A SIMPLIFIED GRAMMAR OF THE u JAR ATI LANGUAGE AND FOCABULART REV. WM. ST GLAIR TISDALL M.A., C.M.S. D. B. TARAPOREVALA, SONS, & CO. BOMBAY THUBNER'S COLLECTION OF SIMPLIFIED GRAMMARS OF THE PRINCIPAL ASIATIC AND EUROPEAN LANGUAGES. EDITED BY REINHOLD ROST, LL.D., Pa.D. XXII. GUJAKATI. BY THE KEY. WM. ST. GLAIR TISDALL, 3I.A., C.M.S. TIMER'S COLLECTION OF SIMPLIFIED GRAMMARS OF THE PRINCIPE ASIATIC AND EUROPEAN LANGUAGES. EDITED BY REINHOLD ROST, LL.D., PH.D. I. HINDUSTANI, PERSIAN AND ARABIC. BY THE LATE E. H. PALMER, M.A. Second Edition. Price 5s. II. HUNGARIAN. BY I. SINGER. Price 4s. Gd. III. BASQUE. BY W. VAN EYS. Price 3^. 6d. IV. MALAGASY. BY G. W. PARKER. Price 5s. V. MODERN GREEK. BY E. M. GELDART, M.A. Price 2s. 6cf. VI. ROUMANIAN. BY E. TORCEANU. Price 5s. VII. TIBETAN. BY H. A. JASCHKE. Price 5s. VIII. DANISH. By E. C. OTTE. Price 2s. Gd. IX. OTTOMAN TURKISH. BY J. W. REDHOUSE. Price 10s. Gd. X. SWEDISH. BY E. C. OTTE. Price 2s. Gd. XI. POLISH. BY W. R. 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A SIMPLIFIED GEAMMAE OF THE GUJARATI LANGUAGE, TOGETHER WITH A SHORT READING BOOK AND VOCABULARY. BY THE REV. WM. ST. GLAIR TISDALL, M.A., C.M.S., FOBilEKLY PRINCIPAL TBAIMJTG COLLEGE, AMEITSAE ; LATELY MISSIONARY IN CHAKGE C.M.S. 1IUHAMMAUAN MISSION, BOMBAY; AUTHOR Of "i. SIMPLIFIED GBAMUAB OF THE PANJAB1 LANGUAGE"; "THE T11IGLOTT GOSPEL OF 8T. JOHN;" ETC. LONDON : KEG AN PAUL, TREXCH, TRUBNER & CO. LTD., PATEENOSTEB HOUSE, CHARING CROSS ROAD. 1892 [The right of translation and of reproduction is reserved.] TO THE MEMBERS OF THE IRISH PRESBYTERIAN MISSION, GUJARAT, WHO HAVE DONE SO MUCH FOB GUJARATl LITERATURE, THIS LITTLE VOLUME IS, WITHOUT THEIR KNOWLEDGE, DEDICATED. 2004671 PBEEACE THE Series of Simplified Grammars to which the present volume belongs is too well known to make it necessary for me to say much now in the way of preface. I must, however, record my obligations to two vernacular Grammars, the Ohj/^lrfl. 59 a* ? r ^ .< r cc? o Q S ^ OQ o 9 o " C! u. ^ O - CO z UJ i- O UJ Q_ CO THE ELEMENTS OF THE GKAMMAR OF THE GUJARAT! LANGUAGE. THE Gujarat! language belongs, like the Marathi, Hindi, Panjabl, Oriya, and many other Indian dialects, to the Aryan family, being a daughter of the Sanskrit. Its closest affinities are with the Western Panjabi on the one side, and the Braj Bhasha, an old form of Hindi, on the other. Besides various local dialects of Gujarat!, there are three main varieties of the written and spoken language. First, Hindi Gujarat!, which is that adopted and rightly so by the Government as the standard, and taught in the schools. Second, Pars! Gujarat!, the language as spoken and written by the Parsis. This differs from ordinary Gujarat! in that it admits pure Persian words in con- siderable numbers, especially in connexion with religious matters, besides a host of Arabic and other words taken from the Urdu language, and that its grammar is in a very unfixed and irregular condition. Thirdly, Muham- madan Gujarat!, which, like Pars! Gujarat!, employs a 16 GUJARATI GRAMMAR. great number of words borrowed from the Hindustani (and through it from Persian and Arabic). But, though the vocabulary of the language varies considerably according as the speaker is a Hindu, a Parsi, or a Muslim, yet its grammar when spoken correctly is practically one and the same. "We have taken Hindi Gujarat! as our standard in this Grammar, for, if that is learnt, the few variations of form used in the other dialects will present no difficulty, especially as they are to a great degree mere matters of spelling. GUJARAT! PARADIGMS. I. NOUNS : (1) Ending in -o Sing. Plur. Abs. o d >_/Ml " ' '" "'" CV ....... (a) Masculine. (2) Otherwise :- Sing. Abs. Obi. Plur. (o) (o) (b) Feminine. Sing. Plur. Abs. o Obi. o (1) Ending in -w/l &'y. Plur. Abs. w/1 a/l(o) Obi. d n(o) (c) Neuter. (2) Otherwise:- (Siw^. Abs. Obi. II. VERBS : (a) Regular. Active Stem, Pass. Stem, d Causative Stem. ~ ] a . La dd dva Infinitive, -vun. Gerundive, -vo, vi, vun. Present Part., -to, tl, tun ; td, tl, tdn. Past Part., -yo, I, yun; yd, I, dn. Connect. Part., -ine. Agential j? e f n " - nar ~> +> ~ un ' ( indecl., -nar. Pluperf. Part., -el : el-o, -i, -un. Imperative, -, -o. Aorist, H personal endings. Present Indie. = Aorist + pres. of \/chha. Future, f- -is, -se, -se : -isun, -so, -se. Future Prec., 3rd Sing, and 2nd PL, -jo. Imperat., 2nd Sing, and 2nd PI., -je, -jo. 18 GUJARATI PARADIGMS. PERSONAL ENDINGS. Aorist. Optative, 3 I g 3 Sing., Plur., -un -Iti -e -0 -e -e -0 -0 (1) (b) Auxiliaries Irregular. N/ clika, to be Indecl. Pres. Part., chhatdn Present : chh-un, -e, -e ; -le, -o, -e. (2) Hovim, to be. Past, hat-o, -i, -un, &c. Aorist, ho-un, -y, -y ; -le, -o, -y- Fut., hals, hois, &c. Prec. Fut., hojo. III. PRONOUNS : (a) Relative : Sing. Plur. Abs. je jeo Obi. je jeo Agent, jene jeoe (d) Personal : s Sing. 1st, Jmn, mane, men, mare, mdro 2nd, tun, tane, ten, tare, tdro 3rd, te, tene, tene, teno. Negative, naihl. (3) Javun, to go, and Tha- vun, to become. Aorist : jdun { jay, jay ; jale, jdo, jay. thaun, thdy, thdy; thaie, ihdo, thdy. Future : jais, &c. thais, &c. (b) Interrog. : Sing, fy Plur. Abs. kon CTco- Obl. 1 Jce- [kona (c) Reflexive : Sing. 4" Plur. Abs. pote Obi. potd Plur. ame, amne, ame. amdro tame, tamne, tame, tamdro teo, teone (temne),teono, &c. 1st Pers. Indus, plur. pronoun : Apane, dpanne, dpane, dpano, dpandthi, &c. IV. SIMPLE POSTPOSITIONS: ~ne = to, ace. -e = agent, at. -thi = from, with. -no, -m, -nun = of. -77? an, = in. -par = upon. ( 19 ) CHAPTER I. THE ALPHABET. THE Gujarat! Alphabet is derived from the Sanskrit, to which it still bears a considerable resemblance. The dif- ference consists mainly in the omission in Gujarat! of the head line used in joining together most of the Devanagari characters. Like the Sanskrit, Gujarat! is written from left to right. Letters (varn) are divided into Vowels (svar) and Consonants (vyanjan, often pronounced venjan). . 1. When initial, that is, when they begin a syllable, the vowels are as follows : 2*1 = a pronounced as u in but* 2>ll = a ,, a in army. y = i i in A/i^butoftenlength- ened in sound. $ = I ee in heel. @ = u oo in hood. Ol = u oo in fool. 3*1 = e e in iefe, sometimes al- most as'e in led. ^ . . 3>t = ai ai in aiste. o ,, o in ocean: always long. au ozy in * As this vowel C6 occurs far more frequently in Gujarat! than any other vowel, it is most important that the student should pronounce it correctly, otherwise his conversation will be quite unintelligible. B 2 20 GUJARATI GRAMMAR. Or, briefly, the vowels as used by us in transliterating are to be pronounced as in Italian, except that a (^t) is to be carefully given the indistinct or dull sound indicated above. When these vowel sounds are not initial, they are represented in accordance with the subjoined table. It is to be observed that the first vowel (^t) is sup- posed to be inherent in every consonant, except : (1) when that consonant is followed by some other vowel : (2) when virdma ( ) is written or understood under it : (3) when that consonant is the first portion of a compound letter. Therefore, when this sound a (^t) is not initial, it possesses no written sign. NON-INITIAL VOWELS. Guj. Equiv. Name of the character. I = , as ^t I = &... kano. P ~ i) r*i = hi hrasva-ajju. 1 = *, 4 6* dirgha-ajju. ;> = , "1 = bu . . . hrasva-varadun. ^- = u, H bu . . . dirgha-varadun. * s ?* ~ = e > )> **i = &e . . . ek matra. = ai, 1 = bai ... be matra. ^ = o, v\\. = bo . .. kano matra. I = au } "^Hl = ban . . . kano be matra. ~i ri> }, \ = bri (sounded as brii : this ri is considered a vowel.} It will be noticed that the sign for short i (\) is always written before the consonant which begins the syllable in THE ALPHABET. which it (when not initial) occurs. (The reverse of this takes place in the English termination -l>le, and seems equally strange to a foreigner.) 2. Simple Consonants. CHARACTER. CHARACTER. EQUIV. . ^ Ij ka M H ^ "^1 kha ll g i' u ga gha A s-t n' x-x H ch . I 1 "" S 2 &P or ^9 chh ^ *< tn / j 1' Oj>* jh s -' ^ t n ^ ^ t S 3 S th PH ' rj pa '5 W """" s d N 'S dh u ^ J, ^ n ^A (^ t s ^ th H-4-3 O2 <^ d ft | k dh 03 S "\. n H P '3 02 IC8 or J^3 f (Some pronounce itasj>A.) M 3 ea o3 ^H b o ^L bh n m ^ H y 1 "1 ^. r O 1 O * 0"} is used to transliterate the Persian j (z) : note the inserted dot. t The characters marked thus (f) are rarely used in Gujarati 22 GUJABATI GEAMMAB. Some of the characters above given require two con- sonants to represent them in transliteration, and yet they all represent simple and uucompounded sounds. The fol- lowing require some explanation of their pronunciation : ^i Jch, as in ink-horn, but as if the Jc were part of the second syllable. OL g, is always hard, as in go. U gh, is a slightly more guttural sound than simple g. The Cerebrals are produced by turning the point of the tongue upwards to touch the top of the palate. The letters & (th) and (J (dh} are somewhat more emphatically pronounced than the simple 2 (t) and (d). The dental t and d (f\ and t = sma cv^l = ^V a = pya ^ = sra ^lor|J= Ha = pra 9* = Sva c^{ = 6?^i/a THE ALPHABET. 25 When any of these compound consonants is followed by any vowel sign, the inherent ^H (a) is of course rejected, as in the case of simple characters. Dv, tv, and other compounds of which v forms the final member, are pronounced almost like dd, tt, the v having the effect of apparently adding emphasis to the sound of the first member of the compound, but being itself very slightly pronounced. 4. The Orthography of the Gujarat! language is, in some points, still unsettled, though the preparation and use in schools of Government class-books tend to fix it. In works printed a few years ago, for example, we find vdhdnn for vahdn, lidt for Tidlh, Idhdr for bahdr, etc. So also ndhdno is now generally written, and perhaps always pronounced ndno ; and we now have moto for mohoto, dahddo (in Parsi-Gujarati pronounced ddro) for dahddo. There is still great uncertainty about i and u, the long and short forms of these being often used as of equal value. Such forms as rahyo, Ttdhyun, etc., are pronounced almost as if written raiyo, kaiyun, owing to the feeble sound of h. ( 26 ) CHAPTER II. PAIITS OP SPEECH. NOUNS. 1. There are eight parts of speech, as in English. Of these the Noun (ndni), the Pronoun (sarvanam), the Adjec- tive (viseshan), and the Verb (kriydpad) are capable of inflection (dkhyey) : the rest being indeclinable (avyay) . NOUNS (Nam). Nouns are Proper (viseshanam) , Common (sdmdnyandm), and Abstract (bhdvavdchakandm). They admit of Gender, Number, and Case, 2. GENDER (Jdti). There are three Genders in Gujaratl; masc. (narajdti), fern, (ndrijdti), and neut. (ndnyatar). The Gender of a word is determined either (1) by its meaning, or (2) by its termination. Among names of living creatures, those clearly denoting males are masc., those denoting females fern., while those which are common to both sexes are generally neuter. E.g. purush a man, a male (vir) is m. : strl a woman is fern., mdnas a human being (homo) is neut. : so also chhokro a boy, masc. ; chhokri a girl, fern. ; chhokrun a child, neut. (Cf. German bd ftitlb, and our habit not confined to bachelors of speaking of an infant as it.) The names of the days of the week, of months, of moun- PARTS OF SPEECH. 27 tains, the heavenly bodies, oceans, seas, winds, divisions of a country, are masculine. Names of Rivers (except e.g. Brahmaputra, Sindhunad, which are m.), the Earth, Lunar days (except padavo, ra.), divisions of the day (except pahor, m., a watch, vigilia), and the following members of the body, viz., dnkh, eye ; jdng, thigh ; nas, vein ; pdnpan, eyelid ; khdndh, shoulder ; ux&jibh, tongue, are feminine. Names of classes of animals, villages, cities, districts, the points of the compass, and most names of fruits, are neuter. 3. Gender as fixed by terminations. Most nouns ending in -o are masculine.* -I or -a are feminine. -\- All -u/7 are neuter.% Nouns derived from the stems of prepositional verbs in Sanskn't, as vikdr (fr. \/ kn') , change; vichdr(ir. v'char, to think), thought : and reduplicated onomatopoeic nouns ending in -at (as gadgaddt, a rumbling), are masculine. * Except : juo, f. or n., gambling ; chho or chhoo, f., mortar; dho, m., washing. f Except : (1) when the I = Sk. iyam, Ijam, &c. ; e.g. pdni, n., water ; lohl or lol, n., blood ; man, n., pepper ; Hi, n., seed ; ghl, n., ' ghee,' clarified butter. (2) When the *i is a term, denoting a calling, trade, or indicating in some way a male : e.g. Pars!, m. ; hdthl, m., a male elephant ; dliobi, m., a washerman. (3) A few nouns in -a are masc. : e.g. dtmd, spirit ; mahimd, glory ; devatd, a god, fire. J Except ghaun, m., wheat. 28 GUJAKATI GEAMMAR. All abstract nouns ending in -dl, as, -k, van, vat, vad, tit, td ; and Arabic or Persian words ending in -at or -as, are feminine. Most words ending in -e } -i, or -s } are also feminine. All abstract nouns having the terminations -an, -an, -pan, -man, van, tva, and most nouns ending in -n,* are neuter, as are also names of countries ending in -stdn. Nouns derived from Sanskrit generally speaking preserve the gender they had in that language. Thus if we know' that ghar, house, is the Sanskrit griham, n., we at once know that ghar too is neuter. (But vastu, a thing, is/., as in Hindi and Panjabi, though n. in Sanskrit.) Words derived from Hindustani, and through it from Arabic or Persian, usually retain the gender they had in Hindustani; as, jam In, ground, f. (Urdu, ,^x<; /)> tasdl, annoyance,/. (Urdu, jj^aJ/) It is impossible to fix the gender of all words by any number of rules, but the apparent difficulty thus caused disappears with practice in the language. More commonly there are two forms, one masc., denoting a larger, and one /em., meaning a smaller thing; as, chopdo, an account book, a large volume ; chopdl, a book, a small ordinary book. A few nouns have three forms, one of each gender ; as, chhokro, m., a boy; chhoTcrl, /., a girl; chholcrun, n., a child. * Except, e.g. an, ' an oath,' /. PARTS OF SPEECH. 29 4. NUMBER (Vachan). In Gujarat! there are two numbers, Singular and Plural (called ekavachan and bahuvachan or anehavachan re- spectively). The plural termination is universally -o } though this ending is not always required to denote plu- rality. A few classes of nouns (see under Declension) undergo a slight change before taking this affix. Some nouns, as tal, mag, adad, mari, are used only in the plural. Such nouns of materials as retl, sand, val t hair, ru, cotton, mail, soil, earth, dhdnya, corn ; also names of metals, as sunun, gold, rup u ~i, silver; and moreover all abstract nouns, as nydy, justice, satyatd, truth, suddhatd, purity, pap, guilt, etc., are generally used only in the singular. The plural is, however, used when either (1) different kinds of the thing specified are meant, or (2) when something special is implied. Thus dhdnyo means ' various kinds of corn/ Of. in English, "in deaths oft": i.e. ' in different kinds of peril of death/ Ex., " Amardn pdp ghandri, chhe," ' our sins are many/ Here pap is plural, as its adjj. show, though it has not assumed a plural ending. When a cardinal numeral (two, three, etc.), or an adjec- tive denoting all or many, precedes a noun, and when plurality is in this way sufficiently indicated, the noun commonly remains in the singular form, though with a plural meaning. E.g., Tamdre gher vis mdnas (for manaso) dvase, ' twenty men will come to your house/ But when 30 GUJARATI GRAMMAR. a noun ends in -o, masc,, or -uTi, neut., in the singular, it must take the plural form in such a case. Sometimes a noun of material has a plural with a dif- ference of meaning- : e.g. lugdun, cloth ; lugddfi, clothes, garments ; lodhun, iron ; lodhdn, tools. A noun often occurs in the plural when the meaning is singular, in order to show respect. This, however, is the case only with nouns signifying persons. Ex., mdrd pydrd bdp sard chhe, e my dear father(s) is (are) good.' If the noun so used is feminine, its adjective is put in the plural neuter, as mdrdn beheno avyan hatdn, ' my sister (s) had come ' (vide p. 36, 4). 5. DECLENSION (RupdJchydn) . With regard to declension, nouns in Gujarat! are divided into two classes : (1) those that end in -o, masc. and -un, neut. ; and (2) those that do not. The former class have two forms, the Absolute and the Oblique. The Oblique is formed from the Absolute by changing the -o or -un into -a ; and is used before all post- positions, and also as the Vocative. As nouns belonging to the second class do not end in -o or -un, it is evident that they remain unchanged in the singular, In the plural of all nouns the Absolute and the Oblique cases are one and the same in form. Nouns ending in -o, masc., take as their plural -d instead; the plural thus corresponding in form with the Oblique PARTS OF SPEECH. 31 Singular. To this, -o may be added as a further sign of plurality. Neuters in -un change this ending in the Plural into -an, to which they may add -o. All other nouns may have the plural of the same form as the singular. Feminines in -I, however, almost always add -o to form the plural ; and other nouns also may do so when any plural sign is required. We have, therefore, the following scheme : Class I. Masc. Sing. Abs. dikr-o Obi. dikr-d Plur. dikrd-(o) dikrd-(o) Neut. Sing. Plur. lugd-un lugd-dn-(o) lugd-d* lugd-dn-(o) Class II. Masc. Sing. Plur. Abs. punish purush-(o) Obi. purush purush-(o) Neut. Sing, ndm Plur. ndm-(o) ndm-(o) Feminine. Abs. Obi. Sing, dikrl dikrl Plur. dikrl-o dikm-o * Some -writers prefer to write the oil. neut. with a nasal, e.g. lugddn, both in nouns and adjectives, but it seems best not to do so. 32 GUJAKATI GEAMMAE. Instead of the cases* of the Sanskrit, Gujarat! expresses the relation of the nouns to the other words in a sentence by certain small words corresponding to our English pre- positions. The only difference is that (1) these words follow instead of preceding the nouns which they govern, and are hence styled postpositions : and (2) that they are united in writing to their nouns, forming one word with them. The postpositions are attached to the oblique form of the noun. Those most commonly used are : ne, to (also expresses the direct object). e, by, at. no, Hi, nun, of. man, in. tliaki, vati, or ihl, from, with (instrument). In Nouns of Class L, the -a of the Oblique form is usually omitted before the addition of -e : we have there- fore both dikrd-e and dikre to mean 'by a son/ With this class of nouns, -e means only 'by/ denoting the Agent : but with nouns of Class II. it also means ' at/ and in this case may be compounded with thl, as nisdlethi. The termination -no-ni-nunrf agrees in number, gender * The native Grammars conform to the Sanskrit system and arrange the nouns and these postpositions into seven (or in some books eight) cases (mbJiaJcti). This is, however, alien to the spirit of the Gujarat!, quite as much as a similar scheme would be to that of the English language. It has, nevertheless, the advantage (?) of making difficult what is easy. f When a postposition beginning with a consonant is attached to a noun ending in one, the two consonants do not coalesce to form a compound letter. This is because, according to theory, the inherent vowel -a follows the last consonant of the noun. Thus dev, a god, is PARTS OF SPEECH. 33 and case with the noun following, really turning its own noun into an adjective ; as, a mdnasna. dikrdne, ' to this man's son;' e rdjdni dikrl, 'that king's daughter.' (Vide Adjectives.} More than one postposition may be attached at the same time to a noun ; as, nisdl, ' a school ; ' nisdletlii or nisdl- mdnthi, 'from in the school ' or ' from at school ; ' gJiar- mdnni chholcri, ' the girl of in the house.' i.e. ' who is in the house.' The Absolute form may be used as the object of a verb, and very commonly is so when the noun denotes a thing without life. The Oblique with -ne more commonly ex- presses the object when it is a noun denoting a living being, or when it is desired to emphasize the object. The Absolute is sometimes used instead of the oil. with a preposition to denote point of time ; as, te dahado marl dikri gal, ' that day my daughter went.' It is also used to express measure, where we in English use 'of; as, tran lota pan! dpo, 'Give three vessels of water.' (Of. German (Sin IaS SBein, etc.) supposed to end in a (and to be deva). But as this inherent vowel in such instances is never heard, it would merely mislead the learner to write devane and expect him to pronounce it devne. ( 34 ) CHAPTER III. THE ADJECTIVE (Viseshan). In Gujarat!, adjectives precede the nouns which they qualify. 1. Adjectives are of two kinds : (1) Declinable (vikari), and (2) Indeclinable (avikari). To the former class belong all adjectives which have the termination -un in the neut. absolute. The masc. abs. of these ends in -o, and the fern. abs. in -4, as rat-o, -I, -un. These are declined pre- cisely on the model of chhohro, chJiokrl, chholcrun, i.e. the m. as dikro, the /. as dikri, and the n. as lugdun. When the adjective is declinable, the noun which it qualifies (called its viseshya) does not necessarily assume the -o of the plural if it belong- to Class II. of nouns, the plurality being sufficiently indicated by the adj., as ghandn ghar or ghandn gharo, ' many houses/ Adjectives that do not end in -un in the neut. abs. sing, remain unaltered when affixed to a noun, as lal, sufed. 2. When declinable, the adj. agrees with its noun in gender, number and case; but the postpositions are not affixed to adjectives when they qualify nouns expressed* * This shows that these postpositions are not in Gujarat! case- endings, otherwise they would be affixed to adjectives too, as the case- endings are in Sanskrit, Latin and Greek. The only exception to this rule is in the case of the postposition -e, in certain instances. (Vide Cap. VI. ii. 6, nos. (3) and (4), pp. 83 and 84.) THE ADJECTIVE. 35 If, however, the noun is understood, the adj. is used as a noun, and takes the postpositions accordingly. The plural term, -o is not generally added to plural adjectives when followed by plural nouns; hut may he added to them when the noun is feminine, e.g. ndnl dikrlo or ndnio dihrio, ' little daughters.' A noun with the affixes -no, m., -ni, f., -nun, n., when followed hy another noun, practically becomes a declinable adjective and is treated as such : as, a chhohrdnun pustak, ' this boy's book ; ' d chhokrdna pustaTc man, ' in this boy's hook/ Te dungrone raste dvyo, ' he came by way of the mountains.' Here ne does not mean ' to/ but is formed from -?io, just as chliokre is from chhoTcro, and agrees with raste. (Vide note on preceding page.) "When one adj. qualifies two nouns of different genders, it is put in the neuter plural ; as, bhaldn md pdp, ' good parents/ This is so when the adj. is the predicate also, as tamdrd bhdi tathd tamdrl beheno ghanan chlie, 'your brothers and your sisters are numerous/ 3. For the sake of clearness we add an example of (1) a declinable, and (2) an indeclinable adj. attached to a noun with postpositions affixed : (1) Declinable. Singular. Abs. mo to mendho .... a big ram. Obi. mo id mendhd .... moid mendhdne ... to etc. motd mendlie .... by c 2 36 GUJARATI GRAMMAR. Plural. Abs. motd mendhdo . biff rams. O Obi. motd mendhdo ... moid mendhdone . . to etc. motd mendhdoe ... by (2) Indeclinable. Singular. Abs. and Obi. sufed ghar .... a white house. sufed ghare .... at sufed gharthl . . . from ,, Plural. Abs. and Obi. sufed ghar(o) . . . white houses. sufed gharoman . in sufed gharothl . . from 4. "When an adjective qualifies a fern, noun plural, which denotes a person or persons, the adj. is generally put in the NEUTER plural to imply respect ; as, martin ma, sdrdn chJie, 'my mother is good. 3 (Here ma is in the 1 plural of respect/) So also in addressing females, mdrdn pyardn leheno, ' my dear sister ' or ' sisters/ If one adjective qualifies (not both but) either of two nouns, which follow it, and are of different genders, the adj. agrees with the noun nearest to it; as,/o ihdn, doso purush he strl hoy, 'if any old man or woman be here.' The same rule holds good if the adjective in such an THE ADJECTIVE. 37 instance be the predicate ; as, cjdij ke ghodo langdo hoy, ' if the cow or the horse be lame/ When a declinable adj. is used as an adverb to qualify another adj. attached to a noun, it agrees with the noun in gender, number and case ; as, A ghodo ghano rdto (or lal] chhe, ' this horse is very red/ When a declinable adj. is used adverbially to qualify a verb, it agrees with the subject of the verb ; as, te sipdl dhlmo hinto hato, ' that sepoy was walking slow,' (i.e. slowly}: d gliodl ghani dodl, 'this mare ran much.' 5. Degrees of Comparison. No change in the form of an adjective occurs to express the Comparative and Superlative Degrees. But the posi- tive denotes the comparative when it is preceded in the same sentence by a noun or pronoun with the postposition -kartdfi, or -till attached to it; e.g., mdnas pasukartdn buddhimdn chhe, ' a man is wiser than a beast/ When the adj. is preceded by a word denoting all, to which the before-mentioned postpositions are affixed, it denotes the superlative relation ; as, Mdrun gliar badhdn- thl sdrun chhe, ' my house is the best of all/ 6. The Numeral ek, ' one/ is added to adjectives de- noting many, or any definite or indefinite number, to make a slight change in their significance. In such cases the numeral may drop its vowel. Thus we have, from ghanun, ' many/ nom. pi. m. ghand + ek = ghanaek or ghandk, ( a good number ; ' fem. ghaniek or ghamk ; neut. ghandnek or ghandnk. CHAPTER IV. THE PKONOUN (Sarvandm). ]. Personal Pronouns. These are slightly irregular in declension, but will be easily learnt from the following tables : 1st Person. Sing. Hun, I. mane, me, to me. men, or me, by me. mdre (with sdru, &c.), (tor) me. mdr-o, m., -\ *, f., my. im, n., ) mdrdthl, from me. mdrdmdn, in me. P/wr. ylwie, we. amne, us, to us. awe, by us. amdre, (sdru, &c.), (for) us. amdr-o, m., *, *'., zw n. our. amdrdthi, from us. amdrdmdn, in us. 2nd Person. TwE, thou. tone, thee, to thee. ten or ie, by thee. tare (sdru, &c.), (for) thee. tHr-o, m., } -U', thy. ww ; n., ) tdrdthl, from thee. tdrdmdn, in thee. Tame, you. tamne, you, to you. tome, by you. tamdre (sdru, &c.), (for) you. tamdr-o, m., i, f., J. your. n. tamdrdtht, from you. tamdrdmdTi, in you. THE PKONOUN. 39 Sing. Te, he, she, it. tene, him, to him, &c. tene, by him. tene (sdru), (for) him. te-no, -\ nl, ( of him, her, &c. -nun, ) 3rd Person. Plur. Teo, they. teone, temne, them, to them, teoe, temne, by them. teone, temne (sdru}, for them. teono, &c., ) or C their. temno, &c., ) teomdn, ") . f 11 temnamau, ) in them. tethl, tendtlii, from him. temdn, tenaman, in him. In the First and Second Persons there is no distinction of Gender. In the Third,* tenle is often used for the /em., ' by her/ and less commonly temne for ' to her,' and tenmo, etc., for ' of her/ 'hers ': the other forms, however, may be used as feminine too, and are said to be more correct. Wherever ma or mdrd occurs above, muj may be used instead in the 1st Person, and similarly in the 2nd Person tuj instead of ta or tdrd; but these forms are not used in writing and are not considered so correct. In the Plural, we may have amo instead of ame (in the Agential amoe), and tamo (Agential tamoe) for tame. Ame is used for we when the person addressed is not included, and may be called the exclusive pronoun. When the person or persons addressed are included in the ' ive* * The pronouns tevan, m. and tenl f ., for ' he ' and ' she,' are much used in Parsi-Gujaratl. Vide some examples in Part V. of the sub- joined Beading Lessons. 40 GUJARAT! GRAMMAR. another pronoun, Apane, is employed instead. It is de- clined thus: Apane, we; dpanne, us, to us; apane, by us, dpandtM, from us; dpandmdn, in us; dpano, -I, -un, our (poetically dpado, -I, -un). 2. Honorific Pronoun. Ap is used sometimes in addressing a superior, never as in Urdu in speaking to an equal. It is declined as if it were a noun, the postpositions being added quite regularly ; as, dp-no, -ni, -nun, ' of your honour ' dpthi, ' from your honour/ etc. It is plural, and of the 2nd Person, (not, as in Urdu, of the 3rd). The usual word for 'you' is iame, which is used just as the corresponding English word. Tun, is rarely used but in addressing children, except in the villages, where the country-people address one another by this pronoun. 3. Reflexive Pronoun. The Reflexive Pronoun is pote, Obi. potd. It is used for all three genders and both numbers, and signifies ' him- self/ ' herself/ ' itself/ ' themselves/ being of the third person. The Agential corresponds with the Absolute in form, and for potdtlii, ( from himself/ &c., we may also have potdndtlu, with the same meaning. A reduplicated form, potpote, is also used with a distributive sense, f each himself/ E.g. while te logo potdne glier gayd means ' those people went to their own home/ implying that they had one home in common, te logo potpotdne gher THE PRONOUN. 41 gayd would mean 'those people went each to his own home/ (Glier is for ghare, i.e. ghar + the termination -e meaning in or at, here to.} Another reflexive pronoun is pande, ' himself/ 'self 5 ; as, Rdjd pande bhanelo hato. It is necessary to call attention to the fact that pote, in the possessive form potdno, potdnl, potdnun, is not used with regard to the 1st, and hardly ever with reference to the 2nd person. Therefore, instead of saying, as in Urdu, main apni Jcitdb parhtd liun, in Gujarat! we say Tiun marl chopdl vdnchun cliliun. But we say : Hun pote chdlyo, ' I myself went ; ' tun pote jose, ' thou thyself shalt see ; ' teo pote dvyd, ' they themselves came : ' also, Hun potdno nydya karto nathi, ' I judge not myself, 5 because nydya Tcarvo is a verb. Instead of potpotdno, sau sauno (sau =' each 5 ) may be used ; as, tame sau saunljagde besijdo, 'go ye and sit down, each in his own place.' 4. Interrogative Pronouns. 1. Kon, ( who?' is of both numbers and is of all three genders. In its declension it has three forms for the Oblique, viz. kona, Ito and lie, otherwise it is regular, being declined like a noun of Class II. by the addition of the proper postpositions, as konane, Ttone, or kene, ' whom ? ' ' to whom ? ' Like other pronouns it allows the possessive to be used, instead of the simple oblique, before -man and -ihl, as Ttonihi, Jiondtlu, or kendthi, 'from whom?' 2. Kayo, m., kal } f., kayun, n., = 'which? 5 (Urdu 42 GUJARATI GRAMMAR. It is declined like an ordinary adjective of its class. Another form is Myo, Jcel, Idyun. 3. So, m. } st, f., sun, n., = ' What ? ' is declined regu- larly, except that (1) in the sing-, it has two forms of the oblique, sa and se, m. and n.j and (2) that its agential form, after the manner of the personal pronouns, prefixes n to the postposition -e, becoming sane or sene, ' by what ? ' The neut. is used as a pronoun, 'What?'; the word is rather an interrogative adjective than a pronoun in other respects ; as, teo si rite e Team Jcare chlie, ' in ivhat manner do they do this work ? ' (The s in this word is almost universally pronounced as if it were s.) 5. Relatives and Indefinites. 1. Kol, 'any one,' 'some one/ with a negative c no one,' is also a relative adj. When a pronoun it takes the affixed postpositions. The Oblique is the same as the Absolute form ; e.g., a rotU koine dpo, ' give this bread to some one/ When koi may mean either a male or a female, its verb is generally neuter; as, koijantuH nahatun, 'no one knew/ 2. Je, ' who,' ' which/ ' that/ is of all three genders. It is declined on the model of Te. Whenever je occurs in a sentence, if it is not preceded by te, the latter must follow it ; as, Rajde tene marl nankhyo, etle je sipdi men Tcdlo ditho, tene, ' The king killed him, i.e. the soldier whom I saw yesterday, him.' 1 Whoever,' ' whosoever/ ' whatever,' is expressed by the reduplication of je, and consequently of the accompanying THE PRONOUN. 43 te ; as, Je je tliekdne dhartl rasdl dlthi, te te thekane teo vasyd, ' Wherever they found the ground fertile, there they dwelt/ Kam or Icdin is the indefinite pronoun denoting an un- certain amount or quantity = ( some ' (Urdu j^} as, ' Give me some tea,' mane Ttaln did dpo. It is therefore generally used for inanimate things. 6. Demonstratives. These are more properly adjectives than pronouns, but are entered here because, when used apart from nouns, they become pronouns. The principal are: A, this; E, that ; Te, that ; Pelo, -I, -un, that ; Olyo, -, -un, that ; Faldno, -1, -un, a certain. The last three are declined as regular declinable adjectives, the first three when used as demonstratives are indeclinable. From A, E, Te, Je, Ke, a number of very useful demon- strative, relative, and interrogative adjectives are formed, as will be seen from the appended list : A, this. duo, such as this. dtlo, as much as this. dvado, as big as this. E, that. ero, such as that. etlo, as much as that. evado, as big as that. Te, that. tevo, such as that. tetlo, as much as that. tevado, as big as that. 44 GU JAR ATI GRUJMAR. The forms from Je and Ke are produced by putting / and K respectively in plac3 of T in the last column. These words are all regularly declined ; as, Jcevo, m. ; Icevl, f. ; kevun, n. If united to a preceding noun they require the oblique form of it; as, tobrd jevun moil, 'a, somewhat angry face/ ' puffed cheeks/ The enclitic j is often attached to pronouns (as also to nouns) in Gujarat! to add emphasis, being used just as is -tza (^) in Marathi and 111 in Urdu. So we have tej = 'he indeed/ 'that very/ tevoj, ' just such as that/ &c. If a postposition is added to the noun, j follows the post- posijiion ; as, d nisolmtinj , ' in this very school/ ( 45 ) CHAPTER V. THE VERB (Kriydpad). The Gujarat! Verb is conjugated very simply, there being only one conjugation which is employed for all verbs. A few verbs (vide 11), form their past tense irregularly, but when formed it is conjugated just as in all other verbs in the language. 1. The Stem (mill) of the Verb is its simplest form, and is used as the 2nd Sing. Imperat. also, e.g. utar, ' descend/ The Infinitive is formed by affixing -vun to the stem ; as, utar-vun, ' to descend/ This is the part of the verb given in dictionaries. The Present Part, changes the -vun of the Infinitive into -to, -tl, -tun, (e.g. utar-to), and is declined as a regular adjective. The Preterite is formed by adding -yo, -1, -yun to the stem for m.,f. and n. } respectively; as, utar-yo, c he de- scended/ The Aorist is formed by adding to the stem the remains of the original Sanskrit pronominal terminations. In Gujarat! these are : Sing. Plur. 1st, -un -ie 2nd, -e -0 3rd, -e -e 46 GUJARATI GRAMMAR. The Future is formed by adding- to the stem the fol- lowing affixes : Sing 1st, -is. 2nd, -se (vulg. ~je). 3rd, -se. Plur. -Isun (also -asun and -isun). -so (vulg. jo). -se. There are three Primary Tenses the Aorist, the Future, and the Preterite. From the first and last of these, and from the declinable participles, compound tenses are formed with the assistance of the auxiliary Verbs, */chha and hovun, * to be/ The Passive Voice is formed from the stem by adding -a to it, and then affixing the terminations already mentioned ; as, lakh, ' write thou ; ' lakh-d-vun, ' to be written ; ' lakhdse, ' it will be written/ &c. If the stem have an intransitive signification, three or more forms may spring from it; as, marvun, 'to die/ mdrvun, f to strike/ mardvun, 'to quarrel/ mardvavun, ' to cause to be beaten : ' so also karvu~i, ' to do/ ' to make ; ' Jcardvun, ' to be done ; ' hardvavun, ' to cause to be done/ although Jcarvun, is transitive. The two great classes of Verbs are : (1) Transitives (SaTcarmak), and (2) Intransitives (Akarmak). It is only in the use of the Preterite, and of the tenses derived from it, that any difference between the two classes is noticeable as far as conjugation is concerned. "We take the latter first : THE VERB. 47 2. Intransitive Verb. Active Voice (Karmak Bhed or Mul Bhed). I. Simple Tenses. (1) Primary, (a) Aorist (AniyamitavartmdnJcdl). Sing. 1st Pers., hun utar-un, I may descend. 2nd Pers., tun utar-e, thou mayest descend. 3rd Pers., te utar-e, lie may descend. Plur. 1st Pers., ame utar-le, we may descend. 2nd Pers., tame utar-o, you may descend. 3rd Pers., teo utar-e, they may descend. (&) Imperative. 2nd Pers., Sing., utar ; Plur., utaro. (c) Future (BhavishyaJcdfy. Sing. 1st Pers.j 7m ft utar-is, I shall descend. 2nd Pers., tun utar-se, thou wilt descend. 3rd Pers., te utar-se, he will descend. Plur. 1st Pers., ame utar-isun, we shall descend. 2nd Pers., tame utar-So, you will descend. 3rd Pers., teo utar-se, they will descend. 48 GUJAEATI GRAMMAR. (d) Preterite (Bhf), f doubtless;' f ^ bmgunhe (S sli^o)/' sinlessly/ 3. I may be allowed in this place to notice a somewhat curious usage of the negative adverb nohi. It is well exemplified in the following sentence : Panjdb desnd lokond satyagunnl vat temnd granthomdnthij mdlum pade chlie, etlufij nahi, pan bija desona loko te desnl solhd jovd sdrun dvatd hatd, ' The report of the excellence of the people of the country of the Panjab is known not from their own books (lit. falls known through their books, not so, but), but [from the accounts of] people of other lands [who] used to come for the sake of seeing the beauty of that region.' Sentences similar to this in their use of the negative asserting a thing for the purpose of strongly contradicting the assertion immediately after and thus strengthening the negative are common. The adverb jydre, ' when/ is frequently and elegantly omitted (vide under Conjunctions) ; as, te rdjd marl gayo, tyare tend Widie rdj kidhun, ( When that king died, then his brother reigned/ 80 GUJARATI GRAMMAR. 4. II. Postpositions (Namyogi). Except the simple and genuine Postpositions, -ne, -e, -till, -thaki, -vatl, -no -nl -nun, -man) all the rest were originally nouns in the locative case. In consequence of this they (1) possess gender, and (2) require the oblique case of -no, -nl, -nun, to interpose between them and the noun they govern. Frequently, however, this possessive postposition may be omitted, though when not expressed it is understood. E.g., sdthe, 'along with;' te sipdi-m sdthe, ' along with that sepoy ; ' d rlti-m. pramdne, or a rlti pramdne, ' according to this method/ The gender of some postpositions varies in different parts of Gujarat. The subjoined lists will show which of the Postpositions require -nd (m. and n. obi. of -no) before them, which -nl (f.), and which -ne (m. and n. locative of -iw}. If the same postposition occurs in more than one list, it will show that both usages are allowable. Requiring -nd. Jcartdn sot sudhi vishe lagan vade suddhdn sarlthun vate par vand samet mallne vagar upar vind samip sivdy lagl haste sahit sambandhi INDECLINABLES. 81 agdu agddl drpdr dgal andar dspds kane gode jode pachhvdde pdchhal Requiring -nl, pdse sdmun pethe sdmdn pachhl sdthe par liastok p a thai haste puthe bdbat paheldn bahar mele lilianl vachche bardbar vdnse upardnt sdmo(a.dj.) sangdte mdrafat mdfak pramdne hethe hethal niche tale gam tner taraf same sdJcshdt sanmukh chotaraf fartun vachmaTi mahln mdnhe madhye vdnsal Requiring -ne. hdje mate Udhe vdste sdru(n) badle Jcdrane 5. Several postpositions are often affixed together to a noun, as in the following sentences: (1) Te gr/mrmanthi lioi dvse nahi, ' From that house (lit. from in that house) no one will come ;' A desmanna loko rogi chhe, ' The people of (of in) that country are ill ; ' Ejhddpaxthi mevo lai dvo, ' Bring fruit from off (lit. f from on ') that tree.' Some- times the long words thus formed look quite formidable, but they will be found easy to resolve into their component parts. E.g., Paschimbhamna balvdn desomdti temni dolat- vishe bahu vdto chatti, ' Many stories were current in powerful western lands regarding their wealth/ The first word iii this sentence is thus compounded, Paschim, ' the If 82 GUJARATl GRAMMAR. west;' bhani, 'direction,' 'towards/ and nd, pi. obi. of wo, agreeing with deso. It might have been even longer, Pa$chimnibhanind. Sometimes such compounds of a noun and a postposition receive the adjectival [cap. viii., 1, p. 92 (o)], termination -lo, -U, -lun ; as, Pachhi Yurop- khandmanhela YundndeSno SiJcandar bddsdh samdre savd le Tiajdr varaspar Hindustan jltl levdne dvyo, ' Formerly, two-and-a-quarter thousand years ago in number, Alexan- der, king of the land-of-Greece, which-is-in-the-continent- of-Europe lit. king of the Europe-continent-within-(ac?/. term.) Greece-land came to conquer India/ In a sentence denoting motion to a place, there is no postposition required; as, Te ghnr gayo, 'he went to the house/ If the noun denoting the place to which motion occurs ends in a consonant, in -o or in -I, its form undergoes no alteration ; but if it end in -d or -u, these terminations are changed to -e ; as, Te loko Khanddle gayd chlie, ' those people have gone to Khandala/ 6. Use of the simple Postpositions. The simple or proper Postpositions, besides their general and obvious uses, which require no remark, are employed idiomatically in some instances, as will be seen from the examples given below. (1) -No (-nl f -nun) often denotes the material of which n thing is composed ; e.g., A ghar Idkddnun bandhdelun chhe, ' this house is built of wood.' It is also occasionally employed to denote the time of an INDECLINABLES. 83 action ; as, Te raja savdrno jdge chhe, ' that king awakens in the morning.' (Cf. Greek VVKTOS and German 2Jorgen3.) It is used as of in English in such phrases as Sindhno mfdak, ' the country of Sindh.' Also in such constructions as, A pandit buddhino chdldk chhe, ' This Pandit is quick of comprehension/ (2) -Thi, besides denoting from in all its meanings, also denotes than in comparison ; 'as, Te chhokro mdrd bhdit\n mofo thayo, ' That boy grew bigger than my brother/ Also the instrument with which a thing is done ; as, bhdldthi, 'ivith a spear/ Also cause through, which; us, 7'7 bdidl dhiipthi rogl thai gal, ' That woman became ill through the heat/ Also the agent after a passive verb ; as, Tendthi e des badho jltdyo nahi, ' All that country was not conquered by him/ It also means since; as, Trait varasihl te a nagarmdn vase chhe, ' He has lived in this city for the last three years/ -Thl is also used with verbs of fearing ; as, Hun rdjdthi bldho, ' I feared the king/ (3) -Man, besides meaning in and into, has also the sense of on ; as, Mugat tend mdthaman. hato, ' The crown was on his head/ The difference (when there is any) between -man and -e in its locative sense is that the former means in or into and the latter at, though the latter has also the meaning of in. (In nouns of Class I., however [eh. ii., 5, p. 32], this termination never has any but an agential meaning.) (4) -E. Except in the case mentioned above, this termi- nation has two senses, (1) a locative, and (2) an agential. 84 GUJA.RATI GRAMMAR. In the former instance it is doubtless derived from the Sanskrit locative, in the latter from the Sansk?-it instru- mental case, which in nouns of the 1st Class m. terminates in -ena (e.g., Sivas, nom., sivena, loc.). Hence some Gujarat! scholars write the postposition -e as -en in this agential significance. When the termination -e is locative, or denotes anything but the agential relation, if the noun to which it is attached be preceded by a declinable adjective or a noun with the postposition -no, m. (or -nun, n.), this is also put in fhe locative; as, Temne Jcabje, 'in their grasp;' &/e varase, ' next year/ But when the -e is agential this does not take place ; as, Prabhuna, dute mane kahyun, 'The angel of the Lord said unto me ; ' Bdbame tens, bdpe bhandvyo hato, ' His father had taught Babar.' This postposition -e has a large number of varieties of significance, some of which will be learnt from the following sentence * : Men mare liatlie tene mdtlie paghdi bandhi, ' I with my own hand bound the pagri on his head.' It denotes instrument, cause, measure of time, price, location, &c. When it denotes at or in it may, like man, be followed by -tin; as, te nisdleihi nikalyo, 'he came out of school.' 7. III. Conjunctions (Vakyayogi or Ubhayanvayi). These require little remark, though some few of them * Quoted from Taylor's ' Gujarat! Bbashanun Vyakaran,' p. 37, INDECLINABLES. 85 have peculiarities of use. For instance, Ice and athvd both mean ' or/ but the former is used between nouns or single words, the latter between sentences; as, Raja, ke rant, 'the king- or the queen ;' but Te d Jcdm kare, athva,/<> karl na akse, to rnarljase, f He will do this work, or, if he cannot, then he will die/ Instead of ane, ' and/ the shorter form ne is often used. This latter is distinguished from the postposition of the same form by the fact that the conjunction is not attached to the preceding word in writing and does not, of courisse require the oblique form of the word which precedes it. If the former of two sentences connected with one another begins with jo, ' if,* expressed or understood (for it, like jijdre, 'when/ is often understood] , the latter sentence must begin with to, ' then ; ' as, (Jo) te civse, to hun jals, ' If he comes, then I shall go/ So also, if the former sentence contains such a word as Icaddpi, Jeaddchit (kaddch), ' perhaps/ the latter must begin with to, tathdpi or topan, ' then/ ' yet/ Ke, ' that/ is used in quoting the words of a speaker, and is followed by the oratio recta. 8. IV. Interjections (Kevalprayogi). These require no special remark, being used in Gujarati much as such words are in other languages. A few of the most common are : 0, e, re, are, ere, oy } all, alyd, vdh, vhdvd, chhl, dh, lid, hdhd, he, &c. CHAPTER VII. NUMERALS. The numerical signs in Gujarat! are : % 3., 3, V, H> *v O, , tf, 'Jo, = I, 2, 3, &c. Fractions are written thus: i = ol ; ^ = oil ; | = olll ; as H = "HI ', 1. The Cardinals are : 35. pdntrls 36. chhatris 37. sddtils 38. ddtris 39. oganchdlig 40. chdlls 41. ektdlis 42. befalls 44. chunvdll* (chunmdlis} 45. pis tails 46. chhetdlls 47. sudtdlis (sadtdlis) 48 adtdlis 49. oganpwhds 1. efc 18. arddh,adhar 2. Z/e 19. oyanis 3. ira 20. ws 4. cArfr 21. eA"y*.y 5. pcinch 22. feaws 6. c/i^a 23. ire vis V. sa< 24. chovis S. /A 25. pachls 9. MOV 26. chhavis 10. das, das 27. satidvls 11. aijidr 28. ath(th)dvfo 12. fear J 29. oganvls 1 3. one hundred. :aun, ) 90 GUJARATI GRAMMAR. CHAPTER VIII. FORMATION OF WORDS : COMPOUNDS. 1. The great majority of words in the Gujarat! language are derived from the Sanskrit. It would be out of place here to explain the formation of Sanskrit com- pounds, information which the student may easily obtain, if he pleases, from Monier Williams' " Sanskrit Grammar/' ch. viii., sect. 1. But some words are in Gujarat! formed by certain Gujarat! affixes, the principal of which necessarily find a place here. (a) To denote f state/ -pan or -panun is added to adjec- tives or nouns; as, sagpan, 'relationship;' bdlpan, 'child- hood;' uparipanun (from up art, 'overseer'), 'superin- tendence ; ' ndddnpanun, ' ignorance/ (b) To the stems of some verbs and adjectives -al is added ; as, murkhdi, ' folly ; ' chaturdi, f cleverness/ ' cute- ness.' (c) The^termination -I has many meanings, as will be seen from the following examples : rogi, ' sick ' (from rog, ' disease ') ; ghadidli, ' a watchmaker ' (from ghadidl, ' a watch, clock ') ; Hindustani, ' a native of Hindustan/ (d) The affix -iyo, w, yo, aiyo, forms adjectives and nouns; as, bhukhyo, ' hungry ' (from bhukh); bhomio, 'a guide; ' gavaiyo, ' a singer/ COMPOUNDS. 91 (e) At, -dto, -vat, -vato ; as, gamrdt, 'confusion;' jha- pfito, ' a blast ; ' sdchvat, ' truthfulness ;' bhogvato, ' sensual pleasure/ (/) -Van, -vant, denote ' possessing ;' as, balvdn, ' strong ; ' dhanvant, ' wealthy.' (.l}5$w : but Guj. parandun for Pers. Wo-J. Many words are formed by reduplicating the stem ; as, mdrdmari, ' quarrel,' from mdrvun, ( to strike/ ( 105 ) APPENDIX B. TRANSLITERATION. In order to give the student practice in transliteration before proceeding- to the Second Part, we here append a few lines of Gujarat! with a transliteration in accordance with the system adopted in this Grammar. Sdro pavan joine pachhi ame Bornio betmdnthi 4*5 u*U, H13J. anUl'A *UMl ctX^K UoiHl *US^- ntkalyd, pan dgal chalian tofdn lagva madyun. fcfclSl Ketldk dahddd lagl to amUruii vahdn uchhaltuiif faJhyun. Chhevate pavan narm padyo, ane dariyo jard dhimo thayo, etle bahu chhete ame ek machhvo dabakdn ^iinl Asl. |=i{kiU[L ^ nx^tfj a^KMl khdto (Lltlio. Durllnmauthi joyun to ketldnk ddml a dithdil, ane te duhklinl nisanino vdvato 106 GUJARATl GRAMMAR. cliadhavatan hoy evdii jandydn. Tetlil a/me Hfcusi a^^^ ?W ai*u H<51 ^f\^ti vahan temtaraf let gayd, pan dariyani lhare ^lL^ c lL>lI^nL chholone lldhe tydn pahonchlne te machhvamdnhena H^ 5l
  • il >iit4 ant H^i ^ft-n. a HSL^I %KI 5*1% H^rd^H si^X i^^, a^l ni >Ti^ni ^@^ nnRi nd, H(HtUL. 112 GUJARAT! BEADING LESSONS. >IUL ant HHi^nl "ni^i ritf l ^>tit% Sinl >tul am a4 am /cr>i fi nu. Hli. a GUJARATI BEADING LESSONS. 113 >U* iltf clot PlMR ^LcMl H^I 0.^. ^IL "i fc HS^\, Hlll4 a ? iltf ^iR?? i-^inl flsi a4 HinX aoi * The words from fe to man are all considered as one, ' in the " to- the-40th-year-of-his-life (time)." ' f Supply dsd, ' hope,' or some similar word. H 114 GUJARATI READING LESSONS. a |a a , a ." a i * Feminine because agreeing with rat, in the next line hut one. t Vide Gram., Cap. V. 12 and 13, pp. 67 and 70. J " Through whom holding the pen must be learned." Vide Gram., Cap. V. 4, fin. (p. 61.) GUJARAT! READING LESSONS. 115 a Hi^iX an ^"H^H^, au a ni>tni a Hin >Li4, H a Cist HtiA a4 mtf4 ^n anl * Suratu'l 'Alaq (Sura 96, w. 1-5). f Neut. because qualifying two nouns of dissimilar gender : Gram., Cap. III. 2. 116 GUJAKATI BEADING LESSONS. x a au UQi.*in an ^ ini ^. sltf 8 ^to stands for ^t't^CL^C, ' chapter," i.e. Sura of the Qur'an. 120 GUJAKATI BEADING LESSONS, nX a H19L aq ." (=no GUJARATI BEADING LESSONS. 121 ? u 122 GUJARATI READING LESSONS. ant tioiwini a i^-" ^l ^H^Hl^?! ^n Hl- an i^ni m"5: a ninl 4WU GUJAKATI BEADING LESSONS. 123 HSS&. "iiy. fctli fl> H-n^ a a^lin m , Mi . H l ^ , HQj. g\.n, nXn^ * Or, more idiomatically, 124 GUJAKATI BEADING LESSONS a a4 a >un nm ^i^ini^ii H^L HL^Jl @ a4 Hla o^^l ^,fl an GUJAKAT! BEADING LESSONS. 125 II. MUHAMMADAN INVASIONS OF INDIA. tf. *i. HOO "n HA if. %. tf. *l. H^ ML tf. %. u -nl Hd^t 5tiRi>l ft^u, n HOI. c\ 126 GUJARATI BEADING LESSONS. )<1\ ^^l^dn HI- Establishment of the Ghaznavite Dynasty. HL- Ht'4 GUJAKATI HEADING LESSONS. 127 a4 l, 30 "HI -HL n cli H^ILHR. HiS^l. a ' Hl<"UU 3.153.1 in3lHl<'ll "t^lfl. Hl?t HI- (1% 128 GUJAKATI BEADING LESSONS. ML vO GUJARATI READING LESSONS. 129 iltf s id; id c\ id id, *>A ^l^ ^nfh " ^HLfrft, =n HU'flJHR. HlfH^ln, anl HI, HSL. Pi 0^)44 OL H\- cfn4 Mlfl nt M.nL ^.Ifi/MMl MUl ul^Lni tf 132 GUJARAT! READING LESSONS. The Gliori Dynasty. a GUJAEATI BEADING LESSONS. 183 >i IL>1 ^.L^l^Lrfl. nt R Hifl M"H? ^s/^U ^ (n>(l III. AKBAE. "HI * 'All united,' i.e. in all, altogether. 134 GUJARATI BEADING LESSONS. >t^L < n>ti ^fn an tf. ^i. rnH'v Ruk^ HQJ. MlHl, iRQ "^ =>1 31 %l>ll * Y. Gr., Cap. VI., 3. f V. Gr., Cap. VI., 5, p. 82. GUJARATI READING LESSONS. 135 (PnnU) ni uojl >i l, HOI 6/oHinl For the nasal n added to these two words, V. Gr., p. 31, note *. 136 GUJARATI READING LESSONS. MLMI, ^Clsi id niST- Hia lt =>>i dn>tt />t ^H GUJARATI BEADING LESSONS. 137 "HI "HI "H Hl>^l, ^l (3) "Hi n JAHANGlR, * ' In their presence,' ' when they were looking on.' t ' With this object in view that,' etc. 138 GUJARATI READING LESSONS. .1^1, HOI. n. tf. %. a4 an ^Cl^^niin nmni =>t5s aoj ^fn^n^il; HV51 ao[l ^l^n ns ^ts Ssi4, HOI a ^ni a i nt 1 ^I ni / HO?, si^l i^tl am, 140 GUJARATI READING LESSONS. a a "HL^in Hlni4 kofl AURANGZEB. Ml *U/&1 U MlCl HSHl, GUJARATI READING LESSONS. 141 "HL a u^l 'H^nin Sl^Jl, >tU HS^ll; H^ tiL^L a ML GUJARAT! READING LESSONS. 143 tf. %. I*/ 9 !- Q>vn- ^; HOI a>t- >i * Notice that this ae/. swo requires theye/w. gen. (-ni) before it 144 GUJARATI BEADING LESSONS. HLH "HI lt IV. HAIDAR * ' For a long time since.' t ' Up to the time he died,' i.e. f as long as he lived.' J ' Mounted on horseback.' GUJAKATI BEADING LESSONS. 145 vi^tn , an H\a 3 H^IL "Hi] ^LHHL HS^IU drltf 5lHL^. plMR a>tn * ' To give precisely a year and a day's allowance (of notice). K 146 GUJARATI READING LESSONS. >U a&J&M fclSl^ML MAU H^l- ^t^ 4 MM, H\ai4 n ^ HL^L Oiafl. in^rl nML ^.4 ^ll'Hl ML L ^HL^l- Ufcl jc j C Duke of Dyukov Bedford = Sar Charlas DIlk = ( Sir Charles { Dilke. Setarde RIvyu Saturday Review. Sentsbar! = Saintsbury. Lard SalsbarT = Lord Salisbury. Lard RozbarI=Lord Roseberry. Lard Jyarj } _ ( Lord George Herniltan) " Hamilton. Lard Blkansflld = f B Lord fi ^ Beaconsfield. Majistret = Magistrate. Ml. Knpar = Mr. Cooper. Polls = Police. Kanstebal = Constable. Nelmas =Nelmes. Sollsitar = Solicitor. Mi. Lltal = Mr. Little. Aspltal = Hospital. List = list. Karonar = Coroner. Sesans kamlt \ _ ( to commit to (karvuii) y ~ ^the Sessions. Kalake = o'clock.] * But we may also notice that such phrases as (1) " amo jatdn Tint an " etc. for ame jatd hatd, and also (2) " agarjo mane Tchabar hate to Jcadi It hun tydn . . . sute nahl" for jo mane Tchabar hot, to kadi pan hun tydn . . . suti nahok, are Pars! peculiarities. In the fii>t phrase the verb is not neuter but masc. with a nasal sound attached. K2 148 GUJARATI BEADING LESSONS. HHW. i|\HL2(L, a ' a=nl >L>Ll e ll /is uoil GUJAKATI BEADING LESSONS. 149 , anoi. a >un ni Hid tl?i $ n anni 150 GUJARAT! BEADING LESSONS. Hlfl, 01 tf u Hid 2 01 tf H3/n 3A C LSL "HL GUJAKAT! HEADING LESSONS. 151 rft. a u ClstLil OILS! HL^l 6^.0, ^>L n Hisl a ^LOIVL^ " oi i$l 152 GUJAKATI READING LESSONS. , a -nUl *uii asl UHI oils! 4 as ^. . =n>t\ ast , a H^ii3>i ^IsiHmi^i 'S'H >iit ^i'n&ft. itt. a H^II^I aslnl HS! ^.nH^ii asl CUJARATI READING LESSONS. 153 j>\), pr. n. of an Arab, Az-Zubair. Ame, p. pron., we (v. gr.). Amaldar, m. (Pers. j1jis), officer, official, governor. Amarkot, n., pr. n. of a town. Amburgadh, n., pr. n. of a town and fort. ArnTna, /., (Ar. f*1), Amina, pr. n. of Muhammad's mother. Amir, m. (Ar. ^!),a nobleman. Amo, p. pron., we (v. gr.). AnakanI,/., reluctance, hesitation; a. karvz, to hesitate. Anangapal, m., pr. n. of a son of Jaipal. Anavavun, v. tr., to cause to bring; viSvds an., to cause to believe, cause to accept. Andar, postp. (Pers. jJal), within, inside. Andhl-o, -T, -uu, adj., blind. Ane, conj., and. Angikar, n., acceptation; a. /jar* VUH, to accept. Anglf, /., a finger, a toe. VOCABULARY. 159 m., an ill omen. Angrej, m. (Urdu j->j&\), an En- glishman. Angrejl, adj., English. Anjanpanun, n., ignorance, want of intention. Ankh, /., an eye. Antahkaran, n., the heart, con- science. Anubhav, TO., experience. Anvnn, v. tr., to bring. Apaman, n., dishonour, insult. Apann-o, -I, -un, adj. pron., our, ours (inch, v. gr.). Apasagan Apasakun Apavas, m., a fast, fasting. Apavavun, v. tr., to cause to give (fr. apvun). Apavun, v. (pass, of apvun), to be given. Apne, p. pron., we (incl., v. gr.). Apn-o, -I, -uu, pron. adj., our, ours (incl., v. gr.). Apvuii, t. tr., to give: (with oblique infin. of preceding verb), to permit. Arab, m. (Ar. w^t), an Arab ; Arab lok, Arabs. Arabastan, n. (Pers. ^bu^c), Arabia. Arabl, adj., Arabian, Arabic. Araj, /. (Ar. u^c), a request, re- presentation. Arakan, m., pr. n. of a province. Arambh, in., beginning. Arop, m., accusation, charge. Aropi, m. t accused, defendant criminal. Asal ~i adj. (Ar. J-1), Asal-n-o, -I, -un ) original, old, ancient. Asare, adv., about, nearly Ascharya, n., surprise, marvel; adj., wonderful, strange. Asof Khan, TO., pr. n. of a brother of Nur Jahan. Aspas, postp., near, close to, at hand. Asuddh, adj., impure, unclean. Atas, m. (Pers. ^\), fire. Atasbeheratn, TO., a fire-temple. Ath, num. adj., eight. Athm-o, -I, -un, adj., eighth. Athva, conj., or. Ati, adv., very, extremely. Atik, m. (Ar. j-^, lib crated slave), pr. n. Atkav, mi. /., obstruction, hind- rance. Atkavavun, v. tr., to prevent, hinder ; refuse. Atma, in., a spirit, soul. Atre, adv., here, hither. Aurangjeb, i. (Pera. L-jjJo,j1), pr. n., Aurangzeb. Avaj, TO. (Pers. Urdu j\j], /.) voice, sound. Avakar, 7)!., a courteous recep- tion. 160 GUJARATI GRAMMAR. Avasar, m., opportunity, occa- sion ; period. Avastha, /., state, condition. Avavun, v. intr., to come. AvisvasI, adj., unbelieving; swbs. m., unbeliever. Avjav, m., coming and going, traffic. Av-o, -I, .nfl, adj., like this, such, so. Ayarkut, m., pr. n. of a man. Ayaz, m., pr. n. of a man. Ayodhya, TO., Province of Oude. B and Bh ( adv., out, outside ; b. pad- Baher ) vun, to issue, happen, re- sult, turn out. Bahu, adj., many, much. Bahvnfi, v. intr., to flow, pour. Baidi, /., a lady, a woman, a wife. Bajar, n. (Pers. jljl), street, mar- ket, bazar. Baju, /. (Pers. jjU), side ; adv., to one side, aside ; b. thavun, to go aside, get out of the way. Bakhedo, m., tumult, quarrel, contention. BakI, /., the remainder (Ar. ^V) ; adj., remaining. Bal, n., power, strength, might. Balak, n., a child, a boy. Baluchistan, n., Baluchistan (Be- loochistan). Balvun, v. intr., to be on fire, to burn, be burnt. Balvun, v. tr.,to set on fire, barn ; iniens., b. nankhvun. Banaras, n., city of Benares. Banav, m., event, accident ; ac- cord. Banavat,/., an invention. Banavavun, v. tr., to do, make. Band, n., rebellion, insurrection; b. uthavavuu, to stir up rebel- lion. Bandhavun, v. (pass, of Bandhvun, q. v.), to be bound, to be built ; Bandhai gaeld lohtthi, from clot- ted blood. Bandhe, adj., both. Bandhvun, v. tr., to tie, bind ; to build, to set up. BandTkhanun, n. (bandl + Pers. *>U.), prison. Bandlvau, m,, a prisoner. VOCABULARY. 161 Bangala, in., Province of Bengal. Banne, adj., both (also Bandhe). Banvufi, r. intr., to come to pass, to happen, take place ; to be made, to be done. Bap, MI., father. Bar, num. adj., twelve. Barabar, adj. (Pers _^]/). right, exact, equal, adequate. Barm-o, -I, -uu, num. adj., twelfth. Barobar, adj. (v. barabar), equal. Baaro, pr. n. (Ar. i^), the city of Basra. Batiivarufi, v. tr., to explain, state, show. Baydi, /. (vide Baidl), a woman, wife. Be, adj. num., two ; be be, two each, two by two. Bedarkari, /. (Pers. i/j^ijO, i n * difference, carelessness. Bed!, /., a fetter, manacle. Bed nor, n., pr. n. of a place. Began), /. (Pers. JQ), woman's title, wife of a beg, princess. Beher-o, -I, -ufi, adj., deaf. Beram, m. (Pers. j.|^>), pr. n. of last king of Ghazm. Besadvun, v. tr., to cause to sit, seat, set. Besvun, v. intr., to sit down (v. irreg. vv.). Beti, /., a daughter. Bevakuf, adj. (Pers. "-J/j^), sense- less, silly. Bhadun, ., hire, fare, rent. Bhag, m., part, portion, division, share. Bhagl, /., a girl's proper name. Bhagvandas, m., pr. n. of a king of Jaipur. BhagvuS, v. tr., to break, shatter ; intent., bhiigl ndukhvuu. Bhal, in., brother, cousin. Bhakti, /., prayer, adoration, wor- ship. Bhandol, m., capital, stock, fund. BhangTuu, r. tr., to break, shatter. Bhani, postp., towards, -ward. Bhaujghad | /., intricacy, discus- Bhanjgad / sion, altercation. Bhanvuii, v. tr., to learn. Bharavatio, MI., a beam of wood. Bhare, adj., heavy. Bharmal, m. , pr. n. of a King of Jaipur. Bharoso, ., hope, confidence ; tene ... 6. betho, he had con- fidence. Bhartar ) , , > m.. a husband. Bharthar ) Bharvun, v. tr., to fill. Bhasa,/., speech, language. Bhasan ~\ n., a speech, an ad- Bhashan 3 dress. Bhatia, n., pr. n. of a town. Bhatrijo, m., a brother's son, nephew. Bhay, m., fear, dread ; danger. Bhet,/., an interview. L 162 GUJAEATI GKAMMAR. Bhetvuu, v. tr., to meet, to em- brace. Bhevad, n., pr. u. of a city. BhTkarl, m., a beggar. Bhlkh, /., beggary, begging ; b. indgvl, to beg. Bhlmdev, m., pr. n. of a Hindu. BhimI, /., pr. n. of a woman. Bhomiyo, m , a guide. Bhul, /., a blunder. Bhulchuk, /., error and omission. Bhut, m., an evil spirit, goblin, ghost. Bl, cow;'. (Urdu ^), also, too. Bijapur, n., pr. n. of a town. Bijo, -I, --an, num. adj., second, other. Bilkul i adv. (Ar. Jfclj), alto- Bilkull) gether. Bina, /., circumstance, event. Bokhara, m., the district of Bu- khara (Pers. IjU:). Bol, in., a word. Bolavavun, r. tr., to call, summon. Bolvim, v. tr. and infr., to speak, to say. Brahman, m., a Brahman. Bum, /. (Pers. e^Jl; , often pro- nounced bung'), a noise, shout, cry ; 6. marvl or b. padvl, to cry out, shout. Ch and chli (*l and {$) . ChadhaT, /., an ascent, assault, incursion. Chadhvnn, v. intr., to ascend, mount up; intens.,-javun, dcavuil. Chakar, m., a servant (Per s.y=U). Chakarl, /.(Pers. ^^.U.), service, position. Chal, /., gait ; conduct, walk. ChalakT, /., cleverness, cunning (Pers. ^L). Chalavavnu, v. f speaking). Chhatadar, m., one possessed of style. Chhathth-o, -i, -ufi, adj., sixth. Chhe, v., is, are (3rd sing, and pi. and 2nd sing, of \/chha, q. v. gr.). Chhedo, TO., limit, boundary, end. Chhek, adv., at length, quite. Chhell-o, -I, -un, adj., the last. Chhluavavnn, v. tr., to snatch away (intens. chh. levuii). Chhodayavun, v, tr., to deliver, rescue. Chhodvun, to leave, abandon, cease ; chhodi devuii, intensative. Chhokr-o, m., -i, -nfl, a boy (girl, child), son (daughter). Chhnn, v. (1st sing, of \/chha, v. gr.), am. Chhut-o, -I, -un, adj., free ; chh. mukvuii or karvun, to set free. Cfahutvnn, v. intr., to get free, be delivered, escape. Chlchari ^ /., a scream, yell ; c. Chichlarl ) padv'i, to scream. Chirvuu, v. tr., to tear, rip; chin naiikhvun, to rip up, intens. Chitod, n., pr. n., Chitore (town). Chittakarshak, adj. , heart-attract- ing. Chohan, m., name of a family of Rajput kings of Ajmere. Chokas, adj., precise, exact. Cbokasfr, /., caution, care, care fulness; exactness, precision. Choth-o, -I, -uii, adj., fourth. D soft and dh (fc and k). Dado, m., a paternal grandfather. Dago, m. (Ar. tc.s), deceit, treach- ery, perfidy. Dahado ) DahTr, m., pr. n., Dahlr. Dakhal, adj., entering (Ar. J*'- 1 ) ; dakhal thavuii, to enter ; d. kar- vun, to cause to enter. Dakhan, /., the south, the Deccan. Dakshin, /., the south ; the Dec- can : adj., southern. Damaskas, n., pr. n., the city of Damascus. Daniyal, m., Daniel, pr. n. of 3rd son of Emperor Akbar. Dant, m., tooth. Dara, m.. pr. n. of one of Anrang- zeb's brothers. Darbar, /., a levee, audience, (at court). Darek, adj. (Pers. "s^-i), each, every. Daria, /., the sea. DariaT, adj., marine. Darudlo, m. , a drunkard. Darust, adj. (Pers o->,j), correct, right. Darvajo, m. (Pers. *j r jj~), a door, a gate ; a doorway. L 2 164 GUJARATI GRAMMAR. Das } ten ; das kalalce, at ten Das ) o'clock. Das, in., a slave, a servant. Dasm-o, -T, un, tenth. Dattak, m., an adopted son. Datvun, to bury. Daya, /., mercy, pity. Dayalu, adj., merciful. Dekhadvnii, v. tr.,to cause to see, to show. Dekhaitun, adj. n., apparent, visible. Dekhav, in., appearance, sight, a vision. Dekhvufi, v. tr., irregular (v. gr.), to see, perceive. Deheruii "i Debarun.) Des, in., country, land. Dev, in., a deity, a god. Devalnagar, n., pr. n., old name of Karachi. Devavam, /., a divine voice, a (heathen) oracle. Dhani, in., master, owner. Dharan, n., market price; holding; taking up : d. karvuu, to adopt (a title), assume. Dharm, in., religion. D harm guru, m., religious teacher, priest. Dharo, in., law, rule ; custom, manners : dharo padyo, the law (custom) was established. n., & temple, pagoda. Dharvuu, v. tr., to set, fix; to think, consider. Dharti, /., the earth. Dhartikanp, i., an earthquake. Dhikkar, TO., disdain, scorn ; hatred. DhTre, adj., slowly. Dhob(h)T Talav, name of a part of Bombay, Dhobi Talao. Dhyan, n., attention ; d. aprun ( upar), to pay attention to. Didh-o, -I, -ULL (part, of Devuii), 15. gr., irregular verbs. Dlkro, Ti.., a son. DTkrT, /., a daughter. DilhT, n., the city Delhi. Din, in., a day. Disa, /., state, condition. Dith-o, -I, -uii, IT. (part, of Dekh- vnii, q. v.), seen. Divan-o, -I, -un, adj. (Pers. *iiyj), mad ; dtvieno, subs, m., a mad- man. Divas, TO., a day. Dodvun, v. intr., to run. Dolat, /., wealth (Ar. sl^j). Dravya, n., wealth, property. Duhkh (i:^), n., pain, suffer- ing, distress. Duniyau ~\ . . . , J N , , / /. (Ar. LJJ), the world, Duniya > V the present world. Dunia ) Dur, adj., distant, far. Dusman, m., enemy (Pers. ia *^^. VOCABULARY. 165 Dut, in., a messenger, an angel. Duval, /., prayer, blessing (Ar. Uo) ; d. feravavuu, to hare prayers offered for himself in the mosques, as sign of his being emperor. D hard and dh ($ and <), Dab-o, -I, -un, adj., left (side, hand). Dhaglo, m.,a large heap, accumu- lation. Dhab > /., style, air, method ; Dhap ) idiom. Dhongi, in., religious pretender, hypocrite. Dolo, M., eye ; sight. E (30. E, demonst. adj., that. -e, postp. (see gr.), in, afc, by (agent.), e, affix, sometimes adds emphasis, as eke, ' even one ; ' ' just one : ' trane, 'all three,' &c. Ebn Hareth, )., pr. n. (Ar. ^ J O ki^L ^1), Ibn Harith, sarnaine of Zaid, q. v. Ek, num. adj., one; a, Ekant, /., a private place, pri- vacy: ekdntno (n~i,nun), private. Ekanti, adj., belonging to privacy, private. Ekdam, adv. (ek + Pers. ..j) , at once, instantly. Ekmek, adj., mixed, mutual ; one another. Ekth-o, -I, -nn, adj., together, col- lected ; karuun, to collect. ElchT, m. (Turk. ^-^), an ambas- sador. Em, adv., thus, so, in this way. Etle, particle, then, that is to say. Etlo, -I, -uii, adj., so much, thus much : etldman, meanwhile : etle, then ; that is to say, viz. Ev-o, I, -mi, adj. pr., such as this ; thus. F or Fakat, adv., only, simply (Ar. Uii). Fariad "i /., complaint, supplica- Fariyad) tion, (Pers. *\j>). Farlthi, adv., again, once more. Farvun, v. intr., to turn, to move about, to travel, perambulate. Fateh, /. (Ar. j. >), victory. Favavun, T. intr., to succeed ; to find convenient. Felavavufi, v. tr., to spread, cause to spread, cause to extend. Feravavuii, v. tr., to cause to turn, to turn ; to circulate, to run a trap (for hire). Firdosi, m., pr. n. of the great 166 QUJARATI GRAMMAR. lj., Ghaznavite. Persian Poet (author of Shah- nameh). Foj, /., army (Ar. ^y) ; Polls foj, police force. G and gli (31 and y.). Gabhravun, v. intr., to be con- fused. Gadi, /., a throne. GadT, /., a carriage (of any sort). Gaznavl "i Gajhnavi ) Gakhkar, m., name of a mountain tribe in the north of the Panjab. Gall, /., a lane. Gam, n., a Tillage. Gamdun, n., a small village, ham- let. Game, conj., even if, although. Ganavuu, v. (pass, of ganvun, q.v.), to be accounted. Ganan, n. (corr. fr. jnan), know- ledge. Ganvun, v. tr. t to count, reckon. Garhasth, m. (v. grihasth), a gentleman. Garib, adj. (Ar. V4, poor, humble. Garvisht, adj., proud, haughty. Gayo, gal, gayun, v. (past of javun, irreg.), v. gr. O' Gera-upayog, m. (Hybrid, Ar. j + up.), uselessness. Gervajabi, adj. (Ar. improper. Ghamkvar, adv., pretty often, several times. Ghan-o, -I, -uii, much, many. Ghan-o khar-o, adj., very many. Ghanto, n., a belt. Ghar, n., a house; household. Ghard-o, -I, -nfi, adj., old, aged, advanced in years. Ghardavardao, in. pi., ancestors, forefathers. Ghusvufi, v. intr., to push one's way in. Gher (for ghare), in, to a house; home, at home. Ghodavalo, m., a horsekeeper, groom, driver. Ghodo, m., a horse : ghode, on a horse. Ghor, m. (Pers J} i, wild ass), ap- pellation of Bahrain, king of Ghazni. GhorT, adj., belonging to, descen- dant from Bahrain Ghor. Ghutan, m. ^ a knee : ghutnie pad- Ghutnl, /. ^ vun, to fall on one's knees, to kneel down. Gijhnl, the city of (^ GhaznT. Govalkonta, n., name of a fortress in the Deocan. Gnf a, /., a cave. Grihasth, n., a gentleman. Gujarat, n., name of a city and province. Gujarvuu, v. tr., to cause to pass, to cause to come upon. VOCABULARY. 167 Galam, m. (Ar. j."^c),a male slave. Gulamdl, /., dim., a female slave. Gun, m., qualities, attributes, virtues. Gusse, adj. (Hind. <*e. from Ar. S-ac), angry. Gvaliyar, n., the city of Gwalior. HabsT- Haidrabad, ., city of Haidarabad. Hajar, adj. (Ar. ^t), present, in attendance. Hajar, num., a thousand (P.j|>)- Hajrat, m. (Ar. s^^), word used to show respect among Muham- madans, as S'ri among Hindus, His Highness, Saint. Hakem, tn. (Ar. ^.U.), ruler, governor. Hal, adv. (Ar. JU, state), at pre- sent, now. Halat, /./ state, condition (Ar. av). Halve, adv. (often doubled), gently, gradually, slowly. Hame, pron., we, v. gr. (ame is the better form in Guj.). Hamnan, adv., now, at present. Ham ) > /., loss, injury, damage. Hani ) Hafikvun, v. tr., to drive, urge ; H. kddhvun, expel. Hafisal (corr. from Ar. J-U) kar- vuS, v. tr., to gain, acquire, attain to. Har, /., a defeat ; h. kltdvi, to be defeated. Harakat,/. (Ar. i&p.), hindrance, diificulty. Harakh, m., joy, rapture. Haravavun, v. tr., to defeat. Harlf, tn. (Ar. < ioj*.\ rival. Harvun, v. intr., to be defeated. Hase, v., 3rd sing. fut. of hovuti, to be, v. gr. Hasim ") m., proper name of an Hasem ' Arab, Hdshim. Hasvnn, v. intr., to laugh. Hath, m., hand ; authority. Hath, /., obstinacy. Hat-o, -I, -un, v. intr., was (from hovuii, q. v.). HathI, m., an elephant. Have, adv., now, at this time. Hemu, m., pr. n. of a wazir. 9Z Himat, /. (Ar. i*), boldness ; courage. Himat Iharelo vichdr, a bold thought. Hindu, m., a Hindu. Hindustan, .,pr. n., India, Upper India. HTra, pr. n. (Ar. el^.) of a cave near Mecca. Hisab, m. (Ar. w>l-*-), account, reckoning. Hokins, m., Captain Hawkins. 168 GUJABATI GRAMMAR. Holvavuu, v. tr., to extinguish, put out. Holvavuu, v. pass., to be extin- guished : h.javuii (intens.). Hot (see hovun and gr. s. v.). Hot-o, -I, uii, v. intr., was (form of hato sometimes used after neg. na, v. gr.). Hovuu, v. intr. aux., to be, to be- come, v. gr. Humayuii, m., pr. n. of an em- peror, father of Akbar. Hukumat, /. (Ar. .u^G..), rule. Hukm, m. (Ar. *&>), command, order. Humlo, m. (Ar. JU*), an attack, assault. Hnu, pers. pr., T (v. gr.). Hannar, m. (Pers. Jm), au art, skill. I, and I (y and tf). Ichchha, /., a wish, desire. Ija, /., injury, trouble (Ar. lil). o '* Ijan, n. (Ar. ^i'), au invitation. Iman, n. (Ar. ^Wl), faith, belief. Imarat,/. (Ar. ,Ue), a building. Ingland, n., pr. n., England. InsafI, adj. (from Ar. i-Luj), just. Iran, m., pr. n., Iran, Persia. Irani, adj., Persian. Isa, m., pr. n., Jesus (Ar. ^f-). Isavl, adj. (ey-^), Christian : Isavi san (or ^~_ -H.)> Christian Year, = A.D. Isu, m., pr. n., Jesus (Ar. Isvar, ni., God. Isvarl, adj., divine. J and Jh (/ and J, affix, adding emphasis, equiva- lent to indeed or to italicisation. to , Jabrlyel, m., pr. n. (Ar. JtU?0 the angel Gabriel. Jabr-o, -i, -ufi, adj. (Ar. ^.), mighty, powerful, great. Jadu, n., sorcery, witchcraft, magic. Jadugar, m., sorcerer, magician (Pers. Jf)*). 1 Jagya Jahankhaii, m. , pr. n. of a man. Jahafisuz, m. (Pers. ;^-J^), ap- pellation of 'Ala 'uddln Ghorl. Jajlavero, m. (Ar. i>_j*. -)- Guj. vero, a tax), the Jazi'a-tax. JalfiluddFn, m., pr. n. of Akbar (Ar. ^IJV). Jamabandl, /., revenue, land- assessment. Jamai, m., son-in-law. Jamin,/. (Pers. &-)), land, ground. Jamin, m. (Ar. ^U), a baillor, guaranteer, one who gives bail or security for. /., (Old Pers. poet, 'J^L, UrdQ ^.), a place. VOCABULARY. 169 Jamna,/., name of river, Jamna. Jamn-o, -I, -on, adj., right (of the hand). Jan, m. (Pers. ?), life ; j. levo,to slay. Jan, in. and n., person. JaiihaSgTr, in. (Pers.^J^lf?.), name of SalTm, eldest son of Akbar, Emperor JehiingTr. Janam") n., birth ; janm dharvun, Janm ) being born. Janm charitra, n., biography. Janmvuii, v. intr., to be born. Janankhanun, n. (Pers. iiU.Ail|j), seraglio, zenana. Janavavuri, v. tr., to cause to know, state, inform. Janavuu, v. (pass, of janvnfi, q.v.), to be known. Janvufi, v. tr., to know. Jara, adj. and adv. (Ar. ;3), a little, some, (with neg.), at all. Jarl, adj. (Ar. g?,U), flowing, cur- rent ; jari rdkhvun, to support (a custom, &c.). Jasvantsinh, m., pr. n. of a general and king of Jodhpur. Jat, /., a tribe; castf ; kind, sort. JatT, /., gender; adj., natural. Javab, TO., an answer, reply (Ar. M&). Javaher") n. (corr. of Ar. pi. Javahir/ ylj?-), a jewel. JaranT, /., youth. Javufi, v. intr., irreg. (v. gr.), to go. Jay a (gerund, from javuii, . gr. irreg. verbs), jay a karto, used to go. Jaychand, m., Prince of Kanoj. Jaypal, m., pr. n., Jaipal, name of two kings of Lahore. ,,f/ai , * JazTrat-ul-Arab(Ar. vyJl ^j*-))the Arabian Peninsula. Je, rel. pr., who, which, that; je kain, whatever, whatsoever. Jems, TO., pr. n., James (I. of England). Jepnr, n., town of Jaipur (Jey- pore). Jev-o, -I, ufi, adj., such. Jhad, n., a tree, a plant. Jhajh-o, -I, -ufi, adj., much, very, more. Jherl, adj. (Urdu L?/J), poisonous. Jhurabandh, adj., mortifying, sor- rowful, sad. JindagT,/. (corr. from Pers. ,_/Jj;)> life, period of life. Jit, /., a victory. Jltnar, m., conqueror, victor. JItTufi, v. tr., to overcome, con- quer ; jiti levuii, to capture (a city). Jivavuil, v. intr., to live, remain alive. Jnan, n., knowledge. Jo, con;'., if ;jo Tie, although. 170 GUJARATI GRAMMAR. Jode, postp., -with. Jodhpur, n., town of Jodhpore. JoTe, v. defect, (v. gr.), it is neces- sary, must. Jor, n. (Pers.jjj), strength, power, violence. JOT an, v. tr. (v. gr.), to see, be- hold. Jubani (Per s. &{}), oral evidence, speech, word of mouth. Jud-o, -I, -tin, adj. (Pers. !>?), separate, different. Julam, m. (Ar. JU), tyranny, cruelty. Jun-o, -I, -un, adj , old, ancient. JusrI ) ,, -), imprisonment ; k. kan-un, to imprison. Kehen, /. and m., a message. Kebenaro, m., a relator, narrator. Kehevavun, v. (pass, of keherun), to be called ; to be said, to be told. Kehevun, v. tr. irreg. (v. gr.), to say, speak. Kem, adv., how? in what way ? Keptan, m., (Eng.) Captain. Kethe, adv., anywhere; whence ? Ketl-o, -I, -ufi, adj., how much ? how many ? ketldek or ketldk, m., a good many, some con- siderable number (or length) of. 172 GUJARATI GRAMMAR. Kev-o, -I, -un, adj., what sort of? Khabar, /., news, information, tidings. Khabardar, adj. (Pers. jl^), careful, on one's guard. KhabardarT, /. (Pers. v/>>.), care, carefulness. KhachTt, adv., sure, certain ; adv., certainly. KhadTja,/. (vide Kadija). Khali, adj. (Ar. ^U), empty. Khallfo, m. (Ar, ), a Khalif (Caliph). Khalsa, m , state land, govern- ment land ; k. karvuil, to con- fiscate to the state. Khamvun, v. tr., to suffer, endure. Khan, m. (Pers. ^U), master, lord. KhanagI, adj. (from Pers. *Ai.), private. Khandani, /., tribute, fine. Khanzaman, m. (Pers. ^Uj ^U.), pr. n. of a Muhammadan chief. Kharab, adj. (Ar. vl^I), bad, evil ; adv., ill. Kbarekharun, adv., truly, as- suredly. Kharekhat, adv., assuredly. Khar-o, -I, -un, adj., true real, good. Khatab, m. (Ar. vUi), title, appel- lation. Khatun, n., account, department, province. Khavadun, v. tr., to cause to eat ; hdr Teh., to inflict a defeat. Khavnfi, v. tr. irreg. (v. gr.), to eat ; to suffer. Khenchavun, v. (pass, of khench- vun), to be pulled, dragged, etc. Khenchvufi, v. tr. y to pluck, pull, drag; khenchtkddhvun,v.intens., to pluck out. Khorak, /. (Pers. i2)1,, food. Khorasan, m., the country of Khurasan. Khot-o, -I, -un, adj., false, untrue. Khovun, v. tr., to lose, destroy. Khubsurat, adj. (Pera. beautiful. KhubsuratI, /. (Pers. beauty. Khull-o, -I, -un, adj., open, free, plain, clear. Khun, n. (Pers. o^-), murder; koinun k. karvuii, to murder any one. Khuno, m., a corner, angle. j Khus, adj. (Pers. Jiji.), pleased. KhusI, /. (Pers. ,/>), pleasure. Khusru, m. (Pers. jj~>y), Khusrau, pr. n. of a son of Bahrain. Khusru Malek, m. (Pers. islL^^i.), Khusrau Malik, grandson of Bahrain. Kldh-o, -T, -uii, a part of Karvufi (r. gr. irr. w.). 9,0' Killo, m. (Ar. i-l>), fort castle, fortified town. VOCABULARY. 173 KlmatT, adj. (Pers. j^*), valuable. Kiniiro, m. (Pers. t^UT), shore, coast. Kitab,/. (Ar. vW), a book. x Koi, p. pron., some one, any one. Kon, interr. pron. (v. gr. ), who ? Kon, m., a corner, angle. Kores ^ m.( Ar. ^ii/j.the Arabian Koresli ) tribe of the Quraish, to which Muhammad belonged. Kuch, /. (Pers. ^jTj, a march ; k. karvi, to march. Kul, n , a family, tribe, race. Kuruarpal, m. pr. n. of a king of Gujarat. KuGvar, m., a prince, a youth. Kunvar Ray, m., pr. n. of a king of Kanoj. Kuran, 71. (Ar. & \j), the Qur'an (Goran). Kusal, adj., happy, healthy, safe ; clever. ul KutubuddTn, m. (Ar. ^ pr. n. of a man, Qutb'ddln. Kutumb, m., a family. Labh, m., profit, gain, advantage. Ladvaiyo, m., a fighter, warrior, soldier. Ladvuu, v. intr., to fight, battle. Laek, ad/. (Ar. j5!H), worthy. Lagan, n. pi , marriage, wedding ; Z. karvuii, to marry ( siithe). Lagbhag, adv., nearly, almost. Lag!, postp., up to, until, till. Lago, part, for Ld'jijn, from Lag- vun, q. v. ; also, imperat., 2nd pi. of do. Lagvun, v. intr., to feel, to be produced (fruit), to begin, to attach to. Lahor, n., the city of Lahore. Lame, v., conn, part of levun, q. v. (see gr.). Lakh, adj. num., one hundred thousand. Lakhavavnu, v. tr., to cause to write, to dictate. Lakhnaro, m., (from lakhvuii, q. v.), a writer, author. Lakhvuii, v. tr., to write, compose. Lamb-o, -I, -un, adj., long. Lanch, /., a bribe; I. khan, to take a bribe; Z. khavadvi, to bribe. Las, /., corpse (Pers. ju!, Ar. ,jij, Urdu yiil). Laskar, n., army (Pers. > ^-J). Lavavuu, v. tr., to bring. LayakI, /. (from Ar. jJV), worth, worthiness. Levuii, v. tr. irreg. (v. gr.), to take ; la? javun, to take away, go off taking; lal dvavun, to bring. Lldhe, postp., for the sake of, on account of. 174 GUJARATI GRAMMAR. Lidh-o, -T, -nil, r. (part, of levun), irr., v. gr. Lohl, n., blood. Lok, m. and n., people, a nation. Luchchal, /., knavery, dissolute conduct. Lut, /., booty, plunder. Lutrun, v. tr., to plunder. M Ma, /., mother. Madad, /. (Ar. j>x.), help, aid, assistance ; komi madad Icarvi, or koine madad apvl, to aid any one. Madhava Rav, m., pr. n. of a man. 9' - Madma, n. (Ar. i^J-), the city of Medina. Madras, n., the city of Madras. Magvufi, v. tr., to ask, beg; desire, wish. Mahamad, n. (Ar. a-**"), Mu- hammad ; also used in Gujaratl for \j*, Mahmud of GhaznI. (A common man's name among Muslims.) Mahan, adj., great; large. Mahlno, m., a month. Or Majlis,/. (Ar. u*W')j an assembly. s a - Makka, n., (Ar. iX-), city of Mecca. Makkavalo, m., an inhabitant of Mecca. Mai, m. (Ar. JU), property, goods, Maldev, m., pr. n. of a man. Malik Ambar, m., pr. a. of a wazlr. Malmafca,/., Ar. clx* JU), property, possessions. Maltio, m., an associate, an ally. Malum, adj. (Ar. (y), known ; m. padi-un, to become known. Malvufi, v. intr., to meet, come to, be obtainable. Mamaro, m., maternal grand- father. Man, n., heart, mind. Man, n., respect, regard, honour. Man, postp., in, into ; manthi, from among. Manaro, in. (Ar. pl v Lu from /u), a minaret, tower, turret. Manas, n. (occasionally m.), a person, human being, a man. Manavuii, v. (pass, of manvun, q. v.), to be honoured. Mand-o, -T, -uii, adj. (Pers. JJU), sick. Mandvad, m., sickness (hybrid word, Pers. JoU + Guj. term. -vad). Mandvufi, v. intr., to begin, commence. Mane (from man, q. v.), in mind. Mane, pron.pers. (from hun, q. v.), me, to me. Mangvun, v.tr^(=mdgvun({. v.),to ask, beg, desire. VOCABULARY. 175 Mafihe, postp. and adv., within, among. Maiihornauhe, adv., mutually, among themselves. Manmant-o, I, -nfi, adj., agreeable, congenial, enough. Mannaro, m., (from mdnvun, g. u.), one who respects. Manpatar, n. t an address of honoar. Mais, n., meat, flesh. Munsing, m., pr. n. of a prince. Manvun, v. tr., to honour, respect, observe; confess, acknowledge. Hiir, /., a beating; mar khuvi, /., to be beaten. Maran, n., death ; maran piimvun, to die. Maretho, n. t Maratha ; adj. (-o, -I, -Tin), belonging to the Maruthas. MarjT, /., (Ar. Pers. Urdu ,$<>,*), desire, will, pleasure. Mar-o, -I, -ufi, pron. poss., my, mino. Marnar, m.f.n.. (agent of marvuii, q. v.\ deceased. Marvad, m., the district of Mar- vad (Marvar). Marvuij, v. tr., to strike, slay ; marl ndnkhiun, to kill ; mart nankvun, to be struck dead, killed ; intiryo javun, to be killed. Mas, m., a month. Mas!,/., mother's sister, maternal aunt. Maslal, adj., belonging to one's maternal aunt. Mastan, adj., wild, excited, mad, ungovernable. Masud, ?.., pr. n. (Ar. jj__), Mas'ud. Mat, n., opinion, doctrine, dogma. Mata, /., mother. Ma^e, postp., and com/., on ac- count of, because of; e mate or tnute, therefore. Math-o, -I, -un, adj., bad, evil, wicked, wrong. Mathuii, n., head, top. Mathura, n., name of a cify, Mathura, on the Jamna, eighty miles from Agra. s^ * Matlab, m. (Ar. t_.^)> purpose, object, aim. Matr, adv., merely, only. Medan, n. (Per. ^Ij*.), a plain, field of battle. u> " Mehel, m. (Ar. J*), a palace (-. mohol). Mehelvuii (also melvun), to put, to keep, to leave. MeherbanT, /. (Pers. jl^-.), kind- ness, favour. Mehesul, /. (Ar. Jj--), ax, revenue. Melvavuu, v. tr., to get, gain acquire ; to mix. 176 GUJARA1I GRAMMAR. Melvuii, v. tr. (mehelvun), to put, to leave, to keep. Men, pron. pers. (agential of liun, v. gr.), by me. Mhaisur, n , the town of Mysore. Mi. (contr. for Eng. Mister), Mr. Mirja Kbau, in. (Pers. ^ \y*), pr. n. of a man, Mirzil Khan. Mirjumala, m., pr. n. of a man. Misar, m. (Ar. j^), Egypt. MTthas, /., sweetness, eloquence. Mitr, m., a friend. Moajim, m. (Ar. J;'>), Mu'azim, pr. n. of a son of Aurangzeb. Mogal, m. (Pers. ji*>), a Mughul (Mogul). Moh, n., facination, charm. Mohabat KhaUjW. (Pers. c) li ( ^..s*), Muhabbat Khan, pr. n. of a noble. 3-, Mohol, m., a palace (Ar. J*), = mehel. Mokalavavun, v. tr., to cause to send. Mokalelapanun, n., the character or office of one sent; apostleship. Mokalelo (part.ot molcalvun, q. v.), one sent, an apostle, messenger. Mokalvufi, v. tr., to send. o > Mokrib Khaii, m. (Per. ^U. ^j^>), Muqrib ^Khan, pr. n. of a man. Morad, m. (Ar. ]/), Murad, pr. n. of a son of Akbar. Mot-o, -I, -ufi, adj., great; large, big- Mubarak Khan, m. (Pers. ^U. e),L.), pr. n. of an Afghan. 4 u" Muddat, /. (Ar. io-.), period of time. Muel-o, -I, -un (part, of marvun, q. v.), dead. Mug-o, -T, -un, adj., dumb. Mxijab, postp. (Ar. s-?-^), accord- ing to. o 5 * * Mukadamo, m. (Ar. i.Ji-), busi- ness, lawsuit. Mukavuii, v., (pass, of niuln-vTi, q. v.), to be put. Mukhi i (. adj., chief, principal. Mnkhya ) Mukvnfi, r>. tr., to part ; to give up, let go, release (iJso used as aux. v., vide gr.). w sii Mulak, n. (Ar. ei-U), a country. Mulakat, /. (Ar. '^-), an inter- view, meeting. Multan, n., pr. n. of a town in the Panjab. Multavi, adj. (Ar. ^^il.), delayed, adjourned. Mumbal, n., the city of Bombay. Mumtajrnahal, /., pr. n. of a queen of Shahjahan. Mu-o, -I, -un (part, of marvun, q. v.), dead. Murad, m. (Ar. ^j*), pr. n. of a brother of Aurangzeb. VOCABULARY. 177 MurtI,/., an image, idol, form. Murtlpujak, adj., idolatrous; m., an idol-worshipper. Musa, m. (Ar. ^^), pr. n., Moses. Musalman, tn., a Muslim, Masai- man (Pers. ^UJL*,, corr. from ,.,U-_, Pers. pi. of jJL. .). Mnsalmani, adj., Muhammadan. Muskeli,/. (from Ar. J&), diffi- culty. Na, adv., not. Na, adv., no ; 2. noun. /., refusal ; n kahevi (padvi), to refuse. Nabl-o, -T, -un, adj., weak, infirm, powerless. Nadi, /., a river. Nadvun, v. tr., to obstruct, hinder. Nagar, n., city. Nagarkot, n., pr. n. of city, Nagarkot. Nahan-o, -T, -un (better written ndno, &c.), little, small, young. Nahasvun "i v. intr.,to flee, escape; "i v. i ) n. j Nasvun ) n. javun (intens.). Nahi > y adv., not, no (v. ST.). Nahln > Nairutya, adj., south-western. NajdTk, postp., near, close (Pera. eli^i). Nam, 7i., a name ; a noun ; name, by name. Nam-no, -T, -un, famous. Namdar, adj., famous, renowned. Namuno, m., example, specimen. Nandraj, pr. n. of a man. Na(n)khvufi, v. tr., to throw, toss (used also as an auz. to strengthen meaning). Nankhavavun, v. tr., to cause to throw. Nafikhavun, v. (pass, of nankhvun), to be thrown ; marl nankhavun, to be killed. Napak, adj. (Per. el^ti), impure, unclean, defiled. Narak, n., Hell (one of the Hindu hells originally). Narayan Kevarl, m., a Hindu (man's) name. Narmas, /. (Pers. ^ soft), soft- ness, gentleness. NaroJ, n., pr. n. of village at the S. W. corner of Delhi. Nas, TO., destruction ; v. tr., nd!i karvo, to destroy. Nas, /., vein, artery. Nathi, adv. (used for neg. of chhe, v. gr.), is not, are not. Naval, /., novelty, rarity. Navamo, -I, -un, num. adj., ninth. Nav-o, -I, ufi, adj., new. Ne (contr. from ane), conj., and. Ne, postp., to, for (sign of occ.). Niche, adv. and postp., below, under, down. Nikalvun, v. intr., to go out. Nimvun, v. tr., to appoint, nomi- nate. 178 GUJARATI GRAMMAR. Nipajvufi, v. intr., to result, pro- ceed from, spring up. Nisani, /. (Urdu ^liJ, Pers. d l^5), sign, proof. Nizam, m. (Ar. (.Iki), title of a ruler (of Haidarabad, Deccan). Nizamsah, m., pr. n. (son of Queen Chandbibl). No, TO. , nl ; /., nun, ., postp. of (see gram.). Nokari, /., service (Pers. Nurjahan, /., pr. n. (Pers. ^ of wife of Emp. Jahanglr. o 0, interj., O. Oddho, TO., rank, position, station. Odhe utarvnn, v. intr., to descend hereditarily. Olakhvnn,0.ir.,toknow,recognise. Olkhavnn, v. (pass, of olkhavun, to know), to be known, called. Ordo, TO., apartment, chamber, room. Othman, TO., pr. n. (Ar. ^Uic), 'Uthman. Otlo, TO., a veranda, porch, plat- form. P(H). Pachhal, postp., behind ; pdchhal- th, adv., afterwards. Pachhl, postp., after ; adv., after- wards. Pachho, -T, -un, adj., back; as te pdchlio dvyo chhe, ' he has come back.' Pachhun, adv., again, back, back- wards ; pachhun farvun, to turn back, to retreat. Pachls, num. adj., twenty-five. Pad, n., dignity, rank. Padosi, TO., a neighbour. Padsah, TO. (Pers. ilijL), an em- peror. PadsahT, adj. (Pers. ^li^U) royal, imperial. Padvl, /., rank, dignity, office. Padvun, v. intr., to fall ; happen, occur ; tene rehevun padyun, ' he had to remain.' Padvun, r. tr., to cause to fall, throw down, knock down ; aux. adds intensity, as todl pddvun, to break in pieces ; nd padvi, to deny, refuse. Pahad, n., a mountain. Pahadi, adj., mountain, belonging to a mountain. Paiso, m., a paisd (' pice,' | anna); money. Pakadavufi, v. (pass, of pakadcun) , to be caught. Pakadvnfi, v. tr., to seize, grasp, hold. Pako, -I, -ufi, ") adj., perfect, Pakk-o, -I, -ufl' J complete ; ripe. VOCABULARY. 179 Paksh, m., a wing ; a side, party, kotno paksh karvo, to espouse any one's part. Palavufi, v. (pass, of pdlvun) to be observed, kept. Palvun, v. tr., to support ; to keep, observe (a law). Panivun, v. tr., to obtain, get, gain. Pan, cow;'., but, also, moreover; topan, yet, nevertheless. Panch, num. adj., five. Panchm-o, -I, -un, adj., fifth. Panl, n. t water. Pampat, n., pr. n. of a town fifty miles north of Delhi. Panjab, m., the Panjab, Pap, n., sin. Papl, in., sinner. Par, postp., upon, on. Paramdahade -* adv., on the day Paramdine ) before yesterday or the day after to-morrow. Paranavavun, v. tr., to cause to marry, give in marriage. Parantu, conj., but. Paranvun, v. intr., to be married (sathe). Pardes, m., a foreign land. Pardeskhatanno pardhan, m., Secretary for Foreign Affairs ; tary for Foreign Affairs. Pardhan, m. (also pradhdn), minis- ter, councillor. Pargat, a), support, proof, correctness. Sachal, /., truth. 182 GUJARATI GRAMMAR. Siich-o, -T, un, adj., true, truthful. Siid, m.(Ar. J*-.), pr. n. of an Arab. Siidharan, adj., common, general. Sadhu, m., an ascetic, a (Hindu) saint. Sadhusahl, adj. (Guj. sadhu Pers. ti adj. term. -I), ascetic. SadI, /. (Pers. us>x^), a century. Saf, adj. (Ar. i-*l-), pure, clean; plain, clear; adv., 'clearly, plainly. Saf 51, /. (Pers. L^-), purity. Safaldar, adj., possessed of purity (of diction). Saganvahalan, n. pi., friends and relatives. S'agird, m. (Pers. s/*'^), disciple, apprentice. Saghl-o, -T, -un ^ adj., all, the Sagl-o, -I, -un, j whole. Sago, m., a kinsman, relative. Sag-o, -I, un, adj., akin, closely related. UtlO J S'ahabuddm, ), pr. n. of a man. S'ah Alam, m. (Pers. JJU li) pr. n. of a Mughul Emperor, Shah 'Alam. Sahan, n., endurance, patience. S'aheriyar, m. (Pers. J le / -), question, enquiry. 184 QUJAEATI GRAMMAR. Savar, m. (Pers.jlj-.), a horseman. Savar, /., morning. Savare,adv.,in the morning, early. S'eher, n. (Pers.^i), a city. Semenis, m,, pr. name. Sen, v. sub., so. Sena, /., an army. Senapatl, m., a general. Sikandar Adil S'ah, m. (Pers. li JoUjjIC), pr. n. of a King of BIjapur. Sikandar Sur, m., pr. n. of a man. S'ikhavavun } v. tr., to teach, Sikhavavun ) instruct. S'lkhvun ") > v. tr., to learn. Sikvon J Sindh, TO., pr. n., the province of Sindh. Sindhunadi, /., the river Indus. Sipal, TO., a sipalii (sepoy), soldier; polls sipal, a native policeman. S'ir Afgan, (Pers. ^Uil^i), Shir Afghan, pr. n. of a man. Siria, m., Syria. S'ivae, postp. (Pers. ^!j-), except, So, num. adj., a hundred; ekso, one hundred. (With higher numbers prefixed this word becomes sen, as basen, two hundred). S'o, si, inn, interr. and adj. pron., what? S'obha, /., ornament, beauty. S'obhaeman, adj., ornamental, ornamented. Sogand, m. (Pers. A^l), an oath; s. kJiavt, to swear (ek vastuno, by a thing). S'olingar, n., name of a place. Somnath, n., name of a city. Somvar, TO., Monday. Sonapur(-por), n., name of a part of Bombay. Sonun, n., gold. S'rapit, ocZj., accursed. Stanesvar, n., name of a town, 50 miles N. of Panlpat. Sthapna,/., establishment, found- ing. Sthapnar, TO., a founder, esta- blisher. Sthapvun, v. tr., to establish, found. Strl, /., a woman. Subo, TO. (Pers. A>J-I), a province ; a petty ruler. S'uddh 7 , ,, I adj., pure, clean. Sudh } Sudha.ro, m., a reform, an improve- ment. S'uddha.ta, /., purity, cleanness. SudhI, postp., until, as far as, up to. S'uddhpanun,'n.., purity, cleanness. Suja, TO. (Ar. fV") pr. n. of a prince. S'ukan, n., an omen, portent; sukanjondr, a diviner. VOCABULARY. 185 Sukavavun, v. tr., to dry np. Sukavun, v. intr., to dry up, wither; sukatjavun, to dry np. Sukh, n., happiness, comfort. Sukhl, adj., happy, comfortable. Sultan, m. (Ar. J^ul), Sultan. S'nn, pron. interr. n., what ? (often used as the sign of a question). Sundar, adj., beautiful, fair. Suro, m., a brave man, a hero. Suvun, v. intr., to sleep. Svabhav. in., nature. Svabhavik, ad;'., natural. SvadhTn, adj., subject, subjected ; s. karvun, to render subject. Svapanun, n., a dream. Svar, m. (Pers.jl^-), a horseman. Svarg, n., the sky, heaven. Svarl, /.,an expedition, incursion. Svatantrapan, n. ^ Svatantrata, /. . independence. T and Th (t\ and 1). Tabe, adj. (Ar. }'J), obedient. TadbTr, /., plan, device. Taiyar, adj. (Urdu jto), ready, prepared. Taiyarl, adj. (Urdu i/^O) prepara- tion. Tajmehel, n., the Taj Mahal at Agra. Tale, postp., under, beneath, below. Talvar,/., the sword. Tamar-o, -I, -un, poss. pr., your, yours. Tambu, m., a tent. Tame, pron., you (v. gr.). Tandarost, adj. (Pers. i=^-,J-j), healthy, well. Tane, pron., to thee, thee (v. gr. ). Tanhan, adv., then. Vtr* Tapas, /. (Ar. (j-s"), enquiry, in- vestigation. Tapasvufi, v. tr., to enquire, ex- amine into, inspect. Taraf, /., direction (Ar. - ; postp., towards. Tare, adv., then (v. tydre). Tare, pron. (form of tun, thou), to thee (v. gr.). Tareh, /. (corr. from Ar. r^) manner, method. Tarik (Ar. &j>), method. Tar-o, -T, -un, pron., thy, thine. Taro, m., a star. Tart, adv., at once, immediately (also turf). Tarthl (tare + thi), from that time. Tatar, TO., Tatar (Tartar). Tatha, conj., and. Te, demonst. TO. /. n., that ; pron., he, she, it ; neut. pi., they (V. gram., Pronouns) ; tethi, from that, on that account (also tethl Icartne, id.). Tedun, n., invitation ; t. karvun, to invite. 186 GUJARATI GRAMMAR. Teko, TO., a prop, support ; teko dpvo, to give support, to uphold, prove. Telicharl, n., name of a place. Tern, adv., thus; pron. obl.,them. Temaj, adv., thus; conj., just as, as well as. Teni, she : teni-no, -ni,-nun (v. gr. sub. pron. pers.), her, hers. Tevan, pron. (Parsi-Guj.), he. Tev-o, -I, -nil (correl. to jevo, q. v.), as, such as. Thanesvar, n., pr. n. of town, Thanesvar. Thavun, v. intr. aux. (v. gr.), to become. ThT, postp., from, by, through. Thod-o, -I, -un, adj., few, a few. Tikh-o, -I, -un, adj., hot, quick- tempered ; pungent. TikshnabuddhI, /., keenness of intellect, sharpness, cleverness. Tiraskar, m., contempt, aversion. To, particle, then (done), correl. to jo, if. Todvun, v. tr., to break, fracture; todi pddvun. Tohomat, /. (Ar. &?), accusation, false charge. Topan, conj., nevertheless, yet. Tran, num. adj., three. Trij-o, -I, un, adj., third. Trimbak Ray, m., pr. n. of a Maratha. TrinomalT, n., name of a place. Tuvar, m., pr. n. of Rajput family (Kings of Delhi). Tun, pron., thou. Turkastan, n., Turkistan. Turki, adj., Turkish. Turt, adv., at once, immediately. Turtvela, adv. (Pars!), imme- diately, at once. Tyafi, adv., those. Tyare, adv., then (v. tare]. Tyarbad, adv. (tyar and Ar. J*j), afterwards. T and Th (I and ). Takav -> T IT" \ m " > sta ^^i <; 7> durability. Tan t To, m., the leg. Thagal, /., defrauding, cheating, robbery. Thano, m., Tanna, a place not far from Bombay. Tharilv, TO., decision, resolve. Tharavavun, v. tr., to decide, fir, settle, appoint. Theravavun, v. tr., to fix, resolve. appoint. Todarmal, m., pr. n. Raja To- darmal ; a celebrated Hindu of Akbar's time. u (u & u) ( S & Si). Ubh-o, -T, -un, adj., standing upright; ulho thavo,to stand up. VOCABULARY. 187 Uchar, m., pronunciation. Udepur, n., pr. n. of city, Udaipur (Oodeypore). Udyanaing, m., pr.n. of a prince. Ujae, m., light, splendour, lustre. Ujjen, n., city of Ujjain. Ulatpalat ) adj., across; subs. /., TJlatpulat ) revolution ; dropze sdkshme ulat pdlat tapdsvani nd pddz, the accused refused to cross-examine the witness. Ult-o, -I, -un, adj., reverse, con- trary, opposite. Umar, /. (Ar.^c), age. Umarav, m. (Ar. t\f\, pi. of jt^), a noble. Unch-o, -I, -un, adj., high, lofty, noble. Und-o, -I, -un, adj., deep. Unt, TO., a male camel. Upaj, /., profits, produce, nett gain. Upades, m., teaching, doctrine. Upar, postp., over, upon. Upay, m., resource, remedy. Upayog,?n.,use; no upayog Icarvo, to use. Upl-o, -I, -un, adj., above, above- mentioned. Uravavun, v. tr., to cause to fly; to waste, drive away, repel. Utarvufi, v. intr., to descend, come down. Uthvufi, v. intr., to arise, rise, stand up. Utpann, adj. (Sk. past part.), created ; utpann karvufi, to create. Uttam, adj., very good, best. Uttar, adj., northern ; subs, in., the north. Uttar, m., answer; uttar devo, to answer. Uttejan, n., excitement, encou- ragement ; u. dpvun, to en- courage. V (H). Vachan, n., word, saying. Vachche, postp., between. Vadhu, adj., more, greater, fur- ther ; vadhu tapds multavi rahi hatt, the further hearing of the case was postponed. Vadhare, adj. and adv., more. Vadharvun, v. tr., to add, increase. Vadhelo, TO., pr. n. of Rajput family (kings of Gujarat) . Vadhvnn, v. intr., to increase, advance. Vadhvun, v. tr., to fight, quarrel. Vad-o, -i, un, adj., great, elderly, eldest. Vadun karvun, to extinguish ; vadun thavun, to go out, depart. Vagar, postp., without, except; vagarbhanelo, untaught. Vagere (corr. from Ar.-Pers. cj), &C. 188 GUJARATI GRAMMAR. Vahadya, ni galz, name of a lane in Bombay. Vaheb, m., pr. n. of an Arab (Wahib c-|j). Vaihindgadh, n., pr. n. town and fort of Vaihindgarh. Vajabi, adj. (Ar. t-^-V)), necessary, proper, suitable. Vajlr, TO. (Ar. j.) t a Wazir, minister of state. Vakht, m. (Ar. ol/), time. Valagvnn, v. tr., to embrace ; to possess (of a devil). Valan, /., a turn, bend ; v. leroi, to turn (intr.). ValT, adv., again ; further, more- over. Vallabhasen, m., pr. n., Crown Prince of Chamund. Valvun, v. intr. , to be profited, be gained, result. Valvun, v. tr., to bend, fold, dress. Vanchavnn, v. (pass, of vdnclwwn, q. v.), to be read. Vanchvun, v. tr., to read. Vani, /., a voice. Vans,m.,lineage, family, pedigree. VansavalT, /., genealogy, family line, line of descent, genea- logical tree. Var, /., period of time. Varaka, m., pr. n. (Ar. *-5,.j), Waraqah. Varas, n., a year (v. varsJi), Varas, m. (Ar. e^) an heir. Varaso, m., inheritance, heritage (corr. from Ar. kiijlj, heir, & J} , heritage). Varevar, adv., from time to time, continually. Varsh, n., a year (v. varas) ; raining. Vas, adj., subdued ; v. karvuil, to subdue. Vasnaro, m., a dweller, inhabitant (/. vasvun). Vastl,/., abode ; population. Vastu, /., a thing. Vasvun, v. intr., to dwell. Vasul, /., revenue ; (Ar. J^-j), vasul karvun, to collect revenue. Vat, /., word, matter ; story, tale ; conversation. Vay, /., age, period of life. Vayakaran, n., grammar. Vazlr,m. (Ar.^jj), a Wazlr (Vizier). Vechvnn, v. tr., to sell. Vehem, n. (Ar. ^), imagination. Vehemi, adj., imaginative, imagi- nary. Vehevnn, v. intr., to flow. Vela, /., time. Ver, n., enmity, revenge ; v. levun, to take vengeance. Verl, m., an enemy. Vero, m., tax, impost, taxation. Vepar, m., trading, commerce; vepdrdhandho, m., commercial business. VOCABULARY. 189 Vesh, reappearance, aspect, garb. Vicbar, m., thought, reflection, consideration. Vicharvun, v. tr., to think, reflect, consider, fancy. Vidhva,/., a widow. Vidya, /., knowledge, learning. Vijayray, m., pr. n., Vijaypay, name of a king. Vikhyat, adj., renowned, famous. Vina, postp., without (sine). Vis, num. adj., twenty. Vise ) postp., concerning, re- Vishe ) garding. Vikhervun ~) v. tr., to scatter, Vinkhervun j disperse. Visvas, m., belief, faith ; visvds Idvo, Tcarvo, to believe ( par). Tad, /., memory, recollection ; tene ydd dve chhe, it occurs to his memory; teneyadrelie chhe, he remembers (Pers. -jlj). Yaddast,/ (Per. c^i-lj^li), memory, power of recollection. Yadgarl,/. (Pers. v c,^o),memorial Yogya, adj., worthy (of = ne). Yojna, /., plan, arrangement. Yojvun, v. tr., to plan, arrange, devise. Yukti, /., plan, trick, device. Z (95). Zaid, m. (Ar. xj), Zaid, Muham- mad's adopted son. London : Gilbert