 
 Illustration: 
 
 profitable-bly t sensible-bly. 
 
 SELF AND SELVES. 
 
 3. When self and selves, at the end of words, cannot be ex- 
 pressed by their full forms Slay-Ef and Slay- Ves the small joined 
 circle is employed for -!<//" and the large one for selves. Illustration: 
 
 thyself. themselves, 
 
 SHIP. 
 
 3. Ship, in nearly all cases, at the end of words, is expressed 
 by disjoined Ish. Illustration: 
 
 friendship^ partnership, 
 
 LY. 
 
 4. When La, for the syllable ly, at the end of words, cannot be 
 Joined, it is expressed by La written over or by the side of the stem 
 next to it Illustration: 
 
 / a vs~~ 
 
 ' V 
 
 manly, positively. 
 
g({ SCOTT-BROWNE 'S TEXT-BOOK 
 
 ING. 
 
 5. The added syllable ing, at the end of words, is expressed by 
 a dot directly at the end of the stem or sign. Illustration: 
 
 doing, taying, owing. 
 
 INGS. 
 
 6. The added syllable ings is expressed by either a small circle 
 or an inclined tick written in the ing-dot's place. Illustration: 
 
 ) 
 
 ........ ........ 
 
 doings, sayings. 
 
 INGLY. 
 
 /. The added syllable ingly, at the end of words, is expressed 
 by a disjoined La written across ing-dot's place. Illustration: 
 
 knowingly, trustingly. 
 
 ABBREVIATIONS AS AFFIXES. 
 
 TO 
 
 8. The syllable to, at the end of words, following any other 
 stem than Un, is expressed by the little vowel sign employed as the 
 abbreviation of the word to. Illustration: 
 
 thereto, hitherto. 
 
 ON. 
 
 9. On, at the end of words, is expressed by the n hook when 
 it is not convenient to use the regular sign. Illustration: 
 
 I) &<?. 
 
 thereon, whereon. 
 
OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 OF. 
 
 10. Of, at the end of words, is expressed by the /-hook, on 
 straight stems, but after curves by the little vowel sign employed as 
 the abbreviation for of. Illustration: 
 
 whereof, hereof, thereof, 
 
 IN. 
 II, In, at the end of words, is expressed by Un. Illustration: 
 
 wherein, herein, therein. 
 
 AFTER AND HAND. 
 
 li. After and hand, at the end of words, is expressed by the 
 the abbreviations for those words. Illustration: 
 
 ........ < ............... ? .............. V ......... V. .......... 
 
 hereafter, thereafter, behindhand, beforehand. 
 
88 
 
 SCOTT-BROWNE 'S TEXT-BOOK 
 
 ANALOGY AND PHRASING, 
 
 LE SSON XXV. 
 
 ANALOGY. 
 
 I. In writing derivativ words, the principle of analogy, which 
 preserves the form of the primitiv word throughout all its derivativs, 
 should be observed, unless a violation of it would secure greater 
 legibility, speed and convenience in writing, or is unavoidable 
 through difficult or impossible joinings. 
 
 PHRASING. 
 
 2. Another means of gaining speed in writing is the joining of 
 two, three or four words in a phrase (only such common, frequently 
 occurring words as phrase naturally in speech,) without lifting the 
 pen phrasing only words that join easily, and with a free, flowing 
 movement, and that are perfectly legible in the phrase form 
 3. PHRASES. 
 
 ^v 
 
 by-and-by 
 
 V 
 
 did you 
 
 _._ A 
 
 J J 
 
 should be 
 
 \- 
 
 there was 
 
 K 
 
 . it should be 
 
 ^ 
 
 ...must be 
 
 7\ 
 
 ...should not be 
 
 ^ 
 
 ... you must 
 
 
 
 
 
 L . . 
 
 it is not 
 
 ^-~v 
 
 .. .to make 
 
 ...1 
 
 it would be 
 
 ^ 
 
 if you will 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 j 
 
 would have 
 
 \ 
 
 of course 
 
 ::C 
 
 . it would not have 
 
 \s 
 
 better than 
 
 
 should not have 
 
 j/^ 
 
 would rather 
 
 .../CX^. - 
 
 some one else 
 
 v 
 
 .. is not 
 
TWENTY IMPROVEMENTS 
 
 DISTINGUISHING PART I OF 
 
 SCOTT-BROWNE'S 
 
 Text-Book of Phonography 
 
 FROM 
 
 OTHER WORKS ON SHORTHAND WRITING, 
 
 i. It is divided into twenty-five lessons consisting of the principles, 
 explained, illustrated, and followed by reading and writing exer- 
 cises of words and sentences; all the divisions of a lesson follow- 
 ing each other consecutively. 
 
 2. Directions simplified and formulated into rules. 
 
 3- Extra signs for the vowels in err and air, and a clear analysis of 
 the vowel elements of the language. 
 
 4- Positiv values for the difthong signs, enabling the writer to 
 put them in the most convenient place by the stem. 
 
 5- Vowels following dif thongs are expressed by signs joined to the 
 difthong signs. 
 
 6. Some new punctuation marks. 
 
 7 Directions for the formation of circles on stems and hooks. 
 
 8. Joining brief ffand Y (almost invariably) initially and medially. 
 
 9- Vowels preceding or following the brief W or Y expressed by 
 
 signs joined to the brief W and Y signs. 
 10. Simplifying the Aspirate representation doing away with the 
 
 dot and thickening methods. 
 TI. Arranging the abbreviations, or *' word-signs," in eleven lists, 
 
 convenient for reference. 
 
 12. Changing conflicting and illegible Abbreviations. 
 13. Reducing the number of abbreviations from six thousand to 
 
 about five hundred. 
 
 14. Sparing use of the halving principle. 
 15. Tick for the final syllable ed and sometimes for final d. 
 16. Modifying the aspirate stem to add / and r. 
 17. Initial tick iorW, making legible the words dwell, quick, thwack, 
 
 etc., and many Spanish names. 
 
 1 8. Lengthening Ra and Hah only, of straight stems to add tr, thr. 
 19. Improving the prefix and affix signs. 
 
 20. Adoption of the Congressional Reporters' forms for the words 
 current, crowned, grant, grand, etc. Ker and Ger with half- 
 length n stem. 
 
PHONOGRAPHIC TEXT-BOOKS 
 
 AND OTHER PUBLICATIONS 
 
 Helpful to Stenographers and 
 Students 
 
 SEEKING A BUSINESS EDUCATION. 
 
 BY 
 
 D. L. SCOTT- BROWNE, 
 
 23 CLINTON PLACE, NEW- YORK, N. Y., 
 
 Editor of BROWNE'S PHONOGRAPHIC MONTHLY, Organ of the Profession, and Author 
 of the AMERICAN STANDARD Series of Text-books. 
 
 SCOTT-BROWNE'S TEXT-BOOK OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 A complete guide to the mastery of the art. Arranged for private or class in- 
 struction. The only phonographic text-book issued in twenty years that gives the 
 results 'in new principles) ot the application of the art to verbatim reporting. Con- 
 cise and clear directions for the student. Fully illustrated, and every lesson com- 
 plete in itself. Price $2 oo 
 
 ALSO BOUND IN PARTS. 
 
 PART I. Comprising all the Principles, Abbreviations (or "word- signs,") and 
 Lessons complete i oo 
 
 PART II. Containing a review of Principles, and their application to different kinds 
 of reporting, together with chapters on Methods, Varieties, and the Laws Governing 
 Speed of NV riting, etc., etc |i oo 
 
 SCOTT-BROWNE'S PHONOGRAPHIC COPY-BOOK. 
 
 Arranged as a companion book to the "Text-Book of Phonography," for a help 
 to the student, who could not always have the large book at hand. Contains practise 
 exercises on all the principles, with blank pages for writing the same. It is the ONLY 
 phonographic copy book with engraved shorthand copies. Price 25 
 
 SCOTT-BROWNE'S FIRST PHONOGRAPHIC READER. 
 
 Composed of Reading Lessons which illustrate the application of Principle*., and 
 contains nearly all the " word-si.^ns " in the system 350 ot them together with 50 of 
 the most common phrases. Price 50 
 
l/n preparation.] 
 
 THE STUDENTS' DICTATION-BOOK. 
 
 A work of Graded Selections, to form Readings for Students' Practise for Speed in 
 Shorthand writing; together with Instructions and Directions for Practise and Study. 
 Price $2 oc 
 
 [/ preparation.} 
 
 SCOTT-BROWNE'S REPORTERS' BOOK OF LEGAL FORMS. 
 
 Shows how the Law Reporter indicates Questions and Answers, treats Objections, 
 Rulings of the Court, Remarks of Counsel, Exhibits, Judge's Charge, explains Refer- 
 ence Reporting, and gives definitions of Legal Terms. The different forms of taking 
 notes in Law, Literary, and Business matters are given, Illustrated in Shorthand, 
 with key in common print. Price $2 oo 
 
 [/ preparation, .] 
 
 WORD-FORMS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES. 
 
 A work presenting the primitive form of words with their derivatives, engraved 
 in Shorthand, in the manner of writing them in Verbatim Reporting. Analogy of form 
 is preserved, thus shortening the study to the acquisition of the art. A key and ex- 
 planatory notes are also given in common print. More useful than a Phonogr?phic 
 Dictionary, because, while finding the particular word wanted, the Student is taught 
 how to write all its derivatives without extra study and search to find each particular 
 word, as in a dictionary, separately. All other text-books so far published give 
 different phonographic forms for the several derivatives belonging to one class of 
 words. Simple, complete, instructive; useful alike to both Student and Reporter 
 for reference. Price. $2 oo 
 
 [/ preparation.} 
 
 STENOGRAPHERS' DIRECTORY (1882), 
 
 By D. L. Scott-Browne; comprising the Names, Addresses, Positions held, Salaries 
 paid, and Systems written by all the Professional Stenographers in the United States 
 and Canada. A guide to Stenographers as to prices to charge for Reporting by the 
 Job, Day, Week, or Month; it will form a Standard of Rates, and Work for Reference 
 to parties asking the rates given. It will settle the vexed question as to extent of use 
 of the different Methods of Shorthand, showing which is the most popular and 
 Standard. Price $2 oo 
 
 [/ preparation.} 
 
 SCOTT-BROWNE'S AMERICAN BOOK OF BUSINESS 
 LETTERS, 
 
 By D. L. Scott-Browne. A genuine work of actual Business Letters, as written 
 everv day in leading mercantile houses in all branches of trade, and the only book 
 giving real letters embracing the technicalities belonging to different businesses. 
 Adapted to use in Schools and Business Colleges, and for practise by Stenographers 
 fitting themselves for Business Correspondence, learning Forms, and familiarizing 
 Business Expressions $2 oo 
 
 [/a preparation.} 
 
 CALIGRAPH INSTRUCTOR, 
 
 Containing Practise Exercises for rapidly and skillfully fingering the key-board; Forms 
 of and directions for getting up Lccjal Papers, Business Letters and general matters, 
 with instructions for munipulating the machine in all kinds of work and keeping it in 
 order. This book will also be useful to Type- Writer operators 33 
 
THE CALIGRAPH. 
 
 A machine indispensable to students, business and 
 professional men, for legible and rapid writing. 
 
 Thousands of them in use. 
 
 Can be operated, after a week's use, by young people 
 or men and women as rapidly as longhand writing, and 
 after two or three months's time the speed of writing will 
 increase from sixty to eighty words a minute. 
 
 Send for a descriptive circular, price, and list of 
 patrons. 
 
 D. L. SCOTT-BROWNE, 
 
 23 Clinton Place, New- York, N. Y. 
 
 REPORTERS' MATERIAL, 
 
 Such as Pens, Pencils, Note-Books, Reporters' Covers, Fountain Pens, Pencil Cases, 
 Pocket Ink-Stands, Caligraphs and Type- Writer Ribbons and Paper, Binder for the 
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 SCOTT-BROWNE'S COLLEGE OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
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 by any system desired. 
 
 Terms, and Catalogue of about 400 Pupils and Graduates sent upon application. 
 A thoro course of preparation for business is given by actual dictations in our 
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 33 Clinton Place, New-York, N. Y. 
 
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 Oldest, largest, cheapest, most popular; most shorthand engraving and phono- 
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 ALL ABOUT SHORTHAND AND ITS ACCESSORIES, 
 
 with a Catalogue of 400 Pupils and Graduates of SCOTT-BROWNB'S COLLEGE OF PHONOG- 
 RAPHY. A 48 page pamphlet of information about books, systems, positions, salaries. 
 Type- Writers and type-writing. Answers all the questions an enquirer would be 
 1-kely to ask. 
 
 For free distribution. Sent to any address for a 3C. stamp. 
 
 D. L. SCOTT-BROWNE, Publisher, 
 
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 ot CALiFUKPtlA 
 
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