LEARN ONE THING | 
 EVERY DAY 
 
 
 
 FEBRUARY 16 1920 /jyW SERIAL NO. 197 1 
 
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 ■ PIONEERS OF THE ■ 
 1 GREAT WEST 1 
 
 By 
 !■■■ GEORGE S. BRYAN |^h| 
 
 
 *J 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF 
 HISTORY 
 
 VOLUME 8 
 NUMBER 1 
 
 TWENTY CENTS A COPY
 
 PIONEERS ! PIONEERS ! 
 
 Have the elder races halted? 
 Do they droop and end their lesson, wearied over there beyond the seas? 
 We take up the task eternal, and the burden and the lesson. 
 
 Pioneers! pioneers! 
 
 All the past we leave behind. 
 We debouch upon a newer mightier world, varied world. 
 Fresh and strong the world we seize, world of labor and the march, 
 
 PioneersI pioneers! 
 
 We detachments steady throwing, 
 Down the edges, through the passes, up the mountains steep, 
 Conquering, holding, daring, venturing as we go the unknown ways. 
 
 Pioneers! pioneers! 
 
 We primeval forests felling. 
 We the rivers stemming, vexing we and piercing deep the mines within. 
 We the surface broad surveying, we the virgin soil upheaving, 
 
 Pioneers! pioneers! 
 
 O to die advancing on! 
 Are there some of us to droop and die? Has the hour come? 
 Then upon the march we fittest die, soon and sure the gap is fill'd. 
 
 Pioneers! pioneers! 
 
 All the pulses of the world. 
 Falling in they beat for us, with the Western movement beat, 
 Holding single or together, steady moving to the front, all for us, 
 
 Pioneers! pioneers! 
 
 —Walt Whitman. 
 
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 J. S. CAMPBELL; ASSISTANT TREASURER AND ASSISTANT. SECRETARY H. A. CROWE. 
 
 FEBRUARY 16. 1920 VOLUME 8 NUMBER 1 
 
 Entered as second-clan matter, March 10, 1913. at the postoffice at New York. N. Y.. under the act of March 3. 
 1879. Copyright. 1920. by The Mentor Association. Inc.
 
 THE MENTOR • DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY 
 
 SERIAL NUMBER 197 
 
 St»c* 
 
 By courtesy of the sculptor. Elaie Ward 
 
 GEORGE ROGERS CLARK 
 
 From a photograph of the model 
 for the statue which was erected 
 at the Louisiana Purchase Ex- 
 position, St. Louis, 1904 
 
 PIONEERS EMIGRATING FROM CONNECTICUT TO EASTERN OHIO, 1805 
 Distance, 600 miles; time, 90 days 
 
 PIONEERS OF 
 THE WEST 
 
 By GEORGE S. BRYAN 
 
 Author of u Sam Houston," etc. 
 
 MENTOR GRAVURES 
 
 DANIEL BOONE GEORGE ROGERS CI \RK 
 
 DAVID CROCK] I T STEPHEN FULLER AUSTIN 
 
 JOHN CHARLES FREMONT CHRISTOPHER CARSON 
 
 NTIL well into the eighteenth century, English settlement in 
 America had been mainly confined to a narrow fringe along 
 the Atlantic seaboard. That so it might remain seemed not 
 impossible. Under gifted leaders the French had with zeal- 
 V'U\ "us enterprise penetrated to the heart of I tinent; and 
 
 the French Mown claimed dominion southward to the Gulf 
 and vaguely westward to the Rockies. To the English colonists the 
 Appalachian mountain-system which sometimes thej .called the "Great 
 Mountains"- appeared a barrier formidable and impressive to an extent 
 that now we can hardly realize. Even after the best routes had been 
 marked out and the menace of Indian enemies removed, the crossing of it 
 was long to the popular mind a thing of uncommon toil and difficulty. 
 Yel the English settlers, if they moved deliberately a i tal 
 
 0, 181 I, It lhcpo.toll 
 i .n. >n. Inc.
 
 PIONEERS OF THE WEST 
 
 EMIGRATION TO THE WESTERN COUNTRY 
 
 region, also occupied it as inten- 
 sively as conditions permitted. It 
 is said that by 1700 it was possi- 
 ble, in journeying from southern 
 Virginia to Portland, Maine, to 
 pass each night in a sizable village. 
 \\ estward movement into unoccu- 
 pied lands gradually became for 
 Americans no less inevitable than 
 their struggle toward political inde- 
 pendence. With that movement 
 began what has well been termed 
 the second American colonial per- 
 iod; and a new race arose — the 
 American pioneers. 
 
 To the able if arrogant Lieu- 
 tenant-Governor Spotswood of 
 Virginia belongs the honor of hav- 
 ing been, so far as definite records 
 arc concerned, the first explorer of 
 the Appalachians. About his ex- 
 pedition of 1716 clings a suggestion 
 of the romance that surrounds the 
 Spanish conquistador es, "with lanc< 
 and helm and prancing steed, 
 glittering through the wilderness." 
 With a party of fifty he climbed the Blue Ridge by way of the 
 upper Rappahannock; crossed the Shenandoah, which he christened 
 Euphrates; and took, solemn possession for His Majesty George the 
 First. Having taken eight weeks to cover 440 miles, he returned to 
 Williamsburg preceded by trumpeters, and presented to his comrades 
 jewel-studded horseshoes inscribed: Sic juvat transcendere monies (Thus 
 'tis our pleasure to go o'er the mountains) — the allusion being to the fact 
 that for mountain-work the horses had been shod with iron shoes, not 
 then used in lowland Virginia. This picturesque enterprise led to nothing. 
 The first white men to cross the Great Mountains and enter the cen- 
 tral plain were probably wandering hunters who, in following game-trails, 
 also followed streams to the sources and penetrated main' a clove and 
 notch. Southwestward from Central Pennsylvania the Appalachians run 
 in parallel ranges through West Virginia and Virginia, eastern Tennessee 
 and the western Carolinas, into northern Georgia. Along the furrows 
 between these parallel ridges, emigrants from Pennsylvania began about 
 the middle of the eighteenth century to pass toward the new country they 
 called "the West." The manner of their going was much like that of emi- 
 grants across the plains in later days: the women and young children in 
 
 CROSSING THE PLAINS 
 From drawings by F. O. C. Darley
 
 PIONEERS F T H E IV E S T 
 
 canvas-covered wagons, prototypes of the "prairie-schooner"; the men and 
 boys on horseback at front and rear, driving the cattle. Thus the Quaker 
 Boones went from Berks county, near the Schuylkill, in Pennsylvania, to 
 northwestern North Carolina; a region where then the bison were so 
 abundant that three or four men, with dogs, could kill from ten to twenty 
 in a day. One of the Boone boys was Daniel (i 734-1 820), who became 
 and has remained the typical pioneer figure. 
 
 The Pioneer Woodsmen 
 When we say that Daniel Boone and others like him were woodsmen, 
 we mean that with the minimum of outfit they could make their way 
 
 through the wilderness and there live for 
 long periods with no outside aid. They 
 knew herbs and trees — the ways of game 
 and of Indians. They could improvise shel- 
 ter, and, in the open, prepare simple, 
 sufficient food. An important item of their 
 dietary was parched and pulverized Indian 
 corn. Men of the Boone stamp could out- 
 march military regulars and outmaneuver 
 redskins. Despite the disadvantage of rifles 
 less accurate than those of to-day, and of 
 inferior loads, they were surpassing marks- 
 men. Of frontier riflemen Richard Henry 
 Lee wrote in 1775: "There is not one of 
 these men who wish (wishes) a distance less 
 than 200 yards or a larger object than an 
 orange. Every shot is fatal." About 900 
 of them won the battle of King's Mountain 
 (October 7, 1780) and thus turned the tide 
 againsl Cornwallis in the South. The figures 
 tell the tale. The British loss, out ol some 
 1,100 engaged, was placed at 
 iiii killed, 125 w< >unded, and 
 664 prisoners; the American, 
 at only 28 killed and 62 
 wounded. The woodsmen's 
 ( niter clothing was ol skins; 
 commonly in the main of deer- 
 skin, treated not by tanning 
 bul by a process of soaking, 
 scraping, stretching, rubbing 
 with the brains of the animal, 
 and smoking. This deer-skin 
 was pliable, quiet, lasting, in- 
 conspicuous, warm in winter. 
 
 BISON HUNTING 
 From a drawing by W. L. Hudson 
 
 A HHKI) OF BISON 
 On a lake-dotted prairie 
 
 207inV)2
 
 PIONEERS OF THE WEST 
 
 SIMON KENTON 
 From a portrait by L. VT. Morgan 
 
 thorn-proof, and too smooth to collect burrs; 
 but when wet it was far from pleasant wear. 
 It could be fashioned in the wilderness, with 
 no apparatus or materials save those readily at 
 hand; and, with local modifications, continued 
 to be worn on the shifting American frontier. 
 
 Shelby and Sevier 
 
 Of those who led the sharpshooters at King's 
 Mountain, two were further celebrated in pio- 
 neer annals — Isaac Shelby (1750-1826) and John 
 Sevier (1745-1815), famed as Indian fighters, 
 and first governors respectively of Kentucky and 
 Tennessee. Sevier was identified with a little- 
 known chapter in American history. From 1769 to 1772, in what is now 
 northeastern Tennessee, on lands then included in the colony of North 
 Carolina, sprang up settlements of worthy folk to whom North Carolina 
 gave neither recognition nor protection. The settlers proceeded to organ- 
 ize into the Watauga Association, with a form of government by com- 
 mittees. Thus, before the seaboard colonies had begun to fight for inde- 
 pendence, these dissatisfied mountaineers had in a manner asserted it. 
 At the Revolution the little community was, on its own petition, formally 
 annexed to North Carolina. After the war, North Carolina offered to 
 cede to the Federal government her western lands; and then the men of 
 \\ atauga, ignored in the matter of the cession, formed a new state, called 
 Franklin; adopted a constitution; and chose a legislature which elected 
 the popular Sevier governor. Taxes were levied, payable, in lieu of 
 money, in such things as bacon, fox-pelts, and whiskey. Factional differ- 
 ences soon developed; the state of Franklin crumbled; and Sevier, its 
 
 only governor, was 
 arrested for treason. 
 Allowed to escape, he 
 saw the western North 
 
 Carolina lands finally- 
 ceded to the Federal 
 government (1790) as 
 the "Territory south 
 of the River Ohio"; 
 and was a representa- 
 tive in Congress from 
 the State of Tennes- 
 see, into which the 
 territory was afterward 
 formed (admitted 
 June I, 1796). 
 
 5#IM 
 
 ■■•*'■ 
 
 
 
 Wj. 
 
 FORT BOONESBOROUGH 
 As it appeared just before the siege of September, 1778
 
 PIONEERS OF THE fF E S T 
 
 ZEBULON PIKE 
 
 James Robertson 
 
 James Robertson (1742-1814), prominent in the 
 Watauga community, led thence a company to 
 French Lick, where he founded Nashborough 
 (1780), the present Nashville. On the bluff above 
 the Cumberland a central fort was built; outside 
 this, along the river, the cabins of the settlers were 
 roughly grouped around several "stations" — stock- 
 aded refuges defended by blockhouses. Such forts 
 and stations followed pretty closely the general 
 plan of Boonesborough, as shown in one of the 
 accompanying illustrations. Some of the forts were 
 fit to offer stout and long resistance to besiegers 
 armed with nothing more effective than rifles. The "advance guard of 
 civilization" at Nashborough suffered sorely from the hostility of Chero- 
 kees and Creeks, but Robertson's heroic direction averted utter ruin. 
 After the Revolution, the treaty of Paris (1783) fixed the Mississippi as 
 the western boundary of the United States; and by way of Nashborough 
 (Nashville) part of the increasing 
 tide of immigration moved to the 
 Mississippi valley. Of early set- 
 tlers beyond the Great Mountains 
 it was no less true than it had been 
 of early settlers along the Atlantic, 
 that they plowed and worshiped 
 with rifle ready, and slept with 
 one eye open. It was true straight 
 across the continent, wherever the 
 white man had to encounter that 
 ablest of his savage foes, the 
 American Indian. In the narra- 
 tives of Colonel R. I. Dodge, the 
 redman of the plains parallels the 
 redman of the woods with th<>M' 
 cruelties that to both were but 
 exploits of legitimate warfare. It 
 must be admitted, too, that some- 
 times the whites retaliated with 
 equal ferocity. 
 
 Kenton, Clark and IFayne 
 
 An Indian-fighter and scout of 
 that period, with contemporary 
 renown second to that of Boone 
 alone, was simple-hearted Simon 
 
 AN EMIGRANT CA.MP ON THE PI \l\- 
 
 A DETACHMENT ill UM i 'I i k'l 
 In temporary cimp
 
 PIONEERS OF THE WEST 
 
 WILLIAM CLARK 
 
 From the painting by Charles 
 
 Willson Peale, in Independence 
 
 Hall, Philadelphia 
 
 Kenton (1755-1836), who, faring into the Ohio 
 country, in 1787 with Joseph May laid out a 
 town at Limestone (now Maysville), a point on 
 the Ohio River where there had long been a 
 landing-spot for the bullet-proof flat-boats that 
 brought from Pittsburg (Fort Pitt) fresh throngs 
 of settlers. Kenton, with a Kentucky party, also 
 reared (1799) fourteen cabins and a fort near Mad 
 River in what is now Clark county, Ohio, thus 
 founding a settlement that later was moved a few 
 miles eastward and became the present Springfield. 
 Kenton once escaped death by Indian torture 
 through the interference of Simon Girty (1741- 
 1818), a bloodthirsty Irish renegade to whose 
 credit nothing else is told. Girty (who had lived 
 with the Senecas) served the British as an inter- 
 preter in the Revolution, and afterward fought with the Indians whose 
 forays against the American frontier he did all he could to encourage. 
 The notorious Simon and his brothers James (1743-18 17) and George 
 (1745-1812), also renegades, formed a family trio of "bad men," infa- 
 mous throughout all the western marches. As enemies of society, they 
 found worthy successors in the "border-ruffians," out- 
 laws, and desperadoes of after-days. Always, how- 
 ever, such individuals were in the minority; and 
 especially was this true among the trans-Appalachian 
 pioneers, who indeed sought a freer life in a land where 
 quit-rents and tax-gatherers would cease from troubling, 
 but who had no kinship with anarchy or license. The 
 form of compact entered into by Robertson's isolated 
 colonists stated that "until the full and proper exercise 
 of the laws of our country can be in use and the pow- 
 ers of government exerted among us, we do most 
 
 solemnly and sacredly declare 
 and promise each other that we 
 will ... at all times, if need be, 
 compel, by our united force, 
 a due obedience to these our 
 rules and regulations." This 
 was also essentially the spirit 
 of the trans-Mississippi "vigi- 
 lance committees" in Califor- 
 nia, Idaho, and Montana; 
 maintained, if need was, 
 against venal judge or treach- 
 erous sheriff. 
 
 CONVEYING AN EMIGRANT WAGON ACROSS THE PLATTE 
 RIVER 
 From an Ackerman lithographic print 
 
 6
 
 PIONEERS OF THE WEST 
 
 As a young man, Simon Kenton served with George Rogers Clark 
 (1752-1818), most comprehensive mind and most vivid figure among the 
 pioneers of his era. Clark, who had made his home in the Kentucky dis- 
 trict in 1776, was the first to divine the fact that the constant raids by 
 Indians of the Old Northwest on settlements south of the Ohio were 
 inspired by British officers north of it. \\ ith inadequate official support 
 and less than two hundred volunteers, he set out in 1778 on an expedition 
 to the Illinois. His youthful enthusiasm beat down disheartening obsta- 
 cles; his ability and energy triumphed. In a few months he brought 
 within the sphere of American influence practically all of the Northwest 
 
 region save Detroit and minor posts on the Canada 
 boundary; made peace-treaties with ten or a dozen 
 tribes; and placed the United States in such a 
 position that the American commissioners at Paris 
 could insist upon the cession of territory subse- 
 quently divided into Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michi- 
 gan and Wisconsin. Completion of Clark's mission, 
 denied to him, was fifteen years later entrusted 
 to Major-General Anthony Wayne (1745-1796), 
 the dashing "Mad Anthony" whose recapture of 
 Stony Point by a bayonet attack at midnight had 
 been the boldest and most spectacular feat of the 
 Revolution. With about 2,000 regulars of the 
 reorganized army and some 1,600 Kentucky militia, 
 Wayne in 1794 gave to 
 the Northwestern warriors, 
 again intractable, their final defeat. At Fort 
 Greenville (on the site of what is now Greenville 
 in Darke county, Ohio), he negotiated with 
 them a treaty that made possible the peacelul 
 occupation of the country from the Ohio to the 
 head of Lake Superior. Various lands to which 
 they renounced claim included the sites of the 
 present cities of Chicago, Detroit, Fort Wayne, 
 and Toledo. Wayne was the first of a series of 
 I nited States army officers that must be recog- 
 nized as pioneers. 
 
 In 1795 treaty arrangements for the joint 
 navigation of the Mississippi were concluded 
 with Spain, which had claimed exclusive rights 
 to the river from its mouth to the Yazoo, 
 about where Vicksburg now stands. This was 
 1 news to the settlers between the Appal- 
 achians and the Mississippi; for they had thus 
 free outlet to New Orleans for their trade The 
 
 ANTHONY WAYNE 
 
 MERItt ETHER 1 I 
 From ■ drav 
 flrst ippcarcJ in the An.
 
 PIONEERS OF THE IV E S T\ 
 
 STATUE OF SAM HOUSTON 
 
 Modeled by Elizabet Ney for 
 
 Statuary Hall, the Capitol, 
 
 Washington 
 
 XationalTurnpike from the Atlantic to the Mis- 
 sissippi was not authorized until 1806; in 1795 
 the western roads were little better than the 
 "traces" cut by pioneers, such as Boone's 
 "Wilderness Road." The traces had been 
 widened enough to let vehicles through; but such 
 so-called roads were always difficult and at times 
 impassable. Hence the Westerners turned to 
 the streams; and for many years their goods 
 were carried in lighters called "flat-boats," 
 "keel-boats," and "arks," which were propelled 
 by sweeps up the Ohio or drifted leisurely down 
 the Mississippi to New Orleans. Lincoln made 
 two voyages to New Orleans in flat-boats — the 
 second from Sangamon county, Illinois, in a craft 
 he had helped to build. River trade began to flourish 
 along the present Missouri shore. Clark's expedition had 
 effectually banished any idea Spain may have had of 
 affirming dominion east of the river; and later the Span- 
 ish authorities at St. Louis, when they feared possible 
 British attack from Canada, most hospitably welcomed 
 American settlers into upper Louisiana. These came in 
 considerable numbers — especially from Virginia, Kentucky, and Tennessee, and took up 
 liberal land-grants. St. Louis was soon recognized as the key to the trans-Mississippi 
 country; and Missouri was the center and starting-point of every sort of pioneer activity. 
 
 Opening Up The Far West 
 
 After an obscure residence in what is now West Virginia, Boone, dispossessed from 
 his lands in Kentucky, appeared about 1779 in Missouri, where the Spaniards, with a 
 
 sense of regard superior to that of his own countrymen, 
 made him a syndic (a kind of magistrate). From Mis- 
 souri Captain Meriwether Lewis (1774-1S09) and Cap- 
 tain William Clark (1770-1838), brother of George Rogers 
 Clark, set out in 1804 — the year in which the United 
 States took possession of upper Louisiana — on their his- 
 toric journey to the mouth of the Columbia*; and from 
 Missouri Zebulon Montgomery Pike (1779-1813) depar- 
 ted on his explorations. Missouri was the boyhood 
 home of "Kit" Carson (1809-1868), a relative of Daniel 
 Boone, and himself not unworthy of being styled the 
 ' ||\ Boone of the Far West. In Missouri Moses Austin tar- 
 
 ^C* ^- • ried, and thence he rode a thousand miles on horseback 
 
 to San Antonio de Bexar to petition in person for the 
 I -"v^ right to establish in Texas a colony of American immi- 
 
 grants. In Missouri Stephen Fuller Austin (1793-1836), 
 Moses Austin's son, who later established the colony 
 and so founded modern Texas, was a member of the 
 territorial legislature in 1813-1819. Out of Missouri in 
 1S43 went the "Great Immigration" of 900 persons to 
 Oregon, where their presence determined the perma- 
 nent ownership of that entire country. In Missouri 
 
 PORTRAIT OF HOUSTON 
 After a daguerreotype by Brady 
 
 •See Mentor Number 178. "The Lewis and Clark Expedition.'
 
 PIONEERS OF THE WEST 
 
 SAM HOUSTON 
 From a daguerreotype by Paige, 
 Washington 
 
 trappers and miners outfitted and traders prepared their 
 merchandise. From Missouri southwest led the old 
 Santa Fe Trail, over which for more than three-quarters 
 of a century passed and repassed the pack-trains and the 
 wagon caravans; the commerce with Mexico requiring in 
 i860 no less than 62,000 mules and oxen, 3,000 wagons, 
 and 7,000 men. In Missouri was the eastern terminus 
 of the pony-express, whose riders, fearless and tireless, 
 carried the mails by relays across the plains. 
 
 Gradually the labors of Lewis and Clark, Pike, Bonne- 
 ville, and Fremont spread knowledge of the middle and 
 far West, of which American geographers had been more 
 ignorant than to-day they are of Africa. Pike, then a 
 lieutenant in the United States army, explored the head- 
 waters of the Mississippi in 1805-1806; and later (1806- 
 1807), having 
 followed the 
 
 Missouri and 
 Osage rivers, 
 traversed ter- 
 ritory now included in the states of Kansas, 
 Nebraska, and Colorado. He discovered 
 the mountain afterward called Pike's Peak, 
 in the ascent of which he failed, having in 
 error taken a trail that brought him to the 
 top of Mt. Cheyenne; and he also visited 
 Royal gorge of the upper Arkansas. 
 When but thirty-four, while serving as adju- 
 tant and inspector-general in the War of 
 181 2, he was killed in the attack on York 
 (the present Toronto), Canada. The name 
 of Benjamin L. E. Bonneville (1795-1 S T S ) 
 is not now so well known as once it was, 
 when Bonneville's journal, prepared for the 
 by Washington Irvine, 
 1 popular book, under 
 the captivating title of "The 
 Adventures of Captain 
 Bonneville, V. S. A., in the 
 .Mountains and the 
 Far West." Bonneville, on 
 of absence from the 
 army and acting chiefly on 
 wn initiative, passed 
 through country now im lu- 
 ded in Colorado and \\ 
 
 the basin of the 
 Great Salt Lake, and thence 
 to tht.- Mexican pr< >\ ince of 
 California. Cone from 1831 
 |6, lie was 'ji\ en up I' 'i 
 dead and his name was 
 stricken from the rolls of the 
 
 army. He lived however, toa 
 ripe age, and was in command 
 
 SAM HOUSTON'S HOME 
 In Houston, Tevas 
 
 SCENE ON THE BATTLKHEin 01" >\N rEXAS
 
 PIONEERS OF THE WEST 
 
 THE JOLLY FLAT-BOAT MEN 
 After a painting by G. C. Bingham 
 
 « if ! he St. Louis barracks during the Civil 
 War. JohnCharlesFr£mont (1813-1890), 
 known as "the Pathfinder," led five expe- 
 ditions that together ranged over a goodly 
 portion of the West from the Mississippi 
 valley to the Pacific. It was on the third 
 of these (1846-1847) that he played, in tin- 
 American "conquest" or occupation of 
 California, a part that has been variously 
 represented and often bitterly discussed. 
 On each of his first three expeditions 
 Fremont owed much to the skill and 
 prowess of Christopher ("Kit") Carson, 
 a professional guide of very wide knowl- 
 edge and a plainsman of the highest 
 type, who afterward acted as guide to 
 emigrant parties crossing the prairies, 
 and, during the Civil War, was the 
 trusted chief-of-scouts fortheUnion army 
 in the Southwest. This Homeric man was preeminently the hero of the far West- 
 ern frontier, and his fame survives in countless tales of his hardihood and daring. 
 Other frontier scouts and guides also gave to the army the benefit of their keen sense, 
 experience, and amazing knowledge of local topography; and their services were 
 generously recognized in official reports. Such were "Jim" Bridger, a remarkable 
 trailer, believed to be the first white man to see the Great Salt Lake (1824); James B. 
 Hichox ("Wild Bill"); Amos Chapman, commemorated by Colonel Dodge; and 
 William P. Cody (famous as "Buffalo Bill"), who died at Denver in 191 7, aged seventy- 
 one, the last of the race. Shortly before his death, Cody in an interview said: "All 
 of them to-day — the best shots, I mean — can beat us old-timers every time. But," 
 he added, "we did the work all the same. We had to." A. H. Hardy, an excellent 
 judge, once declared that "Buffalo Bill" was the best shot from horseback that the 
 world has ever seen. 
 
 Sam Houston and Davy Crockett 
 In Texas, Austin — patient, wise, just — a man to whom, as a Texan said, men 
 delighted to entrust their property, their fortunes, and their lives — gladly resigned 
 
 his leadership to Sam Houston 
 (1 793-1 863). Houston, one of the 
 picturesque figures of American 
 annals, was born in Rockbridge 
 county, in the Blue Ridge section 
 of Virginia; passed a backwoods 
 youth there and in Blount county, 
 Tennessee; was adopted into a 
 Cherokee household; rose quickly 
 into political note; served two terms 
 in Congress as a representative 
 from Tennessee; wounded his man 
 in one of the duels then so fashion- 
 able in both the older and the newer 
 West; and was elected governor 
 of his State. Successful, popular, 
 nominated for a second term, he 
 nevertheless resigned his office for 
 personal reasons, quit Tennessee, 
 and in 1832 went fo Texas. There 
 
 A HUNTER IN THE ROCKIES 
 From a drawing by F. 0. C. Darley 
 
 10
 
 PIONEERS OF THE fT E S T 
 
 chosen to lead the forces of the Texan revolution, he roundly defeated the Mexi- 
 cans at San Jacinto (1836) with a little army of about 800, the pick of the pioneers, 
 every man of whom furnished his own rifle. From that time until his death, as presi- 
 dent of the Republic of Texas, governor of the State, and United States senator, he 
 was easily the foremost man of that region. Cast in the frontier mould, Houston 
 could sway a frontier audience by his oratory as well as lead frontiersmen to battle. 
 In his view of the Indian question he was free of the general pioneer prejudice. "I 
 am a friend of the Indian," he once said, "on the principle that I am a friend to justice. 
 We are not bound to make them promises; but if a promise be made to an Indian, it 
 ought to be regarded as sacredly as if it were made to a white man." 
 
 Forever identified with early Texas is also David ("Davy") Crockett (1786- 
 1836), although it was in Tennessee that he gained his reputation as hunter, scout, 
 marksman, story-teller, and all-around original character. This whimsical, valiant 
 woodsman, whom Andrew Jackson could not intimidate, offered his services to the 
 Texan revolution and fell in that most celebrated of all frontier fights — the defense of 
 the Alamo. With him fell Lieutenant-Colonel William B. Travis, the commandant, 
 whose letter announcing that he was besieged has been termed "the most heroic 
 document among American historical records"; and Colonel James Bowie, reputed 
 inventor of that famed frontier weapon, the bowie-knife. The volume of "Colonel 
 Crockett's Exploits and Adventures inTexas," though professing to be autobiographical, 
 unquestionably neither originated with Crockett nor was authorized by him; and it is 
 not an authentic record. It is representative of a large body of spurious narratives that 
 collected around the names of many pioneers, and in particular those of Boone, Crock- 
 ett, and Carson. The true story of what such men were and did is more fascinating 
 than anv fiction of which they have been made the heroes. 
 
 1 1 
 
 — - SA 
 
 (NITEI) STATES 
 
 
 From U>« Snettl*>p»**t>n Brft— <M, bf potmImIm 
 
 H0«' THE UNITED STATES GRADUA1 1 Y INCREASED IN AREA
 
 PIONEERS OF THE WEST 
 
 A FEW IMPORTANT DATES IN THE CHRONOLOGY OF THE WESTERN 
 
 MOVEMENT 
 
 The Boones settle in North Carolina About 1751 
 
 Daniel Boone first visits the Kentucky region 1767 
 
 Boone, John Finley, and others roam Kentucky 1769-71 
 
 John Sevier leads in forming the Watauga Association '772 
 
 Boone founds Boonesborough and cuts the "Wilderness Road" 1775 
 
 George Rogers Clark brings the Old Northwest under American influence 1778-79 
 
 James Robertson establishes his settlement on the Cumberland 1780 
 
 Marietta, Ohio, is founded by Gen. Rufus Putnam and his associates . . . 1788 
 A settlement is made on the site of the present Cincinnati by John Filson 
 
 and others 1788 
 
 The Louisiana Territory is purchased from France 1803 
 
 Lewis and Clark conduct their expedition from St. Louis to the mouth of 
 
 the Columbia 1804-06 
 
 Pike leads his expedition to "the sources of the Mississippi and through 
 
 the Western parts of Louisiana" 1805-06 
 
 An act of Congress provides for the building of a great highway from the 
 
 Atlantic to the Mississippi 1806 
 
 Pike makes his tour "through the interior parts of New Spain" 1806-07 
 
 Moses Austin leaves Missouri for Texas 1820 
 
 Stephen F. Austin conducts his first settlers to the lower Brazos .... 1821 
 
 Chicago is started on its career as a town 1 833 
 
 Sam Houston wins the battle of San Jacinto and Texan independence . 1836 
 
 Fremont begins his series of explorations 1842 
 
 Texas is admitted to the L T nited States 1845 
 
 Theboundary of theOregon country isdetermincd by treaty withGreat Britain 1846 
 The treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo is signed, by which Mexico cedes to the 
 United States a territory comprising the present California, Nevada 
 and L^tah; most of Arizona; a large portion of New Mexico; and 
 
 parts of Wyoming and Colorado 1848 
 
 The United States acquires a tract of 45,535 square miles in the present 
 Arizona and New Mexico, by purchase from Mexico for $10,000,000 
 
 (the Gadsden Purchase) 1853 
 
 Transcontinental railway connection is established from the Atlantic to 
 
 the Pacific 1869 
 
 SUPPLEMENTARY READING 
 
 THE OLD NORTHWEST By B. A. Hinsdale 
 
 THE WINNING OF THE WEST. 6 volumes By Theodore Roosevelt 
 
 THE WESTWARD MOVEMENT, 1763-98 Bv Justin Winsor 
 
 SAM HOUSTON Bx George S. Bryan 
 
 DAVID CROCKETT AND EARLY TEXAN HISTORY --.... By'joknS. C. Abbott 
 
 CONQUEST OF THE NORTHWEST - - - By W. H. English 
 
 KIT CARSON. PIONEER OF THE FAR WEST- - By John S. C. Abbott 
 
 ♦EXPEDITION OF ZEBULON M. PIKE. 3 volumes Edited by Elliott Coues 
 
 ANTHONY WAYNE - . By J. R. Spears 
 
 DANIEL BOONE - By Reuben Gold Thaaites 
 
 HOW GEORGE ROGERS CLARK WON THE NORTHWEST - - - By Reuben Gold Tha-aites 
 *Out of print, but may be found in libraries. 
 
 *,*Information concerning these books may be had on application to the Editor of The Mentor. 
 
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 DANIEL BOONE
 
 PIONEERS OF THE WEST 
 
 Daniel Boone 
 
 ONE 
 
 ANIEL BOONE was born — son of Squire and Sarah 
 (Morgan) Boone — in Oley, in what is now Berks 
 County, Pennsylvania (about eight miles south- 
 east of the present Reading), on November 2, 1734. 
 (Some authorities give the date, February 11, 1735.) Cradled in 
 the backwoods, he remained a woodsman all his days. Indians 
 
 were to him a usual sight. At twelve he 
 received a rifle, and with this in the win- 
 ter he hunted over the Neversinks. The 
 meat of his game he cured for the family; 
 the peltries he took to Philadelphia for bar- 
 ter. He learned "the three R's" from a 
 sister-in-law, later we find him able to do 
 rough surveying and keep notes of it. 
 
 In 1750 Squire Boone left Oley for North 
 Carolina, where (probably in 1751) he 
 settled on the north fork of the Yadkin in 
 the present Davie county. Daniel appears 
 as a wagoner with Braddock; and in the 
 disaster near Fort Duquesne he saved his 
 life by escaping on one of his team. It 
 was during Braddock's expedition that 
 Boone first heard from one John Finley, 
 rover and trader, of the Kentucky coun- 
 try; but years were to go by before he saw 
 it. In the meantime he married Rebecca 
 Bryan, wandered through southwestern 
 Virginia and eastern Tennessee, and made 
 a trip to Florida. Game grew scarcer in 
 the Yadkin region; and on May 1, 1769, 
 Boone, with Finley and four others, set 
 out to view Kentucky. Having passed 
 through the Cumberland gap, they made a 
 station-camp in what is now Estill county. 
 Hunting, climbing, and prepa Jig peltries, 
 Boone spent there what he afterward 
 termed the happiest months of his life. 
 In Kentucky he remained until March 1, 
 1771; his brother Squire (who had joined 
 him in December, 1769) being from Feb- 
 ruary, 1770, his only companion. Twice 
 he was entirely alone — from May 1 to the 
 end of July, 1770, and again for two 
 months in the fall and early winter of that 
 year. During the first period, without 
 bread, salt, sugar, dog, or horse, and with 
 but scanty ammunition, he explored the 
 valleys of the Licking and the Kentucky, 
 and went down the course of the Ohio to 
 the site of the present Louisville. While 
 making their way out to the Yadkin, the 
 Boone brothers were set upon by Indians 
 and robbed of all the peltries they had. 
 Daniel reached home poorer than when he 
 left; but he had seen Kentucky, the land 
 of his ideals. 
 
 In 1775 four proprietors, of whom Col. 
 Richard Henderson was chief, formed the 
 Transylvania company, which, on the 
 basis of Boone's reports of the country, 
 proposed to establish in Kentucky a col- 
 ony to be known as Transylvania. For 
 this colony Boone was sent to found a 
 capital. With an advance-party of some 
 thirty he cut from the Holston to the Ken- 
 tucky the earliest well-marked path 
 through the trans-Appalachian wilderness; 
 first known as "Boone's trace," later as 
 "the Wilderness road." At Big Lick on 
 
 the Kentucky he laid out the site of 
 Boonesborough. From the outset Tran- 
 sylvania met objection and opposition in 
 many quarters; the Revolution ended all 
 proprietary government, and in 1778 Vir- 
 ginia nullified the company's claims. In 
 January, 1778, Boone headed a party that 
 went to Lower Blue Licks to boil salt. 
 There he was captured by Shawnees and 
 taken to Little Chillicothe, their principal 
 town, some three miles north of where 
 Xenia now is. Though adopted, under the 
 name of Big Turtle (Sheltowee), by Chief 
 Black Fish, he was carefully watched: butat 
 last he made his escape, and after a four-day 
 journey through one hundred and sixty 
 miles of forest — during which time he ate 
 but one meal — he reached Boonesborough. 
 
 In 1780 Boone moved about five miles 
 northeastward and built Boone's Station 
 within the limits of Fayette county, Vir- 
 ginia. There he served as lieutenant- 
 colonel of militia, representative in the 
 Virginia legislature, sheriff, and county 
 lieutenant. From- 1786 to 1788 he was 
 keeping a tavern at Limestone (Mays- 
 ville); and with this he combined survey- 
 ing, hunting, trapping, and small trading 
 along the Ohio. Having failed to make 
 any of his land preemptions in accordance 
 with the technicalities of law, he was the 
 victim of repeated suits of ejectment; and 
 in the end, although the one man who had 
 done most to bring Kentucky to general 
 notice, he held there not a rood that he 
 might call his own. During the years from 
 1788 to 1799 he was in the valley of the 
 Great Kanawha (in the present West Vir- 
 ginia) — conducting a little shop at Point 
 Pleasant, and later going to the vicinity of 
 Charleston, where he acted as land-pilot, 
 surveyor, and contractor for victualling 
 the militia ; was lieutenant-colonel of 
 Kanawha county; and again was elected 
 to the Virginia legislature. In the spring 
 of 1799 with his heroic wife he made his 
 final trek; seeking, as he said, "more 
 elbow-room" — and also more game — - 
 beyond the Mississippi. 
 
 He settled in the Femme Osage district 
 of Missouri; and there as a kind of local 
 magistrate he dispensed a patriarchal jus- 
 tice among the French population. He- 
 made far trips through the wilds — pene- 
 trating at eighty to the Yellowstone coun- 
 try; and he was eagerly interested in tales 
 of California. The latest real glimpse we 
 have of him shows him in 1819 in a log- 
 cabin, roasting a venison-steak at the end 
 of a ramrod. In the words of one who 
 knew him, "Decay came to him without 
 infirmity, palsy, or pain" ; and on Septem- 
 ber 26, 1820, he passed away. 
 
 WRITTEN FOR THE MEVTOR BV GEORGE S. BRVAN 
 
 ILLUSTRATION FOR THE MENTOR. VOL. 8. No 1. SERIAL No. I»7 
 
 COPYRIGHT. 1920. BV THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION. INC
 
 BMMMM IV T. i. WELCH, no* A FOffTRAIT »V J. ft LOHCAOtE ' AT1XH 4 PAINTING BY J. W. JAJTV1S) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 (^tl 
 
 GEORGE ROGERS CLARK
 
 PIONEERS OF THE WEST George Rogers Clark 
 
 TWO — — — 
 
 EORGE ROGERS CLARK was born near Char- 
 lottesville (Albemarle County), Virginia, on No- 
 vember 19, 1752. Clark — a brother of William 
 Clark, of Lewis and Clark fame — was a woodsman 
 rom youth. Like another Virginian, George Washington, he 
 early became a surveyor. This red-headed, six-foot, imperious 
 
 youngster knew like a book the trans- no decent place for rest, and no real meal 
 
 Appalachian territory he had traversed 
 for the Ohio company and other employers. 
 He knew, too, his fellow-pioneers, and 
 through sheer personal influence could 
 sway and lead those courageous but un- 
 disciplined men. They sent him (1776) 
 as a delegate to the Virginia Assembly. 
 
 Familiar with conditions north of the 
 Ohio, Clark became convinced that the 
 continued attacks from the Old North- 
 west on Kentucky settlements were in- 
 spired and abetted by British officers. He 
 was sure that unless the British posts 
 were taken, Kentuckians would be har- 
 ried indefinitely — perhaps driven back 
 across the mountains, or wholly annihil- 
 ated. On his own initiative he sent to 
 Vincennes and Kaskaskia spies, of whom 
 Simon Kenton was one; their reports 
 were favorable to his plan, and he went 
 across country to Williamsburg for con- 
 sultation with Gov. Patrick Henry and the 
 Council. The result was that, with a 
 commission as lieutenant-colonel, he re- 
 ceived £1,200 in a much depreciated cur- 
 rency and was empowered to raise seven 
 companies of fifty men each. With less 
 than 200 volunteers Clark on June 24, 
 1778, shot the Falls of the Ohio (at the 
 site of the present Louisville) during a 
 total eclipse of the sun ; followed the Ohio 
 to the deserted old French post of Fort 
 Massac (near the present Moundsville, 
 Ills.); and thence on June 29th struck out 
 for Kaskaskia. The distance was a hun- 
 dred and twenty miles or thereabouts ; the 
 route difficult; there were neither wagons 
 nor pack-animals. By evening of July 4th 
 Clark's force — having marched for two 
 days without food — was but three miles 
 from Kaskaskia. After dark, Clark broke 
 into the apparently unsentried fort; 
 seized de Rocheblave, the governor; and, 
 in a quarter of an hour, was in possession. 
 Capt. Joseph Bowman, with thirty 
 mounted men, took Cahokia with similar 
 ease. Late in July the French ran up the 
 American flag over Fort Sackville at Vin- 
 cennes; but in the following December, 
 Hamilton occupied that town. 
 
 Thither Clark on February 5, 1779, set 
 out from Kaskaskia, again with less than 
 two hundred men — Americans and French. 
 The river-bottoms of the Wabash and its 
 tributaries lay flooded after prolonged 
 rains; and rain continued during "nearly 
 a third" of the march. For ten days on 
 end the unshakable Clark kept his men 
 struggling across the "drowned lands" 
 through half-frozen water never less than 
 three feet deep and sometimes up to the 
 commander's shoulders; with no shelter. 
 
 after February 18th. Attack was made 
 on Fort Sackville throughout the night of 
 the 23rd-24th; and toward the close of the 
 24th Hamilton surrendered this heavily- 
 stockaded post, defended by a trained gar- 
 rison and ample artillery, to a little ragged, 
 half-starved band of riflemen that had just 
 made the most amazing forced march in 
 all American history. 
 
 Practically the whole of the Old North- 
 west was thus brought under American in- 
 fluence; the French inhabitants now took 
 the oath of allegiance, and treaties were 
 made with numerous Indian tribes. But, 
 through lack of official support, Clark was 
 never able to execute his cherished pro- 
 ject of taking Detroit.' He built (1780) 
 Fort Jefferson on the Mississippi, about 
 five miles below the mouth of the Ohio; 
 destroyed villages of hostile Indians at 
 Chillicothe and Piqua (1780); and, pro- 
 moted brigadier-general of Virginia militia, 
 ravaged the Indian country along the Big 
 Miami river. Then this man — who had 
 planned and achieved a conquest that won 
 vast territory for Virginia; who had ex- 
 pended his private means in the venture; 
 who had enabled the American peace 
 commissioners to demand of Great Britain 
 (1783) that the western boundary of the 
 United States be fixed at the Mississippi — 
 was not only compelled, as he said, to see 
 "Detroit lost for want of a few men," but 
 actually was relieved of his command 
 (July 2, 1783). On May 27, 1783, he was 
 at Richmond, addressing to Governor 
 Harrison an appeal for "a small sum of 
 money on account." "The state will, I 
 believe," he said, "fall considerably in my 
 debt." It did — and when he had been 
 some twenty years in his grave, it settled 
 with his estate! 
 
 In 1793 Clark, stung by the treatment 
 he had received, took the false step of 
 accepting an empty commission as major- 
 general from Citizen Gen A t, French dip- 
 lomatic agent in the United States. Genfit 
 was developing a plot to drive the Spanish 
 from their possessions at the mouth of the 
 Mississippi and along the Gulf of Mexico, 
 and thus to regain for France somewhat 
 of her lost empire. Clark's part was to raise 
 a filibustering "revolutionary legion" in the 
 Mississippi valley. Prompt action by 
 President Washington ended the con- 
 spiracy, and the French government re- 
 called Genfit. Moody, paralyzed, crippled 
 by the amputation of his left leg, Clark 
 passed the later years of his life in Clarks-_ 
 ville, across the Ohio from Ix>uisville; and 
 died at his sister's home near Louisville on 
 February 13, 1818. 
 
 WRITTEN FOR THE MENTOR BY GEORGE S. BRYAN 
 ILLUSTRATION FOR THE MENTOR. VOL. S. No. 1. SERIAL No. 
 COPYRIGHT. 1W0. BY THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION. INC.
 
 
 IITT I. TO.CH. r*0« A PORTRAIT ■»-.-. 
 
 DAVID CROCKETT
 
 PIONEERS OF THE WEST 
 
 David Crockett 
 
 THREE 
 
 AVY" CROCKETT was born on August 17, 1786— 
 being a son of John and Rebecca (Hawkins) Crock- 
 ett — in a place called Limestone, in Greene County 
 northeastern Tennessee. His earlier years are inter- 
 esting as affording a specimen of frontier boyhood and youth. 
 The family moved often; at the period of Davy's first recorded 
 
 ing his second term he won the dislike of 
 Jackson and Jackson's supporters by open 
 opposition to the President's Indian pot- 
 
 adventures the elder Crockett was keep- 
 ing a kind of hedge-inn on the road from 
 Knoxville to Abingdon, Va. There he 
 hired out Davy, then about twelve, to a 
 passing drover bound for the vicinity of 
 the Natural Bridge. Having made the 
 trip thither on foot, Davy, after a few 
 weeks of work for the drover, ran away 
 home. Put at school, he attended for four 
 days, thrashed the school bully, turned 
 truant, fled to escape John Crockett's 
 wrath, and was gone for two years. After 
 rough experiences in various odd jobs he 
 returned so grown and otherwise altered 
 that a sister was the only one of the fam- 
 ily who recognized him. Then he toiled 
 for a year to pay John Crockett's debts; 
 got a little crude elementary schooling; 
 became a crack rifle-shot known as a 
 prize-winner at frontier matches; married 
 when eighteen; and started housekeeping 
 with two cows, two calves, and fifteen dol- 
 lars' worth of groceries. 
 
 In 1813-1814 he served in theCreek War 
 under the command of Andrew Jackson, 
 whom later he was boldly to oppose in 
 politics. He was recognized as an excel- 
 lent scout, and was present at the fight of 
 Talladega (November 9, 1813). After the 
 war, he settled (having lost his first wife 
 and married again) in a locality known as 
 Shoal Creek in the present Giles county, 
 where he ran a grist-mill, a powder-mill, 
 and a distillery. When, for the sake of 
 preserving order, a temporary local gov- 
 ernment was framed in that district, 
 Crockett was selected as a magistrate. He 
 also was elected colonel of militia and 
 served as a State representative. A freshet 
 having swept away his mills, he removed 
 to the wild Obion river country in the ex- 
 treme northwestern part of Tennessee, and 
 there built a cabin seven miles from the 
 nearest neighbor. He was once more 
 elected a representative, and became a 
 mighty bear-hunter; making a record kill 
 of one hundred and five animals in less 
 than twelve months. 
 
 In 1827, after a campaign enlivened by 
 his quick wit and homely anecdotes, 
 Crockett was elected to a' seat in the 
 national House of Representatives; and 
 in 1829 he was reelected. He did not 
 make any particular mark as a statesman, 
 but was regarded as perfectly honest and 
 though nominally a Jackson Democrat, 
 strictly independent in his views. His 
 fellow-legislators chuckled over his sallies; 
 people were inclined to lionize him; news- 
 paper men found him "good copy." Dur- 
 
 lcy. Through various means, administra- 
 tion influence, paramount in Tennessee, 
 was directed against him; and when in 
 1831 he was again a candidate, he was, to 
 use his own phrase, "hunted down like a 
 wild varmint." To the surprise of most 
 political prophets, his fourth campaign 
 (1833) proved successful. 
 
 In 1834 he made the trip described in 
 "An Account of CoL Crockett's Tour to 
 the North and Down East" (1835). It 
 partook of the nature of a triumphal 
 progress. Most persons had at least a 
 curious interest in the man who had defied 
 "Old Hickory." Everywhere he was re- 
 ceived with tokens of honor, especially by 
 the Young Democrats; and he spoke to 
 thousands. As guest at a rife-match in 
 Jersey City, with a strange weapon and 
 without a rest, he shot a quarter-dollar to 
 bits at forty yards. From a Roxbury 
 (Mass.) manufacturer he received a water- 
 proof hunting-coat; the Young Demo- 
 crats of Philadelphia presented to him a 
 handsome rifle. Among places of inter- 
 est visited by him were Faneuil hall, Bun- 
 ker Hill monument (not yet completed), 
 the Charlestown navy-yard, and the mills 
 at Lowell. In 1835 he stood for reelection 
 to Congress. The Jackson machine in 
 Tennessee made extra effort to defeat him, 
 and defeated he was; not without suspi- 
 cion of fraud. He was greatly disappointed 
 and disgusted — so greatly that he set his 
 face toward Texas, haven for many a dis- 
 appointed and disgusted man. 
 
 By January 5, 1836, Crockett was in 
 Nacogdoches. A provisional government 
 had been organized by the Texans; and 
 the Mexicans were beginning an invasion 
 in force. Some revolutionist spirits were 
 giving a banquet at Nacogdoches; and 
 when it was learned that Crockett was in 
 the town, a committee was sent to invite 
 his company. His arrival was greeted 
 with three cheers — followed by more when 
 he announced his intention of becoming a 
 Texan. Forthwith he was escorted to the 
 office of a local justice, where he took the 
 oath. In a mood for desperate chances, he 
 joined the garrison of the Alamo, which 
 was besieged from February 23 and on 
 March 6 was taken by storm. In the 
 hand-to-hand struggle that ensued, Crock- 
 ett fell, overpowered by numbers, sur- 
 rounded by a heap of Mexicans he had 
 slain. 
 
 WRITTEN FOR THE MENTOR BV GEORGE S BRVAN 
 
 ILLUSTRATION FOR THE MENTOR. VOL. 8. No. I. SERIAL No. 197 
 
 COPYRIGHT. IK20. BY THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION. INC.
 
 PHOTOCRATM BT TW CUMEWH5T STUMO OF THE STATUE IT ELUAEfT HTI IN STATUUT HALL OT THE CAFtTtH. ■ASHiMCTTJH. 0. C 
 
 X 
 
 
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 STEPHEN FULLER AUSTIN
 
 PIONEERS OF THE WES T Stephen Fuller Justin 
 
 FOUR 
 
 HE story of what Stephen Austin did and was 
 really begins with Moses Austin (1767-1821), Ste- 
 phen's father, a New Englander from Durham in 
 Middlesex County, Connecticut. Moses Austin was 
 a merchant who turned pioneer. Partner in an importing 
 business in Philadelphia, he removed to Richmond, Va., to 
 
 take charge of a branch that the firm had 
 opened there. From Richmond he went 
 to Wythe connty in southwestern Virginia 
 as manager of lead mines owned by the 
 concern. The mines in Wythe county did 
 not, however, turn out to be productive 
 enough to suit him; so in 1796 he started 
 for Missouri, of whose lead-fields he had 
 heard promising reports. He travelled 
 by wav of Boone's "Wilderness road" to 
 Louisville, and thence to Kaskaskia; and 
 in what is now Washington County, Mo., 
 he obtained from the Spanish authorities 
 a grant of land on which lead-mines were 
 located. In 1819 he made to Stephen, 
 his son, the suggestion of establishing in 
 Texas — then Spanish territory — an Amer- 
 ican colony. 
 
 Stephen Fuller Austin was born in Aus- 
 tinville, Wythe county, Virginia, on 
 November 3, 1793. He was well educated 
 at New London, Conn., and at Transyl- 
 vania University (Lexington, Ky.). From 
 1813 to 1819 he was a member of the ter- 
 ritorial legislature of Missouri. As the 
 first step in the colonizing project, he went 
 in April, 1819, to Long Prairie on the Red 
 River, there to take up a farm that might 
 be used as headquarters of the enterprise. 
 In the autumn of 1820 Moses Austin took 
 on horseback the tedious journey from 
 Washington County to San Antonio de 
 Bexar — eight hundred miles of it, at least; 
 probably nearer a thousand — in order to 
 interview Governor Martinez. A peti- 
 tion of Austin that he might be allowed 
 to bring into Texas three hundred families 
 from the United States was finally for- 
 warded to the authorities of the Eastern 
 Internal Provinces. On the way back 
 through the Texas wilderness to Natchi- 
 toches, La., he underwent such hardships 
 and exposure that his health was seriously 
 affected, and, during the next summer, he 
 died, having not long before learned that 
 his petition had been granted. 
 
 Stephen Austin had been at New Or- 
 leans, enlisting support for the proposed 
 colony and enrolling immigrants. Now, 
 on the way to San Antonio, he received 
 news of his father's death. He therefore 
 obtained recognition from the governor, 
 who approved his scheme of land-appor- 
 tionment and empowered him to pick out 
 along the Colorado river a location for his 
 colony. Having selected a tract between 
 the lower waters of the Colorado and the 
 Brazos, he brought in the first detach- 
 ment of settlers in December, 1821. The 
 first two years were made distressful by 
 the lack of supplies, which had been sent 
 by water but had failed to reach them; 
 by Indian harassment; and from other 
 
 causes. Unfortunately, also, it was neces- 
 sary for Austin to be absent from the 
 colony at this crucial time. From March, 
 1822, to August, 1823, he was gone on a 
 mission to Mexico City. Mexico had de- 
 clared its independence and Austin was 
 compelled to get a renewal of his grant. 
 To reach the Mexican capital he had to 
 ride some 1,200 miles through a country 
 given over to disorder. The decree of con- 
 firmation that he finally, by his quiet per- 
 sistence, obtained, enabled him to admin- 
 ister justice and to organize his colonists 
 into a militia body commanded by 'him- 
 self. In 1823 the capital of the colony was 
 fixed at San Felipe de Austin (now San 
 Felipe) on the Brazos (not to be confused 
 with the present Austin on the Colorado) 
 — and a period of successful growth began. 
 Austin administered affairs with firm 
 moderation. 
 
 When a convention of Texans met on 
 April 1, 1833, at San Felipe and drafted 
 a state constitution for Texas (Sam Hous- 
 ton being chairman of the committee that 
 framed it), Austin was appointed to sub- 
 mit the proposed constitution to the 
 authorities at Mexico City and to urge its 
 approval. He was not in sympathy with 
 the aggressive majority that controlled 
 the convention, but as it was a majority 
 he respected its wishes and went — at his 
 own expense. After six months' labor, not 
 having been able to achieve his object, he 
 starred homeward in December. At Sal- 
 tillo he was arrested; and from there he 
 was sent back to Mexico City and to im- 
 prisonment for a year and a half. This 
 was the result of the fact that a letter he 
 had written suggesting to the people of 
 Bexar (the western department of Texas) 
 that they aid in the movement for a better 
 local government, had come to the knowl- 
 edge of Farias, the acting-president. 
 
 When he at last reached home, he found 
 the revolution well under way. For a 
 short time he served as commander of the 
 Texan forces in the field. In November, 
 
 1835, Austin went as a commissioner to 
 the United States, where, although he 
 could not be received at Washington, he 
 succeeded in raising extensive loans. In 
 
 1836, as a candidate for the presidency of 
 the newly-founded Republic of Texas, he 
 received less than 600 out of a total of 
 more than 6,000 votes. Sam Houston, 
 who was elected, appointed Austin sec- 
 retary of state; and in the midst of his 
 labors in that office Austin died, in De- 
 cember, 1836. Such reward as he had en- 
 joyed was expressed in the absolute con- 
 fidence of the best Texans in his judgment 
 and character. 
 
 WRITTEN FOR THE MENTOR BY GEORGE S BRYAN 
 
 ILLUSTRATION FOR THE MENTOR. VOL. 8. No. 1. SERIAL No. 197 
 
 rnPVBir.HT. 1920. BY THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION. INC.
 
 ■ ■* J. C. WFTTRT. FROM A PMOTDCJMrH BT Mk« 
 
 JOHN CHARLES FR^MOWT
 
 PIONEERS OF THE W EST 
 
 John Charles Fremont 
 
 FIVE 
 
 OHN CHARLES FREMONT was born in Savannah, 
 Georgia, on January 21, 1813; his mother a Virgin- 
 ian, his father a Frenchman. He attended for a 
 time the college of Charleston, S. C, and in 1833 
 became instructor in mathematics on board U. S. S. "Natchez." 
 
 Appointed to be professor of mathematics in the navy, he 
 
 resigned in order to act as assistant-en- 
 gineer of a surveying expedition whose 
 main object was to find a pass through the 
 
 Appalachians for a projected railway be- 
 tween Cincinnati and Charleston. In 
 1838 he was commissioned second lieuten- 
 ant of topographical engineers in the 
 United States army; and in 1838-1840 
 was assistant to Jean N. Nicollet (1786- 
 1843), in work for the war department. 
 His first independent task was the survey 
 in 1841 of the lower waters of the Des 
 Moines river for the Federal government. 
 In the same year he was married to Jessie 
 Benton, talented daughter of Thomas H. 
 Benton (1782-1858), originally a Tennes- 
 sean, for thirty years a United States sena- 
 tor from Missouri, and very prominently 
 identified as a public man with the west- 
 ward movement beyond the Mississippi. 
 
 It was Fremont's exceeding good for- 
 tune to have associated with him on the 
 first three expeditions that most capable 
 guide, Kit Carson. Carson's unrivaled 
 plainscraft and his comprehension of In- 
 dian nature and Indian tongues were of 
 great help. The special features of the 
 first expedition (1842) were the explora- 
 tion of South Pass and its vicinity (in the 
 southwestern part of the present Wyo- 
 ming); the survey of the pass; and the 
 ascent of Fremont's peak (13,720 feet), 
 the second loftiest point of the Wind 
 River range. After Fremont's survey of 
 South Pass, the favored route to the Pa- 
 cific was by that way over the "Oregon 
 trail"; and later the Union Pacific railway 
 followed the same course. On the second 
 expedition (1843-1844) Fremont contin- 
 ued his explorations to the Great Salt 
 Lake and from there, along the line of 
 travel, to Fort Vancouver upon the Co- 
 lumbia river. From The Dalles of the 
 Columbia he then went by the valley of 
 the Deschutes river, at the eastern base of 
 the Cascade range, to the Klamath lakes; 
 thence to Fort Sutter (on the site of the 
 present Sacramento) at the junction of 
 the American and Sacramento rivers; 
 southward along the base of the Sierra 
 Nevada; across the mountains; and by 
 the eastern side of the Great Basin back 
 to the Great Salt Lake. Fremont's report 
 of this difficult and adventurous trip gave 
 Americans their first real idea of the coun- 
 try west of the Rockies. Upon the third 
 expedition (1845-1846) Fremont, now a 
 brevet captain, went by way of the upper 
 head-waters of the Arkansas to the south- 
 ern side of the Great Salt Lake, thence by 
 the Great Basin into California. 
 
 It was the eve of the Mexican War. 
 The extent of American immigration into 
 California had made Mexican officials sus- 
 
 picious; and they soon ordered Fremont 
 out of the province. Fremont responded 
 by pitching a camp on an eminence over- 
 looking Monterey, fortifying the position, 
 and hoisting the American flag. Shortly 
 afterward, he started for the Oregon coun- 
 try. Dispatches from Washington caused 
 him to retrace his steps. On June 14, 
 1846, a band of American settlers occupied 
 Sonoma, unfurled a flag carrying the de- 
 vice of a bear, and proposed an indepen- 
 dent state. Around Fremont's responsi- 
 bility for this filibustering act, much dis- 
 cussion has centered. However, on July 
 7 Commodore J. D. Sloat seized Monterey 
 and proclaimed California to be United 
 States territory. He was succeeded in 
 command by Commodore R. F. Stockton, 
 who commissioned Fremont a major; and 
 in 1846-1847 Stockton and Fremont fin- 
 ished the conquest of California and organ- 
 ized a government. Then Brig.-Gen. S. W. 
 Keamy arrived, under directions from 
 CongTess to subdue California and estab- 
 lish a temporary civil government. Ignor- 
 ing Kearny, Stockton appointed Fremont 
 commandant and governor. But Kearny's 
 authority was in time confirmed, and 
 Kearny sent Fnfmont under arrest to 
 Washington. There a court-martial 
 found Fremont guilty of mutiny, disobe- 
 dience, and conduct to the prejudice of 
 good order and military discipline, and 
 sentenced him to be dismissed from the 
 service. The penalty was remitted by 
 President Polk, but Fremont forthwith 
 resigned the commission of lieutenant- 
 colonel of infantry that had been bestowed 
 on him in May, 1846. 
 
 Fremont's fourth expedition (1848- 
 1849) was an attempt to solve a problem 
 in which he was deeply interested — the 
 practicability of a railway line to the Pa- 
 cific, especially under conditions of snow- 
 fall. The undertaking was not at that 
 time successful. Several of the party died ; 
 the others suffered much from cold and 
 lack of food. On his fifth expedition 
 (1853-1854) Fremont resumed this enter- 
 prise and demonstrated the feasibility of 
 a central route for all-year use. 
 
 His subsequent career must be briefly 
 summarized: In 1850-1851 a senator 
 from California; in 1856 the presidential 
 candidate of the Republicans (in their 
 first campaign) and the "Know-Nothings," 
 but defeated by Buchanan; in 1861 in 
 command of the western department, with 
 headquarters at St. Louis; in 1862 de- 
 feated by Ewell at Cross Keys, Va. (June 
 8); from 1878 to 1881 governor of Ari- 
 zona territory; in 1890 commissioned 
 major-general snd placed on the retired 
 list. He died in New York on July 13, 1890. 
 
 WRITTEN l-OR THE MENTOR BV CEORGE S BRVAN 
 
 ILLUSTRATION FOR THE MENTOR. VOL. 8. No. 1. SERIAL No. 197 
 
 COPYRIGHT. 1920. BV THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION. INC.
 
 •«Avti* n m. wiTTM. wwm a moracBAm taken m tw 
 
 CHRISTOPHER CARSON
 
 PIONEERS OF THE WEST 
 
 Christopher Carson 
 
 six 
 
 F JIIRISTOPHI'.R (better known as "Kit") Carson is 
 
 ( i the representative pioneer beyond the Mississippi, 
 I pffl occupying a place soincwhat analogous to that which 
 I^^^™1 Boone holds beyond the Alleghanies. Carson, a 
 relative of Boone, was, like Boone, wholly at home in his wild 
 environment and thoroughly attached to it; a quiet, resolute 
 
 skilful man, of whom Fremont wrote, (1843-1844) Carson became a rancher on 
 
 "... With me, Carson and truth mean 
 the same thing." 
 
 Kit Carson was born in Madison County 
 in east-central Kentucky on December 24, 
 1809. His parents, Kentucky pioneer 
 folk, removed to north-central Missouri 
 when he was a year old, and settled in 
 what now is Howard County. This new 
 home was northwest of the district to 
 which Boone had gone about a decade 
 before; it was well out on the frontier, so 
 that at first the Carsons lived in a little 
 community within the walls of a log fort, 
 around which land was tilled under pro- 
 tection of an armed guard. Amid such 
 border conditions, then, Kit 'urew up. 
 For a couple of years he was apprenticed 
 to a saddler. In 1826, when he was seven- 
 teen, he made his first trip to Santa Fe! 
 over the famous trail, survey of which had 
 !>een begun by the Federal Government 
 in the previous year. After that, the 
 routine of a saddle-maker's shop was not 
 for him. He turned to the independent 
 life of a hunter, trapper, and fur-trader, 
 occasionally taking part in expeditions 
 against Indian marauders. In this manner 
 he gained a minute knowledge of a great 
 portion of the far western country, and 
 familiaritv with Indian speech and traits. 
 
 For eight years, from 1832 to 1840, he 
 was hunter for Bent's Fort, a trading-post 
 on the Arkansas river in southeastern Colo- 
 rado, conducted by Bent and St. Vrain, 
 frontier merchants. The game that fell to 
 his rifle kept the post fully supplied with 
 meat. He did not roam afoot, as the 
 trans-Appalachian hunters had done, but 
 was mounted on "Apache," a ' favorite 
 horse. All the while, his reputation as a 
 shot, especially in pursuit of the bison, 
 was extending; and his influence among 
 the redmen was increasing. In 1842 he 
 returned to Missouri for a visit; but so 
 rapid and so numerous had immigration 
 been that he found things there altered 
 almost beyond recognition. It was at this 
 time that he was engaged by Lieut. John 
 C. Fremont to act as chief guide of Fre- 
 mont's first exploring expedition. He also 
 accompanied Fremont's second and third 
 expeditions. His experience and remark- 
 able store of information had much to do 
 with the success of all these undertakings 
 — a fact freely recognized by Fremont in 
 official reports and elsewhere. 
 
 After the second Fremont expedition 
 
 the Little Cimarron river in northeastern 
 New Mexico, at a point about forty-five 
 miles east of Taos. His first wife, an 
 Indian, had died; and he had married a 
 Mexican, Senora Jarimilla. When the 
 great rush to the Pacific coast set in, he 
 was kept busy as a professional guide, con- 
 ducting immigrant and other parties across 
 the plains and over the Rockies. He was 
 made Indian agent at Taos in 1854. 
 
 When the Civil War broke out the in- 
 habitants of New Mexico were rather in- 
 different in their attitude; but a Confed- 
 erate invasion of the Territory was the 
 signal for a manifestation of loyalty to the 
 Federal government. Gen. Henry Hop- 
 kins Sibley marched into New Mexico 
 with a force of about 3,800 — men who, to 
 make matters worse, were Texans. An- 
 tipathy to Texans had existed in New 
 Mexico ever since 1841, when troops sent 
 by President Lamar of the Republic of 
 Texas made a blundering and futile at- 
 tempt to enforce a claim to all New Mexico 
 east of the Rio Grande. Siblev won a 
 fight at Valverdc (February 21, 1862), and 
 seized both Albuquerque and Santa F£; 
 but eventually he was driven tack to 
 Texas with the loss of about half of his 
 original command. During the war Carson 
 was active as the leader of the irregulars 
 who took part in a guerrilla warfare in the 
 southwestern country. He was made a 
 brevet brigadier-gtneral for gallantry at 
 Valverde and other distinguished service. 
 
 Previous to the cession of New Mexico 
 by Mexico to the United States, the Nav- 
 ajo Indians had come to have a contempt 
 of white men and white men's rule. They 
 attacked both the white settlers and the 
 inoffensive Pueblos, plundering and kill- 
 ing pretty much as they liked. During 
 the Civil War, while the efforts of the 
 troops were concentrated against Confed- 
 erate invaders, the Navajos took advan- 
 tage of the situation and began wholesale 
 depredations. Carson completely Sub- 
 dued them in 1863, and made most of 
 them prisoners. After their release in 1867 
 they settled down to peace and prosperity, 
 holding large flocks of sheep and weaving 
 the excellent blankets and rugs known by 
 their name. The war over, Carson again 
 took up his duties as Indian agent; and 
 that office he held until his death, which 
 occurred at Old Fort Lyon in southeastern 
 Colorado on May 23, 1S68. 
 
 WRITTEN FOR THE MENTOR BY GEORGE S. BRYAN 
 
 ILLUSTRATION FOR THE MENTOR. VOL. 8. No. I, SERIAL No. 197 
 
 COPYRIGHT. 1920. BY THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION. INC.
 
 THE OPEN LETTER 
 
 Of all American pioneer figures, un- 
 doubtedly the quaintest was "Davy" 
 Crockett. He was what the older English 
 writers called "an original," by which 
 they meant a person of a certain decided 
 individuality — a certain original tang. A 
 cheerful companion, and a good spinner 
 of yarns, he was a dead sure shot and a 
 reliable support for his friends in time of 
 trouble. He was, moreover, a hard fight- 
 ing politician as well as a sturdy pioneer. 
 
 * * * 
 Daniel Boone was not, as commonly 
 
 has been supposed, the first white man to 
 enter and explore Kentucky, or to pilot 
 permanent settlers there. But, by virtue 
 of his love of the free forest life, his many 
 romantic adventures, and the wide range 
 of his wanderings — which have often been 
 celebrated in story — and his personal com- 
 bination of the best pioneer qualities, he 
 holds a special place of his own in the 
 history of the Middle West. 
 
 * * * 
 From the foundation of Stephen Aus- 
 tin's American Colony in Mexican Texas 
 leads a chain of events — including the 
 Texas revolt of 1836, the annexation of 
 Texas in 1845, the Mexican War of 1S46- 
 1847, the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo 
 and the grant of territory provided in it, 
 and the remarkable development of the 
 two States of Texas and California. The 
 historical and political significance of Aus- 
 tin's life work is, therefore,'plain. Founder 
 of a republic greater in area than France 
 and England combined, Austin was unique 
 among American pioneers. As a man he 
 was a fine American type, not only in his 
 ability as an executive and diplomat, but 
 also in his zealous toil, his patience, his 
 perseverance, his vision, and his unselfish 
 devotion. 
 
 Fremont did not, in a strict sense, merit 
 his once popular title of "The Pathfinder." 
 None of Fremont's expeditions had the 
 romantic elements attaching to that of the 
 two captains, Lewis and Clark, though 
 his explorations of the trans-Mississippi 
 frontier were made at a time when the 
 question of territorial expansion in that 
 quarter was, to the general public, a far 
 more vital one than it had been in 1804- 
 1806. In the matters of distance covered, 
 territory examined, and contributions to 
 geography and other sciences, he stands, 
 however, foremost among the exploring 
 pioneers in the westward movement. 
 Furthermore, his accounts of his journey- 
 ings were most uncommon — if not unique 
 — among official reports, in the lively in- 
 terest of their narrative and their admir- 
 able literary style. 
 
 * • * 
 
 Kit Carson is the representative pioneer 
 beyond the Mississippi, occupying a place 
 there somewhat like that which Daniel 
 Boone holds in the story of the land 
 beyond the Alleghanies. Carson, who 
 was a relative of Boone, was, like Boone, 
 wholly at home in a wild environment and 
 thoroughly attached to it. He was a quiet, 
 skilful, resolute man of whom Fremont 
 wrote, "with me, Carson and Truth mean 
 the same thing." 
 
 George Rogers Clark was pronounced 
 by the historian, Reuben Gold Thwaites, 
 "the most famous of all border leaders." 
 In breadth of vision, native ability, and 
 heroic accomplishment, he outranked 
 other pioneers. His services must appear 
 even more remarkable when it is consid- 
 ered that they were rendered before he 
 was thirty. The brilliant achievement of 
 his early years shines through the shad- 
 ows that darkened his later life. 
 
 ^ ■■»• 
 
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