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I 
 
PKOGEESSIVE SERIES 
 
 INDUCTIVE LESSONS 
 LATIN, 
 
 BASED ON MATERIAL DRAWN FROM CLASSICAL 
 
 SOURCES, ESPECIALLY FROM CAESAR'S 
 
 COMMENTARIES. 
 
 JOHN TETLOW, A.M., 
 
 MA8TBR OF THB (JIRLS* LATIN SCHOOL, BOSTON. 
 
 The mind should be introduced to principles through the medium of 
 examples, and so should be led from the particular to the general — from 
 the concrete to the abstract 
 
 Children should be led to make their ovtn investigations, to draw their 
 own inferences. — Herbert Spejstcbr's Essay on Education. 
 
 BOSTON: 
 PUBLISHED BY GINN, HEATH, & CO, 
 
 1884. 
 
 bhivbrsitt: 
 
Entered, according to Act of Oongress, in tVie year 1884, by 
 
 JOHN TETLOW, 
 
 in the Ofllce of the Librarian of Congress at "Washington. 
 
 J. S. CUSHINO & Co., PniNTE«8, BOSTON. 
 

 PKEFAOE. 
 
 THIS manual is the result of an attempt to apply the induc- 
 tive method to elementary instruction in Latin. The value 
 of this method as an instrument for developing and strengthening 
 the mental faculties has long been recognized and will prob- 
 ably not be questioned. As applied to Latin, it brings the puj)!! 
 into immediate contact with classical examples, teaching him to 
 view these, rather than the rules of the grammarian, as the original 
 sources of knowledge and the final test of correctness ; and it leads 
 him, through the observation and study of such examples, to the 
 discovery of the syntactic laws which underlie them. In a word, it 
 trains the pupil in the methods required for original investigation. 
 But, while the value of the inductive method will not be denied, 
 there will probably be various opinions as to what constitutes a 
 successful application of it, and equally various standards by which 
 a given application of it will be judged. Practical teachers, who 
 know from daily experience in the class-room that the undevel- 
 oped powers of youth are extremely feeble, are inclined to view 
 with distrust any method of instruction wVwh iiiidertakes to make 
 the pupil a discoverer rather than a learjicr; while, on the other 
 liand, the mere theorist demands that the pupil be told nothing, 
 but that he be led to discover everything. It will not be necessary 
 for me to state in detail the principles which have guided me in 
 determining how much or liow little the pupil should })e aided 
 in the work of discovering and formulating rules from examples ; 
 these principles may be readily inferred from an examination of 
 the method of exposition adopted in any one of the lessons, taken 
 :it random, in which the laws or usages of the language are 
 treated. I have striven to keep constantly in view the mental 
 immaturity of the pupils for whom these lessons are intended, and 
 the limitations as to time by which their teachers are necessarily 
 
IV PREFACE. 
 
 restricted. Keeping these in view, I have felt that it would be safer 
 to err on the side of affording too much rather than too little help. 
 
 From the character of the material used in the exercises and read- 
 ing lessons of this manual, it will be seen that I do not agree with 
 those who think that the pupil should be introduced to the study 
 of Latin through the medium of entertaining stories written by 
 modern Latinists. On the contrary, that method seems to me the 
 best which takes the pupil by the shortest road into the domain of 
 classical antiquity, and which, by bringing him into direct contact 
 with the subject-matter, the modes of thought, the forms of expres- 
 sion, and the choice and arrangement of words peculiar to the clas- 
 sical writers, most thoroughly equips him for the intelligent study 
 of the acknowledged masterpieces of Latin literature. Accordingly, 
 I have drawn not merely the examples used for purposes of expo- 
 sition, but also the short sentences supplied for practice on forms 
 and constructions, and the longer passages selected for connected 
 translation, from classical sources. 
 
 The short sentences supplied for practice on forms and construc- 
 tions are arranged in separate sets entitled respectively " Exercises " 
 and " Supplementary Exercises." Of these two sets, the Exercises 
 will probably in most cases furnish ample material for the gram- 
 matical work of the first year; the Supplementary Exercises, which 
 are somewhat more difficult, may be drawn upon for additional 
 practice or for periodical reviews, or they may be reserved for the 
 second year, to be studied as progressive exercises in Latin com- 
 position in connection with the first author read. 
 
 The material provided for connected translation consists of easy 
 anecdotes from Cicero, and of those passages from Caesar in which 
 the usages of the Druids and the manners and customs of the Gauls 
 and Germans are described. The latter, owing to their intrinsic 
 value and interest, and to their comparative freedom from the con- 
 structions of indirect discourse, seem especially suited to the needs 
 of the beginner. The plan of the book also contemplates the early 
 introduction of the study of the simpler modes of word-formation 
 as an aid to the development of power to read at sight. Special 
 suggestions relating to the lessons on word-formation and the anec- 
 dotes from Cicero will be found in the notes introduced at pages 
 74 and 224. 
 
 In the special vocabularies of the earlier lessons, in the lessons 
 
PEEFACB. V 
 
 (^n word-formation, and in the general Latin-English vocabulary, 
 English words or parts of words that are cognate with the Latin 
 forms under which they appear are printed in small capitals ; 
 whereas English words or parts of words that are borrowed (directly 
 or indirectly) from the Latin forms under which they appear are 
 printed in Gothic Italic. This distinction, the use of which was 
 suggested to me by a similar distinction in Professor White's excel- 
 lent Greek Lessons, I have tried to render as serviceable as possible 
 l>y confining the differences in type just mentioned to those letters 
 of the English word which alone mark its relationship to the Latin. 
 
 I'hus, consulatus is translated consulship, and peditatus, foot- 
 <oldiers. I have not, of course, meant to imply by this method of 
 printing that the exhaustive study of the origin and history of 
 English words should form a part of the first year's work in Latin ; 
 but rather to supply material for occasional excursions in this direc- 
 tion. For example, the connection between the Latin venlo and 
 the English come is not so obvious that it can easily be made clear 
 to beginners; and, unless some bright boy or girl whose curiosity 
 has been excited by the silent suggestion of the change in type 
 -hould ask for an explanation, the teacher should pass over this 
 word without comment. On the other hand, the operation of 
 Grimm's law in such words as pater, father, frater, brother, 
 and mfiter, mother, is so interesting, and at the same time so 
 easily made clear, that the teacher may profitably use these and 
 similar examples as a means of leading the pupil to a recognition 
 of the general law which they illustrate. 
 
 As it was a part of my plan to introduce a few simple lessons on 
 word-formation, and, in the etymological part of the general vocab- 
 ulary, to trace complete words to the stems from which they are 
 formed, it seemed desirable that, in dealing with the several declen- 
 sions in substantives and adjectives, I should devote some attention 
 ; < ) stems. Accordingly, besides pointing out the stems of the sev- 
 
 ral paradigms of declension, I have also called upon the pupil to 
 
 xplain the formation of the nominative, referring him to the 
 grammar for the necessary information and guidance. The para- 
 L^raplis in which these references to the grammar occur are, of 
 
 ourse, comparatively unimportant for the beginner, and they may, 
 at the discretion of the teacher, bo ])ostponed or omitted. They are 
 numbered a« follows : 121, 162, 188, 195, 197, 250, 266. 
 
VI PBEFACE. 
 
 It will be seen that, in giving the principal parts of verbs, I have 
 taken the liberty to deviate slightly from established usage. In 
 place of the supine in -um, which is generally given as the fourth of 
 the principal parts, I have substituted the perfect participle. The 
 necessity of a reform in this direction was first recognized and 
 pointed out by Professor Lane, who introduced this substitution 
 many years ago in his teaching, and has also incorporated it in the 
 Latin grammar which he is preparing for publication. When word- 
 formation was so little understood that the supine was thought to 
 be the source from which the perfect and future participles, and 
 primitives in -tor, -tio, -tus, and -tura were derived, there was an 
 obvious propriety in recognizing the supine as one of the principal 
 parts of the verb. Clipped of final -um, it yielded a base — the so- 
 called supine stem — which was seen to be common to all these forms. 
 As, moreover, identity of base was supposed to indicate community 
 of origin, the forms just enumerated were naturally viewed as off- 
 shoots from this parent stem. As a matter of fact, however, the 
 perfect and future participles, primitives in -tor, -tio, -tus, and 
 -tura, and the supines in -turn and -tu are all simply parallel 
 formations from the root or from the verb stem. Thus, the parti- 
 ciples cultus and culturus, and the primitive substantives cultor, 
 cultura, cultus, and cultio, are formed directly from the root col-, 
 till; in like manner, the participles auditus and auditurus, and 
 the substantives auditor, auditus, and auditio, are formed directly 
 from audi-, hear, the stem of audio. While then there is, in a 
 restricted sense, a real supine stem ending in -tu-, which lies at the 
 foundation of two verbal forms, the former and the latter supine, 
 the so-called supine stem ending in -t-, eaphonically -s-, is purely a 
 figment of the grammarians. 
 
 Again, although our dictionaries, in giving the principal parts 
 of verbs, record more than 2500 supines in -um, Richter has shown, 
 in his contributions to the study of this form of the verb, that only 
 236 such supines are to be found in the texts of the Latin writers 
 from the time of Plautus to the early Christian centuries. 
 
 It is clear then that the supine, instead of being a principal 
 part of the verb, is a very insignificant part. On the other hand, 
 the perfect participle is found in all the passive tenses for com- 
 pleted action ; it is, indeed, in these tenses the only essential part, 
 for the auxiliary is often omitted. Moreover, if a mechanical 
 
PREFACE. VU 
 
 base must be recognized as an artificial lielp to the pupil while 
 he is committing to memory those forms of the verb that have 
 certain letters in common, the perfect participle yields this base 
 as readily as the supine. A reference to sections 136 and 137 will 
 show that the treatment of the perfect participle as one of the 
 principal parts of the verb renders easy and natural the application 
 of the inductive method to a subject which must otherwise be left 
 unexplained. 
 
 It has been the prevailing practice in Latin dictionaries and spe- 
 cial vocabularies to account for the form and meaning of words 
 whose etymology is given, by referring them to other complete 
 words from which they are not directly formed, but with which 
 they are merely connected in formation. This loose and inaccurate 
 way of explaining the derivation and meaning of words must soon 
 give place to a sounder method. One special vocabulary ^ has 
 already appeared in this country in which the subject of etymology 
 is differently treated, and other works fohnded on the same princi- 
 ples are in preparation. In harmony with this tendency, and in 
 the hope of developing right habits of thought in the pupil from 
 the outset, I have been careful to refer the words whose etymology 
 is explained in the general vocabulary, directly to the roots or stems 
 from which they are formed.^ Lest this mode of presentation should 
 seem obscure to the learner, who in his actual reading meets not 
 stems, but complete words, I have thought it best, in the case of 
 formation from stems, to add in parenthesis the complete word to 
 which the stem belongs. 
 
 The vocabulary of an introductory book does not call for much 
 in the way of pictorial illustration ; but what it does call for, it calls 
 for imperatively. Such words, for example, as scutum and signa 
 militarla cannot be understood by tlie pupil without the aid of a 
 picture. Expressions of this kind, therefore, for which illustrations 
 from the antique were available — eleven in number — I have 
 thought it best to illustrate. The cuts used for this purpose have 
 been taken from Rich's Dictionary of Antiquities and Guhl and 
 Koner's Leben der Griechen unci Komer. 
 
 In conclusion, I desire to express my grateful sense of obligation 
 
 ' Oret'noiiKh'B Voctthulnry to Virgil. 
 
 * This statement doe* not, of course, apply to iLum; i u»uac cn iu which n word iu 
 Mid to be merely " connected with " another w< 
 
Ylll PEEFACE. 
 
 to the friends who have kindly read and criticized this book as it 
 has been sent to them in sheets from the press. 1 am especially 
 indebted to Professor George M. Lane of Harvard University, who 
 has not only placed at my disposal such of his manuscript and 
 printed collections as would be of service to me, but has critically 
 examined the proof-sheets, and aided me by corrections and sug- 
 gestions that have added to the value of the book in every part. 
 I am also under special obligations to William C. Collar, A.M., 
 Head-master of the Roxbury Latin School, for valuable notes and 
 criticisms. 
 
 Mr. J. S. Gushing, under whose supervision this book has been 
 printed, has, by his unfailing patience and courtesy, and by his sug- 
 gestive skill, materially lightened the labor of carrying the sheets 
 through the press. 
 
 JOHN TETLOW. 
 
 Boston, May 1, 1884. 
 
OOlSTTElsTTS. 
 
 LE880K8. PAGES. 
 
 Introductory : Alphabet, Syllabication, Quantity, Accent 1-7 
 
 I. The Four Conjugations 7-8 
 
 IT.-III. Present Indicative Active : Conjugations I.-IV 9-12 
 
 IV. Substantives : First Declension 12-13 
 
 v.- VI. Ablative with Prepositions. — Subject Nominative. — 
 
 Accusative of Direct Object 13-lG 
 
 VII. Substantives : Second Declension 16-17 
 
 VIII. The Preposidon In. — Genitives: Possessive, Sub- 
 jective, Objective 18-20 
 
 IX. Adjectives : First and Second Declensions 21-23 
 
 X. Adjectives : Attributive and Predicate. — Dative with 
 
 Adjectives 23-26 
 
 XI.-XII. Present, Imperfect, and Future Indicative of Both 
 
 Voices 26-28 
 
 XIII. Ablatives : Means or Instrument and Voluntary Agent, 29-31 
 
 XIV. Substantives of the Third Declension : Mute Stems. . 31-33 
 XV.-XVI. Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect of Both 
 
 Voices. — Principal Parts 33-37 
 
 XVII.-XVni. Agreement of the Participle in Compound Tenses. 
 
 — Dative of Indirect Object 38-42 
 
 XIX. Substantives of the Third Declension : Liquid and -8- 
 
 Stems ! 43-44 
 
 XX.-XXI. Imperatives of Both Voices. —The Vocative. . .• 46-49 
 
 XXII. Substantives of the Third Declension : Vowel Stems, 4^61 
 XXIII. Adjectives of the Third Declension : Vowel Stems . . 51-63 
 XXIV.-XXV. Apposition. — Predicate Agreement. — Accusa- 
 tive with Prepositions 63-67 
 
 XXVI. Substantives of the Third Declension : Stems Appar- 
 ently Consonant. — Adjectives of One Termina- 
 tion. — Present Participle 57-60 
 
 XXVII. Ablative of Specification. — Ablative of Time Wlien, 60-63 
 
 XXVIII. Third Declension : Gender 63-66 
 
 XXIX. Substantives : Fourth Declension 67-69 
 
 XXX. Adjectives : Hegular Comparison 09-71 
 
XK 
 
 •*t; 
 
 ■ UHIV2RSITY, 
 INDUCTIVirLATIN LESSONS. 
 
 3»ic 
 
 INT RODUCTORY. 
 
 Note. — The Latin alphabet, which for the vowels is phonetic, is here introduced 
 for the convenience of those teachers who aim to secure a correct quantitative pro- 
 nunciation. As success in this direction depends on a right beginning, it is recom- 
 mended that the pupil be taught the Latin names of the single letters and diphthongs 
 at the outset, and that, until right habits have been established, these Latin names be 
 used in occasional ezercises in oral spelling. 
 
 I. 
 
 Latin Alphabet, 
 
 Chabacter. Name. 
 
 a a . . 
 
 a a . . 
 
 b be . . 
 
 c ce . . 
 
 (1 de . . 
 
 Pronunciation of ISame. 
 , . . dh 
 . . . dh^ 
 
 
 e 
 
 e e (08 in met) 
 
 Z A foregoing sound 
 prolonged.' 
 
 ef 
 ha 
 
 ef 
 
 gay'^ 
 
 hah 
 
 Vowel 
 
 i i 
 
 ( T i 
 
 ronnoiuint : i i 
 
 k ka 
 
 1 el 
 
 m em 
 
 n en 
 
 . ee 
 . ee ^ 
 . ee^ 
 . kah 
 . el 
 . em 
 . en 
 
LATIN DIPHTHONGS. 
 
 Vowel : 
 
 CoDBonant: 
 
 Character. 
 O . 
 
 O 
 
 P 
 
 q 
 
 r 
 
 s 
 t 
 
 ! u 
 ( u 
 
 V 
 X 
 
 [y 
 
 Name. 
 O 
 
 o 
 
 pe . 
 qu . 
 er . 
 es . 
 te . 
 u . 
 u . 
 u . 
 ix . 
 
 u . 
 
 zeta 
 
 Pronunciation of Name. 
 
 (as sometimes heard in whole, i.e., 
 the continental short o, not so 
 broad as the o in not) 
 
 foregoing sound prolonged.^ 
 
 hoo 
 
 6 as in met ; T 
 trilled. 
 
 ess 
 tay'^ 
 
 00 
 00^ 
 
 00^ 
 
 eeks 
 
 like French U 
 or German li- 
 as in Greek 
 
 2. Latin Diphthongs. 
 
 ae ae . . . . ai^ 
 
 (as in aisle) 
 
 au . . . . . au ou^ 
 
 (as in house) 
 
 oe oe oi^ 
 
 (as in toil) 
 
 ui ui 00-ee ^ 
 
 (rapidly uttered) 
 
 eu ..... eu eh-oo ^ 
 
 (rapidly uttered) 
 
 1 The diphthongs and long vowels oral spelling. In combination with other 
 should occupy twice as much time in ut- letters, " j " has the power of **y " in 
 terance as the short vowels. yes. 
 
 2 The sound here represented by -ay * oo here represents the pronunciation 
 is approximate only; the true sound of of the letter " v " used by itself ; e.g., in 
 Latin " e " has no ee-vanish. oral spelling. In combination with other 
 
 3 ee here represents the pronunciation letters, " v " has the power of " w " in 
 of the letter "j " used by itself; e.g., in we. 
 
SYLLABICATION. 
 
 II. 
 
 Syllabication. 
 
 3. EXAMPI.ES. 
 
 1. Au'-di-6/ / hear. 3. Proe'-li-um, battle. 
 
 Ge'-ner, son-in-law. 4., A-mi-ci'-ti-a, friendship. 
 
 o 
 
 4. Observation and Inference: Note that in each of the 
 foregoing examples a single consonant stands between two vowels 
 (see : d, Ex. 1 ; n, Ex. 2 ; 1, Ex. 3 ; m, c, and t, Ex. 4). To whicli 
 vowel is it joined in writing? Frame a rule for Syllabication in 
 such cases. 
 
 5. EXAMPLES. 
 
 1. An'-uus, year. 3. Bel'-lum, war. 
 
 2. Mit'-to, / send. 4. Ag'-ger, mound. 
 
 6. Observation AND Inference: Note that in each of the 
 foregoing examples a consonant is doubled between two vowels 
 (see: n-n, Ex. 1; t-t, Ex. 2; 1-1, Ex. 3; g-g, Ex. 4). To which 
 vowel is each consonant joined in writing? Frame a rule for 
 Syllabication in such cases. 
 
 7. EXAMPLES. 
 
 1. A'-sper, rough. 5. Bel'-gae, the Belgae, 
 
 2. Fr5'-tr68, brothers. 6. Am'-plus, ample. 
 8. Jfl-stus, Just. 7. Lin'-gua, tongue. 
 4. RG-stmm, heak. 8. Ar'-ma, arms. 
 
 a Observation and Inference : Note that in the foregoing 
 examples two or more consonants stand between two vowels (see : 
 »p, Ex. 1 ; tr, Ex. 2 ; st, Ex. 3 ; str, Ex. 4 ; 1-g, Ex. 6; m-pl, Ex. 0; 
 n-gu, Ex. 7; r-m, Ex. 8). Note, further, that such of these groups 
 of consonants as can begin a word belong to the second vowel, and 
 so begin a syllable (see Exs. 1-4) ; whereas, such of these groups 
 
SYLLABICATION. 
 
 as cannot begin a word are divided (see Exs. 
 for Syllabication in such cases. 
 
 -8). Frame a rule 
 
 9. 
 
 EXAMPI.ES. 
 
 1. Ab'-e-o (ab, away; e6, I go), I go away. 
 
 2. In-i'-quus (in-, not; aequus,_/aiV), unfair. 
 
 3. Ab'-est (ab, away ; est, lie is), he is away. 
 
 4. Red'-i-mo (red-, hack ; emo, / buy), I buy back. 
 
 10. Observation : Note that the foregoing examples are com- 
 pounds, and that, in syllabication, the parts of each compound are 
 treated as separate words. Frame a rule for the Syllabication of 
 Compounds. 
 
 11. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 Spell, syllabicate, and pronounce the following 
 words : — 
 
 2 deleo, I destroy. 
 
 ^ impedimentuin, impediment. 
 
 * injuria, injury. 
 
 * provincia, province. 
 
 * iniitilis,^ unprojitahle. 
 
 * justitia, justice. 
 2 oppidum, town. 
 
 2 littera, letter. 
 2 magnus,^ great. 
 2 occupo, / seize. 
 * offlcium, duty. 
 2 redeo,'^ I return. 
 2 adeo,^ / go to. 
 2 dixit,9 he said. 
 
 1 The accented syllable of Latin words 
 will be marked until the subject of ac- 
 centuation has been treated. 
 
 2 Accent the first syllable. 
 
 3 Accent the fourth syllable. 
 * Accent the second syllable. 
 
 ^ inutilis (compound) = in-, not; 
 utilis, useful. 
 
 «The combination gn can begin a 
 word. 
 
 7 redeo (compound) = red-, hack; 
 eo, I go. 
 
 ® adeo(compound)= ad, to; eo, I go. 
 
 '•> X, though a double consonant (— 
 c -|- s) , is treated as a single consonant in 
 syllabication. 
 
QUANTITY. 
 
 III. 
 
 Quantity. X^J^^^-^ 
 
 12. EXAMPLES. 
 
 1. Recti' sat, he refuses. 4. Lau'dAt, he commends. 
 
 2. TVmeSf you fear. 5. Proe'Uum, battle. 
 :». »7i7'stus, jiist. 6. ^e'vum, age. 
 
 13. Observation and Inference: Note that the italicized 
 syllable in each of the foregoing examples contains a long voicel 
 (see Exs. 1—3) or a diphthong (see Exs. 4-6). Such a syllable is 
 long. Frame a rule for the Quantity of a Syllable containing a 
 Long Vowel or Diphthong. 
 
 Note that the syllables not italicized in the foregoing examples 
 contain a short vowel. Such syllables are short. Frame a rule for 
 the Quantity of a Syllable containing a Short Vowel. 
 
 NoT£ : For an exception to the rule implied in the last paragraph, see 15 below. 
 
 14. EXAMPLES. 
 
 1. An'nuH, year. 4. tfii' sins, just. 
 
 2. Jiel'gsui, the Behjac. '>. FVI^'lum, icall. 
 
 3. Xfn'gua, tongue. G. L>uXf leader. 
 
 15. Observation and Inference : Note that the vowel of the 
 iiali(;ize(l syllable in each of the foregoing examples is followed In/ 
 tiro consonants (see Exs. 1-5) or by a douf)le consonant (see a:,^ Ex. 
 <>). The vowel so placed may be long (see Exs. 4 and 5) or short 
 (see Exs. 1, 2, 3, and C) ; but the syllable is long. Frame a rule for 
 the Quantity of a Syllable whose Vowel ia followed by Two Conso- 
 nants or a Double Consonant. 
 
 NoTK : For an exception to the foregoing, see A. k O. 18, e\ H. 10, TIT. ; O. 11. 
 
ACCENT. 
 
 16. EXAMPI.ES. 
 
 1. Amici'^ia, friendship. 3. Proe^ium, battle. 
 
 2. Ha'feeo, I have. 4. Fi'ae, iva7/s. 
 
 17. Observation and Inference : Note that the vowel of the 
 italicized syllable in each of the foregoing examples is followed hy 
 another vowel (see Exs. 1-3) or by a diphthong (see Ex. 4). Both 
 the vowel so placed and the syllable containing it are short. Frame 
 a rule for the Quantity of a Syllable whose Vowel is followed by 
 another Yowel or by a Diphthong. 
 
 ^x = c-\-soxg-\-s. 
 
 
 
 
 IV. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Accent. 
 
 - 
 
 la 
 
 
 
 exampt.es. 
 
 
 1. 
 
 An'nus, 
 
 year. 
 
 3. 
 
 Ju'stus, just. 
 
 2. 
 
 Lau'do, 
 
 I commend. 
 
 4. 
 
 Lin'gua, tongue. 
 
 19. Observation and Inference : Note that the foregoing 
 examples are words of two syllables. Which syllable is accented ? 
 Frame a rule for the Accent of Latin Words of Two Syllables. 
 
 20. EXAMPI.ES. 
 
 1. Habe'mus, roe have. r,. Ha'beo, / have. 
 
 2. Recusa'mus, toe refuse. ('). Axolci'^B., friendship. 
 
 3. Confir'mo, / establish. 7. Op'pidum, town. 
 
 4. TTanspoi'to, I trayisjmrt. 8. To'puluB, people. 
 
 21. Observation and Inference : Note (1) that the forego- 
 ing examples are words of more than tico syllables, (2) that in Exs. 
 1-4 thepenuW^ is long, and (3) that in Exs. 5-8 the penult in short. 
 Which syllable is accented when the penult is long (see Exs. 1-4) ? 
 Which syllable is accented when the penult is short (see Exs. 5-8) V 
 Frame a rule for the Accent of Latin Words, of More than Two 
 Syllables. 
 
THE FOUR CON.TTJGATIONS. 
 
 22. EXERCISE. 
 
 Spell each of the following words, syllable by syllable ; 
 give the Quantity of each syllable when you have spelled 
 it ; then Pronounce the complete word ; thus, r-e, re, 
 short; c-u, cu, long ; s-a, sa, long ; iii-u-s, uius, short; 
 
 amo, / love. moneo, / warn. 
 
 con-flrnia8,2 you (sing.) establish. habes, yoti (sing.) have. 
 
 laudat, he commends. manet, he remains. 
 
 recusainiis, we refuse. parenius, we obey. 
 
 probatis, you (pi.) approve. tenetis, you (pi.) hold. 
 
 trans-portant,^ they transport. tinient, they fear. 
 
 1 The Penult is the last syllable but this book the parts of compound wordt 
 one; the Antepenult, the last but two. will be separated by the hyphen. 
 
 > Compound ; in the vocabularies of 
 
 LESSON I. 
 The Four Conjugations. 
 
 Note : It is assumed that the pupil is already familiar with the parts of speech 
 and their properties (as person, number, gender, mood, tense, etc.), or, falling tliis, 
 that the teacher will explain and illustrate them as occasion requires. 
 
 The long vowels are marked throughout this book ; vowels not marked are to be 
 pronounced short. As a practical aid in the observance of quantity, it is recom- 
 mended that the papil be required, in written exercises, to mark the long vowels. 
 
 23. EXAMPLES. 
 
 1. Anift, / loi^e ; am&re, to love. 
 
 2. !Nfone5, / warn ; nionfire, to warn. 
 
 3. TegC, / cover ; tegere, to cover. 
 
 4. Audid, / hear ; audire, to hear. 
 
 24. ExPLANATiox : The foregoing examples show that in L.it in 
 the present injimtive active is formed, not as in English by placing 
 the preposition to lx;fore the simple form of tlie verb, but by a<l(ling 
 -re. Moreover, some verbs (as amS) havci a characteristic vowel -Jl- 
 before this infinitive ending, others (as moned) have -«-, others 
 (as tego) have -•-, and others (as audid) have -I-. Accordingly, 
 
THE FOUR CONJUGATIONS. 
 
 25. Latin verbs are divided into four groups called 
 
 Conjugations. 
 
 1. The First Conjugation includes all verbs whose 
 present infinitive active has the characteristic vowel -a- 
 before the ending -re ; as : ama-re, to love. 
 
 2. The Second Conjugation includes all verbs whose 
 present infinitive active has the characteristic vowel -e- 
 before the ending -re ; as : m one-re, to warn. 
 
 3. The Third Conjugation includes all verbs whose 
 present infinitive active has the characteristic vowel -e- 
 before the ending -re ; as : tege-re, to cover. 
 
 4. The Fourth Conjugation includes all verbs whose 
 present infinitive active has the characteristic vowel -i- 
 before the ending -re ; as : audi-re, to hear. 
 
 26. Learn, with meanings, the Present Indicative and 
 Infinitive of the following verbs, and tell to which Con- 
 jugation each belongs : — 
 
 VOCABUI.ARY. 
 
 con-firmo,! -are,^ establish. 
 de-leo, -ere,2 ^destroy. 
 diico, -ere, lead. 
 emo, -ere, buy. 
 habeo, -ere, have. 
 impedlo, -ire, hinder. 
 laudo, -are, commend. 
 maneo, -ere, remain.^ 
 manio, -ire, fortify. 
 probo, -are, approve.^ 
 
 punio, -ire,^ punish. 
 quaero, -ere, inquire.^ 
 re-cnso, -are,^ refuse. 
 rego, -ere, '^rule. 
 tego, -ere, cover. 
 teneo, -ere, hold. 
 timeo, -ere, fear. 
 trans-porto, -are, transport. 
 venio, -ire, come.^ 
 vestio, -ire, clothe. 
 
 1 In translating the indicative, supply 
 the pronoun 7. 
 
 2 To be read : confirmare, de- 
 lere, &c. 
 
 8 English words or parts of words 
 
 that are borrowed from the Latin are 
 printed in the vocabularies of this book 
 in this type ; English words or parts 
 of words that are cognate with Latin 
 words are printed in small capitals. 
 
THE PRESENT INDICATIVE ACTIVE. 
 
 LESSON II. 
 
 The Present Indicative Active: Conjugations 
 I. AND II. 
 
 27. Learn the inflection, with meanings, of the Pres- 
 ent Indicative Active of amo: A. & G. p. 76, also 
 § 194, «; H. p. 86, also § 446 ; G. p. 54, also § 198. 
 
 28. Inflect (like amo) the Present Indicative Active 
 
 ( )f confirmo, / establish ; laudo, / commend ; probo, / 
 approve ; recuse, / refuse ; transport©, / transport. 
 
 29. Learn the inflection, with meanings, f)f the Pres- 
 ent Indicative Active of moneo (or deleo) : A. & G. p. 
 80 ; H. p. 90 ; G. p. 58. 
 
 30. Inflect (like moneo or deleo) the Present Indica- 
 tive Active of habeo, I have ; tnniieo, I remain ; pareo, 
 I obey ; t^neb, I hold ; thneb, J/ear, 
 
 31. EXAMPI^ES. 
 
 Monet, he toams, or he is warning. 
 
 N6n monent, they do not warny or they are not warning. 
 
 32. EXERCISES. 
 
 I. 1. Confirmo. 2. Laudat. 3. Probatis. 4. Non recu- 
 8aimi8. 5. Transjx>rtant. 6. Confirmas. 7. Non pro- 
 1>rimiis. 8. Laudatis. 9. Habeo. 10. Manet. 11. Parent. 
 \'l. Tcnes. 13. Non timemus. 14. Manes. 15. Manetis. 
 16. Non paret. 17. Recusant. 18. Timed. 19. Tnliis- 
 portat. 20. Habemus. 21. Tenetis. 22. Laudfis. 
 23. Non confirmant. 24. RecubO. 25. Non pfires. 
 
10 THE PRESENT INDICATIVE ACTIVE. 
 
 II. 1. I approve. 2. He transports. 3. We commend. 
 4. They do not refuse. 5. You (pi.) establish. 6. You 
 (smg.) do not commend. 7. They approve. 8. He refuses. 
 9. You (sing.) have. 10. We are not obeying. 11. I 
 am holding. 12. He does not fear. 13. You (pi.) fear. 
 
 14. They are not remaining. 15. He has. 16. You (sing.) 
 are remaining. 17. He does not commend. 18. I obey. 
 19. We transport. 20. I am remaining. 21. You (sing.) 
 do not obe} . 22. He establishes. 23. We do not approve. 
 24. You (pi.) have. 25. They are establishing. 
 
 33. Supplementary Exercises. 
 
 I. 1. Probat. 2. Paiemus. 3. N^on laudant. 4. Recusa- 
 tis. .5. Maiieo. 6. Times. 7. Confirmamus. 8. Habetis. 
 9. Noil tenet. 10. Recusas. 11. Pareo. 12. Probant. 13. Trans- 
 portatis. 14. Non probo. 15. Man emus. 
 
 II. 1. He holds. 2. They do not commend. 3. You (sing.) 
 approve. 4. He does not obey. 5. We are remaining. 6. You 
 (sing.) fear. 7. I am establishing. 8. You (pi.) approve. 
 9. They transport. 10. We do not have. 11. You (pi.) hold. 
 12. You (sing.) refuse. 13. They obey. 14. I do not fear. 
 
 15. I am commending. 
 
 LESSON III. 
 
 The Present iNDicATrvE Active: Conjugations 
 III. and IV. 
 
 34. Learn the inflection, with meanings, of the Pres- 
 ent Indicative Active of tegro (rego or emo) : A. & G. 
 p. 82 ; H. p. 94 ; G. p. 64. 
 
 35. Inflect (like tego, reg-o, or emo) the Present 
 Indicative Active of dice, I say ; cluco, I lead ; mitto, 
 / %end ; pono, I place ; quaero, I inquire. 
 
THE PRESENT INDICATIVE ACTIVE. 11 
 
 36. Learn the inflection, with meanings, of the Pres- 
 ent Indicative Active of audio : A. & G. p. 86 ; H. p. 
 
 98; G. p. 68. 
 
 37. Inflect (like audio) tlie Present Indicative Active 
 of lufinio, I fortify ; punio, I punish ; venio, / come; 
 vestio, I clothe ; inipedio, / hinder, 
 
 38. Learn the inflection, with meanings, of the Pres- 
 ent Indicative of sum : A. & G. p. 68 ; H. p. 84 ; G. p. 
 50. Inflect the Present Indicative of absum,^ / am 
 amay, 
 
 39. EXERCISES. 
 
 I. 1. DTcit. 2. Ducinius. 3. Mittis. 4. Pununt. 
 o. Qiiaero. 6. DTcitis. 7. Muniunt. 8. Non pfinT- 
 imis. 9. Venio. 10. VestTs. 11. Inipcdit. 12. Mumtis. 
 
 13. Es. 14. Absunt.^ 15. Non Landamus. IG. Mittimus. 
 17. Timet. 18. Impedio. 19. Sumns. 20. Non habent. 
 21. Confirmat. 22. Abestis. 23. Ducis. 24. Non pono. 
 25. Timetis. 26. Venlmus. 27. Abes. 28. Vestiunt. 
 
 29. Non quaerit. 30. Sum. 
 
 II. 1. We say. 2. He is not leading. 3. I am placing. 
 4. You (sing.) inquire. 5. They do not send. 6. You 
 (pi.) lead. 7. I do not punish. 8. They are fortifying. 
 9. He hinders. 10. We are coming. 11. You (sing.) 
 clothe. 12. You (pi.) arc fortifying. * 13. You (pi.) are. 
 
 14. He approves. 15. They are awa}*. 16. We do 
 not inquire. 17. I have. 18. You (sing.) punish. 
 19. We are. 20. You (pi.) do not obey. 21. I refuse. 
 '2i. He is away. 23. They say. 24. You (sing.) send. 
 25. We do not fear. 26. They piniish. 27. You (sing.) 
 are away. 28. You (pi.) do notconuj. 29. 1 am hindering. 
 
 30. He is. 
 
12 substantives: fikst declension. 
 
 40. Supplementary Exercises. 
 
 I. 1. Dicis. 2. Punit. 3. Absumus.i 4. Non laudatis. 
 5. Sunt. 6. Noil duco. 7. Manent. 8. Impedimiis. 9. Quae- 
 ritis. 10. Absum.i 11. Munis. 12. Non probas. 13. Estis. 
 14. Mittunt. 15. Tenemus. 16. Yenit. 
 
 II. 1. You (sing.) are. 2. You (pi.) do not refuse. 3. We 
 are away. 4. I am fortifying. 5. He sends. 6. I am not away. 
 7. He inquires. 8. You (pi.) are hindering. 9. They do not 
 have. 10. You (sing.) lead. 11. We obey. 12. They are. 
 13. We are sending. 14. We establish. 15. He does not come. 
 16. You (pi.) clothe. 
 
 1 b before s is sounded likep; hence, pronounce apsum, apstirmis, apsunt. 
 
 LESSON IV. 
 Substantives: Fikst Declension. 
 
 Note : It is assumed that the teacher will here prepare the way by oral instruc- 
 tion for the declension of a Latin noun vith the translation of its cases. For sugges- 
 tions, see A. & Gr. § 31, 
 
 41. Learn the declension, with meanings, of stella 
 (A. & G. 35) or mensa (H. 48 ; G. 27). • 
 
 42. Define jStem^ and give the stem^ of stella (A. & G. 
 21, coarse type) or mensa (H. 46 ; G. 24). 
 
 43. Observe the gender of the substantives in the 
 vocabulary of this lesson ; then learn the Rule for 
 Gender : A. & G. 35, to the second period ; H. 48 ; 
 
 G. 28. 
 
ABLATIVE WITH PREPOSITIONS. 13 
 
 44. Decline, giving stem, gender, and meanings, the 
 substantives in tlie following 
 
 VOCABUIiARY.* 
 
 ainicitia, -ae, ¥., friendship. contr5versia, -ae, f., dispute. 
 
 Aquitania, -ae, f., Aquitania.^ Galba,'' -ae, m., Ga/ba.^ 
 
 Belgae,* -arum, m., the Belgae^ injuria, -ae, f., //i/'w/y. 
 
 (or Belgians). patria, -ae, f., native countrif. 
 
 causa, -ae, f., cause. porta, -ae, f., gate. 
 
 t'opia, -ae, f., abundance ; in pi., proviucia, -ae, f., province. 
 
 forces, troops. sententia, -ae, f., opinion. 
 
 ' The Bteni vowel of the first declen- paring this vocabulary, therefore, lie 
 
 sion will be treated as -S- in this book, the should not content himself with being 
 
 long quantity being original. StenS-and able merely to name the cases of each 
 
 inenRft- will therefore be considered the substantive in their order, but should 
 
 htem.s of stcUa and mensa respectively. practise such exercises as the following : 
 
 The teaching of the grammars on this Express in Latin, of friendsltip, the 
 
 l>oint is not uniform. Belf/ians\ by disputes, to the gate, 
 
 ' The pupil should remember that &c. ; express in English, AquTtSniae, 
 the only object for which he is required causrirum, injuriS, sententiSs, &c. 
 to learn declensions is, that he may be- ^ for fuller information, see the gen- 
 come so familiar with the forms as to be eral vocabulary. 
 able to give the English equivalent of a * Omit the singular in declining. 
 I^tin form, or the Latin equivalent of an = Read A. 85 G. 75, 1 ; H. 130, 1, 1). 
 English form, on the instant. In pre- 
 
 '^^c 
 
 LESSON V. 
 
 Ablative with Prepositions. — Subject-Nomina- 
 tive. — Accusative op Direct Orject. 
 
 Note : It is asiiumed that the pupil is familiar with the structure of the simple 
 ■entence, or, failing this, that the teacher will orally explain such terms as ifuhject, 
 predicate, object, etc. 
 
 *5. kxamples.» 
 
 1. Ab injOrifl (l, 31, 16)2, y-;.^^ injury. 
 
 2. A prSvincia (1,33,4), (away) /rom the^ province. 
 
 3. Cum copiva n,2\,Z)^ with the forcett. 
 1. D§ injflrila {1,1^,^*), for injuries. 
 
 '). Ex (or 6) prdvinciS, (7, 65, l), /rom (out of) the province, 
 
 i). Pr6 patria, (Cic. Tu$c. 4, 19, 43), in behalf of [one's] country. 
 
 7. Sine causa (i, 14. 2), without cause. 
 
14 SUBJECT. — DIRECT OBJECT. 
 
 46. Observation and Inference : ^ Note (1) the preposi- 
 tions in the foregoing examples, and (2) the case of the substan- 
 tives with which they are used. Frame a rule for the Case of Sub- 
 stantives used with the foregoing Prepositions. 
 
 47. References for Verification r^ A. & G. 152, h\ II. 
 434 ; G. 418. 
 
 48. EXAMPI.ES. 
 
 1. Aquitania pertinet (l, l, 7), Aquitania extends. 
 
 2. Controversia est (6, 13, 5), there is a^ dispute. 
 
 3. Belgae pertinent (l, l, 6), the Belgians extend. 
 
 4. Patent portae (Cic. Cat. i, 5, 10), the gates are open,^ 
 
 5. Praestat amicitia (Cic. Lael. 5, 19), friendship takes pre- 
 
 cedence,* 
 
 49. Observation and Inference : Note (1) the number, per- 
 son and case of the substantives, (2) the number and person of the 
 verbs, and (3) the oj'der of the words in the foregoing examples. 
 What is the usual order of subject and predicate (see Exs. 1-3) ? 
 What seems to be the effect when this order is reversed (see 
 Exs. 4 and 5)? Frame rules (1) for the Case of the Subject of 
 the sentence in Latin, (2) for the Number and Person of the Verb, 
 and (3) for the Position of Subject and Predicate. 
 
 50. References for Verification : A. & G. 173, 204, 343, 
 344, a; H. 368, 460, 560, 561, 1. ; G. 194, 202, 676, 675, 1, 1. 
 
 51. EXAMPLES. 
 
 1. Causam probant (6, 23, 7), theg approve the cause. 
 
 2. Sententiam laudant (Sail. Cat. 53, l), they commend the 
 
 opinion. 
 
 3. Amicitiam confiimRre (1,3, l), to establish friefidship. 
 
 4. Sententias dicere {Caes. B.C. 1,1, 2), to express opinions. 
 
 5. Laudamus divitias (Sail. Cat. 52, 22), we commend riches,^ 
 
 52. Observation and Inference : Note (1) the class (i.e., 
 whether transitive or intransitive) to which the verbs belong, (2) the 
 case of the substantives construed with them, and (3) the order of 
 the words in the foregoing examples. Frame rules for the Case 
 and Position of the Direct Object of a transitive verb in Latin. 
 
VOCABULARY AND EXERCISES. 
 
 15 
 
 53. Referkxcks for Verification: A. &. G. 237; 11.871; 
 (i. 327. For the order of the words, see the references in 50; 
 also H. 561, II. 
 
 ' The pupil should first study care- 
 fully the examples in connection with the 
 paragraph designated " Observation and 
 Inference," and should commit the ex- 
 amples to memory. Before consulting 
 the sections in the grammar referred to 
 under the heading " References for Veri- 
 fication," he should strive to discover for 
 himself the principles which the exam- 
 ples illustrate, and to frame independ- 
 ently the rule for construction. When 
 he has framed such a rule to the best 
 of his ability, he may consult the gram- 
 mar for the purpose of verifying or 
 correcting his inferences or his phrase- 
 
 ology. The references, or their equiva- 
 lent in grammatical English, should then 
 be fixed in the memory for use in the 
 exercises which follow. 
 
 2 Citations given without name arc 
 from Caesar's Gallic "War. 
 
 3 There is no article in Latin, in 
 translation from Latin into English, the 
 article must be supplied wherever the 
 English usage requires it ; in translation 
 from English into Latin, the article must 
 be disregarded. 
 
 * This tyj}e in the English trans- 
 lation denotes emphasis. 
 
 >i*:< 
 
 LESSON VI. 
 Vocabulary and Exercises. 
 
 54. 
 
 VOCABUI.ARY, 
 
 ab, 5,2 prep. w. abl., nwai/ from, longe, adv., far. 
 
 from. 
 ciini, prvp. w. abl., with. 
 de, prt'p. w. abl., yroTO, about. 
 c-diieo, -ere, lead out. 
 ox, e,^ i)n'j». w. a])l., out. of, from. 
 Ciallla, -ae, v., Gaul. 
 (icnava, -ac, r., Geneva. 
 
 pro, prep. w. abl., in front of in be- 
 half of KOK. 
 pug^o, -S.rc^ff/hf. 
 red-do, -ere, return (trans.), restore. 
 sine, prep. w. abl., without. 
 Tolosa, -ac, F., Toulouse. 
 vita, -ae, f., life. 
 
 55. 
 
 I. 1. Gal])a (Ificit. 
 < opias ex Galliu ducit. 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 2. (iall)a copifis ilficit. 3. Galba 
 4. AmTcitiam eonfirmant. 5. Cum 
 
 1 U'igis amicitiam confirraant. 6. Belgae timent. 7. Bclgae 
 sine causa timent. 8. Gcnfiva abcst. 9. Gcnava longe 
 abcHt. 10. Gcnava a Tolosa longe abcst. 11. De inju- 
 rils (luacrit. 12. Vitam pro vita rcddunt. 
 
16 substantives: second declension. 
 
 II. 1. The Belgians lead-out."* 2. The Belgians lead- 
 out their^ forces. 3. We are leading-out our^ forces from 
 the province. 4. They are inquiring about the forces. 
 5. He establishes friendship. 6. We are establishing friend- 
 ship with the Belgians. 7. You (sing.) fear without cause. 
 8. He leads his forces out-of Italy. 9. They are fighting 
 for their'' country. 
 
 56. Supplementary Exercises. 
 
 I. 1. Copias ex provincia educiint. 2. De pugna cognoscit. 
 3. Galliam ab injuria defendit. 4. Messalla lacrimas non tenet. 
 5. Amicitiam recusamus, non appetimus. 
 
 II. 1. Toulouse is at a great distance (is-distant far) from 
 Geneva. 2. They learn about the injuries. 3. Galba is trans- 
 porting his^ forces from (out-of) Gaul. 4. We do not keep-back 
 our^ tears. 5. You reject friendships, you do not seek after 
 [them].^ '-i^^ ,i»^ 
 
 1 This vocabulary and subsequent spe- ^ Use ex before words beginning with 
 
 cial vocabularies will contain the words a vowel ; use ex or e before words be- 
 
 of the " Exercises" only; the words of ginning with a consonant, 
 
 the " Supplementary Exercises" will be * Words connected by a hyphen are 
 
 found in the general vocabulary at the to be treated in translation as a eingle 
 
 end of the book. Words once given in a expression. 
 
 special vocabulary will not be repeated in 5 Orait the possessive here. See A. 
 
 subsequent special vocabularies. & G. 197, c; H. 447; Gr. 299. 
 
 - Use ab before words beginning with « Words in brackets are to be omitted 
 
 a vowel ; use S, before words beginning in translation. 
 
 with a consonant. For fuller informa- 
 tion, see general vocabulary. 
 
 »J<«c 
 
 .•■■;-M 
 
 LESSON vri. 
 
 Substantives: Second Declension. 
 
 57. Learn the declension, with gender and meanings, 
 of servus (or hortus), puer, ager, vir, bellum (or 
 templum) : A. & G. 38; H. 51 ; G. 29, 31. 
 
substantives: second declension. 
 
 IT 
 
 58. Give the 9tem of each of the substantives in the 
 foregoing paragraph, and explain the formation of the 
 nominative from the stem. For this purpose read: 
 A. & G., first paragraph of the note preceding 38, and 
 first sentence of the second paragraph ; H. 51, 1, 2, 1), 
 2), 4), 5); G. 29, 31,323. 
 
 59. Observe the gender of the substantives in the 
 vocabulary of this lesson ; then learn the Rule for Gen- 
 der : A. & G. 39 ; H. 51 ; G. 30. 
 
 60. Decline, giving stem, gender, and meanings, the 
 substantives in the following 
 
 VOCABUlJiRY.i 
 
 a^er, -gri, m,, land, Jield ; in pL, 
 also country districts. 
 
 CHJitra, -5ruin,- n., camp. 
 
 cuiiloquium, -li, n., conference. 
 
 fruinentu#i, -i, s., grain (usually 
 of harvested grain); in pi., grain 
 (especially of standing grain). 
 
 <;alli,' -orum, m., the Gauls. 
 
 gener, -eri, m., son-in-law. 
 
 Helvetli,^ -orum, m., the Hel- 
 vetians. 
 
 hiberna,^ -orum, n., vnnter-quar- 
 
 te.TS. 
 
 impedlmentum, -i, x., hindrance ; 
 in pi., baggage. 
 
 imperium, -ii, n,, command, con- 
 trol. 
 
 Labienus,^ -i, m., Labienus.* 
 
 legatus, -i, m., ambassador ; lieu- 
 tenant. 
 
 murus, -i, m., wall. 
 
 oppidum, -i, n., town (viewed as 
 stronghold). 
 
 popiilus, -i, M., people, race. 
 
 proeliuin, -ii, n., battle. 
 
 puer, -eri, m., child, bog. 
 
 studium, -II, N., zeal ; devotion ; 
 pursuit. 
 
 vicus, -f, M., tillage. 
 
 vir, virf, M., man. 
 
 « See foot-note 2, LcHnon IV. 
 
 * Omit the sini^ular in decliniD({. 
 
 * Bee foot-note 5, LeHHon TV. 
 
 * For fuller infurniatlon, hco Kent-ral 
 vocabulary. 
 
18 THE PREPOSITION IN. 
 
 LESSON VIII. 
 
 The Preposition in. — Genitives : Possessive, 
 Subjective, Objective. 
 
 61. EXAMPI.ES. 
 
 1. In Galliam contendit (i, 7, i), he hastens into Gaul. 
 
 2. In conloquium venire (l, 35, 2), to come to a conference. 
 
 3. Frumenta ex agris in oppida comportant (3, 9, 8), they collect 
 
 the grain from the country districts [and convey it] into the 
 towns. 
 
 4. In vico hiemare (3, i, 4), to j^ciss the winter in the village. 
 
 5. In miiro (2, 6, 3), on the wall. 
 
 6. In Gallia in hibernis (2, i, i), in winter-quarters in Gaul. 
 
 62. Observation and Inference : Note that in the first three 
 of the foregoing examples in means into or to, and therefore 
 answers the question ivhither?] note, on the other hand, that in the 
 last three examples in means in or on, and answers the question 
 where ?. Note, further, the case of the substantives construed with in 
 in the two sets of examples. With what cases, thenfmay in be 
 used, and with what difference of meaning? Frame a rule for the 
 Case of Substantives used with in. 
 
 63. References for Verification: A. & G. 152, c, last two 
 lines; H. 435, n.l; G. 419. 
 
 64. EXAMPI.ES. 
 
 1. In castris Helvetiorum (i, 29, i), in the camp of (i.e., belonging 
 
 to) the Helvetians. 
 
 2. Oppidum Remorum (2, 6, i), a town of (i.e., belonging to) the 
 
 Remi. 
 
 3. Divitiaci studium (i, 19, 2), the devotion of Divitiacus (Divitia- 
 
 cus manifests the devotion). 
 
 4. Fuga Gallorum (l, 40, 8), the fight of the Gauls (the Gauls flee). 
 
 5. Pro injuriis popull (l, 30, 2), in return for the injuries of (i.e., 
 
 done to) the people. 
 
 6. Britanniae imperium (2, 4, 7), authority over (i.e., exercised 
 
 towards) Britain. 
 
genitives: possessive, 19 
 
 65. Observation and Inferenck : Note (1) that the genitive 
 in each of the foregoing examples limits a substantive, (2) that the 
 genitive denotes a different person or thing from that denoted by 
 the limited substantive, and (3) that the relation of the genitive to 
 the limited substantive is (in most of the examples) expressed in 
 English by the preposition uf. Frame a rule for these and similar 
 Genitives. 
 
 66. References for Verification : A. & G. 213 ; H. 393, 395. 
 
 67. Observation and Inference: Note the oi-der of the 
 words in the examples just considered. What seems to be the 
 usual position of the genitive with reference to the substantive 
 which it limits? 
 
 68. Ih II i: INC Es for Verification: H. 565; G. 678. 
 
 69. Observation: Note further (1) that in Exs. 1 and 2 the 
 genitive expresses possession, and may therefore be called a Pos- 
 sessive Genitive; (2) that in Exs. 3 and I the genitive expresses the 
 subject of the feeling or action denoted by the limited substantive, 
 and may therefore be called a Subjective Genitive ; (3) that hi Exs. 
 5 and 6 the genitive expresses the object of the action denoted by 
 the limited substantive, and may therefore be called an Objective 
 Genitive. 
 
 70. Kkferences: A. & G. 214, 217; II. 396, I., II., III. ; (i. 
 300, 3<il, 1, 2. 
 
 71. VOCABULARY. 
 
 axl-iuinistro, -arc, exfcute. inemoria, -ae, f., remembruun: 
 
 Aedui,' -oruin, m., the Aedunns. mitto, -ere, send. 
 
 ap-peto, -ere, strive, to secure. nef^-Ie^o, -ere, disregard, neglect. 
 
 bellum, -i, n., war. ob-tineo, -ere, hold. 
 
 beneficium, -ii, n., benefit. oc-eido, -ere, kill, sUtij. 
 
 Britunnlii,'' -ao, i ., Britain. postulo, -are, demand. 
 
 con-Iooo, -are, jilncf. Roinani,^ -oruin, yi.,lhe Romans. 
 
 de-ponu, -ero, pnt asidi-. saxutn, -i, n., stone. 
 
 nivltlacus,' -I, M., Divitiacus.^ sooer, -ori, M.,/athtr-in-law. 
 
 In, prci>., w. HOC, i\/o (opp. ex); vastd^ -are, /ay ivaste. 
 w. abl., IN, (.s. 
 
 OF THH ^^ V 
 
 7BR 
 
20 SUBJECTIVE, OBJECTIVE. 
 
 72. EXERCISES. 
 
 I. 1. Labienus est in Gallia in hibernis. 2. In Galliam 
 legatum mittit. 3. Beneficiorum memoriam non deponimus. 
 4. Aecluorum agros vastant. 5. Gener socerum occidit. 
 G. Ab castris oppidum Aeduorura longe abest. 7. Divitia- 
 cus Britanniae imperiiim obtinet. 8. Saxa in muro conlo- 
 cant. 9. In castra cum impedimentis veniimt. 10. Sta- 
 dium Galbae non neglegit. 
 
 II. 1. They send ambassadors into the town. 2. We do 
 not demand control of the war. 3. He strives-to-secure the 
 friendship of the Romans. 4. The Romans are in winter- 
 quarters. 5. The fathers-in-law kill their sons-in-law. 
 
 6. They execute the orders (imperium) of the lieutenant. 
 
 7. We do not disregard the wrongs (injuria) of the Aedu- 
 ans. 8. The baggage is in the camp. 9. They come into 
 camp without their baggage. 
 
 73. Supplementary Exercises. 
 
 I. 1. Frumentum in provinciam portant. 2. Sunt frumenta 
 in agris Aeduorum. 3. Aeduorum injurias non neglegit. 4. Fuga 
 Gallorum Romanos commovet. 
 
 II. 1. He puts-aside the remembrance of his injuries. 2. The 
 fields of the Aedui are at a great distance (are-distant far) from 
 the camp. 3. They carry the baggage into the camp. 4. [There] 
 are stones on the wall. 
 
 1 Omit the singular in declining. '^ For fuller information, see general 
 
 2 See foot-note 5, Lesson IV. vocabulary. 
 
ADJECTIVES : 21 
 
 LESSON IX. 
 Adjectives: First and Second Declensions. 
 
 74. EXAMPLES. 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 M. Vir bonus (Cic. Q^. 3, 15, 61), a good man. 
 
 F. Villain bonam (Cic. Off. 3, 13, 55), a good country-house. 
 
 N. Solo bono (Cat. R. R. 1), hy good soil. 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 M. Viros bonos (Cic. Tusc. 5, lo, 28), good men. 
 
 F. Bonas horas (Mart, i, 113), good {i.e., valuable, precious) liours. 
 N. Verborum bonorum (Cic. Brut. 66, 233), o/good (i.e., well-chosen) 
 
 expressions. 
 
 75. Observatiox and Inference : Note (1) the number, gender, 
 and case of the substantives in each of the foregoing examples, 
 and (2) the form of the adjective associated with it. Does the 
 Latin adjective, like the English, remain unchanged in form, or is 
 it varied to suit the number, gender, and case of the substantive to 
 which it belongs? Are Latin adjectives, then, declined? 
 
 76. References for Verification : A. & G. 186 ; H. 438 ; 
 
 G. 285. 
 
 77. Learn the declension, with stems, of bonus : A. 
 .^ G. 81 ; H. 147, 148 ; G. 33. 
 
 7a Learn the declension, with stems, of miser (or 
 ITl>er) and niger (aeger or pigrer) : A. & G. 82 ; H. 
 149,150; G. 34. 
 
 79. Decline, giving stems, the adjectiven in tlie fol- 
 lowing 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 ad-scendo, -<»ro, ascend. asper, -era, -«tuiii, jkIJ., rowj/i, 
 
 aeger, -gra, -grum, adj., ill, sick. rnyyed. 
 
22 FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS. 
 
 divide, -ere, separate. periculum, -i, n., danger, peril. 
 
 im-ploro, -are, implore. prae-cedo, -ere, excel. 
 
 jugum,-i,N., YOKE, (mount. )nc?9'e. re-linquo, -ere, leave behind. 
 
 lacrima, -ae, r., tear. reliquus, -a, -um, adj., remaining. 
 
 liber, -era, -erum,/ree. Rhodanus, -i, .^r., the Rhone. 
 
 magnus, -a, -uni, adj., great. Roniauus, -a, -um, adj., Roman. 
 
 multus, -a, -um, a.(\]., much ; in Sequani, -orum, M,, ^Ae Se^wa/?/. 
 
 pL, many. servus, -i, m., slave. 
 
 noster, -tra, -trum, adj., our. supero, -are, conquer, defeat. 
 numerus, -i, m., number. 
 
 80. OBSERVATiOiSr AND Inferexce : Note the order of the 
 words in the examples of 74. What seems to be the usual position 
 of the adjective with respect to its substantive? 
 
 81. Keferences for Verification : A. & G. 343, c ; H. 565, 
 with 1 ; G. 678. 
 
 82. Decline together, with meanings: piier aeger, 
 a sich child ; jiig-iim asperum, a rugged ridge ; populus 
 Romanus (in sing.), the Roman people ; reliquae copiae 
 
 (in pi.), the remaining for ce%. 
 
 83. EXERCISES. 
 
 I. 1. Populi Romani amicitiara recusat. 2. Liberos Gal- 
 liae populos superat. 3. Miiltos pueros aegros relinquunt. 
 
 4. Multis de^ causis^ Helvetil reliquos Gallos praecedunt. 
 
 5. Magnum servorum numerum habet. 6. Rhodanus pro- 
 vinciam nostram ab Helvetiis dividit. ^^ 
 
 II. 1. The Rhone separates the Sequani frcBi our 
 province. 2. Our forces are ascending the rugged ridge. 
 3. The sick children are in^ great danger. 4. He implores 
 with^ man}^ tears. 5. He leads-out the remaining forces of 
 the Helvetians. 
 
 84. Supplementary Exercises. 
 
 I. 1. Auxilium a populo Romano implorant. 2. Divitiaci 
 magnum in^ populum Romanum studium cognoscit. 3. Multis 
 
PREDICATE ADJECTIVES. 23 
 
 11' caiLsls in jugo aspero legatiim relinquit. 4. Legatum magno 
 
 :im periculo in Galliani niitto. 
 II. 1. For* many reasons our forces excel the Helvetians. 
 2. The sick child implores aid with many tears. 3. The free 
 races of Gaul refuse the friendship of our lieutenant. 
 
 I A. & G. 345, a ; G. 6S0, 2. s Translate : to. 
 
 5 Translate : for many reasons. * See 83, 1., sent. 4. 
 
 oj*;< 
 
 LESSON X. 
 
 Adjectives : Attributive and Predicate. — 
 Dative with Adjectives. 
 
 85. EXAMPI.ES. 
 
 1 . Amicitia ntimqnam molesta est (Cic. Lael. 6, 22), friendfiliip is 
 never troublesome. 
 
 L'. Verae amicitiae sempiternae sunt (Cic. Lael. 9, 32), true friend- 
 ships are everlastinr/. 
 
 ■ '>. Fortuna caeca est (Cic, Lael. 15, 54), Fortune is blind. 
 
 1. Imbecilla est natura (Cic. Lael. ii, c<i), nature is ireak,^ 
 
 '>. Tanta est stultitiae inconstantia (Cic. Cat. yfaj.2,4), such is the 
 
 hi consistency ^ of Jolly. 
 . Sumus otidsl (Cic Lael. 5, 17), we are at'leisure,^ 
 
 7. At 2 sunt mdrSsI, et anxil, et Iracundi senSs"' (Cic. Cat. Mnj. 
 18, 65), but^ you will .say,- the old are full^of-whimSf uw 
 easy, and irritable.^ 
 
 86. Observation : Compare the foregoing examples with those 
 of 74. Xote that in the latter the adjectives simply qualify their 
 substantives without the intervention of a verb, whereas in the ex- 
 amples of 85 the adjectives are connected with their substantives 
 by some form of the verb sum. The adjectives of 74 merely desig- 
 nate an attribute or quality, and are called Attributive Adjectives; 
 the adjectives of 85 unite with the verb to form the predicate, and 
 are called Predicate Adjectives, Xote, further, that the predicate 
 
24 DATIVE WITH ADJECTIVES. 
 
 adjective, like the attributive, agrees* with its substantive in 
 gender, number, and case. 
 
 87. References: A. & G. 186, a, 5; II. 438, 2; G. 284, I., 285, 
 2022. 
 
 88. Observation and Inference : Xote the order of the 
 loords in the examples of 85. Does the predicate adjective appear 
 regularly to follow or to precede the verb (see Exs. 1-5)? What 
 appears to be the effect when this order is reversed (see Exs. 6, 7) ? 
 Why is the subject placed last in Ex. 5? Why does Imbecilla est 
 stand at the beginning of the sentence in Ex. 4 ? 
 
 89. References for Verification : A. & G. 343, with a, 
 344, a; II. 5G0, 501, I., II.; G. G7G, 1, 2, 3, G75, 1, 1. 
 
 90. EXAMPI.ES. 
 
 1. Mauro carus (Sail. Jug. 108, 1), dear to the Moor. 
 
 2. Populo Romano periculosum (l, 33, 3), dangerous to the 
 
 Roman people. 
 
 3. Castris idoneum (1,49, i), suitable for a camp. 
 
 4. Helvetiis amicus (l,9,Z),friendlg to the Helvetians. 
 
 5. Cupidis^ odiosum et molestum (Cic. Cat. Maj. 14, 47), vexatious 
 
 and annoying to [those who are] desirous. 
 
 6. Flnitimi Belgis (2, 2, 3), adjacent to the Belgians^ 
 
 7. Inimicumi Pompejo (Sail. Cat. 19, l), hostile to Pompeij. 
 
 91. Observation and Inference : Note (1) the meaning of 
 the adjectives in the foregoing examples, and (2) the case of the 
 substantives construed with them. Frame a rule for the Case of 
 Substantives construed with such Adjectives as the foregoing. 
 
 92. References for Verification : A. & G. 234, a ; H. 391, 
 I. ; G. 356. 
 
 93. Observation and Inference : Note Irhe order of the 
 words in the examples of 90. Does the dative appear regularly to 
 follow or to precede the adjective (see Exs. 1-5) ? 
 
VOCABULARY AND EXERCISES. 25 
 
 94. VOCABUI.ARY. 
 
 adversus, -a, -um, adj., unsuccess- Justus, -a, -um, ml]., Just, founded 
 
 fid, adverse. in right. 
 
 aedifieium, -li, n., building. magister, -tri, m., master; teacher. 
 
 amicus, -a, -um, adj., friendli/, fa- miser, -era, -erum, adj., tcretched. 
 
 vorahly-disposed. numqoam, adv., never. 
 
 bellicosus, -a, -um, adj., icarlike. periculosus, -a, -um, adj., danger- 
 
 carus, -a, -um, adj., dear. ous, perilous. 
 
 rreber, -bra, -brum, adj., /re- perniciosus, -a, -um, adj., c?es^/-?<c- 
 
 qnent, numerous. tive, ruinous. 
 
 discipulus, -i, M., ;)u/)27. pulcher, -chra, -chrum, adj., 
 
 equus, -i, m., horse. beautiful. 
 
 finitimus, -a, -um, adj., bordering socius, -ii, m., allg. 
 
 on, adjarrnt. supplleium, -ii, x., punishment. 
 
 Germaiii, -oriiin, m., the Germans, tenipluni, -i, x., temple. 
 
 gratus, -a, -um, adj., pleasant, victoria, -ae, f,, victory. 
 
 agreeable. 
 
 95. EXERCISES. 
 
 I. 1. Legatum magno cum perlculo mittit. 2. Victoria 
 Gcrmanorum populo Romano periculosa est. 3. Multl socil 
 aegri iu castrLs manent. 4. Germaul aspen et bellicosi sunt. 
 .'>. Supplicium soceri gencro non est gratum. 6. Helvetii 
 ount liljerl. 7. Magister discipulTs cams est, discipull*' ma- 
 gistro. 8. In Britannia sunt crebra aedificia. 
 
 II. 1. The Romans have beautiful temples. 2. Divitia- 
 cus is favorably-disposed to the Helvetians. 3. The horses 
 of our lieutenant are beautiful. 4. Tlie authority (imperium) 
 of the Roman people in Gaul is founded-in-right. 5. Aqui- 
 l:inia is adjacent to the Roman province. 6. The life of 
 slaves is wretched. 7. An unsuccessful battle is ruinous to 
 the Romans. 8. Free men are never wretched. 
 
 96. Supplementary Exercises. 
 
 I. 1. VictSriae copiaruin nostranun viri.s honi« ^fttae sunt. 
 2. Divitiacus multis cum lacrimls obsecrat. 3. Reliquos Belgas 
 
26 indicative: present, imperfect, future. 
 
 in officio continet. 4. Diligentia discipulorum niagistris grata est. 
 
 5. Divitiaci magnum in populum Romanum studium cognoscit. 
 
 6. Nostri equi n5n sunt nigri, sed rubri. 
 
 II. 1. The idleness of pupils is annoying to their teachers. 
 2. The Belgians are free. 3. Ariovistus is savage, passionate, 
 [and] headstrong. 4. He selects a place suitable for a camp. 
 5. He carries-on war for (de) many reasons. 6. The Helvetians 
 excel the rest-of-the (i.e., remaining) Gauls. 
 
 1 See foot-note 4, Lesson V. * otiosi in Ex. 6 agrees with nos, 
 
 2 At here introduces an objection we, the omitted subject of suiuus. 
 which the speaker sujjposes will suggest " A. & G. 188; H. 441, 1; G. 195, 1. 
 itself to the minds of his hearers. " sc. carl sunt. 
 
 ^ senes, the old, belongs to the third 
 declension, which will be treated later. 
 
 LESSON XL 
 
 Verbs : Present, Imperfect, and Future Indica- 
 tive OF Both Voices. 
 
 97. Learn the inflection and synopsis, with meanings,^ 
 of the Present, Imperfect, and Future Indicative of 
 sum: A. & G. p. 68; H. p. 84; G. p. 50. 
 
 98. Inflect (like sum) in the same tenses: absum; 
 also learn the synopsis. 
 
 99. Learn the inflection and synopsis, with meanings,^ 
 of the Present, Imperfect, and Future Indicative, Ac- 
 tive and Passive, of amo : A. & G. pp. 76, 78 ; H. pp. 
 86, 88 ; G. pp. 54, bQ. 
 
 100. Inflect (like amo) in the same tenses of both 
 voices : confirmo, laudo, probo ; also learn the synopsis 
 of these verbs. 
 
EXERCISES ON THE INDICATIVE: 27 
 
 101. Learn (as in 99) the inflection and synopsis of 
 moiieo (or deleo) : A. & G. p. 80 ; H. pp. 90, 92 ; G. 
 pp. 58, 60. 
 
 102. Inflect (like iiioneo or deleo) : habeo, teneo, 
 timed ; also learn the synopsis of these verbs. 
 
 103. Learn (as in 99) the inflection and synopsis of 
 tego (rego or emo) : A. & G. p. 82 ; H. pp. 94, 96 ; 
 G. pp. 64, 66. 
 
 104. Inflect (like tego, reg^o, or emo) : duco, mitto, 
 
 pono ; also learn the synopsis of these verbs. 
 
 105. Learn (as in 99) the inflection and synopsis of 
 audio: A. & G. p. 86 ; H. pp. 98, 100; G. pp. 68, 70. 
 
 106. Inflect (like audio) : impedio, puiiio, vestio ; 
 
 also learn the 83'^nopsis of these verbs. 
 
 1 The teacher will make such oral ex- purpoaes) adequate translation of the 
 
 planationH on the T^ttin use of the tcnaes paradiijmB. See A. & (1. 276, 277, 278; 
 
 here considered as maybe needed to lead H. 466, 467, I., II., 468, 469, I., II., 470; 
 
 the pupil to a correct and (for present G. 218, 222, 234. 
 
 5t<Kc 
 
 LESSON XIL 
 
 Exercises on the Present, Imperfect, and Future 
 Indicative of Both Vorcics. 
 
 107. EXERCISES. 
 
 I. 1. Abestis. 2. Laudamur. 3. Confirmabas. 4. Ila- 
 liGho. 5. Tenebuntur. 6. Ducetur. 7. Mittebantur. 
 8. Muuiebatis. 9. Vestiebaraur. 10. Aberat. 11. Recusas. 
 
28 PRESENT, IMPERFECT, FUTURE. 
 
 12. Probabis. 13. Haberis. 14. Ducemini. 15. Eri- 
 mus. 16. Non puniunt. 17. Ponitur. 18. Impediebaris. 
 19. Manet. 20. Non timebunt. 21. Eramus. 22. Ves- 
 tire. 23. Tenebatur. 24. Laudabor. 25. Non dici- 
 mus. 26. Quaerebara. 27. Puniebar. 28. Non venietis. 
 29. Aberis. 30. Transportantur. 
 
 II. 1. I do not obey. 2. I am led. 3. We shall be 
 commended. 4. They were saving. 5. You (pi.) were 
 not feared. 6. He will obey. 7. We were establishing. 
 8. They were sent. 9. We shall inquire. 10. I was com- 
 ing. 11. I shall be away. 12. We are feared. 13. The 
 camp will be fortified. 14. They do not refuse. 15. He 
 will be clothed. 16. You (sing.) were hindered. 17. We 
 were. 18. They will remain. 19. I am held. 20. You 
 will be sent. 21. He was led. 22. They were coming. 
 23. It is-in-process-of- fortification.^ 24. We do not approve. 
 25. He will have. 26. You (sing.) punished. 27. You 
 were not obeying. 28. We were hindered. 29. You (pi.) 
 will transport. 30. I shall be feared. 
 
 108. Supplementary Exercises. 
 
 I. 1. Non manebant. 2. Ducimini. 3. Vestiere. 4. Im- 
 pediebar. 5. Transportatur. 6. Non recusabis. 7. Teneba- 
 niini. 8. Mittemur. 9. Dicitis. 10. Eram. 11. Aberatis. 
 12. Ponuntur. 13. Probabmitur. 14. Confiriuabis. 15. Mu- 
 nient. 16. Puniemini. 17. Non timebantur. 18. Recusabas. 
 19. Manebant. 20. Mittitur. 
 
 II. 1. We shall obey. 2. We were not commended. 3. You 
 (pi.) were coming. 4. You (sing.) will be hindered. 5. We 
 were away. 6. We are led. 7. You do not have. 8. He will 
 be punished. 9. They were inquiring. 10. He will be. 11. He 
 will say. 12. It was-in-process-of-f ortification .2 13. You (sing.) 
 were praised. 14. I shall be away. 15. We shall be clothed. 
 16. You were held. 17. They do not approve. 18. You (sing.) 
 are not feared. 19. I am sent. 20. I shall be punished. 
 
 ' Present passive of muniS. * Imperfect passive of munio. 
 
ablatives: means and agent. 29 
 
 LESSON XIII. 
 
 Ablatives: Means or Instrument and Volun- 
 tary Agent. 
 
 109. exampi.es. 
 
 1. Frumento juvare (2, 3, 3), to aid [him] toith grain. 
 
 2. Ut fumo significabatur (2, 7, 4), as was made evident by the 
 
 smoke. 
 
 3. ArmTs contendere (2, 13, 2), to contend toith arms. 
 
 4. Copulis continebantur (3, 13, 8), theij luere held fast ly means of 
 
 grapnel-hooks. 
 .". Castra vSllo fossaque munire (2, 5, 6), to fortify the camp loith a 
 rampart and a ditch. • 
 
 110. Observation and Inference : Note, in the foregoing 
 examples, that the substantives which designate the means or instru- 
 ment by which the action expressed by the verb is performed, are 
 in the ablative. Frame a rule for the Case of Substantives denoting 
 Means or Instrument. 
 
 111. References for Verification: A. &G. 248; H. 420; 
 G. 40:31. 
 
 112. EXAMPLES. 
 
 1. Ab SuSbls premSbantur (4, 1, 2), they were harassed by the 
 
 Surhi. 
 
 2. SI postuiatur 5 populS (Cic. Off. 2, 17, 58), if the people demand it 
 
 (lit., if it is demanded by the people). 
 ;. Ab Arvernis SSquanl8qu9 . . . (i, 31, 4), [invited] by the Arvemi 
 
 and Seffuani. 
 I. Ab DivitiacS . . . (1,32, 1), [delivered] by Divitiacus. 
 ."). A LabiSno . . . (l, 22, l), pield] by Labienus. 
 
 113. Observation and Inference : Compare the ablatives in 
 the foregoing examples with those of 109. Xote that the ablatives 
 
30 MEANS AND AGENT. 
 
 in 109 designate things used as inslruments, and that they are not 
 accompanied by a preposition ; but that the ablatives in 112 desig- 
 nate persons acting as voluntary agents, and that they are accom- 
 panied by the preposition a or ab. How, then, is the Agent, as 
 distinguished from the Instrument, to be expressed in Latin? 
 
 114. Keferences for Verification : A. & G. 246 ; H. 415, I. ; 
 G. 4032. 
 
 115. VOCABULARY. 
 
 ac-cuso, -are, call to account. fossa, -ae, r., ditch, moat. 
 
 aqua, -ae, f., water. fuga, -ae, i\, flight. 
 
 Ariovistus, -i, m., Ariovistus.^ fumus, -i, m., smoke. 
 
 com-nioveo, -ere, disturb, disquiet, pateo, -ere, lie open, extend. 
 
 com-pleo, -ere, fill. praemium, -ii, n., reward. 
 
 concilium, -ii, s., council. -que,^ conj., a^id. 
 
 con-voco, -are, call together, con- sarmenta, -orum, n. (usu. pi.), 
 
 iroke. ' light branches. 
 
 dico, -ere, sag, express. significo, -are, show, make evident. 
 
 et,2 conj., and. tribunus, -i, m., tribune.^ 
 
 ex-cito, -are, stimidate, excite. vallum, -i, n., wall, rampart. 
 ex-pello, -ere, drive out, expel. 
 
 116. EXERCISES. 
 
 I. 1. Fossam aqua complent. 2. Ab AeduTs accusatur. 
 3. Castra vallo fossaque muiiiebant. 4. Concilium a Bel- 
 gis convocabitur. 5. SarmentTs fossas Romanorum com- 
 plebimus. 6. Sententiae a tribuuTs dicebantur. 7. Ro- 
 man! adverso proelio et fuga Gallorum commoventur. 
 8. Superabuntur Belgae, expellentur German!. 
 
 II. 1. The Germans will be defeated by the Gauls. 
 2. I shall fortify the camp with a rampart. 3. The forces 
 of the Gauls are defeated by Ariovistus. 4. The Helvetians 
 were adjacent to the Roman province. 5. He will stimulate 
 the tribunes by great rewards. 6. The camp, as (ut) was 
 made evident by the smoke, extended over-a- wide-space 
 (late, adv."). 7. The baggage was held by our-men.'* 
 8. The ditches will be filled with water. 
 
THIRD DECLENSIOX. 31 
 
 117. Supplementary Exercises. 
 
 I. 1. Oppidum natura loci muniebatur. 2. Concilium ab 
 legato convocatiir. 3. Frumenta in agris matura non erant. 
 
 . Castris idoneum locum deliges. 5. Increpitantur atque incu- 
 .>autur reliqui Belgae a Xerviis. 6. Undique loci natura Ilelvetil 
 continentur. 
 
 II. 1. The camp will be defended by our-men.* 2. A place 
 suitable for a camp is selected. 3. The towns were fortified, and 
 the grain was conveyed from the country districts into the towns. 
 
 4. The lieutenant will be harassed with difficulties by the Yeneti. 
 
 5. You (pi.) will recompense the lieutenant with a great reward. 
 
 1 See the general vocibulary. the second member : A. & G. 156, a; 11. 
 
 * et, and, simply connects; -que, 554, 1., 2; G. 477, 478, 479. 
 (ind, implies close connection and is en- 3 Place the adverb before the verb : 
 
 clitic (appended to the second member) ; A. & G. 343; H. 567; G. 676 with Rem. 
 atque (Ic), a»id also, gives emphaeis to * See foot-note 5, Lesson X. 
 
 ^i^c 
 
 LESSON XIV. 
 
 SUBSTANTIYES OB^ THE ThIRD DECLENSION: MUTE 
 
 Stems. 
 
 118. Learn the paradigms of declension given in tlie 
 following sections of the grammar : A. & G. 46 ; H. 57, 
 58,59; G. 54. 
 
 119. Decline : ^ princeps, -ipis, M., chief; rex, -gris, 
 M., king ; dux, -cis, C.,^ leader; miles, -itis, M., soldier ; 
 <jipiit, -iti.s, N., head; judex, -icis, c,^^ judge ; radix, 
 -Icis, F., root ; lapis, -idis, M., %tone ; custo.s, -odis, c.,^ 
 
 nard. 
 
 120. Note that the atems of the foregoing nouns are : 
 princip-, rej?-, due-, milit-, capit-, judic-, radie-, 
 lapid-, cu.stod-. 
 
32 MUTE STEMS. 
 
 121. Explain the formation, from the stem, of the 
 nominatives in 119 : A. & G. 44, 45, a (first sentence), 
 h (first two sentences), c (entire) ; H. 57, 2, 58, 1, 2), 3), 
 5), 59, 1,3); G. 51 (entire). 
 
 122. Decline together, with meanings : ^ dux Roma- 
 nus, a Roman leader ; lex dura, a harsh law; eques 
 noster, our horseman; caput iiiag"nuin, a large head ; 
 vox libera, free speech; judex Justus, a just judge. 
 
 123. TOCABUI.ART.3 
 
 cado, -ere, fall, Procillus, -i, m., Procillus.^ 
 
 in-fluo, -ere, flow isto^flow. Rhenus, -i, m., the Rhine. 
 
 Juba, -ae, m., Juba.* tra-duco, -ere, lead across. 
 
 Oceanus, -i, m., ocean. traho, -ere, draw, drag. 
 pauci, -ae, -a, adj. (sing, rare), few. vitium, -ii, if.,faidt. 
 
 pedes, -itis, jr., FOOT-soldier. vox, vocis, f., yoice ; speech ; utter- 
 
 per-tarbo, -are, disturb. ance, outcry. 
 
 124. EXERCISES. 
 
 I. 1. Leges reddit. 2. Eex Germanorum est in Gallia. 
 
 3. Equites ex oppido peditesqne mittuntur a rege Juba. 
 
 4. Duces copias traducebant. 5. Duels vitium militibus 
 perniciosum est. 6. Peditum vocibus equites perturbabau- 
 tur. 7. Pauci de nostrls equitibus cadunt. 8. Milites 
 lapidibus pugnant. 9. Procillus a custodibus m fuga tra- 
 hebatur. 10. Rhenus multis capitibus^ ia Oceauum influit. 
 
 II. 1. The laws will be restored. 2. The Rhine has 
 many sources (heads). 3. King Juba sends many horse- 
 men from the town. 4. The guards were dragging Pro- 
 cillus in their flight. 5. The forces of the leaders will be 
 led across. 6. The outcries of the soldiers disturbed the 
 leader. 7. The flight of the horsemen was fraught-with- 
 danger (periculosus, adj.) to the foot-soldiers. 
 
PERFECT, PLUPERFECT, AND FUTURE PERFECT. 33 
 
 125. Supplementary Exercises. 
 
 I. 1. Coiitroversiae regum componentur. 2. In pugna militis 
 officia praestabat. 3. SequanI caput domittunt. 4. Milites ab 
 slgnis discedent. 5. Dux in vallo custodes disponit. 6. Etiam 
 militum vocibus carpebatur. 
 
 II. 1. The judges will settle the disputes. 2. The foot- 
 soldiers were forsaking (withdrawing from) their standards. 3. I 
 shall perforin the duties of a leader in the fight. 4. Guards were 
 placed at intervals on the wall by the leader. 5. Even the com- 
 mon-soldiers (miles) were reviling the leader with outcries. 
 
 1 Sec foot-note 2, Lesson IV. 3 See also, for vocab., 119 and 122. 
 
 * Common gender, i.e., masculine or * Sec general vocabulary. 
 
 feminine. ^ Translate : mouths. 
 
 LESSON XV. 
 
 Verbs: Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Per- 
 fect OF Both Voices. — Principal Parts. 
 
 126. Learn the inflection and synopsis, with meanings,^ 
 of the Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect Indicative 
 of sum: A. & G. pp. 68, 69; H. p. 84; G. pp. 50, 51. 
 
 127. ]^carn, as in 126, the inflection and synopsis of 
 absuni.^ 
 
 128. Learn the inflection and synopsis, with meanings,^ 
 of the Perfect, Phiperfect, and Future Perfect Indica- 
 tive, Active and Passive, of amo : A v^ (I. pp. 70, 78; 
 H. pp. 86, 88 ; G. pp. 55, 57. 
 
 129. Inflect (like aino) in the foregoing tenses of 
 both voices: conftrnio, rstablish ; laudo, commend; 
 also learn the synopsis (f ilnse verbs. 
 
34 PERFECT, PLUPEEFECT, AND FUTURE PERFECT. 
 
 130. Learn, as in 128, the inflection and synopsis <y£ 
 moneo (or deleo) : A. & G. p. 80 ; H. pp. 90, 92 ; G. 
 
 pp. 59, 61. 
 
 131. Inflect (like moneo or deleo) in the foregoing 
 tenses of both voices : liabeo,^ have, hold ; compleo,* 
 fill ; also learn the synopsis of these verbs. 
 
 132. Learn, as in 128, the inflection and synopsis of 
 tego (reg-o or emo) : A. & G. p. 82 ; H. pp. 94, 96 ; 
 
 G. pp. 65, 67. 
 
 133. Inflect (like teg'o, reg-o, or emo) in the foregoing 
 tenses of both voices : diieo,^ lead ; mitto,^ send ; also 
 learn the synopsis of these verbs. 
 
 134. Learn, as in 128, the inflection and synopsis of 
 audio: A. & G. p. 86 ; H. pp. 98, 100 ; G. pp. 69, 71. 
 
 135. Inflect (like audio) in the foregoing tenses of 
 both voices : punio, punish ; vestio, clothe. 
 
 136. Obsekvation : In committing to memory the forms of 
 the verbs thus far introduced, the learner may have observed the 
 following facts : — 
 
 1. The Present, Imperfect, and Future tenses, Active and Pas- 
 sive, in the several conjugations, have a common stem. This stem 
 may be obtained by cutting off the syllable -re from the Present 
 Infinitive Active, and is called the Present Stem. Thus the present 
 stem of ain5 is ama- ; the present stem of moneo (deleo) is 
 mone- (dele-) ; of tego (rego, emo) is tege- (rege-, erne-) ; of 
 audio is audi-. Again, the Present Infinitive Active shows to which 
 conjugation the verb belongs. 
 
 2. The Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect tenses of the 
 Active Voice, in the several conjugations, have a common stem. 
 This stem may be obtained by cutting off the person-ending -t 
 
PRINCIPAL PARTS. 
 
 35 
 
 from, the third j)erson smgular of the Perfect Indicative Active^ and 
 is called the Perfect Stem. Thus the perfect stem of amo is 
 amavi-; tlie perfect stem of moneo (deleo) is monui- (delevi-) ; 
 of tego (rego, emo) is texi- (rexi-, em!-) ; of audio is audivl-. 
 
 3. The Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect tenses of the 
 Passive Voice, in the several conjugations, are made up of the forms 
 of sum in combination with the Perfect Participle. 
 
 137. Inference : In view of the foregoing observed facts, 
 what parts of the verb, besides the Present Indicative Active^ are, 
 from their importance, entitled to be called the Principal PaiiS ? 
 
 138. Verification : The principal parts of amo, love, moneo, 
 warn, dgled, destroy, tego, cover, rego, rule, emo, buy, audio, hear. 
 
 Pbes. Ind. 
 
 Pres. Inf. 
 
 Pebf. Tndic. 
 
 Perf. Part. 
 
 Act. 
 
 Act. 
 
 Act. 
 
 Pass. 
 
 amo 
 
 am3.re 
 
 am^vi 
 
 amatus 
 
 moneo 
 
 monSre 
 
 monui 
 
 monitus 
 
 deleo 
 
 delere 
 
 delevi 
 
 deletus 
 
 tego 
 
 tegere 
 
 texi 
 
 tectua 
 
 reg6 
 
 regere 
 
 rgai 
 
 rectus 
 
 emo 
 
 emere 
 
 emi 
 
 6mptU3 
 
 audio 
 
 audire 
 
 audivi 
 
 auditus 
 
 * The teacher will make such oral ex- 
 planations on the Latin u»c of the tenses 
 Jicre considered as may be needed to lead 
 he pupil to a correct and (for present 
 iirposcs) adequate translation of the 
 paradigms. The two meanings of the 
 r^tin perfect, and the distinction between 
 the imperfect and the historical perfect, 
 should receive special notice. See A. & 
 G. 277, 279, 280, 281, also 115, h, c \ H. 
 468, 465*, I., II., 471, I., II., 6, 472, 473 ; O. 
 222, 223, 226, 227, 231. 232, 233, 236. 
 
 * Tlie perf. indie, of absum is ftfuT. 
 3 The perf. indie, act. of 1iabe5 is 
 
 habul; the perf. participle is habi- 
 tus. 
 
 * The perf. indie, act. of compleS is 
 cotnplevT ; the perf. participle is coin- 
 plStus. 
 
 *■' The perf. indlc. act. of ditco U 
 dQxT; the perf. participle is ductus. 
 
 <» The perf. indie, act. of initto is 
 mlsl ; the perf. participle is iuImus. 
 
36 VOCABULAKY AND EXEECISES. 
 
 LESSON XVI. 
 Vocabulary and Exercises. 
 
 139, Learn from the general vocabulary (at the end 
 of the book) the Principal Parts of the verbs in the 
 following 
 
 VOCABUI.AKY. 
 
 ab-duco, lead away. pono, place. 
 
 con-venio, come together. postulo, demand. 
 
 con-voco, call together. mvinio, fortify . 
 
 e-nuntio, divulge. teneo, hold. 
 
 frango, break, crush. tra-do, surrender. 
 per-moveo, move deeply. 
 
 140. EXERCISES. 
 
 I. 1. Confirmavi. 2. Confirmabam. 3. Auditus eras. 
 4. Enuntiavero. 5. Vestitus eris. 6. Couvocati estis. 
 7. Convocabamini. 8. Postulaverat. 9. Muniti erant. 
 10. Habitus es. 11. Fregeritis. 12. Yestiti erunt. 
 13. Convenimus. 14. Conveniebamus. 15. Posiieram. 
 16. Missisunt. 17. Mittebantur. 18. Afuerant. 19. Non 
 habuerimus. 20. ComplevTsti. 21. Complebas. 22. Per- 
 motus est. 23. Fueramiis. 24. Traditus eram. 25. Per- 
 motus erit. 26. Non punivit. 27. Non puniebat. 28. Con- 
 vocati eratis. 29. Afuerit. 30. Duct! eritis. 31. Posue- 
 runt. 32. Ponebant. 33. Laudati sumus. 34. Laudabamur. 
 35. Compleveras. 36. Non convenerint. 37. Auditi 
 eramus. 38. FregistT. 39. Frangebas. 40. Fuisti. 
 41. Eratis. 42. Fuerunt. 
 
 II. 1. I was clothed. 2. I was (habitually) clothed. 
 3. You (sing.) had been surrendered. 4. We shall have 
 been called together. 5. You (pL) will have come together. 
 6. He had heard. 7. He has filled. 8. They will have 
 
EXERCISES. 37 
 
 been led away. 9. You (pi.) had been deeply moved. 
 10. You (sing.) were sent. 11. You (sing.) were (habitu- 
 ally) sent. 12. I shall have held. 13. I had fortified. 
 
 14. You (pi.) clothed. 15. You (pi.) used to clothe. 
 IC. You (pi.) were clothing. 17. You (sing.) have divulged. 
 
 18. You (pi.) had been. 19. He had been led. 20. You 
 (sing.) will have been commended. 21. They demanded. 
 22. They were demanding. 23. Thej' were wont to com- 
 mend. 24. You (pi.) were away. 25. He was wont to be 
 deeply moved. 26. You (pi.) had held. 27. We shall 
 not have been led. 28. We shall have broken. 29. He 
 -will have been. 30. I was in the habit of punishing. 
 31. You (sing.) have not been away. 32. We were not 
 heard. 33. You (pi.) used to hear. 34. They fortified 
 the camp. 35. They were fortifying the camp. 36. The 
 camp was in process of fortification. 37. You (sing.) will 
 have divulged. 38. Thej* have not been. 39. You (sing.) 
 have not punished. 40. They had led away. 41. We had 
 commended. 42. He will have held. 
 
 141. Supplementary Exercises. 
 
 I. 1. Permoti eramus. 2. Abductus est. 3. Compleverit. 
 
 4. Trsidideratis. 5. Tenuerunt. 6. Missi erimus. 7. Non 
 habueras. 8. Afuistis. 9.. Fuit. 10. Erat. 11. Confirmavermt. 
 12. Positi eraut. 13. Missus sum. 14. Mittebar. 15. Piinitus 
 eram. 16. Puniebantur. 17. Fregerant. 18. Abductus erat. 
 
 19. Posuimus. 20. Ponebamus. 
 
 II. 1. We divulged. 2. They had been placed. 3. They 
 have been crushed. 4. You (sing.) will have l>een led away. 
 
 5. We had demanded. 6. He will have had. 7. You (sing.) will 
 have l>een. 8. I shall have fortified. 9. I shall have l)een clothiMl. 
 10. I led. 11. We did not lead. 12. You (pi.) were not head- 
 ing. 13. You were wont to be led. 14. They had come together. 
 
 15. He had been away. 16. You (pi.) had been called together. 
 17. They will have been filled. 18. I shall have established. 
 1!>. You (sing.) had been. 30. They were away. 
 
38 AGREEMENT OF PARTICIPLE. 
 
 LESSON XVII. 
 
 Agreement of the Participle in Compound 
 Tenses. — Dative of Indirect Object. 
 
 142. EXAMPLES. 
 
 1. Murus nudatus est (2, 6, 2), the wall was stripped. 
 
 2. Gallia posita est (i, 16, 2), Gaul is situated. 
 
 3. Proelium restitutum est (i, 53, i), the battle was renewed. 
 
 4. Reperti sunt equites Romani (Cic Cat. i, 4, 9), Roman knights 
 
 were found. 
 
 5. Tabulae repertae sunt (i, 29, i), lists were found. 
 
 6. Castra posita erant (2,8,3), the camp had been pitched. 
 
 143. Observation and Inference : Note the gender, num- 
 ber, and case of the participle and of the substantive m each of 
 the foregoing examples. Does the participle, like the adjective, 
 agree with its substantive ? Frame a rule for the Gender, Number, 
 and Case of the Participle^ in the tenses for completed action. 
 
 144. References for Verification : A. & G. 186 ; H. 438, 1. 
 
 145. EXAMPLES. 
 
 1. Umbreno negotium dat (Sail. Cat. 40, l) , he assigns the work to 
 
 Umbrenus. 
 
 2. Dumnorigi custodes ponit (i, 20, 6), he puts guards over Dum- 
 
 norix. 
 
 3. Neque nostris cedebant (Caes. B. C. i, 57, 3), nor did they yield 
 
 to our men. 
 
 4. Labieno timebat (7, 56, 2), he feared for [the safety of] Labienus. 
 
 5. Patriae consulere (Nep. Epam. lo, i), to take thought for [the 
 
 welfare of] one's country. 
 
 6. Praeterita Divitiaco condonare (i, 20, 6) to overlook the l^ast 
 
 [out of regard] for Divitiacus. 
 
DATIVE OF INDIEECT OBJECT. 39 
 
 7. Favere Helvetiis (1,18,8), to favor the Helvetians. 
 
 8. Legatis imperat (5, l, l), he (jives orders to the lieutenants, 
 
 9. Verciiigetorigi parent.(7, 63, 9), they obey {i.e., yield obedience 
 
 to) Vcrciiiyetorix. 
 
 10. Lacedaemouiis servire (Xep.^iZc. 9,4), to be em-slaved to the Lace- 
 
 daemonians. 
 
 11. Semper civitati indulserat (7,40,i), he had always been partial 
 
 to the comrnunity. 
 
 12. PersuSdent Rauricis (i, 5, 4), they prevail upon the Raurici. 
 \',i. Famae suae pepercit (Sail. Cat. 52, 32), he has spared his own 
 
 reputation. 
 
 14. Miseris succurrere (Verg. Aen. i, 630), to succor (lit., run under) 
 
 the ivrctched. 
 
 15. Invidere bonis (Sail. Cat. 51, 38), #o envy (lit., look askance at) 
 
 the good. 
 10. Dux suls aderat (7, 62, 5), the leader.stood hy (i.e., supported) his 
 men. 
 
 17. Negotio praefuerant (5,2,3), they had been in charge o/ (lit, 
 
 had been before) the work. 
 
 18. CSnsiliis obstitit (Nep. Con. 2, 3), he opposed (lit., stood against) 
 
 the plans. 
 
 146. Observation and Inference : Note that the datives in 
 tlie foregoing examples express the person to or for whom, or the 
 thing to or for which, something is done; in other words, these 
 datives denote the object indirectly affected by the action expressed 
 by the verb. Frame a rule for the Case of the Indirect Object. 
 
 Note, further, the order of the trords in the foregoing examples. 
 Does the indirect object usually follow or precede the verb? AVHiat 
 appears to be the effect when this order Is reversed (see Exs. 7, 
 12, and 15)? 
 
 147. Uefekences for Vp:kifk'ation: A. & G. 224, 554^^, '344; 
 JI. 382, 567, 1 ; G. M'i, 070, 2, 'i, 075, 1, 1. 
 
 14a OiJSEKVATioN : Note that the verbs in Exs. 1, 2, and 6, 
 
 are transitive; and that they take, be8id<> iIm 1 iti\> .f iln indirect 
 
 'O*^ OF THB V^ 
 
40 DATIVE OF INDIRECT OBJECT. 
 
 object, an accusative of the direct object. Note also the order of the 
 words in these examples. Does the indirect object usually follow 
 or precede the direct (see Exs. 1 and 2) ? What appears to be the 
 effect when this order is reversed (see 'Ex. 6) ? 
 
 149. References : A. & G. 225 ; H. 384, II., 567, 3 ; G. 344, 
 676, Rem., 2, 3. 
 
 150. Observation : Note that the verbs in the remaining ex- 
 amples are intransitive, and that they take the dative of indirect 
 object only. 
 
 151. References : A. & G. 226 ; H. 384, 1. 
 
 152. Observation and Inference : Note that in Exs. 7-13, 
 the dative is used with verbs of favoring (favere, 7), commanding 
 (imperat, 8), obeying (parent, 9), serving (servire, 10), indulging 
 (indulserat, 11), persuading (persuadent, 12), sparing (pepercit, 
 13). Frame a rule for the Case of the Substantive construed with 
 these and similar verbs. 
 
 153. References for Verification : A. & G. 227 ; H. 385, 
 I., II. ; G. 345. 
 
 154. Observation and Inference : Note that the verbs in 
 Exs. 14—18 are compounded with the prepositions sub (suc-cur- 
 rere, 14), in (in-videre, 15), ad (ad-erat, 16), prae (prae-fuerant, 
 17), and ob (ob-stitit, 18) respectively. Note further that, in the 
 compounds given above, the force of the preposition is felt inde- 
 pendentlg of the verb."^ Frame a rule for the Case of the Substan- 
 tive construed with such Compounds. 
 
 155. References for Verification : A. & G. 228 ; H. 386 ; 
 G. 346. 
 
 1 Participles in -iis, -a, -iiin, are 2 The learner must not infer that all 
 
 declined like adjectives in -us, -a, verbs compounded with these preposi- 
 -UIKU tions take the dative. 
 
VOCABULARY AND EXERCISES. 41 
 
 LESSON XVIII. 
 Vocabulary and Exercises. 
 
 156. VOCABULARY. 
 
 coinmodum, -i, x., advantage. obses, -idis, c, hostage. 
 
 eon-(lono, -are, -avi, -atus, over- ob-sto, -are, -stiti, STAnrf agamsf, 
 
 look. oppose. 
 
 consilium, -ii, x., plan. Orgetorix, -igis, m., Orgetorix. 
 
 consul©, -ere, -lui, -Itus, take pareo, -ere, -ui, oheij. 
 
 thought, have regard, consult. pax, pacis, f., peace. 
 
 Dumnorix, -igis, 3i., Dumnorix. per-suadeo, -ere, -suasi, -sua- 
 
 f ania, -ae, f,, reputation. sus, persuade. 
 
 faveo, -ere, favi, fautuni,^ fa/or. preces,^^ -uin, f., entreaties. 
 
 fortOna, -ae, f., fortune. pro-video, -ere, -vidi, -visas, 
 
 ini-pello, -ere, -puli, -pulsus, provide. 
 
 urge on, impel. scrxituSt-utiSf F., slaver >/, servitude. 
 
 im-pero, -are, -avi, -atus, com- sub-venio, -ire, -veni, -ventuin,^ 
 
 viand; demand. coyiF. to the support of. 
 
 indulged, -ere, -sf, -tus, indulge, sumo, -ere, sumpsi, sumptus, 
 
 intcr-sum, -esse,-fui, /a/ie;>or< IN. take, (of punislimont) inflict. 
 
 In-vldco, -ere, -vidi, -visas, envy, vester, -tra, -trum, poss. pron., 
 
 ira, -ae, f., anger, passion. your (pi.). 
 
 liberi,^ -orum, m., children. virtus, -utis, f., manliness, valor, 
 
 meuH, -a, -um, poss. i)ron., my. virtue. 
 
 157. EXERCISES. 
 
 I. 1. Virtu tl nostrae fortfma iiividet. 2. Magis (ra^A^r) 
 fTimae vestrae qiiani (tlutn) Irae coiisulitis. 3. Provinciae 
 iiifignuin milituin nuincruin imperat. 4. Cur (why?) mels 
 ommodls ob.stas? .'). Celeriter (quickly) socils subvene- 
 nint. C. Pax coiilirrnata est. 7. Oppidum munltum erat. 
 ■s. LTberi Aeduorum in sorvitutem abduct! erant. 0. Acduis 
 obsidCvs reddit. 10. Haec (noni. pi. ncut., these thinrfft) 
 sT (if) eiifintiata ernnt, de obsidibus supplicium suiru't. 
 1 1 . Ariovistus mllites In bcrvitutem Itoniania nOu tradiderat. 
 
42 EXERCISES. 
 
 12. Dumnorix favebat Helvetiis. 13. Cousiilerans miseris. 
 14. A reliqiiis obsides traditi sunt. 
 
 II. 1. Orgctorix persuaded the Helvetians. 2. The Gauls 
 have been defeated by the Romans. 3. lie overlooked the 
 injury [out of regard] for the entreaties of Divitiacus. 
 4. He has placed guards over'' Orgetorix. 5. The plan 
 was approved by the leaders. G. Expressions^ were heard. 
 7. The leader had demanded of the Gauls^ a great number 
 of hostages. 8. Labienus had provided grain for the sol- 
 diers. 9. The leader indulges the soldiers, but (sed) the 
 soldiers do not obey the leader. 10. The horsemen had not 
 taken part in the battle. 11. The leader will quickly 
 
 (celeriter) come to the support of the soldiers. 12. The 
 Gauls have been urged on by their chiefs. 
 
 158. Supplementary Exercises. 
 
 I. 1. Juventus Catilinae inceptis favebat. 2. Divitiacus con- 
 silils Dumnorigis obstabat. 3. Ariovistus Ilomaiiis salutem non 
 committit. 4. Ab Arvernis Sequanlsqiie German! mercede arces- 
 siti erant. 5. Arma Gallormii ex oppido tradita erant. 6. In 
 castris Helvetiorum tabulae repertae erunt. 7. Dux Gallorum 
 suis aderat. 8. Equitibus celeriter subveniunt pedites. 
 
 II. 1. I shall not restore the hostages to the Aeduans. 2. He 
 had given the boy a beautiful book. 3. Many hostages had been 
 given by the rest. 4. They will prefer friendship to many advan- 
 tages. 5. We shall take thought for the safety of the unfortu- 
 nate soldiers. 6. Dumnorix envied Divitiacus and did not"^ 
 yield obedience to the Roman people. 7. The ditches have been 
 filled with light branches. 8. The beautiful temples had been 
 destroyed by the Roman soldiers. 
 
 1 Verbs that are invariahly intransi- their parents; pueri,c^iZc?re7i,a8acIass. 
 tive have the perfect participle in the 3 fTsnally phiral. 
 
 neuter gender only; accordingly, in the * Sign of dative, 
 
 principal parts of such verbs, the neuter c vox, v5cis ; see 123. 
 
 form of the participle will be given. 6 Use the dative. 
 
 2 llberT, children, with reference to ^ ^nd not, neque. 
 
THIRD DECLENSION. 43 
 
 LESSON XIX. 
 
 SUBSTANTIVES OF THE ThIRD DpXLENSION : LiQUID 
 AND -aS'-StEMS. 
 
 159. Learn the paradigms of declension given in the 
 following sections of the grammar : A. & G. 49 ; H. 60, 
 t;i; G. 40, 43, 46, 49. 
 
 160. Decline: consul, -is, :m., consul; contentio, 
 -onis, F., contention; homo, -iiiis, C.^man; flunieii, 
 -iiiis, N., river ; latus, -eris, N., side ; pater, -tris, M., 
 father; tempus, -oris, N., tme ; timor, -oris, M., /ear. 
 
 161. Note that the stents of the foregoing nouns are : 
 consul-, contention-, lioniin-, flumin-, lates-,^ patr-, 
 tempos-,^ timor-. 
 
 162. Explain the formation, from the stem, of the 
 nominatives in 160: A. & G. 48, a, ^, c^d\ H. 60, 1, 1), 
 2), 3), 61, 1, 1), 2), 3), 4) ; G. 42, 48. 
 
 163. Decline together, with meanings : consul desig- 
 niitus, consul elect; contentio nostra, our contention ; 
 homo misev, tvretched man ; flfimen latum, iroac? river; 
 latus sinistrum, left side ; pater vester, your father ; 
 tempus alicnum, an unfavorable time ; timor magrnus, 
 (jreatfear. 
 
 164. VOCABinLABT.' 
 
 altus, -a, -uin, adj., high, tall. com-p5no, -ere, -posul, -posltus, 
 
 arbor, -oris, f., tree. set at rest, settle. 
 
 Caesar, -aris, m., Caesar. con-tine5, -gre, -timily -tentus, 
 
 com-mitto, -ere, -niisi, -missus, ' hem iu. 
 
 engage in, corpus, -oris, v., body. 
 
44 LIQUID AND ->S'-STEMS. 
 
 ex-erceo, -ere, -cui, -citus, exer- opus, -eris, n., work. 
 
 cise, train. parco, -ere, peperci (parsi), 
 
 honos or honor, -oris, m., honor. spare. 
 
 legio, -onis, f., legion.^ per-venio, -ire, -veni, -ventum, 
 
 nomen, -inis, n., name. arrive, come. 
 
 occupo, -are, -avi, -atus, seize; tribuo, -ere, -ui, -utus, award. 
 
 employ. 
 
 165. EXERCISES. 
 
 I. 1. Consulem designatura accusant. 2. Contentiones 
 nostrae compositae sunt. 3. Homini misero parces. 4. Flu- 
 mine lato continentur. 5. Tempore^ alieno proelium com- 
 misit. 6. Magnum in timorem homines pervenerant. 
 7. Arbores sunt altae. 8. Caesari honorem tribuit. 9. Mi- 
 lites in opere occupati erant. 10. Nomen Caesaris legioni- 
 bus est carum. 
 
 II. 1. The consuls elect have been called to account. 
 2. Honors will be awarded to Caesar. 3. Caesar's honors 
 are acceptable^ to the legions. 4. The wretched men obeyed 
 the consuls. 5. The legions engage in battle at an unfa- 
 vorable time.*^ 6. A broad river hems in the Helvetians. 
 
 7. The contentions of the wretched men will be set at rest. 
 
 8. The horsemen trained their bodies. 
 
 166. Supplementary Exercises. 
 
 I. 1. Latus sinistrum. castrorum fluinine muniebatur. 2. Vir- 
 guiT pulchrae parcemus. 3. Legiones ab opere deductae erant. 
 4. Galll nomen Caesaris timebant. Patres vestri magis (rather) 
 virttite quam (than) dolo contendebant. 
 
 II. 1. Rivers protected the sides of the camp. 2. The fear of 
 the legions is disquieting to Caesar. 3. The commander will 
 recall his men from the work. 4. The beautiful maidens will 
 obey their fathers. 
 
 1 s in the oblique cases between two * Ablative of time when ; use j^repo- 
 vowels becomes r : A. &G. 11, a; H. 31, sition at in translating: A. & G. 256; 
 1; G. 482. H. 429; G. 392. 
 
 2 See also, for vocab., 160 and 163. ^ grStus, -a, -um, adj. 
 
 3 See also general vocabulary. « See 165, 1., sent. 5. 
 
LMPERATIVES. 45 
 
 LESSON XX. 
 
 VeFwBS : I]MPEKATIYES OF BOTH VOICES. — ThE 
 
 Vocative. 
 
 167. Learn the inflection, with meanings, of the Im- 
 peratives, Present and Future, of sum : A. & G. p. 69 ; 
 H. p. 85 ; G. p. 51. 
 
 168. Learn, as in 167, the inflection of absum. 
 
 169. Learn the inflection, with meanings, of the Im- 
 peratives, Present and Future, Active and Passive, of 
 amo: A. & G. pp. 77, 79; H. pp. 87, 89; G. pp. 54, 56. 
 
 170. Inflect (like amo) in the foregoing tenses of 
 both voices : confirmo, establish ; laudo, commend. 
 
 171. Learn, as in 169, the inflection of moneo (or 
 deleo) : A. & G. p. 81 ; II. pp. 91, 93 ; G. pp. 58, 60. 
 
 172. Inflect (like moneo or deleo) in the foregoing 
 tenses of both voices: habeo, have, hold; compleo, 
 
 fiii. 
 
 173. Learn, as in 169, the inflection of tego (regro or 
 emo) : A. & G. p. 83 ; II. pp. 95, 97 ; G. pp. 64, (j(j. 
 
 174. Inflect (like tejfo, r<»Kr<>» or emo) in the foregoing 
 tenses of both voices : duco, lead ; mitto, se7ul. 
 
 175. Learn, as in 169, the inflection of audio : A. & 
 G. p. 87 ; H. pp. 99, 101 ; G. pp. 68, 70. 
 
 176. Inflect (like audio) in the foregoing tenses of 
 l)oth voices: pfinio, jmfiish ; vestio, clothe. 
 
46 IMPERATIVES. — THE VOCATIVE. 
 
 177. EXERCISES. 
 
 I. 1. Confirma. 2. Tenemini. 3. Vestire. 4. Ponite. 
 
 5. Teiietor. 6. Mittitote. 7. CoDvocantor. 8. YestT- 
 tor. 9. Ilabeto. 10. Munito. 11. Mittunto. 12. Es. 
 13. Abeste. 14. Laiidamini. 15. Ne^ ducuntor. 16. Com- 
 plete. 17. Coiiveniunto. 18. Este. 19. Confirmato. 
 20. Abestote. 21. Mittere. 22. Esto. 23. Pone. 
 
 24. Ne^ habento. 25. Ducitor. 
 
 II. 1. Be (thou) established. 2. Be (ye) sent. 3. You 
 (ye) shall hold. 4. Eortify (ye). 5. Thou shalt establish. 
 
 6. They shall be clothed. 7. It shall be placed. 8. Fortify 
 (thou). 9. He shall send. 10. It shall be had. 11. They 
 shall not^ be called together. 12. Be it [so] (fut.). 
 13. They shall notM)e. 14. Come (ye) together. 15. Thou 
 shalt be praised. 16. Thou shalt 1111. 17. He shall not^ 
 be clothed. 18. Be (ye) away. 19. Commend (thou). 
 20. Be (thou) clothed. 21. Thou shalt not^ be established. 
 22. Be ye led. 23. Thou shalt hold. 24. They shall lead. 
 
 25. Ye shall be. 
 
 178. Supplementary Exercises. 
 
 T. 1. Yestimmi, 2. Habere. 3. Xe confirmatote. 4. Mitte. 
 5. CoiiYocate. 6. Ne ponuntor. 7. Laudare. 8. Ducimini. 
 9. Abesto. 10. Sunto. 11. Munltote. 
 
 II. 1. Hold (ye). 2. Be (ye) called together. 3. Be (thou) 
 placed. 4. You (ye) shall clothe. 5. Have (thou). 6. They 
 shall not be called together. 7. He shall not be. 8. Be (thou) 
 away. 9. Call (ye) together. 10. Have (ye). 
 
 179. EXAMPI.ES. 
 
 1. Desillte, milites (4, 25, 3), jump overboard, my men (lit., soldiers) ! 
 
 2. Sic existimo, patres conscriptT (Sail. Cat. 51, 15), this is my 
 
 opinion (I think thus), conscript fathers. 
 
 3. Est ut dicis, Cats (Cic. Cat. Maj. 3, 8), it is as you say, Cato. 
 
 4. Tu^ vero perge, Laeli^ ! (Cic. Lael. 9, 32) j^ray go on, Laelius ! 
 
 5. Te* hortor,^ m¥> Cicero (Cic. OJ. l, 3), / exhort you, my [dear] 
 
 Cicero. 
 
VOCABULARY. 47 
 
 180. Observatiox and Inference : Xote (1) that the. suJh- 
 ■ uth-e ill each of the foregoing examples represents the person 
 
 addressed, (2) that this substantive is in the vocative, and (:J) that 
 it stands, not at the beginning of the sentence, but after one or 
 more words. Frame a rule for the Case and Position of the sub- 
 stantive used in Direct Address. 
 
 181. References for Verification : A. & G. 241 ; H. 369, 
 5G9, VI. ; G. 191:, Rem. 3 with fine-print note. 
 
 » Use ne (not non) when the future * Te, pron. 2d pers. ace. sing., thee, 
 
 imperative is negatived ; the pi-esent im- you. 
 !>■ rative does not take a negative in ^ iiortor has a passive form, but 
 
 >e. an active meaning; such verbs are called 
 
 - Tu, pron. 2d pers. nom. sing, thou, deponent, and will be treated later. 
 yon. Sec A. & G. 40, c; II. 185, note 1; 
 
 = See A. & G. 40, c; H. 51, 5; G. 29, G. 2D, Rem. 2. 
 Rem. 2. 
 
 LESSON XXI. 
 Vocabulary and Exeucises. 
 
 182. VOCABULARY. 
 
 ago, -cro, egi, actus, do. faciiltas, -atis, f., opportunity. 
 
 animoHUs, -a, -uiii, adj., fidl of fillii.s,'- -li, m., son. 
 
 courofje. 31. TuIUus,'- -ii, m., Marcus Tul- 
 
 bonusy -a, -um, adj., (jood. //us. 
 
 Catilina, -ae, m., Catiline. prtic-sto, -are, -Iti, -atus or-ltus, 
 
 C* Fannlus,'- -ii, m., Gajus Fan- txhihit. 
 
 niu8. purgo, -arc, -avi, -titus, r/nmsr, 
 
 C* Laclius,^ -ii, M., Gajus Laelius. purge. 
 
 cSnscriptus,'' -a, -um, enrolled, Iionli^ -ac, v., Rome. 
 
 onscript. se-cerno, -ere, -crevi, -crgtus, 
 
 .~<toilinf -iiCf p., gtiardianship ; in separate. 
 
 id., f/uards. tectum, -I, N., dwellinrj. 
 
 de-fendo, -ere, -femli, -fensus, vigilia, -ae, f., y,- \K.v.fulnesa ; in 
 
 defend. pi., wAXCii/nen. 
 
48 EXERCISES. 
 
 183. EXERCISES. 
 
 I. 1. Habetis, milites, facultatem'* ; praestate virtutem.'* 
 
 2. Purga'' Romam, Catilina. 3. Jam (M {for a long time) , 
 patres conscrlpti,^ in peiiculis sumiis.^ 4. Audi, mi^ fill. 
 5. Multis proeliis, milites, exercemini. 6. M. Tulli/ quid 
 (neut. sing. ace. interrog. pron., what) agis? 
 
 II. 1. In battle (battles), soldiers, you are to be (fut. 
 imper.) full of courage. 2. Many do, ^ indeed (quidem^), 
 inquire, Gajus Laelius, as (ut) has been said^*^ by Fannius. 
 
 3. Separate 3-ourself (te), Catiline, from the good. 4. De- 
 fend your dwellings by guards and watchmen. 5. Thou 
 shalt be defended, consul, bj' [means of] guards and 
 watchmen. 6. Very well (vero"), you shall hear, my sou. 
 
 184. Supplementary Exercises. 
 
 I. 1. Quoniam {Seeing that) supplicatio decreta est, celebratote 
 illos dies (ace. pL, those days) cum conjugibus ac liberis vestris. 
 2. Vos,i2 Quirites,!^ in vestifa tecta discedite. 3. Tu,i^ Fanni, uon 
 recte (rightly) judicas de Catone. 4. Memoria vestra, discipuli, 
 vocabulis Latlnis exercetor. o. Virtus, virtus, inquam,^^ C. Fanni, 
 et conciliat amicitias et conservat. 
 
 II. 1. Therefore,^^ conscript fathers, take thought for your- 
 selves;^'^ preserve^^ yourselves,^^ [your] wives, [your] children, 
 and your 22 fortunes ; defend ^i the name and safety of the Roman 
 people. 2. You were, then,22 at Laeca's,^^ Catiline. 3. Lay 
 aside your favorable disposition towards me,^^ conscript fathers, 
 and think of (de) your children. 4. Ye shall stand by the unfor« 
 tunate, praetors ! 
 
 ^ C had originally the sound of g-hard. ^ Translate : have been, and see A. & 
 
 This sound it retained (even after the in- G. 276, a; H. 467, 2; G. 221. 
 
 troduction of the character G) when used " See foot-note 6, Lesson XX. 
 
 as an abbreviation for the name Gajus. ^ Note the exceptional position of the 
 
 2 See foot-note 3 at the end of the vocative, due to the excitement of the 
 preceding lesson. speaker. 
 
 3 See conscriptus in the general » Express the emphasis denoted in 
 vocabulary. English by "do," by placing the verb 
 
 * Note the emphatic position. first. 
 
THIRD DECLENSION: VOWEL STEMS. 49 
 
 9 riace quidem after the verb, and i<' Q«3, re. 
 
 let the vocative follow before the pubject. i' -\-6bTs. 
 
 >" The participle must be neuter. '* Place the verb before its objects. 
 
 " Place vero after the verb. ''•• vos. 
 
 " Vos, pron. 2d pers. nom. pi. you. 20 Yor gender, see A. & G. 187; II. 
 
 " From yuirls, -Itis ; in the plural, 439, 1 ; G. 286. 
 
 appUed to the llomans when acting in a 21 Place the verb Jifter its objects ; see 
 
 civil capacity. Translate: fellow dti- A. & G. 344,/; H. 562; G. 684. 
 
 22igritur. 
 
 * See foot-note 2, Lesson XX. ^ apud (prep.) Laecam. 
 
 '•'•/ srty; inquani is a defective verb, 2* Arrange thus: your towards me 
 
 i.e., it lacks most of its parts. (ergS me) favorable disposition. 
 
 LESSON XXII. 
 
 Substantives of the Third Declension: Vowel 
 
 Stems. 
 
 185. Learn the paradigms of declension given in the 
 foHowing sections of the grammar : A. & G. 52 ; H. 62, 
 63; G. 59. 
 
 186. Decline : collis,^ -is, M., hill ; hostis,^ -is, C, 
 enemy ; igTiis,^ -is, M., /re; navis,^ -is, F., Mi) ; pup- 
 pis,^ -is, F., stern; rupes, -is, F., rock; insigne, -is, 
 N.. hadf/e ; vectijfal, -alis, N., revenue. 
 
 187. Note that the stems of the foregoing nouns are : 
 colli-, liosti-, ijnii-, navi-, piippi-, rupi-, insigiii-, vec- 
 tifffili-. 
 
 188. I.xplaiii the formation, from tlu; stem, of the 
 nominatives in 186: A. & G. 51, a, c; H. 63, 1, 1) ; G. 58 
 (first three paragraphs). 
 
 189. Decline together, with meanings : collis aspor, a 
 nii/tjed hill ; hostis noster, our enemy ; ignis clams, a 
 
 ; bright fire ; nftvis longa, a ahip of war (lit., lo7iy ship) ; 
 puppis alta, a high stern ; rupes sinistra, a rock on the 
 left ; iii.si|;pie pulclirum, a beautiful badge ; masruum 
 \ «'ctTgral, a large revenue. 
 
50 VOCABULARY AND EXERCISES. 
 
 190. TOCABULAKY.* 
 
 ac-commodo, -are, -avi, -atus, sing.), boimdari/ ; in j)l.,ahoterri- 
 
 adjust. tories. 
 
 altitudo, -inis, f., height. mare, -is, n., sea. 
 
 augeo, -ere, auxi, auctus, in- op-pugno, -are, -avi, -atus, as- 
 
 crease. sault. 
 
 barbarus, -a, -iim, adj., rude; prae-mitto, -ere, -misi, -missus, 
 
 used subst., barbarian. send Fonward. 
 
 classis, -is, f., fleet. prae-sum, -esse, -fui, he in com- 
 
 com-pello, -ere, -puli, -pulsus, mand of. 
 
 drive in a body, drive. silva, -ae, r., ivood, forest. 
 
 cremo, -are, -avi, -atus, hum. terra, -ae, r., earth, land. 
 
 figiira, -ae, f., shape. turris, -is, f., tower. 
 finis, -is, m. (sometimes f. in 
 
 191. EXERCISES. 
 
 .1. 1. In fines Helvetiorura pervenerunt. 2. Ab hostibus 
 igni corpora sunt cremata. 3. Legatum cum navT longa 
 praemittit. 4. Caesar class! praeerat. 5. Navium figura 
 permoti sunt barbarl. 6. Nostri hostis In silvas collisque 
 coinpulerunt. 7. Insignia accommodata erant. 8. Op- 
 pidum oppugnat terra^ marlque.^ 
 
 II. 1. They had persuaded the enemy .^ 2. The height 
 of the sterns exceeded^ [that of] the towers. 3. The 
 bodies of the enemy will be burned.^ 4. The lieutenant 
 has arrived with ships of war.^ 5. The shape of the ships 
 alarmed^'' the barbarians. 6. The enem}'^ will be driven 
 by our men into the hills. 7. The revenues have been in- 
 creased by Caesar. 
 
 192. Supplementary Exercises. 
 
 I. 1. Magna hostiuiii multitudo sitl consumebatur. 2. Naves 
 longae aedificantur in fliimine. 3. Galli aniniaUa immolant. 
 4. N^eque terra neqiie mari effugium dabatur hostibus. 5. Turris 
 
 bas excitant. 
 
 II. 1. They were building ships of war on the river. 2. Living 
 
ADJECTIVES : THIRD DECLENSION. 61 
 
 creatures are sacrificed by the Gauls. 3. The enemy erect a high 
 tower on the hill. 4. A lieutenant >vas in command of the enemy's 
 fleet. 
 
 » Decline collis and liustis with * See also, for vocab., 18G and 189. 
 
 only -em in the accusative, and only -e ^ Ablative of ^^/ace where; use prepo- 
 
 in the ablative; otherwise like turris. sitiou 6«/ in translating. 
 (The rare instances in wliich coUis has « Use the plural, 
 
 -I in the ablative may be disreg-arded.) ' supero, -5re, -5vT, -Stns. 
 
 = Decline Isrnis with only -em in the » Translate : will he burned by fire. 
 
 accusative; othenvise like turris. » " Ships of war" = lomj ships. 
 
 3 Decline nllvis and puppis through- "> per-inoveo, -ere, -movl, -ino- 
 
 out like turris. tus. 
 
 LESSON XXIII. 
 
 Adjectives of the Third Declension: Vowel 
 Stems. 
 
 193. Learn the declension of the adjectives levis (tris- 
 tis or facilis) and acer : A. & G. 84 ; H. 153, 154 ; G. 82. 
 
 194. Decline (like levis, tristis, or facilis) : oniiiis, 
 ally every ; fortis, brave ; militaris, military ; declivis, 
 sloping ; humilis, lotv. 
 
 195. Note that the stems of the foregoing adjectives 
 are : omni-, forti-, militari-, cledivi-, liuiuili- ; explain 
 the formation, from the stem, of the nominative forms : 
 Cf. A. &G. 51, (?; G. 81. 
 
 196. Decline (like acer): alacer, eager; equester, 
 pertaining to cavalry ; pc<lester, pertaining to infantry ; 
 
 ' X ) : celer,^ celeris, celere, swift, 
 
 197. Note that tlio stems of the foregoing adjcH'tives 
 iuc: alacrl-, e<ni«^stri-, pedestri-, celeri- ; explain the 
 t'»rmation, from the stem, of the nominative forms: cf 
 
 " M. A, 6-; H. p. 69, foot-note 6; G. 81, 82. 
 
52 VOWEL STEMS. 
 
 198. Decline together, with meanings : proeliuiu 
 equestre, a cavalry engagement ; insi^ne militare, a 
 military badge; omne animal, every animal ; animus 
 alacer, an eager spirit; turris liumilis, a low tower ; 
 navis celeris,^ a swift ship; collis declivis, a sloping 
 hill ; copiae pedestres, infantry ; hostis fortis, a brave 
 enemy. 
 
 199. VOCABCrLAIlT.2 
 
 ad, prep. w. ace, to, for. ex-cito, -are, -avi, -atus, erect. 
 
 com-buro, -ere, -ussi, -ustus, iwrn in-cendo, -ere, -cendi, -census, 
 
 up. set fire to, hum. 
 
 con-tendo, -ere, -di, -tus, contend, in-struo, -ere, -struxi, -strfictus, 
 
 de-duco, -ere, -duxi, -ductus, draw up. 
 
 withdraw, recall. pugna, -ae, -p., fight. 
 
 ex-specto, -are, -avi, -atus, look sus-tineo, -ere, -ui, -tentus, SUS" 
 
 for. tain. 
 
 200. EXERCISES. 
 
 I. 1 . Insignia militaria relinquiint. 2. Hostes equestribus 
 proeliis contendunt. 3. Caesar pedestrls copias deduxit. 
 
 4. Oppida omnia incendunt, frumentum omne comburunt. 
 
 5. MiUtes ad pugnam alacres eriint. 6. Milites nostri 
 omnia^ forti sustinebant animo."* 7. Galli celerem^ victo- 
 riam exspectabant. 
 
 II. 1. They erect a low tower. 2. He drew up his forces 
 on^ a sloping hill. 3. A speedy^ victory had been looked 
 for by the Gauls. 4. Caesar's infantr}^ has been recalled. 
 5. All the legions were eager for the fight. 6. Caesar 
 favored the infantry. 
 
 201. Supplementary Exercises. 
 
 I. 1. Ariovistus equestribus proeliis cottidic {daily) contendit. 
 2. Omnes hostes terga verterunt. 3. Nervii pedestribus valent 
 oopiis.^ 4. Dumnorix reliqua omnia Aeduorum vectigalia parvo 
 pretio^ redemit. 5. Nam (/or) ut^o Gallormn alacer est animus, 
 sici*^ mollis mens est. 
 
APPOSITION. 53 
 
 n. 1. Caesar hastened thither (eo) with^i his infantry. 
 -. They first (primum) joined battle with their cavah-y,i- [and] 
 then (de'inde) suddenly displayed their infantry. 3. Ariovistus 
 will inflict severe punishment on (d§)i3 all the hostages. 4. The 
 embassy was intrusted to Orgetorix by general vote. 
 
 * celer has celerum in the genitive * Ablative of cause : A. & G. 245 ; H. 
 plural; but as this form is found only as 416; G. 407. 
 
 a substantive, it should be omitted in » Ablative of price ; A. &G. 252;H. 
 
 declining. 422; G. 404. 
 
 s For vocab., see also 194, 196, 198. ^^ ^t . . . sic, as . . . so, although . . . 
 
 3 Used substantively : A. & G. 188 ; H. yet. 
 441, 1; G. 195, Rem. 2. " Omit cum : A. & G. 248, a; H. 
 
 * Ablative of manner; use prep, trtl/t 419, I., 1, 1), (1) ; G. 391, Rem. 1. 
 
 in translating. See A. & G. 248, Rem. ; 12 Translate : they first began (com- 
 
 H. 419, III. ; G. 401. initto) a cavalry battle. 
 
 2 speedy. »3 " inflict punishment on " = take 
 
 « in. (sGmo) punishment from (de). 
 "> See sent. 7 of the preceding exercise. 
 
 LESSON XXIV. 
 
 Apposition. — Predicate Agreement. — Accusa- 
 tive WITH Prepositions. 
 
 202. EXAMPLES. 
 
 1. Divitiacus Aeduus respondit (1,32,3), Divitiacus the Aeduan 
 
 replied. 
 
 2. DivitiacI frStris studium (l, 19, 2), the devotion of Divitiacus, 
 
 pi is] brother. 
 
 3. Praeterita Divitiacd frStri conddn&re (i, 20, 6), to overlook the 
 
 pa.st [out of regard] /"or JJirlfincus, [his] brother. 
 
 4. Flaccum et Pomptlnum praetdrSa vocavl (Clc Ccrf. 8, 2, 5), / 
 
 summoned Flacctm and Pomptinus, the praetors. 
 ' In flflmen Rhodanum Influit (i, 8, l), it flows into the river Rhone. 
 A Bibracte, oppidS Aedu5ruin (l, 23, \)yfrom, Bibracte, a town 
 of the Aeduans. 
 
54 PREDICATE AGREEMENT. 
 
 203. Observation and Inference : l^ote, in the foregoing 
 examples, that Aeduus, fratris, fratri, praetores, flumen, and 
 oppido denote the same person or thing as Divitiacus, Divitiaci, 
 Divitiaco, Flaccum et Pomptlnum, Rhodanum, and Bibracte, 
 
 respectively ; and that the former are added to the latter ior further 
 description merely. A substantive thus added for further descrip- 
 tion is called an Appositive, and the usage is called Apposition. 
 Does the Appositive differ from the principal substantive in case, 
 or agree with it ? Does it usually agree in gender and number (see 
 Exs. 1-4) ? Does it invariahly agree in gender (see Ex. 5) ? Does 
 the Appositive appear regularly to precede or to follow the principal 
 substantive ? Frame a rule for the Case of the Appositive. 
 
 204. References for Verification: A. & G. 183, 184, 6; 
 H. 363, 1 ; G. 319. 
 
 205. EXAMPI.ES. 
 
 1. Legationis Divico princeps fuit (i, 13, 2), Divico was the leader 
 
 of the embassy. 
 
 2. Testis est Italia (Cic. Manil. ii, 30), Italy is a luitness. 
 
 3. Pausanias Lacedaemonius magnus homo fuit (Nep. Pmis. i, i), 
 
 Pausanias, the Lacedaemonian, was a great man. 
 
 4. [Castici] pater populi Romani amicus appellatus erat 
 
 (1, 3, 4), the father of Casticus had been called the friend of the 
 Roman people. 
 
 5. Audaoia fortitude vocatur (Sail. Cat. 52, 11), audacity is called 
 
 fortitude. 
 
 206. Observation and Inference : Note, in the foregoing 
 examjDles, that princeps, testis, homo, amicus, and fortitude, 
 denote the same person or thing as Divico, Italia, Pausanias, 
 pater, and audacia, respectively ; and that the former are added 
 to the latter for further description. Xote, however, that the 
 descriptive substantives here illustrated are not, like those of 202, 
 merely appended to the principal substantive, but that they are 
 connected with it by the verb ; also that they unite with the verb 
 to form the predicate of the sentence. As they thus form a part 
 of the predicate, they are called Predicate Substantives. Does the 
 
ACCUSATIVE WITH PREPOSITIONS. 55 
 
 Predicate Substantive differ from tlie subject in case, or agree with 
 it? Does the Predicate Substantive appear regularly /o /o//ow or 
 precede the verb ? Fianie a rule for the Case of the Predicate 
 substantive. 
 
 207. Refkukn( Ks FOR Veiufication : A. & G. 183, 185; H. 
 :;t;L>, 1 ; G. 324. 
 
 208. EXAMPLES. 
 
 1. Ad Caesarem revertgrunt (i,3l, l), thei/ returned to Caesar. 
 
 2. Ante oppidum (2, 32, 4), before the town. 
 
 3. Apud Sequanos (l, 9, 3), among the Sequani. 
 
 4. ContrS populum Romanum (2, 13, 2), against the Roman people. 
 ". Inter fings Helvetiorum et Allobrogum (i, 6, 2), between the 
 
 boundaries of (he Ilelc'etians and AUobroges. 
 Per finSs Aeduorum (i, 12, i), through the territory of the A eduans. 
 7. Post tergum (4, 15, l), behind [one's] back. 
 ^. Propter timorem (Caes. B. C. 2, 35, 5), because of fear. 
 !'. Tr^s Rhodanum (l, lo, 5), across the Rhone. 
 
 209. Obsekvatiox and Inference: Note (1) the prepositions 
 in the foregoing examples, and (2) the case of the substantives 
 \\ ith which they are used. Frame a rule for the Case of Substan- 
 t Ives construed with the foregoing Prepositions. 
 
 210. Refekexcks for Verification : A. & G. 152, a ; II. 433 ; 
 
 (i. 117. 
 
 LESSON XXV. 
 Vocabulary and Exercises. 
 
 211. VOCABULARY. 
 
 AediiuA, -I, M., nn hedu(n). timlciiH, -I, m., friend. 
 
 Allobroggs, -utn, ^r , i'^' Alio- appelI5, -fire, -fivf, -fitus, call, 
 brogea. entitle. 
 
56 VOCABULARY AND EXERCISES. 
 
 apud, prep, w, ace, among. lingua, -ae, f., tongue, language. 
 
 Atheniensis, -is, c, an Athenian. L. Piso, -onis, m., Luc/us Piso.^ 
 
 atque,' conj., and also, and. maturus, -a, ^um, ripe. 
 
 aviis, -i, M., grandfather. nam,"^ conj., for. 
 
 consanguinei, -orum, m., blood- propter, prep. w. ace, on account 
 
 relations, kmsmen. of, owing to. 
 
 eques, -itis, m., hught.'^ scientia, -ae, f., knowledge, skill. 
 
 extra, prep. w. ace, beyond. Sequanus, -i, m., a Sequanian. 
 
 frater, -tris, m., brother. trans, prep. w. ace, across. 
 
 frigus, -oris, n., cold, frost. vergo, -ere, incline. 
 
 Gallicus, -a, -um, adj., Gallic. vergobretus, -i, 31., vergobret (see 
 honestus, -a, -iim, adj., honorable. also general vocabulary). 
 
 iter, itineris, n., way ; journey, 
 
 march. 
 
 212. EXERCISES. 
 
 I. 1. Orgetorix in itinere persuadet Castico,^ Cataman- 
 taloedis^ filio, Sequauo. 2. Ariovistus rex atque amicus 
 a senatu {senate) appellatus est. 3. Procilluni^ propter 
 linguae Gallicae scientiam ad Ariovistum misit. 4. Collis 
 aequaliter {uniformly) declivis ad fliimen Sabim^ vergebat. 
 o. Divico^ dux Helvetiorum fuerat. 6. Thrasybulus,^ Lyci^ 
 filius, Atheniensis.^ 7. Apud Aediios summus magistratus 
 {the thief magistrate) vergobretus appellatur. 
 
 II. 1. The Roman knights, honorable and good men, ap- 
 prove. 2. The^' send ambassadors to Dumnorix the Aeduan. 
 3. For, owmg to the fi-osts, the grain was not ripe in the 
 fields. 4. Lucius Piso the lieutenant was the grandfather 
 of Lucius Piso, Caesar's father-in-law. 5. Geneva is a 
 town of the Allobroges. 6. The Segusiavi^ ^re beyond the 
 province, across the Rhone. 7. The Aeduans have often- 
 times^" been called brothers and kinsmen by the senate." 
 
 213. Supplementary Exercises. 
 
 I. 1. Trans Sabim fliimen omnes Nervii consederant. 2. Iter 
 Caesaris per fugitives hostibus nuntiatur. 3. Omnes Belgae con- 
 tra populum Romanum conjuraverunt obsidesque inter se (ace. pi. 
 
STEMS APPARENTLY CONSONANT. 
 
 57 
 
 themselves) dederuiit. 4. C. Valerius Procillus, familiaris Caesaris, 
 habebatur priiiceps Galliae provinciae. *5. Ejus roi {of this fact) 
 Iiopiiliis IvGinauus est testis. G. Is {this) pugus appellabatur 
 Tiguriuus. 
 
 11. 1. Titus Labienus, an experienced leader, has been ap- 
 pointed lieutenant. 2. The reputation of the Treveri for valor 
 (gen.) is unparalleled among the Gauls. 3. The river Arar 
 flows through the territory of the Aeduans and Sequanians into the 
 Rhone. 4. Duinnorix was the brother of Divitiacus. 5. The 
 village of the Veragri is called Octodurus. 6. You have attacked 
 Cicero, the consul elect, Catiline. 7. The tenth legion, through 
 the military tribunes (tribunes of the soldiers), returned thanks to 
 Caesar. 8. And he also persuades Duiniiuiix the Aeduan, the 
 ],,.,,ti,..,. -.f Divitiacus. 
 
 .. ^ i-note 2, Lessson XIII. 
 
 * bee eques in the general vocabu- 
 lary. 
 
 ' .*^ee PIro in the general vocabulary. 
 
 * Nam, /or, should be placed at the 
 beginning of the sentence. 
 
 * The English form is the same as the 
 Latin nominative. 
 
 • Catamantaloedes, -is, M., Cata- 
 muntaloetles (a ruler of the Sequani). 
 ^ Sabis, -is, M., the Sabis (modem 
 Sambre, a river in Belgic Gaul). 
 
 " Divico, -onis, M., Divico (a 
 prominent Helvetian). 
 '■> 6C. f uit. 
 '" saepennmero. 
 11 See,212, 1., second sentence. 
 
 LESSON XXVI. 
 ^ri;>r.\\il\'KS of THE Thii;i> I ) IOCLENSION : StEMS 
 
 Apparently Consonant.— Adjectives of One 
 Termination. — Present Paiiticiple. 
 
 214, Learn the paradigms of declension in the follow- 
 ing sections of the graininar : A. & G. 54; H. G4. In 
 G. read 54, Rem. (first six lines), 59, Rem. 3, and 
 00. 1. 
 
 215. Decline: pars, -tiH, F., part; civitas, -atis, F., 
 
58 ADJECTIVES OF ONE TERMINATION. 
 
 community ; coliors, -tis, F., cohort; adulescens, -entis, 
 C, youth; mens, mentis, F., mind. 
 
 216. Decline together, with meanings : sinistra pars, 
 the left side (part) ; finitima civitas, the neighboring 
 community ; reliqua coliors, the remaining cohort ; adu- 
 lescens fortis, a brave youth; mens mollis, a yielding 
 disposition. 
 
 217. Learn the declension of the adjectives atrox (au- 
 dax or felix) and eg-ens • (or prudens) : A. & G. 85, 
 «; H. 155, 156, 157; G. 83. 
 
 218. Decline velox, -ocis, sivift ; ferax, -acis, fertile ; 
 Ingens, -entis, huge ; potens, -entis, powerful. 
 
 219. Decline together, with meanings : pedes velox, 
 a sivift foot-soldier ; ag-er ferax, fertile land ; ingens 
 insula, a huge island ; rex potens, a powerful king. 
 
 220. Learn, Avith meanings, the present participles of 
 amo, moneo (or deleo), tego (rego or emo), audio: 
 
 A. & G. 113, a with pp. 77, 81, 83, 87 ; H. pp. 87, 91, 
 95, 99 ; G. pp. 54, 58, 64, 68. 
 
 221. Decline the present participles : amans, monens, 
 (or delens), tegens (reg-ens or emens), audiens : A. 
 
 & G. 85, a (egens), 87, a; H. 157 (amans) with note ; 
 G. 83 (prudens), 85, 2 (second paragraph). 
 
 222. Decline together, with meanings : mulier flens, 
 the IV Oman iveeping ; laborantes nostri, our men strug- 
 gling against odds ; civitas florens, a flourishing com- 
 munity ; continens silva, an uninterrupted forest. 
 
VOCABULARY AND EXERCISES. 59 
 
 223. Learn the declension of vetus ; A. & G. 85, h ; 
 il. 158; G. 83. 
 
 224. Decline together, with meanings : vetus injuria, 
 a former injury, 
 
 225. VOCABUI.ARY.1 
 
 animus, -i, M.,mincf; heart. latus, -a, -um, adj., broad, exten- 
 
 cou-ioco, -are, -avi, -atus, place ; sive. 
 
 (jive in marria</e. mater, -tris, F., mother. 
 
 con-sisto, -ere, -stiti, take posi- peto, -ere, -ivi or -ii, -itus, a*-^- /rn-. 
 
 tion / UTAnd. poeaa, -ae, f., satisfaction ; punish- 
 
 Crassi|s, -i, m., Crassus. ment. 
 
 deoimus, -a, -uin, adj., iKsth. re-peto, -ere, -ivi, or -ii, -itus, 
 
 de-Ugo, -ere, -legi, -lectus, se- demand hack, demand. 
 
 lect. Suessiones, -um, m., the Suessi- 
 
 Iioino, -inis, c. (always m. when ones. 
 
 it refers to a male), man. timor, -oris, yi.,fear. 
 
 226. EXERCISES. 
 
 I. 1. Legionis decimae milites In sinistra parte con- 
 stiterant. 2. Crassum aduiescentem fortem praemittet. 
 3. Timor omnium mentis animosque perturbabat. 4. Pedi- 
 tes veloces ac^ fortes deliguntur. 5. In fluniine lllieno sunt 
 imiltae ingentesque insulae. G. Eqiiites laborantibus nostris 
 subveniunt. 7. Caesar pro vetoribus Helvetioriiin^ injurils 
 populT'^ liomani poenas repetit. 
 
 II. 1. They establish friendship with tlie neigiiboring 
 'oininiinities. 2. The lands of the Suessi(jnes are exten- 
 sive and fertile. 3. He gives his motlier in marriage to a 
 powerful man. 4. The women weeping ask for peace. 
 'i. Crassus, a brave youth, came to the support of the horse- 
 men [who were] struggling again.st odds. 
 
 227. Supplementary Exercises. 
 
 I. 1. A* fronte et ab* sinistra parte nudata erant castra. 2. ICqui- 
 te» recent! proehoS perterriti erant. 3. I.,egatis paceni atque ami- 
 
60 ABLATIVE OF SPECIFICATION. 
 
 citiam petentibus liberaliter respondit 4. Auxiliares opinionem 
 pugnantiura^ praebebant.' 5. Rhenus inultas ingentisque insulas 
 efficit.s 6. In declivi ac praecipiti loco eqiios sustinent. 
 
 II. 1. Nearly (fere) all the centurions of the remaining cohorts 
 were either (aut) wounded or (aut) slain. 2. The Suessiones 
 possessed extensive and fertile lands. 3. He comes-upon^ the 
 soldiers fighting. 4. The Morini had uninterrupted woods and 
 marshes. 5. Can I^'' lay aside the remembrance of recent injuries ? 
 6. They put (conjecerunt) to (in w. ace.) flight the enemy [who 
 were] again offering resistance. 
 
 1 For vocabulary, see also 815, 316, s a. & G. 259 a; H. 425, 1, 1) ; G. 387. 
 219, 332, 334. c Used substantively : A. & G. 113,/; 
 
 2 See foot-note 2, Lesson XIII. H. 441; G. 438. 
 
 3 What kind of genitive? See 64 and ^opinionem praebebant, pro- 
 69. duced the impression. 
 
 * In Latin the place a< it'/uc/i an action » Pres. indie. 3d. sing, of eiRcio. 
 occurred is often viewed as the point /"/'ow ^ occurro ; see 154 and 155. 
 which it proceeded, and so ab or ex is i** Num possum [am I able) with in- 
 used where the English idiom requires fiuitive. Read: A. & G. 210, c (last Ben- 
 in or on. Translate : in front and on the tence) ; H. 351, 1, note 3 ; G. 458. 
 left side. 
 
 y^if^o" 
 
 LESSON XXVII. 
 
 Ablative of Specification. — Ablative of 
 Time When. 
 
 228. EXAMPLES. 
 
 1. Helvetii reliquos Gallos virtute praecedunt (i, i, 4), tJie Hel- 
 
 vetians surpass the remaining Gauls in valor. 
 
 2. Oppida sua omnia, numero ad duodecim, incendunt (i, 5,2), 
 
 they burn all their towns, about twelve in number. 
 
 3. Sueba natione (1,53,4), Swabian by birth. 
 
 4. Nervius nomine Vertico (5, 45, 2), a Nervian named Vertico 
 
 (lit., Vertico by name). 
 
 5. Civit5.3 hominum multitudine praestabat (2, 15, i), the com- 
 
 munity took the lead in population (in number of inhabitants). 
 
ABLATIVE OF TIME WHEN. 61 
 
 229. Observation and' Inference : Note, in the foregoing- 
 examples, that virtute, numero, natione, nomine, and multitii- 
 diue show in what particular or 'ui n sprrt to irlmt the statement 
 (made or implied) is true. In what ca.se are these substantives? 
 Frame a rule for the Case of Substantives thus used. 
 
 230. References for Verification : A. & G. 253 ; H. 424 ; 
 
 G. 398. 
 
 231. EXAMPLES. 
 
 1. Tertia vigilia solvit (4, 23, i), he set sail at the third watch. 
 •J. H5ra quarta Britanniam attigit (4,23,2), he reached Britain at 
 the fourth hour. 
 
 3. Uno tempore accidit (Caes. i?. C. 3, 15, 4), on one occasion it hap- 
 
 ptiit'd. 
 
 4. Omni tempore (i, ii, 3), at all times (lit, at every time). 
 ."). Paucis annis (i,3l, il), within a few years. 
 
 >'>. Noote ad Nervios pervSuSrunt (2,17,2), thei/ came by night to 
 the Xcrvii. 
 
 232. Observation and Inference : Note, in the foregoing 
 examples, that vigilia, hora, tempore (Exs. 3 and 4), aunis, and 
 nocte express time at which or time within which. In what case are 
 these substantives ? Frame a rule for the Case of Substantives de- 
 
 iiotiiig /////' irhm or within which. 
 
 233. Kkferences for Verification: A. & G. 256 (to the 
 .umiculon) ; H. 429 ; G. 392. 
 
 234. VOCABULARY. 
 
 Aquitani, -orum, m., the Aquitani inltlutn, -ii, n., beginning. 
 
 or Aguitaniang. iiiHtitutiim, -i, n., institution. 
 
 CeltHey-arumyM., the Ce/ts{ICefts). latitudo, -inis, f., breadth, ex- 
 coni-tncmoro, -fire, -fivi, -fitus, tent. 
 
 recount. Ifix, ISgis, F., law. 
 
 ettam, conj., also, even. multltfi<15, -Inis, f., multitude, 
 ex-Istimd, -fire, -fivi, Stus, reck- nuwf" 
 
 on, consider. nox, i i- m iit. 
 
62 VOCABULARY AND EXERCISES. 
 
 opportunus, -a, -uin, adj., j'?^, op- suus, -a, -um, his, her, its, their. 
 
 portune. tempestas, -atis, r., time. 
 
 oratio, -onis, f., speech, address. tertius, -a, -um, third. 
 
 prae-sto, -are, -iti, -atus or -Itus, uiivis, -a, -tini, one. 
 
 excel. video, -ere, vidi, visus, see. 
 regio, -onis, r., territory. 
 
 235. EXERCISES. 
 
 I. 1. Helvetiivirtute omnibus Gallis praestabaiit. 2. Cae- 
 sar initio (Iratiouis sua in Ariovistum beneficia commeraoravit. 
 3. Aqultania et regionum latitudine et multitudine liominum 
 tertia pars Galliae existimatur. 4. A castris oppidum Re- 
 morum^ nomine Bibrax^ longe aberat. 5. Paene^ uno tem- 
 pore et ad^ silvas et In fluniine hostes visi sunt. 6. Multa 
 nocte^ se^ in castra recepit.^ 
 
 II. 1. The Belgians, Aquitanians, [and] Celts differ^ from 
 one another^ in language, institutions, [and] laws. 2. Among 
 the Suessiones, even within our-own remembrance, Divitiacus 
 has been king. 3. The Suessiones have towns to the num- 
 ber of twelve^ (twelve in number). 4. Caesar arrived at an 
 opportune moment (time). 5. [There] was at this^" time 
 at Kome^^ a Numidian^^ named Massiva.^^ 
 
 236. Supplementary Exercises. 
 
 I. 1. Populi Roniani socii atque ainici gratia, dignitate, honore 
 auctiores {increased, made richer) sunt. 2. Una nocte omnes 
 hermae^'* dejecti sunt.^^ 3. Intempesta noctei*^ conjurationis prin- 
 cipes convocat per M. ]*orcium Laecam. 4. Duae^"* fuerunt 
 Ariovisti uxores, una Sueba natione, altera Xorica. 5. Cato cum 
 modesto pudore, cum innocente abstinentia certabat. 6. Tertia 
 vigilia omnibus copiisi^ ex oppido eruperunt. 
 
 II. 1. Our fleet excelled the ships of the Veneti in speed. 
 2. Accordingly in the beginning kings trained, sonie^^ the mind, 
 others the body. 3. There was, not far from the road, a town of 
 the Numidians named Vaga. 4. You were, then, at Laeca's on 
 that (ilia) night, Catiline. 5. The Bellovaci were foremost^^ 
 
THIRD DECLENSION: GENDER. 
 
 63 
 
 among tlie Belgians in valor, in influence, and in population 
 (number of inhabitants). 6. Xor in the last-^ war with (obj, 
 gen.) the AUobroges did the Aeduans render^"^ assistance to the 
 Romans. 
 
 1 The English form is the same as the 
 I^tln nominative. 
 
 - Bibrax, -actis, r., Bihraa (mod. 
 Bi^vre)'. 
 
 ' paene, adv., almost. 
 
 ♦ ad, prep., close by, at. 
 
 ^ inuItS nocte, late at night. 
 " se receplt (perf. of recipio, take 
 back), returned. 
 
 • differunt. 
 
 ^from one another, inter se (lit., 
 among themselves). 
 
 ^ duodecim, indecl. adj. 
 
 '" e5 (fem. sine, to agree with the 
 proper case of tempest^). 
 
 " Use the locative form : A. & G. 36, c ; 
 11.48, 4; G. 27, 2. 
 
 '* Nuuiida, -ae, m. 
 
 i'» Massiva, -ae, M. ; see 338, Ex. 4. 
 
 " Hermes (or Henna), -ae, m., 
 nermes-pillar (see general vocabulary) ; 
 for declension, see A. & G. 37; H. 50; 
 G. 72. 
 
 ^^ Perf. pass, of deicio, throw down. 
 
 '" inteinpesta nocte, at an unsea- 
 sonable hour of the night. 
 
 " Nom. pi. fern., two. 
 
 18 A. & G. 248, a; H.419, 1., 1, 1), (1) ; 
 G. 391, Rem. 1, 
 
 i'-* pars (in apposition w. *' kings"). 
 
 20 were foremost, plurimum vale- 
 bant. 
 
 *^ proximus, -a, -um., adj. 
 
 " did render, tiilerunt, perfect of 
 fero. 
 
 LESSON XXVIII. 
 Third Declension: (^endeu.^ 
 
 237. 
 
 1. Caesar, m., Caesar. 
 '2. vir, M.. man. 
 . rex, .M., kiufj. 
 1. Sempr5nia. F., Sempronia 
 o. mulier, f., woman. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 (1. rSgina, f., queen. 
 
 7. civis, c, citizen. 
 
 8. hostis, c, enemy. 
 U. cftstds, c, (J Hard. 
 
 238. Observation axi> Inference: Note (1) that Exs. l-'J 
 • '••signate malea, and that they are of the masculine gender; (2) 
 that Exs. 4-0 designate females, and that they are of iXxa feminine 
 (fender; (3) that Exs. 7-1) <le«ig^nate either males or females, and 
 that they are of the common (niasc. or fem.) (jender. FraM)e a 
 general rule for the (Jender of Substantives, of whatever declension, 
 whose Gender is determined by their Signifioation. 
 
64 
 
 THIRD DECLENSION: GENDER. 
 
 239. EXAMPLES. ' 
 
 1. mucYO, M., sharp point. 6. timor, m., /ear. 
 
 2. pulmo, M., lung. 7. caespes, -itis, m., turf. 
 
 3. sermo, m., conversation. 8. gurges, -itis, m., ivhirlpool. 
 
 4. dolor, M., pai7i. 9. trames, -itis, m., path. 
 
 5. honor, m., honor. 
 
 240. Observation and Inference: Note the gender of the 
 foregoing substantives, observing at the same time the nominative 
 endings printed in bold-face type. Frame a rule for the Gender 
 of Substantives of the Third Declension whose Nominative ends 
 in : -6, -or, -es (gen. -itis). 
 
 241. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 15. pax, F., peace. 
 
 16. fortitiido, -inis, f., fortitude. 
 
 17. magnitudo, -inis, f., size. 
 
 18. multitiido, -inis, f., multi- 
 
 tude. 
 
 19. ferrugo, -inis, f., iron-rust. 
 
 20. imago, -inis, f., image. 
 
 21. origo, -inis, f., source. 
 
 22. salus, -titis, f., safety. 
 
 23. senectus, -utis, f., old age. 
 
 24. virtus, -litis, f., virtue. 
 
 25. contemptio, r., contempt. 
 
 26. legio, F., legion. 
 
 27. oratio, f., speech. 
 
 242. Observation and Inference : Note the gender of the 
 foregoing substantives, observing at the same time the nominative 
 endings printed in bold-face type. Frame a rule for the Gender of 
 Substantives of the Third Declension whose Nominative ends in : -as, 
 -es (gen. -is), -is, -s preceded by a consonant, -x, -do (gen. -dinis), 
 -go (gen. -ginis), -us (gen. -utis), -io (abstract and collective). 
 
 1. 
 
 aetas, f., age. 
 
 2. 
 
 civitas, F., community. 
 
 3. 
 
 voluntas, f., pleasure. 
 
 4. 
 
 niibes, -is, f., cloud. 
 
 5. 
 
 riipes, -is, f., rock. 
 
 6. 
 
 valles, -is, f., valley. 
 
 
 classis, T., fleet. 
 
 8. 
 
 navis, f., ship. 
 
 9. 
 
 turris, f., tower. 
 
 10. 
 
 mens, f., mind. 
 
 11. 
 
 pars, F., part. 
 
 12. 
 
 urbs, F., city. 
 
 13. 
 
 nox, F., night. 
 
 14- 
 
 vox, F.,j)oice. 
 
THIRD DECLENSION: GENDER. 
 
 65 
 
 243. 
 
 1. in sign e, n., badge. 
 
 2. mare, n., sea. 
 
 3. rete, n., net. 
 
 4. agmen, n., train, army. 
 
 5. flumen, x., river. 
 
 6. nomen, x., name. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 7. corpus, -oris, x., hody. 
 
 8. frigus, -oris, x., cold. 
 
 9. tenipus, -oris, x., time. 
 
 10. genus, -eris, x., class. 
 
 11. latus, -eris, x., side. 
 
 12. opus, -eris, x., work. 
 
 244. Observation and Inference: Note the gender of the 
 foregoing nouns, observing at the same time the nominative endings 
 printed in bold-face type. Frame a rule for the Gender of Sub- 
 stantives of the Third Declension whose Nominative ends in : -e, 
 -men, -ua (gen. -oris, -eris). 
 
 245. 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 aiidax, -acis, adj., bold. 
 altus, -a, -uin, adj., high, deep. 
 ingens, -entis, adj., huge. 
 longus, -a, -uin, adj., long. 
 liiagnus, -a, -um, adj., great. 
 
 nostor, -tra, -trum, adj., our. 
 pulcher, -chra, -chrum, adj., 
 
 beaut if td. 
 tarpis, -e, adj., base. 
 
 246. EXERCISE. 
 
 Determine the gender of the following substantives 
 by the rules framed in connection with this lesson; 
 indicate the gender thus determined by atlndiiiig to 
 each substantive an appropriate adjective selected from 
 the vocabulary in 245. 
 
 tiestfiS) -StlH, summer. 
 altitudo, -Inis, height. 
 amor, -oris, love. 
 arx, arcis, citadel. 
 aurls, -Is, ear. 
 avift, -Is, bird. 
 cSlij(5, -Inis, mist. 
 carmen, -inIs, song. 
 clftdes, -Is, disaster. 
 cldxnor, -Sris, shout. 
 
 cohors, -rtis, cohort. 
 consul, -is, consul. 
 contentio, -onis, contention. 
 crimen, -inis, charge. 
 cubllc, -is, couch. 
 cunctiitio, -onis, delay. 
 custds, -odis, guard. 
 T>umnorix, -iffis, Dumnorir. 
 dux, duels, leader. 
 eques, -Itis, horseman. 
 
66 
 
 THIRD DECLENSION: GENDER. 
 
 facultas, -atis, opport.unit)j. 
 familiaritas, -atis, intimacy. 
 flfiinen, -inis, river. 
 foedus, -eris, treaty. 
 furor, -oris, rage. 
 gens, gentis, race. 
 homo, -inis, man (including 'wo- 
 man), 
 insigne, -is, badge. 
 juventus, -utis, youth. 
 latitudo, -inis, breadth. 
 latro, -onis, robber. 
 levitas, -atis, lightness. 
 leo, -onis, lion. 
 litus, -oris, shore. 
 longitudo, -inis, length. 
 lux, lucis, light. 
 miles, -itis, soldier. 
 mors, mortis, death. 
 nemus, -oris, grove. 
 obses, -idis, hostage. 
 opinio, -onis, opinion, notion. 
 
 ovile, -is, sheep-fold. 
 palmes, -itis, vine-shoot. 
 pater, -tris, father. 
 pavo, -onis, peacock. 
 pectus, -oris, breast. 
 pedes, -itis, foot-soldier. 
 proles, -is, offspring. 
 puppis, -is, stern. 
 radix, -icis, root. 
 regio, -onis, direction. 
 scelus, -eris, crime. 
 sedes, -is, seat. 
 sedile, -is, seat (poetic). 
 semen, -inis, seed. 
 servitus, -utis, servitude. 
 sidus, -eris, constellation. 
 stipes, -itis, stock (of a tree). 
 suspicio, -onis, suspicion. 
 temo, -onis, carriage-pole. 
 umbo, -onis, boss (of a shield). 
 virgo, -inis, virgin. 
 
 247. Note the gender of each of the following sub- 
 stantives,2 and fix its gender in the memory by associat- 
 ing it with an appropriate adjective selected from 245. 
 
 animal, -alis, n., animal. 
 arbor, -oris, f., tree. 
 caput, -itis, N., head. 
 collis, -is, M., hill. 
 
 ignis, -is, M.,Jire. 
 iter, itineris, 's., journey. 
 lapis, -idis, m., stone. 
 vectlgal, -alls, n., revenue. 
 
 1 The rules for gender suggested in 
 this lesson are deemed sufficient as prac- 
 tical aids to the memory. The gender 
 of substantives of the third declension 
 not here provided for, should be learned 
 by observation and practice in reading 
 and writing Latin. 
 
 2 These substantives have already ap- 
 peared in special vocabularies; they are 
 introduced here because their gender is 
 not provided for in the rules of this 
 lesson. 
 
substantives: fourth declension. 67 
 
 LESSON XXIX. 
 Substantives: Fourth Declension. 
 
 248. Learn the paradigms of declension given in the 
 following sections of the grammar : A. & G. 68 ; H. 
 116; G. 67. 
 
 249. Decline : fructus, -us, M., fruit ; exereitus, -us, 
 M., army ; manus, -us, F., hand ; cornu, -us, N., horn. 
 
 250. Explain the formation, from the stem, of the 
 nominative singular and dative plural of the foregoing 
 >ubstantives: A. & G. note preceding 68; H. 116, 1, 2; 
 
 (;.r)7. 
 
 251. Note the gender of the substantives in 249, and 
 frame a Rule for the Gender of substantives of the 
 luurth declension. For verification, see A. & G. 69, a 
 (first sentence), 6; H. 116 ; G. 68. 
 
 252. Decline together, with meanings : vetiis exeroi- 
 f 'IS. luteran army ; omnis fructus, /// ili>- fruit ; niaiins 
 sinistra, left hand ; dextrum corufi, right wing (lit., 
 hor?i). 
 
 253. VOCABULARY.' 
 
 fi-mitt5, -ere, -mlsi, -missus, lose, eqtiitfitus, -us, m., cavalry. 
 
 «'<>K5, -ere, coSfp, cofictiis, co//"V. linpetiiH, -us, m., attack, onset. 
 
 <-on»pectu8, -us, M., .s/f//»^ Iocmih, -i, m., place; pi. (usually) 
 consulatus, -us, m., consulship. luca, -drum, n., placen. 
 
 de-duco, -ere, -dfixi, -<luctus, manus, -us, f., hand ; art; band. • 
 
 rorrif off?' natura, -ae^ f., nature. 
 
 de-sistd, -ere, -stltf, desist, cease. occSsus, -Us, m., setting. 
 
68 substantives: fourth declension. 
 
 peditatus, -us, m., FOOT-soldiers, senatus, -us, m., senate. 
 
 infantry. sol, -is, M., sun. 
 
 PQllo, -ere, pepuli, pulsus, heat. sub,-^ prep. w. ace. and abl., under; 
 
 re-moveo, -ere, -movi, -motus, sub occasum, towards the set- 
 remove, ting. 
 
 254. EXERCISES. 
 
 I. 1. Hostes a^ siiiistro cornii pulsi erant. 2. Sub occa- 
 sum solis destiteruiit. 3. Nam equitatni Diimnorix praeerat. 
 4. Maiius a Belgis cogebantnr. 5. Oppidom et nattira loci 
 et manu muoitum erat. 6. Galli magiias peditatus eqnita- 
 tusque copias cogunt. 7. Ariovistus in consulatu meo rex 
 atque amicus a seuatu appellatus est. 
 
 II. 1. The horses of all have been removed from sight. 
 2. Caesar began the battle on^ the right wing. 3. All the 
 fruits had been lost. 4. The cavalry sustains the attack 
 of the enemy. 5. Almost (paene) in sight of our arm}^ 
 the children of the Aeduans were carried off into slavery. 
 6. Crassus is in command of all the cavaliy, 7. The 
 Aeduans had lost all their senate [and] all their cavalry. 
 
 255. Supplementary Exercises. 
 
 I. 1. Tertia ex* parte lacil Lemainio et flumine Rhodano Hel- 
 vetii continentm\ 2. Dumnorix magnum numerum equitatus suo 
 suiiiptu semper alit. 3. Maniis coguntur, exercitus in unmn locuin 
 conducitur. 4. Caesar ab decimae legionis cohortatione ad dex- 
 trmn cornu venit. 5. Helvetii tamen non pares sunt iiostro 
 exercitui. 6. Solis occasu suas copias in castra reduxit. 7. Paene 
 mio tempore et ad silvas et in flumine et jam in manibus nostrls 
 hostes visi sunt. 
 
 II. 1. The enemy could^ not withstand the onsets of our men. 
 
 2. The twelfth legion had taken position on"^ the right wing. 
 
 3. Caesar opened the engagement on^ the right wing. 4. Thence 
 he leads his army into the country^ of the Allobroges. 5. Towards 
 
 i^smiset^ they ceased. 6. The forces (bands) of the enemy were 
 kept apart. 7. Gradually those (ei, nom. pi.) who (qui, nom. pi.) 
 were in command of the cavalry were disquieted. 
 
ADJECTIVES: REGULAR COMPARISON. 69 
 
 » See also, for vocabularj-, 353. " were not able (non poterant) to 
 
 « 8ee also 199. withstand. 
 
 3 A. & G. 152, c ; H. 435, note 1, ^ i^; why not Sasin the next sentence? 
 
 * Translate on, and see foot-note 4, » fines, plural, 
 
 [.esson XXVI. 9 setting of the sun. 
 6 8eea64, 1., sent. 1. 
 
 LESSON XXX. 
 Adjectives : Regular Comparison. 
 
 256. EXAMPLES. 
 
 1. IV)sn i\ r, : altus (st. alto-), hi(/Ji. '!"/,. 
 
 CoMi'AUATi\'E : altior, m. & f., -ius, n., hujhcr, deeper. 
 Superlative : altissimus, -a, -um, highest, deepest. 
 
 '2. Positive: fortis (st. forti-), 6mye. 
 
 Comparative: fortior, m. & v., -ius, x., braver. 
 Superlative : fortissimus, -a, -um, bravest. 
 
 3. Positive : prudens (st. prudent-), sagacious. 
 Comparative : prudentior, m. & f., -ius, n., more sagacious. 
 Superlative : prudentissimus, -a, -um, most sagacious. 
 
 4. Positive : felix (st. fcllci-), happy. 
 Comparative : felicior, m. & f., -ius, x., happier. 
 
 Suim;i:i. \ I I \ I : fclicissimus, -a, -um, iKipiii, si. 
 
 257. Observation and Infer i ! Vote, in the foregoing 
 examples, (1) that the nominative of lia ii>ii,parative and superlative 
 is formed by the addition of -ior (x. -ius) and -issimus (-a, -um),^ 
 respectively, to the stem of the positive ; and (2) that in vowel-stems 
 the final vowel of the stem disappears before these endings. Frame 
 
 I rule for the Comparison of Adjectives. 
 
 258. References for Verification: A. & G. 80; 11. 102; 
 
 (,. sf; 
 
 259. Lcarii tlie (Iccleiisioii of tlic ( <.ni|);niiLivc nielior 
 (tristior or altior) : A. & G. 86 ; II. 1 :> 1 ; G. 87. 
 
70 adjectives: regular comparison. 
 
 260. Compare : (like altus) latus, hroad^ long-us, long ; 
 (like fortis) levis, lights gravis, heavy ; (like prudens) 
 poteiis, poiverful^ sapiens, wise; (like felix) velox, 
 
 swift^ ferax, fertile ; also decline their Comparatives. 
 
 261. Decline together, with meanings : mons altior, 
 higher mountain ; gravior f ortuna, harder lot ; longius 
 iter, longer road. 
 
 262. VOCABUI.ARY.2 
 
 aetas, -atis, f., age. regnum, -i, n., kingdom ; sover^ 
 circum-duco, -ere, -duxi, -due- eignty. 
 
 tus, lead around. re-sisto, -ere, -stiti, resist. 
 
 civitas, -atis, f., community, state, salus, -utis, f., safety. 
 
 com-mitto, -ere, -misi, -missus, semper, adv., alicays. 
 
 commit, intrust. Sequani, -orum, m,, the Sequan^ 
 filia,^ -ae, r., daughter. or Sequanians. 
 
 gravis, -e, adj., heavy ; severe, hard, vulgo, adv., commonly. 
 nobilis, -e, adj., high-horn, noble. 
 
 263. EXERCISES. 
 
 I. 1. De obsidibus gravius"* supplicium stimet. 2. Op- 
 pidum ex^ omnibus partibus altissimas^ rupes habebat. 
 3. Omnium fortissimi sunt Belgae. 4. Filiam homini 
 nobilissimo conlocat. 5. Resiste, miles fortissime. 6. Om- 
 nes gravioris aetatis^ convenerant. 7. Peditum fortissimo- 
 rum salutem equitatui non committam. 8. In Gallia a 
 potentioribus vulgo regna^ occupabantur. 9. Cohortes 
 longiore itinere^ circumductae erant. 
 
 II. 1. The swiftest foot-soldiers are not always the 
 bravest. 2. The Helvetians were hemmed in b}' a broader 
 and deeper river. 3. They send the noblest men in^ the 
 state. 4. The punishment of the Sequani is too severe."* 
 5. The lands of the Suessiones were very extensive'* and 
 (very) fertile. 6. On^ one side the Helvetians are hemmed 
 in by the river Rhine [which is] exceedingl}' broad and (ex- 
 ceedingly) deep. 
 
ADJECTIVES : REGULAR COMPARISON. 71 
 
 264. Supplementary Exercises. 
 
 I. 1. Carinae plaiiiores sunt quaiiii^ nostrarum navium. 
 2. Ubi de Caesaris adventu Helvetii certiores" fact! sunt,^=2 
 legatos mittunt nobilissinios civitatis.^^ 3. Est gravior fortuiia 
 Sequauorum quam^* reliquorum. 4. Suessiones latissinios fera- 
 cissimosque agros possident. 5. Locus ex omni Gallia opportu- 
 iiissiiiius ac fructuosissimus judicatus est. 
 
 II. 1. Ariovistus will inflict the severest punishment on '^ all 
 the hostages. 2. The Romans will be more faint-hearted (of 
 feebler courage '*). 3. Xor according to Swabian notions (accord- 
 ing to the customs " of the Suebi) is anything '* esteemed baser 
 or more spiritless. 4. Among the Helvetians Orgetorix was by- 
 far the most-exalted-iu-rank.^^ 5. The ^Morini were-maktng-for 
 the denser woods. 6. Dumnorix, for-the-sake ^^ of [extending 
 his] political power, gave his mother [in marriage] to a man of- 
 verj'-high-rank '^ and of-very-great-influence.'-^^ 
 
 1 Superlativee, therefore, are adjec- » A. & G. 258, //; H.420, 1, ,3) ; G. 387- 
 
 tives of the first and second declensions, ° " in the state " = of the Atate. 
 
 and arc declined like bonuft. J** so. carinae. 
 
 - For vociibularj', see also 236, 360, " PrediciJte atljective with tlie pas- 
 
 261. eive verb fact! sunt and limiting Hel- 
 
 3 For irregularity in the declension of vetiT. 
 
 the plural, see A. & G. 3C, e; H. 49, 4; '-fact! sunt, perf. paws, of fncid, 
 
 G. 27, 3. make ; certiures facti sunt, (were 
 
 * The I^tin comparative and superla- made more certain, and so) wen', in- 
 
 tivc admit of other transLitions than formed. 
 
 those given In 256. Thus, g^^vior may »» See 263, II., sent. 3. 
 
 mean severer, rather severe (i.e., severer " sc. f ortGna. 
 
 than usual), too severe {i.e., severer i" See 263, 1., sent. 1. 
 
 than U fitting) ; grravissimus may ""• of feeler courtige, TnflrmlSre 
 
 mean severest or very {exceedingly) se- aniniO: A. & G. 251; H. 419, II.; G. 
 
 rere. 402. 
 
 ' Sec foot-note 4, I^won XXVI. " Express " according to " by putting 
 
 '^ All [who were] of advanced age, the word for " cuHtoiim " in the ablative : 
 
 i.e., all the elders. For the genitive A.&G. 253: H. 416; G. :fi»8. 
 
 aetStiH, see A. & G. 215; II. 396, V. '» qulcqil»m,noMiinaliveneuterBlng- 
 
 n. 1 ; G, :j«U. ular. 
 
 » Translate by the singular, sorn-- "• Suin-rlatlve <>f nm>III>«. 
 
 eiffnty or rtryal power; the plural is ^causll; causil follows the goniUTO 
 
 used in the Latin l>ecause repeated in- that limits it. 
 
 stances are referred to. *' Superlative of potSns. 
 
72 SUBSTANTIVES : FIFTH DECLENSION. 
 
 LESSON XXXI. 
 Substantives : Fifth Declension. 
 
 265. Learn the declension of res, F., thing ; dies, M.,^ 
 day ; fides, F., faitJi ; spes, F., hope ; acies, F., edge^ 
 line of battle, line: A. & G. 72, 74, d', H. 120, 122, 1, 
 2 ; G. 69, Rem. 1. 
 
 266. Explain the formation, from the stem, of the 
 nominatives in 265: A. & G. note preceding 72; H. 
 120, i ; G. 69. 
 
 267. Note the gender of the substantives in 265, and 
 frame a general Rule for the Gender of substantives of 
 the fifth declension. For verification, see A. & G. 73 ; 
 H. 123 ; G. 70. 
 
 268. Decline together, with meanings : in sing., res 
 militaris, the military art; in pL, multae res, many 
 things; in sing., dies septimus, the seventh day; in pi., 
 pauci dies, a few days ; in sing., magna fides, great 
 confidence ; in sing, and in nom. and ace. pi. spes aspe- 
 rior, a more discouraging prospect ; in sing., acies tri- 
 plex, triple line of battle. 
 
 269. TOCABUI.ARY.2 
 
 ac-cido, -ere, -cidi, happen, occur, juventus, -litis, f., youth. 
 
 con-stituo, -ere, -ui, -utus, sfa- inedius, -a, -um, adj., midd/p, mid- 
 
 tion, post. nle ]>arf. of.^ 
 
 di-mitto, -ere, -misi, -missus, occasio, -oiiis, F.,occas/o/j, cAance. 
 
 dismiss ; Jose. *posterus,* -a, -um, nd}., following. 
 
 dolus, -i, M., treacheri/. premo, -ere, pressi, pressus, 
 
 fruinentariiis, -a, -um, pertainiiKj press hard, distress. 
 
 to grain ; res frumentaria, pro- quaero, -ere, -sivi or -ii, -itus, 
 
 visions. seek; inquire. 
 
SUBSTANTIVES : FIFTH DECLENSION. T3 
 
 secundus, -a, -um, adj., second. tra-rto, -ere, -didi, -ditiis, sKnrn- 
 
 servo, -are, -avi, -atus, keep ; fi- der ; impart. 
 
 dem servare, to keep one's trij»inta,in(lecl. num. adj., thirty. 
 
 jrord. usus, -us, m., experience. 
 
 270. EXERCISES. 
 
 I. 1. Die septimo perveilit. 2. Hostes sine fide tempiis 
 atque occasionem dolT quaerunt. 3. Dierum tiiginta babe- 
 bant fi-umentum. 4. In una^ virtute omnem spem salutis 
 ponunt. 0. Multade rerum uatura juventuti tradunt. G. In 
 coUe medio"* triplicem aciem instruxit. 7. Omnem rei fiu- 
 mentariae spem dimiseraut. 8. Reliquas legioues pro cas- 
 tris in acie constituit. 
 
 II. 1. The army* of the enenij^ had been beaten on the 
 left wing. 2. A very opportune incident'^ occurred. 3. On 
 the following day he inquired about the remaining matters/ 
 i. Caesar will keep his word as-to^ the number of days. 
 .'. The remaining legions take position in line of battle on 
 the middle of the hill. G. The soldiers of the second line 
 
 ♦were distressed for provisions.'-* 7. The tribunes had no 
 great experience in military affairs. ^^ 
 
 ^ dies is Bometimt'rt feminine in the ein- » nloiie. 
 
 gular. " exercitu» = army (generic term); 
 
 * See al«o 265, 268. agmen = «rm;/ (on the march) ; acirn 
 
 • tnedius in agreement with a Bub- = army (drawn up in battle array). 
 stantivc usually denotes the middle of; Which is to be preferred here? 
 
 thus, in colle medio, on the midftle of ' res. 
 
 the hill : see A. & O. 193; II. 440, notes » dS. 
 
 I and 2; G. 2S7, Rem. » Vac the ablative. 
 
 « The asterisk (*) indicates that the "> rSs in the singular, 
 
 form to which it is attached is not in use. 
 
74 PECULIARITIES OF COMPARISON^. 
 
 LESSON XXXIL 
 Adjectives: Peculiarities of Comparison. 
 
 Note ; As the four conjugations in verbs, and the several declensions in substan- 
 tives and adjectives, have now been treated, the special vocabularies hitherto printed 
 in connection with the exercises will be discontinued. The pupil will henceforth be 
 obliged to depend wholly, therefore, on the general vocabularies at the end of the 
 book. In consulting the Latin-English vocabulary for the meaning of a word whose 
 formation or composition is given, he should study carefully what is printed in 
 brackets, so as to be able to trace the meaning of the complete word from the mean- 
 ing of the parts which enter into its formation. Right habits formed at this stage 
 will greatly facilitate the acquisition of power to translate at sight. 
 
 At this point also, or a little later at the discretion of the teacher, the pupil may 
 with profit begin to take occasional short lessons on the formation of w ords (see les- 
 sons beginning p. 209), and to translate and commit to memory passages from the 
 anecdotes introduced at p. 224. The lessons on formation and the anecdotes should 
 be completed before the continuous extracts from Caesar (p. 234) are begun. 
 
 271. Compare, with meanings : acer, sharp ; celer, 
 swift ; miser, wretched ; pulclier, beautiful : A. & G. 
 89, a; H. 163, 1; G. 88, 1. 
 
 272. Compare, with meanings : facilis, easy ; difflci- 
 lis, difficult ; similis, lihe ; liumilis, low : A. & G. 89, 
 6; H. 163, 2; G. 88, 2. 
 
 273. Compare, with meanings : bonus, good ; malus, 
 had ; magnus, great ; parvus, small ; multus, much : 
 A. & G. 90 ; H. 165 ; G. 89. 
 
 274. Compare, with meanings ; citerior, hither^ on 
 this side ; interior, inner ; prior, former ; propior, 
 nearer ; ulterior, /ar^Aer ; A. & G. 91 ; H. 166; G. 89, 
 Rem. 2. 
 
 275. Compare, with meanings : exterus, on the out- 
 side ; inferus, helow ; * posterus, coming after ; supe- 
 rus, above : A. & G. 91, a ; H. 163, 3 ; G. 89, Rem. 1. 
 
PECULIARITIES OF COMPARISON. 76 
 
 276. EXERCISES. 
 
 I. 1. Pulcherrimam totiiis^ Galliae nrbcm suis manibus 
 siiccendunt. 2. Inter uovissiinuin- hostium agmen et nos- 
 trum primiim, longum spatiuni intererat. 3. Cum proximis 
 civitatil)us pacem et amicitiam coufirraant. 4. Tamen humil- 
 limus homo de plebe ope^ dignus est. 5. Majorl tamen 
 parti placuit castra defendere. 6. In Galliam ulteriorem 
 contendit. 7. Majores natu* legatos ad Caesarem mTserunt. 
 8. Quam^ maximis potest*^ itineribus contendit. 9. Sed 
 Sequanis pejus aecidit. 10. TraductI sunt plures.^ 11. Sum- 
 mae virtutis difficillima est via. 
 
 II. 1. Geneva^ is the last^ town of the Allobroges and 
 nearest to the territories of the Helvetians. 2. [There] 
 was but® one legion in farther Gaul. 3. At night-falP*' 
 they will hasten to the Rhine. 4. The}' had the greatest 
 abundance of ships. 5. He had stationed the legions on 
 the summit-of" the ridge. 6. The bravest soldiers had been 
 posted'- in the upper line. 7. They collect as man}' ships 
 as they possibly can." 8. The lot of the Sequani was most 
 pitiable. 
 
 277. Supplementary Exercises. 
 
 I. 1. Caesar Procillo^* suniinam oniniuiu rerum fidem habebat. 
 2. Belgae ab extrtjmis Galliae finibus oriuntiir,^^ pertinent ad in- 
 feriorem partem fluniinis Rheni. 3. Proximo die Caesar e castrls 
 copias suas eduxit. 4. Multo^*^ major alacritas studiumque mujua 
 exercitul injectum est." 5. Dei Mercurii sunt plurima shmilacra. 
 6. Plura' Gallorum scuta uno ictu pilorurn traiisfixa et conligata 
 sunt. 7. Nostri majores*^ exemplum posteris^^ prodiderunt pul- 
 cherrimuni.'^' 8. CoUis infimus" apertus erat, ab superiore parte 
 silvestris. 
 
 II. 1. The Sequanian land is the best in «» alP Gaul. 2. He 
 hastens by forced niarches'® into farther Gaul atid arrives at (ad) 
 Geneva. 3. Caesar treats with Ariovistus on matters pf-the-high- 
 estrimportance.** 4. At night-falP" they hastened to the Rhine 
 
76 
 
 NUMEEALS : CAEDINALS. 
 
 and the marches 2° of the Germans. 5. He stationed all the auxili- 
 aries in front of the smaller camp in sight of the enemy, G. In- 
 that-place was the shortest route into farther Gaul. 7. The river 
 Axona is in the remotest [part of the] ^3 territories of the Remi. 
 8. The lot of the Sequani is more pitiable and grievous than [that] 
 of the rest. 
 
 1 Genitive feminineof totus,-a, -urn, 
 all, whole ^ see A. & G. 83; H. 151, 1; 
 G.35. 
 
 2 novissimum ag;iuen, the rear ; 
 for comparison, see A. & G. 91, c, 2; H. 
 167,2; G. 89, 3. 
 
 3 Ablative with dignus : A. & G. 
 245, a (first line) ; H. 421, III. ; G. 373, 
 Rem. 3. 
 
 * majores natu, [those who are] 
 greater by birth, i.e., the elders. 
 
 ^ quaiu strengthens the superlative 
 maximis ; read A. & G. 93, 6; H. 170, 
 2, (2) ; G. 317. 
 
 6 Pres. indie. 3d sing, of possum, 
 be able, can ; translate : by the greatest 
 possible marches, by forced marches. 
 potest might have been omitted. 
 
 ' More (than one, i.e.) several. For 
 declension, see A. & G. 86; H. 165, note 
 1; G. 89. 
 
 8 Put the word for " last " at the be- 
 ginning, and the word for " Geneva " at 
 the end. "What is the effect of this ar- 
 rangement? 
 
 •' Erat omnino. 
 
 10 " At night-fall " = at the first part 
 of the night= prima nocte ; see A. & 
 G. 193; H. 440, notes 1 and 2; G. 287, 
 Rem. 
 
 " Superlative of superus in agree- 
 ment with substantive; see preceding 
 references. 
 
 12 " had been posted " = had taken 
 position; use consisto. 
 
 13 possiint, 3d pi. i)re8. indie, of 
 possum; imitate 376, I., sent. 8. 
 
 " Procillo (dat.) habebat, reposed 
 in Procillus. 
 
 15 begin ; oriuntur has a passive 
 form, but an active meaning. 
 
 10 greater by much, i.e., far greater; 
 for the ablative, see A. & G. 250; 11. 423; 
 G. 400. 
 
 1" injectum est, perf. pass, of in- 
 icio : loas infused. 
 
 i« Comparative of inagnus used sub- 
 stantively : ancestors. 
 
 19 Plural of *posterus used substan- 
 tively: posterity. 
 
 20 Note the emphatic position of pul- 
 cherrimum. 
 
 21 at the bottom. 
 
 22 cf . foot-note 9, Lesson XXX. 
 
 23 Imitate 376^ I., sent. 8. 
 2* Superlative of superus. 
 
 25 «< marches " = borders, frontiers ; 
 use the plural of finis. 
 
 20 Superlative of exterus in agree- 
 ment with substantive ; cf . foot-note 10. 
 
 >>»Jc 
 
 LESSON XXXIII. 
 Numerals : Cardinals. 
 
 278. Learn, with meanings, the cardinal numerals : A. 
 &G. 94; H. 174; G. 93. 
 
numerals: cardinals. 77 
 
 279. Learn the decleusion of: uiiiis (A. & G. 83, a; 
 H. 175 ; G. 35), duo (A. & G. 94, b ; H. 175 ; G. 92), 
 tres (A. & G. 94, c ; H. 175 ; G. 92), ducenti (A. & G. 
 M,d; H. 177). 
 
 280. .Decline together : duae legriones, two legions ; 
 itinera duo, Uvo roads ; tres senatores, three senators ; 
 passus ducenti, two hundred paces. 
 
 281. Decline together, with meanings: in the sing., 
 ununi iter, one route ; in the sing., una spes, the only 
 hope ; in the pi., uni Suebi, the Suebi alone ; in the 
 pL, una castra, one camp. See A. & G. 94, a ; H. 175, 
 n. 1 ; G. 95, Rem. 2 (second line). 
 
 282. exampi.es. 
 
 1. EquitSs mHIe (Cic. Fam. lo, 9, 3), a thonmnd horsemen. 
 
 2. Equitum mille (Caes. B. C. 3, 84, 4), a thousand horsemen (lit., a 
 
 thousand of horsemen). 
 
 3. MIlia passuum tria (i, 22, 5), three miles (lit., three thousands 
 
 of paces). 
 
 283. Observation : Note (1) that mille (Ex. 1) is an inde- 
 clinable adjective; (2) that mille (Ex. 2) is a substantive in the 
 singular number limited by the genitive equitum;* (3) that milia 
 (Ex. 3) is a substantive in the plural number limited by the genitive 
 pasBuum.^ 
 
 284. References : Read carefully : A. & G. 94, e with note (to 
 the semicolon) ; H. 178 with note (to the semicolon) ; G. 308. 
 
 285. Decline together : dies quindecim, fifteen days ; 
 nillia sexaginta tria, sixty-three thousand. See A. & G. 
 94, c (second sentence) ; II. 176 ; G. 92. 
 
 286. EXERCISES. 
 
 I. 1. Factiones sunt dime. 2. MIlia hominuiii vTginti 
 quattuor* ad Ariovistum venemiit. 3. Vieos quadringeutos 
 
78 NUMERALS : CARDIXALS. 
 
 incendunt. 4. Cum duabus legionibus jugum adscendit. 
 
 5. Gallia est divisa in partes tres. 6. Caesar scutum ab 
 novissimis tini militl^ detraxit. 7. Oppida sua omnia, 
 immero ad* duodecim, vicos ad quadringent5s, incendunt. 
 8. Quindecim milia Atrebates poUicentur,^ Ambiani decern 
 milia, Morini vigiuti quinque^ milia, Menapii septem milia, 
 Aduatuci decern et novem^ milia. 
 
 II. 1. The place was six hundred paces^ distant. 2. There 
 were only two routes. 3. The Belgians inhabit one part. 
 4. The Nervii were reduced from six hundred senators to 
 three. '^ 5. Six thousand men hastened to the Rhine. 
 
 6. The Nervii were reduced from sixt}' thousand men to 
 barely^ five hundred. 7. lie stationed two legions on the 
 topmost ridge. 8. The sum totaP was^*^ about"* three hun- 
 dred sixt^'-eight thousand. 
 
 287. Supplementary Exercises. 
 
 I. 1. Omnium rerum smiwna erat capitum Helvetioruin milia 
 ducenta et sexaginta tria, Tulingorum milia triginta sex, Latovico- 
 rum quattuordecim, liauricorum viginti tria, Bojormn triginta 
 duo. 2. Ex litteris Caesaris dierum^i viginti supplicatio a senatii 
 decreta est. 
 
 II. 1. In twenty-five days they raised an embankment three 
 hundred and thirty feet ^ broad [and] eighty feet^ high. 2. He 
 pitches his camp three miles^ from the camp of the enemy. 3. The 
 Helvetians with five hundred horse had routed a great force of 
 cavalry. 
 
 lit will be enough for the pupil at < ad with numerals = «6ow<. 
 
 present to note that the substantives ^> pollicentur, promise, has a pas- 
 
 mnie and milia are followed by the sive form with active meaning, 
 genitive; the Jcind of genitive used after c xjse the accusative; this use of the 
 
 these substantives will be discussed in accusative will be discussed in the next 
 
 the next lesson. lesson. 
 
 2 W'hat other form of expression is ^ Express '.from six hundred to three 
 possible ? senators. 
 
 3 uni militl, from a soldier, dat. of 8 Express : barely to. 
 
 Ind. obj. after detraxit; in the Latia » "sum total " = SMm o/aZZ. 
 
 expression, the soldier is viewed as the i" was, fuerunt. See A. & G. 204, 
 
 person to whom the action is done. See b; H. 462; G. 202, Rem. 1, 3). 
 A. 85 G. 229 ; H. 385, 2 ; G. 344, Rem. 2. ii of. Lesson XXX., foot-note 6. 
 
PARTITIVE GENITTVE. 79 
 
 LESSON XXXIV. 
 
 Partitive Genitive. — Accusative of Duration 
 OF Time and Extent of Space. 
 
 288. EXAMPLES. 
 
 1. Magna est corporis pars aperta (4, l, lO), a great part of the 
 
 Ii<i(J>l Is <'.rj>(>s((L 
 
 2. Impedimentorum magnum numerum (2, 17, 2), a great quantity 
 
 of htiggage. 
 8. Nihil vini (2, 15, 4), no wine (lit,, nothing of wine). 
 
 4. Milia hominum viginti quattuor (i, 31,10), twenty-four Ihous- 
 
 (iiid men. 
 
 5. Omnium fortissimi sunt Belgae (i, i, 3), the Belgians are the 
 
 bravest of all. 
 V). N5bilissim5s civitStis (1,7,3), the men of highest rank in the 
 community. 
 
 7. Multum aestatis (5, 22, 4), a considerable part of the summer. 
 
 8. Satis Sloquentiae, sapientiae parum (Sail. Cat. 5, 4), enough 
 
 eloquence, [but] not enough discretion. 
 
 289. Observation and Inference: Note, in each of the 
 foregoing examples, that the genitive designates the whole, and that 
 the word which the genitive limits df^sio nates a. part. The genitive 
 thus used is called the Partitive ^ // /V-. Frame a rule for the 
 I'artit'nf riciiitive. 
 
 290. References for Verification: A. &G. 21(5; II. iiOT; 
 
 (;. ma. 
 
 291. Observation : What part of speech is the partitive word 
 in Ex8. 1-4? in Exs. 5-7? in Ex. 8? Read A. & G. 216, a, 1, 2, 3, 
 4; II. 307, 1, 2, 3, 4; G. 367, 308, 369, 370, 371, Rem. 4. 
 
 292. EXAMPLES. 
 
 1. Difis continues quinque Caesar pro castris buJUi c5pift8 
 prSdfbdt (1,48, 3), /or ^Ve days in succession Caesar led out 
 hi^ forces [and arrayed them] in front of the camp. 
 
80 ACCUSATIVE OF DURATION OF TIME 
 
 2. [Castici] pater regnum in Sequanis multos annos obtinu- 
 
 erat (l, 3, 4), the father of Casticus had held regal power among 
 the Sequani for many years. 
 
 3. Repugnantes diem noctemque obsident (7, 42, 6), they besiege 
 
 day and night those that resist. 
 
 4. Oppidum aberat milia passuum octo (2, 6, i), the town was 
 
 eight miles distant. 
 
 5. Duas fossas qulndecim pedes latas perduxit (7, 72, 3), he 
 
 made (carried) two trenches fifteen feet ivide. 
 
 6. Hercyniae silvae latitude novem dierum iter patet (6, 25, i), 
 
 the breadth of the Hercynian forest extends over nine days' 
 journey. 
 
 293. Observation axd Inference : Xote, in Exs. 1-3, that 
 dies, annos, diem, and noctem answer the question how long? 
 In what case are they? Note, in Exs. 4-6, that milia, pedes, and 
 iter answer the question how far? In what case are they? Frame 
 a rule for the Case of Substantives denoting Duration of Time or 
 Extent of Space. 
 
 294. References for Verification: A. & G. 256 (last 
 part), 257 ; H. 379 ; G. 335, 2, 336, 337. 
 
 295. EXERCISES. 
 
 I. 1. Magistratus Aeduorum antiquitus^ regiam potes- 
 tatem aDnum obtiuere consiierant.^ 2. A castris oppidum 
 Reraorum nomine Bibrax aberat milia passuum octo. 
 3. Sueborum gens est longe maxima et bellicosissima Ger- 
 manorum omnium. 4. Milites aggerem latum pedes trecen- 
 tos tiiginta, altum pedes octoginta exstruxerunt. 5. Paucos 
 dies ad Vesontionem rei friimentaviae causa ^ moratur.^ 
 
 II. 1. Night lasts (is) thirty days together ° at the 
 winter season.^ 2. Nor was there left much time before 
 (to) sunset. 3. The territories of the Helvetians extended 
 two hundred and forty miles in'' length, [and] a hundred 
 and eighty iii^ breadth. 4. He selected a place suitable 
 
AND EXTENT OF SPACE. 81 
 
 for .a camp about six hundred paces from the Germans. 
 5. After the destruction of the Cimbri, they had been for 
 many years harassed by their neighbors. 
 
 296- Supplementary Exercises. 
 
 I. 1. Prima legio in castra venerat, reliqnaeque legiones 
 magnum spatium aberant. 2. Exploratores hostium omni flu- 
 mmis parte* erant dispositi. 3. Aedui et Arverni de potentatu 
 inter se^ nmltos annos contendunt.i'^ 4. Friimenta tanta nmlti- 
 tudine jumentorum atque hominum consumebantur. 5. A lacu 
 Lemanno ad montem Juram milia passuum decern noveni murum 
 perducit. G. Ariovistus multos menses castris^^ se^^ ao paludi- 
 bus" tenuerat. 
 
 II. 1. He was distant a few days' ^^ march from the Germans. 
 2. The enemy not only^'* blockades tlie roads, but also^* leaves 
 behind a strong enough garrison ^^ for the camp. 3. Storms ensued^^ 
 several days in succession.^^ 4. The place was distant about six- 
 hundred paces from the enemy. 5. There was the greatest 
 abundance of everything in the town. G. For several years he has 
 farmed** the revenues of the Aedui. 
 
 * antTquitns, jm former times. " As the ablative of place where In 
 ' consuerant, contracted from c5n- this instance expresses also means by 
 
 fineverant: A. & O. 128, a; H. 235; which, the preposition in is omitted- 
 
 G. l.il.l. . II. 42.'), 1, 1); G.387. 
 
 ' See Lesson XXX., foot-note 20. " himself, accusative sinirular. 
 
 * inorStur, he delays, has a passive '^ " a ft-w days' march " = « march of 
 form with reflexive meaning. a few days; cf, 5887, I., sent. 2 and 
 
 ' " thirty days together " =■ thirty foot-note. 
 succesttire days. '* not only . . . hut also, et . . . . et. 
 
 <* at the tpinter season, sub brflmft. ''^ " a strong enough garrison " = 
 
 ' in with accusative. enmigh of f/arrison. 
 
 » Ablative of place where with prep- " fiecutae sunt (passive form with 
 
 osition omitted ; read A. & G. 258,/; active meaning). 
 H. 42.'), 2; O, 386. «' " in succession " = successive. 
 
 » inter sS, among themselves, with '» "has farmed the revenues " = has 
 
 each other. the revenues firmed. Farmed, re- 
 
 "» content! lint, have been contend- dSmptus, -a, -urn. 
 inj : A. & O. 276, a; U. 467, 2; O. 221. 
 
82 NUMERALS : ORDINALS. — ADJECTIVES : 
 
 LESSON XXXV. 
 
 Numerals: Ordinals. — Adjectives: Genitive in 
 -ius, Dative in -i. 
 
 297. Learn, with meanings, the first twenty-five ordi- 
 nal numerals: A. & G. 94; H. 174; G. 93. 
 
 298. Study the following table of alternative expres- 
 sions : 
 
 thirteenth, tertius decimus or decimus et tertius (similarly 
 14-17). 
 
 eighteenth, duodevicesimus or octavus decimus (similarly 19). 
 
 twenty-Jirst, vicesimus primus or unus et vicesimus. 
 
 twenty-second, vicesimus secundus or alter et vicesimus. 
 
 twenty-third, vfcgsimus tertius or tertius et vicesimus (simi- 
 larly 24 and 25). 
 
 • 299. Decline^ together: in the sing., legio decima, 
 the tenth legion; censores vicesimi sexti, the twenty- 
 sixth censors. 
 
 300. Learn the declension of: alius, other; nulliis, 
 not any^ no; solus, alone; totus, whole; ullus, ajiy ; 
 unus, one ; alter, other (of two) ; uter, which (of two) ; 
 neuter, neither : A. & G. 83 with a and h ; H. 151, 1 ; 
 G. 35 with Rem. (end). 
 
 301. Decline together : aliud iter, another road ; nulla 
 vox, not a word ; uUum periculuin, any danger at all. 
 
 302. Decline together, in the sing. : provincia tota, 
 the whole province ; altera pars, the other side ; utra 
 pars, which part (of two) ? 
 
GENITIVE IN -ius, DATIVE IN -1. 83 
 
 303. EXERCISES. 
 
 I. 1. Die sexto dccimo pervenit. 2. Aliud iter habent 
 nullum.- 3. Anno uiidevicesimo^ post consulis mortem, 
 urbs expugnata est. 4. Prima et secunda acies ^ hostibus* 
 resistit. 5. Dierum^' viginti supplicatio acciderat uuUI.^ 
 
 6. Sequani soli auxilium nou implorant. 7. Censores 
 vicesimi sexti^ a primis censoribus fuerunt. 8. Galliae 
 totius factiones sunt duae. 9. Alter alteii^ utilis est. 
 
 10. De quarta vigilia summum jugum moutis adscendit. 
 
 11. Cum legione duodecima contendit. 12. Uter utrl ante- 
 ferendus® est ? 13. Potestas erat neutri.^ 
 
 II. 1 . The soldiers of the ninth and tenth legions''' arrived. 
 2. Some resisted the enemy^ in one quarter, others in an- 
 other." 3. He left behind the fourteenth legion. 4. There 
 he places the baggage of the entire army. 5. In the twenty- 
 sixth year the town was taken by assault. 6. Some'- hast- 
 ened to the mountain, the others'- to the baggage. 7. He 
 waited until" the ninth hour." 8. Neither-party'^ makes'^ 
 a beginning. 9. He will arrive at about the fourth hour'* 
 of the day. 10. They do not govern according-to'^ the 
 dictates'® of another. 11. [It] was the eighteenth purifica- 
 tory sacrifice. 12. He makes a requisition on'^ the whole 
 province. 
 
 304, Supplementary Exercises. 
 
 I. 1. Aliud alii"^' nutura iter ostendit. 2. Alterius factionis 
 I'lincipatuin teuent Aedui, alterius Arvenii. 3. Aniiuiu jam 
 tertium et viccsimum* rei^nat.'-^^ 4. Prima et secunda acics* 
 victis ac summotis resistcbat, tertia venientcs sustiiiebat. 0. Post 
 sex legioncs totius exercitus impedimenta conlocarat ; *» inde duae 
 legiones totuni agmen claudcbant. G. Legiouis^'' nonae et docimae 
 mllitcs Atrebates celerit^r ex loco superiore in flumeu coinpulerunt. 
 
 7. Alter alter! "^ inimicus erat. 
 
 II. 1. He makes a requisition on ^* the entire province [for] the 
 greatest possible number of soldiers. 2. He sent Galba with the 
 
84 
 
 ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE. 
 
 twelfth legion and a part of the cavalry against ^"^ the Veragri. 
 3. They ask of one another ^^ the cause of the tumult. 4. The 
 first and second lines* are under ^^ arms, the third is fortifying the 
 camp. 5. The Helvetians go in quest of another dwelling place, 
 other habitations. 6. Lysander conquered the Athenians when 
 they had been carrying on war twenty-six years.^^ 
 
 1 Ordinals are of the first and second 
 declensions, and are declined like bonus. 
 
 ' Note the emphatic position. 
 
 3 What is the alternative expression ? 
 
 * Note the difference hetween the 
 Latin idiom and the English ; acies is 
 here singular, but must be translated 
 plural. 
 
 c A. & G. 227 ; H. 385, I. ; G. 345. 
 
 6 cf. 287, I., sent. 2 and foot-note. 
 
 ■? Translate : They are. useful to each 
 other (the one is useful to the other) : A. 
 & G. 203. 
 
 ** is to he preferred. 
 
 » Trans. : Neither had poiver (power 
 was to neither). For the dative, see A. 
 & G. 231 ; H. 387 ; G. 349. 
 10 cf. foot-note 4. 
 
 " Translate as if the entire sentence 
 were . Others resisted the enemy in an- 
 other part. See A. & G. 203, c ; H. 459, 
 1; G. 306 (illustrations). 
 
 12 Some ... the others, alterl . . . 
 alteri. 
 
 13 ad. 
 
 1* See hoi*a in the general vocabu- 
 lary. 
 
 1^ Use the plural of neutei*. 
 
 16 f aciunt, 3d pi. of facio. 
 
 " ad. 
 
 '^^ dictates (pi.), praescriptum, -T, 
 N. (sing.). 
 
 10 "on" is here a sign of the dative 
 of indirect object. 
 
 20 See references under foot-note 11. 
 
 21 He has been reigning these ttventy- 
 three years ; cf. Lesson XXXIV., foot- 
 note 10. 
 
 22 conlocarat = conlocaverat ; cf . 
 Lesson XXXIV., foot-note 2. 
 
 23 cf. foot-note 7. 
 
 24 ill with accusative. 
 
 2^5 Another asks from another ; cf . 
 foot-note 7. 
 
 20 jji with ablative. 
 
 27 Translate; Lysander conquered the 
 Athenians carrying on war in the 
 ttoenty-sixth year. 
 
 LESSON XXXVI. 
 Ablative Absolute. 
 
 305. 
 
 EXAMPI.ES. 
 
 I. Time. 
 
 Caesar necessariis rebus imperatis, ad legionem devenit 
 (2, 21, 1), Caesar, when he had issued the necessary 
 ORDERS (the necessary things having been ordered), came to 
 the legion. 
 
ABLATIVE ABSOU Ti:. 85 
 
 _. Magna multitudine peditatus coacta, ad castra venerunt 
 
 (4, 34, 5), HAVING COLLECTED A LARGE FORCE OF INFANTRY 
 
 (a large force having been collected), they came to the camp. 
 
 3. [Orgetorix], M. Messalla et M. Pisone consulibus, civi- 
 
 tiiti j>ersuasit (i, 2, i), Orgetorix, in the consulship of 
 Marcus Messalla and Marcus Piso (Marcus Messalla 
 and Marcus Piso being consuls), persuaded his countrymen. 
 
 4. Coguito Caesaris advents, Ariovistus legates mittit (1,42,1), 
 
 on learning the arrival of CAESAR (the arrival having 
 been learned), Ariovistus sent ambassadors. 
 
 5. Scuto dStracto, processit (2, 25, 2), he snatched a shield and 
 
 (a shield having been snatched, he) went forward. 
 
 II. Cause. 
 
 6. GermanI reliquS fug5 dSspSrSta, se In flumen praecipita- 
 
 verunt (4, 15, 2), the Germans, despairing of further 
 flight (farther flight having been despaired of), cast them- 
 selves into the river. 
 
 7. Fetentibus RSmis, impetrant (2, 12, 5), at the intercession 
 
 of the Remi (the Remi asking), they obtain [their request]. 
 
 III. Concession. 
 
 8. Faucis dgfendentibus, expugnare non potuit (2,12,2), though 
 
 BUT few defended (few defending) [i7], he could not take 
 
 IV. Means. 
 
 9. Milites, pTlIa missis, hostium phalangem perfregcrunt (1,25,2), 
 
 the soldiers, BY throwing THEIR HEAVY JAVELINS (javcUns 
 having been thrown), broke through the enemy's phalanx. 
 
 V. Condition. 
 
 10. Nihil decet repflgnante natar& < i, no), nothing is 
 
 becoming if naturk opposes (nature opposing). 
 
 11. SSquanIs invltis, In^ non poterant (1, 9, l), if the Siv' ^m 
 
 WITHHELD consent (the Sequani [being] unwilling) they 
 could not proceed. 
 
86 ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE. 
 
 306. Observation and Inference : ]S^ote that the ablative 
 expressions prmted in boldface type in the foregoing examples 
 might be omitted without injury to the construction. In other 
 words, they are grammatically independent. Ablatives which are 
 thus grammatically independent of the remaining parts of the 
 sentence are called Ablatives Absolute (i.e., independent ablatives). 
 
 Note, further, that all the examples, except 3 and 11, contain a 
 substantive in the ablative absolute with a participle, whereas, in 
 Ex. 3, both ablatives are sid>stantives, and, in Ex. 11, the second abla- 
 tive is an adjective (invitis). 
 
 Note, again, that the ablatives absolute express : in 1-5, time ; 
 in 6 and 7, cause; in 8, concession; in 9, means ; in 10 and 11, 
 condition. 
 
 Note, finally, that the literal construction of the words is fre- 
 quently disregarded in the English translation. Thus, in Exs. 1, 
 8, 10, and 11, the ablative absolute is translated by a subordinate 
 clause ; in Exs. 2, 4, 6, and 9, a passive participle is translated by 
 an active; in Exs. 3, 4, 7, and 9, a preposition with a substantive is 
 used in translation ; and in Ex. 5, the participle is translated by a 
 verb connected with the main verb by a coordinate conjunction. 
 
 Frame rules embodying the foregoing observations. 
 
 307. References for VeriIfication : A. & G. 255, a; H. 
 
 308. EXERCISES. 
 
 I. 1. Nullo lioste prohibente, legionem iu Allobroges per- 
 duxit. ^ 2. Conloquium, interposita causa, tollit. 3. Non- 
 
 yL null! ab novissimis, deserto proelio,^ excedebant. 4. Propter 
 ^ latitudinem fossae murique altitudiuem, panels defendentibus, 
 ^ expugnafe non potuit.^ 5. Mnlieres, passis manlbus, flentes 
 auxilium implorabant. 6. Repugnante natura, frustra con- 
 ^ tendimus. 7. L. Tullo M'. Lepido consiilibus, P. Autronius 
 ^ et P. Sulla, designati consules, poenas dederant. 
 
 II. 1. They had not given battle the-day-before, although 
 they had seized the higher places.^ 2. Having made this^ 
 address, he dismissed the council. 3. At the intercession of 
 
ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE. 87 
 
 DumnoHx, they obtain their request of ^ the Sequani. 4. The 
 women and children on^ the wall, with hands outstretcJied 
 aceoiding to^ their wont, besought peace of* the Romans. 
 5. The Caturiges seize the higher places and^ impede the 
 army's march.'' 6. Li Caesar's consulship^ Ariovistus had 
 sought the friendship of the Roman people. 7. The Helve- 
 tians, if Caesar ivithhold consent,^ will endeavor to force a 
 passage ^^ through the province. 
 
 309. Supplementary Exercises- 
 
 I. 1. Secundiore equitum proelio hostibus, Caesar suos in castra 
 rediixit. 2. Xocte intermissa, circiter hominum milia sex ad 
 Rhenum contenclerunt. 3. !Male re gesta, fortfina defuit impera- 
 tori. 4. Aequuto omnium periculo, spem fiigae toUit. 5. Coiu- 
 mutato consilio atque itinere converse nostros a novissinio agmine 
 lacessunt. 
 
 II. 1. Labienus having seized the mountain, awaited our men. 
 2. Although two cohorts were sent by Caesar as-a-reenforcement,i* 
 the enemy, inasmuch as our men were overcome with terror, broke 
 boldly through the midst [of them], 3. In the consulship of Cotta 
 and Torquatus, a great many objects on the Capitol were struck ^^ 
 l)y lightning.^^ 4. On hearing the shouting, they all broke ranks ^ 
 and hastened to seek safety in flight.^* 
 
 1 Imitate .305, Ex. 5. « See 305, Ex. 11. 
 
 * non potnit, he was not able. 'o Translate : iri7/ attempt a passage 
 
 3 I'asHaKes in this exercise printed in through force (per vim). I'or dcclen- 
 Italica are to be translated by the abla- sion of vig, Jforce, see A. & O. 61 ; 
 tivc absolute. II. 66. 
 
 4 hSc, abl. sing. fem. " HubsldiS (dat.). 
 
 " &, ab. " peroussae sunt (perf. pass, of 
 
 ex. percutiO). 
 
 7 cf, foot-note 17, lesson XXX. " hy lightning, dS caelO (fromhcav- 
 
 • Translate : restrain the army from en) . 
 
 the march .• A. & 0. 243 ; H. 413 : G. 388. " Ablative of meanB. 
 
88 PERIPHKASTIC CONJUGATIONS. 
 
 LESSON X-XXVII. 
 Periphrastic Conjugations : Active and Passive. 
 
 310. Review the present active and perfect passive 
 participles of amo, nioneo (or deleo), tego (reg-o or 
 
 emo), audio ; and learn, with meanings, the future 
 active participle and the gerundive : A. & G. pp. 77, 
 79, 81, 83, 87; H. pp. 87, 89, 91, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101; 
 G. pp. 54, 57, 58, 61, 64, 67, 68, 71. Learn also the 
 future participle of sum : A. & G. p. 69 ; H. p. 85 ; 
 G. p. 51. 
 
 311. Observation and Inference : Note, in the foregoing 
 forms, the following facts : — 
 
 1. The present active participle is formed by the addition of -nt-,i 
 nom. -ns,i to the present stem,^ and the gerundive by the addition of 
 -ndo-,^ nom. -ndus, to the same stem. 
 
 2. The future active participle is formed by the addition of -turo-, 
 nom. -turus, to the verh stem, as it appears in the perfect passive 
 participle.^ 
 
 Frame rules for the formation of the Present Active Participle, 
 the Gerundive, and the Future Active Participle in the several 
 conjugations. 
 
 312. Form and translate the Present and Future 
 Active Participles, and the Gerundive, of: — 
 
 a-mitto, -ere, -misi, -missus,^ lose, ex-istimo, -are,-avi,-atus, reckon, 
 cogo, -ere, coegi, coactus, com- think. 
 
 pel. habeo, -ere, -ui, -itus, have. 
 
 com-moveo, -ere, -movi, -inotus, muiiio, -ire,-ivi or -ii, -itus, fort if i/. 
 
 alarm. reperio, -ire, repperi, repertus, 
 do, dare, dedi, datus, give. find. 
 
PERIPHRASTIC CONJUGATIONS. 89 
 
 313. Learn, with meanings, the Indicative forms of 
 tlie First (Active) Periphrastic Conjugation^ of amo: 
 A. (S: G. 129 ; H. 233 ; G. 149. 
 
 314. Learn, with meanings, the Indicative forms of 
 the Second (Passive) Periphrastic Conjugation ^ of amo : 
 A. &G. 129; H. 234; G. 150. 
 
 315. EXERCISES. 
 
 I. 1. Popull Roman! gratiam repudiaturus est. 2. Aqiil- 
 tania tertia pars Galliae est existimanda. 3. Obsides daturi 
 erant. 4. Aeduonim auctoritatem apud omnes Belgas 
 amplificaturus erit. o. BeUum gereiidum erit. 6. Neque 
 obsides repetituri neque auxilium a populo Romano irnplo- 
 raturl fuerunt. 7. Omnia unO tempore erant agenda. 
 8. Mllites ab opere sunt revocaudi. 9. Iter per pro- 
 vinciam per vim tentaturi sunt. 
 
 II. 1. They had been on-the-point-of- restoring the hos- 
 tages. 2. They were about-to-compel the Allobroges. 
 3. The opportunity must not be lost. 4. The [soil] of 
 the Gauls^ was not to-be- compared with that^ of the Ger- 
 mans. 5. The signal will havo-to-bo-given with the 
 trumpet. 6. Neither will men oC liosiik; disposition® be 
 likely-to-refrain from injury and mischief. 7. lie had 
 been on-the-point-of-obtaining control of his own state. 
 8. The force of the epemy will have-to-bc-kept-asunder. 
 
 316. Supplementary Exercises. 
 
 I. 1. Allobrogibus vel persuusuri siunus vel vi* coacturi. 
 2. Omnia iino tempore erant agenda: vexillum proponendum,!*' 
 signum tuba dandum,*^ ab opere revocandi" mllitgs, acigs Instni- 
 . enda.w 3. Aeduorum injuries n6n neglecturus erit. 4. Occasio 
 negotii bene gerendi'- aniiitenda non est. 5. Nos^^ neque legates 
 missuri neque ullam condicioneni pacia accepturi" sumus. 0. Uter 
 utri anteferendus est? 
 
90 DATIVE OF AGENT. 
 
 11. 1. The Germans' mode of life is not to be compared with 
 [that] of the Gauls.^ 2. Ariovistus is not^^ likely to reject either ^^ 
 my good will or^^ the Roman people's. 3. The authority of 
 the Aeduans ought to have been increased among all the Belgians. 
 4. They were on the point of sacrificing an opportunity of bringing 
 the matter to a successful issue.^^ 5. The wrongs of the Aeduans 
 ought not to be neglected. 6. The enemy will not be likely, if 
 an opportunity is afforded [them],i' to refrain from mischief. 
 
 1 Note that the vowel of the present ^ Use ager here, and omit it at the 
 participle is short before -nt- and long beginning. 
 
 before -ns. « Use the ablative ; cf . foot-note 16, 
 
 2 The i^resent stem may be obtained Lesson XXX. 
 
 by droi^ping -re of the present infini- ^ For declension, see references under 
 
 tive active; see 136, 1. Note, however, foot-note 10, Lesson XXXVL 
 
 that the present stem of verbs of the i** sc. erat. 
 
 fourth conjugation (as, audio) ends in ^^ sc. erant. 
 
 -ic- (as, audie-) in the present parti- 12 Opportunity of the matter to be well 
 
 ciple and gerundive. conducted =: oppor-tuniti/ of bringing 
 
 3 Xote that the voAvel preceding -nd- the matter to a successful issue. 
 is short. ' 13 jpe 
 
 4 If the perfect participle ends in -sus, ^* Fut. act. part, of accipio. 
 
 the future participle ends in -Gurus. ^^' not . . . either ... or = neither . . . 
 
 " Note, in studying Jl\c forms of this nor = neque . . . neque. 
 
 conjugation, that the tense is determined i" See sentence 4 of the preceding ex- 
 
 by the form of sum used. ercise with accompanying foot-note. 
 
 '^ Gallicus, -a, -um, adj. 17 Ablative absolute. 
 
 j-i^c 
 
 LESSON XXXVIII. 
 
 Dative of Agent. — Descriptive Gexitive. 
 — Desckiptive Ablative. 
 
 317, EXAMPLiES. 
 
 1. Caesari omnia uno tempore eraut agenda (2, 20, i), Caesar 
 
 had to do everytJnng at once (lit., all things were to Caesar 
 to be done). 
 
 2. Nostris navibus casus erat extimescendus (3, 1.3, 9), the risk 
 
 was greatly to he dreaded hy our ships. 
 
DESCRIPTR^E GENITIVE. 91 
 
 3. Militibus cum hostibus erat pugnandum (4,24,2), the sol- 
 
 diers had tojight with the enemy (lit., the necessity of fighting 
 \vas to the soldiers). 
 
 4. Cum luxuria nobis i certandum est (Cic. Cat. 2, 5, ii), 2ve have 
 
 to contend icith dissipation (lit., the necessity of contending 
 is to us). 
 
 318. Observation and Inference : Note that with the 
 gerundive^ in tlie foregoing examples, the person upon whom the 
 necessity rests, or by whom the work is to be done, is expressed by the 
 dative (see Caesari, uavibus, militibus, nobis). Frame a rule 
 for such Datives. 
 
 319. References for Verification : A. & G. 232 ; H. 388 ; 
 G. 353. 
 
 320. Observation and Inference: Note further, that (1) 
 the verbs in Exs. 1 and 2 are transitive, and the periphrastic forms 
 have a subject expressed, with which they agree in person, number, 
 and gender; whereas (2) in Exs. 3 and 4 the verbs are intransitivey 
 the periphra.stic forms have no subject, but are of the third person 
 singular, and the gerundive is neuter. In the latter case the verb is 
 said to be used impersonally. State the second of the foregoing 
 observed facts in the form of a General Rule. 
 
 321. References for Vekifica i I(».\ ; A. it G. 146, c; H. 
 
 301, 1. J. (1. 199, Rem. 1. 
 
 322. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 1. VolusSnua, vir consilil mSgnl (3,5,2), Volusenus, a man of 
 
 great sagacity. 
 
 2. Faucorum diSrum iter (4, 7, 2), a few days' march. 
 
 3. Castra in altitHdinem pedum duodecim vSlld miinire 
 
 (2, 5, r.), to fortify the camp with a wall (of) twclce feet high (in 
 Ijeight). 
 
 4. Omnes BritannI capillo sunt promiss5 (5, 14, 2), all the Britons 
 
 have (are oi) flowing hair. 
 
 5. [Thvl^s] barba erat prdmissft (Ncp. Dat. .3, i), Thuys wore (was 
 
 of) a /lowing heard. 
 
92 DESCRIPTIVE ABLATIVE. 
 
 6. [Cato] singular! f uit industria (Nep. Cat. 3, i) , Cato was [a 
 man] of unexampled industry. 
 
 323. Observation and Inference : Xote, in Exs. 1-3, that 
 the substantives added for description (see coiisilii, dierum, 
 pedum) are in the genitive, and that this genitive is limited 
 by an adjective (see magui, paucorum, duodecim). A genitive 
 thus added to a substantive for further description is called a 
 Descriptive Genitive or a Genitive of Quality. Frame a rule for 
 the Descriptive Genitive. 
 
 324. References for Verification : A. & G. 215 ; H. 396, 
 v., Note 1 ; G. 364. 
 
 325. Observation and Inference: Note, in Exs. 4-6, 
 that the substantives added for description (see capillo, barba, 
 industria), are in the ablative, and that this ablative is limited by 
 an adjective (see proniisso, promissa, singular!). An ablative 
 thus added to a substantive for further description is called a 
 Descriptive Ablative or an Ablative of Quality. Frame a rule for 
 the Ablative of Quality. 
 
 326. References for Verification : A. & G. 251 ; II. 419, 
 II. ; G. 402. 
 
 327. Observation and Inference : Note that the descrip- 
 tive expressions in Exs. 2 and 3 denote measure; does the 
 ablative, or the genitive, appear to be preferred for this kind of 
 description ? 
 
 Note, further, that the descriptive expressions in Exs. 4 and 
 5 denote physical characteristics; which of the two cases appears 
 to be preferred for this kind of description ? 
 
 Compare Ex. 1 with Ex. 6 ; does there appear to be any differ- 
 ence between the genitive and ablative in these examples ? 
 
 328. References for Verification : A. & G. 215, b, 251, 
 a; H. 419, II., 2, 1), 2), 3) ; G. 402, Rem. 1. 
 
 1 Dative plural of nos, we. 
 
ILLUSTRATIVE EXERCISES. 93 
 
 LESSON XXXIX. 
 
 329. Illustrative Exercises on the Fore- 
 
 going Constructions. 
 
 I. 1. Aduatnci Caesar! sunt conservandi. 2. Tuin 
 niagni ponderis saxa in muro conlocabant. 3. IngentI 
 niagnitudine corpornm German!, incredibil! virtute atque 
 exercitatione in arm!s sunt. 4. Non omittendura est 
 Nerviis consilium. 5. Fluminis erat altitude circiter pedum 
 trium. 6. Procillum, summa virtute et humanitate adu- 
 leseentem, ad Ariovistum mittit. 7. Num homines tantu- 
 lae staturae tanti oneris turrini movere possunt?^ 8. Cum 
 tanta multitudine hostium legato non est dimicandum. 
 
 II. 1. Sabinus will have to keep^ the forces of the enemy 
 asimder. 2. Our horsemen and liglit armed"' foot-soldiers 
 
 li^ht flight in^ anotlier direction. 3. A mouni.iin 
 "i -n;iL iieight bounds the remaining space. 4. Tlie com- 
 mander must exercise^ no slight diligence. 5. Protected [as 
 they were] by a rampart (of) fifteen miles in circuit, they 
 kept themselves* within the town.* 6. Iccius the Reman, 
 [a man] of tlie highest rank and influence among his [coun- 
 trymen], sejit a messenger to Caesar. 7. Neitiier ought 
 tiie Romans to have feared^ without cause. 8. Tlie Romans 
 move forward with remarkable speed® engines of great 
 Iieight. 
 
 330. Supplementary Exercises. 
 
 I. 1. VoIusCmius, tribuuus inilituiii, vir et consilii nmq:ni ot vir- 
 
 t litis, ad Galbani accurrit. 2. Militibus auteni, imixjditis manibus, 
 
 iiiiul et de nuvibuA desilienduni et in fluctibus conHiatenduiii et 
 
 lun hostibus erat pugnanduni. 3. Civilis erat magna inter Bel.^as 
 
 "ictoritate. 4. Ab utrckiue' latere collia tiiinsversaiii fossam 
 
94 NUMERALS: DISTRIBUTIVE. 
 
 obduxit circiter passuum quadringentorum. 5. Sequanis vero 
 omnes cruciiitus erant perferendi. 6. Uri sunt specie et colore 
 et ligura tauri.^^ 
 
 II. 1. Agesilaus was of small stature and spare figure. 2. [It 
 is] not in vain [that] men of such valor venture to cross a very- 
 broad river. 3. Caesar will have to inflict punishment on the 
 Veneti. 4. The general should distribute his army more-widely." 
 5. The Britons have all parts of the body shaved ^^ except the 
 head and the upper lip. 
 
 1 are able, can. 8 cf . foot-note 4, Lesson XXIII. 
 
 2 cf. 317, Ex. 1. 9 uterque, -traqtie, -trumque, 
 
 3 Translate: foot-soldiers of light each (of two). 
 
 armor. lo The descriptive ablative here takes 
 
 * in with accusative. a genitive instead of an adjective. 
 
 ° sese (ace, pi.). " latins. 
 
 G Ablative without prepositioa : cf. ^^ Translate : are of every part of the 
 
 896, 1., sent. 6, with foot-note. body shaved. 
 
 "' cf. Ex. 3 in 317 ; see also 330 (2). 
 
 LESSON XL. 
 Numerals : Distributive. 
 
 331. Learn, with meanings, the distributive numerals 
 from one to twelve: A. & G. 95 ; H. 174: G. 95. 
 
 332. Decline together : binae naves, sJiips [taken] 
 tivo and two ; duodena niilia, twelve thousand apiece : 
 A. & G. 95; H. 179. 
 
 333. exampi.es. 
 
 1. Priiicipes singulos (5, 6, 4), the chiefs one at a time. 
 
 2. Singuli singulos delegerant (l, 48, 5), they had each selected one. 
 
 3. Eiuae ac teniae naves (3, is, i), ships in groups of two and three. 
 
 4. Quaternae cohortes ex quinque legionibus (Caes. B. c. 1,83,2), 
 
 four cohorts from each of the Jive legions. 
 
NUMERALS: DISTRIBUTIVE. 95 
 
 ."). Una^ castra (Caes. B. C. l, 74,4), one camp. 
 G. Bina^ castra (Caes. B. C. 3, 19, i), two camps. 
 7. Trims ^ castris (7,66,2), in three camps. 
 
 334. EXERCISES. 
 
 I. 1. Singulas binae fic teniae naves eircumsteteraiit. 
 2. Imperant Sequanls duodena mllia. 3. Teruas^ cohortes 
 ex qiiattuor legionibus relTquit. 4. Inter bina^ castra 
 Pompei^ atque Caesaris unum flumen intererat Apsus. 5. lb! 
 tuiTes cum terms tabulatis erigebat. 6. Circiter mllia pas- 
 suum decem ab Romanis, trinis* castris Vercingetorix consedit. 
 
 II. 1. Caesar and Ariovistus brought ten [soldiers] each 
 to the conference. 2. Soldiers in groups of five^ and six 
 >uiTounded single [soldiers]. 3. The floats he made fast 
 l>y means of four^ anchors at*' each of the four corners. 
 1. He resolved to spend the winter with three legions in 
 three' camps. 5. He erected towers of two stories each. 
 
 335. Supplementary Exercises. 
 
 I. 1. Caesar singulis legionibus singulos legates praefecit.'^ 
 •J. Imj)erant Morinis qulna niilia. 3. Binis^ cohortibus relictis, 
 I'liquuin exercitum in copiosissimos agros Biturigum inducit. 
 1. Priniam aciem quaternae cohortes ex quinque legionibus 
 tt'iicbant. 
 
 II. 1. A I il-so with equal courage they matched® [their ships] 
 M.- liy oiH- against the ships of the enemy [taken] two and two. 
 . One camp seemed now to-have-been-formed ^"^ out of two. 
 
 » A. & G. !•'., //; H. 174, 2, 3); G. » Perfect indicative of prHoflciff. 
 
 , Ueni. 2. » The distribuUve hIiows that two 
 
 ' cf. 33.3, Ex. 4. from each legion is meant. 
 
 3 Gcuitive of P«>inp?Ju8. " oblciebant (pronounced : obji- 
 
 * Would ternTs be admbidble here ? clvbant), imperf. indie, of obicKXpro. 
 
 Sec foot-note 1. nounced : obJlciS). 
 
 = cf. 3,33, Ex. 8. " facta. 
 
 « " at " =i/rom; cf. foot-note 4, Les- 
 son XXVI. 
 
96 PRONOUNS : PERSONAL AND REFLEXIVE. 
 
 LESSON XLI. 
 Pronouns: Personal and Reflexive. 
 
 336. Learn, with meanings, the declension of the 
 Personal Pronouns: A. & G. 98 ; H. 184; G. 98, 99. 
 
 337. EXAMPLES. 
 
 1. Audlte Romanos milites (7, 20, 8), listen to [these] Roman 
 
 soldiers. 
 
 2. Est ut dicis, Cato (Cic. Cat. Maj. 3, 8), it is as you say, Cato. 
 
 3. Nos, nos consules desumus (Cic. Ca<. 1,1, 3), ive, we the con- 
 
 suls are remiss. 
 
 4. Vosnei Domitium, an vos Domitius deseruit (Caes. B. C. 2, 
 
 32, 8), did yoil desert Domitius, or did Domitius desert you? 
 
 333. Observation and Inference : Xote that, in Exs. 1 and 
 2, the personal pronouns vos and tu, subjects of audite and dicis, 
 are not expressed ; whereas, in Exs. 3 and 4, nos and vos are ex- 
 pressed. What appears to he the reason of this difference ? Frame 
 a rule for the Nominative of the Personal Pronoun. 
 
 339. References for Verification: A. & G. 194, a; H. 
 440; G. 198. 
 
 340. EXAMPI.ES. 
 
 1. Habetis ducem memorem vestri (Cic Ca<. 4, 9, 19), you have a 
 
 leader [who is] thoughtful of you. 
 
 2. Grata mihi vehementer est memoria nostri tua (Cic Fam. 
 
 12, 17, 1), your remembrance of us is exceedincjly (/ratifying 
 to me. 
 
 3. Designat ad caedem uniim quemque^ nostrum (Cic Cat. 
 
 1, 1, 2), he marks each one of us for slaughter. 
 
 4. Minus habeo virium quam vestr^m utervis^ (Cic. Cat. Maj. 
 
 10, 32), / have less strength than either of you. 
 
pronouns: personal and reflexive. 97 
 
 341. Obsehvatiox AND Inference: Oi the tico forms oi geni- 
 tive ill the plural of the personal pronouns, which appears from the 
 foregoing examples to be preferred for the objective genitive ? which 
 for the partitive genitive ? 
 
 342. References for Verification: A. & G. 194, h] H. 
 440, n. 3; G. 90, Rem. 1. 
 
 343. Learn, with meanings, the declension of the 
 Reflexive Pronoun; A. & G. 98, c; H. 184 with 2; 
 (i. 100. 
 
 344. EXAMPI^S. 
 
 I. Axiovistus tantos sibi splritus sumpserat (1,33,5), Ariovis- 
 
 tiis Jidd taken upon hinise/f such airs. 
 _'. Reliqui sesS fugae mandarunt* (i, 12, 3), the rest Jled (gave 
 tliems»'lves up to flight). 
 
 3. Duo de principatii inter sg contendebant (5, 3, 2), two were 
 
 contending with each other (between themselves) for supre- 
 macy, 
 
 4. Inter sS differunt (l, 1, 2), they differ from one another (among 
 
 themselves). 
 .'•. D6 m5 pauca dicam (Cic Cat. 4, 10, 20), / will speak briefly of 
 
 myself. 
 0. Tu tS in custodiam dedisti (Clc. Cat. 1, 8, 19), you offered to give 
 
 yourself into custody. 
 
 345. Observation and Inference: Note (1) that the fore- 
 going examples are simple sentences, and that the reflexive pronoun 
 refers to the subject; (2) that the preposition inter with the reflex- 
 ive, in Exs. 3 and 4, gives the latter a reciprocal force {each other, 
 one another) ; (3) that in Exs. 5 and 0, where the subject of the 
 sentence is of the first or second person the personal pronoun (see 
 mS and tS) performs the office of the reflexive. Frame rules 
 embodying the foreiroing ol)s«'rvations. 
 
 346. Referen* i.» t«»ii Vkkikicauon; A. iw G. 190,/, 98, a; 
 
 I I. 448 with note, 449 ; G. 295, 212. 
 
98 PRONOUNS: PERSONAL AND REFLEXIVE. 
 
 347. EXAMPLES. 
 
 1. [Patria] tecum, Catilina, sic agit (Cic. Cat, 1,7, is), your couji- 
 
 try, Catiline, thus remonstrates with you. 
 
 2. Haec^ vobiscum una consul agara (Sail. Cat. 20, 17), these 
 
 [measures] / shall as consul carry out in conjunction with you. 
 
 3. ... secum habebat (3, 18, i), he kept about his person (had with 
 
 himself). 
 
 348. Observation and Inference : Note, in the foregoing 
 examples, that tecum, vobiscum, secum are used in place of cum 
 te, cum vobis, cum se. Frame a rule for the Position of cum 
 used with the Ablative of the Personal Pronouns. 
 
 349. References for Verification : A. & G. 99, e ; H. 184, 
 6; G. 414, Rem. 1. 
 
 1 -ne is here an interrogative parti- (whichever of the two) and vTs {you 
 cle introducing the first part of the wish or you please) ; the first part 
 double question; the second part is in- is declined, the second remains un- 
 troduced by an : A. & G. 211 ; II. 353, changed. 
 
 1 ; G. 460. 4 Contracted from mandaverunt ; 
 
 2 Ace. masc. sing, of quisque, each. cf. Lesson XXXIV., foot-note 2. 
 
 3 This pronoun is made up of uter ^ Ace. neut. pi. of lilc, this. 
 
 LESSON XLII. 
 
 Illustrative Exercises on the Personal and 
 Reflexive Pronouns. 
 
 350. exercises. 
 
 I. 1. Ego vigilo ad salut^m, tu ad perniciem rei publicae. 
 2. Ab exercitu meo te removed. 3. Orgetorix sibi mortem 
 conscivit. 4. Habetis ducem meraorem vestri/ oblitum 
 sui.^ 5. Tu, C.^ Aviene, mihi reique publicae inutilis fuisti. 
 6. Catilina secum suos educet. 7. Obsides inter sese dant. 
 8. Nullum ego a vobis praemium virtutis postulo. 9. Utri- 
 que^ nostrum gratum est. 10. Nimium mihi sumam. 
 11. Equites vobiscum de amore rei publicae certant. 
 
PRONOUNS: PERSONAL AND REFLEXIVE. 99 
 
 II. 1. Which-one^ of us does not know? 2. Your fellow 
 citizens all fear you. 3. We seek the safety, you (pi.) the 
 destruction of our common couutrj'. 4. The citizens will 
 vie with us in* patriotism (love of the commonwealth). 
 ."). The Aedui and Arverni had been contending'' with each 
 (jther many years. 6. To you our common country' com- 
 mits herself. 7. No one has [ever] contended with me 
 without [effecting] his own destruction. 8. I do not m3self^ 
 commend myself. 9. It will be gratifying to you both.® 
 10. It is with difficulty^ that I keep from'*' you the hands of 
 your countrymen. 11. Review with me [the events of] the 
 night before." 
 
 351. Supplementary Exercises. 
 
 I. 1. Vobis supplex manus tendit patria communis, vobis se, vobis 
 vitam omnium civium commendat. 2. Equitum Romanorum ego 
 ^ix abs^*^ te jam diu nianus ac tela contineo.^'-^ 3. Ego meis copiis 
 ineoque exercitu vobis regna conciliabo. 4. Belgae, Aquitani, 
 Galli legibus inter se differunt. 5. Gallos auxilil causa secum 
 habebat. 6. Cicero ainantissimus utriusque nostrum est. 
 
 II. 1. I, I the consul, am remiss. 2. Lead out''* with you, 
 too, all your [associates]. 3. Dismiss your khid solicitude for i* 
 ine, and think of yourselves and your children. 4. The Belgians 
 unite in a sworn league against the Roman people and exchange ^^ 
 hostages. 5. Your house and mine^^ are building '^ rapidly. 
 0. And-8o they surrendered themselves and all their [effects] to 
 Caesar. 
 
 ' vegtrl l8 In the objective genitive "cf.wnt. 9 of the preceding exercise. 
 
 after memorem ; iiul In in the same » Translate : / with difficult}/ keep. 
 
 construction after oblTtmn. '" ab» may be used for 3 before te. . 
 
 » C. is here an abbreviation for GBT, " Translate : the preceding niyht. 
 
 vocative of Gftja*; see Lesson XXI., " cf. Lesson XXL, foot-note 6. 
 
 foot-note 1. '•■' Sdfic' (accent the final syllable) : 
 
 3 each (of two), both ; decline like A. & O. 128, c; H. 238, n. 2; O. 151, 4. 
 ater, appending -qne throughout. '* Arrange : yout for me (ers:ft niS) 
 
 • Qui* ? kind aoUcitude. 
 
 » dS. '* Translate : pire nmont/ themselves. 
 
 « A. & G. 277, 6 ; H. 469, 2 ; G. 22.5. " Translate : the house of each of us. 
 
 ' ipse, nona. singular masculine. " Present passive. 
 
100 GENITIVE WITH ADJECTIVES. 
 
 LESSON XLIII. 
 Genitive with Adjectives. — The Gerund. 
 
 352. EXAMPLES. 
 
 1. [Plebes] cupida rerum no varum bello favebat (Sail. Cat. 48, l), 
 
 the commons^ desirous of a change (of new things), favored 
 war. 
 
 2. [Cousidius] rei militaris peritissimus habebatur (i, 21, 4), 
 
 Considius ivas accounted very well versed in the military art. 
 
 3. Belli haud ignarus (Sail. Jug. 28, 5), not unacquainted with war. 
 
 4. Habetis ducem memorem vestri, oblitum sui (Cic. Cat. 4, 
 
 9, 19), you have a leader [who is] thoughtful of you, forgetful of 
 himself. 
 
 5. Plena erant omnia timoris (Caes. B. c. 2, 4i, 8), all (lit., all 
 
 things) were filed with fear. 
 
 6. Erant complures consilii partioipes nobiles (Sail. Cat. 17, 5), 
 
 there were a great many nobles concerned in the plot. 
 
 7. Flaccum et Pomptinum, amantissimos rei publicae viros, 
 
 ad me vocavi (Cic. Cat. 3, 2,5), / summoned . Flaccus and 
 Pojnptinus, men warmly attached to the commonwealth. 
 
 8. Corpus [Catilinae] patiens mediae [fuit] (Sail. Cat. 5, 3), Cati- 
 
 line's constitution was capable of enduring abstinence from food. 
 
 353. Observation and Inference: Note, in the foregoing 
 examples, (1) that the adjectives cupida, peritissimus, ignarus, 
 memorem, oblitum, plena, partioipes, amantissimos, patiens, 
 
 from the nature of their signification, require an object of reference 
 to complete their meaning ; and (2) that the substantive added in 
 each instance to complete the meaning of the adjective is in the 
 genitive case (see rerum, rli, belli, vestri, sui, timoris, consili, 
 rei publicae, inediae). Also, after noting carefully the meaning 
 of the adjectives that govern the genitive in the foregoing ex- 
 amples, frame a rule stating what Classes of Adjectives take a 
 Genitive to complete their meaning. 
 
THE GEKUND. 101 
 
 354. Referexces for Verification : A. & G. 218, a, b ; H. 
 390,1., 1,2,8,11.; G. 373, 374. 
 
 355. Learn, with meanings, the gerunds of amo, 
 inoiieo (or deleo), tego (rego or emo), audio: A. 
 
 & G. pp. 77, 81, 83, 87 ; H. pp. 87, 91, 95, 99; G. pp. 
 55, 59, 63, 69. 
 
 356. EXAMPLES. 
 
 1. Jus vocandi senStum (Liv. 3, 38, lo), authority to convene (of 
 
 convening) the senate. 
 
 2. HominSs bellandi cupidT (l, 2, 4), men fond of fghting. 
 
 3. De rgbus pertinentibus ad beate vivendum (Cic. 0#. i, 6, 19), 
 
 concerning matters which contribute to a happy life (to living 
 happily). 
 
 4. Oratorem aptum ad dicendum (Cic Tusc. l, 3, 5), an orator with 
 
 aptitude for speaking. 
 
 5. M5rS3 [puerSnim] sS inter ludendum dStegunt (Quint, i, 
 
 3, 11), the moral traits of children reveal themselves in play 
 (amid playing). 
 
 6. Hominis mens dificendo alitur (Cic. Off. i, 30, 105), the mind of 
 
 man is strengthened by study (by studying). 
 
 7. ReperiSbat in quaerendo Caessir (i, 18, lo), Caesar learned on 
 
 making inquiry. 
 
 357. Observation and Inference : Note, in Ex. 1, that the 
 gerund voceindi governs the accusative of direct object (see senS,- 
 tnm) ; and, in Ex. 3, that the gerund vivendum is modified by the 
 adverb beStS. In view of tliese facts, wliat part of speech does 
 the Gerund appear to be? 
 
 What is the case^ and what tlie construction, in the foregoing 
 examples, of the gerunds vocandi, bellandT, vivendum, dicen- 
 dom, Iftdendum, discendd, quaerendS. In view of the several 
 constructions here illustrated, what part of speech does the Gerund 
 appear to be? 
 
 The Gerund, then, shares the nature of what two parts of 
 speech? In what constructions may it be used?^ 
 
102 ILLUSTRATIVE EXERCISES. 
 
 35a References for Verification : A. & G. 295, 297 ^ 298 
 (to the semicolon), 300, 301; H. 541, 542, I., III., IV.; G. 427, 
 4293, 4333, 4323, 4343. 
 
 1 A. & G. 40, b; H. 51, 5; G. 29, genitive after an adjective, as in Ex. 
 Rem. 1. 2, etc. 
 
 2 The Gerund may be in the genitive ^ Omit, for the present, in reading, 
 after a substantive, as in Ex. 1; in the the reference to the Gerundive. 
 
 3;«<c 
 
 LESSON XLIV. 
 
 Illustrative Exercises on the Foregoing Con- 
 structions. 
 
 359. exercises. 
 
 I. 1. Consuli^ jiis est vocandi senatura. 2. Dies prola- 
 tando magnas oppprtuiiitates corrumpunt. 3. Nori solum 
 ad discendum propeusi sumus, verum etiam ad docendum. 
 4. Dumiiorix est cupidus rerum novarum. 5. Diem ad 
 deliberandum sumam. 6. Milites praedae sunt participes. 
 
 7. Non ego tarn barbarus neque tam imperitus rerum. 
 
 8. Summa erat difficultas navigandi. 9. Proliibenda est Ira 
 in puniendo. 10. Titus equitandi peritissimus fuit. 
 
 II. 1. They strengthen the conspiracy by not believing 
 [in its existence]. 2. In the free towns there are less 
 [adequate] resources for defence.- 3. Private citizens have^ 
 no authority to convene^ the senate. 4. Catiline was covet- 
 ous of others' [property],' lavish of his own. 5. Epami- 
 nondas was skilled in war, brave in action,^ of very great 
 courage, devoted to the truth. 6. Epaminondas was a good 
 listener.'' 7. In deliberating, the mind*^ is often drawn into 
 contradictory opinions. 8. The soldiers of Sulla, recalling^ 
 former victory, ardently-desired civil war. 
 
DEMONSTRATIVES. 103 
 
 360. Supplementary Exercises. 
 
 L 1. Ea^*^ facta comraeinorando, militum animos accendebat. 
 2. Hostium paratus erat ad dimicaiiduiu animus. 3. Carthago 
 fuit aeinula imperi" Rouiani. 4. Spatium pila in hostes conici- 
 endP- non dabatur. 5. Sagittaiioruni adventu Remis studium pio- 
 pugnandi accessit. G. Duiniiorix fuit cupidus reruni novaruui, 
 cupidus imperii, magnl animi, magnae inter Gallos auctoritatis. 
 
 II. 1. Xo one was able to maintain his position ^^ on the wall. 
 2. Our consul was inured to toil,^ of penetrating intellect, not 
 unacquainted with war, and utterly ^^ unmoved in the face of dan- 
 gers. 3. Caesar acquired ^^ glory by giving, by relieving, [and] 
 by pardoning. 4. The barbarians are very fond of cattle. 
 
 » cf. Lesson XXXV., foot-note 9. « Use the plural. 
 
 * " for defence " ■=for defending. » memor with genitive. 
 
 » Translate : no authority is to pri- ^o ea, accusative neuter plural, these, 
 
 vote citizens; see foot-note 1. " See foot-note 1, preceding lesson. 
 
 * •' to convene " = of convening. " Pronounce : conjiciendT. 
 
 ^ alienns, -a, -nin, in neuter sin- " 'frangjate: poicer teas to no one of 
 
 gular, used substantively. maintaining, etc.; see foot-note 1. 
 
 " mantis ; cf. 229 and 230. ^* Sign of superlative 
 
 ' Trauslate : fond of listening. ^'^ adeptus est. 
 
 >>Oio«^ 
 
 LESSON XLV. 
 Demonstratives : iil<-, Iste, Ille. 
 361. Leam the declension of the demonstratives; liic. 
 
 this; iste, that (of yours); ille, that. A. & G. p. 52 
 (including the first sentence of a) ; H. 186, I., II., III.; 
 G. 102, I., II., III. 
 
 362. Decline together : liaec legio, this legion ; hoc 
 responsiim, this answer ; ista mens, that purpose of 
 yours; {gladiator Iste, thit [ wortliless] (jhuJiator ; 
 iUud teiiipus, that time ; Socraticus ^ ille, the famous 
 disciple of Socrates. 
 
104 DEMONSTRATIVES. 
 
 363. EXAMPI.ES. 
 
 1. Senatus haec intellegit : hic tamen vivit (Cic. Cat. i, i, 2), tlie 
 
 senate knows these things (just referred to by tlie speaker) ; 
 yet this man. (in sight of the speaker, and perhaps designated 
 by a gesture) lives. 
 
 2. Huic legionl Caesar indulserat praecipue (i, 40, 15), Caesar 
 
 had especially favored this (just referred to) legion. 
 
 3. Muta istam mentem (Cic. Cat. l, 3, 6), change that purpose of 
 
 yours. 
 
 4. Nemo est istorum tain misericors (Cic Cat. 2, 7, 16), there is no 
 
 one of those men (with a touch of contempt) so comjmssion- 
 ate . . . 
 
 5. At ille diem noctemque navem teiiuit in ancoris (Nep. 
 
 Th. 8. 7), yet he kept his vessel at anchor a day and a night. 
 
 6. nio tempore (Caes. B. C. l, 7, 5), at that time. 
 
 7. Ille mansuetiidine clarus f actus ^ ; huic severitas dignita- 
 
 tem addiderat (Sail. Cat. 54, 2), the former became illustrious 
 through his clemency ; to the latter austerity gave^ dignity. 
 
 8. Medea ilia (Cic Manil. 9, 22), the famous Medea. 
 
 364. Observation and Inference : Are the demonstratives 
 in Exs. 1, 4, 5, 7 used substantively or adjectivelyf Answer the 
 same question for Exs. 2, 3, 6, 8. Does the demonstrative, when 
 used adjectively, appear regularly to follow or to precede its substan- 
 tive ? Which of these demonstratives may appropriately be called 
 the demonstrative of the frst person f Which the demonstrative of 
 the second person f Which of the third f What other distinctions 
 or peculiarities in the use of these pronouns do the translations of 
 the foregoing examples reveal ? 
 
 365. References for Verification : A. & G. 101, 102, a, b, 
 c, 343, d; H. 450, 2, 4, 569, L, 1 ; G. 290, 291, 292, 2, Rem. 1, 678, 
 Rem. 2. 
 
 366. EXERCISES. 
 
 I. 1. Si deerit hoc remedium, ad illud'' declmandum est. 
 2. Xenophon, Socraticus^ ille, scripsit historiam. 3. Nos 
 
DEMONSTRATIVES. 105 
 
 autem,* virT fortes, istiiis*' furorem ac tela vitamus. 4. VTtam 
 istam fiigae solitudiiilque manda. 5. Ille per me crevit. 
 6. Illlus facilitas, hujus coiistantia laudabatur. 7. Illo 
 tempore regiium obtinebat. 8. Ad has snspiciones certissi- 
 mae res acceduiit. 9. Magna hiiic Jovi' habenda est gratia. 
 10. Gladiator! isti nihil dabo. 
 
 n. 1. Of all these, the Belgians are the bravest. 2. The 
 beaut}' of the former,* the virtue of the latter,* was com- 
 mended. 3. Two Roman knights relieved you of tliat^ 
 anxiet}'. 4. Indeed,'^ I suppose, that^^ centurion Manlius 
 declared war in his own name.^ 5. Having given this 
 answer,^^ he withdrew. 6. How long will that insane folly 
 of yours mock us ? 7. Swords are drawn both b\' those 
 and by our party. 8. He, yonder" Jupiter, resisted [them]. 
 He [preserved] the Capitol, he [preserved] these temples, 
 he preserved the whole '* city. 
 
 >'V i 
 
 1 SScratfcuA, -a, -um, belonging to 7 gge Juppiter In general vocabu- 
 
 Socrates ; hence, used substantively, lary. 
 
 disciple of Socrates. 8 See 363, Ex. 7. 
 
 * 8C, est ; perfect paHsive of faclS. » See 363, Ex. 3. 
 
 » Lit., Imd added. lo Etenim (at the beginning). 
 
 * nie (eBp(«cial^y the neuter illud) " Contemptuous. 
 often, as here, means thefollotcing. » Ablative of manner. 
 
 5 Conjunction, however, but ; for posi- " What construction ? cf. 305, Ex. 2. 
 
 tlon. see : A. & G. 345, 6; H. 569, III.; " " yonder " = that. 
 
 O. 486, Rem. is cunctus, -a, -am ; see c&notus 
 
 » Contemptuous ; translate : that mad- in general vocabulary. 
 man or that wretch. 
 
106 DEMONSTRATIVES. 
 
 LESSON XLVL 
 
 Demonstkatiyes (Determinatives) : Is, Ipse, 
 Idem. 
 
 367. Learn the declension of the demonstratives (de- 
 terminatives) : is, Ae, this^ that ; ipse, self ; idem, the 
 same : A. & G. 101 ; H. 186, IV, V, VI. ; G. 101. 
 
 368. Decline together: ea miinitio, that fortification ; 
 id iter, that journey ; hoc ipsum tempus, this very 
 time ; eadem fortiina, the same fortune ; idem prin- 
 ceps, the same chief. 
 
 369. EXAMPLES. 
 
 1. Id hoc facilius eis persuasit (i, 2, 3), lie persuaded them to it 
 
 (persuaded it to them) more easily hecause-of-the-followingfact 
 (hoc). 
 
 2. In eo itinere persuadet Castico (i, 3, 4), on this journey he 
 
 prevails upon Casticus. 
 
 3. Dixi ego idem In senatu (Cic. Cat. l, 3, 7), / also (I the same) 
 
 said in the senate. 
 
 4. Haec eadem centurionibus mandabant (7, 17, 8), they deliv- 
 
 ered these same [assurances] to the centurions. 
 
 5. Eodem tempore equites fugam petebant (2, 24, l), at the same 
 
 time the cavalry took to flight. 
 
 6. Ipse eodem itinere ad eos contendit (i, 21, 3), he hastened in 
 
 person to them (he himself hastened, etc.) hy the same route. 
 
 7. Ipse sibi inimicus est (Cic. Fin. 5, lo, 28), he is an enemy to him- 
 
 self (i.e., he is his own enemy). 
 
 8. Ipso terrore equorum 6rdin§s perturbant (4, 33, i), by the 
 
 mere fright (fright itself) of the horses, they throiv the ranks 
 into confusion. 
 
 9. Hoc ipso tempore (6, 37, l), at this -very time. 
 
DEMONSTEATIVES. 107 
 
 370. Observation: Compare id (Ex. 1) with eo (Ex. 2); 
 which is used substantively^ which adjectively? Note that eis 
 (Ex. 1) and eos (Ex. G) are used as personal pronouns. Com- 
 pare idem (Ex. 3) and eadem (Ex. 4) with eodem (Ex. 5) and 
 eodem (Ex. 6); which are used substantively f which adjectively f 
 Note that idem (Ex. 3) is translated also. Note that ipse is 
 translated, in Ex. 6, in person ; in Ex. 8, mere ; and in Ex. 9, very. 
 Note that ipse (Ex. 7) does not, as the English translation might 
 lead us to expect, agree with sibi, but with the subject of the 
 sentence. 
 
 371. References: A. & G. 195, e, /, /; H. 451,3,452,1,2; 
 G. 100, 296, 297, 298. 
 
 372. EXERCISES. 
 
 I. 1. Magna^ huic ipsi Jovi habenda est gratia.^ 2. Eo- 
 dem tempore legati ab AeduTs veniebant. 3. Initium ejiis^ 
 fugae factum est'^ a Dumnorige atque ejus* equitibus. 4. Id 
 ab ipsis per eorum iiuntios com peri. 5. Ipse sib! mor- 
 tem conscTvit. 6. Atrebates eandem belli fortunani 
 experiuntur.^ 7. Hoc idem in reliquis fit^ civitfitibus. 
 8. Pompejus eadem ilia agit. 9. Ipsorum lingua Celtae, 
 nostra Galli appcUantur. 10. Ob eas causas el mfinltioni 
 T. Labienum legatum praefecit;'' ipse in Italiam contendit. 
 11. Ipse ad eos contendit equitatumque omnem ante se* 
 mittit. 
 
 II. 1. From Pontus also* the famous Medea once fled.'** 
 2. For" this reason Caesar hastened into Gaul. 3. With 
 equal ^ speed they hastened to our camp. 4. Learn these 
 [facts] from the very [persons] who'' have escaped" 
 from the massacre itself. 5. All [men] love themselves. 
 0. The Gennans came in-great-numbere to him in" camp. 
 7. Having called" together their chiefs, he tf\ke8 them 
 severely to task. 8. Divitiacus the Aeduan again'" re- 
 sponded. 9. He, in the consulship" of Marcus Messalla 
 and Marcus Piso, persuaded his countrymen. 10. This 
 district was called the Tigurine. 11. < )n the following day 
 
108 
 
 DEMONSTRATIVES. 
 
 the^' move their camp from that place. Caesar cloes^^ the 
 same. 
 
 1 iSTote the emphasis produced by the 
 separation of the adjective from its sub- 
 stantive. 
 
 2 Used adjectlvely, this. 
 
 3 Perfect passive of facio, malce. 
 * Used as a j^ersonal pronoun, his. 
 
 " From experior, which has a pas- 
 sive form with active meaning. 
 
 " 3d sing. pres. of fio, be done. 
 
 "^ 3d sing. perf. indie, of praeficiS. 
 
 8 Couid eum be substituted for se ? 
 See A: & G. 196; H. 449, 1) ; G. 295. 
 
 9 cf, 369, Ex. 3. 
 10 prof ugit, perf. of profugio. 
 
 " cf. 373, sent. 10. 
 
 12 Translate : the same. 
 
 13 qui, nominative plural masculine. 
 " fugerunt, perf. of f ugio. 
 
 12 Note the difference of idiom : " to 
 him in camp " = to him into camp. 
 i« What construction must be used? 
 1" Translate : the same Divitiacus. 
 18 f acit, 3(1 sing. pres. indie, of facio. 
 
 373. Supplementary Exercises on Lessons XLV. and XLVI. 
 
 I. 1. Ilic testamento, ille proximitate nititur.i 2. Ipso 
 terrore equorum et strepitu rotarum ordines pleruinque perturbant. 
 3. Magna 2 dis^ immortalibus habenda est atque huic ipsi Jovi 
 Statori, antiquisshno custodi hujus urbis, gratia. ^ 4. Exclusi eos 
 quos (whom) tu ad me miseras. 5. Idem* principes civitatum ad 
 Caesarem reverterunt. 6. Ego unius usuram horae gladiator! isti 
 ad vivendum non dabo. 7. Id hoc facilius eis persuasit, quod 
 iindique loci natura Helvetii coiitmentur. 8. Helvetii fere cotti- 
 dianis proeliis cum Germanis contendunt, cum (when) aut suls^ 
 finibus eos^ prohibent aut ipsi in eorum'^ finibus bellum gerunt. 
 
 II. 1. That which » thei/ ^ had accomplished ^^ in twenty days, 
 he had done in one day. 2. lie was the only one to be feared n 
 out of all that-crew.i2 3^ You gave yourself into custody. 4. On 
 your arrival those benches [near you] were cleared. ^^ 5. The 
 Suessiones enjoy 1* the same constitution and the same laws. 
 6. This [part of] Gaul is my province just as^^ that is yours. 
 
 1 relies, depends ; this verb is passive 
 In form, but active in meaning, and is 
 construed with the ablative. 
 
 2 cf. 373, foot-note 1. 
 
 3 From deus ; for declension, see A. 
 & Gr. 40,/; H. 51, 6; G. 29, 5. 
 
 * Nom. pi. masc. of idem. 
 
 5 See references under foot-note 8, 
 Lesson XLVI.; also G. 294. What 
 change of meaning would result if eo- 
 rum were substituted for suTs ? 
 
 6 What would be the meaning if se 
 were substituted for eos ? 
 
 ' What would suTs mean here? 
 8 qiiod, neuter singular accusative. 
 ^ Use the proper form of ipse. 
 
 10 confeceraiit, from conficio. 
 
 11 Translate : he alone (iinus) was to 
 be/eared (pass, periphrastic). 
 
 12 Use the plural of iste. 
 
 13 vaciief acta sunt, perfect passive 
 of vacuefacio. 
 
 1* utuntur ; this verb has a passive 
 form with active meaning, and is con- 
 strued with the ablative. 
 
 1'' sTciit. 
 
THE GERUNDIVE CONSTRUCTION. 
 
 109 
 
 LESSON XLVII. 
 
 The Gerundive Construction. - 
 Supines. 
 
 The Two 
 
 374. 
 
 I'- 
 J'- 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Jus vocandi senatum (Liv. 3, 38, lo), r'ujlit '\ 
 
 of convening the senate. I 
 
 h. Jus vocandi senatus, rigid of the senate ( 
 
 to be convened. ) 
 
 CupiditSs bellum gerendi, desire of 
 
 carrying on war. 
 Cupiditas belli gerendi (l, 4i, l), desire 
 
 of war to he carried on. 
 
 Digs prolStando (Sail. Cat. 43, 3), hy put- 
 ting off the days. 
 
 Di§bus prolatandis, by the days to be 
 put off. 
 
 Male gerendo negotium, hy managing 
 
 husittess badly. 
 Male gerendo negotio (Cic. Cot. 2, lo, 21), 
 
 by business to be managed badly. 
 
 authority to 
 
 convene 
 the senate. 
 
 eagerness to 
 fight. 
 
 by postponing 
 
 the day 
 [of execution'\. 
 
 through bad 
 management 
 of business. 
 
 375. Observatiox and Inference : Note that, in the exam- 
 ples marked a, the gerund is used with a direct object ; whereas, in 
 the examples marked b, the gerundive is used in agreement with the 
 substantive which was formerly the direct object, and the latter has the 
 same construction which the gerund formerly had. Note, further, 
 that the two forms of exprfssion have the same meaning. The 
 examples marked a illustrate the Gerund Construction; those 
 marked b illustrate the Gerundive Construction. Frame a rule for 
 changing the Gerund Construction to the Gerundive.* 
 
 376. References for Verification: A. & G. 290; II. 544, 
 1 ; G. 428. 
 
110 THE TWO SUPINES. 
 
 377. Restore the gerund construction to the gerundive 
 in the following examples: 
 
 1. Exercitum Ariovistum opprimendi causa habet, he has an 
 
 army for the purpoi^e of crushing Arioinstus. 
 
 2. Ea facta commemorando, militum animos accendebat, 
 
 hy recalling these exploits, he fired the hearts of the soldiers. 
 
 378 Learn the following supines: 
 
 1st Conjugation. 3d Conjugation. 
 
 1. rogatum, to ask. 1. perditum, to ruin. 
 
 2. memoratu, in relating. 2. dictu, in saying. 
 
 2d Conjugation. 4th Conjugation. 
 
 1. visum, to see. 1. auditum, to hear. 
 
 2. monitu, in reminding. 2. auditu, in hearing. 
 
 379. Observation : It has been seen (Lesson XLIII.) that the 
 gerund is a verbal substantive of the second declension, used in four 
 cases. The supine is also a verbal substantive ; of what declension 
 is it, and in what cases is it used ? 
 
 380. EXAMPLES. 
 
 1. Legates mittunt rogatum auxilium (i, 11, 2), they send ambas- 
 
 sadors to ask assistance. 
 
 2. Ad senatum venisse^ auxilium. postulatum {1,^1,^), to have 
 
 come to the senate to petition for assistance. 
 
 3. Incredibile memoratu est (Sail. Cat. 6, 2), it is incredible to relate 
 
 (in the relating). 
 
 4. Difficile dictu est (Cic. Lael. 3, 12), it is difficult to speak (in the 
 
 speaking) . 
 
 381. Observation and Inference: K'ote, in the first two of 
 the foregoing examples (1) that the supines rogatum and postula- 
 tum are construed with verbs of motion (mittunt and venisse) ; 
 and (2) that they express purpose. Frame a rule for the use of the 
 Supine in -um. 
 
 382. References for Verification : A. & G. 302 ; H. 546 ; 
 G. 436. 
 
GERUND, GERUNDIVE, AND SUPINES. Ill 
 
 383, Observation and Inference : Note, in Exs. 3 and 4, 
 (1) that the supines memoratti and dictu, are used with adjectives; 
 and (2) that they answer the question in what respect? or from 
 what point of view ? Frame a rule for the use of Supines in -u. 
 
 384. References for Verification: A. & G. 303; II. 547; 
 G. 437. J 
 
 1 The gerundive construction is gen- * am5, deleo, tefjo, rego, and 
 
 erally preferred to the gerund construe- emo, which have heretofore served as 
 
 tion; and, in connection with a preposi- paradigms, have no supine, 
 tion, the gerundive construction is always 3 Perf. act. infin. of venio. 
 
 to be talien. 
 
 ^>^c 
 
 LESSON XLVIII. 
 
 Illustrative Exercises on the Gerund, 
 Gerundive, and Supines. 
 
 385. exercises. 
 
 I. 1. GallT legioiiis opprimendae consilium ceperimt.^ f 
 
 2. Dies prolatando niagnas opportunitates corrumpunt. < 
 
 3. Vix lis rebus administrandls terapus dabatur. 4. Ex -♦• 
 clvitate profQgl et ad senatum venT auxilium postulatum. "*• 
 -'). Perfacile factu'^ est conata perficere.* 6. Ariovistus cum ^ 
 -Ills omnibus copils ad occupandum Vesontionem contendit. * 
 7. Proplnquas suas nuptum in alias civitates Dumnorix 
 conlocilrat."* 8. Nee hoc est dictu mirabile. 9. I)e ex- 
 l)Ugnaudo oppido spes hostes fcfellit. 10. Sum cupidus te s 
 audiendi? 11. Non modo ad Insignia accommodanda, sed 
 (tiam ad galeas induendas tempus defuit. 12. Fronto vir 
 movendarum lacriniarum perltissimus fViit. 
 
 II. 1. You had sent two knights to«me to pay their 
 resijects. 2. The best [thing] to do* is to declare war. 
 •i. He was more earnest to restore' me than [he had been] 
 
112 GERUND, GERUNDIVE, AND SUPINES. 
 
 to retain me. 4. Caesar gave the signal for the battle to 
 begin.*' 5. He gives his daughter in marriage ^ to Manilius. 
 6. You have been able not merely to set at defiance the 
 laws, but even to destroy^ them. 7. Of this kind of death 
 it is difficult to speak. 8. In recounting the disaster of the 
 communit}^, they said ... 9. They'are seeking^ to destroy 
 themselves and the commonwealth, 10. Orgetorix is 
 selected to accomplish ^^ these things. 
 
 386. supplementary Exercises. 
 
 I. 1. Caesar exercitum in Gallia Ariovisti opprimendi causa 
 habebat. 2. Milites in qiiaerendis suis^^ pugnandi tempus dlmit- 
 tebant. 3. Ea de re difficile dictu est. 4. Exclusi eos quos ^^ tu 
 ad me salutatmn miseras. 5. Ipse in citerioreni Galliam ad con- 
 ventus agendos profectus est.^^ 6. Totius fere Galliae legati, 
 principes civitatum, ad Caesarem gratulatum^* convenerunt. 
 
 II. 1. They squander their wealth in levelling mountains. 
 2. One legion had been sent to forage. ^^ 3. The best thing to 
 do 2 is to cut off ^^ the Romans from grain and supplies. 4. All 
 the morally bad, then, [are] slaves: nor is this so wonderful in- 
 point-of-fact^" as in the form of statement. ^^ 5. Suddenly the 
 Gauls formed^ the design of renewing the war and crushing the 
 legion. 6. You live, and you live not to forsake,!^ but to 
 persevere in^^ your shameless course. 
 
 1 ceperunt, formed, perf. indie, of ^^ sc. slg^nls. 
 capio. ^- whom. 
 
 2 f actu, supine in -u of f acio, do. ^^ Perf. indie, of proficiscor, set out. 
 ^ Tres. infiTi. of perhcio, accomplish. '* Sup. of gratulor, congratulate; 
 * See Lesson XXXV., foot-note 22. this verb has a pass, form with act. mean- 
 "TrRnfi]iite: desirous of restoring. ing. 
 
 « Translate : of the battle to be begun. ^^ frumentatum, sup. of frumen- 
 
 ^ cf. 385, 1., sent. 7. tor, which has a pass, form with act. 
 
 8 " have been able to destroy " = meaning. 
 
 have availed for destroying, cf. 385, '"'> proliibeo with abl. 
 
 I., sent. n. ^^ re. 
 
 8 ennt, 3d person plural of eo, go. '» Translate : in saying. 
 
 10 The gerundive of conficio, accom- i» cf. 386, 1., sent. 5. 
 plish, is conficiendus, -a, -um. 
 
VERBS IN -io. — THE RELATIVE. 113 
 
 LESSON XLIX. 
 
 Verbs in -io of the Third Conjugation. — The 
 Relative Pronoun. 
 
 387. Learn, with meanings, the inflection and synopsis 
 of capio, take^ in the Indicative and Imperative moods, 
 Active and Passive ; also the Participles, Gerunds, and 
 Supines: A. & G. p. 83; H. pp. 106-108; G. pp. 72, 73. 
 
 388. Using capio as a model, form the same parts of: 
 rapio, snatch ; jacio, throw ; eicio,^ expel. 
 
 389. Learn the declension of the relative pronoun qui, 
 who.ivhich, that, what: A. & G. 103; H. 187; G. 103. 
 
 390. EXAMPLES. 
 
 1. iu fines Ambi&ndrum pervSnit, qui se sine mora dedide- 
 
 runt (2,15,2), he came into the teri'itories of the Arnbiani, who 
 surrendered without delay. 
 
 2. Gallia est omnis divisa in partSs trSs, quarum unam 
 
 incolunt Belgae (l, l, l), all Gaul is divided into three parts, 
 
 one of which the Belgians inhabit. 
 •\. nil, cum ils quae retinuerant et cSl&verant armis, grup- 
 
 tidnem fScSrunt (2,33,2), thei/, with those amis which they 
 
 hud withheld and concealed, made a sortie. 
 1. Longe sunt hiim&nissimi, qui Cantium incolunt (5, 14, i), 
 
 [those] who inhabit Kent are by far the most highly civilized. 
 
 391. OnsEKVATiox AND TxFEHENrE : Notf, in Exs. 1—3, that 
 tlir; relatives qui, quorum, and quae refer to Ambi&ndrum, partfis, 
 1 1 1(1 armIs respectively; and that they agree with these substan- 
 lives in number and gender. The substantive to which a relative 
 thus refers is called the Antecedent. 
 
114 EXERCISES ON THE RELATIVE PRONOUN. 
 
 In ^Yhat construction is qui (Ex. 1)? quarum (Ex. 2)? qttae 
 (Ex. 3)? Is the case of the Relative, then, determined by that of 
 the Antecedent? 
 
 Frame a rule for the Gender, Number, and Case of the Relative. 
 
 392. References for Verification : A. & G. 198 ; H. 445 ; 
 G. 615, 616. 
 
 393. Observation : Note that, in Ex. 4, the antecedent of qui 
 (ei, those) is omitted. 
 
 394. References : A. & G. 200, c ; H. 445, 6 ; G. 620, 621. 
 
 ' eicio (= ex + jacio) is to be pro- nounced : abjicio), conicio (pro- 
 nounced as if it were written ejicio ; so nounced : conjiciS), etc. For the prin- 
 also all compounds of jaci5 witii mono- cipal parts of eicio, see the general 
 syllabic prepositions : as, abicio (pro- vocabulary. 
 
 LESSON L. 
 
 Illustrative Exercises on the Relative 
 Pronoun. 
 
 395. exercises. 
 
 I. 1. Id quod ipsi diebus vTginti confecerant, ille uno 
 die fecit. 2. Belgae proximi sunt Germanis, qui trans 
 Rhenum incolunt, quibuscum^ coutinenter bellum gerunt. 
 3. In castris Helvetiorum tabulae repertae sunt, quibus in 
 tabulis ratio confecta erat. 4. Qui- omnibus homiuibus 
 credit, saepe decipitur. 5. Legionem cui Galba praeerat, 
 misit. 6. Sulla cum magno equitatu in castra venit, quos^ 
 ex Latio et a sociis coegerat. 7. Helvetii legatos ad eum 
 mittunt ; cujus legationis Divico piinceps fuit. 8. Ego'' qui 
 te coufirmo,* ipse me non possum.^ 
 
 II. 1. Those will be visited with punishment^ by whom 
 arms shall be taken. ^ 2. Catiline, whom the consul has 
 
EXERCISES ON THE RELATIVE PRONOUN. 115 
 
 expelled, is fleeing. 3. These aro [the things] which I 
 demiind. 4. He sends® reenforcements to the support of ® 
 our men who are in retreat.^ 5. He hastened to eoilA^ey his 
 army across. . . . This'** movement made one side of his camp 
 secure. 6. The nature of the site which our men had selected 
 for a camp was as follows." 7. We often despise those 
 with whom and among whom we live. 8. Here am [I] who 
 did^ [the deed]. 
 
 396. Supplementary Exercises. 
 
 I. 1. Convocatis Aeduorum principibus, quorum magnam 
 copiam in castris habebat, in his Lisco, qui suiinno magistratui 
 j)raeerat. graviter eos acciisat. 2. Ultra eum locum quo in loco 
 Gernmui consederant, castra posuit. 3. Unus ex oo numero qui* 
 ad caedem parati erant, Massivam obtruncat. 4. Tum demum 
 Liscus, oratione Caesaris adductus, quod antea tacuerat propouit. 
 5, Navium quod^^ fuerat uimm in locum coegeraut; quibus^* 
 amissis, se Caesari dediderunt. 
 
 IT. 1. He persuades Casticus, whose father had held sover- 
 eign power among the Sequaui for many years. 2. The Helvetians 
 send ambassadors to Caesar ... Of this" embassy, Divico, who 
 liad been the leader of the Helvetians, was the head. 3. Mean- 
 while, by means of that legion which he had with him and the 
 x.Mi.ix wlio had assembled from the province, he extends a wall 
 Iron I Lake Geneva, which flows into the river Rhone, to mount 
 Jura, which separates the tenitory of the Sequani from [that of] 
 the Helvetii. 
 
 » A. fc G. 104, e; H. 187, 2; G. 414. • unbrnlttS with daUvc. 
 
 Rem. 1. ; cf. 348 and 349. • " who are in retreat " =:fleeinff. 
 
 •Account for the omiBBion of the >o "This movement" = fr//ir/i ^//im//. 
 
 antecedent. In I^Un the relative is often iiued where 
 
 •^ liead: A. & G. 199, b; U. 445, 5; the Kngliah idiom requlroB a denion«tra- 
 
 O. 616. .3, I. live. 
 
 « Note that the verb of the relative " "hh folIowB " = thi*. 
 
 claiiBc aKree)» In i»cr»on with the antcce- " nAvlura qwod fnerat, all their 
 
 dent (exprenwd or unden»too<l). ships (lit., what of MliipH tj»«'re had Uen). 
 
 5 am able, can ; bc. cOnflrmftre. " Translate : theiie ; cf. foot-note K). 
 
 « I'bc the plural. " See 39ft, I., Bcnt. 7 ; cf. fool-note la 
 
 "> Translate : Bhall have been taken. 
 
116 TWO ACCUSATIVES. 
 
 LESSON LI. 
 
 Two AccLTSATiVEs : Same Person or Thing. 
 — With Compounds. 
 
 397. exampi.es. 
 
 1. [Castici] patrem senatus amicum appellaverat, the senate 
 
 had called the father of Casticus friend. 
 
 2. [Castici] pater a senatu ajnicus appellatus erat (i, 3, 4), the 
 
 father of Casticus had been called friend hy the senate. 
 
 3. Hunc [montem] murus circumdatus arcem efiBcit (l, 38, 6), 
 
 a wall built round it makes this mountain a citadel. 
 
 4. Ancum Marcium regem populus creavit (Liv. l, 32, i), the 
 
 people chose Ajicus Marcius king. 
 
 5. Te sapientem et appellant et existimant (Cic. TmcI. 2, 6), you 
 
 they both call and think loise. 
 
 398. Observation and Inference : Note, in Exs. 1 and 
 3-5, that the verbs are followed by two accusatives denoting the 
 same person or thing. What classes of verbs (i.e., verbs of what 
 meaning) admit this double construction ? Frame a rule for the 
 Two Accusatives here illustrated. 
 
 399. Keferences for Verification: A. & G. 239, a; H. 
 373; G. 334. 
 
 400. Observation : Note, in Ex. 1, that the senate did not call 
 the father of Casticus, but called him friend ; and that, therefore, 
 the complete j)redicate is not appellaverat, but amicum appella- 
 verat. As amicum forms an essential part of the predicate, it 
 may be called the Predicate Accusative in distinction from patrem, 
 which is the Direct Object. What are the Predicate Accusatives in 
 Exs. 3-5? AVhat are the Direct Objects? 
 
 401. Observation : Note that, in Ex. 2, the passive construc- 
 tion is illustrated. W^hat has the Predicate Accusative of the 
 
TWO ACCUSATIVES. 117 
 
 Active Construction become in the Passive ? What has the Direct 
 Object become? Change Exs. 3-5 into the Passive Construction. 
 
 402. References: H. 373, 1, 2; G. 197 (second paragraph). 
 
 403. EXAMPLES. 
 
 1. Hiberum copias traj§cit (Liv. 21, 23, i), he threw his forces across 
 
 the Ebro. 
 ■J. Duodecim milia equitum Hiberum traduxit (Liv. 21, 23, l), 
 
 he led twelve thousand horse across the Ebro. 
 3. Id animum advertit (i, 24, i), he directed his attention to this. 
 
 404. Observation and Inference: Note that the verbs in 
 the foregoing examples are compounds, being made up of a simple 
 verb and ii, preposition. Is the simple verb in each instance transitive 
 or intransitive ? What case, then, would it take if it stood alone ? 
 What case would the preposition take if it stood alone ? How, then, 
 are the itco accusatives to be accounted for ? Frame a rule for the 
 Two Accusatives here illustrated. 
 
 405. References for Verification: A. & G. 239, ft; II. 
 376; G. 330, Rem. 1. 
 
 406. EXERCISES. 
 
 I. 1. Ariovistus in consulatu meo rex atque amicus a 
 scnatu appellatus est. 2. Sua cunctatione hostes nostros 
 niTlites alacriores ad pugnandum eflecerant. 3. Onmes co- 
 pias Rhenum tradfixerant. 4. Hostis ;ipu<l infijores nos- 
 tros is dice) )atur quern nunc peregrinum dlciimis. 5. Hac 
 ijiitur mente Ilellespontum copias trajecit. 6. Caesarem 
 fertiorem faciunt. 
 
 II. 1. Spurius Cassius was made master of the horse. 
 •2. In this council he proclaimed Cingetorix a public enemy. 
 
 ;. On !* veterans, conduct a new army and a new leader 
 across the Ebro ! 4. The full moon rendered the tides very 
 high. it. Caesar, having been infonned by Titiirius, led all 
 his cavalrj' and light armed* Numidians across the bridge. 
 
 Aglt«, 2d pL imper. of tigd, lead. • of. LeMOn XXXIX., foot-note 8. 
 
118 TWO ACCUSATIVES. 
 
 LESSON LIL 
 Two Accusatives : Person and Thing. 
 
 407. EXAMPLES. 
 
 1. Racilius me sententiam rogavit (Cic. Q. Fr. 2, i, 3), Racilius 
 
 asked me my opinion. 
 
 2. Is enim est primus rogatus sententiam (Liv. 37, 14), for he 
 
 was asked his opinion first . 
 
 3. Juventutem mala facinora edocebat (Sail. Cat, 16, i), the youth 
 
 he trained to (taught thoroughly) acts of lawlessness (evil 
 deeds). 
 
 4. Cicero per legatSs cuncta edoctus [est] (Sail. Cat. 45, i), 
 
 Cicero received detailed information of (was thoroughly 
 taught) everything through the envoys. 
 
 408. Observation and Inference : Note, in Exs. 1 and 3, 
 that the verbs are in the active and are followed by two accusa- 
 tives, one of the person, the other of the thing. ' Note that, in Exs. 
 2 and 4, the same verbs are used in the passive. What does the 
 Accusative of the Person become in the passive construction ? the 
 Accusative of the Thing? What classes of verbs (f.e., verbs of 
 what meaning) admit this double construction?^ Frame a rule 
 for the constructions here illustrated. 
 
 409. References for Verification: A. & G. 239, c, Rem. 
 (first two lines) ; H. 374, 1 ; G. 333, Rem. 1. 
 
 410. EXAMPLES. 
 
 1. Quaerit ex perfugis causam (7,44,2), he asks the deserters for 
 
 an explanation (an explanation from the deserters). 
 
 2. Muliergs pacem ab Romanis petierunt (2, 13, 3), the women 
 
 besought the Romans for peace (asked peace from the Romans). 
 
 3. Ab Lentulo postulant jusjurandum (Sail. Cat. 44, i), they de- 
 
 mand of Lentulus an oath. 
 
ILLUSTRATIVE EXERCISES. 119 
 
 411. Observation and Inference : Do the foregoing verbs 
 of asking and demanding conform to the rule already establislicd 
 (407 and 408) ? IIow is the person expressed with quaero, peto, 
 and postulo? Frame a rule for the construction to be used with 
 these verbs. 
 
 412. References for Verification: A. & G. 239, Rem. 
 (second paragraph) ; H. 374, n. 4 ; G. 333, 2. 
 
 413. EXERCISES. 
 
 I. 1. Caesar sen tentiam a consule rogatus est. 2. Cele- 
 riter concilium dlmittit,' Liscum retinet ; qiiaerit ex solo ea 
 quae in conventu dixerat. 3. Ciceronem legati cuncta 
 edocuerunt. 4. Quod ab altero postulant, in se recusant. 
 
 5. Hos ego de re publica sententiam rogo. 6. Ad haec 
 quae interrogatus es, responde. 
 
 II. 1. Cato, on being appealed to for^ his opinion, de- 
 livered the following address. 2. We must ask Caesar 
 for peace.^ 3. Cicero, thoroughl3-informed-of everything 
 through the envoys, directed the praetors ... 4. The Ubii 
 earnestly pressed Caesar for aid. 5. You taught us this art. 
 
 6. Cicero asked Silanus his opinion first, because he was 
 consul elect. 
 
 1 The learner should be careful to thing ; whereas, of the two accusatives 
 
 distinguish the two accusatives here con- illustrated in 407, one denotes the per- 
 
 Hidf-red from those ilhistratod in .397. son, the other the tiling. 
 In the examples under 397 the two ^Trmn^XsLlc: having been asked. 
 
 iccusatlves denote the same person or ' cf. Exs. in .317. 
 
 414. Supplementary Exercises on Lessons LI. and LI I. 
 
 1. 1. Liscus sumnio niagistratui praeerat, queni vergobretum 
 ippellant Aedul, qui creatur annuiis. 2. Licet vobis in Ubiorum 
 finibufl considere, qiionmi sunt legati apud me et a me auxilium 
 petunt. 3. Caesar rogatus sententiam a consuls, haec verba 
 locutus est.' 4. Tres jam partes copi&rum Ilelvetii id flumen 
 traduxerant. 6. Sed juventut/cm, quam, ut supra diximus, 
 inlexerat, multis modls^ mala facinora §doc€bat. 
 
120 IKTERROGATIVE PKONOUNS. 
 
 II. 1. Having armed the soldiers whom he thought suitable 
 for this enterprise, he cam.e to the town. 2. There-is-a-panic ^ 
 throughout the camp/ and they ask of one another^ the cause of 
 the confusion. 3. When® the Helvetians had been informed^ 
 of his arrival, they sent ambassadors to him. 4. In this 
 struggle," the Germans whom Caesar had led across the Rhine 
 ignominiously fled. 5. Dionysius taught Epaminondas music. 
 6. Under the tuition of Hannibal ^ he had been thoroughly-trained- 
 in all the arts of war. 
 
 1 spoke; perf. indie, of loquor, which '^ cf; Lesson XXXV., foot-note 25. 
 has a pass, form with act. meaning. " Use ubi with the perfect indicative. 
 
 2 cf. Lesson XXIII., foot-note 4. ^ cf. Lesson XXVL, foot-note 5. 
 
 3 trepitlatur : A. & G. 146, c; H. s Translate: under Hannibal [as] 
 301, 1; G. 199, Rem. 1. master, 
 
 * Translate : in the entire camp; cf. 
 Lesson XXXIV., foot-note 8. 
 
 -<K>J«<C 
 
 LESSON LIII. 
 
 Interkogatiye Pronouns. — Interrogative 
 Particles: -ne, Nonne, Num. 
 
 415. Learn the declension of the interrogatives : quis 
 (subst.), who? quid (subst.), what? and qui (adj.), 
 which, what?: A. & G. 104; H. 188, I., II.; G. 104 and 
 Rem. 
 
 416. Decline together : qui miles, what soldier ? quae 
 urbs, what city ? quod g-enus, what class ? 
 
 417. exampi.es. 
 
 1. Quis te ex hac tanta frequentia salutavit? (Cic. Cat. 1,1, U), 
 
 ivho in (lit., out of) this (so) gj^eat concourse greeted you ? 
 
 2. Quid tandem te impedit? Mosne majorum? (Cic Cat. i, 
 
 11, 28), what, pray, hinders you? Is it the practice of the 
 fathers f 
 
INTERROGATIVE PARTICLES. 121 
 
 ;>. Nonne [vos] projecit ille? (Caes. B. C. 2,32, 8), did not he cast 
 
 l/ou olf? 
 1. Num negare audgs? Quid taces? Convincam, si negSs 
 
 (Cic. Cmt. 1, 4, 8), do you dare to deny it ? Why are you silent ? 
 
 I tcill prove if, if you deny it. 
 
 418. Observation and Inference: Note, in the foregoing 
 interrogative sentences, that the question in each case is indicated 
 not by a change in the order of the words, but by the introduction 
 of some interrogative word. Note, further, that the interrogative 
 word is a pronoun in Ex. 1 (see Quis), and in the first question of 
 Ex. 2 (see Quid) ; whereas, in the second question of Ex. 2 (see 
 -ne in Mosne), in Ex. 3 (see Nonne), and in the first question of 
 Ex. 4 (see Num), it is an interrogative particle. Does the question 
 containing the appended interrogative particle -ne (Ex. 2) suggest 
 the answer yes, the answer no, or does it simply ask for informa- 
 tion ? What answer does Nonne (Ex. 3) suggest? Num (Ex. 4)? 
 
 419. References for Verification: A. & G. 210, a, c; II. 
 :}51, 1, Notes 1, 2, and 3, also 2; G. 456, 457, 458. 
 
 420. EXERCISES. 
 
 I. 1. Quid proxima, quid superiore nocte egisti? 2. Ubi 
 proxima nocte fuistl, quos convocavTstI ? 3. Quam rem 
 publicam habemus? 4. In qua urbe vivimus? 5. Nonne 
 sibi salutem fuga petivit? 6. Num dubitas id imperante 
 me facere quod jam tua sponte faciebas?* 7. Num- 
 (|ii:miii(' familia nostra quieta erit? 8. Quibus* gaudils* 
 ( xsuUabis ! 9. Cui est Apulia attributa? 10. Quo tan- 
 dem* animo' hoc tibi ferendum est? 11. Potestne* tibi 
 haec lux, Catillna, aut hujus caell spiritus esse* jucundus? 
 12. Nonne etiam alio incredibili scelere hoc scelus 
 cumulastl?* 
 
 II. 1. Wiiat plan' will they adopt? 2. What and 
 how-great states are in arms? 3. In* what direction is 
 the enemy marching? 4. WIhuu «li(l you Icnvi? at Home,' 
 whom did you take'" with you? I > \\ li-in h is the Picene 
 
122 ILLUSTRATIVE EXERCISES. 
 
 district been assigned? 6. [When] betrayed by" him, 
 were you not preserved by Caesar's generosity? 7. "Do 
 3'ou see, soldiers?" says he.^^ 8. In-what-way did they 
 defend their towns? 9. Can [there] be^ peace or amity 
 between ^^ pnrposes so opposed? 10. Do you not seem^'' to 
 see with your e^'es these [things] which you have heard ? j 
 
 421. Supplementary Exercises. 
 
 I. 1. Autronio nonne sodales, nonne conlegae sul, non veteres 
 amici defuerunt? 2. Quanta est insulae magnitiido? quae aut 
 quantae nationes incolunt? quern usuni beUi habent? qui sunt 
 idoiiei portus? 3. Quae in concilio Gallorum de Dumnorige sunt 
 dicta? 4. JSTum me fefellit, Catilina, dies? 
 
 II. 1. Shall I stand in arms^^ against Caesar, my general? 
 2. Did not all these who are foremost in the commonwealth desert 
 Autronius? 3. Did, then, the shipwreck of so-many leaders do- 
 away-with the art of steering? 4. From what classes of men 
 are those [contemptible] ^^ forces obtained? 5. From what regions 
 do they come, and what [things] have they learned there? 
 
 ^ tua sponte faciebas, you were ^ See Lesson XX VII., foot-note 11. 
 
 going to do of your own free toill. ^° " take " = lead out. 
 
 2 The interrogatives are used in ex- ^^ per. 
 
 claraations. 12 inquit (def.), says he, is placed 
 
 3 cf. foot-note 4, Lesson XXIIL after one or more words of a direct quo- 
 ■* tandem, />r«7/ (exclamation). tation. 
 
 '^ potest, 3d sing, of possum; esse, '^ in with ablative, 
 
 pres.infin. of sum; potest esse, can 6e. "Translate: Do you not seem to 
 
 " cumulasti == cumulavlsti ; cf. yourselves f For seem, use the passive ol 
 
 foot-note 2, Lesson XXXIV. video. 
 
 7 " what plan" = what (subst.) of ^^ " in arms " = armerf. 
 
 plan (part, gen.) ? ^^ Which of the demonstratives must 
 
 8 Translate : into what part? be used here? 
 
verbs: subjunctive mood. 123 
 
 LESSON LIV. 
 
 Verbs: Subjunctive Mood. 
 
 422. Learn, without meanings, the inflection and 
 synopsis of the Subjunctive Tenses of sum : A. & G. 
 pp. 68, 69 ; H. p. 85 ; G. p. 50. 
 
 423". Inflect (like sum) in the same tenses: absum; 
 also learn the synopsis. 
 
 424. Learn, without meanings, the inflection and 
 synopsis of the Subjunctive Tenses, Active and Passive 
 (including the Periphrastic Conjugations), of amo: 
 A. & G. pp. 76, 77, 78; H. 87, 89, 115 ; G. pp. 54-57, 82. 
 
 425. Inflect (like amo) in the foregoing Tenses of 
 both Voices : confirmo, laudo ; also learn the synopsis 
 of these verbs. 
 
 426. Learn (as in 424) the inflection and synopsis of 
 moiieo (or deleo) : A. & G. p. 80 ; H. pp. 91, 93 ; G. 
 pp. 58-61. 
 
 427. Inflect (like nioneo or deleo) : liabeo, compled ; 
 
 also learn the synopsis of these verbs. 
 
 428. Learn (as in 424) the inflection and synopsis of 
 tego (rego or emo) : A. & G. p. 82 ; H. pp. 95, 97 ; 
 G. pp. 64-67. 
 
 429. Inflect (like tego, rego, or eiiio ) : dfico, niitto ; 
 also learn the synopsis of these vei:bs. 
 
124 SUBJUNCTIVE IN INDIRECT QUESTIONS. 
 
 430. Learn (as in 424) the inflection and synopsis of 
 capio: A. & G. p. 83; H. pp. 106, 108; G. pp. 72, 73. 
 
 431. Inflect (like capio) : rapio, jacio ; also learn the 
 synopsis of these verbs. 
 
 432. Learn (as in 424) the inflection and sj^nopsis of 
 audio: A. & G. p. 86; H. pp. 99, 101; G. pp. 68-71. 
 
 433. Inflect (like audio) : ptinio, vestio ; also learn 
 the synopsis of these verbs. 
 
 :»>Oic 
 
 LESSON LV. 
 
 Subjunctive in Indirect Questions. — Sequence 
 
 OF Tenses. 
 
 434. EXAMPI.ES. 
 
 1. Quis habet Etruriam ? who has Etruria in charge f 
 
 2. Video quis habeat Etruriam (Cic Cat. 2, 3, 6), / see who has 
 
 Etruria in charge. 
 
 3. Cui est Apulia attributa ? to^ lohom has Apulia been assigned ? 
 
 4. Video cui sit Apulia attributa (Cic. Cat. 2, 3, 6), I see to whom 
 
 Apulia has been assigned. 
 
 435. Observation and Inference : Note that the questions 
 contained in Exs. 1 and 3 invite a direct answer, and that the verb 
 is in the indicative mood. Note, further, that in Exs. 2 and 4 
 these questions have been made the direct object of video, and that 
 they no longer invite an answer. The questions of Exs. 1 and 3 are 
 called Direct or Independent: those of Exs. 2 and 4 are called 
 Indirect or Dependent. What mood in the Indirect Question has 
 taken the place of the indicative in the Direct? Does any change 
 of mood take place in English ? Frame a rule for the Mood to be 
 used in Indirect Questions. 
 
SEQUENCE OF TENSES. 125 
 
 436. References for Verification : A. & G. 334 ; II. 5'29, 
 I.; G. 4G9. 
 
 437. What are the Primary or Principal Tenses of the verb ? 
 the Secondary or Historical Tenses? See A. & G. 285, 1, 2; H. 
 198, I., 1, 2, 3, 4, IL, 1, 2, 3 ; G. 216. 
 
 438. EXAMPLES. 
 
 1. Video quis habeat Etruriam (Cic. Cat. 2, 3, 6), I see who has 
 
 Etruria in charge. 
 
 2. Vidgbo quis habeat Etruriam, / shall see who has Etruria 
 
 in charge. 
 
 3. VIdero quis habeat Etruriam, / shall have seen who has 
 
 Etruria in charge. 
 
 4. Video quis habuerit Etruriam, I see who had (lias had) 
 
 Etruria in charge. 
 
 5. VidSbo quis habuerit Etruriam, / shall see who had (has 
 
 had) Etruria in charge. 
 
 6. VIderS quis habuerit Etrflriam, / shall have seen icho had 
 
 (has had) Etruria in charge. 
 
 7. VidSbam quis habSret Etruriam, / saw who had Etruria in 
 
 charge. 
 
 8. VIdl quis habSret Etniriam, / saw who had Etruria in 
 
 charge. 
 
 9. Vlderam quis habSret Etruriam, / had seen who had Etruria 
 
 in charge. 
 
 10. Videbam quis habuisset Etriiriam, / saw who had had 
 
 Etruria in charge. 
 
 11. VIdl quis habuisset Etrflriam, / saw who had had Etruria 
 
 in charge. 
 
 12. Vlderam quis habuisset Etrflriam, / had seen who had had 
 
 Etruria in charge. 
 
 439. Observation and Inference : Is the verb of the lead- 
 ing clause, in Exs. 1-6, in a primary or a secondary tense f Answer 
 the same question for the subjunctive of the dependent clause in the 
 same examples. Is the verb of the leading clause, in Kxs. 7-12, 
 
126 ILLUSTRATIVE EXERCISES 
 
 in a primary or a secondary tense ? Answer the same question 
 for the subjunctive of the dependent clause in the same examples. 
 Does the subjunctive of a dependent clause, then, adapt its tense 
 to that of the verb in the leading clause? Frame a general rule 
 for the Tense of the Subjunctive in Dependent Clauses. 
 
 440. References for Verification : A. & G. 286 ; H. 490, 
 491 ; G. 510 (first paragraph). 
 
 441. Observation and Inference : N^ote that the action 
 denoted by the subjunctive, in Exs. 1-3 and 7-9, is represented as 
 continued, or incomplete, with reference to the action denoted by the 
 leading verb. Which tense of the subjunctive is used to express this 
 continuance or incompleteness when the leading verb is in a pri- 
 mary tense (see Exs. 1-3) ? when the leading verb is in a secondary 
 tense (see Exs. 7-9)? 
 
 Note that the action denoted by the subjunctive, in Exs. 4-6 
 and 10-12, is represented as completed with i-eference to the action 
 denoted by the leading verb. Which tense of the subjunctive is 
 used to express this completeness when the leading verb is in a 
 primary tense (see Exs. 4-6) ? when the leading verb is in a second- 
 ary tense (see Exs. 10-12) ? 
 
 Frame special rules for the Tense of the Subjunctive in Depen- 
 dent Clauses. 
 
 442. References for Verification : A. & G. 286, Rem. ; 
 H. 492, 1, 2, 493, 1, 2; G. 510. 
 
 5>«<0< 
 
 LESSON LVI. 
 
 Illustrative Exercises on the Foregoing 
 Principles. 
 
 443. exercises. 
 
 I. 1. Quid proxima, quid superiore nocte egeris, quis 
 nostrum^ ignorat ? 2. Exponam eiiim vobTs, Quirites, 
 ex quibus generibus hominum istae- copiae coraparentur. 
 
ON THE FOREGOING PRINCIPLES. 127 
 
 3. Quid ea nocte egisset, quid in proximam constituisset, 
 edocui. 4. Quid hostes cousilii capereut, exspectabat. 
 
 5. Quae in Treverls geverentur, ostendit. 6. Video quanta 
 tempestas invidiae nobis impendekt. 7. Intellego quanto 
 id cum perlculo fecerim. 8. Docebat etiam quae seuatus 
 consulta, quotiens, quamque honorifica in Aeduos facta 
 essent. 9. Quibus angustils ipse Caesar a Venetis pre- 
 matur, docet. 
 
 II. 1. Who among us^ does not know where 30U were last 
 night? 2. He understood at what risk"* he had done this. 
 
 3. Caesar knew for'^ what reason these things were said. 
 
 4. I will recount what cities, fortified by nature, the Roman 
 people took in war.® 5. Caesar inquired of the captives 
 wherefore Ariovistus did . not come to an engagement.' 
 
 6. Tliey compel merchants to declare from what districts 
 they come, and what (pi.) they have learned there. 7. Nor 
 was it altogether clear in what direction the enemy had 
 marched. 8. He made known what he disapproved in him. 
 'J. He set forth to the citizens what the senate had decreed 
 the-day-before. 
 
 444. Supplementary Exercises. 
 
 I. 1. Dumnorigem ad se vocat; quae in eo reprehendat, 
 ostendit. 2. Neque quanta esset insulae magnitiido, neque qu.ae 
 aut quantae nationes incolerent, neque quem usuni belli haberent, 
 reperiebat. 3. Et viatores etiam invitos consistere cogunt et quid 
 quisque eorum audierit aut cdgnoverit, quaerunt. 4. Memoravit 
 quibus in locis niaximae hostium copiae a populo Romano parva 
 nianii fusae essent. 5. VidctS qufis in partes hostes iter faciant. 
 
 II. 1. At the same time he-called-his-attention-to what had 
 been said in his own presence" in the council of the Gauls about 
 Dumnorix. 2. He had not-yet perceived for what reason they 
 were withdrawing. 3. Who among* us does not know what 
 (pi.) was done last night, what the night Iwfore? 4. The 
 consul pointed out from what classes of men Catiline's forces had 
 
128 INDEFINITES. 
 
 been collected. 5. Ascertain what^ is the nature of the moun- 
 tain and what^ the ascent by a circuitous path.^*^ 
 
 1 Why not nostri ? ^ << to come to an engagement " = <o 
 
 2 Contemptuous. ' contend in battle = yroeliodecerta,Te. 
 8 " who among us " = who of us. * Trans.: himself present (abl. abs.). 
 * Trans. : toith hoio-great risk. » qualis, -e, adjective. 
 
 5 de. 1° Trans. : in circuit. 
 
 6 " in war " = by fighting. 
 
 LESSON LVII. 
 Indefinites. 
 
 445. Learn the declension of the indefinites : quis, any 
 one ; qui, any ; quiclain,^ a, a certain^ some one ; qui- 
 vis, any you please^ any one you please ; aliquis, some^ 
 some one ; quisque, every., each^ every one^ each one : 
 A. & G. 104, 105, c, d (first four lines and paradigm), e 
 (first three lines) ; H. 190, 1, 2, 1), 2), Notes 1 and 2 ; 
 G. 105, 1, 2, 5, 6. 
 
 446. Decline together: si quis, if any one; si qua 
 res, if anything ; spes aliqua, some hope ; quidam ^ 
 homo, a man; quodcumque ^ bellum, whatever war ; 
 nobilissimus quisque, all the nobility ;^ quaevis vis,* 
 
 any force whatever. 
 
 447. EXERCISES. 
 
 I. 1. Naves tdtae {throughout) factae erant ex robore 
 ad quamvis vim* et contumeliam perferendam. 2. Nam 
 omnes in qiiibus aliquid dignitatis fuit, eo convenerant. 
 3. Ubi ciiique locus silvestris spera salutis aliquam offerebat, 
 consederat. 4. Haec castra silvara quaodam^ contingebant. 
 5. Errant si quicquam'' ab his praesidii sperant. 6. Quae- 
 cumque^ bella gerentiir sine uUo periculo tuo conficientur. 
 7. Obsides nobilissimi cujusque^ liberos poscit et in eos 
 
INDEFINITES. 129 
 
 omnia exempla cruciatusque edit, si qua res noii ad volunta- 
 tera ejus facta est. 
 
 II. 1. They are conscious^ of [havino^ done] some wrong. 
 
 2. It-is-hetter for us to-submit-to'^ an}' 'fortune whatever. 
 
 3. He hears these [tidings] from some (quidam) deserters 
 belonging- to-the-town. 4. Nor do they have an}'^ clothing 
 except skins. 5. Unless some help® comes from^*' Caesar, 
 the same thing will have to be done by^^ all the Gauls. 
 
 6. Caesar summons^- the foremost men of each community. 
 
 7. Whoever shall be in authority over^^ the province, shall 
 defend the Aedui. 8. And so they dare to attack" any 
 number whatever. 
 
 448. Supplementary Exercises. 
 
 I. 1. Alicujus iiijuriae sibi conscius est. 2. Idoiieum quen- 
 dam hominem delegit, Galium, ex ils quos auxilil causa secum 
 habebat. 3. Neque eorum moribus turpius quicquam^ habetur. 
 
 4. At Caesar, principibus cuj usque clvitatis ad se evocatis, magnam 
 partem Galliae in officio tenuit. 
 
 II. 1. By [holding out] great rewards, he prevailed upon 
 one (quidam) of ^^ the Gallic horsemen. 2. I shall send to you 
 some one of ^^ my [followers]. 3. And so they dare, however few 
 [tlK'N may be], to attack" any number whatever of horsemen. 
 4. Then; is timber of every description except beech and fir. 
 ij. If any crime has >>een committed, these-same-persons ^'^ deter- 
 mine the rewards and the penalties. 
 
 > n Is used form before d,e.flr.,quen- "Translate: they are conscious to 
 
 dam (ace. sing.) and qnffrandam themselves. 
 
 (geo. pi.). ^ patT, pres. infln. pass, with act. 
 
 » A. & G. 105, a. meaning. 
 
 »LU., every noblest fmnn] ; decline 'Translate: anything of clothing ; 
 
 in singular only ; note that qulsque fol- aee foot-note 5. 
 
 lows the superlative. • " some help " = something of help. 
 
 * For declension of via, see A. ft G. "^ Translate : shall be in Caennr. 
 
 61; H. 66; G. 76, D. " What construction must he used? 
 
 ' qnlMiaam, anyone, has qnic- " to summon = ad »5 »vocftre. 
 
 qnam or qnldquatn, anything, in the *> Use obtiti(>n with accusaUve. 
 
 nominative and accusative neuter wingu- '* to attack, ndTrc ad. 
 
 lur ; it lacks the feminine singular and the " " of" =from. 
 
 entire plural. For use of quifiqaam, >«Idem, nom. pi. maac. 
 see A. ft G. 202, c; H. 467; O. 304. 
 
130 datives: possession and service, 
 
 LESSON LVIII. 
 Dative oe Possession. — Dative of Service. 
 
 449. EXAMPI.ES. 
 
 1. His erat inter se de principatu contentio (7, 39, 2), these 
 
 had a struggle with each other for precedence (lit., there was 
 to these a struggle, etc.). 
 
 2. At CatonI studium modestiae, decoris erat (Sail. Cat. 54, 5), 
 
 Cato, on the other hand, had a preference for sobriety and 
 dignity of behavior (lit., there was to Cato a preference, etc.). 
 
 3. Est igitur homini cum deo similitudo (Cic. Le^r i, 8, 25), man 
 
 has, then, a likeness to God (lit., there is to man a likeness, 
 etc.). 
 
 450. Observation and Inference : With what case is the 
 verb sum construed in the foregoing examples ? By what English 
 verb is it translated? How, then, may Possession be expressed in 
 Latin ? Frame a rule for the construction here illustrated. 
 
 451. References for Verification : A. & G. 231 ; H. 387 ; 
 G. 349. 
 
 452. EXAMPI.ES. 
 
 1. Caesar equitatumi suis auxilio misit (4,37,2), Caesar sent tJie 
 
 cavalry to the assistance of his 7nen (to his for assistance). 
 
 2. Tulingi, qui novissimis praesidi5 erant (l, 25, 6), the Tidingi, 
 
 who served as a guard to the rear (were to the rear for pro- 
 tection). 
 
 3. Quibus corpus voluptati, anima oneri fuit (Sail. Cat. 2, 8), to 
 
 these the body [served] for pleasure, [and] thought zvas a bore 
 (the soul was for a burden). 
 
 4. Eglsdem copias praesidio navibus reliquit (5, ii, 7), he left 
 
 the same forces to guard the ships (to the ships for protec- 
 tion). 
 
datives: possession and service. 131 
 
 453. Observation axd Inference : AVith how many datives 
 are the verbs in the foregoing examples construed? What do 
 these datives respectively denote? Note that the transitive verbs 
 (see misit, Ex. 1, and reHquit, Ex. 4) take, besides the dative, an 
 accusative aLso. Frame a rule embodying your observations. 
 
 454. References for Verification : A. & G. 233 ; 11. 390, I., 
 U.; G. 3;5(). 
 
 455. EXERCISES. 
 
 I. 1. Quid in mea Gallia Caesaii negotii est? 2. Miiltis 
 corpus voliiptati, anima oneri est. 3. Legatiim minoribus 
 castns praesidio reliquerat. 4. Familiaritas mihi cum eo est. 
 5. Q. Caepionl fortuna belli ciimini, invidia populi calamitati 
 fuit. 6. In hac Insula est fons aquae dulcis cui nomen 
 Arethusa est. 7. Tertiam legionem nostiis subsidio misit. 
 
 TI. 1. Traders have no access to them. 2. The friend- 
 ship of the Roman people is a protection to me. 3. Two 
 legions served as a guard to the baggage. 4. Our diminu- 
 tive stature excites the contempt^ of the Gauls. 5. No 
 one could maintain his position- on the wall. 6. He sent 
 the third line to the relief of our men [who were] struggling 
 atjainst odds."* 
 
 456. Supplementary Exercises. 
 
 I. 1. At nobis est domi"' iiu)i»i;i. ions u.s aliinum. 2. Milu 
 autem mirum vidctur quid in luea Gallia aut Caesari aut onininb 
 populo Rdmano negotii sit.*^ 3. Mllitcs sibi ipsi ad pugnam eraut 
 impedimento. 4. Ea res magn5 usui nostrls fuit. 
 
 II. 1. These [matters] are my business.* 2. He reminded 
 many, to whom this had been a source of booty, of the victory' of 
 Sulla. 3. The associates of Catiline had all sorts of miseries 
 in abundance, but no* favorable condition or* prospect. 
 
 > TnuM. : i» to the Gauls for contempt. » Account for mood and tense. 
 
 « cf. LeMon XLIV., foot-note 13. « Tran«. : are to me for a care. 
 
 * Preaent participle of labArS. ' U«e the genitive. 
 
 ♦ Locative form, at home ; for declen- • " uU norUs of " = all. 
 
 •ion, tee : A. & O. 70, /; H. 119, 1 ; O. » " no . . . or " = neUher any... nor. 
 67. Rem. 2. 
 
132 INFINITIVE WITH SUBJECT ACCUSATIVE. 
 
 LESSON LIX. 
 
 The Infinitive with Subject Accusative as 
 Object. — Tense of the Infinitive. 
 
 457. Learn, with meanings, the Infinitives of sum: 
 A. &G. p. 69; H. p. 85; G. p. 51. 
 
 458. Learn, with meanings, the Infinitives, Active and 
 Passive, of amo : A. & G. pp. 77, 79 ; H. pp. 87, 89 ; 
 G. pp. 55, 56. Form the Infinitives of confirino and 
 laudo. 
 
 459. Learn (as in 458) the Infinitives of moneo (or 
 deleo): A. & G. p. 81; H. pp. 91, 93; G. pp. 59, 61. 
 Form the Infinitives of liabeo and compleo. 
 
 460. Learn (as in 458) the Infinitives of teg-o (rego 
 or emo) : A. & G. p. 83 ; H. pp. 95, 97 ; G. pp. Q5, 67. 
 Form the Infinitives of duco and mitto. 
 
 461. Learn (as in 458) the Infinitives of capio : A. & 
 G. p. 83 ; H. pp. 107, 108 ; G. pp. 72, 73. Form the 
 Infinitives of rapio and jacio. 
 
 462. Learn (as in 458) the Infinitives of audio : A. & 
 G. p. 87 ; H. pp. 99, 101 ; G. 69, 71. Form the Infini- 
 tives of punio and vestio. 
 
 463. exampi.es. 
 
 1. Nostros non esse inferiores intellexit (2, 8, 3), he knew that 
 our men were not inferior (lit., our men not to be inferior). 
 
TENSE OF THE INFINITIVE. 133 
 
 '2. Neque homines temperatures^ existimabat {\,1,A), nor did 
 
 kej^jjik that the men icould refrsjjj^ (lit-, the men to be about 
 
 to refrain). 
 :>, Divico respondit ita Helvetios institutos esse (i, u, 7), 
 
 Divico replied that the Helvetians had been so trained (lit., the 
 
 Helvetians to have been so trained). 
 4. Caesar Dumnorigem dSsignSri sentiSbat (i, 18, i), Caesar 
 
 perceived that Dumnorix icas meant (lit., Dumnorix to be 
 
 meant). 
 
 464. Observation and Inference: Note that, in each of 
 the foregoing examples, -the leading verb has, for its object, a 
 clause whose verb is in the infinitive and whose subject is in the 
 accusative. Note, further, that intellexit is a verb of knowing, 
 e^stimtbat a verb of thinking, respondit a verb of telling, and 
 sentigbat a verb of perceiving. What classes of verbs, then, take 
 the Infinitive with Subject Accusative as Object? Frame a rule 
 for this construction. 
 
 465. References for Verification : A. & G. 272 ; H. 535, 
 I. (read also 1, 2, 3) ; G. 527. 
 
 466. Observation and Inference: Note that the present 
 infinitives ease (Ex. 1) and design&rl (Ex. 4) are translated by 
 the past tense; and that they denote, therefore, the same time 
 as the verbs (intell6xit and sentigbat) on which they depend. 
 In other words, these present infinitives represent the time of 
 the action not as present absolutely, but as present relatively to 
 the time denoted by the principal verb. How does the future 
 infinitive temper&turSs (Ex. 2) represent the time of the action? 
 Answer the same question for the perfect infinitive InatitdtSs esse 
 (Ex. 3). Frame a rule for the use of the Infinitive Teu.ses. 
 
 467. Keferences for Verification: A. &G. 288; H. 537; 
 G. 529, 530. 
 
 * sc eaae; the auxiliary of the fut. intiu. act. la often omitted. 
 
134 ILLUSTRATIVE EXERCISES. 
 
 LESSON LX. 
 
 Illustrative Exercises on the Foregoing 
 
 Constructions. 
 
 468. EXERCISES. 
 
 I. 1 . Dixit pejus victoribus Sequanis qiiam Aeduis victTs 
 accidisse. 2. Legatum sese magno cum periculo ad eum 
 missurum^ existimabat. 3. Reperiebat initium fugae fac- 
 tum- a Dumnorige. 4. Ex perfugTs quibusdam oppidanis 
 audit .Saburram Uticae appropinquare. 5. Divitiacus re- 
 spondit scire se ilia esse vera. 6. Summum in cruciatum 
 se venturos^ videbaut. 
 
 II. 1. Caesar remembered^ that the army had l)een beaten 
 by the Helvetians and sent under the yoke. 2. They said 
 that the Aedui had lost all their nobilitj', all their senate, 
 [and] all their cavaliy. 3. He said that our plans were 
 reported to the enemy. 4. Caesar learned that by these 
 means (things) Dumnorix was increasing his private re- 
 sources. 5. Caesar answered that he would make peace 
 with them. 6. He knew that it would be [attended] with 
 great danger to the province.'' 
 
 469. Supplementary Exercises. 
 
 I. 1. Reperiebat etiam in quaerendo initium fugae factum a 
 Dumnorige atque ejus equitibus ; eorum fuga reliquum esse equita- 
 tum perterritum. 2. Se suis copiis suoque exercitu illls regna^ 
 conciliaturum confirraat. 3. Negavit aut conferendum esse Gal- 
 licum cum Germandrum agro, ant hanc consuetudinein victus cum 
 ilia comparandam. 
 
 IT. 1. They knew that he had done in one day what they^' had 
 accomplished with-the-utmost-difficulty in twenty days. 2. They 
 supposed that they should either persuade the Allobroges or con- 
 
COMPLEMENTARY INFINITIVE. 135 
 
 strain them by force. 3. He said that he had fled from the state 
 and come to the senate to solicit ^ aid. 
 
 1 cf. Lesson LIX., foot-note 1. ercign power in two states is thought of; 
 
 2 6C. esse. use the singular in translation. 
 
 3 *' reraerabcred " = held hy memory. c Use the proper form of ipse. 
 * Use the genitive. " cf. 380, Ex. 2. 
 
 5 The plural is used here because sov- 
 
 >J<Xc 
 
 LESSON LXI. 
 
 Complementary Infinitive. — Infinitive as 
 Subject. 
 
 470. EXAMPLES. 
 
 1. Neque fugere destitSrunt (i, 53, i), nor did they cease to flee. 
 'J. Helvetii nostros lacessere coeperunt (1,15,3), the Helvetians 
 
 began to attack our men. 
 '>. . . . quod accidere solSbat (6, 15, i), which was tcont to happen. 
 
 471. Observation and Inference : Note that the infinitives 
 fugere (Ex. 1), lacessere (Ex. 2), and accidere (Ex. 3), are 
 tcithout subject accusative. Xote, fnrtlier, tliat tlie verbs on which 
 these infinitives depend (dSstitSrunt, coepSrunt, sol6bat), are 
 vf-rlis of incomplete meaning. As the infinit iv(^ in tliese cases is 
 nd.h'd to complete the meaning of the verb on which it depends, 
 
 1 ! I'd the Complementary Inflnitive. After what class of verbs, 
 liuMi, is the Complementary Infinitive used? Frame a rule for 
 this con.struction. 
 
 472. References for Verification: A. & G. 271 with note ; 
 \l. ')?,?,, I., 1,2; G. 424. 
 
 473. EXAMri.ES. 
 
 1. Mea facta mihi dicere licet (Saii. Jug. 85, 24), / have the right 
 
 to speak of my oten deeds (to speak is lawful for me) . 
 
 2. [Mih!] n6n placuit retic6re (Sail. Jug. V), 2«), / am resolved not 
 
 to remain silent (to remain silent has not seemed good to mo). 
 
136 INFINITIVE AS SUBJECT. 
 
 3. Te providere decet (Sail. Jiig. lo, 7), it is proper for you w see to 
 
 it (for. you to see to it is becoming). 
 
 4. Pulchrum est bene facere rei ptiblicae (Sail. Cat. 3, i), to serve 
 
 the commonioealth by deeds (to do well for the commonwealth) 
 is honorable. 
 
 474. Observation and Inference : Note that the verbs licet 
 (Ex. 1), placuit (Ex. 2), and decet (Ex. 3), are impersonal ; and 
 that they have ^.s, subject an infinitive, either without subject accusa- 
 tive (see dicere, Ex. 1, and reticere, Ex. 2), or with subject accu- 
 sative (see te providere, Ex. 3). [N'ote also that the verb est 
 (Ex. 4) has an infinitive (facere) as subject. With what classes of 
 verbs, then, is the Infinitive used as Subject ? Frame a rule for 
 this construction. 
 
 475. References for Verification: A. & G. 270, a; H. 
 538, 1 ; G. 423. 
 
 476. EXERCISES. 
 
 I. 1. LTberi eorum in servitutem abduci uon debent.^ 
 2. His rebus coerceii milites solent. 3. Noii oportet^ 
 me a popiil5 Romano in meo jure impedm. 4. Nobis est 
 in auimo sine uUo maleficio per proviuciam iter facere. 
 
 5. Nobis praestat quamvis fortunam a populo Romano pati^ 
 quam a Gallis per cruciatum interfici. 6. Constituerunt 
 jumentorum quam^ maximum nmnerum coemere. 7. In- 
 iquum est de stipendio recusare. 
 
 II. 1. It-was-generally-understood that Caesar would 
 first carry on war in Venetia. 2. Still, the majority were 
 in favor of defending^ the camp. 3. They decided to 
 esttiblish friendship with the neighboring states. 4. The 
 Helvetians began ^ to maintain their ground more boldly.^ 
 b. Priority of time ought not in every instance to be re- 
 garded.^ 6. We are at liberty^ to do this. 7. Their 
 lands ought ^ not to be laid waste. 
 
DEPONENT VERBS. 137 
 
 477. Supplementary Exercises. 
 
 I. 1. Ariovistus respoiidit aiuicitiam popull Romanl sib! prae- 
 sidio, non detrlnieuto esse oportere. 2. Ilelvetii audacius*^ sub- 
 sistere et proelio nostros lacessere coeperunt. 3. Si antiquissiinuin 
 quodque tempus^^ spectari oportet, populi Romaiii justissimuin est 
 in Gallia iraperium. 
 
 II. 1. It is the intention of" the Helvetia,ns to march through 
 the country of the Sequani and Aedui. 2. It is reported to Caesar 
 that the Helvetians intend to march through the country of the 
 Sequani and Aedui. .3. If the decision of the senate has a claim 
 to be respected,!"^ Gaul ought ^ to be free. 
 
 J debeS is personal ; oportet is im- ^ Translate ; it is not right (opor- 
 personal. Both express moral obligation, tet) [for] each earliest time to be re- 
 ar a necessilj^ founded on duty. garded. For order, cf. Lesson LVII., 
 
 2 See foot-note 7, Lesson lViI. foot-note 3. 
 
 » cf . foot-note 5, Lesson XXXII. * Trans. : it is permitted to us. 
 
 * Trans. : it seemed goo<l (placuit) to " "Use debeo. 
 
 the greater part to defend. *° See sent. 5 in the preceding exercise. 
 
 5 coeperunt. ** Imitate 476, I., sent. 4. 
 
 « audScius, more boldly. is Translate : if it is proper [for] thz 
 
 decision of the senate to be respected. 
 
 >j*:c 
 
 LESSON LXIL 
 
 Deponent Verbs. — Ablative with Utor, 
 Fruor, ETC. 
 
 478. EXAMPLES. 
 
 1 . Tabula plct^ mirarl (Sail. Cat. 11, 6), to admire paintings, 
 
 2. Hostem ver6rl {l,dO,6), to/ear the enemi/. 
 
 '•]. HostSs sequitur {\, 22, b)^ he pursues the enemy. 
 
 4. Oppido potitur (7, ll, 8), he gets possession of the town. 
 
 5. Ad VeaontiSnem moratur fi, 39, l), he tarries (i.e., detains 
 
 himself) at Vesoulio. 
 
 479. Observation : Note, in the foregoing examples, that the 
 verbs have a passive form, but an active (Exs. 1-4) or rejlexive 
 
138 ABLATIVE \yiTH Utor, ETC. 
 
 (Ex. 5) meaning. Such verbs are called Deponent (from de-pono, 
 lay aside) because they have laid aside their passive meaning. 
 
 480. Referej^'Ces : A. & G. 135; H. 231; G. 211. 
 
 481. Learn the inflection and synopsis of one deponent 
 vexb under each conjugation: A. & G. 135, a^e\ H. 
 231, 1, 3, 232 (see note) ; G. pp. 74-81. 
 
 482. EXAMPLES. 
 
 1. Materia titebatur (4, 3], 2), lie used the timber. 
 
 2. Vita qua fruimur brevis est (Sail. Cat. i, 3), tJie life which ice 
 
 enjoy is short. 
 
 3. . . . quorum magna multitude servorum munere fungitur 
 
 (Xep. Paus. 3, 6), large numbers of lohom discharge the duty of 
 slaves. 
 
 4. Numidae lacte et carne vescebantur (Sail. Jug. 89, 7), tlie 
 
 Numidians subsisted on milk and meat. 
 
 5. Caesar oppido potitur (7, li, 8), Caesar obtains possession of 
 
 the town. 
 
 483. Observation and Inference: With what case, in the 
 foregoing examples, are the following verbs construed : utebatur 
 (Ex. 1), fruimur (Ex. 2), fungitur (Ex. 3), vescebantur (Ex. 4), 
 potitur (Ex. 5) ? Frame a rule for the Case of Substantives used 
 with these verbs: 
 
 484. References for Verification: A. & G. ^49; H. 421, 
 I. ; G. 405. 
 
 485. EXERCISES. 
 
 I. 1. Lingua Gallica niulta jam Ariovistus longinqua 
 consuetudine^ utebatur. 2. Equites officio functi renuotiant 
 paucos in aedificiis esse iiiveiitos. 3. Lacte, cased, caroc" 
 vescor. 4. Tutius esse arbitrabantur, commeatu iiitercluso, 
 sine ullo vulnere victoria potiri. 5. Quae agat,^ quibuscum 
 loquatur,^ scio. 6. Is mihi vivere atque frui anima videtur, 
 
ILLUSTRATIVE EXERCISES. 139 
 
 qui praeclari facinoris aut artis bonae ffiinam quaerit. 
 7. PMrtieudum* sib! exercitum pulavit. 8. Verciiigetorix 
 ex UK ( siios conspieatus ex oppido egreditur. 
 
 II. 1 . Our meu obtained possession of the baggage and 
 camp. 2. Wondering^ what was^ the cause of this be- 
 havior, he inquired of them personally. 3. They share® 
 with their leaders all advantages in life. 4. The [territories 
 of the] Belgians begin at the extreme confines of Gaul [and] 
 extend towards the north-east.' 5. It is very easy to 
 obtain^ control of all Gaul. 6. Adopting* the same 
 
 ix)licy, they burn their towns and villages, and set out to- 
 gether with the Helvetians. 7. And I do not know whether® 
 tlii> i> to be wondered at. 
 
 486. Supplementary Exercises. 
 
 1. 1. Est genus quoddam hominum, quod Hildtae vocatur, 
 quonim magna multitudo agros Lacedaemoniorum colit servorum- 
 que munere fungitur. 2. Roniaiios pulsos^*^ superatosque,'^ castris 
 impedimentisque eorum hostes potltosi'' renuntiaverunt. 3. In 
 suis finibus decertabunt et domesticis copiis rei frunientaiiae 
 utentur. 
 
 T. 1. One of those who stood next" stepped over^^ this [man] 
 as he lay prostrate ^^ and discharged ^^ the same office. 2. The 
 s()l.]i<rs will subsist chiefly on milk, cheese, and -.iiiic 5. ilow 
 Ion-. I'lay, Catiline, will you abuse our patience? 
 
 » cf. LcsBon XX 11 1., foot-note 8. • Use potior. 
 
 » cars, camU, i., flesh, meat. " ExpreM whether by appending -ne 
 
 • Account for mood and ten»c. to the gcnindlve. 
 « A. & G. 135, d; H. 231, 2; w. es*e. «* ic. ewe. 
 
 3 x;»e perf. part. " Trans : one from tltevearrsf. 
 
 • Trans. : enjotj together vfith their " " stepped over and dinchurged " = 
 leaders. haviuff ateppeil over, di$chnryed. 
 
 T Trkna. : north and rising sun. » Trana.: thU [manj lying. 
 
140 subjunctives: hortatory, optative. 
 
 LESSON LXIIL 
 
 Independent Uses of the Subjunctive: Horta- 
 tory, Optative, Dubitative. 
 
 Hortatory Subjunctive. 
 
 487. EXAMPLES. 
 
 1. Persequamur eorum mortem (7, 38, 8), let us avenge their death. 
 
 2. Discedant in Italia omnes ab armis (Caes. B. C. l, 9, 5), let all 
 
 througJwut Italy lay dozen their arms (withdraw from arms). 
 
 3. Quaesierit sane (Cic. Mil. 17, 46), suppose, if you will (sane), that 
 
 he did make inquii^y. 
 
 488. Observation and Inference : Kote that the subjunc- 
 tive persequamur (Ex. 1) expresses exhortation, that discedant 
 (Ex. 2) expresses command, and that quaesierit (Ex. 3) expresses 
 concession. Are the clauses containing these subjunctives depend- 
 ent or independent? Frame a rule for these and similar Sub- 
 junctives. 
 
 489. References for Verification: A. & G. 266; H. 483, 
 484, II., III., IV. ; G. 256, 1, 3, 257. 
 
 Optative Subjunctive. 
 
 490. exampi.es. 
 
 1. Stet liaec urbs praeclara (Cic. 3fi7. 34, 93), may this illustrious 
 
 city abide ! 
 
 2. Utinam P. Clodius viveret (Cic. 3ft7. 38, 103), would that PuUius 
 
 Clodius were alive ! 
 
 3. Utinam. ille omnes secum copias suas eduxisset (Cic Cat. 
 
 2, 2,4), woidd that he had taken with him all his forces! 
 
 491. Observation and Inference : Note that the subjunc- 
 tives in the foregoing examples express loish. Are the clauses 
 containing them dependent or independent f In what tense is the 
 subjunctive in Ex. 1? Does the wish in this example relate to 
 present, past, or future time 1 Is the wish conceived of as possible 
 
DIJBITATIVE STTBJTJNCTIVE. 141 
 
 or impossible oi fulfillment'? In wliat tense is the subjunctive in Ex. 
 2? To what time does it relate? Does it represent the wish as 
 falfiUol or unfulfilled f Answer the last three questions for the 
 subjunctive in Ex. 3. What particle accompanies the subjunc- 
 tive in Exs. 2 and 3 ? Frame rules for Mood and Tense in Express- 
 ions of Wishing. 
 
 492. References for Verification : A. & G. 267, h ; H. 
 484, I., 483, 1, 2; G. 253, 254. 
 
 DuBiTATivE Subjunctive. 
 
 493. EXAMPI.ES. 
 
 1. Eloquar an sileam (Verg. Aen. 3, 39), sliall I speak out, or hold my 
 
 peace ? 
 
 2. Hunc ego non admirer (Cic. Arch. 8, 18), can I help admiring 
 
 (should I not admire) this man ? 
 
 3. Nam quid d§ Cyro nuntiaret (Cic Mil. 18, 48), pi'ay, what need 
 
 had he to bring news of Cyrus f 
 
 494. OpsERVATiON AND INFERENCE : Xote (1) that the sub- 
 junctives in Ex. 1 are in a question expressing doubt, (2) that the 
 subjunctive in Ex. 2 is in a question expressing indignation, (3) that 
 the subjunctive in Ex. 3 is in a question expressing impossibility. 
 Are the questions containing these subjunctives dependent or inde- 
 pendent f Frame a rule for these and similar Subjunctives. 
 
 495. References for Verification: A. &G. 268; H. 484, 
 v., 486, II.; G. 258, 251. 
 
 LESSON LXIV. 
 
 Illustrative Exercises on the Hortatory, Opta- 
 tive, AND DUBITATIVE SUBJUNCTIVES. 
 
 496. EXERCISES. 
 
 I. 1. Discedat uterque ab armis exercitusque dlinittat. 
 2. Valeant, valeant, elves mel ; -int iiicolurnes, siiit fl6- 
 rentes, sint beatl; stet haec urbs pianhini iniinqueL^ggtria 
 
142 ILLUSTEATIYE EXERCISES. 
 
 carissima ! 3. Nam quid ea memorem, quae, nisi eis qui 
 viderc, nemini credibilia sunt? 4. Tranquilla re publica 
 mei elves perfruantur ! 5. Proficiscantur, ne^ patiantur 
 desTderio- sul Catilmam miserum tabescere. 6. Hunc ego 
 nou diligam, uou admirer ? iion omni ratione defendendum 
 putem? 7. Utinam exstiirent ilia earmina ! 8. Mihi salva 
 re publica vobiscum perfrui liceat ! 9. Hoc utinam a 
 
 piiucipio tibi placuisset ! 
 
 II. 1 . Let Marius have eternal glory ; ^ let Pompey be 
 preferred to all. 2. Would that my fellow citizens had 
 been uninjured, had been prosperous, had been happy ! 
 3. But who could suppose that the Teucri would come^ to 
 the shores of Hesperia ? 4. May I but (modo) accom- 
 plish ni}' endeavors ! 5. Wh}' should I speak of Gabhiius? 
 6. If they remain in the city, let them look for what^ they 
 deserve. 7. If they cannot^ stand, let them fall. 8. Who 
 could hesitate to release himself from fear,^ and the com- 
 monwealth from peril?'' 
 
 497. Supplementary Exercises. 
 
 I. 1. Utinam P. Clodius non modo viveret, sed etiam prae- 
 tor, consul, dictator esset potius ^ quam hoc spectaculum viderem ! 
 2. Sit Sclpio clarus ille, cujus virtute Hannibal ex Italia decedere 
 coactus est ; habeatur vir egregius PauUus ille; cujus curruni rex 
 potentissinius et nobilissiiims Perses honestavit. 3. Cur de vestra 
 virtute aut de mea diligentia desperetis ? 
 
 II. 1. Therefore let the reprobates go; let them separate 
 themselves from the good. 2. Would that this which I am say- 
 ing were not^ true!^ 3. Why should I allow soldiers to be 
 wounded who have done their best to serve me?^° 
 
 1 no is the regular negative with the ^ Ablative without preposition, 
 hortatory and optative subjunctives. s rather. 
 
 2 cf. Lesson XXIII., foot-note 8. ^ Translate : would that I were not 
 
 3 Translate : he of eternal f/lory. saying this truly. 
 
 * In what mood? See 4G3, Ex. 2. ^o " who have . . . me " = having de- 
 
 B '? what " =: those [things] which. served best (optime) from (de) me. 
 B non possunt. 
 
adverbs: formation and comparison. 
 
 143 
 
 LESSON LXV. 
 Adverbs: Formation and Comparison. 
 
 
 498. EXAMPLES. 
 
 
 Positive. 
 
 
 Adjectives. 
 
 Adverbs. 
 
 1. 
 
 Justus (st. ju3to-) ; 
 
 juste, justly. 
 
 2. 
 
 liber (St. liber 0-) ; 
 
 IVaexe, freely. 
 
 3. 
 
 pulcher (st. pulchro-) ; 
 
 pulchre, beautifully. 
 
 4. 
 
 acer (st. 5cri-) ; 
 
 Scriter, sharply. 
 
 5. 
 
 fortis (st. forti-) ; 
 
 fortiter, bravely. 
 
 6. 
 
 audax (st. audaci-) ; 
 
 audacter (audSciter), boldly. 
 
 7. 
 
 sapiena (st. sapient-) ; 
 
 sapienter, icUely. 
 
 
 Comparative. 
 
 8. 
 
 ]astior,yu.s/cr; 
 
 justius, more justly. 
 
 9. 
 
 WjerioT, freer ; 
 
 llberius, more freely. 
 
 10. 
 
 pulchrior, more beautiful; 
 
 pulchrius, more beautifully. 
 
 11. 
 
 acrlor, sharper; 
 
 ftcrius, more .sharply. 
 
 12. 
 
 fortior, braver ; 
 
 fortius, more bravely. 
 
 13. 
 
 audScior, bolder, 
 
 audaciua, more boldly. 
 
 14. 
 
 sapientior, wu(er; 
 
 sapientiUB, more wisely. 
 
 Superlative. 
 
 lo. j\iati8simus(st.jSsti8simo-); jilstissimS, most justly 
 10, liberrimus (st. liberrimo-) ; 
 
 17. pulcherrimuB (st. pulcher- 
 
 rimo-) ; 
 
 18. acerrimus (st. acerrimo-) ; 
 10. fortis8imus(8t. fortissimo-); 
 
 20. audacissimuB (st. audacis- 
 
 simo-) ; 
 
 21. sapientissixnuB (st. sapien 
 
 tissimo-) ; 
 
 ITberrimg, most freely. 
 pulcherrime, most beautifully. 
 
 acerrimS, most sharply. 
 fortissimS, most bravely. 
 audacissimS, most boldly. 
 
 sapientissimS, most wisely. 
 
144 adverbs: formation and comparison. 
 
 499. Observation and Inference : iS'ote that the adverbs 
 formed from adjectives of the second ixwd first declensions (Exs. 1-3, 
 positive, and Exs. 15-21, superlative) end in -e ; and that these 
 adverbs may be formed from the stem of the adjective by changing 
 the final stem vowel to -e.^ 
 
 !N"ote, further, that adverbs formed from the positive of adjectives 
 of the third declension (see Exs. 4—7) may be obtained by adding 
 the suffix -ter to the stem of the adjective." 
 
 Note, finally, that the comparative of an adverb formed from an 
 adjective (see Exs. 8-14) is the neuter singular accusative of the 
 comparative of the adjective used adverbially. 
 
 Frame rules for forming the Positive, Comparative, and Super- 
 lative of Adverbs from the corresponding Adjectives. 
 
 500. References for Verification: A. & G. 148, a, h, d', 
 H. 304, II., 2, IV., 306 ; G. 90, 1, 2, 4. 
 
 501. Form adverbs from the following adjectives and 
 compare them ; indi^jwi^, umvorthy ; studiosus, ea^er; 
 miser, ivretclied ; celer, quick., sivift ; gravis, heavy ; 
 brevis, brief ; veliemens, violent ; . prddens, sagacious ; 
 felix, happy. 
 
 502. Account for the form of the following adverbs : 
 facile, easily ; multuni, much; plurimum, very much., 
 exceedingly ; postremum, finally ; crebro, frequently ; 
 paulo, hy a little., a little ; una, in company., together ; 
 qua, where: A. & G. 148, d, c, H. 304, L, 11. ; G. 
 90, 3, 4. 
 
 503. Compare : diu, long (in time) ; saepe, often ; 
 bene, ivell ; male, ill: A. & G. 92; H. 306,2, 4; G. 91. 
 
 504. EXERCISES. 
 
 I. 1. Celeriter coucilimxi dimittit, Liscum retinet ; qiiae- 
 rit ex solo ea quae in conventu dixerat ; dicit liberiiis atque 
 audacius. 2. Persequamur eorum mortem qui indigiiissime 
 
ILLUSTRATIVE EXERCISES, 145 
 
 interiGriiiit.^ 3. Belgae a ciiltu atqiic liriiiifiiiitalo [)ir)\ iiiciae 
 longissime absunt, minimeque ad eos mercatores saepo com- 
 ineant. 4. Omnes acerrime fortissimeque piignabant. 
 5. Omnia quae absunt vehementius hominum nientes per- 
 turbant. 
 
 II. 1. The}' were able^ to use their swords more easil}'. 
 2. Galba was-not-disposed^ to try fortune further.^ 3. Hav- 
 ing assembled the leaders of the Aedui, he took them severely 
 to task. 4. The}' knew that he had done in a single daj- 
 what" they had accomplished with the utmost difficulty in 
 twent}' days. 5. The-battle-was-carried-on® with the great- 
 est (Micrg}-. 6. The enemy broke through the midst [of 
 tliein] with the greatest boldness. 7. The army must be 
 more widel}' distributed. 
 
 505. Supplementary Exercises. 
 
 I. 1. Caesar amicissime de vobis et illi gravissime judicave- 
 nint. 2. Legati dixerunt Aeduos omni tempore de populo Ro- 
 mano bene meritos esse. 3. Equites cupidius novissimum agmcn 
 insecuti sunt. 4. Publico maximani putant esse laudem quam 
 latissinie a suis finibus vacare agros. 
 
 If. 1. Darts could* not be thrown very easily^ from the lower 
 posit i(,n, and [those] cast by the Gauls fell with greater force.^" 
 2. Dumnorix was especially popular with" the common people. 
 
 > Adverbs in £ were originally abia- « Comparative ofgacpe. 
 
 tivc forms. ^ " what " = that tchich. 
 
 'But stems in -nt- drop -t- before •pnRrnill>3tur. 
 
 -ter. " natlH coin mod r?. 
 
 » I'crf.indlf.Sd pi. of interc5,/>eri«A. '<» Translate : more heavily. 
 
 ♦ l>ot«'miit. " " popular with " = acceptable to. 
 
 '- nOlSbat. 
 
146 ablative: separation and want. 
 
 LESSON LXVI. 
 Ablative: Sepaeation and Want. 
 
 506. EXAMPJLES. 
 
 1. [Marius] bis Italiam obsidione liberavit (Cic. Cat. 4, lo, 21), 
 
 Mar ins twice relieved Italy from siege. 
 
 2. Vos Sulpicium vita privastis (Cic. PML 9, 4, 8), [it is] you 
 
 [ayIio] have deprived Sulpicius of life. 
 
 3. Eo errore careo (Cic. Lael. 3, 10), I am free from that error. 
 
 4. Sed non egeo niedicina (Cic. Lael. 3, 10), but I need no medicine. 
 
 5. Iter ab Arare Helvetii averterant (i, 16, 3), the Helvetians 
 
 had turned their line of march away from the Avar. 
 
 6. Proelio abstinebat (i, 22, 3), he held off from battle. 
 
 7. Hannibal ex Italia decedere coactus est (Cic. C«f. 4, io,'2i). 
 
 Hannibal was forced to ivithdraw from Italy. 
 
 8. Helvetii hoc conata destiterunt (l. 8, 4), the Helvetians de- 
 
 sisted from this attempt. 
 
 9. Egredere ex urbe (Cic. Cai. i, 8, 20), depart from the city. 
 
 10. Hostes proelio excedebant (3,4,3), the enemy withdrew from 
 the fight. 
 
 507. Observation and Inference : Note that each of the 
 foregoing illustrations contains a verb expressing sej^aration, and 
 that this verb is construed with the ablative. 
 
 Is the ablative in Exs. 1-4, used loith or without a preposition? 
 With what classes of verbs, then, does the Ablative of Separation 
 omit the preposition ? 
 
 With what prepositions are the verbs of separation in Exs. 
 5-10 compounded? Note that the ablatives construed with these 
 compound verbs in Exs. 5, 7, and 9 have a preposition, Avhereas 
 the ablatives in Exs. G, 8, and 10 have no preposition. What expla- 
 nation of this difference can you suggest? 
 
 Frame rules for the use or the omission of the Preposition with 
 the Ablative of Separation. 
 
 508. Heferences for Verification: A. & G. 243, a, 6; H. 
 414, 1., 413, n. 3; G. 388 (both paragraphs). 
 
ABLATmE: SEPAEATION AND WANT. 147 
 
 509. EXAMPLES. 
 
 1. Gubernatore opus est (Liv. 24, S), there is need of a pilot. 
 
 2. Auctoritate tua nobis opus est iCic.Fam.% 25,3), we have need 
 
 (there is to us need) of your authority. 
 
 3. Facto opus est (Sail. Cat. i, 6), there is need of action. 
 
 4. Maturate opus est (Liv. 8, 13, i"), there is need of hastening. 
 
 510. Observation and Inference : By what case is the per- 
 son or thing needed expressed with opus in the foregoing examples 
 (see gubernatore, auctoritate, facto, and maturato) ? By what 
 case is the person needing expressed (see nobis in Ex. 2) ? Note 
 that the thing needed is expressed in Exs. 3 and 4 by the perfect 
 passive participle (see facto and maturato) . What constructions, 
 then, an- used with opus? 
 
 511. References for Verification: A. & G. 243, e; H. 
 414, IV., n. 2, n. 3; G. 390. 
 
 512. EXERCISES. 
 
 I. 1. Flumen Rhodanus provinciam nostram ab Helvetiis 
 dividit. 2. Egredeve ex urbe, CatilTna, libera rem publicam 
 metu. 3. Iluic tradita iirbs est, nuda praesidio.^ 4. Ma- 
 gistnitibus igitur opus est, sine quorum prudentia esse clvitas 
 noil potest. 5. Facto, non consulto, in tfdT perTculo opus 
 est. n. IlelvetiT, ea spe dejoctl, hoc conatfi destitcrunt. 
 7. ( oiii])lures dies friimento mlliirs cmk nt.- 8. Una cen- 
 turia laclii est immunis militia.' 1». Iliinc :1 tuis aris arcebis. 
 
 II. 1 . The chanoteers, moanwliik', griuluall}' withdrew from 
 the battle. 2. We shall live without anxiety and fear, and 
 ^hall free mind and body from trouble. 3. The orator has 
 need of a mind [tiiat is] free' from envy and all vices. 
 4. They threatened Caesar with the sword [as lie was] 
 coming out from the senate. 5. It is a great undertaking 
 and requires no (n6n) slight practice. G. There is no need 
 of deliberation.*'' 
 
 I A. ft O. 248, d ; H. 414, m,; G. • cf. Ivowioti XXI., fo<.t-noto 5. 
 
 ■Ai (end). • of. •ent. 6, preceding ozerciae* 
 
148 ABLATIVES: SOURCE AND CAUSE. 
 
 LESSON LXVII. 
 Ablatives; Source and Cause. 
 
 Ablative of Source. 
 
 513. EXAMPLES. 
 
 1. Piso amplissimo genere natus (4, 12, 4), Piso, born of a very 
 
 illustrious family. 
 
 2. Ea familia ortum (Sail. Cat. 31, 7), descended from such a family. 
 
 3. Is Ascanius, quacumque matre geiiitus (Liv. 1, 3, 3), this Asca- 
 
 nius, of whatever mother born . . . 
 
 514. Observation and Inference : Note that the perfect 
 pai^ticiples in the foregoing illustrations express birth or origin. 
 How is source denoted in connection with these participles ? 
 Frame a rule for this construction. 
 
 515. References for Verification: A. & G. 244, a; H. 
 415, IL; G. 395. 
 
 Ablative of Cause. 
 
 516. EXAMPLES. 
 
 1. Caesar beneficiis magnus habebatur (Sail. Cat. 54, 2), Caesar 
 
 was considered great because of his benefactions. 
 
 2. Ipsa vacuitate omnis molestiae gaudemus (Cic. jp'm. 1, 11, 37), 
 
 we take pleasure in the mere absence of all annoyance. 
 
 517. Observation and Inference: AVhat do the ablatives 
 in the foregoing examples express? Frame a rule for these and 
 similar Ablatives. 
 
 518. References for Verification: A. & G. 245; H. 41C; 
 G. 407. 
 
 519. EXERCISES. 
 
 I. 1. Mithridaten^ regio genere ortum, regem constituit. 
 2. Helvetii sua victoria Insolenter gloriabantur. 3. Alter 
 
ILLUSTRATIVE EXERCISES. 149 
 
 est Cotus, antiquissima familiii natns atqne ipse homo sum- 
 mae potentiae. 4. Earura rerum memoria maguam sib! 
 auctoritatem in re militaii sumebant. 5. Reperiebat pleros- 
 qiie Belgas esse ortos ab^ Germaiiis. 6. Gubernatoris ars 
 utilitatc laudatur. 
 
 II. 1. Catiline made a boast of his vices. 2. Lj'co- 
 mcdes, descended from a royal race, laid claim to this priestly 
 dignity. 3. He had said this at the bidding of his master. 
 4. Lucius Catiline, [who was] born of a noble family, was 
 of great vigor both of mind and of bod}'. 5. Cato was 
 commended for his steadfastness. 6. This happened be- 
 cause of the inexperience of the enemy, and the valor of the 
 soldiers. 
 
 1 Greek accusative of Mithrid&tSs, * A. & G. 244, a. Rem.; H. 415, II., 
 
 -Is, M., Mithridates. note; G. 395 (end). 
 
 520. Supplementary Exercises on Lessons LXVI. and LXVII. 
 
 I. 1. Par.s castrorum nudata defensoribus preini videbatur. 
 2. Ex essedis desiliunt et pedibus proeliantur. 3. Quid^ mihl 
 aut vita aat civitate opus est,i quam beneficio Caesaris habere 
 videbor? 4. Omnium rerum natura cognita levamur supersti- 
 tione, liberamur mortis metu. 5. Tantummodo incepto opus est. 
 
 TI. 1. Among these was Piso, an Aquitanian, born of a very 
 illustrious family. 2. Why should anybody suppose- that this 
 [man] will withdraw from hi.s allegiance? 3. When a violent 
 tempest arises,' then there is need of a man and a pilot. 4. Cati- 
 line withdrew from the city because of his fear of the consul. 
 T). Labienus, having seized the mountain, was waiting for our men 
 .'ind holding off from battle. 
 
 > Qnld (adT. ace.) mihl opa» est, * What mood ? See 403, Ex. 3. 
 
 what need have If » Uae the perfect 
 
150 IRBEGLTiAR VERB: Possum. 
 
 LESSON LiXVIII. 
 
 Irregular Verb : Possum. — Impersonal Use of 
 Intransitive Verbs in the Passive. 
 
 521. Learn the composition, inflection, and synopsis 
 of possum, he able, can : A. & G. 120, h ; H. 290, II., 
 notes 1, 2, 1), 2), 3) ; G. 115. 
 
 522. EXAMPLES. 
 
 1. Acriter pugnatum est (i, 50, 2), the Jiglit was vigorously niain- 
 
 tained. 
 
 2. Diets paretur (Liv. 9, 32, 4), the order is obeyed (obedience is 
 
 rendered to the order). 
 
 3. Huic rSi subventum est a nobis (Cic. Att. i, 17, 9), / supported 
 
 this proposition (to this thing support was given by us). 
 
 4. Hue concurritur (7, 84, 2), they make for this point in a body 
 
 (a general rush is made). 
 
 523. Observation and Inference: Note that the verbs in 
 the foregoing illustrations are intransitive, i.e., they do not take a 
 direct object in the active voice. How are they used in the passive ? 
 What, then, is the gender of the participle in the compound tenses 
 of the passive (see Exs. 1 and 3 ; cf . also 317, Exs. 3 and 4) ? In 
 the case of intransitive verbs that govern the dative {e.g., pareo, 
 obey, subvenio, support), is this dative changed in the passive, or is 
 it retained (see Exs. 2 and 3) ? Frame a rule for the use of Intran- 
 sitive Verbs in the Passive. 
 
 524. References for Verification: A. & G. 146, c; H. 
 301, 1 ; G. 199, Rem. 1, 208. 
 
 525. EXERCISES. 
 
 I. 1. To tins Galliae^ plurimum Helvetii possunt. 2. Sed 
 Caesar, ubi ad eum ventum est, haec verba locutus est. 
 3. Quam maximis potest itineribus in Galliam ulteriorem 
 
INTRANSITIVES IN THE PASSIVE. 151 
 
 contendit. 4. Labienus, ut erat el [)r:K^\ [itnin fi ( nv - 
 sare, proelio abstinebat. 5. His persiiiidcre iioii poterant. 
 G. His persuader! iion poterat. 7. Neqiie hostibiis nocetur. 
 -S. Mihi profecto poterit ignosci. 9. Nobis parum crede- 
 batur. 10. Intelleges quid invicti Germaui virtutc possint.- 
 1 1 . Qiiid liostis virtute posset,- periclitabatur. 
 
 II. 1 . He demands of the whole province the largest pos- 
 -ible^ number of soldiers. 2. He says that he cannot^ 
 grant any one a passage through the province. 3. He 
 had veiy little influence^ owing to his youth. 4. I am 
 believed. 5. Why am I envied ? 6. I am convinced 
 that he will not reject m}- friendship. 7. The ships of the 
 enemy could not be injured.'' 8. He shows what the disci- 
 pline and resources of the Roman people have been able [to 
 effect]. 9. Those with whom they had come up^ made a 
 stand. 
 
 526. Supplementary Exercises. 
 
 I. 1. Pugnatiir lino tempore omnibus locls; quae minime visa 
 pars firm a est, hiic concurritur. 2. Caesar intellexit neque hosti- 
 um fugam reprimi neque iis noceri posse. 3. Sese ne vultum* 
 quidem Germanorum dicebant ferre^ potuisse. 4. Id oppidum ex 
 itinere oppugnare conatus, propter miiri altitiidinem expiignare non 
 ]iotnit. 
 
 IF. 1. lie inquired of them what commnnities were in arnus, 
 
 ;i!m1 vli;it was their strength^'' in \v;tr. "J. For they had learned 
 
 hat the enemy's ships could not be damaged" by the beak. 3. A 
 
 rush was made to-that-point ^-^ from the nearest redoubts, and the 
 
 light was maintained desperately by the enemy. 
 
 » A. & O. 216, rt, 2; H. 397, 3; 0. 371. • Note that with n» . . . quidem the 
 
 • Accounl for mood and tonao. emphatic word la placed between n8 
 
 • cf. aont. .0 of the preceding exercise. and qaidem. 
 
 ♦"lie. «ay« tlial he cannot" = he » Present InflnlUvc of fer5. 
 
 ffrnies that he can. '" " what wan their strengtti " = trhat 
 
 » Translate : was able very Utile. they rouUl. 
 
 « cf. sent. 6, preceding exercise. " cf. preceding exercise, sent. 2. 
 
 T Translate : Tho»e to whom it had " •©. 
 
 '■'■en come. 
 
152 IRKEGULAR VERBS: Volo, Nolo, Millo. 
 
 LESSON LXIX. 
 
 Irregular Verbs : Volo, Nolo, Malo. — Subjunc- 
 tive IN Final 'Clauses (Clauses of Purpose). 
 
 527. Learn the inflection and synopsis of volo, wish^ 
 he ivilling ; nolo, he uiitvilling ; malo, wish rather : A. 
 & G. 138, 1, 2, 3 ; H. 293 with note 2 ; G. 189. 
 
 528. EXAMPLES. 
 
 1. Nonnulli, ut susplcionem vitarent, remanebant (i, 39, 3), 
 
 some stayed to escape (that they might escape) suspicion. 
 
 2. Ne exire posset, valvas obstruxerunt (Xep. Paus. 5, 2), they 
 
 barricaded the doors that he might not get out. 
 
 3. Virgultis conlectis, quibus f ossas compleant, pergunt (3, 18, 8), 
 
 liaving gathered hrushivood with which to Jill (that with it they 
 may fill) the trenches, they proceed. 
 
 4. Praesidia disponit, quo facilius [Helvetios] prohibere pos- 
 
 sit (1, 8, 2), he establishes garrisons at intervals, that (thereby) 
 he may the more easily keep off the Helvetians. 
 
 529. Observation and Inference : I^ote that the dependent 
 clauses in the foregoing examples express purpose. Clauses express- 
 ing purpose are called Final Clauses. What mood is used in final 
 clauses? Is the final clause in Ex. 1 affirmative or negative ? What 
 particle introduces it? Answer the same questions for the final 
 clause in Ex. 2. Note that the final clause in Ex. 3 is introduced 
 by the relative pronoun quibus, and that quibus is equivalent in 
 meaning to ut eis. Note that the final clause in Ex. 4 contains a 
 comparative (facilius) ; by what word is this final clause intro- 
 duced? Frame rules (1) for the Mood and (2) for the Introduc- 
 tory Word to be used in Final Clauses. 
 
 530. References for Verification: A. & G. 317, 6; H. 
 497, I., II., 1 (first sentence), 2 (first sentence) ; G. 543, 1 (first 
 sentence), 2, 545, 1, 2, 3. 
 
 Note : The sequence of tenses in dependent subjunctive clauses has already been 
 illustrated and explained (see Lesson LV.). 
 
FINAL CLAUSES. 153 
 
 531. EXERCISES. 
 
 I. 1. SI pace uti vultis, iulqiuim est de stTpendio recusare. 
 2. Caesar omnium ex conspectu removit eqiios, ut spem fugae 
 tolleret. 3. Noli existimare hunc esse exercitum. 4. Ne 
 commeiltu prohiberetur, ultra eum locum castrls idoneum 
 locum delegit. 5. Praesto erat ille, qui fugientis exciperet. 
 G. Ab his quaerebat cur bellum quam pacem maluissent. 
 7. Quo barbaros facilius repellerent, classes aedificarunt^ 
 exercitusque compararuut.^ 
 
 II. 1. What do you mean ?^ 2. Cato chooses rather 
 to submit than to fight. 3. On (in) making inquiry, he 
 learned for (dg) what reasons Ariovistus was unwilling to 
 treat with Caesar. 4. They sent^ envoys to Dumnorix, 
 ihut Mt his intercession^ they might obtain* their request 
 from the Sequani. 5. lie was at hand to effect a junction^ 
 with the leaders in-the-city. 6. He endeavored to keep the 
 forces of the enemy apart, that it might not be necessary to 
 fight^ with so great a multitude at once. 7. In order to 
 retard' Caesar's attack more effectually, he barricaded^ the 
 uates. 
 
 532. Supplementary Exercises. 
 
 I. 1 . Equitatum omnem praem i 1 1 i t . ( j 1 1 i ' videant * quas in partes 
 hostes iter faciant.** 2. Noluit cniui 1(>( uin vacare. 3. Quae 
 vellet ostendit. 4. Omnia permisceri niiivultis quam exercitGs 
 
 liniittere. 5. Omnis alarios in conspectu ho.stiuin coustituit, ut 
 kI speciem uteretur. 6. Quale praeniium Miltiadi sit tributum 
 (Ifjcebo, quo facilius intellegi possit quae onmium civitatum sit 
 iiatura. 7. Ille etiam grave tum vulnus accepit, ne quid dc 
 -ummfl re publica dcniiuueretur. 
 
 II. 1. Do not force these [men] to do without your aid.® 2. He 
 wishes to discuss ^o with you matters of the highest interest to 
 [you] V)oth." 3. He ordered them to open the maniples, that 
 they might more easily use their swords. 4. Caesar ]>laces in 
 command of the legion a lieutenant, that the mdividual soldiers ^ 
 
154 lEREGULAE VERBS: Fero, E6. 
 
 may have him as a witness of their valor. 5. He explained why 
 Cato had chosen rather to submit than to fight. C. They sent^ 
 envoys to him to say^ that it was their intention ^^ to march with- 
 out [connnitting any] depredation. 7. He barricaded ^ the gates 
 that the soldiers might not break ^ into the town. 
 
 1 cf. Lesson XXXIV., foot-note 2. 8 cf. Lesson L., foot-note 3. 
 
 2 " What do you mean? " = what do ^ Translate : Be umoilling (cf. 531, 
 you wish for yourself f I., sent. 3) to rob these of your aid. 
 
 3 Use tlie historical present; see : A. & ^o agere d<5. 
 
 G. 276, d; II, 4G7, III.; G. 220. n" matters of the highest interest 
 
 4 Translate: he [being] intercessor. to you both" = the greatest thinr/s of 
 '^For tense, see: A. & G. 287, e; H. each. 
 
 495, II.; G. 511, Rem. 1. 12 "the individual soldiers" = each 
 
 c " to effect a junction " = ivho should one. 
 unite himself. ^3 " that it was their intention " = that 
 
 '' Use conflTgo impersonally in the it teas to themselves in mind, 
 passive periphrastic conjugation. 
 
 LESSON LXX. 
 
 Ireegulae Verbs : Fero, Eo. — Complementary 
 FiKAL Clauses. 
 
 533. Learn the inflection and synopsis of fero, hear, 
 and eo, go: A. & G. 139, 141; H. 292, 2, 295; G. 
 186, 185. 
 
 534. EXAMPLES. 
 
 1. Persuadent Rauricis uti una cum ils proficiscaatur (1,5,4), 
 
 they persuade the Raurici to go with them. 
 
 2. Ariovistus postulavit ne quem peditem adduceret (1,42,4), 
 
 Ariovistus demanded that he should not hrinrj a single foot-soldier. 
 '6. Veritus ut impetum sustinere posset, litteras Caesari re- 
 
 mittit (5,47,4), fearing that he might not he able to sustain the 
 
 attack, he sent hack a dispatch to Caesar. 
 4. Ne DivitiacI animura offenderet, verebatur (1,19,2), he feared 
 
 that he might wound the feelings of Divitiacus. 
 
COMPLEMENTARY FINAL CLAUSES. 156 
 
 535. Observation and Inference : Note that the final clauses 
 iu the foregoing examples are the direct objects of the verbs on 
 which they depend, and that they therefore express purpose some- 
 what less obviously than those of the preceding lesson. As they 
 complete the meaning of the verbs whose objects they are, they are 
 called Cojnplementary Final Clauses. Note, further, that the verbs 
 on which they depend (see persuadent, 1, postulavit, 2, veritus, 3, 
 verebatur, 4) denote an action directed towards the future. What 
 class ofverhsy then, do Complementary Final Clauses follow? Wliat 
 Mood do they require? Frame a rule for Complementary Final 
 Clauses. 
 
 536. References for Verification: A. & G. 331; H. 498, 
 I., II., III.; G. 540. 
 
 537. Observation and Inference : Note that, in Exg. 3 and 
 4, the complementary final clause follows a verb of fearing (veri- 
 tus, Ex. 3, ver6b5tur, Ex. 4). How is ut (Ex. 3) translated V Is 
 this its usual meaning? How is n6 (Ex. 4) translated? Is this 
 its usual meaning? Frame a rule for the use of the Particle after 
 Expressions of Fearing. 
 
 538. References for Verification: A. & G. 331,/; H. 
 498, III., note 1; G. 552^. 
 
 539. EXERCISES. 
 
 I. 1. Per mihi auxiliurn. 2. Servitutera perforre ma- 
 lunt. 3. In tiibulls noniiiuitim ratio coufecta erat qui 
 numerus domo* exisset* eorum, qui arma ferre possent. 
 4. NeiitrT transouiull initium faciunt. 5. His mandavit 
 ut quae dlceret Ariovistus cognoscerent et ad se rcforrent. 
 C. Mulieres rnllites imploraf)ant ne se In servitutcm Romanis 
 traderent. 7. Timebant ne ab hoste circumvenlrentur. 
 8. Rem' fmmentariam, ut satis commodS 8up|)ortari ix)sset, 
 timebant. 9. NonnullT Caesan nuntiarant* non propter 
 timorem signa laturos mllites. 10. Ego enim ab ineunte 
 aetate incensus sum studio utriusque vestrum. 
 
 II. 1 . At one time * they waged war against [others] , at 
 
156 ILLUSTRATIVE EXERCISES. 
 
 another^ the}' repelled [it when] waged against [them- 
 selves]. 2. One must often incur enmity^ for the public 
 welfare. 3. He went away at the beginning of summer.^ 
 4. He warns him to aA^oid'' all grounds of suspicion. 5. They 
 feared that our army might be led against^ them. 6. Take 
 care to attach to yourself the aid^ of all [classes]. 7. He 
 'persuades this [man] to go over to the enemy. 8. Caesar 
 thought that he ought to take special precautions ^° lest this 
 should happen. 9. " Lay the matter before the senate," 
 you say : I shall not.^^ 10. I must return. 11. Go hence ! 
 
 540. Supplementary Exercises. 
 
 I. 1. E-omani con versa signa bipartlto intulerunt. 2. Is 
 Amulimn regem interemisse fertm*. 3. Respondit in eam partem 
 ituros atque ibi fiituros Helvetios. 4. Sic eat quaecumque Ro- 
 mana lugebit hostem ! ^"^ 5. Allobrogibus imperavit lit Helvetiis 
 frumenti copiam facerent. 6. Eo consilio domos^ suas Helvetii reli- 
 querimt, uti toti GalHae bellum inferrent imperioque potireiitur.^^ 
 7. Caesar postulavit ne Helvetios fruniento neve alia re juvarent. 
 
 II. 1. AYould that the soldiers had passed through without 
 [committing any] depredation ! 2. I do not know through whose 
 territory they have gone. 3. They betook themselves to the town. 
 4. They suffer no wine^* to be imported. 5. It is your [duty] to 
 see that they do not injure me. 6. They demanded of Ariovistus 
 that he should select some place for a conference. 7. There-was- 
 reason-to-fear 1^ that they might seem to have been cruel. 
 
 1 For declension, see: A. & Gr. 70,/; 7 in this and similar cases occurring 
 H, 119. 1 ; G. 67, Rem. 2. later, the English infinitive is to be trans- 
 
 2 A. & G. 128, a; H. 235; G. 151, 1. lated by \\t with the subjunctive. 
 
 3 Kem frumentariam, ut . . . * adduce ad. 
 posset = Ut res f rumentaria ... ® Use the plural. 
 
 posset. The construction used in the lo Use the passive impersonally, 
 
 text gives special emphasis to rem f ru- ^^ Trans. : I shall not lay the matter. 
 
 iuent3.riain. ^- The exclamation of Iloratius as he 
 
 * aliS.s . . . alias, at one time . . . at slew his sister : Liv. 1, 26, 4. 
 
 another. ^^ Note that this final clause is in ap- 
 
 5 •' One must often incur enmity" := position with eo consilio. 
 enmities must often he incurred. ^^ " no wine " = nothing of wine. 
 
 6 Trans. : summer beginning. ^ Passive periphrastic. 
 
Fio. ABLATIVE OF COMPARISON. 157 
 
 LESSON LXXI. 
 
 Irregular Verb: Fio. — Ablative of Comparison. 
 — Ablative of Difference. 
 
 541. Learn the inflection and synopsis of fio, he made^ 
 become : A. & G. 142 ; H. 294; G. 188. 
 
 542. EXAMPLES. 
 
 r a. Quis est enim quam ego mitior ? 1 
 - j [ for who is milder 
 
 ^' i b. Quis est enim me mitior? (Cic Cat.i, f .j jf 
 
 [ 6,11), • ^ lan . 
 
 r a. Docet se nihil amplius scire quam '] he declares that he 
 
 <2. J Iggatos (Sail. Cn<. 47, 1), I Inows no more 
 
 [ h. Docet sg nihil ampUus scire l§g5tis, j '''«" '^'« envoys. 
 
 3. Liice sunt cl&riora n5bis tua consilia (Cic. Cat. i, 3, 6), your 
 
 schemes are clearer to us than the light. 
 
 4. Celerius omni opinione (2, 3, l), more quickly than any one had 
 
 thought possible (than all opinion). 
 
 543. Observation and Inferex( i ;: Xoto, in Ex. 1, a, that 
 quam is expressed with the comparative mitior. and that ego is in 
 the uninimiiire; whereas, in Ex. 1. /^ quam is omitted, and the 
 nominaticr. ego has been changed to the alilatirc m6. Compare Ex. 
 2, a with Ex. 2, b; how has the omis.sion of quam affected the 
 accusative Ifigatds ? Note, further, that quam is omitted after the 
 comparative in Exs. 3 and 4; in what case an? Iflce (Ex. 3) and 
 opIniSne (Ex. 4) ? By what Case, then, is the Comparative fol- 
 lowed when quam is omitted? Frame a rule for this construction. 
 
 544. Kefekences fok Veripication : A. &G. 247; 11.417; 
 G. 399. 
 
 545. EXAMPLES. 
 
 1. Hibernia dImidiO minor [est] quam Britannia (f», 13. 2), 
 Ireland is smaller by half than Britain. 
 
158 ABLATIVE OF DIFFERENCE. 
 
 2. [Patria] mihi vita mea multo est carior (Cic. Cat. i, ii, 27), my 
 
 country is far (by much) dearer to me than my life. 
 
 3. Paucis ante diebus (l, 18, lO), a few days hefore (before by a 
 
 few days). 
 
 4. Quo minus petebat gloriam, eo magis ilia sequebatur 
 
 (Sail. Cat. 54, 5), the less he paid court to glory, the more she fol- 
 lowed [him] (lit., by what less, by that more). 
 
 546. Observation and Inference : Note, in Ex. 1, that the 
 ablative dimidio tells by how much Ireland is smaller than Britain ; 
 in other words, it expresses the degree of difference denoted by the 
 comparative minor. Point out the words in the remaining exam- 
 ples which express degree of difference. In what case are they ? 
 By what case, then, is Degree of Difference denoted after Compar- 
 ative expressions? Frame a rule for this construction. 
 
 547. References for Verification: A. & G. 250; H. 423; 
 G. 400. 
 
 548. EXERCISES. 
 
 I. 1. De Caesaris adventu Helvetii certiores. fiunt. 
 2. Quid fieri velit, edocet. 3. Proelium adversum panels 
 ante diebus erat factum. 4. Semproniae cariora omnia 
 quam^ pudicitia fuit.- o. Celerius opinione exercitum ad- 
 ducit. 6. Nemo Romanorum fuit eloquentior^ Cicerone. 
 7. Multo ego vigilo acrius ad salutem quam tu ad perni- 
 ciem rei publicae. 8. Quare in hostes impetus non fieret, 
 nondum perspexerat. 9. Quanto vos attentius ea agetis, 
 tanto illis animus infirmior erit. 10. Festluaudo plus 
 timoris quam peiiculi effecerant. 
 
 II. 1. This was at that time easily done. 2. Would 
 that an attack on"* the enemy were in progress. 3. He 
 holds all his [friends] dear; me indeed^ [beholds] dearer 
 than himself.^ 4. These are under (in) arms the year 
 after, those remain at home.^ 5. The greater the fault 
 is, the severer is the mortification. 6. There-was-in this 
 
DEFECTIVE VERBS: Odi, Coepi, Memini. 159 
 
 man no less vanity than recklessness.^ 7. He showed what 
 he wished to have doue.^ 8. He accomplished less than 
 he had anticipated.^^ 9. That is much more to be feared. 
 
 549. Supplementary Exercises. 
 
 I. 1. Crebri ad eum rumores adferebantur, litterisque item 
 Labieni certior fiebat. 2. In conspectum hostiuni celerius opl- 
 nione eorum exercitum adducit. 3. Earum rerum a nostris flet 
 nihil. 4. Belli spolia magnifica magis quam^ oiTitio mea vos 
 hortantur. 5. Cariuae aliquauto plaiiiores sunt quam nostrariim 
 navium. 6. Quo delictum majus est, eo poena est tardier. 
 
 II. 1. These [reports] which are talked of aYe less [important] 
 than is generally supposed." 2. [Those] who had advanced a 
 little too far for the purpose of seeking [materials for] an embank- 
 ment,^- had 13 to be sent for. 3. The immortal gods seemed to 
 foreshadow these things which are now taking place. 4. The 
 safety of my fellow citizens has always been dearer to me than my 
 own life.^ 5. He has not yet learned what is in progress. 
 
 ' Rewrite this sent, omitting quam. " Use the reflexive sp with ipse. 
 
 * f uit here follows the number of the ^ at home, doniT. 
 nearer subsUntive piidicitia rather tlian « Express in two waj-s. 
 tliat of the more remote omnia. ® cf. .'548, I., sent. 2. 
 
 3 Rewrite thlsBcnt.introducinjrquam. >« less than his own expectation. 
 
 * in with accusative. " Translate : le$8 than opinion. 
 '• qnidem ; it follows the word w hich '- cf. .386, I., sent. 1. 
 
 it emphasizes. '^ cf. examples in 317. 
 
 LESSON LXXII. 
 
 Defective Verbs : Odi, CoepI, Meinini. — Verbs 
 OF Memory. 
 
 550. Learn the inflection and synopsis, with meanings, 
 of coepi, / began ; odi, / hate ; meinini, / remember : 
 A. &G. 143, a, 6, c?, note; H. 297, I., 2; G. 190, 5. 
 
160 VERBS OF MEMORY. 
 
 551. EXAMPI.ES. 
 
 1. Vivorum memini (Cic. Fin. 5, l, 3), / keep tlie living in mind. 
 
 2. Memini, neque unquam obliviscar noctis illius (Cic Plane. 
 
 42, 101), I remember, nor shall I ever forget that night. 
 
 3. Alii, reminiscentes veteris famae (Nep. Plwc. 4, l), others, re- 
 
 calling his early fame. 
 
 4. Recorder non L. Brutum sed legiones nostras (Cic. Cat. 
 
 Maj. 20, 74), I call to mind not Lucius Brutus, hut our legions. 
 
 5. Omnia meminerunt (Cic. Cat. Maj. 1,21), they remember everything. 
 
 6. Num ilia oblitus est (Cic. ^c. 2,33,106), did he forget those things? 
 
 7. Ea reminiscere (Cic Fam. 4, 5, 5), recall these things. 
 
 8. Id saepe sum recordatus (Cic Att. 8, 12, 5), / have often re- 
 
 called it. 
 
 552. Observatiox and Inference : By what cases may verbs 
 of remembering and forgetting be followed (see foregoing examples) ? 
 What seems to be the regular construction with recorder (see 
 Exs. 4 and 8) ? What case regularly follows verbs of remembering 
 and forgetting when the thing remembered or forgotten is expressed 
 by a neuter adjective or pronoun (see Exs. 5-8) ? What seems to be 
 the construction after memini, obliviscor, and reminiscor when 
 the object remembered is not expressed by a neuter adjective or pro- 
 noun (see Exs. 1-3) ? Frame rules embodying these observations. 
 
 553. References for Verification : A. & G. 219 and Rem. 
 (last sentence) ; H. 406, 11. , 407, note 1 ; G. 375, Rem. 2. 
 
 554. EXERCISES. 
 
 I. 1. Semper in civitate quibus^ opes nullae sunt vetera 
 odere, nova exoptant. 2. Helvetil proelio nostros laeessere 
 coeperunt. 3. Memento mei. 4. Reminiscere veteris 
 incommod! popull Romani. 5. Plerique mortales, sceleris 
 obliti, de poena disserunt. 6. Eas res reniinisc! et re- 
 cordari videntur. 7. In murum lapides jaci coepti sunt.^ 
 
 8. Intellegebat omnes homines condicionem servitutis odisse. 
 
 9. Quam mnlta meminerunt angnres ! 10. Probaturus sum 
 v5bis defensionem meam si id memineritis, quod oblivisci 
 
ILLUSTRATIVE EXERCISES. 161 
 
 non potestis. 11. Mens mea pueritiae memorium recordatur 
 filtimam. 12. Constantiae tuae memini. 
 
 II. 1. I entreat you to remember these things. 2. It is 
 not becoming cither^ to exercise partiality or^ to cherish 
 hatred. 3. They began to follow and attack our men in 
 (a) the rear. 4. A great quantity of dust began ^ to be 
 seen. 5. Remember (pi.) us. G. I cannot forget the old 
 indignity. 7. Recall to mind the ancient valor of the Hel- 
 vetians. 8. When I reliect on all the stages of your life, 
 I do not see at what period jou learned those things. 
 9. He favors the Helvetians, [but] hates Caesar. 10. Turn 
 your thoughts from^ slaughter and conflagi-ations. 11. He 
 forgets nothing but^ injuries. 12. He recalled the bitter 
 experience of an earlier time. 13. I call to mind* not the 
 two Decii, not the two Scipios, — but our own legions. 
 
 555. Supplementary Exercises. 
 
 I. 1. Eundem Achillain," cujus supra meminimus, omnibus 
 copiis praefecit. 2. Atque ego, qui onmia officio nietior, recordor 
 tamen tua cdnsilia. 3. Cum aliquo dolore flagitiorum^ suorum 
 recordabitur. 4. Plerique mortales postrema meniinere, et in 
 hominibus impiis sceleris eorum obliti de poena disserunt, si ea 
 paulo severior fuit. 5. Parum odisse nialos cives vidctur. 
 
 n. 1. I forget for-the-momen.t' your injuries, Clodia. 2. The, 
 mind remembers the past, sees the present, foresees the future. 
 
 3. He exhorted the Aeduans to forget disputes and disagreement. 
 
 4. Tliey began by putting to death*** all the worst" without trial. 
 
 > ct. .393 and 304. "> For declension, «ee AenSRH (or 
 
 * A. &G. 143, a (second line); H. 297, LeAnMIlii) : A. 8t O. 37; H. 60; 0.72. 
 1 ; 0. 190, 5 (end). ' In this the usual construction with 
 
 * Trans. : it it becoming neither . . . recordor ? 
 nor. 9 jam. 
 
 * " turn your tboagbts from " s=for- '" Trans. : They at Jlrat began to put 
 get. to death. 
 
 » " nothing but " = nothing unle$$. » " all the worst " = each worst ; of. 
 
 recordor. Lesson LVII., foot-note 3. 
 
162 CONSECUTIVE CLAUSES. 
 
 LESSON LXXIII. 
 
 Subjunctive in Consecutive Clauses (Clauses 
 OF Result). 
 
 556. EXAMPLES. 
 
 1. Ita me gessi ut omnes conservaremini (Cic. Cat. 3, lo, 25), / 
 
 so conducted my administrcilion tliat you were all saved. 
 
 2. Ita repente procurrerunt ut spatium non daretur (i, 52, 3), 
 
 they ran forward so suddenly that no time icas cdloiced. 
 
 3. Quis est tam lynceus qui in tantis tenebris nihil offendat 
 
 (Cic. Fam. 9, 2, 2), who is so sharjj-sighted as not to stumhle amid 
 such darkness (that he would not stumble, etc.). 
 
 4. Quae res, commeatus ut ad eum portari possent, efEcie- 
 
 bat (2, 5, 5), this movement rendered it possible for supplies to be 
 brought to him (brought it about that supplies could, etc.). 
 
 5. Eadem nocte accidit ut esset luna plena (4, 29, i), on the 
 
 same night it chanced that it iv as full moon. 
 
 557. Observation and Inference : Note that the dependent 
 clauses in Exs. 1-3 express consequence or result. Such 'clauses 
 are called Consecutive Clauses, or Clauses of Result. What mood 
 is used in consecutive clauses ? Is the consecutive clause in Ex. 
 1 affirmative or negative f What particle introduces it ? Answer 
 the same questions for the consecutive clause in Ex. 2. Is the 
 negative particle of the consecutive clause the same as that of 
 the fncd clause (see 528, Ex. 2)? Note that the consecutive clause 
 in Ex. 3 is introduced by the relative pronoun (qui), and that qui 
 is here equivalent in meaning to ut is. Frame a rule for the Mood 
 and the Introductory Word to be used in Consecutive Clauses. 
 
 558. References for Verification : A. & G. 319 and a 
 
 (first sentence) ; H. 500, I., II. ; G. 554. 
 
 559. Observation and Inference : Note that the consecu- 
 tive clause of Ex. 4 is the direct object of the verb (efficiebat) on 
 which it depends, and that the latter is a verb denoting the a<:com- 
 
CONSECUTIVE CLAUSES. 163 
 
 pUshment of an effort. What claifn of verbs, then, do Object 
 Clauses of Result follow ? ^^'hat Mood do they require ? Frame 
 a rule for Object Clauses of Result. 
 
 560. References for A'KuiricATiON : A. & G. 332; H. 501, 
 II., 1 ; G. 557. 
 
 561. Observation and Inference : Xote that the consecu- 
 tive clause of Ex. 5 is the subject of the impersonal verb accidit. 
 With what class of verbs, then, are Subject Clauses of Result found? 
 What Mood do they require ? Frame a rule for Subject Clauses of 
 Result. 
 
 562. References for Verification: A. &G. 332, a; H. 501, 
 I., 1 ; G. 558. 
 
 563. EXERCISES. 
 
 I. 1. Quis potest esse tarn aversus a vero qui neget haec 
 omnia quae videraus ? 2. Tantus timor exefcitum occuim- 
 vit ut omnium mentes animosque perturbaret. 3. FTebat ut 
 minus facile flnitimis bellum inferre posseut. 4. Non tam 
 impentus sum reinim ut non sciam Aeduos Romauis auxilium 
 non tulisse. 5. Verborum obscuritas facit ut non intollega- 
 tur res. 6. Fortuna vestra facit ut irae meae temperem. 
 
 7. Illae tamen omnes dissensiones erant ejusmodi^ quae non 
 ad delendam, sed commutandam rem publicam pertinerent. 
 
 8. Aliquot de causis acciderat ut Gall! belli renovandi 
 consilium caperent. 9. Tanta reram commutatio est facta 
 ut nostri proelium redintegrarent. 
 
 II. 1. Sal)inu8 gave ground for so-strong-a^ suspicion of 
 his cowardice that the enemy dared to come up even^ to the 
 rampart of the camp. 2. Nor am I so iron-hoartcd as not 
 to be affected.* 3. Ariovistus had assumed such arrogance 
 that he seemed insufferable."^ 4. The-result-will-be* that 
 the enemy will escape danger l)y their swiftness. 5. The 
 obscurity of the subject' causes the language not to be under- 
 stood.* 6. So stealthily did they glance at one another* 
 
164 CLAUSES WITH Quomlnus. 
 
 that the}' seemed to betray themselves by-their-own-actions.^° 
 7. The Aediiaiis have deserved so [well] of (de) the Roman 
 people that their towns ought not to be assaulted. 
 
 564. Supplementary Exercises. 
 
 I. 1. Ejusmodi^ sunt tempestates consecutae uti sub pellibus 
 milites contineri iion possent. 2. Nemo enhn est tarn senex qui 
 se annum non putet posse vivere. 3. Hostes tantam vu-tutem 
 praestiterunt ut ex jacentium corporibus pugnarent. 
 
 II. 1. And it so happened that out of so large 2 a nmnber not 
 a single ship^^ was missing. ^"^ 2. We are not persons of such in- 
 credulity that^^ nothing seems to us^^ true. 3. And so, although 
 twelve ships had been lost,^* he rendered it possible for the voyage 
 to be made ^^ well enough with the rest. 
 
 1 of such a kind, such: A. & G. 215, » Translate: among themselves. 
 
 a; H. 396, v., n. 1; Gr, 364. 10 Use ipse in app. with the subject. 
 
 2 tantus. • ^^ " not a sing]e ship " = 710 ship at all. 
 s jam. 12 " -y^ras missing" ;= icas missed. 
 
 4 Translate: that I am 7iot affected. is << pgi-gong of guch incredulity that 
 
 5 Translate : did not seem sufferable. to us " ^ those to ivhom. 
 
 6 cf. 563, I., sent. 3. " Ablative absolute. 
 
 7 Use res in plural. 35 Translate : caused that it could be 
 
 8 Translate : causes that the language sailed ; use navigo impersonally in the 
 is not understood. passive. 
 
 LESSON LXXIV. 
 
 Subjunctive in Clauses Introduced by 
 Quominus AND Quin. 
 
 565. EXAMPI>ES. 
 
 1. Te infirmitas valetudinis tuae tenuit quo minus venires 
 
 (Cic. Fam. 7, 1, 1), the feebleness of your health kept you from 
 coming (so that thereby [quo = ut eo] you came less). 
 
 2. Neque illis superbia obstabat quo minus aliena instituta 
 
 imitarentur (Sail. Cat. 51, 37), neither did pride prevent them 
 from imitating foreign institutions. 
 
CONSECUTIVE CLAUSES WITH Quin. 165 
 
 566. Observation axd INFERE^XE : Xote thai the depend- 
 ent clauses in the foregoing examples arc introduced by quo minus. 
 "What mood do they take (see venires, Ex. 1, and imitarentur, 
 Ex. 2) V Xote also that the verbs on which these clauses depend 
 (tenuit. Ex. 1, iind obstabat, Ex. 2) are verbs of hinderinf/ . Frame 
 a rule for the Mood to be used in clauses like the foregoing. 
 
 567. Referexces for Verification: A. & G. 319, c; H. 
 505, II., 1; G. 549. 
 
 568. EXAMPLES. 
 
 1 . Nemo est tain f ortis quIn rii novitate perturbStur (O, 39, 3), 
 
 no one is so brave as not to he disconcerted by the unexpected- 
 ness of the situation. 
 
 2. Quis est quin contendat (Sail. Jut/. 4, 7), trho is there who does 
 
 not contend? 
 
 3. RetiuSri n5n potuerant quin tela conicerent (i, 47, 2), it 
 
 had not been possible to restrain them from throicinrj darts (lit., 
 thi'V had not been able to be r(\sti-ain('d, etc.). 
 
 4. Non dubit&bat quin summissiores essent futurae (8,31,2), 
 
 he had no doubt that they would he more submissive. 
 
 5. Nullum tempiis intermis6runt quin 16g5t6s mitterent 
 
 {'), 55, 1), they let no occasion j)nss without sendiny (imbussftdors. 
 (J. Facere non possum quin cottidifi ad t6 mittam (Cic. Att. 
 12, 27, 2), / cannot help writiny to you every day. 
 
 569. Observation and Inference: Note that the consecu- 
 tive clauses in tlie foregoinii;: tycainples are introduce*! by quin, and 
 that the leading clau.se in each exaini»le contain.s a negative expres- 
 sion. Xote, further, that the neyative expression of the leading 
 clause is: a general negative (n6m6) in Ex. 1 ; an interrogative im- 
 plying a negative in Ex. 2 (quia est ^ nSmS est) ; a negative 
 expression of hindering (retinSxl n6n potuerant) in Ex. 3; a 
 negative expression of doubting (n6n dubitSbat) in Ex.4; and 
 a negative ex])reM8ion of omitting or refraining (nClllum . . . inter- 
 mlsSrunt and facere nfin possum) in Exs. 5 and 0. Frame a 
 rule, or rules, for the use of quin with the Subjunctive in Con- 
 secutive Clauses. 
 
166 ILLUSTRATIVE EXERCISES. 
 
 570. References for Verification : A. & G. 319, d ; H. 
 504 ; G. 550, 551. 
 
 571. EXERCISES. 
 
 I.. 1. Nemo est qmn ubivis qiiam ibi iibi est esse malit. 
 
 2. Sed custodiis quo^ id sine peiiciilo minus ^ faceremns 
 impediebamur. 3. N5n est dnbium quin totius Galliac^ 
 plurimiim Helvetii possint. 4. Non possunt milites con- 
 tineri quin in urbem irrumpant nrbemque deleant. 5. Ne- 
 que abest suspicio qnin ipse sibi mortem consciverit. 
 
 6. Quis est quin cernat quanta vis sit in sensibus ? 
 
 7. Prohiberi non possumus quo minus cottidie aquam pe- 
 tamus. 8. Non dubito quin probaturus sim A^obis de- 
 fensionem meam. 9. Ego nihil praetermisi quin Pompejum 
 a Caesaris conjunctione avocarem. 10. Naves vento tene- 
 bantur quo minus in eundem portum venire possent. 
 
 II. 1. The enemy endeavored to hinder our men from 
 fleeing for refuge to their camp. 2. We have not^ been able 
 to deter even^ the Suessiones from conspiring with the Bel- 
 gians. 3. We do not doubt that he will inflict the severest 
 punishment on all the" hostages. 4. Nothing is so difficult 
 that it cannot be found out b}' searching. 5. There is no 
 doubt ^ that the Romans will deprive the Aeduans of freedom.^ 
 
 6. Nor did he refuse to submit to the penalty of the law. 
 
 7. I cannot help^ declaring to 3'ou my opinion. 8. Who 
 then can doubt '^ that [true] wealth consists in virtue? 
 
 572. Supplementary Exercises. 
 
 I. 1. Quis est omnium quin divitiis et sumptibus, non probi- 
 tate neque industria cum majoribus suis contendat? 2. Tutu 
 vero dubitandum non existimavit quin ad eos proficisceretur. 
 
 3. Itaque deterritus non est quo minus, prima acie pro vallo in- 
 striicta, reliqua pars oxercitiis opus faceret. 
 
 II. 1. Rest assured^ that the Romans will wrest liberty from 
 the Aeduans. 2. Parmenio wished to deter him from drinking 
 
RELATIVE CLAUSES OF CHARACTERISTIC. 167 
 
 the drug. l].- Xor do we refuse to remain® forever under your 
 sway. 4. No one might i'' withdraw from the line of march 
 without being cut off by Caesar's cavahy. 
 
 ' quo may be separated from minus * See 568, Ex. 6. 
 
 by the intervention of other words. ■? What mood ? See 493, Ex. 3. 
 
 - See foot-note 1, Lesson LX\T:ir. 8 Translate : bennwilling to doubt. 
 
 3 See Lesson LXVIIL, foot-note 8. » " remain " = be. 
 
 * of. 571, 1., sent. 3. w jfullT licebat. 
 
 '< Translate : wretsi/reedomfrom (lit., 
 to) the Aeduans (dat.). 
 
 LESSON LXXV. 
 
 Subjunctive in Relative Clauses of 
 Characteristic. 
 
 573. EXAMPLES. 
 
 1. Secutae sunt tempestStSs quae nostros in castrls conti- 
 
 nSrent ii,u,A), there ensued storms which (of sucli severity 
 that they) kept our wen in camp. 
 
 2. Hoc qui postulSret reperiSbStur ngmo (Caes. B. C. 3, 20,4), no 
 
 one was found who (.so unreasonable that he) demanded this. 
 '3. Fugre qui crSderent (Sal. Cat. 17, 7), there were some who believed. 
 4. Rem idoneam dg qu5 quaerStur, et homings dignSs qui- 
 
 buscum disser«ltur putant (Cic. Ac. 2, 6, 18), thei/ consider the 
 
 subject suitable to be inquired intOy and the men worthy ofbeimj 
 
 argued with. 
 
 574. Observation and Inference : Noto tliat the relative 
 clau.se.s of result in the forejroincj oxample8 expres.s some chnrnrfer- 
 istic of the ant<;cedent. Thus the relative clause quae . . . conting- 
 rent (Ex. 1) descril)cs the severity of the storms by saying that 
 they kept the men in camp. Note, further, that tlie relativq clause 
 of characteristic follows a r/eneral negative (nfimS) in Ex. 2, an 
 indefinite (omitted) antecedent in Ex. 3, an antecedent limited by 
 id5neam in Ex. 4, and an antecedent limited by dlgn5s in Ex. 4. 
 In what mood is the verb of a Relative Clause of Characteristic? 
 
168 RELATIVE CLAUSES OF CHARACTERISTIC. 
 
 With what Antecedents are Relative Clauses of Characteristic 
 especially used? Frame a rule embodying these observations. 
 
 575. References for Verification: A. & G. 320, a,/; H. 
 503, I., II., 2 ; G. 633, 634. 
 
 576. EXERCISES. 
 
 I. 1. Erant omnino itinera duo qiiibus itineribus domo^ 
 exire possent. 2. Erant eo tempore qui existimarent 
 indicium illud a P. Autronio machinatum.^ 3. Indigni vos 
 estis qui in meo exercitu ordines ducatis. 4. Voluptas est 
 sola*^ quae nos vocet ad se. 5. Neque is sum qui mortis 
 perTculo terrear. 6. Reperti sunt milites qui scuta manibus 
 revellerent et desuper vulnerarent. 7. Hunc Caesar ido- 
 neum judicaverat quem cum mandatis mitteret. 
 
 II. 1. Storms followed which prevented the enemy from 
 fighting. 2. [There] are [persons] here who urge you to 
 revolt '^ from us. 3. He deems Procillus a suitable [person] 
 to send^ to Ariovistus. 4. He seems to be worthy to com- 
 mand. 5. Nor has any one been found^ up to this time 
 who refused^ to die. 6. There were [some] who said that 
 Catiline had passed round blood in sacrificial dishes. 
 
 577. Supplementary Exercises. 
 
 I. 1. Qui se iiltro morti offerant facilius reperiuntur quam qui 
 dolorem patienter ferant. 2. Morini INIenapiique supererant qui 
 in armis essent neque ad eum legates de pace misissent. 3. Quis 
 servus libertate" dignus fuit cui nostra saliis cara non esset? 
 
 II. 1. [He] who quietly obeys seems to be worthy to com- 
 mand. 2. In the camp of Pompey it was possible to see many 
 things which betokened confident expectation of victory. 3. Nor 
 is there any one who asserts that he has penetrated to the begin- 
 ning of that forest. 4. There are [those] who say that Catiline 
 has been driven into exile by me. 
 
 1 See foot-note 1, Lesson LXX. " cf. sent. 7, foregoing exercise. 
 
 2 se. esse. o a. & G. 287, a; U. 495, 1; G. 511, 
 s A. &G. 320, 6; H. 503, II., 1. Rem. 2. 
 
 * Translate ; tcrffe that you revolt. ^ cf. Lesson XXXII. , foot-note 3. 
 
VEllBS OF l-EEJLlN(r. 169 
 
 LESSON LXXVI. 
 Constructions Used with Verbs of Feeling. 
 
 578. EXAMPI.ES. 
 
 1. Miseremini sociorum (Cic Verr. 2, l,2&, 12), pitt/ [our'\ allies. 
 
 2. Miserescite regis (Verg. Aen. 8, 573), take pity on the king. 
 
 3. Commuue periculum miserabantur (l, 39, 4), they bewailed the 
 
 common danger. 
 
 579. Observation and Inference: Note that miseremini 
 (Ex. 1) and miser§scite (Ex. 2) are intransitive, and mean '■feel 
 l>it\ ': what case follows them? Note, on the other hand, that 
 miserabantur i.s transitive and means ' express pity for,' * lament,' 
 * bewail ' ; what case follows it ? Frame a rule for the construction 
 to l)t' used with these verbs? 
 
 580. References for Verification: A. & G. 221, a; II. 
 400, I. ; G. 37G (first line). 
 
 581. EXAMPLES. 
 
 1. Tul m6 miseret, mei piget (Kun. aj..! i. . Dir. i,si,66), I pity theCf 
 
 I loathe mi/srlf (']{ pities me of tliet', it loathes me of myself). 
 
 2. Taedet omnino eos vitae (Cic. Att. 5, 16, 2), they are utterly weary 
 
 nf lifr (it wearirs them of life). 
 
 0. Me meorum factorum nunquam paeuitgbit < i. . <<i(.\, m. jo^ 
 
 / si, nil never regret viy acts (it will n(!ver re|H*nt me of my acts). 
 
 1. Pudet m6 n6n tul quidem, aed ChryaippI (Cic />»r. 2, 15, 35), 
 
 / am not ashamed of you indeed^ but of Chrysippus. 
 
 582. Ob.servatiox and Inferencf. : Note that miseret 
 (Ex. 1), piget (Ex. 1), taedet (Ex. 2), paenitBbit (Ex. 3), and 
 pudet (P2x. 4) are impersonal verbs of feeling or emotion. By what 
 case is the person experiencing the feeling expres-scid ? (See m6, Ex. 
 
 1, eOa, Ex. 2, m6, Ex. 3, m6, Ex. 1.) By what ca.se is the object 
 exciting the feeling expre.s.sed? (Sc(> tul and mel, Ex. 1, vltae, E?:. 
 
 2, factorum Ex. 3, tul and ChrysippT. V.\. \ \ Fr.itiu' ;i ml!- for 
 ill.'. >n8 to be used with til" i< liii|M'r-uii:iI . 
 
170 CONSTRUCTIONS WITH Interest. 
 
 583. References for Verification: A. & G. 221, h\ H. 
 409, III. ; G. 376. 
 
 584. EXAMPLES. 
 
 1. Quid illius interest ubi sis {C'lc. Att.io, A, IQ), what matters it to 
 
 him where yon are ? 
 
 2. Docet quanto opere communis salutis intersit manus 
 
 hostium distineri (2, 5,2), he shows how important it is for the 
 geneird safetij that the forces of the enemy he kept apart. 
 
 3. Mea magni interest te ut videam (Cic. Att. ii, 22, 2), it is of 
 
 great importance to me to see you. 
 
 4. Tua maxime interest te valere (Cic. Fam. I6, 4, 4), it is of the 
 
 greatest importance to you that you keep your health. 
 
 585. Observation and Inference : IS^ote that with the m- 
 pei'sonal interest the person or thing affected is expressed by the 
 genitive in Exs. 1 and 2 (see illius, Ex. 1, and salutis, Ex. 2). 
 Xote, however, that in Exs. 3 and 4 the person interested is ex- 
 pressed not by the genitive of the personal pronoun, as might have 
 been expected, but by the ablative feminine of the possessive (see 
 mea, Ex. 3, and tua, Ex. 4). Frame a rule for the constructions 
 to be used with the Impersonal interest, to express the Person or 
 Thing Affected. 
 
 586. Refcrences for Verification: A. & G. 222, a; H. 
 408, I., 1, 2 ; G. 381 (both paragraphs). 
 
 587. EXERCISES. 
 
 I. 1. Me meorum eonsiliorum niinquam paenitebil. 
 2. Misereor vestri. 3. Miseret te aliorura, tuT te nee mis- 
 eret nee pudet.^ 4. Sunt homines qiios Tnfamiae suae neqne 
 piideat neque taedeat. 5. Magnl^ interest Ciceronis, vel 
 mea potius, vel mehercule utriusqiie. 6. Quis est hodie 
 cujus intersit istam legem manere ? 7. Magni- interest tiui 
 et mea. 8. Allobroges Umbrenum orabant ut sul miserere- 
 tur. 9. Miserantur communem Galliae fortunam. 10. De 
 summis saepe rebus consilia ineunt, quorum eos in vestlgio 
 
ILLUSTUATIVE EXERCISES. 171 
 
 paenitere necesse est. 11. Me civitatis morum piget tae- 
 dctque. 
 
 II. 1. You are neither sorry for nor ashamed of yourself. 
 2. It concerns the general safety for me to have a conference 
 with Ariovistus. 3. The women bewailed tlieir little children. 
 4. I have not been dissatisfied with my soldiers, nor you 
 with your leader. 5. It is highly^ important to me for us 
 to be together. 6. They are neither ashamed of their 
 infamy nor wear}' [of it]. 7. It is of more^ importance 
 to them than to me. 8. He demands that they have com- 
 passion on him.^ 9. Can any one pity us ? 
 
 588. Supplementary Exercises. 
 
 I. 1. Non tam mea quani rei publicae interest uti salvus sim. 
 2. Plerique eorum qui ante me sententias dlxere, casuin rei piil)li- 
 cae niiserati sunt. 3. Eoruiu nos magis miseret qui nostram 
 misericordiam non requirunt, quam qui illani efflagitant. 4. Hiijus 
 post mortem, populum judicii sui paenitebat. 
 
 IT. 1. It matters very little* to me. 2. Caesar used to say 
 tliat it was not so important for himself^ as for the state that he 
 should be preserved. 3. Do you not feel that you dishonor ^ this 
 temple, the city,^ life,^ light »? 4. I pity the misfortunes of 
 Jugurtha. 5. Every one is dissatisfied with hi.<} own lot. 
 
 > For the arrangement of the wordu ' inlnimS. 
 
 in thl« Rontence, see references under • Proper form of r.uu*. 
 
 Le»»on XXI., foot-note 21. ^ '* Do you not feel that you dishonor 
 
 ' A. & G. 252, a; H. 408, III.; O. this temple?" = does it not ahame you 
 
 382, 1. of this temple t 
 
 ' masls* 'Repeat "not" with each substan- 
 
 * A. fc G. 196, a; H. 448, 1 ; G. 521. Uve. 
 
172 CONDITIONAL SENTENCES: 
 
 LESSON LXXVII. 
 
 Conditional Sentences: Present and Past 
 Suppositions. 
 
 Present and Past Suppositions, Protasis Indeterminate. 
 
 589. EXAMPIvES. 
 
 1. Si me consulis, suadeo (Cic Cat. i, 5, 13), if you ask my advice, 
 
 I recommend [it]. 
 
 2. Si quisquam fuit unquam remotus ab inani laude, ego 
 
 profecto is sum (Cic. Fam. 15, 4, 13), if there ever ivas any one 
 indifferent to empty applause, I assuredly am the man. 
 
 3. Sin autem servire meae gloriae mavis, egredere (Cic Cat. 
 
 1, 9, 23), if however, you prefer to minister to my glory, depart. 
 
 4. Si stare non possunt, corruant (Cic. Cat. 2, lo, 21), if they can- 
 
 not stand, let them fall. 
 
 590. Explanation of Terms : Sentences like the foregoing, 
 containing a clause introduced by si, if, or one of its compounds 
 (see sin, Ex. 3), are called Conditional Sentences. The clause ex- 
 pressing the condition (si . . . consulis, Ex. 1, si . . . laude, Ex. 2, 
 sin . . . mavis, Ex. 3, si . . . possunt, Ex. 4) is called the Protasis ; 
 the clause expressing the conclusion (suadeo, Ex. 1, ego . . . sum, 
 Ex. 2, egredere, Ex. 3, corruant, Ex. 4) is called the Apodosis. 
 
 591. Observation and Inference : IVote that the Protasis 
 in the foregoing examples simply states a supposed case, without 
 implying either that it is true or that it is false. Thus, si me 
 consulis, if you ask my advice (Ex. 1), does not imply that the per- 
 son addressed either does or does not ask the advice of the speaker. 
 Note, further, that the Protasis expresses a present supposition in 
 Exs. 1, 3, and 4; and a past supposition in Ex. 2. In what 7nood 
 is the verb of the Protasis in each of these examples (see con- 
 sulis, Ex. 1; fuit, Ex. 2; mavis, Ex. 3; possunt, Ex. 4)? Is 
 there a like uiiiforinity as to mood in the verbs of the Apodosis 
 (see suadeo, Ex. 1 ; sum, Ex. 2 ; egredere, Ex. 3 ; corruant, Ex. 
 4) ? Erame a rule for the use of Moods in Conditional Sentences 
 like the foregoing. 
 
PRESENT AND PAST SUPPOSITIONS. 173 
 
 592. References for Verification: A. & G. 306; II. 508 
 and 1 ; G. 597. 
 
 Present and Past Suppositions, Protasis False. 
 
 593. examples. 
 
 1. Servl mei bi me metuerent, domum meam relinqueudam 
 
 putarem (Cic. Cat. l, 7, 17), if my slaves feared me, I should 
 think that I ought to leave house and home. 
 
 2. [Vitam] SI eripuisset, multas animi atque corporis poen&s 
 
 ademicset (Cic Cat. a, a, 8), if he had taken airay life, he would 
 have relieved [them] of many torments of mind and body. 
 
 3. Magis id dicerSs, si adfuissSs (Cic. Lae/. 7, 25), ?/om would say 
 
 so all the more, if you had been there. 
 
 4. Si interfectus esset, quid dicerent (Cic. Cat. 2, 7, 15), what 
 
 would they say, if he had been put to death ? 
 
 594. Observation and Inference : Note that the Protasis 
 in each of the foregoing examples states the supposed case in such 
 a way as to imply its falsity. Thus, servi mei si mS metuerent, 
 if my slaves feared me (Ex. 1), implies that tlie speaker's slaves do 
 not fear him ; and si . . . adfuissSs, if t/ou had been there (Ex. 3), 
 implies that the person addressed was not there. 
 
 Xot^, further, that the Protasis expresses a present supposition 
 in Ex. 1, and a pa.^t supposition in Exs. 2, 3, and 4 ; also, that 
 the verb of the Apodosis refers to present time in J2xs. 1, 3, and 4, 
 and to imst time in Ex. 2. 
 
 \\ h.it mood is used in both Protasis and Apodosis in these 
 (xaiii).l. -? What tense is used for pf >, ni lime? for pojit time? 
 Frame a rule for the use of Mood and Tense in Conditional Sen- 
 tences like the foregoing. 
 
 595. References fob Verification : A. & G. 308 ; H. 510 
 and n. 1 ; G. 599. 
 
 596. EXERCISES. 
 
 I. 1. SI itenim expcrlri voliuit. ego itorum pnnTtus sum 
 deccrtfire. 2. ST CatilTna in urbe remanslHset, nniuiuain nos 
 nin publicam Ubeiassemus. 3. Parcite dlgnitilti Lcntuli si 
 
174 ILLUSTRATIVE EXERCISES. 
 
 ipse famae suae uiiquam pepercit. 4. Si quid mihi a Cae- 
 "^ sare opus esset, ego ad eiim venissem. 5. Id ego si verbo 
 adsequi possem, istos ipsos eicerem. 6. Si et in urbe et 
 in efidem mente permanent, ea quae merentur exspectent. 
 7. Mihi SI liaec condicio consulatiis data est, feram non s5lnm 
 fortiter verum etiam libenter. 8. SI in hunc animadver- 
 i- tissem, crudeliter fecissem. 
 
 II. 1. If they wish to enjo}^ peace, it is unfair [for them] 
 to refuse [to pay] ^ the tribute. 2. Bring back the men if 
 3'ou wish to be free from suspicion in-my-eyes.^ 3. If there 
 were room for error, I should readily permit [it]. 4. If he 
 had been conscious^ of [having done] any wrong, it would 
 not have been difficult [for him] to be on his guard, o. Par- 
 don the 3'oung^ Cethegus^ if he has not a second time made 
 war on his country. 6. Still, if it is your pleasure, let it 
 be voted. 7. Nor would you, if you were an Athenian, 
 ever have been illustrious. 8. Would ^ he,^ then, if he had 
 lived to be a hundred 3^ears'' old, regret^ his old age ? 
 
 597. Supplementary Exercises. 
 
 I. 1. Iluic facinori si paucos putatis adfines esse, vehementer 
 erratis. 2. Si quid ille me vult, ilium ad me venire oportet. 3. Si 
 h5c idem huic adulescenti optimo P. Sestio dixissem, jam mihi 
 senatus vim et maniis intulisset. 4. Si id culpa senectiitis acci- 
 deret, eadem mihi iisii venirent. 
 
 II. 1. If you cannot die contentedly, do you hesitate to con- 
 sign your life to flight and solitude? 2. If your parents hated 
 you, you would, as I think, withdraw to some place out of their 
 sight.^ 3. If Catiline had come off conqueror, doubtless great 
 bloodshed and disaster would have overwhelmed the country. 
 
 1 recusare de. " "What inter, particle? cf. 417, Ex. 4. 
 
 2 mihi. c cf. 581, Ex. 3. 
 
 3 Translate : conscious to himself. '' had lived to the hundredth year. 
 * Translate : the youth of Cethegus. 8 ab eorum ocuUs. 
 
FUTURE SUPPOSITIONS. 175 
 
 LESSON LXXVIII. 
 Conditional Sentences: Future Suppositions. 
 
 598. EXAMPLES. 
 
 1. Nuiiquam labere si te audies (Cic. Fam. 2, 7, i), i/ou will never 
 
 €>'r if you (shall) /o//o«? your own convictions (hear yourself). 
 
 2. Si iste flnus tollStur, periculum residebit (Cic. Cat. i, 13, 31), 
 
 if he alone (shall) he removed, the danrjer will remain. 
 
 3. Vix feram sermones hominum si id feceris (Cic. Cat. i, 9, 23), 
 
 it will he hard for me to endure men's cri/lrisnts if you do (shall 
 have done) this. 
 
 599. Observation- and Inference: Note that the Protasis 
 in each of tlie foregoing examples states a supposed future case 
 with vividness, though without implying eitlier that it will or that 
 it will not be fulfilled. AVhat ?nood and what tenses are used in 
 both Protasis and Apodosis in this form of conditional sentence? 
 Note that, in Ex. 3, the action expressed by the verb of the 
 Protasis (fSceris) is represented as completed at the time denoted 
 by the verb of the Apodosis (feram) ; what fense is used to express 
 this coiiipleteness? Note, further, tliat \]\f verbs of the Protasis 
 in til'' foregoing examples are rendenMl liy the present tense in the 
 Kii.;li>h translation; in such cas< -, \\lii(h language is the more 
 exact, the Latin or the Engli.shV Frunie a rule for the use of 
 Mood and Tenses in Conditional Sentences like the foregoing. 
 
 600. References for Verification: A. & G. 307 (to the 
 semicolon), «, c (omit what follows the comma in the third line) ; 
 H. 5()8and2; G. 597. 
 
 601. EXAMPLES. 
 
 1. SI quis deus mihi largi&tur ut repuerSscam, valdfi recfl- 
 sem (Cic. Cat. Maj. 23, 83), if some gofl should frerhj f/ranf me 
 thf vririlt Of of becoming a child again, I should stnuth/ re- 
 fu. 
 
176 FUTURE SUPPOSITIONS. 
 
 2. Ego SI Scipiouis desiderio me mover! negem, mentiar 
 
 (Cic. Lael. 3, 10), if 1 should say that I am not affected with grief 
 at the loss of Scipio, I should speak falsely. 
 
 3. Si gladium quis apud te sana mente deposuerit, repetat 
 
 insaniens, reddere peccatum sit (Cic. 0^.3,25,94), if a man 
 should deposit (should have deposited) with you a sword 
 [when] in his right mind, and should ask it hack again [when] 
 insane, it luould he wrong to restore it. 
 
 602. Observation and Inference : Note that the Protasis 
 in the foregoing examples states the supposed future case with less 
 vividness than in the examples of 598, and thereby represents 
 the fulfillment of the supposed case as somewhat less probable. 
 What mood and what tenses are used in both Protasis and Apodosis 
 in this form of conditional sentence? Note that, in Ex. 3, the 
 action expressed by the verb of the first Protasis (deposuerit) 
 is represented as co7npleted at the time denoted by the verb of the 
 Apodosis (sit) ; what tense is used to express this completeness ? 
 Frame a rule for the use of Mood and Tenses in Conditional 
 Sentences like the foregoing. 
 
 603. References for Verification : A. & G. 307, &, c ; H. 
 509 and n. 1 ; G. 598. 
 
 604. EXERCISES. 
 
 I. 1. Nisi decedes, ego te pro hoste habebo. 2. Si 
 discesseris, magno ego te praemio remunerabor. 3. Haec 
 SI tecum patria loquatur, nonne impetrare debeat? 4. Si 
 quis deus te interroget, quid respondeas? 5. Si poteri- 
 mus, castellum expugnabimus ; si minus potuerimus, agios 
 Remorum populabimur. 6. Si vim facere couabimini, 
 prohibebo. 7. Si te interfecero, multis ego nobilibus gra- 
 tum faciam. 
 
 II. 1. If we can/ we shall destroy the bridge ; if we can- 
 not,^ we shall cut off the Romans from supplies. 2. I could 
 not go away if I should wish [to]. 3. If you give satis- 
 faction to the Aeduaus for (de) the injuries [you have done 
 
ILLUSTRATIVE EXERCISES. 177 
 
 them], I shall make peace with you. 4. Ought not- the 
 country to obtain her request, even if she should not be 
 aI>K- to apply force? 5. If tliis (pi.) is reported'' to Ario- 
 vistus, he will inflict punishment on (de) the hostages. 
 G. Ifyou do^ tliis, there will be lasting friendship between 
 you and the Roman people.* 
 
 605. Supplementary Exercises. 
 
 I. 1. Etiam si honiinum studia deficiaut, di^ ipsi immortales 
 cogant tanta vitia superari. 2. Si se ejecerit, secumque suos 
 eduxerit, exstinguetur atque delebitiir sth'ps ac semen maloruni 
 omnium. 3. Si quis pater familias,^ llberis siiis a servo interfectls, 
 supplicimn de servo non sumpserit, utrum ^ is clemens an crude- 
 lissimus esse videatmr? 4. Nisi decedcs atque exercitum deduces 
 ex his regiouibus, ego te non pro amico sed hoste habcbo. 
 5. Pietate adversus deos sublata,^ fides etiam et justitia tollatur. 
 
 II. 1. If they should remain in Rome,* they would be rescued 
 by a hired mob. 2. If this takes place it will be [attended] 
 with great danger to the province.!^ 3. If any [punishment] of 
 undue severity is inflicted upon him'i by Caesar, no one will sui)- 
 pose that it was not done at^- ray desire. 
 
 * cf. sent. 5, preceding exercise. " 'I'raiis. hy a condltlonni clause. 
 
 * cf. 604, sent. 3. F.\l):inil t!ir alil. abs. Jnto the ordinary 
 ' cf. sent. 2, preceding exercise. form of protasis. 
 
 ♦Translate: to the Roman people » cf. Lesson XXVII., foot-uotc 11. 
 
 yrith yoit. '" I'ho the genitive. 
 
 « Bee 373, foot-note 3. "Translate: if anything too-severe 
 
 « A. & G . 36, 6 ; II. 49, 1 ; 0. 27, Rem. 1. sludl have luippened to him from Caesar, 
 
 f Omit in translation. " Use ablative of cause. 
 
178 CONCESSIVE CLAUSES. 
 
 LESSON LXXIX. 
 Concessive Clauses. — Clauses of Proviso. 
 
 606. EXAMPLES. 
 
 1. Quamquam premebantur, tamen omnia fortissimo sustine- 
 
 bant animo (S, 42, 3), although they were hard pressed, still 
 they endured everything with the bravest spirit. 
 
 2. Senectus, quamvis non sit gravis, tamen aufert viridi- 
 
 tatem (Cic Lael. 3, il), old age, though it he not hurdensonie, 
 yet takes away one^s vigor. 
 
 3. Etsi maturae sunt hiemes, tamen contendit (4, 20, i), although 
 
 the winters set in early, he hastened notwithstanding. 
 
 4. Nonne impetrare debeat, etiamsi vim adhibere non possit 
 
 (Cic. Cat. 1, 8, 19), ought she not to obtain her request, even though 
 she should not be able to employ force ? 
 
 607. Observation and Inference: Note that the clauses 
 in the foregoing examples introduced by quamquam (Ex. 1), 
 quamvis (Ex. 2), etsi (Ex. 3), and etiamsi (Ex. 4) express 
 something granted or conceded. For this reason they are called 
 Concessive Clauses. Note that the Concessive Clause introduced 
 by quamquam (Ex. 1), unlike that introduced by quamvis (Ex. 
 2), concedes an admitted fact, and therefore takes the indicative 
 mood (see premebantur). What mood does the Concessive Clause 
 introduced by quamvis take (see sit, Ex. 2)? Note that etsi 
 (Ex. 3) and etiamsi (Ex. 4) are compounds of si, and that, like si, 
 they take the indicative or subjunctive as already explained (Lessons 
 LXXVIL-VIIL). Frame rules for the Mood of the verb in Con- 
 cessive Clauses. 
 
 608. References for Verification: A. & G. 313, a, c, e\ 
 H. 515, I., II., III. ; G. 605, 1-3, 606, 607, 608. 
 
 609. EXAMPLES. 
 
 1. Dum locus pxignandi daretur, singulas binis navibus 
 obiciebant (Caes. B. C. 1, 58, 4), provided an opportunity of 
 fighting presented itself, they matched one ship against two. 
 
CLAUSES OF PROVISO. 179 
 
 • 
 
 2. Manent ingenia aenibus, modo permaneat industria 
 
 (Cic. Cat. Maj. 7, 22), the old retdin their mental powers (powers 
 remain to the old), if only industry hold out. 
 ''\. Magno mS metu liberabis, dum modo inter me atque t§ 
 murus intersit (Cic Co<. l, 5, lO), you will free me from yreut 
 fear, if only there he a ivall between you and me. 
 
 610. Observation and Inference : Note that the clauses in 
 the foregoing examples intVoduced by dum (Ex. 1), modo (Ex. 2), 
 and dum modo (Ex. 3) express a proviso or condition; what 7nood 
 do they take (see daretur, Ex. 1, permaneat, Ex. 2, and intersit, 
 Ex. 3) ? Frame a ride for the Mood to be used in clauses like the 
 foregoing. 
 
 611. References for YrnirirATioN: A. & O. iMi-, H. 5l:j, 
 I. ; G. 575. 
 
 612. EXERCISES. 
 
 I. 1. Sed est tanti^ dura modo ista rei publicae perTculIs 
 sejuiitratur calamitas. 2. Quamqiiani crebru audiebat 
 LabicMiuni ab iiiimicTs suis sollicitarl, tamen non credidit. 
 .">. Etiamsl CatilTna perierit, in re pfd)lica seminariiim Cati- 
 ITnariim erit. 4. Non igitur potestas est conservandae rel 
 j)ublicae, quamvis ea prematur perTculIs. 5. Neque, dum 
 sibi regnum pararet, quicquam pens! habebat.'* 0. Ilia, 
 qiiamquam fcrenda non fueriuit, tamen tulT. 7. Homines, 
 «iuaravis in turbidis rebus sint, tamen interdum animis re- 
 laxantur."** 
 
 II. 1. Even though he receives the injury, ho yet seems 
 to commit [it]. 2. You at any rate assented to* my depart- 
 ure, provided I should be at Rome* on the first^ of January. 
 
 '.. The Romans, although they were weary of marching^ 
 md fighting,^ yet eagerly" advanced to meet [him]. 4. And 
 yet* that flattery, pernicious though"' it be, can nevertheless 
 injiire no one but" him who is pleased by it. 5. He spared 
 neither expeuse nor his own honor, if only he might make 
 them faithful to himself. 
 
180 SPECIAL CONSTRUCTIONS. 
 
 613, Supplementary Exercises. 
 
 I. 1. Sed quamquain haec talia sunt, tamen obviam ire iiiimicis 
 mels animus me subigit. 2. Ista Veritas etiamsl jiicunda^^ non 
 est, mihi tamen grata ^=^ est. 3. Nihil tam difficile est quod non 
 cupidissime facturi simus, dum ea res civitate'm aere alieno liberet. 
 4. Quamvis non fueris suasor et impulsor profectionis meae, appro- 
 bator certe fuisti. 
 
 II. 1. Life is short, though it extend beyond a thousand years. 
 2. But Sulla, although he held the same opinion,^^ nevertheless 
 protected the Moor from injury. 3. They will shrink from no 
 peril, provided the province be restored to Caesar through their 
 efforts." 
 
 1 est tantl, it is worth such a price: » A. & G. 313, f ; H. 515, n. 2 ; Gr. 607, 
 
 A. & G. 252, a; H. 404, n. 1; G. 379. Rem. 2. 
 
 - Neque quicquain pens! habe- " cf. 606, Ex. 2. 
 
 bat, iior did he have any scruple. " " no one but" = no one unless. 
 
 3 aniniTs relaxantur, unbend. ^2 jucundus, agreeable, because to 
 
 * you were apj)rover of. one's taste ; gratus, welcome, because 
 
 5 cf. foot-note 11, Lesson XXVII. valuable in itself. 
 
 <^ "fivst" = Kalends. ^^ to hold the same opinion, cadem 
 
 ^ Ablative. exTstiinare. 
 
 8 intentus (adj.) in agreement with " Translate : through themselves. 
 subject. 
 
 LESSON LXXX. 
 
 Special Constructions: Genitive with Verbs 
 
 OF Condemning, etc. — Egeo and Indig-eo. 
 
 Dative with Eripio, etc. 
 
 614. EXAMPI.ES. 
 
 1. Principes civitatis insimulati [sunt] proditioiiis (7, 38, 2), 
 
 the foremost men in the state have been charged loith treachery. 
 
 2. Proditionis damnatus est (Nep. Th. 8, 2), he was condemned 
 
 for treason. 
 
SPECIAL CONSTRUCTIONS. 181 
 
 0. Video te absolutum esse improbit&tis (Oc Verr. 2, 1, 28, 72), 
 
 / see that you were acquitted of wroncj doing. 
 
 615. Dbservatiox and Inference : Note that insimul^ti 
 sunt (Ex. 1), damnatus est (Ex. 2), and absolutum esse (Ex. 3) 
 are verbs of accusing, condemning, and acquitting resj3ectively. By 
 wliat case is the charge expressed with these verbs (see proditi- 
 onis, Ex. 1, proditionis, Ex. 2, improbit&tis, Ex. 3) ? Frame a 
 rule for the construction to be used with these and similar verbs. 
 
 616. References for Verification: A. &G. 220; H. 409, 
 IT. and n. 2 ; G. 377. 
 
 617. EXAMPLES. 
 
 1. Nn attigit nisi arma, quorum indigSbat (Nep. Thr. 2, 6), he 
 
 touched nothing but arms, and of these he stood in need, 
 
 2. [Eos], quibus rSbus indiguSrunt, adjiivit (Nep. Att. 9, 3), he 
 
 aided them with those things of which they stood in need. 
 '■'>. Neque consill neque audaciae eguere (Sail. Ca^ 51, 37), they 
 
 lacked neither caution nor boldness. 
 I. Alterum alterius auxilio eget (Sail. Co/. 1, 7), each (of these 
 
 two things) needs the aid of the other. 
 
 618. Observation and Inference : It has already been shown 
 tliat verbs denoting want regularly take the ablative (I^esson LXVI.). 
 With what cases is indigeS construed in the foregoing examples 
 (>»•»• quorum, Ex. 1, and rfibus, Ex. 2)? What caftcs may be used 
 witli egeo (see consill and audaciae, Ex. 3, and auxilid, Ex. 4)? 
 i'raiue a special rule for these two verbs. 
 
 619. References for Verification: A. & G. 223; 11.410, 
 \'., 1 : G. 389, Rem. 2. 
 
 620. EXAMPLES. 
 
 1 . Id mihi til abstullstf ((.ic Mv. in CaecU. 6, 19), you have robbed 
 me of that (liave taken that away to my hurt). 
 
 J. Haec ill! dfitraheuda auzilia exbtimftbat (6, b,6), he thought 
 that these allies ought to be detached from him (withdrawn to 
 his injury). 
 
 \ ^M oar ^ K . yl 
 
182 ILLUSTRATIVE EXERCISES. 
 
 3. Mihi timorem eripe {Cic. Cat. 1,7, is), fi-ee me from fear (take 
 away fear as a favor to me). 
 
 621. Observation and Inference : It has already been shown 
 that verbs of separation usually take the ablative (Lesson LXVI.). 
 Xote, however, that, in the foregoing examples, abstulisti (Ex. 1), 
 detrahenda (Ex. 2), and eripe (Ex. 3) are construed with the 
 dative (see : mihi, Ex. 1, illi, Ex. 2, and mihl, Ex. 3). Xote, further, 
 tliat the dative in these examples designates the person, and that 
 the action expressed by the verb of separation is viewed as some- 
 thing done to or for the person affected. Frame a rule for this use 
 of the Dative. 
 
 622. References for Verification : A. & G. 229 ; H. 386, 
 2; G. 346 (end). 
 
 623. EXERCISES. 
 
 I. 1 . Nonnullos ambitus Pompeja lege damnatos in inte- 
 grum restituit. 2. Tuasue injurias persequar ipse auxili 
 egens? 3. Populi Roman! beneficium mihi per contumeliam 
 ab inimicis extorquetur. 4. SI ille non fuisset,^ Agesilaus 
 Asiam regi erii)uisset. 5. Accusatus capitis absolvitur, 
 multatur tamen pectin ia. 6. Si quis opis ejus indigebat, 
 habebat quod statim daret. 
 
 II. 1. Unless you return,^ we shall condemn you to 
 death. 2. No one of (ex) the common people lacked aid 
 against [an enemy] more powerful [than himself]. 3. You 
 have been deprived of life before your time.^ 4. He seized 
 a shield from a"^ soldier in the rear.'' 5. And, by Hercules, 
 Sulla, before I knew you,^ I needed no one.^ G. What 
 [punishment] is too severe for^ men convicted of so heinous 
 a crime? 
 
 624. Supplementary Exercises. 
 
 I. 1. Sin autem vitam mihi fors ademerit, hi omnia tibi pro me 
 persolvent. 2. Summae iniquitatis condemnari debeo nisivestram 
 Vitam raea saliite habeo cariorem. 3. Ptolomaeum alienarum 
 opum indigentem receperat. 4. Multi praeterea capitis damnati 
 exsulesque convenerant. 
 
TEMPORAL CLAUSES WITH Postquaui, ETC. 183 
 
 II. 1. All are at liberty® to lay down their arms^*^ without 
 risk of injury except [those] condemned® for capital oifences. 
 '2. This man's army should have been taken from him.^^ 3. This 
 town lacked nothing [that was] serviceable. ^^ 
 
 ' If it had not been for him. '• In the genitive and ablative, niillus 
 
 - cf. 598, Ex8. 1 and 2. (not iieiito) must be used for no one. 
 3 Translate : Life hasbeen takenaway * I'se in with accusjitive. 
 
 from you hefore-your-time (imnifttu- "•' Translate : it is permitted to all ex- 
 
 ras). cept to [those] condemned. 
 
 * Use the proper form of unus. '° Translate : to irithdrato from arms. 
 
 •• ab ii(>vi8(»imTs. '' Translate : From this man [his] 
 
 •s Translate : before you known. army was to be taken (pass, periphr.). 
 
 12 Translate : no serviceable thing. 
 
 »>»ic 
 
 LESSON LXXXI. 
 
 Temporal Clauses : Postquain, Ubi, ut, Siinui 
 Atqiie; Cum (Temporal). 
 
 625. EXAMPLES. 
 
 1. Postquam copiSs venire vidit, flumen ezercitum trSdii- 
 
 cere maturSvit (2, 5, 4), ichen he satr th<i( the forces irm' n<l- 
 vancing, he hastened to convey his army acroas the rirer. 
 
 2. Ubi se par&tos esse arbitrati sunt, oppida incendunt (i, 5, 2), 
 
 %chen they thour/ht that they rrere ready, they burnt the toiruK. 
 :{. Sed PompSjiis, ut equitStum suum pulsum vIdit, s6 in 
 
 castra equo contulit (Cac.-. /;. r. :;. -ji, :.). hut I'oiiijn'y, when 
 
 h< had seen his cuvidry routed, .yturrrd into nimj). 
 I. Simul atque slgna nostra vldSrunt, portSs aperu6runt 
 
 (('MB. B. C. 1,18,2), as soon as they beheld our standards, they 
 
 opened their gates. 
 
 626. Observation and Inference: Note that the temporal 
 clauses in the foregoing examples refer to a dejinite point of past 
 time, and that they are introdticed by postquam (Ex. 1), ubi (Ex. 
 2), ut (Ex. 3), and simul atque (Ex. 4), resi>ectively. In what 
 mood ;i!)(l tense an- tlie vorb.s of these temporal clauses (see : vIdit, 
 Ex. 1, arbitratf sunt, Ex. 2, vIdit, Ex. 3, and vldfirunt. Ex. 4)? 
 Xote, further, that the verb of tl». i. iii|...ral clause may be trans- 
 
184 Cum IN NARRATION. 
 
 lated by the pluperfect (see had seen, Ex. 3). Frame a rule for the 
 Mood and Tense of the Verb in Temporal Clauses like the fore- 
 going. 
 
 627. exampi.es. 
 
 1. Cum civitas armis jus suum exsequi conaretur, Orgetorix 
 
 mortuus est (i, 4, 3), lolten the state undertook to maintain its 
 authority by force of arms, Orgetorix died. 
 
 2. Haec cum flens a Caesare peteret, Caesar ejus dextram 
 
 prendit (l, 20, 5), as he in tears was urging these requests on 
 Caesar, Caesar grasped his hand. 
 
 3. Diu cum esset pugnatum, castris nostri potiti sunt (i, 26, 4), 
 
 after a long juggle (when the battle had been fought a long 
 time), our men got possession of the camp. 
 
 4. Cum triduum iter f ecisset, inveniebat ex captivis ... (2, 16, i), 
 
 after marching three days, he learned from prisoners . . . 
 
 628. Observation and Inference : Note that the temporal 
 clauses in the foregoing examples, like those of 625, refer to past 
 time, but that they are introduced by cum. Note, further, that in 
 the present examples the attention of the writer is fixed on the 
 main action, and that thje temporal clause merely marks in an inci- 
 dental way the time of its occurrence. What mood and what tenses 
 are used in the foregoing temporal clauses (see conaretur, Ex. 1, 
 peteret, Ex. 2, esset pugnatum, Ex. 3, and fecisset, Ex. 4)? 
 Which of these tenses denotes the same time as the leading verb ? 
 which time prior f Frame a rule for the Mood and Tense to be 
 used with cum in Temporal Clauses of Narration. 
 
 629. References for Verification of Rules framed under 
 626 and 628: A. & G. 323, 324, 325; H. 518, n. 1, 521, IL, 2; G. 
 563, 586. 
 
 630. EXERCISES. 
 
 I. 1. Quorum de natura inoribusque Caesar cum quaere- 
 ret, sic reperiebat. 2. Ubi legati ad eum reverterunt, negat^ 
 se posse iter uUi per provinciam dare. 3. Quo cum Catilina 
 venisset, quis eum senator appellavit ? 4. Caesar, postquam 
 in Treveros venit, duabus de causis Rhenum translre con- 
 
ILLUSTRATIVE EXERCISES. 185 
 
 stitiiit. 5. Cum haesitaret, cum tt lu'retur, quaesivT quid^ 
 dubitaret proficisci. 6. Quo ut veiitum est, Alexandrlni 
 trepidantes in oranes partes castrorum discurrere coeperuut. 
 7. Quo cum venisset,'' cognoscit^ missum in Hispaniam a 
 Pompejo VTbullium Rufum. 8. Simul atque oppidan! In 
 spem auxilil venerunt, clamore sublato, arma capere, portas 
 claudere, murum complere coeperunt. 
 
 II. 1. When (ubi) the Helvetians had been informed* of 
 his arrival, they sent ambassadors to him. 2. Having noted* 
 these [facts], he called an assembly* [and] severely up- 
 braided them. 3. Caesar on perceiving^ this withdrew his 
 forces to the nearest hill. 4. When (cum) these [ships] 
 were drawing near to Britain, and were in sight® from the 
 camp, a storm suddenly arose. 5. As soon as they had 
 recovered* from flight, they sent envoys for (dS) peace. 
 ('». Having said'' these things, he swore that he would not 
 return to camp exicept (nisi) [as] victor. 7. On returning^ 
 tlience, he followed tlie camp of Gajus Claudius Nero. 
 
 631. Supplementary Exercises. 
 
 I, 1. Ubi 8e diutius due! intellexit, convocatis edrum prlncipi- 
 bus, f^aviter eos accusat.^ 2. Cum advesperasceret, occulte ad 
 {jontem Mulvium pervcncnmt. 3. Quod postiiuam barbari fieri 
 animadverterunt, fuga salutem petere contendennit. 4. Caesari 
 cum id nuntiatum asset,* niaturat^ ab iirlie proficisci. 
 
 II. 1. When he inquired what ( oiimiunities were in arms, he 
 learned as follows. 2. When Cae.sar arrived there (e6), he de- 
 manded hostages, arms, [and] slaves. »3. On liis departure for 
 Italy, Caesar dispatched Servius Galba with the twelfth legion to 
 (in) the Nantuates. 4. In this community two were contending 
 with each other *^ for (d8) supremacy; of whom one," as soon 
 .OS intelligence-wa&-received^^ of Caesar's arrival, came to hini. 
 
 > H«« rofs. LeMon LXIX., foot.not« 3. ^ Use po*t4|uain. 
 
 5 why (adv. ace.). • " were in Hi«ht " = were seen. 
 
 * Bee refa. Leaaon T^XIX., foot-noU; 5. * Uae ut with teni|H)rnl rlauac. 
 
 * For teaae, ef. 625, Ex. 3. ><> Tranalatc : between themaelve$. 
 
 * Uae earn wiUi temporal clauao. " alter. 
 
 « Ablative abaohite. " V»e oJlurtiSaca Imporaonally. 
 
186 Cum WITH THE INDICATIVE. 
 
 LESSON LXXXII. 
 Cum WITH THE Indicative in Temporal Clauses. 
 
 632. EXAMPIiES. 
 
 1. Cum Caesar in Galliam venit, alterius factionis principes 
 
 erant Aedui (6, 12, i), at the time when Caesar came into Gaul, 
 the Aedui were at the head of one party. 
 
 2. Turn cum ex urbe Catilinami eiciebam. . . . putabam . . . 
 
 (Cic. Cat. 3, 2, 3), at the time when I was striving to drive Catiline 
 out of the city . . . I supposed . . . 
 
 3. Tum cum res magnas permulti amiserant, scimus fidem 
 
 concidisse (Cic. Manil. 1, 19), at the time when a great many had 
 lost large fortunes, we know that there ivas a financial panic 
 (credit fell prostrate) . 
 
 4. Cum tu haec leges, ilium Romae esse oportebit (Cic. Fam. 
 
 12, 30, 5), hy the time this letter reaches you, he ivill he due in Rome. 
 
 633. Observation and Inference : Note that the temporal 
 clauses introduced by cum in the foregoing examples, unlike those 
 of 627, mark the time of the main action with defniteness and pre- 
 cision. What mood does cum take under these circumstances (see 
 venit, Ex. 1, eiciebam, Ex. 2, amiserant, Ex. 3, leges, Ex. 4) ? 
 Frame a rule for the Mood to be used in Temporal Clauses like the 
 foregoing. 
 
 634. EXAMPLES. 
 
 1. Factum periculum patrum nostrorum memoria, cum lau- 
 
 dem exercitus meritus videbatur (l, 40, 5), a trial teas made 
 within the memory of our fathers, on which occasion (= and on 
 that occasion) the army appeared to have merited praise. 
 
 2. Hoc facere apparabant, cum matresfamiliae repente pro- 
 
 currerunt (7, 26, 3), they were getting ready to do this, when 
 suddenly the matrons rushed forth. 
 
 3. Vix agmen novissimum processerat, cum Galli flumen 
 
 transire non dubitant (6, 8, i), scarcely had the rear advanced, 
 when the Gauls without hesitation crossed the river. 
 
Cum WITH THE INDICATIVE. 187 
 
 635. Observation and Inference : Note that the temporal 
 clauses introduced by cum in the foregoing examples express the 
 )nain statement ; in other words, that the temporal clause, although 
 subordinate in form (grammatically), is principal in thought (logi- 
 cally). What mood does cum take under these circumstances (see : 
 vidSbatur, Ex. 1, procurrSrunt, Ex. 2, dubitant, Ex. 3)? Frame 
 a rule for the Mood to be used with cum in Temporal Clauses like 
 the foregoing. 
 
 636. EXAMPI^ES. 
 
 1. Cum siugiilas binae navSs circumsteterant, militea summa 
 VI contendebant (3, 15, i), whenever (i.e., if in any case) (wo 
 ships had heen brought to bear on one, the soldiers icould struggle 
 with all their might. 
 
 •J. Cum se inter turmas msinuavgrunt, desiliunt (4, 33, l), 
 whenever {i.e., if in any case) they have tvorked their way in- 
 to the squadrons, they leap down. 
 
 637. Observation and Inference: Note that cum in the 
 foregoing examples means tohencver, and that the temporal clause is 
 equivalent to ih.e protasis of a general supjiosition. What wood does 
 cum take under these circumstances (see: circumsteterant, Ex. 1, 
 insinuavgrunt, Ex. 2) ? Frame a rule for the ^lood to be used 
 w itli cum in Temporal Clauses like the foregoing. 
 
 638. Caution : It has been shown in the preceding lesson (627, 
 628, 629) that in temporal clauses of narration, cum with the imper- 
 fect or pluperfect tense commonly takes the subjunctive ; is this true 
 of the temporal clauses illustrated in the present lesson (s<;e: 6ici6- 
 bam, 632, Ex. 2 : amiserant, 632, Ex. ') ; vidCbatur, 634, Ex. 1 ; 
 circumsteterant, 636, Ex. 1)? 
 
 639. KKFKRENCE8 FOR VERIFICATION of Kules framed und«'r 
 633. 635, 637: A. & G. 325, a, b, c, 309, c; H. 521, 1., II., 1 ; < . 
 
 .").s2, r)S."'). 
 
 640. EXERCISES. 
 
 I. 1. Sed turn cum ilium cxterminari volebani, cos Tnfir- 
 nios sine illO fore' putiibjim. 2. Ncque verO, cum uliquid 
 
188 ILLUSTRATIVE EXERCISES. 
 
 mandarat, confectum putabat. 3. Dumnacus instruit aciem, 
 quae suTs esset^ equitibus praesidio, cum repente legiones in 
 conspectura veniunt. 4. Haec cum facta sunt in concilio, 
 magna spe et laetitia omuium discessum est.^ 5. Ad equos 
 se celeriter, cum usus est, recipiunt. 6. Repentlna ruTna 
 pars ejus turris concidit, cum hostes inermes se uuiversi 
 proripiunt. 
 
 II. 1. The legions were a mile distant, when Scipio, fear- 
 ing that^ he should lose the town, led out all his forces. 
 
 2. Whenever our cavalry made-a-raid^ on the fields, he would- 
 let-loose^ his chariot men. 3. When I was-striving-to-ex 
 peF him from the city, I had this in view. 4. O glorious 
 day,^ when I shall depart to join^ that divine company of 
 spirits ! 5. But whenever the supply of this class fails,'*" 
 they have recourse to the sacrifice of the innocent. G. And 
 now Sulla was marking out the camp, when the horsemen 
 announced that Jugurtha had encamped. 
 
 641. Supplementary Exercises. 
 
 I. 1. Cum quaepiam cohors impetum fecerat, hostes velocissi- 
 iiie refugiebant. 2. Jamque a Labieno non longe aberant, cum 
 duas venisse legiones cognoscunt. 3. O praeclarum diem, cum 
 ex hac turba et conluvione discedam ! 
 
 II. 1. [He] who does not ward off injury from his [friends] 
 whenever he can, acts unjustly. 2. He had shaken the enemy at 
 the first attack, when suddenly a new army bursts into view. 
 
 3. In other matters, loss is experienced at-the-moment (turn) when 
 disaster comes. 
 
 1 fore = futiirSs esse. « For tense, cf. 636, Ex. 1. 
 
 2 Account for mood and tense. ^ For tense, cf. 633, Ex. 2. 
 
 3 tlie assembly dispersed ; cf. Exs., ** Use the accusative. 
 
 532. 'J Express "to join" by in with ac- 
 
 * cf. .534, Ex. 4. cusative. 
 ^> Use the pluperfect. lo Use the perfect tense. 
 
Cum CAUSAL AND CONCESSIVE. 189 
 
 LESSON LXXXIII. 
 
 Cum IN Causal and Concessive Clauses. 
 Accusative in Exclamations. 
 
 642. EXAMPLES. 
 
 1. Aedui, cum sg defendere non posseut, legStds ad Caesa- 
 
 rera mittuiit (i,n,2), the Aedui, since theij could no( defrud 
 fheniselves, sent envoya to Caesar. 
 
 2. Quae cum ita sint, vestra tecta defendite (Cic. Cat. 2, 12, 20), 
 
 this heinff the case (since these things are thus), defend your 
 dicelUngs. 
 
 3. Cum primo impudenter respondSre coepisset, ad extrg- 
 
 mum nihil neg^vit (Cic. Cat. 3, 5, 12), although at first he had 
 begun to reply defiantly, at the end he denied nothing. 
 
 643. Observation and Inference : Note that tlie clause« 
 introduced by cum in Exs. 1 and 2 express cause: what mood do 
 they take (see possent Ex. 1, and sint, Ex. 2)? Note that the 
 clause introduced l>y cum in Ex. 3 expresses concession; wliat mood 
 does it take (see coepisset)? Frame a rule for the Mood to he 
 used with cum in clauses denoting Cause or Concession. 
 
 644. References for Verification: A.&G. 326; IF. ."»i:.. 
 TIL, 517; G. 581, III., 1, J. 
 
 645. EXAMPLES. 
 
 1. 6 terram illam befttam quae hunc virum excSperit (cu-. 
 
 3fi7. 38, 105), O happy the Innd irhich sh(dl nr,ir, (.sliall h:ivr 
 
 received) thin man ! 
 J. 6 praeclSLrum diem cum in illud divluum auimorum con- 
 cilium proficiscar (Cle. Cat. .\faj. 23, 84), () glorious day, whin 
 I shall depart to join that divine company 0/ spirits/ 
 
 646. OnsEuvATiON and Inference: Note that terram (Ex. 1) 
 and diem (Ex. 2) are used in exclamations ; in what casa are they? 
 Frame a rule for the Case of SubHtantives used in Exclamations. 
 
190 ILLUSTRATIVE EXERCISES. 
 
 647. References for Verification: A. & G. 240, r/; H. 
 381 ; a. 340. 
 
 648. EXERCISES. 
 
 I. 1. Quae cum ita sint, patres conscript!, vobis populi 
 Romani praesidia non desunt. 2. O tempora ! O mores ! 
 sen at lis haec intellegit, consul videt : liic tameii vivit. 
 3. Milites, cum frigore et adsiduis imbribus tardarentni*, 
 tamen continent! labore omnia haec siipeiaverunt. 4. O 
 me miserum, o me infelicem ! revocare tu me in patriara 
 potinst!, ego te in patvia retinere non potero? 5. H! cum 
 per se minus valerent, Germanos atque Ariovistum sibi 
 adjunxerant. 6. Cum piimi ordines hostium concidissent, 
 tamen acerrime reliqu! resistebaut. 
 
 II. 1. Notwithstanding this/ I shall nevertheless make 
 peace with you if you make reparation^ to the Aedui for 
 (de) injuries. 2. Verily, if this man's comrades follow 
 him,^ [how] happy [shall] we [be], [how] fortunate the 
 commonwealth ! 3. It is a very easy matter,^ as (cum) 
 we excel all in valor, to obtain control of all Gaul. 4. Not 
 being able^ to sustain the assaults of our men, they betook 
 themselves to their baggage and wagons. 5. O wretched 
 lot! 6. Although the Suebi had not been able* to drive 
 out the Ubii, they nevertheless compelled them to pay 
 tribute.^ 
 
 649. Supplementary Exercises. 
 
 I. 1. Illi, cum neque vi contendere neque clam transire possent, 
 reverti se in suas sedes simulaverunt. 2. At hostes, cum ipsi non 
 amplius octiiigentos equites" haberent, celeriter iiostros perturba- 
 verunt. 3. O praeclarum munus aetatis, si quidem id aufert a 
 nobis quod est in adulescentia vitiosissimuni ! 
 
 II. 1. The Helvetians, because (cum) tlioy knew that he had 
 crossed the river in a single day, sent ambassadors to hiin. 
 2. Caesar, although there was no doubt whatever^ about the pur- 
 pose of his adversaries, sent back the legion to Ponipey. 3. O 
 
Priu^quaiii AiS'D Antequam. 191 
 
 wretched old nuui, in-that-he" did not see that death ought to be 
 disregarded ! 
 
 ' nlthcnigh these fthinge] arc so. ' " CorapcUed them to pay tribute " 
 
 - CI. 598, Ex. 1. = made them tributary to themselves. 
 •■« Trans. : if his comrades shall hare ' A. & (J. 247, v ; H. 417, n. 2. 
 
 followed this [vaan]. * Trannlatc: it teas by no means 
 
 * Translate: it is rery easy. (luiniiue) doubtful. 
 5 Translate : since they were not able. " qui (= cuiu is) with subjunctive. 
 
 LESSON LXXXIV. 
 
 Temporal Clauses with Priusquam and 
 Anteqiiam. 
 
 650. EXAMPLES. 
 
 1. Priusquam quicquam conSLrStur, Divitlacum ad sfi vocSri 
 
 jubet (1, 19, 3), before taking any action, fie (jave orders for Dici- 
 tiacus to be summoned before him. 
 
 2. Nee prius' sunt visl quam^ castris appropinquSrent (6,37,2), 
 
 and they were not seen until they xcerc close upon the camp. 
 
 3. Antequam dS meo adventu audire potuissent, in Mace- 
 
 doniam perrgxl (Cic. T^iawc. 41,98), Jtefore (hey could hear of 
 my cominy, I proceeded to Macedonia. 
 
 4. Neque priua' fugere dSstitSrunt quam> ad flymen perv6n6- 
 
 runt (1, 53, 1), nor did ihey cease to flee until they had reached 
 the river. 
 .'). Omnia ante ' facta sunt quam ' iste Italiam attigit (Cic. Verr 
 2, 2, GO, 101;, ercry thiny was done before he reached Italy. 
 
 651. Observation and Inference: Note that the t^MnjMinil 
 clauses in the foregoing examples are in narration and that they 
 
 ire introduced ]>y priusquam (Exs. 1, 2, 4) or antequam (Exs. 
 
 ', 5). Note that the verb of the temporal clause in Exs. l-^l is in 
 tlie imperfect or phiprrfert tense; in what mood is it (s«'«': c5nftr6tur, 
 Ex. 1, approplnquftrent, Ex. 2, potuissent, Ex.*))? What other 
 temporal particle takes the same mood with these tenses in narra- 
 
192 Prlusquam AND Antequam. 
 
 tion (see Exs. in 627) V Note that the temporal clauses in Exs. 
 4 and 5 mark the time of the main action with dejiniteness and 
 precision, what mood do they take (see pervenerunt, Ex. 4, and 
 attigit, Ex. 5)? What otlier temporal particle takes the same 
 mood under the same circumstances (see 632, Ex. 1)? Frame a 
 rule for the Moods to be used with priusquam and antequam in 
 Narration. 
 
 652. EXAMPI.ES. 
 
 1. Ante quam pro L. Murena dicere instituo, pro me ipso 
 
 pauca dioam (Cic. 3fm-. i, 2), before J undertake to speak in 
 behalf of Lucius Murena, I shall say a few words in my own 
 behalf 
 
 2. Nunquam conquiescam ante quam illorum rationgs per- 
 
 cepero (Cic. de Orat. 3, 36, 145), / shall never rest until I have 
 learned their methods. 
 
 3. Is videlicet ante quam veniat in Pontum, litterSs ad 
 
 Pompejum mittet (Cic. Agr. 2, 20, 53), doubtless before going to 
 Pontus {i.e., that he may the more effectually accomplish his 
 purpose in going to Pontus) he will send a letter to Pompey. 
 
 653. Observation and Inference : Note that the temporal 
 clauses in the foregoing examples refer to the future ; what moods 
 and tenses may priusquam and antequam take under these cir- 
 cumstances (see: instituo, Ex. 1, percepero, Ex. 2, veniat, Ex. 3)? 
 Frame a rule for the Moods and Tenses to be used with priusquam 
 and antequam in Temporal Clauses referring to the Future. 
 
 654. References for Verification of Rules framed under 
 651 and 653 : A. & G. 327, a ; H. 520, I., 1, 2, II. ; G. 576, 579. 
 
 655. EXERCISES. 
 
 T. 1 . Nee prius ille est vacuus relictus locus quam finis 
 est pugnandT f actus. 2. Prius ad hostium castra pervenit 
 quam quid ageretur German! sentire possent. 3. Prius 
 quam de ceteris rebus respondeo, de amicitia pauca dicam. 
 
 4. Caesar priusquam eodem est profectus, Ifma visa est. 
 6. Ducentis annis antequam Romam caperent, in Italiam 
 
ILLUSTRATIVE EXERCISES. 193 
 
 Gall! descendenint. 6. Non defatigabor ante quam illo- 
 rum ancipites vias percepero. 
 
 II. 1. Nor did they cease to pursue^ until they drew near 
 to the gates. 2. He arrived before Pompe}' could be aware 
 of [it]. 3. For the purpose of getting information on these 
 points^ before making* the trial, he sent forward Volusenus 
 with a ship of war. 4. Before I come back to the main 
 question, I will say a few [words] about myself. 5. A 
 few [words] must be said by way of explanation^ before I 
 begin.' 6. Nor was there an end of butchering. 7.Thc Sulla 
 had sated all his [followers] with riches. 
 
 656. Supplementary Exercises. 
 
 I. 1. Navibus eoruiu occupatis, priusquani ea pars Menapi<>- 
 rum quae citra Rhenum erat certior fieret, flumeu transierunt. 
 2. Non prius vidit turnias Julianas quam suos caedl sensit. 
 o. Ante quam de re publica dicam ea quae dicenda^ hoc tempore 
 arbitror, exponam vobis breviter consilium et profectionis et re- 
 version is meae. 
 
 IT. 1. They begged Caesar to send them aid before the king 
 should collect a force. 2. I shall make a point of coming"* to you 
 l»efore I pass quite out of your recollection. 55. The ambassadors 
 did not depart until they had seen® the soldiers embarked on 
 [board] the ships. 
 
 > The part* of prluBqnam and » Translate : a feto [thinKB] tnunt be 
 
 anteqnain may be separated by the made clear. 
 intervention of other words. " »•<'., I" order that I may bo«in satiH- 
 
 » Trans, : make an end o/piirmting. factorlly ; cf . 65«, Ex. 3. 
 
 » Translate ; for these [things] to be ^ so. efiMo. 
 
 nacertained. » Translate : / shall bestotn paiuK 
 
 ♦ cf. 050, Ex. 1. that I may come. 
 
 * cf . 050, Ex. 4. 
 
194 Dum AND Quoad. 
 
 LESSON LXXXV. 
 Temporal Clauses with Dum and Quoad. — Price. 
 
 657. EXAMPI.ES. 
 
 1. Dum Caesar moratur, ad eum legati venerunt (4, 22, i), ichile 
 
 Caesar was delaying, envoys came to him. 
 
 2. Quoad vives, nunquam tib! redditam gratiam putaveria 
 
 (Sail. Juff. 110, 4), as long as you (shall) live, never consider your^ 
 self fully requited (that requital has been rendered to you). 
 
 3. [Ferrum] retinuit quoad renuntiatiim est vicisse Boeotos 
 
 (Nep.^imm. 9,3), he kept the sword in place until it was reported 
 that the Boeotians were victorious (had conquered), 
 
 4. Dum naves eo convenirent, exspeotavit (4, 23, 4), lie waited 
 
 for (until) the ships to come (should come) up {i.e., that the 
 ships might come up before he attempted a landing). 
 
 5. Exercebatur ad eum finem quoad complecti posset atque 
 
 contendere (Xep. Epam. 2, 4), he trained himself to the end that 
 he might he able (until he should be able) to grapple and fight. 
 
 658. Obsp:rvation and Inference : Note that, in Exs. 1-3, 
 the temporal clauses introduced by dum (Ex. 1) and quoad 
 (Exs. 2 and 3) express time merely ; what mood do they take (see: 
 moratur, Ex. 1, vives, Ex. 2, renuntiatum est, Ex. 3)? Note 
 that, in Exs. 4 and 5, the temporal clauses introduced by these 
 particles express purpose as well as time ; what mood do they take 
 (see : convenirent, Ex. 4, and posset, Ex. 5) ? Frame a rule for 
 the Moods to be used with dum and quoad. 
 
 659. References for Verification: A. & G. 328 (to the 
 period) ; H. 519, I., II., 1, 2 ; G. 571, 573, 574. 
 
 660. Observation : Note that, in Ex. 1, dum is used with the 
 present indicative (see moratur) although past time is referred to. 
 
 661. Keferences: A. & G. 276, e; II. 467, 4; G. 572. 
 
PRICE. 195 
 
 662. KXAMPLES. 
 
 1. Viginti talentis uuam orationem Isocrates vendidit (I'lin. 
 
 X. II. 7,31), Isocrates sold a s'uujle oration for ticetitij talents. 
 
 2. Emamus vel magno (Cic. Att. 13, 29, 3), let us buy even [if we 
 
 liave to l>iiy] at a hujli price. 
 '). Lis aestimatur centum talentis (Xep. Tim. 3, 5), the fine is 
 
 fxed at a hundred talents. 
 i. Nemo nisi victor pace bellum mutavit^ (Sail. Cat. 58, 15), none 
 
 hut the victor exchanges war for peace. 
 
 663. Observation axd Inference : Note that vendidit 
 (Ex. 1) is a verb of selling, emSmus (Ex. 2), a verb of buijing, 
 aestimatur (Ex. 3), a verb of valuing, and mutivit (Ex. 4), a 
 verb of exchanging ; by what case is the price denoted (see : talentis, 
 Ex. 1. mSguo, Ex. 2, talentis, Ex. :>. pace, Ex. 4)? Frame a rule 
 for the Case of words denoting Price. 
 
 664. References for VKKiFfCATiox : A. & 0.252; 11.422; 
 G. 404. 
 
 665. EXAMPLES. 
 
 1. Emit tanti quanti Pythius voluit (Cic. Ojf. 3, 1 4, 59), he bought 
 
 at Pgthiiis\'< own prire (for as iimch as Pvthius wished). 
 
 2. VSndo non plGris, fortasse etiam minoris (Cio. Off. 3, 12, 51), / 
 
 sell no dearer, perhaps even cheaper. 
 
 666. Observation and Inference: Note that 6mit (Ex. 1) 
 and v6nd6 (Ex. 2) are verbs of buying and *e//iw<7 resi^ectively ; and 
 tliat tlie price is here exi)resse<l by tantI (Ex. 1), quanti (Ex. 1), 
 pluris (Ex. 2), and minSris (Ex. 2). In what ra.-je aiP these 
 words? Frame a special rule for the constructions here illustratAjd. 
 
 667. Kekeren(;es for Vehification : A. & (J. 2r)2, (/; II. 
 40.'); G. 380. 
 
 668. EXERCISES. 
 
 I. 1. Diim ea gcnintur, iT quT pro portis castronmi in 
 Htatione orant, Caesar! m'lntiavenint pulvorem viderT. 
 2. Ipso intoroa, quond legionr-H conlocritas oogtiovisset, in 
 
 (iallifi iiir)rarT constituit. •"». DT'it .|ii:iiitT rfijnsque agrl 
 
196 ILLUSTRATIVE EXERCISES. 
 
 decumfis vendiderit. 4. Quot minis earn emit? Quadrii- 
 giiita minis. 5. Ipse, equo A^ulnerato, dejectus, quoad po- 
 tuit fortissime restitit. 6. Quod non opus est, asse carum. 
 7. Vendo meum minoris quam ille. 8. Sic deinceps 
 omne opus contexitur dum justa muri altitudo expleatur. 
 9. Dum haec geruntur, nuntiatum est equites accedere. 
 
 II. 1. Nor did they cease to pursue^ until the horsemen 
 had utterly routed the enemy. '^ 2. But to wait until the 
 forces of the enemy should be augmented, he thought was 
 the height of folly.'' 3. For how much did he buy her? 
 Cheap.^ 4. Would a good man bu}'^ for a denarius^ what 
 is worth a thousand denarii^? 5. While he was delaying 
 a few days near (ad) Yesontio, great alarm suddenly took 
 possession of the arm}'. 6. That sufficient time might 
 intervene for the soldiers to assemble,'-^ he answered the 
 envoys ... 7. We cannot buy for less. 8. This penalty 
 was fixed at fifty talents. 
 
 669. Supplementary Exercises. 
 
 I. 1. Caesar non exspectanduni sibi statuit dum in Santonos 
 Helvetii perveniant. 2. Quae tribuerat beneficia tam diii memi- 
 nerat quoad ille gratus erat qui acceperat. 3. Hoc non minoris 
 aestimanuis quam quenilibet amplissimum triumphum. 4. Eoruni 
 salutem civitas levi moments aestimare non potest. 
 
 II. 1. Wait until you can know what you have to do.^o 2. While 
 they were getting " these things together,ii about six thousand men 
 made ^aste to [reach] the Rhine. 3. I did my utmost ^"^ to dispose 
 of 13 the tithes at the highest possible price. 
 
 1 The perfect is here used to express » Translate : what is of a thouuind 
 
 a general truth, and must be translated denarii; for form of genitive (deiiEri- 
 
 by the present. um), see : A. & G. 40, e ; H. 52, 3 ; G. 
 
 - Trans. : rnaJce an end of pursuing. 29, 3; for mood of verb, see Exe. in .'iT.S. 
 
 3 Trans. : drove the enemy headlong. " cf. 657, ~R\. 4. 
 
 * Translate : he thought to be of the i" cf. 317, Ex, 1. 
 
 greatest folly. " Express passively. 
 
 ^ vTlT (80. pretio), at a low rate. ^^ Translate : Effort teas bestowed by 
 
 6 £inatne ? me ivith the greatest energy. 
 
 ■^ See den3.rius, Latin-English vocab. ^^ ^t with subjunctive. 
 
place: FROiM WHICH, TO WHICH. 19' 
 
 LESSON LXXXVI. 
 
 Place from Which. — Place to Which. — Place 
 Where. 
 
 670. examples. 
 
 1. Ab urbe proficisci (l, 7, i), to set out from the city. 
 
 ■J. Civitati persuasit ut dS flnibus suis exirent (l, 2, i), he 
 
 jierauaded his countrymen to emiyrnte. 
 !. Ex proviiicia convSnerant (i, 8,1), they had come together from 
 the jtrovuice. 
 
 4. Brundisio veniSbant (Caes. B. C. 3, 25, i), they came from Brundi- 
 
 s'nnn. 
 
 5. Athenis vSnimus (Cic. Att. 5, 12, i), ive came from Athens. 
 n. Domo duxerat (l, 53, 4), he had brought from home. 
 
 7. Rure [redire] {Ter. Eun.s, 5, ea), to return from the comitry. 
 
 671. OiJSEKVATiox AND INFERENCE : Note that, in Exs. !-:{, 
 which illustrate the common usskgej place from which is denoted l>y 
 the ahlatire with a preposition (see : ab urbe, Ex. 1, d6 flnibus, 
 Ex. '2, ex provincia, Ex. 3). Note, however, that in Exs. 4 and o, 
 where the substantive denoting 'place from whicli' is the name of a 
 town, the ablative without a preposition is used (see : Brundisid, Ex. 
 4, and Athgnis, Ex. 5). Not^, further, that domus and riis, like 
 names of towns, have no preposition (see : domd, Ex. (», and rfLre, 
 Ex. 7). Frame a rule for the expression of Place From Which. 
 
 672. Refkrences for Verification: A. & G. 258, a; II. 
 112, I., II., 1; G. 411, Rem. R 
 
 673. EXAMPLES. 
 
 1 . Ad eum locum v6nit (i, 49, i), he came to that place. 
 
 -'. In Galliam contendit (1, 7, 1), he hastens into (Jnul. 
 
 ■>. Romam profectus {n,\2,i>), having set out for Hume. 
 
 \. CorflDium pervenit (Ca«. D. C. l, 15, 6), he comes to Corfimum. 
 
 '». Domum revertCrunt (2, n,l)y they returned home. 
 
 <•. Demos Bu&s invitaut (Hall. ./m|/. 66,3), they invite to their homes. 
 
 7. Abl rfks (PI. Afo$t. 1, 1, 03), go into the country. 
 
198 PLACE IN WHICH. 
 
 674. Observation and Inference : Note that in Exs. 1 and 
 2, which illustrate the common usage, jjlace to uihich is denoted by 
 the accusative with a preposition (see: ad locum, Ex. 1, and in 
 Galliam, Ex. 2). Note, however, that in Exs. 3 and 4, where the 
 substantive denoting ' place to which ' is the name of a town, the 
 accusative without a preposition is used (see : Romam, Ex. 3, and 
 Corfinium, Ex. 4). Note, further, that donius and rus, like names 
 of towns, have no preposition (see: domum, Ex. 5, domos, Ex. G, 
 rus, Ex. 7). Frame a rule for the expression of Place To Which. 
 
 675. References for Verification: A. & G. 258, 6; H. 
 380, I., II., 2, 1) ; G. 410. 
 
 676. EXAMPLES. 
 
 1. In eorum finibus ^l. l. 4), in their territories. 
 
 2. Erat in Gallia legio una (i, 7, 2), there was in Gaul one legion. 
 
 3. Ut Romae consules, sic Carthagini reges (Nep. Hann. 7, 4), as 
 
 at Rome consuls, so at Carthage kings. 
 
 4. Remanere Brundisii (Caes. B. c. i, 25, 2), to stay at Brundisium. 
 
 5. Turn maximum magistratum Thebis obtinebat (Nep.Pe^.3,2), 
 
 at that time he held the highest inagistracy at Thehes. 
 
 6. Domi mHitiaeque, mari atque terra (Sail. Cat. 53, 2), at home 
 
 and abroad, on land and sea. 
 
 7. Belli domique (Sail. Jug. 4i, 7), in ivar and in peace. 
 
 8. Locus humi depressus (Sail. Cat. 55, 3), a place underground 
 
 (sunk in the ground). 
 
 9. An ruri censes te esse (Pi. Most, i, i, 7), do you think you're in 
 
 the country ? 
 
 677. Observation and Inference : Note that, in Exs. 1 and 
 2, which illustrate the common usage, place where is denoted by 
 the ablative with a preposition (see in finibus, Ex. 1, and in Gallia, 
 Ex. 2). Note, however, that in Exs. 3-5, where the substantive 
 denoting place is the name of a town, a locative form is used icith- 
 out a preposition (see : Romae and Carthagini, Ex. 3, Brundisii, 
 Ex. 4, and ThebTs, Ex. 5). Note, further, that in the first and 
 second declensions singular, this locative is the same in form as the 
 genitive (see Romae, Ex. 3, and Brundisii, Ex. 4) ; and that, in 
 the third declension and in the plural, it is the same as the dative 
 or ablative (see Carthagini, Ex. 3, and Thebis, Ex. 5). Note, 
 
ILLUSTRATIVE EXERCISES. 199 
 
 further, that the preposition is not used with the ahlaiiiyes marl und 
 terrS (Ex. 6) ; also with tlie locatives domi (Exs. 6 and 7), militiae 
 (Ex. 0). belli (Ex. 7), huml (Ex. 8), and rurl (Ex. 9). Frame 
 a rule for the expression of Place Where. 
 
 678. Referexces for Verification: A. & G. 258, c, rf; II. 
 425, I., IL, 426, 2; G. 412, Rem. 1. 
 
 LESSON LXXXVII. 
 
 Illustrative Exercises on the Foregoing 
 Constructions. 
 
 679. EXERCISES. 
 
 I. 1. Ab AUobrogibus in Segusiavos exercitum ducit. 
 2. I^gatl Carthaginienses Romam veneruiit. 3. Interim 
 Dion Syracusis interfectns est. 4. In Galliu niorarl cou- 
 stituit. 5. Id nos facieraiis, cum tfi domo proficiscens 
 veneris Lemnum.^ 6. Dionysius tjrannus Syracusis 
 expulsus Corinth! pueros docebat. 7. Nilllam partem 
 Germanorum domum remittere possum. 8. ReliquT, qui 
 doml manserunt, se atque illos alunt. 9. Celeriter ad eas 
 quas diximus munitiones pervenerunt. 10. Diem quo Roma 
 sis exiturus, cura ut sciam. 11. Armonim magna multitu- 
 dine de muro In fossam jacta, pace sunt usi. 12. Nunc rus 
 abilxi. 13. HIT erat animus belli ingens, domi modicus. 
 14. Xerxes ten-a marlque ))ellum intulitGraeciae. 15. Varus 
 venientem Uticam Tu])eronem portfi atque oppido prohibet. 
 10. Jacet hum!. 17. Res ipsa hortarl videtur paucls'^ insti- 
 tuta majorum domi militiaequc dissererc. 18. Rure hue 
 advenit. 
 
 II. 1. Ilaviiii: Lionc out from the camp, they hastened to 
 the Rhine. 2. Caesar came to Brundisium. 3. When this 
 battle had been reported* across the Rhine, the Suebi began 
 
200 ILLUSTRATIVE EXERCISES. 
 
 to return home. 4. He thinks he's in the country. 5. Com- 
 plete control of public affairs,"* both civiF and military,^ was 
 intrusted to Alcibiades. 6. Oedipus was born at Thebes. 
 
 7. A certain Deraaratus fled from Corinth to Tarquinii. 
 
 8. His services in the battle before (apud) Sena were highly^ 
 valued. 9. There were but two routes by which they could 
 go out from home. 10. Neither b}' land nor by sea had the 
 enemy been able to prove a match ^ [for them]. 11. The 
 archers came from Crete^ and Lacedaemon. 12. When (cum) 
 his arms had been seized^ at Capua and his slaves seen at 
 Naples, he abandoned his design. 13. The AUobroges 
 are on their way home. 14. Eporedorix had very great 
 influence^ at home. 
 
 680. Supplementary Exercises. 
 
 I. 1. Uxoreni donio secum duxerat. 2. Multa populus Ro- 
 manus domi niilitiaeqiie, mari atque terra, praeclara facinora lecit. 
 3. Sed is natus et omnem pueritiam Arpini altus est. 4. Arcem 
 Syracusis quani miinierat Dioiiysius ad urbem obsidendam, a funda- 
 mentis disjecit. 5. Eoriiin qui domimi redierunt census habitus 
 est. 6. Quibus rebus Romam uuiitiatis, tantus repente terror 
 invasit ut consul ex urbe profugeret. 7. Athenis profectus est. 
 
 II. 1. I am able to sleep on the ground. 2. He learns that 
 the envoys have been sent home in advance. 3. A letter was 
 brought from Athens for Archias,!"^ who held tlie chief magistracy 
 in Thebes. 4. In the consulship of Marcus Claudius and Lucius 
 Furius,^ envoys came from Rome to Carthage. 5. A list had been 
 made out [showing] how many" of them had left their homes.^'-^ 
 
 6. The-people-of-Zama meantime sent envoys to Caesar at Utica.^^ 
 
 7. He is very powerful at home. 
 
 1 The names of small islands have the » In what mood? cf. Exs. under 
 
 same construction as the names of towns. 627. 
 
 - briefly. " Translate : was of very great influ- 
 
 3 Ablative absolute. ence. 
 
 * tota res publica. ^^ See Lesson LXXII., foot-note 7. 
 
 « Translate : at home and in war. " " how many " = what number. 
 
 « A. & G. 252, a; H. 404; G. 379. '^ Trans. : Tiad gone out from home. 
 
 ' " to prove a match " = to he equal. ^3 Trans. : to Caesar to Utica. 
 
'1 
 
 4. 
 
 iNDIBECT DISCOURSE. 201 
 
 LESSON LXXXVIII. 
 
 Indirect Discourse: Declaratory and 
 Imperative Sentences. 
 
 681. EXAMPLES. 
 
 r a. Mous tenetur, the mountain is held. 
 
 "\ h. Considius (licit montem teneri (ij22,2)', Considiui 8ays\ 
 I that the mountain isjiehl. 
 
 a. [Nos] parSti sumus, we are, ready. 
 
 h. S§ parStos esse arbitrati sunt (i, 5, 2), they thoy^ght that 
 they icere ready. 
 
 a. Helv6tii castra movSrunt, the Helvetians have broke n up 
 their camp. 
 
 b. Caesar cognovit Helvetios castra movias e (i, 22, 4), Caesar 
 learned that the Helvetians had broken up their camp. 
 
 ' a. Ego id quod in Nerviis f6ci faciam, / shall do what I 
 did in the case of the Nervii. 
 h. Caesar respondit s6 id quod in Nerviia fScissetL factd- 
 rum (2, 32, 2), Caesar replied that he should do what he 
 had done in the case of the Nervii. 
 
 682. Obsekvation and Inference : Note that the examples 
 marked a in the foregoing illustrations, give the exact lanyuage of 
 the original speaker as it came from his lips (see Exs. 1 and 4), as it 
 passed through his mind without being actually spoken (see Ex.2), 
 or as it was communicated through messengers or letters (see Ex. 3). 
 Note, further, that the examples marked h show the trans/orma- 
 tion.H which the language of the original speaker undergoes when 
 it is reported. The examples marked a illustrate what is called 
 Direct Discourse ; the examph?s marked b illustrate what is called 
 Indirect Discourse. Define Direct Discourse. Define Indirect 
 Discourse. 
 
 683. References for Vehification : A. & 6. 335; H. 522, 
 
 1 : G. 051. 
 
202 INDIEECT DISCOURSE : DECLARATORY 
 
 681. EXAMPLES. 
 
 ■^ r a. Mons tengtur, the mountain is held. 
 
 ^- '{ b. Considius dicit montem teneri (1,22,2), Considius says 
 
 I that the mountain is held. 
 
 r a. [Nos] parati sumus, we are ready. 
 2- J h. Se paratos esse arbitrati sunt (1,5,2), they thought that 
 
 I they were ready. 
 
 a. Helvetii castra moverunt, the Helvetians have broken up 
 their camp. 
 
 b. Caesar cognovit Helvetios castra movisse (i, 22,4), Caesar 
 learned that the Helvetians had broken up their camp. 
 
 a. Ego id quod in Nervils feci faciam, / shall do what 1 
 did in the case of the Nervii. 
 
 b. Caesar respondit se id quod in Nerviis fecis.aet -factu- 
 rum (2, 32, 2), Caesar replied that he should do ivhat he 
 had done in the case of the Nervii. 
 
 3. 
 
 684. Observation and Inference : Note that the examples 
 marked a illustrate declaratory sentences in which the principal 
 verb is in the indicative mood (see: tenetur, Ex. 1, a; sumus, Ex. 
 
 2, a; moverunt, Ex. 3, a; faciam, Ex. 4, a) and its subject in the 
 nominative case (see: mons, Ex. 1, a; nos, Ex. 2, «; Helvetii, Ex. 
 
 3, a; ego, Ex. 4, a). 
 
 Note, further, that, in the corresponding examples of Indirect 
 Discourse marked b, the indicative has been changed to the infinitive 
 (see : teneri, Ex. 1, b ; esse, Ex. 2, b ; movisse, Ex. 3, b ; factu- 
 rum, Ex. 4, b), and that the nominative has been changed to the 
 accusative (see: montem, Ex. 1, 6; se, Ex. 2, &; Helvetios, Ex. 3, 
 &; se, Ex. 4, b). 
 
 Note, finally, in Ex. 4, that the verb of the subordinate clause 
 has been changed from the indicative of the Direct Discourse (see 
 feci, Ex. 4, a) to the subjunctive in the Indirect (see fecisset, 
 Ex. 4, b). 
 
 Frame a rule for the constructions to be used in Declaratory 
 Sentences of Indirect Discourse. 
 
 685. References for Verification : A. & G. 336 ; H. 523, 
 I., 524; G. 653. 
 
AND IMPEllATIVE SENTENCES. 203 
 
 686. EXAMPLES. 
 
 [a. Adi civitates, visit the communities. 
 
 i b. Hide iniperat adeat civitates (4,21,8), he ordered this man 
 I to visit the communities. 
 
 a. Noll hostis populo RomSno fieri, do not become an enemy 
 to the Roman people. 
 
 b. Legates ad Bocchum mittit postulatum nS hostis populo 
 Romano fieret (Sail. Jug. 83, i), he sent ambassadors to 
 Bacchus to urge him not to become an enemy to the Roman 
 people. 
 
 687. Observation and Inference : Note that the examples 
 marked a in the foregoing ilhistrations contain imperative expres- 
 sions (see : adi, Ex. 1, a, and noli fieri, Ex. 2, a). Note, in the 
 corresponding examples of Indirect Discourse marked b, that these 
 imperative expressions are denoted by the subjunctive (see : adeat, 
 Ex. 1, 6, and ng fieret, Ex. 2, b). Frame a rule for Imperative 
 Expressions in Indirect Discoui'se. 
 
 688. Keferences for Verification: A. &G. 339; H. 523, 
 III.; G. 655. 
 
 689. Note : The Tenses of the Infinitive in Indirect Discourse 
 follow the rules already framed for dependent infinitives (see 
 466 and 467, Lesson LIX.); the Tenses of the Subjunctive in 
 Indirect Discourse follow the rules already framed for dependent 
 subjunctives (see 439-442, Lesson LV.). But see, also: II. 525. 
 1; G. 057. 
 
204 INDIRECT DISCOURSE: DECLARATORY 
 
 LESSON LXXXIX. 
 
 Illustrative Exercises on the Foregoing 
 Principles. 
 
 690. EXERCISES. 
 
 I. 1. Aeduis ego obsides non reddam. 2. Ariovistus 
 respondit: Aeduis se obsides redditurum non esse. 3. Mih! 
 ea res curae erit. 4. Caesar poUicitiis est sib! earn rem 
 eurae futuram. 5. AUobrogibus sese persuasuros ^ existima- 
 bant. ' 6. Intellegimus earn rem non minus ex usu terrae 
 Galliae quam populT Roman! accidisse. 7. Legati ad 
 Caesarem gratulatum ^ convenerunt : intellegere sese earn 
 rem non minus ex usu terrae Galliae quam populi Roman! 
 accidisse. 8. Hoc^ est gravior fortuna Sequanorum, quod 
 sol! ne in occulto'^ quidem quer! audent. 9. Divitiacus 
 respondit : hoc esse graviorem fortunam Sequanorum, quod 
 sol! ne in occulto quidem quer! auderent. 10. Cum voles, 
 congredere. 11. Ariovistus respondit : cum vellet, congre- 
 deretur. 12. Ariovistus respondit : se non sine exercitu in 
 eas partes Galliae vemre audere quas Caesar possideret. 
 
 II. 1. No one has [ever] contended with me without 
 [meeting] his own destruction. 2. Ariovistus made answer 
 that no one had [ever] contended with him without [meet- 
 ing] his own destruction. 3. I shall wage war neither 
 against* the Aedui nor against their allies. 4. Ariovistus 
 made answer that he should wage war neither against the 
 Aedui nor against their allies. 5. Caesar observed that 
 the Sequani were gazing on the ground. 6. What busi- 
 ness^ has Caesar in my Gaul, which I conquered in war?^ 
 7. I am at a loss to understand^ what business Caesar has 
 in my Gaul, which I conquered in war. 8. Ariovistus 
 answered that he was at a loss to understand what business 
 
AND IMPERATIVE SENTENCES. 205 
 
 Caesar had in his Gaul, which he had conquered in war. 
 9. Restore the hostages which you have [received] from the 
 Aedui. 10. Caesar sent ambassadors to him [who were 
 authorized to demand] that lie should restore the hostages 
 which he had [received] from the Aedui. 
 
 691. Supplementary Exercises. 
 
 Note : In the following sentences, restore to the direct form the passages in 
 indirect discourse. 
 
 I. 1, Animadvertit Caesar Scquanos nihil earum rcrum facere 
 (juas ceteri facerent. 2. Legati ab Aeduis veniebant questum*: 
 scse ne obsidibus * quidem datis pacem redimere potiiisse. 3. Caesar 
 lionoris Divitiaci causa sesc eos in fidem receptunim et c5nservatu- 
 runi dixit. 4. Ad haec Q. Marcius respondit : ab arniis disce- 
 dant,'* Roniaui supplices proficiscantur.^ 5. Aduatuci legatos ad 
 Caesareni miserunt, qui ad hunc modum lociiti : ne se armis 
 despoliaret ; sib! omnes fere finitinios esse inimicos; il quibus se 
 defendere traditis armis non possent. 
 
 II. 1. Ariovistus answered that the Aedui, inasmuch as they 
 liad been defeated, had become subject to him. 2. Caesar sent 
 ambassadors to Ariovistus [who were connnissioued to demand] 
 that he should bring no more nien^*^ across the Rhine into Gaul. 
 •5. Nor did they thmk that men of hostile disposition would refrain 
 from injury. 
 
 ' Bc. esse. ' Translate : it seems strange to me. 
 
 ' of. 381. " The subjunctive is here in a primary 
 
 > Ablative of cause. tense, altboutcb the leading verb respon 
 
 « See Lesson L.XVI 1 1., foot-note 8. (lit is in a 8<'condury tense; this fre 
 
 ' bellum Tnferre with dative. quently happens in indirect discourse. 
 cf. LeMon I^III., footnote 7. "> Trans. : not any (nS quam) tnulti 
 
 ' •• in war "^ by meaiis of war. tude of men more (ainpllus). 
 
206 INDIRECT discourse: 
 
 LESSON XC. 
 Conditional Sentences in Indirect Discourse. 
 
 692. EXAMPLES. 
 
 . Si quid ille me vult, ilium ad me venire oportet, if 
 
 that man wants anything of me^ he ought to come to me. 
 . Ariovistus respondit : si quid ille se velit,i ilium ad 
 se venire oportere (i, 34, 2), Ariovistus replied that, if 
 that man loanted ajiy thing of him, he ought to come to him. 
 
 . Si quid petere vultis, ab armis discedite, if you wish to' 
 
 ask for anything, lay doivn your arms. 
 
 ^' \ h. Marcius respondit : si quid petere velint,i ab armis 
 
 discedanti {^a.\\. Cat. z^,A), Marcius replied that, if they 
 
 wished to ask for anything, they must lay down their arms. 
 
 a. Si quid mihi opus esset, ego venissem, if I ivere in 
 need of anything, I should have come jnyself. 
 
 h. Ariovistus respondit: si quid ipsi opus esset, sese 
 venturum fuisse (1,34,2), Ariovistus replied that, if he 
 were in need of anything, he should have come himself. 
 
 a. Id si fiet, magno cum periculo erit, if this happens (shall 
 happen), it loill be attended with great danger. 
 
 b. Id si fieret, intellegebat magno cum periculo futurum 
 
 (1, 10, 2), he saw clearly that, if this should happen, it would 
 be attended loith great danger. 
 
 a. Si id ita feceris, populo Romano amicitia tecum erit, 
 
 if you do (shall have done) this, you will have the friend- 
 ship of the Roman people. 
 
 b. Ad eum Caesar legates cum his niandatis mittit : si id ita 
 fecisset, populo Romano amicitiam cum eo futu- 
 ram (i, 35, land 4), Caesar sent ambassadors to him, ivho 
 were commissioned to say that, if he should do this, he 
 would have the friendship of the Roman people. 
 
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES. 207 
 
 a. Voluptas quidem, si ipsa pro sS loquStur, concSdat 
 
 diguitati, indeed, if Pleasure herself u-e re to speak in her 
 
 own behalf, she would yield precedence to Worth. 
 
 " h. Voluptatem quidem, si ipsa pro se loquitur, concessil- 
 
 rani iirbitror diguitati (Cic. Fi«. 3, l, l), indeed, I think 
 
 I that, if Pleasure herself were to speak in her own behalf 
 
 I she would yield lirecedence to Worth. 
 
 693. XoTE : The foregoing examples involve no new principles ; 
 tliey merely illustrate the application of the principles of Indirect 
 Discourse to Conditional Sentences. 
 
 694. EXERCISES. 
 
 I. 1. SI iterum experirl vultis, ego iternm paratus sum 
 decei-tare. 2. Ariovistus respondit : si iterum experirl 
 velint,^ se iterum paratum esse decertare. 3. Noll proelium 
 comraittere nisi meae copiae prope hostium castra visae 
 erunt. 4. Labieuo erat praeeeptum a Caesare : ne proelium 
 committeret nisi ipsliis copiae prope hostium castra vIsae 
 essent.^ ■ 5. Caesar profectus est in Italiam ; neque aliter 
 Carnutes iuterficieudl Tasgetil consilium cepissent, neque 
 Ivburones, si ille adesset, tanta contemptione nostrl ad 
 « iistra venlrent. G. Titurius clamitabat; Caesarem pro- 
 lectum in Italiam ; neque aliter Carnutes interficiendl Tasgetil 
 consilium fuisse captfaos, neque Eburones, si ille adesset, 
 tanta contemptione nostrl ad castra venturos esse, j 7. Ac- 
 (luls ego bellum non Inferam, si in eo manebunt quod convenit. 
 ^. Ariovistus respondit: Aeduls se bellum inlaturum non 
 
 ^se, 81 in eo manerent quod convenisset. / 9. Ariovistus ad 
 i aesarem legatos mittit : vellc se agere Cum eo ; uti aut 
 <onloqui6 diem constitueret aut, si id minus vellet, e suls 
 
 iliquem ad se mitteret. / 
 
 t 
 
 II. 1. If Mamilcar had lived longer, the Carthaginians 
 would have carried their arms into'' Italy. 2. It was evi- 
 dent that, if Hamilcar had lived longer, the Carthaginians 
 would have carried^ their arms into Italy. 3. Unless you 
 
208 ILLUSTRATIVE EXERCISES. 
 
 withdraw^ your army from these regions, I shall regard you 
 as (pro) an enemy. 4. Ariovistus answered that, unless 
 Caesar should withdraw his army from these regions, he 
 should regard him as an enemy. 5. If you wish to enjoy 
 peace, it is unreasonable to object to the tribute. 6. Ario- 
 vistus answered that, if they wished to enjoy peace, it was 
 unreasonable to object to the tribute. 7. If you want 
 anything, return on the thirteenth of April.^ 8. He told 
 the ambassadors in reply,'' to return on the thirteenth of 
 April if they wanted anything. 
 
 695. Supplementary Exercises. 
 
 Note : In the following sentences, restore to the direct form the passages in 
 indirect discourse. 
 
 I. 1. Caesar respondit: si judicium senatus observari oporteret, 
 liberam debere esse Galliam. 2. Ariovistus respondit: si dis- 
 cessisset^ Caesar, magno se ilium praemio remiineraturum, et 
 quaecumque bella geri vellet sine iillo ejus labore et periculo con- 
 fectiirum. 3. Nisi eo ipso tempore niintii de Caesaris victoria 
 essent adlati, existimabant plerique futurum fuisse ut^ oppidum 
 amitteretur. 
 
 II. 1. If the flight of the Gauls disquiets any, these can learn, 
 if they take the trouble to inquire,^'' that Ariovistus conquered more 
 by craft than by valor. 2. Caesar took them severely to task 
 [saying that] if the flight of the Gauls disquieted any, these could 
 learn, if they should take the trouble to inquire, that Ariovistus 
 had conquered more by craft than by valor. 3. Most people think 
 that Hamilcar, if he had lived longer, would have carried* his arms 
 into. Italy. 
 
 1 cf. foot-note 9, preceding lesson. See Idus in the general vocab. Note 
 
 2 Note that, in accordance with the that Aprllls is here an adjective in the 
 law of sequence of tenses, the future per- accusative plural agreeing with Idus. 
 feet vlsae erunt (sent. 3) has become ^ liCgatTs respondit. 
 
 the pluperfect subjunctive visae essent ^ cf. foot-note 2. 
 
 after the secondary tense erat prae- ^ futurum fuisse ut amittere- 
 
 ceptum : II. 525, 2. tur is a periphrastic expression for the 
 
 3 anna Inf erre with dative. f ut. pass, infln. of Smitto ; translate : 
 * cf . fuisse capturos, sent. 6, pre- a great many thought that the town 
 
 ceding exercise. would have been lost. 
 
 5 cf. 693, Ex. 4. '0 Translate : if they shall inquire. 
 
 8 ad Idus Aprllis or ad Id. April. 
 
formation: names of agents. 209 
 
 LESSON XCI. 
 
 Note : In this and the following lessons on formation, attention is confined to 
 such modes of formation as are easilj' understood, and are copiously illustrated in 
 the vocabulary of this boolv. 
 
 Formation : Substantives. 
 
 I. Names of Agents. 
 
 696. EXAMPLES. 
 
 I. U. III. IV. 
 
 ^^*^Stem7^^* Suffix. Stems. Names of Agents. 
 
 1. Wduc-, lead, + -t6r- — ductor-, st. of dtictor, leader. 
 
 2. Vvic-, conquer, + -tor- = victor-, st. of victor, conquei^or. 
 
 :). 6r5-(.st.of6r6). } 
 
 speak, 
 
 r + -tor- = orator-, st. ot orStor, speak 
 
 cr. 
 
 4. impera- (st. of ] 
 
 -X . ^- «^- i. J- ^ imperator, com- 
 
 impeTO), com- > -|- -tor- = imperator-, st. ol - '^ 
 
 . ( maiuler. 
 
 mand, J 
 
 697. Observation and Inference: Note that the substan- 
 tives in column IV. denote the agent (doer) of the action expressed 
 l»y the corresponding root or verb stem in column I. Tims ductor 
 lrf)m Vduc-, lead, means 'he who leads' or 'leader.' Hence tliesi; 
 
 iibstantives are called Names of A gents. Note that these names 
 f agents are formed by adding to roots (see Exs. I an<l 2) or to 
 rrb stems (see Exs. 3 and 4) the suffix -tOr-, nom. -tor. Frame a 
 rule for the formation of Names of Agents. 
 
 698. Form, as in the foregoing examples, Names of 
 Agents from the following — 
 
 1. llooTs: Vdoc-, tkacii; ^19^-;' read; ^pl^-,^ paint ; V«ta-, STAy 
 (= make ST And) ; ^BuSLd-,^ (make sweet, and so) adviscy 
 urge. 
 
210 
 
 ABSTRACTS DENOTING STATE. 
 
 2. Verb Stems : approba-, approve ; depreca-, intercede ; dicta-, 
 
 dictate; explora-, explore; merca-, trade. 
 
 3. Compounds ending in a Root: de-vser-, desert; im-Vpol-,^ 
 
 impel ; in-Vven-, come ujio^s, discover; prae-Vi,^ go he¥ORK; 
 pro-Vda-,'' f/ive aicay^ betray. 
 
 II. Abstracts denoting State. 
 
 699. 
 
 I. 
 
 Roots or Bases treated as 
 Roots. 
 
 1. v/dol-, TEAR, rend, 
 
 2. Vfur-, rage, 
 
 3. Base am- (in amo), 
 
 love, 
 
 4. Base pud- (in pu- 
 
 det), shame. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 II. III. 
 
 Suffix. Stems. 
 
 + -or- = dolor-, st. of dolor, pain 
 
 + -or- — furor-, st. of furor, fury. 
 
 IV. 
 
 Abstracts denoting 
 State. 
 
 + -or- 
 
 + -or- 
 
 amor-, st. of amor, love. 
 pudor-, st. of pudor, modesty. 
 
 700. Observation and Inference : Note that the substan- 
 tives in column IV. are abstracts denoting the state suggested by the 
 corresponding roots or bases in column I. Thus furor from Vfur-, 
 rage, means 'a state of rage' or 'fury.' Note that these abstracts 
 are formed by adding to roots or to bases treated as roots the suffix 
 -or-, nom. -or. Frame a rule for the formation of Abstracts denot- 
 ing State. 
 
 701. Form Abstracts denoting State from the follow- 
 ing— 
 
 1. Roots: Vang-, squeeze; Vlab-, lay hold of; Vters-,' tremble; 
 
 Vtim-, choke, be breathless. 
 
 2. Bases treated as Boots : rum-, sound ; clam-, call, call out. 
 
 1 Roots are denoted by the sign V- 
 Thus -s/duc- is to be read ' root due-.' 
 
 2 -g- and -gu- become -c- before -t-. 
 
 3 -dt- becomes -s-. 
 
 * -o- of the root is here weakened to 
 -U-, and -t- of the suffix becomes -s-. 
 " prae -i- is contracted to prae-. 
 c -a- of the root is here weakened to -i-. 
 ■^ -8- of the root becomes -r-. 
 
ABSTRACTS DENOTING ACTION. 211 
 
 LESSON XCII. 
 
 Formation : Substantives (^continued}. 
 
 III. Abstracts denoting Action. 
 
 702. EXAMPLES. 
 
 I. II. ni. IV. 
 
 Roots or Verb H,rB.vT-rKa STuifa Abstracts denot- 
 
 STE1I8. SUFFIXES. STEMS. ^^^ ACTION. 
 
 ,.^_ ^^•- 4. e ( static, sta/k/jm^ ; n 
 
 . V sta-, STAnd, + -tion- = station-, st. ol J ^ ^ ' 
 
 ( post or station. 
 
 . V gna-, he horn, + -tion- = Vg)nati6n-,st.of I "^*^^' ^''^^ ^^^'"'^ ' « 
 
 ( race or nation. 
 
 ■ °'^- («^- «f I +.ti6n. ^ oration-, st. of \ or&tio, speak ing ; an 
 6r6), «/)ea^, ) ( address. 
 
 . 16ga- (St. of I rlggatio, deputing; a 
 
 16g6), dff- + -tion- = legation-, St. of 3 deputation or em- 
 
 pute, ) ( lossy. 
 
 . Vic-, 7i//, +-tu- =ictu-, st. of ictuB, hittinff ; ahlow. 
 
 . V or-, me, + -tu- — ortu-, st. of ortus, rising; origin. 
 
 . c6na-(st,()l I rc5natUB, endeavor- 
 
 cSnor), en- r -H -tu- = c5natti-, st. of < ing ; an effort or 
 
 deavor, ) ' undertaking. 
 
 . equita- (st. ) . ^^,^ . ,. 
 
 of eq«it6). ' +.tu. =- equltatu-,st.of j-l"*"*"'' '"'"'" 
 ^ I cavalry. 
 
 703. Observation and Inference : Not« that the substan- 
 tives in coliiiiiii IV, are abstracts denotiii- IIm (t<-lion suggested by 
 the corresiMMiding roots or verb sterns in column I. Note further, 
 however, that these abstracts may become concrete and assume 
 ther than their literal meanings. Thu.s OrfttiO. from the verl>- 
 '•m Qrfi-. speaf.% means not only * speaking,' but 'that which is 
 ' an a<ldresM.* 
 
212 ABSTRACTS DENOTING ACTION. 
 
 Note that these abstracts arc formed by adding to roots or to 
 verb stems the suffixes -tion-, nom. -tio (Exs. 1-4), and -tu-, nom. 
 -tus (Exs. 5-8). Frame a rule for the formation of Abstracts 
 denoting Action. 
 
 704. Form Abstracts in -tio from the following — 
 
 1. Root: v'fac-, do, ma^e. 
 
 2. Bask treated as Root : quaes-, inquire. 
 
 3. Compounds ending in a Root : c6-vgna-, he horn loith ; con- 
 
 Vten-, stretch vigorously, struggle ; con-v'jug-,- yoke together : 
 oc-slcad-,^ fall toivards ; re-\vert-,'^ turn hack ; e-^mp-, break 
 forth; pro-v'fac-,^ make FORth or of; de-Vfend-,^ thintsf 
 off- ' . , 
 
 4. Compounds ending in Bases treated as Roots : dis-sent-, 
 
 thijik differently ; iii-curr-,^ rush against. 
 
 5. Verb Stems: muni- (st. of miinio), fortify ; aestimt- (st. 
 
 of aestimo), value ; perturba- (st. of perturbo), throic into 
 confusion ; cuncta- (st. of cunctor), delay ; coujura- (st. of 
 conjuro), swear together ; supplica- (st. of supplied), kneel : 
 cohorta- (st. of cohortor), exhort; exercita-, (st. of exer- 
 cito), exercise repeatedly ; vena- (st. of venor), hunt; com- 
 muta- (st. of commuto), change completely ; machina- (st. 
 of machinor), devise. 
 
 705. Form Abstracts in -tus from the following — 
 
 1. Roots: Vvigu-,' //re ,• Vfrugu-," enjoy; ^ si-, put; >1 ca.d-,^ fall ; 
 
 <poi-, FARE, go through; ^Hu^vl-,'^ flow ; <col-,^ till ; v/pat-,^ 
 sp7'ead. 
 
 2. Bases treated as Roots: quaes-, see ^; sent-,* become aware ; 
 
 ut-,* enjoy, use. 
 
 3. Compounds ending in a Root: ad-Vi-, <7o to, approach ; ad- 
 
 vven-, come /o; con-v'spec-, spy af a glance; amb-vi-, go 
 about; con-Vven-, come together; sum-^'^ (for sub-Vem-), 
 spend ; circu-\'i-, go round; oc-v'cad-,^/«// towards or down. 
 
SUBJECT, MEANS, KESULT. 
 
 213 
 
 1. Verh Stkms: crucit- (st. of crucio), torture: magistr^- (st. 
 of magistro), direct, be master; commea- (st. of commeo), 
 go to and fro; vesta- (st. of veatio), clothe. 
 
 1 Initial g- is lost before -n-. 
 
 - The abstract formed from con- 
 v/jug- has -n- before -g- after the anal- 
 og}' of conjiuigo ; see also foot-note 2, 
 Lesson XCI. 
 
 » See foot-note 3, Lesson XCI. 
 
 ♦ -tt- becomes -»-. 
 
 6 -|i- of the root is here weakened to 
 
 8 One -r- disappears and -t- becomes 
 
 -S-. 
 
 7 See foot-note 2, Lesson XCI. 
 « -o- is weakened to -u-. 
 '■' -tt- becomes -ss-. 
 
 10 -p- sometimes (as here) grows up 
 between -m- and -t-. 
 
 LESSON XCIII. 
 
 Formation: Substantives (co7itinued), 
 
 IV. Substantives denoting Subject, Means, Result. 
 
 706. EXAMPLES. 
 
 llooTS OR Verb 
 Stems. 
 
 U. 
 
 Suffixes. 
 
 IIL 
 
 Stems. 
 
 1 . V cri-, sij}, + -min- = crimin-, st. of 
 -. Vag-, lead, + -min- - agmin-, st. of 
 
 IV. 
 
 Substantives de- 
 NOTING Subject, 
 Means, Uesilt. 
 
 r crimen, that which 
 
 -^ si/is; a judicial 
 
 ( decision. 
 
 t agmen, that which 
 < is led ; army (on 
 ( th(« march). 
 
 . impedl--^ r impedlmentum, 
 
 (•'^^•"fi°^-L-mento- = impedImento.,8tofJ "*"«"* "f '""- 
 pedid), deriny; impedi- 
 
 himier, ^ ^ ment. 
 
 / fragmentum, re- 
 
 ^ ^^6-. f _^ -mento- = fragmento-, st. of < suit of brkak- 
 
 ' {. %nfj ; fragment. 
 
214 NEUTER- ABSTRACTS : 
 
 707. Observation and Inference : Note that the substan- 
 tives in column IV. denote : (1) the subject of the action, viewed 
 actively (see Ex. 1) or passively (see Ex. 2) ; (2) the means or 
 instrument (see Ex. 3) ; (3) the result (see Ex. 4). Note that 
 these substantives are formed by adding to roots or verb stems the 
 suffixes -mill-, nom. -men, and -mento-, nom. -mentum. Frame 
 a rule for the formation of substantives denoting Subject, Means, 
 Result. 
 
 708. Form substantives in -men from the following — 
 
 1. Roots: Vse-, soav; Vvi-, plait; \/nu-, nod; Vluo-,^ shine; 
 
 sJfLngu-j'^JIow. 
 
 2. Verb Stems : certa-, struggle ; orna-, emhellish. 
 
 709. Form substantives in -mentuin from the fol- 
 lowing — 
 
 1. Roots: ^ tor qyi-,^ ticist, hurl ; '^ sarp-,^ lop, prujie ; v' mov-,^ jt?w5^ ; 
 
 Vjug-,! yoke; \/frugu-,i ^njoy. 
 
 2. Compound ending in a Root: €ie-^ txl-, ruh away. 
 
 3. Verb Stems: mum-, /or///?/; i\xvi.6.?i-, ^OTTom, make secure ; 
 
 testa-, hear witness. 
 
 V. Neuter Abstracts : Primitive and Denominative. 
 
 710. EXAMPI.ES. 
 
 I. II. III. IV. 
 
 Roots, or Compounds ^,,^^,^. Hn^i.M« Neuter Abstracts : 
 
 ENDING IN A RoOT. ''UFFIX. bTEMS. PRIMITIVES. 
 
 , ^ , . ^ • i. i- 1^ odium, hatred ; a 
 
 1. vod-, hate, + -lo- = odio-, st. oi •< 
 
 C grudge. 
 
 t conloquium, talking 
 
 2. con-Vloqu-, 1 ^ .jo. =conloquio-,st.of -5 together; a confer- 
 
 talkiaith, ) ( g^^^g^ 
 
 f incendium, setting 
 m-Vcand-, \ _^ _.q_ _ jucendio-, st. of } fire to ; a confiagra- 
 setfireto, > ( ^.^^^^ 
 
PRIMITIVE AND DENOMINATIVE. 215 
 
 k arbitro-.Mst. of) . (arbitrium, behu; 
 
 , .. . . >• + -io- = arbitrio-, st. of ■< nmprre; a decision 
 
 arbiter), umpire, I ' ^ r > 
 
 C (of the umpire). 
 
 .'». artific- (st. of) t SLiti&cinra., arfis((n- 
 
 4.-X A -^-r- ^ + -io- = artificio-, St. of -^ ,. , , 
 
 artif ex), arf/ffcer, ) ( shi/) ; a trade. 
 
 .;. exsul- (St. of ex- ) ^ _.^_ ^ exsilio-« st. of \ ^^ili"""' ^^'"^ "« 
 sul), ex He, . ) ( ejr/Ve; banishment. 
 
 711. Observation and Inference: Note that tlie substan- 
 tives in column IV. are neuter abstracts which may become concrete 
 in iiK^aning. Note that the neuter abstracts in Exs. 1-3 are from 
 rnnis ami are therefore called Primitives: wli-i-as those in Exs. 
 4-0 are from noun sterna and are therefore called Denominatives. 
 Note, further, that the denominatives denote office (see Ex. 4), 
 employment (see Ex. 5), condition (see Ex. 6). Note, finally, that 
 both primitives and denominatives are formed by the suffix -io-, 
 iiom. -ium. Frame a rule for the formation of Primitive and 
 Denominative Neuter Abstracts. 
 
 712. Form Primitive Abstracts in -ium from the fol- 
 lowing — 
 
 ( MMK.iMx I \ DING IN A RooT : prae-s'sed-,^ sit hevoinv.] sub- 
 \8ed-, --JT m support ; in-Vgen-, h('(jri is. 
 
 713. Form Denominative Abstracts in -ium from tlic 
 following — 
 
 Noun* Stem.s : convlva-''' (st. of convlva), table compaulnn ; 
 ijidic- (st. of index), informer; jfldic- (st. of jddex), 
 judge : supplic- (st. of supplex), suppliant; benefico-'' (si. 
 of beneficua), Jcind, oblijiny ; malefico-'^ (st. of maleficus), 
 mischievous; sacrifico-'' (st. of aacrificuB), sacr/77c/a/.- rS- 
 mig- (st. of rfimex), rower; aedific- (st. of *aedifex"), 
 builder. 
 
216 
 
 FEMININE ABSTRACTS 
 
 1 Medial -c- (or -qu-) and -g- (or 
 -gu-) are dropped before many conso- 
 nants (here before -m-) . 
 
 2 -p- here disappears before -m-. 
 
 3 -v- becomes -u-, and the resulting 
 diphthong -ou- becomes -o-. 
 
 * See foot-note 5, Lesson XCII. 
 
 5 The final vowel of the stem disap- 
 pears before the initial vowel of the 
 suffix. 
 
 c -u- of the stem is weakened to -i-. 
 
 ^ -e- of the root is here weakened to -i-. 
 
 8 The term ' noun ' includes both 
 ' substantive ' and ' adjective.' 
 
 9 The asterisk * is used to mark a 
 form which is not found in any classical 
 writer, but which is assumed as afford- 
 ing a rational explanation of existing 
 forms. In the present case, as artifex 
 gave rise to artificium (see 710, Ex. 
 5), so it is assumed that *aedifex gave 
 rise to aedificium. 
 
 LESSON XCIV. 
 Formation: Substantives (continued), 
 
 VI. Feminine Abstracts Denoting Quality. 
 
 714. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 I. 
 
 Adjective Stems. 
 
 n. 
 
 Suffixes. 
 
 III. 
 
 Stems. 
 
 1. audaci-i (st. of ) , ._ 
 audax), bold, ) 
 
 2. ignavo-i (st. of 
 
 ignavus), 
 
 idle, } 
 
 audacia-, st. of 
 ignavia-, st. of 
 
 IV. 
 
 Feminine Abstbacts 
 
 Denoting Quality. 
 
 ( audacia, 
 
 I boldness. 
 
 ( Ignavia, {rf/e- 
 
 (. ness. 
 
 3. tristi- (st. of I . . - 
 tristis), sad, ) 
 
 4. justo-2 (st. of 
 Justus), Just, 
 
 + -tia- 
 
 5. brevi- (St. of ^ ^ _^-^_ 
 
 of) 
 
 brevis), short, 
 6. dIgno-2 (St. of,^_^.^_ 
 dignus), loorthy, 
 
 = tristitia-, st. of 
 = justitia-, st. of 
 
 =: brevitat-, st. of 
 
 ( tristitia, sa^/- 
 ( ness. 
 ( justitia, j'us- 
 \ tice. 
 
 brevitas, 
 
 shortness. 
 
 dignitat-, st. of ■< ^^ ^ ' 
 
 ( worth. 
 
 7. f ora- (St. of ) ^ .„3j„. ^ f ortitudin-, st. of i f°rtitudo, 
 fortis), brave, ) ( bravery. 
 
 8. lato-2 (st. of la- 
 
 tus), broad f 
 
 I + -tudin- = latitudin-, st. of | ^^^itudo, 
 > ( breadth. 
 
DENOTING QUALITY. 217 
 
 715. Observation and Inference: Note that the substan- 
 tives in cohimn IV. are feminine abstracts denoting quality, and 
 ■ hat they are formed from adjective stems by the addition of the 
 > affixes: -i5-, nom. -ia; -tia-, nom. -tda; -tSt-, nom. -tSs; -tudin-, 
 nom. -tads. Note that vowel stems lose their Jinal vowel before 
 the initial vowel of the suffix -iS- (see Exs. 1 and 2) ; and that the 
 Jinal vowel of -o- stems is weakened into -i- before the suffixes -tiS-, 
 -tat-, and -tudin- (see Exs. 4, 6, 8). Frame a rule for the forma- 
 tion of Feminine Abstracts denoting Quality. 
 
 716. Form Feminine Abstracts in -ia from the fol- 
 lowing — 
 
 Adjective Stems: adulgscent- (st. of adulgscgns), younr/: 
 diligent- (st. of dUigSns), attentive ; grato- (st. of gratus), 
 pleasing ; infami- (st. of infamis), disreputable ; inopi- (st. 
 of inops), without resources; invido- (st. of invidus), 
 envious ; inscient- (st. of in8cigns),//7ex/>er«encec?; iracundo- 
 (st. of iracundus), passionate; misericordi- (st. of mia- 
 ericors), tcnder-\iv.\:RTed ; potent- (st. of pot^na), powerftd ; 
 prudent- (st. of prudgns), sagacious ; scient- (st. of sciSns), 
 knowing ; superbo- (st. of superbus), proud. 
 
 111. Form, in like manner, Feminine Abstracts in 
 -ia from the following — 
 
 Substantive Stems : custSd- (st. of custOs), guard; mllit- (st. 
 of mlleB), soldier; vlctSr- (st. of victor), victor. 
 
 718. Form Feminine Abstracts in -tia from the fol- 
 lowing — 
 
 Adjective Stems: amico- (st. of amlcvLa), friendh/ ; dilro- (st. 
 of dtlnis), hard; inimico- (st. of iuimlctts), vs/riendlg ; 
 laeto- (st. of laetus), joyful; pudico- (st. of pudlcus), 
 modest. 
 
 719. Form, in like manner, a Feminine Abstract in 
 -tia from the following — 
 
 Substantive Stem : puero- (st. of puer), child. 
 
218 ABSTRACTS DENOTING QUALITY. 
 
 720. Form Feminine Abstracts in -tas from the fol- 
 lowing — 
 
 Adjective Stems : aequo- (st. of aequus), even ; alacri- (st. of 
 alacer), eager; atroci- (st. of atrox), savage; celeri- (st. 
 of celer), swift; crudeli- (st. of crudelis), crwe/; cupido- 
 (st. of cupidus), desirous; familiari- (st. of familiaris), 
 intimate; humano- (st. of humanus), refined; iniquo- (st. 
 of iniquus)^ VNj'ust , nobili- (st. of nobilis), noble ; obscii- 
 ro- (st. of obscurus), obscure; opportune- (st. of opportu- 
 nus), convenient; probo- (st. of probus), upright; vano- 
 (st. of vanus), empty ; vero- (st. of verus), true. 
 
 721. Form, in like manner, Feminine Abstracts in 
 -tas from the following — 
 
 Substantive Stems: civi- (st. of olvis), citizen; auctor-^ (st. of 
 auctor), author; hered-^ (st. of heres), heir. 
 
 722. Form Feminine Abstracts in -tudo from the 
 following — 
 
 Adjective Stems: alto- (st. of altus), high; longo- (st. of 
 longus), long; magno- (st. of magnus), ^/rea^; multo- (st. 
 of multus), much; solo- (st. of solus), alone; consueto-* 
 (st. of cSnsuetus), accustomed. 
 
 1 See foot-note 5, Lesson XCIII. * The syllable -ti-in *con8uetitudo 
 
 2 Final -o- of the stem is here weak- produced a stuttering sound; it there- 
 ened to -i- before the suffix. fore disappeared, and the form became 
 
 3 The suffix here assumes -i- after the consuetudo. 
 analogy of vowel stems, and becomes 
 
 -itat-, nom. -itas. 
 
formation: adjectives. 219 
 
 LESSON XCV. 
 
 Formation : Adjectives. 
 
 T- Adjectives Denoting Belongin<^ oi; Pertaining to. 
 
 723. EXAMPLES. 
 
 I. IT. III. IV. 
 
 SUBSTAXTIVi: <irrvvnrp<* Stfm*« ADJECTIVES DENOTING BE- 
 
 ' Stems. suffixes. ^tems. longing or Pertaining to. 
 
 1 rge- rst of> . {le&alia, belonging or 
 
 %Xng }^-^ =''''^' ''-''' 1 pertaining taking., 
 
 ^ regal, royal. 
 
 •> navi-irstof) , (n^v&lis,helongingor 
 
 " nSivis) shin \'^'^' = "^^^i"' ^^- «^ j pertaining to ships, 
 ^' ■ ^ ' ' nayal. 
 
 "■■ ' " /mllitaris, belonging 
 
 miles), sol- [>• + -ari-2 = mllitari-, st. of < or pertaining to 
 
 dier, ) ( sol<liers, military. 
 
 4. auzilio-' (st. \ t au^li&ris, belonging 
 of auxili- - + -Sri-- = auxiliari-, st. of -| or pertaining to 
 um), help, ) ( help, auxiliary. 
 
 5. civi-i (st. of) rcivllis, belonging or 
 civia), citi- r + -Hi- = civili-, st. of < pertaining to citi- 
 zen, ) i zens, ciyi/. 
 
 6. vlro-' (St. of U ni vimi st of 1 ^^'°*»' . *f '^"^'"''^ «^- 
 vir^ ^ + -m- :^ virm-, st. ot -j pertaining to men, 
 
 ' inanly. 
 
 7. legiSn- (st. \ i legionarius, belong- 
 of legid), le- V + -ftrio- = legi6nario-,»t.of -i ing or pertaining to 
 gion, ) ( legions, legionary. 
 
 8. aia-i (St. of) . (^Ki^xx%, belonging ox 
 -, >, y -\- -ario- -- aiario-, st. of -' pertaining to the 
 aia), icing, p ] ■ 
 
 \ wing. 
 
 724. Observation and Infekknck: Note that the Adjectives 
 in column IV. denote belonging or pertaining tc, and that they are 
 
220 ADJECTIVES DENOTING FULL OF. 
 
 formed from substantive stems by the addition of the suffixes : -ali-, 
 nom. -alls; -axi-, iioni. -aris; -Hi-, nom. -ills; -ario-, nom. -arius. 
 Note that vowel stems (see Exs. 2, 4, 5, 6, 8) lose their Jinal vowel 
 before the initial vowel of these suflEixes. Frame a rule for the 
 formation of Adjectives denoting Belonging or Pertaiijing to. 
 
 725. Form — 
 
 1. Adjectives in -alls from the following Substantive Stems: 
 
 morti- (st. of mors), death ; natura- (st. of natura), nature ; 
 anno- (st. of annus)* year ; capit- (st. of caput), head; 
 libero- (st. of liber), freeman ; quo- (st. of some forms of 
 qui), WHA<; to- (st. of turn), thaL 
 
 2. Adjectives in -aris ^ from the following Substantive Stems : 
 
 consul- (st. of consul), consul ; salut- (st. of salus), safety , 
 populo-, (st. of populus), people ; familia- (st. of familia), 
 household. 
 
 3. Adjectives in -His from the following Substantive Stems : 
 
 puero- (st. of puer), child; servo- (st. of servus), slave, 
 sen- (st. of senex, gen. senis), old j^erson ; aedi-^ (st. of 
 aedis or aedes), building. 
 
 4. Adjectives in -arius from the following Substantive Stems: 
 
 frumento- (st. of f rum en turn), grain; agro- (st. of ager), 
 land; sagitta-* (st. of sagitta), arroiv ; aes-^ (st. of aes), 
 money ; semin-® (st. of semen), seecZ. 
 
 II. Adjectives Denoting Full of. 
 
 726. 
 
 
 exampi.es 
 
 I. 
 
 
 n. III. 
 
 JSTANTrri 
 
 E Stems. 
 
 Suffix. Stems. 
 
 IV. 
 
 Adjectives Denoting 
 Full of. 
 
 1. anno-i (st. of ) , - ^ ^ ^ , . (annosus, full of 
 
 ^ > + -oso- =z annoso-, st. oi -^ *^ ^ 
 
 annus), year, y ( years. 
 
 2. crimin- (st. of ^ • /- criminosus, full 
 crimen), re- > ■\- -oso- = criminoso-, st. of ■} of reproaches, re- 
 proach, ) i proachfid. 
 
 3. sumptu- (st. ^ /^ sumptuosus, /m/; 
 of sumptus), v -f- -oso- = sumptu6so-,st.of -} of expense, ex- 
 expense, ) ( pensive. 
 
VERBS : DENOMINATIVES. 
 
 221 
 
 727. Observatiox and Inference : Note that the Adjectives 
 in column IV. denote full of, and that they are formed from $ub- 
 stantwe sterns by the addition of the sujfix -6so-, nom. -osus. Note 
 that the vowel stems regularly lose their Jinal vowel before the 
 initial vowel of the suffix (see Ex. 1), but that -u- stems retain u 
 (see Ex. 3). Frame a rule for the formation of Adjectives denot- 
 ing Full of. 
 
 728. Form Adjectives in -osus from the following — 
 
 Substantive Stems: aestu- (st. of aestus), heat; animo- (st. 
 of aninms), courage; c6pi5- (st. of copiae), wealth; fructu- 
 (st. of fructus), fruit; periculo- (st. of periculum), ^>(r///; 
 studio- (st. of strudium), zeal; vitio- (st. of vitium), /«?///. 
 
 ' See foot-note 5, Lesson XCIII. 
 
 * Note that the euflQx -Sli- becomes 
 -Sri- when the stem contains the letter 1. 
 
 3 The masc. form of the adj. obtained 
 from this stem is used subst., and means 
 ' aedile ' (superintendent of public 
 works, etc.). 
 
 * The maac. form of the adj. obtained 
 
 from this stem is used subst., and means 
 ' archer.' 
 
 5 Medial -g- between two vowels 
 often (as here) becomes -r- ; the neuter 
 form of the adj. obtained from ae<4- is 
 used subet., and means ' treasury.' 
 
 •J The neuter form of the adj. is used 
 subst., and moans ' nursery.' 
 
 LESSON XCVI. 
 Formation: Verbs: Denominatives. 
 
 729. EXAMPLES. 
 
 I. II. III. 
 
 CHARACTKniSTIC 
 NOUH* STKX8. POBMATIVK VKBB 8T«1I8. 
 
 VOWELB. 
 
 IV. 
 
 Dbnominativb Vbubh. 
 
 1 fuga-2 (St. of ) ^ _jj_ ^^^^^ ^^ ^^ ^^gQ f^jf-f^, 
 
 fuga), Jliffht, ) 
 
 '• fi'°»o-(«t. ^n^ ^ .a_ firma-. St. of 
 
 firmus), ^r/n, > 
 
 levi-2 (st. ot\ 
 
 levis), LiGUl > -f -a- =: leva-, st. of 
 
 (not heavy), ) 
 
 firmd, make firm, 
 strengthen. 
 
 < lev5, mal-e Lion/, 
 ( LiQiitcn. 
 
222 
 
 VERBS : DENOMIJSTATIVES. 
 
 ni. 
 
 IV. 
 
 Characteristic 
 Noun 1 Stems. Formative Verb Stems. Denominatite Verbs. 
 
 Vowels. 
 
 4. nomin- (st. of ) , _ 
 
 ^ y -\- -a- = no 
 
 nomina-, st. of 
 
 nomino, call hy name, 
 
 n6meu),NAME, i 
 
 5. claro-2 (st. of f ^ .g. ^ clare-, st. of clareo, he bright. 
 clsLins), bright, ) 
 
 6. fl6s-3 (st. of ) 
 flos), flower, ) 
 
 7. fini-^ (St. of)^_j_^^j._^j_^f 
 finis), end, ) 
 
 8. molli-2 (St. of I ^ .J. ^ ^ouj.^ ,t. of I "'°"^°' ^'^"^' '^^^'' 
 mollis), soft, ) ( soften. 
 
 9. insano-2 (st. of 
 Tnsanus), //7- J- + -i- = insani-, st. of insanio, be insane. 
 
 -e- = fl6r€-, st. of floreo, be in flower. 
 
 finio, put cm end to. 
 
 in- V + -1- 
 
 730. Observation and Inference : N^ote that the stems of 
 the 'verbs in column IV. are formed from the corresponding noun 
 stems in column I. by the addition of the characteristic vowels of 
 the first (see Exs. 1-4), second (see Exs. 5 and 6), and fourth (see 
 Exs. 7-9) conjugations. Because these verbs are formed from noun 
 stems, they are called Denominatives. Note that the noun stems 
 which end in a vowel (see Exs. 1-3, 5, 7-9) lose this vowel before 
 the characteristic vowels -a-, -e-, -i-. Frame a rule for the formation 
 of Denominative Verbs. 
 
 731. Form Denominative Verbs qi the First Conju- 
 gation from the following — 
 
 NouN^ Stems : loco- (st. of locus), 79/ace ; cura-(st. of cura), care ; 
 nuntio- (st. of nuntius), messenger ; pugna- (st. of pugna), 
 fight; honesto- (st. of honestus), honorable; interpret-^ 
 (st. of interpres), interpreter; labos-^ (st. of labor), labor; 
 laud- (st. of laus), praise; memori- (st. of memor), mind- 
 ful; proelio-* (st. of proelium), battle; regno- (st. of re- 
 gnum), sovereignty ; salut- (st. of salus), safety ; celebri- 
 (st. of celeher), frequented ; sacro- (st. of aa.cer), sacred ; 
 damno- (st. of damnum), loss; equit-(st. of eques), ho7'se- 
 
VERBS : DENOMINATIVES. 223 
 
 man; gloriS-' (st. of gloria), ^r /or/; hiem- (st. of hiems), 
 winter; judic- (st. of judex), /W^re; laeto-'* (st. of laetus), 
 joyful; libero- (st. of \\bex), free ; nudo- (st. of nudus), 
 hare; novo- (st. of novus), new; integro- (st. of integer), 
 whole; vulnes-" (st. of vulnus), wound. 
 
 732. Form Denominative Verbs of the Second Con- 
 jugation from the following — 
 
 XouN^ Stems: albo- (st. of albus), white; flSvo- (st. of flSvus), 
 yellow ; luc- (st. of lux), LiGHf. 
 
 733. Form Denominative Verbs of the Fourth Con- 
 jugation from the following — 
 
 XouN* Stems: 16ni- (st. of Ignis), soft; saevo- (st. of saevus), 
 fierce; siti- (st. of sitia), thirst; custod- (st. of custos), 
 guard. 
 
 > See foot-note 8, Lesson XCni. ♦ Make the verb deponent, i.e., give 
 
 * See foot-note 5, Lesson XCin. it a passive form with active or reflexive 
 
 » See foot-note 5, Lesson XCV. meaning. 
 
224 ANECDOTES FROM CICERO. 
 
 ANECDOTES FROM CICERO. 
 
 Note : The following anecdotes are to be translated by the pupil and afterwards 
 committed to memory. The point at which the several anecdotes may be taken up 
 is indicated in a bracketed note prefixed to each ; and the amount and kind of help 
 afforded in the foot-notes is adapted to the needs of the pupil at the stage thus 
 indicated. 
 
 734. Discourtesy Rebuked. 
 
 [To follow Lesson XXXI.] 
 
 Memoriae^ proditum est, ciim^ Atbenis^ ludis^ qiiidam in 
 theatrum ^graB^H^ natu venisset/ magno consessu^ locum 
 nusquam ei^ datum ^ a suis civibus. Cum autem ad Lace- 
 daemonios accessisset,^ quT,^ legati cum essent,^" certo in loco 
 consederant, consurrexisse^^ omnes illi^^ dicuntur et senem 
 sessum^"^ recepisse." Quibus^^ cum a cuncto consessu 
 plausus esset^^ multiplex datus,^^ dixisse ex ils quendam^^ 
 Atheniensis scire quae^^ recta essent,^^ sed facere^ nolle. ^^ 
 
 — [Cic. Cat. Maj. XVIII.]. 
 
 1 when. ^^ they were. 
 
 2 A. & G. 258, c; H. 425, II. ; Gr. 412. " to have risen in a body. 
 
 3 The reference is to the great Pan- ^- those (i.e., the Lacedaemonians), 
 athenaic festival celebrated once in four nom. pi. masc. 
 
 years at Athens in honor of Athena as '^ to be seated. 
 
 protectress of the city, and participated " to have invited. 
 
 in by the combined population of Attica. ^^ to them (lit., to whom). 
 
 < had come. i" had been given. 
 
 5 Abl. of place where without prep. " [proditum est] dixisse ex iis 
 
 '''for him. quendam, [the story adds] tJmi one 
 
 7 sc. esse ; datum esse is the perf. of the Lacedaemonians said (lit., one 
 pass, infin. of do, give; the subj. of the from them to have said). 
 
 infin. (here locum) is in the accusative. '« what, nom. neut. pi. 
 
 Translate : that room was made (lit., '° ivas. 
 
 room to have been made). ^o pres. infin. of facio, do. 
 
 8 he had come near. ^^ Pres. infin. of nolo, be unwilling. 
 » who^ nom. pi. masc. Translate : lacked the inclination. 
 
ANECDOTES FROIM CICERO. 225 
 
 735. Remarkable Instances of Mental Vigor in Extreme 
 Old Age. 
 
 [To follow Lesson XXXV.] 
 
 1. Plato^ uno et octogesimo anno scribens est mortuus.- 
 
 2. isocrates^ eum^ librum qiii^ Panathenaicus*' insciibi- 
 tur quarto et nonagesimo anno scripsisse se^ dicit, vixitque 
 quTnqueuniura postea. 
 
 3. Leontinus® Gorgias^ centum et septem complevit an- 
 nos, neque umquam In suo studio atque opere cessavit. 
 Qui,'** cum ex eo quaereretur" cur tam diu vellet esse'" in 
 vita: "Nihil habeo,"^^ inquit," "quod accusem^^ senectu- 
 tem." Praeclarum responsum, et docto homine'* dignum ! 
 
 ' — [Cic. Cat. Maj. V.]. 
 
 * Plato, -onis, M., Plato, the cele- "^ scripsisse se, that he wrote (lit., 
 brated Athenian philosopher; died 347 himself to have written) . 
 
 B.C. ^ Leontluus, -a, -urn, adj., o/ie- 
 
 ' est mortaus, died. ontini (a town in Sicily)". 
 ' fsocrates, -Is, v., Isocrates, a » Gorgifts, -ae, m., Gorgias, a cele- 
 
 celebrated Athenian rhetorician and ora- brated rhetorician and orator of Lcontini 
 
 tor; died 338 B.C. On the composition in Sicily; born about 480 B.C. 
 
 and elaboration of the most celebrated of ><> He (lit., who). 
 
 his orations, the " Panegyric," he is said " cum ex eo quaererStur, when 
 
 by some to have spent ten years, by /je tfrts aa/terf (lit., when it was inquired 
 
 othen*, fifteen. from him). 
 
 * thaty ace. sing. masc. '^ vellet esse, he wished to be. 
 
 > which, nom. sing. masc. >3 Nihil habeO quod accfiHem, / 
 
 " Pauathen&icus, -I, M., the Pan- have no fault to find with (lit., 1 have 
 
 athenaic, an oration pronounced by nothing which I may lay to the rharKe of). 
 
 laocrates at one of the Panathenalc festi- >* See Leaaon LIU., fout-noU- 12. 
 
 vaLi ; see 734, foot-note 3. ^ See Lesson XXXIL, foot-note 3. 
 
 736. A Tree Known by Its Fruits. 
 
 [To follow Lesson XXXIX.] 
 
 Sophocles* ad summam senectutem tragoedids fecit.'-' 
 (^uofP propter studium cum* rem ueglcgerc familiarem 
 videretur/ a fllils in judicium vocatus est, ut'* cum" quasi 
 desipientera a re fsimiliari rcmoverent* judices. Turn »cncx 
 dlcitur eam^ fabulam quam^ in manibuH habebat et proxi- 
 
226 
 
 ANECDOTES FROM CICERO. 
 
 me sciipserat, Oedipum^ Coloneiim,^ recitasse^^ juclicibus, 
 quaesisseque^^ nam illiid^^ carmen desipientis videretur.'^ 
 Quo^^ recitato, sententils judicum est llberatus. 
 
 — [Cic. Cat. Maj. VII.] 
 
 1 Sophocles, -is, M., Sophocles, the 
 famous Attic tragic poet, born at the vil- 
 lage of Colonus, near Athens, 495 B.C. ; 
 died 406 B.C. 
 
 2 Perfect indicative of facio, make, 
 compose. 
 
 3 this (lit., which), ace. neut. sing. 
 
 * cum videretur, as hetcas thought. 
 
 s to the end that. 
 
 '^ eum reinoverent, might remove 
 him. 
 
 '' earn, ace. sing, fern., that. 
 
 ^ quani, ace. sing, fem., which. 
 
 3 Oedipus, -odis and -i,m., Oedipus; 
 Coloneus, -a, -uni, adj., of Colonus. 
 
 The "Oedipus of Colonus," which was 
 the last and finest play of Sophocles, re- 
 calls the scenery and the religious associ- 
 ations of the x)oet's native village (cf . foot- 
 note 1). The passage said to have been 
 recited on the occasion here referred to, 
 contains a chorus descriptive of the beau- 
 ties of Athens. 
 
 10 to have recited. 
 
 11 to have ashed. 
 
 12 illud, nom. neut. sing., that. 
 
 13 seemed [to them]. 
 
 1* Quo, abl. neut. sing., this (lit., 
 which). 
 
 737. 
 
 Tit for Tat. 
 
 [To follow Lesson XLII.] 
 
 Nasica^ cum ad- poetam Ennium^ venisset,- eique^ ab ostio 
 quaerenti Ennium ancilla dixisset* domi non esse,^ Nasica 
 sensit illam^ domini jussu dixisse^ et ilium ^ intus esse.^ 
 Panels post diebus, cum ad Nasicam venisset Ennius et 
 enm^ a janua quaereret/ exclamat Nasica se^ domi non esse. 
 Tum Ennius : " Quid?^° ego non cognosce," inquit, '' vocem 
 tuam?" Hic Nasica: "Homo es impudens. Ego, cum 
 te quaererem,^^ ancillae tuae credidi te^ domi non esse ; tu 
 mihi non credis ipsT 
 
 12 V 
 
 1 Nasica, -ae, m., Nasica (Publius 
 Cornelius Scipio Nasica), a celebrated 
 Roman jurist. 
 
 2 ad venisset, had come to [call on] . 
 
 3 £nnius, -ii, m., Ennius (Quintus), 
 the father of Roman epic poetry; lived 
 239-169 B.C. 
 
 * ei (dat.) dixisset, had told him. 
 " domi esse, was (lit., to be) at 
 home. 
 
 — [Cic. de Orat. 2, LXVIII.] 
 
 c illain dixisse, that she IkuI said 
 [so]. 
 
 7 ilium esse, that his friend was 
 (lit., him to be). 
 
 8 eum (insieTeret,inquiredfor him. 
 The subject of an iafin. (here esse) 
 
 is in the ace. 
 
 10 jriiatf 
 
 11 I inquired for. 
 
 12 ipsi, dat. sing., self. 
 
ANECDOTES FKOM CICERO. 
 
 227 
 
 73a 
 
 The Soul Immortal. 
 
 [To follow Lesson XLVI.] 
 
 Apiid Xcnophontom^ moriens Cyrus ^ major haec dicit: 
 "Xolite arbitrarl,^ 6 moi carissiinl filil, me,^ eiiin fi a obis 
 (liscessero, nusquam aiit iiullum fore.^ Nee enim, dum 
 eram voblseuni, animum meuiu videbatis, sed enni esse in 
 hoc corpore ex iis rebus quas*' gerebam intellegebatis. 
 Eundcm* igitur esse ereditote, etiam sT nullum videbitis. 
 
 — [Cic. Cat. Maj. XXII.] 
 
 * The reference is to a passage in 
 Xenophon's Cj/rojHiedia, an historical 
 romance founded on tlie career of Cyrus 
 the elder. 
 
 « Cyrus the elder founded the Persian 
 «rnpire 559 B.C.; after a long and pros- 
 I»erou8 reign, he was killed in battle 529 
 B.C. Xenophon, Ijowever, in the passage 
 here referred to, represents him as dying 
 
 quietly in bed with his children and 
 friends about him. 
 
 3 NolTte arbitrSrl, do not suppose 
 (lit., be xmwilling to suppose). 
 
 ♦ cf. 737, foot-note 9. 
 
 ° fore, used as f ut. iutin. of sum ; me 
 fore, that I shall he. 
 
 « quSs, ace. pi. fern., which. 
 
 739. 
 
 Dead Muscle. 
 
 [To follow Lesson L.] 
 
 Quae^ vox potest esse^ coutemptior quam Milonis Crotoni- 
 atae?'^ qui, cum jam senex esset^ athletasque se cxerceutis 
 in cuniculo videret,'^ adspexissc" lacertos suos dicitur inlacri- 
 iiifinsque dixis.se;' *'At In quidem mortuT jam sunt." Non 
 \ r-iO tam istl quani In ipse, nfigator ! Neque enim ex te 
 iiinquam es nobilitatus, sed ex latcribus et lacertis tuis. 
 
 — [Cic. Cat.Maj.W.l^ 
 
 ' (2ua«>, interrog. pron., nom. sing. 
 111., irhat. 
 
 ' See Lesson LIIL, foot-note 5. 
 
 3 Milff, -ffniM, Milo; CrotntiiatPs. 
 •ae, X., inhabitant of Crotona. Milo 
 wu a famous athlete of Crotona, in 
 
 Italy ; many stories of his extraordinary 
 feats are told by the ancient writers. 
 
 * he iea». 
 
 » srtir. 
 
 « to have lovkeil at. 
 
 "> to have Baid, 
 
 fUiri7BRSITrl 
 
228 
 
 ANECDOTES FROM CICERO. 
 
 740. Tertia's Pet Dog. 
 
 [To follow Lesson LIV.] 
 
 L. PauUus, consul iterum, cum ei belliim ut^ cum rege 
 Perse ^ gereret^ obtigisset, ut ea ipsa die domum*^ ad vespe- 
 rum rediit,'* filiolam suam Tertiam,^ quae turn erat admodum 
 parva, osculans^ animum advertit tnsticulam. "Quid est," 
 inquit/ " mea . Tertia ? quid^ tristis es?" "Mi^ pater," 
 inquit, "Persa^" periit."^^ Turn ille artius^^ puellam com- 
 plexus:^^ "Accipio," inquit, "mea filia, omen." Erat 
 autem mortiius catellus eo ndmine." — [Cic.de Dw.1,X1jYI.'} 
 
 1 ut gereret, to concbict (lit., that 
 he should conduct) . 
 
 2 See Perses in general vocabulary ; 
 for abl. Perse, cf, A. & G. 37 (come- 
 tes) ; H. 50 (pyrites) . 
 
 3 Acc. oi place to which without prep. 
 * See redeo in general vocabulary. 
 
 ^ Tiie English form is the same as the 
 Latin nom. 
 
 " See osculor in general vocab. ; 6s- 
 culor has a pass, form with act. meaning. 
 
 '' See Le'feson LIIL, foot-note 12. 
 ® Adverbial accusative, why. 
 3 See Lesson XX., foot-note 6. 
 
 10 Name of a pet dog ; also a possible 
 form of the name Perses. 
 
 11 See pereo in general vocabulary. 
 
 12 artius, adv., more closely, closer. 
 
 13 See complector in general vocab- 
 ulary; coinplector has a pass, form 
 with active meaning. 
 
 1* cf. Exs. in 332. 
 
 741. Roman Character in the Earlier Days of the Re- 
 public. 
 
 [To follow Lesson LIX.] 
 
 Curio ^ ad focum^ sedenti magnum auri pondus Saranites^ 
 cum attulissent,'' repudiati sunt. Non enim aurum habere 
 praeclarum sibi videri dixit, sed eis qui haberent aurum im- 
 perare. — [Cic Cat. Maj. XVL] 
 
 1 Manius Curius Dentatus, consul 
 three times; he is often referred to in 
 Cicero's writings as a noble example of 
 the early Roman simplicity. 
 
 2 focus, -I, M., fire-place, hearth. 
 The focus was a small platform of brick 
 or stone raised a few inches above the 
 ground ; it stood in the atrium, which 
 in primitive times served as sitting room, 
 dining room, and kitchen. 
 
 3 Samnites, -ium, m., the Samnites. 
 The incident here narrated belongs to 
 the period (about 273 B.C.) which fol- 
 lowed the great wars of the Romans 
 with the Samnites and Pyrrhus. Curius 
 then retired to his farm in the Sabine 
 country, and is said to have been found 
 here by the Samnite ambassadors, sitting 
 at his hearth and roasting turnips. 
 
 4 See adf ero in general vocabulary. 
 
ANECDOTES FllOM CICERO. 
 
 221) 
 
 742. 
 
 Braiu Better than Brawn. 
 
 [To follow Lesson LXI.] 
 
 Olympiae^ per stadium^ ingressns esse^ Milo* dicitur cum 
 uinerls sustiueret bovem. Utrum^ igitur has corporis an' 
 Pvthagorae^ tibi mails ^ viiis® iugenii dari?— [Cic. Cat. Maj. X.] 
 
 » Olyinpia, -ae, F., Olympui, a 
 small plain in Ells, celebrated an tbe 
 scene of the Olympic games ; these games 
 were held at intervals of four years and 
 attracted spectators and participants 
 from all parts of the world inhabited or 
 colonized by Greeks. 
 
 * stadium, il, n., racecourse. The 
 fttadiuni was an oblong area having 
 one end straight and the other semi- 
 circular, and having its sides parallel. 
 Around this area rose the seats of the 
 spectators. The stadium was especially 
 designed for the foot-race. The course 
 extended from the straight end (see A, 
 Fig. 1) to a point near the centre of the 
 semicircle at the opposite end (see B, 
 V\n. 1), and was 606^ feet long. 
 
 3 See iugrredior in general vocab. ; 
 ingredlor has a pass, form with act. 
 meaning. 
 
 * See 739, foot-note 3. 
 
 " See references in foot-note 1, Lesson 
 XLL 
 
 « Pythagoras, -ae, M., Pythagoras, 
 a celebrated Greek philosopher who 
 taught at Crotona in Italy. Three 
 hundred of his disciples were formetl 
 into a bi-otherhood, partly philosophical, 
 partly religious, and partly political, for 
 the purpose of studying tlie doctrines of 
 their master, and cultivating the obserN-- 
 ances which he enjoinetl. The contrast 
 drawn in the text between Pythagoras 
 and Milo is suggested by the fact that 
 Milo was a member of this brotherhood. 
 
 ' m9.1Ts, second sing. pres. subj. of 
 maio, prefer; translate: should poii 
 prefer t 
 
 8 See refs. in foot-note 10, Lesson 
 XXXVI. 
 
 Fig. r, —Ground-plan of a sUuiium at Clbyra in Lyci«. 
 
230 BEADING LESSONS. 
 
 READING LESSONS. 
 
 743. Division into Parties a Characteristic Feature of 
 
 Gallic Society. 
 
 In Gallia iiou solum in omnibus civitatibus atque in omni- 
 bus pagis partibusque,^ sed paene etiam in singulis domibus 
 factiones sunt ; earumque factionum principes sunt qui^ sum- 
 mam auctoritatem eorum jiidicio'^ habere existimantur, quorum 
 ad arbitrium'^ judiciumque^ summa^ omnium rerum consilio- 
 rumque redeat.'' Idque ejus rel causa'' antiquitus institutum^ 
 videtur, ne quis ex plebe contra potentiorem auxilii^ egeret r^*^ 
 suos enim" quisque opprimi et circumveniri nou patitur, 
 neque, aliter si faciat,^^ ullam inter suos habet^^ auctoritatem. 
 Haec eadem ratio est in summa^^ totius Galliae;^^ nanique 
 omnes civitates in partes divTsae sunt duas. 
 
 744. Classification of the Inhabitants of Gaul. 
 
 In omni Gallia eorum bominum qui aliquo sunt numero^ 
 atque honored genera sunt duo ; nam plebes^ paene servorum 
 liabetur loco,^ quae^ nihil audet per se, nullo adhibetur con- 
 silio.^ Plerique, cum aut aere alieno aut magnitudine tribfi- 
 torum aut injuria potenti5rum premuntur, sese In servitutem 
 dicant nobilibus : in^ hos eadem omnia sunt jura quae domi- 
 nis'' in^ servos. Sed de his duobus generibus^ alteruni ost 
 Druidum,^ alterum equitum. 
 
 745. The Druids the Supreme Authority in Religious 
 
 and Social Matters. 
 
 Illi^ rebus divinis intersunt, sacrificia publica iic privata 
 procurant, religiones interpretantur. Ad hos magnus adu- 
 lescentium numerus disciplinae causa concurrit, magnoquc* 
 hi- sunt apud eos hoiiore. Nam fere de ouiiiibus contro- 
 
READING LESSONS. 231 
 
 versiis publicis privatisque constituunt ; et si quod est ad- 
 iiiissum facialis, si caedes facta, si de hereditate, sT de fiuibus 
 ( oiitioversia est, idem^ decernunt : praemia poeiiasqiie cou- 
 >titiiunt. SI qui aut piivatus aut populus eorum decreto non 
 >tetit,^ sacriiicils iuteidicuut.^ Haec poena apud cos est 
 gravissima. Quibus ita est interdictum,^ hi nuineio'"' inii)i6- 
 riun ac sceleratorum habentur ; his omnes decedunt, adituui 
 ( oruui seruionemque defugiuut, ue quid ex contagioue incoiii- 
 modl accipiaut ; neque his petentibus jus redditur neque 
 hoiios*ullus communicatur. 
 
 746. The Governmeut of the Druids ; their Annual Meet- 
 
 ing; the Origin of their System. 
 
 His autem omnibus Druidibus piaeest unus, qui summara 
 inter eos habet auctoritatem. Hoc mortuo/ aut, si qul^ ex 
 reliquls^ excellit dignitate, succedit ; aut, si sunt pUlres 
 pares, suffragio* Druidum, nonnunquam etiani armis, de 
 principatu contendunt. HI certo annl tempore In finibus 
 Carnutum,^ quae ivgio totliis Galliae*' media habetur, consl- 
 dunt in loco consecrato. Hue omnes undique qui contro- 
 \ersias habent conveuiunt, eorumque decretis judicilsque 
 [)areut. Discipllna' in Britannia reperta atque inde in 
 Galliam translata esse existimatur ; ** et nunc qul^ dlligen- 
 tius'*' earn rem cognoscere voluut plerumque illo disceudi 
 ciuisa proficiscuntur. 
 
 747. Immunities Enjoyed by the Druida ; their Doctrines 
 
 Orally Transmitted. 
 
 Druides a bello abesse consuerunt,* neque tributa una cum 
 K'llquls pendunt ; mllitiac vacationem omniumque rerum 
 iiabent immunitatem. Tautls excitati praemiis, et^ sua 
 sponte multi in discipllnam conveniunt^ et a parentibus pro- 
 hlnqulsque mittuntur.^ Magnum ibi numerum versuum 
 discere* dicuntur:* itaque annos nonnulli vicenos' in disci- 
 plina'* t>^rmaaent. Neque (an* esse exlstimant ea Uttcrls 
 
232 READING LESSONS. 
 
 mandare,^" cum^^ in reliquis fere rebus, publicis privatisque 
 rationibus, Graecis ITtterTs iltantur.^^ Id^^ mihi duabus de 
 causis instituisse videntur," quod neque in vulgum disciplT- 
 nam efferri A^elint,^^ neque eos qui diseunt litteris^*^ eonflsos 
 minus memoriae studere ; quod fere plerisque accidit^^ ut 
 praesidio^'' litterarum diligentiam in perdiscendo ^^ ac memo- 
 riam remittant.^^ 
 
 748. Teachings of the Druids. 
 
 In primis^ hoc volunt persuadere,^ non interire ahimas, 
 sed ab aliis^ post mortem transTre ad alios,^ atque lioc'* maxi- 
 me ad virtutem excitari^ putant, metu mortis neglecto. 
 Multa praeterea de sideribus atque eorum motu, de mundi 
 ac terrarum^ magnitudine, de rerum natura, de deorum im- 
 mortalium vi ac potestate disputant et juventuti tradunt. 
 
 749. The Knights or "Warrior Class. 
 
 Alterum genus est equitum.^ Hi, cum est usus atque 
 aliquod^ bellum incidit (quod fere ante Caesaris adventum 
 quotannis accidere solebat, uti aut ipsi injurias mferrent 
 aut inlatas propulsarent^) , omnes in bell5 versantur ; atque 
 eorum ut quisque^ est genere copiTsque amplissimus, ita'' 
 plurimos circum se ambactos clientesque habet. Hanc unam 
 gratiam potentiamque noverunt.^ 
 
 750. Human Sacrifices Prevalent among the Gauls. 
 
 Natio est omnis Gallorum admodum dedita religion ibus,^ 
 atque ob earn causam qui sunt adfecti gravioribus^ morbis 
 quTque in proeliis periculisque versantur,^ aut pro victimis 
 homines immolant aut se immolaturos vovent, administrisque^ 
 ad ea sacrificia Druidibus utuntur, quod, pro vita hominis 
 nisi hominis vita reddatur,^ non posse deorum immortalium 
 numen placari arbitrantur, publiceque ejusdem generis ha- 
 bent instituta^ sacrificia. Alii immani magnitudine simulacra 
 habent, quorum contexta viminibus membra vivis hominibus 
 
READING LESSONS. 283 
 
 complent ; quibus succensis, circiimventi flamma exaniman- 
 tur homines. Siipplicia eOruin qui Tii furto aiit in latrocinio 
 aut aliqua noxa sint comprehensi' giiitiora dils immortalibus 
 esse arbitrantur ; sed, cum ejus generis copia defecit,* etiam 
 ad iuuocentium suj)plicia descendunt. 
 
 751. The Gods Worshiped by the Gauls. 
 
 Deum maxirae Mercurium colunt. Hujus sunt pluriiua 
 simulacra; hunc^ omnium iuventorem^ artium ferunt, hunc 
 viarum- atcpie itinerum- ducem, hunc ad quaestus pecuniae 
 mercaturasque habere vim maximam arl)itrantur. Post hunc 
 Ai>ollinem^ et Martem et Jovem* ct Miiu rvaiu. I)e IiTs 
 eandem fere quam reliquae gentes habciil opiuionem : Apol- 
 linem morbos depellere, Minervam operum atque artificiorum ^ 
 initia traders, Jovera imperium caelestium tenere, Martem 
 bella regere. Huic, cum proelio^ dlmicare constituerunt, 
 ea quae bello^ ceperint^ plerumque devovent; cum superave- 
 iiHit, animalia capta immolant, reliquas res in unum locum 
 conferunt. Multls in civitatibus harum rerum exstructos 
 tumulos locls^ consecratis conspicarl licet, neque saepe acci- 
 dit^ ut neglecta quispiam religione^® aut capta apud se" 
 occultare aut posita tollere auderet;^^ gravissimum el re! 
 supplicium cum cruciatu constitutum est. 
 
 752. Traditional Origin of the Gauls; their Mode of Desig- 
 
 nating Intervals of Time ; the Relation of 
 Children to Parents. 
 
 Gall! se cranes ab DTte^ prognatos praedicant, idque* ah 
 Druidibus prOditum dicunt. Ob earn causam*' spatia omnia 
 temporis^ non numero dierum, sc»d noctium* finiunt*; dies 
 natales et mensium et annorum initia sic observant ut noc- 
 tem dies subsequatur.' In reliquis vitae InstitutTs hoc fere" 
 ab reliquTs diffcnmt,* qu(Ml suos ITl^eros,'** nisi cum" adoleve- 
 runt ut nn'nius mllitian sustuierc possint, palam ad se adlrc'- 
 non patiuntiir; filinmque puerfll aetate" in publico in con- 
 spectu patris adsistcre turpe dficunt. 
 
234 READING LESSONS. 
 
 753. Marriage Settlements among the G-auls; Subjec- 
 tion of Wives. 
 
 Viii, quantas pecunias ab uxoribus clotis nomine accepe- 
 runt, tantas ex suis bonis, aestimatione facta, cum dotibus 
 communicant.^ Hujus omnis pecuniae conjunctim^ ratio 
 habetur fructusque servantur : uter eorura vita^ superarit,^ 
 ad eum pars utriusque cum f ructibns superiorum temporum 
 pervenit. Viri in uxores, sTcut! in liberos, vitae necisque 
 habent potestatem ; et cum pater familiae inlustriore loco 
 natus decessit,^ ejus propinqui conveniunt et, de raorte si res 
 in suspicionem venit,^ de uxoribus in servilem modum^ 
 quaestionem habent et, si compertum est,'^ igni atque omni- 
 bus tormentis excruciatas interficiunt. 
 
 754. Funeral Rites and Usages. 
 
 Funera sunt pr5 cultii ^ Gallorum magnifica et sumptuosa ; 
 omniaque quae vivis^ cordi^ fuisse arbitrantur in Tgnem 
 Tnferunt, etiam animalia : ac paulo^ supra banc memoriam^ 
 servi et clientes, quos ab iis dilectos esse constabat, justis 
 funeribus^ confectis, una cremabantur. 
 
 755. Free Discussion of Public Questions Forbidden 
 
 by Law^. 
 
 Quae civitates commodius^ suam rem publicam admini- 
 strare existimantur,^ habent legibus sanctum,^ sT quis^ quid"* 
 de re publica a finitimls rumore aut fama acceperit,^ uti ad 
 magistratum deferat^ neve'' cum quo"^ alio communicet : quod 
 saepe homines temerarios atque imperitos falsTs rum5ribus 
 terreii et ad f acinus impelli et de sum mis rebus consilium 
 capere* cognitum est.^ Magistratus quae visa sunt^^ occul- 
 tant ; quaeque esse ex usu judicaverunt, multitudim produnt. 
 De re publica nisi per concilium ^^ loqui non conceditur. 
 
READING LESSONS. 235 
 
 II. 
 
 756. The Worship of the Germans; their Out-of-Door 
 
 Life. 
 
 GermfinT mnltum ab hac^ consnetildine diffenmt. Nam 
 neque Druides habent qui rebus dlvinis praesint, neque sacri- 
 licils student. Deorum numero eos solos ducunt quos 
 cernunt et quorum aperte opibus juvantur, Solem et^ Volca- 
 num^ et- Lfmam : reliquos ne fama'* quidem acceperuut. 
 Vita omnis in veuatiouibus^ atque m studiis rei militarist 
 consistit ; ab parvulis ' labori ac duritiae student. 
 
 757. Means of Subsistence; Annual Change of Abode. 
 
 Agi'iculturae non student ; majorque pars corum victus in 
 lacte, caseo,' carne^ consistit. Neque quisquam^agrlmodum 
 certum aut fines habet proprios. sed magistratus ac piincipes 
 in annos singulos'' gentibus cognationibusque liominum qui 
 una coiemnt, quantum et quo loco visum est agii * attribuunt, 
 atque anno' post alio transire coguut. 
 
 758. The Reasons Assigned for this Annual Change of 
 
 Abode. 
 
 Ejus rei multas adferunt causas : ne adsidua consuetudine 
 captl studium belli gerendi agricultural commutent; ne latos 
 fines parare studeant potentioresque humiliores poSvSessioni- 
 bus expellant ; ne accuratius ad f iTgora atque aestus vTtandos ^ 
 aedificent ; ne qua'' oriatur pecuniae cupiditas, qua ex re 
 factiones dissensionesque nascuntur; ut aniniT aecjuitati; 
 plebem contineant, cum suas qtiisque op^s cum potentissimls 
 aequ&ri videat.* 
 
 759. Deserted Frontiers Deemed an Evidence of Mili- 
 
 tary Oreatness. 
 
 CivitatibuH maxima laus est quam latissime circum se 
 vastatis finibus* solitudines habere. H6c* proprium'' virtu- 
 
236 READING LESSONS. 
 
 tis"* exTstimant, expulsos agrls finitimos cedere neque quem- 
 quam^ prope aiidere c5nsistere : simul hoc^ se fore^ tutiores 
 arbitrantur, repentinae incursionis timore sublat5.^ 
 
 760. Methods of Government in War and in Peace; 
 
 Predatory "Warfare Deemed Honorable. 
 
 Cum bellura cTvitas aiit inlatnm defendit aut infert, magis- 
 tratus qui ei bello praesiut^ ut vitae necisque habeant^ pote- 
 statem, deliguntur. In pace nuUus est communis^ magistra- 
 tus, sed principes regionum'* atque pagorum'* inter suos jus 
 dicunt controversiasque minuunt. Latroeinia nullam liabeut^ 
 infamiam quae extra fines cuj usque civitatis fiunt ; atque 
 •ea juventutis exercendae ac desidiae minuendae causa fieri 
 praedicant. 
 
 761. Loyalty of the Germans to their Chiefs; Hospi- 
 
 tality to Strangers. 
 
 Atque ubi quis^ ex principibus^ in concilio dixit se ducem 
 fore, quT^ sequi velint^ profiteantur,^ consurgunt ii qui et 
 causani et lioininem probant, suumque auxilium poUicentur 
 atque ab multitudine conlaudantur ; qui ^ ex his^ secuti non 
 sunt, in desertorum ac proditorum numero ducuntur, omnium- 
 que his^ rerum postea fides derogatur.^ Hospitem violare 
 fas non putant ; qui^ quacumque de causa ad eos venerunt, 
 ab injuria prohibent, sanctos^ habent, liisque omnium domus 
 patent victusque communicatur. 
 
EXPLANATORY NOTES. 237 
 
 EXPLANATORY NOTES ON THE PRECEDING READING 
 LESSONS- 
 
 743. * pa^s refers to the districts ; partibus to the parts or subdi- 
 visions of tlie districts. — ^ qui, those icho ; cf. 393 and 394. — -^ eo- 
 rum jOdicio, in their {i.e., the GauW) J ud(jment. — •* arbitriiiin, decision 
 (of the arbitrator) ; judicium, sentence (of tlie judge). — ^ siiinina 
 redeat, the Jinal appeal is to be made. — ^ redeat : for mood, cf . 573, 
 Ex.1. — 'Note the position of causa. — ^ institntum : so. esse. — 
 ^ auxilii : A. & G. 223 ; H. 410, V., 1 ; G. 389, Rem.2. — ^ ©geret : for 
 mood, cf. 528, Ex. 2 ; note that egeret takes its tense from institii- 
 tum (esse), not from videtur : A. & G. 287, a ; H. 495, IV. ; G. 518, Exc. 
 
 — 11 Note that enim is postpositive. — ^^ facial : for mood and tense, 
 cf. 601, Ex, 1. — 13 habet : H. 511, 1, (1). — " in sunima, in general. 
 
 — 1° Galliae : predicate possessive genitive limiting ratio and sepa- 
 rated from it by est: A. & G. 214, c ; H. 401 ; G. 365. 
 
 744. 1 numero and honore : cf . 322, Ex. G. — ^ pigbes : archaic 
 form of nominative = plebs. — ^ loco : for absence of preposition, 
 see A. & G. 258,/; IL 425, 2 ; G. 385, Rem. — ^ quae : and they (refer- 
 ring to the common people). — ^ consilio : dat., they are admitted to no 
 council. — * in : over. — " sc. sunt ; for case of dominis, cf . Exs. in 
 449. — * Might the partitive genitive have been used in place of de . . . 
 generibus ? See A. & G. 216, c ; U. 397, n. 3 ; G. 371, Rem. 5. Why 
 is it not used 1 — » Druldum : A. & G. 214, c ; 11. 401 ; G. 365. 
 
 745. ' Illl : refers to Druidum at the end of 744. — -^ hi : refers 
 to the Druids. — ^idem: nom. pi. — * dec re to non stetit: does not 
 
 '/uiesce in the decision ; note that stetit is construed with the ablative 
 'lecretS); for tense of stetit (translated present), see A. & G. 270, 
 ; H. 471, 5. — <^saorificiis interdicunt and Qiiibus est Interdic- 
 luin: with interdico, the thing from which the jKTSon is exclmled 
 expressed by the abl. of separation (sec sa<;rificli8) ; the person on 
 vliom the prohibition is laid is expressed l)y the dat. (see Quibus). 
 lor the impersonal use of interdico in the pass., cf. Exs. in 522. 
 
 — "numero: abl. of place where, without prep. 
 
 746. ' niortuo: ptrf. part, of inorlor; hor inortuo, at his death. 
 
 — - qui : used subst. = quis. — ^ ex rellquis : »vv refs. in 744, note 8. 
 
 — * Buttr&gio : in the Mine construction as annis. — ^ CarnQtum ; 
 
238 EXPLANATORY NOTES. 
 
 southwest of Paris, between the Seine and Loire. — ^ Galliae : gen. 
 after media; A. & G. 218, a; H. 399, 3; G. 373. — ^ Disciplina : 
 the Druidical system. — ^ Note that Caesar says here : disciplina trans- 
 lata esse existimatur, the system is thought to have been transferred ; 
 might he have said : disciplinani translatam esse existimatur, it 
 is thought that the system iras transferred ^ See A. & G. 330, h\ H. 534, n. 
 1, (2) ; G. 528.-9 qui ; cf. 743, note 2. — lo diligentius cognoscere : 
 to gain a more thorough acquaintance with, or a more accurate knowledge of. 
 
 747. ^ consiierunt : cf. Lesson XXXIV., foot-note 2. — -et: 
 both. — 3 in disciplinam conveniunt : place tltemselves under instruc- 
 tion ; hence, enter the order. — *mittuntur: sc. miilti. — ''"' ediscere : 
 to learn by heart ; note the intensive force of the prep. — ''^ Note that 
 Caesar says : ediscere dicuntur; might he have said: eos ediscere 
 dicitur? cf. 746, note 8. — ^ vicenos : why not viginti? — ^in 
 disciplina: under training. — ^ fas, def. neut., divine law; hence, 
 translated adjectively, right, lawful, proper. — i^ litteris mandare : to 
 commit to icriting. — ^' cum : although. — 12 Qtantur : for mood, cf. 642, 
 Ex. 3. — 13 Id ; fjiis practice. — i* videntur : cf. note 0. — ^^ Note that 
 in quod . . . velint the writer is reporting the reason of the Druids ; 
 whereas, below, in quod . . . accidit he is assigning a reason of his 
 own. For the difference of mood, see A. & G. 321 and a ; H. 516, I. 
 and II. ; G. 540 and 541. — i^' litteris : abl. with confisos, depending 
 on. — 1'^ praesidio : through dependence on. — ^^ perdiscendo : note the 
 intensive force of the prep., and cf . note 5. — i^ remittant : translate 
 relax with diligentiam, enfeeble with memorlam ; for mood, cf , 556, 
 Ex.5. 
 
 748. 1 In primis : among their foremost [doctrines]; hence, especially, 
 particularly. — ^ persuadere : to inculcate. — ^ ab aliis ad alios : from 
 one body to another. — * hoc : by this belief. — ^ excltari : sc. homines. 
 
 — "^ terrarum : the earth (as made up of various lands). 
 
 749. 1 equitum : cf. 744, note 9. — ^ aliquod : why not aliquid? 
 
 See A. & G. 105, d, n. ; H. 190, n. 1 ; G. 105, 1. — 3 uti . . . inferrent and 
 uti . . . propulsarent are subst. clauses of result in apposition witli 
 quod; for the subjunctives, cf. Exs. in 556. — *ut quisque amplis- 
 
 simus . . . ita pliirimos : the more distinguished . . . the more numeroxis. 
 
 — ^ noverunt : acknowledge, recognize. 
 
 750. 1 religionibuf. : superstition. — ^ gravioribus : of xinusual se- 
 verity ; cf. Lesson XXX., foot-note 4. — ^^ersantur: are in the midst 
 
EXPLANATORY NOTES. 239 
 
 of, are encompassed hij. — * admlnistris : predicate abl. agreeing in 
 case witli Druidibus ; translate : they employ the Druids as agents. — 
 • re<ldatur: A. & G. 336 (last sentence) ; H. 524; G. C)o3. The person 
 making the sacrifice thinks (direct discourse) : nisi vita reddetur, 
 non potest numen placari. — ^ instituta : predicate participle ; 
 translate: they have sacrifices established (not they have established sacri- 
 ^fices). See A. & G. 292, c; H. 388, 1, n. ; G. 230. —^ sint eompreliensi : 
 for mood, see refs. under note 5. — ® defecit : fails ; for tense, see refs. 
 on stetit, 745, note 4. 
 
 751< ^ hunc and inventorem : for the two aces., cf. Exs. in 397. 
 
 — *iter is simply a road leading to a place ; via is the usual road, often 
 a paved street or highway. Viarum atque itineniin ducem : their guide 
 in journeys. — ^ Apollinem, etc. : sc. colunt. — * Jovem : sec Juppi- 
 ter in general vocabulary. — ^ operum atque artificioniin : manufac- 
 tures and industrial arts. — "^ proelio and bello : cf . Lesson XXXIV., 
 foot-note IL — " ceperint : fut. perf. indie. — ^ locis : A. & G. 258,/; 
 H. 425, 2. — ^accidit: is it in the present tense or the perfect ? To 
 tk'termine this, observe the tense of the dependent subjunctive aude- 
 ret: A. & G. 287, a; H. 495, 1; G. 511, Rem. 2. — k^ religione : 
 sacredness (of the offering). — ^^ apud se : at his own house. — '2 aiide- 
 ret: what is the construction of the clause ut . . . auderet? cf. 556, 
 Kx. 5, and 561. 
 
 752. ^ EHte: i.e., the god of the under world; in other word.s, the 
 (iauls believed that their ancestors sprang from the soil. — ^id: this 
 tradition. — ^ Ob earn causam : i.e., on account of their descent from 
 the god of the realms of darkness. — •* spatla omnis temporls : all 
 their periods of time; grammatically, however, omnia agrees with tem- 
 poris. — ^noctium: cf. the English exprcBsione fortnight (fourteen 
 nights) and sennight (seven nights). — "^ finiunt : compute, reckon. — 
 ' ut noctem dies subseqaatur : according to the reckoning of the 
 < iauls, therefore, the day began at sunset, and the celebration of all 
 anniversaries was entered upon in the evening. Compare our Christ- 
 mas Eve. — * hoc fere: chiefly in this. — ^ diflferunt : differ; this 
 meaning appears to be confined to the present system. — ^^ liberoH : 
 why not puerSs? See Lesson XVIII,, foot-note 2. — " nisi cum: 
 until. — "ad sg adlre : to appear before them. — '» filium puerili 
 aet£te : a son who is a minor. 
 
 75ii. ^ quantfis pecOnlfifi . . . acofip^runt, tantfis ex gais bonis 
 t-um dotibus communicant: they add to the dowries out of their own 
 
240 EXPLANATORY NOTES. 
 
 resources as much money as they have received. — ^ conjunctlm ratio 
 habetur : a joint account is kept. — ^ vita : cf . Exs. in 228. — * supe- 
 rarit : fut. perf . indie. — ^ decessit and venit : for force of tense, cf . 
 750, note 8. — ^ in servilem nioduin : as in the case of slaves {i.e., by 
 torture). — ''^ si compertuni est : if guilt is proved ; cf. also note 5. 
 
 754. 1 pro cultu : considering the [imperfect] civilization. — ^ vivis 
 cordi : cordi esse allcui = to lie near one's heart, to he dear to one ; for 
 the two datives, cf . Exs. in 452. — ^ paulo : cf , Exs. in 545. — * supra 
 hanc niemoriam,: before our time. — ^ justis funeribus : the funeral 
 rites proper, i.e., the regular or established funeral rites. 
 
 755. 1 commodius : more judiciously (than the rest). — ^ existi- 
 mantur : cf . 746, note 8. — ^ sanctum is here a predicate participle 
 belonging to the clause uti . . . cominunicet ; cf. 750, note 6. — * quls 
 and qui are indefinite after si and ne. — ^acceperit: perf. subj., not 
 fut. perf. indie. ; why 1 — ^ deferat : cf . Exs. in 686. — '' neve : and 
 not ; neve (not neque) is the regular eontinuative particle in negative 
 imperative clauses. — ^ capere : rashly enter upon. — ^ cognltum est : 
 experience has shown; what is the subject ? — ^^ quae visa sunt: what 
 they deem proper. — ^^ per concilium : in public council. 
 
 756. ihac: i.e., of the Gauls. — ^et: for the repetition of the 
 conjunction, see A. & G. 208, b (last part) ; H. 554, 6 (last part) ; G. 
 483, 2. — ^ Volcanum : Vulcan, the fire god ; hence, here, fire. — * fa- 
 ma : note the position. — ^ venationibus : plural used because of the 
 repeated instances ; translate by the singular. — ^ in studiis rei mili- 
 taris : in military pursuits. — '^ ab parvulis : from childhood. 
 
 757. ^ For the omission of the conjunction et with caseo and 
 carne, see A. & G. 208, b (first sentence); H. 554, 6; G. 483, 2 ; cf. 
 Solem et Volcanum et Liunam in 756. — ^ Note that the clause in 
 which quisquam appears is negative; see refs. in foot-note 5, Lesson 
 LVII. — 3 in annos singulos : every year. — * agri : construe with 
 quantum : A. & G. 216, a, 3 ; H. 397, 3 ; G. 371 ; quantum . . . agri, 
 as much land and in such a place as they think fit. — ^ anno post : the 
 year after ; cf . 545, Ex. 3. 
 
 758. 1 agricultura : cf. 662, Ex. 4. — 2 vitandos : for the purpose 
 of avoiding, etc. ; note that vitandos belongs to frigora as well as to 
 aestus, but that it agrees with the latter : A. & G. 187 ; H. 439, 1 ; G. 
 286. — ^ne qua: see 755, note 4; for qua instead of quae, see A. & 
 G. 105, d; II. 190, 1 ; G. 105, 1. — ^ videat : cf. 642, Ex. 2. 
 
EXPLANATORY NOTES. 241 
 
 750. ^ vastatis f inibus : abl. abs., by laying waste their frontiers. — 
 2 Hoc : explained by expulsos . . . consistere. — ^ propriuni : a 
 special proof {something peculiarly belonging to). — ■* virtutis: for the 
 gen. after proprius (where the dat. might be looked for), see : A. & G. 
 218, d; H. 391, IL, 4, (2) ; G. 356, Rem. 1. — ^ queniqiiaiu : see 757, 
 note 2. — ^'hoc: abl. of cause. — "fore: used as fut. intin. of sum. 
 
 — ^ sublato : see tollo in general vocabulary. 
 
 760. 'praesint: subj. of purpose. — '-^habeant: subj. of result. 
 
 — ^communis: common to all, having general jurisdiction. — * regiii- 
 num atqiie pagorum: provinces and districts; regio, a portion of 
 country of indefinite extent ; pagus, a district having fixed boundaries. 
 
 — ^ habent : involve, are attended with. 
 
 761. ^ quis : ubi (whenever) has here the force of si ; hence quls 
 is indefinite, anyone. — ^ ex. principibus : cf. 744, note 8. — ^ qui : 
 those who, cf. 743, note 2. — ^ velint : for the mood, cf. 750, note 7. 
 
 — ^ profiteantur : cf. Exs. in 686; translate; and that those tcho irish 
 to follow are to give in their names. Restore to the direct form : se du- 
 cem . . . profiteantur. — ^ his : refers to those who have expressed a 
 willingness to follow the chief; on ex his, cf. note 2. — ' his : dat. (not 
 abl.); cf. Exs. in 620. — ^ omnium . . . derogatur: all conjidence is 
 thereafter withdrawn from them. — ® sanctus, sacred in the sense of in- 
 riolable ; sacer, sacred in the sense of consecrated to some divinity. 
 Could sacrSs, then, be substituted for sanctos in the present passage ? 
 
ABBREVIATIONS. 
 
 A. & G., Allen and Greenough's Grram. 
 abbr., abbreviation, abbreviated. 
 abl., ablative. 
 
 abl. pers., ablative of the jierson. 
 abs., absolute, absolutely. 
 ace, accusative. 
 
 ace. pers., accusative of the person. 
 
 ace. th., accusative of the thing. 
 act., active. 
 
 adj., adjective, adjectively. 
 adv., adverb, adverbially. 
 ant., antecedent. 
 app., apposition, appositive. 
 C, common (masculine or feminine). 
 cf. (confer), compare. 
 cogn., cognate with. 
 comp., comparative. 
 eonj., conjunction. 
 conn., connected. 
 dat., dative. 
 
 dat. pers., dative of the person. 
 
 dat. ref ., dative of reference. 
 
 dat. til., dative of the thing. 
 def., defective. 
 demonstr., demonstrative. 
 denom., denominative. 
 dim., diminutive. 
 disc., discourse. 
 distr., distributive. 
 e. g. (exempli gratia), for example. 
 Ex., example. 
 exclam., exclamation. 
 F., fern., feminine. 
 fm., form. 
 fr., from. 
 fvit., future. 
 
 G., Gildersleeve's Grammar. 
 gen., genitive. 
 
 gen. pers., genitive of the person. 
 
 gen. th., genitive of the thing. 
 ger., gerundive. 
 H., Harkness's Grammar. 
 hist., historical. 
 i. e. (id est), that is. 
 imper., imperative. 
 impers., impersonal. 
 indecl., indeclinable. 
 indef., indefinite. 
 indie, indicative. 
 indir., indirect. 
 infin., infinitive. 
 intens., intensive. 
 
 inter j., interjection, 
 
 interrog., inter., interrogative. 
 
 intr., intransitive. 
 
 irreg., irregular. 
 
 lit., literal, literally. 
 
 loc, locative. 
 
 M., jnasc, masculine. 
 
 mod., modern. 
 
 N., neuter. 
 
 n.^ note. 
 
 neg., negative. 
 
 num., numeral. 
 
 opp., ojjposed to. 
 
 opt., optative. 
 
 ord., ordinal. 
 
 orig., original, originally. 
 
 p., page. 
 
 p. a., participial adjective. 
 
 par., paragraph. 
 
 part., participle. 
 
 part, gen., partitive genitive. 
 
 pass., passive. 
 
 perf., perfect. 
 
 periphr., periphrastic. 
 
 IJers., person, personal. 
 
 pi., plural. 
 
 poss., possessive. 
 
 pp., pages. 
 
 prep., preposition. 
 
 pres., present. 
 
 pron., pronoun, pronominal. 
 
 q. V. (quod vide) , which see. 
 
 ref., reference. 
 
 reflex., reflexive, reflexively. 
 
 rel., relative. 
 
 Kem., remark. 
 
 sc. (scilicet), supply, understand. 
 
 sent., sentence. 
 
 sing., singular. 
 
 St., stem. 
 
 subj., subjunctive. 
 
 subst., substantive, substantively. 
 
 suff., suflix. 
 
 sup., supine. 
 
 superl., superlative. 
 
 tr., trans., transitive. 
 
 Trans., translate. 
 
 usu., usuallj'. 
 
 vb., verb. 
 
 vocab., vocabulary. 
 
 w., with. 
 
VOCABULAEIES. 
 
 I. Latin-English Vocabulary. 
 
 XoTE : The sigo V ' aignifles ' root ' ; thus y/gen- is to be read • root gfen-.' 
 
 For the use of the asterisk (*), see Lesson XCIU., foot-note 9. 
 
 'I'he term 'base' is applied to stems or parts of stems treated as roots; see 
 ! hluior. 
 
 English words or parts of words that have been borrowed (directly or indirectly) 
 
 111 the Latin forms under which tliey appear, are printed in ihis type; for 
 ixajuplee, see : cau8a, aeteriius. English words or parts of worde that are cog- 
 nate with the Latin forms under which they appear, are printed in small capitals; 
 for examples, see : f rSter, pedes. 
 
 lioots, stems, or complete words that enter into the formation of the words in this 
 \u(abulary, are given, together with their meanings, in brackets; the nominative or 
 indicative form of each stem cited as given in parenthesis; the sufllx is not given. 
 For examples, see : adituH, agrnien, adjuni^d, aiiiTcitia. 
 
 In the resolution of comiK)unds given in brackets, the hyphen is appended to 
 iDsejiarable prefixes to distinguish them from the prei)ositions, which may stand 
 alone. Thus in- is tlie inseparable negative prefix, cognate with Knglish UN-; but 
 in U tlie preposition, cognate with English in. For examples, see: iinpendeu, 
 iinperTtu», redeo. 
 
 In the principal parts of verbs, the perfect participle usually appears in the man. 
 line form; but in verbs that are invariably intransitive the neuter form is given. 
 
 r examples, see : duco, veniS. 
 
 The abbreviations used are explained on the preceding page. 
 
 a, ab, abs 
 
 a, ab, abs (ab before vowels 
 ;u)(l some consonants, a before 
 r-onsonants only, abs sometimes 
 ill the expression abs te), prep. 
 \. ah\.,awny from, from; by; in, 
 
 '. at: ab siiii.stra parte, on the 
 
 't nUle j ov : ab aliqiio quaerero, 
 Inquire ov someinie ; to: fiver- 
 
 I -. ii, hostile to, opposed to, averse 
 
 ;ib-daco,.-ere, -<Juxi, -ductus [ab, 
 '■'ly ; duco, lead], lead away, 
 rry OFF. 
 
 itb-ed, -Tre, -Ivi or -II, -itum [ab, 
 ' <iy ; CO, //o], (JO away. 
 ab-Holvo, -ere, -vT, -QtU8 [ab, 
 ■ill ; solvo, Ioo8e],ab8ofife, acquit. 
 
 ac-cendo 
 
 abstlncntia, -ae, f. [abstincnt- 
 (st. of abstinens), abstaininy], 
 self-restraint, abstinence. 
 
 abs-tlned, -ere, -ul [abs, off; 
 teneo, hold], hold off, abstain. 
 
 ab-8Uin,abesse. fifui [ab. away ; 
 sum, he], he aicay, he absent, hr 
 distant ; he wantiny ; a bellO ab- 
 csso, to take no part in war. 
 
 Sc, sec atque. 
 
 a(>-cSdd, -ere, -cessi, -cesstis 
 [ad, to ; cedo, yo or come], yo or 
 I rome to, approach ; he added ; ac- 
 I cSdere ad, to come up to. 
 
 ac-cend5, -ere, -cendl, -<*<"nMUs 
 fad, to; Vcaud-, set fire], kindle; 
 tnjlamet Jlrt. 
 
244 
 
 ac-cido 
 
 ad-olesco 
 
 ac-cido, -ere, -cidi[ad, to ; cado, 
 f all], happen, occur ;(ysr. dat. pers.) 
 happen to, befall. 
 
 ac-cipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptus [ad, 
 to (one's self); capio, take], ac- 
 cept, receive ; receive (as by trans- 
 mission from ancestors) ; experi- 
 ence ; hear of, hear. 
 
 ac-commodo, -are, -avi, -atus 
 [ad, to ; commodo, make suitable] , 
 adjust. 
 
 accurate, adv. [abl. form of 
 accuratiis, careful], carefully, elab- 
 orately. 
 
 ac-curro, -ere, -cncurrT or -curri, 
 -cursum [ad, to ; curro, run], run 
 to, hasten to. 
 
 ac-cuso, -are, -avi, -atus [ad, to, 
 against; causa, charge (through 
 denom. vb. *causo; cf. causor)], 
 bring a charge against, call to ac- 
 count, take to task, accuse. 
 
 Achillas, -ae, M., Achillas (com- 
 mander of the forces of Ptolemy 
 Dionysus, king of Egypt). 
 
 acies, -e and -el, f. [^lac-, sharp], 
 EDGE; line of battle, line, army 
 (drawn up in battle array) . 
 
 acriter, adv. [acri- (st. ofacer), 
 sharp] , sharply, with energy, vigor- 
 ously, resolutely, valiantly. 
 
 ad, prep. w. ace. (opp. ab), (of 
 motion towards) to, against; (of 
 nearness) at, close by ; (w. num.) 
 about; according to ; (expressing 
 purpose, especially with gerunds 
 orgerundives)/or; adhunc mo- 
 dum, as follows ; ad Id. April. = 
 ad Idus Aprllis, on the Ides (thir- 
 teenth) of April. 
 
 ad-_daco,-ere, -duxi, -ductus [ad, 
 to ; duco, lead], lead to, lead, bring 
 to, bring; lead, prompt, move, in- 
 cite, influence. 
 
 ad-eo, -ire, -ii (-TvT), -itus [ad, 
 to ; eo, go], go to, get at, approach, 
 come into the presence of, appear 
 before; incur. 
 
 ad-fero, adferre, attuli, adlatus 
 (allatus) [ad, to; fero, bear, 
 liwing], BRing to, nning, Biiing 
 forward, advance. 
 
 ad-iicio, -ere, -feci, -fectus [ad, 
 to ; facio, do], do (something) to, 
 visit vjith ; hence, (in good sense) 
 bestow upon ; (in bad sense) inflict 
 upon; adfectas niorbis, having 
 diseases, laboring under diseases. 
 
 ad-finis, -e, adj. [ad, near to ; 
 finis, boundary], having adjacent 
 boundaries, neighboring; related 
 to ; iwivy to, implicated in. 
 
 ad-hibeo, -ere, -uT, -itus [ad, to, 
 towards; habeo, hold], hold 
 toioar'ds, bring to ; summon, invite, 
 admit; apply; exercise. 
 
 ad-huc (accent the final sylla- 
 ble), adv. [ad, to; hue, hither], 
 hithei'to, up to this time. 
 
 ad-imo, -ere, -emi, -emptus [ad, 
 to (one's self) ; erao, take], (take 
 to one's self from another, and 
 so) take away from, deprive of (w. 
 ace. th. and dat. pers.). 
 
 aditus, -us, m. [ad-Vi-, go to], 
 a going. to, approach, access; pres- 
 ence. 
 
 ad-jungo, -ere, -junxi, -junctus 
 [ad, to ; jungo, Join], Join to. Join, 
 unite, add to. 
 
 ad-juvo, -are, -jiivi, -jfitus [ad, 
 to ; ju vo, give aid] , give aid to, aid. 
 
 ad-minister, -tri, m. [ad, 7iear 
 to; minister, servant], (one who 
 is at hand to serve, and so) as- 
 sistant, minister, agent. 
 
 ad-niinistro, -are, -avi, -atus [ad, 
 near to ; ministro, serve], (be at 
 hand to serve, and so) assist; 
 manage, execute, administer, con- 
 duct. 
 
 ad-miror, -arl, -atus [ad, at ; 
 miror, loonder], wonder at, admire. 
 
 ad-mitto, -ere, -mlsT, -missus 
 [ad, to; mitto, let go]., let go to. 
 admit; allow, perm it ; commit, per- 
 petrate, perform. 
 
 admoduni, adv. [ad, ?</) to ; mo- 
 dus, MEAs?<re, limit], (to a [great] 
 measure, and so) excessively, ex- 
 tremely, quite. 
 
 ad-olesco, -ere, -evT, -ultus [ad, 
 to (maturity); olesco, grow], grow 
 or come to maturity, grow up. 
 
adro^antia 
 
 aestimo 
 
 245 
 
 adrogantia, -ae, v. [adrogant- 
 st. of adrogaus), arrogant], arro- 
 gance, presumption. 
 
 ad-scend6,-cre,-sceiidT,-scensus 
 [ad, to; scando, climb], climb to, 
 rJimb, ascend. 
 
 ad-sequor, -T, -cutus [ad, up to ; 
 scquor, follow], attain to, accom- 
 plish. 
 
 adsiduus, -a, -um, adj. [ad-v/sed-, 
 SIT by], (sitting or staying by, 
 and so) constant, long-continued, 
 incessant. 
 
 ad-sisto, -ere, -stiti [ad, at, by ; 
 sisto, place] , place one's self at or 
 by, place one's self STAtid. 
 
 ad-specio, -ere, -spexl, -spectus 
 [ad, to, at; specio, look], look at 
 or upon, look. 
 
 adsuefacieT^ere, -feci, -factus 
 [adsue- (st. in adsuesco), be ac- 
 customed; facio, make], accustom, 
 habituate, train. 
 
 ad-sum, adesse, adfui [ad, at, 
 near; sura, be], be at hand, be 
 there ; be by to assist, stand by. 
 
 Aduatuci, -orum, m., the Adua- 
 tuci (a German tribe in Belgic 
 Gaul between the Meuse and the 
 Scheldt). 
 
 aduleseens, -entis, c. [p. a., 
 used subst., of adolesco (with 
 change of o to u), grow up], one 
 not yet grown to maturity ; young 
 man or woman, youth. 
 
 adules<'entIa,-ae,F.[adulescent- 
 (st. of adulescens), xjoung], youth, 
 the time of youth. 
 
 ad-venio, -ire, -veni, -ventus 
 [ad, to; venio, come], comk to, 
 
 ( O.ME. 
 
 adventu8,-us, M. [ad-Vven-,cOME 
 to], L'i)Minfj to, arrival. 
 
 adversiiH, -a, -um [p. a. of ad- 
 verto, turn towards], 1. turned 
 towards, facing, opposite; unsuc- 
 cessful, adverse. 2. adverous, 
 prep. w. ace, totcards. 
 
 ad-verto, -ere, -ti, -sua [ad, to; 
 verto, turn], turn to; anlmum 
 a<lvertere, to perceive. 
 
 ad-vesperascity -ere, -&vit, im- 
 
 pers. [ad, on, near ; vesperfiscit, 
 evening is coming], evening is com- 
 ing on, it is getting to be evening. 
 
 aedijieiuin, -il, n. [aediflc- (st. 
 of *aedifex), builder; cf. arti- 
 flciura, fr. artiflc-, st. of artifex], 
 huilding. 
 
 aedifico, -arc, -fivi, -atus [aedi- 
 flc- (st. of ♦aedifex), builder], 
 (act as a builder, and so) constrrwt 
 a building ; build. 
 
 aedilis, -is, m. [aedi- (st. of ae- 
 (lis or aedes) , building], (adj. used 
 subst., and so) officer having to do 
 with (public) buildings, superin- 
 tendent of public icorks, aedile. 
 
 Aedui, -drum, m., the Aedui (a 
 tribe in Celtic Gaul between the 
 Loire and the Saone) ; in sing., 
 Aeduus, -1, M., an Aeduan. 
 
 aeger, -gra, -grum, adj., sick, 
 ill, diseased, feeble. 
 
 aegre, adv. [abl. fm. of aeger, 
 q.v.J, tcith difficulty. 
 
 aeniulus, -a, -um, adj., envious, 
 jealous. 
 
 aequitas, -atis, f. [aequo- (st. 
 of &equuii), even], evenness ; animi 
 aequitas, contented state of mind, 
 content. 
 
 aequo, -are, -avT, -atus [aequo- 
 (st. of aequus), level, equal], place 
 on a level, put on equality, make 
 equal, equalize. 
 
 aequor, -oris, N. [base aequ- 
 (in aequo niitl aequus), level], 
 (ere /<//'>■-. ;uhI so) surface; sea 
 (as presenting a level surface). 
 
 aerarium, -ii, n. [aes- (st. of 
 aes; -8- becomes -r-), money], 
 (adj. used subst., and so) place 
 for depositing money, treasury. 
 
 aes, aerls, n. [cogn. w. Eng. 
 i>i{K], copper, bronze; money; aes 
 alienuin, another's money. I.e., 
 debt. 
 
 aestas, -atis, v., sununer season. 
 acstimAtid, -onis, v. [aestima- 
 (st of aestimo), value], valuation, 
 appraisement, estimate. 
 
 aestlmu, -are, -avi, -atus, va/u«, 
 estimate, fix; consider, deem. 
 
246 
 
 aestuosus 
 
 alius 
 
 aestuosus, -a, -um, adj. [aestii- 
 (st. of aestus), heat]^full of heat, 
 burning hot. 
 
 aestus, -us, m., boiling, tossing, 
 and so (of fire, etc.) heat; (of 
 the sea) swell ; maritimi aestus, 
 tides. 
 
 aetas, -atis, f. [= ae vitas, fr. 
 aevo- (st. of aevum), age'], time 
 of life, life, age. 
 
 aeternus, -a, -um, adj. [= aevi- 
 ternus, fr. aevo- (st. of aevum), 
 eternity, age], eternal. _ 
 
 Africauus, -1, M. [Africa- (st. 
 of Africa), Africa], (adj. used 
 subst.) conqueror of Africa, Afri- 
 canus (surname of Scipio the elder 
 as conqueror of Hannibal at Zama 
 202 B.C. ; also of Scipio the youn- 
 ger as destroyer of Carthage 146 
 
 B.C.). 
 
 ager, -gri, m. [cogn. w. Eng. 
 acre] , land, soil ; field ; district ; 
 in ^^X., fields, country districts. 
 
 Agesi-laus, -T, M., Ayesi/aus 
 (king of the Spartans b.c. 398- 
 361). 
 
 ag-ger, -eris, m. [ad, to; \/ges- 
 (-S- becomes -r-), carry], (what is 
 carried to, and so) materials for 
 constructing a mound (as earth, 
 stone, brushwood, etc.) ; mound, 
 embankment ; rampart. 
 
 agmen, -inis, n. [Vag-, put in 
 motion, lead], (that which is led, 
 and so) train, army (on the 
 march) ; novissimum agmen, 
 rear. 
 
 ago, -ere, egi, actus [Vag-, put 
 in motion], lead, drive; do; (of 
 courts, assizes, etc.) hold; agere 
 de, to discuss, to talk over ; agere 
 cum, to treat or confer with ; (im- 
 per.) agite, on ! 
 
 agrarius, -a, -um, adj. [agro- 
 (st. of ager), laud], pertaining to 
 land. 
 
 agri cultura or agricultiira, 
 -ae, F. [ager, soil; cultura, culti- 
 vation], cultivation of the soil, 
 agriculture. 
 
 alacer, -cris, -ere, adj., eager. 
 
 alacritas, -atis, F. [alacri- (st. 
 of alacer), eager], eagerness. 
 
 alarius, -a, -um, adj. [ala- (st, 
 of ala), wing], belonging to the 
 wing; subst., alarii, -orum, m., 
 auxiliaries (posted on the wings 
 of the army). 
 
 albeo, -ere [albo- (st. of albus), 
 white], be ichite. 
 
 Alexandrea (or -ia), -ae, f., 
 Alexandria (capital of Egypt; 
 founded by Alexander b.c. 331). 
 
 Alexaiidrini, -orum, m., inhabi- 
 tants of Alexandria ; see Alexan- 
 drea. 
 
 algor, -oris, m., cold. 
 
 alienus, -a, -um, adj. [alio- (st. 
 of alius), other], belonging to an- 
 other, another's, foreign ; unfavor- 
 able. 
 
 alio, adv. [old case form of 
 alius, other, used adv.], to another 
 p)lace, FA^seiohere. 
 
 aliquando, adv. [all- (st. of old 
 forms of alius), giving an indefi- 
 nite meaning, some; quando, 
 whem], at some time; at any time. 
 
 aliquantus, -a, -um, adj. [ali- 
 (st. of old forms of alius), giving 
 an indefinite meaning, some ; quan- 
 tus, how much, wjia^], somewHAt. 
 
 aliqui, -qua, -quod, indef. adj. 
 pron. [ali- (st. of old forms of 
 alius) , giving an indefinite mean- 
 ing, some, any ; qui, winch], some ; 
 any. 
 
 aliqnis, -quid, indef. pron. [ali- 
 (st. of old forms of alius), giving 
 an indefinite meaning, s(>7»e, any; 
 quis, who], some one, something ; 
 any one, anything; occasionally 
 adj., some; any. 
 
 aliquot, indecl. adj. [ali- (st. of 
 old forms of alius), giving an in- 
 definite meaning, some; quot, 
 HOW many], several. 
 
 aliter, adv. [ali- (st. of old forms 
 of alius), other], otherwise. 
 
 alius, -a, -ud, adj. and subst. 
 [cogn. with English VA.se], other, 
 another ; alius . . . alius [^one . . . 
 one], another . . . another; one 
 
AUobrog-es 
 
 ante-fero 
 
 247 
 
 another ; ab aliis ad alios, from 
 one [body] to another. 
 
 Allobroges, -um, yi.,the Allobro- 
 ges (a tribe of Celtic Gauls be- 
 tween the Rhone and the Isere) . 
 
 alo,-ere,aluT,altus[v'al-,no?<ns7i], 
 nurture, rear, bring up, support, 
 maintain. 
 
 alter, -tera, -terum, adj. [com- 
 parative form of base al- seen in 
 alius; hence alter refers to two 
 objects, or groups of objects], 
 OTHER (of two) ; alter . . . alter, 
 the one . . .the other, each other. 
 
 altitudo, -inis, f. [alto- (st. of 
 altiis), hif/h, deep'], height; depth. 
 
 altus, -a, -um [p. a. of alo, nur- 
 ture ; cogn. w. English old], 
 (made great by nurturing, and so) 
 high, tall; deep. 
 
 amans, -antis [p. a. of am5, 
 love], loving, fond, friendly. 
 
 ambactos, -T, M., vassal. 
 
 Ambiani, -orum, m. , the Ambiani 
 (a tribe in Belgic Gaul). 
 
 ambitus, -lis, m. [amb-Vi-, go 
 about], going about; corrupt can- 
 vassing for votes, and so bribery. 
 
 amice, adv. [abl. form of amicus, 
 friendly, kind], kindly, favorably. 
 
 nmlcitia, -ae, f. [amico- (st. of 
 amicus), friendly], friendship., 
 amity. 
 
 amicus, -a, -um, adj. [conn. w. 
 amo, love] , friendly, favorably dis- 
 posed ; subst., friend. 
 
 ii-mitto, -ere, -mlsl, -missus [ab, 
 from; mitto, let go], lose. 
 
 amor, -oris, M. [base am- (in 
 amo), Ic/ve], love. 
 
 ampllfico, -are, -avT, -atus [am- 
 plHico- (st. of ♦arapliflcus), mak- 
 ing large], enlarge, increase, ex- 
 tend. 
 
 amplus, -a, -um, adj., large, 
 ample ; illustrious, glorious, distin- 
 guished, mngnifirent ; n, comp. 
 used adv., amplius, more. 
 
 Amultus, -11. M., Amu/iua (leg- 
 endary king of Alba). 
 
 an, conj., or. 
 
 an-cep», -cipltis, adj. [amb-, on 
 
 both sides, double; capit- (st. of 
 caput), head], (with head on both 
 sides, double headed, and so) 
 double; doubtful; treacherous. 
 
 ancilla,-ae,F., maid-serva nt, girl. 
 
 ancora, -ae, r., anchor. 
 ' angor, -oris, m. [yi&Ui^-, squeeze], 
 strangling; anguish. 
 
 angulus, -i, M., angle, corner. 
 
 angustiae, -arum, f. [augusto- 
 (st. of angustus), s^miY, narrow], 
 straits, difficulties, perplexities. 
 
 anima, -ae, f., air ; breath ; life ; 
 soul, spirit, mind. 
 
 animadverto, -ere, -ti, -versus 
 [animum, mind; adverto, turn to], 
 turn the mind to, perceive, observe, 
 notice, note; (w. in and ace.) in- 
 flict jmnishment on. 
 
 animal, -iilis, n. [= animale, n. 
 adj. used subst., fr. animii- (st. of 
 anima), breath, life], (that which 
 has breath or life, and so) living 
 creature, animal. 
 
 animosus, -a, -um, adj. [animo- 
 (st. of animus), cotirage], full of 
 courage, spirited. 
 
 animus, -i, M., soul, spirit; dis- 
 embodied or departed spirit ; mind; 
 heart, feelings ; disposition ; cour- 
 age. 
 
 annalis, -e, adj. [anno- (st. of 
 annus), year], pertaining to the 
 year. 
 
 ann5sus, -a, -um, adj. [anno- (st. 
 of annus), year], fill of years. 
 
 annus, -i, M., year; in annos 
 singulos, each year, every year. 
 
 annuus, -a, -um, adj. [anno- (st 
 of annus), j/ear], yearly, annual; 
 translated adv., annually. 
 
 ante, prep. w. ace, before, in 
 advance of; adv., before, earlier. 
 
 antefi, adv. [ante, before ; ace. 
 pi. n. eaf (orig. ea), these things], 
 before. 
 
 ante-fcrd, -ferre, -tulT, -latus 
 [ante, before; fero, bear], bear 
 before; prefer. 
 
 tThis ia (tumetimeii explained as an 
 abl.; but see Cofm. AuMpr. I. 760, IT. 
 456. 
 
248 
 
 ante-pono 
 
 ars 
 
 ante-pono, -ere, -posui, -positus 
 
 [ante, before ; pouo, place)^ , place 
 before, prefer. 
 
 antequamorantequam [anie, 
 sooner ; quam,^Aaw],6e/ore; until. 
 
 antiquitus, adv. [antique- (st. 
 of antiquus), ancient], anciently, 
 in former times, in early times. 
 
 antiquus, -a, -um, adj. [=:anti- 
 cus, fr. anti- (st. of ante), before'], 
 ancient, of early date, early. 
 
 aperio, -ire, -erui, -ertus, open. 
 
 aperte,adv.[abl. fm. of apertus, 
 open],openly, manifestly, obviously. 
 
 apertus, -a, -um [p. a. of aperid, 
 open], open, exposed; free from 
 trees. 
 
 Apollo, -inis, m., Apollo (sou of 
 Jupiter and Latona, and brother 
 of Diana; god of tlie sun, and 
 of divination, healing, archery, 
 poetr}^ music, etc.). 
 
 ap-pareo, -ere, -parui [ad, to, 
 before; pareo, be ready], appear; 
 apparet, it is evident. 
 
 appello, -are, -avi, -atus, accost, 
 address, greet; entitle, call. 
 
 appetens, -entis [p. a. of appeto, 
 seek' after], desirous ; covetous. 
 
 ap-peto, -ere, -ivi or -il, -itus [ad, 
 to, towards, after; peto, seek], 
 seek after, strive to secure. 
 
 approbator, -oris, m. [approba- 
 (st. of approbo), approve], ap- 
 prover; approbator esse, to ap- 
 prove. 
 
 ap-propinquo, -are, -avi, -atum 
 [ad, to; propinquo, draw near], 
 draw near to, approach. 
 
 Aprilis, -is, M. \_= *Aperilis, 
 adj. used subst., fr. aperi- (st. of 
 aperio), open], (the month which 
 opens the ground, i.e.) April. 
 
 Apsus, -i, M., Apsus (a river in 
 southern Illyria). 
 
 apud, prep. w. ace, (in desig- 
 nations of place) with, at, near, 
 about, before ; (w. subst. referring 
 to persons) at the headquarters of, 
 at the house of, in the works of, 
 according to ; in the estimation of, 
 in the case of; among. 
 
 Apulia, -ae, r., Apulia (province 
 in southern Italy). 
 
 aqua, -ae, f., ivater. 
 
 aquilo, -onis, m. [aquilo- (st. 
 of aquilus), dark], (the bringer 
 of storms and darlvness, and so) 
 north wind; (used adj. w. ventus) 
 north. 
 
 Aquitani, -5rum, m., the Aqui- 
 tani ; see Aquitania. 
 
 Aquitania, -ae, r., Aquitania 
 (one of the three chief divis- 
 ions of Transalpine Gaul, between 
 the Garonne river and the Pyre- 
 nees mountains). 
 
 ara, -ae, r., altar; see Fig. 2. 
 arbitrium, -il, n. 
 [arbitro- (st. of arbi- 
 ter), ivitness, umpire], 
 being umpire; decis- 
 ion (of the umpire). 
 arbitror, -ari, -atus 
 [arbitro- (st. of arbi- 
 ter), witness], (be a 
 Fig. 2. witness or observer, 
 Altar, from a and so) be of the 
 
 Pompeian opinion, think. 
 
 painting. arbor, -oris, F.,^ree. 
 
 arceo, -ere, -ui [conn. w. arx, 
 stronghold] , ward off. 
 
 arcesSo, -ere, -Tvi, -itus [intens. 
 fm. of accedo, come to, but with 
 causative meaning ; ar = ad], 
 (cause to come to, and so) invite, 
 summon. 
 
 Arethusa, -ae, f., Arefhusa (cele- 
 brated fountain near Syracuse, 
 Sicily). 
 
 Ariovistus, -i, m., Ariovistus 
 (king of a German tribe in the 
 time of Caesar). 
 
 anna, -6 rum, N. [Var-, fit; cf. 
 ars], (what is fitted to the body, 
 and so) arms. 
 
 armatura, -ae, F. [arma- (st. of 
 armo), equip, arm, equipment, 
 armor. 
 
 Arpinum, -i, n., Arpinum (town 
 in Latium ; birthplace of Cicero 
 and Marius). 
 
 arrogantia, see adrogantia. 
 
 ars, artis, f. [Var-, fit; cf. 
 
artificiuni 
 
 Autronius 
 
 249 
 
 arma], (fitting, skill in fitting, 
 and so) skill, art; handicraft, 
 occupation, profession. 
 
 artificiuni, *-i!, x. [artiflc- (st. 
 of artilex), artificer], artisanship ; 
 handicraft, trade ; in pi., indus- 
 trial arts. 
 
 Arverni, -Snim, m., the Arverni 
 (a powerful tribe of Celtic Gaul, 
 south of the Aedui). 
 
 arx, arcis, F. [\'arc-, holdfast], 
 stronghold, fortress, citadel. 
 
 as, assis, m., as (copper coin 
 worth about four-fifths of a cent). 
 
 a-scendo, see adscendo. 
 
 Asia, -ae, f., Asia (the conti- 
 nent). 
 
 asper, -era, -erum, adj., rough, 
 rugged; harsh, rude, fierce. 
 
 a-spicio, sec adspici5. 
 
 as-sequor, see adsequor. 
 
 assiduus, see adsiduus. 
 
 as-sisto, see adsisto. 
 
 assuefacio, see adsuefacio. 
 
 at, conj., hut, on the other hand. 
 
 Athenae, -arum, f., Athens 
 (capital of Attica). 
 
 Atheniensis, -e, adj. [Athena- 
 (st.of Athenae), Athens], Athenian ; 
 used subst., an Athenian. 
 
 athleta, -ae, m. [borrowed fr. 
 the Greek], wrestler, athlete. 
 
 atque (before vowels and con- 
 sonants) or ae (before consonants 
 only), conj. [ad, in addition; que, 
 and], and also, and. 
 
 Atrebates, -urn , m., the Atrebates 
 (a tribe in Belgic Gaul). 
 
 atrocitas, -atis, f. [atroci- (st. 
 of atrox), ^erc€], ferocity, cruelty, 
 seventy. 
 
 atrox, -ocis, adj. [apparently 
 fr. atro- (st. of ater), dark, but w. 
 change of quantity], dar^, hideous, 
 atrocious. 
 
 at-tendo, -ere, -tend!, -tentHs 
 [ad, towards; tendo, stretch], 
 stretch or direct toirards; direct 
 the attention to, consider. 
 
 att<'nte, a<lv. [abl. fni. of atlen- 
 tiis, intent, attentii'i']. attentiri lij. 
 
 Atticus, -T, M., Atticus (surname 
 of Titus Pomponius, friend of 
 Cicero ; given to him on account 
 of his long residence in Athens 
 and his familiarity with Greek 
 literature). 
 
 at-tingo,-ere,-tigI [ad, to; tango, 
 touch], touch, come in'contact loith ; 
 reach, arrive at. 
 
 at-tribuo, -ere, -ul, -fitus [ad, 
 to ; tribuo, allot], allot to, assign. 
 
 auctor, -oris, m. [s'aug-, be 
 strong, grow], (he who makes 
 strong or makes grow, and so) 
 author ; advi.^er. 
 
 auctoritas,-ritis, f. [auctor- (st. 
 of auctor), author], authority, in- 
 fluence. 
 
 audacia, -ae, f. [audaci- (st. of 
 audax), hold], boldness., reckless- 
 ness, audacity. 
 
 audacter, adv. [audaci- (st. of 
 &ndvix) , bold], holdly, with boldness. 
 Comp. audacius, more boldly. 
 
 audax, -acis, adj. [conn. w. 
 audeo, dare], daring, bold. 
 
 audco, -ere, ausus [= *avide6, 
 fr. avido- (st. of avidus), eager], 
 (be eager, and so) dare, venture. 
 
 audio, -Ire, -ivi or-\\, -itus [conn, 
 w. auris, ear], hear ; ll<iten. 
 
 au-fero,auferre,abstulI,ablatus 
 [ah, from; fero, beau], beau or 
 cany away, remove. 
 
 augeo, -ere, auxi, auctus[Vaug-, 
 be strong, grow; cogn. w. Eng. 
 wax], (make grow, and so) aug- 
 ment, increase. 
 
 augur, -uris, c. [au- = avi- (st. 
 of avis), bird], (one whose pre- 
 dictions are founded [in part] on 
 tlie observation of birds, i.e.) an 
 augur. 
 
 auruin, -I, N. [Vau&- (-»- becomes 
 •r-), shine], (the shining metal, 
 and so) gold. 
 
 aut, conj., either, or ; aut . . . 
 aut, either . . . or. 
 
 auteni,conj. [conn. w. nxit], but, 
 howerer; moreover, further. 
 
 Aufroiilus. il. M.. Pitblius Autro- 
 nius ' I'M Catiline's con- 
 
250 
 
 auxiliaris 
 
 caelestis 
 
 federates in the conspiracy of 63 
 
 B.C.)- 
 
 auxiliaris, -e, adj. [anxilio- (st. 
 of auxillum), help^, belonging or 
 pertaining to heJp,auxiliary; subst., 
 auxiliares, -inm, M., auxiliary 
 troops^ auxiliaries. 
 
 aiixilinm, -ii, x. [conn. w. 
 aiigeo, increase'], help, aid, assist- 
 ance. 
 
 aversus, -a, -nm [p. a. of averto, 
 tnrnfrom], (turned from, and so) 
 averse, hostile ; aversus a, hostile 
 to._ 
 
 a-verto, -ere, -verti, -versus [a, 
 from; verto, turn], turn from, 
 turn aside. 
 
 Avienus, -i, m., Gajus Avienus 
 (a military tribune under Caesar 
 in tlie African war). 
 
 a-voco, -are,-avi,-atus [ab,/rom, 
 OFF; voc5, call], call off, loith- 
 draw. 
 
 avus, -1, M., grandfather. 
 
 B. 
 
 barbarus, -a, -um, adj., rude, 
 savage; subst., barbarian. 
 
 beatus, -a, -um [perf . part, of 
 beo, make happy, bless], happy, 
 blessed. 
 
 Belgae, -arum, m., the Belgae 
 (inhabited northern Gaul between 
 the rivers Seine and Marne and 
 the Rhine). 
 
 bellicosus,-a,-um, adj. [bellico- 
 (st. of bellicus), pertaining to 
 icar], vjarlike. 
 
 bellum, -I, N. [conn. w. duo, 
 two] , i€ar ; belli, in war. 
 
 bene, adv. [for bone, abl. fm. 
 of bonus, good], well. 
 
 beneficium, -ii, n. [benefico- 
 (st. of beneflcus) , kind, obliging] , 
 kindness., benefit, service, favor, 
 generosity. 
 
 Bibrax, -actis, f., Bibrax (a 
 town of the Remi in Belgic Gaul). 
 
 biduiim, -1, N. [bi- {— dvi-), 
 conn. w. duo, two; -duum, conn. 
 w. dies, day], space of two days, 
 TWO days. 
 
 bini, -ae, -a, distr. num. adj. 
 [= *dvinT, fr. st. of duo, two], 
 TWO and two, in groups of two, 
 TWO fro7n each; (w. substs. pi. 
 in fm., but sing, in meaning) 
 
 TWO. 
 
 bipartite, adv. [n. abl. of bi- 
 partltus, divided into two parts], 
 in TWO parts or divisions. 
 
 Bituriges, -um, m., the Bitu- 
 riges (a tribe in Celtic Gaul, south 
 of the Loire). 
 
 Boi or Bojl, -orum, m., the Bo'i 
 or Boji (a Celtic tribe in alliance 
 with the Helvetians). 
 
 bonus, -a, -um, adj., good, honor- 
 able; n. pi. subst., bona, -orum, 
 goods, property, resources. Comp., 
 melior, -ius, better. Superl., optl- 
 mus, -a, -um, best; excellent. 
 
 bos, bovis, c, ox. 
 
 brevis, -e, adj., short, brief. 
 
 brevitas, -atis, f. [brevi- (st. 
 of brevis), short], shortness; di- 
 minutive stature. 
 
 breviter, adv. [brevi- (st. of 
 brevis), sJiort], briefly. 
 
 Britannia, -ae, f., Britain (in- 
 cluding England and Scotland). 
 
 Brundlsium, -ii, n., Brundisium 
 (a town of Calabria on the Adri- 
 atic, and the usual port of depart- 
 ure for Greece). 
 
 C. 
 
 C. 1. abbr. of Gajus, Gai, m., 
 Gajus (a Roman praenomen or 
 first name) . 2. abbr. for centum, 
 HUNDre(?. 
 
 cado, -ere, cecidi, casum [Vcad-, 
 fall], fall. 
 
 caedes, -is, f. [Vcaed-, cut, hew], 
 cutting down, slaughter, massacre; 
 assassination, murder. 
 
 caedo, -ere, cecidi, caesus 
 [Vcaed-, cut, heio]., cut down, cut 
 to pieces ; slay, slaughter. 
 
 caelestis, -e, adj. [conn. w. cae- 
 lum, heaven'], pertaining to the 
 heavens, celestial; n. pi. subst., 
 caelestia, -ium, heavenly bodies, 
 celestial phenomena. 
 
caelum 
 
 Celtae 
 
 251 
 
 caelum, -I, x., sky, heaven; pi. 
 caelT, M., iu verse only. 
 
 Caepio, -onis, m., Qidntus Ser- 
 viliusCaepio (as procousul, fought 
 unsuccessfully with the Cimbri 
 105 B.C.). 
 
 Caesar, -aris, m., Gajus Julius 
 Caesar (the famous Roman general 
 aud statesman ; lived 100-44 B.C.)- 
 
 calamitas, -atis, f., disaster, 
 calamity. 
 
 Campania, -ae, F., Campania 
 (district on the south-west coast 
 of Italy). 
 
 capax, -acis, adj. [Vcap-, take'], 
 (able to take or hold much, and 
 so) capacious ; capable. 
 
 capillus, -1, M. [dim. form fr. 
 capitr (st. of caput), head; lit., 
 adj. (sc. criuis, hair)], hair of the 
 in:AD, hair. 
 
 capio, -ere, cepT, captus [Vcap-, 
 take] , take, lay hold of; capture ; 
 vrin, allure, charm, enchain; (w. 
 consilium) form, adopt. 
 
 captivus,-!, M. [adj. used subst. 
 fr. \'cap-, take], captive. 
 
 Capua, -ae, f., Capua (chief 
 city of Campania). 
 
 caput, -itis, X., head; (w. nu- 
 merals )/><?r«ow, sow/ ; capital crime, 
 capital punishment, death; chief 
 city. 
 
 capitalis, -e, adj. [capit- (st. of 
 caput), head], pertaining to the 
 HEAD or life, capital. 
 
 career, -eris, .m., prison. 
 
 careo, -ere, -ul, be without. 
 
 carina, -ae, f., keel. 
 
 carmen, -inis, N., song, verse, 
 strain. 
 
 Carnates,-am, M., the Carnutes 
 (a tribe of Celtic Gaul on both 
 sides of the Ix)lre). 
 
 car5, earn is, P., Jlesh, meat. 
 
 carpo, -ere, -psi, -ptus, pluck; 
 pluck at, carp at, revile. 
 
 carrus, -I, m., cart, xcagon. 
 
 Carthftgd, -Inls, F., Carthage 
 (city on the northern coast of 
 Africa; destroyed by Sclplo the 
 younger U6 B.C.). 
 
 Carthaginiensis, -e, adj. [Car- 
 thagiu- (st. of Carthago), Car- 
 thage], Carthaginian; see Car- 
 thago. 
 
 earns, -a, -uni, adj., dear, prec- 
 ious. 
 
 caseus, -I, m., cheese. 
 
 Cassius, -ii, m., Lucius Cassius 
 Longinus (defeated and killed by 
 the Tigurini 107 B.C.). 
 
 castellum, -i, x. dim. [castro- 
 (st. of castrum), fortified place], 
 stronghold. 
 
 Casticus, -T, m., Casticus (a Se- 
 quanian, son of Catamantaloedes). 
 
 castra, -drum, x., camp. 
 
 casus, -iis, m. I'^cM-, fall], fall- 
 ing ; chance ; misfortune ; unfortu- 
 nate condition. 
 
 Catamantaloedes, -is, m., Cata- 
 mantaloedes ivuXev of the Sequani). 
 
 catellus, -T, M. [dim. fr. catulo- 
 (st. of catulus), young dog], puppy. 
 
 Catilina, -ae, m., Catiline (noto- 
 rious Roman conspirator; lived 
 108-62 B.C.). 
 
 Cato, -onis, m., Marcus Porcius 
 Cato (called the elder, or the cen- 
 sor; lived 234-149 b.c). 
 
 causa, -ae, f., cause, reason; 
 excuse, pretext ; entojprise ; causa 
 (following its genitive), for the 
 sake, for the purpose. 
 
 caveo, -ere, cavl, cautus, be on 
 one's guard. 
 
 cedo, -ere, cessi, cessus, go; 
 withdraw, retire, depart; grant, 
 concede. 
 
 celcbro, -are, -avT, -atiis [♦cele- 
 bro- (presumed original st. of 
 celeber) frequented], (make fre- 
 quented, and so) throng, frequent ; 
 celebrate. 
 
 ccler, -erls, -ere, adj., sicift. 
 
 celeritSs, -atls, f. [celerl- (st. 
 of celcr), svjift], swiftness, speed, 
 celerity. 
 
 celerltcr, adv. [celerl- (st. of 
 celcr), swift], swiftly, quickly, 
 speedily. 
 
 Celtae, -arum, m., Celts or Kelts 
 (name applied by Caesar to the 
 
252 
 
 censeo 
 
 civis 
 
 Gauls who dwelt between the 
 Seine and the Garonne). 
 
 censeo, -ere, -sui, -sus, rate ; (of 
 proceedings in the senate) vote, 
 decree; think. 
 
 censor, -oris, m. [base cens- (in 
 censeo), rate'], (the rating officer, 
 i.e.) censor (one of two Roman 
 magistrates whose duty it was : 
 
 1. to superintend the registration 
 of the citizens and their propertj^ ; 
 
 2. to exercise control over the 
 conduct and morals of the citi- 
 zens; 3. to superintend the ad- 
 ministration of the finances of 
 the state). 
 
 census, -us, M. [base cens-, (in 
 censeo), rate], rating, registration, 
 enumeration, census. 
 
 centum, indecl. num. adj., a 
 HUNDred 
 
 centuria, -ae, f. [conn. w. cen- 
 tum, uusDred], century (the cen- 
 tury was one-sixtieth of a legion, 
 and contained, in Caesar's time, 
 about 100 men; see legio). 
 
 centurio, -onis, m. [centuria- 
 (st. of centuria), century],centurion 
 (the commanding officer of a 
 century ; there were sixty centu- 
 rions in a legion). 
 
 Ceraunus (Ptoloniaeus),-i,M., 
 Ptolemy Ceraw/jws (murdered Seleu- 
 cus and obtained possession of 
 Macedonia 280 B.C.). 
 
 cerno, -ere, crevi, certus [Veer-, 
 separate] , separate ; distinguish 
 (by the senses) , perceive, see ; de- 
 cide. 
 
 certSinen, -inis, n. [certa- (st. 
 of cert5), struggle], (result of 
 struggling, and so) contest. 
 
 certe, adv. [abl. fm. of certus, 
 certain], certainly, assuredly, at 
 any rate. 
 
 certo, -are, -avi, -atus [intens. 
 of cern5, decide, f r. certo- (st. of 
 perf. part.' certus)], decide by con- 
 test, struggle, vie. 
 
 certus, -a, -um [p. a. of cerno, 
 decide], decided, fixed, particular ; 
 certain, assured, undoubted; cer- 
 
 tiorem facere, to inform ; certior 
 fieri, to be informed. 
 
 cervus, -i, m. [conn. w. cornu, 
 horn], (horned animal, and so) 
 stag. 
 
 cesso, -are, -av!, -atus [intens. of 
 cedo, go, retire], loiter, abate, cease. 
 
 *ceterus, -a, -um, adj., usu. pi., 
 the OTHER, the remaining, the rest 
 of; subst., ceteri, -orum, the rest. 
 
 Cicero, -onis, m., Cicero (the 
 celebrated Roman orator; lived 
 106-43 B.C.). 
 
 circiter, adv. and prep. w. ace. 
 [circo- (st. of civcns), circle], round 
 about, about. 
 
 circuitus, -us, m. [circu(m)-Vi-, 
 go around] , going around, circuit. 
 
 circum, adv. and prep. w. ace. 
 [ace. of circus, circle], around, 
 about. 
 
 circum-do, -are, -dedi, -datus 
 [circum, around; do, put], put 
 around, surround, build around, 
 enclose. 
 
 circuni-daco,-ere,-duxi,-ductus 
 [circum, around; duco, lead], lead 
 around. 
 
 circum-fero, -ferre, -tuli, -latus 
 [circum, around; fero, bear], 
 carry round, pass round. 
 
 circum-munio, -ire, -ivi, -itus 
 [circum, around; mtinio, wall], 
 wall around, fortify, protect. 
 
 circum-sto, -are, -steti [cir- 
 cum, around; sto, STAwd], BTKnd 
 around, surround. 
 
 circum-venio,-ire,-veni,-ventus 
 [circum, around; venio, come], 
 surround, envelop; surround in a 
 hostile manner, oppress, defraud. 
 
 citerior, -ius, adj. [comp. of 
 citer, belonging to this side], 
 HITHER, on this side. 
 
 citra, adv. and prep. w. ace. 
 [abl. fem. of citer, belonging to 
 this side], on this side of. 
 
 civilis, -e, adj. [civi- (st. of 
 civis), citizen], pertaining to citi- 
 zens, civil. 
 
 civis, -is, c, citizen, fellow-citi- 
 zen. 
 
clvitSs 
 
 colo 
 
 253 
 
 civitas, -litis, f. [civi- (st. of 
 civis), citizen], citizenship ; citi- 
 zens; community, state. 
 
 clam, adv., secretly, stealthily; 
 prep. w. abl., without the knoicl- 
 ■"^ge of. 
 
 clamito, -are, -avT, -atus [intens. 
 
 f clamo, call], cry out, call out. 
 
 clamor, -oris, m. [base clam- 
 (in cliimo), call], calling, shout. 
 
 clareo,-ere[claro-(st.ofclarus), 
 ^' right], be bright. 
 
 clarus, -a, -um, adj. [v'cLa-, call, 
 sound, conn. w. clamo, call out], 
 clear-sounding ; bright ; illustriotts, 
 renoicned, held in honor. 
 
 classis, -is, y., fleet. 
 
 claudo, -ere, -si, -sus, shut, 
 close ; agmen claudere, to bring 
 up the rear. 
 
 Clemens, -entis, adj., mild, 
 gentlBt forbearing., merciful, clem- 
 ent. 
 
 cliens, -entis, m. [= cluens, 
 pres. part, of clneo, hear, obey, 
 used subst.], (one who hears or 
 obeys, and so) dependent, retainer, 
 client. 
 
 Clodius, -il, M., Publius Clodius 
 Pulcher (opponent of Cicero, 
 "whose banishment he procured; 
 killed by Milo 52 B.C.). 
 
 Cn. abbr. of Gnaeus, -i, m., 
 Gnaeus (a Rom'iU praendmen or 
 first name). 
 
 co-emo, -ere, -eml, -emptus 
 [co{m)-, together ; emd, buy], buy 
 up. 
 
 co-e5, -ire, -ivi or -ii, -itus 
 [co(m)-, together ; eo, go], go to- 
 gether to form a whole, unite, com- 
 bine. 
 
 coepi, coeptus, def., began. 
 
 co-erceo,-ere,-cuT,-cltus[co(m)-, 
 completely; arceo, shut up], en- 
 close, encompass ; restrain, confine. 
 
 coglto, -are, -avi, -atus [co(m)-, 
 
 K'thfr ; agito, drive'], (drive a 
 ;iiatt4.'r to aud fro in the mind, \ 
 and so) weigh carefvXly, ponder, | 
 think, reflect. 
 
 cognatio,-oiils,F.[co(iD)Wgna-, | 
 
 be born with], being born loith; 
 blood-relatio nship; Kindred family. 
 
 co-gnomen, -iuis, N. [co(ra)-, 
 icith, i.e. in addition to; (g) no- 
 men, name], family name, sur- 
 NAME (the third in order of the 
 names of a Roman citizen, being 
 preceded by the praenomen, or 
 name of the individual, and the 
 nomen, or name of the gens to 
 which the individual belonged ; 
 e.g., Marcus (praenomen) Tullius 
 (nomen) Cicero (Cognomen). 
 
 co-gnosco, -ere, -gnovi, -gnitus 
 [co(m)-, completely, thoroughly; 
 (g) nosco, become acquainted with] , 
 become thoroughly acquainted with, 
 ascertain, learn ; recognize ; in 
 perf . , KNOW ; diligentius cogno- 
 scere, to gain a more thorough 
 acquaintance with, or a more ac- 
 curate Ksowledge of 
 
 cogo, -ere, coegi, coactus 
 [co(m)-, together; ago, drive], 
 drive together, collect; compel, 
 force, constrain. 
 
 cohors,-rtls,F., enclosure; (body 
 of men enclosed, and so) cohort 
 (the tenth part of a legion ; it was 
 divided Into three maniples and 
 — as each maniple contained two 
 centuries — into sixcenturies ; the 
 number of men in a cohort varied 
 at different periods from 300 to 
 600, but in Caesar's time the co- 
 hort contained about 600 men). 
 
 cohortatio, -onis, f. [cohorta- 
 (st. of cohortor), exhort], exhor- 
 tation, encouragement. 
 
 co-hortor, -ari, -atus [co(m)-, 
 intens.; hortor, exhort], exhort, 
 encourage, admonish; eohortairi 
 inter se, to exhort one another. 
 
 col-Iaudo, sec conlaudo. 
 
 coUega, see conlega. 
 
 coMigo, see conligo. 
 
 COlIls, -is, M. HILL. 
 
 col-loco, see conh)cr). 
 oolloqnium, sec conlofiuium. 
 col-ioquor, see conlociuor. 
 colluvid, see conluvio. 
 colO» -ere, coloi, cultus [Vcol-, 
 
254 
 
 coloiius 
 
 coiiatiis 
 
 till], till, cultivate; honor, rever- 
 ence, worship. 
 
 colonus, -i, M. [conn. w. colo, 
 till], tiller of the soil ; colonist. 
 
 color, -oris, m., color. 
 
 com-baro, -ere, -fissT, -tistus 
 [com-, completely ; *buro, hum], 
 hum up, consume. 
 
 comes, -itis, c [com-Vi-, go with], 
 (one who goes with, and so) com- 
 rade, companion. 
 
 commeatus, -us, M. [commea- 
 (st. of commeo), go to and fro], 
 passing to and fro ; train, convoy ; 
 supplies. 
 
 com-meinoro, -are, -avi, -atus 
 [com-, completely ; memoro, call to 
 mind], call to mind in detail, call 
 to mind, mention, recount. 
 
 com-mendo, -are, -avi, -atus 
 [com-, completely; manclo, commit] , 
 commit icithout reservation, com- 
 mit, intrust. 
 
 com-meo, -are, -avi, -atus [com-, 
 hahitually ; meo, go, pass], go to 
 and fro, go. 
 
 com-niiniis, adv. [com-, to- 
 gether ; mauus, hand], hand to 
 hand, at close quarters. 
 
 eom-mitto, -ere, misi, -missus 
 [com-, together ; mitt5, send, make 
 go], comhine into a whole; (w. 
 proelium) join, give, begin, engage 
 in; commit, intrust. 
 
 commode, adv. [abl. fm. of 
 commodus, convenient], conven- 
 iently, easily; judiciously, skill- 
 fully. 
 
 commodum, -i, n. [n. of adj. 
 commodus, convenient, used 
 subst] convenience, advantage. 
 
 com-moveo, -ere, -movi, -motus 
 [com-, completely, thoroughly ; 
 moveo, move], set in violent motion, 
 disturb, disquiet, alarm. 
 
 commanico, -are, -avi, -atus 
 [conn. w. communis, common], 
 8hare,hestqw: communicarecum, 
 share with, impart to ; join, unite, 
 add: cumdotibuscommunicare, 
 to add to the doiories. 
 
 com-muiils, -e, adj. [com-, mu- 
 
 tiially ; munis, under obligation. 
 cf. immfmis], common, general. 
 
 commutatio, -5nis, M. [com- 
 mutii- (st. of commuto), change], 
 change, alteration. 
 
 com-muto, -are, -avi,-atus [com-, 
 completely ; muto, change], change 
 completely, alter entirely, change, 
 transform ; exchange. 
 
 com-paro, -are, -avi, -atus [com-, 
 completely, and so carefully ; par5, 
 prepare], prepare carefully, gather, 
 collect. 
 
 com-paro, -are, -avT, -atus [com-, 
 together; paro, make equal, ex- 
 change], compare. 
 
 com-pello, -ere, -pulT, -pulsus 
 [com-, together; pello, drive], 
 drive in a body. 
 
 com-perio, -ire, -peri, -pertus 
 [com-Vper-, penetrate completely. 
 cf. experior], ascertain with cer- 
 tainty, ascertain, establish by proof, 
 find out. 
 
 com-plector, -i, -plexus [com-, 
 together; plecto, braid], (braid 
 together, and so) enFOLD, em- 
 brace, clasp; grapple. 
 
 com-pleo, -ere, -plevi, -pletus 
 [com-, completely; *pleo, fill], 
 FILL completely, fill, complete. 
 
 com-plures, -a (-ia) , gen., -ium, 
 adj. [com-, together ; plures, sev- 
 eral], several. 
 
 com-pono, -ere, -posui, -posi- 
 tus [com-, together ; pono, put], 
 put together, adjust; compose, pac- 
 ify, settle. 
 
 com-porto, -are, -avi, -atus 
 [com-, together; porto, bring], 
 bring together, collect. 
 
 com-prehendo, -ere, -hendl, 
 -hensus [com-, completely; pre- 
 hendo, grasp], grasp completely or 
 firmly ; take, seize; arrest. 
 
 coiiata, -orum, n. [n. pi. perf . 
 part, of Conor, endeavor, used 
 subst.], endeavors, undertak- 
 ing._ 
 
 conatiis, -us, m. [cona- (st. of 
 Conor), endeavor], endeavoring; 
 ^fforti undertaking. 
 
con-cedo 
 
 con-loquor 
 
 255 
 
 con-cedo, -ere, -cessT, -cessus 
 [com-, inteus.; cedo, go, give 
 way], yield, submit to, comply with 
 one's req\i£st; graiH,concede,permit. 
 
 con-cido, -ere, -cicll [com-, to- 
 gether, in a heap; cado, fall], fall 
 to the ground, fall. 
 
 coneillo, -are, -avi, -atus [con- 
 cilio- (St. of concilium), assem- 
 bly'], assemble, bring together; 
 reconcile ; ii'in, procure. 
 
 conoiliam, -ii, N. [com-v'cal-, 
 call together], (calling together, 
 and so) assembly, company ; coun- 
 cil : per concilium, in public 
 council. 
 
 con-curro, -ere, -curri (-cu- 
 curri), -cursura [com-, together; 
 curro, run], run together, rush 
 together, hasten in a body, flock. 
 
 con-deinno, -are, -avi, -atus 
 [com-, inteus.; damno, conf/e/n/»], 
 condemn. 
 
 condicio, -onis, f. [com-Vdlc-, 
 say icith, and so agree together], 
 agreement, .^stipulation, condition, 
 terms; condition, lot. 
 
 con-dono, -are, -avi, -atus [com-, 
 iutens. ; douo, give], give up; 
 overlook. 
 
 con-daco, -ere, -duxT, -ductus 
 [com-, together ; duco, lead], lead 
 or bring together; collect. 
 
 con-fero, conferre, contulT, 
 conlatus [com-, together; fero, 
 BEAR, wmng], -Riling together, col- 
 lect; compare; BUing to beak, 
 apply, bestoxn upon ; se conferre, 
 to betake one's self. 
 
 c5n-ficio, -ere, -feci, -fectus 
 [com-, complftdy ; facid, do], 
 bring to completion, complete, 
 finish, bring to an end, accomplish, 
 carry out ; (of a list or register) 
 make out. 
 
 con-fido, -ere, -fl.sos [com-, 
 comphtrly; ^(\q, trust], trustfully, 
 confide in, rely on, depend on. 
 
 con-flrmo, -arc, -avi, -atus 
 [com-, intens. ; flrmo, make firm], 
 make firm, establish; assure, reas- 
 sure; assert. 
 
 con-fligo, -ere, -flixi, -flictus 
 [com-, together; fligo, strike], 
 (strike together, and so) 1. tr., 
 contrast, oppose ; 2. intr., contend, 
 flght. 
 
 con-gredior, -gredi, -gressus 
 [com-, icith ; gradior, s^ep, walk], 
 meet with ; engage, fight. 
 
 con-icio (pronounced : cou- 
 jicio), -ere, -jecT, -jectus [com-, 
 together; jacio, throw], throw to- 
 gether ; throWs cast, hurl ; drive ; 
 in fugam conlcere,io7)M^ tofiight. 
 
 conjunctiin, adv. [ace. used 
 adv., fr. coni-yljug-, YOKE together, 
 Join], jointly, together. 
 
 conjunctio, -ouis, f. [com-Vjug-, 
 YOKE together], (yoKing together, 
 and so) union, intimacy. 
 
 con-jungo, -ere, -junxi, -junc- 
 tus [com-, together; juugo, join], 
 join, unite. 
 
 con-junx, -jugis, c. [com-, to- 
 gether ; vjug-, yoke], (YOKE-f el- 
 low, aud so) spouse; wife. 
 
 conjuratio, -onis, f. [conjura-, 
 swear together], (swearing to- 
 gether, and so) conspiracy. 
 
 con-juro, -are, -fivl, -atus [com-, 
 together; juro, swear], swear to- 
 gether, conspire. 
 
 coii-laiido, -are, -avi, -atus 
 [com-, intens.; laudo, commend], 
 commend highly, applaud. 
 
 con-legiv, -ae, m. [com-Vleg-, 
 depute with], (fellow-deputy, and 
 so) colleague, ofiicial associate. 
 
 con-ligo, -are, -avi, -atus [com-, 
 together; llgo, fasten], fasten to- 
 gether. 
 
 eon-llgo, -ere, -legi, -lectus 
 [com-, together; lego, gather], 
 gather together, gather, collect. 
 
 con-loco, -are, -avi, -atus [com-, 
 together; loco, place], place to- 
 gether, place, station, establish, 
 settle ; give in marriage. 
 
 conloqiiiiiin,-ii, N. [com-Vloqu-, 
 talk with] , con versation, conference. 
 
 con-loquor, -i, -cut us [com-, 
 with ; loquor, talk], converse^ con' 
 ferf have a conference with. 
 
256 
 
 conluvio 
 
 consuetudo 
 
 conluvio, -onis, r. [com-\/luv-, 
 wash together], (collected wash- 
 ings, and so) dregs, offscourings ; 
 turba et conluvio, vile rabble. 
 
 Conor, -ari, -atus, endeavor, at- 
 tempt, undertake. 
 
 con-sanguinei, -orum, m., adj. 
 used subst. [com-, denoting con- 
 nection ; ssingumeus, pertaining to 
 blood], (those connected by blood, 
 and so) blood-relations, kinsmen. 
 
 con-scisco, -ere, -scivl or -scii, 
 -scitus [com-, together, in a body ; 
 scTsco, decree], decree in a body 
 or in common ; adjudge j inflict; 
 sibi mortem consciscere, to com- 
 mit suicide. 
 
 conscius, -a, -um, adj . [com-Vsci-, 
 know with], knowing in conjunc- 
 tion with others; conscious. 
 
 conscriptus, -a, -um [perf. part, 
 of conscribo, enroll], enrolled: 
 patres conscript!, conscript 
 FATHERS (a title used in formal 
 addressesbeforetheRomau senate. 
 The term conscrlpti was at first ap- 
 plied to the new senators enrolled 
 from the ranks of the equites in 
 the early days of the republic, and 
 the original form of address was 
 patres et cbnscripti. 
 
 con-secro, -are, -avi, -atus [com-, 
 wholly ; sacro, make sacred], con- 
 secrate, dedicate. 
 
 consensus, -us, m. [com- sent- 
 (base in sentio), perceive oy feel 
 with or in common], (feeling in 
 common, and so) consent. 
 
 con-sentio, -ire, -sensi, -sensus 
 [com-, together, in com mon; sentio, 
 feel] , agree ; conspire. 
 
 con-sequor, -T, -cutus [com-, 
 close upon ; sequor, follow], fol- 
 low close upon, follow after, follow, 
 ensue. 
 
 con-servo, -are, -avi, -atus [com-, 
 intens. ; servo, keep], maintain, 
 preserve, save. 
 
 consessus, -Qs, M. [com-, to- 
 gether ; Vsed-, sit], (sitting to- 
 gether, and so) assembly. 
 
 cou-sldo; -ere, -sedi, -sessum 
 
 [com-, together; sido, sit], sit 
 down together, settZc, establish 
 one's self ; post one' s self ; encamp. 
 
 consilium, -ii, n. [conn. w. 
 consulo, deliberate], deliberation, 
 counsel ; plan, design, purpose., in- 
 tention, scheme; measure, line of 
 conduct, course, policy; advice; 
 sagacity ; council. 
 
 con-sisto, -ere, -stiti [com-, 
 intens.; sisto, STAnd], come to a 
 halt, STOP, take a position ; STxnd, 
 maintain ojie's footing or position, 
 make a STA7id; settle; (w. in and 
 abl.) consist in or of. 
 
 conspectus, -us, m. [com-Vspec-, 
 SPY (all parts together, and so) at 
 a glance], sight at a glance, sight; 
 presence. 
 
 con-spicio, -ere, -spexT, -spectus 
 [com-, together (all parts being 
 taken in at a glance) ; specio, look 
 at] , catch sight of descry, see. 
 
 conspicor,-arT,-atus[com-\fspec- 
 (through presumed noun stem), 
 SPY (all parts together, and so) 
 at a glance] , catch sight of, descry, 
 see. 
 
 constantia, -ae, f. [c5nstant- 
 (st. of p. a. constans), STAuding 
 firm], firmness, constancy. 
 
 con-stituo, -ere, -ul,-utus [com-, 
 together, and s,o firmly ; statuo, set 
 up], (set up firmly, and so) station, 
 post; establish, appoint; arrange, 
 fix, settle upon, decide upon; decide, 
 resolve ; de controversiis consti- 
 tuere, to settle or decide disputes. 
 
 con-sto, -are, -stiti [com-, with ; 
 sto, STAwd], ST And with; be in 
 agreement with; impers., be set- 
 tled, undisputed, generally under- 
 STOorZ, well known. 
 
 con-suesco, -ere, -suevT, -suetus 
 [com-, intens. ; suesco, become ac- 
 customed] , become accustomed, ac- 
 custom one's self; in perf., be ac- 
 customed. 
 
 consuetudo, -inis, f. [con- 
 sue(to)- (st. of consuetus), ac- 
 customed], habit, manner, custom, 
 usagej practice. 
 
consul 
 
 corpus 
 
 257 
 
 consul, -is, M., consul (one of 
 the two highest Roman magis- 
 trates chosen annually under the 
 republic). 
 
 consularis, -e, adj. [consul- (st. 
 of consul), consu/], hdonging or 
 pertaining to a consul, consular. 
 
 consulatus, -us,m. [consul- (st. 
 of consul), consul], consulship. 
 
 consulo, -ere, -uT, -tus, reflect, 
 deliberate, take counsel; (w. dat.) 
 take thought for, have regard for, 
 have an eye to; (w. ace.) consult 
 (for advice). 
 
 con-sQmo, -ere, -silmpsT, 
 -sumptus [com-, completely ; sumo, 
 take], take up completely ; consume. 
 
 aon-surgo, -ere, -surrexi, -sur- 
 rectum [com-, together; surgo, 
 rise], rise in a body, stand. 
 
 contag^io, -onis, f. [com-Vtag-, 
 touch together], contact. 
 
 conteinptio, -onis, f. [com- 
 Vtem-, cut up (com is inten^.)], 
 (cutting treatment, and so) con- 
 tempt, scorn, defiance. 
 
 conteinptus, -a, -um (p. a. of 
 contemno, despise], contemptible. 
 
 conteiuptus, -us, m. [com-Vtem-, 
 cut up (com- is intens.)], (cut- 
 ting treatment, and so) contempt. 
 
 con-teiid5, -ere, -di, -tus [com-, 
 Intens.; tendo, stretch], stretch 
 vigorously, strive; hasten; con- 
 tend, struggle; vie; contend suc- 
 cessfully, prevail. 
 
 contentioy -onis, f. [com-Vten-, 
 stretch vigorously, struggle], strug- 
 gling, contention, dispute. 
 
 contexo, -ere,-xui,-xtus [com-, 
 together ; texo, weave], weave, join, 
 or put together, frame, construct. 
 
 coutiiiens, -entis [p. a. of con- 
 tine5, hold together], uninter- 
 rupted. 
 
 contlnenter, adv. [continent- 
 (st. of contincns), uninterrupt- 
 ed], uninterruptedly, continuously. 
 
 contineo, -€re, -tinuT, -tentus 
 [com-, together ; teneo, hold], hold 
 together, hold, keep; hound, con- 
 fine; hem in, hold in check, restrain. 
 
 contingo, -ere, -tigi, -tactus 
 [com-, completely, closely ; tango, 
 touch], touch, be contiguous to. 
 
 continuus, -a, -um, adj. [com- 
 Vten-, stretch together'}, (stretching 
 or hanging together, and so) 
 successive, continuous. 
 
 contra, adv. and prep. w. ace, 
 against. 
 
 controversia, -ae, F. [contro- 
 verso- (st. of controversus), oppo- 
 site], (opposition, and so) dis- 
 pute, controversy. 
 
 contumelia, -ae, f., abuse, in- 
 sult, indignity, reproach : per con- 
 tumeliam, by injurious reports, 
 through slanderous accusations; 
 buffeting, violence. 
 
 con-venio, -Ire, veni, -ventus 
 [com-, together; venio, come], 
 COME together, assemble; con- 
 venit, it is agreed upon. 
 
 conventus, -us, m. [com-Vven-, 
 COME together], meeting ; court. 
 
 con-verto, -ere, -ti, -sus [com-, 
 intens.; vert5, turn], turn about, 
 change the direction of, reverse : 
 conversa signa inferre, to face 
 about and advance against. 
 
 conviviam, -ii, n. [convlva- (st. 
 of convlva), table companion], 
 eating together ; banquet. 
 
 eon-voco, -are, -avi, -atus [com-, 
 together ; voco, call], call together, 
 call, convoke, assemble. 
 
 copia, -ae, v., abundance, supply ; 
 in pL, supplies, stores, wealth, re- 
 sources, numbers; troops, forces. 
 
 copiosus, -a, -um, adj. [copiu- 
 (st. of c5piae), wealth], abound- 
 ing in wealth, well supplied, 
 rich. 
 
 copula, -ae, F., grapnel hook (by 
 which vessels were fastened to- 
 gether in battle). 
 
 cor, cordis, n., heart. 
 
 Corinthus, -I, f., Corinth (com- 
 mercial city of Peloponnesus on 
 the isthmus of Corinth). 
 
 coruu, -us, N., iiouN; (of an 
 army) wing. 
 
 corpus, -oris, n., body. 
 
258 
 
 cor-runipo 
 
 currus 
 
 cor-rumpo, -ere, -rupi, -ruptus 
 [com-, completely ; riimpd, break'], 
 destroy ; (of an opportunity) sacri- 
 fice. 
 
 cor-ruo, -ere, -ui [com-, together; 
 ruo, faW], fall together, fall icith 
 a crash, tumble down, fall. 
 
 cottidianus or eotidianus, -a, 
 -um, adj. [st. cottidi- (iucottidie), 
 every day], belonging to every day, 
 daily. 
 
 cottidie or cotidie, adv. [loc. 
 fm. of quot, HOW many ; loc.or abl. 
 fm. of dies, day], (on as many 
 days as tliere are, and so) daily. 
 
 Cotus, -1, M., Cotus (a prominent 
 Aeduan) . 
 
 Crassus, -T, m., Publius Licinius 
 Crassus (one of Caesar's lieuten- 
 ants). 
 
 creber, -bra, -brum, adj., fre- 
 quent, numerous. 
 
 crebro, adv. [n. abl. of creber, 
 frequent], often, frequently, many 
 times. 
 
 credibilis, -e, adj. [base cred- 
 (in credo), believe], worthy of be- 
 lief, credible. 
 
 credo, -ere, -did!, -ditus (w. ace. 
 and dat.) intrust; (w. dat. pers.) 
 trust, believe, put confidence in., 
 take the advice of; (w. ace. and 
 inf., or abs.) believe, suppose. 
 
 cremo, -are, -avi, -atus, consume 
 by fire, burn. 
 
 creo, -are, -avi, -atus, make., 
 choose, elect. 
 
 cresco, -ere, crevT, cretus [Vcre-, 
 make; conn. w. creo], (begin to 
 make itself, and so) come forth, 
 grow, increase, become great. 
 
 Creta, -ae, v., Crete (island in 
 the Mediterranean). 
 
 crimen, -inis, n, [\fcri-, sift], 
 (that which sifts, and so) judicial 
 decision; accusation, charge, re- 
 proach. 
 
 crimiiiosus, -a, -um, adj. [cri- 
 min- (st. of crimen), reproach], 
 reproachfid. 
 
 cruciatus, -lis, M.[cruciri-(st. of 
 crxxcib), torture], torture, torment. 
 
 crudelis, -e, adj., cruel. 
 
 crudelitas, -atis, f. [crudeli- 
 (st. of crudelis), crt/e/], cruelty. 
 
 crudeliter, adv. [crudeli- (st. 
 of crMelis), cruel], cruelly. 
 
 culpa, -ae, v., fault, blame. 
 
 cultus, -us, M. [Vcol-, till], till- 
 ing, cultivation, labor; mode of 
 life, condition as to civilization; 
 civilization, culture. 
 
 cum, prep. w. abl., ivith ; cum 
 is appended enclitically to the 
 abl. of pers. and rel. prons. ; as, 
 vobisciim, with you. 
 
 cum, conj. [for quom, ace. fm. 
 of pron. St. quo-, WHic/i], at winch 
 time, WHEN, wiiEsever ; since, in- 
 asmuch as, as; though, although. 
 
 cumulo, -are, -fivi, -atus [cumu- 
 lo- (st. of cumulus), heap], gather 
 into a heap, augment (by piling: up). 
 
 cunctatio, -ouis, f. [cuncta- (st. 
 of cunctor), delay], delaying, de- 
 
 cunctus, -a, -um, adj. [con- 
 tracted fr. conjunctus, perf. part, 
 of conjungo. yoke together], (all 
 united into one body, and so) 
 vjhole, entire, all; n. pi. used 
 subst., all things, everything. 
 
 cupide, adv. [abl. fm. of cupi- 
 diis, desirous, eager], eagerly, ar- 
 dently. 
 
 cupiditas, -atis, f. [cupido- (st. 
 of cupidus) , desirous] , desire, long- 
 ing ; passionate or covetous desire. 
 
 cupidus, -a, -um, adj. [conn. w. 
 cupio, desire], desirous. 
 
 cupio, -ere, -ivT (-ii), -itus, de- 
 sire ; vnsh icell to. 
 
 cur, adv. [= old fm. quor (for 
 *qiiar), fr. qua re, because ofwiiich 
 or wnAt thing], why, wuErefore. 
 
 cura, -ae, r., anxiety, solicitude, 
 care,' concern. 
 
 euro, -are, -avT, -atus [cura- (st. 
 of cura), care], take care. 
 
 curriculum, -T, n. [base curr- 
 (in curro), run], running ; course. 
 
 currus, -lis, M. [base curr- (in 
 curro), run], (that which runs, 
 and so) chariot, triumphal car. 
 
custwlia 
 
 de-fero 
 
 259 
 
 custmlia, -ae. F. [custod- (st. 
 of custds), f/uard], (fuardianship, 
 protection ; in pi., guards. 
 
 cust^idio, -Ire, -ivT or -ii, -itus 
 [custod- (St. of custos), guard~\, 
 'jitnrd, watch over. 
 
 c us tos, -odis, c . , guard, guardia n . 
 
 D. 
 
 dainno, -ilrc, -iivT, -atus [damno- 
 (st. of daiiinum), loss],inHict loss 
 upon, harm, damage; condemn. 
 
 de, prep. w. abl., (of place) doicn 
 from, from; (of time) in, during, 
 about : de t<»rtia vigllia, in the 
 THIRD WATCH ; (of the cause from 
 which a thiiiij proceeds) for: qua 
 de causa,/or wuicJi reason, so; (of 
 the subject of tliought, discussion, 
 etc.) of, ahoxd, concerning, upon, 
 over; niereri de, to deserve at 
 the hands of; contendere de, to 
 stHve or contend for. 
 
 <lebeo, -ere, -buT, -bitus [de, 
 'rom; habeo, have~\, (have from 
 .•mother, mid so) owe, he under 
 obligation, ought. 
 
 de-cedo, -ere, -cessT, -cessum 
 [de, /rom; cedo, go'}, imthdraio, 
 depart from, depart ; die, decease. 
 
 decoMi, indecl. num. adj., ten. 
 
 decent et novem or decern no- 
 vem, indecl. num. adj., nine- 
 
 1 KKX. 
 
 de-oerno, -ere, -crevT, -cretus 
 [de, from, out ; cernd, separate, 
 sift], (sift or separate, as the true 
 from the false, the important 
 from the unimportant, etc., and 
 8o) decide; (jjive official expres- 
 sion to one's decision, aud so) 
 'f'. decree; appoint. 
 de-certo, -are, -avT, -Stus [de, 
 iiiLens., and so to the end, out; 
 ^ri6,jlght], fight it out, fight, con- 
 ffnd. 
 decet, -ere, -cult, impers. [Vdec-, 
 '<em; conn. w. decus, Corneli- 
 as, and dlffnus, xnorthy"}, it is he- 
 iiiing, it is proper. 
 declma for deeiinia, -ac, v. (usn. 
 in pi.) [fem. of decimns, iv.sth 
 
 (sc. pars, part)], Tithe (tax levied 
 on landholders in the Roman 
 provinces). 
 
 decimus, -a, -um, ord. num. adj. 
 [decern, ten], Tv.sth. 
 
 decipi5, -ere, -cepT, -ceptus [de, 
 giving? a bad sense to the verb; 
 capio, take (cf. the English * take 
 in')], deceive. 
 
 de-clino, -are, -avT, -atus [de, 
 from; *clTno, bend}, turn aside 
 from, and so hare recourse to. 
 
 declivis, -e, adj. [de-clivo- (st. 
 of clivus, hill), down hill}, slop- 
 ing. 
 
 decretum, -i, n. [n. perf . part, 
 of decerno, decide, decree, used 
 subst.], (what has been decided 
 or decreed, aud so) official decis- 
 ion, decree, ordinance. 
 
 decus, -oris, n. [Vdec-, esteem; 
 conn. w. decet, it is becoming, and 
 dignus, worthy}, comeliness; or- 
 nament; honor; DiGnity of be- 
 havior. 
 
 de-decus, -oris, n. [de, w. neg. 
 force; decus, honor}, di.'fhonor, 
 disgrace, infamy; act of baseness, 
 deed of infamy. 
 
 de-do, -ere, -didi, -ditus [de, 
 from, away, up; do, give}, give 
 up, surrender, devote. 
 
 de-duc6, -ere, -dfixT, -ductus 
 [de,/ro7n, away ; dilcd, lead}, lead 
 out, withdraw, carry off, bring 
 down, bring away, recall. 
 
 de-fatig;b, -are, -fivi, -atus [de, 
 intcns., utterly, out ; fatigo, ipeary}, 
 tire out, exhaust. 
 
 de-fendo, -ere, -fendi, -fensus 
 [de, from, off; ♦fcndo, strike, 
 thrust}, ward off, repel; defend, 
 protect. ^ 
 
 defSnsfS, -dnis, f. [de-v'fend-, 
 thrust ofr\, (thrusting off assail- 
 ants, and so) defence. 
 
 defensor, -oris, m. [de-Vfend-, 
 thrxist off}, (thrnster off of assail- 
 ants, and so) defender. 
 
 de-fer5, -ferre, -tulT, -liitus [de, 
 from; fero, mung}, wning from, 
 and so report. 
 
260 
 
 de-ficio 
 
 desipiens 
 
 de-ficio, -ere, -feci, -fectus [de, 
 from, off; facio, make], (make off, 
 break loose from, and so) for- 
 sake, desert, abandon ; fail, cease, 
 he wanting. 
 
 de-fugio, -ere, -fugi [de, from; 
 f iigio, flee], flee from, avoid, shun. 
 
 de-icio (pronounced: dejicio), 
 -ere, -jeci, -jectus [de, doivn ; jacio, 
 throw], throw down, cast down; 
 unhorse ; disappoint. 
 
 dein-ceps, adv. [dein (abridged 
 fra. of deinde), thereafter, next; 
 v'cap-, take], (taking place next, 
 and so) in succession. 
 
 de-leo, -ere, -evi, -etus [de, 
 from, out; *leo, for which, lino, 
 smear, blot], blot out., obliterate; 
 destroy. 
 
 de-libero, -are, -avi, -atus [de, 
 intens., ivell, thoroughly ; *libero 
 (cf. librS, balance)], weigh well, 
 weigh, deliberate. 
 
 delictum, -i, n. [u. perf . part, 
 of delinqiio, transgress, used 
 subst.], transgression, offence. 
 
 de-ligo, -ere, -legl, -lectus [de, 
 from, out; lego, gather, pick], 
 pick out, select, choose. 
 
 dementia, -ae, f. [dementi- (st. 
 of demens), out of one's senses, 
 mad], madness, folly. 
 
 de-minuo, -ere, -ui, -utus [de, 
 fi-om, away; minuo, make less, 
 lessen]., lessen by taking away, 
 diminish, take away. 
 
 de-mitto, -ere, -misi, -missus 
 lde,down ; mitto, cast], cast down. 
 
 demum, adv. [superl. fm. of de, 
 down, from] , (downmost, farthest 
 from, and so) at last, at length. 
 
 denarius, -ii, m. [masc. of adj. 
 denarius, containing ten (sc. num- 
 mus, coi7i)], (coin containing 
 [originally] ten asses) denarius 
 (a Roman silver coin equivalent 
 in value to about IG cents). 
 
 densus, -a, -uin, adj., dense. 
 
 de-pello, -ere, -pull, -pulsus [de, 
 from, away; pello, drive], drive 
 away, avert. 
 
 de-poDo, -ere, -posui, -positus 
 
 [de, away, aside ; pbnb,place,put'], 
 put or lay aside, drop. 
 
 de-populor, -ari, -atus [de, 
 intens., utterly; populor, lay 
 icaste], lay waste utterly, lay waste, 
 ravage. 
 
 deprecator, -oris, M. [depreca- 
 (st. of deprecor) , pray away, avert 
 by prayer], (one who averts a 
 threatened evil by entreaty, and 
 so) intercessor. 
 
 de-primo,-ere, -press!, -pressus 
 [de, down; prem5, press], press 
 down, depress, sink. 
 
 de-rogo, -are, -avT, -atus [de, 
 denoting withdrawal or reversal 
 of action; rog5, (of a law) pro- 
 pose for enactment], (withdraw a 
 proposal for enactment, and so) 
 repeal (applied to part of a law) ; 
 take away, withdraw, withhold. 
 
 de-scendo,-ere,-scendi,-scensus 
 {(\.Q, down ; scando, climb], climb 
 down, descend ; have recourse, re- 
 sort. 
 
 de-scisco, -ere, -scTvi (-ii), 
 -scltum [de, denoting withdrawal 
 or reversal of action ; scisco, ap- 
 prove, assent], (withhold assent, 
 and so) withdraiv, revolt. 
 
 de-sero, -ere, -ruT, -rtus [de, de- 
 noting withdrawal or reversal of 
 action; sero, join], desert, aban- 
 don. 
 
 deserter, -oris, isr. [de-v'ser-, de- 
 sert], deserter. 
 
 deslderium, -ii, n., longing, re- 
 gret (for the absence of something 
 needed). 
 
 desidia, -ae, f. [desid- (st. of 
 *dese&, gen. -idis), idle], idleness, 
 inactivity. 
 
 designatus, -a, -um [perf. part, 
 of designo, designate, elect], elect- 
 ed, elect (term applied to a person 
 already elected to an office, but 
 not yet inaugurated). 
 
 de-silio, -Ire, -lu! [de, down; 
 salio, leap] , leap dotcn. 
 
 desipiens, -entis [p. a. of de- 
 sipio, be childish], childish, in 
 one's dotage. 
 
de-sisto 
 
 di-mitto 
 
 261 
 
 de-sisto, -ere, -stiti [tie, from, 
 off; sisto, STAndJ, desist; (w. 
 abl.) desist (from), abandon. 
 
 de-spero, -are, -fivi, -atus [cle, 
 \v. neg. force; spero, hopel, de- 
 spair. 
 
 de-spicio, -ere, -spexl, -spectus 
 [de, down; specio, look], look 
 down upon, despise. 
 
 de-spolio, -iire, -fivi, -atus [de, 
 iuteus. ; spolid, strip, rob], strip, 
 rob, despoil. 
 
 destino, -are, -avi, -atus, make 
 
 /'(St_^ 
 
 de-sum, deessc, defui [de, 
 from; sum, be], bk wanting, fail, 
 desert, abandon. 
 
 desuper, adv. [de, from ; super, 
 aho\Y.], from a?>ovE. 
 
 de-terreo, -ere, -uT, -itus [de, 
 from, off; terreo, frighten], fright- 
 en off, deter. 
 
 de-traho, -ere, -traxi, -tractus 
 [de,/ro7/i, off; traho, draw^, witli- 
 draw, take away, seize, snatch. 
 
 detritnentum, -i, N. [de-Vtri-, 
 ritb away], (result of rubbing 
 away, and so) loss, damage, detri- 
 ment. 
 
 deus, -T, M. [conn. w. dies], god, 
 deity. 
 
 de-voveo, ■ -ere, -vovl, -votus 
 [de, iuteus. ; voveo, promise sol- 
 emnly, vow], solemnly promise to 
 sarrijice, devote, vow. 
 
 dexter, (-tera) -tra, (-terum) 
 trum, adj., right. 
 
 dico, -are, -avI, -atus [as if fr. 
 St. dico-, found only in com- 
 pounds, a.s veridicus, truth-tell- 
 ing ; conn. w. dico], (or Ig. ) /)ro- 
 cUiim ; (usu.) give up, devote, ded- 
 icate. 
 
 dico, -ere, dixT, dlctus [Vdic-, 
 "int out, show], say, express, give 
 
 /iression to, tell, talk of, men- 
 tion; call, name; Jus dicere, <o 
 administer justice ; pauca dicere, 
 '" speak briefly. 
 
 dictator, -oris, m. [dicta- (st. 
 t dicto), prescribe, dictate], dic- 
 tator. 
 
 dictum, -I, N. [perf. part, of 
 dico, say, used subst.], what is 
 said, saying; word of command, 
 order. 
 
 dies, -ei (-ei, -e), M. (sometimes 
 V. in sing.) [conn. w. deus], day ; 
 time. 
 
 dif-fero, diflerre, distull, dilatus 
 [dis-, in different directions ; fero, 
 beak] , carry in different directions ; 
 differ (this meaning appears to be 
 confined to the pres. system). 
 
 dif-ficilis, -e, adj. [dis-, w. neg. 
 force; facilis, easy], hard, diffi- 
 cult. 
 
 difflcultas,-atis, f. [difficuli- (st. 
 of difticul, old form of difhcilis), 
 difficult], difficulty. 
 
 dignitas, -atis, r. [digno- (st. of 
 diguus), worthy], icorth, dignity; 
 standing, position. 
 
 dignus, -a, -um, adj., icorthy. 
 
 diligens, -entis, adj. [p. a. of 
 dlligo, esteem], (esteeming, and 
 so) devoted (to), attentive, diligent. 
 
 diligenter, adv. [diligent- (st. 
 of diligens), attentive], attentively ; 
 thoroughly; diligeiitius cogiio- 
 scere, to gain a more accurate 
 KXOw/etZr/e of. 
 
 dlligentia, -ae, f. [diligeut- (st. 
 of diligens), attentive], careful- 
 ness, attentiveness, diligence. 
 
 di-ligo, -ere, -lexi, -lectus [dis-, 
 apart; lego, choose], (show one's 
 esteem for an object by choosing 
 it in preference to others, and so) 
 esteem highly, love. 
 
 di-mico, -are, -avi, -atum [dis-, 
 implying two contestants, and 
 so against ; mico, dart to and fro], 
 (dart to and fro against, and so) 
 contend. 
 
 dimicliuni, -11, n. [n. of adj. 
 dimidlus, half, used subst. ; fr. 
 dis-, in TWO aud medius, mii)1>/c], 
 half 
 
 di-mitto, -ere, -raisi, -missus 
 [dis-, in different directions ; mltto, 
 send], (send In dlflerent direc- 
 tions, and so) d/smiaa, disband, 
 break tfp, dissolve ; forego, lose. 
 
262 
 
 Oio 
 
 domus 
 
 Dio or Dion, -onis, m., Dion 
 (emineut Syracusan, l)rother-in- 
 law of l^ionysius 1., and friend 
 of Plato; assassinated B.C. 353). 
 
 Dionysius, -il, m., Dionysius (1. 
 the elder, tyrant of Syracuse B.C. 
 405-367; 2. the younger, tyrant 
 of Syracuse B.C. 367-343). 
 
 Dis, -Itis, M. [conn. w. deus and 
 dies]. Dis (the god of the under 
 world), Pluto. 
 
 dis-cedo, -ere, -cessT, -cessum 
 [dis-, apart; cedo, ^/o], (jo apart, 
 icithdraw, depart, disperse : disce- 
 dere ab, desert, abandon : disce- 
 dere ab armis, to lay down one's 
 arms. 
 
 disciplina, -ae, F. [discipulo- 
 (st. of discipuUis), lear7ier'], in- 
 struction, tuition; system (e.g., 
 the Druidical system), DOC^rmes, 
 discipline. 
 
 discipulus, -1, M. [conn. w. 
 disco, learn'], learner, pupil. 
 
 disco, -ere, didici [inceptive fr. 
 Vdic-, point out, show'] , (begin to 
 point out, and so) learn; study, 
 receive instruction. 
 
 dis-curro, -ere, -curri or -cu- 
 currT, -curkum [dis-, in different 
 directions ; curro, run] , run in dif- 
 ferent directions, scatter, disperse. 
 
 dis-lcio (pronounced: disjicio), 
 -ere, -jecT, -jectus [dis-, asunder, 
 in pieces; jacio, throio], lay in 
 ruins, raze, destroy. 
 
 dis-pono, -ere, -posui, -positus 
 [dis-, apart, at intervals; pono, 
 place] , station at intervals. 
 
 dis-puto, -are, -avT, -atus [dis-, 
 separately, in detail ; puto, reckon] , 
 reckon in detail or by items; ex- 
 amine, discuss. 
 
 dissensio, -onis, f. [dis-, apart, 
 at variance ; base sent-(in sentio) , 
 perceive, feel], disagreement, dis- 
 sension, discord. 
 
 dis-sero, -ere,-ui, disertus(adj.) 
 [dis-, at intervals ; ser5, jom, bind 
 together], (arrange Avords in con- 
 nected discourse, and so) 1. tr., 
 discuss; 2. intr., discourse, talk. 
 
 dis-tiueo, -ere, -ui, -tentus [dis-, 
 asunder ; teneo, keep], keep asun- 
 der, keep apart. 
 
 din, adv. [conn. w. dies, day, 
 time], for a long time, long. Comp., 
 diutius, /or a longer time, longer; 
 for too long a time, too long. 
 
 diversus, -a, -um [perf . part, of 
 divcrtd, t^irn in different direc- 
 tions] , oj)posed. 
 
 Divico, -onis, M., Divico (a 
 prominent Helvetian; defeated 
 Lucius Cassius Longinus B.C. 107; 
 Avas ambassador to Caesar B.C. 
 58). 
 
 divido, -ere, -vTs!, -visus, divide, 
 separate. 
 
 divinus, -a, -um, adj. [divo- (st. 
 of divus), f/ocZ], pertaining to the 
 gods, divine, sacred. 
 
 divisus, -a, -um [perf. part, of 
 divido, divide], divided. 
 
 Divitiacus, -T, m., Divitiacus (1. 
 chief of the Aeduans and brother 
 of Dumnorix; 2. chief of the 
 Suessiones). 
 
 divitiae, -arum, f. [divit- (st. of 
 dives), rich], riches, wealth. 
 
 do, dare, dedi, datus [Vda-, give], 
 give, awards assign, afford, allow, 
 grant. 
 
 doceo, -ere, -cm, -ctus [v/doc-, 
 show, teach; conn. w. disco and 
 dico], TEACH, instruct, shovj, de- 
 clare, tell, point out. 
 
 doctor, -oris, m. [Vdoc-, teach], 
 
 TEACHer. 
 
 doctus, -a, -um [p. a. of doceo, 
 teach], learned. 
 
 doleo, -ere, -uT [conn. w. dolor, 
 q. v.], feel pain; grieve for, be 
 afflicted at. 
 
 dolor, -oris, m. [Vdol-, teak, 
 split; conn. w. doleo, feel pain], 
 pain ; mortification. 
 
 dolus, -1, M., deceit, treachery. 
 
 domesticus, -a, -um [conn. w. 
 domus, house, home], domestic, 
 native, private. 
 
 dominus, -i, M., master, lord. 
 
 domus, -us, f. [v/dom-, build], 
 (that which is built, and so) house, 
 
dos 
 
 eloquens 
 
 263 
 
 houK. ; family, household,' domi 
 (loc.), <(( home, in peace; doin5 
 Tabl. ) , from home. 
 
 dos, Vldtis, F. [Vdo-, give'], dowry, 
 ia(irri(tge portion. 
 
 Druides, -uni, M.,Z7rw/</s(priests 
 of the Gauls). 
 
 dubito, -are, -avi,-atiis[conn.\t. 
 (Uibiiis, doubffnf], doubt; hesitate. 
 
 dubius, -a. -urn, adj. [conn. w. 
 duo, two], doubtful. 
 
 duoenti, -ae, -a [st. of duo, two ; 
 St. of centum, HUNpret?], two 
 uv sored. 
 
 duco, -ere, duxT, ductus, lead, 
 
 in(j, take, escort ; ordinein dfi- 
 tere, to command a century, to be 
 a centurion; put off, delay; con- 
 sider, hold, acAiount, reckon, deem. 
 
 ductor, -oris, m. [Vdue-, lead], 
 
 iider, commanding oj^er. 
 
 dulcis, -e, adj., sweet; aqua 
 dulcis, fresh loater. 
 
 duiii, conj., while, as long as; 
 jiroviiled, if only ; until. 
 
 dummodo, conj. [dum, as long 
 as, provided; modo, only], pro- 
 vided only, if only. 
 
 Dumnacus, -i, M., Dumnacus 
 leader of the Andes, a tribe in 
 
 • Itic (iaul, north of the Loire). 
 
 Duinnorix, -i^is, m., Dumnorix 
 prominent Aeduan, brother of 
 Dlvitlacus). 
 
 duo, -ae, -o, num. adj., two. 
 
 duodeidin, iudecl. num. adj. 
 [duo, TWO ; deeem, tkn], TWKLve. 
 
 diiodeciniuH, -a, -um, ord. num. 
 adj.[(hiodecim,TWKLVf!],TWKLFif/i. 
 
 duocleni, -ae, -a, distr. num. 
 idj. [duo, TWO ; deni, tk.n apiece'], 
 1 WKi.v/' apiece. 
 
 diirUia, -ae, F. [dura- (st. of 
 • 1 11 rus) , hard] , hardness ; rigorous 
 mode of life; hardship. 
 
 dux, duels, c. [Vduc-, lead], 
 
 ader, guide, conductor. 
 
 K. 
 e, see ex. 
 
 Kburones, -tun, M.,lhc£burones 
 tribe in Belgic Gaol). 
 
 e-dlsco, -ere, -didici [ex, thor- 
 oughly ; disco, learn], learn by 
 heart. 
 
 e-do, -ere, -did!, -ditus [ex, 
 forth; do, give, p^it], put forth, 
 bring forth, produce; publish; (of 
 punishment) execute, inflict. 
 
 e-doceo, -ere, -cuT, -ctus [ex, 
 thoroughly ; doceo, teach] , tkacmi 
 thoroughly, inform in detail, train 
 thoroughly in, set forth in detail. 
 
 e-duco, -ere, -duxi, -ductus 
 [ex, forth, out; duco, lead], lead 
 out or forth ; (of swords) draw. 
 
 ef-fero, efferre, extull, elatus 
 [ex, forth, out; ferd, \u\ing], 
 BRing forth ; Bii/nr/ out, publish. 
 
 ef-ficio, -ere, -feci, -fectus [ex, 
 out, completely; facio, make], 
 work out, accomplish, bring to 
 pass, cause, produce, make, render, 
 form. 
 
 ef-flagito, -are, -avT, -atus [ex, 
 intens. ; Mg'ito, demandurgently], 
 demand with earnestness., impor- 
 tune for. 
 
 ef-fugio, -ere, -fugi [ex, forth, 
 away; in^^ib, flee^, escape. 
 
 eirugium, -ii, N. [ex-v'fu^-, flee 
 from, escape], flight ; means of es- 
 cape. 
 
 egeo, -ere, egui, lack, need, re- 
 quire. 
 
 ego, gen. mei, pers. pron., I; 
 mlhi (dat. of ref.) in my eyes. 
 
 e-gredior, -i,-gressus [ex, forth ; 
 gradior, step., walk], go or come 
 forth or out, withdraw. 
 
 egregius, -a, -um,adj.[e-greg(e) 
 (abl. of grex, herd), out of the 
 herd], (out of the common herd, 
 and so) eminent, illustrious, 
 
 e-lcio (pronounced: ejicio), 
 -ere, -jecT, -jectus [ex, /or//i; jacio, 
 cast], cast forth or out, drive out, 
 expel; se eioere In (w. ace), to 
 make a raid on. 
 
 ejus modi or ejusinodi [is, 
 that, such ; mo(Uis, manner, kind], 
 of such a kind, such. 
 
 eloquens, -entis [p. a. of clo- 
 quor, speak out], eloquent. 
 
264 
 
 e-mitto 
 
 ex-clpio 
 
 e-mitto, -ere, -misi, -missus 
 [ex, forth, out; inittd, send, let 
 go'\, send out, let loose. 
 
 emo, -ere, emi, emptus [Vem-, 
 take'], (orig. meaning, take; cf. 
 adimo and sumo), buy. 
 
 Eiiipedocles, -is, M., Empedo- 
 cles (natural philosopher of Agri- 
 gentum in Sicily; flourished 
 about the middle of the fifth cen- 
 tury, B.C.). 
 
 eniin, conj. [strengthened fm. 
 of nam, /or] (placed after the first 
 word, or after two or more closely 
 connected words) , indeed, in fact, 
 for. 
 
 Ennius, -il, m., Quintus Ennius 
 (the father of Koman epic poet- 
 ry; lived 289-169 B.C.). _ 
 
 e-nuntio, -are, -avi, -atus [ex, 
 out, openly ; nfiutio, declare'], di- 
 vulge, report. 
 
 eo, ire, ivi or ii, itum [Vei-, T-, 
 or i-, go], go, depart ; die. 
 
 eo, adv. [case fm. of pron. is, 
 that], to that place, thither. 
 
 eodem, adv. [case fm. of idem, 
 the same; cf. eo], to the same place. 
 
 eques, -itis, m. [equo- (st. of 
 equus), horse], horseman; in pi., 
 horsemen, horse; knight (the 
 knights constituted an order in 
 Rome intermediate in rank be- 
 tween the patricians and the ple- 
 beians). 
 
 equester, -tris, -tre, adj. [equit- 
 (st. of eques), horseman], pertain- 
 ing to cavalry, cavalry (adj.). 
 
 equitatus, -us, M. [equita- (st. 
 ofequito), ride], riding; cavalry. 
 
 equito, -are, -avi, -atura [equit- 
 (st. of eques), horseman], (be a 
 horseman or act as a horseman, 
 and so) ride. 
 
 equus, -1, M., hoj'se. 
 
 erga, prep. w. ace, towards. 
 
 ergo, adv., therefore, then. 
 
 e-rigo, -ere, -rexi, -rectus [ex, 
 from below, up; rego, make 
 straight], erect, raise. 
 
 e-ripio, -ere, -ripui, -reptus [ex, 
 from, away; rapio, seize], take 
 
 away by force, seize, wrest, deprive. 
 
 erro, -are, -avi, -atus, ^wander ; 
 err, be mistaken. 
 
 e-rumpo, -ere, -riipi, -ruptus 
 [ex, forth ; rumpo, burst, break], 
 break forth, make a sally. 
 
 eruptio,-onis, F. [e-s/rup-, break 
 ^rth], (breaking forth, and so) 
 sally, sortie. 
 
 essedum, -i, n. [Celtic word], 
 two-wheeled war chariot (used by 
 the Gauls and Britons). 
 
 et, conj. (for distinction be- 
 tween et and other conjunctions 
 meaning and, see ' and ' in the 
 English-Latin vocabulary), and; 
 et . . . et, both . . . and. 
 
 etlam, conj, [et, arid ; jam, now, 
 furthermore], also, even. 
 
 etiam si or etiamsi, conj. 
 [etiam, even; sT, if], even if, even 
 though, although. 
 
 e-voco, -are, -avi, -atus [ex, 
 forth; voco, call], call forth, 
 summon. 
 
 ex or e, prep. w. abl. (for dis- 
 tinction between ex and other 
 prepositions meaning from, see 
 'from' in the English-Latin vo- 
 cabulary), out of, from; (by dif- 
 ference of idiom) on : ex itinere, 
 on the march; (after a supeii.) 
 in; by reason of, because of, in 
 conformity with. 
 
 ex-agito, -are, -avT, -atus [ex, 
 forth, out; agito, di'ive violently], 
 drive violently forth ; harass, dis- 
 quiet. 
 
 exanimo, -are, -avi, -atus [ex- 
 animo- (st. of exanimus), lifeless], 
 (make lifeless, and so) deprive of 
 life ; in pass., perish. 
 
 ex-cedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessus 
 \qx, forth, out ; cedo, go], go forth, 
 withdraw, depart. 
 
 ex-cello, -ere, excelsus (adj.) 
 [ex., from below, up ; *cello, raise], 
 1. tr., raise up; 2. intr., rise; be 
 prominent or distinguished, excel. 
 
 ex-clpio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptus [ex, 
 from, out; capio, take], take out ; 
 except; capture; intercept. 
 
ex-cito 
 
 exterus 
 
 265 
 
 ex-cito, -are, -avi, -fitus [ex, 
 ''irth, out; cito, cdll], call forth, 
 
 imulate, excite, rouse. 
 
 ex-clamo, -are, -avI, -situs [ex, 
 out; clamo, call^, call out. 
 
 ex-cludo, -ere, -si, -sus [ex, 
 out; claudo, shiit], shut out, ex- 
 clude . 
 
 ex-crucio, -iire, -avT, -atus [ex, 
 inteus. ; crucio, torture], torture 
 excessively, torture. 
 
 ex-cuso, -are, -avT, -iitus [ex, 
 from; causa, charge (tlirough 
 *caus6 ; cf. causor)], release from 
 a ch(ir<je, excuse ; se excusare, to 
 apologize. 
 
 exempjum, -T, N, [ex-Vera-, take 
 out], (what is taken out to serve 
 as a sample, and so) copy, image; 
 example, precedent; punishment 
 intficted by way of warning. 
 
 ex-eo, -Ire, -il (-ivi) -itus [ex, 
 "Xt; eo, go], go out, go away, go 
 ''>rth. 
 
 ex-erceo, -ere, -cui, -citus [ex, 
 j'rth, on; arceo, drive], drive on, 
 keep busy, exercise, train. 
 
 exercitatio, -ouis, F. [exercita- 
 (st. of exercito) , exercise frequent- 
 ly, practise], practice, experience. 
 
 exercitus, -us, m. [exerce- (st. 
 of exerceo), train], (lit., training, 
 and so, used concretely) a trained 
 body of men, an army. 
 
 ex-haurio, -Ire, -hausl, -haustus 
 [ex, out of, off; haurio, draw, 
 drain], drain off. 
 
 eximius, -a, -um, adj. [ex-Vem-, 
 t'lke out], (taken out of the com- 
 mon herd, and so) exceptional, 
 extraordinary, especial. 
 
 ex-i.stimo, -are, -avT, -atus [ex, 
 lit; aestimo, reckon or think], 
 
 "lue, reckon; consider, think, 
 'I rem. 
 
 ex-opto, -are, -avi, -Etus [ex, 
 i II tens. ; opto, desire"}, desire eam- 
 ' stly, long for. 
 
 expedio, -ire, -ivi or -Ii, -Itus 
 
 ' x-pcd- (st. of pes, foot), foot- 
 
 ,'rce], (make foot-free, and so) 
 
 M/tFETTer, extricate t disentangle. 
 
 set free; (reflexively) take care 
 of itself. 
 
 expeditns, -a, -um [p. a. of cx- 
 pedio, disentangle], unincumbered, 
 free from obstructions. 
 
 ex-pello, -ere, -pull, -pulsus [ex, 
 out; pello, drive], drive out, ex- 
 pel, banish. 
 
 ex-perior, -irl, -pertus [ex-Vper-, 
 penetrate or test thoroughly, cf. 
 comperio], test thoroughly, try, 
 make trial of, make tnal, measure 
 strength with. 
 
 ex-pleo, -ere, -evi, -etus [ex, 
 completely ; * ple5, fill], fill up, 
 complete. 
 
 explorator, -oris, M. [expldra- 
 (st. of exploro), search out], 
 searcher out, explorer ; scout. 
 
 ex-pono, -ere, -posul, -positus 
 [ex, forth; pono, put, set], set 
 forth, explain, point out. 
 
 ex-pugno, -are, -fivi, -jltus [ex, 
 oiit, to the end; pfigno, fight], 
 (fight to the end, and so) take by 
 assault. 
 
 ex-sequor, -I, -cutus [ex, out, 
 to the end; sequor, follow], follow 
 to the end ; execute, maintain. 
 
 exsilium, -ii, n. [exsul- (st. of 
 exsul), exile], being an exile, han- 
 ishjnent, exile. 
 
 ex-specto, -are, -avI, -atus [ex, 
 forth, out; specto, look], look for, 
 look forward to, await, wait for ; 
 wait ; wait to see. 
 
 ex-stinguo, -ere, -nxi, -nctus 
 [ex, completely ; stinf^uo, quench], 
 quench completely ; extinguish ; 
 annihilate. 
 
 ex-sto, -are [ex, out; sto, 
 »T\nd], RTAnd out., be conspicu- 
 ous ; be extant. 
 
 ex-struo, -ere, -struxi, -struc- 
 tus [ex, from below, up; struo, 
 build], heap up, raise, construct. 
 
 ex-sul, -Is, c, exile. 
 
 ex-8iilto, -are, -avi, -atum [ex, 
 from below, up ; nalto, leap, dance], 
 leap up ; revel, exult. 
 
 ♦exterus, -tera, -terura, adj. 
 [comp. ftn. fr. ex, out], on the 
 
266 
 
 extermino 
 
 ferax 
 
 outer side, on the outside. Superl., 
 extremus, -a, -um, last, remotest, 
 extreme, farthest, (in agreement 
 w. subst.) remotest part of . 
 
 extermino, -are, -avi, -atus [ex, 
 out of, beyond; terminus, boun- 
 dary (through presumed adj. 
 St.)], drive beyond the boundaries, 
 banish. 
 
 ex-timesco, -ere, -mui [ex, 
 intens.; *timesc6, /ear], fear or 
 dread greatly. 
 
 ex-torqueo, -ere, -torsi, -tortus 
 [ex, from; torqueo, wresf], wrest 
 from, take away forcibly, extort. 
 
 extra [abl. fern, of *exterus, 
 used adv.], adv. and prep. w. ace, 
 beyond. 
 
 extremus, see *extcrus. 
 
 F. 
 
 fabula, -ae [Vfa-, say, teW], 
 (what is told, and so) story; 
 play. 
 
 fades, -e, r. [Vfac-,^ shine, ap- 
 pear ; of. fax, torch'], appearance, 
 face, visage, countenance. 
 
 facile, adv. [n. ace. of facilis, 
 easy, used adv.], easily, readily. 
 Comp., facilius, more easily, more 
 readily. 
 
 facilis, -e, adj. [Vfac-, do], 
 (capable of being done, and so) 
 easy. 
 
 facilitas, -atis, f. [facili- (st. 
 of facilis), easy], ease; affability, 
 courtesy. 
 
 facilius, see facile. 
 
 facinus, -oris, n. [Vfac-, do], 
 DEEcZ, act ; misDF.Kd, crime ; mala 
 facinora, acts of lawlessness. 
 
 facio, -ere, feci, factus (for 
 the pass., fio, fieri, factus is used) 
 [Vfac-, DO, make], do, make, pros- 
 ecute, commit, perpetrate; cause, 
 produce, bring to pass ; grant, fur- 
 nish, give ; act, do ; render ; ali- 
 quem certiorem facere, to in- 
 form ; iter facere, to march ; vim 
 facere, to resort to force ; facere 
 non possum quin, / cannot help. 
 
 factio, -onis, f. [Vfac-, do, 
 
 make], Doing, making; party 
 spirit; faction, division, political 
 party. 
 
 factum, -1, N. [n. perf. part, of 
 facio, do], deed, act, proceeding, 
 exploit. 
 
 facultas, -atis, f. [faculi- (one 
 fm. of the St. of facilis), ready, 
 apt], readiness, aptitude, capabil- 
 ity; opportunity; abundance. 
 
 fallo, -ere, fefelli, falsus [Vfal-, 
 make fall, trip, deceive],, deceive, 
 disappoint. 
 
 falsus, -a, -um [p. a. of fallo, 
 deceive], deceptive, false. 
 
 falx, falcis, f., hooked knife, 
 pruning hook; hook (implement 
 used in sieges for pulling down 
 w^alls) . 
 
 Mma, -ae, f. [Vf a-, make known, 
 say], (what is said, and so) com- 
 mon talk, report ; good name, rep- 
 utation. 
 
 familia, -ae, f. [famulo- (st. of 
 famulus), servant], (collection of 
 servants, and so) slaves of a 
 household ; family (descendants 
 of a common ancestor) ; ances- 
 try ; pater familias or famili- 
 ae, master of a house, head of a 
 family. 
 
 familiaris, -c, adj. [familia- (st. 
 of familia), household], pertaining 
 to a household or family: res 
 familiaris, patrimony, property; 
 intimate; siibst., trusted friend. 
 
 familiaritas, -atis, F. [familiari- 
 (st. of familiaris), intimate]., inti- 
 macy. 
 
 Faunius, -ii, M., Gajus Fannius 
 Strabo (son-in-law of Laelius, 
 and one of the characters in 
 Cicero's work on Friendship). 
 
 fas, N. def. [Vfa-, make knovm, 
 say ; conn., therefore, with fama], 
 (the divine Avord or command, 
 and so) divine law; translated 
 adj., right, lawf id, proper. 
 
 faveo, -ere, favi, fautum, favor, 
 
 ferax, -acis, adj. [v/fer-, bear], 
 (apt to bear, and so) productive., 
 fertile. 
 
fere 
 
 frigiis 
 
 267 
 
 fere, adv., nearly, almost, about, 
 xubstantially, for the most part, 
 almost all ; chiefly ; (jenerally. 
 
 fcro, ferre, tull, Ifitus [pres., 
 vfer-, BEAU; perf., vtol-, lift, bear ; 
 perf. part., V(t)la-, bear"], reau, 
 carry, BRing, contribute ; endure ; 
 regard, consider; fertiir, is said; 
 fcrendus (j^eruiidive), sufferable. 
 
 ferreus, -a, -um, adj. [ferro- 
 (st. of ferrum), iroii], of iron; 
 iron-hearted, nnfeelimj. 
 
 ferns, -a, -um, adj., wild, fierce. 
 
 fessus, -a, -urn, adj., ireai'y. 
 
 fcstino,-are, -avi, -atus [festino- 
 (st. of festinus), hasty~\, hasten. 
 
 fides, -ei, F. [v'fld-, trust], faith, 
 trust, confidence; keeping, protec- 
 tion. 
 
 Hdus, -a, -um, adj. [s'fld-, trusf], 
 tru.'ity, faithful. 
 
 fifiiur»,-ae,v.[\lA^,-, shape'}, .Hhape. 
 
 filia, -ae, f. [fern, of filius, 
 .«o/i], daughter. 
 
 filiola, -ae, i'. [fern, of dim. 
 filiolus, little son], little daughter. 
 
 filiiiK, -il, M., son; in pi., also 
 children. 
 
 finio, -Ire, -IvI or -U, -Itus [flnl- 
 (st. of finis), end], put an end to, 
 limit, fix, determine; compute, 
 reckon. 
 
 Hnis, -is, m. (sometimes f. in 
 siniT-), limit, boundary, frontier; 
 end; in pL, land included icithin 
 boundaries, and so territories, 
 territory, eMates. 
 
 finltimus, -a, -um, adj. [fini- 
 (st. of finis), limit], bordering on, 
 adjacf<nt, neighboring ; subst., fi- 
 nitImi,-orum,M., neighbors, neigh- 
 boring tribes. 
 
 fio, fleri (f actus, see facio), 
 become, be made, be Done, be com- 
 mitted, be in progress, happen, take 
 place; ccrtlor fieri, to be in- 
 rhrme.d; fit, the result is. 
 
 firmo, -are, -uvi, -atus [tlrmo- 
 (st. of llrmus), firm], make firm, 
 .strengthen. 
 
 firmus, -a, -urn, adj., firm, 
 strong, stable, steadfast. 
 
 flagitium, -il, N. [vflag-, burn], 
 .shameful act (done in the heat of 
 passion), disgraceful act. 
 
 fianima, -ae, f. [for *flagma, 
 fr. vflag-, biirn], flame. 
 
 flaveo, -ere [fliivo- (st. of 
 flavus), yellow] be yelloic. 
 
 fleo, -ere, -ovT, -etiis, laeep. 
 
 floreo, -ere, -rul [tlos- (st. of 
 flos), flower (-s- becomes -r- be- 
 tween two vowels)], be in flower, 
 blossom; flourish; p. a. florens, 
 -entis, flourishing. 
 
 fiuetus, -us, M. [Vflugu-, flow], 
 flowing ; wave, billow. 
 
 fluinen, -inis, n. [Vllu(gu)-, 
 flow], (that which flows, and so) 
 river. 
 
 fons, fontis, m., spring, foun- 
 tain. 
 
 foris, adv. [abl. pi. used adv.], 
 out of DOCKS, abroad. 
 
 fors (nom.), forte (abl.), f. 
 (used in these two cases only) 
 [\fer-, itEAiJ, wwing], (what brings 
 itself, and so) chance. 
 
 fortis, -e, adj., brave. 
 
 fortiter, adv. [forti- (st. of 
 fortis), brave], bravely, courage- 
 ously, icith bravery, with courage, 
 with fortitude. 
 
 fortitudo, -inis, v. [forti- (st. 
 of fortis), brave], courage, forti- 
 tude. 
 
 fortuna, -ae, f. [conn. w. fors, 
 chance], fortune; good fortune, 
 success ; m isfortune. 
 
 fortunatus, -a, -um [p. a. of 
 fortuno, make jJi'osperous], fortu- 
 nate. 
 
 fossa, -ae, f. [fem. of perf. part, 
 of fodio, dig, used subst (sc. 
 terra)], ditch, moat. 
 
 frafcineiitunt, -I, x. [Vfrag-, 
 liUEAK], (result of breaking, iukI 
 so) fragment. 
 
 frango, -ere, fregi, fractus 
 [Nfrag-, break], break, crush. 
 
 f rater, -tris, .m., buotmeh. 
 
 freqiicns, -entis, adj., crowded, 
 in great numbers. 
 
 firigus, -oris, n,, cold, frost. 
 
268 
 
 frons 
 
 gero 
 
 frons, frontis, f., brow, front. 
 
 Fronto, -onis, m., Marcus Cor- 
 nelius Fronto (celebrated orator, 
 native of Cirta in Nuniidia, flour- 
 ished in the second century a.d.). 
 
 fructuosus,-a,-um,adj., [fructu- 
 (st. of fructus), fruit~\, fruitful, 
 productive. 
 
 frnctus, -us, m. [Vfrugu-, enjoy'], 
 (enjoyment, and so) fruit, prod- 
 uce, profit, income. 
 
 frumentarius, -a, -um, adj. 
 [f rumen to- (st. of frfimentum), 
 grain], pertaining to grain; res 
 frumentaria, provisions. 
 
 frumentum, -i, n. [\/fru(gu)-, 
 enjoy], (means of enjoyment, and 
 so) grain (usu. harvested) ; in 
 pi., grain (especially, standing 
 grain). 
 
 fruor, -1, friictus [Vfru(gu)-, en- 
 joy], derive enjoyment from, en- 
 joy. _ 
 
 frustra, adv. [conn. vf. fraus, 
 deceit], in vain. 
 
 fuga, -ae, f. [Vfug-, hend, turn 
 aside, flee], flight. 
 
 fugio, -ere, fug! [Vfug-, bend, 
 turn aside, flee ; cognate w. Eng. 
 BOw],/ee. 
 
 fugo, -are, -avi, -atus [fuga- (st. 
 of tn^Si), flight], put to flight. 
 
 fugitivus, -T,M. [adj. used subst., 
 fr. Vfug-, bend, turn aside, flee], 
 fugitive, deserter. 
 
 fnmus, -T, m., smoke. 
 
 fiindainentum, -T, n. [funda- 
 (st. of fundd), BOTTom, make se- 
 cure], (means of making secure, 
 and so) foundation. 
 
 fundo, -ere, fudl, fusus, pour. 
 
 fungor, -1, functus, discharge, 
 perform. 
 
 fnnis, -is, m., rope. 
 
 funus, -eris, n. [said to be 
 conn, w. fumus, smoke., and hav- 
 ing reference primarily to the 
 burning of the body after death], 
 funeral, funeral rites. 
 
 fur, furis, c. [conn. w. v'fer-, 
 beau], (one who carries off, and 
 so) thief. 
 
 Fig. 3. 
 Helmet of a 
 Romansoldier, 
 from the col- 
 umn of Trajan. 
 
 Netherlands, 
 
 furor, -oris, m. [Vfur-, rage], 
 madness, insane folly, fury. 
 
 furtim, adv. [ace. used adv. ; 
 conn. w. ffir, thief], stealthily. 
 
 furtum, -I, N. [conn. w. fur, 
 thief], theft. 
 
 G. 
 
 Galba, -ae, m., Servius Svlpi- 
 cius Galba (one of Caesar's lieu- 
 tenants in Gaul). 
 
 galea, -ae , f. , hel- 
 met; see Fig. 3. 
 
 Galli, -drum, m., 
 the Gauls (inhabi- 
 tants of Gaul ; see 
 Gallia). 
 
 Gallia, -ae, f., 
 Gaul (Transalpine 
 Gaul comprised 
 substantially mod- 
 ern France, the 
 and Switzerland ; 
 Cisalpine Gaul comprised the val- 
 ley of the Po in northern Italy). 
 Gallicus, -a, -um, adj., Gallic, 
 of the Gauls (see Galli and Gallia). 
 Gallus, -T, M. , Gajus Sulpicius 
 Gallus (celebrated for his knowl- 
 edge of Greek and astronomy; 
 famous also as an orator ; lived 
 in the second century b.c). 
 
 Gallus, -T, M., a Gaul (see 
 Gallia). 
 
 gaudium, -iT, N. [conn. av. gau- 
 deo, rejoice], Joy. 
 
 Genava, -ae, f., Geneva (on 
 Lake Geneva at its outlet into the 
 Ehone). 
 
 gener, -eri, m., son-in-law. 
 gens, gentis, f. [Vgeu-, beget, 
 give birth to], offspring, race, peo- 
 ple, YiKtion, tribe. 
 
 genus, -eris, n. [Vgen-, beget, 
 give birth to], birth; stock, race, 
 family ; kinc?, class, order, mode. 
 
 Gergovia, -ae, f. , Gergovia 
 (town of the Arverni in Celtic 
 Gaul). 
 
 Germani, -orum, m., tlie Ger- 
 mans. 
 
 gero, -ere, gessi, gestus [Vges- 
 
^igriio 
 
 Hiberus 
 
 269 
 
 (-8- becomes -r-), carry'], carry, 
 conduct, manage, transact, per- 
 form, do, carry on, wage y in pass., 
 be in progress. 
 
 gigno, -ere, genuT, genitus 
 [Vgu- (reduplicated) and gen-, 
 beget, give birth to], bring forth, 
 bear. 
 
 gladiator, -oris, M. [gladiii- 
 (st. of *gladio), flght with the 
 .-iirord (gladius)], (one avIio tights 
 with the sword, and so) gladiator. 
 
 gladius, -il, M., sword (straight 
 and two-edged) ; see Fig. 4. 
 
 ng.4. 
 
 Sword of a Roman soldier, from the 
 Museo Borbonico. 
 
 gloria, -ae, y., glory, renown. 
 
 glorior, -arl, -atus [gloria- (st. 
 of gloria), _^/o/y], glory, boast; 
 idem gloriari, to make the same 
 boast ; hoc gloriari, to make this 
 boast. 
 
 gradus, -us, m., step ; stage. 
 
 Graecia, -ae, r., Greece. 
 
 Graeciis, -a, -urn, adj., Greek. 
 
 grandis, -e, adj., full-grown; 
 qtiidam grandis natu, a [man] 
 advanced in years. 
 
 gratia, -ae, f. [grato- (st. of 
 gratus) , pleasing, grateful] , favor, 
 friendship, credit, influence,; good 
 will, gratitude. 
 
 gratulor, -an, -atus [♦gratulo- 
 
 -t. of ♦gratulus, perhaps dim. of 
 .ifitus), s<nneichat pleasing], man- 
 ifr.Ht pleasure^ imsh joy, congratu- 
 late. 
 
 gratus, -a, -urn [p. a. f r. v'gra-, 
 lintd di'ar, desire^, (held dear, de- 
 sire<l, and so) pleasant, agreeable, 
 gratifying, acceptable, welwrne ; 
 grateful ; deserving of gratitude. 
 
 gravis, -e, adj., heavy; severe, 
 hard, opprcHsire, unfortunate; 
 ^^ravlor aotiis, advanced age. 
 
 graviter, adv. [gravi- (st. of 
 -ravis), heavy], heavily ; severely, 
 harshly. 
 
 gubernator, -oris, m. [guberna- 
 (st. of guberno), steer], steers- 
 man, pilot. 
 
 H. 
 
 habeo, -ere, -«T, -itus, have, 
 hold, keep; (of confidence) re- 
 pose; (of an address) deliver; 
 consider, esteem, regard, deem; 
 gratiam habere, to feel or cher- 
 ish gratitude ; habere iinniunita- 
 teni, to enjoy immunity. 
 
 haesito,-rire, -rivi,-atum [iutens. 
 of haerco, stick fast], be at a loss, 
 hesitate. 
 
 Hannibal, -alis, M., Hannibal 
 (leader of the Carthaginians in the 
 second Punic war, n.c. 218-201). 
 Hellespontus, -i, m., the Helles- 
 pont (mod. Dardanelles, strait 
 connecting the sea of Marmora 
 and the Aegean sea). 
 
 Helvetii, -orum, m., theHelvetii 
 or Helvetians (a tribe in the east- 
 ern part of Celtic Gaul occupying 
 that part of modern Switzerland 
 which lies betw een lakes Geneva 
 and Constance). 
 
 hereditas, -fitis, f. [hered-(st. of 
 heres), heir], heirship, inheritance. 
 Hermes or Her- 
 ma, -ae, m., Hermes- 
 pillar (a four-cor- 
 nered post or pedes- 
 tal terminating in 
 a carved head, often 
 that of the god 
 Hermes; these were 
 frequently to be 
 found in Athens in 
 streets and public 
 places, and before 
 private houses); see 
 Fig. 5. 
 
 hiberna, -orum, 
 N, [n. pi. of hlber- 
 nus, pertaining to 
 tmnter, used subst. ; 
 .so. ca.stra], winter- 
 quarters. 
 Hiberus, -I, m., the Ebro (a 
 river in Spain). 
 
 Fig. 6. 
 
 IlermeH-pillar, 
 
 from the 
 
 cnpito] lit 
 
 Koine. 
 
270 
 
 hie 
 
 Ignis 
 
 hie, liaec, hoc, demonstr. pron., 
 (used adj.) this; (used subst.) 
 this man, etc., he, etc. (emphatic) ; 
 hie . . . ille : the latter . . . the for- 
 mer; of (pertaining to) the lat- 
 ter . . . of (pertaining to) the for- 
 mer. 
 
 hie, adv., here; upon this, here- 
 upon. 
 
 hiemo, -are, -avi, -atus [hiem- 
 (st. of hiems), icinter^y pass the 
 winter, icinter. 
 
 hiems (hiemps), -emis, f., win- 
 ter. 
 
 Hilotae, -arum, m., Helots (the 
 servile class in Sparta). 
 
 Hispania, -ae, f., Spain. 
 
 historia, -ae, f., history. 
 
 hodie, adv. [abl. fm. of pron. 
 St. ho-, this ; abl. fm. of dies, 
 day'] , to-day ; at the present day. 
 
 hodlernus, -a, -um, adj. [conn. 
 w. hodie, to-day], of this day; 
 hodlernus dies, this day, to- 
 day. 
 
 homo, -inis, c. [conn. w. humus, 
 ground], (son of earth, and so) 
 human being, man ; fellow. 
 
 honesto, -are, -avI, -atus [ho- 
 nesto-(st.of honestus),/>o/iora&Ze], 
 clothe with honor, adorn, dignify, 
 embellish. 
 
 honestus, -a, -um, adj. [conn. 
 w. honos, honor], honorable, loorthy 
 of honor. 
 
 honori-ficus,-a,-um,adj.[hou6s- 
 (st. of honos) , honor; Vfac-, make] , 
 (making honor, and so) honora- 
 ble. 
 
 honos or honor, -oris, m., hon- 
 or, dignity, estimation; honoris 
 causa, out of compliment to, out of 
 respect to. 
 
 hora, -ae, r., ij[our (the Ro- 
 mans divided the interval between 
 sunrise and sunset into twelve 
 parts called hours ; accordingly, 
 their hour did not have a fixed 
 value, but varied in length accord- 
 ing to the season). 
 
 hortor, -ari, -atus, encourage, 
 urge, exhort. 
 
 hortus, -1, M. (conn. w. cohors, 
 q.v.], (enclosure, and so) GxiiDen. 
 
 liospes, -itis, c, host; guest 
 (whether friend or stranger) , . 
 
 hostis, -is, c, stranger, foreign- 
 er ; enemy (especially a public 
 enemy in contrast to inimicus, a 
 private enemy) : in pi., enemy, a 
 hostile army. 
 
 hue, adv. [case fm. of pron. st. 
 ho-, this, with demonstr. ending 
 -c(e)], to this place, to this point, 
 hither. 
 
 humanitas, -atis, f. [humauo- 
 (st. of humanus) , human; refined], 
 humanity ; refinement (of manners, 
 language, etc., resulting from a 
 liberal education, and so) accom- 
 plishments. 
 
 humanus, -a, -um, adj. [conn, 
 w. homo, man], human ; humane; 
 refined, highly civilized. 
 
 humilis, -e, adj. [humo- (st. of 
 humus), ground], (pertaining to 
 the ground, and so) low; insig- 
 nificant, weak. 
 
 humus, -I, F., ground. 
 
 ibi, adv. [pron. st. i- (of is), 
 that, w. loc. suff.], in that place, 
 there. 
 
 ictus, -us, M. [Vic-, hit], hitting ; 
 blow. 
 
 idem, eadem, idem [is, that, vf. 
 demonstr. suff.], the same ; trans, 
 adv., also, likewise, again. 
 
 idoneus, -a, -um, adj., suitable; 
 convenient, accessible. 
 
 idus, -uum, F., the Ides (one of 
 the three points in the month 
 from which theRomansreckoned ; 
 the Ides fell on the thirteenth 
 except in March, May, July, and 
 Octol)er, when they fell on the 
 fifteenth). 
 
 igitur, conj. (usu. placed after 
 the first word of the sent.), then, 
 therefore, accordingly. 
 
 ignavia, -ae, f. [ignavo- (st. of 
 ignavus), idlel^, idleness, sloth. 
 
 ignis, -is, M.,firc. 
 
isriioi'o 
 
 iii-cendo 
 
 271 
 
 ignoro, -aro, -fivl, -fitns [conn. 
 w. lirnfinis, ignorant^, not know, 
 be ignorant of. 
 
 i-gno8co, -ere, -^novT, -gnotum 
 [i(n)-, not; (g)uosco, take steps 
 fo know], (not inquire into, and 
 so ) overlook . pa rdo n . 
 
 ille, ilia, illiid, tlemonstr. pron., 
 (used subst.) he, shf, iv; (used 
 adj.) thai; the well knoicn, thar 
 . . . of old, of yore; the following ; 
 hie . . . ille, the latter . . . the 
 former; in pi., those, they ; ille 
 ferreus, so iron-hearted. 
 
 illo, adv. [ca«e fm. of ille, 
 that], to that pdace, thither. 
 
 iniber, -bris, m., rain, rain- 
 storm. 
 
 iiiiinanis, -c, adj., monstrous, 
 imMKnse, huge. 
 
 im-matOru^ -a, -uin, adj. [in-, 
 not; raatfirus, ripe, seasonable'], 
 unseasonable, before one's time. 
 
 iininolo, -are, -avl, -atus [in, 
 «/)ON ; mola, sarrijicial meal 
 (throuifh presumed adj. st.)], 
 (sprinkle sacrificial meal on the 
 victim to be sacriliced, and so) 
 snerijiee, immolate. 
 
 im-mortalis, -e, adj. [in-, not; 
 niortalis, mortal'], immortal, un- 
 dying, perpetual ; translated adv., 
 forever. 
 
 im-ninnis, -e, adj. [in-, not; 
 miinis, under obligation ; cf. com- 
 munis], eyempt. 
 
 immunitas, -atis, F. [Immuni- 
 (st. of immunis), exempt], exr 
 emption, immunity. 
 
 Impedimentiim, -T, N. [impedi- 
 (.st. of impedio), hinder], hind- 
 ranee, impediment ; in pi., bng- 
 gnge. 
 
 impedio, -ire, -ivi or -ii, -itus 
 [In-ped- (st. of pes), having the 
 VKKT entangled], (cause one's feet 
 to become entann^led, and so) 
 impede, hinder, interfere with, 
 prerent. 
 
 im-peI15, -ere, -pull, -pulsus 
 [In.ON, Against ; pcllo, drive^,drive 
 ON or Against, urge o.\, impel. 
 
 ini-pondeo, -ere [in, over ; pen- 
 deo, hang], hang over, impend, 
 threaten. 
 
 iiiiperator, -oris, m. [impera- 
 (st. of impero), command], com- 
 mander, general. 
 
 Im-peritusr, -a, -um, adj. [in-, 
 not; peritus, experienced], inex- 
 perienced, Jj'svn.s.ctixed, vsskiUed. 
 
 imperiuin, -il, n. [conn. w. im- 
 pero, command], order, command; 
 power, direction, authority, con- 
 trol ; persons in power ;goverument. 
 
 im-pero, -are, -avT, -jitus [in, 
 withis, thoroughly; paro. pre- 
 pare], (lit., prepare thoroughly, 
 work over, and so) command, di- 
 rect, govern ; demand, make a req- 
 uisition for. 
 
 im-petro, -are, -avT, -atus [in, 
 (hy appeal) to; patro, bring to 
 jmss], bring to pass by entreaty, 
 obtain a request. 
 
 impetus, -us, m. [in-Vpet-, Jly at, 
 fall upo's], (falling upon, and so) 
 oyset, attack. 
 
 im-pius, -a, -um, adj. [in-, not; 
 pins, dutifid, reverent], vyidutiful, 
 irreverent, impious, wicked. 
 
 im-ploro, -fire, -avl, -atus [in, 
 to ; ploro, cry o^it], cry out to, call 
 upon, ask beseechingly, entreat, 
 implore. 
 
 iiii-piidens, -entis, adj. [in-, 
 not; pudcns, modest], shameless. 
 
 impulsor, -oris, m. [in-Vpol-, 
 push on], (one who pushes on, 
 and so) instigator, urger ; impul- 
 8or esse, to urge. 
 
 in, prep. w. ace. and abl. 1. w. 
 ace: isto, to, towards, for ; in 
 favor of; \gainst, over; 2. w. 
 abl. : IN, ON, IN the midst of. Amid, 
 IN the case (f: in armis, under 
 arms; in irxilimUncuif is width ; 
 in cdnspectuni, in sight. 
 
 incendiiim, -ii, n. [in-Vcand-, 
 set fire to], setting fire to; fire, 
 conjtagratiftn. 
 
 in-cendo, -ere, -cendi, -census 
 [ill, to; ♦cando (y!ca,iid-), set fire], 
 set fire to, burn; fire, infiame. 
 
272 
 
 inceptum 
 
 mj^ens 
 
 inceptum, -T, n. [n. perf part, of 
 incipio, begin], (that which has 
 been begun, and so) attempt, un- 
 dertaking. 
 
 in-cido, -ere, -cidi, -casus [in, 
 upON; cado, fall], fall wpoN; 
 happen, occur, arise. 
 
 in-cipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptus [in, 
 upo^; capio, lay hold], (lay hold 
 upon, and so) begin. 
 
 in-colo, -ere, -m [in, ix; colo, 
 dwell], inhabit; dwell. 
 
 Incolumis, -e, adj., v^injured, 
 vsharmed. 
 
 incommodum, -i, n. [n. of adj . 
 inconimodus, inconvenient, used 
 subst.], inconvenience, disadvan- 
 tage, injury, harm, disaster, de- 
 feat. 
 
 in-credibilis, -e, adj. [in-, not; 
 credibilis, credible], incredible. 
 
 in-crepito, -are, -avi, -atus [in, 
 to. Against; crepito, rattle much, 
 make a loud noise], call out to; 
 exclaim Against, rebuke, chide. 
 
 incursio, -onis, F. [in-curr- (base 
 in curro), rush in or Against], in- 
 cursion, iNroad. 
 
 in-cuso, -are, -avi, -atus [in. 
 Against; causa, charge (through 
 presumed denom. vb. *causo ; cf. 
 causor)], bring a charge Against, 
 Jind fault with, complain of, blame, 
 upbraid. 
 
 inde, adv., from that place, 
 thence; next in order. 
 
 Indicium, -il, n. [indie- (st. of 
 index), he who or that which points 
 out], pointing out, informing; in- 
 formation, testimony. 
 
 in-dico, -are, -avi, -atus [in, to- 
 loards ; dico, make known, and so 
 point), point out, disclose, reveal, 
 betray. 
 
 indigeo, -ere, -ui [indigo- (st. 
 of indigus) , in ivant] , be in want 
 of, need, stand in need of. 
 
 indigne, adv. [abl. form of in- 
 dignus, vsworthy], UNioorthily, 
 \jndeser7)edly. 
 
 in-dignus, -a, -um, adj. [in-, 
 not; dignus, worthy], v'sworthy. 
 
 in-dnco, -ere, -duxi, -ductus 
 [in, iNto; duco, lead], lead i^ to. 
 
 indulge©, -ere, -si, -tus, indulge. 
 
 induo, -ere, -ui, -iitus [indu, 
 ON; "ivi-, clothe], put o^. 
 
 industria, -ae, F., industry. 
 
 in-eo, -ire, -ivi or -ii, -itus [in, 
 iNto ; eo, go], go iNto, enter ; enter 
 upo'N or iN^o, begin, form. 
 
 inermis, -e, adj. [in-, without; 
 armo- (st. of arma, arms)], with- 
 out arms, vsarmed. 
 
 infamia, -ae, f. [infami- (st. of 
 infamis), disreputable], disrepute, 
 dishonor, disgrace, infamy. 
 
 in-felix, -icis, adj. [in-, not; 
 fellx, happy], vshappy. 
 
 inferior, -ius, adj., comp. of 
 inferus, q. v. 
 
 In-fero, inferre, intuit, inlatus 
 [in, prep., Against; fero, bear], 
 (of war) wage or carry on 
 Against, (of arms or standards) 
 carry iNto, carry Against; inflict; 
 (w. in and ace.) cast i^to ; vim et 
 manus inferre, to lay violent 
 hands w^ON. 
 
 Inferus, -a, -um, adj., below. 
 Comp., inferior, -ius, lower. Su- 
 perl., infimus, -a, -um, lowest, 
 lowest part of, at the bottom. 
 
 Infestus, -a, -um [p. a. of *in- 
 fendo, strike ov thrust Against ; cf. 
 defendo, strike or thrust off], 
 (dashed against, and so) hostile, 
 oppose!) ; Infestis signis consist- 
 ere, to come to a halt and assume 
 the defensive. 
 
 infimns, -a, -um, adj., superl. 
 of inferus, q. v. 
 
 in-firmus, -a, -um, adj. [in-, not; 
 flrmus, firm], xueak, feeble, infirm. 
 
 in-fluo, -ere, -xi, -xum [in, iNto ; 
 fluo, flow], flow T^to, flow. 
 
 ingenium, -il, n. [in-Vgen-, beget 
 in], (what is born in one, and so) 
 disposition; mind. 
 
 ingens, -entis, adj. [in-, out of, 
 beyond; genti- (st. of gens) KiNdf, 
 class], (beyond its kind, and so) 
 great (in an exaggerated degree), 
 huge ; a great quantity of. 
 
iii-gredior 
 
 inter-cludo 
 
 273 
 
 iii-gredior, -T, -gressus [in, in«o; 
 gradior, step], go iNio, enter; 
 walk. 
 
 in-icio (pronounced: injicio), 
 -ere, -jeci, -jectus [in, ixio; jacio, 
 throic'], throioi^to, infuse^ impart. 
 
 inimicitia, -ae, ¥. [iniinlco- (st. 
 of inimlcus), hostile, VN/riendly'}, 
 hostiUty, enmity. 
 
 iu-imicusy -a, -um, adj. [in-, 
 not ; amicus, fnendly], vsfriendly, 
 hostile; subst., personal enemy 
 (opp. hostis, public enemy), enemy. 
 
 iniquitas, -atis, f. [inlquo- (st. 
 of iniquus), uyjust], injustice. 
 
 in-iquus, -a, -urn, adj. [in-, not; 
 aequus, fair'], ux/air; unreason- 
 able. 
 
 initiuin, -il, N. [inWi-, go iNto, 
 begiri], beginning ; first principles, 
 elements. 
 
 injoria, -ae, f. [in-, not; jus- 
 (st. of jus), right (-8- becomes 
 -r-)], (violation of right, and so) 
 injury, wrong, v^ijust treatment, 
 oppression; injuria, wrongfully, 
 vsjustly, without provocation. 
 
 iu-lacrimo, -are, -avT, -atuin [in, 
 at; lacrimo, shed tears], shed 
 
 TEARS, ir.eep. 
 
 in-licio, -ere, -lexi, -lectus [in, 
 isto ; ♦lacio, lure], lure mto, entice, 
 decoy, seduce. 
 
 inlustris, -e, adj., distinguished, 
 illustrious, high, exalted. 
 
 in-nocens, -entis, adj. [in-, not; 
 nocens, criminal, guilty'], guiltless, 
 innocent ; subst, the innocent. 
 
 inopia, -ae, F. [inopi- (st. of 
 inops), xoithout resources], want; 
 necessitous condition. 
 
 in primi.s, inprimiH, or impri- 
 mis, (among tlie first, and so) 
 especially, particularly. 
 
 inquam, def., / say; inquit, 
 says he ; said he. 
 
 Insfinid, -Ire, -Tvi and -il, -Ttum 
 [insano- (st. of Insunus), //;sa/»e], 
 be insane. 
 
 inscientia, -ae, V. [inscient- 
 (st. of insciens), in^rpprienced], 
 inexperience. 
 
 I iii-scribo, -ere, -scripsi, -scrip- 
 tus [in, on; scribd, write], in- 
 scribe, entitle. 
 
 fn-sequor, -T, -cutus [in, close 
 upon; sequor, follow], follow 
 close upon or after, pursue. 
 
 inslgne, -is, N. [n. of adj. insi- 
 gnis, marked], distinguishing 
 mark, badge. 
 
 insolenter, adv. [insolent- (st. 
 of lusolens), insolent], insolently.^ 
 
 in-stituo, -ere, -uT, -utus [in, 
 isto ; stsitub, place], (place into, 
 and so) fix, establish, institute. 
 
 Institatuin, -i, x. [n. perf . part, 
 of Tnstituo, establish], (what is 
 established, and so) institution, 
 regulation, usage. 
 
 In-struo, -ere, -struxT, -structus 
 [in, into; struo, build], build in- 
 to ; draw up, arrange. 
 
 Insula, -ae, f., island. 
 
 in-sum, inesse, TnfuT [in, in; 
 sum, be], bem, belong to. 
 
 integer, -gra, -gram, adj. [in- 
 Vtag-, not touch], untouched, 
 whole; in integrum, to a for- 
 mer condition. 
 
 integro, -are, -avi, -atus [inte- 
 gro- (st. of integer), whole], 
 make whole, renew. 
 
 intel-lego, -ere, -lexT, -lectus 
 [mtQT, between, into; lego, see], 
 see into, unuKiistand, know ; per- 
 ceive, be aware. 
 
 in-tempestus, -a, -um, adj. [in-, 
 not; *iQmpeiitus, seasonabl p.], un- 
 seasonable ; inteiiipostu nocte, 
 at an unseasonable hour of the 
 NIGHT, late at night. 
 
 inter, adv. and prep. w. ace. 
 [comp. fm. of in, in], between, 
 .Kniong ; inter se, (according to 
 the context) .Kmong themselves, to 
 one anoTiiKK, from one rtwoTHKR, 
 one anoTiiEii, icith each othkr, 
 etc. 
 
 inter-cSdo, -ere, -cessi, -cessuna 
 [inter, between; cedo, go], go be- 
 tween, interrene. 
 
 inter-cludo, -ere, -si, -sus 
 [inter, between; claudo, shut], 
 
274 
 
 inter-dico 
 
 is 
 
 shiit off (by interposing some- 
 thing), sh^it out, cut off. 
 
 inter-dico, -ere, -clTx!, -dictus 
 [inter, hetween ; dicb, spea¥\, for- 
 bid, prohibit, exclude. 
 
 interdum, adv. [inter, hetween ; 
 CiMva., whiW], sometimes, occasion- 
 alhj. 
 
 interea, adv. [inter, xmong ; 
 ace. pi. n. ea (orig. ea), these 
 things, of. antea w. foot-note], 
 meaniuhile. 
 
 Inter-eo, -Tre, -ii, -itum [inter, 
 xmong ; co, go, he lost'], (be lost 
 among other things, and so) per- 
 ish, hecome extinct. 
 
 inter-ficio, -ere, -feci, -fectus 
 [inter, xmong ; facio, put., make 
 go, cause to he lost. cf. intereo], 
 (cause to be lost among other 
 things, and so) dispatch, kill, put 
 to death. 
 
 interim, adv., meanwhile. 
 
 Inter-iino, -ere, -emi, -emptus 
 [inter, (out from) xmong; emo, 
 take'], (talce an object out from 
 its surroundings, and so) kill. 
 
 Interior, -ius, adj. [comp. of 
 *interus], iNX^r; the interior of. 
 
 inter-mitto, -ere, -misi, -missus 
 [inter, hetiveen, and so, in the midst; 
 mitto, let go], (leave off in the 
 midst, and so) interrupt, intermit; 
 let pass, suffer to elapse. 
 
 inter-pono, -ere, -posui,-positus 
 [inter, hetween; pbnb, place], inter- 
 pose. 
 
 interpreter, -ari, -atus [inter- 
 pret- (st. of interpres), interpret- 
 er], explain, expound, interpret. 
 
 inter-rogo, -are, -iivT, -atus 
 [inter, hetween (the questioner 
 and tlie person questioned) ; rogo, 
 ask], interrogate, question, ask. 
 
 Inter-sum, -esse, -fui [inter, he- 
 tween ; sum, he], be hetween, inter- 
 vene ; take part ix, have to do 
 with; attend to, superintend ; im- 
 pers., interest, it concerns, it inter- 
 ests, it is impjortant. 
 
 intervallum, -i, N. [inter, he- 
 tween, and so within; vallum, 
 
 rampart], (space within the ram- 
 part, i.e. between tlie rampart 
 and the soldiers' tents, and so) 
 interval, distance. 
 
 in-tueor, -eri, -itus [in, at, on ; 
 tueor, look], look at, gaze ox. 
 
 intiis, adv. [in, Y^],\riithi^. 
 
 in-utilis, -e, adj. [in-, not ; utilis, 
 useful], useless, 'unprofitable; in- 
 jurious. 
 
 in-vado, -ere, -vast [in, isto ; 
 vado, go], go I'sto, enter, invade, 
 rush IN, fall upon, take possession. 
 
 in-venio, -ire, -venT, -ventus 
 [in, upOT^; venio, come], come 
 lipoid, find (by. accident; cf. 
 reperio, which often means 
 'fiud by searching'). 
 
 inventor, -oris, m. [in-Vven-, 
 COME ?<jJON, discover]., discoverer, 
 inventor, contriver. 
 
 in-victus, -a, -um, adj. [in-, not; 
 victus (perf. part, of vinco), con- 
 quered], \jWonq\iered ; invincible. 
 
 in-video, -ere, -vidi, -visus [in, 
 askance at; video, look], look 
 askance at ; envy. 
 
 invidia, -ae, f. [invido- (st. of 
 invidus), envious], envy ; obloquy, 
 odium, unpopularity. 
 
 invitus, -a, -um, adj., unwilling. 
 
 ipse, ipsa, ipsum, demonstr. 
 pron., self, himself, herself, itself; 
 mere, very, in person. 
 
 ira, -ae, f., anger, passion. 
 
 iracundia, -ae, F. [iriicundo- 
 (st. of iracundus), passionate], 
 passion. 
 
 iracundus, -a, -um, adj. [Tra- 
 (st. of *iror), be angry], passion- 
 ate, cholenc. 
 
 irascor, -T, Tratus [incept, fr. 
 Ira- (st. of *Tror), be angry], give 
 vmy to passion, be angry ; iratus, 
 -a, -um, p. a., angry, in anger. 
 
 ir-rumpo, -ere, -rupT, -ruptus 
 [in, iN^o; rumpo, burst], burst or 
 rush into. 
 
 is, ea, id, demonstr. pron., 1. 
 adj., this, thar, such, of such a 
 kind ; 2. subst., this one, thar one, 
 he, she, rr; in pi., these, those. 
 
iste 
 
 lac 
 
 275 
 
 they ; eo . . .quo, Ity that . . . hy 
 y^iMch, the . . . the. 
 
 isto, ist<i,istud,demoiistr.proTi., 
 THAT of yours, that; (with con- 
 temptuous implication) that, 
 iTiAT one ; ista Veritas, the 
 truth coming from you. 
 
 ita, adv., in such a iray, so, 
 Tiivs ; ita . . . iit^ so . . . as. 
 
 Italia, -ae, v., Italy. 
 
 itaqiie, conj.[ita, so ; -que, and], 
 and so, TiiKrcfore. 
 
 item, adv. [conn. w. ita, so], 
 likewise. 
 
 iter, itiueris, N. [s'i-, ^/o], jo?<r- 
 "-y, march J marching, passage; 
 "•ay, roady route, line of march ; 
 iter facere, to march. 
 
 iteriim, adv., again, a second 
 tiiw. 
 
 J. 
 
 jaceo, -ere, -cui [intr. fm. conn, 
 w. jacio, throve], (be thrown, and 
 -o) lie, lie prostrate. 
 
 jacio, -ere, jecT, jactus, throw, 
 
 r-lSt. 
 
 jam, adv., now ; already ; at 
 once, forthwith ; even. 
 
 janua, -ae, v., street door, door. 
 
 Juba, -ae, m., Juba (king of 
 Numidia and opponent of Caesar). 
 
 Jubeo, -ere, jussT, jussus, order. 
 
 jucundus, -a, -urn, adj. [conn, 
 w. juvo, help], (helpful, and so) 
 idi'asant, agreeable. 
 
 ju-dex, -icis, c. [jus- (st. of 
 jus), what is binding ; ^iX\c-, point 
 oMi],(one who points out what is 
 binding, ?.<'. justice, and so) judge. 
 
 Judieiiim, -ii, N. [judic- (st. of 
 j n ( 1 e .\ ) , judge ] , judg m c n t, decisio n , 
 }«'nt('.nce ; in Judicium vocfire, 
 to summon before the nmrt. 
 
 JSdic5, -are, -avT, -fitus [jfidic- 
 -t. of judex), judge], judge; 
 /lonouncc, proclaim; consider, 
 'I fern, think. 
 
 jiigum, -T, N. [Vjug-, YOKK], 
 voKK; (mountain) ridgp. 
 
 .lulianuH,-a, -um,adj.[.Jullo-(st. 
 of Julius)], Julian {i.e., belong- 
 ing to Julius Caesar). 
 
 jnmentum, -i, n. [vju(g)-, 
 yoke], (that which is yoked, and 
 so) beast oflmrden. 
 
 Juppiter, Jovis, M. [Jovi- (for 
 Diovi-, St. of Diovis), god of 
 heaven; pater, fatheii], Jupiter 
 (supreme deity of the Komans). 
 
 Jura, -ae, :m., the Jura moun- 
 tains (a chain extending from tlie 
 liliine to the Rhone and separa^ 
 ing the Sequani from the Hel- 
 vetii). 
 
 jus, juris, N. [vju-, bind, conn, 
 w. vjug-], (that which is binding, 
 and so) right, justice ; authority; 
 one's rights, redress ; in pi., rights, 
 authority; jus dicere, to pronounce 
 judgment, to administer justice. 
 
 jusjurandum, jurisjilrandl, x. 
 [jus, ichat is binding ; gerundive 
 of jilro, swear], oath. 
 
 jussu, M. (in abl. sing, only) 
 [fr. sanie root as jubeo, order], 
 at the bidding. 
 
 jilstitia, -ae, f. [justo- (st. of 
 j Qstu s) , just] , justice. 
 
 Justus, -a, -urn, adj. [jus- (st. of 
 jus), right], founded in right, 
 just; regular, proper, due, usual. 
 
 juvontus, -litis, F. [juven- (st. 
 of juvenis), youx^/], youth. 
 
 juvo, -are, jfivi, jutus, help, 
 aid, assist, benefit. 
 
 K. 
 
 Karthag^Oy see Carthago. 
 
 L. 
 
 li^ abbr. of Lacius, -ii, m., Lucius 
 (Roman praenomen or first name). 
 
 Labienus, -I, m., Titus .ittius 
 Labienus (Caesar's clilef lieuten- 
 ant in tlie (iallic war, 58-50 n.c). 
 
 labor, -oris, m. [\'Iab-, lay h(dd 
 ''/]> (l«yhJg hold of, and so) labor, 
 toil, excrtinii. 
 
 labor, -1, lapsus [Vlab-, glide, 
 fall], glide, fall, sink ; err. 
 
 lal>oro, -iire, -avT, -atus [labor- 
 (st. of labor), labor], labor; strug- 
 gle again. 'ft odds. 
 
 lac, lactis, n., milk. 
 
276 
 
 liacedaemon 
 
 levo 
 
 Ijacedacinon, -onis, ¥., Lacedae- 
 
 mon or Spnrt'C (chief city of 
 Lacouia, in relopoiniesns). 
 
 Lacedaemonii, -oruin, m., Lace- 
 daemonians (inhabitants of Lace- 
 tlaemou, q. v.). 
 
 lacertiis, -i, M., upper arm, arm; 
 ill pi., also muscle, hrawn. 
 
 lacesso, -ere, -ivi, -itus, clial- 
 lencje, irritate, attack. 
 
 lacrima, -ae, F., tear. 
 
 lacus, -us, M., lake. 
 
 Ijaeca, -ae, m., Marcus Porcius 
 Laeca (one of Catiline's accom- 
 plices in the conspiracy of 63 B.C.) . 
 
 Liaelius, -ii, M., Gajus Laelius 
 (friend of Scipio Africanus the 
 younger, and principal character 
 in Cicero's work on Friendship ; 
 flourished in the latter half of 
 the second century B.C.). 
 
 laetitia, -ae, f. [laeto- (st. of 
 laetus) , joyful^ , joy. 
 
 laetor, -ari, -atus [laeto- (st. of 
 laetus), jo?//z(Z], he joyful, rejoice; 
 rejoice at. 
 
 lapis, -idis, m., stone. 
 
 largior, -iri, -itus [largo- (st. of 
 largus), ahundanf], bestow lavish- 
 ly, he lavish of. 
 
 late, adv. [abl. fm, of latus, 
 wide'], ividely ; quam latissime, 
 as vjidely or extensively as possible. 
 
 Latinus, -a, -um, adj., Latin 
 (pertaining to Latium, q. v.). 
 
 latitude, -inis, f. [lato- (st. of 
 latus), hroad], hreadth, extent. 
 
 Tjatium, -ii, n., Latium (district 
 in Italy containing the city Rome). 
 
 Latovici, -drum, m., the Latovici 
 (German tribe, neighbors of the 
 Helvetii). 
 
 latro, -5nis, m., rohher. 
 
 latrocinium, -ii, n. [conn. w. 
 latrocinor, rob on the highway'], 
 robbery. 
 
 latus, -a, -um, adj., broad, ex- 
 tensive. 
 
 latus, -eris, n., side, flank. 
 
 laudo, -are, -avi, -atus [laud- 
 (st. of laus), praise], commend.^ 
 praise. 
 
 laus, laudis, f., praise, commen- 
 dation ; glory, distinction, renown. 
 
 lector, -oris, m. [v/leg-, read], 
 reader. 
 
 legatio, -onis, f. [lega- (st. of 
 lego), depute], deputing; deputa- 
 tion, embassy. 
 
 legatus, -i, M. [perf. part, of 
 lego, depute], (one commissioned 
 or deputed, aud so) ambassador, 
 envoy ; lieutenant (the legati were 
 experienced officers commanding 
 separate divisions of the army 
 under the general direction of 
 the commander-in-chief ; often 
 in special exigencies they exer- 
 cised independent command). 
 
 legio, -onis, f. [Vleg-, pick, 
 gather], (a levy, and so) legion 
 (a full legion in Caesar's time 
 contained about 6000 men; the 
 legion was divided into ten co- 
 horts, each cohort into three 
 maniples, and each maniple into 
 two centuries). 
 
 legionarius, -a, -um, adj. [le- 
 gion- (st. of legio), legion], per- 
 taining to legions, legionary. 
 
 lego, -ere, legi, lectus [v'leg-, 
 pick, gather], gather ; select; read. 
 
 Lemannus, -i, M., (ancient name 
 of) Lake Geneva. 
 
 Liemnos or Liemnus, -i, f., Lem- 
 nos or Lemnus (island in the 
 northern part of the Aegean sea). 
 
 Lemovices, -um, m., the Lemo- 
 vices (tribe in Celtic Gaul, w^estof 
 the Arverni). 
 
 lenio, -ire, -ivi or -ii, -itus [leni- 
 (st. of lenis), soft], make soft, 
 soothe. 
 
 Lentulus, -i, M., Puhlius Cor- 
 nelius Lentulus S%ira (one of Cat- 
 iline's accomplices in the conspir- 
 acy of 63 B.C.). 
 
 leo, -onis, m., lion. 
 
 Lepidus, -i, m., Manius Aemil- 
 ius Lepidus (consul QQ B.C.). 
 
 levls, -e, adj., lAQiit, slight. 
 
 levo, -are, -avi, -atus [levi- (st. 
 of levis), LiGii^], lAGiiten, relieve, 
 release. 
 
lex 
 
 niag^is 
 
 2T 
 
 lex, lesfis, f., law. 
 
 libeuter, adv. [libent- (st. of 
 libens), iriUing], mlUnghj, cheer- 
 fnllij. 
 
 liber, -brl, M., book, treatise, 
 trork. 
 
 liber, -era, -erum, adj., free, un- 
 restricted. 
 
 libcralis, -e, adj. [IThero- (st. 
 of liber), free'\, belong ing to a 
 freeman.; liberal, lavish. 
 
 liberaliter, adv. [ITberali- (st. 
 of llberfilis), pertaining to a free- 
 man'}, (in a manner becoming a 
 freeman, and so) graciously, cour- 
 teouslg. 
 
 libere, adv. [abl. fm. of ITber, 
 free'],fre^y, icithout constraint. 
 
 liberi, -drum, yi. [masc. pi. of 
 adj. liber, free, used subst.], (the 
 free members of the household in 
 distinction from the slaves, and 
 so) children (with reference to 
 tlieir parents; cf. pueri, children 
 in general). 
 
 libero, -are, -avi, -atus [libero- 
 (st. of liber), /ree], set free, free, 
 liberate, relieve, release. 
 
 libertas, -atis, f. [libero- (st. 
 of \\hi:Y), free'], freedom, liberty. 
 
 llbet, -ere -buit or -bitum est 
 (older forms, lubet, etc., Vlub-, 
 desire ; cognate w. Euglieh lovk], 
 it is pleasing or agreeable ; mthi 
 llbet, / am disposed. 
 
 licet, -ere, -cuit or -citum est 
 [Vlic-, leave free (through pre- 
 sumed adj.)], it is permitted, it is 
 lafrful,one is at liberty,it is possible. 
 
 IJIiigones, -urn (arc. Lingonas), 
 M., the Lingones (tribe in Celtic 
 Haid near the sources of the 
 Ma rue and Meuse). 
 
 lingua, -ac, F., TONGUE; lan- 
 guage. 
 
 Liscus, -T, M., Liscus (proini- 
 neut Aeduan of Caesar's time). 
 
 LItavlcctifl, -T, M., Litaviccus 
 ' Aeduan of Caesar's time). 
 
 littera, -ae, f., letter (of the 
 alphabet), character; in pi., letter 
 (epistle), dispatch, letters, dis- 
 
 patches; litteris maudare, to 
 
 commit to icriting. 
 
 litus, -oris, k. , shore (of the sea ; 
 cf. ripa, bank of a river). 
 
 loco, -are, -iivT, -iitus [loco- (st. 
 of locus), place'], place. 
 
 locus, -1, M. ; in pi., (usu.) loca, 
 -orum, N., (sometimes) loci, 
 -orum, M., place, sj)ot, site, posi- 
 tion ; room ; rank. 
 
 longe, adv. [abl. f m. of longus, 
 LONG],/rtr; by far ; for a long 
 time, LONG. 
 
 loiigiiiquus, -a,-um, adj. [conn, 
 w. longiis], LONG, j.O'SG-continued. 
 
 longitudo, -inis, f. [longo- (st. 
 of longus), long], LK^Gth. 
 
 longus, -a, -um, adj., long; 
 navis longa, ship of u^ar. 
 
 loquor, -T, -cutus [Vloqu-, sounds 
 sjyeak], speak. 
 
 luceo, -ere, luxi [conn. w. lux, 
 LiGHi], be LiGiif, shine. 
 
 ludus, -T, M., game. 
 
 lugeo, -ere, luxT, mourn, lament. 
 
 lumen, -inis, n. [\l\u(c)-, shine], 
 (that which shines, and so) ligh^. 
 
 liina, -ae, f. [v'lu(c)-, shine]^ 
 moon. 
 
 lustrum, -1, N. [Vlou-, tcash]^ 
 purificatory sacrifice. 
 
 lux, lilcis, F. [Vluc-, shine], 
 LIG^^ 
 
 Lycus, -T, M., Lycus Can Athe- 
 nian, father of Thrasybulus ; lived 
 in the flfth century b.c). 
 
 M. 
 
 M., abbr. of Marcus, -T, m. 
 (Roman praenomenorllrstname). 
 
 M*, abbr. of 3Ianius, -ii, m. 
 (Homan praenomen or llrst name). 
 
 machinatio, -onis, f. [mfichi- 
 na- (st. of raachiuor), devise], 
 (devising, and so) mechanism; 
 engine. 
 
 machinor, -firl, -atus rmfuthina- 
 (st. of mfichina), machine], in- 
 vent, contrive, devise. 
 
 magis, adv. [for *inaglus, n. 
 ace. sing. comp. ofadj. used adv.], 
 More. 
 
2T8 
 
 magister 
 
 mehercle 
 
 magister, -tri, m. [Vmag-, be 
 great, he powerful, w. double 
 comp. stiff. : -is =: -ius, and -ter], 
 (he who is greater or more 
 powerful, and so), master. 
 
 magistratus, -us, M. [magistra- 
 (st. of *niagistro), be master], 
 (being master, and so) office of a 
 magistrate, magistracy ; magis- 
 trate. 
 
 inagnificus, -a, -urn, adj. [ma- 
 gno- (St. of nmgnus) , great ; Vfac-, 
 i>o], (of great deeds, and so) 
 magnificent, glorious, splendid. 
 
 magnitudo, -inis, F. [magno- 
 (st. of magnus), greaf], greatness, 
 size, bulk, extent, magnitude. 
 
 magnus, -a, -um, adj. [Vmag-, 
 be great'] , great, large ; magni 
 (gen. of value), greatly, highly. 
 Comp., major, -us, g^rea^er; older, 
 elder ; pi. subst., majores, ances- 
 tors ; majores natu, elders, old 
 men. Superl., maximus, -a, -um, 
 greatest; quam maximus (with 
 or without some form of possum), 
 greatest possible. 
 
 major, -us, see magnus. 
 
 male, adv. [abl. fm. of malus, 
 had] , badly, ill. 
 
 maleficium, -ii, n. [maleflco- 
 (st. of maleflcus), mischievous], 
 mischief. 
 
 malo, malle, malu! [mage 
 (=magis), rather; volo, loish], 
 ivish rather, choose rather, prefer. 
 
 malus, -a, -um, adj., bad, evil, 
 mischievous, evil-minded ; wretched, 
 unfortunate; subst., mialum, -i, 
 N., evil. Comp., pejor, -us, worse. 
 Super!., pessimus, -a, -um, worst. 
 
 mandatum, -T, n. [n. perf . part, 
 of mand5, command], injunction, 
 order, commission, message. 
 
 mando, -are, -avi, -atus [mauu- 
 (st. of manus), hand; do, give 
 (through presumed adj. st.)], 
 (put into one's hands, and so) 
 commit, intrust; order, command. 
 
 mane, adv., early in the morn- 
 ing. 
 
 maneo, -ere, mausi, mansuni 
 
 [Vman-, think], (stand wrapt in 
 thought, and so) wait, remain, 
 abide, continue; manere in, to 
 remain in, to abide by. 
 
 manus, -us, v., hand ; art ; force, 
 band; in manibus, in jwepara- 
 tion; vim et manus Inferre, 
 to lay violent hands upoN. 
 
 Marcius, -ii, M., Quintus Mar- 
 cius Rex (consul 68 B.C.). 
 
 mare, -is, N., sea; mari, on 
 the sea, by sea. 
 
 maritimus, -a, -um, adj. [mari- 
 (st. of mare), sea], belonging to 
 the sea, maritime. 
 
 Mars, Martis, m.. Mars (Mars 
 was originally a Roman agricul- 
 tural divinity, but early came to 
 be identified with the Greek god 
 Ares; hence he is generally 
 viewed as the god of war). 
 
 Massiva,, -ae, m., Massiva 
 (grandson of the Numidian king 
 Masinissa; assassinated at the 
 instigation of JugurthaB.c. 108). 
 
 mater, -tris, f. [v/ma-, /orm, 
 fashion, make], mother. 
 
 materia, -ae, f. [mater, moth- 
 er], (mother-stuff, and so) mate- 
 rials; timber. 
 
 mature, adv. [abl. fm. of ma- 
 turus, ?'ipf?], seasonably; speedily. 
 
 maturo, -are, -avi, -atus [matu- 
 ro- (st. of maturus), ripe], ripen; 
 hasten. 
 
 maturus, -a, -um, adj. [conn. w. 
 mane, early in the morning], Hpe. 
 
 maxime, adv. [abl. fm. of 
 maximus, greatest], especially, 
 Most of all, Most. 
 
 maximus, -a, -um, see magnus. 
 
 mediocris, -e,adj. [conn. w. me- 
 dius, MiDD^e], MiDDling ; slight. 
 
 medius, -a, -um, adj., miDule, 
 MiDDle part of, in the mirnyle ; per 
 medios, through the MiY>st of them. 
 
 mehercle or mehercule [me, 
 ace. pers. pron. w. vowel short- 
 ened (sc. juves) ; hercle or her- 
 cule, voc. of Hercules], (Her- 
 cules, [help] me! and so) by 
 Hercules ! 
 
nielior 
 
 minor 
 
 279 
 
 meMor, -ius, see bonus. 
 
 membrum, -T, N., limh, member. 
 
 nieinini, def. (only in perf. 
 system, w. meaning of pres.) 
 [v'men-, think ; of. mens], think of, 
 remember, cherish the memory of; 
 mention, make mention of. 
 
 memor, -oris, adj. [Vmor- (re- 
 duplicated), tarry over, brood; 
 conn. w. mora, delay'}, mindful, 
 thoughtful, recalling. 
 
 ineinoria, -ae, F. [memori- (st. 
 of memor), mindful], remem- 
 brnnrf, memory ; time; memoriae 
 proditum est, the story runs (lit., 
 it has been handed down to mem- 
 ory). 
 
 memoro, -are, -avT, -atus [me- 
 mori- (St. of memor), mindful], 
 (make mindful, call to mind, and 
 so) mention, recount. 
 
 3Ienapii, -orum, m., the Menapii 
 (tribe in the northern part of 
 Belgic Gaul). 
 
 mens, mentis, f. [Vmen-, think], 
 MIND, the intellectual faculties; 
 disposition; opinion; purpose, in- 
 tention. 
 
 mensis, -is, m. [conn. w. metior, 
 measure], (measure of time, and 
 
 so) MON^^. 
 
 mentior, -TrI, -Ttus [menti- (st. 
 of mens), mind (with special ref- 
 erence to the imagrlnation)], (draw 
 upon the imagination, inveut, ro- 
 mance, and so) lie, speak falsely. 
 
 mcrcator, -oris, m. [merca- (st. 
 of mercor), trade], trader, mer- 
 chant. 
 
 mereatura, -ae, F. [mercSr (st. 
 'f nmrcor), trade], trade, traffic, 
 ommerce: in pi., commercial 
 intnsactions. 
 
 mcrces, -cdls, f. [codd. w. mer- 
 cator and mercatura], hire, pay. 
 
 Mercuriug, -il, m. [conn. w. 
 the foregoing words], Mercury 
 (Roman god of commerce and 
 gain; later identified with Greek 
 god Hermes, and so viewed as 
 herald and messenger of the gods, 
 presider over roads, etc.). 
 
 mereor, -eri,-itus, deserve, merit. 
 
 3Iessalla, -ae, m., Messa//a(M(is- 
 sala). 
 
 -met (pron. suft". appended for 
 emphasis to certain forms of the 
 pers. and poss. prons.), self. 
 
 metior, -iri, inensus [conn. w. 
 modus, MF.Asure, and mensis, 
 Mox^/i], measure., estimate, judge. 
 
 metiio, -ere, -uT, -fitus (once) 
 l^metu- (st. of metus),/ear],/e«r. 
 
 metus, -us, m., fear, apprehen- 
 sion. 
 
 meus, -a, -um, poss. pron., my ; 
 mea interest, it interests me, it 
 is of importayice to mk. 
 
 miles, -itis, m., soldier. 
 
 milltaris, -e, adj. [milit- (st. of 
 im\ci>), soldier], pertaining to sol- 
 diers, military ; res militaris, the 
 military art. 
 
 militia, -ae, f. [milit- (st. of 
 miles), soldier], xmrfare, military 
 service; militiae, abroad, in the 
 field. 
 
 mille, in sing., indecl. adj., 
 thousand; also in nom. and ace. 
 sing. (w. part. gen.),subst., thou- 
 sand: mille passuum, a thousand 
 paces, a mile ; in pi., milia (millia) 
 (w. part, gen.), subst., thousands : 
 milia passuum or milia (sc. 
 passuum), miles. 
 
 3Iiltiades, -is, m., Miltiades 
 (celebrated Athenian general ; de- 
 feated the Persians in the battle 
 of Marathon b.c. 490). 
 
 mina, -ae, f. [borrowed from 
 the Greek], mina (sum of money 
 equivalent to about .31 H). 
 
 Minerva, -ae, v., Minerva (god- 
 dess of wisdom, of the arts and 
 sciences, of spinning and weav- 
 ing, etc.). 
 
 minimus, -a, -um, see parvus. 
 
 minime, adv. [abl. fm. of mini- 
 mus, lea.Ht], least, least of all. 
 
 minitor, -url, -atus [intens. of 
 minor, threaten; formed as if the 
 perf. part. were minitun], threaten, 
 menace. 
 
 minory -us, see parvus. 
 
280 
 
 minus 
 
 mos 
 
 minus, adv. [ace. ii. sing, of 
 minor], leas ; not ; minus valere, 
 not to he strong enough, to be too 
 weak. 
 
 minao, -ere, -ui, -utus [conn. 
 \v. minor, less^, lessen, diminish; 
 check, prevent ; (of disputes) settle. 
 
 mirabilis, -e [mira- (st. of mi- 
 ror), wonder af]^ to he wondered 
 at, wonderful. 
 
 miror, -ari, -atus [miro- (st. of 
 mirus), wonderful'], iconder at, 
 admire, wonder. 
 
 mIrus, -a, -um, adj. [\/(s)mi-_, 
 SMiZe], wonderfid, strange; milii 
 mirum videtur, I am at a loss to 
 understand. 
 
 miser, -era, -eriim, adj., wretch- 
 ed, unfortunate. 
 
 misereor, -eri, -eritus or -ertus 
 [misero- (st. of miser), icretched], 
 (be wretclied in another's belialf, 
 and so) feel pity, pity, have com- 
 passion. 
 
 miseret, -ere, -eritum, impers. 
 [misero- (st. o^ miser), ivretched], 
 it distresses, it moves to pity ; me 
 miseret, I pity, I am sorry for. 
 
 misericordia, -ae, f. [raiseri- 
 cordi-, (st. of misericors), ten- 
 der-iiKAUTed] , tender-niiARTedness, 
 compassion, pity. 
 
 miseri-cors, -cordis, adj. [mi- 
 sero- (st. of miser), wretched; 
 cordi- (st. of cor), heart], tender- 
 iiKAKTcd, compassionate. 
 
 miseror, -ari, -atus [misero- (st. 
 of miser), ivretched], express pity 
 for, lament, hewail. 
 
 Mithridates, -is, m., Mithridates 
 (kiug of Pontus and enemy of 
 the Roman people; committed 
 suicide G3 b.c). 
 
 mitis, -e, adj., mild. 
 
 mitto, -ere, misi, missus, send. 
 
 modeste, adv. [abl. fm. of 
 modestus, temperate], temperately. 
 
 modestus, -a, -um, adj. [conn, 
 w. modus, MKASure], (measured, 
 observant of due restraint, and 
 so) modest. 
 
 modicus, -a, -um, adj. [modo- 
 
 (st. of modus) ,MEASM?'e] , moderate. 
 
 modo, adv. [abl. of modus, 
 MEASwre, \v. final vowel short- 
 ened], (b}' measure, i.e. not ex- 
 ceeding, and so) only, merely, 
 hut ; if only ; non modo . . . ve- 
 rum etiam, not only . . . hut also. 
 
 modus, -1, M. [Vmod-, MEAS?«re], 
 MEAsm'e, quantity, amount; man- 
 ner, way, sort ; hujusce modi, of 
 this sort, the following , as follows; 
 ejusmodi, of such a kind, such ; 
 ad hunc modum, as follows ; in 
 servilem modum, as in the case 
 of slaves. 
 
 molestus, -a, -um, adj. [conn, 
 w. moles, mass, hurden], hurden- 
 some, trouhlesome, annoying. 
 
 mollio, -ire, -Tvi and -ii, -itus 
 [molli- (st. of mollis), so/«] , soften. 
 
 mollis, -e, adj., soft, pliant, 
 yielding ; feehle. 
 
 momentum, -1, N. [^mov-, push], 
 (result of pushing, and so) move- 
 ment ; weight, importance, moment. 
 
 moneo, -ere, -ui, -itus [v/mon-, 
 think, cause to think], reMiNd, warn. 
 
 mons, montis, :\i., mountain. 
 
 morbus, -T, M. [Vmor-, ivaste 
 away; conn, w.moriorand mors], 
 disease. 
 
 Morini, -orum, m., the Morini 
 (tribe in Belgic Gaul near strait 
 of Dover). 
 
 morior, mori (morlri), mortuus 
 [v'mor-, waste away; conn. w. 
 morbus and mors], die. 
 
 moror, -ari, -atus [mora- (st. of 
 mora), delay], delay, remain, lin- 
 ger. 
 
 mors, -tis, f. [v/mor-, waste 
 aicay ; conn. w. morior and mor- 
 bus], death. 
 
 mortalis, -e, adj. [morti- (st. 
 of mors), death], pertaining to 
 death, mortal ; subst., human be- 
 ing, mortal, man. 
 
 mortuus, -a, -um [p. a. of mo- 
 rior, die], dead. 
 
 mos, moris, m., custom, wont, 
 usage, practice; in pL, morals, 
 character. 
 
moveo 
 
 ■ne 
 
 281 
 
 nioveo, -ore, raovi, motus 
 [N'mov-, push (through presumed 
 adj. St.)], move; excite, cause; 
 affect, disturb, trouble; influence. 
 
 mulier, -eris, F., woman. 
 
 multiplex, -icis, adj. [multo-(st. 
 of multus), much; Vplec-, folcZ], 
 maniFOLd; plausus multiplex, 
 repeated outbursts of applause. 
 
 multitudo, -inis, f. [multo- (st. 
 of uuiltus), much^, great number, 
 multitude; the people, the public. 
 
 multo, -are, -avi, -atus [multii- 
 (st. of mu\ta.) , penalty , flne], pun- 
 ish, fine ; aliquem pecunla mul- 
 tare, to fine one in a sum of money. 
 
 multus, -a, -um, adj., much ; in 
 'pl.f many ; mnltum (used adv.), 
 much, widely ; multo (w. comp.), 
 much, far; inulta nocte, late at 
 NIGHT. Trans, adv., frequently. 
 Corap., plus, pluris, more; pi., 
 plures, plQra, more than one, and 
 so several. Superl., plurimus, 
 -a, -ura, most, very much, very 
 many, most numerous ; plurimum 
 posse, to be most or very powerful, 
 to be very influential. 
 
 Mulvius, -a, -um, adj., Mulvian 
 (bridge across the Tiber). 
 
 mundus, -T, M., universe, world. 
 
 munimcntum, -!, N. [muni- (st. 
 of munio), fortify], means of de- 
 fence, fortification, rampart. 
 
 muiiio, -Ire, -iv! or -il, -itus [old 
 fm., moenio, fr. moeni- (st. of 
 mocnia,iraUs)],buildawall ; make 
 secure, fortify. 
 
 munitio, -onis, F. [muni- (st. of 
 munio) , fortify"] , fortification. 
 
 mGnus, -eris, n., office, function^ 
 duty; burden; service; yijl. 
 
 murus, -T, M., wall. 
 
 muto, -arc, -avT, -atus [for 
 *motd, intens. of moveo, move ; fr. 
 moto-, St. of perf. part, motus], 
 change. 
 
 \. 
 
 nam, conj. (stands at the be- 
 ginning of tlie sentence), for; 
 (in intorrog. sentences expressing 
 suipii-ic or emotion) hut oi pray. 
 
 nam que, conj. [nam, /or; que, 
 and; cf. etenim] (stronger than 
 nam) , for indeed, for. 
 
 nascor, -i, niitus [for *gnascor, 
 inceptive fr. Vgua-, be born], be 
 born; anse. 
 
 natalis, -c, adj. [nato- (st. of 
 niitus), born], pertaining to one's 
 birth ; dies natalis, birthday. 
 
 natio, -onis, f. [for *gnatio, fr. 
 Vgna-, be born], being born, birth; 
 race ; nation, people, tribe. 
 
 natu (in abl. only), m. [for 
 ♦giiatfi, fr. v'gnii-, be born], by birth; 
 grandis natu, advanced in years. 
 
 natura, -ae, f. [for *gnatura, fr. 
 Vgna-, be born], nature, character; 
 natura, by nature, naturally. 
 
 naturalis, -e, adj. [natura- (st. 
 of natura), nature], belonging to 
 nature, natural. 
 
 natus, -a, -um [perf. part, of 
 nascor, be born], born. 
 
 navalis, -e, adj. [mivi- (st. of 
 nJivis), ship], belonging ov pertain- 
 ing to ships, naval. 
 
 navigo, -arc, -avT, -atus [ntivi- 
 (st. of navis), ship; Vag-, drive 
 (through presumed adj. st.)], sail. 
 
 navis, -is, f., ship; navis 
 longa, ship-ofwar, man-of-war ; 
 see Fig. 6. 
 
 Fig. 6. 
 
 Nftvis longa, from a mosaic in u tumb 
 near Putcoli. 
 
 ne, adv. (regular negative w. 
 hort. and opt. subj.), ^ot; (in 
 final clauses) that sot, lest; (w. 
 verbs of fearing) that or lest. 
 
 n6 . . . quidcm, vot even (w. 
 emphatic word or words between 
 ne and quidem). 
 
 -ne, enclitic interrog. particle ; 
 it simply inquires, without im- 
 plying wliat answer is expected, 
 cf. Qonuc and num. 
 
282 
 
 l^eSpolis 
 
 non niillus 
 
 Neapolis, -is, F., Naples (New- 
 toii). 
 
 nee, see neque. 
 
 necesse, n. adj. used in nom. 
 and ace. sing., necessary. 
 
 neg-lego, -ere, -exi, -ectus [nee, 
 sot ; lego, gather, heed], disregard, 
 neglect; set at defiance. 
 
 nego, -are, -avi, -atus, deny, say 
 
 . . . NO^. 
 
 negotium, -ii, N. [nee, sot; 
 otium, leisure'], business, affair, 
 matter, enterprise, undertaking. 
 
 nemo (in place of gen. neminis, 
 nullms is used ; in place of abl. 
 nemine, nuUo, ^i. or nulla, f. is 
 used), c. [ne, sot, so; hemo 
 (homo), man], so one, sobody. 
 
 neque or nee, conj. [ne (w. 
 vowel shortened), sot; -que, and], 
 and sot, seither, sor ; neque . . . 
 neque or nee . . . nee, seither . . . 
 sor. 
 
 Nervii, -orum, m., the Nervii 
 (tribe in Belgic Gaul between the 
 Sambre and the Scheldt). 
 
 ne-sclo, -Tre, -ivi or -ii [ne, sot ; 
 scio, k7iow], sot know. 
 
 neuter, -tra, -trum, adj. [ne, 
 sot; uter, einiKii], NCiXHER; in 
 pi., neutri, seinn^ii party. 
 
 neve or neu, conj. [ne, sot; 
 ve, or], and sot, sor, and 
 that sot (takes the place of 
 neque in clauses expressing pur- 
 pose, exhortation, and prohibi- 
 tion). 
 
 nex, necis, f. [v/nec-, destroy; 
 conn. w. noceo and pernicies], 
 death (by violence). 
 
 niger, -gra, -grum, adj., black. 
 
 nihil, N., def. (also nihilum, 
 -1, N., and nil) [ne, sot; hilum, 
 trifle, the least thing], sothing ; 
 nihil (adv. ace.) sot at all; nihil 
 posse, to be loithout any effective 
 strength. 
 
 nimis, adv., too, excessively. 
 
 nimius, -a, -um, adj. [conn. 
 w. foregoing], too much, exces- 
 sive. 
 
 nisi, conj. [ne, sot; si, if], if 
 
 sot, unless, except; nihil nisi, 
 sothing but; nisi cum, until. 
 
 nitor, -1, nisus or nixus, depend, 
 rely. 
 
 nobilis, -e, adj. [s/gno-, know], 
 capable or worthy of being KNOw;i ; 
 famous, celebrated, renowned ; 
 high-born, noble; subst., noble- 
 man, noble. 
 
 nobilitas, -atis, f. [n5bili- (st. 
 of ndbilis), well KNOW?i], fame; 
 nobility, noble birth, rank; nobles, 
 the nobility. 
 
 nobilito, -are, -avT, -atus [no- 
 bili- (st. of nobilis), famous], 
 make famous. 
 
 noceo, -ere, -m, -itum [v/noc-, 
 destroy, injure (through presumed 
 adj. St.) ; conn. w. nex and perni- 
 cies], injure, damage, inflict in- 
 jury. 
 
 nocturnus, -a, -um, adj. [conn, 
 w. noctu, by sight], pertaining to 
 the NIGHT, nocturnal, posted by 
 
 NIGHT. 
 
 nolo, n511e, nolui [ne, sot; 
 volo, icish] , be unwii^ung, decline ; 
 id nolle, to object to this. 
 
 nomen, -inis, N. [v'gno-, know], 
 (means of knowing, and so) 
 NAME ; nomine, under the name, 
 as, by way of. 
 
 nominatim, adv. [nomina- (st. 
 of n5miuo), n^vme], by name, in 
 detail. 
 
 nomino, -are, -avT, -atus [nomin- 
 (st. of nomen), name], name, 
 call. 
 
 non, adv. [old forms, noenum, 
 noenu, fr. ne, sot, and unum, 
 
 one], sot, NO. 
 
 nonagesimus, -a, -um, ord. 
 num. adj., siSBTieth. 
 
 nondum, adv. [non, no^; dum, 
 yet], sot yet. 
 
 nonne [non, sot; -ne, interrog. 
 particle], interrog. particle intro- 
 ducing questions to which an 
 affirmative answer is expected. 
 
 non niillus or nonnullus, -a, 
 -um, adj. [non, no^; nullus, no], 
 some; pi. subst., nonnulli, some. 
 
noil nimqiiain 
 
 ob-ses 
 
 283 
 
 non nunquam (luimquam) or 
 nonnunquam (numquam), adv. 
 [nou, yot ; nunquam, 'sever'], 
 sometimes. 
 
 noniis, -a, -um, ord. num. adj. 
 [conn. w. novem, Nixe], xiN^/i. 
 
 Xoricus, -a,-um, adj., belonging 
 to Noricum (a country lying be- 
 tween tlie Alps and the Danube) 
 Morican. 
 
 nosco, -ere, novi, notus [incep- 
 tive fr. Vgno-, know], become ac- 
 quainted with; acK'soYfledge ; in 
 perf., Kxow. 
 
 noster, -tra, -trum, poss. pron. 
 [nos, ire], our. 
 
 novem, num. adj. indecl., Nixe. 
 
 novo, -fire, -avT, -atus [novo- 
 (st. of novus), new], make new, 
 reNEW. 
 
 novus, -a, -um, adj., new, 
 strange; superl., novlssimus, 
 hindmost, rear; novissimum ag- 
 men, rear ; ab novisslmis, in the 
 rear. 
 
 nox, noctis, f. [Vnoc-, destroy, 
 injure; conn. w. noce5], night; 
 inulta nocte, late at night. 
 
 noxa, -ac, f. [Vnoc-, destroy, in- 
 jure; conn. w. noceo], offence, 
 crime. 
 
 nObo, -ere, nupsT, nuptus, (of 
 a bride) veil one's self (for the 
 bridegroom), and so marry; 
 nuptuiii (sup.) conloc&ref to give 
 in marriage. 
 
 undo, -arc, -avT, -atus [nudo- 
 (st. of nudus), barel, strip, lay 
 hare. 
 
 nacliis, -a, -um, atlj. [for ♦nug- 
 dus; cognate w. English NAKed], 
 bare, destitute. 
 
 nugator, -oris, m. [nOgOr (st. 
 of nugor), trifle'}, trifler. 
 
 nuilii8, -a, -um, adj. [ne, no<; 
 fillus, AX//5, sot Any, no; annihi- 
 lated ; SUbst, NO ONE. 
 
 num, intcrrog. particle intro- 
 dacing questions to which a ncg. 
 answer is expected ; also (in de- 
 pendent questions), whether. 
 
 Numantia, -ac, f., Mumantia 
 
 (town in Spain on tlie upper 
 Douro, destroyed by Scipio Afri- 
 canus the younger 133 B.C.). 
 
 numen, -inis, n. [Vnu-, nod}, 
 (that which is expressed by a 
 nod, and so) divine imll or power. 
 
 numerns, -i, m., number; ac- 
 count, estimation, rank. 
 
 numquam, see nunquam. 
 
 nunc, adv., now. 
 
 nunquam or numquam, adv. 
 [ne, :sot; unquam, ever}, sever. 
 
 n5ntio,-are, -avi, -atus [nuntio- 
 (st. of nuntius), messenger}, an- 
 nounce, report. 
 
 nuntius, -il, M. [conn. w. novus, 
 new], messenger ; message, i<iews; 
 order, injunction. 
 
 nusquam, adv. [ne, No^; us- 
 quam, anywuEre}, NOWHEre. 
 
 O. 
 
 o, interj., O, On. 
 
 ob, prep. w. ace, in vieio of, on 
 account of, for. 
 
 ob-duco, -ere, -duxT, ductus [ob, 
 towards, foi'ward ; duco, di-aw}, 
 draw foi'ward, extend. 
 
 ob-icio (pronounced: objicio), 
 -ere, -jecT, -jectus [ob, before, 
 against; jacio, cast}, cast before; 
 set against, match. 
 
 oblitus, -a, -um [p. a. of oblT- 
 viscor, forget}, forgetfid. 
 
 oblivlscor, -T, -\\t\.\s,forget, turn 
 one's thoughts from. 
 
 obscuritas, -atis, f. [obscuro- 
 (st. of obscurus), obscure}, ob- 
 scurity. 
 
 ob-secro, -are, -avT, -atus [ob, 
 towards, before; sacro, declare 
 sacred}, (appeal to one in the 
 name of the gods, and so) be- 
 seech, implore. 
 
 ob-8crv6, -are, -avT, -atus [ob, 
 before; servo, keep}, observe, 
 mark, keep; respect, follow, com- 
 ply with. 
 
 ob-ses, -idis, (;. [ob, before; 
 Vsed-, sit], (one who sits or re- 
 mains as a pledge, and so) host- 
 age. 
 
284 
 
 ob-sideo 
 
 oppidum 
 
 ob-sideo, -ere, -sedi, -sessus 
 [ob, before; sedeo, sit], besiege. 
 
 ob-sto, -lire, -stiti [ob, against; 
 sto, sTA7iJ], ST\.nd against, oppose. 
 
 ob-struo; -ere, -struxi, -strfictus 
 [ob, against; struo, buil(T], build 
 against, barricade. 
 
 ob-tiueo, -ere, -timil, -tentus 
 [ob, against; teneo, hold], lay 
 hold or; hold; be in authority 
 over; obtain. 
 
 ob-tingo, -ere,-tigT [ob, towards; 
 taugo, toiich] , fall to one's lot. 
 
 ob-trunco, -are, -avT, -atus [ob, 
 implyiug attack; trunco, cutoff], 
 cut down, kill. 
 
 obviam, adv. [ob, towards, on ; 
 via, way], on the way, to meet; 
 obviam ire (w. dat.), to go to 
 meet, to resist. 
 
 occasio, -ouis, f, [ob-sfcad-, fall 
 toioards]., (falling towards one, 
 aud so) occasion, chance, opportu- 
 nity. 
 
 occasus, -lis, m. [ob-Vcad-, fall 
 towards, sink down], (sinking, and 
 so) setting. 
 
 oc-cido, -ere, -old!, -cisus [ob, 
 against ; caedo, cut] , kill, slay. 
 
 occulte, adv. [abl. fm. of occul- 
 tus, secret], secretly. 
 
 occulto, -are, -avi, -atus [intens. 
 of occul5, cover up, fr. occulto- 
 (st. of perf. part.)], co j^ceal, se- 
 crete. 
 
 occultus, -a, -um [perf. part, of 
 occulo, cover up], concE.>i.hed, se- 
 cret ; in occulto, in secret. 
 
 occ upo, -are, -avi, -atus [ob-Vcap-, 
 lay hold of (through presumed 
 adj. St.) ], take possession of, seize ; 
 occupy, employ. 
 
 oc-curro, -ere, -cuni (-cucurri, 
 rare), -cursum [ob, tovmrds; cur- 
 ro, run], run to meet; hasten to 
 oppose ; Aa««ew(againsttheenemy) 
 to the rescue (of one's friends). 
 
 Oceanus, -i, m., ocean. 
 
 octingenti, -ae, -a, num. adj. 
 [octin-, conn. w. octo, eight; 
 -ginti, conn. w. centum, hun- 
 jyred'], eight uuNjDrecZ. 
 
 octo, indecl. num. adj., eight. 
 
 octogesimus, -a, -um, ord. num. 
 adj., EiGHTie«/i. 
 
 octoginta, indecl. num. adj. 
 [octo, eight; -gin- represents 
 (de)cem, ten], eighty. 
 
 oculas, -1, M. [fr. Voc-, see 
 (through presumed subst.)], eye. 
 
 odi, osus, def. (pres. system 
 wanting), hate, cherish hatred. 
 
 odium, -ii, N. [sfod-, hate ; conn, 
 w. odi], hatred; grudge. 
 
 of-fero, offerre, obtuli, oblatus 
 [ob, towards; fero, bear], pre- 
 sent, offer. 
 
 offlcium, -i!, n. [base op- (in 
 opus), work, service; s/fac-, do], 
 service, office, duty; sense of duty; 
 obedience., allegiance. 
 
 omen, -iuis, n., omen. 
 
 o-mitto, -ere, -misi, -missus 
 [ob, before, aside ; mitto, let go] , 
 let go ; disregard. 
 
 omnino, adv. [abl. fm. conn, 
 w. omuis], altogether, in all, only, 
 but; in general. 
 
 omnis, -e, adj., all, every. 
 
 onus, -eris, N., burden, weight; 
 ennui. 
 
 opes, -um, F. (nom. sing, used 
 only as name of goddess of Plen- 
 ty), means, resources, property, 
 wealth, riches; opis (gen. sing.), 
 aid, help, assistance. 
 
 opinio, -onis, f. [conn. w. 
 opTnor, be of opinion], opinion, 
 views, belief, impression ; expecta- 
 tion ; suspicion ; celerius opini- 
 one, more quickly than any one 
 had supposed possible. 
 
 opitulor, -ari, -atus [opi- (st. 
 of opis), aid; Vtol-, bear (through 
 ♦opitulus)], bring aid, relieve. 
 
 oportet, -ere, -uit, impers., it 
 is proper, it is right, it behooves. 
 
 oppidanus, -a, -unij adj. [oppi- 
 do- (st. of oppidum), town], be- 
 longing to the town; subst., oppi- 
 dani, -orum, m., inhabitants of the 
 town, townspeople. 
 
 oppidum, -1, N., town (viewed 
 as stronghold). 
 
opportunitSs 
 
 parum 
 
 285 
 
 Qpportanitas, -Stis, F. [oppor- 
 tuiio- (st. of opportunus), con- 
 venient], convenience, favorable- 
 ness; opportunity. 
 
 opportunus, -a, -um, adj., con- 
 venient, fit, opportune. 
 
 op-primo, -ere, -press!, -pressus 
 [ob, against; premo, press], 
 crush, overpoiiser. 
 
 op-pugno, -tire, -fivl, -jitiis [ob, 
 against; pfigno,/^/*^], assault. 
 
 optimus, see bonus. 
 
 [Ops], opis, F., see opes. 
 
 opus, -eris, n., icork ; undertak- 
 ing ; in pi., manufactnres. 
 
 opus, X., used as nom. and ace. 
 only [same as foregoing], need, 
 necessity; translated adj., neces- 
 sary. 
 
 ©ratio, -onis, f. [ora-, speak], 
 speaking, speech, language; address. 
 
 orator, -oris, M. [ora-, speak, 
 plead], speaker, orator. 
 
 orbis, -is, m., circle, orb; com- 
 pact mass. 
 
 ordo, -inis, m., row, rank ; com- 
 pany. 
 
 Orgetorix, -igis, M., Orgetorix 
 (prominent Helvetian of Caesar's 
 time). 
 
 orior, -TrT, ortus, rise, spring up, 
 take one's origin, begin ; descend. 
 
 drnamentum, -T, N. [drna- (st. 
 of orno), embellish], (means of 
 embellishing, and so) mark of 
 honor, distinction, ornament. 
 
 orn5, -are, -iivT, -fitus, embellish, 
 adorn, honor, distinguish. 
 
 5r6, -are, -avT, -atus [6s- (st. of 
 6s) (-»- becomes -r-), movXh], en- 
 treat, beg, beseech. 
 
 ortus, -Qs, M. [Vor-, rise ; conn, 
 w. orior], rising; origin. 
 
 oseulor, -arl, -atus [6sculo- (st. 
 I osculuni), a kiss], kiss. 
 
 os-tendo, -ere, -tend!, -tentus 
 ♦obs=ob, toxmrds; iandb, stretch], 
 i">int out, show ; make known, de- 
 clare, give to understand. 
 
 dstium, -II, N. [conn. w. 68, 
 mouth], entrance, door. 
 
 Qtium,-!!, n.f leisure. 
 
 P. 
 
 P., abbr. of Publius, -il, m. 
 (Roman praenoraen or first 
 name). 
 
 paene, adv., almost. 
 
 paenitet, -ere, -uit, impers. 
 [conn. w. poena, penalty],* cause 
 to repent; me paenitet, / repent, 
 I regret, I am dissatisfied. 
 
 pagus, -T, M. [v'pag-, make fast], 
 (place enclosed by fixed bounda- 
 ries, and so) district. 
 
 palain, adv., openly, publicly. 
 
 Palatium, -il, n., the Palatine 
 hill (one of the seven hills on 
 which Rome was built). 
 
 paliis, -tidis, f., swamp, marsh. 
 
 pando, -ere, pandi, passus, 
 stretch out, expand. 
 
 par, paris, adj., equal; match 
 for; of equal rank or considera- 
 tion. 
 
 paratus, -a, -um [p. a. of paro, 
 prepare], preparert, ready ; eager. 
 
 parco, -ere, peperci (pars!), 
 
 SPARE. 
 
 parens, -entis, c. [part, of pario, 
 bring forth, used subst.], parent. 
 
 pareo, -ere, pfiruT [Intr. form 
 conn. w. tr. paro, make ready], 
 (be ready, and so) appear; (ap- 
 pear in response to orders, and 
 so) obey. 
 
 pariter, adv. [pari- (st. of par) , 
 equal], equally ; at the same time. 
 
 paro, -are, -avi, -atus [tr. fm. 
 conn. w. intr. pareo, be ready], 
 make ready, prepare; procure, ac- 
 quire. 
 
 pars, partis, f. [v'par-, assign, 
 make ready ; the same root is con- 
 tained in paro and pareo], (as- 
 signment, and so) part, volition, 
 share ; side, direction, quarter. 
 
 parti-ceps, -cipis, adj. [parti- 
 (st. of pars), part; Vcap-, take], 
 taking part, sharing; partlccps 
 esse, to come in for a share. 
 
 partior, -TrT, -Ttus [parti- (st. of 
 pars) ,part],part, divide, distribute. 
 
 parum, adv. [ace. used adv.; 
 parum (for ♦sparum) ia conn. w. 
 
286 
 
 parvulus 
 
 per 
 
 pared (for *sparc6), spare], too 
 little. 
 
 parvulus, -a, -um, adj. [dim. 
 fr. parvo- (st. of parvus), smaW], 
 very small, tiny; ab parvulis, 
 from. childhood. 
 
 parvus, -a, -um, adj. [— *paurus 
 (cf. nervus = *Deurus) ; conn. w. 
 pauci, few], small, little, slight. 
 Comp., minor, -us, less, smaller; 
 minus, used adv.: less; not; 
 minus valere, not to be strong 
 enough, to be too weak. Superl., 
 minimus, -a, -um, very little, least. 
 
 passus, -us, M, [Vpat-, spread, 
 stretch; conn. w. pateo], (stretch- 
 ing forth of the legs in walking, 
 and so) pace ; (as a measure of 
 length) five Roman feet (a little 
 less than five English feet). 
 
 pateo, -ere, -ui [Vpat-, spread, 
 stretch (through presumed adj. 
 St.)], be open, lie open, extend. 
 
 pater, -tris, m. [of uncertain 
 origin], father. 
 
 pater familias or paterfami- 
 lias, patris familias, M. [pater, 
 FATHER ; familia, household of 
 slaves'], master of a house, head of 
 a household. 
 
 patera, -ae, f. [conn. w. pateo, 
 through Vpat-, spread], libation- 
 saucer, sacrificial dish ; see Fig. 7. 
 
 Fig. 7. 
 Front and side view of two paterae, one 
 with handle, the other without. The 
 illustrations are copies of bronze origi- 
 nals found at Pompeii. 
 
 patienter, adv. [patient- (st. of 
 patiens), />af/e/7f], patiently. 
 
 patlor,-!, passus, suffer ; permit. 
 
 patria, -ae, f. [fern, of patrius, 
 belonging to one's fathers; sc. 
 terra], native country. 
 
 pauci, -ae, -a, adj. (sing, very 
 rare) [conn. vv. parvus, small, 
 
 q. v.], few, but FEW; paiica, 
 few icords, briefly ; paucis, in a 
 FEW words, briefly. 
 
 paulisper, adv., for a little 
 while, for a short time. 
 
 paulus, -a, -um, adj. [dim. fr. 
 *pauro-= parvo- (stem of parvus) 
 little], a little; paulo, by a little, 
 a little. 
 
 Paullus, -T, M., 1. LiLCius Aemi- 
 lius Paullus (Roman consul, killed 
 in the battle of Cannae 216 b.c.) ; 
 2. Lucius Aemilius Paullus (son 
 of preceding, defeated Perses, 
 king of Macedon, at Pydna 168 
 
 B.C.). 
 
 pax, pacis, f. [\/pac-, bind fast], 
 (that which binds fast, and so) 
 peace ; pace tua, loith your per- 
 mission. 
 
 pecco, -are, -avi, -atum, 7nake a 
 mistake, transgress, sin. 
 
 pecunia, -ae, f. [conn. w. 
 pecu, cattle], (as cattle consti- 
 tuted the earliest form of wealth, 
 therefore) wealth, riches ; money, 
 a sum of money. 
 
 pedes, -itis, m. [ped- (st. of 
 pes), foot], YOOT-soldier. 
 
 pedester, -tris, -tre, adj. [pcdit- 
 (st. of \jedes),¥OOT-soldier], p>er- 
 taining to vooT-soldiers. 
 
 peditatus, -us, m. [pedita- (st. 
 of pedito) go on foot], (orig., 
 going on foot, and so, used con- 
 cretely) YOOT-soldiers, infantry. 
 
 pejor, -us, comp. of malus, q. v. 
 
 pellis, -is, F. [cognate w.English 
 fell], skin; tent; sab pellibus, 
 in camp. 
 
 pello, -ere, pepuli, pulsus, beat ; 
 drive, expel ; rout. 
 
 pendo, -ere, pependi, pensus, 
 weigh ; pay. 
 
 pensum, -i, n. [n. perf. part, of 
 pendo, weigh] , something tceighed ; 
 weight, consideration, importance ; 
 pensi habere, to consider of im- 
 portance. 
 
 per, prep. w. ace, through; by, 
 by means of, through the instru- 
 mentality of; per se ; of himself, 
 
per-cipio 
 
 per-terreo 
 
 287 
 
 herself, itself or themselves; through I 
 his, iter, it^ or their own exer- 
 tions. 
 
 per-cipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptus 
 [per, completely; capio, take']., 
 perceive, learn, understand; re- 
 ceive in one's own person, experi- 
 ence. 
 
 per-disco, -ere, -didici [per, 
 thoroughly; disco, learnl, learn 
 thoroughly, commit to memory. 
 
 per-do, -ere, -didi, -ditus [per, 
 through, away; do, put], make 
 way with, destroy, ruin. The 
 forms of pereo supply the pass. 
 
 per-diico, -ere, -dfixT, -ductus 
 [per, through; duco, lead], lead 
 through, lead; carry, extend, con- 
 duct. 
 
 peregriniis, -a, -um, adj. [pere- 
 gro- (St. of adv. percgre, abroad)], 
 strange, foreign ; subst., stranger, 
 foreigner. 
 
 per-eo, -ire, -ii [per, through, 
 away ; eo, go, pass], perish, be de- 
 stroyed ; pcriit, is dead. 
 
 per-facilis, -e, adj. [per, very; 
 facilis, easy], very easy ; perfacile 
 est, it is a venj easy matter. 
 
 per-fero, -ferre, -tulT, -latus [per, 
 through; fero, bkar], bear to the 
 end, endure, submit to, sustain. 
 
 per-ficio, -ere, -feci, -fectus 
 [per, through; facio, do], carry 
 through or out, accomplish; finish, 
 bring to completion. 
 
 per-fruor, -T, -fructus [per, 
 thoroughly; fnior, enjoy], enjoy 
 fully. 
 
 pcrfuga, -ae, M. [perWfug-, 
 pie through (the lines)], (one 
 who flees through the lines, and 
 so) deserter. 
 
 pcrgo, -ere, perrexT, perrcctus 
 [per, through, on; rego, guide], 
 1 . tr. proceed xcUh; 2. intr. proceed. 
 
 periclltor, -arl, -atus [intens. 
 verb; conn. w. perlculum, trial], 
 make trial of try, test. 
 
 periculosus, -a, -urn [perTculo- 
 (st. of pcru-iiIum), peril], full of 
 peril, dangerous, perilous. 
 
 periculum, -T, x. [pert- (st. of 
 ♦perior ; cf. experior and peritus), 
 try, test], trial ; danger, peril, 
 nsk. 
 
 peritus, -a, -um [p. a. of *perior 
 (cf. experior), try, test], tried, ex- 
 perienced, skillful. 
 
 per-maneo, -ere, -mans!, -man- 
 sum [per, through; maneo, s^a?/], 
 stay through, remain, abide, con- 
 tinue; survive. 
 
 per-niisceo, -ere, -scuT, -mTstus 
 or -mixtus [per, thoroughly; 
 misceo, mix], disturb, throw into 
 confusion. 
 
 per-mitto, -ere, -misT, -missus 
 [per, through; mitto, let go] 
 (orig., let go through), intrust, 
 commit. 
 
 per-moveo, -ere, -movi, -motus 
 [per, thoroughly; moveo, move], 
 move deeply, influence, alarm. 
 
 pernicies, gen. -ii, -ies, or -ie, f. 
 [per-v'nec-, completely destroy], de- 
 struction, ruin. 
 
 perniciosus, -a, -um, adj. [per- 
 nicic- (st. of pernicies), destruc- 
 tion], destructive, ruinous, perni- 
 cious. 
 
 per-rnmpo, -ere, -rupT, -ruptus 
 [per, through; rumpo, break], 
 break or rush through. 
 
 per-sequor, -T, -cutus [per, per- 
 sistently; sequor, folloic], follow 
 up; avenge. 
 
 Perses, -ae, m., Perses (last 
 king of Macedonia, defeated by 
 Lucius Aemilius PauUus at Pydiia 
 1G8B.C.). 
 
 per-solvo, -ere, -solvT, -solutus 
 [per, completely ; solvo, discharge], 
 discharge fully, pay. 
 
 per-splcioj-ere, -spexi, -spcctus 
 [per, through; specio, look], ex- 
 amine ; perceive, ascertain. 
 
 pcr-8iiadco, -ere, -si, -sus [per, 
 through^ to the end ; suadco, urge], 
 persuade, convince; inculcate. 
 
 per-torreo, -ere, -ul, -itus [per, 
 thoroughly; terreo, frighten], 
 frighten thoroughly; paralyze 
 mth fear. 
 
288 
 
 per-tlneo 
 
 pons 
 
 per-tineo, -ere, -ui [per, through, 
 to the en(Z;teneo(iiitr.),co?if//7i<e], 
 exT'Esd; tex(Z. 
 
 perturbatio, -onis, r. [pertur- 
 ba- (st. of perturbo), throw into 
 confusion^, confusion, disquiet, 
 perturbation. 
 
 per-turbo, -lire, -avi, -atus [per, 
 greatly ; turbo, disturb'], throw into 
 confusion, rout; disturb, disquiet^ 
 discompose, agitate. 
 
 per-venio, -Ire, -venT, -ventum 
 [per, through, to the end; venio, 
 come], arrive, come ; (of mouey) 
 I'evert. 
 
 pes, pedis, m. [Vped-, tread], 
 
 FOOT. 
 
 peto, -ere, -ivi or-iT, -Ttus [v'pet-, 
 fly at, fall] , fall upon ; make for, 
 repair to ; go to seek, go after, seek, 
 ask for, beseech. 
 
 pictor, -oris, m. [v/pig-, paint], 
 painter. 
 
 pietas, -atis, F. [pio- (st. of pins), 
 dutiful, reverential], dutiful or rev- 
 erential conduct ; (with reference 
 to the gods) piety ; (with refer- 
 ence to parents) filial respect. 
 
 piget, -ere, -nit, -itum, it irks, 
 it disgusts ; me piget, / loathe, I 
 am disgusted. 
 
 pilum, -1, N. , heavy javelin. 
 
 pingo, -ere, pinxi, pictus [Vpig-, 
 paint], paint. 
 
 Piso, -onis, m., 1. Lucius Cal- 
 purnius Piso (lieutenant of Cas- 
 sius 107 B.C.) ; 2. Lucius Calpur- 
 nius Piso Caesonius (grandson of 
 the preceding and father-in-law 
 of Caesar). 
 
 plaeeo, -ere, -m, -itus (p. a.) 
 [conn. w. placo, reconcile], be 
 pleasing ; impers., placet, it pleas- 
 es, it seems good, it is one's pleas- 
 ure. 
 
 placid us, -a, -um, adj. [conn. av. 
 placed, he pleasing], calm, placid. 
 
 placo, -are, -avi, -atus [conn. w. 
 plaeeo, he pleasing], reconcile ; ap- 
 pease, propitiate. 
 
 planities, gen. -ae, f. [plano- 
 (st. of planus), level], plain. 
 
 planus, -a, -um, adj., level, flaiS, 
 plane. 
 
 plausus, -tjs, M. [base plaud- 
 (in plaudo), clap], (clapping, and 
 so) applause. 
 
 plebes, F., archaic form of 
 plebs, q. V. 
 
 plebs, -is, F. [conn. w. plenus, 
 FULL, through Vple-, fill], the 
 multitude, the common people, 
 commons, lower orders, popu- 
 JMce. 
 
 plenus, -a, -um, adj. [Vple-, fill], 
 
 FULL. 
 
 plerumque, see plerusque. 
 
 plerusque, -raque, -rumque, 
 adj. (usu. pi.) [conn. w. plenus, 
 full], very many, most, the greater 
 part; adv., plerumque, for the 
 most part, commonly. 
 
 plures, pi. of plus, q. v. 
 
 plurimus, -a, -um, superl. of 
 multus, q. V. 
 
 plus, pluris, comp. of multus, 
 q. V. 
 
 poena, -ae, f., satisfaction ; pen- 
 alty, punishment ; poenas dare, 
 to give satisfaction, and so to suf- 
 fer punishment. 
 
 Poeni, -orum, m., inhabitants of 
 Carthage, Carthaginians (see Car- 
 thago. The Carthaginians were 
 descended from the Phoenicians ; 
 hence the name Poem). 
 
 poeta, -ae, m. [borrowed from 
 the Greek], poet. 
 
 pol-liceor, -eri, -itus [por- (old 
 prep.), to, towards; liceor, make 
 an offer], FRomise (voluntarily). 
 
 Pompejus, Pompei, M., Pom- 
 pey (celebrated conqueror of the 
 pirates of the Mediterranean and 
 of Mithridates ; defeated by Cae- 
 sar at the battle of Pharsalus 48 
 
 B.C.). 
 
 Pompejus, -a, -um, adj., of 
 Pompey,Pompeian (see preceding). 
 
 pondus, -eris, n. [conn. w. 
 pendo, iveigh], weight. 
 
 pono, -ere, posui, positus, place, 
 deposit; (of a camp), pitch. 
 
 pons, pontis, m., bridge. 
 
popularis 
 
 praemium 
 
 289 
 
 popularis, -e, adj. [popiilo- (st. 
 of popiilus), /)eo/3/e], belonging to 
 the people, popular. 
 
 popiilor, -aii, -atus, lay waste, 
 der<istate. 
 
 populus, -1, M. [conn. w. plebs 
 and plenus], people. 
 
 porta, -ae, F. [v'por-, fare, go 
 through], gate. 
 
 ports, -are, -avi, -atus [porta« 
 (st. of porta), gate], carr)/. 
 
 portus, -us, M. [Vpor-, fare, go 
 through], entrance; harbor, port. 
 
 posco, -ere, poposci, ask urg- 
 ently/or, demand. 
 
 possessio, -onis, f. [per- (old 
 prep.),?>eFORE; v'sed-, sit], (sitting 
 before, and so) possession, prop- 
 erty. 
 
 pos-sideo, -ere, -sedT, -sessus 
 [por- (old prep.), beFOUE; sedeo, 
 sit], hold, be master of, possess. 
 
 possum, posse, potui [potis, 
 able; sum, be], can, be able; plu- 
 rimum posse, to be the most pow- 
 erful, to have the most poicer, to be 
 very influential; nihil posse, to 
 be icithout any effective strength ; 
 facere n5n possum quin, / can- 
 not help. 
 
 post, adv. and prep. w. ace, 1. 
 adv. : aftencards, later, after ; 
 anno post, the year after. 2. prep. 
 w. ace,: (of place) behind, in the 
 rear of, next to ; (of time) after. 
 
 postea, adv. [post, ajler; ace 
 pi. n. ea (orig. eti), these things ; 
 of. antea], afterwards. 
 
 ♦po8teru»,-cra,-erum,adj.[posti. 
 (st. of post), after], coming after, 
 following ; subst., posteri, -drum, 
 M., posterity. Corap,, posterior, 
 -ius, later. Supcrl., postremus, 
 -a, -uni, last. 
 
 postquam or postquam [post, 
 ' ''-r; (juani, than] ^ after, wUKn. 
 
 |)ostremuH, -a, -um, superl. of 
 i>i)stt'rus, ({. V. 
 
 postulS, -are, -avi, -fitus [conn. 
 w. posco], press earnestly, de- 
 mand, claim, request. 
 
 pots OS, -entis [p. a. of verb 
 
 conn. w. possum, be able], poi'-rr- 
 ful. 
 
 potentatus, -us, m. [poten^ (st. 
 of^ potens), powerful (through 
 presumed verb stem)], political 
 power. 
 
 potentia, -ae, f. [potent- (st. 
 of potens), powerful], political 
 power, influence. 
 
 potestas, -litis, f, [potent- (st. 
 of potens), powerful], power; 
 sovereignty, majesty ; possibility. 
 
 potior, -TrI, -Itus [poti- (st. of 
 potis), able], become master of, 
 get possession of, obtain; reduce 
 to subjection. 
 
 potius, adv. [n. sing. comp. of 
 potis, able], rather. 
 
 praebeo, -ere,-uT, -itus [= prae- 
 hibeo, fr. prae, 6eFORE; habeo, 
 hold], offer, produce, v\5i\nish, 
 give ground for. 
 
 prae-cedo, -ere, -ccssT, -cessus 
 [prae, beYonvr, cedo, ^70], go be- 
 FORE, precede ; surj)ass, excel. 
 
 praeceps, -cipitis, adj. [prae, 
 6eFORE; caput, head], he.^d 
 FOREmos^, UEAVlong ; steep, preci- 
 pitous. 
 
 prae-cipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptus 
 [prae, bevouvr, capio, take^, take 
 beFoiiEha nd ; instruct, order, di- 
 rect. 
 
 prae-claros, -a, -um, adj. [prae, 
 exceedingly; clarus, illustrious], 
 very illustrious, illustrious, glori- 
 ous. 
 
 praeda, -ae, f. [conn. w. i)re- 
 hcndo, seize], booty. 
 
 prac-dieo, -are, -fivT, -atnH[prae, 
 behoiiK, and no publicly ; iVico, de- 
 clare], proclaim, declare, maintain, 
 avoxf}. 
 
 prae-flcio, -ere, -f6ci, -fectus 
 [prae, bevonvr, faci5, make, put], 
 appoint over, place in command. 
 
 prac-mittd, -ere, -misT, -missus 
 [prae, Vimward ; mitto, send], 
 send voiiirard, send in advance. 
 
 praemium, -il,x.[=*praeimium, 
 fr. prae-Vem-, take /^cfohe (oth- 
 ers)], (what one receives more 
 
290 praescriptum 
 
 pro-euro 
 
 than or in preference to others, 
 and so) reward; privilege. 
 
 praescriptum, -I, N. [n. perf. 
 part, of praescribo, prescribe'], 
 dictate^ order. 
 
 praesidium, -it, N. [praeWsed-, 
 SIT ?>eFORE], (sitting before for 
 protection, and so) defence, pro^ 
 tection,aid, support; guard, garri- 
 son. 
 
 prae-sto, -are, -it!, -atus (once), 
 -itus (once) [prae, fteFORE; sto, 
 STA7id], (intr. w. dat. pers. ) exceZ, 
 suipass; (impers.) praestat, it is 
 better; (tr.) perform ; exhibit, dis- 
 play. 
 
 praesto, adv. [superl. fm. 
 conn. w. prae, 6eFORE], (in tlie 
 foremost place, and so) at 
 hand. 
 
 prae-sum, -esse, -fui [prae, 
 beFORE ; sum, 6e], be at the 
 head of, have charge or com- 
 mand of, BE invested with, preside 
 over. 
 
 praeter, adv. and prep. w. ace. 
 [comp. form of prae, 6eFORE], 
 beyond; besides; except. 
 
 praeterea, adv. [praeter, be- 
 sides; ace. pi. n. ea (orig. ea), 
 these things; cf. an tea], besides, 
 moreover, too. 
 
 praeter-mitto, -ere, -misi, -mis^ 
 sus [praeter, beyond, by; mitto, 
 letgo~\, let pass, omit, leave. 
 
 praeteritus, -a, -um [p. a. of 
 praetereo, go by], past. 
 
 praetor, -oris, m. [= *praeitor, 
 f r. prae-v/i-, go ftcFORE] , (one who 
 goes before, and so) leader ; prae- 
 tor (Roman magistrate who ad> 
 ministered justice). 
 
 preces, -um, f. (usu. pi.), en- 
 treaties, prayers. 
 
 prendo = prehendo, -ere, -hen- 
 di, -hensus, grasp. 
 
 premo, -ere, press!, pressus, 
 press hard, beset, weigh down, 
 burden, overpower, distress. 
 
 pretium, -ii, n., price. 
 
 ♦prex, *precis, f., see preces. 
 
 pridie, adv. [prl- = prae (loc), 
 
 &CFORE ; loc. or abl. form of dies, 
 day], the day fteFORE. 
 
 primus, -a, -um, adj., superl. of 
 prior, q. v. 
 
 prin-ceps, -cipis, adj. [primo- 
 (st. of primus), firs^; Vcap-, 
 take], (taking the first place, and 
 so) FOREmos^, chief; subst., 
 FOREmos^ man, leader, Jiead. 
 
 principatus, -us, m. [princip- 
 (st. of princeps), vonF.most 
 (through presumed verb st.)], 
 (being foremost, and so) foke- 
 most place, supremacy presidency. 
 
 principium, -ii, N. [prlncip- 
 (st. of princeps), FOREmos^], be- 
 ginning. 
 
 prior, prius, adj. [comp. of st. 
 conn. w. prae and pro], roRmer. 
 Superl., primus, -a, -um, viust, 
 FOREmos^; (in agreement with 
 subst., often) firs< part of; in 
 primis, especially,, particularly; 
 adv., primum, firs^. 
 
 pristinus, -a, -um, adj. [prls- 
 for prios- (st. of prior), FORme?-], 
 belonging toYOiimer times, Yowmer, 
 earlier, ancient, pristine. 
 
 prius quam or priusquam, 
 adv. [prius, sooner; quam, J/iaw], 
 fteFORE, until. 
 
 privatus, -a, -um [p. a. of 
 privo, deprive], private; subst., 
 private individual. 
 
 pro, prep. w. abl., in front of, 
 6eFORE; in behalf of, FOR; in view 
 of, considering ; in the light of, as ; 
 in return for. 
 
 probita.s, -atis, F. [probo- (st. 
 of probus), upright, good], up- 
 rightness, probity. 
 
 probo, -fire, -avT, -atus [probo- 
 (st. of probus), good], esteem good, 
 approve; recommend, make satis- 
 factory or acceptable. 
 
 pro-cedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessum 
 [pro, bcFORFl; cedo, go], go for- 
 ward, advance, proceed. 
 
 Procillus, -1, M., Gajus Valerius 
 Procillus (a Gaul much trusted by 
 Caesar) . 
 
 pro-ciiro, -are, -avi, -atus [pro, 
 
pro-curro 
 
 provmcift 
 
 291 
 
 in behalf of, for ; euro, take 
 care'], attend to, look after, con- 
 duct, superintend. 
 
 pro-t'lirro, -ere, -curri and -cu- 
 currl, -ciirsum [pro, FOiiicard; 
 ciirro, run'], run vomcard. 
 
 proditio, -onis, F.[pr5-Vdar,gri>e 
 up, betray^ y betrayal, treachery, 
 treason. 
 
 proklltor, -oris, M. [pro-Vda-, 
 fjive up, betray], betrayer, traitor. 
 
 pro-do, -ere, -did!, -ditus [pro, 
 YORth ; do, give, put], give or put 
 ¥ORth, make known, publish ; give 
 up, betray; hand down (as by 
 tradition) ; memoriae proditum 
 est, the stoi-y runs (lit., it has been 
 handed down to memory) . 
 
 proelior, -arl, -atus[proelio-(st. 
 of proelium), battle], engage in 
 battle, fight. 
 
 proelium, -ii, x., battle, fighting. 
 
 profectio, -onis, f. [pro (w. 
 vowel shortened) -v'fac-, make off], 
 (making ofl*, and so) setting out, 
 departure. 
 
 profecto, adv. [pro (w. vowel 
 shortened), for; facto (abl. of 
 factum), accomplished fact], as- 
 suredly. 
 
 pro-flciscor, -I, -fectus [pro (w. 
 vowel shortened), ¥Oiith, off; 
 ♦faciscor (inceptive of facio), 
 begin to make], (begin to make 
 off, and so) set out, depart, pro- 
 ceed; proflcisci iu w. ace, set 
 out for, depart to join. 
 
 pro-flteor, -cri, -fessus [pro 
 (w. vowel shortened), for//*, 
 openly; fateor, acknowledge], de- 
 clare one's self, give in one's name, 
 volunteer. 
 
 pro-fiifflo, -ere, -fugl [pro (w. 
 vowel shortened), voRth; fugio, 
 flee], flee vimth.,Jlee, run away. 
 
 pr5-gnfitu8, -a, -urn, adj. [pro, 
 voRth, from ; (g) niitus, born, perf. 
 part, of nascor], born from, born, 
 descended. 
 
 pro-hlbeo, -ere, -nl, -Una [pro 
 (w. vowel shortened), vmxth, off; 
 habeO, hold], keep offt exclude, cut 
 
 off, restrain, prevent, impede ; pro- 
 hibit ; defend. 
 
 pro-icio (pronounced : pro- 
 jicio), -ere, -jecl, -jectus [pro, 
 voRth, off; jacio, cast], cast off. 
 
 pro-Iato, -are, -avi, -atus [pro, 
 YORward; *lato (iutens. fr. st. of 
 latus, perf. part, of fero), carry], 
 (carry forward, and so) defer, 
 postpone. 
 
 pro-mo veo, -ere, -movl, -motiis 
 [pro, voRward; moveo, moye], 
 move FORicard. 
 
 prope, adv. and prep. w. ace, 
 near. 
 
 propensus, -a, -um [p. a. of 
 propended, hang voRward], in- 
 clined, disposed. 
 
 propinquus, -a, -um, adj. [conn. . 
 w. prope, near], near; substs. : 
 propinquus, -i, m., relative, kins- 
 man; propinqua, -ae, v., female 
 relative, kinswoman. 
 
 propior, -ius, adj. [comp. of st. 
 contained in prope, near], nearer. 
 Superl., proximus, -a, -um, near- 
 est, next, neighboring ; proxima 
 nocte, last night. 
 
 pro-pono, -ere, -posuT, -positus 
 [pro, voRth; pono, jmt, set], set 
 YORth, display; make known, de- 
 clare. 
 
 proprius, -a, -um, adj., one's 
 own, peculiar to one's self, private, 
 personal. 
 
 propter, adv. and prep. w. ace. 
 [comp. form of prope, near; cf. 
 inter and praeter], close to ; owing 
 to, on account of. 
 
 pro-pugno, -are, -uvl, -atus[prr>, 
 in front; pugno, fight], rush otU 
 to fight, make a sortie. 
 
 pro-pulso, -are, -avI, -atus[pro, 
 voRth, off; pulso, drive], ward 
 off, repel, avert. 
 
 pro-rlpio, -ere, -ul [pro, voRth ; 
 rapio, seize, drag], drag FORth ; 
 w. se, rush voiUh. 
 
 pro-video, -ere, -vidl, -visus 
 [pro, voRward; video, see], pro- 
 vide, have in view. 
 
 proviucia, -ae, i., province. 
 
292 
 
 proximitas 
 
 quam ob rem 
 
 proximitas, -atis, F. [proximo- 
 (st. of proximus), next^, near- 
 ness ; relationship. 
 
 proximus, -a, -um, adj., superl. 
 of propior, q. v. 
 
 proxime, adv. [abl. fm. of 
 proximus, nearest]^ last. 
 
 prudentia, -ae, F. [prudent- 
 (st. of prudens), sagacious'], sa- 
 gacity, practical wisdom, prudence, 
 skill. 
 
 Ptolomaeus, see Ceraunus. 
 
 publice, adv. [abl. fm. of pu- 
 blicus, belonging to the state], in 
 behalf of the state, from a public 
 point of view, as a measure of state 
 voi^icy. 
 
 publicus, -a, -um, adj. [= *po- 
 pulicus,fr.populo-(st. ofpopulus), 
 people] , belonging to the people or 
 state, public, common; res pu- 
 bliea, common weal; common- 
 wealth ; in publico, in public. 
 
 pudet, -ere, puduit or puditum 
 est, it shames ; me pudet, / am 
 ashamed. 
 
 pudicitia, -ae, F. [pudico- (st. 
 of pudicus), modest], modesty; 
 chastity. 
 
 pudor, -oris, m. [base pud- (in 
 pudet), shame], sense of shame, 
 modesty. 
 
 puella, -ae, f. [= *puerula (-u- 
 disappearedand-r-wasassimilated 
 to -1-) dim. fr. puero- (st. of puer) 
 child], female child, girl, little girl. 
 
 puer, -eri, m., child ; boy. 
 
 puerills, -e, adj. [puero- (st. of 
 puer), child, boy], boyish, youthful. 
 
 pueritla, -ae, f. [puero- (st. of 
 puer), child], childhood, boyhood. 
 
 pugna, -ae, v., fight. 
 
 paii^no, -are, -avT, -atus [pugna- 
 (st. of pn^wdi), fight], fight. 
 
 pulcher, -chra, -chrum, adj., 
 beautiful; honorable, glorious. 
 
 pulvis, -eris, m., dust. 
 
 pungo, -ere, pupugi, punctus 
 [Vpiig-, thrust], prick, sting ; dis- 
 quiet. 
 
 punio, -ire, -ivi or -ii, -itus [old 
 form, poenio, fr. poena- (st. of 
 
 poena) , punishment] , inflict punish- 
 ment on, punish. 
 
 puppis, -is, F., stern. 
 
 piirgo, -are, -avi, -atus [= *puri- 
 go, fr. puro- (st. of purus), clean ; 
 Vag-, drive, make (through pre- 
 sumed adj. St.)], make clean, 
 cleanse, purge ; free from suspicion, 
 exculpate. 
 
 puto, -are, -avi, -atus [puto- 
 (st. of putus), cleanseD], cleanse; 
 (of trees) prune; (of accounts) 
 clear up, settle; reckon; think, 
 suppose. 
 
 Q. 
 
 Q^ abbr. of Quintus, -i, m., 
 Quintus (Roman praenomen or 
 first name). 
 
 quadraginta, indecl. num. adj. 
 [quadra-, conn. vv. quattuor, 
 four; -gin- represents (de)cem, 
 ten], forty. 
 
 quadringenti, -ae, -a, num. adj. 
 [fr. St. of quadrmi, distr. num. 
 adj., four; -genti, conn. w. cen- 
 tum, nuNDrefZ], four iiv^Dred. 
 
 quaero, -ere, -slvl or -sii, -situs, 
 seek, search, strive to obtain; ac- 
 quire; ask, ask for, seek to learn, 
 inquire, make inquiry, inquire for. 
 
 quaestio, -ouis, f. [base qiiaes- 
 (in quaero, orig. quaeso), in- 
 quire] . inquiring ; investigation ; 
 examination by torture. 
 
 quaestus, -us, m. [base quaes- 
 (in quaer5, orig. (\\mQsb), acquire], 
 acquiring, acquisition; gain. 
 
 quails, -e, interrog. and rel. 
 adj. [pron. st. quo- seen in forms 
 of quis and qui], 1. interrog., of 
 WHAi sort; 2. rel., o/wHic/t sort, 
 as. 
 
 quam, interrog. and rel. adv., 
 HOW ; (used to strengthen superl- 
 atives) quam maximus, as great 
 as possible, the greatest possible : 
 quam latlssime, as extensively a.-< 
 possible; (in comparisons) as, 
 than. 
 
 quam. ob rem or quamobreni, 
 interrog. and rel. adv., vfiiKreforc , 
 for winch or wiia^ reason. 
 
quaniquam 
 
 Quirites 
 
 293 
 
 quamqiiain, conj. [quam, now; 
 quam, now], (however, and so) 
 though, althomjh ; and yet. 
 
 quamvis, adv. and couj. [quam, 
 now, as; vis (volo), you icish'], 
 as you WILL; iiowerer, uowcver 
 much, though, although, though 
 ever so. 
 
 quantusy -a, -um, interrog. and 
 rel. adj. [prou. st. quo- seen in 
 forms of quis and qui], 1. interrog., 
 HOW great, now much; quanti 
 (gen. of indef. value), for how 
 much. 2. rel. (correlating with 
 tantus) as; (w. tantus omitted) 
 as much as ; quauto . . . tauto, 
 by HOW much . . . by so muchy the 
 
 . . . THE. 
 
 quare, interrog. and rel. adv. 
 [abl. of quae res], why, wiiEre- 
 fore. 
 
 quartus, -a, -urn, ord. num. adj. 
 [quattuor, four], fourth. 
 
 quasi, adv. [quam, as; sT, if], 
 as if. 
 
 quaterni, -ae, -a, distr. num. 
 adj. [quattuor, four], four 
 [from] each. 
 
 quattuor, indecl. num. adj., 
 
 FOUR. 
 
 quattuordeeiin, indecl. num. 
 adj. [quattuor,FOUR ; decem,TEN], 
 
 FOURTEEN. 
 
 -que, conj., and. 
 
 queni ad moduni or quciuad- 
 moduiii, interrog. and rel. adv., 
 in WH.vf or WHic/i may. 
 
 queror, -T, qiiestus, complain. 
 
 qui, (luae, quod, interrog., rel., 
 and indef. pron., 1. interrog. (used 
 adj.) WHir/i, WH.vT. 2. rel., who, 
 WHu7{, WHAT, thfiT ; (w. aut. omit- 
 ted) HE WHO, those WHO, any who, 
 etc.; (at the beginning of a sen- 
 tence, often) this, these, etc. ; (= 
 ut is, etc.) in order that he, that 
 HE, etc. ; quo . . . eo, by wiiAt . . . 
 by that, the ... the ; e6 . . . quo, 
 by that . . . by wmch, the . . . the. 
 'A. (after si and ng), indef., any. 
 
 quicumque,quaecumque,quod- 
 ciinHiUf, Indef. rel. pron. [qui, 
 
 rel. pron. ; -cumque, indef. suft'.], 
 wiioerer, WHATere?-; any what- 
 ever. 
 
 quidam, quaedam, quoddam 
 and (subst.) quiddam, indef. 
 pron. [qui, rel. pron. ; -dam, pron. 
 suff.], a, a certain, some one. 
 
 quidein, adv., indeed; ne . . . 
 quidem (with emphatic word or 
 words between ne and quidem), 
 sot even. 
 
 quiesco, -ere, -evi, -etus (p. a.), 
 become quiet, go to rest, refrain 
 from action. 
 
 quietus, -a, -um [p. a. of qui- 
 esco, be quiet], quiet, at rest. 
 
 quilibet, quaelibet, quodlibet 
 and (subst.) quidlibet, indef. rel. 
 pron. [qui, rel. pron. ; libet, it is 
 pleasing], any you idll, any what- 
 ever. 
 
 quin, conj. [qui, abl. f m. of rel. 
 pron. qui; ne, sot], who . . . No<, 
 that, but that, so that :sot., from or 
 xdthout (w. part.). 
 
 quiiidecim, indecl. num. adj. 
 [quTnque, five; decem, ten], 
 fifteen. 
 
 quini, -ae, -a, distr. num. adj. 
 [quinque, five], five apiece. 
 
 quinquagiuta, imlecl. num. adj. 
 [quTnquiX-, conn. w. quinque, five ; 
 -gin- represents (de)cem, ten], 
 fifty. 
 
 quinque, indecl. num. ad j., five. 
 
 quiuqueaulum, -ii, n. [quln- 
 quenni- (st. of quTnquennis), of 
 five years], a period of five 
 years. 
 
 quintus, -a, -um, ord. num. adj. 
 [quinque, five], fifth. 
 
 Quirites, -iuuj, m. [Curl- (st. 
 of Cures, town of the Sabines)], 
 Quirites (i.e., inhaljitants of Cures. 
 After the union of the Sabines 
 with the Romans, tlic name Qui- 
 rites was applied to the combined 
 people when acting in a civil 
 capacity ; the name lionidnl, on 
 the otlier hand, was applied to 
 tlieni when acting in a military 
 capacity) ; fellow citizens. 
 
294 
 
 quis 
 
 red-eo 
 
 quis, quid, iuterrog. and iudef. 
 pron., 1. inteiTOg., who, what; 
 (occasional!)' used adj.) what; 
 neut. sing. ace. quid (used adv.), 
 WHY. 2. (after sT and ne) indef., 
 any one, any thing ; (occasionally 
 used 2id].)any ; si quid, if anything , 
 if at all. 
 
 quispiam, quaepiam, quodpi- 
 amand (subst.) quidpiam or quip- 
 piam, indef. pron., any one, 
 any. 
 
 quisquam, quicquam or quid- 
 quam (pi. and f em. sing, wanting), 
 indef. pron. (used when a neg. is 
 expressed or implied), any one, 
 any thing. 
 
 quisque, quaeque, quodque and 
 (subst.) quicque or quidque, iu- 
 def. pron., every one, each one, 
 every, each; nobilissimus quis- 
 que, all the nobility ; antiquissi- 
 mum quodque teinpus, priority 
 (of occupation) in each instance. 
 
 quivis, quae VIS, quod vis and 
 (subst.) quidvis, indef. pron. 
 [qui, rel. pron.; vTs (volo), you 
 wish], any you jylease, any what- 
 ever ; any one you please, any one 
 ^YH \tever. 
 
 quo, adv. [case fm. of pron. st. 
 quo-], WHither; (at the begin- 
 ning of a sentence, often) thither, 
 there. 
 
 quo, con j . [neut. abl. of rel. pron. 
 qui] (— ut eo, usu. w. comp.), 
 that thereby, in order that, that. 
 
 quoad, adv. [qu5 (w. vowel 
 shortened), wuither ; ad, to], 
 (how long, and so) as long as; 
 until. 
 
 quod, conj. [neut. ace. of rel. 
 pron. qui], because, that. 
 
 quominus, ccfnj. [quo, neut. 
 abl. of rel. pron. qui ; minus, less, 
 not'}, that thereby the less, so that 
 not, from (w. part.). 
 
 quoniam, conj. [quom = cum, 
 since; jam, now}, seeing that. 
 
 quot, indecl. interrog. and rel. 
 adj., how many ; as. 
 
 quot annis or quotannis 
 
 [quot, now many, as many as; 
 annis, abl. pi. of annus, year}, 
 (on as manj' years as there are, 
 and so) every year, annually. 
 
 quotieus, adv. [quot, hoav 
 many},, how often, how many 
 times ; as often as. 
 
 R. 
 
 ratio, -onis, r., account, com- 
 putation; list, register; business 
 matter, transaction ; manner, way, 
 method, procedure. 
 
 ratis, -is, v., float, raft. 
 
 RauricI, -orum, m., the Raurici 
 (tribe in Celtic Gaul, neighbors 
 of the Helvetians). 
 
 recens, -entis, adj., recent. 
 
 re-cipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptus 
 [re(d)-, again, back; capio, take}, 
 take back; receive; se recipere, 
 to betake one's self, return, flee for 
 refuge, recover ; se lude recipere, 
 to come off. 
 
 re-cito, -are, -avi, -atus [re(d)-, 
 intensive; cito, recite}, recite. 
 
 re-cognosco, -ere, -gnovl, 
 -guitus [re(d)-, again; c5gnosco, 
 become acquainted with}, recall to 
 mind, revietc. 
 
 recorder, -ari, -atus [re(d)-, 
 again; cord- (st. of cor), heart 
 (through presumed adj. st.)], 
 (take to heart, and so) think over, 
 reflect on, review, recall. 
 
 recte, adv. [abl. fm. of rectus, 
 uight] , lllGllTly. 
 
 rectus, -a, -um [p. a. of reg5], 
 RIGHT, fitting. 
 
 re-cuso, -are, -avI, -atus [re(d)-, 
 against ; causa, objection (through 
 denom. vb. *causo; cf. causor)], 
 make objection against, refuse; 
 recusare de, to make objection to, 
 to object to. 
 
 red-do, -ere, -didi, -ditus [red-, 
 back; do, give}, give back, return, 
 restore ; accord, award, grant, pay. 
 
 red-eo, -ire, -ii, -itum [red-, back ; 
 eo, go}, go or come back, return; 
 come for settlement, come in the 
 last resort. 
 
red-iffo 
 
 re-peto 
 
 295 
 
 red-igo, -ere, -egi, -actus [red-, 
 back; a.}^d, drive, bring^^ bring 
 back, reduce. 
 
 red-imo, -ere, -erai, -emptus 
 [red-, back; emo, hny'\, buy back, 
 redeem ; contract for, farm ; pur- 
 I'hdfii-. procure. 
 
 rt^d-integro, -are, -avi, -atus 
 [red-, tujain; integro, makewhole'], 
 make irhole again, renew. 
 
 re-dueo, -ere, -dfixT, -ductus 
 [re(d)-, back; duco, lead], lead 
 or bring back. 
 
 re-fercio, -Ire, -si, -tus [re(d)-, 
 iuteiis. ; farcio, stuff, craw], Jill 
 full, croicd. 
 
 re-fero, -ferre, rettulT, relatus 
 [re(d)-, bark; fero, beau], beau, 
 carry or nmng back, report; re- 
 ferre ad senatuin, to lay a matter 
 before the senate. 
 
 re fert or refert, -ferre, -tulit, 
 // matters, it is of importance. 
 
 re-fugio, -ere, -fugi [re(d)-, 
 back ; ingxb, flee'], Jleeback, retreat. 
 
 regalis, -e, adj. [reg-(st. of rex), 
 king], pertaining to a king, royal. 
 
 regio, -onis, f. [Vreg-, guide, di- 
 rect], direction ; boundary-line ; ter- 
 ritory, region ; province, district. 
 
 regius, -a, -um, adj. [reg- (st. 
 of Tl:\)yking], pertaining to a king, 
 royal, regal. 
 
 regno, -are, -avI, -atus [regno- 
 r^t. of regnura), sovereignty], exr 
 
 'ise sovereignty, reign. 
 
 regnum, -T, N. [Vreg-, guide, di- 
 rect], kingdom; sovereignty, royal 
 power. 
 
 regu, -ere, rexT, rectus [Vreg-, 
 guide, direct], direct; ride, preside 
 over. 
 
 re-laxo, -are, -avT, -atus [re(d)-, 
 iiiteus. ; lax5, loosen], relax, un- 
 
 hrud. 
 
 religid, -onis, F. [re(d)-Vlcg-, go 
 over again, regard attentively], (re- 
 gard for the gods, and so) relig- 
 ion : superstition, anrrfdness, sanc- 
 tity ; in. pi., religious matters, re- 
 ligious rites, matters pertaining to 
 the toorship of the gods. 
 
 re-llnquo, -ere, -llqui, -lictus 
 [re(d)-, back, behind; linquo, 
 leave], leave behind, leave. 
 
 reliquus,-a, -um, adj. [re-v'liqu-, 
 leave behind], remaining, other, 
 rest of; subst., the i*est. 
 
 re-maneo, -ere, -raiins! [re(d)-, 
 back, behind; maueo, stay], stay 
 behind, remain. 
 
 reinedium,-ii, n., remedy, means 
 of defence. 
 
 Re mi, -drum, m., the Remi (tribe 
 in Belgic Gaul on the Marne). 
 
 remigium, -ii, x. [remig- (st. 
 of remex),Roiocr],KOiPin</; oaiis; 
 woicers. 
 
 re-miniscor, -i [re(d)-, again ; 
 ♦miuiscor, call to min^Z], recall to 
 
 MIX(Z. 
 
 re-mitto, -ere, -mlsT, -missus 
 [re(d)-, back; mitto, send, let 
 go], send or let go back ; relax, en- 
 feeble, 
 
 re-moveo, -ere, -movl, -motus 
 [re(d)-, back, away; moved, 
 move], remove, dismiss. 
 
 re-iuuueror, -ari, -atus [re(d)-, 
 back, 171 return; muueror, bestow], 
 recompense. 
 
 Remus, -T, >r., one of the Remi 
 (see Kemi), a Reman. 
 
 re-novo, -are, -avI, -atus [re(d)-, 
 again; novo, make new], rexEW. 
 
 re-Duntio, -are, -avT, -fitus 
 [re(d)-, back; nuntio, bring word], 
 bring back word, report. 
 
 re-pello, -ere, reppuli, repulsus 
 [re(d)-, back; pello, drive], drice 
 back. 
 
 rcpente, adv. [case fm. of re- 
 pens, sudden], suddenly. 
 
 rcpentiuus,-a, -um [repent- (st. 
 of repens), sudden], sudden. 
 
 re-perio, -Ire, repperl, repertus 
 [re(d)-, again; parid, procure], 
 find, find out (by making in([uiry) 
 learn, ascertain., discover ; invent, 
 devise. 
 
 re-pet5, -ere, -ivl or -ii, -Ttns 
 [re(d)-, again; petd, demand], 
 demand back, demand; lay claim 
 to. 
 
296 re-prehendo 
 
 sacro 
 
 re-prehendo, -ere, -hendi, -lien- 
 sus [re(cl)-, hack; prehendo, 
 grasp, hold], hold hack, check; dis- 
 approve, reprehend. 
 
 re-prinio, -%re, -pressT, -pressus 
 [rc(d)-, back; premo, press], 
 check, restrain, repress. 
 
 repudio, -are, -avi, -atus [repu- 
 dio- (St. of repudium), rejection], 
 reject. 
 
 re-pugno, -are, -avi, -atum 
 [re(d)-, hack, against; pugno, 
 fight], oppose, resist. 
 
 re-quiro, -ere, -sivi or -siT, -situs 
 [re(d)-, again; quaero, seek], 
 seek after, ask for, he in want of 
 
 res, gen. rei (rei, re), f., thing, 
 affair, matter, suhject, object, fact, 
 circumstance, condition, movement, 
 business, enterprise, it; res mili- 
 taris, the military art; res fru- 
 mentaria, corn, grairi, provisions ; 
 res publica : common weal, public 
 welfare ; civil affairs, government ; 
 commoni'jealth, state ; summa res 
 publiea, the highest interests of the 
 commonwealth ; tota res publica, 
 conltplete control of public affairs ; 
 res famillaris, private resources, 
 patrimony, property ; in turbidis 
 rebus, IN distressed circumstances ; 
 res de, proposition to. 
 
 re-sisto, -ere, -stiti [re(d)-, 
 back, against ; sist5, STAnd], resist. 
 
 re-spondeo, -ere, -spondi, -spon- 
 8us [re(d)-, in return; spondeo, 
 promise], (orig., present in re- 
 turn), answer, make ansioer, say 
 or tell in reply. 
 
 responsum, -i, n. [neut. perf. 
 part.ofresponde6,a7ist^er],awsr(jer. 
 
 re-stitao, -ere, -ui, -utus [re(d)-, 
 again; statuo, set up], restore. 
 
 re-tineo, -ere, -ui, -tentus 
 [re{d)-, hack; teneo, hold], hold 
 fast, retain, detain, keep. 
 
 re-vello, -ere, -velli, -volsus or 
 -vulsus [re(d)-, hack, away ; vello, 
 pluck, pull], pull away, tear away. 
 
 reversio, -onis, r. ire(d)-\/vert-, 
 turn hack] , return. 
 
 pe-verto, -ere, -verti, -versus 
 
 [re(d)-, hack; verto, turn], turn 
 hack; return. 
 
 re-vertor, -!, -versus [re(d)-, 
 hack; *vertor, turn], turn hack; 
 return. 
 
 re-voco, -are, -avi, -atus [re(d)-, 
 hack; voc5, call], recall, restore. 
 
 rex, regis, m. [Vreg-, guide, di- 
 rect], king. 
 
 Rhenus, -i, M., Rhine (river 
 separating Gaul from Germany). 
 
 Rhodanus, -i, m., Rhone (river 
 in Gaul). 
 
 ripa, -ae, r., hank of a river. 
 
 robur, -oris^ k., oak. 
 
 rogo, -are, -avi, -atus, ask. 
 
 Roma, -ae, r., Rome (city on 
 the Tiber in Italy). 
 
 Romanus, -a, -um, adj. [Roma- 
 (st. of R5ma), Rome], belonging 
 to Rome (see Roma), Roman; 
 subst., Romana, -ae, f., Roman 
 woman. 
 
 Romani, -orum, m., Romans 
 (inhabitants of Rome ; see Roma). 
 
 rota, -ae, F., wheel. 
 
 ruber, -bra, -brum, adj. [v/rub-, 
 
 REDDe/l], RED. 
 
 Riifus, -1, M., Lucius VihulUus 
 Rufus (adherent of Pompey). 
 
 ruina, -ae, f. [conn. w. ruo, 
 fall violently]., downfall, crash. 
 
 rumor, -oris, M., (orig., noise, 
 murmur, and so) hearsay, rumor, 
 report. 
 
 rupes, -is, f. [Vrup-, break], 
 (broken, precipitous) rock. 
 
 rursus, adv. [= revorsus, perf. 
 part, of re verto, turn back], again. 
 
 rus, ruris, n., the country (opp. 
 the city). 
 
 S. 
 
 Sabis, -is, m., the Sabis (mod. 
 Sambre, river in Belgic Gaul). 
 
 Sabvirra, -ae, M., Saburra (lieu- 
 tenant of Juba, king of Numidia). 
 
 sacrificium, -ii, N. [sacriflco- 
 (st. of sacrificus), sacrificial], 
 sacrifice. 
 
 sacro, -are, -avi, -atus [sacro- 
 (st. of sacer), sacred], declare 
 sacred. 
 
saepe 
 
 secundiis 
 
 297 
 
 saepe, adv. [ueut. ace. of *sae- 
 pis, rroirded, frequent ; conn, w, 
 sacpes, hedge'\, often, 
 
 saepe numer5 or saepenume- 
 ro [saepe, often ; uuincro, in num- 
 ber], oftentimes^ again and again. 
 
 saepes, -is, f. [conn. w. saepe, 
 i{. v.], hedge, fence. 
 
 saevio, -Tre, -ii, -Itum [saevo-(st. 
 of sacxus) , fierce'], be fierce, rage. 
 
 Sagittarius, -ii, M. [adj. used 
 substf, fr. sagitta- (st. of sagitta), 
 arrow], (one having to do with 
 arrows, and so) archer, bowman. 
 
 salus, litis, F. [conn. w. salvus, 
 safe], safety. 
 
 salutaris, -c, adj. [salut- (st. of 
 salus) , safety] , pertaining tosafety, 
 sa/utary. 
 
 saluto, -are, -JivT, -atus [salut- 
 (st. of salus), safety]., wish safety 
 to, greet, pay one's respects to, sa- 
 lute. 
 
 salvus, -a, -ura, adj. [Vsal- (akin 
 to Vser- in servus), protect, sup- 
 port], sound, unimpaired, safe, un- 
 harmed, prenKnyed. 
 
 sanelo, -Ire, sanxT, sanctus 
 (sancTtus, once) [conn. w. sacer, 
 sacrf^d], render sacred; (of laws) 
 < stnhli.sh, ordain, enact. 
 
 sanctus, -a, -um [p. a. of san- 
 cio, q. v.], sacred, inviolable. 
 
 sane, adv. [abl. fm. of sanus, 
 sound], indeed, by all means, for 
 aught I care, if you laill. 
 
 san^is, -inis, M., blood (flow- 
 ing in the body). 
 
 8antoni, -oruni, m., the Santoni 
 (tribe in Celtic Gaul on the 
 nortiiern bank of the Garonne). 
 
 sapiens, -cutis, p. a. (of sapio, 
 taste ; discern) discerning, wise. 
 
 Sardinia, -ac, v., Sardinia (island 
 ill the Mediterranean, west of 
 Italy). 
 
 Sardiniensls, -e, adj. [Sardinia- 
 <'st. of Sardinia), Sardinia], of 
 Sardinia, Sardinian (see Sardinia). 
 
 sarmenta, -oruffl, N. (usu. pi.) 
 
 {Vsarp-, lop, prune], (what is 
 bpped, and so) light branches. 
 
 sarmentum, see sarmenta. 
 satis, adv., enough, sufficiently ; 
 very. 
 
 satis facio or satisfaeio, -ere, 
 -feci, -factum [satis, enough; facio, 
 do], give satisfaction, make repar- 
 ation. 
 
 saxum, -1, N., st07ie (large and 
 rough). 
 
 Scaevola, -ae, m., Quintiis Mu- 
 cins Scaevola (augur and jurist of 
 Cicero's time; he was a son-in- 
 law of Laelius). 
 
 sceleratus, -a, -um [perf. part, 
 of scelero, pollute], polluteD ; ac- 
 curseD. 
 
 scelus, -eris, x., crime. 
 scientia, -ae, f. [scient- (st. of 
 sciens), knoidtig], knowledge, 
 skill. _ 
 scio, -Tre, -Tvi, -itus, know. 
 Scipio, -onis, m., 1. Publius 
 Cornelius Scipio Africanus Major 
 (conqueror of Hannibal at Zama 
 202 B.C.). 2. Publius Cornelius 
 Scipio Africanus Minor (destroyer 
 of Carthage 146 n.c). 
 
 scribo, -ere, scrips!, scrlptus 
 [v'scril)-, dig, gk.vve], (cut with a 
 pointed instrument, grave, and 
 so) u^te. 
 scutum, -T, N. [Vscu-, cover], 
 ^g\ o-n oblong shield 
 
 1^1 (the scutum of the 
 
 ^^^1 Roman legionaries 
 ^ ^ was made of wood 
 
 iS) covered with leatli- 
 
 *^A cr; it was semi- 
 
 cylindrical in shape, 
 and was 41 ft. long 
 by 2^ ft. " broad) ; 
 see Fig. 8. 
 
 se-cerno, -ere, 
 
 Hg. 8. -crevT,-cretus[se(d>, 
 
 Shield (scfUum) ^„..,,/ . pprtio HOita- 
 
 ofthoUomanln. ^/'^^V' CCruo, sepa 
 
 fantry Hoidier, rate] , set apart, sepa- 
 
 fronithocoltimn rate. 
 of Trajan. The sCCUndus, -a, -UlU, 
 detroratlon rep- ,. r ^ ' ' , ' 
 renenU. a thun- adj. [= ♦sequeudus, 
 
 dcrbolt. gerundive of se- 
 
 quor, follow], (following, and so) 
 second ; favorable. 
 
298 
 
 sed 
 
 sexaginta 
 
 sed, CODJ., but. 
 
 sedeo, -ere, sedT, sessum, sit. 
 
 sedes, -is, f. [Vsed-, sit ; cf. se- 
 deo], SEAT: habitation, abode. 
 
 Segusiavi, -orum, m., theSegusi- 
 avi (tribe in Celtic Gaul on the 
 Rhone). 
 
 se-jungo, -ere, -junxi, -junctus 
 [se(d)-, apart; jungo, join^, dis- 
 join, separate, sever. 
 
 Seleiicus, -i, M., Se/eucus (one 
 of the ablest generals of Alexan- 
 der the Great ; murdered by Ptol- 
 emy Ceraunus 280 B.C.)- 
 
 semeu, -inis, n. [Vse-, sow], 
 (that which is sown, and so) 
 SEEcZ; origin, source. 
 
 sementis, -is, r. [semen, seecZ], 
 i^owing. 
 
 semlnarium, -ii, n. [adj. used 
 subst., fr. semin- (st. of semen), 
 SEEfZ], (having to do with seed, 
 and so) nursery. 
 
 semper, adv. [conn. w. Lat. 
 siMilis and English same], al- 
 loays. 
 
 Sempronia, -ae, f., Sempronia 
 (wife of Decimus Junius Brutus : 
 Sempronia was implicated in 
 Catiline's conspiracy G3 b.c). 
 
 senator, -oris, m. [conn, w, 
 senex and senatus], senator. 
 
 senatus, -us, m. [conn. w. 
 senex, elder'], council of elders, 
 senate. 
 
 senatus consultum or sena- 
 tusconsultum, -i, N., decree of the 
 senate. 
 
 senectns, -utis, f. [senec- (st. 
 of senex), old], old age. 
 
 senex, senis, adj., old, aged; 
 subst., old man or woman. 
 
 senilis, -e, adj. [sen- (st. of 
 ^GXiQiC), old person], belonging to 
 an old person, senile. 
 
 Senones or Senones, -um, m., 
 the Senones (tribe in Celtic Gaul 
 along the upper Seine). 
 
 sensus, -iis, m. [base sent- (in 
 sentio), become aware through the 
 senses], sense-perception ; sense. 
 
 sententia, -ae, f. [conn. w. sen- 
 
 tio, think], opinion, view; vote; 
 ad sententiam redire, to come 
 back to the. main question ; in earn 
 sententiam, to this effect, of this 
 purport. 
 
 sentio, -ire, sensi, sensus, per- 
 ceive, be aware; think. 
 
 septem, indecl. num. adj., 
 
 SEVEN. 
 
 septentrio, -onis, M. ; also pi., 
 septentriones, -um, M. [s^tem, 
 SEVEN ; tridnes, ploughing oxen] , 
 the SEVEN prominent stars in the 
 constellation Ursa Major or the 
 Great Bear ; the north. 
 
 Septimus, -a, -um, ord. num. 
 adj. [septem, seven], seven^/^. 
 
 Sequani, -orum, m., the Sequani 
 (tribe in Celtic Gaul enclosed by 
 the Saone, the Rhone, and Mt. 
 Jura) ; sing., Sequanus, -T, m., a 
 Sequanian. 
 
 sequor, -i, secutus [v/sequ-, fol- 
 lovf] , follow, pursue. 
 
 sermo, -onis, m. [Vser-, connect] , 
 (connected discourse, and so) 
 conversation, intercourse. 
 
 servilis, -e, adj. [servo- (st. of 
 servus), slave], pertaining to a 
 slave, servile. 
 
 servio, -ire, -Ivi and -ii, -itum 
 [servo- (st. of servus), slave], be 
 a slave, serve, submit to. 
 
 servitus, -utis, r. [servo- (st. of 
 servus), slave], slavery, servitude; 
 serfdom, vassalage. 
 
 servo, -are, -avT, -atus [servo- 
 (st. of servus), protected; see 
 servus], protect, preserve; keep, 
 lay by. 
 
 servus, -T, M. [Vser- (akin to 
 Vsal- in salvus), protect], (a cap- 
 tive in war, not killed, but saved 
 alive, and so) slave. 
 
 Sestius, -ii, m., Publius Sestius 
 (tribune of the people 57 b.c, 
 and friend of Cicero). 
 
 severus, -a, -um, adj., severe. 
 
 sex, indecl..nuin. adj., six. 
 
 sexaginta, indecl. num. adj. 
 [sexa-, conn. w. sex, six; -gin- 
 represents (de)cem, ten], sixty. 
 
Sextius 
 
 somniiini 
 
 299 
 
 Sextius, -il, m., Titus Sextius 
 (one of Caesar's lieutenants). 
 
 sextus, -a, -um, oi\l. num. ailj. 
 [sex, six], sixth; sextus decl- 
 
 mus, SIXTKKNTII. 
 
 si, conj., (;'; si quis, if any 
 one ; si qui, if any (see quis and 
 qui). 
 
 sic, adv., in such a way, so, in 
 this icay^ thus ; as follows ; to such 
 a (kf/n-e ; ut . . . sic, as . . . so, 
 although . . . yet. 
 
 sicut and sicuti, adv. [sic, so ; 
 ut or utT, as'\, just as, as. 
 
 sidus, -eris, N., group of stars, 
 constellation ; star. 
 
 significo, -are, -fivT, -fitus [sT- 
 gnitic-(st.of ♦sTgnifex), sign-mak- 
 ing^., show by signs, show, make 
 evident. 
 
 signuin, T, x., sign, signal; in 
 pi., military stand- 
 ar(h; signa ferre, 
 to advance against 
 the enemy; con- 
 versa signa fn- 
 ferre, to face about 
 ami advance \- 
 gainst the enemy ; 
 infestfs signis Fig. 9. 
 
 co„»istcrc, to xr rs": 
 
 'I'he middle fig- 
 ure represents the 
 eai;ie, the stand- 
 ard of the legion ; 
 the two side fig- 
 ures rep resent tlie 
 standards of co- 
 horts. 
 
 ivith wood. 
 
 come to a halt and 
 assume the defen- 
 sive ; see Fig. 0. 
 
 sllva, -ae, f., 
 wood, forest. 
 
 sllvestris, -e, 
 adj. [conn. w.silva, 
 wood], overgrown 
 wooded. 
 
 simllls, -c, adj. [cognate w. 
 8AM k], like. 
 
 siinul, adv. [neut. fm. of simi- 
 li.'*, like], at the same time ; eimul 
 atque, as soon as. 
 
 slmulacruin, -T, n. [.simula- 
 (.st. of simulo), imitate], image. 
 
 siinuld, -are, -avi, -iitus [fr. st. 
 of simili.s, like, seen in adv. 
 simul], imitate :' pretend. 
 
 sin, conj. [hi, if; ne, not], if 
 however, but if. 
 
 sine, prep. w. abl. [sT, if, in that 
 case; ne, ^ot], without. 
 
 singuli, -ae, -a, distr. num. adj., 
 one by one, single, individual, 
 separate, several; translated adv., 
 singly, individually; in annos 
 siugulos, each or every year. 
 
 sinister, -tra, -trum, adj., left. 
 
 si quidein or siquidem, conj. 
 [si, if; quidem, indeed], since in- 
 deed. 
 
 sitis, -is, F., thirst. 
 
 sitio, -Ire, -ivi or -it [siti- (st. of 
 sitis), thirst], thirst. 
 
 situs, -us, M. [\/si-, put], (put- 
 ting or placing, and so) position., 
 situation. 
 
 socer, -erl, m. , father-in-law. 
 
 socius, -il, M. [adj. used subst., 
 f r. >^soc-,f<>Uoio ; conn. w. scquor], 
 associate, confederate, ally. 
 
 Socraticus, -a, -um, adj. [bor- 
 rowed from the Greek], belonging 
 to Socrates (celebrated Athenian 
 philosopher; lived 408-399 B.C.) ; 
 subst., disci])le of Socrates. 
 
 sodalis, -is, c, mate, comrade, 
 intimate. 
 
 sol, solis, M., suw. 
 
 soleo, -ere, -itus, be accustomed, 
 be wont. 
 
 solitudo, -inis, f. [solo- (st. of 
 solus), alone], solitude; deserted 
 place or tract, desert, wilderness. 
 
 sollicito, -are, -avT, -atus [solli- 
 cito- (st. of solWcMvis), agitatei)], 
 stir up, agitate, urge, stimulate, in- 
 cite; approarh with corrupt over- 
 tures, corruptly solicit. 
 
 Solon (Solo), -onis, m., Solon 
 (famous Athenian law-giv<^r; Ids 
 public career belongs to the first 
 half of the sixth centtiry B.C.). 
 
 solum, -1, N., ground, soil. 
 
 solum, adv. [neut. of solus, 
 alone], only; noia solum, xoiowi^/. 
 
 solus, -a, -um, adj. alone, only, 
 sole. 
 
 somnus, -T, m. [for*sopnus, fr. 
 Vsop-, sleep], sleep. 
 
 somnium, -iT, y. [adj. used 
 subst., fr. somno- (st. of somnu>), 
 
300 
 
 spatium 
 
 subsidium 
 
 sleep'], (resulting from sleep, and 
 so) dream. 
 
 spatium, -il, N. [Vspa-, svAn, 
 stretch out], space; distance; time 
 enough, time; interval, division, 
 period. 
 
 species, gen. -e, r. [s/spec-, spy], 
 seeing; appearance; show. 
 
 spectaciiliini, -T, N. [specta- 
 (st. of specto), look at], spectac/e, 
 sight. 
 
 specto, -are, -avT, -atus [intens. 
 of specid, formed as if from a 
 perf. part. *spectus], look at; 
 face, extend ; regard, heed. 
 
 spero, -are, -avT, -atiis [conn. w. 
 spes, hope] , hope, look for. 
 
 spes, gen. -ei (-ei), f., hope; pros- 
 pect; hopefulness; in spem ve- 
 nire, to cherish or entertain hope. 
 
 spiritus, -us, m. [conn. w. spiro, 
 breathe], breath. 
 
 spolium, -il, N., usu. in pi., 
 spolia, -orum, n., spoils. 
 
 sponte, abl. r. (only in gen. 
 [spontis] and abl. smg.), impulse; 
 sponte is regularly accompanied 
 by a poss. pron. ; as, tua sponte, 
 of your own free will. 
 
 statim, adv. [ace. fm. of st. 
 stati-, fr. Vsta-, sxAwd], on the spot, 
 forthwith. 
 
 statio, -onis, F. [Vsta-, sTAnd], 
 STAnding ; station, post ; in stati- 
 one, ON guard. 
 
 Stator, -oris, m. [Vsta- (causa- 
 tive), make sxAwd], ST xyer, sup- 
 porter (epithet of Jupiter). 
 
 statuo, -ere, -ui, -utus [statu- 
 (st. of status), STAnding, position], 
 put in position, setup, station ; de- 
 cide, determine, resolve. 
 
 statara, -ae, f. [Vsta-, STA7id], 
 (standing, and so) stature. 
 
 stipendium, -ii, N.[= *stipipen- 
 dium, fr. stipi- (st. of *stips), 
 contribution ; bsfse pend- (in pen- 
 do), pay], (payment of a contri- 
 bution, and so) tribute, tribute 
 money. 
 
 stlrps, -is, F., stock, root ; origin, 
 source. 
 
 sto, -are, steti [Vsta-, staw^?], 
 STAW(?; abide; decreto stare, ac- 
 quiesce in a decision. 
 
 strepitus, -fis, m. [base strep- 
 (in strepo), make a noise], noise, 
 din. 
 
 studeo, -ere, -uT, be eager for, 
 strive earnestly for, apply one's self 
 to, devote special attention to, cul- 
 tivate ; exercise partiality. 
 
 studiosus, -a, -um, adj. [studio- 
 (st. of studiura), seal], full of 
 zeal, zealous, earnest; eager [for], 
 assiduous \\n],fond [of]. 
 
 studium, -il, n. [base stud- (in 
 studeo), be eager], eagerness, 
 earnest desire, zeal, enthusiasm; 
 devotion, attachment; pursuit. In 
 pi., zealous efforts; studies, pur- 
 suits. 
 
 suasor, -oris [Vsuad-, make 
 SWEET, urge, advise], (one who 
 advises, and so) adviser; suasor 
 esse, to advise. 
 
 sub, prep. w. ace. and abl., 
 under; sub occasum, towards 
 the setting. 
 
 sub-duco, -ere, -duxi, -ductus 
 [sub, from under; duc5, draw], 
 ivithdraiv. 
 
 sub-eo, -ire, -ivi or -il, subitiis 
 [sub, under; eo, go], go under, go 
 close to, approach; come stealth- 
 ily ; (w. ace.) undergo, submit to. 
 
 sub-igo, -ere, -egi, -actus [sub, 
 tinder; ago, drive, force], con- 
 strain, impel, prompt. 
 
 subito, adv. [n. abl. of subitus, 
 sudden], suddenly. 
 
 subitus, -a, -um [p. a. of subeo, 
 come stealthily], sudden. 
 
 sublatus, -a, -um, perf. part., 
 raisei) (see tollo). 
 
 subinotus, -a, -um [perf. part, 
 of submoveo, remote, drive back], 
 driven back; subst., submoti, 
 those driven back. 
 
 sub-sequor, -i, -cutus [sub, 
 clo.se upon ; sequor, follow], folloio 
 close upon, follow, succeed. 
 
 subsidium, -il, n. [sub-Vsed-, 
 SIT in support of], (sitting in re- 
 
siib-sisto 
 
 suppliciiim 301 
 
 serve for support, and so) sup- 
 port, aid, relii\f. 
 
 sub-sisto, * -ere, -stiti [sub, 
 under ; sisto, stau^ stiW], come to 
 a halt, halt; maintain one's 
 ground, irith^Txnd. 
 
 sub-traho, -ere, -xT, -ctus [sub, 
 from under; traho, draw'], vnth- 
 draw, keep out of reach. 
 
 sub-venio, -Ire, -veni, -ventum 
 [sub, under, to the support of; ve- 
 nio, come], come to the support of 
 
 sac-cedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessum 
 [sub, tinder, close upon; cedo, 
 go], follow close upon, succeed. 
 
 suc-cendo, -ere, -cendT, -census 
 [sub, /row beloK ; ♦cendo(N/cand-), 
 set fire], set fire to (from below). 
 
 Suebi, -orum, m., the Suebi or 
 Swabians (collective name of sev- 
 eral German tribes ; their king at 
 the time of Caesar's first cam- 
 paign in Gaul was Ariovistus). 
 
 8iiebus, -a, -um, adj., pertaining 
 to the Suebi, Swabian. 
 
 Suessiones, -um, M., the Suessi- 
 ones (tribe in Belgic Gaulj). 
 
 siiflVagium, -il, N. [sub-Vfrag-, 
 BREAK somewhat or partially], 
 (fragment used for voting, and 
 so) voting tablet ; vote, suffrage. 
 
 8ui, gen.(nom. wanting), reflex 
 pron., of himself, herself, itself 
 themselves ; intense, see inter. 
 
 'HO 11a, -ae, m., Lucius Cornelius 
 Sulla (famous Roman dictator 
 82-79 «.C.). 
 
 Hiim, esse, fuT [sum, V.s-,6e ; esse, 
 Ves-, he; fuT, Vfu-, grow, become], 
 UK (cognate w. Vf u-), exist, prevail, 
 consist, live, remain. 
 
 Biimnia, -ac, f. [fem. of summus 
 (sc. res), highest], the main thing, 
 sum ; supreme control olf direc- 
 tion ; in suninia, in general. 
 
 HiimmotuH, see subniotus. 
 
 8ummu8, -a, -um, adj., super!, 
 of superus, q. v. 
 
 Humd, -ere, sQmpsT, sOmptus 
 [sub, /rom undpr,vr; cimy, take], 
 f'ike vv,take; assume, arrogate; 
 •>\h\ HumerCf to lake UPon one's self, 
 
 to assume; suppliciuni suinerc 
 
 de, to exact punishment from, to 
 injlict punishment on. 
 
 sumptaosus, -a, -um, adj. 
 [sumptu- (St. of silmptus), ex- 
 pense^, expensive, costly. 
 
 sumptus, -us, M. [sum- for sub- 
 v'em-, take up (for some purpose, 
 and so) spend], expense; in pi., 
 extravagance. 
 
 superbia, -ae, f. [superbo- (st. 
 of supcrbus), proud], pride, arro- 
 gance. 
 
 superior, -ius, adj., comp. of 
 superus, q* v. 
 
 snpero, -are, -avT, -atus [supe- 
 ro- (st. of superus), afiovK] (be 
 above, and so) he left over, re- 
 main, survive; surpass, exceed; 
 l)eat, defeat, ov^^'Mcome, conquer, 
 vanquish; vita superare, outlive. 
 
 superstitio, -onis, f. [super-sta-, 
 ST\nd OVEU], (standing over as 
 in wonder, awe, etc., and so) ex- 
 aggerated fear of the gods, super- 
 stition. 
 
 super-sum, -esse, -fu! [super, 
 over; sum, he], be left, remain. 
 
 superus, -a, -um, adj. [conn. w. 
 sub, from under, up], a?^ovE. 
 Comp., superior, -ius, higher, up- 
 per ; (of time) preceding, former ; 
 superiore noete, night before 
 last. Superl., summus, -a, -um, 
 highest; greatest, chief; of the 
 highest importance ; supreme; ex- 
 treme; summus mons, the summit 
 of the mountain ; summus cruci- 
 atus, the severest punishment. 
 
 sup-plcx, -icis, adj. [sul), un- 
 der; Vplcc-, FOUrZ. hend], (kneel- 
 ing, and so) suppliant; translated 
 ! adv., in supplicntion. 
 
 supplicatio, -onis, f. [supplica- 
 (st. of supplied), kneel to, pray 
 to], (kneeling to, praying to, and 
 80) public supplication ; thanks- 
 giving. 
 
 supplicium, -it, N. [supplic- (st. 
 of supplex), suppliant], (humilia- 
 tion, and so) punishment ; in pi., 
 sacrifice. 
 
302 
 
 sup-porto 
 
 tempi um 
 
 sup-porto, -are, -iivT, -atus [sub, 
 from below, up to; porto, con- 
 vey'], convey to a place, bring up. 
 
 supra, adv. aud prep. w. ace. 
 [abl. fem. of superus, a^ovE], 
 1. adv., a&ovE; (of time) 6e/ore, 
 previously. 2. prep., before. 
 
 suspicio, -onis, v. [conn. w. su- 
 spicio, lookaskance af], suspicion ; 
 ground of suspicion ; in suspici- 
 onem venire, to be attended ivith 
 suspicion, to be open to suspicion. 
 
 sus-tineo, -ere, -ni, -tentus 
 [*subs, collateral fm. of sub,/?'om 
 below, UP; teneo, hold'], support, 
 sustain ; perform, discharge ; rein 
 in, check; withstand. 
 
 suus, -a, -um, poss. pron., Jiis 
 orcn, her own, its own, their own ; 
 his, her, its, their ; subst., sui, his 
 men. 
 
 Syracusae, -arum, f., Syracuse 
 (city on the eastern coast of 
 Sicily). 
 
 T. 
 
 T., abbr. of Titus, -i, m., Titus, 
 (Roman praenomen or first name). 
 
 tabesco, -ere, tabui [inceptive 
 fr. tabe- (st. of tabed), melt], begin 
 to melt ; pine away. 
 
 tabula, -ae, f., board, jylank ; 
 writing tablet; tabula picta, 
 painting. 
 
 tabulatum, -i, n, [nent. of tabu- 
 Itltus, boarded], flooring, story. 
 
 taceo, -ere, -uT, -itns, be silent ; 
 jmss over in silence. 
 
 taedet, -ere, -duit or (rarely) 
 -sum est, it wearies ; me taedet, 
 lam weary. 
 
 talentum, -T, n., talent (sum of 
 money equivalent in value to 
 about $1080). 
 
 talis, -c, adj. [pron. st. to-, thaiJ ; 
 cf . qualis], of tha« kind, of such 
 a kind, such. 
 
 tarn, adv., so; non tarn, ^ot 
 so, :sot so much. 
 
 tamen, adv., nevemiKless, yet, 
 still, however, notwithstanding. 
 
 tametsI,conj. [tamen, n^verrHE- 
 less; etsi, although], alTiiough. 
 
 tandem, adv., at length; (in 
 exclam.) j^my- 
 
 tantulus, -a, -um, adj. [dim. fr. 
 tanto- (st. of tantus), so great], 
 so small, so slight. 
 
 tantummodo, adv. [tantum, so 
 much, so far, u. ace. of tantus ; 
 modo, only], only, merely. 
 
 tantus, -a, -um, adj. [pron. st. 
 to-, THA^;.cf. quantiis], so f/rea^, 
 so much, so strong a, so important, 
 such {= so great) ; so foul, so 
 heinous, of such enormity; qnan- 
 tus . . . tantus, now much . . . so 
 much, and so as much ... as; 
 quanto . . . tanto, by irow much 
 . . . by so much, the . . . the; est 
 tanti, it is worth while. 
 
 tardo, -are, -avT, -atus [tardo- 
 (st. of tardus), slovj], make slow, 
 retard, delay, hinder. 
 
 tardus, -a, -um, adj., sloio, tardy. 
 
 Tasgetius, -ii, M., Tasgetius 
 (chief of the Carnutes in the 
 time of Caesar). 
 
 taurus, -T, M. [for *staurus; 
 cognate w. English steer], b^dl. 
 
 Taurus, -I, M., Taurus (moun- 
 tain range in Asia Minor). 
 
 tectum, -T, x. [n. perf. part, of 
 tego, cover], roof; divelling. 
 
 tego, -ere, texi, tectus [v'teg-, 
 cover ; cognate w. English TiiATcn 
 and deck], cover. 
 
 telum, -1, ^., javelin; weapon. 
 
 temerarius, -a, -um, adj. [fr. 
 st.contained in adv. temere, rash- 
 ly], headstrong, rash, indiscreet. 
 
 tempero, -are, -avi, -atus [conn, 
 w. tempus, QXt.) portion], appor- 
 tion duly; (conduct one's self 
 with due proportion, and so) re- 
 frain, abstain; (w. dat.) restrain. 
 
 tempestas, -atis, f. [conn. w. 
 tempus, time], time; weather; 
 storm. 
 
 templum, -T, N. [prob. for *te- 
 mulum, dim. f r. Vtem-, cut, through 
 lost subst], (orig. a space marked 
 off by the augur's wand and con- 
 secrated, and so) a consecrated 
 place; temple. 
 
tenipiis 
 
 tra-icio 
 
 303 
 
 tempiis, -oris, n. [v'tcm-, cut], 
 (lit., a section ov portion, and so) 
 a period of time , season, time. 
 
 tendo, -ere, tetendi, teiisiis or 
 tentus [vtcn-, stretch], stretch, 
 stretch out, extend. 
 
 tenebrac, -arum, r., darkness. 
 
 teneo, -ere, -ui [v'ten-, stretch], 
 holdfast, hold, keep; occupy; de- 
 tain ; (with quoininus) restrain, 
 prevent; (culpa) teneri, to be 
 controlled by, to be under the do- 
 minion of, to be subject to, to be 
 chargeable with; enchain, hold 
 spell-bound, paralyze; (of wind) 
 adversum tenere, to bloic in the 
 face of 
 
 tent5 or teinpto, -are, -avT, 
 -iitus [intens. fr. tento- (st. of 
 perf. part, of tendo, stretch)], at- 
 tempt, try to effect, test. 
 
 tenus, prep. w. abl. (follows 
 its word) [\'ten-, stretch], as far as. 
 
 terguin, -T, x. , back. 
 
 terni, -ae, -a, distr. num. adj. 
 [tri- (st. of tres) three], three 
 and THREE, in groups of three, 
 THREE /row* eac^, three apiece, 
 three each. 
 
 terra, -ae, f. [for *tersa, fr. 
 v'tors-, be dry ; conn. w. Lat. tor- 
 reo, parcli, and cognate w. English 
 THIRST], dry land, land, earth, 
 ground; terra, by land, on land; 
 land, ctmntry ; in pi., the earth 
 (as made up of various lands). 
 
 terreo, -ere, -uT, -itus [for ♦ter- 
 seo, v'ters-, tremble], frighten, ter- 
 fify, alarm. 
 
 terribllis, -e, adj. [conn. w. 
 terreo, frighten], frightful, terri- 
 ble. 
 
 terror, -oris, M. [for ♦terser, 
 fr. Vters-, tremble], fright, alarm, 
 terror. 
 
 tertiuH, -a, -lun, ord. num. adj. 
 [conn. w. tres, three], third. 
 
 testamcntiitn, -T, n. [testa- (st. 
 of testor), bear rnitness], (wliat^ 
 is acknowledged beforcwltnesses,' 
 and so) imll. 
 
 testis, -is, c, witness. 
 
 theatrum, -i, n. [borrowed 
 from the Greek], theatre. 
 
 Thebae, -arum, f., Thebes 
 (most important city of Boeotia). 
 
 Thrasybulus, -I, M., Thrasy- 
 bulus (distinguished Athcuiau 
 general; freed Athens from the 
 yoke of tlic thirty tyrants 403 n.c.). 
 
 Thuys, Thuynis, m., Thuya 
 (prince in Paphl.agonia). 
 
 Tiguriuus pagiis, -T, 'si., Tigu- 
 rine district (one of tlie fonr divi- 
 sions of the Helvetian country; 
 its inhabitants were called Tigu- 
 rlnl). 
 
 timeo, -ere, -uT, fear. 
 
 timor, -oris, m. [v'tim-, choke, 
 be breathless; conn. w. timeo], 
 fear, alarm; cowardice. 
 
 Titiirius, -il, M., Quintus Titu- 
 rius Sabinus (one of Caesar's 
 lieutenants in tlie Gallic war). 
 . Titus, -1, M., Titus (Roman prae- 
 nomen or first name). 
 
 tolero, -are, -avi, -atus [conn, 
 w. toUo (v/tol-), rai.'te], su.Htain. 
 
 toUo, -ere, (sustulT), (subla- 
 tus) [v'tol-, lift, raise; perf and 
 perf part, borrowed from sus- 
 tollo], raise; remove, take away, 
 break off; put an end to. 
 
 Tolosa, -ae, f., Tolosa (mod. 
 Toulouse, city in the Roman 
 province of Gaul). 
 
 tornientuiii, -i, N. [v'tor(qu)-, 
 twist, hurl], (means of hurling, 
 and so) engine for hurling mis- 
 siles ; instrument of torture; tor- 
 ture. 
 
 totus, -a, -um, adj., whole, all, 
 entire, complete, throughout. 
 
 tra-d6,-ere,-didT,-ditus[trri(ns), 
 over ; do, give] , surrender, deliver ; 
 intrust, impart. 
 
 tra-duco, -ere, -duxT, -ductus 
 [tra(ns), arross ; duco, lead],lead, 
 convey or conduct across. 
 
 tragoedia, -ae, f. [borrowed 
 from the Greek], tragedy. 
 
 traho, -ere, traxT, tractus, draw, 
 drag. 
 
 tra-icl6(pronounced : trajiclo) 
 
304 
 
 tranquillus 
 
 turba 
 
 -ere, -jeci, -jectus[tra(ns), across; 
 jacio, throw'], throw across, convey 
 over. 
 
 tranquillus, -a, -um, adj., tran- 
 quil, iindisturhed. 
 
 trans, prep. w. ace, across. 
 
 trans-eo, -ire, -ivi or -ii, -itus 
 [trans, across ; eo, go], go over or 
 across, cross, pass over, pass ; re- 
 move, migrate. 
 
 trans-fero, -ferre, -tuli, -latus 
 [trans, over, across; fero,BEAR], 
 Buing over, transfer, transplant. 
 
 trans-figo, -ere, -fixi, -fixus 
 [trans, TURough ; figo, fix, thrust], 
 pierce. 
 
 trans-porto, -are, -avi, -atus 
 [trans, across; port5, convey], 
 transport. 
 
 transversus, -a, -um [perf. part, 
 of trans ver to, turn across], trans- 
 verse, cross. 
 
 trecenti, -ae, -a, num. adj. [tri- 
 (st. of tres), three; st. of centum, 
 HUNDJ'ecZ], THREE HUNDredf. 
 
 trepido, -are, -avI, -atus [trepi- 
 do- (st. of trepidus), restless, 
 alarmed], be in a state of trepida- 
 tion or alarm. 
 
 tres, tria, num. adj., three. 
 
 Treveri, -orum, m., the Treveri 
 (tribe in Belgic Gaul in the lower 
 valley of the Moselle). 
 
 tribunus, -T, M. [tribu- (st. of 
 tribus), tribe], (orig., head of a 
 tribe) tribune; tribunus militum, 
 military tribune (there were six 
 tribunes attached to each legion, 
 and they commanded in turn, 
 each two months at a time ; they 
 seldom led troops in battle, but 
 were employed for the most part 
 in routine administrative duties). 
 
 tribuo, -ere, -ul, -utus [tribu- 
 (st. of tribus), tribe], (orig., as- 
 sign to a tribe, and so) assign, 
 ascribe, avjard, allot, bestow, give, 
 contribute, confer, render. 
 
 tributum, -T, n. [n. perf. part, 
 of tribuo, contribute, used subst.], 
 tribute, tribute money. 
 • triduum, -i, n. [tri-, conn. w. 
 
 tres, three; -duum, conn. w. 
 dies, day], space o/ three days. 
 
 triginta, indecl. num. adj. [trI-, 
 conn. w. tres, three; -gin- repre- 
 sents (de)cem, ten], thirty. 
 
 trini, -ae, -a, distr. num. adj, 
 used with substs. pi. in form, but 
 sing, in meaning [conn. w. tres, 
 three], three. 
 
 tri-plex, -icis, adj. [tri- (st. of 
 tres), three; Vplec-, fol^], 
 threefolc?, tnple. 
 
 tristiculus, -a, -um, adj. [dim. 
 fr. tristi- (St. of tristis), sorrow- 
 ful], somewhat sorrowful. 
 
 tristis, -e, sad, gloomy. 
 
 tristitia, -ae, f. [tristi- (st. of 
 tristis), sad], sadness. 
 
 triumphus, -i, M., triumph. 
 
 to, tuT, pers. pron., thou, you. 
 
 tuba, -ae, f., a straight trum- 
 pet; see Fig. 10. 
 
 Fig. 10. 
 Tuba, from the arch of Titus. 
 
 Tubero, -onis, m., Lucius Tu- 
 bero (one of Pompey's lieuten- 
 ants). 
 
 Tulingi, -orum, M., the Tulingi 
 (German tribe on the Rhine, 
 north of the Helvetii). 
 
 TuUius, -ii, M., Marcus Tullius 
 Cicero (the famous Roman ora- 
 tor). 
 
 TuUus, -1, M., Lucius Vocatius 
 Tullus (consul QQ B.C.). 
 
 turn, adv., at tha* time, then; 
 turn cum, at the time when, at 
 THE moment when. 
 
 tumulus, -T, M. [dim. fr. Vtu-, 
 swell (through *tumus)], (orig., 
 a little swelling, and so) rising 
 ground, earth-mound ; pile, heap. 
 
 tumultus, -lis, M. [tumulo- (st. 
 of tumulus), swelling], tumult 
 (especially used of an outbreak in 
 Italy or Gaul). 
 
 turba, -ae, f. [conn. w. turma, 
 throng], uproar ; crowd, multitude. 
 
turbidus 
 
 liter 
 
 305 
 
 mob; turba et conluvio, vile 
 rabble. 
 
 turbidus, -a, -um, adj. [turba- 
 (st. of turba), uproar'], disturbed ; 
 troubled, dangerous. 
 
 turina, -ae, f. [conn. w. turba, 
 uproar], throng ; squadron. 
 
 turpis, -e, adj., base, disgrace- 
 ful, unbecoming, indecorous. 
 
 turris, -is, f., totver, turret. 
 
 tatus; -a, -um [p. a. of tueor, 
 protect], (protected, and so) safe, 
 secure. 
 
 tuus, -a, -um, poss. pron. [conn. 
 w. tu, thou], thy, your; tua re- 
 fert, it concerns you, it is of im- 
 portance to you. 
 
 tyrannus, -T, M. [borrowed from 
 the Greek], tyrant. 
 
 U. 
 
 ubi, adv. [= *cubi = ♦quobi, 
 loc. fm. of pron. st. quo-], 1. (of 
 place) WHEre; wuiirever. 2. (of 
 time) whem; ubi primum, as 
 soon as. 
 
 Ubii, -oruni, m., the Ubii (a Ger- 
 man people on the right bank of 
 the Rhine). 
 
 ubivis, adv. [ubT, wiiEre; vis 
 (void), you will], wiiEre you 
 WILL, in any place yfUAtever. 
 
 ullus, -a, -um, adj. (used where 
 a negative is expressed or im- 
 plied) [dim. fr. iino- (st. of Onus), 
 one], (least one, and so) ANy at 
 all, Asy ; subst., an?/ one. 
 
 ulterior, -ius, adj. [comp. of 
 ♦ultcr, on the farther side], farther. 
 Superl. , Gltimus, -a, -um, farthest^ 
 remotest. 
 
 ultimus, -a, -um, supcrL of 
 ulterior, (j. v. 
 
 ultra, adv. and prep. w. ace. 
 [abl. fein. of *rilter, on the farther 
 ifide], beyond. 
 
 ultro, adv. [case fm. of *ulter, 
 
 /* the farther side, used atlv,], to 
 
 'he farther side, beyond ; without 
 
 rging, of one's own motion, volun- 
 
 lurily, spontaneously. 
 
 Umbrenusy -I, M., Umbrenus 
 
 (freedman implicated in Cati- 
 line's conspiracy G3 n.c). 
 
 umerus, -i, m., shoulder. 
 
 uinquam, see unquam. 
 ' una, adv. [abl. feui. of unus, 
 one], in company, together, in 
 common, at the same time. 
 
 undevicesiinus, -a, -um, ord. 
 num. adj. [undevlginti, one from 
 TWENTY or wineTEEN], nine- 
 TEE^ th. 
 
 undique, adv., on all sides, 
 from all parts or quarters. 
 
 uni- versus, -a, -um, adj. [uno- 
 (st. of iinus), one; versus, perf. 
 part, of verto, turn], (all com- 
 bined in one, and so) all together, 
 all in A body. 
 
 uuqnain or umquam, adv. 
 (generally used where a neg. is 
 expressed or implied; cf. quis- 
 quam), ever, at any time. 
 
 Gnus, -a, -um, num. adj., one; 
 A single, a; the same; alO'SE, 
 onZ?/, sole. In pi., (usu.) «Zone; 
 (with substs. pi. in form, but 
 sing, in sense) one. 
 
 urbanus, -a, -um, adj. [urbi- 
 (st. of urbs), city], belonging to 
 the city, in the city. 
 
 urbs, -is, F., city, town. 
 
 urus, -T, M., the ure-ox. 
 
 usura, -ae, f. [base ut- (in 
 utor) use], use, enjoyment. 
 
 Gsus, -us, u. [base ut- (in utor), 
 use], use; advantage; experience, 
 skill, acquaintance; service; occa- 
 sion, need, necessity; ex usu, ex- 
 pedient, advantageous ; ex usO, w. 
 gen., /or the advantage. 
 
 ut or uti, adv. and conj., now; 
 as, in proportion as; ut . . . sio, 
 as . . . so, although . . . yet; (w. 
 perf. Indie.) as soon as, wifeu; 
 (in final clauses) in order that, 
 that; (after verbs of fearing) 
 that not; (In clauses of result) 
 so that, that. 
 
 ut<»r, utra, utriim, intcrrog. and 
 indef. rel. pron. [ - *cut('r r= *quo- 
 ter, coujp. f in. of pron. st. (juo- ; 
 cf. English wiio and whetheu], 
 
306 
 
 uterque 
 
 vero 
 
 1. interrog. v,iiich (of two). 2. 
 inclef. rel., ^,yuichever (of two). 
 
 uterque, utraque, utrumque, 
 iudef. prou. [uter; cf. quisque 
 from quis], each of two, both. 
 
 Utica, -ae, f., Utica (city in 
 uortheni Africa, north of Car- 
 thage). 
 
 utilis, -e, adj. [base ut- (in 
 utor), use'], useful. 
 
 atilitas, -atis, f. [utili- (st. of 
 fitills), useful], usefulness, service- 
 ahleiiess, utility. 
 
 utinam, adv. [uti (w. vowel 
 sliortened) , now; nam, pray], 
 that! would that! 
 
 utor, -1, usus, use, make use of, 
 emjjloy; enjoy. 
 
 utrum, adv. [n. ace. of uter, 
 
 WHIC^, Oftico], W^HETHER. 
 
 uxor, -oris, f., wife. 
 
 V. 
 
 yacatio, -onis, f. [vaca- (st. of 
 vaco), be free], (being free, and 
 so) exemption. 
 
 vaco, -are, -avi, -atum, be empty ; 
 be free from; (of lands) lie un- 
 occupied. 
 
 vacuus, -a, -um, adj. [base 
 vac- (in vaco), be empty], vacant, 
 empty. 
 
 valeo, -ere, -nl, (fut. part.) vali- 
 turus, be strong (physically), be 
 well; have power, be able; (in 
 leave-takiug) farewell; minus 
 valere, not to be strong enough, 
 to be too weak. 
 
 Valerius, see Procillus. • 
 
 vallum, -T, N. [neut. of vallus, 
 stake, used in collective sense], 
 (collection of stakes, and so) 
 wall, rampart (of earth sur- 
 mounted by a palisading of 
 sharpened stakes). 
 
 vanitas, -atis, f. [vano- (st. of 
 vanus), empty], emptiness; van- 
 ity. _ 
 
 Varus, -T, M., Publius Attius 
 Varus (praetor in Africa and ad- 
 herent of Pompey). 
 
 vasto, -are, -avi, -atus [vasto- 
 
 (st. of vastus), unoccupied, waste], 
 lay waste. 
 
 vectigal, -alls, x. [neut. of vectl- 
 galis (w. final -e lost)], (payment 
 for carriage, and so) tax; revenue. 
 
 vectigalis, -e, adj. [conn. w. 
 veho, carry], pertaining to pay- 
 ment for carriage, pertaining to 
 taxes or tribute ; subject to tribute, 
 tnbutary. 
 
 vehementer, adv. [vehemeut- 
 (st. of vehemens), violent, vehe- 
 ment], violently, impetuously; 
 strongly, powerfully, greatly, ex- 
 ceedingly, severely. 
 
 vel, conj. [prob. imperat. of 
 volo, wish, choose], (take your 
 choice, aud so) or, or if you please ; 
 xel . . . vel, either . . . or. 
 
 velociter, adv. [veloci- (st. of 
 velox), swift], swiftly, quickly. 
 
 velox, -ocis, adj., swift. 
 
 venatio, -onis, f. [vena- (st. of 
 venor), hunt], hunting. 
 
 ven-do, -ere, -did!, -ditus (ven- 
 eo, -Ire, -ivi or -ii, -Itiim, is used as 
 the pass.) [venum (ace. of place 
 to which), s«?e; i\6, put], (expose 
 for sale, aud so) sell. 
 
 Veneti, -orum, m., the Veneti 
 (tribe in Celtic Gaul on the coast). 
 
 venio, -Tre, venT, ventura [v'ven-, 
 come], come; in spem venire, 
 to cherish or entertain hope. 
 
 ventus, -1, M., WIND. 
 
 verbum, -i, x. [v'ver-, speak], 
 WORD ; in pi., WORDS, expressions. 
 
 Vereingetorix, -igis, m., Vercin- 
 getorix (prominei)t leader of the 
 Gauls in the time of Caesar). 
 
 vere, adv. [abl. fm. of verus, 
 true], truly, rightly. 
 
 vereor, -eii, -itus [v'ver-, be WAny 
 (through presumed adj.)], fear. 
 
 vergo, -ere, incline, slope, verge. 
 
 vergobretus, -i, M., vergobretus, 
 vergobret (title of the chief magis- 
 trate of the Aedui). 
 
 Veritas, -fitis, f. [vero- (st. of 
 verus), true], truth. 
 
 A^ero, adv. [n. abl. of verus, true], 
 in truth, indeed, verily, pray ; but. 
 
versor 
 
 vinco 
 
 307 
 
 versor, -iirl, -atus [inteus., fr. 
 verso- (st. of perf. part, of verto, 
 tunt)^, busy one's self, occupy one's 
 self, enyaije ; versari in, to be en- 
 compassed by, to expose one's self 
 to. 
 
 versus, -lis, M. [wort-, turn'], 
 (lit., a turning [of the plow], and 
 si>) furroic ; verse. 
 
 verto, -ere, -tl, -sus, turn. 
 
 verum, adv. [n. ace. of verus, 
 true'], (but in truth, and so) but; 
 verum etiain, but also. 
 
 verus, -a, -um, adj., true ; subst., 
 verum, -T, x., the truth. 
 
 veseor, -T, take food, eat, subsist. 
 
 Vesoiitio, -ouis, m., Vesontio 
 (mod. Besan^on, chief town of 
 the Sequani in Celtic Gaul). 
 
 vesper, -eri and -eris,M., evening. 
 
 vester, -tra, -trum, poss. prou. 
 [vos, you], your (pi.). 
 
 vestigium, -il, x. [conn. w. ve- 
 st igo, track, trace], footstep, track; 
 place, spot ; in vestfgio, on the 
 spot, forthwith. 
 
 vestio, -Ire, -TvT or -il, -Ttus 
 [vesti- (St. of vestis), clothing], 
 clothe. 
 
 vestitus, -us, M. [vesti- (st. of 
 vestio), clothe], clothing. 
 
 vetus, -eris, adj., old; of long 
 standing ; veteran ; for- 
 mer. 
 
 vexillum, -T, N., red 
 flag hoi.tted on the gen- 
 eral's tent as a signal for 
 battle; sec Fig. 11, 
 
 via, -ae, f. [Vveh-, move, 
 carry; couu. w. veho, 
 carry], way, highWAY, 
 road, street ; journey, 
 inarch ; distance ; method, 
 
 WAY. ^8' 11- 
 
 viator, -oris, m. [vlfir Vs*"'"""- 
 (st. of vio), travel], traveller. 
 
 VibulIiuB, sec Kufus. 
 
 viceni, -ae, -a, distr. num. adj. 
 fconn. w. viginti, twenty], 
 
 I WKXTY rarh, TWKNTY. 
 
 vieesimuB, -a, -urn, ord. num. 
 a4j. [Viglntl, TWENTY], twknti- 
 
 e 
 
 eth ; vicesimus sextus, twenty- 
 sixth. 
 
 victima, -ae, F. [Vvig-, be strong, 
 w. superl. suft*. (the finest animals 
 being selected for sacrifice)], 
 victim for saciijice, sacrifice. 
 
 victor, -oris, m. [VvIc-, conquer], 
 victor ; used adj., victorious. 
 
 victoria, -ao, f. [victor- (st. of 
 victoi), victor], victory. 
 
 victiis, -a, -uin [perf. part, of 
 vinco, vanquish], vanquishcD; 
 subst. victi, -oruin, m., the van- 
 quishcD. 
 
 victus, -us, M. [Vvigu-, live]., 
 (living, and so) sustenance, food, 
 maintenance ; cousuetudo vic- 
 tus, manner of living, mode of life. 
 
 vicus, -T, M. [Vvic-, settle; of. 
 the ending -wick in English geo- 
 graphical names; as, WarwiCK, 
 BerwiCK], villngc. 
 
 . video, -ere, vTdT, vTsus [Vvid-, see 
 (through presumed adj. st.)], see. 
 In pass., be seen ; seem ; seein good. 
 
 vigeo, -ere [v'vig-, be strong 
 (through presumed adj. st.) ; 
 conn. w. vigil, rtWAKE], be vigor- 
 ous, thrive, be in f tree. 
 
 vigilia, -ae, f. [vigili- (st. of 
 vigil), a wake], ^s \KVfulness ; 
 WATCH (the Komans divided the 
 night, i.e. the interval from sun- 
 set to sunrise, into four equal 
 parts called watches; hence the 
 watch, lil<c the hour, varied in 
 length according to the season); 
 in pi., \s xvvwnun. 
 
 vigilo, -are, -avT, -atus [vigill- 
 
 (St. of vigil), «WAKK], WATCH. 
 
 vlgliiti, indecl. lunn. adj. [vl- 
 (= dvl-), conn. av. duo, two; -gin- 
 represents(de)cem,TKx],T WKXTY. 
 
 vigiuti quattuur, indecl. num. 
 
 adj.. TWKNTV-FOITU. 
 
 vigiiiti quiiique, iudecl. num. 
 
 adj., TWEXTY-FIVK. 
 
 vimeii, -inis, n. [Vvi-, plait\ 
 (tliat wliich is plaited, and so) 
 \iUhe, osier. 
 
 vinco, -ere, vicT, victus [Vvic-, 
 conquer], vanquish, conquer. 
 
308 
 
 viniim 
 
 Xerxes 
 
 vinum, -T, N., wine. 
 
 violo, -are, -ilvT, -fitus [conn. w. 
 VIS, strength, violence], injure, offer 
 vio fence to. 
 
 vir, viri, m ., man ; husband. 
 
 virgo, -in is, f., virgin, maiden. 
 
 virgulta, -orura, n. [virgula- 
 (st. of virgula), twig'], shrubbery, 
 brnshmood. 
 
 virilis, -e, adj. [viro- (st of vir), 
 man], pertaining to a man, manly. 
 
 virtus, -litis, F. [viro- (st. of 
 vir), man], manliness, and so 
 valor, virtue; merit, ability, pre- 
 eminence ; military talent. 
 
 vis, vis; pi. vires, virium, f. 
 strength, power, might, vigor, force ; 
 violence ; vim facere, to use force, 
 to resort to force ; vim et manas 
 inferre, to lay violent hands upo'S. 
 
 vita, -ae, f. [Vvi(gu)-, live], life. 
 
 vitiosus, -a, -urn, adj. [vitio- (st. 
 of vitium), fault], full of faults, 
 faulty, defective; corrupt, vicious. 
 
 vitium, -ii, n. [Vvi-, 2:)lait, 
 (through presumed *vitus)], (a 
 twist, and no) fault; vice. 
 
 vito, -are, -avi, -atus, seek to es- 
 cape, avoid. 
 
 vivo, -ere, vixi, (fut. part.) 
 victurus [\/vi(g)u-, live; cogn. w. 
 Eug. quick], live, be alive ; vitam 
 vivere, to pass one's life. 
 
 vivus, -a, -urn, adj. [Vvi(g)u-, 
 live], alive, living. 
 
 vix, adv., with difficulty, scarcely, 
 barely. 
 
 vocabulum, -T, n. [voca- (st. of 
 voco), call], (that by which a 
 thing is called, and so) name, de- 
 signation ; word. 
 
 voco, -are, -avi, -atus [Vvoc-, 
 speak, call (through presumed 
 adj. St.)], call, summon, convene, 
 invite; call, name. 
 
 Volcanus, -I, m., Vulcan (the 
 fire god) ; fire. 
 
 volo, velle, volui [Vvol-, will], 
 
 wish, desire; be wuA.ing ; sibi 
 velle, to mean; vellem possem, 
 wouL^ that I coidd ! 
 
 voluntas, -atis, f. [volunt-, 
 earlier form of volent- (st. of 
 volens, pres. part, of volo, will)], 
 wiLjJngness, will, wish. 
 
 voluptas, -atis, f. [volupi- (st. 
 seen in adv. volup, agreeably) ; 
 cf. facultas and simultas from 
 sts. faculi-and simuli-], pleasure ; 
 sensual gratification. 
 
 Volusenus, -i, m., Gajus Volu- 
 senus Quadratus (military tribune 
 in Caesar's army). 
 
 voveo, -ere, vovl, votus, vow. 
 
 vox, vocis, f. [s/voc-, speak, 
 call], voice ; speech, utterance, out- 
 cry ; expy^essions. 
 
 vulgo, adv. [abl. of vulgus, the 
 midtitude], commonly, generally, 
 universally. 
 
 vulgus, -T, N. (sometimes m.), 
 the multitude, the common people, 
 the public. 
 
 vulnero, -are, -avi, -atus [vul- 
 nes- (st. of vulnus), wound ; -s- 
 of the stem becomes -r-], wound, 
 inflict wounds. 
 
 vulnus, -eris, N., wound. 
 
 VUltUS, -us, M. [V/VOI-, will], 
 
 (manifestation of will through 
 the countenance, and so) counte- 
 nance, visage, aspect. 
 
 X, as an abbreviation, decern, 
 
 TEX. 
 
 Xeno-phon, -ontis, M., Xeno- 
 phon (Athenian historian and 
 general, also disciple of Socrates ; 
 lived about 445-356 u.c.). 
 
 Xerxes, -is, m., Xerxes (son of 
 Darius Ilystaspes and king of 
 Persia; made an unsuccessful in- 
 vasion of Greece ; his land forces 
 were defeated at Thermopylae 
 and his fleet at Salamis 480 B.C.). 
 
II. English-Latin Vocabulary. 
 
 Note.— The numeral placed at the right of a verb designates the conjugation to 
 which the verb belongs. The dash (— ) is used to represent the leading word ; thus 
 (under * able ') * be — ' is to be read ' be able.' 
 
 a, usu. not translated; unus, 
 -a, -Mm, adj. ; quidam, qiiaedam, 
 quoddam. 
 
 abandon, desisto ^ (w. abl.). 
 
 abide, sto.^ 
 
 able, be — : possvmi; (= be 
 strong enough) valeo.^ 
 
 about, de, prep. w. abl. ; w. nu- 
 merals : ad, prep. w. ace. ; circi- 
 ter, adv. 
 
 absent, be — , absum. 
 
 absurd, Inscltus, -a, -urn, adj. 
 
 abundance, cbpia, -ae, F. ; fa- 
 cultda, -dtis, f. ; in — , abunde, 
 adv. 
 
 abuse, abutor^ (w. abl.). 
 
 acceptable, grdtiis, -a, -urn, 
 adj. ; acceptiis, -a, -um, p. a. ; a 
 thing — , (jrdtum, n. adj. used 
 subst. 
 
 access, aditus, -us, m. ; gain — , 
 adeo.* 
 
 accomplish, cdnfirio* ; efficid.^ 
 
 accordingly, ifjitur, conj. (usu. 
 placed after the first word). 
 
 according, — to, sign of abl. ; 
 ad, prep, w, ace. 
 
 account, on — of: propter, 
 prep. w. !icc, ; ob, prep. w. ace. ; 
 call to — , accusoA 
 
 acquire, adipiscor, -I, adeptus. 
 
 across, trans, prep. w. ace. 
 
 act, 1. subst, factum, -i, n. 2. 
 \h.,facio.^ 
 
 action, manus, -us, v. 
 
 Adamastus, Adamastus, -t, M. 
 
 address, ordtio, -onis, F. 
 
 adequate, less — , minor, -its, 
 
 }■ 
 
 n(l]nrcnt,finitimus,-a, -um, adj. 
 
 a<l minister, administro} 
 
 admonish, moneo? 
 
 admonition, to give this — 
 above all others, id unum monere 
 (w. ace. pers.). 
 
 adopt, capio^; (= make use 
 of) utor'^'(\y. abl.)- 
 
 advance, prdcMo^ ; (against 
 the enemy) signafero ; send in — , 
 praemitto.^ 
 
 advantage, commodum, -i, N. 
 
 advantageous, utilis, -e, adj. 
 
 adversary, adversdrius, -u, m. 
 
 adverse, adversus, -a, -um, p. a. 
 
 Aeduan, Aediius, -i, m. 
 
 Aeduans or Aedui, Acdul, 
 -drum, M. 
 
 affair, res, gen. m (m, re), f. 
 
 affect, moved :^ 
 
 afford, do. 
 
 after, post, prep. w. ace. ; post, 
 adv. 
 
 again, rursus, adv.; (= the 
 same) idem, eadem, idem, demonstr. 
 pron. ; — and — : etiam atque 
 etiam ; saepenumerd. 
 
 against, contra, prep. w. ace. ; 
 in, prep. w. ace. ; (as translation 
 of ob- or in-) sign of dat. 
 
 age, old — , senectus, -utis, v. 
 
 Agesilaus, Agesildns, -t, m. 
 
 ago, long — , jampridem, adv. 
 
 agreeable, grdtus, -a, -um, adj. 
 
 aid, auxilium, -u, n. 
 
 alarm, 1. subst., timor, -oris, m. 
 2. \b., commoved^ ; permoved'^ ; in 
 — , commdtus, -a, -um, perf . part. 
 
 Alcibia<1e8, Alcibiades, -is, m. 
 
 all, (without exception) omnis, 
 -e, adj. ; (when the object Is 
 viewed as a whole) tdtus, -a, -um, 
 a<lj. : at — , omnhid, adv. 
 
 ali4>gian<Ms ajficium, -li, N. 
 
 Allobroges, AUobroges, -um, M. 
 
310 
 
 allow 
 
 art 
 
 allow, patior.^ 
 
 ally, socius, -u, m. 
 
 almostf paene, adv. 
 
 also, etiam, conj.; (= and) et, 
 conj.; (= likewise) item, adv.; 
 {— the same) idem, eadem, idem, 
 demonstr. pron. ; but — : sed 
 etiam; et. 
 
 although, quamquam, conj. (vv. 
 indie.) ; cum, conj. (w. subj.) ; 
 tametsi (w. indie, and subj. like 
 si) ; sign of abl. abs. 
 
 altogether, (= enough) satis, 
 adv. 
 
 always, semper, adv.' 
 
 amass, comparo} 
 
 ambassador, legdtus, -i, m. 
 
 amity, amidtia, -ae, r. 
 
 among, apud, prep. w. ace; 
 inter, prep. w. ace. ; in, prep. w. 
 abl. ; — themselves, inter se. 
 
 ancestors, mdjores, -urn, m. 
 
 anchor, ancora, -ae, r. 
 
 ancientf pristinus, -a, -um, adj. 
 
 and, et, conj. (connects expres- 
 sions that are viewed independ- 
 ently of each other) ; -que, conj. 
 (connects closely) ; (= and also, 
 and to, with emphasis on the 
 second member) atque (before 
 vowels or consonants), dc (before 
 consonants only), conj.; — not, 
 neque, nee, conj. 
 
 anger, in — , irdtus, -a, -um, p. a. 
 
 angry, irdtus, -a, -um, p. a. 
 
 animal, animal, -dlis, n. 
 
 announce, nuntib} 
 
 annoying, molestus, -a, -um, adj . 
 
 another, alius, alia, aliud, adj. 
 and subst. ; — (of two), alter, 
 ■era, -erum, adj. and subst. ; one 
 — , alius . . . alius ; atone — , inter 
 se ; from one — , inter se ; at one 
 time ... at another, alias . . . alias. 
 
 answer, 1. vb., responded'^ (w. 
 dat. pers.). 2. ^uhai., responsum, 
 -I, N. ; make — , responded? 
 
 anxiety, cura, -ae, f. 
 
 any, (in neg. and conditional 
 sentences and interrog. sentences 
 implying a neg.) ullus, -a, -um, 
 indef. adj. ; (after si or ne) qui, qua 
 
 or quae, quod, indef. adj.; (= 
 some) aliqui, aliqua, aliquod,ind(iL 
 adj. ; — whatever, quivls, quaevls, 
 quodvis, indef. adj. 
 
 anybody, any one, (in neg. and 
 conditional sentences and in in- 
 terrog. sentences implying a nega- 
 tive) quisquam, indef. pron., also 
 ullus (used subst.) ; (after si or 
 ne) quis, indef. pron. 
 
 any thing, quicquam or quid- 
 quam ; (after si or ne) quid. 
 
 apart, keep — , distineo.^ 
 
 apiece, sign of distr. num. ; in 
 singulos. 
 
 apply, adhibeo.^ 
 
 appoint, creo.^ 
 
 apprehension, metus, -lis, M. 
 
 approach, 1. subst., adventus, 
 -us, M. 2. vb., appropinquo^ (w. 
 dat. or ad w. ace). 
 
 approve, jjro&o.i 
 
 approver, approhdtor, -oris., m. 
 
 April, of — , Aprilis, -e, adj. 
 
 Aquitania, Aquitdnia, -ae, f. 
 
 Aquitanian, Aquitdnus, -a, -um, 
 adj. 
 
 Aquitanians, Aquitdni, -drum, 
 
 M. 
 
 Arar, Arar, -arts, m. 
 
 archer, Sagittarius, -il, m. 
 
 Archias, Archids, -ae, m. 
 
 ardently, — desire, exopto.^ 
 
 Ariovistus, Anovistus, -i, m. 
 
 arise, orior^ (w. some fms. of 
 the 3d conjugation) ; (= arise to- 
 gether) co'orior.^ 
 
 arm, armo.^ 
 
 armor, armdtura, -ae, v. 
 
 arms, arma., -drum, n. ; in—, 
 armdtus, -a, -um, p. a. 
 
 army, exercitus, -us, m. (generic 
 term) ; agmen, -inis, n. (on the 
 march) ; acies, gen. -e and -ei, f. 
 (in order of battle). 
 
 arouse, incitb.^ 
 
 arrival, adventus, -us, m. 
 
 arrive, pervenib * ; to — ■ at, 
 pervenire ad. 
 
 arrogance, adrogantia, -ae, f. 
 
 art, ars, artis, F. ; (= work) 
 opus, -eris, N. 
 
Arvenii 
 
 because 
 
 311 
 
 Arverni, Arverni, -drum, m. 
 
 as, nt or iiti, adv. ; quemadmo- 
 dwm, adv. ; (= that which) id 
 quod; (= inasmuch as) quoniam, 
 conj.; (= since) cum (\v. subj.)j 
 couj.; just — , slcuty adv; — fol^ 
 lows, sic, adv. ; — soon — , ubt 
 primum, »imul atque; — not (in 
 clauses of result) qui non or ut 
 non ; — usual, ex consuetudine ; 
 so ... as, tarn . . . quam ; to re- 
 gard — , habere pro (w. abl.) ; to 
 serve — , esse w. dat. ; — to (= 
 concerning) de. 
 
 ascend, adscendo.^ 
 
 ascent, adscensus, -us, M. 
 
 ascertain, cognoscu.^ 
 
 ashamed, I am — , me pudet 
 (w. gen.). 
 
 aside, lay or put — , depono.^ 
 
 asli, rogo^ (w. two aces.); 
 quaero^ (w. ace. th., and abl. pers. 
 w. ex or e, ah or a, or de) ; ask, — 
 for, peto^ (w. ace. th., and abl. 
 pers. w. ah or a). 
 
 assault, 1. subst., impetus, -us, 
 M. 2. vb., oppugno ^ ; take by — , 
 expHgno.^ 
 
 assemble, 1. tr., convoco} 2. 
 intr., convenio* 
 
 assembly, concilium, -ii, n. 
 
 assent, to — to, approhdtor 
 esse (w. gen.). 
 
 assert, dlco.^ 
 
 assign, attrihuo.^ 
 
 assistance, auxilium, -n, N. 
 
 associate, socius, -fi, m. 
 
 assume, sif/i sumo^^ 
 
 asunder, keep — , distineo.^ 
 
 at, (= in) in, prep. w. abl.; [ar- 
 rive] at, ad, prep. w. ace; (= at 
 the house of) apud, prep. w. ace. 
 
 Athenian, Atheniensis, -e, adj. ; 
 also used subst. 
 
 Athens, Athenae, -drum^ v. 
 
 attach, adjungo^ (w. ace. and 
 dat.). 
 
 attachment, sttidium, -ti, n. 
 
 attack, 1. subst., impetus, -Us, 
 M. ; congressus, -Us, M. 2. vb., 
 (— thrust at, rush at, aim at) 
 peto*; (= provoke, challenge to 
 
 combat, irritate) lacessd^ ; ( ^ 
 approach with hostile intention) 
 
 attempt, tento'^ or tempto^ ; 
 Conor} 
 
 attention, call one's — to (= 
 remind forcibly), commonefario.^ 
 
 audacity, auddcia, -ae, f. 
 
 augment, augeo.'^ 
 
 authority, auctoritds, -dtis, f. ; 
 (= right) jus, juris^ n. ; sover- 
 eign — , regnum; supreme — , 
 imperium, -ii, n. ; to be in — 
 over, obtinere (w, ace). 
 
 Autronius, Autrdtiius, -ft, m. 
 
 auxiliaries, auxilia, -orum, N. ; 
 dldrii, -drum, m. 
 
 avail, valed.^ 
 
 avert, depelld.^ 
 
 avoid, vito.^ 
 
 await, exspecto.^ 
 
 award, tnbuo.^ 
 
 a^vare, be — ; of, sentio * ; scid} 
 
 away, — from, ab (before vow- 
 els and some consonants), a (be- 
 fore consonants only). 
 
 Axona, Axona, -ae, m. 
 
 B. 
 
 bad, (morally) improhus, -a, 
 -um, adj. 
 
 back, re(d)-. 
 
 badge, insigne, -is, n. 
 
 baggage, impedimenta, -drum, x. 
 
 band, manus, -us, ¥. 
 
 banishment, exsilium, -ii, N. 
 
 bank, (of a river) rlpa, ,-ae, f. 
 
 barbarian, barbarus, -i, M. 
 
 barely, vix, adv. 
 
 baiylcade, obstrud* (w. ace). 
 
 base, turpis, -e, adj. 
 
 battle, proelium, -ii, n. ; carry 
 on — , pugnd} 
 
 be, sum ; — in, insum (w. dat.); 
 — away, ahsum. 
 
 beak, rostrum, -l, n. 
 
 beat, pelld.^ 
 
 hv,ii\kt\t\i\ypulcher,-chra,-chrumf 
 adj. 
 
 beauty, /orwuj, -ae, v. 
 
 because, quod (w. Indic); cum 
 (w. subj.). 
 
312 
 
 become 
 
 burn 
 
 become, fid ; — firmly estab- 
 lished, inveterdsco, -ere, -dvi. 
 
 becoming, it is — , decet,^ im- 
 pers. 
 
 beech, fdgus, -i, f. 
 
 before, ante, prep. w. ace. ; 
 antequam, priusquam, coiij.; (= 
 preceding) superior, -ius, adj. 
 conip.; (= already) jam, adv.; 
 (= near) apud, prep. w. ace. ; (= 
 np to) ad, prep. w. ace. ; — one's 
 time, immdturus, -a, -um, adj.; 
 on the day — , pridie, adv.; to 
 lay the matter — , referre ad 
 (w. ace). 
 
 beg, peto^ (w. ah or a and abl. 
 pers.). 
 
 began, coepi, def. 
 
 begin, (= make a beginning) 
 initium facio^ ; (= enter) ineo^ 
 (w. ace.) ; — at (= rise from) 
 orior"^ (w. ah and abl.) ; to — bat- 
 tle, proelium committere. 
 
 beginning, ■initium, -ii, n. 
 
 behalf, in — of, pro, prep. w. abl. 
 
 behavior, (= thing) res, f. 
 
 behind, leave — , relinquo.^ 
 
 Belgians, Belgae, -drum, m. 
 
 believe, credo^ (w. dat. pers.) ; 
 (= judge) judico} 
 
 Bellovaci, Bellovacl, -drum, m. 
 
 belonging, — to the to^vn, 
 oppiddnus, -a, -um, adj. 
 
 bench, suhsellium, -ii, n. • 
 
 benefit, heneflcium, -ii, n. 
 
 beseech, peto^ (w. ace. th., and 
 abl. pers. w. ah or a). 
 
 best, optimus, -a, -um, adj. (su- 
 perl. of honus). 
 
 bestow, do. 
 
 betake, to — one's self, se con- 
 ferre. 
 
 betoken, designo.^ 
 
 betray, (= surrender treacher- 
 ously) prodo^ ; {— point out) indi- 
 cd.^ 
 
 better, it is — , praestat, impers. 
 
 between, inter, prep. w. ace; 
 (— in) in, prep. w. abl. 
 
 bewail, miseror.^ 
 
 beyond, extra, prep. w. ace; 
 supra, prep. w. ace. 
 
 bidding, at the — , jussu (in 
 abl. only). 
 
 bitter, — experience, acerhitds, 
 -dtis, F. 
 
 blockade, ohsideo.'^ 
 
 blood, sanguis, -inis, m. 
 
 bloodshed, clddes, -is, f. 
 
 boast, gldrior^ ; make a — of, 
 glorior^ (w. abl.) ; to make the 
 same — , idem gloridri. 
 
 body, corpus, -oris, n. 
 
 boldly,aMd'ac^er,adv. ; more — , 
 auddcius, adv. comp. 
 
 boldness, auddcia, -ae, f. ; with 
 — ,auddcter, adv. ; with the great- 
 est — , superl. of auddcter. 
 
 book, liber, -hri, m. 
 
 booty, praeda, -ae, f. 
 
 bordering, — on, finitimus, -a, 
 -um, adj. 
 
 born, be — , ndscor.^ 
 
 both, (= each of two) uterque, 
 utraque, utrumque, pron. ; both . . . 
 and, et . . . et. 
 
 bound, contineo? 
 
 boy, puer, -eri, m. 
 
 branches, light — , virgulta, 
 -drum, N. 
 
 hrave, fortis, -e, adj. 
 
 breadth, Idtitudd, -inis, f. 
 
 break, {= throw into disorder) 
 perturhd ^ ; — through, perfrin- 
 gd^ ; — through (= burst through) 
 perrumpd ^ ; — into, irrumpd ^ 
 (w. ace). 
 
 bribe, largior.*^ 
 
 bridge, pdns, pontis, m. 
 
 bring, adferd ; (= lead to) ad- 
 ducd ^ ; {= lead across) trdducd ^ ; 
 — back, reducd? 
 
 Britain, Britannia, -ae, f. 
 
 Britons, Britanni, -drum, m. 
 
 broad, Idtus, -a, -um, adj. 
 
 brother, frdter, -tris, m. 
 
 Brundisium, Brundisium,-ii, N. 
 
 Brutus, Brutus, -i, M. 
 
 build, aedificd ^ ; — up, exstrud.^ 
 
 building, aedificium, -ii, N. 
 
 bulk, great — , mdgnitudo, 
 -inis, F. 
 
 burn, exurd, -ere, -ussi, -ustus; 
 cremd,^ Ignl cremd} 
 
burst 
 
 circuit 
 
 313 
 
 burst, — into view, erumpo ^ ; 
 
 — through, perrumpo.^ 
 business, negotium, -li, N. ; 
 
 (= care) cura, -ae, f. 
 
 but, sed, conj.; (somewhat 
 stronger than sed) verum ; (intro- 
 ducing with emphasis a new 
 thought, e.g. a supposed objec- 
 tion) at; (= indeed) vera, adv.; 
 (= unless) nisiy conj. ; (= in all, 
 altogether) omnino, adv. ; {= ex- 
 cept) praeter, prep. w. ace; (= 
 onl}') modo, adv.; nothing — , 
 nihil nisi; no one — , nemo nisi; 
 but also or even : sed or verum 
 etiam ; (correlating with et) et. 
 
 butcher, jugulo.^ 
 
 buy, emo^ ; — up, co^mo.^ 
 
 by, (denoting agency) ab (be- 
 fore vowels and some consonants), 
 a (before consonants only) ; (de- 
 noting means) sign of abl. ; (= 
 through) per, prep. w. ace. 
 
 C. 
 
 Caesar, Caesar, -aris, m. 
 
 Caeparius, Caepdrius, -it, m. 
 
 call, (= name) appello ' ; (= 
 call together) convoco ^ ; — one's 
 attention to (= remind forcibly), 
 comma nef acid ^ ; — to mind, (for 
 the purpose of reflecting on), 
 recordor ^ (usu. w. ace.) ; — to 
 account, accuso.^ 
 
 calm, tranquillus, -a, -urn, adj. 
 
 camp, castra, -drum, N. 
 
 can, possum; (= may) licet,^ 
 impors. (w. dat.). 
 
 capital, capitdlis, -e, adj. 
 
 capitol, capitoHum, -it, N. 
 
 Cappadoclan, Cappadoz, -ocis, 
 
 M. 
 
 captive, captivus, -t, m. 
 Capua, Capua, -ae^ v. 
 care, cura, -ae, v.; take — , 
 curo.^ 
 carry, potto ^ ; — on, gero^ ; 
 
 — off (= lead away), abdOco,^ de- 
 dUeo* ; — on battle,pu(7«o^ ; to — 
 on war against, helium inferre 
 (w. dat.) ; to — one's arms into, 
 arma Inferre (w. dat.). 
 
 Carthage, Carthago, -inis, f. 
 
 Carthaginians, Poeni,-drum, m. 
 
 case, in the — of, in, prep. w. 
 abl. 
 
 Cassandra, Cassandra, -ae, f. 
 
 Cassius, Cassius, -n, m. ; -with 
 — , Cassidnus, -a, -um, adj. 
 
 cast, mitto^ ; — do>vn, demitto.^ 
 
 Casticus, Casticns, -7, m. 
 
 catch, — sight of, conspicio.^ 
 
 Catiline, CatHma, -ae, u. 
 
 Cato, Cato, -onis, m. 
 
 Caturiges, Caturiges, -um, m. 
 
 cattle, pecus, -oris, x. 
 
 cause, 1. subst., causa, -ae, f. 
 2. \h.,facio^; efficio.^ 
 
 cavalry, 1. subst,, equitdtus, -us, 
 M. ; equites, -um, m. (pi. of eques, 
 horseman). 2. adj., equester, -tris, 
 -trc, adj. 
 
 cease, desisto ^ ; finem^facio.^ 
 
 Celts (Kelts), Celtae, -drum, >r. 
 
 centurion, centurio, -onis, m. 
 
 Ceraunus, Ceraunus, -I, m. 
 
 certain, a — , a — man, quidam, 
 quaedam, quoddam and (subst.) 
 quiddam. 
 
 Cethegus, Cethegus, -1, m. 
 
 change, — the direction of, 
 converto.^ 
 
 chariot-man (i.e. one who 
 fights from a chariot), esseddrius, 
 -ii, M. 
 
 charioteer, auriga, -ae, M. 
 
 cheap, vilis, -e, adj. 
 
 cheese, cdseus, -i, m. 
 
 cherish, — the memory of, 
 memini, def . ; — hatred, ocZl, def. 
 
 chief, 1. subst., prtnceps, -ipis, 
 M. 2. adj., mdximus, -a, -um, adj. 
 (supcrl. of mdgnus). 
 
 chiefly, plerumque, adv. 
 
 child, puer, -eri, m. 
 
 children (in general) puerl, 
 -drum, M.; (with reference to 
 their parents) llberi, -drum, m. 
 
 choose, — rather, mdlo. 
 
 Cicero, Cicero, -onis, M. 
 
 Clmbri, Cimbri, -drum, M. 
 
 Cimon, Clmdn, -dnis, m. 
 
 Cingetorlx, Cingetorix, -igis, M. 
 
 circuit, circuitus, -us, M. 
 
314 
 
 circuitous 
 
 consume 
 
 circuitous, by a — patli, f)i 
 
 vircuitu. 
 
 citizen, civis, -is, c. 
 
 city, urhs, -is, v. ; in the — (= 
 belonging to the city), urhdnus, 
 -a, -urn, adj. 
 
 civil, civilis, -e, adj. 
 
 claim, have a — , oportet,^ im- 
 pers. (w. ace. and infin.) ; lay — 
 to, repeto.^ 
 
 class, genus, -eris, n. 
 
 Claudius, Claudius, -ii, m. 
 
 clear, (= make vacant) vacue- 
 facio^ ,' make — , exp)ldnd^ ; it is 
 altogether — , satis constat, im- 
 pers. 
 
 climb, adscendo.^ 
 
 Clodia, Clodia, -ae, r. 
 
 close, at — quarters, commi- 
 nus, adv. 
 
 clothe, vestio.^ 
 
 clothing, vestitus, -us, m. 
 
 coast, ora, -ae, r. ; sea — , ora 
 maHtima. 
 
 cohort, coTiors, -tis, r. 
 
 collect, co^o^; conligo^ ; com- 
 paro} 
 
 come, venio^ ; (== arrive) per- 
 venio* ; — upon, occurro^ (w. 
 dat.) ; — out, egredior^ ; — back, 
 redeo^ ; to — oiff, se inde redpere ; 
 to — up to, accedere ad (w. ace.) ; 
 to — up withf venire ad (w. ace). 
 
 command, 1. subst., mandd- 
 tum, -I, N. ; (military) imperimn, 
 -II, N. 2. vb., impero'^ ; be in — 
 of, praesum (w. dat.) ; place in 
 — of, praeficio^ (w. ace. pers. and 
 dat. th.). 
 
 commander, imperdtor, -oris, m. 
 
 commend, {= praise) laudo.^ 
 
 commit, (of an injury) facio^; 
 (of crime) admitto'^ ; (= intrust) : 
 permitto^ (w. ace. and dat.) ; com- 
 mendfA (w. ace. and dat.). 
 
 common, communis, -e, adj. 
 
 commonwealth, res puhlica, 
 rei puhlicae, v. 
 
 community, civitds, -dtis, f. 
 
 company, concilium, -ii, n. 
 
 compare, comparo'^ (w. ace, 
 and dat. or cum w. abl.). 
 
 compassion, have — on, mi- 
 
 sereor'^ (w. gen.). 
 
 compel, cogo.^ 
 
 comrade, comes, -itis, c. 
 
 concerns, it — , interest, impers. 
 
 concerning, de, prep. w. abl. 
 
 condemn, damno^ (w. gen. of 
 charge or penalty) ; condemno i 
 (w. gen. of charge or penalty) ; 
 7nuUo 1 (w. ace. and abl.) ; to — 
 to death, capitis damndre. 
 
 condition, (= thing) res, ¥. 
 
 conduct, (= manage) gero^ ; 
 
 — across, trdduco.^ 
 confer, ago.^ 
 
 conference, conloquium, -ii, n. ; 
 have a — , conloquor.^ 
 
 confidence, Jides, -el {-ei, -e), f. 
 
 confident, — expectation, ft- 
 ducia, -ae, r. 
 
 confines, fines, -ium, m. (pi. of 
 finis) . 
 
 conflagration, incendium, -ii, n^ 
 
 confusion, tumultus, -us, m. 
 
 conquer, vinco.^ 
 
 conqueror, come off — , supje- 
 rior discedo.^ 
 
 conscious, conscius, -a, -um, 
 adj. (w. gen, th. ; w. or without 
 dat. pers.). 
 
 conscript, conscriptus, -a,-um, 
 p. a. 
 
 consent, withhold — (= [be] 
 unwilling), invitus, -a, -um, adj. 
 
 consider, (= hold, regard) 
 haheo^ (w. two aces, in act.) ; (= 
 ponder) reputo.^ 
 
 consign, mando ^ (w. ace. and 
 dat.). 
 
 consist, — in, sum (w. in antl 
 abl.). 
 
 conspiracy, conjUrdtio, -bnis, v. 
 
 conspire, consentio.^ 
 
 constitution, jUs, juris, n. 
 
 constrain, cogo.^ 
 
 consul, consul, -is, m. 
 
 consulship, in the — of, consul 
 (abl. abs. w. name of pers.). 
 
 consult, consulo ^ (w. ace.) ; 
 
 — for, — the interests of, con- 
 sulo'^ (w. dat.). 
 
 consume (by lire), cremo.^ 
 
contempt 
 
 deliberate 
 
 315 
 
 contempt, contemptus, -us, m. 
 
 contend, contendo^ (w. cum 
 and abl.) ; certo^ (w. cum and <fl3l.). 
 
 contentedly, aequo animo. 
 
 contention, contentid, -onis, v. 
 
 continue, maned:^ 
 
 contradictory, contrdrius, -a, 
 -urn, adj. 
 
 contribute, confero. 
 
 control, (supreme) imperium, 
 
 -U, N. 
 
 convene, (= call) voco.^ 
 
 convey, (in a body) comporto^ ; 
 — across, trdduco? 
 
 convict, convinco, -ere, -vlci, 
 -vlctus (w. gen. of the crime). 
 
 convince, persuaded '^ (w. dat. 
 pers.). 
 
 Corinth, Corinthus, -l, f. 
 
 corner, angulus, -I, m. 
 
 Cotta, Cotta, -ae, M. 
 
 council, concilium, -ii, N. 
 
 country, (= native country) 
 patria, -ae, F. ; (= land) ager, -gri, 
 M. ; (= territories) fuies, -ium, m. 
 (pi, of finis) ; (opp. city) rus, 
 ruris, N. ; (= commonwealth) res 
 publica, rei publicae; native — , 
 pntria, -ae, f. ; — districts, agrl, 
 -drum, M. (pi. of ager) ; in the — , 
 run (loc). 
 
 countrymjsn, cl,ves, -ium (pi. of 
 clvis) ; r'lvitds, -dtis, F. 
 
 courage, animus, -i, M. ; full of 
 — , animdsus, -a, -urn, adj. 
 
 course, (= plans, mea.sures, pro- 
 ceedings) cdnsilia, -drum, n. (pi. 
 of cdnsilium) ; shameless — , 
 auddcia, -ae, f. 
 
 cover, tegd.^ 
 
 covetous, appetens^ -entis, p. a. 
 (w. gen.). 
 
 cowardice, timor, dris, M. 
 
 craft, ratio, -dnis, v. 
 
 C'rassus, Crassus, -i, M. 
 
 creature, living — , animal, 
 -dlis, N. 
 
 C'rete, Creta, -cw, F. 
 
 cre\»', that — , isli, -drum, m. 
 
 crime, srclu» -erin, n. ; (= dar- 
 ing, lawless crime)/art;/M/», -oris,s. 
 
 criticize, (adversely) accOsd.^ 
 
 cross, trdnsed.^ 
 
 crown, (as, with glory) ^onoro.^ 
 
 cruel, crudeUs, -e, adj. 
 
 crush, (= break in pieces) 
 frangd ; (= overpower) opprimd? 
 
 custody, custddia, -ae, v. 
 
 custom, mds, mdris, m. 
 
 cut, — off, excipid'^ ; — off, 
 (from supplies) prohihtd'^ (w. ace. 
 and abl.). 
 
 Cyrus, Cyrus, -i, m. 
 
 D. 
 
 daily, cottididnns, -a, -?t»i, adj. 
 
 damage, iioced- (w. dat.). 
 
 danger, perlculum, -I, n. 
 
 dangerous, pe/7C?<iosMS, -a, -um, 
 adj. 
 
 dare, auded.^ 
 
 dart, telum, -7, N. 
 
 daughter, ^/7/iV(, -ae, v. 
 
 day, dies, gen. -Fi {-n, -e), M. 
 (sometimes f. in sing.) ; on the 
 — before, on the preceding — , 
 pridie, adv. 
 
 dear, cdrus, -a, -um, adj. ; how 
 — , quantl (gen. of indef. value). 
 
 death, mors, mortis, v. ; (as a 
 penalty for crime) caput, -itis, x. ; 
 put to — , need ^ ; to condemn to 
 — , capitis damndre. 
 
 deceive, falld.^ 
 
 decide, cdnstitud.^ 
 
 Decii, Dorfi^ -drum, m. 
 
 decision, judicium,, -u, N. 
 
 declare, decldrd * ; prdniintid ^ ; 
 (= set forth) prdpdnd'^ ; (of war) 
 indlcd.^ 
 
 decline, (= be unwilling) ndld. 
 
 decree, censed.'^ 
 
 deem, ;Mr?ico * (w. two aces, in 
 act.). 
 
 deep, alius, -a, -um, p. a. 
 
 <leeply, — move, pennoved.^ 
 
 defeat, 1. subst., adversum 
 proclium. 2. vb., superd} 
 
 <l<'fend, defcndd.^ 
 
 ilefence, praesidium,. -il, n. ; 
 means of — , remcdinm, -u, s. 
 
 <Iollan<'e, set at — , ncghgd.^ 
 
 delay, moror} 
 
 deliberate, deliherd.^ 
 
316 
 
 deliver 
 
 dispatch 
 
 deliver, (of an address) ha- 
 6eo.2 
 
 demand, ^osco ^ ; (= claim, de- 
 mand as a right) postnio ^ (w. ace. 
 til., and abl. pers. w. ab, a) ; (= 
 command, order) impero^ (w. 
 ace. til. and dat. pers.). 
 
 Demaratus, Demardtus, -i, m. 
 
 denarius, denarius, -n, m. 
 
 dense, densiis, -a, -urn, adj. 
 
 deny, nego} 
 
 depart, exed^ ; decedo^; sece- 
 do 3 ; (= set out) proficiscor '^ ; — 
 to ^oin, projiciscor^ in (w. ace). 
 
 departure, |)ro/ec^<o, -onis, F. 
 
 depredation, maleficium, -u, 
 N. ; injuria, -ae, f, 
 
 deprive, (= wrest from) erijno ^ 
 (w. ace. th. and dat. pers.). 
 
 descend, (of birth) orior^ 
 
 description, (= kind) genus, 
 -eris, N. 
 
 desert, (= be wanting, fail) 
 desum. 
 
 deserter, perfuga, -ae, m. 
 
 deserve, mereor^ ; to — well 
 of, mereri de. 
 
 design, consilium, -li, n. 
 
 desire, 1 . subst., voluntas, -dtis, 
 F. 2. vb., (of voluntary desire, 
 i.e. desire prompted by the will) 
 void; (of involuntary desire, ie. 
 natural inclination) cupio^; — 
 ardently, exopto.^ " 
 
 desirous, studiosus,-a, -um, adj. 
 (w. gen.). 
 
 desperately, {= sharply, vig- 
 orously) dcriter, adv. 
 
 despise, despicio.^ 
 
 destitute, nudus, -a, -um, adj. 
 (w. abl.). 
 
 destroy, (= annihilate) deled ^ ; 
 (= squander, ruin) perdo ^ {pereo 
 is used for the pass.) ; (= break 
 through) perfringo^; (= cut 
 down, e.g. a bridge) interscindo, 
 -ere, -scidi, -scissns. 
 
 destruction, pernicies, gen., -ii, 
 -ies or -ie, v. ; (= downfall) obitus, 
 -us, M. 
 
 destructive, pernicidsus, -a, -um, 
 adj. 
 
 detail, in — , singuldtim, adv. 
 
 deter, deterred ^ ; to — from, 
 detffrrere quominus (w. subj.). 
 
 determine, (= fix, establish) 
 constitud.^ 
 
 devote, — one's self, servio * 
 (w. dat.). 
 
 devoted, — to, diligens, -entis, 
 adj. (w. gen.). 
 
 devotion, studium, -ii, N. 
 
 dictates, praescriptum, -i, N. 
 
 die, morior, mori (inoriri), mor- 
 tuus ; emorior. 
 
 diiTer, differo, differre (the 
 meaning differ appears to be con- 
 fined to the pres. system) ; to — 
 from one another, inter se dif- 
 ferre. 
 
 difficult, difflcilis, -e, adj. 
 
 difficulty, with — , aegj^e adv.; 
 (= scarcely) vix; with the ut- 
 most — , aegerrime, adv. (superl. 
 of aegre) . 
 
 difficulties, angiistiae,-drum, f. 
 
 digest, digero, -ere, -gessi, -ges- 
 tus. 
 
 dignity, priestly — , sacerdo- 
 tium, -ii, N. 
 
 diligence, diligentia, -ae, f. 
 
 diminutive, — stature, brevi- 
 tds, -dtis, F. 
 
 Dionysius, Dionysius, -n, m. 
 
 direct, (= order) impero^ (w. 
 dat.). 
 
 direction, (— part) pars, partis, 
 F. ; {= supreme control) imperi- 
 um, -li, N. ; change the — of, 
 converto.^ 
 
 disaffection, aliendtid, -onis, v. 
 
 disagreementyrZiSsensio, -onis, v. 
 
 disapprove, reprehendo.^ 
 
 disaster, calamitds, -dtis, f. 
 
 discharge, /w u<7or ^ (w. abl.). 
 
 discipline, disciplina, -ae, f. 
 
 discuss, dissero^ (w. de and 
 abl.) ; ago ^ (w. de and abl. th., 
 and ciim w. abl. pers.). 
 
 dish, sacrificial — , patera, -ae, 
 
 F. 
 
 dismiss, dimittd^ ; {= lay aside) 
 depono.^ 
 
 dispatch, mitto.^ 
 
display 
 
 eighty 
 
 317 
 
 display, ostendo.^ 
 
 dispose, — of (= sell) , vendo * 
 (veiled is used as the pass.). 
 
 disposed, cupidiis, -a, -nm, adj. 
 (w. gen.); favorably — , amicus, 
 -a,-vm,a(\}. ; be not disposed, 7?o/o. 
 
 disposition, animus, -i, m. ; fa- 
 vorable — , voluntas, -dtis,F. 
 
 dispute, contrOversia, -ae, f. 
 
 disquiet, per^wrfto ^ ;commoved.- 
 
 disquieting, molestus, -a, -urn, 
 adj. 
 
 disregard, neglego^ ; (= de- 
 spise) contemno, -ere, -tempsi, 
 -tempUts. 
 
 dissatisfied, I am — , me paeni- 
 tet, impers. (w. gen.). 
 
 dissension, dissensio, -onis, F. 
 
 distance, intervdllum, -i, N.; 
 to a — , proculy adv.; at a — 
 ft-om, longe a. 
 
 distant, be — , absum. 
 
 distress, premo? 
 
 distribute, distrihub.^ 
 
 district, pdgus, -i, m. ; (= terri- 
 tory, domain), ager, -gri, M. ; (= 
 quarter, region) regib, -onis, F. ; 
 country — s, agri, -drum, M. 
 
 disturb, perturhb} 
 
 ditch, fossa, -ae, f. 
 
 Divico, Divico, -onis. m. 
 
 divine, dlvtntis, -a, -urn, adj. 
 
 DIvitiacus, Divitiacus, -i, M. 
 
 divulge, enuntib.^ 
 
 do, facib^ ; agb^ ; have to — 
 with, pertineb ^ (w. ad and ace.) ; 
 — away with, tollb.^ 
 
 done, be — ,fib. 
 
 doubt, dubiVo ^ ; there is no — , 
 nibn est dubium (w. qmn and 
 subj.). 
 
 doubtful, dnhins, -a, -urn, adj. 
 
 doubtless, pmfeclb, adv. 
 
 down, cast — , demitto^; to 
 lay — arms, <ih armis discedere. 
 
 drag, trahb^ 
 
 draw, (of a .sword) educb^; 
 (= draw apart) distraho* ; — 
 nev, appropinquo * (w. dat. or ad 
 w. ace.) ; — up, instruo.'^ 
 
 dream, 1. subst., somnium, -fi, 
 N.; vb., somnioA 
 
 drink, bibb, -ere, bibi. 
 
 drive, agb^ ; {= cast out) 
 eicib^ ; {= drive in a body) com- 
 pel lb ^ ; — out, expellb.^ 
 
 drog, medicdmentum, -i, n. 
 
 Dumnorix, Dumnorix, -igis, m. 
 
 dust, pulvis, -eris, m. 
 
 duty, officium, -li, n. 
 
 dwell, incolbi^ 
 
 dwelling, tectum, -i, n.; — 
 place, domicilium, -il, n. 
 
 E. 
 
 each, — one, quisque, quaeque, 
 quodque (adj.) and quicque or 
 quidque (subst.), indef. prou.; 
 (of two) uterque, -traque, -trum- 
 que, pron, ; with — other, inter 
 se (sese). 
 
 eager, alacer, -cris, -ere, adj. 
 
 eagerly, intentus, -a, -um, p. a. 
 (in agreement w. subst.). 
 
 earlier, pristinus, -a, -um, adj. 
 
 early, (= ancient) antiquus, -«, 
 -um, adj. 
 
 earnest, studibsus, -a, -um, adj. 
 (w. gen.). 
 
 earnestly, press — , postulb^ 
 (w. ace. th. and abl. pers. w. ab, 
 a). 
 
 earth, — mound, tumulus, -i, m. 
 
 easily, facile, adv. ; (= at ran- 
 dom) temere, adv. ; very — (after 
 a neg.), satis commode, adv. 
 
 east, (= rising sun) sbl oriens. 
 sblis orientis, M. 
 
 easy, very — , perfacilis, -e, adj. 
 
 Ebro, Hiberus, -i, m. 
 
 effect, to — a purpose, rem 
 efficere, rem obtinere. 
 
 effects, their — , n. \)\. of suus, 
 •a, -um, poss. pron. 
 
 eflfectually, facile, adv. 
 
 effort, opera, -ae, F. ; to be- 
 stow — , operant dare (w. ut and 
 subj.). 
 
 eight, octb, indccl. num. adj. 
 
 eighteenth, duodevicesimus, -a, 
 -um or octdvHH decimus, -a, -um, 
 ord. num. adj. 
 
 eighty, octbgintd, indecl. num. 
 adj. _ 
 
 Of THS 
 
 J :.' 
 
 nVBRSITY 
 
318 
 
 either 
 
 expectation 
 
 either ... or, (when an alter- 
 native is offered) vel . . . vel ; 
 (when one excludes the other) 
 aut . . . aut,' not . . . either . . . 
 or, neque . . . neque, nee . . . nee. 
 
 elect, designdtus, -i, masc. p. a. 
 
 embankment, agger, -is, m. 
 
 embarked, — on, impositus, -a, 
 -nm, perf . part, of impdno (w. in 
 and ace). 
 
 embassy, legdtio, -onis, F. 
 
 empty, (— make vacant) vacue- 
 facio:^ 
 
 encamp, consido.^ 
 
 end, finis, -is, m. (sometimes 
 F. in sing.). 
 
 endeavor, Conor ^ ; to — to 
 force (= to attempt by force), 
 per vim tentdre. 
 
 endeavors, condta, -drum, n. 
 
 endure, fero ; patior.^ 
 
 enemy, (personal) inimicus, -i, 
 M. ; (public) hostis, -is, c. ; (= a 
 hostile army) hostes, -ium, pi. 
 (usu., but also) hostis, -is, m., sing. 
 
 energy, vis, vis, f. ; with — , 
 dcriter, adv. ; with the greatest 
 — , superl. of dcriter. 
 
 engage, to — in battle, pi'oe- 
 lium committere. 
 
 engagement, (= battle) proe- 
 lium, -ii, N. ; to come to an — , 
 proelio decertdre ; to open an — , 
 proelium committere. 
 
 engine, mdchindtio, -onis, f. 
 
 enjoy, fruor ^ (w. abl.) ; (= 
 make use of) utor^ (w. abl.). 
 
 enmity, inimicitia, -ae, f. 
 
 enough, satis, adv. ; w^ell — , 
 commode, adv. 
 
 ensue, sequor.^ 
 
 enterprise, (= thing) res, gen. 
 rel {rei, re), f. ; (— business) 
 negotium, -ii, n. ^ 
 
 entire, totus, -a, -um, adj. 
 
 entreat, oro.^ 
 
 entreaties, j)rec«s, -um, v. pi. 
 
 envoy, legdtus, -i, m. 
 
 envy, 1. subst., invidia, -ae, f. 
 2. vb., invideo^ (w. dat.). 
 
 Kpaminondas, Epaminondds, 
 -ae, M. 
 
 Eporedorix, Eporedorix, -igis, 
 
 M. 
 
 equal, par, paris, adj. ; aequus, 
 -a, -um, adj.; (= same) idem, 
 eadem, idem, demonstr. pron. 
 
 e(iua\ly, juxtd, adv. 
 
 equanimity, aequus animus. 
 
 erect, erigo ^ ; (of a tower) ex- 
 cito.^ 
 
 error, peccdtum, -i, n. 
 
 escape, effugio ^ ; (= flee) fu- 
 gio.^ 
 
 especially, mdxime, adv. 
 
 establish, confirmo.^ 
 
 established, become firmly — , 
 inveterdsco, -ere, -dvi. 
 
 esteem, (= consider) habeo.'^ 
 
 eternal, aeternus, -a, -um, adj. 
 
 even, etiam, couj.; — to, jam 
 ad (w. ace.) ; but — , sed etiam, 
 verum etiam ; not — , ne . . . qui- 
 dem (w. the emphatic word or 
 words between ne and quidem) ; 
 
 — though, etiamsi (w. indie, and 
 subj., like si; the indie, is more 
 common). 
 
 ever, unquam or umquam, adv. 
 
 every, omnis, -e, adj.; — , — 
 one, quisque., quaeque, quodque 
 (adj.), and qidcque or quidque 
 (subst.), indef. pron. 
 
 every thing, omnia (n. pi. of 
 omnis, -e, adj.) ; cuncta (n. pi. of 
 cunctus, -a, -um, adj.). 
 
 evident, make' — , signified^; 
 it is — , appdret? 
 
 exceed, superd> 
 
 e:sicel, praesto^ (w.dat.); supero^ 
 (w. ace.) ; praecedo^ (av. ace). 
 
 except, praeter, adv. and prep. 
 w. ace. ; (= unless) nisi, conj. 
 
 excessive, nimius, -a, -um, adj. 
 
 exchange, to — , inter se dare. 
 
 exclaim, concldmo.^ 
 
 exculpate, purgo.^ 
 
 execute, administro.^ 
 
 exercise, (= apply; ./(l/n'hcn- ; 
 
 — partiality, studeo- 
 exhort, cohortor.^ ^ 
 exile, exsilium, -u, n. 
 expectation, opinio, -onis, f. ; 
 
 confident — , fiducia, -ae, f. 
 
oxpol 
 
 flee 
 
 319 
 
 expel, fxpdlo^ ; (= drive) 
 •pello^ ; {= cast out) eicio.^ 
 
 expense, snmptus, -us, m. 
 
 experienee, 1. siibst., nsiis, -us, 
 M. ; bitter — , acerbitds, -dtis, v. 
 2. vb. {= receive) accipio.^ 
 
 experienced, peritus, -a, -um, 
 p. a. (w. gen.). 
 
 explain, (— set forth) expand.^ 
 
 explanation, say by way of 
 — , exph'ind.^ 
 
 expression, vox, rods, f. 
 
 extend, 1. intr., exeo*; (= lie 
 open) pated^ ; (= look) specto.^ 
 2. tr. (= construct) perduco.^ 
 
 extensive, Idtus, -a, -um, adj. 
 
 extreme, extremus, -a, -um, adj. 
 (superl.). 
 
 eye, oculus, -1, m. 
 
 eyes, in my — , miht (dat. ref.). 
 
 Fabins, Fahins, -u, m. 
 
 face, in the — of, contra , prep. 
 w. ace. 
 
 fact, (= thing) res, gen. ret 
 (rn, re), f. ; in point of — , re 
 (abl. of res). 
 
 Faesulae, Faesulae, -drum, F. 
 
 fail, 1. intr., desum. 2. tr. and 
 intr., deficio.* 3. tr., desero.^ 
 
 faint-heart«d = of feeble cour- 
 age; sec feeble and courage. 
 
 faithful, /7r?w», -a, um, adj. 
 
 fall, (of javelins) arrido'* ; (= 
 fall together, fall with a crash) 
 corruo ; — upon, (— chance up- 
 on) incido^ (w. in and ace). 
 
 family, (= stock, race) genus, 
 •eris, N. 
 
 famoas, (= that) ille, ilia, 
 illud, demonstr. pron. 
 
 fancy, arbitror.^ 
 
 FannluH, Fannius, -ii, m. 
 
 far, lonf/e, adv. ; by — , lonye, 
 adv. ; too — , lomjius, adv. (comp. 
 of longe). 
 
 farm, redimo.^ 
 
 'farther, ulterior, -ius, adj. 
 
 fast, make — , di'stino.^ 
 
 father, pater, -tris, M. ; (jenitor, 
 -oris, M. 
 
 I father-in-law, socer, -eri, m. 
 
 fault, culpa, -ae, f. 
 
 favor, /« wo 2 (w. dat.). 
 
 favorable, (= good) bonus, -a, 
 ■um, adj. ; — disposition, volun- 
 tas, -dtis, F. 
 
 favorableness, opportunitds, 
 -dtis, V. 
 
 favorably, — disposed, ami- 
 cus, -a, -um, adj. 
 
 fear, 1. subst., metus, -us, m. ; 
 timor, -oris, yf. 2. vb., timeo'^ ; 
 metuo^; vereor'^ ; paralyze Aith 
 — , perten'eo.^ 
 
 fearing (pres. part.), veritus, 
 ■a, -tim (perf . part, of vereor) . 
 
 feeble, Injirmus, -a, -um, adj. 
 
 fellow, — citizen, dvis, -is, c. 
 
 fertile, /cmo:, -dcis, adj. 
 
 few, paucl, -ae, -a, adj. ; a — 
 Avords, pauca, -drum, N. 
 
 field, ager, -gri, m. 
 
 fifteen, quindecim, indecl. num. 
 adj. 
 
 fifty, quinqudgintd, Indecl. num. 
 adj. 
 
 fight, 1. subst., pTigna, -ae, f. 
 2. \h.,pugnd'^; cdnfligd.^ 
 
 fighting, piigna, -ae, f. ; (= 
 battle) proelium, -ii, n. 
 
 figure, (= body) corpus, -oris, n. 
 
 fill, compled^; (= fill ftiU, 
 crowd) refercid.^ 
 
 find, (by search or inquiry) 
 
 reperio 
 
 out, (= trace out) 
 
 investlgo.* 
 
 finish, cduficid.^ 
 
 fir, abics, -etis, f. 
 
 fire, ignis, -is, m. 
 
 firmly, become — established, 
 inveterdsco, -ere, -dvi. 
 
 Arst, Pflmus, -a, -um, adj.; pr'i- 
 mum, adv. ; for the — time, prl- 
 mum, adv. ; at — , prlmd, adv. 
 
 five, quiiique, indecl. num. adj. ; 
 in groups of — , quini, -ae, -a, 
 distr. num. adj. 
 
 five hundred, qulngentl, -ae, -a, 
 num. adj. 
 
 fix, (= value, appraise) wsitwio.* 
 
 flattery, adsentdtid, -dnis, v. 
 
 Hec,fugid^; (— flee forth) pro- 
 
320 
 
 fleet 
 
 friendly 
 
 fugid^ ; (= flee back) refugio^ ; 
 to — for refuge, se recipere. 
 
 fleet, cldssis, -is, r. 
 
 flight, fuga, -ae, F. 
 
 float, ratis, -is, f. 
 
 flock, concurro.^ 
 
 flow, (= flow into) influo ^ (w. 
 in and ace.)- 
 
 follow, sequor^; (= follow 
 close upon) insequor^ (w. ace.)- 
 
 following, *posterus, -era,, 
 ■erum, adj. ; (= that about to be 
 meiftioned) ille, ilia, illud, de- 
 moustr. pron. ; (= of this sort) 
 hujiisce modi. 
 
 ifolloAvs, as — , h'lc, haec, hoc, 
 demonstr. pron.; sic, adv.; sub- 
 stantially as — , hujusce modi. 
 
 folly, (= infatuation, madness) 
 dementia, -ae, f. ; (= absence of 
 reason) amentia, -ae, f. ; insane 
 — , furor, -oris, m. 
 
 fond, — of, studiosus, -a, -um, 
 adj. (w. gen.) ; (— desirous of) 
 cupidus, -a, -um., adj. (w. gen.). 
 
 food, cibus, -I, M. 
 
 foot, pes, pedis, m. 
 
 foot-soldier, pedes, -itis, m. 
 
 for, nam, conj. (begins the sen- 
 tence or clause) ; enim, conj. 
 (follows the first word or closely 
 associated words) ; (= from) de, 
 prep. w. abl. : as, qua de causa, 
 for w^hat reason ; (= in behalf 
 of) pro, prep. w. abl. : (= to- 
 wards) ergd, prep. w. ace. ; (= dur- 
 ing) sign of ace. of duration of 
 time; (= concerning) de, prep. 
 w. abl.; (= into) iw,- prep. w. 
 ace. : as, to depart for, projicisci 
 in; (expressing purpose) ad, 
 prep. w. ace. (of gerund or gerun- 
 dive) ; (expressing adaptation 
 w. idoneus) ad, prep. w. ace, also 
 dat. ; (= on account of) oh, prep. 
 w. ace. 
 
 forage, frumentor?- 
 
 force, (— strength, violence) 
 VIS, VIS, F. ; (= armed force, 
 baud) manus, -Us, f. ; (= a multi- 
 tude) muUitudo, -inis, f. ; to en- 
 deavor to — , per vim tentdre. 
 
 forced, (= the greatest possi- 
 ble) quam mdximus, -a, -um, adj. 
 
 forces, copiae, -drum, f., 
 
 foremost, princeps, -ipis, adj. ; 
 — man, princeps, -ipis, m. ; — 
 place, prlncipdtus, -us, m. ; to be 
 — , plurimum valere. 
 
 foresee, praevideo.^ 
 
 foreshadow, cano, -ere, cecini. 
 
 forest, silva, -ae, f. 
 
 forever, perpetud, adv. 
 
 forget, obllviscor^ (w. gen., or 
 [w. neut. pron.] ace). 
 
 form, facio'^; (of a design) 
 capio ^; to — (= to collect them- 
 selves), se conligere. 
 
 former, vetus, -eris, adj.; the 
 — , ille, ilia, illud, demonstr. pron. 
 
 forsake, (= withdraw from) 
 discedo ^ (w. ab and abl.) ; (= lay 
 aside) depono.^ 
 
 forth, set — ,propdnd.^ 
 
 fortify, munio.^ 
 
 fortunate, fortundtus, -a, -um, 
 p. a. 
 
 fortune, fortuna, -ae, f. 
 
 forty, quadrdgintd, indecl. num. 
 adj. 
 
 forw^ard, go — , exeo^ ; move 
 — , promoveo.'^ 
 
 founded, — in right, jws^ws, -a, 
 -um, adj. 
 
 four, quattuor, indecl. num. 
 adj.; — each, quaterni, -ae, -a, 
 distr. num. adj. 
 
 fourteenth, quartus decimus, -a, 
 -um or decimus et quartus, -a, -um, 
 ord. num. adj. 
 
 fourth, quartus, -a, -um, ord. 
 num. adj. 
 
 fraught, — with danger, peri- 
 culosus, -a, -um, adj. 
 
 free, liber, -era, -erum, adj. ; — 
 from, vacuus, -a, -um (w. ab or d 
 and abl.); — from suspicion, 
 purgdtus, -a, -um, p. a. ; — town, 
 municipium,-!!,!^.', vb., llbero.^ 
 
 freedom, llbertds, -dtis, f. 
 
 frequent, creber, -bra, -brum, 
 adj. 
 
 friend, amicus, -i, m. 
 
 friendly, amicus, -a, -um, adj. 
 
friendship 
 
 srrouncl 
 
 321 
 
 friendship, amlcitia, -ae, f ; (= 
 favor) gratia, -ae, f. 
 
 from, de, prep. w. abl. ; (= away 
 from) ah (before vowels aud some 
 consonants), a (before consonants 
 only), abs (sometimes before te), 
 prep. w. abl. ; (= out of) ex, e, 
 prep. w. abl. ; (after verbs of 
 hindering) quominus, ne, (also, 
 when there is a ueg. expressed or 
 implied w. the vb.) quln{\y. subj.). 
 
 front, in — of, pro, prep. w. 
 abl. 
 
 frost, fngus, -oris, n. 
 
 fruit, fructus, -us, m. 
 
 full, plenus, -a, -urn, adj. (w. 
 gen.) ; — of courage, animosus, 
 -a, -urn, adj. 
 
 Furius, Furius, -u, M. 
 
 furnislied, — with saddles, 
 ephippidtus, -a, -urn, adj. 
 
 further, (= furthermore) au- 
 tern, con}, (placed not at the be- 
 ginning of the sentence, but after 
 one or more words) ; (= oftener, 
 more) saepius, adv. 
 
 future, futurus, -a, -um, p. a. ; 
 the — ,futura, -drum, n. ; at some 
 — time, aliquando, adv. 
 
 Gabinius, Gahinius, -u, m. 
 
 ^ain, — access, adeO.* 
 
 <;aju8, C. (abbr. of Gdjus, 
 Cdl, M.). 
 
 Cialba, G'alba^ -ae, M. 
 
 Gallic, Gallicus, -a, -um, adj. 
 
 game, ferlua caro (Jerinus, -a, 
 -um, of wild animals ; card, carnis, 
 v., flesh). 
 
 garrison, praesidium, -ii, N. 
 
 gate, porta, -ae, v. 
 
 gather, — themselves, con- 
 gregd ' (In pa.ss.). 
 
 Gaul, (iallia, -ae, v. 
 
 Gauls, Galfi, -drum, m. ; of the 
 — , Gallicus, -a, -um, a«lj. 
 • gaze, — on, intueor'^ (w. ace). 
 
 general, communis, -e, adj. ; 
 (= military commander) impcrd- 
 tor, -oris, m. : In — . omnlno, 
 adv. 
 
 generally, — speaking, ple- 
 rumque, adv. ; it is — under- 
 stood, constat, impers. 
 
 generosity, benejicium, -u, n. 
 
 Geneva, Gcndva, -ae, f. ; lake 
 — , lacus Lemannus, -i, m. 
 
 Germans, Germdni, -drum, m. 
 
 get, — together, cdnferd. 
 
 ^ir\, puella, -ae, f. 
 
 give, dd; (= deliver) trddd^; 
 to — battle, proelium committere. 
 
 glance, — at, adspicid.^ 
 
 glorious, praecldrus, -a, -um, 
 adj. 
 
 glory, gldria, -ae, f. 
 
 go, ed^ ; {= set o\xV)proficiscor^ ; 
 {= go apart) secedd^; go, — 
 away, abed ■* ; go, — out : exed •* ; 
 egredior'^ ; — away (= go out), 
 exed*; — forward, exed*; — 
 over, trdnsed.* 
 
 god, deus, -I, M. 
 
 good, bonus, -a, -um, adj.; — 
 will, gratia, -ae, f. ; it seems — , 
 placet;^ impers. (w. dat.). 
 
 govern, imperd ^ (w. dat.). 
 
 gradually, pawZa^iw, adv. 
 
 grain, (= harvested grain), //•«- 
 mentum, -i, n. ; (= standing grain) 
 frumenta, -drum, n. ; res f rumen- 
 tar ia. 
 
 grandfather, avus, -I, m. 
 
 grant, dd. 
 
 gratifying, grdtus, -a, -um, adj. 
 
 great, mdgnus, <i, -um, adj.; 
 how — , quantus, -a, -um, udj. ; so 
 — , tantus, -a, -um, adj.; in — 
 numbers (^= crowda}), frequens, 
 •entis, adj.; a — many, complu- 
 res, -a (-ia), atlj. 
 
 greatest, mdximus, -a, -mw», adj. 
 (superl. of mdgnus) ; summus, -a, 
 -um, adj. (superl. of superus) ; — 
 possible, quam mdximus (w. or 
 without the proper ftn. of pos- 
 sum). 
 
 grievous, gravis, -e, adj. 
 
 ground, humus, -I, v. ; (= earth) 
 terra, -ae, v.; rising — , tumulus, 
 -t, M.; — of suspicion, susp'irid, 
 -dnis, V. ; maintain one*8 — , sub- 
 sisto'^ ; to give — for, praebed.'^ 
 
322 
 
 ^oups 
 
 however 
 
 groups, in — of five, qulni, -ae, 
 -a, distr. num. adj.; in — of six, 
 seni, -ae, -a, distr. num. adj. 
 
 guard, custos, -odis, c. ; {= gar- 
 rison) praesidiuniy -il, n. ; be on 
 one's — , caved. ^ 
 
 H. 
 
 habitation, sedes, -is, f. 
 
 Hamilcar, Hamilcar, -arts, m. 
 
 hand, manus, -us, f. ; at — , 
 praesto, adv. 
 
 Hannibal, Hannibal, -alis, m. 
 
 happen, accido^; (= become, 
 be done) fid. 
 
 happy, bedtus, -a, -um, p. a. 
 
 harass, premd ^ ; exagito.^ 
 
 haste, make — , contendo.^ 
 
 hasten, mdturo ^ ; contendo ^ ; 
 propero.^ 
 
 hate, odi, def. 
 
 hatred, cherish — , odl, def. 
 
 have, habed^ ; sum (w. dat. of 
 possession) ; — to do with, per- 
 tined ^ (w. ad and ace.). 
 
 he, (= that man) ille ; (weaker 
 than ille) is ; (emphatic, = him- 
 self) ipse; (in indir. disc, refer- 
 ring to principal subject) se; 
 omitted when implied in the end- 
 ing of the vb. 
 
 head, caput, -itis, n.; (= chief 
 man) prlnceps, -ipis, m. 
 
 headlong, praeceps, -ipitis, adj. 
 
 headstrong, temerdrius, -a, -um, 
 adj. 
 
 health, valetudo, -inis, v. 
 
 hear, audio ^ ; (— hear from a 
 distance or hear distinctly) exau- 
 dio ^ ; (= receive by communica- 
 tion from others) accipio.^ 
 
 heaven, caelum, -I, n. 
 
 heavily, graviter, adv. 
 
 height, altitudo, -inis, f. 
 
 heinous, so — , tantus, -a, -um, 
 adj. 
 
 help, auxilium, -li, n.; I can- 
 not — , facere ndn possum (w. 
 qu'm and subj.). 
 
 Helvetians, Helvetil, -drum, m. 
 
 Helvetii, Ilelvetii, -drum, m. 
 
 hem, — in, contined ^ (w. ace). 
 
 hence, hinc, adv. 
 
 Hercules, by — , mehercule. 
 
 here, be — , adsum. 
 
 herself, (reflex.) se. 
 
 hesitate, duhitd.^ 
 
 Hesperia, Hesperia, -ae, F. 
 
 high, altus, -a, -um, p. a.; (= 
 great) mdgnus, -a, -um, adj. 
 
 higher, superior, -ius, adj. 
 (comp. oisuperus). 
 
 highest, summus, -a, -um, adj.; 
 (superl. of su2)ei'us) ; at the — 
 possible price, quam plurimd. 
 
 highly, mdgnl (gen. of iudef. 
 value). 
 
 hill, collis^ -is, m. 
 
 himself, (reflex.) se ; (em- 
 phatic) ipse (alone or in apposi- 
 tion w. the reflex, se). 
 
 hinder, impedid.'^ 
 
 hire, conducd.^ 
 
 his, ejus (gen. of zs); (referring 
 to the subject) swms, -a, -um., 
 poss. pron. ; — own, suus, -a, -um, 
 poss. pron.; omitted when the 
 context shows who is meant. 
 
 hither, citerior, -ius, adj. 
 
 hold, tened ^ ; obtined 2 ; — off, 
 abstined^; {— regard, consider) 
 habed.'^ 
 
 home, domus, -us, f.; at — , 
 domi ; from — , domd. 
 
 honor, lionor, -dris, m. ; per- 
 sonal ^, modestia, -ae, f. 
 
 honorable, honestus,-a,-%im,d^Ci] . 
 
 hope, spes, -el {-ex) , f. 
 
 horse, equus, -i, m.; (= horse- 
 men) equites, -um, m. 
 
 horseman, eques, -itis, M. 
 
 hostage, obses, -idis, c. 
 
 hostile, inimicus, -a, -um, adj. 
 
 hour, hdra, -ae, f. 
 
 house, domus, -us, f. ; at the 
 — of, apud, prep. w. ace. 
 
 how, quam, adv. ; — great, 
 quantus, -a, -um, adj.; — much, 
 quantus, -a, -um, adj. ; — dear, 
 quanti (gen. indef. value) ; — 
 long: quam diii, adv.; (= how 
 far) quousque, adv. 
 
 however, quamvis, adv. ; (— 
 nevertheless) tamen, conj. 
 
hundred 
 
 intercessor 
 
 323 
 
 hiindrod, centum, iudecl. num. 
 adj. ; two — , ducentl, -ae, -a, uiiin. 
 adj.; three — , trecent'iy -ae, -a, 
 num. adj.; six — , sescentl, -ae, -a, 
 iiuin. adj. 
 
 hundredth, centesimus, -a, -urn, 
 ord. num. adj. 
 
 I. 
 
 I, effo, mei, pars. pron. 
 
 Iccius, Iccius, -fi, M. 
 
 idleness, igndvia, -ae, f. 
 
 if, si ; — not, si non ; — not 
 (= uuless) nisi; — only, dum, 
 couj. (\v. subj.). 
 
 ij^nominiously, turpiter, adv. 
 
 Ill, aeger, -gra, -gruni, adj. 
 
 illostrious, darns, -a, -um, adj.; 
 aniplus, -a, -um, adj. 
 
 iinaji^ine, ( = think) exlstimo.^ 
 
 immortal, immortdlis, -e, adj. 
 
 impede, impedio*; to — the 
 army's march, itinere exercitum 
 prohihere. 
 
 implore, obsecrd ^ ; imploro.^ 
 
 import, impoHo ^ ; infero. 
 
 importance, of the highest 
 — , summus, -a, -um, adj. (superl. 
 of superus) ; it is of — : interest, 
 impers. 
 
 ^ important, it is — : interest ; 
 refert, -ferre, -tulit. 
 
 in, in, prep. w. abl.; (after a 
 superl.) sign of the gen.; (— 
 into) zu,prep.w. ace. : in breadth, 
 in width, in Idtitudinem ; in 
 len^h, in longitudinem ; to be 
 — , inesse (\v. dat.); to vie — , 
 certdre de (w. abl.); — the rear, 
 a novrissimo agmine, ah novissi- 
 m'ls; — my eyes, mihi (dat. ref.) ; 
 
 — that he, qui (= cum is) w. 
 subj. 
 
 inasmuch, — as, quoniam, 
 conj.; sign of abl. abs. denoting 
 cautne. 
 
 incident, res, gen. ril (rei, re), 
 
 F. 
 
 inclination, to restrain one's 
 
 — to, sibi temjterdre quin (w. 
 subj.). 
 
 increase, a»ip{t/Icd^; augeo.^ 
 
 incur, adeo * (w. ace). 
 
 indeed, quideia (follows the 
 word that it emphasizes), adv.; 
 (introducing a corroborative or 
 a parenthetical clause) etenim, 
 conj. 
 
 indignity, contumelia, -ae, f. 
 
 indulge, indulged^ {w. dat.). 
 
 industry, indvstria, -ae, f. 
 
 inexperience, litscientia, -ae, f. 
 
 infamy, infdmia, -ae, f. 
 
 infantry, copiae pedestres (pe- 
 dester, -tris,-tre, adj.). 
 
 inflict, sumo^ ; to — punish- 
 ment on : supplicium sumere de 
 (w. abl.) ; vindicdre in (w. ace). 
 
 influence, auctoritds, -dtis, v. ; 
 (arisiug froui good will) gratia, 
 -ae, F. ; of great — , potens, -eiitis, 
 adj. ; to have very little — , mini- 
 mtim posse ; to have very great 
 — , larg iter posse. 
 
 inform, certiorem facio^ ; be 
 informed, certiorfw ; thorough- 
 ly — , edoceo'^ (w. two aces, in 
 act.). 
 
 infuse, infero (w. ace. th. and 
 dat. pers.). 
 
 inhabit, incolo^ (w. ace). 
 
 inhabitants, {= people) homi- 
 nes., -um, M. 
 
 injure, noceo^ (w. dat.). 
 
 injury, injuria, -ae, F. ; with- 
 out risk of — , sine fraude. 
 
 innocent, innorhis, -entis, adj. 
 
 inquire, quaei'o'-^ (w. ace. th., 
 and abl. pers. w. ah, de, or ex). 
 
 inquiry, malce — , quaero.^ 
 
 insane, — follj',/«>or, -oris, M. 
 
 institution, Institutmn, -1, n. 
 
 instruction, (= commission, 
 injunction) munddtum, -7, x. 
 
 intellect, ingenium, -fi, N. 
 
 intelligence, receive — of, 
 j cdgndsrd'^ (w. de and abl.). 
 1 intend, esse in animo (w. dat. 
 I pers.). 
 
 I intention, it is one's — , alicui 
 est in animo. 
 
 intercession, at the — of, de- 
 precdtor, -oris, m. (abl. abs.). 
 
 Intercessor, deprecdtor, -Oris, m. 
 
324 
 
 interval 
 
 learn 
 
 interval, intervdllum, -i, N.; 
 place at intervals, dispono? 
 
 intervene, intercedo.'^ 
 
 intimacy, usus, -us, M. 
 
 into, in, prep. w. ace. 
 
 intrust, mando ^ ; trddo.^ 
 
 inured, — to, patiens, -entis, p. 
 a. (w. gen.). 
 
 iron-hearted, so — , illeferreus 
 (-rt, -um). 
 
 issue, to bring to a successful 
 — , bene gerere. 
 
 itf is, ea, id, pron.; omitted if 
 implied in the ending of the 
 verb or understood from the 
 context. 
 
 Italy, Italia, -ae, f. 
 
 its, (referring to the subject) 
 suus, -a, -um, poss. pron. 
 
 itself, (intens.) ipse, ipsa, ip- 
 sum, demonstr. pron. 
 
 J. 
 
 January, of — , Jdnudrius, -a, 
 -um, adj. 
 
 join, jiingo, -ere, junxi, junctus ; 
 to — hattle, proelitim committere ; 
 depart to — , proficiscor ^ (w. in 
 and ace.). 
 
 Juba, Juba, -ae, m. 
 
 judge, judex, -ids, c. 
 
 judgment, pass — upon, sen- 
 tid^ (w. de and abl.). 
 
 jugerum, jugerum, -i, N. ; in pL, 
 jugera, -um, n. 
 
 Jugurtha, Jugurtha, -ae, m. 
 
 Julian, Julidnns, -a, -um, adj. 
 
 Jupiter, Juppiter, Jovis, M. 
 
 Jura, Jura, -ae, m. 
 
 ^ust, jUstus, -a, -um, adj. 
 
 K. 
 
 Kalends, Kalendae, -drum, f. 
 
 keep, teneo '^ ; (= keep togeth- 
 er, confine) contineo ^ ; — back, 
 tenfo ^ ; — apart, — asunder, 
 distineo ^ ; — one's word, fidem 
 servo y 
 
 keeping,^des, gen., -'ei {-ei, -e),v. 
 
 kill, interficio ^ ; (by cutting or 
 striking down) occido.^ 
 
 kind, (= sort) genus, -eris, n. 
 
 king, rex, regis, m. 
 
 kingdom, regnum, -i, N. 
 
 Kinsmen fCdnsanguinei,-drum,M. 
 
 knight, eques, -itis, m. 
 
 know, scio^; (= understand) 
 intellego ^ ; not — : Ignoro ' ; ne- 
 scio^ 
 
 known, notus, -a, -um, p. a. ; 
 cognitus, -a, -um, p. a. ; make — , 
 ostendo.^ 
 
 Li. 
 
 Labienus, Labienus, -i, M. 
 
 Liacedaemon, Lacedaemon, 
 -onis, F. 
 
 lack, eged^ (w. gen. or abl.). 
 
 Laeca, Laeca, -ae, m. 
 
 lake, lacus, -Us, m. 
 
 land, ager, -gri, m. ; by — , terra. 
 
 language, lingua, -ae, f. ; (= 
 phraseology) ordtid, -onis, f. 
 
 large, mdgnus, -a, -um, adj. ; 
 amplus, -a, -um, adj.; so — , tan- 
 tus, -a, -um, adj. 
 
 last, (— nearest, as in 'last 
 night') proximus, -a, -um, adj.; 
 (= remotest) extremus, -a,-um, adj. 
 
 Isisting, perpetuus, -a, -um, adj. 
 
 latter, hic, haec, hoc, demonstr. 
 pron. 
 
 lavish, profusus, -a, -um, p. a. 
 
 law, lex, legis, P. 
 
 lawful, it is — , licet,^ impers. 
 (w. dat. pers.). 
 
 lay, — claim to, repeto ^ ; to 
 
 — down arms, ab armls discedere ; 
 
 — waste, vasto ^ ; — aside, depo- 
 no ^ ; to — the matter before, 
 referre ad. 
 
 lead, dmd ^ ; — across, trddu- 
 c5 ^ (may take two aces.) ; — 
 out, Mum 3 ; — away, abduco ^ ; 
 
 — against, adduco ^ (w. ad and 
 ace). 
 
 leader, dux, duds, c. ; (= fore- 
 most man) princeps, -ipis, m. 
 
 league, unite in a sworn — , 
 conjurn.^ 
 
 learn, disco^ j (~ become ac- 
 quainted with) cognosco^; (= 
 find out by search or inquiry) re- 
 perio*; (by looking at, examin- 
 ing) perspicio? 
 
least 
 
 marching' 
 
 ^25 
 
 least, — of all, mhiime, adv. 
 
 leave, relinqiio ^ ; — behind, 
 rdinqiu).^ 
 
 left, sinister, -tra, -trum, adj.; 
 on the — , sinister; be — , siipcr- 
 snm. 
 
 legion, legio, -onis, f. 
 
 length, in — , in longitndinem. 
 
 less, minor, -us, adj.; (adv.) 
 minus. ' 
 
 lest, ne (w. subj.)- 
 
 let, — loose, emUto.^ 
 
 letter, epistula, -ae, f. 
 
 level, coaequo.^ 
 
 liberty, one Is at — , licet^ (w. 
 dat. and inf. or ut w. subj.). 
 
 lie, — prostrate, jaceo.^ 
 
 lieutenant, legdtus, -i, M. 
 
 life, vita, -lie, v. ; (with ref. to its 
 several stages, as boyhood, youth, 
 etc.) aetds, -iitis, f.; (= [mauner 
 of] living) rictus, -us, m. 
 
 light, (subst.) lux, lucis, f.; 
 (adj.) levis, -e; to make — of, 
 parvi pendere (w. ace). 
 
 lightning, strilce by — , de cae- 
 ir, percutio, -ere, -cuss'i, -cussus. 
 
 line, (= line of battle) acies, 
 gen. -e and -el, f.; — of march, 
 iter, itineris, x. 
 
 lip, lahrum, -I, N. 
 
 list, ratio, -onis, f. 
 
 listen, audio.* 
 
 llttlct ptirv us, -a, -um, adj. ; very 
 — , minimus, -a, -um, adj.; miniine, 
 adv. ; a — (= by a little) paulo. 
 
 live, vlvo.^ 
 
 living, — creature, animal, 
 dlis, N. 
 
 long, longus, -a, -um, adj.; (= 
 for a long time) din, adv., longe, 
 adv.; how — , quam diH, adv.; 
 (= how far) quousque, adv.; — 
 st^Oyjnmpndein, adv. 
 
 longer, {= for a longer time) 
 diHtins, adv., longius, adv. 
 
 look, (— look at) adspicio * ; — 
 for, exspecto.^ 
 
 loose, let — , emitto.* 
 
 lose, dmitto.* 
 
 loss, detrimentum, -i, n. ; to 
 risk the — of, dmittere. 
 
 lot, (= fortune) fortuna, -ae, 
 F.; (= condition) condicio, -onis, 
 
 ¥. 
 
 love, 1. subst., amor, -oris, m. 
 2. \h., amo^ ; (= esteem highly) 
 dlligo.^ 
 
 low, humilis, -e, adj. 
 
 loAver, inferior, -ius, adj. 
 
 Lucius, Lucius, -u, M., abbr. L. 
 
 luxury, hixuria, -ae, v. 
 
 Lycouiedes, Lycomedes, -is, m. 
 
 Ijysander, Lysander, -dri, m. 
 
 M. 
 
 made, be — , fid. 
 
 magistracy, magistrdtus, -us,t,\. 
 
 maiden, virgo, -inis, v. 
 
 main, — question, sententia, 
 -ae, F. 
 
 maintain, (of one's rights) ex- 
 sequor^ ; — one's position, cfm- 
 sisto * ; — one's ground, (= 
 withstand) siibsisto^; the fight 
 was maintained, pugndtam est. 
 
 majority, major pars. 
 
 make, facio'^; (— render) effi,- 
 cio^; (= choose, elect, appoint) 
 creo ^ ; (of a speech) habeo ^ ; — 
 for, peto^; — out (of a list) 
 conjicio.^ 
 
 man, (= human being, and so 
 including woman) homo, -inis, c; 
 (= an adult male person; opp. 
 mulier, woman) vir, viri, m.; (= 
 man of noble qualities) vir, viri, 
 
 M. 
 
 manage, administro.^ 
 
 Manilius, Mdnllius, -u, m. 
 
 maniple, manipulus, A, M. 
 
 Manlius, Manlius, -ii, m. 
 
 many, multl, -ae, -a, adj. ; a 
 great — , very — , complures, -a 
 (-ia), gen. -ium, adj.; so — , tot, 
 Indccl. adj.; so — things, ita 
 mult a. 
 
 Marcellus, Mdrcellus, -I, m. 
 
 march, 1. subst., iter, itineris, 
 N. ; line of — , iter, itineris, n. 2. 
 vb., iter facio.^ 
 
 marches, (- frontiers) fines, 
 -ium, M. 
 
 marching, iter, itineris, N. 
 
326 
 
 Marcus 
 
 more 
 
 Marcus, Marcus, -i, m., abbr. M. 
 
 maritime, maritimns, -a, -nm, 
 adj. 
 
 Mariiis, Manns, -u, m. 
 
 raiarlf, — out, mel07\^ 
 
 marriage, to give in — : nup- 
 tum (snp-) dare; conloco^ (w. or 
 Avithout nuptuYfi) . 
 
 marry, (of the woman) nuho^ ; 
 see also marriage. 
 
 Marseilles, from — , Massilien- 
 sis, -e, adj. 
 
 marsh, palus, -udis, r. 
 
 mass, — meeting, contio, -onis, 
 
 F. 
 
 massacre, caedes, -is, f. 
 
 Massiva, Massiva, -ae, m. 
 
 master, magister, -tri, m. ; domi- 
 nus, -I, M. 
 
 match, to be a — for, par 
 (gen. parts) esse; — against, ohi- 
 cio^ (w. ace. and dat.). 
 
 matter, (= thing) res, gen. rei 
 (m, re), r. 
 
 matters, it — , interest, refert 
 or refert; (subst.) res, rerum, f. 
 
 me, to — (= in my estimation), 
 apud me. 
 
 mean, to — ,sih'i velle^see volo). 
 
 means, (= resources) facultd- 
 tes, -um, f. (pi.) ; — of defence, 
 reraedium, -il, N. ; by no — , mi- 
 nime, adv. 
 
 meantime, (of an event ex- 
 tending through the interval) in- 
 tered, adv. ; (of an event occurring 
 w^ithin the interval) irderim, adv. 
 
 meanwhile, intenm, adv. ; in- 
 tered, adv. See also meantime. 
 
 measure, (= thing) res, gen. 
 rel (rei, re), f. 
 
 Medea, Medea, -ae, f. 
 
 meet, to — , (w. vbs. of motion) 
 ohviara, adv. 
 
 meeting, mass — , cdntid,-onis,¥. 
 
 memory, memoria, -ae, f. ; 
 cherish the — of, mernini, def . 
 
 men, (w. poss. pron.) omitted : 
 as, our — , nostri, -drum, m. 
 
 merchant, mercdtor, -oris, m. 
 
 mere, ipse, ipsa, ipsum, de- 
 monstr. pron. 
 
 merely, solum, adv. 
 
 messenger, uuntius, -it, m. 
 
 Messalla, Messdlla, -ae, M. 
 
 mid, — summer, media aestds 
 (-dtis, ¥.). 
 
 middle, — of, medius, -a, -um, 
 adj. 
 
 midst, medius, -a, -um, adj. ; 
 through the — of them, per 
 medios. 
 
 mile, mille passus ; mille pas- 
 suum. 
 
 miles, milia (m'lUia) passuum ; 
 milia {so,, passuum) . 
 
 military, militdris, -e, adj. ; — 
 tribune, tribunus militum. 
 
 milk, lac, lactis, n. • 
 
 mind, animus, -i, m. ; ingenium,. 
 -il, N. ; mens, mentis, f. ; (= pur- 
 pose, intention) mens, mentis, f. ; 
 call to — , recordor'^ (usu. w. 
 ace.) ; recall to — , reminiscor, -i 
 (w. gen.; also w. ace). When 
 reminiscor and recordor are dis- 
 tingnished, the former means 
 ' recall to mind,' the latter ' re- 
 flect on' or 'review.' 
 
 mindful, memor, -oris, adj. (w. 
 gen.). 
 
 mischief, maleficium, -ii, N. 
 
 misery, malum, -i, N. 
 
 misfortune, fortHna, -ae, f. 
 (the misfortune is here implied 
 in the context). 
 
 miss, desidero} 
 
 mistakes, make — , pecco ^ ; to 
 make the same — , eadem peccdre. 
 
 mob, multitudo, -inis, f. 
 
 mock, eludo, -ere, -si, -sus. 
 
 mode, consuetudo, -inis, f. ; (= 
 kind) genus, -eris, n. 
 
 modestly, modeste, adv. 
 
 moment, (= time) tempus, -oris, 
 N. ; at the — when, turn cum; 
 for the — , jam, adv. 
 
 moon, luna, -ae, f. 
 
 Moor, Maurus, -i, m. 
 
 Moorish, Maurus, -a, -um, adj. 
 
 morally, — bad, improbus, -a, 
 -um, adj. 
 
 morals, mores, -um, M. (pi.). 
 
 more, magis, adv. ; (of quan- 
 
3Iorini 
 
 Nuiuicliaiis 
 
 32T 
 
 tity; plus, comp. adj. used subst. 
 (w. part, gen.) ; (f requentl)^ w. ex- 
 pressious of number) amplius,a,dy. 
 
 Morini, Morinl, -drum, M. 
 
 mortification, dolor, -oris, m. 
 
 most, — people, plenque, adj. 
 used subst. 
 
 mother, mater, -tris, f. 
 
 mound, earth — , tuimtlus, -i, 
 
 M. 
 
 mount, mons, montis, M. 
 mountain, mons, montis, M. 
 
 move, moveo^; 
 
 forward, 
 
 promoved ^ ; — deeply, permoveo '^ / 
 to — on, pergere hinc. 
 
 movement, (= thing) res, gen. 
 rn (rei, re), f. 
 
 much, mnlttis, -a, -itni, adj. ; 
 very — , plurimus, -a, -um, adj.; 
 (adv. = by much) multo ; how — , 
 qnantus, -a, -nm, adj. 
 
 multitude, muUitudo., -inis, v. 
 
 music, musice, -es, f. 
 
 my, mens, -a, -um, poss. pron.; 
 — own, mens ; it is — pleasure, 
 mih\ placet ; for — part, equidem, 
 adv. 
 
 myself, oblique case of ego, 
 met, pers. pron. 
 
 N. 
 
 name, nomen, -inis, n. 
 
 named, (= by name) nomine. 
 
 Nantuates, Nantudtes, -um, M. 
 
 Naples, Xfilpolis, -is, v. 
 
 naturally, naturd (abl.). 
 
 nature, ndtftra, -ae, v. 
 
 near, ad, prep. w. ace. 
 
 nearest, proximus, -a, -um, adj. 
 
 nearly, fere, adv. 
 
 necessary, o;)Mj*,N,,used as nom. 
 and ace. only (w. dat. pers. and 
 abl. th.). 
 
 need, opwf, N. (see foregoing 
 word) ; (vb.) indigeo^ (w. gen. or 
 abl.). 
 
 neglect, negle.go.* 
 
 neighbors, finitimi, -drttm, M. 
 (adj. used subst.). 
 
 neighboring, flnitimns, -a, -um, 
 adj.; (= nearest) proximus, -a, 
 ■um, adj. 
 
 ! neither, neqite, nee, conj. ; — • 
 I party, neutrl, -drum, m. 
 
 Nero, Nero, -onis, m. 
 
 Nervii, Xervil, -drum, M. 
 
 never, nunquam or numquam, 
 adv. 
 
 nevertheless, tamcn, conj. 
 
 ne^v, novus, -a, -um, adj. 
 
 nex.t, proximus, -a, -um, adj. 
 
 night, nox, noctis, v. 
 
 night-fall, (= first part of the 
 night) prima nox (gen. noctis, v.). 
 
 ninth, nonus, -a, -um, ord. num. 
 adj. 
 
 no, 7iullus, -a, -um, adj.; (em- 
 phatic) nemo (used adj.); (= 
 not) non, adv.; — one: nemo 
 (see nemo in Latin-English vo- 
 cabulary) ; uTilhis, -tus (adj. used 
 subst.) ; — one but, nemo nisi; by 
 
 — means, minime, adv. (superl.). 
 nobility, nobilitds, -dtis, v. 
 noble, nobilis, -e, adj.; subst., 
 
 nohiUs, -is, M. 
 
 nor, neque, nee, conj. 
 
 north, septentno, -dnis, m. 
 
 north-east, see ' north ' and 
 ' east.' 
 
 not, non, adv.; haud, adv. 
 (usu. w. adverbs; also w. 8cid)\ 
 (= less) minus, adv. ; (in ques- 
 tions implying an affirmative 
 answer) nonne, interrog. particle; 
 and — , neque, nee, conj. ; that — , 
 not (in final, hortatory, imperat., 
 and optative clauses) ne; that 
 
 — any, that no (in final and 
 imperat. clauses), ne qui, qua or 
 quae, quod, indef. adj. ; not . . . 
 either . . . or, neque . . . neque. 
 
 note, animndvortd.^ 
 
 nothing, nihil or nil, n., def. ; 
 nulla res; — but, nihil nisi. 
 
 now, nunc, adv. ; j«m, adv. 
 
 Numantia, Nnmantia, -ae, v. 
 
 number, numerus, -%, .m. 
 
 numbers, great — , mdgnae 
 cdpiae (-drum), v.; in great — , 
 frequens, -eniis, adj. 
 
 numerous, crebcr, -bra, -brum, 
 atlj. 
 
 Niuoldlaus, Nuniidae, -drum, M. 
 
328 
 
 ont 
 
 O, oh, o, inter j. 
 
 obedience, yield — , pared, -err, 
 
 -HI. 
 
 obey, pared ^ (w. dat.). 
 
 object', recuso'^ ; to — to, re- 
 rnsdre de (w. abl.). _ ^ 
 
 ob'ject, res, gcu. re'i (j'ei, re), v. 
 
 obscurity, ohscuntds, -dtis, v. 
 
 observe, animadverto.^ 
 
 obtain, ohtined'^ {\y. ace); (= 
 prepare) comparo'^ ; (= obtain pos- 
 session of) potior * (w. abl. ; also 
 w. gen.) ; — a request, inipetro.^ 
 
 occur, accido ^ ; fid. 
 
 Octodurus, Octodurus, -i, M. 
 
 odds, struggle against — , la- 
 horo.^ 
 
 Oedipus, Oedipus, -odis or -i,M. 
 
 of, sign of gen. ; (= about, con- 
 cerning) de, prep. w. abl.; (= 
 from) ab, a, ex, e, de, preps, w. 
 abl. ; out — , ex, e, prep. w. abl. 
 
 off, to come — , se inde recipere ; 
 to come — conqueror, superior 
 discedere; carry — , ahducd^ ; 
 cut — : excipio^; (from supplies) 
 prohibeo ^ (w. ace. and abl.) ; 
 ward — from, propulso ^ (w. ab, 
 a and abl.); hold — , abstineo.'^ 
 
 offence, res, gen. ret (m, re), r. 
 
 offer, — resistance, resisto? 
 
 office, {= duty, function) mu- 
 nus, -eris, n. 
 
 often, saepe, adv. 
 
 oftentimes, saepenumero, adv. 
 
 old, vetus, -eris, adj. ; — man, 
 senex, senis, m. 
 
 old age, senectus, -utis, f. 
 
 on, in, prep. w. abl. ; (desig- 
 nating the point from which) ab, 
 a, ex, e, preps, w, abl. ; (= con- 
 cerning) de, prep. w. abl. ; (= 
 against) in, prep. w. ace. ; (= 
 from this place) hinc, adv.; On! 
 agite (imperat.) ; (in expressions 
 of time) sign of abl. of time. 
 
 once, quondam, adv. ; at — (== 
 at one time) ilno tempore. 
 
 one, unus, -a, -wm, num adj. ; 
 (of two) alter, -era, -erum ; (w. 
 substs. pi. in form, but sing, in 
 
 meaning) uni, -ae, -a (pi. of 
 unus) ; — by — , singull, -ae, -a, 
 distr. num. adj. ; this — thing, 
 id unum ,' one . . . another, alius 
 . . . alius ; at one time . . . at 
 another, alias . . . alias. 
 
 one's self, siii, sib'i, se (sese), 
 reflexive pron. ; devote — , servio * 
 (w. dat.). 
 
 only, (= altogether, in all) 
 omnlnd, adv.; if — , dum, conj. 
 (w. subj.) ; the — one, unus, -a, 
 -um, num. adj.; not only . . . but 
 also, et . . . et, ndn modo or ndn 
 solum . . . sed etiam or verum 
 etiam ; and not only . . . but also, 
 neque solum . . . sed etiam. 
 
 onset, impetus, -us, m. 
 
 open, laxo^ ; to — an engage- 
 ment, proelium committere. 
 
 openly, aperte, adv. 
 
 opinion, sententia, -ae., r.; opi- 
 nio, -onis, F. 
 
 opportune, opportunus, -a, -um, 
 adj. 
 
 opportunity, occdsid, -dnis, f. ; 
 facultds, -dtis, f. 
 
 opposed, diversus, -a, -um, adj. 
 
 or, aut, conj.; either ... or: 
 (when a choice is offered) vel . . . 
 vel ; (when one excludes the 
 other) aut. . .aut; not. . .either 
 . . . or, neque . . . neque. 
 
 orator, ordtor, -dris, m. 
 
 order, 1. subst., imperium, -li, 
 N. 2. vb., jubed (w. infin.). 3. 
 conj., in — to: ut (w. subj.); 
 (w. comp.) qud (w. subj.). 
 
 Orgetorix, Orgetorix, -igis, m. 
 
 other, alius, -a, -ud, adj. and 
 subst. ; some . . . others, pars . . . 
 alii ; (= the rest of) ceteri, -ae, -a, 
 adj.(usu. pi.) ; with each — , inter 
 se ; some . . . the others, alterl 
 . . . alteri ; others', alienus, -a, 
 -um, adj. 
 
 ought, debed'^ ; oportet^^ im- 
 pers. (w. ace. and infln. as sub- 
 ject; also w. subj. clause). 
 
 our, — own, noster, -tra, -trum, 
 poss. pron.; — men, — party, 
 nostri, -drum, m. 
 
out 
 
 Pompey 
 
 329 
 
 out, — of, ex, -e, prep. w. abl. 
 
 outcry, vox, vocis. f. 
 
 outstretch, pando.^ 
 
 over, see 'go' or 'step.' 
 
 overcome, — with terror, per- 
 terreo.- 
 
 overlook, condonb} 
 
 overwhelm, opprimo.^ 
 
 owing, — to, propter, prep. w. 
 ace. 
 
 own, his — , their — , suus, -a, 
 -urn, poss. pron.; our — , noster, 
 -tra, -trum, poss. pron. ; my — , 
 mens, -a, -umy poss. pron. 
 
 P. 
 
 pace, j)ass«s, -us, m. 
 
 pain, dolor, -oris, M. 
 
 pains, opera, -ae, f. 
 
 panic, there is a — , trepiddtur. 
 
 paralyze, — with fear, per- 
 terreo.^ 
 
 pardon, ignosm? 
 
 parent, parens, -entis, c. 
 
 Parmenio, Parmenio, -onis, m. 
 
 part, pars, partis, f. ; for my 
 — , equidem, adv. ; take — in, in- 
 tersum (w. dat.). 
 
 partiality, exercise — , studeo.^ 
 
 party, pars, partis, f.; our — , 
 nostn, -drum, m. 
 
 pass, effluo, -ere, -x'l; — Judg- 
 ment upon, sentio* (w. de and 
 abl.); — round, circumfero; — 
 through, tr'insed* 
 
 passage, iter, itineris, N. 
 
 passion, give way to — , ird- 
 8Cor.^ 
 
 passionate, Irdcundus, -a, -um, 
 adj. 
 
 past, the — , praeterita, -drum, 
 N., p. a. used subst. 
 
 path, by a circuitous — , in 
 circnUa. 
 
 patience, patientia, -ae, v. 
 
 patrimony, res familidris, adj. 
 
 patriotism, amor patriae. 
 
 pay, — respects to, salUtO.^ 
 
 peace, pox, pacts, f. 
 
 Peluslum, PHusium, -u, N. 
 
 penalty, />(/ena, -ae, f.; (= fine) 
 fis, litis, F. 
 
 penetrate, — to, adeo* (w. ad 
 and ace.). 
 
 penetrating, deer, -cris, -ere, 
 adj. 
 
 people, populus, -i, m. ; com- 
 mon — , plebs, -is, f. ; most — , 
 pler'ique, M. pi. adj. used subst. 
 
 perceive, animuni adverto or 
 animadverto^ (vv. ace.) ; perspicio.^ 
 
 perform, praesto^ (w. ace.). 
 
 peril, perlculum, -i, x. 
 
 perilous, perlculosus, -a, -um, 
 adj. 
 
 period, tempus, -oris, N. 
 
 permit, patior.^ 
 
 permitted, it is — , licet,^ im- 
 pers. (w. dat. pers.). 
 
 pernicious, perniciosus, -a, -um, 
 adj. 
 
 persevere, — in, cdnjirmd.^ 
 
 personally, he, they, etc. — , 
 proper form of ipse. 
 
 persons, these same — , Idem 
 (raasc. pi.), demonstr. pron. 
 
 persuade, persuaded'^ (w. dat. 
 pers.). 
 
 Picene, Plcenus, -a, -um, adj. 
 
 pile, tignum, -i, n. 
 
 pilot, guherndtor, -oris, M. 
 
 Piso, Piso, -onis, M. 
 
 pitcla., pond.* 
 
 pitiable, miser, -era, -erum, adj. 
 
 pity, misereor'^ (w. gen.). 
 
 place, 1. subst, locus, -i, m.; in 
 pi. (usually) loca, -drum, n.; In 
 that — , ilil, adv. ; to some — , ali- 
 quo, adv. ; take — , f'lo. 2. vb., 
 pdnd^ ; conloco.^ 
 
 plan, consilium, -fi, n. 
 
 pleasant, grdtus, -a, -um, adj. 
 
 please, delecto^; (== wish, 
 choose) volo. 
 
 pleasure, it is one's — , placet^^ 
 inipers. (w. dat. pers.). 
 
 point, to that — , eo, adv. ; in 
 — of fact, re ; to make a — of, 
 dare operam ut (w. subj.) ; — 
 out, pxpono.^ 
 
 policy, consilium, -it, N. 
 
 political, — power, polentia, 
 
 -ae, V. 
 
 Pompey, Pompous, Pompel, m. 
 
330 
 
 Pontus 
 
 pnt 
 
 Pontiis, Pontus, -i, m. 
 poor, pauper, -eris, adj. 
 popular, {■= acceptable) accep- 
 tns, -a, -um, p. a. 
 
 population, hominum numerus, 
 
 -i, M. 
 
 position, (= place) locus, -i, m. ; 
 take — , maintain one's — , con- 
 sisto.^ 
 
 possess, possideo.^ 
 
 possession, possessio, -onis, r. ; 
 obtain — of, potior^ (w. abl.; 
 also w. gen.) ; take — of, seize, 
 occupo 1 (w. ace). 
 
 possible, possibly, (w. superl.) 
 quam, adv. (w. or without proper 
 fill, of j^ossum) ; It is — , (= it is 
 permitted) licet,^ impers. (w. dat. 
 pers.). 
 
 post, constitud^; be posted, 
 consisto.^ 
 
 posterity, posteri, -drum, M. 
 (adj. used subst.). 
 
 poverty, inopia, -ae, f. 
 
 power, potestds, -dtis, f. 
 
 powerful, potens, -entis, adj.; 
 to be very — , largiter posse. 
 
 practice, consuetudo, -inis, f. ; 
 (== training) exercitdtib, -onis, f. 
 
 praetor, praetor, -oris, m. 
 
 praise, laudo.^ 
 
 pray (exclam.), tandem, adv. 
 
 precautions, take special — , 
 mdgnopere praecaveo {-ere, -cdvi, 
 -cantus). 
 
 preceding, superior, -ius, adj. 
 corap.; on the — day, pridie, 
 adv. 
 
 prefer, antepono'^ (w. ace. and 
 dat.) ; (= wish rather) mdlo. 
 
 preoccupation, cogitdtio, -onis, 
 f. 
 
 prepare, ^aro.i 
 
 presence, praesentia, -ae, f. 
 
 present, x)raesens, -entis, adj. ; 
 the — , praesentia, -iiim, neut. pi. 
 adj. used subst. ; be — , adsum. 
 
 preserve, conservo} 
 
 preserved, salvus, -a, -um, adj. 
 
 press, — earnestly, postulb^ 
 (w. ace. th., and abl. pers. w. ah, 
 a). 
 
 prevail, — upon, persuaded'^ 
 (w. dat, pers.). 
 prevent, prohibeo.^ 
 price, at the highest possible 
 
 — , quam plurimb. 
 
 priestly, — dignity, sacerdo- 
 tium, -u, N. 
 
 principle, recognized — , jus., 
 juris, N. 
 
 private, — citizen, privdtiis, -i, 
 M. (p. a. used subst.) ; — re- 
 sources, res familidris. 
 
 Procillus, Procilhis, -i, m. 
 
 proclaim, (= declare, pro- 
 nounce) judico.^ 
 
 produce, fructus, -us, m. 
 
 progress, be In — , fid. 
 
 promise, polliceor.'^ 
 
 proper, it is — , oportet,^ impers. 
 
 prophetess, prophet, vdtes, -is, 
 c. 
 
 prospect, spes, gen. spei (B), f. 
 
 prosperous, /ore?is, -entis, p. a. 
 
 prostrate, lie — , jaceo.^ 
 
 protect, munio * ; circummu- 
 nio^; — from, prohibeo^ (w. ab 
 and abl.). 
 
 protection, praesidium, -ii, n. 
 
 provide, provided.^ 
 
 provided, dum, dummodo (w. 
 subj.). 
 
 province, 2)7'dvincia, -ae, f. 
 
 provisions, res frumentdria. 
 
 provocation, without — , in- 
 juria. 
 
 public, publicus, -a, -um, adj. ; 
 
 — enemy, hostis, -is, c. 
 pnni&h.f punio.^ 
 punishment, supplicium, -ii, 
 
 N. ; (= expiation or penalty) 
 poena, -ae, f. 
 
 pupil, discipulus, -i, m. 
 
 purificatory, — sacrifice, lu- 
 strum, -I, N. 
 
 purpose, mens, mentis, f. ; (= 
 wish) voluntas, -dtis, f. ; for the 
 
 — of, causd (w. gen._ preceding) ; 
 (= thing) res, gen. rei {rei, re), v. 
 
 pursue, sequor.^ 
 
 put, — aside, deponb^ ; . — to 
 death, need ^ ; — to flight, In fu- 
 gam conicid.^ 
 
quantity 
 
 remiss 
 
 331 
 
 Q. 
 
 quantity, a great — of, inghis, 
 -entls, adj. 
 
 quarter, (= part, direction) 
 pars, partis, v. 
 
 quarters, winter — , Mherna, 
 -ontyn, n. ; at close — , comminus, 
 adv. 
 
 quest, go in — of, peto.^ 
 
 question, main — , sententia, 
 -ae, F. 
 
 quickly, celeriter, adv. 
 
 quiot, be — , quiesco.^ 
 
 quietly, modesfe, adv. 
 
 quite, plane, adv. 
 
 R. 
 
 race, genua, -eris, n. ; (= peo- 
 ple) populus, -I, M. 
 
 raid, to make a — on, se eicere 
 (w. in and ace.)- 
 
 raise, exstruo.^ 
 
 rampart, vallum, -i, N. 
 
 rank, ordo, -inis, m. ; (= nobil- 
 ity) nobilitds, -dtis, f. ; of high — , 
 Hohilis, -e, adj. 
 
 rapidly, strhiue, adv. 
 
 rate, at any — , crrte, adv. 
 
 rather, (w. an adj.) sign of 
 com p. ; choose — , mdlo. 
 
 reach, evddo, -ere, -s'l, -siis (w. 
 in and ace). 
 
 readily, /act7f?, adv. 
 
 rear, novissimum agrnen, -inis, 
 N. ; In the — : ab novissimls ; a 
 novissimo agmine. 
 
 reason, causa, -ae, r. ; for what 
 — , qiu'i de causa. 
 
 recall, — to mind, reminiscor, 
 •l (w. gen.; also w. ace); (= 
 witlidraw) deduco? 
 
 recalling, (= mindful of) me- 
 mor, -oris, adj. (w. gen.). 
 
 receive, accipio^ ; (= take) ca- 
 pio.^ 
 
 recent, recena^ -entis, adj. 
 
 nH'klefisly, temere, adv. 
 
 re<*kle«8iiess, auddeia, -ne, v. 
 
 recognized, — principle, jm, 
 juriif, N. 
 
 recollection, animus, A, m. 
 
 recompense^ remuneror} 
 
 recount, memoro^; commemo- 
 ro} 
 
 recourse, have — to, descendo ^ 
 (w. ad and ace.) ; declino'^ (w. ad 
 and ace). 
 
 recover, to — (intr.), se reci- 
 pere ; (from illness) convalesco, 
 -ere, -ui. 
 
 redoubt, cnstelhnn, -t, n. 
 
 reduce, redigd.^ 
 
 reenforcement, suhsidium, -li, 
 
 N. 
 
 reference, make — to, refero 
 (w. ad and ace.). 
 
 reflect, — on, recorder^ (usu. 
 w. ace). 
 
 refrain, — from, tempero (w. 
 ah andabl.), 
 
 refuge, to flee for — , se reci- 
 pare. 
 
 refuse, recuso ^ ; to — to : recil- 
 sdre quominus or qu'in (w. subj.) ; 
 also recusdre w. infln.; to — to 
 pay, recusdre de (w. abl.). 
 
 regard, (— consider) Iiabeo'^; 
 (= respect, heed) spectd ^ ; have 
 — for, cdnsulo^ (w. dat). 
 
 region, regio, -onis, v. 
 
 regret, paenitet,'^ impers. (w. 
 ace pers. and gen. tli.). 
 
 reject, rcpudid} 
 
 release, Hbero^ (w. ace and abl.). 
 
 relief, subsidium, -ft, s. 
 
 relieve, (= succor) sublevo ^ (w. 
 ace) ; (= set free) I'lbero.^ 
 
 remain, maneo^ ; (= stay be- 
 hind) remaned^; (= stay through) 
 pcnnanro^ ; (= be) sum. 
 
 remaining, reliquus, -a, -um, 
 adj. 
 
 Keman, Rhnus, -i, M. 
 
 remarkable, (= great) md- 
 gnus, -a, -um, adj. 
 
 remember, memini, dof. (w. 
 gen.; also w. ace); memorid 
 teni'o^ 
 
 remembrance, mntioria, -ae, v. 
 
 Keml, /ieiin, -orum, M. 
 
 remind, admoneo'^ (w. ace 
 pers. and gen. th.; also abl. th. w. 
 de). 
 
 remiss, be — , desum. 
 
832 
 
 remotest 
 
 saddles 
 
 remotest, — part of, extremus, 
 -a, -um, adj. 
 
 remove, removed ^ ; (= move to 
 a distance) amoved '^ ; (= do away 
 with, destroy) tollo.^ 
 
 render, efficio^; {= bring) /ero. 
 
 renew, renovo} 
 
 renown, of the highest — , 
 cldrissimus, -a, -um^ adj. 
 
 reparation, make — , satisfa- 
 cid^ (w. dat.). 
 
 repel, defendd? 
 
 repent, paenitet,'^ impers. (w. 
 ace. pers. and gen. th,). 
 
 reply, tell in — , responded.'^ 
 
 report, nuntio'^ ; {= divulge) 
 enuntio'^; (= bring back word) 
 renuntio.^ 
 
 reprobate, improbiis, -a, -um, 
 adj. 
 
 reputation, opinio, -onis, y. 
 
 request, obtain a — , impetroA 
 
 require, egeo'^ (w. gen. or abl.). 
 
 requisition, make a — for, im- 
 pero'^ (w. ace. and dat.). 
 
 rescue, eripid.^ 
 
 resist, resistd.^ 
 
 resistance, offer — , resistd.^ 
 
 resolve, cdnstitud.^ 
 
 resources, opes, -\im, f. ; (= 
 private resources) res familidris. 
 
 respect, spectd ^ ; ohservd} 
 
 respects, pay — ■ to, salutd^ 
 
 respond, responded,''^ 
 
 rest, the — of, reliquus, -a, 
 'Um, adj.; the — : reliqui, -drum, 
 masc. adj. used subst. ; cete7% 
 -drum, masc. adj. used subst. ; set 
 at — , compdnd^ ; (vb.) requiescd, 
 -ere, -evi, -etus (adj.). 
 
 restore, reddd ^ ; restitud.^ 
 
 restrain, to — one's inclina- 
 tion, sibitemper(lrequi)i(w. subj.). 
 
 result, the — is, j^f (fid). 
 
 results, it — , Jit (fid). 
 
 retain, retined.'^ 
 
 retard, tardd.^ 
 
 return, 1. intr., revertd^ ; re- 
 vertor^ ; reded.'^ 2. ir., reddd.^ 
 
 revenue, vectigal, -dlis, n. 
 
 review,recor(?ori (usu.w.acc.) ; 
 recdgnosco.^ 
 
 revile, carpd.^ 
 
 revolt, — from, desciscd^ (w. 
 ah or a and abl.). 
 
 reward, praemium^ -n, N. 
 
 Rhine, lihenus, -i, M. 
 
 Rhone, Rhodanus, -I, m. 
 
 riches, divitiae, -drum, r. 
 
 ridge, jugum, -i, n. 
 
 right, dexter, -tra, -trum, also 
 -tera, -terum, adj. 
 
 ripe, mdturus, -a, -um, adj. 
 
 rise, orior* (w. some fms. of the 
 3d conjugation). 
 
 rising, ortus, -us, m. ; — ground, 
 tumulus, -I, M. 
 
 risk, periculum, -i, n. ; — the 
 loss of, dmittd^ ,' w^ithout — of 
 injury, si7ie fraude. 
 
 river, Jlumen, -inis, N. 
 
 road, iter, itineris, n. ; (= the 
 travelled road) via, -ae, r. 
 
 rob, exspolid ^(vv. ace. and abl.). 
 
 rock, rupes, -is, f. 
 
 Roman, lldmdnus, -a, -um, adj. 
 
 Romans, Rdmdni, -drum, M. 
 
 Rome, Rdma, -ae, f. 
 
 room, locus, -i, M. 
 
 rough, asper, -era, -erum, adj. 
 
 round, pass — , circumferd. 
 
 rout, (= drive before one's 
 self) prdpelld, -ere, -pidi, -pulsus; 
 (= throw into confusion) per- 
 turhd.^ 
 
 route, iter, itineris, n. 
 
 royal, regius, -a, -um, adj. 
 
 rugged, asper, -era, -erum, adj. 
 
 ruinous, pernicidsus, -a, -um, 
 adj. 
 
 rule, regd.^ 
 
 rush, make a — , concurfo.^ 
 
 S. 
 Sabinus, Sahinus, -i, m. _^ 
 sacrifice, 1. subst., supplicia, 
 -drum, N. ; purificatory — , lu- 
 strum, -I, N. 2. vb., (of victims) 
 immold ^ ; (= lose) dmittd.^ 
 sacrificial, — dish, patera, -ae, 
 
 F. 
 
 sad, tristis, -e, adj. 
 
 saddles, furnished w^ith — , 
 
 ephippidtus, -a, -um, adj. 
 
sadly 
 
 shut 
 
 383 
 
 sadly, (= sad) tristis, -e, adj. 
 
 safe, salvns, -a, -urn, adj. 
 
 safety, salus, -utis, f. 
 
 sail, iiavigb.^ 
 
 sailor, nanta, -ae, M. 
 
 sake, for the — of, cmisd (w. 
 gen. preceding). 
 
 Sambre, Sabis, -is, M. (ace. 
 -im; abl. -I). 
 
 same. Idem, eadem, idem, de- 
 monstr. pron.; these — persons, 
 idem (pi. masc.) ; at the — time, 
 simul, adv. 
 
 Santones, Santones, -urn, m. 
 
 sate, expleoP- 
 
 satisfaction, give — , satisfacio ^ 
 (w. dat.). 
 
 satisfy, expleo.^ 
 
 savage, barbarus, -a, -um, adj. 
 
 say, dicd^; says he, inquit 
 (placed after one or more words 
 of a direct quotation) ; — not, 
 nef/o.^ 
 
 Scipio, Scipio, -bnis, m. 
 
 sea, mare, -is, n. ; (w. ref. to 
 the surface) aequor, -oris, n.; by 
 — : mari; (adj.) maritimtis, -a, 
 -um. 
 
 search, quaero.^ 
 
 season, winter — , bruma, -ae, 
 
 V. 
 
 second, secundtis, -a, -um, adj. ; 
 a — time, iterum, adv. 
 secondly, deinde, adv. 
 secret, in — , occulto, adv. 
 
 secure. 
 
 make 
 
 munio * ; strive to — , appeto.^ 
 
 see, vided^; cernb^ ; (= descry) 
 conspicio*; (= provide or see to) 
 provideo.^ 
 
 seek, peto ^ ; — after, appet^.^ 
 
 seem, videor.^ 
 
 seems, it — good, placet,^ im- 
 pers. 
 
 S^usiavl, Segusidvl, -orum^ m. 
 
 seize, (= grasp firmly) compre- 
 Jtendo*; (= takeaway) detraho* 
 (w. ace. th. and dat. pers.); (= 
 take possession of) occupu.^ 
 
 select, dUiffo^ 
 
 Sena, Sena, -ae, v. 
 
 eenate, aendtust -w, u. 
 
 senator, senator, -oris, m. 
 
 send, mitto ^ ; — forward, — 
 in advance, praemitto ^ ; — back, 
 remitto ^ ; — for, arcesso.^ 
 
 separate, divido ^ ; secerno.^ 
 
 Sequani, Sequani, -Drum, m. 
 
 Sequanian, Sequan^is, -a, -um, 
 adj. 
 
 serve, to — as, esse (w. dat.). 
 
 service, beneficium, -li, n. 
 
 services, opera, -de, v. 
 
 serviceable, idoneus, -a, -um, 
 adj. 
 
 Servius, Servius, -li, m. 
 
 set, — up, constitud ^ ; — out, 
 projiciscor^ ; — forth, propono^ ; 
 — at rest, compbnb.^ 
 
 setting, occdsus, -us, m. 
 
 settle, (of disputes) componb.^ 
 
 sever, — themselves, pass, of 
 discernb, -ere, -crevi, -cretus. 
 
 several, cojnpZiirea, -a (-ia),gen. 
 •ium, adj. 
 
 severe, gravis, -e, adj. 
 
 severely, graviter, adv.; vehe- 
 menter, adv. 
 
 shake, concutib, -ere, -ctissi, 
 -cussus. 
 
 shameless, — course, avMdda, 
 -ae, F. 
 
 shames, it — , pudet^ (w. ace. 
 pers. and gen. th.). 
 
 shape, Jigura, -ae, f. 
 
 shave, rddb, -ere, -st, -sua. 
 
 she, ea (fern, of is) ; omitted 
 when implied in the context. 
 
 shed, vinea, -ae, v. 
 
 shield, scutum, -i, N. 
 
 ship, ndvis, -is, f. ; — of war, 
 ndvis longa. 
 
 shipwreck, naufragium, -it, n. 
 
 shore, (of the sea) I'ltuif, -oris, 
 
 N. 
 
 short, hrevis, -e, adj. 
 
 shortest, proximus, -a, -um, adj. 
 
 shouting, clamor, -oris, m. 
 
 show, ostendb ■' ; doceb.'^ 
 
 shrink, — from, deprecor} 
 
 shudder, — at, perhorrisco, 
 ■ere, -horru'i. 
 
 shut, — up, claursus, -a, -um, 
 p. a. 
 
334 
 
 sick 
 
 steadfastness 
 
 sick, aeger, -gra, -grum, adj. 
 
 side, latus, -eris, n. ; (= part) 
 pa7's, partis, f. 
 
 sight, conspectus, -us, m. ; (= 
 eyes) ocull, -drum, m. ; catch — 
 of, conspicid.^ 
 
 signal, signum, -i, n. 
 
 Silanus, Sildnus, -i, m. 
 
 similar, similis, -e, adj. 
 
 since, quoniam, conj. ; cwm, 
 couj. (w. subj.). 
 
 single, singuli, -ae, -a, distr, 
 num. adj.; a — , unus, -a, -urn, 
 nnm. adj. 
 
 site, locus, -I, M. 
 
 six, sex, indecl. num. adj. 
 
 sixty, sexdgintd, indecl. num. 
 adj. 
 
 slcilled, peritus, -a, -um, p. a. 
 (w. gen.). 
 
 skillful, perttuSf -a, -um, p. a. 
 (w. gen.). 
 
 skin, pellis, -is, F. 
 
 slaughter, caedes, -is, f. 
 
 slave, servus, -i, m. 
 
 slavery, servitus, -utis, f. 
 
 slaves, familia, -.ae, f. ; servi- 
 tium, -II, N. (in sing, or pi.). 
 
 slh,y, occldo? 
 
 sleep, (= rest) requiesco, -ere, 
 -evi, -etus (adj.). 
 
 slight, parvus, -a, -um, adj. ; 
 mediocris, -e, adj. 
 
 sloping, declwis, -e, adj. 
 
 small, parvus, -a, -um, adj. ; (= 
 low) humilis, -e, adj. 
 
 smaller, minor, -us, adj. 
 
 smoke, /zl?»«s, -i, m. 
 
 so, sic, adv. ; ita, adv. ; tarn, 
 adv. ; and — , itaque, couj. ; so 
 . . . that, sic or ita . . . uti or ut 
 (w. subj.) ; so ... as, tarn . . . 
 quam. 
 
 soil, ager, -gri, m. 
 
 soldier, miles, -itis, m. ; com- 
 mon — , miles, -itis, m. ; foot — , 
 pedes, -itis, m. 
 
 solicit, postulo.^ 
 
 solicitude, kind — , voluntds, 
 -dtis, f. 
 
 solitude, sdlitudo, -inis, f. 
 
 some, aliqui, aliqua, aliquod, 
 
 indef . adj. pron. ; — one, — thing, 
 aliquis, aliquid, indef. pron.; some 
 (pi.), aliqui, quidam ; some... 
 others, a?u or pars . . . alii; some 
 . . . the others (the whole num- 
 ber being made up of two parties), 
 alterl . . . alterl; to — place, ali- 
 qiio, adv. 
 
 son, fllius, -11, M. 
 
 son-in-law, gener, -eri, M. 
 
 soon, as — as, simul atque, 
 uhi pnmum. 
 
 sooner, celerius, adv.; mdtH- 
 rius, adv. 
 
 sorry, I am — , me miseret,^ 
 impers. (w. gen.). 
 
 sort, of such a — , ejus 7nodi. 
 
 source, (= head) caput, -itis, n. 
 
 sovereign, — power, — au- 
 thority, regnum, -I, n. 
 
 space, spatium, -n, n. 
 
 spare, 1. vb., parco^ (w. dat.). 
 2. adj., exiguus, -a, -um. 
 
 speak, loquor^ ; dlcd.^ 
 
 speaking, generally — , ple- 
 rumque, adv. 
 
 special, (= specially) mdgno- 
 pere, adv. 
 
 speed, celeritds, -dtis, f. 
 
 speedily, celeriter, adv. 
 
 speedy, celer, -eris, -ere, adj. 
 
 spend, — the w^inter. Memo} 
 
 spirit, animiis, -I, m. 
 
 spiritless, iners, -ertis, adj. 
 
 spring, ver, veris, x. 
 
 Spurius, Spurius, -fi, u., abbr. 
 Sp. 
 
 squander, profundo, -ere, -fud^, 
 -fusus. 
 
 stable, firmus, -a, -um. 
 
 stage, gradus, -Us, m. 
 
 stand, (= keep erect) sto'^; 
 stand, make a — , consisto^ ; — 
 by, adsum (w. dat.). 
 
 standards, slgna, -drum, n. 
 
 state, clvitds, -dtis, f. ; res pU- 
 blica, rel publicae, f. 
 
 Statilius, Statilius, -il, m. 
 
 station, constituo^ ; conlocoA 
 
 stature, statura, -qp, f. ; dimin- 
 utive — , hrevitds, -dtis, v. 
 
 steadfastness, constantia, -ae, f. 
 
stealthily 
 
 sworn 
 
 335 
 
 stealthily, furtim, adv. 
 
 steep, (^ high) altus, -a, -urn, 
 p. a. 
 
 steer, guherno} 
 
 step, — over, transgredioi', -I, 
 -gressus (w. ace). 
 
 stern, puppis, -is, f. 
 
 still, (= nevertheless) tamen, 
 conj. 
 
 stimulate, excito.^ 
 
 stone, saxum, -I, N. 
 
 stores, copiae, -drum, p. 
 
 storm, tempestds, -dtis, F. 
 
 storj^, tabuldtum, -i, N. 
 
 strange, mirits, -a, -urn, adj.; 
 (= new) 7ioims, -a, -um, adj. 
 
 stratagem, cdtisilium, -ii, s. 
 
 strengthen, con'oboro.^ 
 
 stretch, tendoJ^ 
 
 strife, (of political parties) 
 studUim, -ii, n. 
 
 strilte, (by lightning) percutio, 
 -ere, -aissl, -cussus. 
 
 strive, — to secure, appeto.^ 
 
 strong, so — a, tantus, -a, -um, 
 adj. 
 
 struggle, 1. subst., contentio, 
 -onis, F. 2. vb., — against odds, 
 lahoro.^ 
 
 subject, res, gen. m (rel, re), 
 F. ; (= tributary) stlpetididrius, -rt, 
 •um, adj. 
 
 submit, servio * (w. dat.) ; — 
 to: potior^; subeo* (w. ace). 
 
 subsist, vf'scor^ (w. abl.). 
 
 substantially, (:= almost) fere, 
 adv.; — as follows, hHjusce 
 modi. 
 
 successful, secAtndus, -a, -um, 
 adj ; bring to a — issue, bene 
 gero.* 
 
 succession, in — , contiiiuus, -a, 
 -um, adj. 
 
 successive, continuus, -a, -um, 
 adj. 
 
 such, talis, -e, adj.; is, ea, id, 
 dcmonstr. pron. ; of — a sort, 
 ejus modi; (= so great) tantus, 
 -a, -um, adj. 
 
 sudden, rependnus, -a, -um, adj. 
 
 suddenly, 8ubito, adv.; rqpente, 
 adv. 
 
 Suebi, Siiehl, -drum, m. 
 
 Suessiones, Suessiones, -um, m. 
 
 suflFer, potior.^ 
 
 sutTerable, ferendus, -a, -um 
 (ger. otfero). 
 
 sufficient, satis (w. part, gen.) ; 
 — time, spatium, -ii, n. 
 
 suitable, idonetts, -a, -um, adj. 
 (w. ad and ace, or w. dat; also 
 w. rel. clause containing subj.). 
 
 Sulla, Sfdla, -ae, m.; of — , Sul- 
 Idnus, -a, -um, adj. 
 
 sum, summas -ae, f. 
 
 summer, «es^ds, -dtis, f.; mid 
 — , media aestds. 
 
 summit, summus, -a, -um, adj. 
 
 summon, evoco} 
 
 sun, sol, solis, M. 
 
 sunrise, ortus sdlis (prtus, -us, 
 M.). 
 
 sunset, solis occdsus, -Us, m. 
 
 supplication, in — , supplex, 
 -ids, adj. 
 
 supplies, commedtus^ -Us, m. 
 
 supply, copia, -ae, f. 
 
 support, send to the — of, 
 submitto'^ (w. dat. pers.); come 
 to the — of, subvenio* (w. dat). 
 
 suppose, (ironical) crMo* ; (= 
 believe) credo^; (= think) existi- 
 nio * ; (= judge) jndico} 
 
 supremacy, prlncipdtus, -us, m. 
 
 supreme, — authority, impe- 
 rium, -ii, n. 
 
 surpass, supo'o.^ 
 
 surrender, trddo^ ; dedofi 
 
 surround, circumstoA 
 
 suspicion, (-- opinion) opinio, 
 -onis, F. ; ground of — , suspicio, 
 -onis, F. ; free from — , purgdtus, 
 -a, -um, p. a. 
 
 sustain, sustineo^ ; toleroA 
 
 Swablans, Suebi, -orum, ^f. 
 
 sway, ihipcrium, -ii, n. 
 
 swear, juro.^ 
 
 swift, cehr, -eris, -ere, adj.; 
 velox, -or in, adj. 
 
 swiftness, celeritds, -dtis, P. 
 
 sword, gladius^ -il, M.; /e»Tt/w», 
 
 -I, N. 
 
 sworn, unit« in a — league, 
 
 cot^jOrO} 
 
336 
 
 take 
 
 those 
 
 T. 
 
 take, capio^ ; (= lead out) 
 educo^ ; — from or away, adimo ^ 
 or eripio'^ (w. ace. th. and dat. 
 pers.). 
 
 talent, talentum, -i, n. 
 
 talk, — of, dico.^ 
 
 Tarquinii, Tarquinu, -drum, m. 
 
 task, take to — : incuso^ (w. 
 aee.) ; accuso'^ (w. aee.). 
 
 teach, doceo'^ (w. two aecs.). 
 
 teacher, magister, -trl, m. ; prae- 
 ceptor, -oris, m. 
 
 tear, lacrima, -ae, r. 
 
 tell, — in reply, responded.^ 
 
 tempest, tempestds, -dtis, f. 
 
 temple, templum, -i, n. 
 
 ten, decern, indecl. num. adj.; 
 
 — each, denl, -ae, -a, distr. num. 
 adj. 
 
 tenth, decimus, -a, -um, ord. 
 num. adj. 
 
 territory, fines, -ium, M. 
 
 terror, overcome with — , pei'- 
 terreo.^ 
 
 Teacri, Teucrl, -drum, m. 
 
 than, quam. 
 
 thanks, grdtiae, -drum, r. 
 
 that, ille, -a, -ud, demonstr. 
 pron.; (weaker than ille) is, ea, 
 id, demonstr. pron.; (= that of 
 yours) iste, -a, -ud, demonstr. 
 pron.; (stronger tlian iste) iste 
 tuus ; (contemptuous) 2S«e, -a, -ud ; 
 
 — one, ille ; (= who or which) 
 qui, quae, quod, rel. pron. ; (in 
 final clauses) : ut, uti (w. subj.) ; 
 (w. comp.) quo (w. subj.) ; — not, 
 we (w. subj.) ; (in clauses of re- 
 sult) ut, uti (w. subj.); (after 
 ueg. expressions or interrog. ex- 
 pressions implying a ueg.) quin 
 (w. subj.) ; (after verbs of fear- 
 ing) ne (w. subj.); would — , uti- 
 nam (w. opt. subj.); in — the, 
 qui (= cum is) w. subj. 
 
 the . . . the, quo . . . eo. 
 Thebes, Thebae, -drum, f. 
 their, (referring to the subject) 
 
 — own, suus, -a, -um, poss. pron. ; 
 (= of them, of these) eorum, 
 edrum (gen. pi. of is) ; omitted 
 
 when readily understood from the 
 context. 
 
 them, (pers. pron.) proper fm. 
 of is, ea, id. 
 
 themselves, (reflex.) sui, sibi, 
 se or sese ; (intens.) ipsi, -ae, -a. 
 
 then, (of time) turn, adv. ; (= 
 secondly) deinde (pronounced : 
 de'inde), adv. ; (of inference or 
 transition) igitur, conj. (usu. fol- 
 lows the first word of the sent.). 
 
 thence, ijide, adv. 
 
 there, iJn, adv. ; (= thither) ed 
 or illo, adv. 
 
 therefore, qua re ; proinde (pro- 
 nounced : pro'inde), adv. 
 
 these, pi. of Mc, haec, hoc; 
 (weaker) pi. of is, ea, id; — 
 things, haec ; these . . . those, 
 hi . . . nil. 
 
 they, (emphatic, = they them- 
 selves), ipsi. 
 
 thing, res, gen. rel (ret, re), f. ; 
 this one — , id unum. 
 
 think, puto^; (of a personal 
 opinion) oplnor'^ ; {= reckon, 
 consider) existimo'^ ; (= ponder, 
 reflect on) cogito'^; (— feel, be 
 sensible of) sentio^ ; (= judge) 
 judico'^; (of an official opinion, 
 as of a senator) cmseo.^ 
 
 third, tertius, -a, -um, ord. num. 
 adj. 
 
 thirst, sitis, -is, f. 
 
 thirteenth, (of a month) Tdus, 
 -uum, F. 
 
 thirty, trigintd, indecl. num. 
 adj. 
 
 this, hlc, haec, hoc, demonstr. 
 pron. ; (weaker than hlc) is, ea, 
 id, demonstr. pron. ; (j= which) 
 qui, quae, quod, rel. pron. ; — 
 man, hlc ; — one thing, id 
 unum. 
 
 thither, eo, adv. 
 
 thoroughly, — inform, — 
 train, edoceo'^ (w. two aces.). 
 
 those, pi. of ille ; (= those of 
 yours) pi. of iste; (contemptu- 
 ous) pi. of iste; (ant. of rel.) pi. 
 of is ; [those] who, qui ; these 
 . . . those, hi . . . nil. 
 
though 
 
 under 
 
 337 
 
 though, quamv'is (w. siibj. ) ; 
 licet (w. subj.) ; even — , etiamsi 
 (w. indie, and subj. like si; the 
 indie, is more common). 
 
 thought, take — for, consulo * 
 (w. dat.). 
 
 thousand, mllle^ indeel. adj.; 
 also rnHZe(as nom. and aec. sing.), 
 subst. (w. part, gen.) ; in pi., 
 milia or millia, subst. (w. part, 
 gen.). 
 
 threaten, minitor'^ (w. dat. 
 pers. and abl. or aec. th.). 
 
 three, tres, tria, num. adj.; (w. 
 substs. pi. in form, but sing, in 
 meaning) tfini, -ae, -a. 
 
 through, j[;er, prep. w. aec. 
 
 throughout, totus, -a, -um, adj. 
 
 throw, (= throw to, as of a 
 javelin) adicio, -ere, -jeci, -jectus; 
 — a-way, emitto^; — away (of 
 on opportunity) dmitto.^ 
 
 thus, ita, adv. 
 
 tides, maritiml aestua. 
 
 Tigurine, rf^wnn2ts,-a,-mn,adj. 
 
 timber, materia^ -ae, f. 
 
 time, tempus, -oris, n. ; (= sea- 
 son) tempestds, -dtis, F.; at any 
 — , at some — , aliquando, adv.; 
 at the same — , siniul, adv. ; at 
 that — , tum^ adv.; up to this — , 
 adhiic, adv.; at one time ... at 
 another, alias . . . alids. 
 
 tithes, decimae, -drum, f. 
 
 Titurius, Titurius, -li, m. 
 
 Titus, Titus, -i, m., abbr. T. 
 
 to, sign of dat,; (w. expres- 
 sions of motion) ad, prep. w. aec; 
 (= into) in, prep. w. ace.; (ex- 
 pressing purpose) ut or (w. 
 comp.) quo w. subj. 
 
 together, (= in company) una, 
 atlv. ; — with, una cum (w. abl.) ; 
 (= Id succession) continuiis, -a, 
 •um, adj.; come — , convenio* ; 
 get — (tr.), confero; call — , 
 convoco^; to Join — (tr.), inter 
 aejungere. 
 
 toil, labor, -oris, m. 
 
 too, (before an adj.) sign of 
 comp.; (= also) etiam; (= exces- 
 sively) nimia, adv. 
 
 topmost, summus, -a, -um, adj. 
 
 Torquatus, Torqudtus, -i, M. 
 
 total, sum — , summa omnium. 
 
 Toulouse, Tolosa, -ae, f. 
 
 towards, ergd, prep. w. ace. ; 
 (= into or against) in, prep. w. 
 ace. ; — the setting, sub occdstim. 
 
 tow^er, turris, -?'.s, f. 
 
 town, oppidum, -I, n. ; free — , 
 municipium, -il, N.; belonging to 
 the — , oppiddnus, -a, -um, adj. 
 
 trader, mercdtor, -oris, m. 
 
 train, exerceo.^ 
 
 transport, trdnsporto.^ 
 
 treat, ago.^ 
 
 Treveri, Treveri, -orww, M. 
 
 trial, periculum, -i, N.; with- 
 out — , indcmndtus, -a, -um, adj. 
 
 tribune, tribunus, -l, m. 
 
 tributary, vectigdlis, -e, adj. 
 
 tribute, stipendium, -li, n. 
 
 troops, copiae, -drum, f. 
 
 trouble, molestia, -ae, f. 
 
 Troy, Troja, -ae, f. 
 
 true, verus, -a, -um, adj. 
 
 truly, vere, adv. 
 
 trumpet, tuba, -ae, f. 
 
 truth, veritds, -dtis, F. 
 
 try, tento ^ or temptoA 
 
 tumult, tumultus, -us, M. 
 
 twelfth, duodecimus, -a, -um, 
 ord. num. adj. 
 
 twelve, duodecim, indeel. num. 
 adj. 
 
 twenty, vigintl, Indeel. num. 
 adj.; — sixth, sextus et vlcesimus 
 or vlcesimus sextus, -a, -um, ord. 
 num. adj. 
 
 two, duo, dtiae, duo, uum adj. ; 
 (w. substs. pi. in form, but sing, 
 in meaning) b'lni, -ae, -a, distr. 
 num. adj.; — each, — and — , 
 blnl, -ae, -a, dIstr. num. adj. 
 
 tyrant, tyrannus, -I, m. 
 
 U. 
 
 IJbii, Ubfi, -ontm, m. 
 unable, be — , mm possum. 
 unacquainted, — with, IgtM- 
 
 rus, -rt, -um (w. gen.). 
 
 under, (w. vb. of rest) sub, 
 prep. \v. abl. ; (w. vb. of motion) 
 
338 
 
 nnderstand 
 
 ward 
 
 sub, prep. w. ace; — arms, in 
 ariius. 
 
 understand, intellego? 
 
 understood, it is generally — , 
 
 constat} 
 
 undertake, siiscipio, -ere, -cepi, 
 -ceptus ; (= prepare) paro.^ 
 
 undertaking, (= work) opus, 
 -eris, N. 
 
 unfair, iniquus, -a, -um, adj. 
 
 unfavorable, aliemis, -a, -um, 
 adj. 
 
 unfortunate, miser, -era, -erum, 
 adj. 
 
 unharmed, incolumis, -e, adj. 
 
 uninjured, incolumis, -e, adj. 
 
 uninterrupted, continmis, -a, 
 -um, adj. 
 
 unite, conjungo^ (w. ace. and 
 dat. or C2im w. abl.). 
 
 unjustly, injuste, adv. 
 
 unless, 7iisi, conj. 
 
 xmraoxed, firmus, -a, -um, adj. 
 
 unparalleled, singularis, -e, adj. 
 
 unreasonable, iniquus, -a, -um, 
 adj. 
 
 unsuccessful, adversus, -a, -um, 
 p. a. 
 
 until, (= up to) ad, prep. w. 
 acc; dum, quoad, conj.; (= be- 
 fore) antequam, priusquam, adv. 
 
 unwilling, invitus, -a, -um, adj. ; 
 be — , nold. 
 
 up, see verb or other promi- 
 nent word of the phrase. 
 
 upbraid, inciiso^ (w. acc). 
 
 upon, see verb or other promi- 
 nent word of the phrase. 
 
 upper, superior, -ius, adj. 
 
 urge, hortor^ ; — to, hortor^ (w. 
 ut and siibj.) ; — on, impello.^ 
 
 use, utor^ (w. abl.) ; (= be wont) 
 soleo^ ; to — force, vim facer e. 
 
 useful, (= for use) usui. 
 
 usual, as — , ex consuetudine. 
 
 Utica, Utica, -ae, f. 
 
 utmost, sign of superl. 
 
 utterly, sign of superl. 
 
 Vaga, Vaga, -ae, f. 
 
 vain, in — , nequiquam, adv. 
 
 valor, virtus, -litis, f. 
 
 value, existimo.^ 
 
 vanity, vdnitds, -dtis, f. 
 
 Venelli, Venelll, -drum, m. 
 
 Venetia, Venetia^ -ae, f. 
 
 Veneti, Veneti, -drum, m. 
 
 venture, aiideo.^ 
 
 Veragri, Veragri, -drum, m. 
 
 Verbigene, Verbigenus, -a, -um, 
 adj. 
 
 verily, vero, adv. 
 
 very, sign of superl. ; (= self) 
 i2)se, -a, -um, demonstr. pron. ; — 
 easily, (after a neg.) satis com- 
 mode ; — first, primus statim. 
 
 Vesontio, Vesontio, -onis, m. 
 
 veteran, miles vetus Q-eris, 
 adj.). 
 
 vice, vitium, -li, n. 
 
 victor, victor, -oris, m. 
 
 victory, victoria, -ae, f. 
 
 vie, certo} 
 
 view, in — of, prae, prep. w. 
 abl.; have in — ,provided^; burst 
 into — , erumpo.^ 
 
 vigor, vis, VIS, F. 
 
 village, vicus, -i, u. 
 
 violence, vis, vis, f. 
 
 violent, saevus, -a, -um^ adj. 
 
 virtue, virtus, -utis, f. 
 
 visit, — with, adficio^ (w. acc. 
 and abl.). 
 
 Volusenus, Volusenus, -i, m. 
 
 vote, 1. \h.,decernd.^ 2. subst., 
 consilium, -li, n. 
 
 voyage, make a — , ndvigo^ 
 
 W. 
 
 wage, — against, infero (w. 
 acc. and dat.). 
 
 w^agon, carrus, -i. m. 
 
 wait, — for, exspecto)- 
 
 w^all, (generic term) murus, -i, 
 M. ; (— rampart about a camp) 
 vallum, -I, N. 
 
 want, (= wish) volo. 
 
 vi^anting, be — , desum. 
 
 war, bellum, -I, n. ; ship of — , 
 ndvis longa ; to make — on, bel- 
 lum facere (w. dat). 
 
 ward, — off from, prop u I so ^ 
 (w. ab or a and abl.). 
 
warlike 
 
 words 
 
 339 
 
 warlike, hdlicdsus, -a, -um^ adj. 
 
 \^'arn, moneb.'^ 
 
 waste, lay — , vasto) 
 
 watchmen, vigiliae, -drum, f. 
 
 water, aqua, -ae, f. 
 
 ■way* give — to passion, Ird- 
 scor •■' ; be on one's — ,pergd -^ ; in 
 what — , quern ad modum. 
 
 we, nbSy nostri and nostrum, 
 pers. pron. 
 
 wealth, divitiae, -drum, f. 
 
 wearyffessus, -a, -iim, p. a. (\v. 
 abl.); I am — , me taedet,^ im- 
 pers., w. gen. 
 
 weep, ^€0.2 
 
 welfare, res, gen. r?i (ret, re), v. 
 
 Avell, bene, adv.; — enough, 
 commode, adv. 
 
 w^hat, (interrog.) qui, quae, 
 quod (adj.) and quid (subst.); 
 1= of wliat sort) qxidlis, •€, inter- 
 rog. and rel. adj.; (= that which) 
 id quod, 
 
 whatever, any — , quivls, qttae- 
 vis, quodv'is and (subst.) quidvls, 
 indcf. pron. 
 
 when, uVi, postquam, posted 
 quam, 7U (w. indie, usu. the pcrf. 
 or hist, pros.) ; cum. 
 
 whenever, cum (w. indie). 
 
 where, ubt, interrog. and rel 
 adv. 
 
 wherefore, quam oh rem. 
 
 whether, num, interrog. parti- 
 cle; -ne, interrog. particle. 
 
 which, qui, quae, quod, reL and 
 interrog. pron. 
 
 while, dum, conj. 
 
 who, qui (M.), quae (p.), rel. 
 pron. ; qnis, int<.Trog. pron. 
 
 whoever,whatever,7WM*wm9T<«, 
 quaerumque, quodrumque, indcf. 
 rel. pron.; — you please, 7 j/i/jVm/!, 
 qnuelihet, qttodWie.t, and (subst.) 
 qnidlibet, indef. pron. 
 
 whole, tbtus, -a, -urn, adj. ; (= 
 all joined or massed together) 
 cunctus, -a, -urn, adj. 
 
 why, cur, adv.; (= for what 
 reason) qua de causa; quid (n. 
 ace. used adv.). 
 
 wide, Idtus, -a, -Mm, adj. 
 
 i widely, late, adv.; more — , 
 hltius, adv. 
 
 width, Idtitudb, -inis, F. 
 
 wife, conjunx, -jugis, v. 
 
 wild, /erw.s, -a, -um, adj. 
 
 will, good — , gratia, -ae, f. 
 
 willing, be not — , nolo. 
 
 wine, r'lnura, -I, N. 
 
 wing, (of an army)cornM, -us, x. 
 
 winter, Jdems (hiemps), -emis, 
 f. ; — quarters, Kiberna, -drum, 
 N. ; spend the — , hie mo} 
 
 wish, void ; cupib^ ; — well to, 
 cupio^ (w. dat.) ; — rather, maid. 
 
 with, cum, prep. w. abl. (w. 
 the abl. of pers. and rel. prons., 
 ciim is appended ; as, tecum, qui- 
 busc2(m)', (in an expression of 
 manner in which the subst. is 
 limited by an adj.) sign of the 
 abl. ; — each other, inter se {se- 
 se) ; have to do — , pertineo^ (w. 
 ad &ud ace). 
 
 withdraw, 1. intr., discedo* ; 
 decedo^ ; excedo^ ; (less often) 
 concedo.^ 2. tr., subduco^ ; (= 
 lead out) educo.^ 
 
 withhold, — consent, (= [be] 
 unwilling), invltus, -a, -um, adj. 
 
 within, sign of abl. of time 
 within which. 
 
 without, sine, prep. w. abl.; 
 (w. participial noun after ncg. 
 expressions) quln (w. subj.); — 
 trial, indemndtus, -a, -um, adj.; 
 — provocation, injuria (abl. of 
 manner). 
 
 withstand, stistined^ (w. ace). 
 
 %vitness, (= eye witness) arbi- 
 ter, -tri, M. ; (one who attests) 
 testis, -is, c. 
 
 woman, mulier, -eris, v. 
 
 wonder, — at-, mlror.^ 
 
 wonderful, mirus, -a, -um, adj.; 
 (= to be wondered at) mirdbilis, 
 -€, adj. 
 
 wont, inos, mbris, M. 
 
 wood, silva, -ae, v. 
 
 word, to keep one's — , fldem 
 servdre. 
 
 words, a few — , paucd, -orum, 
 neut. pi. adj. used subst. 
 
340 
 
 work 
 
 zeal 
 
 work, opus, -eris, n. 
 
 ■worst, pessimus, -a, -um, adj. 
 
 worthy, dignus, -a, -um, adj. 
 (w. abl.; also w. rel. clause w. 
 subj.). 
 
 would, — that, utinam (w. 
 opt. subj.). 
 
 w^ound, vulnei'o.^ 
 
 w^rest, enpio^ (w. ace. th. and 
 dat. pers.). 
 
 wretched, miser, -era, -erum, 
 adj. 
 
 write, scribo.^ 
 
 wrong, injuria, -ae, f. 
 
 Xenophon, Xenophbn, -ontis, m. 
 
 year, annus, -i, m. ; the — after, 
 
 anno post. 
 
 yet, (= nevertheless) tamen, 
 conj. ; and — , quamquam, conj.; 
 not — , nondum, adv. 
 
 yield, — obedience, pared? 
 
 yoke, jugum, -i, n. 
 
 yonder, (= that) ille, ilia, illud, 
 demonstr. pron. 
 
 you, (sing.) tu, tui; (pi.) vos, 
 gen. vesti'l and vestrum, pers. pron.; 
 to — , (=: thither where you are) 
 istuc (accent the last syllable), adv. 
 
 your, (sing.) tuiis, -a, -um ; 
 (pi.) vester, -tra, -trum, poss. 
 pron. ; (contemptuous) iste, ista, 
 istud. 
 
 yours, that of — , iste tuus. 
 
 yourself, tui, tibi, te, pers. 
 pron. used reflex. 
 
 yourselves, vos (pi. of tu, used 
 reflex.). 
 
 youth, adulescentia, -ae, f. ; (— 
 young person) adulescens, -entis, 
 c. 
 
 Z. 
 
 Zama, the people of — , Za- 
 menses, -ium, m. 
 
 zeal, studium, -ilf n. 
 
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