KnruBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT BOOK. 1894. prepared by National Republican Congressional Committee. Single Copy, 25 cents. WASHINGTON, D. C, 1894. REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN TEXT BOOK 1894. prepared by National Republican Congressional Committee, ^^9J Single Copy, 25 cents. WASHINGTON, D. C, 1894* NOTICE. In the preparation of this volume the editor has made use of material found in the Congressional i2ec©rc4 'Without giving oredit to the several Senators and Representatives vf idset* rema3*l|s^'hav-B 6een utilized, except in cases where the character orthfe debate nvatf snch that names must necessarily appear. The,^erJ^iiie$ ©f;IJctQt«W.^W.; Curry,, of Indiana, are acknowledged in the pre^aiaiioiJ ^f*fi3a wbrit^ * Thp jjalsjles Osed have been verified and corrected throughout the entire Vftili* 'Th'fe 'figures can there- fore be quoted with absolute assurance by speakers and writers. Great care should be taken in noticing the black-faced titles of the book, as this will guide the reader invariably to the subject without the use of an index. All important matter relating to money is found under the head- ings of " Currency " and " Coin," The volume has been prepared under great disadvantages to the editor, by reason of the haste and confusion incident to the work of the campaign and the closing hours of Congress. It is therefore not so full and complete in all it details as at first contem- plated by the editor ; but we believe it to be suflaciently so to be of inval- uable assistance to those interested in the subjects herein contained. THOMAS H. McKEE, September 12th, 1894. Assistant iSeci'etarp. 40opyright€d 1894, by Thomas H. McKee.) ' If • Katiom wMi made of adamant, fr«« iMid* wovld srlad It to powd«r.' — Napolsom* B o,>(».3 » » 1 ORIGIN AND PRINCIPLES OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. Polltloal parties exist in all free governments, representing: opinloiui and purposes more or less coherent. Many of these parties are evMiM- cent, because repreeentins: passing phases of publio opinion; but some are permanent and endure for generations. Their organizations are neo— sa rily loose, their declarations often incongruous, and their personnel OTm- stantty shiftingn but still there are certain permanent tendenoie* bi p«b- lio affairs around which parties must adhere, under whateyer ohaBges oi names, and pursuing whatever different immediate results. This will be found true of all parties in the United States. UNDER THE CONFEDERATION. During the reTolutionary war the colonies were kept ftpgeUier Iby the spirit of patriotism, and the pressure of a common enemy. At its close the necessity presented itself of maintaining some sort of uniom in order to re- ceire recognition in the family of nations. A confederation was formed] but its utter inefficiency soon became apparent, and they were dziyen to the adoption of tlie present Constitutional Goremment In order to form a more perfect Union for the purposes enumerated. Before and during the formation of this goyemment there was developed a very wide and per- manent difference ef opinion as to what should be its scope and oharaeier. Before the war the colonies were independent of each other, having mm po- litical oonnection except through the distant mother eountry. In th« inr-* mation of the new government, one class Insisted on maintaining this imdeA]^jffeS...- And now at once began political contests as to what powers were delega-' ted, and what reserved, and therefore as to whether the United States was' a Nation or a Confederacy, and as to what it might and should do, and what it might not and should not do. In this controversy, which has' not yet ceased, w« find the origin and explanation of the permanent party divisions of the country. One side, realizing the disintegrating influenJ ces of local interests, jealousies, and ambitions, and the necessity for a strong common government to combine and hold these in permanent union, interpreted the constitutional grants of power broadly, insisted strongly on the supreme powers of the nation, and came to be called " Federalists." The other side, realizing the tyranny of centralized power, and the tendency of sovereigns, of whatever kind, to oppress the people, insisted on a strict construction of the constitutional grants and a lim- itation ol govermental action to its narrowest limits, and came to be called " Republicans." And so the Federalists and Republican parties be-' came the first parties to divide the voters of the country. It would not be correct to say that either of these parties consistently maintained its principle, or desired to push it to its ultimate results; but it is unques-' tionably true to say that each was decidedly influenced thereby in its treatment of current politics. A logician might say that Federalism must necessarily end in centralization, and a loss of the independence oi the states, and that Republicanism, as set out in the Kentucky and Vir-| ginia Resolutions, must necessarily end in secession and national disso- lution. This may be true, but party politics is not logical, and so long as the two tendencies can be narade to balance each other, the present framework of our government may be very well preserved. SLAVERY IN POLITICS. In accounting for the present Democratic and Republican parties and the controversies between them, it is impossible not to see the influence oi' the original party difference. On the collapse of the nullification move-' ment, under the vigorous repression of President Jackson, the strenuous' advocates of state sovereignty proceeded to intrench themselves behind! the iastitutioni of slavery, and to convert the Democratic party into its ad- vocate. The inconsistency of slavery with free institutions was generally felt and acknowledged from the beginning, and in the Constitution are ev- IdMit marl^ of unfriendliness toward it. But the right of the States to! continue it whejse it existed was not disputed, and no power to deal with It tjiere was given to the general government Tlie most ardent) Abolitionist did not pretend that it could be gotten rid of by National autiiority. Indeed, they denounced the Constitution because of its im- potoxxoe in this respeet. But the question of slavery was one which not 1)6 kept out of politics. Should new States be admitted with ik \M aUowed to exist ux aojr plaoa undar Azolusiye^ < This Is not a an^atioB of » sarroa- vodnction in tariff scliedules; but it is a questioa ttf wide-apart principles.^ — BoajaBoia Barrisuau SIiATSKT IN POI.ITICS, (Continued.) national control ? Should the interstate traflac in slaves "be permitted? Under what provisions of law should fugitive slaves be returned ? Sucb questions would not down, but led to passionate controversies, and in- volved questions of constitutional power and duty, as well as of policy. The admission of Missouri led to protracted and bitter debate, and the compromise division of territory proved ineffectual. The annexation of Texas and the acquisition of new territory by the Mexican war added fuel to the flames, which the compromise measures of 1850 did not quench. The Kansas-Nebraska controversy quickly arose, and the Civil war soon followed. Up to the Missouri compromise the northern wing of the Democratic party was not committed to the extension of Slav- ery, nor the party avowedly pro-slavery, although from the days of Jack- son's breach with the nullifiers it was becoming more and more infected ivith the virus of the state sovereignty, pro-slavery poison of Calhoun- ism. At no time was the Whig party an anti-slavery party. Among the most strenuous opponents to slavery extension were leaders in the Democratic party of the North, but their exertions were in vain against the slave ijropagandists of the South. The Whig leaders strove success- fully to keep their party organization from taking sides and thereby sealed its death warrant. The storm of slavery agitation swept every- thing before it, and parties were compelled to allign themselves on the Issues thus aroused, or give way to others. THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. By the repeal of the Missouri compromise the last pretext was re- moved, and the Democratic party stood revealed as the instrument ol slavery extension. The Whig party was dissolved after its imbecil« cam- paign of 1852, and the Republican party arose to take its place. This party was not organized to abolish slavery in the states where it existed, but with an unalterable determination to prevent its extension into any of the territories either north or south of the Missouri line. The new party was composed of the body of the Whigs, and of large accessions from the Democratic party of such as would not be committed to the extension of slavery, and some of such Democrats were among its most conspicuous and ardent leaders. Its first national campaign, under John C. Fremont, was not successful in the election of a President; but the large vote that it polled, and the increasing dissensions in the Democratic ranks, were ominous to the propagandists, The four years of President Buchanan's administration were entirely under their control, and were spent in preparing for the eventuality of Republican success. Mr. Lin- coln's election led to the immediate execution of their plans. The Govern- ment had been disarmed, its navy dispersed, its treasury emptied, and its predit s4dly impaired . Before Mr. Lincoln's inauguration, seven states had passed ordinances of secession, and a Confederate Government was set up ' Tb* W«st«rH farmer's Inttlnet la wls«r th»m Mr. Gladstone's pliilosophy. The fanner knows tliat the larger the home market the better are his prices, and that as the honxe market is narrvwed his Frioes f aU." -Janes •» Blain«. t t VMS RSPVBUOAH PASTT, (Ceatlaa«43 ftt Montgomery, Alabama. United States vessels, Ibrts, mints, and other jpioperty had been taken possession of. The flag had been flred on in Charleston harbor, and troops made prisoners of war in Texas. POLITICS OF THE REBELLION. I It is not proposed here to deal with the erento or the crimes of the oiyil War, but solely to call attention to its politics. The men who organized and led in this secession and war, declared then, and the survivors of them declare now, that they committed no crime, that ^ey had a constitutional right to do as they did. They declared the Con- stitution was a compact between Sovereign States; that these States had o common sovereign, and each was therefore compelled to judge for itself of the infraction of that compact and of the proper remedy to be applied; that the abolitionist states had repeatedly violated that compact, and there- fore, they had a right to secede, and to establish such new confedera- tions as they might deem most advisable. When Mr. Lincoln was in- augurated, he had not only !• face the acts of violence whieh had been joomittitted, and which constituted war, but also the political doctrines by which they were sought to be justified. If the United States was /merely a Confederacy into which Sovereign States had entered, and from I which they might recede at their pleasure, then what was he to d« but let the "erring sisters" go? His predecessor, Mr. Buchanan, had denied the iconstitutional right of these states to secede; but he had also denied the right of the General Government to prevent them from doing so. The Nation had a right to live, but it had no right to prevent the secessionist from cutting its throat; and so he remained inactive while the Confederacy was being organized. ' It was not so that Mr. Lincoln and the Republicans read the Constitution. They understood the United States to be a Nation, its Constitution to be the supreme law of the land, its Courts to be competent to judge of trespasses by one state on the rights of another, and its Congress able to Aimish reme- dies for all wrongs against t^ieir constitutional rights. They not only de- nied the right of secession, but held that the Government must preserve its own existence against domestie insurrection as promptly as against foreign invasion; and held that the President was clothed with ample authority to see that the laws were everywhere faithfully executed, its property pre- served, its functions discharged, and its flag respected. The political issue thus Joined, led to four years of oiril war, but in the outcome the Nation was successful and the Confederacy destroyed. In the course of the struggle the immediately exciting cause, slavery, was overthrown as a military neoessity, and it is a common observation that ssoession perished with slavery. But is this correct ? The overthrow of slaveory has been eonflrmed by an amendment of the Constitution, hut has there been any suehttsaend- msBt T«^t|ifdu^ins ttis seoessioA mov«m«st 1mt« retamod to Uieir &U«s:laBfl« to tke G«B«ntl GovtnusMKt, a&d dMisM tiutti thtj hAT* &o further piurpoMor dndr* t« M«k a diwMkiiiatef tk* Unkm^ In thia t2i«r« i« bo doubt of tfa«ix ptrfsct suMori^. Bui luiT« tk«y renonnood thoir dooirino of ^»t« SoToroigmt j, or admittod HbM Hm^ frtMl mistaken in thair oonstrMden of tka OonatiLtutioa T Wilk an iaraata amJ solidate eactions, is not saaoaBlon as possfl^e to-daj as U was M IMff STATE SOVERBIGNTY STILL THE DEMOCRATIC OtfiBD. Tho trath is, at tbm doaa of tha war tba oonfederataa wsai bedll/ late ^4 Demoeratlo partj, and ara now in full eontrol of its poUtiaa. TkajT wani out from U to ersanixa thair Cenfftderaej in aoeordanca witk Mspctedlplaaj and ibay rstomad to H witUont an/ profession of ehauffo •£ ftillk* Ikay* reantarad its fiiUewship net as repentant prodi|rr their slave laborarsJ And these eoonomio differences beeame elearly sectional, and oulmlnated when Sonfk Carolina proposed to nullity the tariff acts of ISM and lUB^ "^ A ehrflHced man wfll neve? want to s«R » for luore tban it Is worth, nor will he want - anrtkini: for less than what it is worth.** — Bobt. G. Ineersoll. VAiam JS9UM BSFOBX: THE WAK, (Continued.) H Wtts than ttifttCaihminisra took a definite position in faver of slay^ry' aaiisii^ jmt ««, etfr9% trade in &• interest of slavery, and oft^e subjaga-' tkm mi tlM I>«>mooralio party to ^e will of the slave oligarchy. The hBmedlate dispute conoeraing th« tariff was settled for the time being by a •omprozaltte aet, gradnally reducing the duties at stated periods. In 1S40 Hm Wblg party oleoted (leneral William H. Harrison as President, ol>takied a majority of members in Congress, and passed the protective tariff of 1S42. In 1844 the Demoerats were successful, and in 1846 repealed ih« Whig measure, and passed the tariff of 1846, commonly called the " Walker Tariff. " Its character may be best stated in the language of title national Democratic platform «SM iolr 1. IMft, f».BH;Mt{ amout Jnijr U vm, tUM^JUL aa4 not wbat you pl«as«." —Ben Franklim. bBMOOiATTC POSITION SINCE THE WAR. Sinoe tha war ik» I>«mocratic party has never had the courage to arow its free trade principles, but with aH its changes it has still drifted baek toward its old x>ositioD. In 1^4 it declared in its national platform ibr " a tariff for reyentue upon foreign imports, and such equal taxation under the internal rerenue laws, as will afford incidental protec- tion to domestic manufactures." In 1872 it supported Horace Greeley on a blatform whidi ** recognizing irreconcilable differences of opinion with regard te the respeetire systems of protection and free trade, we remit the discussion of the subject to tiie people in their congressional districts." In 1176 it denounced " the present tariff," declared '* reform is necessary }n tfie sum and modes of federal taxation," and that ** we demand that all oustom-hoose taxation shall be only for revenue. " In 1880 it simply proposed " a tariff lor revenue only." In 1884 it indulges in a long tirade pf denunciation of Republican tariff legislation, pledges itself " to revise the tariff in a spirit of fairness to all interests," declares that " it is not proposed to injure any domestic industries, " but that " the necessary re- duction can and moat be effected without depriving American labor of the ability to eompete successfully with foreign labor, and without im- posing lower rates of duty than will be ample to cover any increased cost of production which may exist in consequence of the higher rate |of wages prevailing in this country.** In 1888 it is still of opinion that m reforming the tariff **our established domestic industries should not be endangered," but that "due allowance for the difference between the wages of American and foreign labor," so as to "encourage every branch of such industries." But in 1892 it recovers from this lapse into protectionism, and declares— "We denounce Republican protection as a fraud, a robbery of the great majority of the American people for the benefit of the lew. We declare it to be a fundamental principle of the Democratic party that the federal government has no constitutional power to impose and collect tariff duties, except for the purposes of revenue only. " And here, at last, it gives an honest utterance to its sentiments. No toore tenderness concerning " established industries " ; no more twad- dle about " allowing for difference of wages" ; no " incidental protec- tion " nonsense. No " protection is a fraud " ; " tariff for revenue only " ; " the government is a federation ; " " the constitution does not permit the protection of any industry." And so the Democratic party plants itself again on its ante-war, State sovereignty platform of free trade. Such are its declarations. We shall see how it attempts to carry them out. Those wlio carried the war for the Union and equal and universal freedom to a victorions issue, can never safely relax their vigilance until the ideas for which they f oTig:ht have heoom* em- bodied in the endurins: forms of individual and Bational life. -J. A. Garfield. All matter in this volume is arranged in alphabetical order by sec- tions, the BLACK FACED LETTERS indicating the subjects. AD VALOREM DUTIES vs. SPECIFIC DUTIES. AN AD VALOKEM DUTY Is a stated percent, that is levied upon the value of the goods imported. Illustration: The duty on certain manufactures of silk is fifty per cent, of their foreign value. A. SPECIFIC DUTY Is one laid on the quantity of the goods imported ; it is so much per yard, per ton, per bushel, etc., without regard to the cost; for example : " Eggs, 5 cents per dozen," or " Wheat, 26 cents per bushel." An ad valorem duty, as the name implies, is a certain per cent, of the value of the goods at the point of shipment; for example, *• Horses and mules, '20 per cent, ad valorem." Each of these methods of rating has advantages over the other in special cases, and in some instances it seems best to combine them. But where practicable the specific duty is to be preferred to the ad valorem. In the first place, the ad valorem duty is more favorable to fraud. It is usually difficult to judge the difference in the value of two articles, while on the other hand standards of weight and measure can easily be applied. As Henry Clay once said, in speaking against ad valorem duties, " Let me write the invoices and I care not who fixes the duties." In the second place, the ad valorem duties aggravate the fluctuations in price of imported goods and of revenue from them, each increase in import price being accompanied by an increase of duty, and vice versa. And in favor of specific duties it may be said that they encourage the importation of better goods. Thus, if the duty on horses is so much a head, it has the effect of barring out the poorer grades. In " reforming backward " from the specific duties of the McKinley act toward' ad valorem duties, the committee has ignored the teachings of experience as recorded in history. The subject was discussed by the " Fathers of the Constitution," who ioined in framing our first tariff, with marvelous directness, intelligence, and foresight, and with a decided preference for specific duties. AliEXANDEB HAMIIiTON, In 1796, then Secretary of the Treasury, said : ♦• In other nations experience has led to contract more and more the l^tan. In faTor of a prote«tiTe tarff a&d Internal improrements. —Abraham Lincoln. ▲I> TAI.OKBM DUnSS, {0*Btlam«<.) number of artiol«s rated ad yalorem, and, of course, to extend the num- ber of those rated specifically." ■XCfBSTABY 07 THB TBUASUBT QALJULTUH, In 1801, Mid: " In order to ipiard aa £ftr as possible ag^ainst the yalue of ffoode being xmderrated in the invoices it would be eligible to lay specific duties on all such^articles now paying duties ad valorem as may be susceptible ol that alteration." SEGBBTABT OV THB TBEASUBT CBAWVOBI), In 1817, under a resolu- tion of Congress, made a thorough investigation of the subject, and reported : " It is certainly prudent to diminish, as far as practicable, the list oi articles paying ad valorem duties." He recommended the transfer of over one hundred articles from the ad valorem to the specific schedule. At the session of Congress, 183^40, President Van Buren forwarded a message covering reports of the Secretary and the Comptroller of the Treasury, with opinions of Attorneys General Butler and Grundy, and letters from collectors of customs in all the principal ports pertaining to the practical^operation, for about six years, of ad valorem duties. It waa the unanimous judgment of these officers that the ad valorem system was "lunequal, uncertain, unsafe, diverse in its construction, injurious to the revenue, open to unfair practices, and greatly expensive, from the num- ber of persons required to execute it." JAMSS BUCHANAN, In 1842, on the floor of the Senate, said : 1^ "I am not only opi)Osed to any uniform scale of ad valorem duties, bu< to'any and all ad valorem duties whatever, except where, from the nature of the article imported, it is not possible to subject it to a specific duty." WALTBB FOBWAED, Then Secretary of the Treasury, favored specific duties because of " the security of the revenue against evasions." DANIEL WBBSTBB, In 1846, presenting, in his argument to the Senate, many instances of fraud under ad valorem duties, said : " It has been the experience of this Government always that the ad val- orem system is open to innumerable frauds. What is the case with England T In her notions favorable to free trade has she rushed madl^ into a scheme of ad valorem duties? Sir, the system of ad valorea duties is not free trade, but fraudulent trade." If ^National pride and National prosperity are wortli preserving, tlien American indastrica and American labor must be protected by tariff laws from the ruinous competition of the cheap labor of ^European and Asiatic countries. —Senator J. H. Gallineer, of New Hampghlre. AtD VAIiORTJM DUTIES, (Continued.) SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY MEREDITH, In 1849 said: •• A specific duty is more easily assessed, more favorable to commerce more equal, and less exposed to frauds than any other system." SECRETARY 3IANNING, The first Democratic Secretary of the Treasury since the war, reported on the relative merits of specific and ad valorem duties. In preparing this report, which was transmitted to Congress in 18|5, he took the preliminary step of addressing an inquiry to the men of practical and special experience, consisting of all the collectors and Treasury agents of long service and high standing. The answers were without exception in favor of specific duties, and many of them were especially forcible in their condemnation of the ad valorem system. MR. JAMES D. POWER, A special agent of sixteen years service, made the following strong statement: " Ad valorem rates of duty afford temptations and opportunities for fraud which cannot be guarded against, even by the most rigid rules and vigilant watchfulness. The assessment of values under this system is based upon expert knowledge of values, the most uncertain and arbitra- ry methods that could be devised, * * * Fraud of this nature is diffi- cult to detect, and more difficult still to establish. In the absence of doc- umentary proof it resolves itself into a mere difference of opinion between experts." CliEVEIiAND ADMINISTRATION: On the basis of this expert evidence the following strong position was taken in two separate Treasury reports. " That very extensive frauds have, during many years, been perpetrated upon the revenue by false invoice value, I cannot doubt. * * * Sellers openly propose to buyers in tliose cities[the great cities of Europe] to make a fictitious invoice for use at the custom-house in this countr j.^^—Secretarj/ Manning, 1885. " It is therefore desirable that in revising and reducing rates of duty they should be made specific instead of ad valorem so far as the nature of the merchandise will admit. Theoretk^ally considered, ad valorem are pref- erable to specific duties; but in practice * * * the former are the too easy source of deception and inequality at the custom-house." — Secretary Fairchild, 1887. PHILADELPHIA RECORD. That great Democratic organ, in its issue of December 1, 1893 says: ** One of the most unsatisfactory features of the new tarilf bill is its ar- 10 Free trade will offer free raw materials without power to use thera, whicli is no more than to give a man ruffles who wants a shirt. —Senator Justin S. Morrill, Vermont. AD VAIiOREM DUTIES, (Continued.) bitrary substitution of ad valorem for specific duties. This is contrary to the policy of commercial nations that have had quite as much oxperionce as our own with the operation of tarifFlaws. Every government of Europe has found itself obliged to adopt the specific system of duties in view ol the temptations and opportunities to commit fraud on the revenues. What with corruption, inside and outside of the custom-house, these gov- ernments have seen that it would take an army of oflicials, constantly watching each other, to protect the revenues from fraudulent artifices under the ad valorem system. It will scarcely be pretended that the ad- ministration of the revenue laws of this country is more honest, or that there is less cunning in evading them, than in most other countries. In fact the only serious frauds upon the customs of this country are in under- valuations under the ad valorem form of duty, and of this honest mer- chants are constantly complaining. But the bill itself is violently inconsistent with its own theoiyofad valorem duties, as many absurd examples will show. Barley, oatmeal, rye, and other farm products are reduced to an ad valorem duty of 20 per^cent. and rice is reduced from a specific dutj'- of 2 cents to 1* cents at pound. What was the necessity for tliis distinction? Wns it feared that an ad valorem duty on rice would expose the enormous rate ol protective tax?" THE CINCINNATI ENQUIRER, Another great Democratic newspaper gives its testimony to this effect : *' If all imports are to bear an equal proportion of the burden of taxation, the natural way to ascertain this proportion would seem to be by uji ad valorem tax ; that is to say, a tax of such a percentage on the value ol the article imported. But experience has tauglit tiiat the ascertainment of the value of imports is attended with great dilficiilty. It has boon discovered that all importers are not honest ; that some of them have arranged with the houses from which they purchase foreign goods tc< make up for them two invoices, the one invoice a true one and the othoi a false one. The true one governs only the payment for the goods ar.d the computing of the profits on their sale in this country. The false one, is presented at the custom-house as a basis for the payment of duties. Of course the talse one represents that the goods were purchased for much less than they really were." FOREIGN COUNTRIES. What has experience taught the older nations ol the world? We can judge from this : At the present time England has 38 duty items, all specific : France, 619, all specific; Austria-Hungary, 857, all specific; Russia, 440, all specific; Surd en, above 300, all speci- fic; Denmark 63, all specific; Germany, 4',U all but 2 specific; Italy 11 If this GoTerniuont will undertake the policy of international arrangement regarding ■Uver and eold, that policy will be accomplished. —Senator William B. Allison, Iowa. AI> TAIiOBBM DUTIES, (ContUneil.} 837, all but 1 specific ; Norway, about 600, all but 6 specific ; Spain, 369, all but 1 specific. Is the Ways and Means Committee wiser -than all the nations of the world ? Almost the only American authority of any consequence that the com- mittee can quote in support of ad valorem duties is Robert J. Walker, Secretary of the Treasury in Polk's Administration, and author of the tariff bill of 1846. SECRETARY DANIEI< MANNING Said this concerning that act : " Undervaluations seem to have abounded under the tariff law of 1846." It is pretended by some that the Democratic party favors " incidental " protection. JAMES BUCHANAN, Siid on this subject : " Ad valorem duties deprive American manufacturers of nearly all th€ benefits of incidental protection." AGRICULTURE, AGRlCUIiTURE. (See also Farmers,) AGRICULTURE IN 1846, TThen Democrats and ReTenue Tariff were Blesa* lug' the Country. From au Ohio Newspaper. The Sheriff of Muskingum County, as stated by the Gfuernsey IHrnes in the summer of 1842, sold at auction one four-horse wagon at $5.50 ; ten hogs at 6 J cents each ; two horses (said to be worth ?50 to §75 each) at ^2 each ; two cows at $1 each ; a barrel of sugar at $1.50, and a store oi goods at that rate. In Pike County, Mo., as stated by the Hanibal Journal, the Sheriff sold three horses at $1.50 each ; one large ox at 12i cents ; five cows, two steers and one calf, the lot at $3.25 ; 20 sheep at 13i cents each ; 24 hogs, the lot at 25 cents each ; one eight-day clock at $2.50 ; lot of tobacco, seven or eight hogsheads, at $5 ; three stacks of hay, each at 25 cents, and one stack of fodder at 25 cents. AGRICULTURE, STATISTICS OF (See Farms.) AGRICULTURE, BENEFITS &C. Who are the poor farmers, and wliero arc they found? They are found in the sections of the Union 1^ When I talk about wages I use tlie word in its broadest sense, as the price and value of serrioe, whether of brain or muscle. —Hon. Thomas B. Reed, Main*. ▲GBICUItTUIUS, (Gentinned.) where the States are given up almost wholly to agriculture; they aro found in localities where the market for the products of their farms is hundreds if not thousands of miles away from the places where they are produced. Another illustration is given by Prof. Dodge which still further demonstrates the benefits of protective tariff leg- islation to the farmers of America. In the grouping of the States, he further shows the value of products per capita to the individual cultivator. His statistics show that in the first group of States, where the population engaged in farming is less than 30 per cent, that the value of the products of the farm per capita to individual cultivator avera- ges $457, in the second class it averages $394, in the third class $261, and in the fourth class $360; in other words, a man engaged in agriculture in any of the first group of States, for the same labor in the cultivation oi the same number of acres, will make 185 per cent, more than the individ- ual cultivator in the States where over 70 per cent, of the population is engaged in farming. These facts ought to satisfy even a British free trader that agriculture is more profitable where it has a market at the door of the farmer for all that he raises on his farm. AGRICULTURE, DEPARTJ^IENT OF. Its new chief being: meas- ured by the farmers of the country. If Grovor Cleveland in the selection of a Secretary of Agriculture had searched this broad land over with the single purpose of finding and placing in power the worst American enemy of the American agricultur- ist, he could not have made surer work than in the choice of Secretary Morton, whose unrelenting hostility to the farmers of our country has already been abundantly proved. This extremely prejudiced and ama- zingly self-opinionated officer has deliberately undertaken and is now earnestly prosecuting the work of breaking down the principles which have been established for half a century for the equalization of our agri- cultural interests with those of other great industries, and which reached their fall maturity under the able administration of Mr. Morton's great predecessor. The scientific investigations made for the Department and covering the available information obtainable throughout the world were a special feature of Secretary Rusk's work is so enlarging the scope of the Department that there might come to the plain everyday agricul- turalist the scientific and practical information that would enable him to so conduct his work as to secure the best results. Mr. I^Iorton used his first opportunity to contract and cripple this arm of the work and rend- ered the great expenditure which had been wisely made, under tiie au- thority and direction of Congress, in its behalf almost useless. Another glaring instance of Mr. Morton's maladministration is seen in his curtailment of the meat inspection service. The pretense made by foreign governments that American meats were diseased and unwhole- 13 Congrress lias repeatedly, and not ' 'without success, directed their attention to the encourajje- znent of manufactures. The object is of too much consequence not to insure a continuance of their efforts every way which shall appear cligrible. — Geoi-gre Washington. AGRICUIiTURE, DEPARTMENT OP (Continued.) some, under which they were denied admission to the markets of Eu- rope, was one of the great obstacles that confroted Secretary Rusk at the beginning of his term of office. The problem was an old one, and its sol- ution had been deemed hopeless, but through the energy of the Secretary > the system of meat inspection was so enlarged and extended that Euro- pean buyers became satisfied that there w^as no longer a chance of their being imposed upon by the importation of unsound meat from America i and the restrictions were removed, the foreign markets opened to the products of our stock farms, and under the new impetus thus given our exportation of beef and pork was vastly increased, to our great profit. One of the first and worst acts Mr. Morton found it possible to accomp- lish was the curtailment of this meat inspection, and by this means be has been and is engaged in wresting from our live stock interest the pro- tection thrown around it by General Rusk, and we are again laid open to the charge by foreign governments that we are nursing pleuro- pneu- monia and other dread diseases, so that we have every reason to fear that we shall soon again be confronted by the fact that the ports of entry in France and Germany are closed against our beef and pork, which means a loss only to be estimated in millions. The farmers of the United States will soon be called upon to indorse the acts of Secretary Morton at the ballot box. Indorsing Morton con- demns Rusk. AGRICULTURE, Department work under Republican Control, Resume of the work. 1. Contagious x^leuro-pneumonia, which threatened the entire cattle in- dustry of the country, completely eradicated. 2. Losses from Texas fever almost entirely prevented. 3. The treatment of cattle on board ship regulated, and cruelty and avoidable losses prevented. 4. The danger of introducing disease with imported animals removed. 5. The prohibition against the admission of our pork, which had been enforced for years by Germany, Denmark, Austria, France, Italy, and Spain, removed. 6. From one-half to 1 cent per pound added to the value of our pork in the markets of the United States and Great Britian, when bearing the United.States Government inspection certificate. 7. The triumphant refutation of allegations of contagious diseases among American cattl-e shipped abroad, as the result of a system of inspection ot American live cattle abroad and of individual identification. 8. The sugar industry placed upon a footing which promises ultimate- ly to supply the entire domestic consumption with a home-grown prod- uct. If by a reversal of our policy the home market is destroyed, whei-e, on the face of the earth, will the farmer turn to dispose of his sur- plus products ? —Hon. J. C. Burro\irs, MJchisran. A-GBICUIiTURE, DEPARTMENT \I^ORK (Continued.) 9. Indian corn successfully introduced as a human food in the leading countries of Europe, with a likelihood of adding to the value of that crop, eveji in years of the greatest production. 10. Tlie first steps taken toward the extension of our trade in Agricul- tural products throughout Latin- American countries. 11. Measures adopted to effectually check the growing imports of raw cotton from abroad. 12. The saving to farmers and horticulturalists annually of millions of dollars, by successfully combating the depredations of diseases and in- sects on vegetation. 13. The wide extension of the Weather Bureau service in the special in- terest of agriculture. 14. The publication of the three books, viz., Diseases of the Horse, Cat- tle, and Sheep, have alone been worth more to the agricultural interests than the entire cost of the Department for four years under Secretary Rusk. By a comparison of the year 1892 with the year 1889, the last year of the first Cleveland Administration, we— Increased our exports of bacon, hams, and lard by ^19,000,000. Exported ^12,000,000 more of beef products. Exported ^16,000,000 more live cattle. Exported ^150,000,000 more of cereals; namely, wheat, tpll5,000,000; flour, ^,000,000, and corn, $7,000,000. Exported $2,500,000 more seed. Exported |1,500,000 more fruits and nuts. Exported ^2,000,000 more oil cake and meal. Increased the foreign sale of all agricultural products by $275,000,000. What is the farmers' department of this Government doing under its present head? Instead of expanding and continuing the efforts inaugurated by Secretary Rusk to elevate the American farmer and promote his material interests, a system of false economy has taken the place of the intelligent and progressive policy maintained for the four years of President Harrison's Administration. Meat inspection, the key- stone to the successful raising of the foreign prohibition of our meat prod- ucts, has been curtailed, sugar experiments practically abandoned, pre- ventive measures against the recurrence of pleuro-pneumonia withdrawn, and the work of the scientific divisions of the Department contracted. AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS, SALE OF. (Prices abroad and at Home.) The Democrats for a long period have been claiming that agricultural implements have been sold abroad or in foreign countries cheaper than they are sold to the customers in the United States. In suppori^ 15 It may be a question as %• how far tbte Oorernment or any government shonld go in leiTislatiniT to fornisli work for its citizens; bat there shonld be no question that to close up the aTenmes of employment already created is Tioious lesi*lation. —Senator James McMillan, Mlohican. AeSIOIILTUBAI. IMPIiBMENTS, SAI.1E OF (Continued.) of this sllegation Senator Vest, of Missouri, offered in the Senate, Ausrust 20, 1890, the following: "I did not choote to bring in anything in the way of extracts from news- papers, but calling for the original documents themselves, I procured with very considerable expense and trouble, considering the size of the pamphlet, a copy of the * Suplemento ' of the American Mail and Ex- port Journal, sent to Buenos Ayres and distributed there and published in Spanish, of exactly the same date of the home edition, which I have in my hand. This is published in * New York, April, 1890, whole No. 165,' and the foreign edition is published with this at the head of it, as the Spaniards write it : ' Abril de 1890, Suplemento No. 155.' The Amer- ican Mail and Export Journal. Precio Corriente Ilustrado de Manufac turas y Productos Americanos. Para Exportacion.' '* It gives the price-current and is illustrated with the identical photo- graphs and the same numbers, of the Ann Arbor Agricultural Company, and not only the same numbers and the identical photographs, but the same patent marks upon the representations of the implements. Of course, they could not change the patent marks into Spanish, and with that exception they are identical in the two publications. Here, for in- stance — and any Senator can see for himself, if he wants the truth— is *No. 30, instrumentos de agricultura, Ann Arbor Agricultural Com- pany, |4.'. This is the export price of * The Advance plow. No, 30,' and by the home edition it is shown that the same plow is sold to the American farmer at $8— just double . * ♦ * ** Mr. President, here in the foreign edition of the same date, this supple- ment to the same paper published in New York, is a note in Spanish, ot which I happen to know very little : * For information apply to Howard, Lockwood & Co., New York ; ' obviously the agent of the Ann Arbor Agricultural Company, and they are prepared to furnish at these prices. No. 34, for instance, is a plow. There is the photograph of it (exhibiting) sold in Buenos Ayres or anywhere in South America for |9, and here (exhibiting) is a photograph of the identical plow, with the same marks, and identically the same in every way, sold in the United States for $18— just double. " So it is all through the entire list. Here is what is called the • Clipper,' a celebrated agricultural implement manufactured at Ann Arbor, which is sold abroad for |9.50, marked ' Clipper.' I have seen [tliem in my State with the metallic mark upon them, and here is the identical dupli- cate of it, a ' Clipper ' with the same mark upon it, which sells in the United States for $18." To this Senator Allison replied as follows : . •*I have their letter in my Committee-room, in which they state that their price to the people in the Argentine Confederation is precisely the home price, with freight and commissiona added. Sk> there U at least Clip protection from oar tariff, »nd Ameri- cans, like Sampson, would be in the hands of the Philistines. —Senator Justin S. Morrill, of Termont. AOmiCUIjTITKAI. IMP]:.IBinDNTS, SAXB OV (C«ntlm««d.) one establishment that manufactures asrricultural implements which does not charg^e less to foreigners than it does to our own people, and I will say in that connection that this establishment has two thousand eight hundred reapers, made in my own State, which are now in use in the Argentine Republic." And on Auffust 22, Senator Stockbridge, of Michigan, answered Mr. Vest in the following statement : " Mr. President, yesterday, and also the day before, I think, the Senator from Missouri (Mr. Vest) introduced a New York advertising sheet, giv- ing prices of various farming implements manufactured in my own State, and also produced a copy of the same publication published in Spanish in the New York edition. The photographs of the implements with the prices were given, and the same were given in the Spanish pub- lication. " The point to which the Senator called attention was that for the identi- cal implement, the same number and size, the price in the Spanish pub- lication was just one-half what it was in the New York publication. I was very much surprised at first at that, because I knew this Ann Arb®r Manufacturing Company, and while they are good business men and doing a good business, I was surprised to learn that they were making ftilly 100 per cent, upon the manufactured articles sold in this country. " I could not understand it. I, upon reflection, became entirely satisfied of what I find is the fact, that the New York publication is a general ad- vertising paper for circulation in this country, advertising various manu- factured articles and giving the retail prices. Now, when that document is sent to a wholesale dealer in this country he gets it with the price at which he expects to purchase that article, the price of the article at retaiL I have had occasion to know about this from my own experience. A price-list is sent to him in this case, I have no doubt, giving 50 per cent. discoTint from the prices stated in the advertising sheet, which is in- tended to cover the freight and the profit of the dealer. He sells to his customer. " The Spanish publication gives the identical article together with the net wholesale price to the wholesale dealer. The Michigan advertiser did not expect to reach the consumer in South America, but sent his cir- culars to the wholesale dealers in agricultural implements, and so gave them the net wholesale price. " I say I concluded that was the fact, but I did not like to make the state- ment without its being supported, and I took the pains to telegraph these parties to ascertain what were the facts in the case. I will read a copy of the telegram I sent : 'AjfN Abbor Agrioultxtral CoMPAirr, Akn Arbor, Mich. 17 Can aliens make treaties easier than friends can make laws ? —A Liincoln. AGRICULTURAIi IMPIiEMENTS, SALE OF, (Continued.) Does your discount from prices published in American Mail and Export Journal make prices to home wholesale dealers the same as the net prices published in Spanish journals? Answer paid for. F. B. Stookbbidge.' *' To that dispatch I receired this reply: 'Ann Arbor, Mich., August 22, 1890. Hon, F. B. Stockbridqe, Washington : Prices to wholesale dealers in this country are the same as to foreign wholesale dealers, with boxing and New York delivery added. Ann Arbor AGRiouiiTURAL Company.' " This advertisement of the Ann Arbor Agricultural Company was the only one which was specifically alluded to by the Senator. There are to ray certain knowledge other manufacturing concerns in this country who export largely. I know from my own knowledge that the Stude- baker Manufacturing Company, of South Bend, Ind., export wagons and carriages quite largely ; and although no case was made against them for welling to foreigners at half price, I telegraphed to them asking them the question as to their prices. I have a copy of my dispatch to them, which perhaps I had better read : ' Studebaker Bros., South Bend, Ind. Are your prices the same to American and for- eign customers? F. B. Stockbridqe.' " To that dispatch I received the following reply : * South Bend, Ind., August 21st, 1890. Hon. F. B. Stookbridge, Washington : We have never made a distinction in price in favor of a foreign market ; all reports to the contrary are absolutely untrue. ^ Studebaker Bros. Manufacturing Company. Per C. S.' *• I also knew ot another Indiana concern, well known to the Senators from that State, who export their product very largely. I allude to the Oliver Chilled Plow Company. I telegraphed them also the following : * Oliver CniiiLED Plow Company, South Bend, Ind. Do you make lower prices to foreign than to American wholesale dealers? F. B. Stookbridge.' Their reply I will read : ' Hon. F. B. Stookbridge, Washington : We do not make lower prices to foreign than to Amer can wholesale dealers. Are prepared to prove that all such reports are false Oliver Chilled Plow Works.' " 18 aU. With malice teward noue, with charity for —Abraham Liincoln. AGRICUIiTURAIi IMPIiEMENTS, SAXE OF (Contined.) The Farm Implement News of Chicago says : "It is well known that American implements are sold to foreign farmers at much higher prices than to American farmers. We have frequently called the attention of our readers to this fact ; but in order to show more clearly the diiference, we will quote the retail prices of 1890 on the folloAving machinery and implements, giving highest figures for all sections east of the Missouri River : " Twine binders, standard size, retail, United States, about 3145 ; Eng- land, $225; France, $240; in Italy and other countries at still higher prices. " Mowers, standard size, retail, United States, about ^; in England, $70 to ^ ; in France, $80 to $90. "Sulky hay rakes, retail. United States, $18 to $25, according to size and quality; same rakes in France, $40 to$50; nearly as high in Eng- land. "Hay presses, steam power, retail, United States, $450; in England, $750 ; in France, $800. " Hay presses, horse power, standard reversible style, retail, United States, $285 ; in France, $500 ; in Argentine Republic, about $560. " No. 40 Oliver plow, with wheel and jointer, retail. United States, $14 ; in England, $16 to $18; in other foreign countries still higher. Other plows and other makes of plows are sold abi-oad at proportionate ad- vances over home prices. " Grain drills, nine-hoe, retail. United States, about $60; in France and Italy, $140. "In this way we might go through the whole list of agricultural iw.- plements exported to foreign countries. In every case the implement brings higher prices abroad." AGRICULTURE vs. OTHER OCCUPATIONS. With whom does the agriculturist have a mark e t for his products ? The official statements o1 Government statisticians show that where 30 per cent, of the people are farmers and 70 per cent, of the people engaged in other occupations the farmer receives $457 of an annual income, while in states where the re- verso is true, 70 per cent, of the people farmers and 30 percent, engaged in other occupations, the farmer only receives an annual income of §160— a difference of $297 annually to the farmer who lives in a community of diversified industries as against the farmer who lives in a community of agriculture. This illustration of a market needs no enlarged state- ment, for all who buy and sell are thoroughly informed of these result^ Texas and Pennsylvania are fair examples of the operation of this prin- ciple. 19 Tlie ascendency of the Democratic party after thirty-two years of retirement, bearing: upon its banner the motto "down with American indus- tries," as in 1861 the motto upon its escutcheon was " down with the American Union," is tlie cause of our trouble. —Hon. Seth Li. Millilcen, Maine. AGRICULTURE AND PROTECTION. The cost of agricultural pro- duction in the State of New York is 44 per cent, higher than the cost of such production in Canada, and from 10 to 20 per cent, in excess of the duties laid on the agricultural products of Cananda. The Dominion Government imposes highly protective duties on the agricultural pro- ducts of the United States. That Government has also for years main- tained a policy of aggression against American interests from the Banks of Newfoundland to Vancouver Island. This now justifies retaliatory measures. The State of New York is first in wealth, first in commerce, first in manufactures, and among the first in agriculture. The agricul- ture of New York is absolutely dependent upon the home markets of the State, and very largely upon the markets created by its manufactures. ALABAMA. Area, 50,722 square miles. Enabling act approved, March 2, 1819. First State Constitution formed, August 2, 1819, admitted as a State, December 14, 1819. Legislature is composed of 33 Senators and 100 Representatives. Meets bienm'ally, (Nov. 13, 1894.) State elections, biennially, 1st. Monday in August, (1894.) Senator John T. Morgan, (dem.) term expires Mar. 3, 1895. Senator James L. Pugh, (dem.) term expires Mar. 3, 1897. CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICTS. 1st. Population, 151,757; Vote 1892, Dem., 12,514; Republican, 1,015 ; Peo- ples, 7, 156. 2nd. Population, 188,214; Vote 1892, Dem., 16,781; Rep., 863; Ind. Fusion, 10,994. 3rd. Population, 179,680 ; Vote 1892, Dem., 16,885 ; Rep., 252 ; Peoples, 9,928. 4th. Population, 161,184; Vote 1892, Dem., 16,159; Rep., 1,948; Pop., 8,534 ; Scattering 56. 5th. Population, 185,720; Vote 1892, Dem., 13,357; Rep., 2,205; Pop., ^1,518. 6th. Population, 158,838; Vote 1892, Dem., 14,342; Rep., 2,054; Pop., 6,453. 7th. Population, 130,451 ; Vote 1892, Dem., 10,917 ; Rep., 98 ; Pop, 9,091. 8th. Population, 176,088; Vote 1892, Dem,, 15,607; Rep., 11,808; Pop., 2,279; Scat., 96. 9th. Population, 181,085; Vote 1892, Dem., 20,848; Rep., 461; Pop., 8,954; Ind. Pop. 103. ALLOYING. Compounding two or more metals together in suitable or legal proportions for coinage. Gold and Silver are alloyed for standard It Is not within the letter nor spirit of American institutions tliat one narrow section of our broad domain may, for selfish interest, domin- ate and ruin all the rest. —Senator Thomas C. Power, Montana. AI^IiOTINO. (Continned.) coins, and alloys are variously made of nickel, copper, tin and zinc for uiiuor coins. AMERICAN WORKMEN, (See Labor.) ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. In the Argentine Republic the standard is gold and silver ; the monetary unit is the peso ; the value in United States coin is $0.96.5; the coins are gold: Argentine (§4.82.4) and i Ar- gentine ; silver : peso and divisions. The ratio of gold to silver is 1 of gold to 15i of silver. ARKANSAS. Area 52,198 square miles. First State Constitution formed, Jar.. 80, 1836. Admitted as a State, June 15, 1836. Legislature is composed of 31 Senators and 93 Representatives, and meets biennially, (Jan. 14, 1895.) State elections, biennially, 1st. Monday in Sept. 1894. Senator James K. Jones (dem.) term expires Mar. 3,1897. Senator James H. Berry, (dem.) term expires Mar. 3, 1895. CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICTS. 1st. Population, 220,201 ; Vote 1892, Dem., 16,679 ; Rep., 9,541. 2nd. Population, 206,187; Vote 1892, Dem., 16,508; Pop., 7,272; ScatJ. 3rd. Population, 190,805; Vote 1892, Dem., 17,493; Pop., 8,197. 4th. Population, 147,806; Vote 1892, Dem., 13,630; Pop., 5,910; Scat. 9. 5th. Population, 197,942; Vote 1892, Dem., 13,700; Pop., 267. 6th. Population, 160,181 ; Vote 1892, Dem., 16,594; Pop., 1,926; Scat. 415. ASSAYING. Chemical analysis of metals or ores. This term, as em- ployed in reference to mints and coinage, refers particularly to the pro- cesses for determining the component parts and relative proportions of a mixed alloy of gold and silver, or of the various alloys used for the manufacture of minor coins. AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. In Austria-Hungary the standard is gold; the monetary unit is the crown ; the value in United States coin is ^.20.3 ; the coins are gold : former system-4 florins (^1.92.9), 8 florins (^.85.8), ducat(f2.28.7) and 4 ducats ($9.15.8) ; silver : 1 and 2 florins ; present sys- tem gold : 20 crowns (^.05.2) and 10 crowns (?2. 02.6). The ratio be- tween gold and limited tender silver is 1 of gold to 13. 69 of silver. The piosperity of every class of our cltlKena Is intimately connected wltli the prosperity of every otlier class. A T>1oav aimed at the maniifac- turlngr classes will fall heaviest upon the ajjrricul- tural and laboring classes. My sympathies are with the srreat army of laborers. —Senator Dolph, OresTon. B BALANCE IN THE U. S. TREASURY. EACH YEAR 1791 TO 1894. 1 . lialnnce in Balance in C3 Balance in 1791 1792 II. S. Treasury. ^ U. S. Treasury. ^ U.S. Treasury. 1826 1827 ^, 201, 650. 43 6, 358, 686. 18 1861 1862 ^2, 979, 530. 78 30, 963,*857. 83 1973,' 965! '75 1798 783, 444. 51 1828 6, 668, 286. 10 1863 46, 965, 304. 87 1794 763, 661. 69 1829 5, 972, 435. 81 1864 36, 523, 046. 13 1795 1, 151, 924. 17 1830 5, 755, 704. 79 1865 134, 433, 738. 44 179G 616, 442. 61 1831 6, 014, 539. 75 1866 33, 933, 657. 89 1797 888, 995. 42 1832 4, 502, 914. 45 1867 160, 817, 099. 73 1798 1, 021, 899. 04 1833 2, Oil, 777. 55 1868 198, 076, 437. 09 1799 617, 451. 43 1834 11, 702, 905. 31 1869 158, 936, 082. 87 1800 2, 161, 867. 77 1835 8, 892, 858. 42 1870 183, 781, 985, 76 1801 2, 623, 311. 99 1836 26, 749, 803. 96 1871 177, 604, 116. 51 1802,. 3, 295, 391. 00 1837 46, 708, 436. 00 1872 138, 019, 122. 15 1803 5, 020, 697. 64 1838 37, 327, 252. 69 1873 134, 666, 001. 85 1804 4,825,811.60 1839 36, 891, 196. 94 1874 159, 293, 673. 41 1805 4, 037, 005. 26 1840 33, 167, 503. 68 1875 178, 833, 339. 54 1806 3, 999, 388. 99 1841 29, 963, 163. 46 1876 172, 804, 061. 32 1807 4, 538, 123. 80 1842 28, 685, 111. 08 1877 149, 909, 377. 21 1808 9, 643, 850. 07 1843 30, 521, 979. 44 1878 214, 887, 645. 88 1809 9, 941, 809. 96 1844 39, 186, 284. 74 1879 286, 591, 453. 88 1810 3, 848, 05(5. 78 1845 36, 742, 829. 62 1880 386, 832, 688. 65 1811 2, 672, 276. 57 1846 36, 194, 274. 81 1881 231, 940, 064. 44 1812 3, 502, 305. 80 1847 38, 261, 959. 65 1882 280, 607, 668. 37 1813 3, 862, 217. 41 1848 33, 079, 276. 43 1883 275, 450, 903. 53 1814 5, 196, 542. 00 1849 29, 416, 612. 45 1884 374, 189, 081. 98 1815 1, 727, 848. 63 1850 32, 827, 082. 69 1885 424, 941, 403. 07 1816 13, 106, 592. 88 1851 35, 871, 753. 31 1886 521, 794, 026. 26 1817 22, 033, 619. 19 1852 40, 158, 353. 25 1887 626, 848, 755. 46 1818 14, 989, 465. 48 1853 43, 338, 860. 02 1888 512, 851, 434. 36 1819 1, 478, 626. 74 1854 50, 261, 901. 09 1889 659, 449, 099. 94 1820 2, 079, 992. 38 1855 48, 591, 073. 41 1890 673, 399, 118. 18 1821 1, 198, 461. 21 1&56 47, 777, 672. 13 1891 691, 527, 403. 76 1822 1, 681, 592. 24 1857 49, 108, 229. 80 1892 726, 222, 332. 60 1823 4, 237, 427. 55 1858 46, 802, 855. 00 1893 778, 604, 339. 28 1824 9, 463, 922. 81 1859 35, 113, 334. 22 1894 774, 201, 776. 31 1825 1, im, 597. 13 1860 e}3, 193, 2'i8. 60 The citizens of no State who rely upon the citizens of another State to purchase their pro- ducts can support a measure that wHl rob them of the means with which they buy. —Hon. Chas. Curtis, Kansas. BALANCE OF TRADE. (See also Imports and Exports.) Exports of domestic products are considered an indication of national prosperity, as showing what the people can spare from their own living, and what means they have with which to purchase foreign commodities. Exports pay debts, give activity to commerce, and save the payment of specie on our imports. People may think that it matters little what may be the state of imports and exports ; but a little reflection will show that finally balances must be paid in the precious metals. Hence, it is desirable that the balance of trade should be in our favor, and not against us. FEDERALISTS. The Federalists were in power for twelve years from the organization of the Government, during which time the balance of trade was against us to the amount of §129,918,766. (See the following table.) Table showing balance of trade under Federalists 1790 to 1801. President. Year. Excess of Exports. Excess of Imports. r 1790 1791 1792 1793 1794 1795 1796 1797 None. ^, 794, 844 10, 187, 959 10, 746, 902 Washington .... 4, 990,428 1, 573, 767 21, 766, 796 14, 372, 067 18, 529, 200 1798 1799 1800 1801 7, 024, 60S 403, 626 Adams 20,280,988 17, 247, 686 Total $129, 918, 766 DEMOCRATS. BALANCE OF TRADE. The Democrats came into power with the inaugu- ration of Jefferson in 1801. The balance of trade changed against us, with the exception of ten years, to the close of Buchanan's administra- tion, covering a period of fifty-two years. Mr. Cleveland succeeded in 1884, and we held the balance of trade for two years during his term, so that we have a total of $171,947,891 excess of exports for the whole number of years, (fifty-six) in which the Democrats had control, while the ex- of imports amounted to $1,124,741,034. The following table wlU Bradford kept quiet darins the riclssitudes of the Wilson Bill for fear of prejudicing: the issue. But now that it l8 finally accepted, rejoic- ings have broken forth. The PaU MaU Gaaette, London, Auf. 16, 1894. DEMOCBATS, BAI.ANCB OF TBABE. (Continued.) show the years covered by Democratic Presidents, and the effect on foreign trade for each term. Table showing balance of trade under Democrats 1802 to 1861^ and 1886 to 1889. President. Year. Excess of Exports. Excess of Imports. f 1802 1803 1804 1805 180G 1807 1808 1809 $3, 850, 176 8,866,633 7, 300, 996 Jefftirson . 25, 033, 979 27, 873, 037 30, 156, 850 34, 559, 040 7, 196, 767 Madiion. Monroe. 1810 1811 1812 1813 1814 1815 1816 1817 1818 1819 1820 1821 1822 1823 1824 1825 $7, 916, 833 "5r860V997 549,023 18, 642, 030 "38,*602V764 6, 037, 559 60, 483, 521 65, 182, 648 11, 578, 431 28, 468, 867 16, 982, 479 4, 758, 331 24,512 18, 521, 594 4. 155, 328 8, 197, 932 Adams. Jackson Van Bimm.. 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 1832 1838 1834 1836 1836 1837 1838 1839 1840 IMI 2, 977, 009 345V736 8, 949, 779 9,008,282 25i'iio,''iai 202,752 i6,"g98',*873 23, 589, 527 13, 601, 159 13, 519, 211 6, 349, 485 21, 548, 493 52, 240, 450 19, 029, 676 44, 245, 288 U;*i40,"678 The Wilson BUI Is a revenue bill without revenue and a protective bill -without protection. —Hon. Jno. F. Liacej, Iowa. DEMOCRATS, BAXANCE OF TRADE. (Continued.) President. Year. Excess of Exports. Excess of Imports. r 1846 1847 1848 [ 1849 8, 330, 817 Polk 34, 317, 249 10, 448, 129 855,027 Pierce and Bucha- nan 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 I 1861 8, 672, 620 60,844,234 38, 899, 205 29, 212, 887 54,604,582 38, 431, 290 20, 040, 062 69, 766, 709 1886 1887 1888 1889 44, 088, 694 23, 863, 443 Cleveland. 28, 002, 607 2, 730, 277 Total fl71, 949, 891 $1,005,994,182 WHIGS. BAI.ANCE OF TRADE. The first Whig President was elected in 1840, on a purely tarifif issue. The excess of exports in our favor for the three years of the Harrison-Tyler administration are a marvel standing in the midst of all the years of Democratic tariff for revenue, showing a greater advantage to the United States than any term from Jefferson to Grant The appended table will show the result of the two Whig administra- tions of 1840, and 1850 inclusive : Table showing balance of trade wider Whigs 1843 to 1852. President. Year, Excess of Exports. Excess of Imports. 1842 1843 1844 1845 ?3, 802, 924 40,392,225 3, 141, 226 Harrison and Tyler 87. 144. 211 1850 1851 1852 1853 29, 133, 800 Taylor and Fillmore 21, 856, 170 40, 456, 167 60,287,983 547, 336, 375 TotaL 1158, 878, 331 There Is no union— no Government even— that can force men for any great length of time to carry on a losing business. —Hon. Wm. F. Draper, Massachusetts. BAIiANGE OF TBABS. (Continued.) REPUBLICAN. BAIiANCX: OF TBADF. The Republicans came into power in 1861 by the in. auguration of President Lincoln. The balance of trade in 1862 gave us an excess of a little more than ?1 ,000,000, but the results of the civil war drove trade against us by reason of the Southern blockade of more than one-half of the Atlantic coast ; while we were compelled to buy from for- eign governments more than one-half of all the munitions of war, to- gether with clothing, blankets, and other equipments necessary to main- tain the Government in the support of the great army it constantly kept in the field. From 1866 to 1873 v/as the period of enlarged credit, and not only improved in the United States, but by which the Government at- tempted to rehabilitate and restore that which was lost by reason of the great rebellion. With the extension of railroads, the improvement ol rivers and harbors, together with the thousands of private enterprises that were carried on, we sent to foreign governments the credit of State, Nation, and individual, instead of the absolute products of the field and shop, and by 1876 we had reached the period of enlarged improvement, sufficient to become again a competitor in the world's trade. So that from the close of the year 1875 to the close of the year 1885, we held the balance of trade in more than $15,000,000,000, by which we recovered in thirteen years, under Republican control, more than we lost in seventy-six years under Democratic control. The following table will show what was ac- complished by the Republicans during the time they administered the Government. Table showing balance of trade under Republicans 1862 to 1886^ a>nd 189C to 1893. President Year. Excess of Exports. Excess of Imports. r 1862 "Lincoln 1 1863 $1, 313, 824 $39, 371, 368 1 1864 157, 609, 295 72, 716, 277 I 1865 Johnson. 1866 1867 1868 Grant. 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 18, 876, 698 79, 643, 481 151, 152, 094 85, 952, 544 101, 254, 955 75, 483, 641 131, 388, 682 43, 186, 640 77, 403, 500 182, 417, 491 119, 656, 288 19, 662, 725 In 1864 the boys were marching through C^orgla. In 1893 Georgia is marcliing through ' " —Hon. J the hoys. Jno. F. Liacey, Iowa. BXFUBUCANS, BAI^ANCns OF TRADE. (Continued.) President. Year. Excess of Exports. Excess of Imports. 1 1878 1 1879 1 1880 1 1881 257, 814, 234 264, 6G1, 666 167, 6&3, 912 259, 712, 718 Hayes Garfield and thur Ai I 1882 I ( 1883 I 1884 I 1885 I 25, 902, 683 100, 658, 488 72, 815, 916 164, 662, 426 1 1890 1 1891 68, 518, 275 39, 564. 614 202, 875, 686 Harrison 1 1892 1 1893 18, 737, 728 Total ^1, 875, 856, 715 §1, 124, 741, 034 BALANCE OF TRADE SUMMARY. It is a notable fact that for ten years, from 1875 to 1885, the Re- publicans never had less than $72,000,000 of a surplus in any one year, reaching the enormous sum of $259,000,000 in 1881 ; while Grover Cleve- land at the close of his second year, in 1887, found the balance of trade to be against us to the amount of $28,000,000 ; while President Harrison as soon as inaugurated, with the balance of trade against us, brought this trade back to us, so that the third year of his administration gave us $202,000,000 of an excess of exports over that of imports. A study of these tables will show what the Republicans and the Whigs have been able to accomplish, as against the Democrats, in the holding of the balance of trade. The following resume is given for convenience : The Federalists lost annually for twelve years $10,826,536, or in all $129,918,432. The Whlirs controlled the Government for eight years, with imports •mounting to $158,878,331, and a total of exports of $47,336,375, which gives an annual loss in the excess of imports over exports of $13,942,744. The Democrats had control for fifty-six years prior to Cleveland's pres- ent term, in which they show a gain of exports of $171,949,891, against a loss in the imports of $1,005,994,182, making the annual loss by the Demo- crats for the whole fifty-six years $14,893,648. The Republicans had control for twenty-eight years in which they show a gain in the excess of exports of $1,875,856,715 against a loss in the imports of $1,124,741,034, or an annual gain in the excess of exports of $26,825,560. Making a final showing in favor of the Republicans with $26,000,000 of a gain against $14,000,000 of a loss with the Democrats, or $13,000,000 of a loss with the Whigs annually. In other words, the Republicans gained in twonty-«lght years tnough to overcome very largely the loss of all pre- Tlous adminutratieiiB. Every hlsrlily cultivated Nation has made the protection of domestic industry the special care of Government. It has been found by the experi- ence of more than twenty centuries that the pro- tection of domestic manufactures by proMbitions, discrimiuatlns duties, and commercial rejfula- tlouB has been and is the true, natural, and wise policy of nations, or all history lies. — Thadd«ns Stevens. BARLEY INDUSTRY IN THE NORTHWEST. The production of barley in Wisconsin in 1890 was 12,524,757 bushels. As Canada sent us that year 11,000,000 bushels of barley, under the duty oflO cents existing prior to October 1, the average price for the year on the Milwaukee Board of Trade was 48 J cents, making the value at Mil- waukee of the crop of 1890 16,074,507. The next year the price of barley in the same market had advanced to an average of 62i cents per bushel, owing to the tariff of 30 cents per bushel fixed by the McKinley bill. The crop of barley of the year 1891, if the acreage and yield had been the same, would have had a value of $7,765,473, and the farmers of Wisconsin would have received for their crop of barley, by reason of the practical development, by the McKinley bill , of the Republican theory of "Ameri- can markets for American farmers," more money by $1,690,966 than they actually did receive under the tariff of 10 cents a bushel, which is 30 per cent, higher than the tariff proposed by this bill. Here is an exam- ple of protection to the American farmer by a tariff law which bene- fits the farmers of Wisconsin by increasing the proceeds of sale of the crop of one cereal only, and for one year only by nearly |1,700,000. Will some advocate of free trade please explain how this benefit to the producer was paid by the ultimate consumer, as the beer glass in 1891 was just as large as in 1890, and the beverage was sold at the same old price of 6 cents per glass ? BARLEY PRODUCE AND PRICE. Report of the Bureau of Statistics of the Treasury Department of the United States, the imports of barley from the Dominion of Canada for the past ten years were as follows : Year ending June 30— Bushels. Value. 1884 8, 693, 902 9, 984, 870 10, 194, 107 10, 351, 895 10, 445, 751 11, 365, 881 11, 327, 052 5, 076, 471 3, 144, 918 1, 969, 761 $5, 919, 965 6, 620, 827 7, 176, 397 6, 170, 660 7, 812, 814 7. 721. 475 1885 .*. 1886 ^ 1887 , 1888 1889 1890 , 6, 627, 377 3, 221, 189 1, 591, 305 1891 1892 921,301 The sudden falling off, beginning in the autumn of 1890, is ascribable to the fact that on October 6, 1890, the McKinley bill, which raised the duty from 10 cents per bushel to 30 cents per bushel, became operative as a law. As God delivered Daniel from the greed of the lions of old, I pray that he may be able to de- liTor the iaborinff men and women of this country from tho British lion and the would-be reformers. «-JB[on. J. W. Moon, Michigan. BASE BULLION. Gold or silver bullion not fit for coinage by reason of the presence of base metals until refined. BEET SUGAR. (See Sugar.) BELGIUM. In Belgium the standard is gold and silver ; the monetary unit is the franc; the value in United States coin is $0 .19.3 ; the coins Are gold : 10 and 20 francs ; silver : 5 francs. The ratio between gold and full legal tender is 1 of gold to 15i of silver ; limited tender 1 of jgold to 14.38 of silver. BIMETALLISM DEFINED. The use of the two metals as money at relative values set by legislative enactment ; the union of two metals in {Circulation as money at a fixed rat*. Specifically, that system of coinage which recognizes both coins of silver and coins of gold as legal tender jto any amount, or the concurrent use of coins of two metals as a circulat- ing medium at a fixed relative value. BINDING TWINE. The new tarilSf bill strikes down the manufacture of binder twine in this country. Under the present law there is laid a duty of seven-tenths of a cent per pound. The istle or Tampico fiber, manila, sisal grass, and sunn used in its manufacture and which are not grown to any extent in this country were by the act of 1890 put on the free list, while hemp, a product of the American farm, was made dutiable at ^ per ton. Hemp and binder twine under the provisions of this bill are placed on the free list. The Nebraska Binder Twine Company was organized in 1890 for man- ufacturing binder twine from hemp. This new and growing industry has opened a market for another agricultural product in Nebraska. The hemp from 1,700 acres of land was consumed last season by this com- pany. The amount of binder twine manufactured was: 1891, 476,000 pounds ; 1892, 626,000 pounds; 1893, 658,000 pounds. Under the present prospects or until the matter of the tariff on this product is settled the Nebraska Binder Twine Company will not manu- facture another pound of twine. They can produce the raw material and manufacture the article as cheaply as it can be done in any part of the United States, and therefore, have no fear of American competition, but they can not compete with European pauper labor and their low rates of interest on capital invested. But Kentucky is to be the great sufferer in order to get this sort of "free raw material." In 1890 Nebraska produced 54 tons of hemp which was incraased 300 per cent in 3 years. But in tho same year Kentucky pro- 28 Nothinjf brings more bondage than too much liberty. —lien Franklin. BINDING TWINE. (Continued.) (luced 10, 794 tons, from 23, 468 acres planted. This industry ia to be destroyed as an evidence, of Democratic love for the farmer ! Do these people have any idea of the vast interests they are affecting? The Census statistics show that the "Cordage and Twine" interests of the United States embraced 140 establishments, with a capital of $22, 786,019, employing 12, 506 men, paying ^4, 412,640 in wages, consuming f 23,372,627 worth of material, and turning out products to the value of $32,376,454. BISMARK ON AMERICAN PROTECTION. The success of the Uni- ted States in material development is the most illustrious of modem times. The American Nation has not only successfully borne and sup- pressed the most gigantic and expensive war of all history, but immedi- ately afterward disbanded its army, found work for all its soldiers and marines, paid off most of its debt, gave labor and homes to all the unem- ployed of Europe as fast as they could arrive within the territory, and still by a system of taxation so indirect as not to be perceived, much less felt. Because it is ray deliberate judgment that the prosperity of Ameri- ca is mainly due to its system of Protective laws, I urge that Germany has now reached that point where it is necessary to imitate the Tariff system of the United States.— Speech in the Reichstag, May 12, 1882. BLAINE COMPARES BRITISH AND AMERICAN PROGRESS. In 1860 the population of the United States was in round numbers, 31, 000,000. At the same time the population of the United Kingdom was in round numbers, 29,000,000. The wealth of the United States at that time was $14,000,000,000 ; the wealth of the United Kingdom was $29,000, 000.000 The United Kingdom had therefore nearly the same population, but more than double the wealth of the United States, with the machin- ery for manufacturing four-fold greater than that of the United States. At the end of twenty years (1880) it appeared that the United States had added nearly $30,000,000,000 to all her wealth, while the United Kingdom had added nearly $15,000,000,000, or about one-half. During this period of twenty years, the United States had incurred the enormous loss of $9,000,000,000 by internal war, while the United King- dom was at peace, enjoyed exceptional prosperity, and made a far trreater gain tiian in any otlier twenty years of her history — a gain which during four years was in a large part due to the calamity that had fallen ux)Oii tbe United States. The United Kingdom had added 6,000,000 to her population during ilie period of twenty years, while the addition to the United States exceeded 18,000,000. By the compound ratio of population and wealth in each country, even without making allowance for the great loss incurred by the Civil War, it is plainly shown by the statistics here presented, that the degree ot progress in the United States under Protection far exceeded that of the United l\ingdom under Free-Trade for the period named. In 1860, the 30 Every nation has three great affairs which should be the subject of its ardent and constanl solicitude— liberty first, its greatness next, anc finally its national prosperity, which consists m drawing from its own soil and the geniusof its inhabitants the greatest amount of prosperity. M. Thier*. BI MATEBIAIi. (Continued.) son— that there is a law of economic distribution under the operation of our protective system, which is maintained by preventing foreign com- petition from reducing or increasing the prices at which any article is sold. Our tariff laws have been so adjusted that the foreign competitor was not able to pay the tariff, and then change the course of the market by the price at which he might sell his goods. By examining the report of the Census Bureau on manufactures, it will be found that each and every item reported conforms to this law. The variation is not greater than 5 per cent usually. Where such variations occur, it goes to labor rather than to capital. The following tables exem- pliiy the result of the Eleventh Census, as reported (the figures are taken from Extra Census Bulletin No. 67, March 15, 1894) : £Xampijb: 1. Agricultural implements (pages 6 and 7), Amount. Per cent. Product, total $81, 271, 651 42, 732, 813 21, 811, 761 16, 727, 077 100 Material and miscellaneous cost 53 Wages, cost. 27 20 In this example, wages have an advantage over material and miscel- laneous cost of 7 per cent., capital holding its just share of 20 per cent. ; otherwise, the foregoing rule is true and the statistics in the manufacture of agricultural implements is borne out by this table. EXAMPLE 3. Boots and shoes. Product, total Material and miscellaneous cost Wages, cost Balance to capital Amount. 1220, 649, 358 128, 003, 350 66, 375, 076 26, 270, 932 Per cent. 100 58 30 12 Here material and miscellaneous cost fall below their proportionate share, 2 per cent. , while labor is increased one-half above its proportion- ate share, reaching 30 per cent. , capital losing 8 per cent. In the affairs of the political world man is not tlie unit. Under Providence, in political ecomony, Nations and States are tlio supreme units. —Senator Watson C. Squire, TVasliington. CAPITAX, liABOR AND MATERIAL. (Continued.) EXAMPIiE 3. Bread and other bakery products. Product, total Material and miscellaneous cost, Wages, cost Balance to capital Amount. $128, 421, 535 78, 896, 301 28, 789, 047 20, 736, 187 Per cent. 100 61 23 16 In this example we find that the material cost is 1 per cent, above its proportionate share, being 61 per cent, instead of 60 per cent. ; wages 23 per cent, instead of 20 per cent. , being 3 per cent, above its share, capital losing to wages and material 4 per cent. EXAMPLE 4. Clothing, men'^s, custom work and repairing. Product, total Material and miscellaneous cost. Wages, cost Balance to capital Amount. $126, 219, 151 58, 408, 060 48, 551, 103 19, 259, 588 Per cent. 100 47 38 15 111 this table material and cost lose 13 per cent. , capital loses 5 per cent, and wages gain 18 per cent. EXAMPLE 5. Iron and steel. Product, total Material and miscellaneous cost Wages, cost Balance to capital Amount. $430, 954, 348 312, 696, 596 84, 665, 506 33, 592, 246 Per cent. 100 72 20 8 In the fifth example, iron and steel, which stands for the general manu- facture of this product, we find that material and miscellaneous cost reaches 72 per cent., or a gain of 12 per cent, over the general rule of ma- terial cost in other manufactures. Capital loses 12 per cent, and wages remain stationary at 20 per cent. The loAver tlie standard of washes, the lower the standard of citizenship. —Senator Geo. F. Hoar, Massachusetts. C'APITAIi, IiABOB AJSn MATERIAL. (Continued.) EXAMPIii: 6. Summary. Industry. Agricultural implements Boots and shoes Bread, etc Clothing, men's, etc Iron and steel Average Material. Per cent. 53 68 61 47 72 581-5 Wages. Per cent. 27 30 23 38 20 27 3-5 Capital Per cent. 20 12 16 15 8 141-5 In these five examples we have as a result but slight variations from the absolute share, running through all manufacturing, showing a loss of 2 per cent, to material and miscellaneous cost, while wages gain an increase of 5 per cent. , capital losing 6 per cent. Here we have a further and distinctive proof from absolute statistical information that labor has had since the census of 1880 an increase above its share in the industrial system of the United States, in the wages paid over all other interests, as shown by the foregoing tables. In order to prove that the foregoing is not a garbled or isolated state- ment, the totals in the statistics of all?»manufactures for the United States, in this same report before quoted, are shown to be as follows : EXAMPIiB 7. Total manufactures for the United /States for 1890, Product, total Material and miscellaneous cost Wages, cost Balance to capital Amount. |9, 370, 107, 624 6, 789, 812, 411 2, 282, 823, 265 1, 297, 471, 948 Per. cent. 100 62 24 14 In this total, material and miscellaneous cost is 2 per cent, above the general average. Wages are 4 per cent, above and capital is 6 per cent. below, the loss falling upon capital's share. These examples are the living proofs of the necessity of equal and fair protection in any national law. When I talk aboat wair«8> I use the word la Its broadest sense as the price an«l Talne of serrloe, whether of brain or muscle. — BLon. Thomas B. Seed, Main«. CARPETS. The census reports for 1890 show the following: Factories 174 Capital f88, 208, 842 Employes 29, 121 Wages..- 11,683,116 Material 28, 644, 905 Value of Product 47, 770, 802 We bought from foreign countries under the McKinley tariff in 1893, $1,575,313, on which we collected $985,638 as duty. CENTRAL AMERICA. In Central American States:— Costa Rica, Guate- mala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Salvador, the standard is silver ; the monetary unit is the peso ; the value in United States coin is 10.61.3 ; their coins are silver ; peso and divisions. The ratio of gold to silver is 1 of gold to 15 J of silver. CHEAP BUYING NOT OUR MISSION. If the rule is that it is the ftmc- tion of statesmanship to make it possible to sell where you can sell dearest and buy where you can buy cheapest, at what point of time has legislation the right tg Interfere and say that the pro- ducer shall not hire his labor at as low a price as others are hiring it. We condemn without qualification the doctrine. We do not believe that it is the true mission of statesmanship in America to buy where we can buy cheapest and sell where we can sell dearest. We do not believe in that doctrine, because conditions that surround the laboring classes in this country are widely different from the conditions that surround the laboring men of other nations ; and we should be false to the position we have taken if we did not draw a line of distinction between the men of their countries and the men of this country. The laboring men of America, whether farmers, miners, mechanics, or operators, are not to be judged by any standard of comparison brought across the water. CHEAP GOODS AND CHEAP MEN. The President of the United States, in his annual message to Congress, talks very glibly about the reduced price of goods compensating for any redaction of wages which might be brought about by his tariff policy. And this is, >to a great extent, the stock in trade of the free-trade theorists. Oh, yes 1 cheap goods and cheap products of the workshop and the farm are the things to make men happy and contented with their lot in liil*. We deny it utterly. Adults, with no one depending npon them, may lM It is ttme ir« sliould l>eooine a litHe mortt A]n«rio»nls«d, and instoad of feeding the panpera and laborers of Surope, feed our own, or else in a •bort time, hj contluoinc onr present poUej* we sl&all all be panyera ourselves. —Andrew Jaokapn* OBLKAP OOODS AND CHBAP MBN. (Continued.) satiflfied with a bare living. But the wage- worker, the toiler in sum- mer's lastitude and winter's froats and snows, wants more-than a living. He wants something fbr eld age— somthing for his children. Besides being fed and clothed they want books to read, and pens, and ink, and paper, and pencil. They want an education with which to fight life's battle. Go talk to the toilers in the iron hills and coal mountains in Pennsylva- nia and Virginia, or the bituminous coal deposits of the great West, about the advantages of cheap food, and cheap clothing, and cheap com- modities of every description, and they will tell you very quickly that what they want is steady employment and good wages, and they will take care of the food and clothing part of this whole business. We are opposed to cheap goods and cheap agricultural products. Cheap goods and cheap products mean cheap labor— starvation wages for toil- ing slaves, whithout hope and without ambition for the Aiture. Huts and hovels, and nakedness, and pauperism, and crime follow sadly after the procession of cheap labor. OHBAP OOODS I>ONT StABJC PEOPI.I: HAPPT. The greatest advan- tage of protection, however, is to be seen in the condition of labor under its mantle. Wages ar© not only higher than in England, Ireland, Italy, Hungary, Poland, and other free-trade or semi-free- trade countries, but the condition of the laborer is infinitely more bearable and hopeful. He may live comfortably and respected, and he may educate his children and expect them to become worthy, usefiil, and leading citizens. They are eligible to all places under the Government, capable of any business enterprise, and may hold any social position. This state of things exists only where protection is general, and it is that only in the United States. Goods are cheap in Italy, in Hungary, and in Poland, but labor is cheaper, and the laborer cannot buy. The laboring man emigrates from free-trade countries to protective ones, not from pro- tective countries to free-trade ones. OHBAP ULBOB. Cheap labor is a national curse. Nay, more, it is barbar- ism itself. Hl-paid labor means a degraded standard of life. Therefore, well-paid labor and its attendant consequences are to be desired and are not to be feared. OKBAPUTIKO. The cost of living is reduced to a common factor. The prioe ilxwi the oondition. Barbarism Ui the condition. Obligations as they are, pi-operty as it is. cur- rency as it is, and all the relations of civilized countries as they are. With these conditions re- maining:, both g:old and silver must be used. —Senator Wm. B. Allison, Iowa. CHEAP LIVING, united states ani> englanw compared. FOOD STUFFS. From a late report issued by Secretary Greshaui-1894. "The articles, however, which make up the great cost of living of every household are those which are at once consumed in their use, name- ly, the food stuflfs, coal, oil, gas, etc. Many of these articles are fixed quantities and of comparatively fixed values, whereas others vary ac- cording to the season, e, g., butter, eggs, etc., as to the quantity or selec- tion used. In such cases I have obtained the average maximum and minimum cost. " The following is a comparative list, perhaps not complete, but suffi- ciently so to show the difierence between most of the chief articles ot daily consumption, and to give a fair comparative table : PRICE LIST OF ARTICIiES OF DAII.T CONSUMPTION. England. United States, cents. cents. Oatmeal, per pound 5 5 Bread, per loaf. 9 10 Flour, per 25 pound bag 85 66 Baking powder, (Royal,) per half pound 30 25 Beef, perpound 10 to 22 8 to 20 Mutton, per pound 10 to 20 6 to 16 Sausage, per pound 16 to 18 16 Pork, per pound 16 12 Ham, per pound 16 16 Bacon, perpound 14 16 Fish, perpound 6 to 24 10 to 25 Butter, per pound 25 to 46 22 to 45 Eggs, per score 35 to 80 20 to 80 Milk, per quart 6 6 to 8 Tea, perpound 40 to 80 30 to 1.00 Coflfee, per pound 25 to 60 25 to 45 Cocoa, per pound 40 25 Lard, perpound 16 to 18 13 Soap, per pound 5 to 10 6 to 25 "All the above prices I have procured from the most reliable sources- trom. houses carrying large stocks and catering particularly to the wants and purses of the masses." OHBAP LIVING IN ENGLAND COMPENSATES FOR LOW WAGES. The reckless assertion has sometimes been made that the cheaper cost of living in Great Britain fully compensates for the lower rate of &ee- Tills record of nliatue, Mr. Speaker, will only be 8111-passed Avlien this repeal of every federal statute that jjuai-ds the ballot box shall bo achieved. —Hon. Robert G. Cousins, Iowa. CHKAl* LIVING IN KNGI.AND, &c. (Continued.) trade wages. In the thirty-five years ending in 1887, 4,222,900 immigrants from the British Kingdom came into the United States, and their action brands the assertion as a colossal inveracity. The meaning of this is fur- ther accentuated by the fact that the total number of foreignborn resi- dents in the United Kingdom at the last census was less than the half of 1 per cent, of the population. The British low-grade wages and living breed discontent at home, and attract no Americans, but expelled last year 281,487 of their own subjects, of whom 72 per cent, came to the Uni- ted States, and all are swift witnesses against free-trade fabrications. The wages of laboring men, beyond all dispute, are far greater in the United States than in any other coimtry in the world, and the cost ol subsistence here is only increased by its higher grade and more gener- ous amount. Undoubtedly it is more difficult for our sixty-two millions of people to find profitable employment in 1888 than it was for thirty-five or thirty-six millions in 1861, and the difficulty would be greatly aug- mented should free trade or the policy of non-protection ever become dominant in tariff legislation. CHEESE, BUTTER AND CONDENSED MILK, factory pro- DUCT, 1890. Factories ^ « 4, 712 Capital «16, 624, 163 Employes 14,921 Wages 85, 390, 705 Materials 51, 364, 574 Products 62, 686, 043 Annual wages paid per capita, $361.27. CHEMICALS, 1890. Establishments 563 Capital 855, 032, 452 Employes 16,952 Wages 89, 691, 843 Material 33, 694, 927 Products 59, 352, 548 Annual wages paid per capita, §571.72. Imports 1893, 815,769,436; Duty received, 54,799,213 ; Duty under old law, 31.01 per cent. ; Duty under new law, 24.44 per cent. CHILE. In Chile the standard is gold and silver ; the monetary unit is the peso ; the value in United States coin is $0.91.2 ; the coins are gold ; escudo($1.82.4), doubloon (^.56.1) and condor (^9.12.3); silver: peso and divisions. The ratio of gold to silver is 1 of gold to 15i of silver. 43 Democratic policy every time it has been tried has brongrht mildew and bligrht, hunger and want and universal disaster, shame and misery. —Aon. A. A. Taylor, Tennessee. CHINA, In China the standard is silver ; the monetary unit is the tael (customs) ; the value in United States coin is, shanghai ^.90.6, haikwan ?1.01. No gold in use as money. CHINESE liABOB is excluded from the United States npon the same princi- ple that a protective tariff is enacted. What would be the necessity of excluding the Chinese from our shores if the fruits of their labor in China are permitted to come in competition with the fruits of American labor? What is to prevent Chinese shoe- makers (and they are skilled artisans) from flooding our markets with hand-sewed shoes costing a few cents a pair and annihilating their man- ufacture in Newark and elsewhere; where the wholesale price is ^.50 per pair? The answer is, nothing but a high protective duty. CIVIL SERVICE REFORM. The following table is prepared from the names and figures given in Senate Executive Document No. 105, 2d. Session 63rd. Congress. The following is a copy of Secretary Hoke Smith's letter of transmittal : Mat 31, 1894. — Ordered to lie on the table and be printed. "Department op the Interior, Washington^ May 28^ 1894. " Sir : I have the honor to transmit the lists of appointments, promo- tions, reductions, dismissals, and resignations by request, occurring in this Department between March 4, 1893, and April 19, 1894, which have been prepared in compliance with the following resolution of the Senate, adopted on the date last mentioned : ^ Mesolvedy That the Secretary of the Treasury and the Secretary of the Interior be directed to transmit to the Senate, in separate lists, the names of all clerks and employes appointed, promoted, reduced, dismissed, and who have resigned by request since the fourth day of March, eighteen hundred and ninety-three, and the State to which each such clerk or employ 6 is accredited ; also that such of them as served in the Army or Navy of the United States at any time during the war of the rebellion shall be designated by some distinguishing mark in each list.* "The 'clerks and employes' covered by the accompanying lists are those in or directly connected with the Bureaus of the Department, and not those whose appointment is vested in the President. " ' Such of them as served in the Army or Navy of the United States at any time during the war of the rebellion ' are designated by a star before the name. Very respectfully, HOKB Smitk, Secretary, Ths Pbebidbnt of tkb Sbnate." No man can buy another man's labor until he can sell his own. Samuel J. Bandall. Civil. SERVICE REFORM. (Continued.) EX-SOLDIERS AND SAILORS OF THE UNION ARMY AND NAVY. Of the appointments in the Interior Department, as shown by this docu- ment, 809 were made ; of which number only 44, or 5 pei- cent, were ex- soldiers or sailors of the Union Army; while 859 dismissals are reported, 184, or 21 per cent, of which were soldiers or sailors. Or more than four times as many ex-soldiers and sailors were dismissed as were appointed. Table showing the number of appointments^ promotwnSf reductions, dis- missals, and resignations by request, occurring in the Interior Depart- ment between March 4, 1S9S, and April 19, 1894 : Appointments. Reinstatements. Promotions. 1 1 Reductions. Dismissals. Resignations. i Gain. Loss. State. 1 3 i I 1 eS 1 Alabamii 44 1 126,580 900 8 17.300 36 1 $19,280 900 Alaska Arizona Arkansas 24 23 6 21 6 139 10 153 5 84 as 3 23 19 59 23 15 59 33 25 20 45 59 15, 810 19, 260 3,040 12,080 4,080 56,560 6,980 137,660 2,320 54, 140 51,760 2,200 14,280 9,086 32,120 12,820 8,100 30,660 20,185 12,580 18,600 22,220 34,740 6 14 8 32 4 193 7 11 3 76 56 3 37 45 11 6 19 63 32 29 17 16 42 3,460 12,040 8,700 27, 210 3, 820 118,660 5,900 5,560 2,120 56,790 37,060 1,320 30, 630 34,240 6,620 3,840 14, 160 42,030 19,200 24,150 14,020 9,900 38,340 18 9 12, 350 7,220 Colorado 2 11 $5,560 Connecticu t 15, 130 Delaware 2 260 Dist. of Col 54 62, 100 Florida 3 142 2 8 27 1,080 132, 100 200 Georgia » Idaho Illinois 2,650 Indiana 14,700 880 Indian Ter Iowa 14 26 16,250 Kansas 24,154 Kentucky 48 17 25,500 8,980 Louisiana Maine 4 4 6,060 Maryland 11,370 Massachusetts ... 1 985 Michigan 4 11, 570 Minnesota 3 29 29 420 Mississippi 12,320 Missouri 12.320 45 None of the benefits promised by Democrats have followed their victory. -Hon. Philip S. Post, Illinois. Civil- SERVICE REFORM. (Continued.) Total Sala- ries. L 5| . be || Total Sala- ries. Gain. Loss. State. d is Total Sala- ries. 1 1 Total Sala- ries. Montana 1 11 3 7 32 o 133 92 5 86 3 4 109 6 45 4 54 47 I 9 118 9 48 52 1 ,?120 3, 800 1, 120 4,180 15, 740 1,900 77, 220 42, 170 2, 045 43, 290 2, 100 2, 100 52, 059 2, 120 24, 300 4, 190 27, 880 27, 460 1,000 4,680 00, 640 5, 200 2<), 700 4.], 330 100 3 19 1 6 20 1 153 19 6 112 1 () 116 4 12 3 12 9 ^3, 4i0 15, i;)0 720 4,900 11, 660 200 114, 631 11, 740 6, 260 82, 700 2,000 6, 020 92, 110 3, 840 7, 380 2,300 7,462 4,460 2. 8. 33, 320 Nebraska 11, 390 Nevada 2 1 12 2 400 N. Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico 720 4, o;so 700 New York 20 37, 411 North Carolina 73 30, 430 North Dakota 1 26 4, 215 Ohio 3:), 41.0 Oklahoma -J 100 Oregon <> '^Ei Pennsylvania Rhode Island 40, 051 2 1' 42 38 1 \ , 7L' ) South Carolina South Dakota 16, :.2.) 1,890 20, 418 23, 000 1, 000 Tennessee Texas . Utah.. Vermont 22 m 2 25 27 4 16, 430 43, 780 2, 700 15, 560 19, 140 2,300 13 11, 750 52 7 23 25 1(5, 860 2,500 11, 140 24, 190 West Virginia Wisconsin.. Wyoming 3 2, 200 The table shows the number appointed, reinstated, and promoted, to- gether with the number of reductions, dismissals, and resignations by request, with the total of salaries involved.— Example: Georgia has a total of 153 appointed, etc., to whom were paid annually ^137,660. There are reported eleven dismissals, etc., to whom were paid §5,560, showing Georgia's civil service record Ibr the year to be a gain of 142 appointments, with salaries aggregating $132,100. With Georgia we compare Kansas, almost equal in population. Kansas received during this same period 19 appointments, etc., with total salaries of ^9,085; being a fraction over 1 per cent., or one appointant for Kansas and 100 for Georgia. But, of the dismissals, etc., 45 were from Kansas, with salaries amounting to f3'i,0(>0, or while one was dismissed from Georgia, four were dismisseci from 46 When you ro;> the laborins men of their em- ployuient, you rob the fair.iers of their custome s. — Hon. Chas. Curtis, Kansas. CIVIL SERVICE REFORM. (Continued.) Iliiusas. The totals showing that Georgia has in one ye?' 142 appoint- nienl.s more and Kansas 26 less than each had when r^cveland was inau- gurated. Georgia draws from the public Treasury ^132,100 more, and ii:iaisas ^24,154 less— a new deal in which Georgia has the advantage by §!J .16,2.34. This is Dernocratie Oivil Service Reform! Compare the Southern and Northern States. Compare the Democratic and Bepvblican States. CIVIL SERVICE Reform methods as published in the Washington News, a radical Democratic newspaper, August 10th, 1894. "PAY UP OR STEP OUT Colored Employes in the Departments Ha^e Been Warned to that Effect. stand and Deliver Way of Raising Campaign Funds. Letters Soliciting: Contributions Sent by Democratic Congfressional Committee. A letter dated June 30, setting forth the necessity for united action among those who favor the present Administration and constitute the colored contingent of the Democratic party. While no direct appeal for money is made, a printed copy of the letter written by President Cleve- land to Oen. Chauncey F. Black, dated April, 18, is inclosed, the conclud- ing paragraph of ivhichis asfolloivs : * I cheerfully inclose a contribution to the funds necessary to carry on the good work of your organization, with a hearty wish for its continued success and usefulness.' This was construed to be a very strong hint, but not an actual solicitation. On July 25, the following letter was sent to every colored employ^ in the Government service In this city: 47 I look at the tariff with an •ja to th* jprfq^r dlntribution of labor and roTenu*. .— Andr«w ^Jackson. Omi, Mb^tX€JK, ((O^atlnm**.) *My dear«ir: ;yv'e /sent you a letter eome days ago, from which we have had no reply. -The Congressional Committee needs the immediate assistance of all lits jfrieiid^. you will, gtherefore, .call and see ua at the .above address until 5:30 p. m., at the committee rooms, Wormley's Hotel,, ifrom 7 to 8 p. m., or at the headquarters of the National I^egro Democratic JLeague, No. 338 Indiana avenue, from 8 to 10 p. m. * Chas. J. Faulkner^ TJ. S. Senate, Chairman Congressional Committee. *Xiawrence Gardner, Secretary Congressional Committee. '*B.G. .Still, Chief.' The letter is hand-written, and the names of Senator T'aulkner, and ^Secretary Gardner appear on the left hand side, just above the signature pf Mr. Still. The letter head is that of the Afro- American Bureau of Or- Wnization, containing as the advisory board C. H. J. Taylor, Kansas; 5i. L. Koonce, Alabama ; H. C. C. Astwood, New York ; T. W. Swanm, [Pennsylvania ; W. E. Gross, New York ; Clifford Plummer, Massachu- setts ; John Brown, New Jersey, and J. T. C. Newson, Texas. Some of [these letters only to-day reached their destination. As may be easily surmised, the signatures in ink of Senator Faulkner ^nd Lawrence Gardner created consternation among those holding office. But in some of the Departments a more complete reign of terror was ^established. As an illustration, it is stated on conclusive authority that ^n the Navy Department, M. L. Koonce, whose name appears as a mem- ber of the Advisory Board, made a personal canvas of the colored em- toloyfis. Mr. Koonce is messenger to Chief Clerk Micou, Secretary pEerbert's son-in-law, who has the appointment and dismissal of minor pmploy^s, and his utterances were given great consideration. He told jthose of his own race connected with the Department that they must make a satisfactory contribution of funds at once or their positions would l^e immediately forfeited. He urged his personal friends to fortify them- selves against removal by producing the required assessment, and warned his acquaintances that further disregard of Mr. Still's letter would be fatal to continuance in office." REPORTS CURRENT CONCERNING COLLECTIONS. There is not a Depart- ment of the Government in Washington, but what every officer, clerk and employ^ is made to pay tribute to the party in power, by making contributions to the National Campaign Fund. One office, where about 350 persons are employed, is reported as raising ^9,000. Monthly sub- scriptions of 5 per cent, of the salary to be paid for five months. aVIL SERVICE IN THE DEPABTMBNT OF AOBI0UI.TUBE. In the Department of Agriculture, Secretary Morton, self-named the " Sage of Arbor Lodge," and the pretended originator of the sentimental '* Arbor Day," holds in contemptible soom, and by high-handed as well As th« baroniet«r lndloat«s th« condition of the mtnxosph«r«, so do the revenues of a country indicate prosperity* —Hon. John H. Gear, Iowa. CivxTi SSSTICnS. (Contiansd.) as underhand methods, persistently violates the civil service law, which is termed in his own inelegantly humorous vocabulary the " law of snivel service." So curiously ignorant was he as to the provisions of this most well known piece of legislation, binding all executive ofiftcers, and covering the cases of more than nine-tenths of his clerical employes, that after executing what he boastfully regarded as a master-stroke of policy, JD. detailing more than a dozen Republican clerks for duty at the oflGlce of the Civil Service Commission, he was amazed far beyond his normal point of profanity, upon being informed that these same clerks were still to be paid from his Department's appropriation. He supposed that he had unloaded all these men upon the pay-rolls of the Commission, and that they would drop out of the Government service a little later, on the passage of the Agricultural bill for the present fiscal year. With two un- important exceptions, all of these detailed clerks remain in the ■ervice, and bid fair to assist in welcoming Mr. Morton'i successor in the Depart- ment of Agriculture on the 4th day of March, 1897 ; and throughout the Department, as at the rooms of the Commission, th» " Sage " is a laugh- ing-stock for his silly notion. *'Th« best laid ichsmes o' mice and men Oans aft a-ffley." One of th« most flagrant instances of this executive oflScer^s defiance of a law he has sworn to obey and maintain, is found in the case of the Skinner family, three women and a man, sisters and brother, nieces and nephew of the Secretary's wife. The young women are employed, in contempt of the law, as clerks. No one of them has ever passed a civil service examination, as required by the statute. Their brother was made foreman of the Department printing office, at $1,200, taking the place of a JI,000 man, after a special (non-competitive) examination by the Civil Service Commission. Mr. Skinner's application for this examination was formally sworn to, as prescribed by law. In it he committed perjury by claiming citizenship in a State of the Union. He is a British subject, a legal resident of the Dominion of Canada. These facts were brought to the attention of the Commission, and upon them due complaint was made. Mr. Morton was notified thereof, and drove hot-foot to the Com- mission's office, where he profanely demanded to know what difference residence made. Being informed that perjury always involved a differ- ence, he gulped a little, swallowed much, and returned to his domain, whence he wrote to advise the Commission that Mr. Skinner had, much to his surprise, tendered his resignation, and desiring to know whether he ought, under the rules, to accept the same. He was informed that not only was it strictly proper for liim to perform this function, but it would be just as well for him to do it in the manner sometimes known as p. d. q. The letter-books of the Commission are public property, open to in- Liegislatlon can turn liuman endeavor from nnprofitable into profitable channels. Senator Geo. F. Hoar, Massaohnsetts. C'lVIIi SERVICE. (Continued.) spectioii, and they relate the foregoing facts. Nevertheless, Mr. George D. Skinner, Canadian, nephew, is to-day (September 1, 1894) the foreman of the printing office in the United States Department of Agriculture, at Washington. He and his sisters, who board at the same house, were dis- satisfied with the difference between the prices of living in Washington, Canada, Michigan, etc., and made protest. Immediately thereupon their landlady was placed on the rolls of the Department as a scrub-woman at ^0 a month, which enabled her to somewhat reduce the rate of pay for the food and lodging of the Secretary's folks, and incidentally to ride the high-horse in the ranks of her companions in the charwomen's force, but the latter is hardly a civil service matter. A very respectable young gentleman of Sweden, in fact, a real baron, was presented to Mr. Morton by Representative Harter, of Ohio, as a highly proper private secretary, at $2000. He had been gladly drawing 11200 as a clerk in the oflace of the Adjutant General, a sub-division of the War Department, where he was known as an unnaturalized chap who had crept under the blanket somehow and "caught on." In the wilds of his adopted State, Mr. Morton accepted this political child "sight un- seen," and only recognized his own lack of sagacity after the occurrence of many most awkward and blundersome botherations brought about by his fledgling, some of which compromised not only himself but his master, the President. Mr. Morton brought with him Monsieur E. Aime Barbaux, a young Frenchman (unnaturalized), who had carelessly cared for cows at Arbor Lodge, the Sage's farm near Nebraska City. All Government books of account are subject to inspection. The records kept by the appoint- ment clerk of the Department of Agriculture will show that this Nebras- ka Frenchman is charged to the District of Columbia, upon the soil of which he never set foot until he came to it for his present job. At first he was put, on messenger's pay, in the stable, but soon he appeared in the Department express and post office, with increased pay, and now he draws the salary of a clerk, and does clerical Avork, though he has never passed, and can never pass the examination required by law. In most of the divisions of the Department the civil service law is gross- ly disregarded. Messengers are assigned to clerical duty, performing that higher class of service during most of the working hours, and thus affording some slight pretense of economy in shamelessly violating the Statutes of the United States. Much that might be said and firmly proved is here withheld for the protection of a few who otherwise might snfler ii-om the blizzard of the wrath of Julius ; but if any statement here made shall be denied, those who vote for good or evil can have names and dates and all the circum- stances, which are here at hand. 60 The Democratic party while power is retained by them, force the people into economic condi- tions. Tliey do not want and refuse to listen to the cry of ruined business and the appeal of honest men for work. —Hon. Henry M. Baker, New Hampshire. CLEVELAND AND HARRISON, the work of theik adminis- trations COMPARED BY THE VOLUME OF TRADE WITH THE WORI.D. From 1877 until the close of the fiscal year of 1888, the balance of trade remained with the United States as against other countries. In the first year of Mr. Cleveland's term we had §164,000,000 advantage, but the sum began to diminish rapidly under his management of public aflairs, so that at the close of his second year it had dropped to §44,000,000, and fin- ally at the close of his four years there was found to be a balance against us of more than §28,000,000. It is a difficult problem for any observing man to give a reasonable ex- cuse for the fact that our traJe with foreign nations should change from a surplus in our favor of §164,000,000 to a balance against us of §28,000,000 in four years, but there are reasons for it, purely political, we think, in this case, as has been shown by the spirit of the Democratic party from its earliest history. Mr. Cleveland's free trade message of 1887 did more to cripple our business and shorten our trade than any other one act of his first administration. The Emperor Napoleon said that if a Nation was made of adamant, free trade would grind it to powder. Threatened free trade has uniformly destroyed our commerce with outlying Nations, so that the balance has always been against us in such times. The inauguration of Benjamin Harrison in 1889, with a balance for the year closing three months afterward (June 30), shows a small balance of §2,700,000 against us, but with the assurance of a continuous protective system the tide turned early in our favor, and by the close of the follow- ing year, June 30, 1890, we had an excess in our favor of §68,000,000, and at the end of his term the closing year, 1892, showed a profit on our side of the ledger of §202,000,000, or a total for his Avhole term of §310,000,000, tak- ing the Nation at the time when the trade was against us. President Cleveland, inaugurated March 4, 1893, when there was flowing to our shores a large balance of trade, the year previous showing an average of §17,000,000 per month, we find that at the close of the fiscal year 1893, four months after his inauguration for his second term, there is a balance against us of nearly §18,000,000, and the eleven months of the present fis- cal year of 1894 to May 30, shows a balance of §210,000,000 against us, or a total for the twenty- three months of Mr. Cleveland's present term of §229, 000,000. If we add to this the sura of Mr. Cleveland's first two years in his former term, we have a total loss, as against the present twenty- three months, of §456,000,000 in foreign trade alone. The public may question the correctness of the statement, but tariff tinkering has had more to do with these results than any other one thing. The following tables are appended in order to show that the figures above given have not been garbled, but are taken from the official records. 51 I am for my countrymen first. —Hon. £lijah A. Morse, Massachusetts. CliEVEULND AND HABRISON. (Continued.) FOREIGN TRADE 1885-8. CLEVELAND'S ADMINISTRATION. Year. Exports. Imports. Excess of Exports. Excess of Imports. 1885 $742, 189, 755 679, 524, 830 716, 183, 211 695, 954, 607 $577, 527, 329 635, 436, 136 692, 319, 768 723, 957, 114 $164, 662, 426 44, 088, 694 23, 863, 443 1886 1887 1888 $28, 002, 607 Total $2, 833, 852, 303 $2, 629, 240, 347 $232, 614, 563 $28, 002, 607 FOREIGN TRADE 1889-92. HARRISON'S ADMINISTRATION. Year. Exports. Imports. Excess of Exports. Excess of Imports. 1889 $742, 401, 376 857, 828, 684 884, 480, 810 1, 030, 278, 148 $745, 131, 652 789, 310, 409 844, 916, 196 827, 402, 462 $2, 730, 277 1890 1891 $68, 518, 275 39, 564, 614 202, 875, 686 1892 Total §3, 514, 989, 017 $3, 206, 760, 719 $310, 958, 575 $2, 730, 277 FOREIGN TRADE 1893-4. CLEVELAND'S ADMINISTRATION. (2ND. TERM). Year. Exports. Imports. Excess of Exports. Excess of Imports. 1893 $847, 665, 194 813, 699, 849 $866, 400, 922 603, 212, 094 $18, 735, 728 210, 487, 755 Total $1, 661,365, 043 $1, 469, 613, 016 $229, 223, 483 CLOTHING, MEN'S, 1890. Establishments 18, 658 Capital $182, 552, 938 Employes 243,857 Wages Ill, 389, 672 Materials 179, 425, 661 Products 378, 022, 815 Annual wages paid per capita, $456.78 Democratic rule has Ibeen ujnonjmons witli Jow prices for farm prodnots, and liard times for American laborers andprodacers. >-Hon. Fhlllp S. Post, Illinois.^ CLOTHING, UNITED BTATES AND ENGIiAND COMPABED. Fjom a late Consular IUp«rt, issued by the Democratic Secretary of State, 1894. We have heard so much of the great difference in cost in favor of the British workmen that the figures below will be extremely refreshing. CI.OTHING. "As to matters of clothing, it is much more diflacult to com- pare with any satisfactory degree of certainty, but when one takes into consideration the quality of the material, the fit and general finish, one finds very little difference in the cost of the same article in the different countries. It will be remembered that the articles I have compared are of the cheaper grade, and such as are used by the laboring classes : PKICES OF CLOTHING IN ENGIIAND AND THE UNITED STATES IN 1892. Men's Clothing- England, United States. Cotton shirts, (linen bosom). ^1.25 $0.75 Flannel shirts.... 1.50 1.25 Woolen undershirts 1.00 .75 Woolen drawers 1.00 .75 Hose 25 .30 Boots 2.00 1.60 Shoes ^ 1.50 1.25 Women's Clothing- Woolen undervests $0.65 f0.50 Woolen drawers .90 -76 Hose 25 .30 Shoot»,(low) 1.12 1.00 Stuff dresses 10.00 12.50 Cotton dresses 4.25 6.00 Hats 1.00 1.25 Bonnets 2.00 3.50 Shawls 2.00 2.60 "There is little difference in the aggregate cost of children's clothing. While the boots, cotton and woolen underclothes, and collars and cufls are slightly cheaper in America. In outside clothing, hose and hats, the little difterence would be in favor of England." aOTHING, WOMEN'S, DRESSMAKING, 1890. Establishments .'. 19,587 Capital $12, 883, 079 Employes 07,598 Wages 22, 373, 636 Materials 23, 393, 829 Products 57, 071, 732 Annual wages paid per capita, $330.98. The egtlmation of values Is somethlni; beyond reach of legislation. • —Hon. Jos. H. TTalker, Massachusetts. CLOTHING, WOMEN'S, factory product i89o. Establishments 1, 224 Capital '. $21, 259, 528 Employes 42,008 Wages 18, 812, 787 Materials 34, 277, 21& Products 68, 164, 019 Annual wages paid per capita, ^447.83. COAL. To put coal on the free list will work unnecessary evil to a class of labor now poorly paid. A mighty manufacturing fabric has been built up in the United States, the basis of which is coal and iron ; from an invested capital in 1850 of not much more than ^500,000,000 to an in- vested capital of probably $5.000,000,000 ; from less than a million em- ployed to probably six millions. For over forty years our coal produc- tion and our iron ore production have kept pace with this progress. In 1850 the total product of coal was but seven and a quarter million tons ; in 1892, 180,000,000 tons, within 2,000,000 tons of the output of Great Britain the same year. In less than a generation the production of iron ore has gone from 3,000,000 to 16,000,000 ton«. With such a showing as this why experiment? The United States to-day produces more than one-third of the world's supply of coal. The present is a critical time in the history of coal mining and trans- portation. Instead of ^2 and $2.25 per day, the wages of the British mi- ner range from CO cents to $1 per day. The railroad eraploj'-es of all sorts average in England less than half the rate they are paid here. Labor receives much less in Canada than in the United States, and there is no law to prevent the employment of Chinamen and coolie labor in the No- va Scotia mines. This is a question that concerns railroad employes. Thousands are idle who are awaiting a resumption of mining business, the new tariff of 40 cents per ton, is on trial, while the House bill, put- ting Coal on the free list, is pending in the Senate. 64 Civilization itself is a sjmonym of protection, bavins' its foundation and growth in indncins: men to add otlier pursuits to the primal pursuits of airriculture and herding:. —Hon. Jos. H.. Walker, Massachusetts. COAL, DUTY ON, FROM ir89 TO 1894. The changes from time to time in the duty on bituminous coal is shown in the following compilation of the tariff laws, to wit: Year. Rate. Duty per ton. 1789 2 cents per bushel, eouals ?0. 56 1790-1792 3 cents per bushel, equals .84 1792-1794 4i cents per bushel, equals 1.26 1794-1812 5 cents per bushel, equals 10 cents per bushel, equals 1. 40 1812-1816 2.80 181&-1824 5 cents per bushel, equals 1.40 1824-1842 6 cents per bushel, equals 1.68 1842-1846 1.75 1846-1857 30 per cent, ad valorem, equals 24 per cent, ad valorem, equals 80. 65 to .75 1857-1861 . 55 to .65 1861-1862 1.00 1862-1864. 1.10 1864r-1872 1.25 1872-1893 . 75 1894 .40 COAL, PRODUCT, VAIiUE, PRICE AND NUMBER OF PERSONS EM- PLOYED IN INDUSTRY. States. Alabama Arkansas California Colorado Georgia Illinois Indiana Indian Territory Iowa Kansas Kentucky Maryland Michigan Missouri Montana Nebraska New Mexico North Carolina... North Dakota Ohio Average Total Total Total price number product. value. per of em- ton. ployes. /Short tons. 5, 529, 312 m, 788, 898 $1.05 10, 075 535, 558 666, 230 1.24 1,128 85,178 209, 711 2.46 187 3, 510, 830 5, 685, 112 1.62 5,747 216, 498 212, 761 .99 467 17, 862, 276 16, 243, 645 .91 34,585 3, 345, 174 3, 620, 582 1.08 6,436 1, 192, 721 2, 043, 479 1.71 3,257 3, 918. 491 5, 175, 060 1.32 8, 170 3, 007, 276 3, 955, 595 1.31i 6,559 3, 025, 313 2, 771, 238 .92 6,724 3, 419, 062 3, 053, 580 .89 3,886 77,990 121, 314 1.56 230 2, 733, 949 3, 360, 659 1.23 5,893 564,648 1, 330, 847 2.36 1,158 1,500 4,500 1, 074, 601 3.00 1.62 661, 330 1,083 6,679 9,599 1.44 90 40, 725 39, 250 .96 54 13, 562, 927 12, 722, 745 .94 22,576 65 A political party may fool part of the peopl« all the time, and all the people part of the time. but no political party can fool all the people all the — Abranam liincoln. time. OOAI., *o. (Continu**.) States. Oregon... Pennsylvania bituminous. Rhode Island Tennesee... Texas ....*.#....... Utah Virginia.. Washington West Virginia Wyoming Total , Pennsylvania anthracite. Grand total. Total product. Short tons. 34,661 46, 694, 676 2,092,064 245, 690 361, 013 675, 205 1, 213, 427 9, 738, 755 2,503,939 126, 856, 566 52, 472, 504 179, 329, 071 Total value. 148,546 39, 017, 164 2, 355, 441 669,333 562,625 678,429 2, 763, 547 7, 852, 114 3, 168, 776 J125, 124, 381 82, 432, 000 1207, 266, 381 Average price per ton. 4.29 .84 1.13 2.32 1.56 .86 2.28 .80 1.27 1.57 ?1. 16 Total number of em- ployes. 90 66,655 4,926 872 646 836 2,564 14,867 3.133 212, 893 129,050 341,943 COAL, 1893. Our imports in 1893, were valued at $3,701,642, on whioh we collected a duty of $839,625. New law reduces the duty from an average ad valorem rate of 23.80 to 13.80 on all grades. COFFEE FKICES ENOKBASBD BT BEUOTHIO THB TARIFF. During the five years of 1868-'72 there was an import duty of 5 and 8 cents a pound on coffee. There were imported 1,231,432,087 pounds at a cost of $126,294,643. On this the Government collected a revenue of $53, 018,331. At the clamorous demand of the Democratic party this "robber tariff," which taxed the poor man's breakfast table, was repealed, and coffee put on the free list. During the next five years, 1873-*77, there were imported 1,675,097,330 pounds of coffee, at a cost of $273,993,877, from which the Government derived no revenue. The average price of coffee for the five years of tariff tax was 10 cents and 1 mill per pound ; the average price for the five years of free trade was 16 cents and 5 mills. Repealing the tariff on coffee cost the Government in five years $53,018,331 in loss of revenue, and cost the people $107,206,229 in increased price of coffee. And such is the price of Democratic statesmanship I But, you ask. How could this be? When we repealed our tariff, Brazil levied an export tax and transferred the $53,000,000 to her coffers, and the importers formed a "syndicate" and transferred the $107,000,000 to their pockets. No wonder New York importers want free-trade. [See Evans, Export Duties, 1867 to 1883, p. 127.] 66 Th« STstcm of indireot tax«s !• our mno«str«l poller, hallowed by the numgeH of the fathers and the acceptance of aubsequent (generations in this land. —Senator Watson C. SQuire, Washington. COIN. CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS OF— RELATING TO. Art. 1, Sec. 8. The Congress shall have power * » * to coin money regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coins, and fix the standard of weights and measures. Art. 1, Sec. 10. No State shall « » * coin money, emit bills of credit, make anything but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts. After tke Declaration of Independence and before the Articles of Con- federation each of the thirteen original States had the right to coin mon- ey. The Articles of Confederation gave to Congress "the sole and exclu- sive right and power of regulating the alloy and value of coin struck by their own authority or by the respective States." Under this provision the States retained the right to coin money concurrently with the Gov- ernment of the Confederation, but only according to the standard of fine- ness, weight and value prescribed by the central Government. The right to emit or issue paper money, known as "bills of credit," had been exercised by the several States before the adoption of the Arti- cles of Confederation, and by these authority was given to the United States to issue such bills. The object of delegating to the United States the sole and exclusive right to regulate the alloy and value of coin was to insure uniformity as to weight, fineness and value throughout the several States. Before the passage of a money system the Confederation of States gave way to the present compact under the Constitution. Thus the coinage of money and the regulation of what should be used in the payment of debts were placed under the exclusive control of the National Government. The States may make gold and silver coin a legal tender, but it must be in conformity with, and subordinate to, the laws of the United States. It was doubtful whether Congress had the right to make coins composed of any other metals than gold or silver a legal tender, but in 1864 base metal coins were made a limited tender. COINS OF THE UNITED STATES, AUTHORITY FOR COINING AND CHANGES IN WEIGHT AND FINENESS. COINS, GOIiD. (Legal Tender in all payments.) DOUBLE EAQIiE. Authorized to be coined, act of March 3, 1849. Weight, 516 grains ; fineness, .900. Total amount coined to June 30, 1893, $1,145,463,340. S7 Protection declares that men cannot right- fully segrresrate themselves from their fellows in civilized society. —Hon. Jos. H. Walker, Massacbusetts. COINS. (Continued.) EAGLE. Authorized to be coined, act of April 2, 1792. Weight, 270 grains ; fineness, 916§. Weight changed, act of June 28, 1834, to 258 grains. Fineness changed, act of June 28, 1834, to 0.899,225. Fineness changed, act of January 18, 1837, to .900. Total amount coined to June 30, 1893, $217,694, 120. HALF EAGLE. Authorized to be coined, act of April 2, 1792. Weight, 135 grains ; fineness, 0.916§. Weight changed, act of June 28, 1834, to 129 grains. Fineness changed, act of June 28, 1834, to 0.899,225. Fineness changed, act of January 18, 1837, to 0.900. Total amount coined to June 30, 1893, $199,533,635. QUARTER EAGLE. Authorized to be coined, act April 2, 1792. Weight, 67.5 grains ; fineness, .916S. Weight changed, act of June 28, 1834, to 64.5 grains. Fineness changed, act of June 28, 1834, to 0.899,225. Fineness changed, act of January 18, 1837, to .900. Total amount coined to June 30, 1893, $28,595,567.50. THREE-DOLLAR PIECE Authorized to be coined, act of February 21, 1853. Weight, 77.4 grains ; fineness, .900. Total amount coined to September 26, 1890, $1,619,376. Coinage discontinued, act of September 26, 1890. ONE DOLLAR. Authorized to be coined, act March 3, 1849. Weight, 25.8 grains ; fineness, .900. Total amount coined to September 26, 1890, $19,499,337. Coinage discontinued, act of September 26, 1890. COINS, SIIiVER. (Legal Tender in all payments except stipulated otherwise by contract.) DOLLAR. Authorized to be coined, act of April 2, 1792 Weight, 416 grains ; fineness, .892.4. Weight changed, act of January 18, 1837, to 412i grains. Fineness changed, act of January 18, 1837, to .900. Coinage discontinued, act of February 12, 1873. Total amount coined to February 12, 1873, $8,031,238. Coinage reauthorized, act of February 28, 1878. Amount coined from March 1, 1878, to June 30, 1893, $419,332,450. Total amount coined to June 30, 1893, $427,363,688. 58 I do not believe in that solitary protection sen- timent that proposes simply to benefit a locality. —Hon. John H. Gear, Iowa. COINS. (Contlntied.) TRADE DOLiiAR (Was a legal tender.) (No longer coined.) Authorized to be coined , act of February 12, 1873. Weight, 420 grains ; fineness, .900. Coinage limited to export demand, joint resolution July, 22, 1876. Coinage prohibited, act of March 3, 1887. Total amount coined, ^35,965,924. HALF DOLLAR. (Legal tender in sums not exceeding ten dollars.) Authorized to be coined, act of April 2, 1792. Weight, 208 grains ; fineness, .892,4. Weight changed, act of January 18, 1837, to 208i grains. Fineness changed, act of February 18, 1837, to .900. Weight changed, act February 21, 1853, to 192 grains. Weight changed, act of February 12, 1873, to 12i grains, or 15>2/i jrr:un^ Total amount coined to June 30, 1893, $;i24,(>i8,004. COLUMBIAN HALF DOLLAR. (Not a legal tender.) Authorized to be coined, act of August 5, 1892. Weight, 192.9 grains ; fineness, .900. Total amount coined, ^2,501,052.50. QUARTER DOLLAR. (Legal tender in sums not exceeding ten do] l;i r:^. ) Authorized to be coined, act of April 2, 1792. Weight, 104 grains ; fineness, .892,4. Weight, changed, act of January 18, 1837, to 103i grains. Fineness changed, act of January 18, 1837, to .900. Weight changed, act of February 21, 1853, to 96 grains. Weight changed, act of February 12, 1873, to 6J grums, or JX>. 45 grains Total amount coined to June 30, 1893, ^1,891,443.25. COLUMBIAN QUARTER DOLLAR. (Not a legal tender.) Authorized to be coined, act of IMarch 3, 1893. Weight 96.45 grains ; fineness, .900. Total amount coined, $10,005.75. TWENTY-CENT PIECE. Authorized to be coined, act of March 3, 1875. Weight, 5 grams, or 77.16 grains ; fineness, .900 Coinage prohibited, act of May 2, 1878. Total amount coined, §271,000. DIME. (Legal tender in sums not exceeding ten dollars.) Authorized to be coined, act of April 2, 1792. Weight, 41.6 grains ; fineness, .892.4. Weight changed, act of January 18, 1837, 41i grains. Fineness changed, act of January 18, 1837, to .900. Weight changed, act of February 21, 1853, to 38.4 grains. Weight changed, act of February 12, 1873,to 2i grams, or 38.58 grains Total amount coined to June 30, 1893, ^28,115,898.00. 59 I clonbt even if we are wiser, that at any time in our past history there has been more of selfish- ness, of avarice and creed, than there is today in the country. — Hon. Thoi. J. Henderson, Illinois. COINS. (Conllnaed.) HALF DiXB. (Lesral tender in sums not exceeding ten dollars.) Authorized to bo coined, act of April 2, 1792. Weight, 20.8 grains ; fineness, .892,4. Weight changed, act of January 18, 1837, to 20fi grains. Fineness changed, act of January 18, 1837, to .900. Weight changed, act of February 21, 1853, to 19.2 gi«,ins. Coinage discontinued, act of February 12, 1873. Total amount coined, $4,880,219.40. THREE-CENT PIECE. Authorized to be coined, act of Mar. 3, 1851. Weight 12§ grains ; fineness, .750. Weight changed, act of Mar. 3, 1853, to 11.52 grains. Fineness changed, act of Mar. 3, 1853, to .900. Coinage discontinued, act of February 12, 1873. Total amount coined, $1,282,087.20. COINS, MINOR. (Legal Tender in sums not exceeding 25 centsin any one payment. FIVE-CENT (nickel). Authorized to be coined, act of May 16, 1866. Weight, 77.16 grains, composed of 75 per cent, copper and 25 percent nickel. Total amount coined to June 30, 1893, $12, 971, 127. 40. THREE-CENT (NICKEL). Authorized to be coined, act of Mar. 3, 1865. Weight 30 grains, composed of 75 per cent, copper and 25 per cent. nickel. Total amount coined to September 26, 1890, $941, 349.48. Coinage discontinued, act of September 26, 1890. two-oent (bronze). Authorized to be coined, act of April 22, 1864. Weight, 96 grains, composed of 95 per cent, copper and 5 per cent. tin and zinc. Coinage discontinued, act of February 12,1873. Total amount coined, $912, 020. CENT (OOPPEIl). Authorized to be coined, act of April 2, 1792. Weight, 264 grains. Weight changed, act of Jan. 14, 1793, to 208 grains. Weight changed by proclamation of the President, January 26, 1796, in conformity with act of March 3, 1795, to 168 grains. Coinage discontinued, act of Fob. 21,1857. Totfil amonnt coined, $1, 562,887. 44. 60 There Is no Justice in protecting the mann- f actarer and ref oslns toprotect the product of the farm. —Hon. Chas. Curtis, Kansas. COINS. (Centlnaed.) CENT (nickel). Authorized to be coined, act of February 21, 1857. Weight, 72 grains, composed of 88 per cent, copper and 12 per cent nickel. Coinage discontinued, act of April 22, 1864. Total amount coined, ?2, 007, 720. CENT (bronze). Coinage authorized, act of April 22, 1864. Weight, 48 grains, composed of 95 per cent, copper and 5 per cent. tin and zinc. Total amount coined to June 30, 1893, ?7, 096,167.64. HALF CENT (COPPER). Authorized to be coined, act of April 2, 1792. Weight, 132 grains. Weight changed, act of January 14, 1793, to 104 grains. Weight changed by proclamation of the President, January 26, 1796, in conformity with the act of March 3, 1795, to 84 grains. Coinage discontinued, act of February 21, 1857. Total amount coined, $39,926.11. COINS OP STANDARD VALUE. In modem times a Government first establishes a money of account or ideal unit, and then fixes by law the quantity of gold or silver which shall, in the form of a coin with unlimited legal-ten- der power, represent that ideal unit. Such coins, with their multiples and divisions are termed standard coins, or coins of standard value. Where a- Government fixes a certain weight of gold and a certain weight of silver, to represent respectively the ideal unit in full legal- tender coins, a ratio, or relative valuation of the two metals in the coinage, or a double standard, is thereby established, and the coins of both metals are standard coins. COINS, SUBSIDIARY COINS DEFINED. In the United States, silver coins of less denomination than the dollar, which have a nominal value, exceeding their intrinsic or bullion value, and limited as legal tender to sums not exceeding five dollars. COINS, WEIGHT AND FINENESS WITH THE AMOUNT OF ALLOY. In both gold and silver coins we now use 900 parts of pure metal to 100 parts of alloy. This is what the inscription 900 fine means. In our first gold coinage we adopted the proportion of alloy used by our mother country, England,, which as they express it, is 11-12 fine, or as we would express it now, as 916J fine. English standard silver was then, as now, 925 fine. The United States adopted the odd standard of 892 89-208 fine for our silver. In 1837 we adopted for both gold and silyer, 61 Ireland to-day enjoys almost absolute ^ng- lish free- trade. Do you ever hear of a Democratic free-trader soin^: to Ireland looking: for a job ? J. F. Scanlan. COINS. (Continued.) the more elegant and exact decimal, French system of alloy 900 fine. In 1834, we adopted this system for gold very nearly, but accurately in 1837. As most all newly found gold contains some silver, and as it was for- merly more troublesome and expensive to drive it all out, the alloy for the gold coins was allowed to contain one-half of its weight in silver and the remainder in copper. Since 1873 only one-tenth of the alloy is al- lowable of silver. The value of the alloy in coin is so slight as to be practically disregarded. The total weight of the old standard gold dollar was 27 grains — com- posed of 24.75 grains of pure gold and 2.25 grains of alloy. The present weight of the standard dollar is 25.8 grains, of which 23.22 is pure gold, 2.58 grains alloy. The former weight of the silver dollar was 416 grains, of the then standard silver, of which 371i grains were pure silver and 44^ grains of alloy or copper. The copper in our dollar since 1837 is, as we have observed before, 3i grains less, leaving 371i grains of pure silver. A cent'sworthof copper will furnish enough alloy for about fifteen sil- ver dollars, or about two hundred and fifty gold dollars. This alloy is not put in to add to the weight or value but only to harden the metal and preserve the coin from excessive wear. In 1853 finding that we could not retain in use our small silver coins— (our fifty, twenty-five, ten and five cent pieces) the Government gave an opportunity to the people to bring all the old ones that remained in the country to the mint and issued new ones with about six per cent, less silver in them. Since then they have been named subsidiary coins, and were a legal tender for sums not greater than five dollars. Since 1879 they have been a legal tender up to ten dollars. They were no longer money, but became token coins. The changes we have mentioned are all that have been made in the weight of metal or ^fineness in our coins since the organization of the mint. COINAGE, IN UNITED STATES. Under the Confederation each State, being independent, had its own coinage laws. But the Constitution conferred on the United States the exclusive power " To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of for- eign coin. " The original mint act provided for " dollars or units ;— each to be of the value of a Spanish milled dollar as the same is now current, and to contain 371 i grains of pure silver." Half dollars, quarters, and dimes were also provided for, of proportionate weight and value; and also gold coins, eagles, and half and quarter eagles, of defined value and weight. By subsequent acts of Congress the amount of pure metal in each of these coins has been changed, except the unit, a standard silver dollar,— that has always remained the same. The weight of this standard was determined by taking the average of a large number of pieces, and not by adopting the Spanish legal weight. In consequence the Mexican standard dollar, which succeeded the Spanish, is worth more, weighing 377 i grains of pure silver. By the revised coinage act of February 13. Tills Nation is too ricli to have any money but tlie best for the use of all its citizens. —Hon. John H. Gear, Iowa. COINAGE. (Continued.) 1873, the silver dollar was dropped from the list of coins, and a " trade dollar", weighing "four hundred and twenty grains troy", standard silver, was substituted. It was also provided " That the gold coins of the United States shall be a one-dollar piece, which, at the standard weight of twenty-five and eight-tenth grains, shall be the unit of value", etc. By an act of July 22, 1876, the trade dollar was deprived of its legal tender character, and the coinage limited to the- discretion of the Secre- tary of the Treasury. February 28, 1878, *' An act to authorize the coin- age of the standard silver dollar, and to restore its legal tender character ", was passed over the President's veto. It did not authorize coinage free to all, but only of bullion purchased for the Government at the market price. This is the Bland- Allison bill. This was amended by the so- called " Sherman bill ", of similar import, but increasing the amount of silver to be purchased and coined. This was repealed by the present Congress November 2, 1893. And now, while the standard silver dollar is a legal tender for all debts, public and private, there is no law authorizing its coinage, either on public or private account. A special feature of the Bland and Sherman acts was that they authorized the deposit of the silver coin in sums of ten dollars or more in the Treas- ury, and the issue of certificates instead ; and declared a purpose of maintaining "a parity " of gold and silver at the legal ratio of sixteen to one. On the coinage question there is no distinctive party issue, but wide diflerences of individual opinion on both sides. The repeal of the Sher- man act, without any substitute provision for coinage, was an adminis- tration measure, forced on the Democratic party against its will and pledges by the imperious will of President Cleveland. COINAGE, GOLD DEPOSITS, 1893. The amount of gold deposited during the year at the mints and assay oflaces of the United States, including gold contained in silver deposits and purchases, was 2,732,644,925 standard ounces of the value of ^,839, 905.53, as compared with ^,476,975.98 during the preceding fiscal year, a decrease of 515,637,070.45. Of the gold thus deposited, 2,496,678,983 standard ounces, of the value of ^,449,841.50, were original deposits, and 235,965,942 standard ounces, of the value of ^,390,064.03, redeposits, of which $21,894.21 were fine bars redeposited for small, and ^,368,169.82 unparted bars transferred from the minor assay offices to the mint at Philadelphia for refining and coin- age ; $33,286,167.94 were classified as of domestic production, as against $31,961,546.11 of the same class of gold deposited during the previous fis- cal year, an increase of $1,324,621.83. Of the gold bullion classed as domestic, $19,690,057.19 were fine bars bearing the stamp of private refineries, and 813,596,110.75 represented un- refined domestic bullion. 63 In our children rreat races are to bo blended who will contribute •rery quality of which ereat states are bullded. —Senator Geo. F. Hoar, Massachusetts. COINAOi:. (Continued.) Foreign gold bullion of the value of $2,247,730.78, and foreign gold coin ofthe value of $6,293,296.33 were received and melted by the mints and assay offices during the year. Worn and uncurrent domestic gold coin (of the nominal value of $806,870) was received for recoinage, and after melting, the coining value of the same was found to be ^92,470.43. Old material consisting of jew- elry, plate, etc., of the value of $3,830,176.02, was also received. COINAGE OF GOLD AND SILVER, 1893. The value of the gold deposited at the mints and assay offices during the year was $50,839,905.53. Of this sum $46,449,841.50 were composed of original deposits and $4,390,064.03 were redeposits. Of the amount depos- ited $33,286,167.94 was classed as of domestic production, $8,541,027.11 for- eign gold coin and bullion, $3,830,176.02 old material, and worn and un- current domestic gold coins $792,470.43 The deposits and purchases of silver during the year aggregated 65,- 822,135.19 fine ounces, the coining value of the same in silver dollars being $85,103,366.67. Of this sum $73,666,045.23 was of domestic production and $2,901,180.96 foreign bullion and coin ; and of worn and uncurrent sil- ver coin, $6,913,179.96 ; old plate, etc., $753,428.46, and redeposits, $869,534.06. The amount ofsilver purchased under the act of July 14, 1890, during the year was 64,008,162.59 fine ounces, costing $45,531,374.53, and the aver- age price, $0.8430. The total amount of silver purchased under the act of July 14, 1890, from August 13, 1890, to ISbvember 2, 1893, inclusive, was 168,674,590.46 fine ounces, costing $155,930,940.84, the average price per ounce being $0.9244. Of the silver purchased under this act, consumed in the coinage dur- ing the year, there were 4,133,029.56 fine ounces, costing $3,784,417.64, and the number of silver dollars coined was $5,343,715. The seigniorage on this coinage was $1,559,297.36. The coinage during the year consisted of 97,280,875 pieces, valued as follows : Gold $30, 038, 140. 00 Silver dollars 6, 343, 715. 00 Subsidiary silver 7, 217, 220. 90 Minor coins 1, 086, 102. 90 Total $43, 685, 178. 80 The total amount used in the coinage ofsilver dollars under the act of July 14, 1890, has been 27,911,259.48 fine ounces, costing $29,110,186.61. The total number of silver dollars coined was 36,087,285. The total seigniorage was 16,977,096.39, leaving a balance on hand at the mints ot 140,099,760 fin« ouncM, costing $126,758^8. I do not represent, standing: upon this floor, a PArt or the whole of the State of Nebraska. I am a Senator of the United States. —Senator Chas. F. Manderson, Nebraska. COINAGE, SEIGNIORAGE ON SILVER, 1893. The balance of profits on the coinage of silver on hand at the mints at the commencemtint of the fiscal year, July 1, 1892, was $70,9(>4.25. The seigniorage on the coinage of silver dollars during the year amounted to »1,559,297.36. and on subsidiary coinage 865.05, a total of $1,559,362.41. From the seigniorage there were paid during the year for expenses of distributing silver coin, 824,382.12, and for reimbursements of silver was« ted by the operative officers and for bullion sold in sweeps, $8,075.05, leaving the net profits on the coinage of silver for the year, §1,526,905.24. Ofthissum$l,396,109.87 was deposited in the Treasury during the year. The balance of profits on the coinage of silver on hand at the mints June 30, 1893, was $201,759.62. Including the balance on hand at the mints July 1, 1878, the net profits on account of the coinage of silver from that date to November 1, 1893, paid into the Treasury of the United States, aggregates $74,262,970.99. The total seigniorage on the coinage of silver under the act of July 14, 1890, from August 13, 1890, to November 1, 1893, was $6,977,098.39. Of this amount $78,447.12 was paid for expenses of distributing silver coins, and $60,849.92 to reimburse the bullion fund for wastage of the operative offi- cers of the mints and for bullion sold in sweepings, and the balance paid into the Treasury. COINAGE OF SEIGNIORAGE. (See Silver and Sei§:niorag:e.) COINAGE OF SILVER in the united states from i789 to isos. STANDARD SIIiVER DOIiLARS. From the establishment of the Mint up to 1805 there were coined 1,439,517 of tlie Units, or standard dollars. At the ratio of 15 to 1, these were wortli more as bullion than as coin, and consequently they were shipped abroad. On May 1, 1806, an order was issued by President Jefferson, through Secretary Madison, suspending their coinage ; and for 29 years none were made. In 1835, 1,000 were coined. In 1837, and afterwards, a small number each year. These were at the new ratio of 16 to 1 made by a change in the weight of gold coins. From 1793 to 1873 the total number of dollars coined was,7,921,238. Since that date the number has been, 419,332,450. The total value of sil- ver, of all kinds of coin, from 1793 to 1873, was $155,471,901.50. And the total from 1873 to July 1, 1893 $522,449,425.70. It will be seen tliat since the "demonetization" of the silver dollar, and its restoration, we have coined as many d(>llai*s every four months as "the fathers" did in eighty years. COINAGE, SILVER, PRICE OF, IN 1893. The price of silver July 1, 1892, was 88 cents, the highest price attained during the fiscal year. The closing price on June 30, 1893, was 65 cents, a diflference of 23 cents per ounce. The average price for the year was 84i cents. Late in June, India closing her mints to the coinage of silver, the price declinnd rapidly from 38Jd. to 30id., which was equal to a decline of 8it/., or about 17 cents. An Engrlish statistician some years ago said of us : " l*:very day that the sun rises upon the Ameri- can people it sees an addition of $2,500,000 to the accumulated wealth of the United States." —Hon. Thomas Updesrraff , Iowa. COINAGE, SILVER PURCHASED BY THE GOVERNMENT SINCE 1873. The total amount of silver purchased by the Government from March 1, 1873, has been as follows: Fine ounces. Cost. Under the act of 1873 $5, 434, 282 31,603,906 291, 272, 018 168, 674, 682 *6, 018, 921 $7, 152, 564 37, 571, 148 Under the act of 1875 Under the act of 1878 308, 279, 260 155, 931, 002 Under the act of 1890 Under the act of 1887 7, 689, 036 Total 8503, 003, 809 8516, 623, 010 *Trade dollars. COINAGE, SUBSIDIARY SILVER, IN 1893. During the fiscal year ended June 30, 1893, the coinage of subsidiary silver aggregated 28,947,401 pieces, of tlie nominal value of $7,217,220.90: consisting of 83,266,630 in half dollars ; $2,848,618 in quarter dollars and $1,101,972.90 in dimes. Of this coinage 8607.75 were manufactured from purchased bullion, and 87,210,613.15 from worn and uncurrent silver coin transferred from the Treasury for recoinage. Worn and uncurrent silver coin of the nominal value of 87,618,198.25 was transferred from the Treasury to the mints for recoinage. These coins, upon melting, were found to contain 5,940,544.90 ounces of standard silver, the coining thereof in subsidiary silver coins being $7,381,289.58, sliowing a loss of 8236,908.07, which sum was reimbursed the Treasury from the appropriation for loss on recoinage of worn and undercurrent silver coin. COINAGE OF THE WORLD, 1890, 1891, 1892. Calendar years. Gold. Silver. 1890 8149, 244, 965 119, 534, 122 167, 917, 337 8152, 293, 144 1891 138, 294, 367 1892 143, 096, 239 The above figures represent, as nearly as the mint has been able to as- certain, the total value of the gold and silver coinages executed in the world during the years therein named. COINING VALUE or mint price of gold and silver. The rate per standard ounce at which the mint converts bullion into unlimited legal- tender coins. -Coinage of Nations. dbuiitries.i 1891. 1892. 1393 Gold. Silver, Gold. Silver. Gold. Silver. United States Mexico $29. 222. 005 280. 565 32.720.633 26.389.044 117.411 3.362.450 14,086.800 2,110.981 2.885.561 126.708 $27,518,857 24.493.071 6,141.594 32.670.498 $34. 787. 223 275. 203 67. 682. 503 30.784,262 $12. 641. 078 26. 782. 721 3.790.673 52.258.747 1. 257. 864 2. 920. 484 $56. 997. 020 493. 167 45.094,210 32.059.354 $8. 802. 797 28. 005. 396 Great Britain... ii 5. 290. 728 India* 40. 1 18, 622 France. ... 871.225 8.863.874 555.909 14.038,714 130.105 9.381.062 1.319.525 9. 832. 068 26. 280. 188 2 31.S 493 Germany Russia t . . . 1, 139. 252 2.690.902 3.356.394 2. 093. 713 2. 499. 874 5.315.069 553.932.881 §18.073.120 Italv .... 22. M7 8.917,860 12.307.062 3.075.810 1,567.800 120.600 78.996 242.207 183.350 883.464 649. 555 159.086 1. 306. 070 Spain .. 12.242.000 8. 523. 904 7.277.040 367.000 134.000 22.000 121.750 144.750 432.400 322.468 3. 200. 593 Japan Portugal ,.-..„...... Netherlands... 1.083.725 t 169. SCO 12. 300. 705 , .1.412.640 j 562. 800 Norway Sweden ,.... 386.000 736,989 136.000 26. 171 Denmark ' 147 400 Stntzerland .... 386. 00« 3.342.000 386.000 140.672 Turkey EffVDt 874,628 537, 114 Persia 255.000 Hongkong .^.....i.. *"" 1,500.000 2. 854. 137 1. 100, 000 3,500.000 57.900 471. 131 298.000 138.091 1.500.000 4. 243. 800 ^n^in.r.hin^^ 039 906 Tnnli^ ^ ,.,,,. t 2.663.400 675. 500 -200.000 3.231.905 134,004 347 Canada .<«,.. 160.000 156. 000 Brazil ^.j,jf....^.. .126.279 499. 941 1. 684. 50O 3.169.790 Bolivia . ....<..«(. ^7>^ . 1.435.543 2.614.948 2,378.272 60.000 1.569.229 Pern ^^.-^^.. Colombia ..,.x t..r'r..^^rr 34.630 ....-C.i.- l-"- ............. ........... .... i_.. Venezuela Chile. ^^ ^:^„... Uruguay v«.>^.-«^.^..-r... Guatemala. ................ ■ i. ..Ti-- 193.000 481.405 1.000.110 100.000 British West Indies 23.000 81,125 German East Africa....... ~ 364.814 49. 519 • .-.•>_•:•:-.«!».• 45.848 South African Republlo , . . Straits Settlements. ... *?5.000 24.697 336.000 104 000 Monaco 386.000 _^_.=aa. Moroooo ................ . 240.000 183.350 189.135 858 808 • — ... 657,760 Santo Domingo "" Eritrea (Italian colony)... Bulgaria "J 2.509.198 236.850 --aii..- ..-..._. .^.... 60.000 •A- ►••• 478.700 Siam ..,^., ....... 6.800.324 Total 119.534.122 138.294.367 172. 473. 124 153.329.765 231.863.530 135.045.420 • Rupee calculated at eoinlng rate. $0.4737. t Silver ruble calculated at coining rate. $0.7718. ! Silver Uonii calculated at eofuing rate, $0,482. (Silvor florin oaloolated at oololng rate. $0.4056. undectbe coinage Mt of Augost 2. lOOL 67 The American people have llred a Ions time since the 4th day of March, 1893. —Hon. Johp F. L.acey, Iowa. COINAGE OF SILVER, oni.y countries where now free. The ouly countries wliose mints are open to the free and unlimited coin- age of silver, are Japan, Mexico, United States of Colombia, Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador and Peru. Silver coinage in all other countries being on government account only. COLOMBIA. In Colombia the standard is silver ; the monetary unit is the peso ; tlie value in United States money is f 0.61.3 ; the coins ar« gold : condor ($0.(>4.7) and double condor ; silver : peso. The ratio between gold and silver is 1 of gold to 15i of silver. COLORADO. Area 104,500 square miles. Enabling act passed March 21, 1864 — Constitution formed August 12, 1864~Act to admit as a State passed Congress ; vetoed by the President May 15, 1866— Another act to admit passed Congress January, 1867; vetoed by tlie President January 28, 1867— enabling act passed March 3, 1875— State Constitution formed March 14, 1876— by proclamation of the President, admitted as a State August 1, 1876. Legislature composed of 40 Senators and 80 Representatives. Meets bi- ennially, (Jan. H, 1895.) State elections, biennially,Tuesday after 1st Monday in November, (1894. ) Senator Henry M. Teller (Rep.) terra expires March 3, 1897. Senator Edward O. Wolcott (Rep.) terra expires March 3, 1896. CONGRESSIONAI. I>ISTRICTS. 1st. Population, 204,650; vote 1892, Dem., 20,004; Rep., 17,609. 2d. Population, 207,539; vote 1892, Dem., 31,589; Rep., 19,572. COMMERCE. (See Transportation.) CONFEDERATE CONSTITUTION, tariff ci^ause of. " The Congress shall have power: " To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises, for revenue necessary to pay tlie debts, provide for the common defense, and carry on the Government of tlie Confederate States ; but no bounties shall be granted from the Treasury, nor shall any duties or taxes on importations from foreign nations be laid to promote or foster any branch of industry : and all duties, imposts, and excises shall be uniform throughout the Confederate States." A just man is incapable of putting almrden upon others that he himself would not willinsrly bear. — K. G. lugersoll. CONGRESS, APPORTIONMENT UNDER TENTH CENSUS. Alabama 8 Arkansas 5 California 6 Colorado 1 Connecticut 4 Delaware 1 Florida 2 Georgia 10 Illinois 20 Indiana 13 Iowa 11 Kansas 7 Kentucky 11 [SS6 Members.] Louisiana 6 Maine 4 Maryland 6 Massachusetts 12 Michigan 11 Minnesota ^ 5 Mississippi 7 Missouri 14 Nebraska 3 Nevada 1 New Hampshire 2 New Jersey 7 New York 34 North Carolina 9 Ohio 21 Oregon 1 Pennsylvania 28 Rhode Island 2 South Carolina 7 Tennessee 10 Texas 11 Vermont 2 Virginia 10 West Virginia 4 Wisconsin 9 RATIO OF REPRESENTATION. Constitution, 1789, ratio 30,000, whole number of Representatives 65 First|;Census, 1793, ratio 33,000, whole number of Representatives : 105 Second Census, 1803, ratio 33,000, Avhole number of Representatives 141 Third Census, 1813, ratio 35,000, whole number of Representatives 181 Fourth Census, 1823, ratio 40,000, whole number of Representatives 213 Fifth Census, 1833, ratio 47,700, whole number of Representatives 240 Sixth Census, 1843, ratio 70,680, whole number of Representatives 223 Seventh Census, 1853, ratio 93,423, whole number of Representatives... 233 Eighth Census, 1863, ratio 127,381, whole number of Representatives... 243 Ninth Census, 1873, ratio 131,425, whole number of Representatives 293 Tenth Census, 1883, ratio 151,911, whole number of Representatives 325 Eleventh Census, 1893, ratio 173,901, whole number of Representatives... 356 Population at each census : 1790 3, 929, 214 1800 5,308,483 1810 7,239,881 1820 9,633,822 1&30 12, 866, 020 1840 17, 069, 453 1850 23, 191, 876 1860 31, 443, 321 1870 38, 558, 371 1880 50, 155, 783 1890 62, 622, 250 CONNECTICUT. Area 4.674 square miles. Included in the charters of Massachusetts— separate government formed at Hartford January 14, 1639— colony planted at New Haven in 1638 pur- chased their lands from the Indians, and formed a government June 4, 1630— colony of Connecticut purchased the rights of the patentees in 1644 for £7,000 — colonies of Connecticut and New Haven united by a charter granted by Charles II, April 23, 1662— ratified the Constitution of the United States, January 9, 1788 ; first State Constitution formed Septem- ber 15, 1818. Legislature is composed of 21 Senators, 248 Representatives. Meets bi- ennially, (Jan. 9, 1895.) State elections, annually, Tuesday after first Monday in Nov., (1894.) Senatok Joseph R. Hawley, (Rep.) term expires Mar. 3, 1899. Senator Orville H. Platt, (Ref.) term expires Mar. 3, 1897. 69 Diversified industries call out aU the work- ing powers of the world. —Hon. Thomas B. Beed, Maine. CONNECTICUT. (Continued.) CONGKESSIONAIi DISTRICTS. 1st. Population, 172,661 ; vote 1892, Dem., 19,029 ; Rep., 18,506. 2d. Population, 248,582 ; vote 1892, Dem., 27,624 ; Rep., 24,772. 3d. Population, 121,792; vote 1892, Dem., 11,277; Rep., 11,928. 4th. Population, 203,623 ; vote 1892, Dem., 24,035 ; Rep., 21,825. CONSUMPTION, A TAX ON. great Britain, public net retb- NUE FOR 1891-1898, The English government imposes duty on no articles produced with in the kingdom except spirituous liquors, and upon these it levies an ex- cise tax equal to the duty tax, so that the home product and the impor- ted article stand on the same footing in the market. The only articles on which duties are levied are chicory, cocoa, coffee, dried fruits, plate, spir- its, tea, tobacco, and wine. EA^erything else comes in free. For the year ending March 31, 1891, the English revenue was as follows: Customs $95,943,047 Excise 123,414,440 Stamps (excluding fee, etc., stamps) 67, 182, 032 Land Tax 5, 061, 160 House duty 6, 861, 765 Property and Income Tax 65, 551, 755 Post Office 50, 611, 600 Telegraph Service 12, 068, 920 Crown Lands (net) 2, 092, 595 Stamps in lieu of Fees 4, 051, 692 Interest on Advances 1, 072, 557 Interest on Suez Shares 967, 601 Allowance from the Bank of England 832, 025 Miscellaneous 4, 198,397 $439, 909, 102 Add Local Taxation 35, 107, 914 Total National income $475, 017, 016 Total United States income $461, 716, 561. 90 It must be remembered that in making tobacco a factor in its customs income Great Britain prohibits its cultivation for commercial purposes in the kingdom, utterly ignoring all i)rf>tence of ** free trade." It must also be remembered that on the Democratic plan of computing the tariff percentages, namely, on tlie volume of taxable imports, the British tariff is higher than the McKinloy tariff or any other American tariff ever was, amounting to sixty-seven per cent. That is, it collects sixty-seven cents on every dollar's worth of dutiable imports. Oar cldldren's children will see our conn try as tve see her now, a land without a slave, a church without a scouTffe, the home of freedom where in- telligence is without price and conscience without a master. —Hon. Marriott Brosius, f'ennsylTania. CONSUMPTION. (Continued.) It must also be remembered that the total taxation per capita in Great Britain is about twice as great as in the United States. Thus: Great Britain— income $475,017,016; population 38,100,000; per capita $12.50. United States— income $461,716,561 ; population 67,400,000 ; per capita $().85. The population is given from the last report of the Treasury Department. In addition to England's $475,000,000 of revenue tax collected from the people, England, Scotland and Ireland have each a local tax account, which for the year ending March 31, 1893, is as follows: England. Additional Beer Duty (Customs) $1, 703 Additional Spirit Duty " 777, 515 Additional Beer Duty (Excise) 1, 534, 203 Additional Spirit Duty " 2,989,267 Licenses (including Penalties) 15, 082, 879 Moiety of Probate Duty 9, 348, 298 $29,733,877 Scotland. Additional Beer Duty (Customs) $208 Additional Spirit Duty " 106,907 Additional Beer Duty (Excise) 126,086 Additional Spirit Duty " 416,192 Licenses (including Penalties) 1,626,866 Moiety of Probate Duty 1,305,341 IKELAND. Additional Beer Duty (Customs) $189 Additional Spirit Duty " 87,470 Additional Beer Duty (Excise) 187,681 Additional Spirit Duty " 366,403 Licenses (including Penalties) Moiety of Probate Duty 1, 070, 659 Totals. Additional Beer Duty (Customs) $2,116 Additional Spirit Duty " 971,893 Additional Beer Duty (Excise) 1, 927, 967 Additional Spirit Duty " 3, 771, 973 Licenses (including Penalties) 16, 709, 745 Moiety of Probate Duty 11, 724, 303 $3, 612,962 $1,712,40S 71 $35, 107, 914 The benefits of protection go first f»r>ril last to the men who earn their bread in th«S'»eHt of their faces. —James O* Blaine. CONSUMPTION. (Continued.) Articles upon which duty is collected, showing the amount for the year ending March 31, 1893. Beer, &c ^ 65, 167 Chicory 297,389 Cocoa 620,185 Coffee 843,982 Currants 487,954 Figs, Plums, and Prunes 264, 104 Raisins 932,270 Spirits: Rum 10,112,888 Brandy 6,492,986 Geneva 744,078 Other sorts 2, 559, 146 Tea 16,576,393 Tobacco, afeetl' Jlll'tiiir Iioped-'of the fntarw and all tlie possible increase of dui* <;ivil- ixation. —Hon. Tlios. B. Keed, Maine. CONSUMPTION PER CAPITA in the united states, of WHKAT, CORN, SUGAR, COFFEE ANB ^EA. ; , • Years. 1867. 1868. 1869. 1870. 1871. 1872. 1873, 1874. 1875. 1876. 1877. 1878. 1879, 1880, 1881, 1882, 1883. 1884, 1885, 1886, 18S7, 1888, 1889, 1890 1891, 1892 1893 Wheat. Bush. 3.92 5.36 5.21- 5. 41- 4.69 4.. 79 4.81 4.46 5.38 4. 8i) 5:01 ■5..-72 5,58, 5. 35 6.09 4.98 6.64 5.64 6.77 4.57 5.17 5. 62 •5.34 6.-09 4. 58 5. 91 4.85 Corn. Bush. 23.52 20.44 23. 79 ■ ^162 . 27.40 21.09 22:86 20.95 18.66 28.14 ' 26. 13 26.37: , 26. 61 28. 8S 31.64 21. 92 29-. ^24 27.40 .:SK04 '32; 60 27.68 23.. 86 ••■ 31. 28 -.32. 09- 22.79 30.33 23.66 Sugar.' Lbs. 24. 1 30.9 35 33- 36,2 40.4 ■ 39.' 8 41.5 43.6 . 35.2 • 38. 9 • 34.3 .40.7 42.9 44.2 43.4 51. -1/ 53.4 . 51.8 5G.'"9- 52.7. 56.' 7 51.8 • 52. H . % \ ()3. 5 • (ki. 4 ebflfee. Lbs. 5.01 6.52 6.45 6. 7.-91 7.28 •6.87 6.59 7.08 7.33 6.94 6. 24 .7.42 8.78 8.25 8. 30 8.91 9. 26 . 9.60 9.36 8.53 6.81 9. 16 7.83 7.99 . 9.63 '■'■ 8. 25 Tea. Lbs. 1,09 .96 1.08 1. 10 1.14 1.46 1.53 1.27 1.44 1. ;J5 1.23 1.33 1.21 1.39 1.54 1.47 1. 30 1.09 1.18 1.37 1.49 1.40 1.29 1.33 1.29 1.37 1. 32 COOPERAGE, 1890. Establishments .'. " 2,652 Capital :............., ^17, 806, 554 Employes.. : : .............!7....*.....; 24, 652 Wages....:.........^.......;.:...,...J,^!.;.;.:...„........ .....;. $11, 665, 366 Materials.... ..!.....'....*.-..,....'..... ...'..".. ...........^ 20, 036, 911 Products ...'.'..:.:.. :'..f:. ..".... ...!....'. " 38, 617, 956 Aunual wages paid per capita, $473.20; ]>uty under old law, 30 pei cent. ; Duty under new law, 20.-per ceut. ' CORDAGE AND TWINE, 1890; Establishments .'. ..." ,. 140 Capital '. ...^..■:...:.:!.^..;;....... ^22, 786, 019 Employes .v...... 12, 506 Wages .........:.. $4, 412, 640 Materials « 23, 372,637 Products 32, 376, 454 Aunual wages paid per capita, f^2.86. 0«r eiilBKRt w*iil4 1^ slaA to derlre tbe hftwiktm from th« MT^mtt/r Aerelopment of the In- dustrie* whl impobts itoa. FOB£IOK CKIU) COINft Of the value of |11,962,738 were imported into the United States in 1893. Of this amount $5,398,240 came from France ; $4,748,440 from Australasia ; $890,018 Arom Cuba ; $478,811 from Germany ; $300,012 from Mexico ; $84,624 from Japan, and the remainder from various countries, principally from the West Indies and Central American States. UNITED STATES GOl^ COINS Returned was of the value of $6,074,890. Of this amount $4,350,700 came from Quebec and Ontario ; $537,518 from the West Indies ; $487,568 frt>m Great Britain ; $229,590 from Venezuela ; $129,360 from China ; $115,152 from Mexico ; $107,672 from Colombia, and the remainder fr«m the Central American States and other countries. FOREIGN GOIiD BUIXION Of the ralne of $3,136,744 was imported ; of which amount $1,923,569 came from Mexico; $325,972 from Colombia; $292,835 from British Columbia; $166,468 from Nicaragua; $111,566 from Australasia, and $111,351 from Honduras. FOREIGN GOIJ> ORES Of the invoiced value of $804,999 were imported for reduction, all of w)>ich came from Mexico. We are one. Nation and one people. Xet us have one curreney, and one §tandi-ed o£ value for Uie wliole country, .. - ' _ —Hon. Thos. J. Henderson; Illinois. CURKENCT. (Continued.) t'^l'f; ,'Bi!^; The following table shows that the total imports of gold into the United States for the fiscal year 1893, were $22,069,380: ' ' Foreign bullion $3, 136, 744 Foreign coin ...iu... 11, 962, 738 Foreign ores .S................ 894, 999 Total foreign gold ;\.V..;.-...'::::'.... 15, 994, 481 United States coin ......^ 6, 074, 899 Total gold import;s....:!:.:.t!...!r.; 22, 069, 380 CURRENCY, Goi^ EXPORTS. j8fli3, GOIJ> COINS. The export of United States, was $101,844,087. Of this amount $37,895,500 were shipped to Germany; $32,240,300 to France; $21,204,700 to England ; $5,308,193 to Quebec and Ontario ; $1,818,579 to Venezuela ; $1,055,351 to Haiti ; $1,000,000 the Netherlands, and the remain- der to Mexico, the West Indies, Central and South America. UNITED STATES COINS. The shipments for the year amo^|it COINS Of the. Value of $6,612,691 were re-exported. Of this amount $6,401,464 went to Cuba.; $129,950 to England, and the remainder to other countries. DOMESTIC GOIJ> ORES. Th« invoiced value exported was $225,524. Of this amount $145,980 were shipped to England and $79,518 to Germany. Foreign gold ores of the invoiced value of $16,607 were re-exported to England. Gold contained in silver-copper matte, of th© value of $43,680 was exported from the port of Baltimore. The total gold exports for the year were $108,966,655. The items of the same will be found in the following table : United States bars $131, 835 Other domestic bullion 92, 231 Domestic coin 101, 844, 087 Gold contained in copper matte.. 43, 680 Domestic ores.......... 225, 524 Total domestic..................... 102, 337, 357 Foreign coin re-exported $6, 612, 691 Foreign ores re-exported 16, 607 Total foreign ..^.: 6, 629, 298 Total gold exports 108, 966, 655 75 We are not afraid of tlio world's competition so longr as we avail ourselves of our National de- fense and our National resources. —Senator Geo. F. Hoar, Massachusetts. CUKKENCY. (Continued.) The movement of gold for the fiscal year, 1893, shows an excess of ex- ports over imports of $86,897,275, while the excess for the fiscal year, 1892, was $142,654, an increased loss of $86,744,621. CURRENCY, Goi^D and silvkk in thk world. doubijE standard. Stock of gold and silver in the principal coimtries of the world having the double standard. Countries. Monetary system. Gold. Silver. United States Gold and silver... do $654, 000, 000 800, 000. 000 65, 000, 000 93, 600, 000 15, 000, 000 • 2, 000, 000 40, 000, 000 25, 000, 000 50, 000, 000 90, 000, 000 $575 000 000 jf ranee 700 000 000 J5elgiiim do 55, 000, 000 Italy do 50, 000, 000 do 15, 000, 000 Greece do 4. 000. 000 Spain do 158, 000, OfK) Netherlands do 05, 000, 000 Turkey do 45, 000, 000 50, 000, 000 do Total 1, 834, 600, 000 1, 717, 000, 000 SlNGt*] GOIil) STANDARD. /Stock of gold and silver in the priricipal countHes of the world having the single gold standard. Countries. United Kingdom Germany , Portugal Austria-Hungary , Scandinavian Union. Australia Egypt Canada Cuba, Haiti, etc Total. Monetary system. Gold do do do do do do do do Gold. $550, 000, 000 600, 000, 000 40, 000, 000 40, 000, 000 32, 000, 000 100, 000, 000 100, 000, 000 16, 000, 000 20, 000. 000 1, 498, 000,000 Silver. $100, 000, (XK) 211,000, OCK) 10, 000, 000 90, 000, m.) 10, 000, 0(K) 7, 000, 0(K) 15, OIK), 000 5, 000, 000 2, 000, 000 450, 000, 000 7a If history and philosophy have made certain any truth in poliliciil «conouiy, It is this : No coun- try can permuiiontly i>rosi)er iu the race for mater- ial wealth hy exchangins: the products of its 8oil for manufactured groods. —Hon. Thomas Updegrraff, Iowa. CURRENCY. (Continued.) SINGI-E SIIiVER STANDARD. Stock of gold and silver in the principal coiintricfi of the world having the single silver standard. Countries. Monetary system. Gold. Silver. Russia . Silver §250, 000, 000 5,000,000 $G0, 000, 000 Alexico do 50, 000, 000 Opntral America do 500, 000 do 45, 000, 000 25, 000, 000 India do 900, 000, 000 China .. ..do 7(X), 000, 000 The Straits do 100, 000, 000 Total 300, 000, 000 1, SP.5, 500, 000 Total in the world, $3,632,600,000 gold ; $4,002,500,000 silver. Bureau op the Mint, A^i^ust 16^ 189S. CURRENCY, SII.TER imports, 1893. FOREIGN SILVER BUI.I.ION Of the commercial value of $4,978,400 was imported during the year, the entire amount coming from Mexico, Cen- tral and South American States. FOREIGN SILVER COINS Of the value of $17,615,663 were imported. Of this amount $ 16,128,532 came from Mexico, and the remainder from tlie West Indies and Central and South America. SILVER IN FOREIGN ORES Of the invoiced value of $11,100,747 were imported from Mexico into the United States for reduction. These silver- lead ores contained 59,426,588 pounds of lead valued at $1,182,911, and 422,322 pounds of copper valued at ^22,706. UNITED STATES SILVER COINS (Subsidiary pieces) of the value of $599,189 were imported, of which $551,383 came from the Provinces of Quebec and Ontario. DOaiESTIC SILVER BULLION Containing 27,857,294 ounces valued at $23,- 464,746 were exported. Of this amount bars of the value of $19,882,541 were shipped to England, $1,&59,200 to Japan, $627,450 to Hongkong, $520,- 000 to British India and East India, $457,900 to France, and the remainder to China, Quebec, and Ontario. 77 Under the protection policy, the United States has hecome the foremost nianufacturin£: Nation in the world, whilie its agrricxllttire lias heen extended and diversified by the incent^v^ of the most profitable maylcets known to «aen. —Senator Matthew s. Quay, Penn. CURRENCY. (Continued.) COPPER MATTE. - ' -' ""''^ ^'^^'^ ^^^^ ^^^ ®-^^' There were 54;S64;829 pounds exported during the year containing 1,203,217 puncfis ot'fine sEver of the oommercial value of $1,066,155. ;. A;:-:.; .v^.v^ ■,-..-<.:•: '.- The following table shows the total imports of silver for the fiscal year 1893: Foreign btillion (commercial value)... |4, 978, 400 Silver in foreign ores (commercial value)........... 11, 100, 747 Foreign silver Q0Ju..v,A,.f<^t>M*-..i^.;. 17, 615, 663 Total fbreign....:*d.:!^..:L..: 33, 694, 810 United States silver Coltf.:..;.;.. ...... .......;:............ 599, 189 Total silver imports... ,..,,^.^^.,,„„,..^.g,^.j,^,, 34, 293, 999 CURRENCY, SIL.VER, exports i8i^#^^'''^^' ^^^^-^ UNITED STATES SUBSIDIARY SIIiVER 'Coins of the value of $94,508 wer« exported during the yoaf, iwb-tliirds of which wont to Quebec, Ontario, and British Columbia. FOREIGN SIIiVER COINS, Principally JVEexican dollars, re-exported dur- ing the same period were valued at $17,178,065, of which $7,809,151 were shipped to Hongliong, $5,340,981 to England, $2,291,780 to Japan, $655,00C to British India and East Indies, $477,961 to West Indies, $344,682 to Mexico, and the remainder to various countries. FOREIGN ORES CONTAINING Silver of the value of $144,338 were re-ex- ported. Of this amount $80,613 went to Belgium and $63,725 to England. The following table shows the total export of iailviBr for the fiscal year to have been $11,947,812. United States bars ..........,...!.. $67,655 Other domestic bullion............:..:.......................... 23,397,091 Silver contained in copper matte 1,066,155 United States subsidiary silver coin 94,508 Total domestic 24,625,409 Foreign silver coin re-exported $17,178,065 Silver in foreign ores re-exported 144,338 Total foreign 17,322,403 Total silver exports ........-; ■. 41,947,812 Comparing the tables of imports and es:ports of silver during the fiscal year 1893, it will be seen that the exports exceeded the imports by $7,653,- 813, an increase over the fiscal year 1892, in the net exports, of $2,617,985. ' "78 All th« wl«4oB& of th« years that have s«ne and of th« comlnv years* tells us that the broader the rlirht of snf f race the stronser the GoTernment. —Horn. Stephen A. Northway, Ohio. CURRENCY, siiy the United '.States' leaving to the States theehtir« field of djrfecttaiatibn. • —Senator John Sherman, Ohio. CURRENCY. ( Coo tin ned. )-,,.. : .,....,. and Denmark in. 1873 and by iN^orway in 1875.. . By this treaty they adopted the single gold standard and made silver a subsidiary metal, to be coined on Governirient account only, lor change purposes. Third. Holland, which hia^ l)eiBh on a silver basis since 1847, practi- cally followed the example of Germany in 1875, for although in that year it nominally adopted the douliile standard at the i-atio of 1 to 15 5-1.1, it, as a matter of fact, prohibited the^coftiage of silver, thus becoming, like Germany, gold monometallic. . "' "Fourth. The price' having ialloh to a point at which it becomes profitable for brokers to i^urcliase silver "in Germany and siup it to the states comprising the Latiii Uriioil iqr conversion intoi 5-franc pieces, the parties to that monetary ti-eafy decided, in 1874, to limit the amount ofS-lranc pieces tobe coiiied by eiich. This, however, did not have the etl'ect to steady tlie price, and in 1878 the mints* of the Latin Union were closed to the coinage of full legal-tender silver coins, and have remained so ever since. • ' ' "Filth. In September, 18'/6, ililsSia suspended the coinage of silver, except as to such an amount as miglit be reqiiired for trade purposes witli China. "Notwithstanding the fact that the siiyiBr'^tanclai"d legally prevailed in Austria-Hungary until 1B92, the free coinjig'6 Of silver lias been suspended in that country since 1870. " In i8fi2'lt f<>?iAaliy adopted the single gold standard. " ■y''"' . ' "By the act of 1873 tlie coinage of t)iU^ legal-tender silver was tacitly prohibited in the tTnited States and gold nqiadelhe solo standard of val- ue, but as we were then oii a paper basfs,, tlie price of silver can not be said to have been appreciably affected by that act, especially as it pro- vided for the receipt of silver , from individuals for coinage into trade dollars, and the further fiict that large purchases of silver wore made for the subsidiary silver coinage under the acts of 1873 and 1875, to replace the fractional paper currency which had b^eri used for change purposes since 1862. "The act of February 28, 1878, authorized the coinage of silver dollars of the weiglit of412i grains, as p^royided for by the act of January 18, 18Ji7, and which were a full legal teniier. Under the act of , 18.37 the coinage was free to individuals, but tlie act of 1878 provided for the coinage of full legal-tender sil ver dollars on'boverhment account only. It also provid- ed for the purchase for this coinage of not^Jess than $2,000,000, nor more 1 m $4,0()0,000 worth of bullion eacii month, at the market price. But ) twithstanding the magnitiide of the purchase of silver required to be niade under the act of 1878lthedecfineln price continued. "Further legislation by the United States, still more favorable to silver, was enacted by the act of July 14,' i'^90,.'w)n^^^^^ jiroyided for the purchase of54,000,000ounc©sanifiualTy, the estimated produc^^ of our domestio 80 '' I say that under these circumstances, and in view of these facts, we'sire jti«tifiett tn-fmding: some fault witli the way in whicii 1 his- old soldier Is treated after his" i>ens ion •lias'been aiiAwed.- ■ ■' • —H6n. James A-. Tjlwnoy, Minnesota. CURRENCY. (Continued.) mines. The effect of this act was to cause a tei;iajpflrary advance in the price of silver, but tlie high p[ri.ce-cuuid,.jii0.t beauaintained owing to the largely increased output by. tUesiiver-pijodiu'insciJU.ptries of the world, and the price commenced to doclino.in. ^eRtember^ 1^, and continued to do so. "Sixth. On the.26th of Ju;i0, 1893, Jthe Legisiative Council of India passed a bill closing her mints to silver coiiiiige /or iiidividuals, and her action has been followed in the UiiitedSta'tesLy. ''the repeal of the pur- chasing clause of the act of Jij iy 14, Ig^., . ]^ * * . . "The present price of silver in the .London market is 32i(/. for silver .925 fine, equivalent in United States "i^i^cy, to $0,707 10 for silver 1,000 fine. .' .'V .' ' / '.. "[ " Seventh. The great increase iujthe pro juctjqn of the metal. In 1873 the world's production of silver was . estiinatcd to be ^1,800,000, and in 1892 at ^196,G05,(XX)— an increase in the "annual .supply, in twenty years, of over 140 per cent. ." . . . "Considering the enormously iucrease(| production of silver and the decreasing demand for it ibr coina^je purx)0?es, ft would bo a matter of surprise if the price had not ver^ gveatl^ decjihcd. ^ "The increase of the production lias liad miji'o to do wnlh the deprecia- tion of silver than has its demonetization b.y some countries and the sus- pension of its coinage by others. ' CURRENCY, SILVKK, COUJKSK OF IJN i«i>:j. "The year 1893 was a memorable otle in the history of silver and silver legislation, rendered so by the passage oi'theact ofthe Governor-General of India in Council of June 20, vvhioh closed thelncliah niintsto the free coinage of silver, and by the repeal, in Ntivember, t>f the purchasing clause of the act oT Congress of July 14,* IMiO, which provided for tlie pur- chase by the Government of the United States of '^,500,000 fine ounces of silver per month. These measures'depri^•(?d silver, so far as legislation could accomplish that end, of its two hirgest ' aiid most remunerative markets, and left Mexico the only country of any iinportance in whicli the coinage of the white metal continues free. ' ' '-.<~ "The highest i)rice reached during the year Tor an ounce of British standard silver (.925 fmc^Was in .j£miiary,whdn it amounted to 38 9-16 pence, equivalent to ^0.84724 per fine ounce, and the lo>vest 30i pence for British standard,- or ^.06426 per ounce for fine silver. The highest aver- age Lond' n price lor any pne^ montli in the year was 38.356 pence jn February, and the lowest 32.015 pence, the. average i)rice in December. The highest monthly average price of line bnr silver in New York was $0.84380 in February, and the lowest $0.70250 in December. "The diucrence between the highest and lowest monthly average price was greater than in any year since 1890, amounting to 16.7 per cent. # In TlolaMsK th«iie rlchts Ton put the soldier of the conntrr upon m level beloW the commonest criminal. Ton Miy to the criminal in the dock, " Ton shall not bo conrieted nntilrou hare been tried." Ton say to the soldier, "We will convict yon before yon nave had a trial.'* 4.-Hon. Charles H. OrosTenor. Ohio. CURRENCT. (CoBtlBveA.) "Th« ayerage London piio* fbr Um whole retort of bar silver .025 fine was 85.596 pence, and the ftverase priee during the year of fine bar silver in New York was 10.78219, a decline as compared with the average price in 1892 of over 10.5 per cent. "Owing to a steady although decUiiing demand of silver for India, lio great variation in the price ef bar silver occurred until May, whem the deamess of money in that country enabled the Indian council to sell large amounts of telegraphie transftrs, and the demand for silver being consequently smaller, Uie price ftU ftrom 68 9-16 pence (^ .84724 per fine ounce) to 87 11-16 pence (I0.8SQ90 per fine ounce), from which price there was a recovery in June to 38J pence fbr bar silver, British standard, or 10.84672 for fine bar silver. The closing of the Indian mints to the free coinage of silver caused a panic both in London and New Yorls and silver fell to 86 pence In London and to $0.78405 in New York on the 26th. Between that date and the 80th it dropped in London, to 35 pence on the 27th, to 84 pence on the 28th, toSli pence on the 29th, and to 301 pence on the 80th ; and in New York to 10.76227 on the 27th, to $0.73959 on the 28th, to|0.68604 on the 29th, and to fO.66426 on the 80th, per ounce of fine bar silver. '*0n the 1st of July British standard silver was quoted in Loudon at 331 pence and fine silver in New York at $0.72960. After this there was a gradual advance, owing to the flEict that for the first time China became an important buyer of bar silver and continued to take large sums until late in the year. The advance was uninterrupted until about the middle of September, when the price in Ixmdon fbr bars ready for immediate shipment was 84} pence and the price of fine bars in New York $0.75449 per ounce. The price on the last day of 1893 was 31.175 pence in London and $0.69471 in New York* "The suspension of the free coinage of sUver in India does not seem to have lessened the imports of silver into India in 1893. The net imports of ounces of silver into that country are shown in the following table for the Indian fiscal yean (ending Mareh 81) 1887-'88 to 1898-'94. Years. l«87-'88 1888-'89 18t»-'90. 1«90-»91 Not import*. Ounces, 82, 782, 699 33,438,029 38, 643, 774 61, 629, 065 Years. l«91-'92. 189:^'93. 1893->94. Net imports. Ounces. 32,348,438 45. 523, 512 64,328,853 "Witli the closiui: of nuUs and factories throughout our land, beginning: most abruptly after the result of the clectipu of 1893 was known, multitudes of laboring ;pe<>ple were forced into idleness. — SenatQJc,E^p..H^sbrough, North Dakota. CURRENCY, THIS chapter CONTAIISS ALI^ ARTieiJES RELATING TO PAPEK MONET USEI>^AS iXUKKENCY. CURRENCY, NATIONAL VERSUS STATE. At the close of the Revolutionary war the public debt amounted to. about 180,000,000. The script had bee©me worthless. The confederation had no power to levy taxes, and its 'financial credit had disappeared. The money of the several States was in utter confusion, both as to kinds and value. To bring order and credit out of this financial chaos was the problem which confronted Hamilton when he' was appointed Secretary of the Treasury by Washington under the new Constitutional Govern- ment. And this was accoinplished by a series of financial measures, which have given t© his name imperishable renown. 1. Assumption of the revolutionary debts of the confederation and the States, with promise to pay tliem in full. -- 2. Passage of a'tarifi'law to provide Ibr tbe Support of the Government, the payment of thiese debts, and the encouJpagement and protection oi manufactures. ■ - 3. A Mint act, to give unity to the denominations and value of money. 4. The establishment of the Bank of the United States, to provide a fis- cal agent, and a sound and uniforin paper currency. CURRENCY, THE UNITED STATES BANHS. The act to authorize this baiik-was passed by Congress, and approved February 25, 1791. : • - .^ -^ ; - .- ' ^ \ " The measure originated witfr the Secretary of the Treasury, and was violently opposed by Jefferson and the Anti-federal party." The controversy thus begun has continued to w^age ever since. The bank was reorganized in 1817, with a charter for twenty years, which, therefore, expired in 1837; and the successful war of President Jackson and the Democratic party against its re-charter was one of the notable events of his administration. The party issue from thence on has been clear and unmistakable. The Whig party was in tavor of a national currency, to be supplied through a national bank and branches, and throughout its existence strove to secure such an institution, but in vain. The Democratic party having defeated all such attempts, was fully com- mitted to the system of State banks, declaring in its national platform ui 1840, " That Congress has no power to charter a United States Bank ; and we believe such an institution one of deadly hostility to the best interests of the country, dangerous to our Republican institutions and the liber- ties of the people." As the total amount of the gold coinage up to 1837 was only f23,140,340 ; and of the silver coinage $48,815,879.90, it is quite apparent that some sort of a paper currency was essential to business. I thank heaven that men are sent liere whom you can trnst ; that we have behind ns this grreat constitnency that will always cither sustain ns in what in right or condemns us in what is wrong. — Senator Anthony lliggins, Delaware. CURRKNCY. (Continued.) STATE PAPER. The country gradually recov- ered from its commercial disasters, but did not profit by its experience. A Democratic Congress i-epealed tlietariflf of 1842, and enacted the Walker tariff of 1846. Banlcs were again multiplied, and flooded the country with their paper as variegated as Joseph's coat of many colors. At the be- ginning of the war there were 1396 banks existing in 29 States and Terri- tories, which were thus described by a Senator: "Their systems of banking are as diverse as anything can possibly be. We have a complex system of bank-notes. The ordinary bank-note re- porters and detectors contain an infinite variety of descriptions to tell the value of a banknote, and whether it is counterfeit. The loss by coun- terfeiting, and the loss by bad notes of various kinds iu this country, is estimated by gentlemen wlio are engaged in the business as nearly equal to the interest on the whole circulation. The people, therefore, are not only compelled to use this money, and substantially give to the banks a profit of the interest on the whole circulation, but in addition to that they fully lose |;9,000,000 in the form of defaced notes, counterfeit notes, etc. Every year more or less of these banks break. There is no stability about them. They have no common bond of organization; any important event that disturbs the money market of the world makes a greater flutter among them than a shot among a bevy of partridges. The uncertain rateof exchange between the different States grows out of the multitude and diversity of the banks. The bank paper of States adjoining each other has varied in value as much as one year's interest of money." As long as the Democratic party was in power this currency was local, issued under authority of the States, in accordance with their funda- mental principle of State Sovereignty. In 1876 ex-Secretary Hugh Mc- Collough gave this dispassionate but graphic picture of this system : " In anticipation of the expiration of the charter of the United States Bank many banking institutions were chartered by the States, some of which— known at the time as pet banks— became the depositories of the public moneys. It soon became apparent, however, that these banks were likely to become unsafe Government depositories, and all connec- tion of the Government with the banks was terminated by the Sub- Treasury Act, under which tlie public revenues were collected in coin and deposited in the Treasury. From the time of the expiration of the charter of the United States Banlc up to 1861 the State banks furnished the country witii its paper circulation, and, to a great extent, controlled its business. It is not necessary to dwell upon tlie defects of the State- bank system, or tlie character of a considerable part of the notes which the people were compelled to receive and treat as money. There were 84 There Is no country in tlie world where Individual enterprise lias siieli wide and varied range, and wherein the inventive genins of man has such encouragement. —William McKlnley, CURRENCY. (Continued.) scarcely two States in the Union whose systems were alike. In some States, banks were chartered with proper restrictions upon their discounts and their circulation ; in others, without any such restrictions. In some there was individual liability ; in others, no liability at all, not even in cases of gross mismanagement. In some States the circulation of the banks was secured, partially, at least, by mortgages and bonds ; in others, there was no security except the capital, which was frequently a myth. In some States banking was a monopoly ; in others, it enjoyed the largest liberty. The consequence was that we had a bank-note circulation fre- quently worthless, and, when solvent, lacking that uniform value which was needed in business transactions between the citizens of the different States. It is enough to say that the circulation of the State banks was entirely unfitted for a country like ours ; that by it the people were sub- jected to enormous losses, not only in the way of exchanges, but in the inability of a great many of the banks to redeem their notes." CURRENCY IN 1861. This was the condition of the currency when the Republicans came into power in 1861 and found the country witli an empty Treasury and a broken credit, and in the arms of a formidable rebellion. It was imme- diately found impossible to carry on the operations of the war with this diversified and unreliable currency. The first call of the Treasury ex- hausted the specie, and the banks promptly suspended payments. A national currency had to be created or the Nation must perish. Legal tender Treasury notes (greenbacks) were issued to take the place of the disappearing specie ; a system of national banks was devised, with cir- culating notes secured by a deposit of Government bonds ; the rubbish was cleared away by a ten per cent, tax on the circulating notes of State banks ; and revenue was provided by means of a protective tariff. Ter- rible was the Democratic outcry over these measures. "Arbitrary," ••tyrannical," "unconstitutional," "dangerous to the liberties of the people," were the mildest of their denunciations. But the event justified their wisdom. These banks were independent of each other, and there- fore not " within the control of a concentrated money power" they were under Government inspection, and required to accept each other's notes in the payment of deljts due to them ; and their notes were perfectly se- cure in the hands of the people, whether corporate affairs were well or badly managed. The business of the country was relieved of the enor- mous tax for " exchange" to which it had been subjected ; and the people were relieved of the still greater burden of loss from broken banks and depreciated notes. With the return of peace came the disbandment of the grand army of volunteers, the payment of the war debt, the recovery of the public credit, a return to specie payments, and an accumulation of There- are few manufaotnr^srs ; tlie /workman are many.. Upon their- broad shovlders rests the stability of the Staie. In their hanenses. 9. The amount money woold earn, without risk or loss, by simply loaning it. B. Profit OD oiivoUtloii liiatd opoa 1160,010 f^ boadii^ .If the minority. wi.lfiibt.fl.CMaiilesce. the fbajasH- Ity must, or the Government miistifiease. ; .. .— rAb^^am liincoln. CURRENCY. (Continued.) .■,"!".' Tho above oflBcial report shows tlie'maxirrium possible earnings of thi^ bank. Bnt in fact there are other provisions of law and exigencies ol business whicli i^rovent such earnings. The law requires that tlie ])ahk* shall at iill times keep on hand, for re- demption purposes, lawful money to the amount of twenty-five per cent, of its circulating notes. ,Here is eq,ual 4;o $22,500 not loanable, and not earning anything, reducing earnings from loans to ^,050, instead ol 15,400. Then there are the unavoidable incidents of time between pay- ments to the bank and of unloaned balances from day to day. The short loans of the l^ank may be lield to offset these incidents, as there is a slight compounding Irom the interest paid. Of the ^111,171.20 invested in bonds, not more than f Bo, 000 is' t-ealfy" earning 6 per cent, interest. This materially reduces the net:.f»;ofits of the circulating notes. CURRENCY, DEMOCRATIC POSITION. ' Democratic Platform. **Itesolved, That Congress has no power to charter a United States Bank ; that wel)elieve such an- institution one of ileadly hostility to the best interests of the country, dangerous to our republican institutions, and the liberties of the people, and calcpj^ited to place the business of the country within the control of a concentrated money power and above the laws and the will of the people— Platform of 1840, Sec. 8. We recommend that the prohibitory 10 per cent, tax on State bank issues be repealed— Platform of 1892. ^ " . .; ^ "^ • Sec. 3412, Revised Statittes: '.'Every national banking association. State bank, or State banking association, shall pay a tax of ten per centum on tlie amount of notes of any person or of any State bank, or State banking association, used for circulation and paid out by them." CURRENCY, UNITED STATES BANK. It is a remarkable fact that every Dem- ocrat is a natural born constitutional lawyer, and knows by instinct just what Congress may do and what it may not. Ho does not have to know what decisions tho Supreme Court has made, nor study the expositions of such great minds . as Hamilton ' and Webster, nor even be able to read the instrument itself. Every cross-roads Democratic politician has an infallible rule, simple and effective— whatever the Democrats want is constitutional— whatever theyai-e opposed to is unconstitutional. Nevertheless, the first Congress of the United States, composed largely of men who made the Constitution, passed "An Act to incorporate the subscribers to tho Bank of the United States," on- Feb. 25, 1791 ; and under that act such a baiik was organized and continued to transact business for twenty years. It furnished a sound and uniform currency in place of the worthless *' Continental Script," and the variegated and discredited paper of Stiitd institiifiort^ ; and it served a valuable purpose Is protection a doctrine grood enough to be ap- plied for the relief of the South, but utterly wick- ed and to be discarded when it stands for the bene- fit of the people of the NortU ? —Senator Anthony Hisrsins, Delaware. CITRRENCT. (Continued.) in assisting the Government in the adjustment and payment of the i-evo- lutionary debt. Its charter expired in 1811, and was not renewed, al- though strongly recommended by Albert Gallatin. Its affairs were wound np in about eighteen months, its outstanding notes redeemed without the loss of a dollar to the bill-holders, and besides their annual dividends, the stockholders realized a premium of 8i per cent, on their stock. CURRENCY, THE SECOND UNITED STATES BANK. During the war of 1812-5, the Government was much embarrassed for want of funds. The State Banks while willing to aid it proved wholly inadequate, and in 1814 were driven to a suspension of specie payments. "The finances of the Government were now in a terrible condition, and Alexander J. Dallas was called to the head of the Treasury Department. Never before had there been greater need of a master mind in that important office. Within less than a fortnight the new Secretary communicated to Congress a report of ex- traordinary ability, in which he strongly recommended the establish- ment of a national bank, as the remedy required again to bring the finances into order— American Encr/clopedia, Article, Bank— *' On April 10, ISIG, the second bank was chartered by ' An Act to incorporate the subscribers to the Bank of the United States.' This act was approved by * the Father of the Constitution,' James Madison, whose name is in- voked in the last Democratic National Platform. 'The bank went into operation Jan. 7, 1817, and through its agency the other banks through- out the countrj'^ were enabled and induced to resume si)ecie payments.' But subsequently there was mismanagement of its affairs, its officers were accused of intermeddling in political affairs, and it became the sub- ject of fierce partizan controversy. It was against this bank that Presi- dent Jackson waged relentless warfare, and vetoed a Bill for its recharter. Its .charter expired iu 1836, and this is the institution against which the platform of 1840, above quoted, was aimed. It was reorganized under a charter from the State of Pennsylvania, but public confidence was lost, and when its affairs were wound up, while its notes were all redeemed without loss, its entire capital stock was sunk." CURRENCY, STATE BANK. The veto of the bill to recharter the United States bank, July 10, 1832, was followed by a great multi- plication of local banks under charters from the various States, the results of which are thus stated in Ridpath's History: "Owing to tiie abundance of money, speculations of all sorts grew rife. The credit system pervaded every department of business. The banks of tke country were suddenly multiplied to sevea hundred. 99 Theirs is the friendship of an enemy, who re< quires the force either of law or of circumstances to prompt him to do rigrht. —Hon. James A. Tawnej, Minnesota. CURRENCY. (Coatlnued.) Vast issues of irredeemable paper money stimulated the upeculaciye spirit and increased the opportunities for fraud. The bills of these un- sound banks were receivable at the Land-offices, and settlers and specu- lators made a rush to secure the public lands while money was plentiful. Seeing that in receiving such an unsound currency in exchange for the national domain the Government was likely to be defrauded out of millions, President Jackson issued an order called * The Specie Circu- lar,' by which the land-agents were directed henceforth to receive noth- ing but coin in payment for the lands. The effects of this circular came upon the Nation in the first year of Van Buren's administration. The interests of the Government had been secured by Jackson's vigilance, but the business of the country was prostrated by the shock. The banks suspended specie payment, mercantile houses failed, and disaster swept through every avenue of trade. During the months of March and April 1837, the failures in New York and New Orleans amounted to about a hundred and fifty millions of dollars." Page 437. The "hard times" which followed this panic will be remembered by many yet living. From January 1, 1837, to January 1, 1843, the bank circulation of the country fell from $145,185,890 to $58,563,608, a withdrawal of over eighty- six and one-half millions, while during the same pe/iod the number of banks decreased ninety-seven; banking capital nearly sixty-two millions ; deposits, seventy-one and one-half millions ; loans and dis- counts, two hundred seventy and one-half millions ; and specie in the banks, nearly five millions. The condition of the currency was lament- able, particularly in the new States. Ten millions of dollars of United States Treasury notes were issued as a means of immediate relief, the Treasury was made independent by keeping its own funds instead of depositing in banks, a Whig adminis- tration was elected, and a protective tariff was passed ; but all efforts to establish a United States Bank were successfully resisted. CURRENCY, THE PANIC OF 185r. Before the rebellion cam«, Free-trade and State-currency had produced their invariable effects. In spite of the Mexican war, the Irish famine, European revolutions, and the Crimean war, creating extraordinary demands for our food products, the low tariff and excessive bank issues, stimulated speculations, the bal- ance of trade ran heavily against us, and all the gold of California could not save us. The crash came on the heels of Buchanan's election, and its effects are thus described by him: " It is this paper system of e^^travagant expansion, raising the nominal price of every article far beyond its real value, when compared with the cost of similar articles in countries whose circulation is wisely regulated, which has prevented us from competing in our own markets with foreijfu 99 We were not all Grants or Sherniana or Thom- ases or Sheridans. It is enougli if we did our duty. —Hon. Charles H. Grosvenor, Ohio. CURRE:KcY. (Continued.) inanufactires, has produced extravagant importations, and lias counter- acted the effect of the large incidental protection afforded to our domes- tic manufac^,ures by the present revenue tariff. But for this, the branches of our manufectures composed of raw materials, the product of our ovm country— such as cotton, iron, and woolen fabrics— would not only have acquired almost exclusive possession of the home market, but would have created for themselves a foreign market throughout the world. "— Message Dec. 8, 1857. "When Congress met in December last the business of the Country liad just been crushed by one of those periodical revulsions which are the in- evitable consequence of our unsound and extravagant system of bank credit and inflated currency. With all the elements of national wealth in abundance, our manufactures were suspended, our useful public and private enterprises were arrested, and thousands of laborers were de- prived of employment and reduced to want."— Message Dec. 6. 1858. "It will appear from the report of the Secretary of the Treasury that it is extremely doubtful, to say the least, whether we shall be able to pass through the present and the next fiscal year without providing additional revenue."— Messages Dec. 19, 1859 and Dec. 3, 1860. "It is now quite evident that the financial necessities of the Government will require a modification of the tariff during your present session for the purpose of increasing the revenue." It will be observed that while the President charges to the excessive and insecure State Bank issue the chief cause of the panic, he is com- pelled to admit that "the revenue tarifl^' of liis party did not produce the requisite revenue, and tliat the only conservative feature of tliis tariff was its "incidental protection" to manufactures from "our own raw ma- terial." But the chief point here is that no State Bank system can have its "circulation wisely regulated," and properly secured. Competition between numerous States to secure the most bank capital, ignorance ot the laws which determine commercial business, laxity of sentiment in regard to the obligations of debt, desire to favor influential private inter- ests, striving after party advantage, and inevitable difference of opinion in different States, multiply and vitiate these bank systems. But with the Buchanan administration a speedy end was brought to this whole business. CURRENCY, NATIONAL BANKS AND RESUMPTION. "The Resumption act not only fixed the day of resumption, but avi- thorized the Secretary, in order to prepare and provide therefor, to use any surplus revenues not otherwise appropriated, and to issue, sell, and dispose of, at not less than par in coin, any of the bonds of the United States described in the act of July 14, 1870. Under thi^ act, the Secretary in 1877 sold at par fifteen millions of four-and-a-half and twenty-five joalllions of fours; and in April 1878, he sold fifty millions of fonr-and-a- The measnr* of protection sKoald extend only «o far as to create competition and not to create home monopoly. —Senator John Sherman, Ohio. CURRENCY. (Continued.) half per cents at a premium of one-and-a-half per cent. The coin in the Treasury continually increased, so that on the day of redemption the Secretary held over one hundred and thirty five millions ($1?5,382,639) of gold coin and bullion, and, in addition, over thirty-tn^o millions ($32,470,095) in silver coin and bullion, the gold coin alone being nearly equal to forty per cent, of the United States notes then ouistanding. 'The banks in the cities of New York and Boston strengthened the hands of the Government by their action in October 1878, an account of which will be found in my report for that year. The assistant treasurer of the United States at New York became a member of the clearing-house, thus facilitating tlie business of the banks with the Government, and the banks agreed to receive United States notes, not only for their ordinary balan- ces, but in payment of the interest upon the public debt and of other coin obligations of the Government. The banks of the country at the date of resump'ion held more than one-third of the outstanding Treasury notes; but they had so much confidence in the ability of the Secretary to main- tain resumption that none were presented by them for redemption. The people also, who held more than three millions of the issues of the na- tional banks, which issues were based upon the bonds of the Nation, pre- ferred such notes to coin itself. There was, therefore, no demand for payment of the n'^esof the Government, and the gold coin in the Treas- ury, which amounitod to one hundred and thirty-five millions on the day of resumption, increased more than thirty-six millions in the next ten months, the amount hold on the first day of November 1879, exceeding one hundred and seventy-one millions.' CURRENCY, WARDKBT. On July 1, 18G4, the puoUc deot had reached 1^1,815,784,370.57. At that time, under the pressure of the enormous ex- penditures, and of open and violent opposition to further efibrts to put down the rebellion, which found expression in the Democratic national platform of two months later, the public credit reached its ebb, |1.00 in gold being worth $2.58 in greenbacks. But in November Mr. Lrincoln was re-elected, and in the spring following the rebellion collapsed. The great army was paid ofl", and disbanded, and on Aug. 31, 1865, the debt reached its maximum ; being thus stated by Secretary McCulloch : Funded debt $1,109,508,191.80 Matured debt 1,503,020.09 Temporary loans 107,148,713.16 Certificates of indebtedmsss 85, 093, 000.00 Five per cent, legal tenders 33,954,230.00 Compound-interest legal tenders 217,024,160.00 Seven-thirty notes (legal tenders) 830,000,000.00 United States notes (legal tenders) 433,100,569.00 Fractional currency 26,344,742.51 Suspended requisitions 2,111,000.00 Total ^2,845,907,626.66 Ijetns remember then that the more should- ers on which tlio Government rests the more secure it is in its i»erpetiii ' > ) I ] 3 50, '. > 3 3 DEBT OIF UNITED STATES, 1894, ' ^ J 3 .Date July 1. Total interest- bearing debt. Annual inter- est charge. 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 jgyy }■ Republicans. 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 J 1885' 1886 , ^, , , 1887 / Cleveland 1888 J 18891 1890 J „ . 1891 1 Harnson .. 18<32J 1893 Cleveland Dollars. 2, 162, 060, 522. 39 'X 046, 455, 722. 39 1, 934, 696, 750. 00 1, 814, 794, 100. 00 1, 710, 483, 950. 00 1, 738, 930, 750. 00 1, 722, 076, 300. 00 1, 710, iiS5, 450. 00 1, 711, 888, 500. 00 1, 791, 735, 650. 00 1, 797, 643, 700. 00 1, 723, 993, 100. 00 1, 639, 567, 750. 00 1, 463, 810, 400. 00 1, 338, 229, 150. 00 1, 226, 563, 850. 00 1, 196, 150, 950. 00 1, 146, 014, 100. 00 1, 021, 692, 350. 00 a50, 522, 500. 00 829, 853, 990. 00 725, 313, 110. 00 610, 529, 120. 00 585, 029, 330. 00 585, 037, 100. 00 Dollars. 125, 623, 998. 34 118, 784, 960. 34 111, 949, 330. 50 103, 988, 403. 00 98, 049, 804. 00 98, 796, 004. 50 96, 85;3, 690. 50 95, 104, 269. 00 93, 160, 643. 50 f>4, 654, 472. 50 83, 773, 778. 50 79, 633, 981. 00 75, 018, 695. 50 57, 300, 110. 75 51, 436, 70t>. 50 47, 92(>, 432. 60 47, 014, lii:i. 00 45, 510, 098. 00 41, 780, 529. 00 38, 991, 9;{5. 25 33, 752, 354. 60 29, 417, 003. 15 23, 615, 7Sr>. 80 22, 893, 883. 20 22, 894, 194. 00 1894, $635,041,890.00. INCREASED IN 1893, $7,770.00. INCREASED IN 1894, $50,004,790.00. Look over the figures carefully. You will have to help pay the bill. DEBT AND WEALTH OF NATIONS CONTRASTED. During the decade reaching from 1870 to 1880 taxation in Great Britain increased 20.17 per cent.; in France, 36.13 per cent.; in Russia, 37.10 per cent.; in Sweden and Norway, 50.10 per cent.; in Germany, 57.81 per cent.; and taking into account the other governments, great and small, of Eu- rope, we arrive at for all an average of 28.01 per cent. In the United States for the same period taxation decreased 9.15 per cenL Thus we find the financial condition of the United States most satiMfactorily exceptional when compared with that of other nations. Our national debt is rapidly disappearing ; our rate of taxation is dimin- ishing. In Burope wagres are low and labor Is degraded ; In America wages are higrli and labor is prosperous, elevated, and dignified. —Senator David B. HiU, New York. D^aiM'J^ .«OT>, -WSAIiTH. (ConUnued.) TiiVte':s1fo'(ViriO tv^alth,^e^i\'^qn^ per capita wealth and debt of all nations Countries. United States Eng. or Great. B't'n France Germany Russia Austria Italy Spain Netherlands Belgium Sweden Canada Mexico Australia Portugal Denmark Argentine Rep'lic... Switzerland Norway Greece Turkey Chile... Colombia U. S of.... Peru Uruguay Venezuela Egypt All other countries Total of the world Wealth. |60, 475, 43, 600, 40, 300, 31, 600, 21, 715, 18, 065, 11, 755, 7,965, 4, 935, 4, 030, 3, 475, 3, 250, 3, 150, 2, 950, 1, 855, 1, 830, 1, 660, 1, 620, 1,410, 1, 055, 000, 000 000,000 000, 000 000, 000 000,000 000, 000 000, 000 000,000 000, 000 000, 000 000, 000 000, 000 000, 000 000,000 000, 000 000, 000 000, 000 000, 000 000, 000 000,000 $253, 685, 000, 000 Debt of all kinds. $957, 5, 695, 4, 892, 2, 695, 4, 869, 2,642, 2, 250, 1, 106, 518, 213, 580, 273, 110, 876, 000 659, 000 840, 000 265, 000 768,000 021,000 000, 000 650,000 000,000 000, 000 000,000 000,000 000,000 593, 58, 148, 65, 29, 13, 868, 92, 15, 342, 79, 63, 732, 3,500, 670, 000 467,000 000,000 000,000 869, 000 625,000 590,000 850, 000 000,000 624,000 100,000 700,000 000,000 000.000 $34, 456, 674, 000 Wealth per capita. fl, 039. 00 1, 060. 89 681. 31 257.92 462. 31 399. 05 452. 58 705. 64 739. 70 418. 51 963.56 520. 71 Debt per capita. $32.37 87.79 116.35 30.79 72.42 76.06 71.27 95.56 63. 10 13.73 47.51 6.89 134. 11 15.66 71.98 3.72 7.13 49.06 From the above table it appears the United States stands at the head of nations as to wealth, and has in proportion to debt about $1 to $60 of her assets. No other great Nation can show anything like this proportion ; yet, notwithstanding all this, a party of pro-English citizens of our land want us to adopt a policy that suits a Nation that has a debt of $1 to every $7 she can show of wealth. Is it not time for the people to adopt a finan- cial policy that will suit our own Nation first, and let the debt-burdened nations of Europe follow our lead, if they wish to, since we can show that within two hundred years we have outstripped them all in progress of every kind. DEBT AND THE LESSON IT TEACHES. While the United States stands at the head of all the nations of the •ftrth In wealth, amounting to $1,039 per capita, she alio itandfl aCth« m A chapter of diplomatic liistorr haH just been written in onr Republic, discreditably to this Ad- mlniBtratlon and intensely humiliatinar to our peo- ple. —Senator Wm. P. Frye, Maine. EB T. (Continued.) foot of the list of great nations in her per capita indebtedness, which amounts to $32.37. The population of the United States in 1860 was thirty-one millions, while her wealth amounted to fourteen billions of dollars, showing a per capita of about $450, while in 1890 her population was sixty-two millions and her total wealth sixty-eight billions of dollars, or a per capita of $1,039. It will be seen by the foregoing statement that while her population has about doubled since 1860, her wealth per capita has more than trebled. This is what the democrats call a bankrupt Nation. In 1880 the public debt amounted to three billion forty-five millions. In 1890 it was reduced to two billion twenty-seven millions— a reduction in ten years of one billion eighteen million dollars. Thus it will be seen that the per capita indebtedness of the national government was re- duced from $60.73 in 1880 to $32.37 in 1890. This is a favorable showing for a wasteful nation, using the words of the Democratic tariff reformers of the present day. But we do not stop with these figures, but proceed to show that the per capita indebtedness of the people of the United States has been greatly reduced considering the amount of money expended in public and pri- vate improvement over that of 1880. The following table will show the combined State, county, municipal and school debt of the various States and Territories showing tho order in which they rank, as to per capita indebtedness. The election of 1892, -which resulted In the ascendency in all branches of the Government of the Democratic party, worked a political revolu- tion in this country. —Hon. John Dalzell, Pennsylvania. DEl^T. (Continued.) The Combined State^ County^ Municipal, and School Debt, per capita. Less Sinking Fund of the Several States and Territories for 1890. B-.nk. 1 2 a 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 States and Territories. Cap- ita. West Virginia Utah Mississippi Florida f 3. 32 3. GO 4.06 5. 56 Iowa 5. 90 Wisconsin 6. 19 North Carolina ... Oregon Michigan 6.87 7.90 Vermont ] 1 . 39 South Carolina... 11. 55 12. 51 Calilbrnia Pennsylvania Nebraska Tennessee 12. 89 13. 51 14.67 16. 71 Delaware 17. 32 Rank. 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 States and Territories. New Mexico 18.44 Idaho 18.89 Missouri 19.24 Ohio 19.35 Minnesota 20.01 South Dakota 20.11 Colorado 20.41 North Dakota 21.03 New Hanipsliire.. 21.64 Montana 22.09 Maine 23.60 Wyoming 27. 14 Kansas 28.47 Nevada 29. 23 Louisiana 29.80 Virginia 30.70 Connecticut 31.76 New York 33.64 New Jersey M. 14 Massachusetts 36.42 Rhode Island 37.76 Marvland 40.46 Arizona 49.28 District of Col 85.86 Per Cap- ita. DELAWARE. Area 1,960 square miles. First settled by the Swedes at Wilmington in 1627— under full control of the Fnglish in 1664, and governed as a part of New York — title conveyed to William Penn bj'^ the Didce of York, August 24, 1682— united to Penn- sylvania, December 7, 1682— granted a separate assembly in 1703, but re- mained under the same proprietary— first State Constitution formed, September 21, 177(3 — ratified the Constitution of the United States, Decem- ber 7, 1787. Legislature is composed of 9 Senators, 21 Representatives. Meets bi- ennially, (Jan. 1, 1895.) State elections, annually, Tuesday after first Monday in Nov., 1894. Senator GEORarXiuAV, (dkm.) term expires, Mar. 3, 1899. Senator Anthony IIiaaiNS, (rep!) term expires, Mar. 3, 1895. CONGRESSIONAI. DISTRICT. At large. Population, 168,493 ; Vote 1892, Dem., 18,554 ; Rep., 18,083. Perhaps no act In the history of the coantry has been more unjustly arraigned and more persis- tently misrepresented than what is known as the McKinley tariff law. —Senator John Sherman, Ohio. DEMOCRATIC CLAIM OF A BANKRUPT TREASURY. Was the Treasury bankrupt naIioii the Kepublicans turned the Treas- ury over to the Deunocrats? The following shows the condition of the Treasury at the date when the last four Presidential terms commenced — PRESIDENT GAKFIEU), Inaugurated March 4, 1881. Cash balance in Treasury (March 1), $170,817,436.69. PRESIDENT CHLEVEI-AND, Inaugurated March 4, 1885. Cash balance in Treasury (March 1), §159,.3.56,506.41. PRESIDENT HARRISON, Inaugurated March 4, 1889. Cash balance in Treasury (March 1 ), ?183,827,190.29. PRESIDENT CL.EVEI.AND, Inaugurated March 4, 1893. Cash balance in Treasury (March 1), $124,128,087.88. The following is from the Statement of Hon. D. B. Henderson of Iowa, Aug. 20, 1894: THE SURPI.US. "The favorite argument of the ignorant, or those who understanding wish to deceive the people is that Mr. Cleveland left a full Treasury on March 4, 1889, and found an empty one on March 4, 1893. Let us examine this question. On tlie iirst line in "Exhibit E" will be found the amount available at the beginning of the several Administrations of Arthur, Cleveland, Harrison, and again Cleveland, and on the last line, opposite the word •' surplus," the amounts over and above expenditures during each period indicated. Mr. Arthur had, when he was inaugurated, in round numbers $170,000,- 0(K), Mr. Cleveland $159,000,000, Mr. Harrison $183,000,000, and Mr. Cleve- land, second term, $124,000,000. President Harrison did start with $59,- 000,000 more than President Cleveland started with in 1893. Why? Be- cause Harrison, during his term paid off $233,588,950 of the public debt of the country. During Mr. Cleveland's first term he paid off only $143,884,- 350, and had to be forced to pay oif any by the passage of a resolution in the House of Representatives, assailing him for his delinquency in this particular. Even after so lashed to his duty he paid off $89,704,600 less than Mr. Harrison paid daring thQ four years following. Mr. Harrison applied the cash locked up in the Treasury to pay off the debt of the people, and in doing so he saved in interest $55,;352,493.51, as against $42,832,538.38 saved by Mr. Cleveland. 105 BeclprocltF versus Free-trade. Reciprocity means more products and manufactures at home and more sales abroad. Free-trade means less products and manufactures at home and more pur- chases abroad. One way lies thrift and prosperity ; the other way hard times and distress. —Senator Eugene Hale, Maine. DEMOCRATIC DEFICIl'. From 1874 to 1894, inclusive, there never has been a deficit in the Treasury until the close of the fiscal year, June 30, 1894. The amount is stated by the Treasury reports at $69,803,260.58, being the sum expended in excess of the revenues collected for the year. Why a deficit now? DEMOCRATS DID ,NOT INHERIT A REPUBLICAN PANIC— GROVER CliEVELAND'S WORDS. President Cleveland's message convening Congress in extra seesion August 7, 1893, states that the financial dis- trust and fear have sprung up on every side suddenly. We admit the fact. The opening sentence of his message is as follows : "With plenteous crops, with abundant promise of remunerative pro- duction and manufacture, with unusual invitation to safe investment, and with satisfactory assurance to business enterprise, suddenly finan- cial distrust and fear have sprung up on every side." The Republicans hold that the panic began on the ninth day of Novem. ber \S^— suddenly, DEMOCRATIC PLATFORMS, 1840 TO 1892, extracts from. ON THE QUESTION OF MONEY. 1840. That Congress has no power to charter a United States Bank ; that we believe such an institution one of deadly hostility to the best interests of the country, dangerous to our Republican institutions and the liberties of the people, and calculated to place the busi- ness of the country within the control of a concentrated money power and above the laws and the will of the people. That the separation of the moneys of the Government from bank- ing institutions is indispensable for the safety of the Government funds and the rights of the people. 1844. Bank clause of 1840 reaffirmed. 1848. Bank clause of 1840 reaffirmed with the following Sec. 21. * * * In defeating the declared purposes of their opponents in creating a National Bank ; in preventing the corrupt and unconstitutional distribution of the land proceeds from the common treasury of the Union for local purposes ; in protecting the currency and labor of the country from ruinous fluctuations, and guarding the money of the country for the use of the people by the establishment of th^ constitutional treasuir* "Wbere are the industries which the election of Cleveland were to open up? Go to the cities and Jou'll find them by the score, but free soup houses I what they are called. —Hon. George W. Smith, Illinois. BOND PURCHASES. I call attention to Exhibit F, following my re- marks, being a statement of the bond purchase, prepared in" the Treasury Department. EXHIBIT F, Statement of the United States bonds purchased from March i, 1885, to March 1, 189S. Principal. Premium paid. Interest saved. Fr'm Mar.l,'85-M»r.l,'89. 4 per cents $56, 726, 550. 00 87, 157, 800. 00 $15, 604, 309. 79 6, 772, 813. 32 $27, 450, 259. 22 5, 382, 279. 16 4i per cents Total 143, 884, 350. 00 22, 377, 123, 11 32, 832, 538. 38 Fr»m Mar.l,'89-M'r.l,'93. 4 per cents 121, 615, 950. 00 111, 973, 000. 00 30, 666, 138. 59 3, 225, 388. 08 53, 596, 469. 67 4i per cents 1, 756, 023. 84 Total 2:^, 588, 950. 00 33, 891, 526. 67 55, 352, 493. 51 If Harrison left $59,000,000 less for Cleveland than he received, he paid ofl $89,704,600 more of the public debt. I have demonstrated that the revenues were vastly greater under the Kepublicans, and if they had been continued in power there would have been plenty of cash to pay the Government bills. It is a sad sight for this country to see the bonded debt increased, while the revenues that come from the foreigners are being transferred so as to come directly from the pockets of our own people. The burden is in- creased at home, while the laborer abroad is allowed to do the work of our people, thus lessening our ability to lift the burden. REVENUES AND EXPENDITURES. I come now to consider the manage- ment of the finances by this Administration. In 1865 the expenditures of the Government exceeded revenues $936,840,- 619.38, and during the civil war our expenditures each year exceeded our revenues. But from 1865, the last year of the war, we have had no such experience until the fiscal year just closed, when we find that the expen- ditures exceeded the revenues in the startling sum of $69,803,260.58. With this exception the revenues and the cash in the Treasury have met all of our necessities since 1865. I find that the receipts, exclusive of postal, from March 1, 1885, to March 1, 1889, under President Cleveland, was $1,451,660,246.74, while iirom March 1, 1889, to March 1, 1893, under President Harrison, they a- 107 Better run our home Industries full blast all the year every year, and give away the sni-plus product in free-trade countries, than to be idle and bxiy foreign wares cheap or even accept them as a free gift. — Hon. M. N. Johnson, North Dakota. BOND PURCHASES. (Continued.) mounted to $1,540,225,448.35. This gives an excess of receipts for the foui years of Harrison of 388,565,201.01. This is the key to the eflaciency of a Republican Administration executing Republican laws. 1 , But hero comes a sharper test of the two Executives, leaving out pos- tal receipts : Receipts : For first sixteen months of Harrison's Administration (from March 1,1889, to Julyl, 1890) $532, 743, 263. 03 For first sixteen months of Cleveland's Administra- tion (from March 1, 1803, to July 1, 1894) 422, 147, 849. 48 For last sixteen months of Harrison's Administration (from November 1, 1891, to March 1, 1893) 493, 691, 074. 39 A study of these figures will show that the first sixteen months of Har- rison's Administration collected $110,595,413.55 more than the first sixteen months of the present Administration, and the receipts for the last six- teen montlis of Harrison's Administration exceeded the first sixteen months of the present Administration $71,543,224.91. Is it any wonder that a deficit in the Treasury is upon us, and that this Administration is selling bonds to pay the running expenses of the Government? Let me give a further test of the administration of the laws by the diflFer- ent Executives. I call attention to "Exhibit E," appended to my re- marks— a statement prepared in the Treasury Department at my re- quest. Observe the receipts from "customs, internal revenue, and mis- cellaneous," which gives the true test of an honest and efficient enforce- ment of the laws : Collected by President Arthur, $1,487,749,110.37. Collected by President Cleveland, $1,451,661,246.74. Collected by President Harrison, $1,540,225,448.35. When President Cleveland came in the revenues in four years fell off $36,087,863.63, and when President Harrison came in they increased in four years over President Cleveland's work $88,564,201.01." 106 The elevation of a mao to the Presidency doei not endow him with capacity, discernment, or -wisdonk superior to all others. It enlarges bis opportunity to do injury. -Hon. Philip S. Post, lUinois. ■s CD O a;c; f ? o o o 3 "=■ |3 ^) V-k 8 1 CO i p i S ^ 9W so p p S 03 <^ ^ s±i2 P B cc P P • C §1 p 3 S B ?^ 5 W CO >^ ^ tC ^1 1-- O I-' O 00 to GO CI j-l_Ci en en Jt. to en to to I-' o; ;p >*>. ^c; Oi to H-- to ^ p p H- ^ H-' Ci h-i CO OC cn CO O to Oi Oi Ci Oi tS. 00 CO en 00 >*k. >*k. o en to it. OS ^1 tS M CO Oi Ci ►- 4i. Co O O to 00 en (-« l^ ►;:«. 03 Oi I-" t— O O) o to H- jU. M CO CO M ooocncooo too H- 00 O Oi to sO t-" I 05 ^1 t— ! 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M O M I-* o COOO rfk >*k. 01 l-» 69, 086, 79 Louisiana 477, 919. 14 Mississippi 382, 3:J5. 30 Tennessee 1, 433, 757. 39 Kentucky 1, 433, 757. 39 Missouri 382, 335. 30 Arkansas 286, 751. 49 Total $28, 101,644. 91 DUTY, AMOUNT OF. COLI.ECTED PER CAPITA OF POPULATION IN THE UNITED STATES, FROM 1701 TO THE CLOSE OF 1S93. If each person in the United States during the several years from 1791 to the close of the year 1893 had paid their proportionate share of the im- port duty, it would have ranged, as shown in the following table, from 52 cents, the lowest in 1814, to ^.23, the highest in 1872. The average duty per capita for 103 years Avas ?2.35, while the average duty of the McKinley law was ^3; showing only a difference of 65 cents. Thus it will be seen that the burdens claimed to be added by the McKinley law are not so great as are usually complained of or understood. liOng may ft be, Mr. Chairman, the object of the American statesmen " to keep up by Avhatever means the standard of comfort among the labor- ing classes." When this is lost sight of it will be a bad day for the American people. ^Uon. Jno. H. Gear, Iowa. U8 I came here believing: that the Congress of the United States was elected to legislate for the people of America, and I find here a bill advo- cated by every prominent paper in Canada, by every trade journal In England. —Hon. Jno. A. T. Hull, Iowa. DUTY. (Continued.) Year end'g— Duty. 1791, Sept. 30...$1.61 1792 1.19 1793 1.54 1794 1.95 1795 2.03 1796 2.68 1797 2.66 1798 2.28 1799. 2.96 1800 3.01 1801 5.40 1802 2.63 1803 2.45 1804 3.30 1805 3.69 1806 3.88 1807 3.86 1808. 1.56 1809 1.54 1810 2.19 1811 1.33 1812 1.87 1813 91 1814 52 1815 4.55 1816 3.81 1817 2.50 1818 2.84 1819 2.27 1820 1.72 1821 1.90 1822 2.36 1823 2.13 1824 2.36 1825 2.84 Year end'g — Duty. 1826 2.28 1827 2.38 1828 2.46 1829... 2.22 1830 2.21 1831 2.77 1832 2.16 1833 1.73 1834 1.32 1835 1.75 1836 2.04 1837 1.16 1838 1.24 1839 1.55 1840 88 1841 1.13 1842 1.91 1843, June 30... .40 1844 1.53 1845 1.56 1846 1.48 1847 1.33 1848 1.51 1849 1.38 1850 1.73 1851 2.03 1852 1.92 1853 2.28 1&54 2.46 1855 1.99 1856 2.28 1857 2.20 1858 1.41 1859 1.59 1860 1.68 Year end'g— Duty. 1861 1.22 1862 1.42 1863 1.91 1864 2.83 1865 2.33 1866 4.96 1867 4.65 1868 4.34 1869^ 4.68 1870 4.96 1871 6.12 1872 , 6.23 1873 L 4.43 1874 3.74 1875 3.51 1876 3.22 1877 2.77 1878 2.67 1879 2.73 1880 3.64 1881 3.78 1882 4.12 1883 3.92 1884 3.47 1885 3.17 1886 3.30 1887 3.67 1888... 3.60 1889 3.62 1890 3.62 1891 3.39 1892 2.66 1893 2.97 DUTY, DIFFERENTIAL, EFFECT OF. Under the new bill the following paragraph appears in the Free list: "691. Plows, tooth and disk harrows, harvesters, reapers, agricultural drills, and planters, mowers, horsorakes, cultivators, threshing machines and cotton gins : Provided, That all articles mentioned in this paragraph, if imported from a country which lays an import duty on like articles imported from the United States, shall be subject to the duties existing prior to the passage of this Act." This opens a discrimination between the above named class of farming implements and that of " other machinery." M«Kinley rate is 45 per cent.; new bill rate is 35 per cent. For example, if the above named articles come from Canada (as Canada lays an im- port duty), the duty will be 45 per cent, while on the other hand, machin- 114 The splendid development of Iowa has come under protection. —Hon. Jno. A. T. Hall, Iowa. DUTY. (Continued.) ery of any other description would come in at the rate of 35' per cent. The above is a discriminating duty, and is unfair to the factory or firm which may produce wagons or other forms of implements used in agri- culture. The spirit of the law throughout is to reward one class and punish other classes. Other class legislation of the same kind is found in the bill — see salt, etc. DUTY, DISCRIMINATING, in the AOKicuiiruRAi. scheduub. In levying duties on the products of the ground, no discrimination should be made in favor of one cereal or crop against that of another, either on account of location or political affiliation. No Democrat, whether he come from States on our Canadian border, Louisiana, South Carolina, or any other portion of the country, can ever explain with any degree of reason why three products of the ground grown in Southern States, namely, rice, peanuts, and sugar, should be favored, while all the products of border States should be discriminated against. Let the far- mers of these States read the following, and then decide for themselves : The duties fixed by the Wilson bill are as follows : Rice, 83 per cent ; peanuts, 72 per cent ; sugar, 40 per cent. Com, wheat, oats, rye, barley, buckwheat, potatoes, and hay are fixed at an average of about 20 per cent. Now, let us see how it works. The total crop for 1893 of sugar, pea- nuts, and rice amounts to about $28,000,000 worth. The following is Michigan's crop of cereals for 1893: which serves to illustrate our point. Quantity. Worth. Corn bushels 21, 000, 000 20, 000, 000 23, 000, 000 1, 600, 000 1, 300, 000 800,000 14, 600, 000 1,850,000 $10, 000, 000 Wheat do 11, 000, 000 Oats do 7, 500, 000 Rye do 700,000 Barley do 650,000 TJnckwheat do 450,000 do 6,500,000 Hav tons 17, 000, 000 Total crot) 63,800,000 This shows the amount in bushels and value, giving a total of $53,800,- 000. The operation of the foregoing produces results as follows : The Southern crop of sugar, rice, and peanuts is increased by reason of the tariff, according to the philosophy of our friends, the reformers, in the sum of $18,200,000, while the crop of Michigan, which was worth more than double the rice, sugar, and peanut crop, is only increased in value by the same tariff law, according to the tariff reformers, in the sum of $10,760,000. U6 Noijr, to say that protection does notla- Grease wages is to say that busy factories do iMt increase wages ; that lighted furnaces do not increase wages ; that open mines do not in- crease wages ; that manufacturing cities do not increase wages ; tliat having the market close to the farm and the farm close to the work- shop does not increase wages. —Senator Geo. F. Hoar, Mass. DUTY. (Continued.) In other words, the people of Michigan must raise more than a hundred millions worth of com, wheat, oats, etc., to return an increase of value equal to that which is yielded by the rice, peanut, and sugar crop in the South, of $28,000,000. If this is legislating for the whole people of the United States, the people of Michigan must study a new principle of political economy to ever understand how it is accomplished. The hay crop of Michigan alone is equal to the whole of the sugar crop of the United States in 1893, but it must take care of itself against Canadian competition, while Louisiana sugar must be fostered and nursed by the Government against the West India Islands sugar. DUTIES, Ai> VAI.OKEM: and specific. AD VAiiOREM DUTY is a specified per cent, levied upon the value of the goods imported. For example, the duty on a certain class of silk is 60 per cent, of their foreign value. SPECIFIC DUTY is a specified sum of money to be paid on each pound, yard or ton. For example, wheat pays 25 cents per bushel regardless of its market value. Sometimes both duties are combined, as in the case of Wilton carpets, where a specific duty of 60 cents per square yard, and an ad valorem duty of 40 per cent, on their value is charged. There is no doubt an honest difference of opinion as to the relative merits of the two systems ; but the leading commercial nations of the world have found from long experience, that owing to the inlierent dis- honesty of man, and the universal tendency to undervaluation under the ad valorem system, the only means of attaining an honest administration of the tariff laws is by a specific duty. No stronger argument on this subject can be adduced than that of Daniel Manning, while Secretary of the Treasury under Cleveland's first Administration, as follows : " Whatever successfiil contrivances are in operation to-day to evade the revenue by false invoices, or by undervaluation, or by any other means, under an ad valorem system, will notecase even if the ad valorem rates shall have been largely reduced. They are incontestably, they are even notoriously inherent in that system. One advantage, and perhaps the chief advantage, of a specific over an ad valorem system, is in the fact that, under the former, duties are levied by a positive test, which can be applied by our officers while the mer- chandise is in possession of the Government, and according to a standard which is altogether national and domestic. That would ])e partially true of an ad ralorem sytem levied upon • home value ' ; but there are consti- tational Impediments in the way of such a system which appear to be in- superable." 116 Bat there are laws that can elevate the con- dition of tlie laboring^ men, and there are laws that can degrade tiieiii, and tlie Kepublican party has stood for twenty-five years, and it will stand, I believe, by the blessing of God and the will of the American people, twenty-five years more. —Daniel Kerr, Iowa. E EARTHENWARE. (See also, Clay and Pottery Products.) Earthenware will be seriously injured by the provisions of this bill. The duty was increased on this ware by the tariff law of 1883, and was justified by the condition of the industry and the pressing interests of American labor— notwithstanding which, the foreign manufacturers sup- ply fully one-half of the American demand. . The prediction was made at the time of the increase that, as a result, the American Avare would be improved in quality and reduced in price, w^hich prediction has been fully verified. This industry has sprung up since 1860, and no more striking illustration of the benefit of protection can be found. It has grown to be one of the most valuable of our manufacturing interests ; the capital in- vested has increased to §26,000,000, and the hands employed number up- wards of twenty thousand ; the price of good ware has been brought within the reach of the humblest household ; our home competition has reduced the price of ware fully 50 per cent., and a taste for ceramic art has been cultivated, developing a new field of employment for both men and women. The wages paid in our potteries are 125 per cent., in advance of those paid for like labor abroad. STATISTICS FOR 1890-3. Establishments 707 Capital ^,127,104 Employes 20,296 Wages $10,138,143 Material 5,618,411 Value of product 22,057,090 Imported in 1893 ^,377,283, on which duty was collected $5,404,985, Mc- Kinley law, duty 51.20, new law, 35.21, average ad valorem. The above does not include Glass, Brick, and Tile. ECUADOR. In Ecuador the standard is silver, the monetary unit is the sucre, the value in United States coin is $0.61.3. The coins are gold : condor ($9.64.7) and double condor. Silver : sucre and divisions. The ratio of gold to silver is 1 of gold to 15i of silver. EDUCATION AND LABOR, DEMOCRATS OPPOSE. It is a well-known fact— admitted by the candid men representing the South— that their laborers are not so well paid as in the North. And as an excuse for that, they say their labor is not so intelligent, and conse- quently worth less. This explanation would be entirely satisfactory were it not for the fact that they resist every effort to educate and enlighten their laborers, so they may demand and receive better wages. 117 It has always been the doctrine of the Re- publican party that tlio boy who is employed to till the fields, to cultivate the corn, if he is hon- est, sober, industrious, and law-abiding, is just .as much entitled to our honor and good w^ill and respect as is the man who qavus the farm and gives him employment ; and it was this doc- trine of the Republican organization that made » rail-splitter President of the United States and a canal boy its Chief Executive and most distin- £;uished citizen. — Ex-Senator B. W. Perkins, Kansas. EDUCATION AN© I.ABOR. (Continued.) When it is proposed to pass a bill establishing schools in which the poor may be educated, under the rules of the House, adopted by the ma- jority, the Speaker exercises .his one man power and appoints a commit- tee that u^tterly refuses to report to the House the " Blair educational bill," that was in the interest of all laboring men who are unable to school their children. Then when we take the further declarations made by these men — or some of them — that they of the South would be able to live under a tariff that would starve the labor of the North to death, we can but conclude that they are satisfied with their own labor and want to keep it in the condition it now is. They are willing to force a measure through the House, the tendency of which will be to reduce the labor of the North to an equality with their own. (See illiteracy, schools, pauperism.) EGYPT. In Egypt the standard is gold, the monetary unit is the pound (100 piasters), the value in United States coin is ^.94.3. The coins are gold: pound (100 piasters), 5, 10, 20, and 50 piasters. Silver: 1, 2, 5, 10, and 20 piasters. The ratio of gold to silver is 1 of gold to 15.68 of limited tender silver. EGGS AND POULTRY. An enumeration of poultry and poultry products in the United States was attempted for the first time by the census of 1880. As then reported, there were in the United States in 1880, exclusive of spring hatching, 102,265,653 barnyard fowl (chickens), and 23,234,687 other domestic fowl, such as geese, ducks, and turkeys. The nvimber of dozens of eggs produced during the year 1879 was 456,875,080. The figures of the Eleventh Census, just issued, make the number of barnyard fowl for the year 1890, 258,472,- 155; that of turkeys, geese, and ducks, 26,816,545 ; and the number of doz- ens of eggs produced during 1889, 817,211,146. This shows during the decade under consideration an increase in the number of barnyard fowl of 153 per cent., of other fowl, 15 per cent., and in the number of eggs pro- duced of 79 per cent. 118 Oh, I dislike, Mr. President, to hear work- iBg-people talk about the sale of their wages, liabor has that in it that can not be bought and sold. The labor of man is oiTllization ; it is ad- vancement ; it is the tmward trend of humanity. —Senator O. H. Piatt, Conn. EIGGS AND POULTRY. (Continued.) PBIC£.-AT 12 CBNTS ADOZEN, A V£BY MODEBATE ESTIMATE, THE ANNUAIi VAI.UE OF THE EGG PRODUCTION ON THE FABM BOSE FBOM S65,000,0O0 IN 1879 TO S98,000,000 IN 1889. If in addition to this, the annual consumption of meat sold from the poultry reported is considered, the importance of this branch of rural industry will be more fully appreciated. The value of eggs imported in 1893 was $392,616.90 ; at 12 cents per dozen. The duty collected was ?164,792.12. The duty under the McKinley law was 6 cents per dozen or 41.29 per cent, average ad valorem. Under present law 3 cents per dozen or 24.78 per cent, average ad valorem. UB Protection to labor should be accouipllshed by ■wise laws in restraint of pauper and lawless immt- Sration. —Senator John Sherman, Oliio. JBG6S AND POUIiTRY. (Continued.) Egg and poultry product, 1889-^90, States and Territories. Maine New Hampshire Vermont Massachusetts Khodo Island Connecticut New York New Jersey Pennsylvania ; X)elaware Maryland Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Florida Alabama Mississippi Louisiana Texas -., Arkansas rV Tennessee West Virginia Kentucky Ohio , Michigan Indiana Illinois Wisconsin Minnesota.^ Iowa.... Missouri Kansas Nebraska South Dakota North Dakota Montana Wyoming Colorado New Mexico Arizona Utah Nevada Idaho Washington Oregon California Poultry on hand June 1, 1890. Domestic fowl, [chickens.] Total. No. 1, 411, 185 934, 322 789, 278 1, 023, 605 482, 370 1, 075, 044 8, 421, 667 2, 990, 098 10, .381, 781 900, 212 3, 430, 859 6, 576, 260 7, 507, 593 3, 873, 798 7, 357, 934 919, 601 6, 252, 044 5, 031, 784 2, 240, 907 11,523,717 6, 264, 427 12, 002, 139 3, 107, 447 12, 740, 559 13, 059, 359 5, 852, 690 12, 307, 903 21, 463, 525 5, 646, 294 4, 448, 831 20, 201, 706 22, 785, 848 15, 843, 345 7, 395, 368 2, 292, 866 804, 388 233, 660 73, 694 710, 942 60, 590 57, 221 279, 983 62, 167 231, 547 779, 972 1, 180, 7(i5 3, 504, 250 Other. 258, 472, 155 No. 49, 476 30, 033 96, 049 84, 777 42,167 66, 760 784,464 296, 305 999, 604 131, 149 002, 279 992. 731 742, 820 407, 750 540, 010 81, 419 001, 757 732, 813 291, 104 1, 455, 151 783, 078 1, 570, 445 525, 421 2, 009, 924 1, 008, 094 357, 534 1, 287, 890 2, 505, 511 427, 518 295, 380 1, 749, 507 2, 405, 940 1, 133, 410 503, 655 131, 200 55, 113 9,992 4,293 34, 073 2, 248 4, 580 10, 320 7, 436 15, 176 37, 150 97, 209 482, 952 Eggsp duced Dozens. 9, 384, 252 5, 019, 150 4, 515, 130 8, 931, 398 2, 020, 714 5, 637, 590 49, 807, 100 8, 031, 571 50, 049, 915 2, 218, 754 8, 718, 593 13, 557, 571 11, 755, 635 5, 702, 141 11, 522, 788 2, 788, 991 10, 823, 526 11, 393, 498 5, 933, 700 32, 400, 433 13, 371, 909 23, 172, 313 8, 440, 259 24, 691, 437 70, 162, 240 34, 309, 633 48, 621, 660 60, 351, 965 29, 390, 784 20, &">4, 498 09, 448, 339 53, 147, 418 42, 584, 975 23, 300, 684 8, 777, 993 3, 552, 664 834,166 a32, 221 2, 685, 109 279, 664 204, 174 1, 131, 071 170, 725 737, 812 2, 710, 620 4, 453, 9.33 13, 679, 423 26, 816, 545 817, 211, 146 120 The "Wilson Mil does not reduce taxation. It merely transfers it from foreign-made goods and levies it on domestic industry. —Hon. Jolin F. I^acey, Iowa. BOGS AND POUIiTBT. (Continued.) £GGS AND THB HOMX: MABK£T. Those who clamor for the markets of the world forget that the principle which gives to the people of the United States the markets of the world free, must also give to the people of the world the markets of the United States free. This can be better illus- trated by the single agricultural product of eggs than in any other way. Eggs were upon the free list until 1890, when the McKiuley law went into operation. The following summary will show the number of eggs imported into the United States from 1883 to 1893, with the value there- of for each of the ten years. In 1889 the importations amounted to 18,000,000 dozen, for which foreign farmers were paid $2,420,000, or an average of 15 cents for each dozen of foreign eggs so purchased. For the eight years preceding the McKinley law, namely, from 1883 to 1891 inclusive, the sum total paid by Amer- ican people for the eggs shipped to us fro.n foreign farmers amounted to $19,947,717, being enough money to build the Capitol of the United States and the White House, with all the adornments of their grounds. Now, let us try to show to the American farmer that this market for nearly $20,000,000 worth of eggs is taken from him while he is attempting, through the theories of free trade, to aid the markets of somebody else outside of the United States. Lest there should be some cavil about where these eggs come from, at- tention is called to the fact that the official Custom House reports for 1889 show that Belgium sent 215,000 dozen ; China, two thousand miles across the great Pacific, sent 126,300 dozen, and Denmark, Germany, Eng- land and Scotland all add something to the imports of this product of the farm. Nova Scotia and New Brunswick sent us three and one-half million dozen ; Canada nearly 12,000,000 dozen, and Hongkong, Italy and Mexico all sent us many thousand dozen each. The greatest num- ber, 5,700,000 dozen, of these were received at Buffalo Creek custom house. New York. The imposition of the duty of 5 cents per dozen by the McKinley Act of 1890, had the direct effect of reducing the importations and saving to the American producers $2,000,000 a year, which our farmers might claim as clear profit. The whole product imported under the operation of the McKinley Law is less than the imports for any one year for ten years preceding. The Wilson Bill proposes to take this $2,000,000 a year out of the pock- ets of our farmers and give the trade back to the foreigners by admitting eggs free. What is true of the product of eggs is true of the product of the farm in general. Our people do not seem to understand that the enormous savings and profits which accrue to American agriculture are the direct result of our system of American tarifi'. If you were to talk to the ordinary farmer to-dayi and teU him that the eggs laid in China and Japan are to m Every pay-day American ivorbingmen are re- minded that the Republican party is no lonser in power. —Hon. John F. Lacey, Iowa* EGGS AND FOUIiTBT. (Continued.) be brought by the hundred thousand dozen across the great Pacific, and from Europe across the great Atlantic to enter our great sea- coast markets and compete with the eggs raised on the farm in the Uni- ted States, he would tell you at once that you were either an idiot or a fool. But, when the records of our custom houses are laid bare, and the exact importations are shown, then the people try to find an apology for their ignorance of these great principles which underlie the policy of protection to agriculture. ELECTIONS IN CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICTS. (See the several States.) ELECTION OF PRESIDENTS. (See Popular Vote.) ELECTIONS. TOTE BY STATES FBOM 1876 TO 1892. (The vote is that cast for Presidential Electors.) ALABAMA. Population in 1890, 1,613,017. Voting population, 324822: white, 184,059; colored, 140,763. Election. Dem. Rep. Gbk. Pro. 1876 102,989 68,708 1880 91,185 56,221 4,642 1884 93,951 59,591 873 612 1888 117,320 57,197 593 1892 138,138 9,197 >85,181 239 ♦Populist. ARKANSAS. Population in 1890, 1,128,179. Voting population, 257,868: white, 188,296; colored, 69,572. Election. Dem. Rep. Gbk. Pro. Un.Lab. 1876 « 68,071 38,669 1880 60,775 42,436 4,079 1884 72,927 60,895 1,847 1888 85,962 68,752 614 10,613 1892 87,752 46,974 *11,831 113 * Populist. CAUFOBNIA. Population in 1890, 1,208,130. Voting population, 462,289: white, 390,228 ; colored, 72,061. Election. Dem. Rep. Gbk. Pro. 1876 76,468 79,279 1880 80,426 80,348 8,392 1884 89,288 102,416 2,017 2,920 1888 117,729 124,816 5,761 1892 118,151 118,927 «25,311 8,096 * Populist. 122 American -vrorkingnnen now liave f onnd that bankrupt industries make poor paymasters. '^Hon. John f ^ JuSLQey, Iowa* ^LECTIONS. (Conti&uea,) COILOBADO. Population in 1890, 412,198. Voting population, 164,920: white, 161,015 j colored, 8,905. Election. Dem. Rep. 1876 By legis- lature. 1880 24,647 27,450 1884 27,723 36,290 1888 37,567 50,774 1892 .„...,....-..«^.. 38,620 * Populist. 4DONNECTICUT, Population in 1890, 746,258. Voting population, 224,092: white, 220,116 ; Election. Dem. Rep. 1876 61,934 59,034 1880 64,415 67,071 1884 67,199 65,923 1888 74,920 74,584 1892 ^ £2,395 77,032 ♦Populist. J>£I«AWAS]S. Population in 1890, 168,493. Voting population: 47,659: whit©, 40,007 ; colored, 7,552. Gbk. rio. tCTn. liab. '""•'-* «.A.«AIU.. M«MU..«A. 1,435 1,958 ""761 2,191 1,687 *53,*584 ■1,266 colored, '< Gbk. 3^76. Pro. ""409 2,305 "4,026 Dn.Lab, 868 1,688 4,234 *809 <240 209 Election. 120 6 Dem. 1876 13,381 1880 15,275 1884 16,964 1888 16,414 1892 18,581 UXORIDA. Population in 1890, 391,422. Voting population, 96,213 : white, 58,068; colored 38,145. Rep. 10,752 14,133 12,951 12,973 18,077 Gbk. Pro. Un. lab. 55 400 5U 13 Gbk. *4,843 72 403 570 Election. Dem. Rep. 1876 22,927 23,849 1880 27,964 23,654 1884 31,766 28,031 1888 39,561 26,659 1892 30,143 * Populist. GBOBOIA. Population in 1890, 1,837,353. Voting population, 398,122: white, 219,094 ; colored, 179,028. ■ Election. Dem. 1876 130,088 1880 102,470 1884 94,667 1888 100,449 1802 129,386 ♦Populist. 128 Pro. Un. Lab. Rep.' 60,446 Gbk. '""969 ','. 145 *42,939 tScattering. Pro. tJn. Lab. 64.086 48,603 195 1,808 988 40,446 48,305 '"t2',363 Why theorize wlien the air resounds with facts ? A McKinley bill clouds the sky with smoke by day and lij^hts the clouds with fire by nigrht. A Wilson bill, even when only pending:, carries gloont and ruin in its very promise. —Hon. John F. I^acer, Iowa. ELECTiaNS. (Continued.) IDAHO. Population in 1890, 84,385. Voting population, 31,490; white, 29,525 Election. Dem. 1892 Rep. 8,599 colored, 1,965. Pop. Pro. 10,520 288 iij:j:nois. Population in 1890, 3,826,351. Voting population, 1,072,663 : white, 1,054,463; colored, 18,200. Election. Dem. 187G 258,601 1880 277,321 1884 312,355 1888 348,371 1892 426,281 Gbk. 26,358 10,910 *22',267 443 12,074 21,703 25,870 7,134 Rep. Gbk. Pro. Un. Lab. 278,232 318,037 337,474 370,475 399,288 ♦Populist. INDIANA. Population in 1890, 2,192,404. Voting population, 595,066 : white, 581,987 ; Election. Dem. Rep. 1876 213,526 208,011 1880 225,522 232,164 1884 ^ 244,990 238,463 1888 261,013 263,361 1892 262,740 255,615 *Populist. IOWA. Population in 1890, 1,911,896 Voting population, 520,332 : white, 517,006 ; colored, 3,326. Election. Dem. 1876 112,121 1880 105,845 1884 177,316 1888 179,877 1892 196,367 ♦Populist. KANSAS. Population in 1890, 1,427,096. Voting population, 383,231 : white, 370,688 ; colored, 12,543. colored, Gkb. 13,079. Pro. Un. Lab. 12,986 ""3,028 9,881 13.044 8,293 2,694 *22,198 Rep. 171,326 Gbk. ^*,701 Pro. Un.Lab. 183,927 592 1,472 3,550 6,322 197,089 211,958 219,373 *20;616 9,105 Election. Dem. 1876 37,902 1880 59,801 1884 90,132 1888 102,745 1892 Rep. 78,322 121,549 154,406 182,904 157,241 'Populist. Gbk. '**"l9,851 16,341 *i63'iil Pro. Un. Lab. 25 4,495 6,779 4,553 37,788 121 By tlie f rolts of Any la'w, it should be Judged. Under the McKlnloy "atrocity," we exported in 1892, $1,016,73!3,011, the larsrest aiuoiint in the ooantry'8 history. —Hon. John F. Itacey, lows. EUBCTIONS. (Contlnned.) KENTUCKY. Population in 1890, 1,858,635. Voting population, 450,792: white, 387,371 ; colored, 63,421. Election. Dem. Rep. Gbk. Pro. Uu. Lab. 1876 159,696 97,156 1880 149,068 106,306 11,499 258 1884 152,961 118,122 1,681 3,1.39 1888 183,800 155,134 5,225 1892 175,461 135,441 *23,600 6,442 *Populist. I^OUISIANA. Population in 1890, 1,118,587. Voting population, 250,563 ; white, 130,748 ; colored, 119,815. Election. Dem. Rep. Gbk. Pro. Un. Lab. 1876 70,508 75,315 1880 65,067 38,637 439 1884 62,540 46,347 1888 85,026 30,701 127 39 1892 87,922 13,311 *13,332 * Populist. MAINE. Population in 1890, 661,086. Voting population, 201,241 ; white, 200,009 ; colored, 632. Election. Dem. 1876 49,917 1880 65,171 1884 52,140 1888 50,482 1892 48,024 * Populist. MARYI^AND. Population in 1890, 1,042,390. Voting population, 270,738 : white, 218,843 ; colored, 51,895. Election. Dem. Rep. Gbk. Pro. Un. Lab. 1876 91,780 71,981 1880 .'. 93,706 78,515 818 1884 96,932 85,699 531 2,794 1888 106,168 99,986 4,767 1892 113,866 92,736 *796 5,877 t27 * Populist. t Scattering. MASSACHUSETTS. Population in 1890, 2,238,943. Voting population, 665,009: white, 657,042 ; colored, 7,967. Election. Dem. Rep. Gbk. Pro. Un. Lab. 1876 108,777 150,063 1880 111,960 165,205 4,548 682 1884 122,481 146,724 24,4;33 10,026 1888 151,855 183,892 8,701 176,813 202,814 *3,210 7,539 649 ♦Populist. 125 Rep. 66,300 Gbk. 3,953 . "*2;M5 Pro. Un. Lab. 74,039 93 2,160 2,690 3,062 72,209 73,734 62,878 1,345 336 Our farmers hare better houses and outbuild- ings, raise better stock, drive better horses than ever before. —Hon. A. B. Kiefer, Minnesota. Rep. 72,962 Pro. Un. Lab. 93,903 ,286 4,684 15,311 14,017 111,923 142,492 ijcffi 122,736 *30,398 t Fusion tio7,an BUSCTIOXS. (Continued.) MICHIGAN. Population in 1890, 2,093,889. Voting population, 617,445 : white, 611,008 ; colored, 6,437. Election. Dem. Rep. Gbk. Pro. Un.Lab. 1876 141,095 166,534 1880 131,597 185,341 34,895 942 1884 149,835 192,669 42,243 18,403 1888 213,469 236,387 20,945 4,555 1892 202,296 222,708 *19,892 14,069 * Populist. MINNESOTA. Population in 1890, 1,301,826. Voting population, 376,036 : white, 374,027; colored, 2,009. Election. Dem. 1876 48,799 1880 53,315 1884 70,144 1888 104,385 1892 100,579 * Populist. MISSISSIPPI. Population in 1890, 1,289,600. Voting population, 271,080: white, 120,611 ; colored, 150,469. Election. Dem. Rep. Gbk. Pro. Un. Lab. 1876 112,173 52,605 1880 75,750 34,854 6,797 1884 76,510 43,509 1888 85,471 30,096 218 222 1892 40,237 1,406 *10,259 610 ♦Populist. MISSOUKI. Population in 1890, 2,679,184. Voting population, 705,718: white, 667,451; colored, 38,267. Election. Dem. Rep. Gbk. Pro. Un. Lab. 1876 203,077 145,029 1880 208,609 153,567 1884 235,988 202,929 1888 261,954 236,253 1892 268,628 226,762 ♦Populist. MONTANA. Population in 1890, 132,159. Voting population, 65,415: white, 61,948; colored, 3,467. Election. Dem. Rep. Pop. Pro. 1892 17,534 18,838 7,259 617 126 Gbk. Pro. 35,135 2,153 4,540 *41,183 4,298 The day Western farmer wbeat. has srone, never to relurn, when the ler sanges everythlnff by a bushel of —Hon. A. B. Kieler, Minnesota. ELECTIONS. (Continued.) NEBRASKA. Population in 1890, 1,058,910. Voting population, 801,500 : white, 297,281 ; colored, 4,219. Election Dem. Rep. 6bk. Pro. Tin. Lab. 1876 17,554 31,916 1880 28,523 54,979 8,950 i... 1884 54,391 76,912 2,899 1888 80,552 108,425 9,429 4,226 1892 24,943 87,227 *83,134 4,902 ♦Populist. NEVADA. Population in 1890, 45,761. Voting population, 20,951 : white, 17,002 ; colored, 8,949. Election Dem. Rep. Gbk. Pro. Uh. Lab. 1876 9,308 10,383 1880 9,613 8,732 1884 5,578 7,193 26 1888 5,326 7,238 41 1892 711 2,822 *7,267 85 ♦Populist. NEW HAMPSHIRE. Population in 1890, 376,530. Voting population, 118,135 : white, 117,889 ; colored, 246. Election. Dem. Rep. Gbk. Pro. Un. Lab. 1876 38,509 41,539 1880 40,794 44,852 528 180 1884 39,183 43,249 552 1,571 1888 43,456 45,728 -. 1,593 43 1892 42,081 45,658 *293 1,297 ♦Populist. NEW JERSEY. Population in 1890, 1,444,933. Voting population, 413,530 : white, 398,966 ; colored, 14,564. Election. Dem. Rep. Gbk. Pro. Un. Lab. 1876 115,962 103,517 1880 122,565 120,555 2,617 191 1884. 127,798 123,440 3,496 6,159 ^.. 1888 151,508 144,360 7,933 1892 171,066 156,080 ^985 8,134 1,337 ♦Populist. NEW YORK. Population in 1890, 6,997,853. Voting population, 1,769,649 : white, 1,745,418 ; colored, 24,231. Election. Dem. Rep. Gbk. Pro; Un. Lab 1876 621,949 489,207 .' 1880 634,511 555,544 12,373 1,517 1884 563,154 562,005 16,994 25,016 1888 685,965 650,338 80,281 626 ' '" , 664,869 609,850 ♦li,429 88,190 i,087 ♦Populist. 127 I have seen the straw shed of free-trade ttmes grlve place to the splendidly-constructed barns that are an ornauient to the farms all tlirough Illinois. —Hon. A. J. Hopkins, Illinois. EliECTIONS. (Continued.) NORTH CAROI.INA. Population in 1890, 1,617,947. Voting popnlution, 842,653: white, 233,307 ; colored, 109,346. Election. Dem. Hep. Gbk. Pro. Un. Lab. 1876 125,427 108,417 1880 124,208 115,874 1,126 1884 142,952 125,068 454 1888 147,902 134,784 2,789 147 1892 132,951 100,346 *44,732 2,636 *Populist. NORTH DAKOTA. Population in 1890, 182,719. Voting population, 55,959: white, 55 769 ; colored, 190. Election. Dem. Rep. Pop. Pro. Tin. lab. 1892 17,619 17,650 875 OHIO. Population in 1890, 3,672,316. Voting population, 1,016,464: white, 990,542 ; colored, 25,922. Election. Dem. Rep. Gbk. Pro. Un. Lab. 1876 323,182 330,698 1880 340,821 375,048 6,456 2,616 1884. 368,280 400,082 5,179 11,069 1888 396,455 416,054 24,356 3,496 1892 404,115 405,187 ^4,850 26,012 ♦Populist. OREGON. Population in 1890. 313,767. Voting population, 111,744 : white, 102,113 ; colored, 9,631. Election. Dem. Rep. Gbk. Pro. Un. Lab. 1876 14,149 15,206 1880 19,948 20,619 240 1884 24,604 26,860 726 4li2 1888 26,522 33,291 1,677 363 1892 :. 14,243 35,002 *26,8V5 2,281 * Populist. PENNSYLVANIA. Population in 1890, 5,258,014. Voting population, 1,401,869; white, 1,426,996; colored, 34,873. Election. Dem. Rep. Gbk. Pro. Un. Lab. 1876 3(J(V204 384,184 1880 ^ 407,428 444,704 20,668 1,939 1884 '. 392,785 473,804 16,992 15,283 1888 444,327 52^^,585 20,708 3,877 1992..... 452,264 516,011 *8,714 25,123 898 ♦Populist. 128 inhere is no country In tlie world wJiere Indl- vidital enterprise lias sucli wide and varied range, and wherein the inventive genius of man has sucli encouragement. —William McKinley* «I.ECTIONS. (Continued.) RHODE ISIJI.ND. Population in 1890, 345,506. Voting population, 100,017; white, 97,75G ; colored, 2,201. Election Dem. Rep. Ghk. Pro. Un. Lab. 1876..., 10,712 15,787 1880 10,779 18,195 236 20 1884 12,391 19,030 422 928 (888 17,530 21,969 1,251 1892... 24,335 27,069 *227 1,565 *Populist. SOUTH CAROLINA. Population in 1890, 1,151,149. Voting population, 235,606; white, 102,657 ; colored, 132,949. Election Dem. Rep. Gbk. Pro. Un. Lab. J876 90,896 91,870 1880 112,312 58,071 666 1884 69,890 21,733 1888 65,825 13,740 1892 54,698 13,384 *2,410 *Populist. SOUTH DAKOTA. Population in 1890, 328,808. Voting population, 96,765: white, 96,177 ; colored, 588. Election. Dem. Rep. Pop. Pro. Un. Lab. 1892 9,081 34,888 20,512 TENNESSEE. Population in 1890, 1,767,518. Voting population, 402,476: white, 310,014; colored, 92,462. Election. Dem. Rep. Gbk. Pro. Un. Lab. 1876 133,166 89,566 1880 128,191 107,677 6,917 43 1884 133,258 124,078 957 1,131 1888 158,779 138,988 6,969 1892 136,477 99,973 *23,622 4,856 * Populist. TEXAS. Population in 1890, 2,235,523. Voting population, 635,912 : white, 434,010 ; colored, 101,932. Election. Dem. Rep. Gbk. Pro. Un. Lab. 1876 104,803 44,803 1880 156,428 57,893 27,405 1884 225,309 93,141 3,321 3,53-1 ,.... 1888 234,883 88,280 4,749 29,459 1892 239,148 81,444 *99,(as 2,166 * Populist. 129 And these are they, the Hags of whoso coun- tries will never float above the Stars and vStripes so Ions: as American patriotism burns in American breasts, and American citizens are loyal and true to America's interests. —Hon. Georse W. Smith, Illinois. EliECTIONS. (Continued.) TERMONT. Population in 1890, 332,422. Voting population, 101,697: white, 101,369; colored, 328. Election. Dem 1876 20,350 1880. 1884. 18,316 17,331 16,788 16,325 Rep. 44,428 45,567 39,514 45,192 37,992 *Populist. Gbk. '"li215 785 *43 Pro. Un. Lab. 1,752 1,459 1,424 **'* • 1.^8 1 678 *12.274 2.798 VIRGINIA. Population in 1890, 1,655,980. Voting population, 378,782: white, 248,036; colored, 130,747. Election. Dem. Rep. Gbk. Pro. 1876 139,070 95,558 1880 128,586 84,020 1884 145,497 139,356 1888 151,977 150,438 1892 163,977 113,256 / *Populist. WASHINGTON. Population in 1890, 349,390. Voting population, 146,918 : white, 141,934 ; colored, 4,984. Election. Dem. Rep. Pop. Pro. 1892 29,844 36,470 19,105 2,553 WEST VIRGINIA. Population in 1890, 762,794. Voting population, 181,400: white, 172,198; colored, 0,202. Un. Lab. Election. 876. 880. 884. Dem. 56,495 67,391 67,317 78,677 84,468 Rep. 42,046 46,243 63,096 78,171 80,285 Gbk. "'9,079 810 *4.166 Pro. 939 1,084 2,130 Tin. Lab. Un. Lab. 1,508 ♦Populist. WISCONSIN. Population in 1890, 1,688,880. Voting population, 461,722: white, 459,893; colored, 1,829. Election. Dem. Rep. Gbk. 1876...... 123,926 130,070 1880 114,649 144,400 7,986 1884 146,459 101,157 4,598 1888 155,232 176,553 1892 177,335 170,791 ^^9,909 130 Pro. Un. Lab- 7,656 14,277 13,132 8,552 Oive the sugar Indnstry in America the pro- tection and encouragement it lias liatl in Europe and you will have 1,000 sugar factories producing 6,000,000,000 pounds of sugar, employing 1,^00 laborers in eacli factory or an average of 1,^00,000 employees from whom 6,000,000 of our population would draw their maintenance and sustenance. —Hon. Geo. I>. Meiklejohn, Nebraska. EliECTIONS. (Contlnu«5d.) WYOMING. Population in 1890, 60,705. Voting population, 27,044 : white, 26,050 ; colored, 994. Election. Dem. Rep. Pop. 1892 8,454 7,722 ELECTORAL COLLEGE 1892-'96. Pro. 530 Un. Lab. Alabama : 11 Arkansas 8 California 9 Colorado 4 Connecticut 6 Delaware 3 Florida 4 Georgia 13 Idaho 3 Illinois 24 Indiana 15 Iowa 13 Kansas 10 Kentucky 13 Louisiana 8 Maine 6 Maryland 8 Massachusetts 15 Michigan 14 Minnesota 9 Mississippi 9 Missouri 17 Montana 3 Nebraska 8 Nevada 3 New Hamshire 4 New Jersey 10 New York 36 North Carolina 11 North Dakota 3 Ohio 23 Oregon 4 Pennsylvania 32 Rhode Island 4 South Carolina 9 South Dakota 4 Tennessee 12 Texas 15 Vermont 4 Virginia 12 West Virginia 6 Washington 4 Wisconsin 12 Wyoming 3 Total, 444. Necessary to choice, 223. Utah, when organized will add 3 votes, making the total of 447. in : : n ; cc: M^ c»o<»-w. -J CO. o>. e«o«oo i^coo- a> o SJliPUQII #>.MCS. o o •uosuA\ : »f».: : ooo CTOpt ; ; op: ; to! : CI* • • ' w w ■'te :*^! wJiJ^^i'^^r^ niti »-* i i i ^'i i "i i •-•: c CTQO. ■ . y. ■ to. ■■ CT. 1. oioct . : c»' octoi : : : __ — . . — __ ; : mm; ; : MMto . • OtMW. »a. . 0»MC: got cat '. occm; ; •PIOBWBO i ? i o:«m: i h^^u^^v _^MK8nSH3^> ' . •JMlfo. 05. . fS(M- U> inioDoct t |-Q^iag ]p J ; ; rSot : ? 050. . . CO. 0CO3. . O' *.oo;o3'. t t *' if^wof iiU •hbSot: oto- . . oe. ooec. . ct. |83I,pa9H ©o: : . oo: odoo: t t : «c*>.wa>: : -ao I * it: t t t : ^fJJJSM! ::ifM*»» ; r-. ,, to: 910 35 251 59 581 31 36 16 61 58 150 403 17 22 9 17 83 27 57 71 28,000 805 344 133 317 20.803 42,514 2,267 6,835 250 3.872 191 261 3.149 3.769 1.382 1,867 3,732 101 430 1,621 292 1,945 306 1,925 1,157 1,039 50.867 2iz 36.-J 13,815 5,. 503 2,283 2,110 35,046 S2l, 81 1,761 1,110,482 2,681,185 189,370 165,341 2,208,235 135,109 183,229 905,213 1.462,011 580, GD2 1,001,1.30 1,269,135 62.48S 237.227 1.114,754 153,366 1,013,768 161,683 1,105,723 870,4fiO 561,644 26,796,927 104,194 215, 2S8 6,903,951 2,32.3,271 1.089,823 16,559,242 T^0 netr ^tarlff^ves Canada all she wants without«urreiul«rJns janytliini;. —S^na^tor J. S. Morrill, %'ermontv EMPLOYMRNT. ic«alfaa«44 irti«i««o Boots and shoes, factory product ^..^.....^^ Boots and shoes, rubber » ^ Bottling. (See also Liqflot^ molt; Mineral and suda \raters.) Boxes, clffars..'..........^^.^...^^ ^.^.^...^..- Boxes, fancy and paper. (Sea i^lso Fancy articles, not elsewhere specified.) Boxes, wooden pnckine. (See also Lumber, planing mill productSt including sash, doors, and blinds.) Brass ^^ ^ ^.....-, Brass and copper, rolled Brass castings and brass finishing. (See also Bronze castings; Plumbers' supplies.) Brassware. -~ ~.. .....,..< Bread and other bakery products Brick and tile. (See also Clay and pottery products.) Bridges ^ Bronze castings. (See also Brass castings and brass finishing:.) Brooms and brushes. ...-«.^ Buttons ..- Calcium lights Cardboard. (See also Paper.) Card cutting and designing .^.. Carpentering » ^.m** Carpets and rugs, other than rag. (See also Woolen goods .) Carpets, rag..... ~ Cai'pets, wood Carriage and wagon materials Carriages and sleds, children's Carriages and wagons, including customwork and repairing. (See also Blacksmithing and wheelwrighting.) Cars and general shop construction and repairs by steam railroad companies. Cars and general shop construction and repairs by street railroad companies. Cars, steam railroad, not including operations of railroad companies. Cars, street railroad, not including operations of railroad companies. Celluloid niui celluloid goods...,.^^..,......, Cheese and butter, urban dairy product Cheese, butUT, and condensed milk, factory produce 134 2,082 11 716 588 63d U 16 433 113 10,484 5,828 137 14 1,235 106 15 5 26 16.917 173 854 6 539 87 8.614 716 78 71 17 10 160 4.552 139.333 9,264 3,929 6,537 19,954 13,922 ' 819 2,801 11,903 7,518 62,762 109,151 8.921 311 10.984 4,036 . 97 ' 223 214 140,021 29,121 1,764 328 10,928 2,936 73,453 108,585 2.031 32,062 1,833 551 552 14,309 %, 375 ,076 3,666,875 2,271.355 2,134,383 6,869.900 6.477.129 436,569 1,577,778 6,922.489 4.057.058 28,789,047 32,695,189 5,681^304 253,835 4,317.026 1,673,876 49,570 139,782 106,5&3 94,524,197 11.633.116 650,119 155.396 5,208,427 1.330,955 40.198.522- «61 ,797,675 1,431.377 16,830.531 1.174.7PC 304.7fifi 274,700 5.116.005 »jb 4l>«"3«lMnlnir^men .of UMlr^cnv gm rJLQYMBNT. (Continaejit) Arflvl**. Chemicals. (Pee also Fertilizers ; Gunpowder; High explosives; Paints; Varnish.) China decorating. (See also Clay and pottery products.) Chocolate and cocoa producta. ^..^.. Cfffar molds _ ~ ^lay and pottery producta. (Se« also Brick and tile.) doansips: and polishing preparations. ^See aIko Blacking.) <0)ock cases and materials. (Sea also Wateh and clock materials.) C^looka. ,.«...., .^ — — — , Cloth, sponging and refiniahjng....^ ^^ Clothing, horae ~.... Clothing, men's, custom work and repairing.., Clothing, men's, factory product.. Clothing, mtfn'a, factory product, huttonholes. Clotliing, woinen*8, dressmaking Clothing, women's, factory product ^..... Coffee and »»pice, roasting and grinding Coffins aiul burial cases, trimming and finish- ing. CufHns, burial cases, and unde^^takers* goods ... Coke ~ Collars and cuffs, paper Combs ~ Confectionery...... —.......,. Coopemg*...^.^..........; ~. CordAge and twine... Cordials and Mrups Cork cutting Corsets Cottoii, cleaning and rehnndling. Cotton, compressing .^ Cotton, ginning .<...». ~........ Cotton good.s. (See nlHo Hosiery and knit goods.) Cotton ties r. ......^..^.^.., Cotton waste ^....^^.,^,..^ ^...., Cmcibles — , ,... .~.~ .». .... Ciitlery and edge tools. (See also Files; Hardware; Saws; Tools, not elsewhere si>e6> ifted.) Dentistry, mechanical ^ ., Dentl»t«' mnterinia .^...^ . Druggists' preparations, not including pr*> fucuriptlvn*. CSeo alsq Patent mediclMf i|Ui $(M>itMMTiMl«Cl>#rmoaery Hiid ensmeti<9t^ w 563 78 11 7 707 27 23 31 13,591 4,867 200 19,587 1,224 858 1.368 194 218 8 81 2,921 2,652 14* 40 2^ 13 62 1,637 905 8 31 10 .474 n 16,952 467 963 142 20.296 32 8.585 396 952 86,143 156,341 1.373 fT.lfS 42.008 5.122 3,234 6,424 9.15» . 91 807 27,211 24.652 12,506 387 2.138 lLv870 210 3.000 7.6C0 [221.585 18 829 254 t.4<7 4.737 1,214 9,691,843 254,524 596,604 67,396 10.138,143 176,949 20.688 1,936.525 244,803 813.305 48.551.103 62,311,644 526,925 22.373.636 18.812.787 3,263.019 1.999.153 3,555,256 4,186,264 48.637 433,036 11,633.448 ,U .665,360 4,412.640 232,988 762.518 4.062,815 '^' "84,068 2.228.619" 781 ,798 69,489.272; 3,150 154.257 . 149.210 4,918.152 9.48], 189 S67,626 135 Ipetttors of American sh««p kefderft and dock mat' ;t«r». -Hon. Bfnger Hermann, Oregon. EM PLOYMSKT« fCmtlnoMCI ^^^ DruR grrincHng..v.».» «....^ «... Dyeing and cleaning. ...♦i;.i"?fitvuj;»k»»».»«. Dyeing and flniBliing textiles « Dye sttifTa and eztractH .....tt.it tClectrical apparatus and supplies.... K)eetfloHRlilanrt )WArer («);.- KlectroplftUnK.*;rf..v.v.v.v.\.v....vi Kmery wh»»el8..*....v....v.w».i Enameled good!*Avv;v.^«,v^».»vvv^.vvh..v>»..... !£Dameling ;.:>....».««»..»%«...»'«%. iEngravers^iuatena]s.» lBngrAv]ng and diesinking. lEngraTlDg, steel, including plate printings - (Seo also Lithographing and engraving; ' Pliolol i thx^raphing ^nd engraving.) !Engravlng,-ncoDd «„.. jEnvelojies....... Fancy articles, not elsewliere specified.... Felt goods. (See also Woolen goods.) Fertilizers. (See also Chemicals.).^ |Flles. 6 (See also Cutlery and ed^e tools.). iFJrearms..... iFire extinguishers, chemical... SFireworks.... f..r.f«^.:rs ^''ish, canning and preserving. (See also Foo preparations.) OFlags and banners. (See also Regalia an eodety banneifi and emble.ms.) FiavDring lex tractSa.^.,«,«*,v.«... ...... m«..<^».« ^1ax« dressed*^.... Flouring and grist mill products..........;.. Food preparations. (See also Fish, canning and i)reserving; Fruits and vegetables, can- ning and preserving; Oysters, canning and ^ preRervlng.) Foundry and machine shop products. (See ,^al80 Ironwork, architectural' and ornamen« tal; Steam ftttiiigs and heating apparatus.) Foundry supplies..^fli .'.»...,...«^ Fruit jar trimmings.... Fruits and vegetables, canning and preserving. (See also Food preparations j^Pickles, pre- serve5<, and sauces.) ^.-.....M Furs, dressed..^.^ ^^^.,^......*..^ Galvanizing.^ ^ Gas and lamp fixtures. (See Also Lamps and reflectors.) Gas. illuminatins: ftnd heating. ......«....^„... Gas machines and metArs^.**^.^,,..^^^...^....^. Gas stoves ^^ ^^^ ..........^ Glass «.. Glass, cutting, staining, and ornamenting Gloves and mittens. (Sec also Hosiery and knit goods; WooleA goods.) Glucose - Glue ~ Gold and silver, leaf and foil. — .«.. Gold and silver, redticing and refining, not ft-om the ore. 'iGraphite .~« — « Grease and tallow. (See also A zle grease : Soan and candles.^ Grindstones .w.»».m~.... Gunpowder. (See also Ammunition: Higher- plosives.) Hftirwork — ...~. Hammocks.. ,^. Hand knit goods..j44u....... Hand Rtamps..< Hardware. (See Also Cutlery and edge tools ; Tools not elsewhere specified.) Hard WHjfe, eaddlery ..*...- ~ - Hat ftnd cap lnateriaTs.«...vH....» ..►. Hats and caps, not including wool bats. (See alsoFur goods; Straw goods, not clscwhero specified.) Ilay and Mrnw, haling. « MighcxploHlveSv (Sccalao Ammunition: Gun- powder.) Hones nnd whetstones Hooks and eyes„ ..^.........^ Horse shoes, factory product...t.^. , Hosiery and knit goods. (See also Cotton goods: Gloves i\nd mittens; Woolen goods.) House furnishing goods, not elsewhere speci- fied. (ce, .'xrtifioial ..........^.m-m....... X37 840 1.579 26 27 108 742 88 24 294 279 324 7 62 81 87 492 6 28 234 850 102 73 705 32 9 10 4 796 133 222 14,860 1,071 1,031 45,987 3.794 8. 669 1.759 l.f36 1.499 966 21 1,787 132 1,730 t,945 86 224 1,068 19,671 3,179 1,705 27.193 820 71 243 493 61.209 3.667 8.265 6.737,810 34,470,846 287,508 473,111 3.592.612 10.642,794 709,529 628,773 22,118,622 2,496,420 3.109.008 974.406 823,452 800,796 771 ,030 10.442 1,079.284 66.980 t. 002 ,694 870.601 ■ 18,359 61,989 650,647 9,911,486 1,547,295 844,352 14,111,747 149,6.'>3 546.816 ?7.973 $148,444 282,870 18,263,272 1,779,753 .1.441,187 We honor labor as the source of all wealth. -Seuatorr George C. Perkins, California. EMPLOYMENT. (Continued.) Article*. Ink. priBtinj.,;.;^:::..^^!. .;^.,:i::. ^ Ink, writing .w..« Instruments, profeesional and scientific Iron and steel „ i, Ir»n and steel bolts, nuts, washers, and rivets. Iron and steel doors and shutters » Iron and ste'el forgings .,— Iron and steel nails and spikes, out and wrought, including wire nails. Iron and steel pipe, wrought. ., Iron work, architectural and ornamental. (Se© also Foundry and machine vbop products.) iTory andjbor in#:... . )ne work.. Japanni Jewelry. "(See also Watch, clock. »tid jewelry repairing.)' Jewelry and instrument case8........^^. .... Jute and Jute goods.. Kaolin and other earth grinding Kindling wood.«, Labjfls and tapes ...y Lamps and reflectors. (See also Gas and lamp fixtures.) Lapidary work — .~..— .► Lard, refined. (See also Slaughtering.) «.. Lasts ~. Lead, bar, pipe, and sheet ^ Leather board. (See also Paper.).. Leather, dressed skins ., Leather goods. (See also Pocketbooks ; Trunks and valises.) Leather, morocco ■> .... Leather, patent and enameled , , Leather, tanned and curried — Lightning rods « Lime and cement...^-.. Linen goods Liquors, distilled...... Liquors, malt, (See also Bottling.) Liquors, vinous. (See also Liquors, distilled.). Llthogi-aphing and engraving. (See also Engraving, steel, including plate printing; Photolifhographing and engraving; Print- ing and publishing.) Lock and gun smithing. ^ Looking-glass and picture frames Lumber and other mill oroducts from logs or bolts, 138 35 SS 233 645 82 7 90 188 22 724 64 39 783 76 7 95 136 47 93 139 121 32 1.596 22 873. 3 iiO 1,218 236 219 1,308 1,290 516 508 2,371 152,535 7.341 53 4,448 17.116 12,064 18,672 1,345 292 15.761 1,038 1,212 1,451 1.805 710 2,286 129 1,018 774 780 185 355 3.074 • .2.37 2,087 34,348 210 13.710 583 5.343 31.800 1.282 10,590 .560 9. 604 21,011 286,197 455,764 801.426 ,606.194 ,065.506 ,472.202 2,638,641 7.816,994 5,845.462 11,961,457 687,369 156.201 10.270,393 687.574 391.586 744,129 772.377 379,897 1.320,273 99,486 618,042 571.732 652.321 92.163 207,724 1,464.124 4,529,569 1.352.981 17,825,605 132.195 5.473.222 1X0.204 2.814.889 28.382.544 480,733 7.147.174 1,502.316 5.257,553 87.784.433 L^ttt^ improve oiirselvoH from Uie level that ! now ucoiipy, higher and higher. -Hon. H. W. Blair, IVew Hampshire. EMPLOYMENT. (C/intlniied.) Articles, Xntnber, planing mill products, including sash, doors, and blinds. (See also Boxes, wooden packing ; Wood, turned and carved.) Malt, (Se»also Liquors, malt.) Mantels, slate, marble and marbleized Marble and stone work. (See also Monu- ments and tombstones.) Masonry, brick and stone. (See also Plaster- ing and stuccQWork.) Matches.. ^..^^.^^,.^ *^^^.^^ Mats and oaatting....^.....'........... ^^^,,^ 3,670 202 90 1.321 Mattresses and spring beds. (8ee also Furni- ture; Wirework, including wire rope and cable.) Millinery and laoe goods. (See also Artificial featbera and flowers.) Millinery, custom ^nru ,^ , Millstones Mineral and soda waters. (See also Bottling.).. Mirrors. Models and patterns.......^.. .^^...^.^.^^,. Monuments and tombstonee. (See also Marble and stone work.) Mucilage and paste.-.....^- « ~.. .....~.. Musical instruments and materials, not spe* eifled. Musical instrumentSt organs and materials. .«».. Musical Instruments, pianos and mateTlals.»«.. Needlee and pins..................^.........^.^ ....... Nets and seints.M..... Oakunot. Oil, 278 Oil) oottonseed and eake..,*.* Oil, essential.... Oil, illomlnaUDS. »ot indudinc petroleum. fining. Oil« lard OU* 5,999 4 1.377 is 449 2.052, 55 145 45 22 7 7 119 67 5 8,694 1 ,70-1 23,888 108,405 1,755 423 7,337 11,827 23,976 28 7,717 1,542 2,010 12.101 404 1.382 4,989 13,057 1.680 650 151 101 6,801 220 66 on, lubricating Oil, rasin Oildoth, enameled OiMeth, floor......... 01 eeoMUgarine....... Optical goodSw.......! ■ ..r.. Ordnance and ordnance stores Oysters, canning: and preserring. (See also Food preparations.) Painting and paper hanging.^.... tum u- U^,"^^ Paints. (See also ChemicaU;^Vamish)j;,,..4CM..4 8t2J 189 124 8 9 19 12 191 4 16 120t "'it 1,07^ 117 367 1,583 2,844 1,459 3,614 56,281 48,970,080 2,103.200 I, 160,561 17,433,505 70.681, SCO 544.211 212,481 3.660.297 5,452,42f 8.945.139 17,864 4,206,868 1,033,235 $1,427,861 7,930,016 199.411 862.177 8.096,477 9,347,729 728.002 ,. 217.985 57.116 70,131 1.907,827 37,492 54.418 82,232 1,286.062 876,470 82,652 212,461 837,969 245.890 1,300,452 1.099.306 712.501 87.722.550 J,737L5,(K».f be lild r/S'S?5lI^^ ;/;S* J*'"!:«l«^.f«" "ft «fl» .n«n Fl".*« «.» byb^sine a city fiei «,, ftl.iTnVhicir'JanSoi >fion. H. W. Blair, New HaiwDBliliS EMrLOVMf>NT. (Continued.) ArtKHes, Paper, (See also Leather, board ; Pulp, wood.). Paper goods, not elsewhere specified Paper hangings .... Paper patterns ~ Patent medicines and compounds. (See also JDruggists' preparations, not including pre- iscriptions.) Paving and paving materials.. iPcncil ca.ses ~ Pencils, lead .• Pens, fountain and stylographic Pens, gold - ,..,.«, Pens, steel Perfumery and cosmetics. (See also Druggists' preparations, not including prescriptions.) Petroleum, refining Photographic apparatus < p*hotographic materials ^...U^....^.... Photography photolithographingand engraving. (See also I.ilhographingand engraving; Stereotyping and electrotyping.) Pickles, preserves and sauces. (See also Fruits and vegetables, canning and preserving.) Pipes, tobacco " ^Plastering and stuccowork* (See also Masonry, brick and stone.) Plated and britannia ware. (See also Silver- ware.) Plumbers' supplies. (See also Brass castings and brass finishing.) Plumbing and gas fitting m » Pocketbooks. (See also Leather goods ) Printing and publishing, book^ and job. (See also bookbinding and blank*book making.) '|*rinllnB and publishing, music. (See also Bookbinding and blank-book making.) [Printing and publishing, new.spapers and peri- odicals. (See also Bookbinding and blank- book making.) Printing materials.. ■ •« -.— Printing, lip .». Pnlp goods Pulp, wood ••••. Pulp from fiber other than wood Pumps, not Including stesttn pumps Refrigerators *. •>• ••• ;•••••• Regalia and society bannersandfemblems. (See also Flags j\nd banners.) B67 66 27 27 1.127 704 6 5 15 19 3 157 94 25 45 3,105 316 69 1.746 122 29.568 1,647 2,814 448 9,890 22,730 89 1 .452 176 611 1.755 12.471 549 10,432 1,852 4.252 1,345 10.624 6.919 5.485 5,327 42.513 28.762.611 62 1,348 661 ,092 4.098 58,139 35,874.361 79 701 448.582 12,362 106,095 68.601,532 64 8G6 486,106 27 292 158.600 9 276 l:».n34 82 2,830 S 1,228 .901 7 168 93.256 256 2,140 1.145.145 82 2.373 1,252,765 137 2,379 1,014,722 13,746,684 •765,181 1,474.788 153,738 5,094,202 10,450.970 60,088 580,750 102,799 260.669 152.175 877,679 6.989.478 808.939 538. 26« 6,405,871 988.898 I,7i7,3l9 730,990 6,845,181 3,775.305 8.304.214 140 ^tie Ncaf«ciOW of class le«:islHtion Kliniilct not lie set in place in the cornfieldH -Hon. Geo. B.Shaw, \Vi!«con«in.^ •iMPLOVMEKT. ;( Continued! lfi.nmm •Registers, car fare ~.. Registers, cash .....„.....' Rice cleaning and polishing Roofing and roofing materials. (See also Tin- smithing, coppersmitbing. and ..sheet-iron working.) Rubber and elastic goods..., Rules, ivpry and wood ^ , Saddlery and harness.... ;....».. Safes and vaults Salt ;. .^rn^iv;:^... Sand andjemery imper and cloth. . Sausage. (See also Slaughtering.) Saws , Scales and balances .1?......a...;, Screws, machine.....'..:'.^^.';..1r.*.j!^.««... iJBcrews. wood..;...1::^:tJi***te.1?^?;:!S?ftr., ''3J?'' Sewing machine cases.. ,..., Sewing machine repairing , Sewing machines and attachments...... Shipbuilding iShirls. (See also Furnishing goods, men's.). Shoddy . Show cases...... Silk and silk goods...... Siiversmithing ..^'f:;;;;v..;^^.;.^vvii:^:l.....';.v: Silverware. (See also Plated _ and _britannia ■■ .ware.) • Slaughtering and meat packing, wholesale. (SeealsoLard, refined; Sausage.) '^Slaughtering, wholesale, not including meat packing. (See also Lard, refined ; Sausage.) Smelting and refining .;.... Soap and candles. (See also Grease and tal- low.) Soda water apparatus. «_«,«,»..>.«*««..».«,.. Sporting goods m.,,,..- Springs, steel, car and carriage .7:'......'::t7lt;.::i' Stamped ware. (See also Tinsmithing, cop- persmitbing, and sheel-irQn ^yorking.) Starch .Stationery good.s, not elsewhere specified Steam fittings and heating apparatus. (See also Foundry and machine shop products.) Steam packing Stencils and brands Stereotyping and electrotyping. (See also Type founding ) .Straw goods, not elsewhere specified. (See. 141 7 ' 6 32 2,140 139 16 200 9 249 95 76 (20 7 7 166 59 1,010 869 94 99 .472 . 24 .30 611 507 «0 .^578 12 il36 57 99 80 200 217 34 106 81 ^ToT 742 743 13.333 9,802 163 80,326 4,131 4,455 258 1,106 2,943 1,500 1.113 1,651 1,842 335 9,121 25,934 32.750 2,299 1,500 50,913 ' 314 ,2.806 40.409 7,537 1.765 9,305 993 2,199 1,892 7.075 3,121 4,790 11,779 418 499 1.475 64,074' 434.140 819.593 8.558.026 4.516,266 74.127 16,030.845 2,391.825 1,782,491 156,489 561.673 1,859,694 837.573 534,943 625,465 886,725 201 ,066 5,170,555 16,028,847 10.704.603 ^56.582 876,150 19,6S0,3ia 253.652, 1,618.42ft 23.491,101 5.350,479 1,122,353 4,951.648 728,121 881,970 1,174.770 3,092.872 1,189,017 2,268.409 7,594,395 229,174 845.377 l.C «?^ UOv88S Wky takeoff tfie faflff from the products of I he farm » ^ Hun. E. J. Hainer, Nebraska. EMPLOVMPNT. iContlnnM.j Arllcitt!!. Sugar nnd rnolnsjiej*. refining: -^ Surgical appliances. («ee also A rtitictal limbs.) Tarnnd lurpenline.-.j,,!: ,;. Tnxidern)y.„ti, ,.:.. ,......:... Teasels .,ii ...,*,.> Timber prorlucts not manufactured at mill Tinsmithing, coppersmilhing, and sheet-iron working. (See also Hoofing and rooting ma- terials; Stamped ware.) Tobacco, chewing, wmoking, and snutT Tobacco, cigars and cigaroites... Tobacco, stemming and rehandling Tools', not elsewhere specified. (See »\l80 Cut^ lery and edge tools; H.ardware.) Toys and games Trunks and valises. (See also Leather goods.). Type founding. (See also Stereotvning and electrotvping.) Typewriters and supplies Umbrellas and canes Upholstery materials. (See also Carpets and rugs, other than rag; Woolen goods; Worsted goods.) Varnish (Sec also Paints.).. Vault lights and ventilators. (See also Foun- dry and machine shop products.) Vinegar and cider Washing machines and clothes wringers Watch and clock materials. (See also Clock cases and materials.) Watch cases Watch, clock, and jewelry repairing:. (See also .Jewelry.) Watches.. Whalebone and rattan. (See also Baskets and rattan and willow ware.) Wheelbarrows.. Whips „ ^ „.,..., Wiudmilly Window shades „ Wire Wirework, including wire rope and cable. (See alRO Matlres.ses and spring beds.) Wood, preserving Wood, turned anil carved. (See also Lumber, planing mill products, includingsash. doors. ind blinds.) 142 393 155 670 63 1,606 7,002 395 10,956 292 462 139 395 435 152 694 163 32 45 4,502 19 9 26 81 77 182 24 569 4 872 7,529 912 15,315 J 55 72{ 46,142 38,442 31,267 98,156 6,504 7.095 3,440 6,785 2,172 1,7S5 6,863 3,479 1,851 205 3,388 1,2S9 563 3,869 8,647 6,675 79 620 1,087 1,295 2,399 7.804 7.917 95 8,430 2,815,275 549,318 2,933,491 102,237 21,584 11,353,608 21 .036,375 8,568.071 44.767,989 1,455,946 4,144,838 1,346.850 3,513,749 1,401,749 SI ,078,203 3,204,797 1,454,062 1,749.061 160.594 1,149,069 589,523 292,497 2,116,286 5,516,595 8,688,927 63,713 297,508 .544,522 691,583 1,437,771 4,183,802 3,983,209 42,009 4,226,923 The Democratic party has no foreign markets at its disposal. —Hon. J. T. McCleary, Alinnesota. EMPLOYMENT. (ContlntiedO Articles. Woodenware, not elsewhere specified Wool hats Woolen goods. (See also Carpets and ruf»s, other than rag ; Felt ^oods ; Gloves and mit- tens ; Hosiery and knit goods.) Worsted goods Zinc All other industries (a) ®« ©S «M>1 o^ oo .P. o-M o ^ fe 167 3,101 32 3,592 1,311 79,351 143 43,593 8 1,083 12 1,748 Sl,237,a34 1,363,944 28,478,931 15, 880, 183 653,096 622,080 a Industries in which less than three establishments are reported are grouped in order to avoid disclosing the operations of individual establishments. These estab- lishments are distributed as follows : fuel, artificial, 2 ; phonographs and grapho- nes, 2; racking hose, 1; rubber, vulcanized, 1; sugar and molasses, beet, 2; thread, linen, 2 ; tinfoil, 2. ENGLAND'S FREE-TRADE TAX. (See also, Great Britain.) England collects one hundred millions from customs under a free- trade tariff for revenue only. The campaign this fall is designed to bring our tariff to the English model — a free- trade tariff for revenue only. Great Britain has 2,220 customs ofiScials. Her custom-houses are scattered everywhere. On some imports Great Britain imposes a duty of 400 per cent., or 500 per cent.; on several a duty of 1,900 per cent. By a tax of 6 pence per pound on tea and 2 pence per pound on coffee, Great Britain wrests from the breakfast table of her people $22,000,000 an- nually. She has a tariff on chicory, cocoa, cocoa husks, chocolate, currants, figs, raisins, plums, prunes, chloral, chloroform, collodion, tobacco, snuff, soap, ether, cordials, alcohol, spirits, and other articles, which in 1886 yielded her a customs revenue of $99,086,435. Besides a free- trade tariff compels heavy direct taxation. While we collect our one hundred and eighteen millions from internal revenue taxes. Great Britain in 1886 by internal taxes collected by licenses to auctioneers, pawnbrokers, and peddlers, by stamps on bankers* notes, on bills of exchange and promissory notes, on checks, drafts, and receipts, on deeds and instruments, by a tax on dogs and guns, by a house duty, by a tax on marine and life insurance, by a land tax, a tax on legacies, by liquor taxes and licenses, by a tax on patent medicines, on property, and licenses on refreshment houses, by a tax on dealers and manufact- urers of tobacco and snuff, and by taxes on a hundred other vexatious items, from her people, the enormous sum of $291,573,490. 143 We have been doltig business in tliis country for tlie last thii-ty yeai's under tlie American sys- tem of i)r«»ieftioii. It matters very little ivhetlier it is tlie best system or not. The business of the country had adapted itself to it and the Nation has prospered as no nation ever prospered before. —Hon. Jno. Avery, Michigan. EUROPE, FINANCIAI. CONDITION 1894. The financial condition of the Continent of Europe at present offers motive for anxiety, the rapid increase of public debt causing a propor- tionate increase of taxation, while a succession of deficits in recent years in most countries would seem to indicate that all prudence in these mat- ters has been abandoned. We have only to compai'e the condition of Europe at the close of 1893 with what it was in 1885 to understand a good deal of the growing spirit of uneasiness observable on all sides, which is a prominent feature in the final decade of the nineteenth century. There has been since 1885 an increase of 21 per cent, in taxation and 17 per cent, in public debt, and if things go on in this manner we shall probably see some nations bankrupt before long. Not only has taxation reached its limit, biit the taxes that press in many countries most heavily on the working classes are out of proportion with the other public burthens. No clearer proof could be adduced of the reckless method of finances in the past nine years than the subjoined table of average annual income and expenditure ; and the correctness of the figures is borne out by a statement of the increase of debt in the several countries, according to ofiicial returns : Annual average, millions sterling. , ' . Debt increase. Revenue. Expenditure. Millions stg. France 128 138 89 Germany 145 165 183 Russia 90 105 132 Austria 80 88 73 Italy 60 63 30 Spain 32 34 17 Portugal 9 11 20 Other States 62 56 36 Total 596 660 580 About 60 per cent, of this increase of debt (or surplus expenditure) U accounted for by reproductive works, the outlay having been approxi- mately as follows : Millions sterling. State railways : 36 Telegraphs, etc 16 Armaments 228 Total 580 Since 1885 the Continental governments have built or purchased more than 16,000 miles of railway. It is undeniable that the construction of these railways has eminently served to develop the resources and indus- tries of the countries in question, but the net earnings of such lines (except in Germany) have rarely excecd(Hl 2i per cent. , and thus have fallen very li4 But this period of Industrial serrltnde will end ; and when it does end, in the election of a President who does notffet his financial policy from Wall street and his tariff policy from Engr- land, Montana will challenge the world in the in- dustrial rac*. —Hon. Ohas. 8. Hartman, Montana. EUROPE. (Coatinaed.) far short of the interest on the money borrowed to make them. Hen^e « constant disturbance in the finances. Military outlay has been another cause of a continuous deficit, and it would be impossible, without enter-^ ing into the field of politics, to discuss how far one or another Nation has been gr^ilty of extra vgance under this head. We have, however, no diffi- culty in ascertaining the cost. According to the budgets of the 16 Con- tinental States, the annual expenditure for armies and navies rose from £128,000,000 in 1884 to £146,000,000 in 1893, the average for the intermediate nine years having been £140,000,000, that is, £12,000,000 more than in 1884. In order to meet this increase of expenditure taxes have been aug- mented on all sides, the aggregate revenues of the said sixteen States showing as follows: 1886. 1893. Millions stg. Millions stff. Customs 73 87 Excise 126 161 Sundries 339 4U Total 537 649 Customs and excise fall heaviest on the working classes, because they are the least able to support taxation, and in many states of the Conti- nent excise comes in a most objectionable form. Suffice it to mention the sugar tax in France, which amonts to five francs per inhabitant ; the salt tax in Italy, which averages two francs per head ; and the sugar tax in Germany, of nearly two marks per head. The sum of customs and excise collectively in various countries has increased very remarkably since 1885, viz : Millions sterling. 1885. 1893. Increase. France 69 68 16 pr ct. Germany 18 80 67 ** Russia t 37 48 80 •* Austria 29 85 21 *• Italy 22 24 . « ♦• The above figures force us to conclude that the extra burthens cansed by the enormous military expenditure of late years fall in a great rneas* ure on the working classes of the Continent, and that any further increase of customs or excise might produce, not merely discontent, but revolu- tion. One-fourth of the public debt of Continental Europe is represesfced by State railways, and there is very little to show for the remainder- say 8,000,000,000 sterling— expended mostly in wars or armaments. This latter kind of expenditure may be termed unproductive, and the amount of money lost or wasted in this manner since 1885 has averaged 25,000,* 000 KterUng per »imu)i|. Sow lon^ is this to go op before bi^nkrupto/ Wben w« llfflit our torch by any inferior flam*.* tlien we descend to a lower altitude and make th« TTorld worse rather than better. —Hon. H. W. Blair, New Hampshir*. KUBOPE. (Contlnited.) overtakes one or other of the European nations ? What effect must such a crisis have on the trade of the world? Is it possible, in the present po- litical state of Europe, to devise any means for averting a general cata- clysm ? These are questions of far higher importance to 300,000,000 of the human race than the observation of the transit of Venus or the discovery of the North Pole. Nevertheless, there are unfortunately few thinking men in Europe who give themselves any concern with respect to a state of things more pregnant with widespread danger and confusion than any that has existed for a century.— Michael O. Mulhall, in the North Amer- can Review for June. EUROPEAN SIIiVER COTJIiD NOT BE BUMPED INTO OUR MINTS WITH PROFIT TO FOREIGN OWNERS. The silver of Europe is coined at a ratio of 15i tol, whereas American coinage is at the rate of 16 to 1, and as the bulk of European silver has been in use many years, it has'proba- bly lost 3 per cent, by abrasion. Here is a dead loss of 6 per cent, on every dollar's worth of European silver to be "dumped" on this country, to which must be added freight and insurance. But this is not all. The European coins could not be offered to our mints. The one-tenth alloy vrhich they contain would have to be extracted— a loss of 10 per cent.— and the extraction would cost another 5 per cent., making a loss and cost of not less than 22 cents before the "dump", reached our mints, the total loss on every dollar's worth of European silver brought over here being not less than 32 cents. To put it in another shape, foreign speculators, in order to "dump" European silver on our mints would be compelled to sell for 68 cents the silver that cost them a dollar in gold. An ounce of coined silver in India is equal to $1.37 in gold, so that a dollar there would contain but 348.33 grains of pure silver, against 359.91 in Europe and 371.25 here. Hence, to send the silver of India here, a loss of nearly 8 cents an ounce would be incurred. Note the following : ♦ This relation may be shown in tabular form as follows : 371i grains silver, ratio 16 tol $1.000(yjgold 371i grains silver, ratio 15i to 1 1.0315^old 371i grains silver, ratio 15 tol 1.0660 gold Or in the following form : 1 oz. silver, ratio 16 to 1, worth in gold $1,2929 1 oz. silver, ratio I5i to 1, worth in gold 1.3337 1 oz. silver, ratio 15 to 1, worth in gold «... 1.3781 Or again : Onr silver unit, 371.25 grains $1.00 in gold Unit of France, 359.90 grains 1.00 in gold Rupee of India, 348.30 grains 1.00 in 'gold EXPORTS. (See Balance of Trade.) 146 T hay* said 'Miclilisau is rlcli in afirrlcoltural produots. Her manufactories, her minins: Indus- &les> her miUii,:aud her s^'eat lumber camps afford » ready market for the more perishable prodactj^i of Hbm farm. —Hon. Jno. Avery, Mioliisan. FACTORY SYSTEM, (See Manufactures and Employment.) FAILURES IN BUSINESS FROM 1885 TO 1893. From Reports of U. S. Treasury. Year. No. Failures. Ldabilities. 1885 10,637 9,834 9,634 10,679 10,882 10,907 12,273 10,344 15,242 124,220,321 1886 114,644,125 1887 167,561,030 123,829,973 1888. 1889 148,784,337 1890 189,856,964 1891 189,868,638 114,044,167 1892 1893. 346,749,889 FARMS. Total number of farms in 1890 An increase of. Or 13.86 per cent Value, Including fences and buildings in 1890 ' Showing an increase in valuation since 1880, of 30.23 per cent. Value of farm implements and machinery in 1890 Showing an increase since 1880, of 21.58 per cent. Value of live stock on hand June 1, 1890 Showing an increase since 1880, of 47.21 per cent. Value of farm products in 1889 Showing an increase since 1880, of 11.19 per cent. Horses on farms in 1890, numbereid An increase over 1880, of 44.53 per cent. Swine Or an increase over 1880, of 20.40 per cent. OATTIiS. Working Oxen » Milch Cows Other C»ttl© * Total on farms June 1, 1890. Gattl« on ranges June 1, 1890. Totftl Cftttl* on farm« sAd ranges.. 4,564,641 555,734 $13,279,252,649 ^94,247,467 $2,208,767,573 $2,460,107,454 14,969,467 67,409,583 1,117,494 16,511,950 33,734,128 51,363,572 6,285,220 67,648,792 w I am not here to despnule the currency ; btit, while that is true, I am not here to obey the com- mand of the extreme people who want sold and sold alone for currency. —Hon. Joseph G. Cannon, IllinolB. FARMS. (Oontinned.) MILK. Gallons, June 1, 1890 5,209,125,567 Or, an equivalent of 315.48 gallons per milch cow, and 83.18 gallons per capita of population. BUTTBB. Pounds 1.024,223,468 SHEEP. Exclusive of spring lambs, June 1, 1890 35,935,364 Number of fleeces shorn in fall of 1889, and spring of 1890... 32,126,868 Average pounds per fleece - 6.15 FARM IMPLEMENTS. (See A§:ricultural Implements.) FARM LABOR. (See Labor and Farm Values.) FARM MORTGAGES. (See Mortg:a§:es.) FARM PRICES. (See Farm Values, also, Prices.) FARM VALUES. Th« products of the American farm have declined in value, but the changes noted in thirty years do not show an unfavorable condition against the farmer when values of articles of essential house- hold use which the farmer must purchase are compared with what he sells. In the following tables, nineteen years* prices are shown. Of ten leading articles which the farmer sells, for nineteen years from 1873 to 1891, inclusive, there was a shrinkage of a general average of 13 per cent., while of the articles which the farmer buys, for the same period, it is shown in the second table, by ten leading articles, that there was an average reduction or decrease of price of 26 plus per cent., the additional table, of ten articles, showing a reduction of 31 plus per cent. ; or of the twenty articles enumerated in the two tables, of that which the farmer buys, there is an average reduction for the nineteen years of 55 plus per cent.; while there is but 13 percent, of a reduction of that which he sells. Attention is called in these tables to the years 1886, 1887, 1888 and 1889, which were the years covered by the period of Grover Cleveland's first term. Some comparisons for these years may be instructive to the reader. The prices which have prevailed since the last National Hlection, are shown in another chapter. I4B "What answer can be made tc the intelligent farmers of Wisconsin wlio find that their potatoes are protected from tlie vegretable-groAvers of Cana- da by a duty of 20 per cent., -while the toothsome peanut of the Old Dominion is sheltered by a pro- tection of 73 per cent., and avIio ask if this favorit- ism is not a fairly good example of class legisla- tion. —Hon. Geo. B. Sha\r, Wisconsin. JTABMS. (Continued.) 4£tTIClJKS THAT FARMERS SEJLI.. TABLE 1. Years. '6 1 1 i O > u ft a © m u o ft Q ft 1873 Ots. 11.6 10.5 10.8 10.7 11.6 10.2 8.5 9.0 9.2 9.7 9.2 7.1 6.4 6.7 6.0 6.3 7.6 7.0 5.7 Cfs. 4.90 3.99 3.42 2.98 2.57 2.31 2.69 3.68 3.09 3.47 3.06 2.39 2.33 2.27 2. 30 2.03 2.00 2. 00 1.86 $86.00 67.00 60.00 52.00 45.00 44.00 51.00 60.00 58.00 61.00 .50. 00 44. 00 40.00 43.00 49.00 44.00 43. 00 45.00 42.00 $120. 50 94.25 68. 75 59. 25 45. 50 42.25 48.25 67.50 61.13 48.50 37. 75 30. 75 28.50 34.50 37.08 29.83 29.25 31. 75 29.92 Cts. 18 20 18 17 20 17 14 15 13 10 8 11 9 9 15 15 16 19 16 Gts. 95 100 60 55 55 45 40 40 35 35 33 33 33 33 28 23 23 25 25 Cts. 13.31 11.42 10.41 8.85 8.46 7.80 7.97 8.51 8.61 8.45 8.32 7.28 6.75 6.75 7. 15 7. 2!5 7. 0.) 7.00 6.83 Ots. 14. 13 11.75 11. 12 8.71 8.46 7.65 7.67 8.51 8.06 8.25 7.11 6.86 6.36 6.25 6.58 6.75 6. 75 6.75 6.41 Ots. 19.41 18.04 15.12 13.58 12.46 11.00 11.62 12.74 12.74 12.95 12.93 10.46 10. 37 10.65 10.88 10.94 10.50 10.90 10.64 Ots. 11. 37 1874 9. 75 1875 8. 71 1876 7. 00 1877 6 77 1878..... 6 09 1879.., 6. 25 1880 7. 41 1881 7.00 1882 6. 60 1883 6. 00 1884 6. 00 1885 imi 6. 00 6. 00 1887 6. 00 1888 6. 50 1889 6. 50 1890.... 6. 00 1891 6.00 Aver age decrease... ::, 62 51. 75 11 1 73 48 55 45 47 Average reduction in ten farm products, 26.1. 160 The blending of onr rosotirces, iiidastrles and products is the secret of the .great prosperity we nave enjoyed in tlie past. —Senator Qeo. I.. Shoup, Idaho. FARMS. (Continued.) TABtE NO. 3. 'd tj ^ 2 d S u CD . c3 u a Pi o ^ O • >. fl ^\ ■ZR k. tD '^ o Years. 1 ■3 O V O u o g S '3 % I 1 1 o 'd 1—1 Si c3 1 ft® -a 1 P-i o* O s U O Q p; ^ Cts. ats. Cts. as. Cts. Cf,s. 1873 6.69 5.57 5.33 4.10 4,38 3.44 3.93 4.51 3.05 3.76 3.60 3.36 3.12 3.31 3. 33 3.81 $2.65 2.50 2.25 2.00 3.00 3.50 3.60 3.00 2.00 2.45 1.80 1.43 .83 .70 .53 .49 85 80 70 65 50 45 40 40 35 35 35 33 30 28 28 27 $3.40 2.97 3.18 3.08 2.97 2.42 2.42 2.42 2.12 2. 12 2.29 2.16 1.91 2. (M 1.70 1.76 $1.41 1.25 1. 12 1.00 .91 .87 .83 .83 .83 .79 .79 .75 .70 .70 .66 13 11 10 10 8 8 8 9 8 9 8 7 6 7 6 $1.14 1.02 .92 .82 .81 .75 .67 .85 . 75 .78 .74 .66 .58 ,dS .60 .53 19 20 17 14 14 12 12 14 14 17 16 15 14 14 15 15 69 71 70 65 54 40 36 53 43 50 52 50 45 44 40 38 2. 00 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879- 188Qr 1. 26 1881 1. 25 1882 1. 23 1883 1. 22 1884 1. 12 1885 1. 04 1886 1. 04 1887 1. 03 1888 0.97 18S1) 3.81 .38 20 1.70 .66 6 .52 13 39 0. 97 1890 3.34 .35 26 1.70 .04 6 .48 10 40 0. 93 1891 2.95 .30 25 1.70 .62 6 .50 9 32 0. 92 Average de- crease 56 89 70 50 66 54 56 62 53 54 Average reduction, 31 per cent. Average reduction in twenty articles which the farmer buys, 65.4 per cent. 151 We uphold a system of tariff protectlou be- cause we believe it is one important method of defending: the standards of living in the United States from a fatal and degrading competition. —Senator Henry Cabot liodge* Massachusetts. FARM VALUES. HI6U£R PRICES FOR FARM PRODUCTS. The gross incomes of the farm. era of the United States are indicated in the following tables, being divi- ded into four groups, by which a comparison is made of the States having diversity of occupations with purely agricultural States. These tables are from the " Farm and Factory," by J, i2, Dodge. SUMMARY. Table No. 1 shows the value per capita to be ^7, and the per cent, in agricultural 18. Table No. 2 shows the value per capita to be $394 and the per cent, in agricultural 42. Table No. 3 shows the value per capita to be $261 and the per cent, in agricultural to be 58. Table No. 4 shows the value per capita to be $160 and the per cent, in agricultural 77. The significance of these tables is at once apparent, as it is seen at a glance that one man earns about three times more by reason of the mar- kets which are known to be the result of industrial employment. One million of men in Massachusetts and Pennsylvania, as shown in table No. 1, get for their farm produce $160,000,000 more than two million farm- ers as shown in table No, 4. Here is the direct proof that the factory aids the farm. Where eighteen per cent, of the people are engaged in agri- culture, and eighty-two per cent, engaged in other jjursuits, as shown in table No. 1, the annual earnings or value of their products amount to $457 per annum. A careful study of the following table, which should be com- pared with table No. 4, will give a good idea of the conditions existing between purely agricultural and manufacturing districts. 1^ Tiie plain issue tvliich we aro to meet la Indireiit versxis direct taxation. -Senator J[>avid B. Hill, New York. FARM VAI.UKS* (Continued.) In the foregoing table California, with 79 per cent, of the people en- gaged outside of agriculture, shows the largest possible income. This is accounted for in part by her fruit, which finds a general market througli- out the United States. Maryland and Virginia, geographically divided by the Potomac, may be profitably compared in tables Ko. 1 and No. 3. Maryland, with cities and villages busy with industries other than agri- culture, nearly doubles agricultural Virginia in the annual returns of her farms. TABLE NO. «. States. Persons in all occu- pations. Persons In agricul- ture. Percent, in agri- culture. Value of product in agriculture. Value per capita. New Hampshire Delaware 142,468 54,580 40, 822 231, 993 40, 055 994, 475 67, 343 30, 122 569, 204 [)99, 780 417, 455 118, 584 57, 844 44,490 17, 849 14, 139 82, 130 14, 550 397, 495 27,001 12, 781 240, 319 4J6, 371 105, 901 55, 251 28, 508 31 33 35 35 36 40 40 42 42 44 47 47 49 ?13, 474, 330 6, 320, 345 1, 897, 974 21, 945, 489 3, 337, 410 15G, 777, 152 13, 2:^4, 548 4, 212, 750 91, 159, 858 203, 980, 137 72, 779, 49i) 22, 082, 656 5, 648, 814 0303 354 New Mexico 134 267 Utah, 229 Ohio 394 Oregon 489 Washington Michigan 330 379 Illinois 467 Wisconsin 372 Vermont 400 Dakota 198 Total 3, 704, 725 1,666,875 42 ^16, 850, 959 f394 Our people are so Interdependent in their oC- cnpationg, "wliether a» laborers in field or factory, as merchants or manufacturers, as ti'ansporters of products or clerks or otherwise ; that we have hith- erto believed otir true national policy to be to aid in keepinsr every man within the borders of our Re- public uninterruptedly occupied. —Senator Wm. B. Allison, lovra. FARM VAI.UES. (Continued.) In this table the factory system of New England, stimulated by the markets of New York and Boston, brings the farm and the home market very close together, as illustrated in the case of Vermont, where forty- seven per cent, of the people are engaged in agriculture with an annual return of four hundred dollars each, but otherwise, the principles under- lying the whole system are true. TABIJ33 NO. 3. States. Persons in all occu- pations. Persons in agricul- ture. Per cent, in agri- culture. Value of ! products in agriculture. Value per capita. Virginia 494, 240 692, 959 255, 125 635, 080 863,228 528, 302 152, 614 176, 199 519,854 91, 536 322, 285 447, 970 522, 133 254, 099 355, 297 131, 535 331, 240 205,306 303, 557 90, 507 107, 578 320, 571 58, 731 206, 080 294, 153 359, 317 51 51 52 62 57 57 59 61 62 64 64 66 69 ^5, 726, 221 95, 912, 660 49, 468, 951 114, 707, 082 42, 883, 522 136, 103, 473 31, 708, 914 19, 360, 049 63, 850, 155 7, 439, 392 52, 240, 361 62, 076, 311 65, 204, 329 $180 Missouri 270 Minnesota 370 Indiana 346 Louisiana Iowa 209 448 Nebraska 350 West Virginia Kentucky 180 199 Florida 126 Kansas 253 Tennessee 211 Texas 181 Total 5, 201, 525 8, 017, 971 68 1786, 681, 420 $261 In this, the third table, it will be noticed that two-thirds of the people are dependent directly upon agriculture, and as a result the average in- come drops to $261 per annum. The great States of Iowa, Minnesota and Nebraska lead in the value per capita of products. Here may be found the greatest agricultural de- velopment by reason of soil, climate and enterprise. This group with three millions engaged in agriculture, produced a value of seven hun- dred and eighty-six million dollars ; while in table No. 2 it is shown that one million and a half engaged in agriculture produced nearly as much, being six hundred and sixteen million dollars. These States are gradu- ally gaining in factory enterprise. Indiana, perhaps, taking the lead. 164 The grreat trusts are guarded by the provisions of this law, bnt there is notliing: to show that the farmer, the workingriuaii <>i- the maniilnciiirer have been heard oi* regarded iu its schedules. —Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, Massachusetts. LBM VAIiUES. (Continued.) TABI.E NO. 4. \ \ States. Pel rtons in all occu- pations. Persons in agricul- ture. Percent, in agri- culture. Value of products in agriculture. Value per capita. Georgia .^, 697, 862 480, 187 392,102 492,790 415, 506 260, 692 432, 204 360, 937 2M, 602 380, 630 339, 938 216, 655 72 75 75 77 82 83 $67, 028, 929 51, 729, 611 41, 108, 112 56, 872, 994 63, 701, 844 43, 796, 261 $156 North Carolina South Carolina. ... Alabama Mississippi 143 140 149 187 Arkansas 202 Total 2, 639, 139 2,024,966 77 $324, 237, 751 $160 Here is found a group of States in which an average of seventy-seven per cent, of the people are engaged in aericulture. South Carolina stands at the bottom in the list of earnings, with one hundred and forty dollars as the per capita income of those engaged in agriculture in the State. No better argument is to be found in all the history of the past or in present results. This vast territorial section, covered by Georgia, Ala- bama, Mississippi and the Carolinas, equals if not surpasses any like area of territory on the Western continent in fertility, climate and the natural resources incident to easy transportation and communication one with the other. Georgia ought to be the leading State in wealth of the United States to-day, considering age, opportunity, climate, soil and loca- tion ; but she stands almost at the foot of the listr— her agricultural people earning but $155 annually. The foregoing tables and the criticisms thereon give to the observing student a further and better opportunity to understand why tariff reform, as perfected in the Wilson Bill in the present Congress is a sectional, Southern product in character very much like the States in industrial development, whose narrow-minded Representatives were its framers and advocates. FARMERS, HOW BENEFITED BY PROTECTION. We start first with the proposition that each farmer must pay his share of the National expense in some kind of taxes. Take a family with an annual income ranging from three to four hundred dollars per annum. By comparison of one hundred and ninety-five occupations, the annual wages in England as compared with the United States are Ibund to be |309 in England and in the United States $597, showing a difference in fa- vor of American labor of $288 annually. The average daily wages of or- dinary labor in the United States are'$1.32 per day against an average in England of only 60 cents per day. Ifi The new tariff Is bad in construction, bad In purpose, and bad in its assaults upon the onward march of the industrial energy and prosperity of this nxigrhty Kepublic. —Senator Jacob Gallingrer, New Hampshire. FARMERS. (Continued.) An American family expends annually for clothing, $58.50 i for food, ^182.36 ; for sundries or all other articles outside of rent, light, and fuel, $73.08. Upon these articles the duty levied according to tha Democratic theory is on clothing, 66 per cent, equal to $22.49 ; for food, 23 per cent, equal to $34.10; for sundries, 27 percent, equal to $15.54, or a total tax of §72.13. It is reasonable to suppose that the farmer can not expend anything like the same amount the mechanic expends for the maintenance of his family. In all articles except that of clothing it would not equal half. Therefore it is reasonable to say that the farmers outlay annually as a tax, according to the Democratic theory, would not exceed $50, all of which we deny as being true either in theory or practice, but give these ligures for the sake of the argument. Now, to offset this tariff tax of $72.13 of the mechanic, or the probable reduced amount of the farmer of $50, we have accumulated profits or benefits upon the agricultural products which the farmer produces. The average farmer in Northern New York is benefited as follows : Wheat, 29 bushels to the farm, 1893: Rate of duty 25 cents per bushel present law, increased value by reason of tariff. $7.25 Oats, 125 bushels to the farm, 1893 : Rate of duty 15 cents per bushel present law, increased value by reason of tariff. 18.75 Corn, 63 bushels to the farm, 1893 : Rate of duty 15 cents per bushel present law, increased value by reason of tariff. 9.45 Rye, 14 bushels to the farm, 1893: Rate of duty 10 cents per bushel present law, increased value by reason of tariff. 1.43 Barley, 23 bushels to the farm, 1893 : Rate of duty 30 cents per bushel present law, increased value by reason of tariff. 6.40 Hay, 30 tons to the farm, 1893 : Rate of duty $4 per ton present law, increased value by reason of tariff. 120.00 l^otatoes, 107 bushels to the farm, 1893: Rate of duty 25 cents per bushel present law, increased value by reason of tariff. 26.75 Buckwheat, 17 bushels to the farm, 1893 : Rate of duty 15 cents per bushel present law, increaseKi value by reason of tariff. 2.55 Eggs, 207 dozen to the farm, 18f8 : Rate of duty 5 cents per dozen present law, increased value by reason of tariff. 10.36 Total «. $196.13 The foregoing result shows the advantage of the present tariff as af- fected by nine articles of the product of the farm. We leave out all live stock, fruit, garden farming, poultry, butter, and dairy products, which, if thrown into the calculation, would at least double the benefit which tlie present tariff law guarantees to the agricultural classes. The result as shown by comparing the cost in taxes, which is $50, with tlie benefits in tariff, $196.13, leaves a balance in favor of the farmer of $146.13. The Wilson bill proposes the sweeping away of this $146.13, leaving^ the farmer to bear his share of the national burden for the support of the Gtov- emment as surely as if the present tariff law yrfre to remain in force. m It li»§ fteen the policy of the OoT«niment tm «o11eotthe principal part of its revenues by m tax ^non Ixoports : and no change in this policy Is de- SSLbliir^ «r.jPre«ident CleTeland, in XS99. IPAMIERS, and the new democratic tariff. Considering that we are told by the Democrats that " of the staple agri- ^nlturaiproducts, including meats and provisions, we are such large ex- porters, and must continue to be such large exporters, that any duties kipon themare useless for protection, and fruitless for revenue, and gen- erally can beimposed only for the purpose of deluding the less intelligent of our farmery" etc., it will be difficult to explain, upon what principle the duty on hort»es, which last year yielded a revenue of about $400,000 upon an importa^on amounting in value to one and a quarter millions, is reduced more thtku one-third. Is there less moral turpitude in 20 than in 32 per cent, of deceit? Or does it proceed from a fear that by saving to the Northwestern farmer annually two or three million dollars paid for Canadian horses, the farmer will become a robber baron ? Why is the duty on barley, whicBi last year brought over half a million in revenue, reduced from 64.68 to 20 per cent? Upon what principle is one-half of the ^00,000 collected on cheese last year remitted by a reduction of one-half the present duty? liast year imported beans paid into the national Treasury nearly half a million ; this bill reduces the duty more than half. The duty on hay, hops, honey, and onions last year swelled the Gov- ernment receipts by nearly a million and a quarter, every dollar of which was paid by foreign producers, yet this is reduced by nearly one-half. The " tax " on imported potatoes brought to the Government Treasury last year over a million, at the rate of 51.96 ; yet three-fifths of this is abandoned for the benefit of the foreign producer by a reduction to 20.78. The Government, however, is allowed to recoup for these remissions by a duty of 83.89 on rice and 72.86 per cent, on peanuts. This will, however, Jiardly compensate the Treasury, or content the Northwestern farmer, when it is considered that almost $400,000 was last year collected on im- ported eggs, at 6 cents per dozen, which this bill abandons, and that the American hen must adjust herself to the system of cheap production and competition with foreign labor. FINANCIAL DISASTER. (See Panic.) FINANCIAL DISASTER, was it caused by the sherman siir- VER liAW ? ' The shrinkage in bank clearings for the two months pre- ceding the repeal of the purchasing clause of the Sher- man act was 82,634,599,247 The falling off for the two months immediately following such repeal was 3,339,684,035 Or greater than the shrinkage of the two months imme- diately preceding the repeal by 705,084,788 ?rhe shrinkage in the month of September, 1893, before the repeal act was passed, was 1,467,649,673 giiat of December following the repeal in October was 1,047,606,663 Zn the months of January and February, 1894, according to firadstreet, the shrinkage in business, as indicated by the Tolmoe of bftnk clearings, jreaohed the •nonoous ram mt s»tW7,>lt,4i4 The same force which has created ereat ii»- tions has created civilization, and srreat nations are the denial of the let-alone theory. —Senator Henry Cabot I^odse, Massachusetts. HNB BARS. Gold or silrer bars remltins: from the operations of parting a^^d refin- ing. Bars containing 99 per cent, of pure metal are generally e>nBidered as fine bars. FINENESS OF METAI<. A term indicating the proportion of pure metal contai^ied in a piece of gold or silver. Fineness is expressed im thousandtis ; that is, pure metal is 1000 fine. United States coin is nine hundred one-thousandths fine, or, decimally, .900 fine. Fineness is estimated by jewelers and workers in the precious metals by " carats," pure metal being 24 carats. Thus, 22 carats, the British standard for gold coin^iJ, is 22-24 or decimally, .9161 fine. FLORIDA. Area, 69,268 square miles. First State Constitution formed January 11, 1839, by Act of Congress, admitted as a State, March 3, 1845. Legislature composed of 32 Senators, 92 Representatives. Meets bien- niaUy, April 2, 1895. State elections, biennially, Tuesday after first Monday in Nov., 1897. Senator Samuel Pascoe, (dem.) term expires Mar. 3, 1899. Senator Wilkinson Call, (dem.) term expires Mar. 3, 1897. CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICTS. 1st. Population, 188,630. Vote 1892: Dem., 16,113— No opposition. 2nd. Population, 202,792. Vote 1892 : Dem., 14,668 ; Pop., 4,641. FOREIGN COINS, VALUE OF. The law requires that the value of foregin coins as expressed in the money of account of the United States shall be that of the pure metal of such coin of standard value ; and the values of the standard coins in circulation of the various nations of the world shall be estimated quarterly by the Director of the Mint, and be proclaimed by the Secretary of the Treasury immediately after the passage of this act and thereafter quarterly on the 1st day of January, April, July, and October in each year. FOREIGN LABOR. (See Labor.j FOREIGN MARKETS. (See also. Markets of the Worl(L|) FOREIGN MARKET, TRANSPORTATION WASTE OF FORCE. All unnecessary transportation is a waste of energy, and our develop- ment ought to tend in the direction of reducing it to the minimum. The importance of supplying our own necessaries of life all must acknowl- edge. With our vast area, offering every variety of soil and climate, every dollar expended in the development of our latent possibilities raises the wall of defense against possible foreign foes, and largely serFM IUm pu^p^M of rn^jaX muL wUitary expeadituiMk m If the laboring olass are to perish, perish, I •«jr, the whole Nation. , „ « , . ^ ^ -Senator J. N. Dolph, Orcswt ^VOBBION MASKBTS. (Contlam«i.) Transportation only consumes, it does not or«at«. It is m tax on eTSii aitiole carried, and should be avoided as far as possible, and the forces noy going into its wasteful service released for more profitable and pro ductlve labor, or at least not increased unnecessarily. This can only be done >iy encouraging the building up of home markets. As we are legis- lating Ur tills country and not for any other, the first step is to relieve our peop)!9 from dependence upon the foreign market. Every bushel of wheat conmimed here is a bushel less added to the foreign surplus, and every acre oS land taken from wheat-growing and applied to other pur- poses means so much less wheat for an already overloaded foreign mar- ket. We largely control the grain prices in Liverpool by the quantities we send there. Wheat bears transportation better than any other cereal, having the greatest value proportioned to its weight; and still, at present prices, wheat 300 miles or more W«st or Northwest of Gliicago pays one bushel out of every four to transportation companies between the place of its production and Liverpool. FRANCE. In France the standard is gold and silver, the monetary unit is the franc, the value in United States coin is $0.19.3. The coins are gold : 5, 10, 20, 60, and 100 francs. Silver : 5 francs. The ratio of gold to silver is 1 of gold to 15i of silver and 1 of gold to 14.38 of limited silver. FR£X: COINAGE DEFINED. Free coinage means coining all the bullion an individual may bring to the mints into full legal-tender money. FREE lilST. The free list is a collection of articles which were at one time on the dutiable list, but subsequently made free. FREE RAW MATERIAL. (See Raw Material.) FREE SUGAR. (See Sugar.) FREE TRADE DEFINED. Free trade does not deny the right to tax imports, but in such taxation it eliminates protection. England has a revenue of more than one hun- dred millions from this source, all laid upon articles not produced in Great Britain, and so it is wholly unprotective. The English theory and Democratic argument are one and the same. FREE TRADE AND STATES RIGHTS. Extract from speech of Senator Cnllom. There are two theories of States rights and free trade, closely akin as they are, gave birth to secession and nullification, and but for the prompt and patriotic action of Andrew Jackson the OT«rt aok of armed rebellion What (let me ask) Is the farmers' department of this Government doins: under its present head ? —Hon. J, W. Babcock, Wisconsin. UnEUSB TBABB ANI> STATES BIGHTS. (Continued.) South Carolina was the birthplace of free trade, and the nullification .ordinance of that Commonwealth, passed in November, 1832, was the first official enunciation of the theory reiterated sixty years later at Chicapo by a Democratic convention in 1892, that a protective tariff is unconsti-u- tional. The Democratic convention of 1892, a body composed largel/i as I have reason to believe, of conservative and moderate Democrats, pQOuld have consented to the incorporation into their platform of the gr^at cen- tral idea born of nullification in 1832, that protection is unconstitutional. It is lamentable, Mr. President, that such a monstrous doctrine should have found its way into the fundamental structure of a great political party. I do not pretend to assert that this was the trap Trhich it is said Mr. Cleveland believes was laid for him in the Chicago Democratic plat- form ; but certainly, except in the nullification ordinance of South Caro- lina in 1832, there can not bo found in the history of political parties, recent or remote, any such damning assertion as that incorporated into the Chicago Democratic platform, upon which Mr. Cleveland, with the Senator from Missouri, the Senator from Texas, the Senator from Mary- land, and the Senators from New York, is supposed to stand. Let me quote it verbatim and compare it with the nullification ordinance : CHICAGO PI.ATFORM. " We declare it to be a fundamental principle of the Democratic party that the Federal Government has no constitutional power to impose and collect tariflf duties, except for the purpose of revenue only." DISUNION, NUIXIFICATION ORDINANCE. " We, therefore, the people of the State of South Carolina in convention assembled, do declare and or- dain that the several acts imposing duties on imports (the tarifl"laws of 1828 and 1832) are unauthorized by the Constitution of the United States, and are null and void and no law." Thereupon, upon the lead of Mr. Calhoun, a rebellion was inaugurated, or attempted to be inaugurated, by undertaking to take South Carolina out of the Union. I am reminded by the honorable Senator from Ohio [Mr. Sherman] that the same principle was embodied in the constitution of the so-called Southern Confederacy. It was one of the stones of the comer upon which that government was attempted to be built. Mr. PiiATT. May I interrupt the Senator from Illinois ? Mr. CuLiiOM. Certainly. Mr. PiiATT. A very significant fact to be spoken of in this connection is that the words " tariflf reform " were first inaugurated by Governor Hayne when he made his proclamation in issuing the nullification ordi- nance. Mr. CuiiiiOM. I remember that that is true. This, with other ordinances, completely nuUifying the laws of Con- groMr was report io t)4« South Carolina nullifiofttion oonyentioii by m Democrats by theoretical Bpeculations about per cents and advalorems make believe that tbe poor have to bear the burden of tariff taxation. In tenth and practical fact it is not so. —Hon. M. N. Johnson, North Dakotft. ^FRIIB TBAIJZ. (Contlntied.) Gen. Hayne, ifovember 20, 1832, and adopted by a nearly nnanimous vote. The party in S(Wh Carolina which promoted and urged these proceed- ings adopted the n^ne of " The Free Trade and State Rights party." In July, 1832, Mr. Calh6«an, in a letter to citizens of Colleton, spoke of them by that name, and in ^is same letter he said : " In the short space of ^our years our doctrine has overspread our own State and is rapidly taking^ root beyond our limits." And so it was. \ It should be borne in mindHhat the letter of Mr. Calhoun was written when Calhoun was the Vice-President of the United States, and it shows clearly what I intimated earlier in these remarks that subsequent to 1828 Mr. Calhoun changed his views, and from the firm and solid ground of American protection he passed out upon the dangerous marsh of free trade. "Free-trade and State rights" was the motto of disunion, the excuse for secession, and although crushed out by Jackson in 1832, it sprang anew into disgraceful life in 1860, to be driven to the wall at untold cost of blood and treasure by Lincoln, and Grant, and Sherman, and Logan, and Palmer, I may say, and many other distinguished men. In 1892 the false creed again sprang into being and was adopted by the Democratic party only to be again driven from the political field as it Will be in 1894. A revenue tariff pure and simple, is a misnomer aad an impossibility. It is merely a half-way house between free-tradt «nd protection, a neu- tral ground where cowards may meet as under a truce to concoct unholy compromises and base compacts between sugar trusts and lead trusts and questionable "combines," to the injury of legitimate commercial and agricultural and manufacturing interests. Dignified and worthy Sena- :»ors console themselves with the idea that the compound of free-trade and State rights is vastly more palatable when it is labeled " tariff reform " than when it was called by its true and proper designation of nullifica- tion and disunion. That sturdy old Republican-Democrat Andrew Jackson, whose " by the Eternal " meant all that his full and expressive utterance could im- ply, built his everlasting fame upon the true support he always gave to the American system, and nowhere in our wonderful legacy of State papers are to be found any more touching or eloquent tributes to the beauty, simplicity, and value of the American Union than in the mes- sages, letters, and proclamations of Jackson. The closing words of his proclamation to the South Carolina discontents, geneially known as " Jackson's nullification proclamation," are to be classed in classic beauty beside the address of Abraham Lincoln at Gettysburg, I quote a few ^es: in ^er* ooold hare b«en read between the stars and bars, as they floated at the head of the Confed- erate forces, the words "slavery and free trade, "and between the stars and stripes upon the flasr of the Union, as it was borne by the boys in blme t* Tioto- tjp HSHkm words "liberty and protection." «-Hon. Joseph G. Cannon, yi Hf^^ P^Ua TBADB. ^Osmtlnnsd.) ** Fellow-citizong of th« United States, the threat of unhallowed dis- linion, the names of those once respected by whom it is uttered, the array pf military force to support it, denote the approach of a crisis in our Mffairs on which the continuance of our unexampled prosperity, our political existence, and perhaps that of all free governments may de- pend. « « • • • « * "Preserve the Union by all constitutional means, and if it be the will of Heaven that a* recurrence of the primeval curse on man for the shed- dins: of a brother's blood should fall upon our land, let it be not called down by any offensive act on the part of the United States." VRKB TRADE, WHY BNOIiAXD IS FOB IT, Engfland is a free- trade country, and why? Simply because she con- sumes only 37 per cent, of what she produces or manufactures, and is compelled to find a market for the remaining: 63 per cent, of all her pro- ducttfuus. In other words, when a British manufacturer makes three articles ht can sell only one of them at home, and is compelled to find a fortiin^ market for the other two ; otherwise his factory must close. ■ America consumes 93 per cent, of what she produces, and sends only 7 per cent, abroad. Therefore, if America should sell nothing abroad, only one man out of every twelve would be thrown out of employment. FB££ TRADE IS TAXING NON-COMPETING ITEMS. AJl free-trade nations, so called, lay tariff duties on imports, free-trade England raising almost $100,000,000 annually, and free-trade Norway and Sweden each about one- third of their revenues from that source. The dis- tinguishing feature of the free-trade or revenue-tarifi' policy is to lay duties on foreign goods without any reference whatever to the protection of domestic industries, but solely for revenue, and this, in contradis- tinction from a protective tariff, which, while it raises revenue, protects domestic products, is called free-trade. Hence a tariff for revenue only, a revenue tariff, and free-trade are equivalent terms. 4 ^,^i ^i^*' «-^- The «l«Tatlon and dignity of labor ihonld b» the principal cardinal doctrine of ©very patriotic Aiu«rian. —Senator Geo. C. Perkins, California. G GEORGH. Area 58,980 square miles. Included in the Carolina charter of 1663— chartersurrendered to the Crown in 1729— charter granted by George II, June 9, 175X— charter surrendered to the Crown, June 20, 1761— first State Constitution formed, February 6, 1777— ratified the Constitution of the United States, January 2, 1788. Legislature composed of 44 Senators, 175 Representatives. Meets bien- niaUy, (Oct. 23, 1894.) State elections, biennially, 1st Wednesday in Oct., 1894. Senator Patrick Walsh, (dem.) term expires Mar. 3, 1895. Senator John B. Gordon, (dem.) term expires Mar. 3, 1897. CONGRESSIONAIi DISTRICTS. 1st. Population, 168,809. Vote 1892: Dem., 12,447; Rep., 3,602. 2nd. Population, 180,300. Vote 1892: Dem., 11,517; Pop., 6,060. 3rd. Population, 159,658. Vote 1892: Dem., 11,574 ; Pop., 4,982. 4th. Population, 166,121. Vote 1892: Dem., 12,779; Pop., 7,145. 5th. Population, 165,638. Vote 1892: Dem., 9,732; Pop., 6,447. 6th. Population, 165,942. Vote 1892: Dem., 11,628; Pop., 6,387. 7th. Population, 179,259. Vote 1892 : Dem., 13,572 ; Pop., 7,037. 8th. Population, 170,801. Vote 1892: Dem., 11,133; Pop., 5,550. 9th. Population, 172,061. Vote 1892: Dem., 13,952; Pop., 9,481. 10th. Population, 160,759. Vote 1892 : Dem., 17,772 ; Pop., 12,333. 11th. Population, 155,948. Vote 1892: Dem., U^l; Pop., 6,882. GERMANY. In Germany the standard is gold ; the monetary unit is the mark ; the value in United States coin is $0.23.8 ; the coins are gold ; 5, 10 and 20 marks. The ratio of gold to silver is 1 of gold to 13.93 of limited tender silver. GLASS, 1890. Establishments. 294 Capital $40, 966, 850 Employes 45,987 Wages 122, 118, 522 Materials 12, 140, 985 Products 41, 051, 004 Average annual wages, $482.73 ; Imported in 1893, $7,943,961 ; Duty col- lected, $5,067,306. Duty reduced by new law from average ad valorem of 61.20 to 35.21. 163 . Nation Is trrlna: how It can get thm greatest proteotlon for its own indnstrles. — Hon. J. T. MoOlearjr, Minnesota. GOLD AND SILVER. (See . s. Coinage.) Coinage of nations of the world from 1799 to 189$. 'Oountries. TTnited States Great Britain France , Mexico Belgium Switzerland , Italy Germany Netherlands Scandinavian Union BuBsia Japan Chile Australasia India ^ustx-ia-Hungary. , l*brtujb*i ...„.., Greeot ^ Servia .'3..« Roum.^*^ Bulgaria ..^ , Argentine Republic Brazil Egypt .... Turkey Central American States Colombia Venezuela , Total Years. 1793-1892 1816-1891 1795-1891 1792-1891 1832-1891 1866-1891 1851-1891 1857-1891 1847-1891 1873-1891 1800-1891 1871-1891 1872-1888 1855-1891 1835-1891 1857-1891 1876-1891 1854-1891 1867-1885 1882-1885 1879-1884 1883-1885 1882-1888 1849-1891 1830-1891 1844-1891 1829-1877 1868-1891 1874-1891 Gold. $1,585, 1, 160, 1,689, 79, 115, 3, 92, 623, 31, 29, 965, 63, 65, 550, 11, 94, 192, 8, 2, 1, 302,060 960, 074 785,528 725,:t08 53S, 049 201,484 965,850 291,883 488,365 613, 967 411, 163 429, 611 927,408 418,328 710, 832 439, 473 677,344 185,138 316,000 930,000 734,365 26, 438, 817 6, 488, 301 13, 539, 113 143, 756, 546 2, 318, 381 3,053,464 660,500 $7, 664, 307, 452 Silver. $611, 151, 1,025, 1,733, 103, 6, 113, 277, 189, 11, 234, 111. 38, 1, 1, 575, 278, 154, 20. 6, 16, 2, 2, 11. 9, 42, 6, 358,811 925,944 314, 200 298,368 128,149 910, 027 250, 035 769, 824 719, 348 673,564 098,981 671, 255 306, 775 479, 416 343,309 687,921 580,160 813, 755 068,732 868,500 092,600 160, 120 710, 639 412,565 219, 605 333,102 373, 919 719, 179 495, 991 $6, 736, 784, 794 Treasury Department, Bureau of the Mint^ August 18, 189S. 164 tlie firiilgr oh fort Sumter ttniied the if orthcrti States in defense of the Union. The passagre of this bill in anything like its present form will again unite them in the protection of their industries. —Senator W. D. Washburn, Minnesota. GOLD AND SILVER, bars furnished for use in manufac- tures AND THE ARTS, IN 1893. Material. Gold. Silver. Total. Domestic bullion $10, 588, 703 787, 334 771, 686 4, 468, 685 $7, 204, 210 5, 152 1, 249, 801 647, 377 §17, 792, 913 United States coin 792, 486 Foreign bullion and coin.. 2, 021, 487 Old material 5, 116, 062 Total $16, 616, 408 $9, 106, 540 $25, 722, 948 GREAT BRITAIN. In Great Britain the standard is gold ; the monetary- unit is the pound sterling ; the value in United States coin is $4.86.6i ; the coins are gold : sovereign (pound sterling) and J sovereign. The ratio of gold to silver is 1 of gold to 14.28 of limited silver. GREECE. In Greece the standard is gold and silver ; the monetary unit is the drachma ; the value in United States coin is $0.19.3 ; the coins are gold : 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 drachmas ; silver : 5 drachmas. The ratio of gold to silver is 1 of gold, 15i of silver, or 1 of gold to 14.38 of limited silver. 166 You cannot reduce the laborer to a state of starvation and degrradation without also destroy- ing national prosperity. —Senator J. N. Dolph, Oreffon. H HAITI. In Haiti the standard is gold and silver ; the monetary unit is the gourde ; the value in United States money is $0.96.5 ; the coins are silver : gourde. The ratio of gold to silver is 1 of gold to 15i of silver. HAY. In 1870 the hay acreage in the United States was but 19,861,805 acres, yielding 24,525,000 tons of hay of the home value of $338,969,680; while in 1880 the acreage had increased to 25,863,955 acres, producing 31,925,23,3 tons of the home value of $371,811,084; while in 1893 the acreage had reached the enormous figure of 49,619,469 acres. The product was 65,766,- 158 tons of the home value of $570,882,872, or more than double the value of the cotton crop, which in 1888 was $292,139,209 ; $144,540,110 more than twice the value of the wheat crop in 1893, the latter being but $213,171,381 ; nearly fifteen times greater than the tobacco crop, which was but $39,155,- 442 in 1893, and moi-e than five times the value of the potato crop, which in 1893 was $108,661,801, and within a fraction of as much in value as the corn crop of 1893, which was $591,625,627. The tariff on foreign hay under the McKinley act was $4 per to n, and notwithstanding this rate of duty, we imported from Canada for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1893, 104,181 tons of the value of $962,221.51, on which we collected a duty of $416,724.86. The year ending June 30, 1890, prior to the passage of the McKinley act, we imported 124,544 tons of hay of the value of $1,143,445. The duty in the new law is $2 per ton. HAY. FARMERS' I.OSS FROM THE NEW TARIFF. If, as argued by Democrats, the whole amount of the tariflf rates on foreign products is added to the domestic products of like kind ; then whatever reduction the new tariff makes on foreign hay will be taken from the farmers' price of home products. The following table shows the loss to our farmers on hay alone on this hypothesis, namely $131,- 532,316. The only liberty worth havlns in this country is the equal liberty of all men alike. —Senator C K. Davis, Minnesota. HAY, 1893. Table showing the production of hay in 189S, the value thereof y and the constructive loss by reaso^i of reduction of duty under the new tariff law. States and Territories. Maine New Hampshire. Vermont Massachusetts .... Rhode Island Connecticut New York New Jersey Pennsylvania Deleware Maryland Virginia North Carolina.... South Carolina.... Georgia Florida Alabama Mississippi Louisiana Texas Arkansas Tennessee West Virginia .... Kentucky Ohio Michigan Indiana Illinois Wisconsin Minnesota Iowa Missouri Kansas Nebraska South Dakota North Dakota Montana Wyoming Colorado New Mexico Arizona Utah Nevada Idaho Washington , lOregon , California , Total . Tons. 129,486 672, 550 028,591 724, 555 71, 831 512, 522 298,208 526,840 178, 426 43,124 422,830 853,975 310, 769 255,075 214, 117 15, 626 114, 084 135,486 59, 780 470, 794 234,082 766, 276 682,825 882, 543 306, 772 869, 245 875, 572 273, 874 308, 859 791, 702 622, 58J) 651,246 374, 459 589,663 379, 992 553, 771 440,570 297, 483 945,755 82,880 63,383 305, 811 361, 576 518, 324 566,607 139, 178 842,446 66, 766, 158 w Value. $13, 700, 665 10, 491, 874 10, 933, 922 12, 556, 538 1, 407, 888 8, 909, 135 82, 688, 097 9, 182, 821 45, 769,.334 733, 108 6, 025, 328 11, 178, 533 3, 452, 644 2, 466, 575 2, 582, 251 308, 614 1, 282, 304 1, 302, 020 538,020 4, 519, 622 2, 193, 348 8, 245, 130 8, 706, 019 8, 966, 637 33, 233, 059 17, 122, 284 26, 340, 240 29, 000, 524 16, 023, 785 12, 758, 078 53, 115, 148. 25, 704, 772 20, 516, 213 12, 611, 659 5, 064, 571 2, 060, 028 3, 476, 097 2, 379, 864 6, 601, 370 704, 480 522, 910 1, 581,-043 3, 015, 760 2, 850, 782 5, 195, 786 9, 227, 342 22, 370, 050 Loss. $2, 258, 972 1, 345, 112 2, 057, 182 1, 449, 110 143, 662 1,025,044 14, 596, 416 1, 053, 680 6, 356, 852 86,248 845,660 1, 707, 950 621,538 610, 150 428,234 31,252 228,168 270, 972 119,560 941,598 469, 164 1, 532, 652 1, 365, 650 1, 765, 086 6, 613, 544 3, 738, 490 5, 751, 144 6, 647, 748 4, 617, 718 6, 583, 404 17, 2-15, 178 7, 3()-J, 492 8, 748. 918 6, ITi), 326 2, 759, y84 1, 107, 541 aSl, 140 694,966 1, 891, 510 165,760 126,766 611, 611 723, 152 1, 036, 648 1, 133, 214 2, 278, 356 5, 684, 892 670, 882, 872 131, 6S2, 316 L4Jt.l. » . l J I I | J Whatever the future industrial system of this \ country may be, the past system is a splendid mon- ument to that series of successful statesmen wlio found the country bankrupt and distracted, and left it first on the list ui nations. —Hon. Thos. B. Beed, Maine. HAWAII. HISTORICAL SKETCH. The natives of Hawaii are of the brown Poly- nesian race, and at the time they first became known to the whites, numbered about 400,000. But like all the weaker races in contact with the stronger they have been unable to resist the new diseases, vices and habits, and have now diminished to about 40,000. Few stories are more deeply interesting to the student than the history of this far-oflf diminutive island people and kingdom. Discovered by Capt. Cook in 1779, and visited three times by Vancouver before 1796, they were neglected by white men until the arrival of the first company of American missionaries in 1820, to be followed by another in 1823 and a third in 1828. Up to 1848 twelve companies of missionaries went from the United States. They found a people in the bonds of idolatry of a pagan priesthood and superstition enforced by the dreadful penalty of the "tabu," and yet sin- gularly ,open-minded and amenable to the influences of civilization. The chieftain class were distinctively superior to the common people as much in physique, courage, mental, and moral force as they were in rank. Their government and land tenures approximated to the feudal system. In the Kamehameha dynasty they were fortunate in a line of kings who possessed lofty qualities of both head and heart. Under their benign in- fluence and sway, Christianity was welcomed and adopted ; churches and schools took the place of idols and superstition ; the language was re- duced to writing, and the Bible translated. Before the end of 1824, 2,000 people had learned to read, and a popular system of schools spread rap- idly over the islands. The eagerness of the people to acquire the new and wonderful art of reading and writing was intense, and at length almost the whole population attended school. Not only did the natives accept Christianity and education, but the American influence upon their Government, upon its framework and conduct, from the outset was profound. As early as 1839 the King pro- mulgated a Declaration of Rights, which may be considered as the Mag- na Charta of Hawaiian freedom. When the commanders of French or British ships sought to get possession of the islands they found that th ey had to deal not merely with native rulers, but with skillful and accom- plished American or European diplomatists, backed by important ves- ted commercial interests. In 1839, when Capt. La Place, in command of a French frigate, exacted an idemnity of $20,000 as a guaranty of harsh and unreasonable demands with the hope that because of the inability of the King to procure the money he could seize the islands, the white juerohants promptly subscribed and deposited the sum. When in 1842, I am aware of tlie difficnltles^tliat will arise in this counti-y in reduciug wages to the level of Asi- atic wages and the wages of some of the countries of lilurope. —Senator W. M. Stewart^ ;^^eva^a. HAWAII. (Continued.) at the instigation of the British consul, Lord George Paulet, in command of a British frigate, compelled from Kamehameha III a deed of cession of the islands, his action was anticipated by the King, who had already sent a commissioner to tiie United States and to England, on whose rep- resentation and request, with the added interposition of the American Government, the British Government promptly repudiated the transac- tion, and with the French Government reciprocally agreed never to take possession of the islands. Notwithstanding this treaty, however, in 1849 Admiral de Tromelin, in command of a French frigate took military pos- ^ session of the fort, Government offices, custom-house, and other royal property ; their demands continuing to be harshly pressed, Kamehame- ha in 1851 made to the American consul in escrow a conditional procla- mation of the cession of the islands to the United States ; and thereafter and upon the urgency of the American Government, the French aban- doned their pressure. With this incident all active efforts of Great Brit- ain and France to dominate the islands ceased. Under American influence constitutional government was established in the islands by the adoption of a written constitution after the English analogy, containing the safeguards of Anglo-American liberty. In 1851 Mr. Severance, the American consul writes : " The popular representative body is for the most part composed of na- tives of the United States, and so is the executive part of the Government as well as the judiciary, at least in the high courts." In addition to all this, American commercial and property interests predominated from the outset. As early as 1842, the Hawaiian Commis- sion to obtain from the United States the recognitionof their sovereignty, stated to Mr. Webster, that annually not less than from five to seven mil- lions of American property, in from 90 to 100 American whalers and from twelve to fifteen merchant vessels, lay in Hawaiian harbors and road- steads receiving protection from the Hawaiian Government. Mr. Sever- ance in his dispatch of 1851 adds : "The American interest— missionai-y, mercantile, and otherwise— is altogether paramount. Three-fourths at least of the business done here is by Americans, and they already own much of the real estate." The earlier intimacy between the islands and the United States was of course greatly augmented by the annexation and development of Cali- fornia, Oregon, and our Pacific coast; until finally these growing influ- ences led to the reciprocity treaty of 1875— stUl subsisting— under which the Hawaiian Government became a part of the American commercial system and shared in the unlimited resources of the American market. In its o^vn comprehensive terms the treaty was made " to consolidate the commercial intercourse " of the two countries. And it had consolidated them, at the very hour when the infatuated Queen Liliuokalani was pro- posing to put her heel on the neck of every American on the islands, ^yeiy material interes.t of the islands was part and parcel of their idfig^ ifi9 1 do not know of any crime that the fanner has committed that he should foe deprived of protection and his liome market turned over to Canada and the other people of the earth. •—Senator B. F. Pettig^rew, South Dakota. HAWAII. (Continued.) tification with the United States and of the influences — moral, social, and political — for which her American subjects stood. HAWAII, A NEW DYNASTY, NOT HEREDITARY. The high chiefs, the Kamehamehas. were especially superior in quality and^character. Bom to rule, they were fit to rule. They were as ready to accept the aid of the white men in the conduct of their Government as they were to accept parliamentary Government and constitutional limi- tation upon their theretofore arbitrary power. No friction ensued be- tween them and their advisers ; while adventurers and hoodlums, bribery and corruption, had no place in their councils. But they became extinct, as did also the entire class of chiefs throughout the islands. With them, as the event has shown, expired the last possibility of successful native rule. Kalakaua and Liliuokalani not only were governed by but sym- pathized with whatever was base in the influences that surrounded them. Both abandoned the traditions of the Kamehamehas. Both sought arbi- trary power to escape wholesome restraints, and to enable them by the abuse of Government to secure revenues to which they were not entitled, and thus minister to the passions which dominated them. Neither prop- erty nor any other vital interest was safe at their hands. Force compelled Kalakaua to accept the restraints of the Constitution of 1887. He was called to the throne in 1874 by election and not by hereditary right, and both he and his sister proved to be totally different people from the royal dynasty whom they succeeded. On the 29th of January, 1891, Liluokalani was proclaimed Queen on the death of Kalakaua. She was neither an hereditary nor an absolute monarch, but chosen under and bound by the terms of a written Constitution, which slie was sworn to obey and main- tain. She had no more right to set it aside than has President Cleveland to set aside the Constitution of the United States. HAWAII, THE QUEEN'S ATTEMPTED RETOI^UTION. The first year and a half of her reign was uneventful, but the last six months were pregnant with events that affected the future. The Queen and her supporters were struggling to have ministers of her own choos- ing, rather than those acceptable to the majority of the Legislature, as required by the Constitution, so that during those six months there were five different cabinets. Three cabinets were voted out in the course of a few weeks. In two of them were Sam Parker and Paul Neumann. In the third was Comwell. These men, and their like, were those who were promoting the opium and lottery bills— the one to permit the opium traf- fic at the cost of the further demoralization of the native population ; the other to transfer to these islands the Louisiana octopus, which had been driven out of the United States, that from that coigne of vantage it might eat up the substance [of the islands and prey upon our people. From m The dogma that cupidity is a synonym for vir- tue will never fail to find ready converts auioug the beneficiaries. , —Senator Jno. P. Jones, Nevada. HAWAII. (Continued.) both, the Queen could gain a peiinanent revenue which would make her independent of the purse of the State controlled by the Legislature and enable her the more readily and easily to forge the fetters of absolutism upon the country. From both, the harpies, sharpers, and adventurers around her, who were guiding the movement, would fatten on the profits and corruption that would ensue. The Queen, with the aid of the unscrupulous supporters of the opium and lottery bills, had, by bribery, forced both measures through the Leg- islature, had voted out the conservative cabinet, and had appointed in their stead a new cabinet, made up of Parker, Comwell, Colbum, and Peterson. At noon on the 14th of January, 1893, the Queen prorogued the Legislature, thereby leaving this cabinet in power until the Legislature should again assemble at the end of nearly two years. At the same time she announced to her ministers her purpose to proclaim a new Constitu- tion. This proposed Constitution would overthrow constitutional and responsible government, and practically place the entire powers of the government, all power over the people and property of the islands, at the mercy of the Queen. It gave to the Crown the power to appoint the ministers without regard to any-^vote of the Legislature, to appoint the nobles, twenty-four in number, and one-half of the Legislature. It re- duced the qualification of voters and confined the right of sufirage to "subjects" only, thereby taking it away from those of American or European birth or descent who had it under the existing Constitution ; thus giving to the native Hawaiians control over the election of the rep- resentatives, and, with her power to appoint the nobles, making the Leg- islature the creature of her will. The Constitution could be changed by the majority vote of one Legis- lature and the two-thirds vote of the succeeding one, but sh#fettempted to change it by her own arbitrary edict in violation of her solemn oath. The only further authority she invoked was the acquiescence of her ministers. She demanded of them that they should sign the instrument and join with her in promulgating it. Small wonder that they refused, and, when with savage fury she insisted, surrounded by a crowd of hood- lums of hor own race, that they fled from her presence for their lives and unfolded the tale to the leaders of the reform party 'they had opposed, asking them to summon the people to their rescu.e. The Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate have well found in their report that Liliuokalani then and there ceased to reign. And it will remain a standing marvel to the people of this Republic as long as it en- dures, and the pitiful story of the subsequent course of President Cleve- land and Secretary Gresham lives to stain our records, how they could •ver have thought otherwise. 171 Can anyone now living tell wtien there has been snch want and suffering, even for the necessi- ties of life, as within the last nine months (1894)? — Hon. Henry M. Baker, New Hampshire. HAWAII, THE QUEEN DEPOSED AND A PROVISIONAL GOVERN MENT FORMED. When the Queen's ministers made known her revolutionary attempt, the greatest excitement prevailed, as the new* rapidly spread. There was no hesitation in the minds of the responsible citizens of Honolulu. A crisis had come, a final decision was to be made) between freedom and despotism, and the universal feeling Avas that the monarchy must go. The positive refusal of her ministers to join in pro- claiming her new constitution, their prompt appeal to the people to sus- tain them, and the universal and bitter denunciation of her course, alarmed the Queen, and she reluctantly receded from her course, but with positive assurance to her followers that she would carry out her purpose at the first opportunity. With this standing threat, with her broLcen oath, with her known cruel and obstinate nature, and with her profligate surround- ings, there was nothing for the people to do but to put her aside, and in the language of the Great Declaration "to institute a new Government, %ying its foundations on such principles, and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness." A meeting of leading citizens was held, a Committee of Pub- lic Safety appointed, and for forty-eight hours the matter was agitated. At 2 o'clock on Monday, the 16th, a public meeting was held, and the fate of the Queen decided. A Provisional Government was formed, which tlio next day took possession of the Government building, publicly pro- (daimed the deposition of the Queen, and thenceforth all the powers of the Government were in their hands. This Provisional Government was promptly recognized by all the foreign diplomatic representatives, except tlie English minister, which came later. HAWAII, THE PROPOSED ANNEXATION. The Provisional Government immediately appointed a Commission authorized to come to Washington and negotiate a Treaty for the annexation of the Islands to the United States. They came ; a treaty was agreed upon ; was sent to the Senate by President Harrison on February 15, 1893, referred to the Committee on Foreign Relations, and promptly returned with a favorable report. Mr. Cleveland was inaugurated on the 4th of March, and by the 7th of March he had withdrawn the Treaty and appointed James H. Blount as Commissioner to the Hawaiian Islands, to investigate and report the facts as to the condition of affairs in the Islands, created by the recent deposi- tion of the Queen, and the erection of a Provisional Government, the causes of the revolution, and the sentiment of the people toward existing authority. Mr. Blount reached the Islands on the 29th of March, and his last dis- patch, to the Secretary of State, being the final report of his mission, was dated at Honolulu, Julj, 17, 1893. This report, with tbe aooompftnyisg 3178 There is no permanent place In American pol- itics for a party that bases its claims for popular support on the failures and disappointments of the people.— Senator Nelson W. Aldrieh, Rhode IsUuid. fiAWAII. (Continued.) testimony and documents, was the basis of Secretary Gresham's letter to the President of October 18, which first announced to the country the startling change of policy meditated by the Administration. Let it be remembered that from the time Kamehamaha offered to cede the Islands to us in 1851, it has been well understood that upon failure of the Native Government, they would fall to us. Even before that he had pushed aside France and England when they had attempted to take pos- session of them, and refused to join with them in any agreement that we would not assent to. Not a word of protest or objection to this proposed annexation came from any quarter — England, France, Germany, or Japan— all of whom look with longing eyes to this " Paradise of the Pa- cific." Nor did it involve any possibility of war as did the annexation of Texas. HAWAII, MK. BI^OUNT'S MISSION. The President has power to send messengers to collect information in any emergency ; but he has no right to clothe them with diplomatic functions not provided for by law, and no right to give them authority over the Army or Navy in which they bear no commissions. His appoint- ment of Mr. Blount with such powers, while the Senate was in session, without its knowledge and consent, was a clear act of usurpation. As the obje9t of this mission was to find evidence to discredit the administra- tion of President Harrison and the Hawaiian Provisional Government, it was sought for principally among the disreputable supporters of the Queen. Nevertheless facts of the utmost consequence were too patent to be omitted. In his dispatch of April 26, he sent the President two docu- ments which fully disclose the kind of Government wanted by the Queen and her followers, and of which he says : •* I had supposed up to the appearance of this memorial that the real demand of the native was for a just proportion of power in the election of nobles by the reduction of the money qualification of an elector. This I had derived from interviews with some of the intelligent half-castes. This memorial indicates an opposition to the new Constitution, because it takes away from the Crown the right to appoint nobles and the right to appoint and remove cabinets at will. There is no aspiration in it for the advancement of the right of the masses to participate in the control of public affairs, but an eager, trustful devotion to the Crown as an abso- lute monarchy. I had wondered whether or not this race of people, which up to 1843 had no rights of property, and over whom the king and chiefs had absolute power of life and death, had fully cast off the old system and conceived the modem ideas in the United States of the control of the Qoyemment by equal participation by every citizen in the selection of its rulers. * * - * Taken in connection with the foregoing memorial 0/ U^9 {Hawaiian Political Association] it is etrongly suggeptiTe of blind Does any menxber of tbis House reineiub«r any time wben the auction bell and the sheriff's Tolce have been heard no xuuoh as within the last twelve Daonths(1894)? —Hon. Henry M. Baker, New Hampshire, HAWAII. (Continued.) devotioii to arbitrary power vested in the crown worn by a person of native blood. I have forwarded these two documents because they pre- sent a phase of thought which had not been so well defined in anything I had seen in publications relating to these islands. They seem to go very far in the matter of the capacity of these people for self-government." The objections to the Constitution of 1887, are thus stated in the memo- rial: " First. This Constitution deprived the Crown of Hawaiian Islands of ts ancient prerogatives, " Second. This Constitution based the principles of Government on the forms and spirit of republican governments. " Third. This constitution opens the way to a Republican Govemment. " Fourth. This Constitution has taken the sovereign power and vested it outside of the King sitting on the throne of the Hawaiian Kingdom. " Fifth. This Constitution has limited the franchise of the native Ha- waiians." It is not possible here to exhibit the testimony taken by Mr. Blount, but the above discloses the kind of ruler and government Mr. Cleveland proposed to restore. Mr. Blount, however, fully admits that the mass of the intelligence, moral virtue, and -wealth of the country was with the Provisional Government ; that it was fully and firmly established, and not to be peaceably dislodged ; and that the men who composed it were of the highest character and worth. All this Mr. Cleveland knew when he appointed Mr. Willis as Minister to this Government. HAWAII, MR. CliEVEIAND ATTEMPTS TO RESTORE THE QUEEN. On receiving Blount's report, Mr. Stevens was recalled and Mr. Willis was appointed American Minister. He was accredited to the Provisional Government, and bore a communication from President Cleveland to President Dole, who was addressed as " My great and good friend." Neither Congress nor the people had the slightest suspicions of the secret instructions he bore. On the 18th of December the President sent a message to Congress. In this he announced his intention to repair the wrong done to Queen Lili- uokalani by restoring her to the throne. The grounds upon which he adopted this policy and announced this purpose were that the force to which the Queen's Government yielded was that of the United States, and not any force possessed by the Committee of Safety and the revolution- ists. That the United States troops were landed not to protect American life and property, but to promote and secure the overthrow of the Queen's Government and the substitution of another, that would offer to the United States a treaty of annexation. That Minister Stevens, in having the troops landed and in his recognition of the Provisional Government, noted m b»d faith to tba Queen, as well as in groM violation of hi» duty m 8en»tors of the Democratlo party, pull down tbe American Rystem, which has stood so lone • Sillar of national pride and prosperity, the crea- on of a lonsr line of American statesmen, includ- ing those of your own party, as the Parisian con^- mnnists did th« Yendome column— openly, boi^^T* T. Dabo<«> Idaho. and all at|onc«« ^Senator V. HAWAO. (Continued.) to his own Government. And that good faith, the highest duty of a Republic, and a due regard for our national character required that we should endeavor to repair the wrong. But the President did not stop here. He had instructed Mr. Willis, his minister to the islands, to aid in overthrowing the Provisional Government and in restoring the Queen, upon the condition of pardon and clemency by her to her former sub- jects who had overthro\%Ti her power. But he naively admits : " The check which my plans have thus encountered has prevented their presentation to the members of the Provisional Government, while un- fortunate public misrepresentations of the situation and exaggerated statements of our people have obviously injured the prospects of succesa- fol Executive mediation.?' A month before this message, Secretary Gresham's letter to the Presi- dent had been made public, in which this purpose of restoring the Queen was foreshadowed. The amazement, indignation and chagrin of the country were unbounded. Men of all parties, and the Press almost with- out exception, denounced the policy. But the message disclosed more. It showed that while accredited to the Provisional Government, Mr. Willis was instructed to enter into secret negociations with the Queen, and to promise her the intervention of the United States ; and this he was to conceal from the Government to which he was accredited. To an hon- orable gentleman like Mr. Willis, to be thus compelled to act the part of a secret conspirator against a Republic in favor of a monarchy, against the men of his own blood in favor of the native race, must have been most humiliating ; and all the more so for the reason that it was in open violation of established International Law. Vattel's Law of Nations says ; " As to what concerns the prince to whom he is sent, the ambassador should remember that his ministry is a ministry of peace, and that it is on that footing only he is received. This reason forbids him engaging in ny machinations ; let him serve his master withou t injuring the prince who receives him. It is a base treachery to take advantage of the invio- lability of the ambassadorial character, for the purpose of plotting in se- curity the ruin of those who respect that character, of laying snares for them, of clandestinely injuring them, of embroiling and ruining their affairs. What would be infamous and abominable in a private guest, shall not be allowable and becoming in the representative of a sovereign." But the reason for the failure of the President's Scheme must have been the keenest sting of all. When it was proposed by Mr. Willis the woman replied '* I must abide by the laws of my Government. They require that traitors shall be beheaded and their property confiscated." Amazed Ht th^ stupidity an4 cruelty of this answer^ Mr. Willi» says h» slowly 17(^ Should you succeed In enacting: this legisla- tion, we must appeal to the people of the country, a higrher tribunal than the Senate or Congress of the United States, and from, which there is no ap- peal. —Senator W. D. Washburn, Minnesota. HAWAII. (Continued.) and deliberately repeated her words, and •' I then said to her, it is youf feeling that these people should be beheaded and their property confis- cated?" She replied, "It is." No wonder that he stopped right there and telegraphed, " Views of the first party so extreme as to require fur- ther instructions." Such an admonition might be presumed to have given pause even to our national Don Quixote and Sancho Panza, but they were indeed made of sterner stuflf. Promptly back goes the telegram in reply : " Should the Queen accept conditions and the Provisional Government refuse to surrender, you will be governed by previous instructions." What the Queen really intended is fully disclosed in a document after- wards placed in Mr. Willis' hands, by her ex-marshal, and paramour, Wilson, on Dec. 5, 1893. This instrument was a proposed plan of procedure "in the event of the United States Government through its officials causing and compelling the Provisional Government to surrender unconditionally and proceed- ing to the restoration of Her Majesty's Government as it was on the 17th day of January, 1893, possibly coupled with a request or a recommenda- tion to mercy and leniency on behalf of those who took part as principals in the overthrow of the Queen's Government on that date." It provided that the commander of the United States forces should bring them on shore, compel the surrender to him by the Provisional Government of all their officers and men as prisoners, to be subsequently turned over to Her Majesty's Government, to be dealt with by a court specially appointed for that purpose, which was to proceed under martial law. Martial law was to be proclaimed, the writ of habeas corpus suspended ; all arms and am- munition in private hands were to be surrendered, and their sale prohib- ited ; all officials were to be reappointed ; all persons implicated or con- cerned in the late overthrow were to be arrested ; custody and care was to be had of all such prisoners, as well as of those handed over by the United States forces ; all arms were to be received and surrendered to the United States by the Provisional Government, and vessels were to be dispatched to the other islands to make all necessary changes and arrests. All this was to be carried out by the Queen's late cabinet, and a council of persons whose names were appended to the document. In transmitting this precious instrument Mr. Willis felt compelled to say: " It will be seen that, although claiming to be the author of the docu- ment, a claim which is doubtful, he (Wilson) finally admitted that it had been submitted to and approved by the Queen, by her attorney, and by all the members of her former ministry, all of whom had received copies. An analysis of the list of special advisers, whether native or foreign, is »ot pnpQuraging to the friends of good government or of American inter- m Tilis tariff absolutely abandons now and foi* all time tlie claim that protection is imconstil^i- tional. After the spectacle which has been wit- nessed in this contest that issue ought not to be raised agrain. —Senator J.J. Patton, Michigran. HAWAII. (Continued.) ests. The Americans who, for over half a century, held a commanding place in the councils of state are ignored, and other nationalities, English especially, are placed in charge. This is true both of the special list of advisers and of the supplementary list. If these lists had been selected by Wilson himself no special importance would attach to them, but it would seem from the facts that it is a list which has been approved after consultation with leading royalists and, most probably, with the approval of the Queen." HAWAII, THE PROVISIONAIi GOVERNMENT WON'T GO I On receiving the President's answer, Mr. Willis had another interview with the Queen, and finally persuaded her to sign the required agreement as to the amnesty of political offenders, and assuming the obligations of the Provisional Government, and then proceeded to carry out the second part of his instructions. Calling on President Dole and the Provisional Government, he delivered an address containing a string of false state- ments, notified them that he had secured the Queen's promise of amnesty, and stated that they would be expected to relinquish the Government to her, and closed thus : " And now, Mr. President, and gentlemen of the Provisional Govern- ment, with a deep and solemn sense of the gravity of the situation, and with the earnest hope that your answer will be inspired by that high patriotism which forgets all self-interest, in the name and by the author- ity of the United States of America I submit to you the question, * Are you willing to abide by the decision of the President? ' " And so the solemn farce, which would have been a tragedy had it other- wise ended, was played out. Gresham's letter, the American newspapers, and Minister Thurston, had all arrived at Honolulu, and made known the true situation. President Dole was fully informed and promptly furnished his answer. The annals of diplomacy do not furnish a more crushing rejoind er. H is hard to refrain from quoting the whole of this long paper, every word of which goes to the mark. It opens with a dignity worthy of the theme and the occasion : " While it is with deep disappointment that we learn that the important proposition which we have submitted to the Government of the United States, and which was at first favorably considered by it, has at length been rejected, we have experienced a sense of relief that we are now favored with the first oflacial information upon the subject that has been received through a period of over nine months. " While we accept the decision of the President of the United States, declining further to consider the annexation proposition, as the final con- clusion of the present Administration, we do not feel inclined to regard it as the last word of the American Government upon this subject, for 177 tt was not the farmers that pat Grover Cleve- land in the White House ; it was the laborers in the factories of New York, Connecticut, New Jersey. Delaware and Indiana. Why then, should the market for farm products he turned over to peo- ple who live in other countries. —Senator B. F. Pettisr«w« South D»k«ta. HAWAII. (Continued.) the history of the mutual relations of the two countries, of American effort and influence in building up the Christian civilization which has so conspicuously aided in giving this country an honorable place among independent nations, the geographical position of these islands, and the important and, to both countries, profitable reciprocal commercial inter- ests which have long existed, together with our weakness as a sovereign nation, all point with convincing force to political union between the two countries as the necessary logical result from the circumstances men- tioned. This conviction is emphasized by the favorable expression of American statesmen over a long period in favor of annexation, conspic- uous among whom are the names of W. L. Marcy, William H. Seward, Hamilton Fish, and James G. Blaine, all former Secretaries of State, and especially so by the action of your last Administration in negotiating a treaty of annexation with this Government and sending it to the Senate with a view to its ratification. "We shall therefore continue the project of political union with" the United States as a conspicuous feature of our foreign policy, confidently hoping that sooner or later it will be crowned with success, to the lasting benefit of both countries. " The additional portion of your communication referring to our domes- tic afiairs with a view of interfering therein, is a new departure in the re- lations of the two governments. Your information that the President of the United States expects this Government ' to promptly relinquish to her (meaning the ex-Queen) her constitutional authority,' with the ques- tion * are you willing to abide by the decision of the President ? ' might well be dismissed in a single word, but for the circumstance that your communication contains, as it appears to me, misstatements and erron- eous conclusions based thereon, that are so prejudicial to this Govern- ment that I can not permit them to pass unchallenged ; moreover, the importance and menacing character of this proposition make it app ro- priate for me to discuss somewhat fully the questions raised by it. " We do not recognize the right of the President of the United S tates to interfere in our domestic affairs. Such right could be conferred upon him by the act of this Government, and by that alone, or it could be ac- quired by conquest. This I undertand to be the American doctrine, con- spicuously announced from time to time by the authorities of your Govern- ment. HAWAII, ANSWER TO THE WHOUE CASE. " My position is briefly this : If the American forces illegally assisted the revolutionists in the establishment of the Provisional Government that Government is not responsible for their wrong-doing. It was purely « private matter for discipline between the United States Government X7« starving: families clutching for the last morsel of food, cannot be Inlletl into forgetf nines s^f pres- ent misery by the announcement of lower adva- lorems on the necessities of life. —Hon. Julius C. Burrows, Alichigan. HATVAII. (Continued.) and its own officers. There is, I submit, no precedent in international law for the theory thai such action of the American troops has conferred upon the United States authority over the internal affairs of this Govern- ment. Should it be true, as you have suggested, that the American Gov- emraent made itself responsible to the Queen, who, it is alleged, lost her throne through such action, that is not a matter for me to discuss, except to summit that if such be the case, it is a matter for the American Gov- ernment and her to settle between them. This Government, a recognized sovereign power, equal in authority with the United States Government, and enjoying diplomatic relations with it, can not be destroyed by it for the sake of discharging its obligations to the ex-Queen." So let the curtain drop on the most humiliating and disgraceful page of American history in its foreign relations. HAWAII, BIRTH OF A NEW GOVERNMENT. A NEW FOURTH OF JULY. AN ENJOYABLE OCCASION. Special Correspondence of The Evening Star. " Honolulu, July 10, 1894. " A real and happy change has passed over this community since a week ago. The Republic of Hawaii has been inaugurated ; the Govern- ment has passed from its provisional and unsettled stage into a perma- nent and stable form. The transition has been effected with almost un- hoped for speed and security. There was unlooked-for unanimity and enthusiasm in support of the procedure. We find ourselves at once trans- ferred from a tossing sea of uncertainties and threatening contingencies to what seems to be a quiet anchorage in harbor. There is in consequence a prevailing feeling of gratulation and returning confidence. HAWAII, PRESIDENT DOIiE PROCIiAIMS THE REPUBLIC. " And, now, in behalf of the men who have carried this cause along and who have stood ready to defend it with their lives, in behalf of the women who have given it their prayers and their husbands and sons, for the benefit and protection of all the people of this country, of whatever race or name, and in gratitude to God, whose hand has led us, "I, Sanford B. Dole, President of the Provisional Government of the Hawaiian Islands, by virtue of the cha rge to me given by the executive and advisory councils of the Provisional Government, and by act dated July 3, 1894, proclaim the Republic of Hawaii as the sovereign authority over and throughout the Hawaiian Islands from this time forth. And I declare the Constitution framed and adopted by the constitutional con- vention of 1894 to be the Constitution and the supreme law of the Repub- lic of Hawaii, and by virtue of this Constitution I now assume the oflSce and authority of President thereof. 179 The llf tlni: np of silver to its rigrhttnl plane Of the side of gold will set in motion all the latent enerifies of the people. —Senator Jno. P* Jones* NevMUfe HAWAII. (Contlnaed.) " God save the Republic ! " With the last words the audience gave three rousing cheers, the Ha- waiian flags flew out over the executive and judicial buildings, and a bat- tery near by thundered a salute. HAWAII^ THE DELEGATES AND WHAT THEY THINK. " Councilor Brown (British) ' believed that the future would look back on the work of the convention and regard it as one of the grandest ever accomplished in Hawaii, and the fact would be recognized that the con- vention had nothing at heart but the good of all Hawaii.' "Delegate Kauhane (Hawaiian) said: 'The conduct of this body has been with great freedom from temper. Threats of violence had been made from outside, but nothing came of it. They had not their own strength to thank. The guiding of the Divine hand had been most evi- dent.' " Minister Smith ( Americo-Hawaiian) drew attention to the fact that supporters of the Government and its leaders had been called 'aliens, adventurers and filibusters.' There were in the convention six native Hawaiians, fourteen Hawaiians born of foreign parents, nine Americans, three British, three Portuguese, and two Germans, and all had resided here a long time and were fully identifl ed with the country. There had been problems of great difficulty — the franchise was one. The prophecy had been made that the convention would go to pieces on this rock ; that the problem could not be solved. In point of fact it had been solved, with no injustice to any man having rights in the country. That was a grand thing, a thing to be proud of. So of the question of the exec utive and the promulgation of the Constitution. It was a marvelous thing that under all these difficulties and wide differences of opinion a result had been reached which was unanimously ratified with not one dissenting voice. "Delegate Vivas (Portuguese) said: 'The mass meeting of the 'other night had shown that the people were satisfied with the work of the build- ers. All had confidence in the leader who had been continued at the head of affairs.' "Delegate Baldwin (Americo-Hawaiian) said: 'The change from a monarchy to a republic \jras a great one, especially to the native Hawaiian , accustomed to the feudal ideas. But the conciliatory policy of the Gov- ernment would soon reconcile them to a Government which gave them more rights than they had ever had before. Personal preferences had been set aside in order to forward the one aim to establish a republic for the benefit of all.' HAWAIIy sunisteb wuxis presides oyjer thb vkstiyities. **I^o military were in sight on the oooa&don. Th«|;GoTenim0xit>«]id TTiIs 18 the recora ot tne new tanil jor tae far- mer. This is what it offers to the fanner, and I say that it smites the farmer hip and thigh upon every article that he produces. —Hon. John A. Pickler, South Dakota. HATTAH. (Continued.) played Hawaiia Ponoi. A number of consuls were present without special invitation, as well as oflacers of the United States flagship. Ad- miral Walker and staflf were present unofficially. " In honor of the double importance of the day the American com- munity had made unusual preparations for its celebration. The largest outlay was $2,500 for a spacious wooden pavilion near the turn into Waekiki road, where a large audience gathered to hear the time-honored declaration read and listen to a variety of addresses. The American minister, Willis, presided most felicitously. Admiral Walker sat on the platform, which President Dole also ascended amid the loud cheers of the audience. There was none of the usual spread-eagle oratory. Capt. Cochrane of the marines gave a most happy and entertaining talk, ming- ling humor and mirth with patriotism and cordial salutations to the new republic. In the afternoon all hands paid their respects to the United States minister at his levee in the Hawaiian Hotel, making bygones oi ,the doings of last December. " Mr. Willis makes no secret of his wish not to have those days remem- bered. He evidently was then laboring under misleading information and total misconception of the situation, brought with him from Wash- ington. There was, perhaps, never a man more preplexed how to recon- cile his strange orders with the actual condition of things which he began to see into. His present attitude toward the Government is exceedingly friendly ; he has hastened to extend recognition to the new republic, so ar as in his power, pending instructions from his Government." HATS AND CAPS, not inci-uding wooi. hats, isoo. Establishments 705 Capital $13, 724, 002 Employes 27, 193 Wages $14, 111, 747 Materials 16, 160, 802 Products «. 37, 311, 599 Wages per capita, $518.94. HOME MARKET, a home ok a foreign partner. Let us give this great truth of Bastiat's another application. Nature produces all. That is the origin of the much-abused phrase, " The farmer pays all." Whenever the farmer goes beyond his farm for the gratifica- tion of his desires, Bastiat, the free-trader, shows that he must then share his riches. Now, whom shall we share with, the mechanic at home or the mechanic abroad ; his fellow-citizens or an alien ? Which is for his in- terest? Let us put it in another phrase. Which is it better for a farmer to do. send his surplus wheat a thousand miles to the seaooast, three thoTUsana 181 Wliat H fhe laborer'* estate ? It is Oie ed- ucation be lias iratberedin oar public sokools and elscTrbere. It is bis ability to couTcrt one of tbescTcraltbings into anotber tbinfp, and tbus add to tbe couTenience of tbe oitiseii and fhe -wealth aftbe countrTv '«W. !!• JKeU7» Peuu^lvaala. HOME MAIUCBT. (Com«iaae«.) milM aoross the water, pay thei £r«lght» Bell it to the meohanlo who gots ess wages, or sell U right here at home to the meohanio who gets more wages? The answer seems obvious. HOSIERY AND KNIT GOODS, 1890. Estahlishments ^, ...^ 796 Capital .,» .«^^..........« ^, 607, 738 Bmploy^s...... ....^.......t 61,209 Wages « $18, 263, 272 Materials .............m...................... 35, 661, 585 Products «^.... 67» 241, CIS Wages per capita, $298.37. U8 Think better of It I America buying cot- ton in Ej^ypt? It is lllie carrying coals to New- castle.— Hon. Tliad. M. Mabon, Pennsylvania. IDAHO. Area, 84,800 square miles. Admitted as a State July 3, 1890. Legislature composed of 18 Senators, 36 Representatives. Jiieets bien- nially, (Jan., 1895.) State elections, biennially, Tuesday after first Monday in Nov., 1894. Senator Geo. L. Shrup, (bep.) term expires Mar. 3, 1895. Senator Fred. T. Dubois, (rep.) term expires Mar. 3, 1897. CONGKESSIONAI, DISTKICT. At large. Population, 84,385. Vote, 1892: Dem., 4,567; Rep., 8,649. ILLINOIS. Area, 55,414 square miles. Enabling act approved Apr. 18, 1818. First State constitution formed Aug. 26, 1818. By joint resolution of Congress admitted as a State Dec. 3, 1818. Legislature composed of 51 Senatoi*s, 153 Representatives. Meets bien- nially, Jan. 4, 1895. State elections, biennially, Tuesday after first Monday in Nov., 1894. Senator ShbiiBY M. Cullom, (rep.) term expires Mar. 3, 1895. Senator John M. PAiiMER, (dem.) term expires Mar. 3, 1897. CONGRESSIONAI. DISTRICTS. 1st. Population, (not given.) Vote 1892: Dem., 20,982; Rep., 2^,425. 2d. Population, (not given.) Vote 1892: Dem., 23,059; Rep., 15,869. 3d. Population, (not given.) Vote 1892: Dem., 20,933; Rep., 12,525. 4th. Population, (not given.) Vote 1892: Dem., 20,615; Rep., 13,018. 5th. Population, (not given.) Vote; 1892: Dem,, 20,908; Rep., 14,857. 6th. Population, (not given.) Vote 1892: Dem., 18,396; Rep., 12,593. 7th. Population, (not given.) Vote 1892: Dem., 21,676; Rep., 19,799 8th. Population, 173,922. Vote 1892: Dem., 14,910; Rep., 21,299. 9th. Population, 181,797. Vote 1892: Dem., 16,090; Rep., 24,010. 10th. Population, 154,843. Vote 1892: Dem., 15,355; Rep., 22,646. 11th. Population, 175,696. Vote 1892: Dem., 19,481; Rep., 17,599. 12th. Population, 195,811. Vote 1892: Dem., 18,Oi6; Rep., 21,125. 13th. Population, 173,972. Vote 1892: Dem., 18,326; Rep., 21,405. 14th. Population, 177,494. Vote 1892: Dem., 21,003; Rep., 18,448. 15th. Population, 180,383. Vote 1892: Dem., 21,777; Rep., 19,312. 16th. Population, 176,536. Vote 1892: Dem., 22,033; Rep., 10,473. 17th. Population, 168,418. Vote 1892: Dem., 20,521; Rep., 17,422. 18th. Population, 165,127. Vote 1892: Dem., 18,341; Rep., 15,520. 19th. Population, 178,763. Vote 1892: Dem., 20,754; Rep., 18,345. 20th. Population, 166,590. Vote 1892 : Dem., 17,585 ; Rep., 15,757. 21st. Population, 183,111. Vote 1892: Dem., 20,470; Rep., 17,335. 22d. Population, 159,186. Vote 1892: Dem., 20,507; Rep., 21,879. 183 'Tnieii the grent Bon«part« found himself ^aw-maker not only for France, bat for a large i>art of Continental Enrope he told the savans (and legislators that a new form of property had ^ome into existence, and that they must care ^or it as they had oared for capital invested in ^•nd or pther possessions. «>*W. P. Kelly, PeimsylTanla. IMMIGRATION FOLLOWS HIGH WAGES, high wages roixow HIGH TARIFF. In 1856 the rate of duty on the aggregate of our imports was 20.3, and the number of immigrants were 200,436 ; in 1859 the rate of duties had been reduced to 14.6, and the number of immigrants fell to 121,282. In 1861, by the acts of March 2, August 5, and December 24, the rate of duties was farther reduced to 11.2 This broke the camel's back. So many men were thrown out of employment and wages sunk so low that none but agriculturists could come to us with any prospect of improving their con- dition and immigration sank to a point lower than it had been since the iever-to-be-remembered free- trade crisis of 1837-40. In that year but 91,920 immigrants arrived, and the depression continued through the next year, and the number of immigrants was but 91,987. By the act of July 14, 1862, ^e duties were raised, so that in 1863 tliey were up to 23.7, and the im- jnigration nearly equaled that of the two preceding years, having gone ,Tip to 176,282. By the several acts of 1864, 1865, and 1866 the duties were increased, so that the duties on importations of 1866 averaged 40.2 per 4sent. and immigration went up to 318,554. IMPORTS. (See Balance of Trade.) IMPORTS, EFFECT OF IN UNITED STATES. President Fillmore tells us that the eflects of the law of 1846 were two- fold : (1) The large importation of foreign goods drained us of our cur- xency ; (2) home competition with cheap foreign labor bankrupted our manufacturers, and turned loose our laborers to tramp the highways and fill our almshouses and prisons. Iiike causes produce like effects. This law must inevitably work the same result. The general average of duties under this bill, the committee says, is about 30 per cent. According to the statement of the committee, the duties realized in 1892 would have been 565,407,900 less than those realized, had the proposed law then been in effect. In 1893 the duties realized would have been $75,707,784 less. To realize the same amount of duties then, if this bill be enacted into law, as was realized in 1892, under existing law, our imports must be increased to the extent of ^18,026,333 ; to realize the same amount as was realized in 1893, they must be increased to the extent of $252,359,280. What would be the effect of thus increasing our imports? It will, in the first place, take just that amount of gold out of the country to pay |fop these imports. It will, in the second place, substitute Just that amount pf foreign manufactures for American manufactures. It will close as IDmiiy Amerioan mines, fomaces, mills, factories, and workshops as con- If the Constitution doea forbid raoh l«si»- Imtlon, then, S^, the time has come to mjik« » new one. —Hon. Thad. M« Mahen, FennsylTanla. IMPORTS. (Goatinaed.) tribnted that amount to the home market, and doom to idleness Just aa many American laborers as kept those mines, furnaces, mills, factories, and workshops in operation. This is not a matter of rhetoric or specula- tion or guessing ; it is a plain matter of figures, open to the comprehen- sion of the plainest intellect outside of a tariff reformer's. INDIA. In India the standard is silver ; the monetary unit is the rupee ; the value in United States coin is $0.29.2 ; the coins are gold : mohur ($7.10.5). Silver : rupee and divisions. The ratio of gold to silver is 1 of gold to 22 of silver. INDIANA. Area 33,809 square miles. Enabling act passed, April 19, 1816— first State Constitution formed June 29, 1816— by joint resolution of Congress admitted as a State, December 11, 1816. Legislature composed of 50 Senators, 100 Representatives. Meets bien- nially, (Jan. 10, 1895.) State elections, biennially, first Tuesday after first Monday in Novem- ber, 1894. Senator Daniel W. Voorhees (dem.) term expires Mar. 3, 1897. Senator Davtd Turpie (dem.) term expires Mar. 3, 1899. CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICTS. 1st. Population, 186,263. Vote 1892: Dem., 19,720; Rep., 19,266. 2nd. Population, 161,387. Vote 1892 : Dem., 17,700 ; Rep., 15,732. 3d. Population, 170,209. Vote 1892: Dem., 20,930; Rep., 17,957. 4th. Population, 142,314. Vote 1892: Dem., 19,000; Rep., 15,928. 5th. Population, 148,925. Vote 1892 : Dem., 17,693 ; Rep., 16,610. 6th. Population, 139,359. Vote 1892: Dem., 11,845; Rep., 20,444. 7th. Population, 195,472. Vote 1892 : Dem., 28,233 ; Rep., 26,951. 8th. Population, 183,641. Vote 1892 ; Dem., 22,949; Rep., 21,327. 9th. Population, 182,344. Vote 1892: Dem., 19,291 ; Rep., 23,416. 10th. Population, 156,749. Vote 1892: Dem., 18,298 ; Rep., 18,256. 11th. Population, 187,720. Vote 1892: Dem., 21,899 ; Rep., 21,141. 12th. Population, 162,216. Vote 1892: Dem., 19,991 ; Rep., 16,926. 13th. Population, 175,905. Vote 1892: Dem., 21,675 ; Rep., 19,735. INTERNAL REVENUE. DIRECT TAXATION. In 1791 direct taxation was resorted to in order to replenish an empty Treasury of the new Government, and in 1813, in our second conflict with Great Britain, we again resorted to direct taxation to raise the necessary means to carry on that war. The act of 1791 was 1» If yon pay CIiineBe wages for your work- men, you will have Obinese civilization for your countoy. Tke brain does not invent when tho blood is thin or the belly ig starved. —Senator Geo. F. Hoar» ISfTEB3HAJL KETENUX:. (Continued.) repealed nine years after its passage ; and the act of 1813 was repealed in the year 1817, during the Administration of President Monroe. From the organization of the present National Government, in 1789, to 1862*, a period of seventy-two years, not more than $22,000,000 of all our revenues were derived from direct taxation. This system again (1861-62) had to be resorted to in order to meet the enormous expenses of the civil war, and the dehts, interest, and pensions growing out of it. Its comparative productiveness is shown by the fol- lowing : Year. Customs. Internal rev- enue. Direct tax. 1861 $39, 582, 125. 64 49, 056, 397. 62 69, 059, 642. 40 102, 316, 152. 99 84, 928, 260. 00 179, 046, 651. 58 176, 417, 810. 88 164, 464, 599. 56 180, 048, 426. 63 194, 538, 374. 44 206, 270, 408. 05 216, 370, 286. 77 188, 089, 522. 70 163, 103, 833. 69 157, 167, 722. 35 148, 071, 984. 61 130, 956, 493. 07 130, 170, 680. 20 137, 250, 047. 70 186, 522, 004. 60 198, 159, 676. 02 220, 410, 730. 25 214, 706, 496. 93 195, 067, 489. 76 181, 471, 939. 34 192, 905, 023. 44 217, 286, 893. 13 219, 091, 173. 63 223, &32, 741. 69 229, 668, 584. 57 219, 522, 205. 23 217, 452, 964. 15 203, 355, 016. 73 1862 $1, 795, 331. 73 1. 485. 103 61 1863 ^7, 640, 787. 95 139, 741, 134. 10 209, 464, 215. 25 309, 226, 813. 42 266, 027, 537. 43 191, 087, 589. 41 158, 356, 460. 86 184, 899, 756. 49 143, 098, 153. 63 130, 642, 177. 72 113, 729, 314. 14 102, 409, 784. 90 110, 007, 493. 58 116, 700, 732. 03 118, 630, 407. 83 110, 581, 624. 74 113, 561, 610. 58 124, 009, 373. 92 135, 264, 385. 51 146, 497, 595. 45 144, 720, 368. 98 121, 586, 072. 51 112, 498, 725. 54 116, 805, 936. 48 118, 823, 391. 22 124, 296, 871. 98 130, 881, 513. 92 142, 606, 705. 81 145, 686, 249. 44 153, 971, 072. 57 161, 027, 623. 93 1864. 475. 648 96 1865 1. 200 573 03 1866 1 974 754 12 1867 4, 200, 233. 70 1868 1, 788, 145. 85 1879 ., 1870 765, 685. 61 229. 102. 88 1871 580, 355. 37 1872 1873 315, 254. 51 1874. 1875 1876 93, 798. 80 1877 1878 1879 1880 30. 85 iR.m,.;„.,^„ 1, 616. 89 !««?! ^^ 160, 141. 96 1883.....^ 108, 156. 60 1884 70, 720. 75 1886 1886 108, 239. 94 1887. 32, 892. 05 1888 1,566.82 1889 1890. - 1891 1892 1893 REPORT 1893. The annual report of the Secretary of the Treasury for the year ending June 30, 1893, shows an expenditure for all the purposes of the Govem- i^ent of ^9,374,887.76. The income to meet these expenditures was de- Th« laboring people of this oonntry ask not lower ad valorems, bat work. Tbey prefer blgh ad valorems, constant employment, and abundant wages. —Hon. Julias O. Burrows, Michigan. INTKRNAIi REVBMUB. (Continued.) rived, from oostoms or tariff duties, $203,355,016.73 ; from internal revenue, 1161,027,623.93 ; and from postal and other sources, $97,333,921.28. It is quite evident, therefore, that for the present we can not dispense with either the tariff or the iaternal-revenue duties. But there is evidently growing up between the Republican and Democratic parties a difference of sentiment, which must precipitate a distinct controversy as to the treat- ment of these two sources of revenue. It seems desirable, therefore, to ftimish the facts concerning them, that the American people may be able to make up an intelligent judgment. The last annual report of the Commissioner of Internal Revenue shows the sources and amount of revenue: Spirits, $94,720,260.55; tobacco, $31,- 889,711.74; fermented liquors (beer, etc.), 832,548,983.07; oleomargarine, $1,670,643.50; penalties, etc., $175,390.81; total, $161,004,989.67. The total cost of the bureau for the fiscal year was $4,358,325.63. There are about 4,200 persons employed. There were 4,989 registered distilleries, with a capacity for producing spirits daily of 101,592 gallons. There were 806 illicit stills seized, and three employes kUled in the execution of the law. In the past thirteen years there have been killed 14, and wounded 21. During the year 29,030,293 bushels of grain were used in producing 129,646,- 017 gallons of spirits. The yield of spirits is 4.35 gallons to the bushel of grain. The total pro- duct from aU material was 128,661,782. Had this paid the tax of 90 cents per gallon when made it would have afforded $116,784,603 of revenue. Deduct the amount collected as above and there is shown a loss of $21,- 064,343 to the Government for the privilege of warehousing. The bonded period is three years, but extended in the new revenue law to eight years, which will involve a still greater loss. The loss for " leakage " in 1880 was less that 1 per cent; but it grows year by year, and for 1893 was 4.681. This will no doubt be doubled by the eight-year period. KEPUBUOAJSr POSITION. JReductions made in schedules of direct and internal-revenue taxes since the conclusion of the civil war. By the acts of July 13, 1866, and March 2, 1867 $103, 381, 199. 00 By the acts of March 31, 1868, and February 3, 18C3 54, 802, 578. 00 By the act of July 14, 1870 55, 315, 351. 00 By the act of December 21, 1871 14, 436, 862. 00 By the act of June 6, 1872 15, 807, 618. 00 By the act of March 3, 1883 40, 677, 682. 00 By the act of October 1, 1890 10, 442, 187. lli Total 294, 863, 447. lli Of this last act, the so-called McKinley bUl, the Democratic campaign Book of 1890, issued by the Democratic Congressional committee, on page 188, charges the Republicans with bad faith in farther reducing the iji- temal-reyenne schedule, and gives the following analysis; Protection secures to the American fvork* man at least one market— tlie market of the greatest consuming nation on earth. Protec- tion secures to the American farmer at least one market — the market of the greatest manu- facturing nation on earth. Free trade secures no market either to manufacture or agriculture. —Senator Geo. F. Hoar. Mass. XNTBKNAIi REVENUE. (Continued.) The bill made changes in the internal revenue as follows : First. Abolishing the tax on dealers in leaf tobacco ?48, 570. 88 Second. Abolishing the tax on dealers in manufactured tobacco 1, 280, 015. 98 Third. Abolishing the tax on the manufacturers of to- bacco 5,128.25 Fourth. Abolishing the tax on manufacturers of cigars 120, 195. 53 Fifth. Abolishing the tax on peddlers of tobacco 127,010.88 Sixth. A reduction of the tax on smoking and manufac- tured tobacco from 8 cents to 4 cents per pound 8, 538, 449. 97 Seventh. A reduction of the tax on snuff from 8 cents to 4cents per pound 322, 544. 78i Eighth. The abolition of the tax on retail dealers in leaf tobacco 270. 84 But this charge of bad faith is unwarranted, as the Republicans have always treated the internal-revenue system as a war tax, to be resorted to only in an extraordinary emergency, and to be abandoned as soon as the exigencies of the Treasury would permit. They have always con- tended that the tariff must be the regular source of revenue for ordinary expenses, as it has been from the foundation of the Government. Hence the above frequent reductions whenever they have had power. And hence, also, their declared principles in national platforms. INTER STATE COMMERCE, (See Transportation.) INCOME TAX. IN THIS COUNTRY AN INCOME TAX OF ANY SORT IS ODIOUS AND Wllili BRING ODIUM UPON ANY PARTY BUND ENOUGH TOIMIOSE IT. —New York Herald, Deo, 29, 1893. INCOME TAX A DEATH KNELL. PREPARE FOR THE FUNERAL OF THE POLITICAL PARTY WHICH inPOSES SUCH A BURDEN. A LANDSLIDE OF DISAPPROVAL. EVERYWHERE THE MEASURE IS VEHEMENTLY CONDEMNED, IRRESPECTIVE OF PARTISANSHIP. If the leaders of the Democrats have any regard for the success of the national party they would better drop the proposed income tax as speedily as possible. If they would like to learn with ease and accuracy just what the masses of the voters all over the land think of that un-American form of raising a revenue let them read the heaped up expressions of opinion which th« HBRAiiD has published on the subject. VSA If the people of the Northeastern States have been purchasing flour from Minneapolis millers, under this law they may buy in Toronto or Montreal. —Senator H. C. Hansbroagh, North Dakota. INCOME TAX. (Continued.) lu these columns merchants, bankers, railroad men, journalists, law- yers, doctors, millionaires and wage earners from North, South, East and West have emphatically condemned the measure and givea shrewd, logi- cal, unanswerable reasons for the faith that is in them. The Herald to-day presents another convincing array of similar tes- timony.— ^ew York Herald, Dec. 6, 1S93, INCOME TAX. MANNING REPUES TO CAKI.ISI.E. The Cleveland scheme of taxing incomes from corporate investments is defended by Secretary Carlisle : " There ayipears to be no good reason why the contributions for the support of the public service generally should not be equalized as nearly as possible by including tliis kind of property in the Federal revenue system." Turning to the annual report for 1886 by Mr. Cleveland's first Secretary of the Treasury during his previous administration, we find a very posi- tive expression on the subject of Federal taxes on incomes : " Direct taxes must be apportioned among the several States according to their population. Our experience of the difficulties and inequalities of the direct tax, when applied to land, of which a scpiare foot in one place is costlier than one hundred square miles in another place ; or, when ap- plied to individual incomes (the most direct tax conceivable, for when paid it cannot be shifted ; it has no repercussion, which is the only com- mon feature of the taxes held to be direct before war had disturbed the vision of courts and legislatures) under the prescribed rule of apportion- ment to the States according to population, confines their utility to State purposes, and excludes them from the first purview of Federal taxation,^* That is Daniel Manning's comment on John G. Carlisle's proposition. — New York Sun, Dec. 21, 1893. INCOME TAX. [By telegraph to the N. Y, Herald.^ To THE Editor op the Herald : Coronado, Cal., Mar. 7, 1894. Senator Mills, in a recent article, states that five hundred million dol- lars of revenue are required for the coming financial year. The expenditures for 1893 were, according to a Treasury report, $459,374,- 887; for 1892, they were $415,953,806; for 1891, $421,304,470, and for 1890, $358,618,584. At five hundred millions for the first Democratic year, it is clear that the "period of economy and reform" of which Mr. Tilden used to talk has not set in with great ferocity. But Mr. Mills says we need to raise five hundred millions. All right. It is a big suiu of money, but if the Democrats cannot carry %u the 189 I^ilent factories, vacant worksJioi^s, capital without rottirn, workmen out of enrploy, chil- dren and women seeking tlie necessaries' of life, will make little impression upon Democratic Btatesmansliip. —Senator Geo. F. Hoar, Mass. rNCOME TAX. (Continued.) country for less, the taxpayers will, I suppose, have to stand it. Half a billion of revenue, however, does not necessitate the enacting of a new, very odious and inquisitorial income tax, with a brand new set of office- holders, or taxeaters, to take their large share out of the taxpayers' pockets. There is no necessity for that, and the Democrats, even with a Populist alliance, are not so strong in the country that they can venture on an ex- periment of this kind. HATEFDTL TAXATION. It is a doubly hateful form of taxation, because, as the highest authorities have stated, it cannot be fully and honestly collected, and leads to fraud, false swearing and blackmail. The income tax is the most odious of taxes, and it is, besides that, un- just, for it levies the same percentage from the hard working salaried man, whose family depends entirely on what, by his slcill, he can gain, as upon the man who lives on an invested fortune. It tlius puts a penalty on skill and thrift. Mr. Mills and his fellow Democrats propose to lay this income tax, hateful and unjust and impossible of full collection, inquisitorial and leading to fraud and blackmail — they propose to lay this new tax with- out the least necessity. Suppose they do it? Suppose they make the Democratic party as odious as the income tax? Is that worth while for them? Oharles Nordhopp. INCOME TAX, COMMUNISM puke and simple. The income tax appendance to the Wilson bill was not devised primarily for the purpose of raising revenue, though the deficiency of revenue cre- ated by that bill was increased by amendments passed for the purpose of affording a pretext for the socialistic imposition. It is not expected to yield more than a small revenue, insufficient, even with the other internal taxation of the Populist scheme, to make up for the deficiency created by the preposterous Wilson bill. It was devised, primarily, to establish in Demgcratic legislation the un- Democratic, un-American, communistic, and unconstitutional principle of class legislation. It is, to use the words of Tom Johnson in Tuesday's debate on the measure, *' a proposition for the poor to tax the rich, and for the majority to tax the minority," made on the theory that " the bill will be popular because it exempts the great mass of the voters." It is advocated on the base and communistic ground that as it discriminates against only 80,000 or 100,000 of the people, the loss of votes by reason of it will be trifling. Rejoicing in the establishment of this communistic principle of plun- der by the Democratic party, the Populist Pence expressed the gratitude his harum-scarum party "owe to the Democrats: our sincere thanks and 190 The passage of tkis malformed measure simply postpones tlie day when -wisdom Trill supplant theory. _^ , ^ -Senator H. C. Hansbrough, North Dakota. INCOME TAX. (Continued.) congratulations for their courage " in adopting it. This particular meas. ure does not go so far as he wishes, for the Populists want a graduated income tax ; but it establishes a principle which may be carried to any- extreme. If the rich are to be plundered to the extent provided for by this meas- ure simply because they are in the minority, they can afterward be plundered to any farther extent. They will hold their property at the mercy of the rapacious majority. If they can be singled out and robbed of 2 per cent of their incomes, while the incomes of the rest of the people are left untaxed, they can be robbed of 50 per cent. "Sooner or later," said the Populist Jerry Simpson, addressing the Democrats, "you will all have to stand up here and advocate the principles that we advocate now;" and he spoke truly. If the Democrats start on that road, they must go to the end. As Mr. Franklin Bartlett, the Democratic Representative from the Seventh New York district, said in opposing the iniquitous measure, "the bill was really framed upon the income-tax plank of the late Socialist Convention that met in New York." " If you can bind us for the income tax," proceeded Mr. Bartlett, "you can bind us for any fraud or forgery that some one may set up as true Democratic doctrine." If the Democratic party is perverted to the support of any form of plunder, it adopts plun- dering as a principle which may be carried to any length. It becomes a public enemy whose overthrow will be required by justice, constitu- tional law, and the inseparable interests of both poor and rich. All honor to the consistent Democratic members of Congress from New York who are standing up in resistance to the foul communistic current which threatens to sweep away the Democratic party.— i^ew; York Sun^ Feb. 1, 1894. INCOME TAX AND POPULISTS. " When this House was seeking to secure a quorum to bring this ques- tion up for consideration, we, ten of us who are here as Populists, doubted, regretfully but sorrowfully doubted, the disposition and purpose of 169 Democrats in this House to bring in this measure. We feel now that we owe to them our sincerest congratulations for the courage which they have displayed. " It is true that the proposition to levy a tax upon incomes is a Popu- list proposition. No national platform, except that of the People's party, endorses it. "Every Populist paper, wherever published, advocates this most righteous tax. Their columns are filled with pointed and able editorials in its support drawn from the practical condition of the people. " All Populists favor it, and in the contest now being waged and to be continued until this or some similar law is enacted, the most valiant and enthusiastic of its supporters are found among the active and leading members of the People's party." 191 Now, to say that protectiou does not in- crease wages is to say that busy factories do not increase wages ; that lighted furnaces do not increase wages ; that open mines do not in- crease wages ; that manufacturing cities do not increase wages ; tliat having the market close to the farm and the farm close to the -work- shop does not increase wages. —Senator Geo. F. Hoar, Mass. INCOME TAX. (Continued.) There you have the income tax wrapped in the original communistic cok)rs. They are unchangeable. No matter how frantically the Cleve- landites attempt to cover them with the Hag ot'the Democratic party, de- ception as to the communistic source and nature of the income tax is im- possible. The Democracy never witnessed a more offensive spectacle than^that of some of its own representatives shamelessly pleading for its surrender to its socialistic enemies, and for the adoption, in its own honored name, of their central principle of class legislation. — New York Sun, April 20, 1894. INCOME TAX, DFvNOUNCED BY DEMOCRATS. When it was necessary to save the life of this Nation, when the knife of treason was at the throat of this Government of ours, we found it nec- essary to resort to measures which were called war measures ; and among others we had the income tax. The Democratic party then denounced it, and so long as we continued it upon the statute boolis the Democratic party in Congi*ess and out con- tinued to oppose it and denounce it, in the following language : " The most odious and universally condemned mode of taxation resorted to by any Nation." *' As a bill to tax incomes over ^,000 it is a fraud. * * * A law that can shoot in as many directions as this one and hit something every time is too dangerous to let loose in hard times on a suffering country. * * * If a page here owns one share of Western Union Telegraph stock which pays him $5 a year he must lose 2 per cent, on that §5. If I own a million doUarsof Government bonds I do not have to lose one cent. ^ * * The bill should be entitled, "An act to encourage idle capital." * * * if a widow receives an insurance of $10,000 on her dead husband's policy, and invests it in some corporate stock from which she receives $600 a year, she must lose 2 per cent, of that by this bill. A rich man's widow puts $100,000 into Brooklyn city 4's and doesn't pay a cent. * * * This proposition cuts the throat of the National Democracy as a vital force against centralization and the invasion of private rights. It is the stab of the assassin at the heart of that great Democracy of the North. » •* * It slaps the face of public opinion, insults every Democratic tradition, disrespects the sacred sentiment of personal liberty, and commits the party to one of the most vicious of political tendencies — the division of the community into classes." —Hon. Joseph C. Hendrix, New York. " The provisions of this bill are dangerous in the extreme. * * * The bill seriously affects the rights and interests * * * of Building 192 Tramping the streets, out of employment, receiving alms, lower ad valorems will not heal the wounded pride of the brave men who never before were dependent on public charity. —Hon. Julius C. Burrows, Michigan. INCOME TAX. (Continued.) and Loan Associations * * * incorporated under State laws * * * Neither the Republican nor Democratic platform proposed any such method of raising revenues. * * * Its approval was limited to the platform of the newly formed Populist party. * * * " I protest against the Democratic party being made a tail to the Popu- list kite. * * * The authors of this bill in the House deliberately set themselves at work to make extreme reductions, unnecessary changes, and violent alterations in existin;^ tariff rates * * * for the very pur- pose of creating a necessity for the imposition of a tax on incomes. * » « This bill proposes a suicidal policy when it seeks by its extreme provis- ions to discard numerous reasonable tariff duties and thereby imperil many industries and create a deficiency in necessary revenues, simply for the purpose of affording an opportunity or excuse for the substitution of an income tax. * * * The substitution of internal or direct taxes for custom-house taxation, means the reduction of the wages of Ameri- can workmen to the European standard. It means the degradation of American labor, it means the deprivation to our workmen of the com- forts and luxuries of life to which they have been accustomed. * * * I have no patience with the demagogic clamor which is constantly de- manding that the rich shall pay all the taxes. * * * I am opposed to any income tax which wholly or in part proposes to supersede this wise and useful [tariff] method of taxation." —Senator David B. Hill, New York. INCOME TAX. BY WHOM PAID. The income tax of twenty-five years ago was paid by 250,000 persons. The income tax with a limit of untaxed income of f4,000 would not to-day be paid by over 200,000 persons at the outside, and this is a large and lav- ish estimate. IOWA. Area, 55,045 square miles. Constitution formed, November 1, 1844 — Act for admission, with certain specified boundaries passed Congress March 3, 1845— rejected by the peo- ple of the proposed State — memorials presented to Congress regarding boundaries, February 17, 1846— first State Constitution formed. May 18, 1846 — Acts of Congress to define boundaries and to repeal parts of Act of March 3, 1845, relating thereto, approved August 4, 1846— by Act of Con- gress, admitted as a State, December 28, 1846. Legislature composed of 60 Senators and 100 Representatives. Meets biennially, (Jan. 8, 1894.) Elections annual, Tuesday after second Monday in Oct., 1895. Senator Wm. B. AxiiisoN (rep.) term expires Mar. 3, 1897. Senator Jas. F. WUiSON (rep.) term expires Mar. 3, 1895. m Denjocrats by theoretical Bpeculations abotit pei: cents and ad valorems make believe that the poor have to bear the burden of tai'if f taxation. In truth and practical fact it is not so. —Hon. M. N. Jolinson, North Dakota. IOWA. (Continued.) CONGKESSIONAJL DISTRICTS. 1st. Population, 153,712. Vote 1892: Dem., 17,787; Rep., 18,416. 2d. Population, 172,990. Vote 1892: Dem., 28,129; Rep., 15,357. 3d. Population, 184,437. Vote 1892: Dem., 20,585; Rep., 22,043. 4th. Population, 169,344. Vote 1892: Dem., 18,090; Rep., 19,680. 5th. Population, 168,175. Vote 1892 : Dem., 18,935: Rep'., 20,133. 6th. Population., 155,354. Vote 1892: Dem., 16,572; Rep., 17,747. 7th. Population, 161,320. Vote 1892: Dem., 13,883; Rep., 19,963. 8th. Population, 173,484. Vote 1892: Dem., 15,968; Rep., 20,219. 9th. Population, 180,764. Vote 1892: Dem., 17,809; Rep., 20,287. 10th. Population, 188,346. Vote 1892: Dem., 18,458; Rep., 23,482. 11th. Population, 203,470. Vote 1892: Dem., 20,707; Rep., 21,984. IRISHMEN. HOW CAN they support free trade.. What I say here to-day may be as sounding brass and tinkling cym- bals ; but as an humble member of this illustrious body I am prompted by a stout sense of duty to submit this solemn question to the American people for their solemn answer. Is the speakership of the American House of Representatives, chairmanship of the Committee on Ways and Means, membership of the House of Representatives, and the Cobden Club, that, in the Language of the JLondon Times, can never rest while the United States are unsubdued, consistent and compatible positions. [Applause on Republican side.] I am anxious to know if the adopted citizens of Irish birth and their descendants will continue to perpetuate tlie political power of a party, the leading members of which adorn the roll of an organization that bodes death not only to American but to Irish industries. Cobden free trade means that parliamentary independence in Ireland is utterly valueless. It has scattered them like the Israelites over every portion of God's foot- stool, robed them in rags, and made them " hewers of wood and drawers of water." Can they knowingly support at the ballot-box for the high office of President of the United States a leader of that party, when they are informed by the London cable dispatches of the 18tii day of January last that the surplus funds of the Cobden Club are intended as re-enforce- ments for Cleveland in his ettbrts to hand over the control of American markets to British traders 'i— Irish Rcpuhlican. IRON. THE RESUL,T OF PROTECTION ON PIG IRON, AS SHOWN BY THE OPERATION OF A SINGLE FURNACE. From a statement made by the Hon. J. 1*:. Washington, of Tennessee, Democrat, in the House of Representatives, Feb. 9, 1894. After insisting on the correctness of the statement, which is appended, he is recorded as voting against the continuance of the McKinley Law and for the adoption of the Wilson bill. 194 TVTiatever the future industrial system of this country may be, the past system is a splendid mon- ument to that series of successful statesmen who found the country bankrupt and distracted, and left it first on the list of nations. —Hon. Thos. B. Beed, Maine. IRON. (Continued.) Before reading the following paragraph of Mr. Washington, notice that he fails to include in his statement the damage resulting from idleness, the loss on investment, the maintaining of the plant, watch force, pump- ing, etc., all of which adds to the sum stated by Mr. Washington. " The value of a furnace to a community is a matter of mathematical demonstration. " The consequences of stopping a furnace of 900 to 1,000 tons capacity per week would be somewhat as follows : The freight receipts inward and outward amount to not less than f 15,000 to f 20,000 per month, which is about equal to the average revenue to a railroad derived from a city of 20,000 people. This gives one some idea of the enormous amount of busi- ness set in motion by a large furnace in operation. In addition to the direct loss to the railroad in the falling off of its business, the employes of the railroad and those dependant upon them would suffer correspond- ing hardships and losses. There would also be cut off in wages to furnace employes $15,000 to $16,000 per month. The farmers in the vicinity who sell their farm products— flour, bacon, corn, hay, potatoes, butter, eggs, chickens, fruits, and live stock— Avould lose a ready, profitable home market, a nd would soon be made to feel the hard times incidental to stopping the furnace. *' The coal miner would also have to stand his share of the burden, as it requires from 300 to 350 tons of coal per day to produce coke for such a furnace. This would cut off about $10,000 monthly at the coal mines and result in preventing 150 to 200 miners from earning their daily bread. *' Following in the track of depression and losses, our wholesale mer- chants at home would suffer a monthly loss of thousands of dollars of trade. " To present these results with more practical force we will work out the problem of one furnace and apply to the entire iron interest of Tennessee and give the figures in gross covering a year : The loss to railroad in freight, passenger fares, and indirect serv- ices, $20,000 per month ^MO, 000 The loss to those dependent on railroad, $1,000 per month 12, 000 Employes of furnace, $15,000 to $16,000 per month 186, 000 To farmers in vicinity, $8,000 per month ; 30, 0(X) Coal miners, $10,000 per month 120, 0(X) Wholesale merchants, say $6,000 per month 72, 000 Doctor lees, monthly, $300 3, 600 Total loss estimated to the people of Tennessee by stopping furnace for one year $«M', 000 195 If the laboring: class are to perish, perish, I say, the whole Nation. —Senator J. N. Dolph, Oregon IRON AND STEEL. The amount of iron and nianufactures of iron im- ported into the United States in 1893, was :^9G,0l»2,l4<>, paying a total duty of $38,506,950, average ad valorem, 48.01 i)er cent. IRON AND STEEL IN GENERAL, 1890. Establishments 645 Capital ^S73, 478, 018 Employes 152,535 Wages $84, 665, 506 Materials 295, 777, 843 Products 430, 954, 348 Wages per capita, |555.05. IRON AND STEEL, naii.s and spikes, cut and wrought, in- cluding WIRE NAII.S, 1890. Establishments 138 Capital $24, 334, 549 Employes 17, 116 Wages $7, 816, 994 Materials 22, 960, 737 Products 34, 227, 517 Wages per capita, $456.76. IRON AND STEEL, PIPE, WROUGHT, 1890. Establishments 22 Capital $22, 622, 367 Employes 12, 064 Wages $.'>r845, 462 Materials 25, 988, 798 Products 37, 906, 801 Wages per capita, $484.53. IRON AND STEEL, bessemer steel. In 1865 the first Bessemer steel rail was made in this country. There was a duy of 45 per cent, on the foreign product at that time. This con- tinued until January 1, 1871, when tlie act of Congress which imposed a specific duty of $28 a ton M^ent into eflect. Steel rails in 1867 were selling in our market for $166 a ton in currencj^ or $138 in gold. The price had fallen to $106.75 in 1870, when the duty was imposed. Now, if the Presi- dent is correct in his theory, the imposition of the duty of $28 per ton would have had the effect of advancing the i)rice from $106.75 a ton to $134.75 a ton. But what has been the result? In 1867 our steel-rail mills produced 2,278 tons. In 1887 they produced 2,101,904 tons. How ji bout the price? A ton, in 1867, was sold in our market at $16(5; a ton in March, 1888, sells for $31.50. What becomes of the Presid(!nt's theory that the duty en- hances the cost of the article and becomes a tax to the consumer? But in this connection we must not lose sight of the fact that millions of cap- ital have been invested in this industry by reason of the encouragement extended by the act of 1870, and that thousands of laborers have been employed in this great industry. 196 The Rame force which has created great na- tions has created civilization, and great nations are the denial of the let-alone theory. —Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, Massachusetts. IRONWORK, ARCHITECTURAL AND ORNAMENTAL, 1890. Establishments 724 Capital 18;21, INxS, 172 Employes 18,672 Wages $11, 951, 457 Material 18, 620, 510 Products 37, 745, 294 Wages per capita ?640.07. ITALY. In Italy the standard is gold and silver ; the monetary unit is the Lira ; the value in United States coin is $0.19.3: the coins are gold : 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 lire ; silver : 6 lire. The ratio of gold to silver is 1 of gold to 15i of silver, or 1 of gold to 14.38 of limited silver. I have seen the straw shed of free-trade times give place to the splendidly-constructed barns that are an ornament to the farms all through Illinois. —Hon. A. J. Hopkins, Illinois. J JAPAN. In Japan gold is the nominal and silver the practical standards ; the monetary unit is the yen; the value in United States coin is, gold }^.99.7, silver $0.66.1 ; the coins are gold: 1, 2, 5, 10, and 20 yen; silver; yen. The ratio of gold to silver is 1 or' gold to 16.18 of silver. JEWELRY, 1890. Establishments ; 783 Capital $22, 246, 508 Employes 15, 761 Wages ^10, 270, 393 Materials IG, 110, 219 Products 34, 761, 458 Wages per capita $651.63. Goods were imported to the value of $15,776,009 on which duty wan col- lected $1,646,476. The duty under the McKinley law was 21 per cent., while the new law increased it to 23.55 per cent. JUTE, ITS ENORMOUS VALUE. " Under circumstances which seemingly assure the prosperity of the new culture, is it wise for Congress to make the proposed change ? The abolition of duties on rival imports would benefit only a comparatively small number of people, but the successful jfrowth of jute and ramie in the South would add large and richly pro- ductive resources to the wealth of the Nation. In their crude and manu- factured forms jute and ramie are yielding India and China an annual revenue of not less than $150,000,000; but Texas alone can raise more jute and ramie than India or China have ever yet produced. Under the patronage of wise laws, with the greater productiveness of intelligent agriculture, and with the economies of efficient machinery, the South ought at an early cTay to derive from the tillage of these staples as large an income as India and China now do." These statements, coming from as careful an investigator and conser- vative thinker as Professor Wateriiouse, convince us that the cultivation and manufacture of jute and ramie would increase the price of land throughout the Gulf States, and bring to the people thereof more than one hundred millions of dollars annually. 198 The great trusts are guarded by the provisions of this law, but there is nothing to show that the farmer, the w^orkingman or the manufacturer have been heard or regarded in its schedules. —Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, Massachusetts. K KANSAS. Area, 70,891 square miles. Convention met at Topeka to consider formation of State Government, September 19, 1855— Convention adjourned and met at the same place, October 23, 1855 — Constitution formed by Topeka Convention, November 12, 1855— Topeka Constitution adopted by the people, December 15, 1855 — Convention met at Lecompton, September 5, 1857— Lecompton Conven- tion adjourned and met at same place, October, 1857— Constitution formed by Lecompton Convention, November 7, 1857 — bill passed Congress to admit, conditionally, under the Lecompton Constitution, May 4, 1858— A-ct for admission rejected by the people, January 4, 1859— Convention met at Wyandotte, July 5, 1859— Constitution formed by Wyandotte Con- vention, July 29, 1859— by Act of Congress admitted as a State, under the Wyandotte Constitution, January 29, 1861. Legislature composed of 40 Senators, 125 Representatives. Meets biennially, Jan. 8, 1895. State elections, biennially, Tuesday after first Monday in Nov., U'94. Senator Wm. A. Peffer (Pop.) term expires Mar. 3, 1897. Senator John Martin (Dem.) term expires Mar. 3, 1895. X)NGRESSIONAIi DISTRICTS. At large. Vote, 1892: Fusion, 163,634 ; Rep., 156,761. 1st. Population, 167,314. Vote, 1892 : Pop., 15,782 ; Rep., 19,401. 2d. Population, 209,148. Vote, 1892 : Fusion, 22,817 ; Rep., 22,900. 3d. Population, 201,584. Vote, 1892 ; Fusion, 23,098 ; Rep., 21,594. 4th. Population, 214,544. Vote, 1892 : Fusion, 22,603 ; Rep., 25,307. 5th. Population, 177,151. Vote, 1892 : Fusion, 20,162 ; Rep., 18,842. 6th. Population, 179,147. Vote, 1892 : l^usion, 19,398 ; Rep., 17,887. 7th. Population, 178,208. Vote, 1892: F. A., 33,822; Rep., 32,059. KENTUCKY. Area, 37,680 square miles. Application made to Congress for admission as a State Dec. 9, 1790. Act of Congress approved Feb. 4, 1791. Admitted as a State June 1, 1792. Legislature composed of 38 Senators, 100 Representatives. Meets bien- nially, Jan. 1, 1894. State election, biennially, first Monday in Aug., 1895. Senator Joseph C. S. Blackburn, (dem.) term expires Mar. 3, 1897. Senator WiiiiiiAM Lindsay, (dem.) term expires Mar. 3, 1895. 199 "Free trade and State rights," was the motto of disunion, the excuse for secession, and although crushed out by Jackson in 183S, it sprang anew in- to disgraceful life in 1860, to be driven to the wall at untold cost of blood and treasure. —Senator S. M. Cullom, Illinois. KENTUCKY. (Continued.) CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICTS. 1st. Population, 170,500. Vote 1892: Dem., 15,295; Rep., 8,438. 2d. Population, 178,808. Vote 1892: Dem., 15,053; Rep., 9,781. 3d. Population, 176,471. Vote 1892: Dem., ; Rep., . 4th. Population, 192,055. Vote 1892: Dem., 16,043; Rep., 11,485. 5th. Population, 188,598. Vote 1892: Dem., 20,445; Rep., 13,767. 6th. Population, 160,649. Vote 1892: Dem., 18,564; Rep., 10,729. 7th. Population, 141,461. Vote 1892: Dem., 16,588; Rep., 9,433. 8th. Population, 142,671. Vote 1892: Dem., 14,092; Rep., . 9th. Population, 176,212. Vote 1892: Dem., 18,295; Rep., 15,339. 10th. Population, 149,058. Vote 1892: Dem., 14,515; Rep., 11,743. 11th. Population, 187,481. Vote 1892: Dem., 10,483; Rep., 17,087. aoo The new tariff is bad in construction, bad in purpose, and bad in its assaults upon the onward march of the industrial energry and prosperity of tliis miglity Bepublic. —Senator Jacob Gallinser, New Hampshire. LABOR. LABOR BILLS, who passes them? Mr. McMillin, a member of the Committee on Ways and Means, has been pleased to claim that because a Democratic House not long ago passed two measures in the interest of labor (one of them known as the contract bill), which were signed by the President of the United States, therefore his party alone is entitled to be considered to be the friend of the laboring men of this country. If there be no other basis for this claim, we feel that the title of his party to that distinguished honor is unassail- able. If there be any other foundation for this claim except the shallow pretense that a low tariff makes high wages, we would like to know it. Every Republican in the House voted for both those measures, and they never could have gone to the hand of a Democratic President for signature except through the intervention of a Republican Senate. It will be a very difllcult matter for the Democrats to convince the people that the legisla- tive department of this Government consists solely of the House of Rep- resentatives. There was another labor bill passed in a Democratic House. It was known as the " arbitration or O'Neill bill ;" and the Democrats are en- titled to a monopoly of all the glory of the achievement. When that measure came up for debate upon its merits a distinguished Democratic member of the Labor Committee rose in his place and denounced it as a piece of unblushing demagogery, and characterized its author as " a good constitutional lawyer among baseball players and a good baseball player among constitutional lawyers." LABOR LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES. WHO ENACTED THEM ?— THE CONSTITUTION— THIRTEENTH AMEND- MENT. — SliAVERY, ETC., PROHIBITED. This great revolution by which labor was exalted and the country freed from the curse of slavery, was accomplished by the Republican party against the fiercest opposition possible by the combined forces of the Democrats and their allies. THE COOLY TRADE PROHIBITED. This law was passed February 19, 1862 ; amended February 9, 1869 ; and further amended March 3, 1875. President Grant, in his message of De- cember 7, 1874, laid before Congress a recommendation for the enforce- ment of the law. The legislation on these several acts was accomplished by the Republicans in 1862, in the Thirty-seventh Congress, and in 1869^ in the Fortieth Congress. 201 V/lioii the Canadian farmers and millers have thus secured free access to our markets for all they can produce, our own farmers and millers must look for a market for those of their products that have heen displaced by Canadian products. — Senator H. C Hansbroug^h, North Dakota. PEONAGE ABOLISHED. This act was passed in the Thirty-ninth Congress, when both Houses were Republican by a large majority, March 2, 1867. INSPECTION OF STEAM VESSELS. Passed during the Fortieth Congress when the Republicans were ^in power in both Houses. SEAMEN, PROTECTION of. Passed during the 42nd Congress when both Houses were under the control of the Republicans. It was amended dur- ing the 43rd Congress when the Republicans were in control of both Houses. INVOLUNTARY SERVITUDE of foreigners, abrogated. Passed during the 43d Congress when both Houses were under the control of the Repulicans. ALIEN CONTRACT LABOR. Contract Labor Law passed the House March 9, 1886. All the votes against the bill were Democratic. INCORPORATION or national trades unions. Passed the Senate June 9, 1886, without division. Passed the House June 11, 1888, without division. PAYMENT OF PER DIEM employes for holidays. Passed without division in the 49th Congress, 2nd Session. LABOR OF UNITED STATES CONVICTS, contract system prohibited. Passed the House March 9, 1886. Passed the Senate Feb. 28, 1887. All the votes against the bill were Democratic. BOARDS OF ARBITRATION. Passed the House on April 3, 1886, with thirty votes against the bill, all being Democratic. HOURS OF LABOR, letter carriers. Law limiting letter-carriers to eight hours a day. Passed in the Senate without division. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR. Passed the House April 19, 1888. Passed the Senate May 23, 1888. All votes cast against the bill were Democratic. ALIEN CONTRACT LABOR. Fifty-first Congress. Passed the House without division, Aug. 30, 1890. Passed the Senate with verbal amend- ments Sept. 27, 1890. When the Government, in the first year of its life, by the patriotic hands of Washington, Madi- son, and the other representatives of the people, declared and enacted a law establishing a system of protective duties, it did no more than was its bounden duty to do. —Senator S. M. Cullom, Illinois. LABOR, I'Oss TO. Bradstreet, in a recent publication after a careful enu- meration of the unemployed throughout the country, states that there are " in New England 65,200 unemployed and 154,000 dependent ; New York and New Jersey, 223,250 unemployed and 563,750 dependent; Penn- sylvania, 151,500 unemployed and 449,200 dependent ; Central Western States, 227,340 unemployed and 443,310 dependent ; Northwestern States, 64,900 unemployed and 175,800 dependent; f^aciflc Coast, 25,800 unem- ployed and 47,300 dependent; Southern States, 43,065 unemployed and 122,650 dependent; making a frightful aggregate of 801,885 people unem- ployed and 1,956,710 dependent." LABOR, THE LABORER AND HIS HIRE. The following figures, compiled by a Democratic free trader, the Hon- orable CaroU D. Wright, United States Commissioner of Labor, are taken from his article in the Forum of October, 1893, entitled " Cheaper Living and the Rise of Wages." It is thought that they speak for them- selves and for protection, and against free trade. " The pay of laborers is quite indicative of general conditions. In 1840 a laborer in a large brewery in the city of New York received 62.5 cents a day; in 1860, 84 cents a day ; in 1866, $1.30 a day ; in 1891, from $1.90 to $2 a day. Compositors who worked by the day received, in 1840, $1.50 ; in 1860, $2 ; in 1866, from $2.50 to $3, and the same in 1891. These quota- tions are for a well-known establishment in the State of Connecticut. A building firm in Connecticut paid journeymen carpenters, in 1840, from $1.25 to $1.62 a day; in 1860, from 1.25 to $1.75 a day; in 1891, from $3 to $3.25 a day. A firm of builders in New York paid, in 1840, $1.50 a day ; in 1860, $2 ; in 1866, $3.50 ; in 1891, $3.50. Painters received the same. Siinilar quotations could be made for carpenters and painters in different parts of the Eastern States. The rates of wages paid to wheelwrights were in 1840, $1.25 ; in 1860, 1.25 ; in 1866, $2 ; in 1891, $2.50. Cotton weavers (women) in Massachusetts earned, in 1840, on the average, about 62 cents a day ; in 1860, 54.5 cents ; in 1866, from 85 to 90 cents ; in 1891, $1.05. Women frame spinners were paid about the same, earning a little more in the latei years. Wool spinners, both jack and mule, earned less than $1.00 a day in 1840, while in 1860 they earned $1.05 a day ; in 1866, from $1.80 to $1.90 a day ; in 1891, from $1.38 to $1.75 a day. *' The average earnings of puddlers have been subject to great varia- tions. An average must be used here because puddlers are paid largely by the ton. In 1840, at ^tna, Pennsylvania, puddlers earned $3.69 a day ; in 1860, $2.67 a day; in 1866, from $5.37 to $6.04 a day; in 1891, $3.67. In an- other iron works at Duncannon, Pennsylvania, the rates were $2.30, $2.01, $4.83, and $2.91 for the years named. The rates of wages a day, succes- sively for the years named, for blasters and drillers in the New Jersey ore district, were 75 cents, $1, $1.65, and $1.50 ; and for unskilled laborers in mining ore at Cornwall, Pennsylvania, 50 cents, 75 cents, §1.45, and $1.55." Cnder tliese higher duties American labor employed in these mills has earned more money and had more constant occupation than it had before the higher duties Avent into operation. — Senator Matthew S. Quay, Pennsylvania. LABORING MEN, do you own a house ? Go to Leeds, England, and see the condition of the working people there, and then tell us if you want the laboring men of the United States reduced to their level. A few years ago the inspector of police in Leeds was asked if he knew a single instance in that great industrial city of 320,(K)0 souls where a workingrnan— a skilled artisan, mechanic, engineer, car- penter, or mason— owned tjje house in which he lived and the ground on which it stood, and the reply was : " If I was on my oath in court I should be obliged to answer no." Now go to any New England town or city and see the homes of the me- chanics and laboring men, homes of thrift and comfort and neatness, and then insist, if you will, that the laboring men in Europe are as well paid and as prosperous as they are in this country ; but you must not expfM^t to deceive intelligent workingmen by such false and misleading state- ments. LEATHER, TANNED AND CURRIED, 1890. Establishments 1, 596 Capital f81, 261, 696 Employes 34,348 Wages $17, 825, 605 Materials 100, 114,806 Products 138, 282, 004 Wages per capita $518.97 Imported during 1893, |15,303,243, on which duty was collected $5,228,264; average rate of duty ad valorem 34.16 per cent. Rate of duty under the new law 17 per cent. * Legal Tender Money of the U. S. LEGAL-TENDER MONEY, goi.d coins. The gold coins of the United States shall be a legal tender in all pay- ments at their nominal value, when not below the standard weight and limit of tolerance provided by law for the single piece, and, when reduced in weight below such standard and tolerance, shall ]>o a legal tender at a valuation in proportion to their actual weight.— R. S. Sec. 3585 ; Stat. vol. 17, p. 426. LEGAL-TENDER MONEY, siilver coin. Act Feb. 28, 1878.— Silver dollars of the weight of 412^ grains Troy, of standard silver * * * which coins togetlier with all silver dollars heretofore coined by the United States, of like weight and fineness, shall be a legal tender, at their nominal value, for all debts and dues, public and private, excei)t wliere otherwise expressly stipulated in the contract. — R. S. Sees. 3009, 3473, 3474, 3513, 3586; Stat. vol. 20, p. 25. 204 The first necessary cliaracteristic of any na- tion is, that it must possess the power to main- tain and protect itself as against tlie world. And the first law of any Kepublican nation is, that it must have the power to protect its people in their rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. —Senator S. M. Cullom, llliuois. LEGAL-TENDER iyiONEY, subsidiary shaver coin. That the present silver coins of the United States of smaller denomina- tions than one dollar shall hereafter be a legal tender in all sums not exceeding ten dollars in full payment of all dues, public and private.— Stat. vol. 21, p. 8. LEGAL-TENDER MONEY, minor coins, copper and nickei.. The minor coins of the United States shall be a legal tender, at their nominal value for any amount not exceeding twenty-five cents in any one payment.— R. S. Sec. 3587; Stat. vol. 17, p. 427. LEGAL-TENDER MONEY, treasury notes. Act March 3, 1863.— Treasury notes issued under the authority of the acts of March 3, 1863, chapter 73, and June 30, 1864, chapter 172, shall be legal tender to the same extent as United States notes for their face value, excluding interest : Provided, That treasury notes issued under the act last named shall not be a legal tender in payment or redemption of any notes issued by any bank, banking association or banker, calcu- lated and intended to circulate as money.— R. S. Sec. 3590 ; Stat. vol. 12, p. 710 ; Stat. vol. 13, p. 218. LEGAL-TENDER MONEY, united states notes. United States notes shall be lawful money, and a legal tender in pay- ment of all debts, public and private, within the United States, except for duties on imports and interest on the public debt.— R. S. Sec. 3588 ; Stat. vol. 12, p. 711. LEGAL-TENDER MONEY, demand treasury notes. Demand treasury notes authorized by the act of July 17, 1861, chapter 5, and the act of February 12, 1862, chapter 20, shall be lawful money and a legal tender, in like manner as United States notes.— R. S. Sec. 3589 ; Stat. vol. 12, p. 370. LEGAL-TENDER MONEY, gold certificates. That the Secretary of the Treasury is authorized and directed to receive deposits of gold coin with the treasurer or assistant treasurers of the United States, in sums not less than twenty dollars, and to issue certifi- cates therefor in denominations of not less than twenty dollars each, corresponding with the denominations of United States notes. The coin deposited for or representing the certificates of deposit shall be retained in the treasury for the payment of the same on demand. Said certificates shall be receivable for customs, taxes and all public dues, and when so received may be reissued.— Act of July 12, 1892 ; Stat. 22, p. 162. 205 What is tlie laborer's estate ? It is the skill he has acquired in an art, trade or mystery. -W. I>. Kellyi LEGAL-TENDER MONEY, treasury notes. Act of July 14, 1890.— That the treasury notes issued in accordanoa with the provisions of this act shall be redeemable on demand, in coin, at the Treasury of the United States, or at the office of any assistant treasurer of the United States, and when so redeemed may be reissued ; but no greater or less amount of such notes shall be outstanding at any time than the cost of the silver bullion and the standard silver dollars coined therefrom, then held in the treasury, purchased by such notes ; and such treasury notes shall be a legal tender in payment of all debts, public and private, except where otherwise expressly stipulated in the contract, and shall be receivable for customs, taxes and all public dues, and when so received may be reissued ; and such notes, when held by any national banking association, may be counted as a part of its lawful reserve. That upon demand of the holder of any of the treasury notes herein provided for, the Secretary of the Treasury shall, under such regu- lations as he may prescribe, redeem such notes in gold or silver coin, at his discretion. — Stat. vol. 26, p. 289. LEGAL-TENDER MONEY, nationai. bank notes. That after any such association shall have caused its promise to pay such notes on demand to be signed by the president or vice-president and cashier thereof, in such manner as to make them obligatory promis- sory notes, payable on demand, at its place of business, such association is hereby authorized to issue and circulate the same as money ; and the same shall be received at par in all parts of the United States in pay- ment of taxes, excises, public lands, and all other dues to the United States, except lor duties on imports ; and also for all salaries and other debts and demands owing by the United States to individuals, corpora- tions, and associations within the United States, except interest on the public debt, and in redemption of the national currency.— R. S. Sees. 3473,3475, and 5182. LEGAL-TENDER MONEY, WHAT IS IT? LiNDKRMAN, H. R. There is not a line nor word in the Constitution which in terms gives Congress the right or power to make anything but coined money a legal tender in payment of debts. There is no provision in that instrument under which the right is even implied, unless it be from the power " to raise and support armies." Under this war power, the right to issue legal tender paper money has been asserted and once exercised by the Government. The right so exerci- sed, has been sustained by the Supreme Court under the plea of necessity, of which necessity Congress is the judge. And the Government will exer- cise the power whenever the taxing and borrowing power are found in- sufficient to yield the means of suppressing an extensive rebellion, or repelling a formidable invasion. 206 The Kepubilcan iJoKcy is anil always V.-^.'i been to digrulfy aud- benefit American labor, aoo that can best be done by generous protecH va loyrls- lation. —Senators. M. Cullom, Illiii<>i<9. LEGAI.-TENDER MONEY. (Continued.) Under the power granted to borrow money, Congress ryny authorize the issue of credit or demand notes, or other evidence of debt, and make the same receivable by the United States Treasury, and thereby aid in giving such notes currency as money, but it has no power to compel their acceptance in payment of private debts, except in the emergency of " necessity." This mode of borrowing money has been exercised at diff- erent times in our history. Clothing with legal tender power any money but coin is one of tlie most responsible acts of Government. As a matter of equity to the people, the legal tender attribute in respect to all issues outstanding should con- tinue until such money be either funded or made redeemable in the standard metalic money. LEGAL-TENDER MONEY, republican position defined. BUYING AND SEI.I.ING ARE VOI.UNTARY. Curry, W. W. Doctor Linderman's statements here are apt to be misleading:— In making any given coin or paper " a legal tender" the Government does not mean that the farmer mast accept it for his produce or the merchant for his goods. Buying and selling are voluntary, and the parties them- selves agree as to what shall be given and taken. No one is compelled to take coin any more than paper for his pr operty if he does not so choose. LEGAL-TENDER MONEY, debt-paying qualities of. All that it means is that if one person owes another a debt on any ac- count, and the Government is called on to collect it by law, it will collect it in any legal tender money which the creditor may offer. So, when a debt is due and the debtor tenders payment in legal-tender money, if the creditor refase it, he cannot by law collect it in anything else, or col- lect any further interest or damages. LEGAL-TENDER MONEY, implied powers of congress, con- cerning. The Constitution does not "in terms" confer on Congress the power to make anything a legal tender, either coin or paper; but it does "in terms" deprive the States of tlie power to "make any thing but gold and silver coin a tender in the payment of debts." This necessarily implies that tlie power to make paper money a tender for debts is inherent in Govern- ment, and as it is expressly withheld from the States, it must remain in the General Government, — or else it has been annihilated, which is ab- surd. But the power to declare what money shall be a legal tender in the payment of debts is inherent in the power to enforce the payment of debts. It is inevitable, if the Government has the power to collect debts, it must have the power to say when the debt is to be paid, and in what it shall be paid. The power to make greenbacks a legal tender, therefore, does not rest exclusively on the "war-power" of the Government, but also on its inherent power to collect debts, and its implied retention of a power withheld from the States. 9{n Wbat is the laborer's estate ? It is the force of his will and the power of his thews and sin- ew*. — W. D. Kelly. LIQUORS, mSTILLED, 1890. (See also, Internal Revenue.) Establishments 440 Capital $31, 006, 176 Employes..... 5,343 Wages $2, 814, 889 Materials 14, 909, 173 Products. 104, 197, 869 Wages per capita $526.83. LIQUORS, MALT, 1890. (See also, Internal Revenue.) Establishments 1,248 Capital $232,471,290 Employes.... 34,800 W^ages $28, 382, 544 Matertals 64, 003, 347 Products 182, 731, 622 Wages per c apita $815.59 LIVE STOCK, EFFECTS OF DEMOCRATIC I^EGISLATION ON THE The present law is in the interest of the stock raiser of Canada, Central America, Mexico and other foreign countries and against that of the American stock raiser. Under the McKinley act there was a specific duty of $30 per head on horses valued at less than $150, and 30 per cent. ad valorem on all valued at $150 or over. The pending measure fixes the duty on all horses imported at the low rate of 20 per cent, ad valorem. (The rate on cattle was $10 per head, under the old law.) Now, what must be the inevitable effect of this change on the American horse raiser? During the fiscal year ended June 30, 1893, we imported into this country, 12,248 horses valued at less than $150 each, and 382 valued at $150 and over, in all 12,630 head of the total value of $1,164,483.50, and on which we col- lected a duty to the amount of $367,440. Under the new tariff the revenue would be $232,886, a loss of $134,554 which will remain principally in the pockets of Canadian and Mexican stock raisers. THE liAW OIOLY IN EFFECT FOUR DATS WHEN THE FOI.I.OWING IS REPORTED : TEXAS CATTLEMEN COMPLAIN. They Say That The New Tariff Wiiiii Injure Their Interests. San Antonio, Tex., August 30, 1894. It is claimed by the cattlemen of Southwest Texas that the new tariff will result in serious injury to their interests in this section. The du ty is reduced from $10 per head to 20 per cent, ad valorem, and now that grass is $^>odon this side it is expected that at least 100,000 cattle will be brought into Texas from Mexico within the next sixty days, and, after being fat- tened, marketed in this country, thus forcing down the prices. Thou- sands of head of cows and stock cattle will also be brought into Texas 'from Mexico. There will also be large exportations of cheap horses from Mexico into this country.— Associated Press Dispatch. I cannot let the opportunity go by without saying: that in this Republic we can not afford, if w^e mean that this republic shall endure, to adopt a policy which will result in pauperizing and de- grading the great laboring population of our coun- try. —Senator S. M. Cnllom, Illinois. LOUISIANA. Area, 41,346 square miles. Enabling act approved Feb. 20, 1811. First State Constitution formed Jan, 22, 1812. By act of Congress, approved April 8, 1812, admitted as a State April 30, 1812. Legislature composed of 36 Senators, 120 Kepresentatives. Meets bien- nially. State elections, biennially, Tuesday after first Monday in April. Senator Newton C. Blanchard, (dem.) term expires Mar. 3, 1897. Senator Donelson Capfery (dem.) term expires . CONGRESSIONAI. DISTKICTS. 1st. Population, 154,913. Vote 1892: Dem., 10,878; Rep., 4,789. 2nd. Population, 152,025. Vote 1892: Dem., 12,288; Rep., 6,102. 3rd. Population, 214,785. Vote 1892: Dem., 14,033; Rep., 3,123. 4th. Population, 193,760. Vote 1892 : Dem., 16,442 ; Rep., 5,167. 5tli. Population, 194,302. Vote 1892: Dem., 19,571; Rep., 4,301. 6th. Population, 208,802. Vote 1892: Dem., 12,258; Rep., 2,043. LUMBER, TKOM CENSUS REPORT OF 1890. Number of establishments engaged in manu- facturing lumber, and other mill products, from logs, bolts, etc ^ 21, Oil Capital invested « ^96, 339, 968 Planing mills, etc 3, 670 Capital invested $120, 2/1, 440 Cost of material used 336, 482, 452 Value of product 588, 349, 127 Number of employes in both branches. mm 373, 085 Total wages paid $136, 754, 513 Average wages per capita, $366.00. The reports of Treasury exj^erts in connection with the tariff schedules show that the value of all imported wood and manufactures of wood, which may be classified as lumber, for the year 1893, amounted to $2,247,- 205 ; upon which the amount of duty collected was $714,518. The average ad valorem duty under the McKinley law was 31.79 per cent., while the present laV fixes the average rate at 23.62 per cent., the per cent, of reduction being 25.70. From the foregoing statements, which are all taken from oflftcial reports, it will be easy to ascertain what the result of the future may be as to the lumber industry. A reduction of 25 per cent, in the duties charged will enable Canada to compete in all of the branches of the lumber business, and especially in the larger class of rough lumber. If Canada and other countries could send us two and one-fourth millions of dollars worth un- der the tariff tax of 31 per cent., we can reasonably suppose that they can double or treble that amount under tlie great reduction made. The im- portant thought for consideration in this matter is — what is to become of the 373,085 people employed in the lumber industry ? 209 No believer in ihe principle of protection conW logically join in the rebellion of 1861, be- cause tliat trouble was founded almost wholly upon opposition to protection. If any person hold- ing: decided views in favor of protection to Ameri- can industry ever parttcipated in that act of seces- sion or engraffed under its banner, he was enlisted under false pretenses or misunderstood the issue. -Senator S. M. CuUom, Illinois. M MAINE. Area, 35,000 square miles. First State Constitution adopted Oct. 29, 1819. Application made to Congress for an enabling act Dec. 8, 1819. By act of Congress, approved Mar. 3, 1820, admitted as a State Mar. 15, 1820. Legislature composed of 31 Senators, 151 Representatives. Meets bien- nially, Jan. 2, 1895. State elections, biennially, second Monday in Sept., 1894. Senator Eugene Hale, (rep.) term expires Mar. 3, 1899. Senator Wm. P. Frye, (rep.) term expires Mar. 3, 1895. CONGKESSIONAIi DISTRICTS. 1st. Population, 153,778. Vote 1892: Dera., 14,635; Rep., 16,312. 2nd. Population, 169,528. Vote 1892: Dem., 13,566; Rep., 17,194. 3rd. Population, 154,710. Vote 1892: Dem., 13,700; Rep., 15,582. 4th. Population, 183,070. Vote 1892: Dem., 12,261 ; Rep., 16,549. MANUFACTURES. (See also, Employment and Wages.) COMPARATIVE SU3IMARY OF TOTAIiS OF, WITH PERCENTAGE OF INCREASE, FOR THE UNITED STATES : 1890 AND 1880. Items. Number of establishments reporting.., Capital.. Miscellaneous expenses Average No. of employes (aggregate).. Total wages Officers, firm members, clerks- Average number Total wages All other employes- Average number Total wages Cost of materials used Value of products 1890. 322,624 $6,138,716,604 615,056,643 4,476,094 $2,171,356,919 42«,139 1372,005,001 4,049,955 11,799,351,918 5,018,277,603 9,054,435,337 1880. (*) 253,502 $2,780,766,895 (t) 2,700,732] $939,462,252. (i) 3,395,925,123 5,349,191,458 J o o S 27.27 120.76 65.74 131.13 47.77 69.27 * The ditference between the totals stsfted in the table and those pub- lished in the reports of the Tentli Census is caused by the elimination of data duplicated under the head of " Mixed textiles," such data having been included in the totals for the different branches of the textile indus- try, also by the inclusion of petroleum refining. tThis item was not reported at the census of 1880. J Not reported separately at the census of 1880. 210 The wages paid in manufacturing districts in England from wliicli we import quantities of knit underwear will average not more than »165 to S1Y5 a year, while the average wages in the same industry in this country are from $400 to S450 a year. —Senator Matthei* S. Quay, Pennsylvania. MANITFACTURES. (Continued.) The total value of products reported for the United States is $9,370,107,- 524 ; but the contribution to the wealth of the country is more nearly- shown by deducting from this amount ^,158,868,353, the cost of the mate- rials used, leaving $4,211,239,271 as the increased value of the raw mate- rials. MARBLE AND STONE WORK, 1890. Establishments 3,373 Capital $37, 115, 193 Employes 35,989 Wages $25, 363, 521 Materials 23, 868, 904 Products 62, 595, 762 Wages per capita, $704.75. Amount imported, 1893, $1,750,498 ; duty collected, $723,349. MARKETS OF THE WORLD. The markets of the world are not vis- ionary markets, but real places where the gold of Ophir and the money changers sit waiting with the yellow metal to pay American producers for what they have to sell, provided they will sell cheaper than anybody else. It is said that New York, Philadelphia, and Boston were greatly alarmed at the threatening aspect of affairs in the incipient days of the Wilson bill, as it was evident if that bill reflected public sentiment, that the American producer had taken his 03^0 off these great centers of home population as markets for his products. He was looking beyond the great waters, where he was sure of ready cash at bottom pyHces— in fact the price did not make much difference— the thing the American pro- ducer wanted was a place to sell. He was tired of Chicago and St. Louis, Cincinnati and Pittsburg. He wanted to be independent and pass by all these markets of the past and send his produce direct to Yokohama, or to* the other side of the Atlantic. His eye was upon Liverpool and St. Petersburgh. He would like to pay toll in the great Suez Canal as he sent a cargo of cabbage or turnips or early rose potatoes to compete with the product of the valley of the Nile or of the East Indies. We have long been expecting that trouble M^ould occur in this country as a result of our people leaving our own shores to stand on foreign soil, in seeking a market. Something must be done to counteract the influ- ence of the new tariff with its " free raw material," and done at once. It will never do to allow New York to be snubbed or even to be denied the privilege of purchasing American turnips or beans, to say nothing of green corn or other products, of which we have usually a very large sur- 211 A revenue tariff, pure and simple, is a misno- mer and an impossibility. It is merely a half-way house bet^veen free trade and protection, a neutral grround where cow^ards may meet as undei' a truce to concoct unholy compromises and base compacts between sugar trusts and lead trusts and question- able "combines." —Senators. M. Cullom, Illinois. RIABKSTS OF THE WORLD. (Continued.) pluSy and which the Wilson bill will send into "the markets of the world." We would suggest, in order that no great calamity may befall us as a result of this new free-trade measure, that the Wilson bill be amended at the next session of Congress, so that it may bear some semblance to our inter-State commerce law, which prevents the common carrier from dis- criminating in the receiving or carrying of freights. We, therefore, sug- gest a clause, that no discrimination shall be made against " the home market" in favor of " the foreign market" in the sale of fresh vegetablen and early strawberries. The Democratic Purpose in Tariff Reform, as Defined by the Report of the Ways and Means Committee April 2, 1888, on the Mills Bill. 1. *' The principal elements of cost in manufactured goods are labor and material;" but material is the product of labor; therefore labor alone is the principal cost of manufactured goods. 2. " In the progressive growth of our manvifactures we have reached the point where our capacity to produce is far in excess of the require- ments of our home consumption" ; to employ our capital and labor we must have "more extended markets"; and these we must find in the markets of the world. 3. " To take the foreign market from the foreign manufacturer we nmst produce our goods at a lower cost than he can " ; to do this we must have " free raw material" from foreign countries. 4. But " we are the largest producers of cotton in the world, we are the second in the production of wool, we put on the market annually quan- tities of flax and hemp, and our country is full of ores and coal. " These raw materials must be put on the free-list, so as to reduce the cost of the domestic product by foreign competition, in order to lower the cost of our goods. 5. As the foreign manufacturer has the same access to " free raw mate- rial" that we have, is as anxious to hold " the markets of the world" as we are to take them from him, we can only succeed in this keen competi- tion by reducing the wages of all classes, so that the labor cost of mate- rial and goods will be less in the United States than in otlier countries. MARYLAND. Area 9,356 squai-e miles. Charter granted to Cecilius Calvert (Lord Baltimore), June 20, 1632— first State Constitution formed, Novembers, 1776 — ratified the Constitution of the United States, April 28, 1788. Legislature composed of 26 Senators, 84 Representatives. Meets bien- nially, Jan. 3, 1894. 212 What (let me ask) is tlie farmers' department of this Government doing: under its present head ? —Hon. J. W. Babcock, Wisconsin. AIABYI. (Continued.) State elections, biennially, Tuesday after first Monday in Nov., 189& Senator Arthur P. Gorma:n (Dem.), term expires Mar. 3, 1899. Senator Chas. H. Gibson (Dem.), term expires Mar* 3, 1897. CONGRESSIONAI. DISTRICTS. 1st. Population, 158,246. Vote 1892: Dem., 15,608; Rep., 13,714. 2nd. Population, 208,165. Vote 1892: Dem., 22,772; Rep., 17,926. 3rd. Population, 166,799. Vote 1^92 : Dem., 19,806; Rep., 13,769. 4th. Population, 183,005. Vote 1892: Dem., 21,455 ; Rep., 14,646. 5th. Population, 153,912. Vote 1892: Dem., 15,391 ; Rep., 13,505. 6th. Population, 172,263. Vote 1892 : Dem., 18,899 ; Rep., 18,292. MASSACHUSETTS. Area, 7,800 square miles. Charter granted by James I, Apr. 10, 1606, for the territory between the 34° and 45° north latitude, which was to be managed by two distinct councils; the London company, all south of 41°, and the Plymouth com- pany all north thereof; patent granted by the King in council, Nov. 3, 1620, to the council established at Plymouth, for all lands between 40° and 48° north latitude, from sea to sea. Legislature composed of 40 Senators, 240 Representatives. Meets annu< ally, Jan. 3, 1894. State elections, annually, Tuesday after first Monday in Nov., 1894. Senator George F. Hoar, (rep.) term expires Mar. 3, 1^95. Senator Henry C. Lodge, (rep.) term expires Mar. 3, 1899, CONGB£SSIONAI. DISTRICTS. 1st. Population, 170,297. Vote 1892: Dem., 13,695; Rep., 14,198. 2nd. Population, 173,951. Vote 1892: Dem., 12,718; Rep., 15,131. 3rd. Population, 171,448. Vote 1892: Dem., 13,262; Rep., 14,139. 4th. Population, 170,221. Vote 1892: Dem., 13,058; Rep., 16,209. 5th. Population, 172,178. Vote 1892: Dem., 14,423; Rep., 12,645. 6th. Population, 169,418. Vote 1892: Dem., 10,228; Rep., 16,385. 7th. Population, 174,866. Vote 1892: Dem., 9,733; Rep., 9,699. 8th. Population, 174,274. Vote 1892: Dem., 14,679; Rep., 15,671. 9th. Population, 170,458. Vote 1892: Dem., 14,454; Rep., 8,622. 10th. Population, 174,008. Vote 1892: Dem., 9,507; Rep., 8,822. 11th. Population, 173,185. Vote 1892: Dem., 14,404; Rep., 16,961. 12th. Population, 173,068. Vote 1892: Dem., 12,673; Rep., 17,316. 13th. Population, 171,535. Vote 1892: Dem., 9,006; Rep., 13,945. MERCHANT MARINE, it wants encouragement. We should encourage and foster the merchant marine by granting bounty Ibr every league steamed or sailed in carrying the United States mails. We should make the bounty sufficiently ample to carry our mail i»nd establish our trade in every nook and corner of the earth. This (;ant about the tariff destroying our carrying trade and thus our merchant marine is all false. Our carrying trade to-day is, according to the report of the Secretary of the Treasury, §1,400,000,000 annually, whereas it was but $500,000,000 in 1860, an increase of nearly 300 per cent. 213 The Industrial side of the tariff controversy must not be overlooked. The four millions of peo- ple who work in ovir factory system ai'e the most potent factors outside of Agriculture in our civili- zation. — Hon. J. TV. Babcock, Wisconsin. MEXICO. In Mexico the standard is silver. The monetary unit is the dollar. The value in United States coin is $0.66.6. The coins are gold : dollar ($0.98.3), 2i, 5, 10, and 20 dollars. Silver : dollar (or peso) and divisions. The ratio of gold to silver is 1 of gold to 16i of ^Iver. MICHIGAN. Area, 56,451 square miles. Constitution formed January 29, 1835 — Act providing for admis- sion with conditions regarding boundaries, passed June 15-23, 1836— conditions rejected September 30, 1836— conditions accepted December 15, 1836— by act of Congress, admitted as a State January 26, 1837. Legislature composed of 32 Senators, 100 Representatives. Meets bien- nially, January 1, 1895. State elections, biennially, Tuesday after first Monday, in Nov., 1894. Senator John C. Patton, (rep.) term expires upon election of suc- cessor. Senator James McMillan, (rep.) term expires Mar. 3, 1895. CONGKESSIONAI. DISTRICTS. 1st. Population, 173,841. Vote 1892 : Dem., 18,854 ; Rep., 17,587. 2nd. Population, 191,841. Vote 1892: Dem., 22,007; Rep., 21,443. 3rd. Population, 172,319. Vote 1892 : Dem., 15,802 ; Rep., 21,287. 4th. Population, 180,179. Vote 1892 : Dem., 20,246 ; Rep., 21,352. 5th. Population, 178,081. Vote 1892 : Dem., 20,095 ; Rep., 20,085. 6th. Population, 190,539. Vote 1892 : Dem., 19,669 ; Rep., 21,046. 7th. Population, 181,435. Vote 1892 : Dem., 16,125 ; Rep., 15,602. 8th. Population, 172,242. Vote 1892 : Dem., 15,886 ; Rep., 17,411. 9th. Population, 148,626. Vote 1892 : Dem., 13,053 ; Rep., 13,969. 10th. Population, 154,811. Vote 1892 : Dem., 14,858 ; Rep., 14,599. 11th. Population, 167,669. Vote 1892 : Dem., 16,038 ; Rep., 18,359. 12th. Population, 180,658. Vote 1892 : Dem., 16,674 ; Rep., 20,097. MILLINERY, CUSTOM WORK, 1890. Establishments 5,999 Capital $16, 309, 220 Employes , 23,976 Wages. 68, 945, 139 Materials 18, 756, 776 Products 36, 983, 082 \\'n.i:;c'S per capita ^..j73.08. MINNESOTA. Area, 83,531 square miles. Constitution formed, August 29, 1857— Constitution adopted by the peo- ple, October 13, 1857— by act of Congress admitted as a State, May 11, 1858, 214 I chargre upon tlils Administration that it committed a Avrong and a crime wlien it sent its representative to a friendly government to insult- ingly demand that it surrender to a harharous Queen. Hon. Henry U. Johnson, Indiana. MINNESOTA. (Continued.) Legislature composed of 41 Senators, 106 Representatives. INIeet bien- nially, Jan. 8, 1895. State elections, biennially, Tuesday after first Monday in Nov., 1894^ Senator Cushman K. Davis, (rep.) term expires Mar. 3, 1899. Senator William D. Washburn (rep.) term expires Mar. 3, 1895, CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICTS. 1st. Population, 185,584. Vote 1892: Dam., 15,000; Rep., 18,141. 2nd. Population, 188,480. Vote 1892 : Dem., 11,299 ; Rep., 18,207. 3rd. Population, 187,215. Vote 1892: Dem., 15,890; Rep., 14,727. 4th. Population, 185,333. Vote 1892 : Dem., 13,415 ; Rep., 16,624. 5th. Population,^ 185,294. Vote 1892: Dem., 15,910; Rep., 18,463. 6th. Population,' 183,397. Vote 1892: Dem., 17,337; Rep., 16,940. 7th. Population, 185,983. Vote 1892: Dem., 7,096; Rep., 12,529; Pop., 12,614. MISSISSIPPI. Area, 47,156 square miles. Application made to Congress for an enabling act, November 13, 1811, bill for enabling act, passed the House, defeated in the Senate, April 17, 1812— memorials presented to Congress from people of the proposed State, January 21, 1815, December 6, 1815, and December 9, 1816— enabling act approved March 1, 1817 — first State Constitution formed August 15, 1817— by joint resolution of Congress, admitted as a State December 10, 1817. Legislature composed of 37 Senators, 120 Representatives. Meets bien- nially, Jan. 2, 1894. State elections, biennially, Tuesday after first Monday in Nov., 1895. Senator James Z. George (dem.) term expires Mar. 3, 1899. Senator Absalom J. McLauren (dem.) term expires Mar. 3, 1895. OONGRESSIONAI. DISTRICTS. 1st. Population, 143,315. Vote 1892 : Dem., 5,605 ; Rep., . 2nd. Population, 170,512. Vote 1892 : Dem., 6,153 ; Rep., . 3rd. Population, 184,297. Vote 1892 : Dem., 2,495 ; Rep., 159. 4th. Population, 213,236. Vote 1892: Dem., 6,223; Rep., '-. 5th. Population, 224,618. Vote 1892: Dem., 7,541; Rep., . 6th. Population, 166,913. Vote 1892: Dem., 4,610; Rep., . 7th. Population, 186,692. Vote 1892: Dem., 4,984: Rep., 207. MISSOURI. Area, 65,350 square miles. Application made to Congress for a State Government Mar. 16, 1818, and Dec. 18, 1818. A bill to admit was defeated in Congress, which was introduced Feb. 15, 1819. Application made to Congress for an enabling act Dec. 29, 1819. Enabling act, (known as the Missouri Compromise), 216 TMs is a uoveriiux«iiii< uf law ; it Is a free Got- ernment : but freedom does not mean the risht to bnra» destroy, to commit crime. ^Senator S. M. Cullom, Illinois. BOSSOUBI. (Contlnaed.) passed by Congress Mar. 6, 1820. First State constitution formed July 19, 1820. Kesolution to admit as a State passed Senate Dec. 12, 1820. Rejected by the House Feb. 14, 1821. Conditional resolution to admit approved Mar. 2, 1821. Condition accepted by the Legislature of Missouri and ap- proved by the Governor June 26, 1821. By proclamation of the President admitted as a State Aug. 10, 1821. Legislature composed of 34 Senators, 143 Representatives. Meets bien- nially, Jan. 9, 1895. State elections, biennially, Tuesday after first Monday in Nov., 1894. Senator Francis M. CocKREiiL, (dem.) term expires Mar. 3, 1899. Senator George G. Vest, (dem.) term expires Mar. 8, 1897. CONGBESSIONAI. DISTRICTS. 1st. Population, 179,344. Vote 1892: Dem., 19,263; Rep., 15,920. 2nd. Population, 179,344. Vote 1892: Dem., 21,928; Rep., 16,626. 3rd. Population, 174,726. Vote 1892: Dem., 18,749; Rep., 15,288. 4th. Population, 164,264. Vote 1892: Dem., 15,859; Rep., 14,600. 6th. Population, 190,694. Vote 1892 : Dem., 19,407 ; Rep., 14,240. 6th. Population, 161,784. Vote 1892 : Dem., 16,545 ; Rep., 13,151. 7th. Population, 201,708. Vote 1892 : Dem., 21,549 ; Rep., 17,843. 8th. Population, 188,313. Vote ,1892: Dem., 18,927; Rep., 16,463. 9th. Population, 152,442. Vote 1892: Dem., 17,534; Rep., 14,944. 10th. Population, 172,447. Vote 1892: Dem., 12,465 ; Rep., 15,628. nth. Population, 187,802. Vote 1892: Dem., 14,902; Rep., 14,969. 12th. Population, . Vote 1892: Dem., 12,813; Rep., 11,841. 18th. Population, 162,510. Vote , 1892: Dem., 19,993; Rep., 15,006. 14th. Population, 230,478. Vote 1892: Dem., 19,440; Rep., 15,732. 15th. Population, 183,071. Vote 1892 : Dem., 17,487 ; Rep., 15,767. MONEY, CHEAP MONEY. This phrase is used in two entirely different senses : Money is "cheap" in commercial phrase, when the supply in the loan market is large compared to the demand, and interest is low in consequence. In this sense interest is the price of money. "Cheap money" is used in apolitical sense to signify money of less value than gold, or the standard money of the commercial world. Silver is called cheap money because the commercial value of the bullion is much less than the nominal value of the coin. So all depreciated paper money, whether of banks or of the Government is cheap. Sometimes the phrase is used of money made of "cheap" material, as paper instead of the precious metals. But if this paper promises to pay coin, and specie pay- ments are maintained, being at par with coin, it is not in any proper sense cheap. 216 The dogma that cupidity is a synonym for rir- tue will never fail to find ready converts among the beneficiaries. —Senator Jno. P. Jones, Nevada. MONEY,SPECIE MOVEMENT 1893, '94. For the year ending June 30, 1893, ourexports of specie were $149,418,163, and our imports ^,367,633, show- ing a loss of $105,050,530. The net export of gold for the year was $91,699,- 184 more than during the preceding year. Over $90,000,000, of the loss for the year followed the presidential election of November 1892. MONETARY SYSTEMS. Monetary systems, population, and approximate wealth, circulation and per capita in the principal countries of the world. i Countries. Ratio be- tween gold and full legal- tender silver. Ratio be- tween gold and limited- tender sil- ver. Population. Circu- lation per capita. Gold and silver countries. United States 1 to 15. 98 ItolSi ..do 1 to 14. 95 1 to 14. 38 .do 67, 000, 000 39, 000, 000 6, 100, 000 31, 000, 000 3, 000, 000 2, 200, 000 18, 000, 000 4, 500, 000 33, 000, 000 40,000,000 38, 000, 000 49, 500, 000 5,000,000 40,000,000 8, 600, 000 4, 000, 000 4, 500, 000 7,000,000 2,000,000 113, 000, 000 11, 600, 000 9, 000, 000 35, 000, 000 255, 000, 000 400,000,000 $24. 34 France 40. 56 Belgium 25. 53 Italy do do 9. 91 Switzerland ...do ...do 14. 07 Greece ...do ...do 9. 09 Spain ..do ...do 16. 56 Netherlands do itois 1 to 15. 1 28. 88 Turkey 2. 88 Japan 1 to 6. 18 4. 90 Gold countries. United kingdom 1 to 14. 28 1 to 13. 957 1 to 14. 08 1 to 13. 69 1 to 14. 88 1 to 14. 28 1 to 14. 95 1 to 15. 68 18. 42 Germany 18. 54 Portugal 19. 00 Austria-Hungary 9. 75 Scandinavian Union 8. 02 Australia 26. 75 Canada 13. 56 Egypt 16. 43 Cuba, Haiti, etc ltol5 ItolSi ltol6i ItolSi ...do 31. 00 Silver countries. Russia ltol5 7. 16 Mexico 4. 91 Central America .84 South America 19. 24 India ItolS 3.64 China 1. 75 217 Does any inejnber of this House remember any time wken the auction bell and the sheriff's voice have been heard so much as within the last twelve months (1894)? —Hon. Henry M. Baker, New Hampshire. MONETARY UNIT. The unit of currency in the United States is the gold dollar, having a standard weight of 25.8 grains as the unit. In the British Empire, the pound ; in France, the franc ; in Germany, the mark. MONETIZATION. The act or process of giving something the character of money or of coining it into money. MONOMETAIJLISM. The use of only one metal as a standard of value in the coinage of a country ; the economic theory that advocates such a single standard. MONOPOLIES. (See Trusts.) MONTANA. Area 146,080 square miles. Admitted as a State November 8, 1889. Legislature composed of 16 Senators, 55 Representatives. Meets bien- nially, Jan. 7, 1895. State elections, biennially, Tuesday after first Monday in November. Senator Thomas C. Power, (rep.) term expires Mar. 3, 1895. Vacant CONGRESSIONAIi DISTRICT. At Large. Population, 132,159. Vote 1892; Dem., 17,686; Rep., 17,906. MORTGAGES, mortgage statistics of the united states, 1890. A recent census bulletin issued by Mr. Carroll D. Wright gives a sum- mary of the data collected in reference to the mortgages placed during the decennial period 1880-1889 in the various States and Territories. Spe- cial interest attaches to the tables, which indicate the extent to which farms and homes are mortgaged i*i different sections of the country, the decided difference in the rates of interest paid, and the reasons for mort- gaging. We point out, first, the result of an attempt to ascertain the purposes for which mortgage indebtedness is incurred. It appears from personal in- quiries made in 102 selected counties, that 80.13 per cent, of the mortgages in number, and 82.56 per cent, in value, were made for purchase money and improvements. Not more than 1.73 per cent, of the sums procured by mortgages were disbursed for farm and family expenses. We note next that the aggregate mortgage indebtedness of the United States amounted on January 1, 1890, to ^6,019,679,985. This sum was repre- sented by 4,777,698 mortgages, divided into two classes, according as they rest on acre tracts or on city, town, or village lots. The number of 218 Is it to be presumed that the fundamental law of a government will preclude that Government from maintaining itself and leave it subject in its most vital and important part to the possible neg- lect or unfriendly act of an individual recalci- trant member ; in other words, to the dictation or adverse action of a single State ? -Senator S. M. CuUom, Illinois MORTGAGES. (Continued.) covered by mortgages in force at the date mentioned was 273,352,109 ; the number of lots was 4,161,138, The smallest amount of mortgage debt owed in any State, viz., $2,194,995, rests upon Nevada. The heaviest bur- den is borne by New York, where the real estate mortgages are valued at $1,607,874,301, equivalent to nearly 27 per cent, of the whole mortgage in- debtment of the United States. The mortgage debt in force throughout the Union amounts to $96 per capita of population, the three largest State averages being $268 in New York, $206 in Colorado, and $200 in California. Tlie largest proportion of mortgaged acres is in Kansas, where 60.32 per cent, of the total number of taxed acres are thus encumbered. Next stands Nebraska, with 54.73 per cent., and then South Dakota, with 51.76 per cent. If we take the average of 41 States, we find that only 28.86 per cent, of the taxed acres are covered by the existing mortgages. In several of the Southern States the land is conspicuously free from encumbrancfe. Thus, in Kentucky, the mortgaged acres constitute but 13.73 per cent, of the taxed acres, in Virginia but 13.59, in Tennessee but 11.46, and in Flor- ida but 9.76. The percentage of mortgaged farms to taxed farms in Arizona is 6.39, the lowest of all. It is surprising to learn from these statistics how small are the debts for which the great majority of mortgages are given. It appears that 6.03 per cent, of the whole number made during the ten years ending December 31, 1889, were for amounts of less than $100 each : while 45.17 per cent, were for sums of less than $500; mortgages for debts less than $1,000 consti- tuted 68.54 per cent, of the whole, and only 4.05 per cent, were for $5,000 or over. We come now to the varying rates of interest charged in different sec- tions of the country, and here we encounter the gratifying fact that, con- sidering the United States collectively, the average rate of interest de- clined from 7.14 per cent, in 1880 to 6.75 per cent, in 1889. Of the aggregate mortgage indebtedness incurred during the ten years throughout the Union, 16.06 per cent, was subject to rates less than 6 per cent. ; 41.89 per cent, to a rate of 6 per cent. ; and 42.05 per cent, to rates higher than that last named. Passing to details, we observe that in the decennial period of 1880-'89 the rate of interest on mortgages fell in New York from 5.89 to 5.34 per cent. ; in Massachusetts from 6.06 to 5.35 ; in Connecticut from 5.91 to 5.54 ; in New Jersey from 5.98 to 5.61 ; and in Pennsylvania from 5.87 to 5.65. In Kansas the average rate of interest dropped from 9.47 to 8.48 ; in Colorado from 11.05 to 8.22 ; in Nebraska from 8.82 to 8.04 ; and in South Dakota from 10.31 to 8.96. In Virginia, West Virginia, and Tennes- see the average rate has remained nearly stationary, close to 6 per cent. In Vermont it has risen from 5,81 to 5.93, and in South Carolina from 7.50 to 8.36. 219 **. Senators of the Democratic party, pull down the American system, which has stood so long a pillar of national pride and prosperity, the crea- tion of a longr line of American statesmen, includ- ^^^n.*®®^'?^ I2"^**^i* party, as the Parisian com- mumsto did the Yendome column— openly, boldly, and aU at once. -Senator F. T. DuboisI Idaho. M;0BT0A0£S. (Continued.) Those who have taken their opinions concerning mortgages from the calamity howlers will be surprised at these figures ; and instead of seeing in them proof of poverty and ruin, we see in them rather proof of the thrift and enterprise which uses good character and credit to secure homes and fortunes. The following table gives the details : Objects of inaebtedness. Total for 102 counties. Purchase money Improvements Purchase money and improvements (combined).. Business Farm machines, domestic animals, and otiier per- sonal property , Purchase money, improvements, business, and personal property (combined with one another). Purchase money, improvements, business, and personal property (combined with objects other than farm and liimily expenses) Purchase money, improvements, business, and personal property (combined with farm and family expenses) Farm and family expenses All other objects Total for purchase money and improvements (not combined with other objects) Total for purchase money, improvements, busi- ness, and personal property (not combined with other objects) For number. 100.00 54.67 20.96 4.50 6.01 1.95 1.73 0.45 For amount. 100.00 56.66 20.81 5.09 8.92 0.70 2.19 0.63 2.06 5.40 2.27 1.32 1 73 1.95 80.13 89.82 82.56 94.37 An honest American ballot is the strongest, the most Herculean power in the world. —Senator S. M. Cullom, Illinois. N NATIONAL BANKING SYSTEM. (See Currency.) NEBRASKA. Area, 75,995 square miles. Proposition to form a State Government disapproved by the people, March, 1860— application made to Congress for an enabling act, January 16, 1864— enabling act approved, April 19, 1864— Act passed Congress (just be- fore adjournment), to admit as a State, July 28, 1866 ; bill pocketed by the President— another Act to admit, passed Congress, January, 1867 ; vetoed by the President, January 30, 1867— Act for admission passed Congress, over the President's veto, February 9, 1867— the conditions of the Act hav- ing been accepted, by proclamation of the President admitted as a State, March 1, 1867. Legislature composed of 30 Senators, 80 Representatives. Meets bien- nially, January 1, 1895. State elections, biennially, Tuesday after 1st Monday in November, 1894. Senator CHARiiES F. Mandekson (Rep.) term expire^Mar. 3, 1895. Senator Wm. V. Allen (Pop.) term expires Mar. 3, 1899. CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICTS. Ind., Pop., Pop., Pop.. NETHERLANDS. In Netherlands the standard is gold and silver ; the monetary unit is the florin ; the value in United States coin is $0.40.2 ; tlie coins are : gold, 10 florins ; silver, ^, 1, and 2i florins. The ratio of gold to silver is 1 of gold to 15i of silver, or 1 of gold to 15 of limited tender silver. NEVADA. Area, 112,090 square miles. A State constitution formed December 11, 1863— Constitution rejected by the people — enabling act passed March 21, 1864— first State consti- tution formed July 27, 1864— by proclamation of the President admitted as a State October 31, 1864. 1st. Population, 177,055. Vote 1892 : Dem., 13,784 ; Rep., , 13,644. 2nd. Population, 176,752. Vote 1892 : Dem., 10,388; Rep. , 11,488. 3rd. Population, 163,674. Vote 1892: Dem., 10,630 ; Rep., , 13,635; 9,636. 4th. Population, 193,414. Vote 1892: Dem., 8,988; Rep., 15,648; 11,486, 6th. Population, 169,459. Vote 1892: Dem., » Rep., 14,230; 17,490. 6th. Population, 176,556. Vote 1892: Dem., 4,202; Rep., 12,197 ; 15,328. There is no permanent place in American pol- itics for a party that bases its claims for popular support on the failures and disappointments of tht* people.— Senator Nelson W. Aldi'ich, Rhode Island. NEVADA. (Contluued.) Legislature composed of 25 Senators, 54 Representatives. Meets bien- nially, Jan. 21, 1895. State elections, biennially, Tuesday after first Monday in Nov., 1894. Senator John P. Jones, (rep.) term expires Mar. 3, 1897. Senator William M. Stewart, (rep.) term expires Mar. 3, 1899. CONGRESSIONAIi DISTRICT. At large. Population, 45,761. Vote 1892 : Dem., 345 ; Rep., 2,295 ; silver, 7,171. NEWENGLAND.-A far greater customer than old eng- I.AND IN THE PURCHASE OF AMERICAN PRODUCTS. If our country is to remain a prosperous and united people sectional in- terests are not to be legislated against. The South and the West, con- trolling the votes in the Congress of the United States, to enact tariff laws at the present time, must hold to the conservative view that New Eng- land is their best customer, and that the enactment of laws detrimental to her great industrial interests cripples her as a purchaser of the great products of the South and West. With three-fourths of all the spindles of the country. New England produces not a pound of cotton ; but she consumes one-fifth of the whole cotton crop of the United States. Her purchase in 1890 amounted to more than $77,000,000. Can the South treat with indignity such a custo- mer as this ? New England grows less than four per cent, of the wool of this coun- try, but she uses one-half of the total clip. Can the West and the great Pacific States see New England slighted by crippling her industries ? New England, again, mines not a pound of coal, but uses not less than ten million tons annually in lier homes and factories. Can Maryland and the Virginias, whence a large portion of this output comes, cast a vote in the Congress of the United States that would paralyze her great factory system, and cause her to put out her fires? Of all the articles of food for man and beast, New England produces a sufficiency only of two things, hay for her cattle, and potatoes for her people. Therefore, she becomes an annual customer of the West for not less than three inillit>n barrels of flour, to which is to be added two- thirds of all the meat consumed throughout her domain. Certainly the West must be careful for sucli a customer. Manufacturing as slie does fully three-fourths of all the boots and shoes worn in the country, she is a purcliaser of hides and leather to the extent of the major portion of the output of the country. Her lumber has long since disappeared from off' her mountain slopes. Now she looks to the Northwest and the South for her supplies to build homes and factories. If these peoi)le who crowd the markets with their lumber are not careful of New England's thrift and prosperity, they must lose one of their best customers for the purchase of lumber. 222 In the Hawaiian affair, the history of nine months of successive blunders is so full of the tragic, the ridiculous, and the farcical, and the re- sponsibility has become so diffuse and generally uncertain, that the country has reached the conclu- sion tliat President, premier, and Cabinet, with all their new-fangled paramounts and mysterious ci- >her dispatches, are the mere tin-clad actors in a tupendous comedy of errors. —Senator S. M. CuUom, Illinois. NEW ENGLiAND. (ConUnued.) This is but a glance at the many-sided question of trade between the States, and while a Solid South is standing with a menace toward all in- dustrial interests, trying to secure the very greatest possible reduction of that protection which has made New England the peer of old England, these selfsame people expect New England to come with her gold and her silver and buy the products of Southern fields and Southern farms. Let the Solid South stand still for a moment's reflection, and count the cost if they would be wise, for the New England manufacturer openly declares that if you will give him foreign wages he fears no foreign competition. The outcome of the whole question is that such legislation is but to pauperize the artisans of the East, and to bring sorrow and sadness into the homes where joy and plenty have had their abode for many years. The laboring people of New England as well as the laboring people of all the country ought to understand this. One of their popular mottoes is, " The injury to one is the concern of all," and let this be emblazoned for- ever on all New England's interests, and held up before the whole coun- try to warn them that if we would continue our national prosperity we must care for New England's factory system We must await results in the trial of the new law. The verdict will be the voice of the majority at the next national election. NEWFOUNDLAND. In Newfoundland the standard is gold ; the monetary unit is the dollar ; the value in United States coin is $1.01.4 ; the coins are gold : 2 dollars ($2.02.7). The ratio of Canada is 1 of gold 14.95 of limited tender silver. (Some doubt as to that of Newfoundland). NEW HAMPSHIRE. Area, 9,280 square miles. Included in the charters of Massachusetts. Separate charter granted September 18, 1679. First State Constitution formed, January 5, 1776. Ratified the Constitution of the United States, June 21, 1788. Legislature composed of 24 Senators, 300 Representatives. Meets bien- nially, (Jan. 2,1894.) State elections, biennially, Tuesday after first Monday in Nov., 1894. Senator Wm. E. Chandler, (rep.) term expires Mar. 3, 1895. Senator Jacob H. Gallinger, (rep.) term expires Mar. 3, 1897. CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICTS. 1st, Population, 190,532 Vote 1892: Dem., 20,412; Rep., 21,031. 2d. Population, 185,998. Vote 1892: Dem., 20,996; Rep., 21,425, 223 The emptiest head can make the londestnoiHe. —Senator S. M. CuUom, IlUnoifw NEW JERSEY. ^ Area, 7,455 square miles. Held under the same grants as New York— divided into East and West Jersey, July 1, 1676— rights of the proprietary surrendered to the Crown April 17, 1702— first State constitution formed, July 2, 1776— ratified the Constitution of the Uniled States, December 18, 1787. Legislature composed of 21 Senators, 60 Bapresentatives. Meets an. nually, (Jan. 2, 1894.) State elections, annually, Tuesday after first Monday in Nov., 18&5. ! Senator John R. McPherson, (dem.) term expires Mar. 3, 1895. Senator James Smith, Jr., (dem.) term expires Mar. 3, 1899. CONGKESSIONAIi DISTRICTS. 1st. Population, 198,193. Vote 1892 : Dem., 22,511 ; Rep., 25,099. 2nd. Population, 183,316. Vote 1892 : Dem., 20,592 ; Rep., 22,716. 3rd. Population, 159,193. Vote 1892: Dem., 20,407; Rep., 17,080. 4th. Population, 188,243. Vote 1892: Dem., 21,765; Rep., 20,726. 6th. Population, 186,312. Vote 1892 ; Dem,, 20,693 ; Rep., 19,231. 6th. Population, 181,830. Vote 1892: Dem., 21,651 ; Rep., 20,284. 7th. Population, 222,053 Vote 1892 : Dem., 22,416 ; Rep., 19,585. 8th. Population, 125,793. Vote 1892: Dem-, 14,393; Rep., 13,400. NEW YORK. Ar6a, 46,000 square miles. The territory acquired the name of *' New Netherlands " in 1614. The " Dutch West India Company " was chartered in June, 1621. Active set- tlements began at New Amsterdam (New York) in 1624. Granted to the Duke of York, March 12, 1664, April 26, 1664, and June 24, 1664. New char- ter granted to the Duke of York, June 29, 1674. First State constitution formed April 20, 1777. Ratified the Constitution of the United States, July 26, 1788. Legislature composed of 32 Senators, 128 Representatives. Meets an- nually, Jan. 2, 1894. State elections, annually, Tuesday after first Monday in Nov., 1894. Senator David B. Hill (dem.) term expires Mar. 3, 1897. Senator Edward Murphy, Jr., (dem.) term expires Mar. 3, 1899. CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICTS. 1st. Population, 190,550. Vote 1892: Dem., 21,550; Rep., 18,749. 2d. Population, 169,449. Vote 1892: Dem., 20,697; Rep., 13,593. 3d. Population, 174,741. Vote 1892: Dem., 21,607; Rep., 15,907. 4th. Population, 169,387. Vote 1892: Dem., 22,118; Rep., 14,885. 6th. Population, 161,362. Vote 1892: Dem., 16,675; Rep., 14,488. 6th. Population, 163,648. Vote 1892: Dem., 17,151 ; Rep., 12,139. 7th. Population, 114,766. Vote 1892: Dem., 14,905; Rep., 7,122. 8th. Population, 125,778. Vote 1892: Dem., 15,287; Rep., 7,132. 9th. Population, 189,667. Vote 1892: Dem., 16,897 ; Rep., 7,175. 10th. Population, 156,537. Vote 1892 : Dem., 18,452 ; Rep., 12,224. The firing on Fort Sumter united the Northern St^es in defense of the Union. The passage of this bill to anything like its present form will again unite them in the protection of their industries. —Senator W. D. Washburn, Minnesota, KEW YORK. (Contlnaed.) nth. Population, 148,640. 12th. Population, 130,311. 13th. Population, 175,994. 14th. Population, 227,978. 15th. Population, 223,838. 16th. Population, 220,857. 17th. Population, 164,052. 18th. Population, 179,790. 19th. Population, 170,683. 20th. Population, 164,555. 21st. Population, 187,119. 22d. Population, 185,123. 23d. Population, 191,155. 24th. Population, 170,495. 25th. Population, 168,530. 26th. Population, 209,103. 27th. Population, 189,139. 28th. Population, 213,142. 29th. Population, 174,676. 30th. Population, 195,553. 31st. Population, 189,586. 32d. Population, 164,450. 38d. Population, 158,531. 34th. Population, 179,308. NORTH CAROLINA. Area 45,000 square miles. Charter granted by Charles II, March 24, 1663. Legislature composed of 50 Senators, 120 Representatives. Meets bien- Qially, Jan. 9, 1895. State elections, biennially, Tuesday after first Monday in Nov., 1896. Senator Matt W. Ransom, (dem.; term expires Mar. 3, 1895. Senator Thos. J. Jarvis, (dem.) term expires Mar. 3, 1897. CONGKESSIONAIi DISTRICTS. 1st. Population, 172,604. Vote 1892; Dem., 14,263; Pop., 11,576. 2nd. Population, 182,461. Vote 1892 ; Dem., 13,925; Rep., 11,814. 3rd. Population, 160,288. Vote 1892; Dem., 12,457; Rep., 5,271. 4th. Population, 186,432. Vote 1892; Dem., 14,640; Pop., 13,080. 5th. Population, 177,537. Vote 1892; Dem., 13,746; Rep., 14,360. 6th. Population, 204,686. Vote 1892; Dem., 16,624; Pop., 12,127. 7th. Population, 169,490. Vote 1892; Dem., 14,303; Rep., 9,136. 8th. Population, 190,784. Vote 1892; Dem., 16,896; Rep., 13,215. 9th. Population, 173,665. Vote 1892; Dem., 16,010; Rep., 14,560. Vote 1892: Vote 1892: Vote 1892: Vote 1892: Vote 189a: Vote 1892: Vote 1892; Vote 1892: Vote 1892: Vote 1892; Vote 1892; Vote 1892; Vote 1892 Vote 1892 Vote 1892 Vote 1892: Vote 1892 Vote 1892 Vote 1892 Vote 1892 Vote 1892; Vote 1892 Vote 1892 Vote 1892 Dem., 16,780; Rep., 8,355. Dem., 16,575 ; Rep., 7,766. Dem., 18,979; Rep., 11,181. Dem., 27,741; Rep., 15,872. Dem., 26,267; Rep., 17,442. Dem., 25,795; Rep., 19,312. Dem., 17,659; Rep., 17,806. Dem.,20,115 ; Rep., 21,034. Dem., 20,783 ; Rep., 19,095. Dem., 19,509; Rep., 17,883. Dem., 24,507; Rep., 23,187. Dem., 16,707 ; Rep., 26,209. Dem., 16,947 ; Rep., 25,690. Dem., 17,283 ; Rep., 23,858. Dem., 19,299 ; Rep., 20,445. Dem., ; Rep., 28,980. Dem., 18,412 ; Rep., 25,737. Dem., 20,601 ; Rep., 28,724. Dem., 17,646 ; Rep., 21,443. Dem., 19,479; Rep., 24,205. Dem., 19,255 ; Rep., 19,762. Dem., 16,440; Rep., 12,966. Dem., 15,548; Rep., 19,701. Dem., 15,098; Rep., 24,951. 225 In 1893 the false creed again sprang int«» being: and was adopted by the Democratic party- only to be agrain driven from the political field as it will be in 1894. -Senator S. M. Cullom, Illinois. NORTH DAKOTA. Area, 70,795 square miles. Admitted as a State Nov. 2, 1889. Legislature composed of 31 Senators, 61 Representatives. Meets bien- nially, January 1, 1895. State elections, biennially, Tuesday after first Monday in Nov., 1894. Senator Henry C. Hansbrough, (rep.) term expires Mar. 3, 1897. Senator William A. Roach, (dem.) term expires Mar. 3, 1899. CONGRESSIONAIi DISTRICT. At large. Population, 182,719. Vote 1892: Dem., 11,021 ; Rep., 17,695. NEWSPAPERS, WHO read them-free trade and protect- ION-COMPARISON OF INTEI^IilGENCE. Under the caption " Number of newspapers mailed to subscribers or news agents by publishers and news agents " we have the following * exhibit : Total of the sixteen free-trade States 156,203.516 Total Ohio and Illinois 159,254,004 Showing difference in favor of these two protection States, Ohio and Illinois, of 3,050,488. But perad venture publications of a higher order, which evidence more recondite learning and philosophical research, have flourished better. Let us examine. Under the classification " Number of magazines and other periodicals mailed to subscribers or news agents by publishers and news agents " we liave the following exhibit : Total number in sixteen free-trade States, all Democratic 3,890,35 Total number issued in Ohio 6,498,216 Difference in favor of Ohio, a Republican State , 2,607,864 NORWAY. In Norway the standard is gold ; the monetary unit is the and 20 crowns. The ratio of the Scandinavian Union is 1 of gold to 14.88 crown ; the value in United States money is $0.26.8 ; the coins are gold : 10 of limited silver. I do not know of any crime that the farmer ha> com aitted that h3 should bs dsiirived of ►rutectir)!! and his home raarlset turned over Canada aTiil tiie otlver people of tlie earth. — Senator K. F. Pettigrew, South Dakota. o OHIO. Area 39,964 square miles. Enabling act approved Apr. 30, 1802. First State constitution formed Nov., 1802. By the enabling act admitted as a State Nov. 29, 1802. Legislature composed of 37 Senators, 114 Representatives. Meets bien . nially, Jan. 1, 1894. State elections, annually, Tuesday after first Monday in Nov., 1894. Senator John Sherman, (rep.) term expires Mar. 3, 1899. Senator Calvin S. Bricb, (dem.) term expires Mar. 3, 1897. CONGRESSIONA.I. DISTRICTS. 1st. Population, 169,280. Vote 1892: Dem., 18,014; Rep., 19,269. 2nd. Population, 205,293. Vote 1892: Dem., 20,074; Rep., 22,240. 3rd. Population, 172,870. Vote 1892: Dem., 24,686; Rep., 20,370. 4th. Population, 163,632. Vote 1892: Dem., 20,417; Rep., 12,823. 5th. Population, 161,537. Vote 1892: Dem., 19,873; Rep., 15,269. 6th. Population, 122,028. Vote 1892: Dem., 18,091; Rep., 21,341. 7th. Population, 161,537. Vote 1892: Dem., 17,068; Rep., 19,434. 8th. Population, 175,917. Vote 1892: Dem., 18,384; Rep., 21,742. 9th. Population, 190,685. Vote 1892: Dem., 20,041 ; Rep., 20,027. 10th. Population, 173,921. Vote 1892: Dem., 14,241; Rep., 20,647. 11th. Population, 174,315. Vote 1892: Dem., 17,254; Rep., 19,905. 12th. Population, 158,026. Vote 1892: Dem., 20,298; Rep., 17,045. 13th. Population, 185,324. Vote 1892: Dem., 24,186; Rep., 17,037. 14th. Population, 178,259. Vote 1892: Dem., 22,285; Rep., 20,396. 15th. Population, 162,131. Vote 1892: Dem., 17,550; Rep., 18,718. 16th. Population, 160,399. Vote 1892 : Dem., 17,314 ; Rep., 17,273. 17th. Population, 176,744. Vote 1892: Dem., 23,077; Rep., 16,723. 18th. Population, 199,178. Vote 1892; Dem., 22,600; Rep., 21,389. 19th. Population, 181,474. Vote 1892: Dem., 16,069: Rep., 23,870. 20th. Populaton, 177,340. Vote 1892: Dem., 16,460; Rep., 17,417. 21st. Population, 172,707. Vote 1892: Dem., 17,389; Rep., 14,165. OREGON. Area, 95,274 square miles. First State constitution formed, September 18, 1857— by Act of Congress admitted as a State, February 14, 1859. Legislature composed of .30 Senators, 60 Representatives. Meets bien- nially, (Jan. 14, 1895.) State elections, biennially, 1st Monday in Juno, 1894. Senator John H. l^fiTOHELr. (Rkp.) term expires Mar. 3. 1897. Senator JosKPii N. Doi.ni (Rkp.) term cx])iros Mar. 3, lSf)5. CONGRESSIONAT. WISTllICTS. 1st. Population, 155,562. Vote 1S92: Dem., 13,010; Rep., 18,929. 2nd. Population, 158,205. Vote 1892: Dom., 12,120; Rep., 15,659. All grood people ererywliere in America, re- g:ardles8 of their political affiliations, should join as one man to perpetuate, to make stronger and more efficient every guard and protection for honest elections. Do not relapse into barbarism, hut k«»ep pace with the age in which we live. Break down anarchy and build up society. —Senator S. M. Cullom, Illinois. PANICS. (See also Tariff. ) The coincidence of panics in the past eighty-five years. « France. England. United States. 1804. 1803. 1810. 1810. 1813-'14. 1815. 1814. 1818. 1818. 1818. 1825. 1825. 1826. 1830. 1830. 1829-1831. 1836-1839. 1836-1839. 1836-1839. 1847. 1847. 1848. 1857. 1857. 1857. 1864. 1864^18()G. 1864. 1873. 1873. 1882. 1882. 1884. 1889-'90. 1890-'91. 1890-'91. This table does not correctly give the status as to the United States. In 1814 and 1864, there was great depression due to the disasters of war then in progress. Nor was there any panic from 1826 to 1831, but rather an era of prosperity. Tlie years from 1817 to 1823 were years of great dis- aster. The years 1848 and 1884 were years of business stagnation, dull or " hard times," in common language ; but not of the nature of " panics," as were 1837 and 1857. PANIC OF 1893— '94. Unlike the panics of former periods the great depres- sion in business of 1893 '94, was not the result of, nor attended with undue paper inflation, nor depreciation of paper currency, nor suspension of specie payments, nor by extraordinary importations of foreign goods. It came almost solely from fear of the results of political change. The election of 1892 gave to the Democratic party all branches of the Govern- ment which have a voice in law-making, for the first time since the Civil war, and on the most radical platform they had ever adopted. Hence the certainty of great changes in the financial policy of the coun- try, with entire uncertainty as to what the changes would be, caused a sud- den stoppage of all business enterprises, with the resulting disasters. PANIC 1893-'94, THE CONDITION BEFORE THE ELECTION. Mr. Cleveland was elected in an era of great prosperity. The bells and steam whistles of every hamlet and city in the land then called to laboi the most prosperous and contented people on the face of the earth. The elevation and di^rnitjT^'of labor should be the principal cardinal doctrine of every patriotic Amerian. —Senator Geo. G. Per ki us, California. PANICS. (Continued) Never before in the history of the United States had the country been in a more prosperous condition, and so far as one could look into the fu- ture the outlook for all branches of industry was of such an encouraging nature as to be a source of universal congratulation. Without free trade, without free coinage of silver there had been three decades of growth and unprecedented business activity. The American people, of all the mil- lions living on the globe, were the best housed, the best clothed, atid the best fed. The New York Herald, in July, 1892, following the nomination of Mr. Harrison at Minneapolis and Mr. Cleveland at Chicago, in an editorial said : A BAD YI:AK for PESSIMISTS. " All the evidence at hand shows that this is going to be a bad, sad year for the calamity prophets of both parties. Their occupation is gone, and there will be nothing for them to do in the campaign but to preserve a decent silence or bewail the country's universal and exasperating pros- perity. There is simply nothing for them to grumble about. The business of the country is in a provokingly healthy and flourishing condition. "New industrial enterprises for manufacturing iron, cotton, and wool- en fabrics are going into operation in various sections, and while the margin of profits is small, business is on a solid foundation, and the out- look in every direction is hopeful and encouraging. The grain crop is promising, money is abundant, and collections are easy. "In the face of such a condition of things the calamity howler must remain silent. His howling will scare nobody, not even himself, for he is too smart not to realize that the country is in a marvelously prosper- ous condition and likely to continue so, no matter which party wins in November. No party can undo the work of nature in the harvest iields or destroy the splendid accumulation of enterprise and business sagaci- ty. The country is so large and parties are so small as compared with the influence of the commercial institutions of the Nation that the success of this party or the defeat of that one can no longer be regarded as a dis- aster or a threat of disaster to national prosperity. The country is all right, and if anything is wrong it is one party or the other or both." The foregoing article is indicative of the time, but not more so than the report of R. G. Dun & Co. in their statement of the condition of business /or the fiscal year ending June 30, 1892, the same month and year of the Presidential nominations. BAD FOR THE CAI.AMITYITES. The Weekly Meview of Trade, published by R. G. Dun MR. CUBVE- I^AND'S BISECTION. Some of the things which have happened since the election of the pres- ent Administration, not merely as coincidences, but consequences of the threatening policies of the Democratic party are these : Bankruptcy has fastened its cold and icy grip on the owners and operators of more than one-fifth of all the railroad mileage in the United States. Property of this one class representing a capital in stocks and bonds of more than $1,750,- 000,000 is in the hands of receivers. Statistical returns for the month of February of the present year show a loss on 123 roads, operating 95,945 miles of track, amounting to $4,654,203, or 2.54 per cent, and a total decrease in earnings in the first two months of the year of $9,605,851, as against a gain of $539,310 last year, and as against gains of from three to seven millions in each of the three preced- ing years. According to the bulletin of the American Iron and Steel Association, over one hundred iron and steel manufacturing establishments and iron ore mining properties have gone into the hands of receivers, assignees, or sheriffs, while at least one-fifth of the capital 'invested in these industries has been absolutely sunk since Mr. Cleveland's election. In the first ten months of the present administration there was a shrink- age in the total bank clearings of this country from the total clearings during the last ten months of the year 1892 of the almost incomprehensi- ble sum of $8,259,292,017. But says one, it was the Sherman silver act that was the cause of this. But the important and undeniable historic fact is that while the shrinkage in bank clearings for the two months pre- ceding the repeal of the purchasing clause of the Sherman act was $2,634,- 699,247, the falling off for the two months immediately following such re- peal was $3,339,684,035, or greater than the shrinkage of the two months immediately preceding the repeal by $705,084,788. The shrinkage in the month of September, 1893, before the repeal act was passed, was $1,467,- 649,673, while that of December following the repeal in October was $1,- 947,505,663. Neither the repeal of the Sherman act, nor the advent of the ne^ year has availed to stem the downward course of financial and business affairs 230 The Democratic party has no foreign markets at ifcij disposal. —Hon. J. T. McCleai'y, Minnesota. PANICS. (Continued.) "^ in this country. In the months of January and February of the present year, according to Bradstreet, the shrinkage in business, as indicated by the volume of bank clearings, reached the enormous sum of §1,890,312,536 in January and §1,867,645,918 in February, uiaking the startling aggregate for these two months of §3,757,958 454. While these immense losses, amounting during the first year of ^Ir. Cleveland's Administration to considerably more than §12,000,000,000, or within a fraction of one-fifth of the total wealth of the country, properly mark the extent of the loss in trade, it does not include the still greater losses and of a character, too, which strike a deadly blow at the farmers, the land owners, the producers, and the transportation interests of the country. In that category naay be reckoned nearly §325,000,000 decrease in the value of cattle, sheep, horses, swine, and other live stock ; also the loss to the farmei-s in the depression to ruinous rates in the price of wheat, corn, oats, barley, and other cereals ; in the depreciation of the value of real estate, to say nothing of the ruin that has been brought upon our mining industries, and the annihilation of innumerable other industries and enterprises depending on these for their existence and support. But the catalogue of business disasters is far from complete until included in its list is the statement of the 16,000 business failures which have occurred in that time, involving liabilities to the extent of §346,749,- 889, to say nothing of the great army of unemployed and dependent peo- ple, aggregating, according to Bradstreet, 219,200 in New England, 787,000 in New York and New Jersey, 500,700 in the State of Pennsylvania alone, 680,650 in the central Western States, 240,700 in the Nortliwestern States, 165,715 in the Southern States, and 72,800 on the Pacific coast, footing the stupendous aggregate of unemployed and dependent in our country of 2,758,595, of whom 801,885 are stated to be unemployed, and 1,956,710 dependent. All this was not so prior to the Presidential election of 1892, and is the price the country has already paid for the experiment of Dem- ocratic financial and tarifif tinkering. PAPER, 1890. Estalishments 567 Capital $82, 374, 099 Employes 29,568 Wages §13, 746, 584 Materials 42, 223, 314 Products 74, 309, 388 Wages per capita, §461.91 ; Amount imported 1893 §8,680,319 ; Duty col- lected §2,070,124 ; Average ad valorem under old law 23.85 per cent, under new law 20.53 per cent. PARITY. Equality in exchange of coin as now provided by law — one ounce in gold is equal to sixteen in silver. Equality in coinage according to a fixed ratio, namely, one dollar of gold to sixteen of silver. '281 Oui* protective system is a barrier asa^nst the flood of foreign importations and tlie competi- tion of underpaid labor in £arope. * — Benj. Harrison. PENSIONS. It is the settled policy of tiie United States not to maintain a standing army intime of peacs larger than is necessary for police purposes, and to depend on the patriotism of its citizens for military service in time of war. And tlie magnificent army of volunteers which it put into the field during the Civil War, fully justifies this policy. Instead of a large stand- ing army, it has adopted the most liberal Pension system ever known to the world. Of the $459, 374,885.65 of expenditures for the year 1893, more than one third of it all was for pensions. WHO ARE PENSIONABLE. All officers, soldiers and sailors in the service of the United States who, in the line of duty incur any wound, injury or disease which disa- bles them lor the performance of manual labor. And when such die of Ja cause due to the service, their(l)widows, (2) children under 16 years, (3) dependent mothers, (4) fathers, and (5)brothers and sisters, in the order of succession named, are entitled to pensions. The rates of pension for disability depend on its character and degree, and range from $1 to $100 per month. Widows and dependents are entitled to $12 per month, and 82 additional for each minor, except that officers' widows have more on account of rank. This is the General Law. Under the Act of June 27, 1890, all officers, soldiers and sailors who served for ninety days or more, during the war of the rebellion, and have been honorably discharged, and are now permanently disabled to an ex- tent which renders them unable to earn a support by manual labor, from any cause not the result of their own vicious habits, are entitled to pen- sion at rates ranging from $6 to $12 ; their Widows are also entitled to pension, without regard to the cause of death, if they have no means of support but their own labor, at the rate of $8 per month, with the $2 addi- tional for each minor child. Various laws make provision for service pensions to the Soldiers and Sailors, and Widows of the wars of the Revolution, of 1812, of Mexico and Indian wars; and to Army Nurses of the Civil War; which are too nu- merous to be here cited. Provision is also made for increase of pensions with increase ot the pensionable disability. COMMISSIONER OF PENSIONS. The administration of the Pension laws is under the immediate charge of a Commissioner of Pensions, who has nearly two thousand as- sistants of various grades, and whose office constitutes a Bureau in the Department of the Interior. From the last published Report of the Com- missioner, for the year 1893, is taken the following: 232 Svery condition of American life is affected by the question of a protective tariff. —Hon. J. W. Babcock, Wisconsin. CLAIMS FILED AND ACTED ON. Since the year 1861, 2,034,695;original claima have been filed and 1,357,921 claims have been allowed. Of the 119,361 appli- cations for original pensions filed during the fiscal year 1893, 65,002 were filed by invalids, and 20,914 by widows and others under the act of June 27, 1890. In the total number of claims allowed under the acts in force during the fiscal year 1893 are included 62,291 invalids and 36,917 widows- and others, under the act of June 27, 1890, as well as 2,599 survivors and 1,347 widows of the Indian wars, and 286 army nurses. This last-named class have been pensioned under the act of Congress approved August 5, 1892. Since 1871, 80,071 claims for pensions on account of service during the war of 1812 have been filed. Of this number 34,939 have been filed by surviving soldiers and sailors, and 45,132 by the widows of those who served in said war. During the fiscal year 1893 no applications were received from survivors of tdat war, but 49 applications were filed by widows. The number of pensioners on the rolls at the close of each year is also stated in this table, as well as the amount disbursed for pensions each year since 1861. THE NUMBER OF PENSIONERS ON THE ROLLS JUNE 30, 1892, Was 876,068. During the j^ear since that date 121,630 new pensioners were put upon the rolls, 2,004 who had previously been dropped were restored, and 33,690 were dropped for death and other causes. The net increase of pensioners during the year was 89,944, and on June 30, 1893, the number of pensioners on the rolls was 966,012. Average annual value of each pension $135. 10 Average annual value of each pension under the general law '. 157.65 Average annual value of each pension under act June 27, 1890 113. 75 Total annual value $130, 510,5179. 34 THE FALLING OFF In the presentation of new claims appears from the fact, shown by the last report of my predecessor, that there were on October 12, 1892, 788,061 claims pending in the Bureau, while, as before stated, on July 7, 1893— not quite nine months later— the number of claims pending had been reduced to 711,150. It is apparent, therefore, that the filing of new claims and claims for increase has ceased to exceed the number of cases disposed of by the work of the Bureau, and that a rapid diminution in the number of new claims may be expected. THE AMOUNTS PAID On account of pensions during the fiscal year were ; Pensions General Law, $86,292,931.08; Act June 27, 1890, $68,259,357.18; 283 The Mystic cords of memory, stretching from every battlefield and patriot grrave to every living heart and hearthstone all *over this broad land, will yet swell the chorus of the Union when again touched, as surely they will be, by the bet- ter angels of our natuie. —A. Iiincoln. CLAIMS FILED AND ACTED ON. (Continued.) Mexican War, $2,132,565.79; Other laws, $1,055,613.09 ; A total of $156,« 740,467.14. To this add the expenses of the Bureau, and the amounts paid by the Third Auditor, to make up the total cost as stated by the Secretary, of the Treasury, $159,857,557.87. CLAIMS PENDING JULY 7, 1893. Old wars— Service prior to March 4, 1861 : Original invalid 1, 783 OrigiLal widows 2, 284 — 4,067 Indian wars— Act July 27, 1892 : Original invalid 1, 220 Original widows 2, 875 4,095 Old war — Restoration and increase 7,665 Bounty land 1,204 Service since March 4, 1861 : Original invalid j 123, 581 Original widows 81, 361 204, 942 Actof June 27, 1890; Original invalid - 93, 554 Original widows 61,020 144, 574 Claims under act of June 27, 1890, additional to prior applications on file under former acts : With pending original invalid 30, 594 With rejected original invalid 8, 030 With certificate invalid pending 25, 383 With certificate invalid not pending. 43, 558 With pending widow 14,424 With rejected widow 3, 164 With certificate widow pending 189 With certificate widow not pending 200 125, 642 Increase : Under general laws 140, 616 Under act of June 27, 1890. 70, 686 211, 302 Increase and accrued widow 7, 106 Army nurses 663 Total 711,150 Hirouffhout the whole web of National ex- istence we trace the golden thread of human prosrress toward a higher and better estate. -J. A. Garfield. CliAIMS FILED AND ACTED ON. (Continued.) Numer of pension claims filed and allowed each year since July, 1861, and the number of pensioners on the roll at the close of each year, together with the annual amount paid on account of pensions since July 1,1860. Army. Navy. Army and Navy. Fiscal year ending Applications filed. Applications filed. Claims allowed. June 30— Invalids. Wid- ows, etc. Invalids. Wid- ows, etc. Invalids. Wid- ows, etc. 1861 1862 1,362 26,380 20, 263 27, 299 35,799 15,905 7,292 11,035 12,991 8,837 8,857 8,728 9,302 11,926 17, 030 16,532 18, 812 36,835 110, 673 18,455 29,004 35, 039 28,962 27, 959 35,202 36,484 47, 505 52, 152 71, 570 20, 519 17,432 9,213 1,000 22,377 32, 627 44,464 28,732 20, 265 13,099 14,496 11,400 8,985 6,(r55 6,427 5,603 5,294 5,264 5,269 6,661 9,767 25,602 10, 527 10, 349 ] 1,878 11, 289 11,557 13, 328 15, 759 18,444 23, 597 28,;365 17, 521 15,765 12, UOO 60 290 385 455 350 250 170 290 260 190 240 • 248 228 310 344 271 300 599 1, 361 515 472 777 671 725 862 836 1,251 1,312 2,162 1,404 742 654 65 285 324 466 375 333 207 245 200 142 178 120 151 178 130 97 131 215 559 225 211 251 244 277 265 a38 427 579 788 590 404 358 413 4,121 17,041 15, 212 22,883 16,589 9,460 7,292 5,721 7, 934 6,468 6,551 5,937 5,760 5,360 7,282 7,414 7,242 10, 176 21,394 22,946 32, 014 27, 414 27,580 31, 937 35,283 35,843 36, 830 50, 395 41,381 17,876 10,232 49 1863 3,763 22,446 1864 1865 24, 959 1866 27,294 1867 19, 893 1868 19, 461 1869 15,904 1870 12, 500 1871 8, 399 1872 7,244 1873 4, 073 1874 3, 152 1875 4,736 1876 4,376 3,861 1877 1878 3, 550 1879 3, 379 1880 4, 455 1881 3, 920 1882 3 999 1883 5, 303 1884 6, 366 1885 7, 743 1886 8 610 1887 11, 217 1888 10, 816 1889 11, 924 1890 14, 612 1891 11, 914 1892 7,287 1898 7,295 Total 835,354 474,466 18,984 9,358 . 559, 981 304,500 235 The contest that is being wasred by the Demo- cratic party to pass this Wilson Bill is a war upon the laboring classes of America. —Hon. Albert J. Hopkins, Illinois. CJLAIMS nUED AND ACTED^ON. (Continued.) Number of pension- Total nuinbor Total number ers on the roll. of appli- of claims Dislmi'senu'iits. cutions allow- Inva- Wid- Jilod. pd. lids. ows, • etc. Total 4 337 4, 299 8, 636 n, 072, 461. 55 790, 384. 70 2r487 462 4,341 3^818 8^ 159 49, 332 ' 7,884 7,821 6,970 14, 791 1, 025, 139. 91 53. 599 39, 487 23, 479 27, 650 51, 135 4, 504, 010. 92 72, 684 40,171 35,880 50, 100 85, 986 8, 525, 153. 11 05, 25G 50, 177 55, 652 71, 070 126, 722 13, 459, 990. 4.] 36, 753 36, 482 09, 565 83, 018 153, 183 18, 619, 950. 40 20, 768 28, 921 75, 957 m, 68() 169, ()43 24, 010, 981. 99 25, 086 23, 190 82, 859 105, 104 187, 963 28, 422, 884. OS 24, 851 18,221 87, 521 111, 105 lf)8, (:80 27, 780, 811. 81 43, 909 If), 562 93, 394 114, 101 207, 495 33, 077, 383. 03 20, 391 M, 333 113, 954 118, 275 232, 299 30, 109, 341. 00 18, 303 16, 052 119, 500 118, 911 238, 411 29, 185, 2S9. 02 10, 734 10,402 121, 628 114, 013 230, 241 30,593, 749. 50 18, 704 11,152 122, 989 111, 832 234, 821 29, 683, 116. 03 23, 523 9, 977 124, 239 107, 898 232, 137 28, 351, 599. 09 22,715 11,326 128, 723 103, 381 232, 104 28, 580, 157. 04 44,587 11, 962 131, 649 92, 349 223, 998 23, 844, 415. 18 57, 118 31, 346 138, 615 104, 140 242, 755 ^}3, 780, 520. 19 141, 406 19, 545 145, 410 105, 392 250, 802 57, 240, 540. 14 31, 110 27,394 104, 110 104, 720 268, 830 50, 620, 538. 51 40,939 27, 064 182, 033 103, 0(J4 285, 097 54, 290, 280. 54 48, 770 38, 162 200, 042 97, OK) 303, 0rj8 00, 431, 972. 85 41, 785 34, 192 225, 470 97, 280 323, 750 57, 273, 536. 74 40,918 35, 767 247, 140 97, 979 345, 125 05, 093, 700. 72 49, 895 40, 857 270, 340 95, 437 305, 783 04,584,270.45 72,405 55,194 300, 298 99, 709 400, (X)7 74, 815, 486. &") 75, 720 60, 252 343, 701 108, 850 452, 557 79, 640, 140. 37 81, 220 51, 921 373, 099 110, 020 489, 725 89, 131, 908. 44 105,044 66, 637 415, 054 122,290 537,944 100, 493, 8f]0. 19 363,799 156, 480 536, 821 139, 'SS9 07(5, 100 118,548,959. 71 198, 345 224,047 703, 242 172, 820 870, OlxS 141, 080, 948. 84 119, 361 121, 630 759, 706 206,306 906, 012 158, 155, 342. 51 2, 034, 695 1, 357, 921 1, 570, 503, 544. 42 In the total number of applications filed in 1893 are included 05,UO*J invalids and 20,914 widows, etc., under the act of June 27, 1890 ; 4,50;! survivors and 4,514 widows of the Indian wars, and 930 Army nurses. In the number of claims allowed in 1893 are included 62,291 invalid-s and 36,917 widows, etc., under the act of June 27, 1890; 2,599 survivors and 1,347 widows of the Indian wars, and 286 Army nurses. In the number of pensioners on the roll, under the heads of " invalids " and "widows, etc.," are respectively included all male and female pensioners of every class. The eternal law, "In the sweat of thy face Shalt thou eat bread," will prevail. It will nevef be repealed. —Senator George F. Hoar, Massachusetts. CI. AIMS FTLED AND ACTED ON. (Continued.) War Of 1812. Applications filed. Claims Allowed Sur- vivors. Wid- ows- Sur- vivors. Wid- ows. 24,350 11,488 20,073 8,363 War with Mexico. Applications filed. Claims allowed Sur- vivors. Wid- ows. Sur- vivors. Wid- ows. 34,939 45,132 25,711 35,409 Republican Party on Pensions. From 1S62 until 1875 the Government, in all its branches, was con- trolled by the Kepublican party. During that time our pension system, as it now exists, was built up. The fundamental act was that of July 14, 1862, and between that date and the election of a Democratic Congress in 1875, fourteen other acts were passed enlarging and improving the system. Under these acts the greater part of the annual expenditures for pensions now being made was authorized. They were all Republi- can measures. Every law, every section, every line, word and syllable relating to pensions in the Revised Statutes of 1874 was enacted by Re- publican Congresses, by Republican votes, and approved by Republican Presidents. Tlie Republican party has always maintained that one of the first duties of the American people was the practical recognition, in a material way, of our sacred obligation to the volunteer soldiers of the United States. In a long series of official utterances, this party has always, in its great representative national conventions, pledged itself to the maintenance of a policy of liberality, unlimited by technical or burdensome restrictions in the award and distribution of the fund cheerfully offered to pensioners by the votes of a grateful people. It may add to the inspiration of loyal liearts to recall some of these utterances, and to hear anew Avhat we have said, and what pledges we have made from time to time. The pension policy inaugurated by the Republican party has become so closely in- corporated into our governmental system that in quoting these glorious and patriotic expressions we feel almost as if hearing anew the voices ol the revered men of the hi Aoric past. 23? When the factory fires are extinguished noth- ing follows so STU'ely as the enforced idleness of the laborer. —Hon. J. W. Bahcock^Wisconsin. BEPUBUECAN PARTY ON PENSIONS. (Continued.) At Baltimore, in 1864, the Republican national convention said : Resolved^ That the thanks of the American people are due to the soldiers and sailors of the Army and Nary who have periled their lives in defense of the country and in vin- dication of the honor of the flag ; that the Nation owes to them some permanent recogni- tion of their patriotism and their valor, and ample and permanent provision for those of their survivors who have received disabling and honorable wounds in the service of the country ; and that the memories of those who have fallen in its defense shall be held in grateful and everlasting remembrance. That was in 1864, just thirty years ago, and during the very height of the war. The Republican party did not wait until after Lee's surrender, but announced its policy while its defenders were in the field. Pension Legislation. From 1861 to 1875 the Congress was under Republican control, and all legislation upon pensions during that time was Republican legislation. With the latter year the Democrats obtained control of the House of Representatives. In 1878 the effect of Democratic control began to be a-pparent. The Republican law of February 14,1871, was amended by the Democratic act of March 9, 1878, so that widows of soldiers of the war of 1812 should lose their pensions upon remarriage ; the term of ser- vice was reduced from sixty to fourteen days, and the provision which" prevented those who had been in rebellion in the late war from receiving pensions was stricken out. Tlie effect of this was to restore to the rolls the names of all pensioners of the war of 1812 which had been stricken off for participation in, or en- couragement of the rebellion. This, with another act approved in 1879, giving three months extra pay to officers and soldiers of the Mexican war, were some of the measures of that period of Democratic ascend- ency, and both were intended mainly to benefit persons who lived in the Soutliern States. The principal measure of the six years of Democratic control in the House was the "arrears" act. But this was a Republican law, in .that it was introduced by a Republican (Cummings of Kansas), was put on its passage by a Republican (Haskell of Kansas), was voted for by 116 Republicans and 48 Democrats in the House, a majority of the Democrats in the House voting against it. In the Senate there were 27 Republicans and 16 Democrats voting in favor, and the 3 nays were all Democrats. A later Democratic limitation of the arrears was i^ut into an appropriation^bill reported by W. A. J. 238 The American market for the benefit t>£ American laborers, American farmers, and American manufacturers. , Hon. Albert J. Hopkins, Illinois. PENSION liEGISIiATION. (Continued.) S parks (Democrat) of Illinois, creating a limitation of less than one yeai and four months— that is, from March 3, 1879, to July 1, 1880— and that law has remained in force to the present. Votes shown in detail as follows : Name of bill. Repeal of arrears limitation Mexican pension. Senate amendment Widows' increase Senate bill, 1886 Dependent pension bill Dependent pension bill, over veto.... For the bill Repub- licans. lie 72 118 27 114 138 Demo- crats. Against the bill Repub- licans. None 1 None None None None Demo- crats. 61 84 58 14 76 125 Total. 295 418 Let us now present a similar table of the votes upon various pension measures in 1890, which will show: As follows : For the bill. Against the bill. Name of bill. Repub- licans. Demo- crats. Repub- licans. Demo- crats. DpDendent narents. Senate 32 136 143 141 117 31 119 10 34 40 38 28 3 24 None 1 None None None None None 12 Morrill, 62-year bill m Morrill, Cheadle 60-year amendment Morrill-60-vear bill 71 71 Disability, conference. House 56 Disability, conference. Senate 18 Prisoners of war 78 Total 719 177 1 392 Combining the two tables it will be seen that so far as these reported roll calls show, there were: FOB THE BILLS. Republicans 1, 304 Democrats 472 AGAINST THE BILLS. Republicans 2 Democrats 810 We will now separate the House and Senate votes upon pensions, as a- bove tabulated, and present the Republican and Democratic standing, by- percentage in each body, upon pension legislation. We find that the fol- lowing is the average respective standing of the two parties in Coneress 23Q I look at the tariff with an eye to the proper distribution of labor and revenue. —Senator George F. Hoar, Massachusetts. PENSION IiEGISIiATION. (Continued.) as regards sustaining the soldiers of the late war. That is, in the House, upon the important pension measures of the past few years, the Republi- cans have furnished 73 per cent and the Democrats 27 per cent of the affir- mative votes; while in the Senate the Republicans have furnished 81 per cent and the Democrats 19 per cent of the affirmative votes. Of those voting against the bills, the Democrats have the undivided hon- or of furnishing about 100 per cent, the entire negative vote — or 810 out of 820 votes. We should also state that the Mexican pension bill of January 29, 1887, in grantingpensions to soldiers and sailors of the Mexican war, repealed the provisions of section 4716 of the Revised Statutes, so far as they ap- plied to the soldiers of that Avar. That section of the Revised Statutes prohibited the payment of any pension to any person or to the widow, children, or heirs of any person who had voluntarily engaged in or aided the late rebellion against the United States. The effect of this repeal was to make eligible as pensioners very many who were prominent in the Confederate army, and who are now upon our pension rolls at^or$12 per month. The following from the National Tribune, confirms this state- ment. CONFEDERATE PENSIONS. MEXICAN PENSION ROLL-ONE WHICH IS NOT "PURGED" AND IN WHICH THERE ARE NO SUSPENSIONS. " On the Mexican pension rell there are the names of 15,215 survivors and 7,282 widows, and something over 3,000 cases were pending at latest re- ports. This makes a total of 25,497, or several thousand more men than the United States had in Mexico at any one time during the war. These all receive either $8 or $12 a month. Among the names are those of the widow of Gen. Samuel Cooper, a New Yorker by birth, who was Adjutant-General of the United States Army at the outbreak of the war, and used his position to aid the rebels in pre- paring for the struggle. He resigned his position to become adjutant- general of the Southern Confederacy, and officiated as such until the re- bellion collapsed. Mrs. Cooper has been drawing a pension since June 6,1887. The widow of Thomas J. ('StonewalP) Jackson, who was next to Lee the most popular commander of the rebel armies. The widow of Maj. Gen. George E. Pickett, who commanded a division in the rebel army. The widow of Maj. Gen. Gideon J. Pillow, who commanded a division in the rebel army. The widow of Lieut. Gen. A. P. Bill, who commanded one of the three corps of Lee's army. The widow of Sidney Smith Lee, who was dismissed from the Navy for 240 We are Not afraid of the world's competltlott so long as we avail ourselves of our national de- fense and our national resources. —Senator Georsre F. Hoar, Massachusetts. CONFEDERATE PENSIONS. (Continued.) 'going over to the enemy,' and afterward became a commodore in the rebel Navy. Brig. Gen. James R. Chalmers, who was Forrest's chief lieutenant. Maj. Gen. Dabney H. Maury, who commanded the rebel troops at the battle of Chickasaw Bayou. Hon. S. B. Maxey, late United States Senator from Texas, who has been drawing his pension since May 27, 1887. He was a major-general in the rebel army. The widows above mentioned are of men who were educated at the Government expense, and afterward fought to destroy the Government. They went on the roll at once, while last April there were pending the claims of 145,520 widows of Union soldiers who had not yet been able to get on the roll." Comparison of Party Records. o We will now give the record of the Democratic party on pension legisla- tion since the war, and will not go back of 1878. In 1878 a bill was passed by the lower House of Congress repealing all limitations of time in which applications for arrears of pensions should be made. Upon this the vote stood; Democrats for the bill, 48; Democrats against the bill, 61; Republicans for the bill, 116; Republicans against the bill, none. Subsequently a bill increasing the pensions of widows from $8 to $12 was voted on, with the following result: Democrats for the bill, 80; Dem- ocrats against the bill, 66. Republicans for the bill, 118. Republicans a- gainst the bill, none. The amputation bill, passed August 4, 1886: Democrats for the bill, 76; Democrats against the bill, 51. Republicans for the bill, 91; Republicans against the bill, none. The widows^ arrears bill, giving arrears of pensions, from the death of their husbands, to widows entitled to pensions, passed the Senate by the following vote: Democrats for the bill, 1; Democrats against the bill, 20. Republicans for the bill, 22; Republicans against the bill, none. The disability pension bill(gives pension to all disabled soldiers and to dependent parents and children), passed June, 1890: Democrats for the bill, 28; Democrats against the bill, 56. Republicans for the bill, 117; Re- publicans against the bill, none. Same bill in the Senate: Democrats for the bill, 3; Democrats againist the bill, 38. Republicans for the bill, 31; Republicans against the bill none. 241 Upon wages and the consequent distribution of consumable wealth is based all our hopes of the future, and all the possible increase of our civilization. —Hon. Thomas B. Beed, Maine. COMPARISON OF PARTY RECORDS. (Continued.) In the Forty-ninth Congress a dependent pension bill was voted on in the Senate, with the following result: Democrats for the bill, 7; Demo- crats against the bill, 14. Republicans for the bill, 27; Republicans against the bill, none. In the same Congress a similar bill was voted upon in the House of Representatives, with the following result: Democrats for the bill, 66; Democrats against the bill, 76. Republicans for the bill, 114; Republi- cans against the bill, none. This bill was vetoed by President Cleveland. An effort was made in the lower House to pass the bill over the veto, with the following result: Dem- ocrats for the bill, 37; Democrats against the bill, 125. Republicans for the bill, 138; Republicans against the bill, none. Showing that 29 Democrats who had originally voted for the bill has- tened to avail themselves of the opportunity afforded by the Presidents' veto to vote against it, thus testifying their real sentiments, while 20 oth- ers who had dodged the first vote came up promptly to the support of the veto. The vote upon' which the dependent pension bill was finally passed by the Republican Congress, of which Tom. Reed was Speaker, stood as fol- lows in the Senate: Democrats for the bill, 10; Democrats against the bill 12. Republicans for the bill, 32; Republicans against the bill, none. In the lower House it was sought to take up and pass the bill promptly, but the Democrats solidly opposed a motion to suspend the rules for that purpose, and the efifort failed. Shortly after this, however, a second effort met with success, the vote standing: Democrats for the bill, 38; Dem- crats against the bill, 71; Republicans for the bill, 141; Republicans against the bill, none. This bill was, as the old soldiers well know, promptly approved by President Harrison. The next pension legislation of importance was the bill to pension prisoners of war, and giving them each $2 for every day they were held by the Confederates. When it came up in the lower House the following vote was had: Democrats for the bill, 24; Democrats against the bill, 78 Republicans for the bill, 119; Republicans against the bill, none. To sum up, the following gives the totals of 14 votes in Congress upon the most important of the various pension measures presented since the war, viz: Domocrats for the bills, 417; Democrats against the bills, 648; Re- publicans for the bills, 1,066; Republicans against the bills, none. PRESENT ADMINISTRATION. OFFICE NOW HOSTILE TO PENSIONS. The present administration of the Pension Office came into power with an avowed b(?iief that this oflQce was permeated with fraud, and a public avowal that its expenditures should be reduced. Said the Chicago plat. 242 A Nation whJcli keeps its people employed is in the end sure to show the largest gains— even in wealth. —Hon. Thomas B. Reed, Maine. PRESENT ADMINISTRATION. (Continued.) form : *' We denounce the present administration of that office as in- competent, currupt, disgraceful and dishonest." On this basis the Com- missioner proceeded to assume : 1. That General Raum's administration being currupt and dishonest, large numbers of pensions had been un- lawfully granted, and therefore that his first duty was to purge the rolls of these fraudulent pensions. 2. That he had plenary power to review the acta of his predecessor, and to suspend pensions until he should have time and means to investigate them. Thereupon he proceeded, (1) to'sus- pend thousands of pensioners without allowing them to be heard ; (2) then to give them notice of suspension and require them to prove their right to be restored again within sixty days, on pain of being cut off entirely. The case is thus stated : NATIONAL TRIBUNE OF AUGUST lo, 1893 : "These claimants have furnished the evidence required. They have been subjected to examination by Government medical experts, and they have been adjudged entitled. They have been subjected to no little trouble and expense in procuring this judgment. Now comes along a new order of things. They are suspected of having had an allowance to which they are not entitled, and payment is stopped, and the claimant is required to prove his case over again within 60 days. (Yesterday extended for a further period of 60 days.) The burthen, in- cluding the expense, is cast upon him of proving the integrity of the allowance, instead of being placed upon the Government, where upon obvious principles it should rest. If he can now furnish the prool required within the time limited, how long will the Bureau be occupied in considering it after it is furnished? Thousands will be dead before the suspension is removed. The principle applied here is a revival of the code of Rhadamanthus (Judge of Hell)— that punished first and tried afterward. The fact is (and pensioners may as well awake to it) that there is a systematic effort being made to discredit pensioners and avoid recogni- tion of the obligation of the country to the soldiers, and no specious words or loud pretensions can disguise it." Not only was this course in violation of every principle of justice and law, which requires a presumption that the former Commissioner had done his duty, and that each pensioner was entitled to his pension, until in each case the contrary was shown ; but it was in open defiance of the Pension laws, which provide means for investigation, and prescribe the manner in which the Commissioner shall exercise his power of revision. POWER OF REVISION. "Sec. 3. Act June 21, 1879. That sections forty-seven hundred and Beventy-one, forty-seven hundred and seventy-two, and forty-seven 243 the highest duty of a Nation is to so fraiiiu its laws as to afford the greatest protection to its own people. —Senator Joseph M. Carey, Wyoming. POWER OF REVISION. (Continued.) hundred and seventy-threeofthe Revised Statu toH oftiie United States, providing for biennial examinations of pensioners, are hereby: repealed;: Provided, That the Commissioner of Pensioners shall have the same power as heretofore to order special examinations, whenever in his judg-. mentthe same may be necessary, and to increase or reduce the pension according to right and justice; but in no case shall a pension be with- drawn or reduced except upon notice to a pensioner and a hearing upon sworn testimony, except as to the certificate of the examining surgeon. * * * SUSPENDING PENSIONERS, Act June 27, 1890. Sec. 4744. The Commissioner of Pensions is authorized to detail from time to time clerks or persons employed in his office to make special ex- aminations into the merits of such pension or bounty land claims, whether pending or adjudicated, as he may deem proper, and to aid in the prosecution of any party appearing on such examinations to he guilty of fraud, either in the presentation or in procuring the aHowanc-e of such claims ; and any person so detailed shall have power to adminis ter oaths and take affidavits and depositions in the course of such exami- nations, and to orally examine witnesses, and may employ a stenograj)!! - er,when deemed necessary by the Commissioner of Pensions, in import- ant cases, such stenographer to be paid by such clerk or person, and the amount so paid to be allowed in his accounts." Under this arbitrary and unlawful proceeding the Commissioner sus- pended thousands, until by an indignant public sentiment; and the de(-is- ions of the Courts he was compelled to cease and to restore them . Here is a specimen. In the State of Illinois, there were between May 1, 1893, and March 1, 1894, a period often months, six hundred and eighty-two cases suspended by the Pension Office, and in the same time five hundred and thirty- two cases in which resumption of payment was ordered. Why were these pensioners in Illinois put to the trouble and annoyance of suffering a suspension, carrying with it a stigmti of fraud and wrong upon their part, which their subsequent restoration shows was without any reason- able justification? In the neighboring State of Ohio, in the six months ending September 1, 1893, this Administration suspended 2,000 pensioners. The names and residences have been obtained and published. Why should there have been so much greater a proportion of frauds and rascals among "Ohio soldiers than in Illinois? It hardly seems probable that the soldiers of Illinois are three times as honest as those of Ohio. It is also a fact that of the nearly 2,000 names of those suspended up to September 1, 1893, in Ohio, a list of 1,323 names restored to the rolls between September 1, and October 30, 1893, was furnished by Hon. John G. Mitchell, pension agent 244 The lower the standard of Avages, the lower the standard of citizenship. —Senator George F. Hoar, Massachusetts. SUSPENDING PENSIONERS. (Continued.) at Columbus, to Hon. James F. Seward, chairman of the Democrati*^ State Central Committee at Columbus, in time to publish before the election of November 2, 1893, so as to show to the peojile of Ohio thai President Clevehxnd had hastened to correct the injustice done, to the worthy soldiers of Ohio, who, it Avas claimed, liad been suspended by tlie rascally Republican clerks (?) in the Pension Office. The matter of dates is somewhat significant in recalling this bit of history. In July and August, 1893, a whirlwind of indignation was sweeping the State of Ohio regarding the action of this Administration in suspending soldiers' pensions by the thousands. An election was to be held in November, and something had to be done. "A necessity is laid upon us," said the politicians. Letters and telegrams flooded the Bureaus, the Departments, and the Executive sanctum. A prominent Democratic KepTesentative warned the Interior Department that unless the wholesale suspending of pensions was stopped forthwith, tlie Repulj- licans would carry the next House of Representatives and sweep the Democrats out of power. "Restore tkose pensioners, and do it quick !" was the burden of their cry. Over 1,300 Ohio soldiers were reinstated as quickly as the names could be written. A Deputy Commissioner of Pensions was hurried to the National Military Home at Dayton, Ohio, to explain matters to the soldiers there. But all the frantic haste to recoup the loss of prestige among the Buckeyes was unavailing. Thousands of good, reliable Democratic veterans determined to vote as they shot, and they gave on that first Tuesday in November, a parting kick to the twin humbugs, Democratic pension reform, and Democratic tariff reform in the shape of 80,000 majority for McKinley. SUSPENDED PENSIONS. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Pensions, Washing ton, D. C, June 26, 1894. Sir : In response to your reference of the 16th of April last, of the Senate resolution dated April 14, 1894, I have the lionor to hand you here- with a statement showing the number of pensioners whose names were suspended between March 4, 1893, and May 10, 1894, and resumed at the same rate, the number of pensioners in Avhose cases payments were sus- pended during the same period, upon which no further action had been taken, the number of pensioners whose rates were reduced during that period, the number of their pension certificates, their names, postoffice addresses, former and present rates, and causes of reduction ; and also the number of pensioners whose names wore dropped from the roll dur- ing that period, the number of their pension certificates, their names, post-ofiace addresses, and the rates they were receiving. The Senate resolution is returned herewith. Very respectfully, Wm. Lochren, Commissioner^ Thb Sbobbtaby op the Interior. 2i^ wliat I most fear is that the one paramount result of the crisis will he tlie reduction of the price of lahor. —Hon. Seth Jj. Milliken, Maine. SUSPENDED PENSIONS. (Continued.) BECAPITULATION. Late war. Mexican war. War 1812. Indian war. Classes. 1 in i i > 03 1 1 i To Number resumed 9,384 273 3,014 2,411 116 45 4 6 4 1 1 9,509 Number stillsus- pended 1 326 Number reduced 3,014 Number dropped 240 6 2 2 4 6 2,671 Number of pensioners whose pensions were suspended and resumed at the same rate between March 4, 1893, and May 10, 1894 Number, of pensioners whose pensions were suspended between March 4, 1893, and May 10, 1894, in whose cases no further action had been taken New Rules for Delay. Suppose a soldier applies for Pension under the Act of June 27, 1890, on account of the loss of a leg in a railroad accident. In his Declaration he swears that this disability is of a permanent character, and was not due to vicious habits. Under General Raum's administration he was sent to an Examining Surgeon, and on a report finding the facts to be as stated, his pension was granted. Not so under the present administration. He is sent a new circular calling for " Testimony of two credible witnesses having personal knowledge of the facts showing when, where, apd under what circumstances he in- curred the loss of his leg." *' Testimony of the same, or two other credible witnesses, who should state to the best of their knowledge and belief (setting forth their means of knowledge and basis of belief), whether the loss of leg alleged. by claimant was caused by villous habits." And this is accompanied by a copy of order No. 229, as follows: 246 L.egislation can turn human endeavor from unprofitable into profitable channels. —Senator George F. Hoar, Massachusetts. N15W RUI^S FOR DEI.AY. (Continued.) Department of the Interior, bureau of pensions, ' Washington, D. C, June 19, 1893. Ordeb No. 229. In the preparation of testimony in support of claims in pension cases all statements affecting the particular case and not merely formal, must be written, or prepared to be type-written, in the presence of the wit- ness, and from his oral declarations then made to the person who then reduces the testimony to writing, or then prepares the same to be type- written. And such testimony must embody a statement by the witness that such testimony was all written, or prepared for type-writing (as the case may be), in his presence, and only from his oral statements then made ; stating also the time, place, and person, when, where, and to whom he made such oral statements, and that in making the same he did not use, and was not aided or prompted by any written or printed statement or recital, prepared or dictated by any other person ; and not attached as an exhibit to his testimony. Any needless delay in the preparation of such testimony after such oral statement by the witness, or in forwarding the same to this Bureau, and any material alteration or erasure will be cause for rejecting such testimony. Wm. Loohren, Commissioner. Approved : Hoke Smith, Secretary, Suppose a widow is the applicant, in her declaration made under oath, she sets out the facts of her husband's name, service, death, £NT CI^EVEIiATOi'S POSITION. (Continued.) him to declare in vetoing the Dependent Pension bill, which a Republican Congress and a Republican President afterwards put into law, that " it is sad, but nevertheless true, that in the matter of procuring pensions there exists a widespread disrogiard of truth and good faith, and there can be no doubt that the race after the pensions offered by this bill would not only stimulate weakness and pretended incapacity for labor, but put a further premium on dishonesty and mendacity." INSULTING VETO MESSAGES. Mr. Cleveland sneeringiy accused Republican Congresses of haying adopted the theory "that no man who served in the army can be the subject of death or impaired health except theyare chargeable to his ser- vice." In vetoing a bill passed for the relief of John W. Ferris in June, 1886, he relieved himself of this sentiment : " The ingenuity developed in the constant and persistent attacks upon the public Treasury by those claiming pensions, and in the increase of those already granted, is exhib- ited in bold relief by this attempt to include sore eyes among the results of diarrhoea." In vetoing the bill for the relief of Alfred Denny, who swore that he was injured by being thrown forward on the pommel of .his saddle, Mr. Cleveland thought it becoming to remark : " The number of instances in which those of our soldiers who rode horses during the War were in- jured by being thrown forward on their saddle indicates that those saddles were very dangerous contrivances." It might be supposed that it would have satisfied Mr. Cleveland's animosities against the body of veteran patriots, when he had used his veto power to deny them the relief Congress had deemed it proper to give them ; but it seemed almost impossible for him to veto a pension bill without becoming funny at.the expense of the soldiers. In the affidavit of Andrew I. Wilson there had occurred a long recital of injuries received in the service. " Whatever else," said Mr. Cleveland, in vetoing the bill for Mr. Wilson's relief— " whatever else may be said of this claimant's achievements during his short military career, it must be conceded that he accumulated a great deal of disability." It was certainly from the point of view of a n^n who had not thought the flag worth his defending that Mr. Cleveland proceeded to the consideration of pension bills. His patriotism was of the kind which was willing enough to accept the highest honors and the greatest emoluments in the gift of his fellow-citizens, but which hung back when they asked him to go forward to do battle, to suffer hard- ship and to confront danger for the salvation of the Union I OTHER PRESIDENTS. The following statement, prepared from oflacial records, shows the liCglslation can create a demand that creates wealth. —Senator George F. Hoar, Massachusetts. OTHER PRESrOENrS. (Continued.) number of pension bills to which each President. si nee the war ha>s re- fused his signature : Lincoln None j Gartield None Johnson None 1 Arthur None Grant 5 I Cleveland 524 Hayes None | Harrison None SOME OTHER DEMOCRATS. In a speech of Mr. Stone, a Democrat, now Governor of Missouri, April 5, 1890, he said : *' I am equally without doubt and equally certain that we should call a sharp and peremptor3^ halt on the galloping gait at which we have been riding this pension horse in recent years. I think the time has come when the visionary theories of impractical sentimentalists, when the artfiil dogmatism of demagogues, and the pathetic appeals of political trimmers, when the insatiable greed of selfish monopoly, and the ag- gressive arrogance»of the Treasury looter should cease to dominate the Congress of the United States, or longer to suppress the independent and self-respecting members of this body. " I give it as my deliberate judgment, I state it as a fact, that no people on earth, since Governments were instituted among men, have been so despoiled and plundered in the name of patriotism and under the guise of pension laws as have been the people of the United States." 25,000 WOMEN WITHOUT CHARACTER. A speech delivered on Monday, August 22d, 1892, in the city of Fred- ericksburg, Virginia, by E. E. Meredith, Congressman from the Eighth District, quoted as follows in the " Fredericksburg Free Lance," a Demo- cratic journal of that city : ** Three out of every four persons who now receive pensions are not entitled to them, and the time will come, if the Republicans retain power, when they will place upon the pension list every man or woman who even nursed a Union soldier. There are now on the pension rolls, and receiving pay, twenty-five thousand women, most of whom are without character." DIRTY BEGGARS CALLED PENSIONERS. The folloSving article is as it appeared in full on August 17th, 1892, in the "Globe," a leading Democratic newspaper published in Durham, N. C. : " Some of the Northern papers are howling about the positive fact that Grover Cleveland hired a cheap man to represent him when the North pillaged and plundered and burned and ravished the South. There could not be a better recommendation. The scamps at the North who went into the war went in for fourteen dollars a month, with an explicit understanding that they should and could steal all that was in sight Democrats by theoretical speculations about per cents and ad valorems make believe that the poor have to bear the burden of tariff taxation. In truth and practical fact it is not so. —Hon. M. N. Johnson, North Dakota. SOM£ OTHKB DEMOCRATS. (Continued.) Grover Cleveland knew that the country would need his services in 1884 and again in 1892, and he did not propose to have his body filled with Northern lead in order to give a Yankee the chance to pick his pocket after he had been killed. He simply did a good business job, as he did when he slapped the dirty beggars called pensioners in the face. Why should he, a statesman and a man of his intellect, take the chance of war when he could hire a cheap fellow to represent him? " PENSION BUREAU, secret methods of. Are the secret methods of the Pension Bureau in taking away pensions which the Government has already conferred, an honorable way of pro- ceeding ? In the old days in Venice they had what was called " The Lion's Mouth," into which, in the dead of night, charges were dropped against any citi- zen of the republic. Upon such charges he was calle^ up for trial in se- cret and condemned : and the ultimate overthrow of that republic was caused by such abuse of power. Yet the proposition of the gentleman from Georgia is to make a "lion's mouth" of every post-office box into which every scoundrel may drop his unauthorized charges, may drop his venom, and that then a special agent shall, acting thereon, go around and seek grounds for suspension and cancellation of the pension, and thus perpetrate such wrongs as have been perpetrated within the last year by the present administration. REDUCING PENSION PAYMENTS. The Administration set out early with a promise, in the published in- terviews of the Secretary of the Interior, that heavy reductions would be made in the pension list. There was but one way to make this reduction legitimately, and that was to repeal or modify the generous laws by which pensions are granted. But Congress did not have the courage to do this, and to the too willing Secretary of the Interior was allotted the easy task of frittering away and changing the Pension laws by departmental con- struction. Large sums have been spent upon special examiners detailed to search for grounds of reduction or suspension, and we now have an opportunity to measure in cold dollars the net results of a year of this cruel policy. At the end of the fiscal year, June 30, the sum of $29,000,000 of last year's appropriation was covered back into the Treasury. Who can describe the hardship that this has caused in individual cases ? The veterans whose pensions have been pared down, withheld, or suspended, have borne their privations with unexpected silence. Amid the universal dis- aster of the year that has passed, the policy which has withheld the bene- fits of the liberal pension laws from the beneficiaries has been almost overlooked and forgotten by the general public. UfiO If the people of the North aastern State!) have been pvirchasing flour from Minneapolis millers, under this law they may buy in Toronto or Montreal. —Senator H. C. Hansbrough, North Dakota. PJENSION BUREAU. (Continued.) OFFICIAI. LYING. After suspending over 9,000 pensioners without a hearing, and being forced to restore them, again the cowardly perpetrators of the outrage attempted to throw the responsibility on the party which had gone out of power, as in this letter, which was sent to pensioners at the National Home at Dayton, and the State Home at Sandusky, Ohio : Ohio State Democratic Committee, Columbus, Ohio, October 17, 1893. Dear Sir : We have fully exposed the Republican conspiracy to cap- ture the soldier vote by having pensions suspended, and will now ask you to allow us to aid you, if possible, in securing your reinstatement, which, from information we have, you are entitled to. We will write Senator Brice, asking him to look the matter up. You are probuljly one who was suspended on information furnished by some Republican sneak in your own neighborhood. We propose to demonstrate fully to the soldiers of Ohio that this dis- reputable scheme w^ill not work, and that the Democratic party is really their true friend. Very truly yours, J. P. SEWARD, Chairman. W. T. WEAR, Secretary. But this transparent lie did not succeed, and Mr. Murpliy, the Deputy Commissionei^ of Pensions, was sent to the Soldiers' Home on Friday, Saturday, and the following Monday, just before tlie Oliio election on Tuesday. He would get six or eight of the old fellows in a little knot and make them all kinds of promises. He had with him what was Called iiis pri- vate secretary, who took notes, and they were all promised to be attend- ed to as soon as the election was over. We had 2,000 innjority in the Soldiers' Home, and it would have been 50 or 100 more if lie had not in- terfered. Indeed he himself claimed to have saved his party several hundred votes. If a Republican Deputy Commissioner had done such a thing, every Democratic paper in the country would have jumped on him with both feet, and the people would rebuke such an interference. 251 This tariff absolutely abandons now and for all time the claim that protection is unconstitu- tional. After the spectacle which has been wit- nessed in this contest that issue ought not to be raised agrain. —Senator J.J. Patton, Michigran. PRIVATE BILLS, LAST CONGRESS. We give, for the benefit of the country, a full statement of the private pension bills and the action of this Congress upon them up to and includ- ing Aug. 3, 1894: N^umber of House bills referred to Committee on Invalid Pensions, Uhis committee having charge only of bills relating to the late war). 1, ()33 Number favorably reported 97 Number unfavorably reported 10 Total reported lia Total unreported 920 Number of bills which have passed the House 47 Number of House bills in Committee on Pensions (this committee ^ has charge of all pension bills except those relating to the rebellion) 407 Number reported favorably 42 Number reported adversely 4 Total reported 46 Total unreported 361 In addition to the bills which have passed the House five bills have been favorably reported by Committee of the Whole, but not yet passed the House. In the Senate the pension bills all go to one committee, known as the (committee on Pensions, whilst in the House they are divided between the Pension and Invalid Pension Committees. Number of bills referred in the Senate 475 • ■ Number reported favorably 43 Number reported adversely ._ 3 Total reported 46 Total unreported 429 Number passed the Senate 29 Grand total reported 195 Grand total not reported 1,710 After the date named a few additional bills were passed, making the total number, which became laws : Pensions of the Civil War 34 Pensions other than Civil War 11 Total 45 PABTING. The separation of gold and silver when the two metals compose an al- loy, either native or artificial, for the purpose of obtaining the metals respectively in the form of fine bars. This is accomplished, first, by dis- solving the silver with acids and subsequently precipitating, or, second, by converting silver into a choride by heat and chlorine gas, and then reducing the chloride to if metallic state. Can anyone now living tell when there has been such Avant and siitfering, even for the necessi- ties of life, as within the last nine uionths (1894)? — Hon. Henry M. Baker, New Hampshire. PENNSYLVANIA. Area 44,985 square miles. Charter granted to William Penn by Charles II, Mar. 4, 1681. First State constitution formed Sept. 28, 1776. Ratified the Constitution of the United States Dec. 12, 1787. Legislature composed of 50 Senators, 201 Representatives. Meets bien- nially, Jan. 1, 1895. State elections, annually, Tuesdiay after first Monday in J^ov., 1894. Senator J. Donald Cameron, (rep.) term expires Mar. 3, 1897. Senator Matthew S. Quay, (rep.) term expires Mar. 3, 1899. CONGRESSIONAI. DISTRICTS. 1st. Population, 208,376. Vote 1892: Dem., 13,693; Rep., 22,908. 2nd. Population, 131,416. Vote 1892: JDem., 9,056 ; Rep., 16,107. 3rd. Population, 129,764. Vote 1892: {][j^^^^5^^^^- 4th. Population, 309,986. Vote 1892: Dem., 22,950 ; Rep., 37,200. 5th. Population, 267,422. Vote 1892: Dem., 21,426 ; Rep., 32,638. 6th. Population, 164,060. Vote 1892: Dem., 13,938 ; Rep., 19,129. 7th. Population, 193,905. Vote 1892: Dem., 21,805 ; Rep., 21,985. 8th. Population, 152,367. Vote 1892: Dem., 10,154; Rep., 5,568. 9th. Population, 213,958. Vote 1892 : Dem., 28,175 ; Rep., 17,270. 10th. Population, 149,095. Vote 1892: Dem., 10,266; Rep., 20,052. nth. Population, 142,088. Vote 1892: Dem., 10,225; Rep., 10,814. 12th. Population, 201,2a3. Vote 1892: Dem., 15,554; Rep., 14,092. 13th. Population, 154,163. Vote 1892: Dem., 13,440; Rep., 11,539. 14th. Population, 171,384. Vote 1892: Dem., 13,993 ; Rep., 19,058. 15th. Population, 146,227*. Vote 1892: Dem., 12,055 ; Rep., 17,241. 16th. Population, 174,375. Vote 1892: Dem., 14,724; Rep., 17,966. 17th. Population, 138,795. Vote 1892: Dem., 15,a33 ; Rep., 10,030. 18th. Population, 169,443. Vote 1892: Dem., 15,631; Rep., 19,247. 19th. Population, 182,246. Vote 1892: Dem., 21,963; Rep., 16,198. 20th. Population, 213,202. Vote 1892: Dem., 17,420; Rep., 22,601. 21st. Population, 245,746. Vote 1892: Dem., 20,245: Rep., 23,942. 22nd. Population, 279,355. Vote 1892: Dem., 15,939; Rep., 22,674. 23rd. Population, 164,215. Vote 1892: Dem., 8,177; Rep., 14,628. 24th. Population, 288,485. Vota 1892: Dem., 2.5,224; Rep., 23,971. 25th. Population, 198,677. Vote 1892: Dem., 15,559; Rep., 19,650. 26th. Population, 151,398. Vote 1892: Dem., 17,887; Rep., 14,500. 27th. Population, 138,326. Vote 1892: Dem., 9,523; Rep., 12,479. 28th. Population, 180,357. Vote 1892: Dem., 17,285 ; Rep., 13,284. At large: Vote, 1892: Dem., 447,456 ; Rep., 511,4a3. At large : Vote, 1892 : Dem., 448,714 ; Rep., 512,577. Peru. In Peru the standard is silver ; the monetary unit is the sol ; the value in United States money is $0.61.3. The coins are silver ; sol and divisions. The ratio of gold to silver is 1 of gold to 15i of silver, 258 1 do not believe in tlie doctrine of States' rights, or tliat this nation is an aggregation of »4tates. I believe it is an aggregation of the people of all the States ; and that it is above the States within the constitutional limits prescribed. —Senator S. M. Cullom, Illinois. PLATFORM 1892. REPUBLICAN CONVENTION. Minneapolis, Minn., June 7, 1892. The platform of the Tenth National Republican Convention at Minne- apolis, adopted June 9, 1892, is as follows : The representatives of the Republicans of the United States assembled in general convention on the shores of the Mississippi River, the ever- lasting bond of an indestructible republic, whose most glorious chapter of history is the record of the Republican party, congratulate their coun- trymen on the majestic march of the Nation under the banners inscribed with the principles of our platform of 1888, vindicated by victory at the polls and prosperity in our fields, workshops and mines, and makes the following declaration of principles : THE PBINCIPI.E OF PROTECTION. We reaffirm the American doctrine of protection. We call attention . to its growth abroad. We maintain that the prosperous condition of our country is largely due to the wise revenue legislation of the last Republican Congress. We believe that all articles which cannot be produced in the United States, except luxu- ries, should be admitted free of duty, and that on all imports coming into competition with the products of American labor there should be levied duties equal to the difference between wages abroad and at home. We assert that the prices of manufactured articles of general consump- tion have been reduced under the operations of the tariff act of 1890. We denounce the eftbrts of the Democratic majority of the House of Representatives to destroy our tariff laws as manifested by their attacks upon wool, lead and lead ores, the chief product of a number of States, and wo ask the people for their judgment thereon. TRIUMPH OF RECIPROCITY. We point to the success of the Republican policy of reciprocity, under which our export trade has vastly increased and new and enlarged mar- kets have l»een opened for th6 products of our farms and workshops. We remind the people of the bitter opposition of the Democratic party to this practical business measure, and clafm that, executed by a Republi- can administration, our present laws will eventually give us control of the trade of the world. FREE AND SAFE COINAGE OF GOLD AND SILVER. The American people, from tradition and interest, favor bimetallism, and the Republican party demands the use of both gold and silver as standard money, with such restrictions and under such provisions, to be determined by legislation, as will secure the maintenance of the parity of values of tlie two metals so that the purchasing and debt-paying power of the dollar, whether of silver, gold or paper, shall be at all times equal. 254 Protection secures to tlie American work- man at least one market — tbe market of tlie grreatest consuming nation on earth. Protec- tion secures to the American farmer at least one market — the market of the greatest manu- facturing nation on earth. Free trade secures no market either to manufacture or agrriculture. —Senator Geo. F. Hoar, Mass. PLATFORM. (Continued.) The interests of the producers of the country, its farmers and its woiking- jnen, demand that every dollar, paper or coin, issued by the Government shall be as good as any other. We commend the wise and patriotic steps already taken by our Government to secure an international conference to adopt such measures as will insure a parity of value between gold and silver for use as money throughout the world. FREEDOM OF THE BAI.I.OT. We demand that every citizen of the United States shall be allowed to cast one free and unrestricted ballot in all public elections, and that such ballot shall be counted and returned as cast ; that such laws shall be enacted and enforced as will secure to every citizen, be be rich or poor, native or foreign-born, white or black, this sovereign right guaranteed by the Constitution. The free and honest popular ballot, tlie just and equal representation of all the people, as well as their just and equal protec- tion under the laws, are the foundation of our Republican institutions, and the party will never relent its efforts until the integrity of the ballot and the purity of elections shall be fully guaranteed and protected in every State. OUTRAGES IN THE SOUTH. We denounce the continued inhuman outrages perpetrated upon Amer- ican citizens for political reasons in certain Southern States of the Union EXTENSION OF FOREIGN COMMERCE. We favor the extension of our foreign commerce, the restoration of our mercantile marine by home-built ships and the creation of a navy for the protection of our national interests and the honor of our flag ; the maintenance of the most friendly relations with all foreign powers ; en- tangling alliance with none, and the protection of the rights of our fisher- men. We reaffirm our approval of the Monroe doctrine and believe in the achievement of the manifest destiny of the Republic in its broadest sense. We favor the enactment of more stringent laws and regulation of the restriction of criminal, pauper and contract immigration. EMPLOYES OF RAIIS. We favor efiBcient legislation by Congress to protect the life and limbs of employes of transportation companies engaged in carrying on interstate commerce, and recommend legislation by the respective States that will protect employes engaged in State commerce, in mining and manufacturing. CHAMPIONING THE OPPRESSED. The Republican party has always been the champion of the oppressed and recognizes the dignity of man- 255 If you pay Cliinese wages for your work- men, you will have Chinese civilization for your country. The brain does not invent when the blood is thin or the belly is starved. —Senator Geo. F. Hoar. Mass. PLATFORM. (Continued.) hood, irrespective of faith, color, or nationality. It sympathizes with the cause of home rule in Ireland, and protests against the persecution of the Jews in Russia. FBEFDOM OF THOUGHT AND SPEECH. The ultimate reliance of free popular government is the intelligeiice of the people and the maintenance of freedom among all men. We there- fore declare anew our devotion to liberty of thought and conscience, of speech and press, and approve its agencies and instrumentalities which contribute to the education of the children of the land ; but while insist- ing upon the fullest measure of religious liberty, we are opposed to any union of church and state. TRUSTS CONDEMNED. We reaffirm our opposition, declared in the Republican platform of 1888, to all combinations or capital organized in trusts or otherwise to control arbitrarily the condition of trade among our citizens. We heartly indorse the action already taken upon this subject and ask for such fur- ther legislation as may be required to remedy any defects in existing 1 aws and to render their enforcement more complete and effective. FREE DELIVERY SERVICE. We approve the policy of extending to towns, villages and rural com- munities the advantages of the free-delivery service now enjoyed by the larger cities of the country, and reaffirm the declaration contained in the Republican platform of 1888, pledging the reduction of letter postage to one cent at the earliest possible moment consistent with the maintenance of the Post-office Department and the highest class of postal service. SPIRIT OF CIVIIi SERVICE REFORM. We commend the spirit and evidence of reform in the civil service, and the wise and consistent enforcement by the Republican party of the laws regulating the same. THE NICARAGUA CANAL. The construction of the Nicaragua Canal is of the highest importance to the American people as a measure of defence and to build up and maintain American commerce, and It should be controlled by the United States Government. TERRITORIES. We favor the admission of the remaining Territories at the earliest practical day, having due regard to the interests of the people of the Ter- ritories and of the United States. FEDERAL TERRITORIAL OFFICERS. All the Federal officers appointed for tfie Territories should be selected from bona fide residents thereof, and the r:ght of self-govemmeni; should be accorded as far as practicable. The laboring people of this country ask not lower ad valorems, but work. They prefer high ad valorems, constant employment, and abundant wages. ^ •oHon. Julius C. Burrows, Michigan. PLATFORM. (Continned.: ARID IJUS1>S. We favor cession, subject to the homestead laws, of the arid public lands to the States and Territories in which they lie under su(;h Con- gressional restrictions as to. disposition, reclamation, and occupancy by settlers as will secure the maximum benefits to the people. THE COIiUMBIAN EXPOSITION. The World's Columbian Exposition is a great national undertaking:, and Congress should promptly enact such reasonable legislation in aid thereof as will insure a discharging of the expense and obligations inci- dent thereto and attainment of results commensurate with the dignity and progress of the Nation. SYMPATHY FOR TEMPERANCE. ' We sympathize with all wise and legitimate efforts to lessen and pre- vent the evils of intemperance and promote morality. PLEDGES TO THE VETERANS. JSver mindful of the services and sacrifices of the men who saved the life of the Nation, we pledge anew to the veterans of the soldiers of the Kepublic a watchful care and a just recognition of their just claims upon |i giateful people. HARRISON'S ADMINISTRATION COMMENDED. We commend the able, patriotic, and thoroughly American adminis- tration of President Harrison. Under it the country has enjoyed re- markable prosperity, and the dignity and honor of the Nation, at home and abroad, have been faithfully maintained, and we oiler the record of pledges kept as a guarantee 9f faithful performance in the future. PLUMBING AND GAS FITTING, 1890. Establishments 5,327 Capital $29,335,247 Employes 42, 513 Wages $28,762,611 Materials 37,735,671 Products 80,905,925 Wages per capita, §676.56. POPULAR VOTE. (See also Electians.) In answer to the statement so frequently made by the friends of tariff reform, that a majority of the people of the United States, at the polls on |8th of Nov., 1892, declared that all protective tariff legislation was uncon- Btitutional and that it is now the bounden duty of the present Adminis- tration to enforce their wishes by appropriate legislation, we say that a majority of the voters did not indorse this plank in the Democratic plat- jrormofl892: 781 This is the record of the new tariff for tlie far- mer. This is what it offers to the farmer, and I say that it smites the farmer hip and thigli upon every article that he produces. —Hon. Jolin A. Pickler, South Dakota. POPULAR VOTE. (Continued.) Grover Cleveland, Democrat, for President, received 5, otJO, 533 Benj. Harrison, Eepublican, for President, received 5, 175, 577 J. B. Weaver, Peoples Party, for President, received 1, 122, 045 John Bidwell, Prohibition, for President, received 279, 191 Simon Wing,- Socialist, for President, received 21, 141 Total vote cast * 12, 164, 487 These figures show that Mr. Cleveland fell short 1,031,421 votes of a ma- jority of the popular vote. Mr. Harrison carried the great manufacturing States of the North and West by a majority of 400,000 over Mr. Cleveland. THE POPULIST PARTY. The fact that this party has been able to elect Governors and Legisla- tures in several States, and to secure several Senators and Members of jthe House of Representatives in Congress, gives it a right to be consid- jered as a factor in politics, which must be taken into account by the old and dominant parties. So far as it has coherence this new party is composed of the Farmers' Alliance, Knights of Labor, and other bodies supposed to be organized to promote the interests of the " industrial classes," in opposition to the ,* capitalist and employing classes," together with the dissatisfied ele- ments of all classes. The principles of this party, as formulated by its National Convention at Omaha, July 4, 1892, at the St. Louis and Ocala conventions, and other authorized utterances seem to be these : 1. That the Nation is on the verge of moral, political, and material ruin because of corruption at the ballot box, in the legislatures, and Congress, and on the Bench, all resulting from legislation by the two old parties in the interest of the rich, and reducing the masses to poverty and degra- dation. 2. The remedy proposed for this is : The permanent and perpetual union of the labor forces of the United States in a political party for the purpose of electing public officers of all grades, wlio hold to and will carry out their principles. 3. Governmental ownership and control of the means for the creation, conservation, and distribution of wealth. How far this is to go is not yet determined. The Nationalists would include lands, houses, factories, stores, and everything else, abolishing money, and having all things in common. But the general mass seem to be content with Governmental ownership of railroads, telegraphs, and such like means of communica- tion, and the establishment of Governmental savings-banks, loan-oflices, and other means of taking care of and distributing money. Many of the Whatever the future industrial system of this country may be, the past system is a splendid mon- ument to that series of successful statesmen who found the country bankrupt and distracted, and left it first on tlie list of nations. —Hon. Thos. B. Reed, Maine. POPULIST PARTY. (Continued.) Utterances under this head are so crude and contradictory that exact statement is impossible. 4. Demand is made for the free and unlimited coinage of gold and sil- ver at the ratio of 1 to 16 ; of a circulating medium of not less than $50 per head of population ; of the issue of Government notes, to be a full legal tender for all debts and demands, public and private, to be loaned by the Government to the people, on land or other security, at two per cent, interest per annum. 6. Like other platforms, there are declarations concerning current tem- porary questions, and which cannot be held as permanent principles ; and many declarations which are simply the common utterances of all parties. No attempt will be made to state these. The three fundamental principles of the party seem to be (1) the politi- cal organization of the industrial classes to control elections ; (2) a large extension of Governmental ownership and control of industrial forces ; (3) a large supply of Government money, with direct issue to the people who want it. OBJECTIONS TO THIS PARTY. The objections which present themselves to this party and its de- mands are : 1. That, being based on an assumption of the poverty and destitution of the masses, it is in danger of becoming an organized attack on all rights of private property, and must end in Anarcliy or Communism. No one should enter the party who is not prepared to follow it to one or the other of these extremes. 2. That, being an attempt to organize 'one class of citizens against an- other class, laborers against capitalists, it must lead to more pronounced conflicts, aggravate all the evils of organized lockouts and strikes, and tends to civil war, not to peace. 3. That, being based on charges of universal corruption and fraud, it tends to break down all confidence of man in man, and begets the very corruption it charges, in its own followers as well as others. Evil grows in him who evil thinks. The short experience of this party already dem- onstrates its demoralizing influence. 4. That, whilst charging universal corruption upon all branches of the Ck)vemment, National and State, it proposes to infinitely multiply the means and rewards of corruption, by multiplying the Governmental control of the production and distribution of wealth. When public officers are charged with the creation, loaning and collecting of almost unlimited amounts of money; with the owning and management of enter- prises requiring the employment and discharge of hundreds of thous- ands of men ; where will be the limit of peculation and fraud? If we can not have honest officers with the present very limited temptations Starribg families cliitohlni: for the last mof set of food, cannot be lulled into f orgetf ulness of pres- ent naisery l>y the announcement of lower adva- lorems on tlie necessities of life. —Hon. Julius C. Burrows, Michigan. POPtJI.IST PARTY. (Continued.) and means of stealing, what can we expect with the unlimited opportun- ities proposed. Human nature will be the same, and results must be in proportion to the means ofi'ered. * 5. The scheme of Governmental ownership of the means of intercourse aud transportation seems impracticable from a financial standpoint. These are now the property of private owners, and there seems to be but two ways in which the Government can acquire them. One is to pur- chase them. Bat the Government has no money to buy with, and can get none except by some form of taxation. If it should l)uy them on credit it would create a national debt many times greater tlian tlie war debt ; and that debt would have to be represented by " promises to pay ;" and to pay both principal and interest onerous taxes must be levied. This property, then, cannot be honestly acquired but by creating an im- mense debt, to be paid by burdensome taxation for generations. The other means of acquiring this property is " confiscation." But there is no reason why this kind of prox^erty should be confiscated any more than any other. It was lawful property when its owners invested in it, and they have the same moral and lawful right to it that the farmer has to his land, the merchant to his goods, and the mechanic to his tools. Besides, the Constitution is in the way, for that declares that "private property shall not be taken for public use without just compensation." In short, the proposition is impracticable, and the attempt to realize it would sub- vert the Government, and end, as suggested, in anarchy or communism. G. Equally impracticable seems to be the proposal to issue and loan large amounts of Government notes. Being Government notes, they could be loaned or paid out only " for value received." They would represent a debt owed by the Government, and which it must express as a •* promise to pay." It must therefore make some provision to pay them. They could neither have nor express value except in the terms of some- thing having value. That is, each one must promise to pay so nuiny bushels of wheat, acres of land, or dollars. The Government must there- fore acquire this land, wheat, or dollar, with which to give value to its paper. Now, if the Government gave them out in the purchase of land, wheat, or dollars, it must hold these with which to redeem tliem. If it loaned them on mortgage of land, wheat, or dollars, it must have the custody of these, and be at the expense of their care and use, and at tlie expense also of collection, foreclosure, etc. Two per cent, interest would not pay the expense and losses involved, which would -iiave to be made up by taxes. Besides, in what possible way could the value of the prop- erty to be mortgaged be determined ? Would it be fixed by law, once for all, at the present market rates? Would the loans be fixed at a given per cent, of this legal valuation ? Or would the valuation of the property and the amount to be loaned be subject to the increase of the market price? If so, who can fail to see that the more paper there was issued, the higher 260 It was not the farmers that pnt Graver Cleve- land in the AV^hite Hou-ie ; it was Hie Jaborers in the factories of New York, Connecticut, Ncav Jersey. Delaware and Indiana. "Wliy tlien, should the market for farm products be turned over to peo- ple who live in other countries. —Senator B. F. Pettigrew, South Dakota. POPITLIST PARTY. (Continued.) prices would rise, and the higher prices rose, the more paper it would be necessary to issue ; and so an increase of prices and an increase of loans go on perpetually, or until the scheme collapsed in universal bankruptcy of both the Government and the people. And then what a mighty politi- cal machine it would be for the Populist bosses. 7. Finally, the sliort history of Populism affords us abundant evidence of '• Bossism" and *' Corruption," to warn us against placing in the hands of its leaders any such powers and temptations. Kansas and Souiii < 'ar- olina, one intensely Republican, and the other intensely Democratic, are "awful examples." Look at these lectures, drawn by themselves: WHAT IS POPULISM ? From the Topeka (Populist paper) of July 21, 1894, under this title : "Since the inauguration of Gov. Lewelling down to the 3d of July last he has been busy in carrying out or toying with the contracts made with Democracy at Wichita and since. " These hellish schemes now settled, by agreement, the campaign was ready to commence. " Was there ever such political treachery on record ? "Following this, the county convention of Shawnee County was made up, in part, with delegates elected under a forged call of the city prima- ries, and largely by the manipulation of the police department acting un- der orders from their superiors and the state committee. "They know that Gov. Lewelling, the state officers, and chairman Breidenthal, encourage them in their hellish work. It is the old politi- cal method of whipping in, carried to the extreme. "But the Democratic convention turned a deaf ear to their sycophantic pleadings and refused to endorse a single nominee of the so-called Pop- ulist convention. Democracy said, we have enough of your shams and of your frauds ; henceforth we will go it alone, and proceeded to nominate a straight Democratic State ticket. "The Board of Atchison City had done their duty as oflacials and given the city good government. "Then why were they removed ? "Because they antagonized the interest of the saloons and gambling dens by closing them up at ten o'clock at night and on Sundays and there is no escaping this charge. " Kansas Populism stands for unrestricted operation of saloons and Governor Lewelling so declares it. " Kansas Populism stands for gambling dens and policy shops and Governor Lewelling so declares it. "Kansas Populism stands for more bawdy houses and more prostita- tkm and Governor Lewelling bo declares it. Silent factories, vacant workshops, capital without return, worlcmen out of employ, chil- dren and women seeking the necessaries of life, w^ill make little impression upon Democratic statesmanship. —Senator Geo. F. Hoar, Mass. POPULIST PARTY. (Continued.) " Kansas Populism stands for * moral, financial, and material ruin,* and Governor Lewelling so declares it. "It must be humiliating tp a true Populist to know that the political party with which he is affiliated, and which he has been led to believe will soon usher in the millenium for labor, has gotten down so low in the slums of vice, fraud and corruption, has professed, pretended, and lied to such an extent that it is recognized among thinking and observing men as the chief source from which the vicious and criminal classes derive their power to prey upon society." DR. POPE WITHDRAWS. He says the reform leaders are nothing but ringsters after all. Columbia, S. C/., Aug. 23, 1894:— Dr. Sampson Pope, a reform candi- date for governor, who bolted the recent reform convention, has with- drawn from the contest. He says the great majority of the voters appear to be under the lash of " the ring," and it will be impossible for him to get out a ticket in a majority of the counties. He says 40,000 reformers and 32,000 conservatives are virtually disfranchised, and 14,000 ringsters dic- tate who shall hold the offices. He advises the 40,000 reformers to refuse to vote for governor in the primary, and thus put the seal of condemna- tion on ring methods.— (Press telegram). BlliliS INTRODUCED IN THE SENATE AND HOUSE OF REPRESEN- TATIVES BY POPULIST SENATORS AND MEMBERS. BY SENATOR PEFFER : S. 1788. To provide for the improvement of public roads and other purposes, directing the issuing of Treasury notes to be placed in a fund known as the *' General County Road Fund System of the United States." $500,000,000 g. 1892. To provide for the issuing of Treasury notes to be loaned to states, counties, townships, etc 2,500,000,000 S. 1900. To enable the public authorities to establish a system of public co-operation and for other purposes, provides Ibr the issuing of an amount of money not in excess of one thousand dollars per capita 67,000,000,000 BY JOHN DAVIS: H. R. 6011. To prohibit the issuing of U. S. bonds, for issuing and maintaining a sufficient and equitable volume of cur- rency and for other purposes, three hundred million and one hundred million annually 300,000,000 H. R. 3486. For the relief of certain mortgage debtors, esti- '■ mated at 2,000,000,000 H. R. 6767. To provide for the establishment of an industrial army of five hundred thousand men 500,000,000 A careful examination of the bills introduced by the present members of Congress, belonging to the Populist party, from the State of Kansas, will show to what an extent they are willing to go and if they had their way about it the amount of " declaratory money " they would have issued by the Government. Tramping the streets, out of eiuployiaent, receiving alms, lower ad valorems will not heal the wonnded pride of the brave men who never before wero dependent on pnblic charity. —Hon. Julius C. Burrows, Michigan. POPUIilST PARTY. (Continued.) The following are the bills introduced by them in the 63rd. Congress. BY SENATOR PEFFER: S. 976. A bill to establish a Bureau of loans which directs the issuing of Treasury notes to be loaned on real estate and imperishable products of agriculture and manufac- tured articles that will not deteriorate by storage of a few months ^800,«X)0,(>0() 8. 48d. To issue six hundred million dollars of declaratory legal-tender money to call in all bonds 600,001 ),,OfK> S. 325. To increase the circulating medium by issuing Treas- ury notes payable in lawful money of the United States.... 30(),0(M),00<> S. 1177. To increase the circulating medium by issuing Treasury notes based on gold and silver coin and bullion to an amount equal to three-and-one-half dollars for every one dollar's worth of gold and silver coin and bullion be- longing to the United States and not specially set apart by law for a particular purpose 300,000,0 ^^ ft : C' : B : P- : 5B |_lP M P OCTQ B?^ p S f* ?? 5 >^ o o - B : P- -^ w - p 2 pi B ^-K- Spg. ^^^ Sit r 2.BO " O CD S P p p^ ^ ^ 03 M pcp 03 t p B B T-~ w "^-i L^-* r— iNrf" v^^ n— i>^ Oih-'i^.t-'O^OH-'h-'CCGOO OOtOCO*>bOOI-'W^( o: oi-to -4 00 CO O t-J (X tXs. >{^ Oi 00 bO to H-' CO CO ►^i. Or CO 00 CO OO CnO< i!^ 7CDO>t>-ht>.C0OO ~ - COCOCOOlH- ^^oocot^ -q en : rfi. o < cncnojODOiQoo:i070cooh-'O^Oa)-'Cc>-'teco' QO' M K) ^T M t-» 00 CD i«^i^^oS_co_f&.aijopbo CDI-'MH'tOCO^TI-'OCO^ ^ICOCOtf^t-'h-OOOCOI-'OO tCpOCOODCOpCOMCOpp _CO_M CO .!-« CDI-'COCOK' T Ol — • ■ ■ ■ Oi l-'K)C7»00tOOiCO^ll oo-MOobooao^i Oi ^P^Co® tCOx tOjoCoOijviOi iCOffiO ijocoo M M M to CO ►*>. 05■ (I) ^ ^ h-^%. P During the eleven years of Democratic control the reventie schedules were reduced 6,36y,'.>.>r? Difference in favor of the present minority party in tlie House of ^S56,135,G34 REMONETIZE. To restore circulation in the shape of money ; make again legal or standard money of account, as gold or silver coin. RHODE ISLAND. Including the charters of Massachusetts— charter granted March 17, 1644, uniting the towns of Providence, Portsmouth and Newport, under the name of " The Incorporation of Providence Plantation in the Narra- gansett Bay in New England "—charter granted to Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, July 8, 1663— ratified the Constitution of the United States, May 29, 1790, first State constitution formed November 5, 1842. Legislature is composed of36 Senators, 72 Representatives. Meets an- nually, Jan. 31, 1894. State elections, annually, first Wednesday in April, 1894. Senator Nelson W. Aldrich (rep.) term expires Mar. 3, 1899. Senator Nathan F. Dixon (rep.) term expires Mar. 3, 1895. CONGRESSIONAIi DISTRICTS. 1st. Population, 180,548. Vote, 1892 : Dem., 11,238 ; Rep., 10,303. 2nd. Population, 164,958. Vote, 1892 : Dem., 10,770 ; Rep., 10,020. RICE. Production, 1893, in United States pounds... 237,546,900 Importations dutiable, 1893 do 72,558,144 Importations free of duty, 1893 do 8,473,800 Value of, imported in 1893 j $2,354,586 Duty collected in 1893 ^1,184,454 Consumption in 1893 pounds... 306,951,280 Per capita consumption in United States do 3.9 Per capita consumption in Italy do 13.7 Per capita consumption in Japan do 3082 The duty under the old law was 75.69 average ad valorem. The duty under the new law is 58.67 average ad valorem. RUSSIA. In Russia the nominal standard is silver, but paper is the actual standard measured by gold ; the monetary unit is the ruble ; the value in United States coin is gold, $0.77.2 ; silver, $0.49.1. The coins are gold, im- perial ($7.71.8) and i imperial ($3.86) ; silver, i, i, and 1 ruble. The ratio of gold to silver is 1 of gold to 15i of silver or 1 of gold to 15 of limited tender silver. 276 The great trusts are guarded by the provisions of this law, but there is uotliiug to show tliat the fanner, the worltingnian or tlie manufacturer have been heard or regarded in its scliedules. —Senator Henry Cabot L.odge, Massacliusetts. s SALT, 1890. Establishments 200 Capital $13,437,749 Employes '. 1,681 Had it been (iutied or taxed, as proposed by the Gorman Sen- ate bill, at 40 per cent, ad valorem, the tax or duty on it would have been 158,981,872 If we deduct tha total bounty paid, $28,000,000, it will show that the saving in taxation under the bounty law, as com- pared with what it would have been under the Senate bill, has been 130,981,872 The exact bounty paid for the year ending June 30, 1893, was 9,375,130.88 This was about 15 cents per head of the population, not much to pay for the saving as above given. SUGAR, DEMOCRATIC POI.ICY. During the next full financial year we shall import about pounds 4,000,000,000 This Avill be at the average price of 3 cents a pound, a cost of $120,000,0(K) The tariff on this, at 40 per cent, ad valorem, will be 48,0(X),()00 In other words the country will have to pay about $40,000,000 for the votes of the two Louisiana Senators supporting the Democratic tariff policy, and the continuance of Louisiana in the Democratic ranks at the next election. SUGAR, ADVANTAGE OF BOUNTY ON. To show the advantages of the bounty on sugar, consider the following : Cane sugar produced, 1889 tons... 153, 909 Beet sugar produced, 1889 tons... 2, 400 Total tons... 156, 309 Cane sugar produced, 1893 tons... 270, OOO Beet sugar produced, 1893 tons... 24, 550 Total tons... 294, 550 As the product has about doubled it cannot be said that the bounty has failed to stimulate production. We are now about where Germany was in sugar production in 1805, while she now produces 1 ,350,000 tons ; and about where France was in 1880, while she nov/ produces 575,000 tons. Why should we not keep our promise to contimie the bounty for 14 years and succeed in producing our own sugar? SUGAR, WHAT SUPPLYING OUR OWN WANTS MEANS. To show what producing our own sugar means, remember that in 1893 we consumed 1,891,911 tons, and that we paid out for foreign sugar over $116,000,000. To supply our own wants, we would require, say, 800 sugar factories turning out 50,000 pounds a day during a ** campaiffn " of 100 days in a year. A national government -vvhicli has not the power within itself to protect its own membership, and to have some control over their election, is as weak as water and can not very long: endure. —Senator S. M. Cullom, Illinois. SUGAR. (Continued.) This would mean a call on the farmers of this country annually i'or tons of beets..". 24,000,000 For which they would receive at (15) per ton 5120,000,000 •The area cultivated would be acres... 1,600,000 (Scattered probably over a dozen or more States.) Tlie value of the labor required in the beet fields per annum would probably aggregate $40,000,000 And in the factories 36,000,000 The coal consumed would cost 19,000,000 The coke consumed would cost 4,200,000 The limestone consumed would cost 3,600,000 The freight on materials would cost 5,750,000 Filter bags, oils and grease would cost „. 2,400,000 Or a total of. [ $230,950,000 We should not delude ourselves with the idea that the two or three States now growing sugar are the only ones interested in this industry. On the contrary, the mechanic, the laborer, the merchant, and the farmer in many States, aside from the cane, beet, and sorghum belt, are deeply interested in this struggle. Prof. Wiley, of the Agricultural Department^ officially show^s that California, Colorado, Kansas, Michigan, Missouri, Nevada, New Mexico, New York, North and South Dakota, Ohio, Oregon, Virginia, Washington, Wisconsin, Wyomingf>and Utah are all well adapted to the beet culture. In fact, there is no reason why a dozen othei States should not be included. Prior to 1857 Louisiana had paid to eastern founderies and machine shops over $10,000,000 for engines, sugar mills, kettles, furnaces, doors, grates, bars, vacuum pans, pumps, water pipes, wagons and harness. She had paid to Tennessee, Ohio, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri and Indiana over $7,500,000 for mules and horses for her plantations. She had purchased every year over $1,500,000 of pork, $65,000 of flour, $275,000 of shoes, $1,250,- 000 of clothing, half a million dollars of blankets, and $1,250,000 of horses and mules, or a total of nearly $4,700,000 annually. She has three times the amount of capital invested that she then had, and her calls on those States for agricultural products, mechanical appliances, and her sugar product, make an interstate commerce of $50,000,000 annually. A devel- opment of our sugar production ten times over would also multiply ten times over all the machinery, food, and supplies required to carry on the business. It is not simply saving the $116,000,000 now sent abroad to buy sugar, but employing the capital, labor, and connected industries at home which are engaged in the production of the supply. SUGAR, SOUTHERN DEMOCRATS WANT PROTECTION ON. In discussing the tariff bill, Senator Blanchard, of Louisiana, said: " But I here and now protest against the bill [Wilson free sugar bill], in the name of the people of Louisiana, whose great industry of sugar- makinsTi worth 125,000,000 a year and forming the basis of an interstate What (let me ask) is the fanners' department of this Government doing under its present head '. -Hon. J. W. Bahcock, Wisconsin. SUGAR. (Couinued.) commerce of i50,000,000 a year, is disastrously affected by it. I protest against the policy which puts sugar on the free list, which denies to the exhausted Treastxry|the revenue which a duty upon that article would bring, and which Jirostrates a great industry in my State. In the name of the sugar-producfers of Louisiana I protest against the passage of the bill in its present form. " Mr. Chairman, if the sugar industry of the United States were given this protection, it would be but a short time before all of the sugar con- sumed in the United States would be produced within the limits of our great country. " Why, sir, the beet-sugar industry of the United States is just now in its infancy. Across the water, in the Germanic Empire, we find a million tons of sugar produced annually from beets, and yet we have within the limits of the United States a Territory twice as large as the Germanic Em- pire, just as susceptible of raising the sugar beet successfully as it is raised in Germany. We have another area in the United States, three times the size of the Germanic Empire, that will raise successfully sorghum for sugar-making; and we have within the limits of the United States an- other area of country as great as the Germanic Empire, which will raise cane for sugar-making, with a degree of success that has surpassed the expectations of the most sanguii^^. " With this adaptability of our country for beet-raising, and sorghum- raising, and cane-raising for sugar-making purposes, it needs but the fostering care of the Government on the line of a taritt' for revenue, with the incident of protection, and thereafter a cessation of agitation of the question, to make that industry one of the greatest in America. " Just now, with all the possibilities I have mentioned for successful sugar production in the United States, we produced only about 330,000 tons of sugar last year, as against a million of tons in Germany. *' But this industry of sugar-making in the United States is just budding into full fruition. It can now plainly be seen that if it continues to thrive and develop in the next few years as it has in the last few years, in a de- cade or two we would not only raise in this country the 2,000,000 tons of sugar our people annually consume, but would become exporters of sugar to other countries." The entire Louisiana delegation united in the demands for protection, and publicly stated that Gorman, Brice, and Cleveland had promised to restore the duty, and the bargain was kept in spite of the Wilson bill. SUGAR AND MOLASSES REFINING, 1890. Establishments 393 Capital $24,013,008 Employes 7,529 Wages §t2,815,275 Materials 107,758,811 Products 123,118,259 Wages per capita, $373.91. 288 An honest American ballot Is tbe stronsroBt, tne most Herculean power in the world. —Senator S. M. CuUom, Illinois. SUGAR AND MOLASS£S REFINING, (CoHtlnued.) Amount of dutiable, imported in 1893, $109,817,948; amount of duty col- lected, f 193,294 ; imported free of duty, ^116,947,430 ; estimatefZ duty for one year under the new law, $43,285,664 ; ad valorem rate of duty increased, 172.10. In calculating a *' reduction " or an " increase of duty " the Senate tables take 1(X) as the standard of comparison. Thus, sugar is said to be " in- creased" in ad valorem duty by taking the dififererce between the cus- toms receipts on the small quantity of refined sugf^r last year, and made the basis of comparison with the estimated receipts under the Senate bill on all kinds of sugar. SUGAR, PRICE OF. Willett & Gray's Sugar Trade Journal, Feb. 1, 1894, gave the following price list : January, 1889 cents per lb... 7 1 January, 1890 " " ... 6i January, 1891 " " ... 6i January, 1892 ♦' " ... 4 January, 1893 ♦' " ... 4J January, 1894 '' *' 4and4i Refined sugar is now about 1 to 11 cents more ; or, 5 to 5i cents per pound. SUGAR, AMOUNT OF BEET, PRODUCED IN UNITED STATES. Years. Tons. 1880 357 1885 GOO 1890 2,800 1891. 6,400 1892 12,000 1893 (estimated) 25,000 SUGAR, AVERAGE COST PER POUND IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES. Years. Cents. 1880 4.18 1881 L4.41 1882 4.41 1883 4.37 1884 3.61 1885 2.67 1886 2.84 1887 2.60 1888 2.75 1889 3.21 1890 3.28 284 % I do not know of any crime that the farmer has coniniitted that he sliould be deprlA'ed of protection and his home market turned over to Canada and the other people of the earth. — Senator R. F. Pettigrew, Sovith Dakota* SUGARXcONSUMPTION of, per capita in the world in 1890. Pounds. Geriaany 22.9 Aust^a ; 16.1 France 28.5 HoUanH 25.0 Russia .!.v 9.8 Belgium..\ 21.8 Denmark.X ii'J.O Sweden andNorway * 21.9 Italy 8.0 Roumania .v.... 5.1 Spain 9.1 Portugal and Madeira 12.5 England 77.8 Bulgaria 4.1 Greece 10.3 Servia 8.7 Turkey 6.4 Switzerland 32.4 All Europe 21.9 North America 58.5 United States .". 66.0 It will be seen from the above that we are the largest sugar consumers in the world, except England. SUGAR, increased duty of, under new I.AW. McKINtEY I.AW : ^ All sugar not above No. 16 Dutch standard Free. Molasses, sugar drainings, sirupsof cane juice, maleda,concentrated molasses, etc " Increase of above under new law, per cent 100.00 NEW I.AW. Sugar above No. 16 Dutch standard in color, beet, cane, &c., in- crease, per cent 2u6.00 Sugar, cane and other, except maple (if export bounty is in excess of that paid on sugar of lower grade), increase, per cent 185.79 Sugar candy and confectionary, increase, per cent 70.81 Glucose, or grape sugar, increase, per cent .'. 86.74 All other not specially provided for, increase, per cent .'30.00 Average net increase over McKinley law 172.10 Total duties under new law $43,478,958 Total duties under McKinley law 1^198,294 Net increase of new law over McKinley law $43,285,ISON. MESSAGE DEC. 8, 1806, The first revenue law passed by the United States after the ado})tion of the Constitution, was one prepared under a resolution of Mr. Madison. It passed the Plouse May 14, and the Senate June 12 ; was sent to a conference, passed both Houses, and was approved by President Washington and became a law July 4, 1789. The jn-eamble of this law recited : " Whereas it is necessary for the support of the Gov- ernment, and the encouragement and protection of manufactures," etc. This act provided for both Specific and xVd valorem duties. Among the former were : Boots, 50 cents per pair ; tallow candles, 2 cents a pound; coal 2 cents per bushel; etc. James Madison, who has been called "the father of the Constitution," was also the legislative "father of protection" to American manufactures. SPECIAL MESSAGE, MAY 33, 1809, " The revision of our commercial laws proper, to adapt them to the arrangement which has taken place with Great Britain, will doubtless engage the early attention of Congress. It will be worthy, at the same time of their just and proudest care, to make such further alterations in the laws as will more especially protect and foster the several branches of manufacture which have been recently instituted or extended by the laudable exertions of our citizens." In all his messages he expresses his solicitude about our manufactures ; 287 The idea of Icgrislatingr for the purpose of embarrassinjj a foreign government is neitlier dignified nor safe. —Senator J. Donald Cameron, Pennsylvania. THE TARIFF AND THE DEHOCRACY. (Continued.) to meet the exigencies of war ho recommends a renewal of internal tax* ation ; but when hostilities were over lie says : MESSAGE DEC. 5, 1816, "Under circumstances giving a fowerful impe- tus to mauufacturing industry, it has made among us a progress and exlii- bited au efficiency which justify the belief that with a protection not more tliau is duo to the enterprising citizens whose interests are now at stal^e, it will become at an early day not only safe against occasional compe- titions from abroad, but a source of domestic wealth, and even of exter- nal commerce. In solccting the branches n0re especially entitled to the pul)lic patronage, a preference is obviousl;^ claimed by such as will re- lieve the United States from a dependence on foreign supplies, ever sufyect t<^ casual failures for articles necessary for the public defense, or connected with the primary wants of individuals^ It will be an additional recommendation of particular manufactures where the materials for them are extensively drawn from our agriculture, and consequently im- ])art and insure to tiiut great fund" of national prosperity and indepen- dence an encouragement which cannot fail to be rewarded." BY JAMES MONROE. MESSAGE MARCH 5, 1817, " Our manufactures will likewise require the systematic and foster- ing care of the Government. Possessing as we do all the raw materials, the fruit of our own soil and industry, we ought not to depend in the degree wo have done on supplies from other countries. While we are thus dependent, the sudden event of Avar, unsoTight and unexpected, cannot fail to plunge us into the most serious difficulties. It is important, too, that the capital which nourishes our manufactures should be domestic, as its influence in that case, instead of exhausting, as it may do in foreign hands, would be felt advantageously on agricul- ture and every olLier branch of industry. Equally important is it to pro- vide at home a market for our raw materials, as by extending the (!ompetition it will enhance the price and protect the cultivation against the casualties incident to foreign markets. " From the best information that I have been able to obtain it appears that our manufactures, though depressed immediately after the peace, have considerably increased and are still increasing, under the encour- agement given them by the tarilf of 181G, and by subsequent laws. * * •■* On full consideration of the subject, in all its relations, I am per- suaded that a further augmentation may now bo made of the duties on certain foreign articles, in favor of our own, and without affecting injuri- ously any other interest." MESSAGE DEC. 2, 1883, "Under this impression *! recommend a review Tlie direction in which true American i would move would not be from good government to barbarous despotism. —Hon. Kobert R. Hitt, Illinois. THE TARIFF AND THE DEnOCRACY. (Continued.) of the tariITfoV|,he purpose of aflbrding such additional protection to those articles whicli \iNa are i>repare.d to manufacture, or wliicliaro more im- mediately connec^d with the defense and independence of tlie country." BY ANDREW JACi^ON. MESSAGE DEC. 7, 1830, "Among- the num(X-ous causes of congratulation, the condition of our import revenue de^rves special mentio]i, inasmucli as it promises the means of extinguishing the public debt sooner than was antici pated, and furnishes aX^Lrong illustration of the practical eft'ecta of the present tariff upon^our commercial interests. The object of the taritf is objected to l)y some as unconstitutional, and it is considered by almost all as defective in many of its ])arts. The power to impose du- ties on imports originally Ijclonged to tlie states. The right to adjust those duties witli a view to the encouragement of domestic branches of in- dustry is so completely identical with that power tliat it is difficult to supijQse the existence of the one without the other. The States have dele- gated their wliole authority over imports to the (jleneral Government, without limitation or restriction saving the very inconsiderable reserva- tion relating to their inspection laws. The authority having thus entire- ly passed from the States, the right to exercise it for the purpose of pro- tection does not exist in them, and consequently, if it bo not possessed by the General GoA^ernment, it must be extinct. Our political system v.ould thus present the anomaly of a people stripped of the right to fos- ter their own industry, and to counteract the most selfish and destructive policy which might be adopted by foreign nations. This surely cannot be the case; this indispensable power, thus surrendered by the States, nuist bo within the scope of the authority on the subject expressly dele- gated to Congress. In this conclusion I am confirmed as well by the oxnnions of Presidents Washington, Jefferson, Madison, and Monroe, who have each repeatedly recommended the exercise of this right under the Constitution, as by the uniform practice of Congress, the confinued ac- quiescence of the States, and the general understanding of the people." CONCLUSIONS FOR THE FOREGOING TESTIMONY. 1. On a review of the teachings and practices of the Makers of the Con- stitution and the Government, we are driven to the inevitable conclu- sion,— that, if it be "a fundamental principle of the Democratic party, that the Federal Government has no constitutional power to impose and collect duties" for the protection of American industries,— then the Demo cratic party has no lot or part in "the long and illustrious line" of lead- ers who were Presidents from 1789 to 1830; for Washington, Jefferson, Madison, Monroe, and Jackson, all assert the existence of this constitu- tional power, and advocate and commend its exercise. 2. If there is "no constitutional power to impose and collect duties" for protection, in the'Gcneral Government, then each one of these makers and 289 Reciprocity versus Free-trade. Reciprof.ity means xuore products and manufactures at home and more sales abroad. Free-trade means less products and manufactures at home and more piu-chases abroad. One Avay lies thrift and pros- perity ; the other way hard times and distress. —Senator £ug:ene Hale, Maine. THE TARIFF AND THE DEMOCRACY. (Contlnaed.) illustrious leaders of the Country, was ignorant of the Constitution, usurped powers not conferred by that instrument, trampled its limita- tions under his feet, and deserves nothing but execracion from the Demo- cratic party, the only competent expounder of thai instrument. 3. If the five Presidents named, and adding tethem the two Adams's, constitute "along line of illustrious leaders," worthy the following of the parties of to-day; then they are the leaders of the Republican party, which continues to maintain their principles, and to follow their example, in refusing "to suppress the imposts and give that advantage to foreign over domestic manufactures," but insists that in **the revision of our commercial laws" Congress shall take care to "protect and foster the sev- eral branches of manufactures" which "have been instituted or extended by the laudable exertions of our citizens." 4. If " Republican protection is a fraud, a robbery of the great majority of the American people for the benefit of the few," then James Madison, •*• the father of the Constitution " was the prime author of tliis system of fraud and robbery, for he is also "the father of protection" in American legislation. And Washington, Hamilton, Jefferson, and the others, concurred with him in establishing this fraud and robbery of the American people. 5. If it be true that "the Federal Government has no constitutional power to impose and collect duties" for "the encouragement of domes- tic branches of industry," then this power " must be extinct," for " the States have delegated their whole authority over imposts to the General Government," and cannot in any manner interfere. If the Chicago Democratic platform is correct, what an " Old Jack" the Hero of New Orleans must have been. 6. If the Chicago platform is true, and it is " a fundamental principle of the Democratic party that the Federal Government has no constitution, power to impose and collect duties,except for the purposes of revenue only," then there is a misprint in all the editions of the platform which ought long ago to have been corrected. Instead of " Federal " we musj read " Confederate," then all is clear and consistent. Compare the two constitutions, and see : CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Article 1, sections. "The Congress shall have power:— to lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises, to fwiy the debts, and pro- vide for the common defense and general welfare, of the United States ; but all duties, imposts and excises, shall be uniform throughout the United States." CONSTITUTION OF THE CONFEDERATE STATES OF AMEBICA, Article 1, sections. "The Congress shall have power;— to lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and excises, /or the revenue necessary to 290 All sections of our country are parts of one body, wliicli can be hurt in no part without bring- ing pain and injury to every part. -Hon. Seth L,. Milliken, Maine. THE TARIf^ AND THE DEflOCRACY. (Continued.) pay the d^ts, provide for the coramon defense, and carry on the govern- ment of the Cmfederate States ; hut no bounties shall he granted from the treasury, n^r shall any duties or taxes on importations from foreign nations he laid to promote or foster any hranch of industry ; and all duties, imposts, aud excises shall be uniform throughout the Confeder- ate States." The words printed \n italics in the Confederate constitution are those in which it differs from, that of the United States. The differences con- sist of three particulars : (1) The Congress of the United States has power to provide " for the general welfare"; the Congress of the Confederate States has not this power. (2) The Confederate Cong ress was limited in the power of taxation to, " the revenue necessary," — to pay debts, — foi the common defense,— and to "carry on the Government"; the Con- gress of the United States is not so limited. (3) The Confederate Con- gress is expressly prohibited from granting ** bounties from the treas- ury," and laying " duties or taxes on importations " "to promote or foster any branch of industry" ; no such limitation or prohibition is placed od. the Congress of the United States. It is perfectly clear, therefore, that the "fundamental principle** of the Democratic party, concerning the unconsitutionality of protection, relates to the Confederate Constitution. And the writer of this plank of the Democratic platform must have written " Confederate," and some stupid type-setter changed it to " Federal." If this error had been de- tected and corrected, we need not have troubled ourselves about the opinions and practices of the " Fathers of the Republic." We should have known at once that the Democratic party was the residuary legatee of the defunct Confederacy. 291 No bellerer In the principle of protection could logically join in the rebellion of 1861, be- cause tliat trouble was founded almost wholly upon opposition to protection. If any person liold- ing decided vicAvs in favor of protection to Ameri- can industry over participated in that act of .seces- sion or engasred under its banner, lie was enlisted under false pretenses or misunderstood tlie issue. —Senator S. M. Cullom, Illinois. TARIFF. DEMOCRATS iiesponsibi:e for the mokrison tariff BILI^S OF 1884 AND 1886. 1884.— Vote to strike out enacting clause : Yeas, 159 ; nays, 155. Of the 159 yeas, 41 were Democrats, 118 Republicans. Of the 155 nays, 151 were Democrats, 4 Republicans. 1886. — Vote consideration of bill : Yeas, 140 ; nay^, 157. Of the yeas, 135 were Democrats, 4 Republicans, 1 Greenbacker. Of the nays, 35 were Democrats, 121 Republicans, 1 Greenbacker. Forty-one Democrats in 1884 and 35 Democrats in 1886 voted for pro- tection, while for the Mills bill only 3 Democrats had the courage to face the threats of a Democratic Chief Magistrate who was playing party dic- tator. TARIFF ACT OF 1894. TARIFF, CHANGES SHOWN 15Y THE NEW I.AW. Schedules. Decrease. Increase. No change. Total items. A. Chemicals, oils, and paints 110 85 219 31 3 4 100 21 59 34 67 15 14 80 3 1 6 35 26 13 1 1 4 29 13 2 1 151 B. Earths, earthenware and glassware III C. Metals, and manufactures of. 12 1 5 211 D. Wood, and manufactures of 33 E. Sugar F. Tobacco, and manufactures of. 8 G. Agricultural products and pro- visions 16 2 3 2 115 II. Spirits, wines, and other beverages.. I. Cotton manufactures 36 64 J. Flax, hemp, and jute, and manu- factures of 37 K. Wool, and manufactures of. ()7 L Silk and silk eroods. 3 4 30 18 M. Pulp, papers, and books N. Sundries ()" 18 116 Sec. 3. Act of Oct. 1, 1890 ■i Sec. 4. Act of Oct. 1 , 1890, unenumerated 1 82 84 Total 846 54 244 1, 144 292 H" The Demooi'atlo party has no f orelen markets at Its disposal. —Hon. J. T. McCleary, Minnesota. TARIFF, ACT OF 1894. The folio Vfing is the showing of the Senate Committee as to their bill compared w iUi the M(dCiiiley law : Scheiiules. A. Chemicals, oils and paints B. Earths, earthen ware, and glassware., C. Metals, and manufactures of. D. Wood, and manufactures of E. Sugar F. Tobacco, and manufactures of,.... G. Agricultural prod ucts and provisions H. Spirits, wines, and other beverages... I. Cotton manufactures J. Flax, hemp, and jute, and manufac- tures of K. Wool, and manufactures of L. Silk and silk goods M. Pulp, papers, and books N. Sundries Sec. 4. Unenumerated Articles transferred to free list by both House and Senate Estimated duties by bill (H.R.4864) as passed by the Senate. p, 860, 370. 05 8, 333, 152. 65 16, 878, 956. 08 484, 931. 17 43, 478, 957. 57 13, 337, 977. 28 9, 594, 583. 51 8, 465, 386. 86 8, 929, 286. 92 13, 848, 060. 04 18, 019, 778. 37 17, 589, 653. 77 1, 781, 922. 00 13, 444, 152. 56 203, 973. 33 179, 251, 142. 16 Average ad valorem under- Present law. Per ct. 31.61 51.20 58.33 31.79 14. 55 117. 82 33.21 69.90 55.25 45 98.62 53.56 23.85 26.80 18.98 27.63 49.58 Senate bill. Per ct. 24.44 35.21 36.53 23.62 39.59 105. 95 23.10 01.01 43.54 41.05 48.82 46.39 20.53 24.45 18.73 Note. — The computations of the average ad valorem rates of duty are calculated upon the dntiable value only. The value of the articles that are free of duty by either the present law, House, or Senate bills are ex- cluded. Dutiable value. Duty. Ad valorem rate. Decrease of duty. Under present law $400,009,658.48 463,447,16:3.11 $198,373,452.97 179,251,142.16 Per cent. 49.58 38.68 Under Senate bill $19,122,310.81 In this table the ad valorem tariff on sugar is given as 14.55 per cent, under the McKinley law. This is not correct. It should be 17.13, that is about 17 1-10 one-Jiundredths of 1 per cent, not 14 i per cent. Sugar was /rce, except a small quantity of refined sugar. But this whole process is a humbug, as the rate should be computed on the entire amount of im- portations, not the dutiable articles alone. Computed according to the Democratic plan free-trade England levies a duty of 67 per cent, ad T«lorom. The elevation and dignity of labor should be the principal cardinal doctrine of every patriotic American. —Senator Geo. CPerkius, California. TARIFF, ACT OF 1894. (Continued. This report, page 462, shows the entire facts as follows : For the year ending June 30, 1893. Total imports entered for consumption : Free of duty ^4,172,064 Dutiable 400,282,519 Total 844,454,583 Proportion free per cent 62.60 Proportion dutiable per cent 47.40 Rate on dutiable 49.58 Rate on total imports 23.49 In 1855 under the Walker tariff we have the following : Imports free of duty $29,913,974 Imports dutiable 201,736,366 Imports total 233,650,340 Proportion free 12.91 Proportion dutiable 87.09 Rate on dutiable 26.82 Rate on total 23.36 Under the McKinley law for 1893, the cost of the tariff per capita of popu- lation was $2.97. Under the Walker tariff for 1854, $2.46; for 1855, $1.99; and for:i856, $2.28. TARIFF OF 1894, objections to the new act. The objections to the Wilson-Gorman Tariff Act as it finally passed, are both numerous and cogent : 1. The first is that given by Mr. Cleveland, that it is an act "of party perfidy and dishonor." But that will not weigh much with a party so accustomed to trampling its pledges under foot, as is the Democratic party. The men who denounced it for everything vile, will be lauding it to the skies before the campaign is over. 2. The next is, that it bears a willful lie in its title ; because, instead of being " an act to reduce taxation," it is an act to increase taxation. By their own showing it adds $78,200,047 worth of foreign imports to the dutiable list, more than it removes ; puts sugar on the dutiable list to the amount of $41,822,623 of duty ; and increases the internal revenue, " war taxes," to the amount of $53,000,000. A little thing like that, of course, does not hurt a Democratic conscience. 3. The next is, that its real object is to reduce protective duties on all our domestic industries, and especially those of which iron and wool are the bases; with the avowed purpose of establishing the doctrine of " free trade " in place of that of " protection." This issue is now openly joined for the first time since the civil w^ar. 4. The next objection is, that in carrying out this free-trade program it is essential that we largely increase our importations of foreign pro- ducts, otherwise we shall fail of revenue, and $200,000,000 is named as the ftmount of necessary increase. Now, as "the balance of trade" has 2M The Industrial side of the tariff controversy must not be overlooked. The four millions of peo- ple who work in our factory system are the most potent factors outside of Agriculture in our civili- zation. — Hon. J. W. Babcock, Wisconsin. TARIFF. (Conthxued.) already turned against us under this Democratic administration, we shall have to send abroad our gold to pay for the goods, as they will not take our silver. Already this policy has compelled the sale of $50,000,000 of bonds to buy gold. And since that sale the amount of the gold reserve li^s fallen from $110,000,000 to $53,000,000. That means we have already lost $103,000,000 of gold sent abroad in anticipation of the law. Where shall we be in three years at this rate? 5. The next objection is, that it proposes to admit free of duty " raw material," in order that this material, wool, hemp, coal, iron, etc., may be reduced in price, so that manufacturers may be able to cheapen their goods in order to compete with the cheaper foreign importations. But this means that our farmers must reduce the price of their hemp and wool, our miners the price of their coal and iron ; or, foreign " raw material " must take the market. This means a reduction of wages all along the line, because labor costs 80 per cent, and capital 20 per cent, of the average cost of production. 6. The next objection is that it is a combination of ignorance and sec- tionalism. It strives to inflict the greatest injury on Northern interests, and the least on Southern, having been prepared almost entirely by Southern men ; in the House, Wilson, McMillin, Breckinridge, and others ; and in the Senate, Mills, Jones, Gorman, and others. Such blunders as taxing " steel rods " of which barbed wire is made more than the "barbed wire" itself: cleaned rice more than rice flour: releasing from tax, without restriction, all " alcohol " used in the arts and medi- cines ; and dozens of others illustrate the ignorance displayed. 7. And finally, that its proposal has already cost the country in busi- ness loss and stagnation more than the entire cost of the civil war ; and as it is but a threat of more to follow, and is accompanied by the open avowal that war on our manufacturing industries is to be kept up until the tariff for revenue system is superseded by an extension and perma- nent establishment of internal revenue taxes, its future injury is incalcu- lable. A new issue is thrust into our politics : " Shall our necessary reve- nue be collected by a Tariff on foreign products, or by Internal Taxes on our own people." TARIFF, COST OF wii^son bii.i.. The Annual Report of the Massachusetts Bureau of Labor Statistics for the year 1893 has just been issued in a volume of 400 pages, and suggests some startling conclusions. 1. It is the first time these reports have ever had to report a decrease of industries. Compared with 1892, there was a decrease in the value of stock of 7.32 per cent.; in value of products of 8.10 per cent.; of persons employed, 4.26 per cent.; of wages paid, 7.75 per cent. 2. There were 4,397 establishments reporting for both years; in 1892 there were employed 306,203 persons; in 1893, 293,169 persons. The greatest The wages paid In manufacturing districts in Enjjland ftom wliicli we import quantities of Isnit underwear will average not more tliau SlG5toS175a year, while the average wages in the same industry in this country are from S400 to S450 a year. —Senator Matthew S. Quay, Pennsylvania. TARIFF. (Contlnued.l loss of numbers was in the carpet industries, 7.82 per cent.; and the greatest loss of wases in the woolen industries, 33.69 per cent.; showing the effect of the " free wool " proposals in the Democratic tarilF. 3. The loss to the laborers of the State as shown by this report is fear- ful. In 1892 the average earnings were ^50.59 ; in 1893, |434.17 ; an aver- age loss of $10.42, to each of the 293,169 persons employed ; and a total lossof wages to them of $4,823,835. Add to this the wage loss of those out of employment, 13,034, at the average of ^50.59, $5,873,990, and the total loss of wages in Massachusetts alone, due to Democratic rule was $10,686,825. 4. As the number of employed in these Massachusetts industries re- ported is abQut one-fifteenth of all those employed in the industries of the country, if all have sufi'ered in equal proportion, then there were thrown out of employment in 1893, 195,510 persons ; and this enforced idleness, and reduction of wages, involved a wage loss of $100,302,375. TARIFF, I.OSSES by nkw law on woot, wooi-en goods and MANUFACTURES OF WOOD. Boards, and other mainilactures of wood $1,372,871 Wool $8,147,220 Noils, rags and wool waste 56,103 o 203 323 Woolen goods 18^385^019 Total $27,961,213 Reduction on Manufactures of Wood 25.70 j^er cent. Reduction on Woolen Goods 50.50 per cent. TARIFF, EFFECT OF NEW I.AW. The effectof the new United States tariff bill has been instantaneous in Berlin, Frankfort, Chemnitz, and other export countries. The very day the law went into effect the invoices passing through the United States Consulate-General increased 50 per cent, and on the following two days the number was doubled. The industries most aflected are decorative china, ready-made clothing, paperware and chemicals. The whole Ger- man export trade to the United States will be increased, owing to the passage of the United States tariff measure, from 100 to 150 per cent, if present indications can be relied on. If protection does not protect, and we have to i)ay all the duty in en- hanced prices, why do foreign producers rejoice at our reduction of duties, and prepare to reap fortunes in our markets. And, if foreign producers are to send us a double quantity of goods, won't we have to send them money to pay for them, when the balance of trade is against us. And if we double our importation of foreign goods will it not reduce our production of like goods to the same extent ; and what will become of our manufacturers and their workmen ? A levenne tariff, pnre and simple. Is a intsno- iner and an impossibility. It is merely a half-way house between free trade and protection, a neutral ground where eowards may meet as under a truce to concoct unholy compromises and base compacts between susar trusts and lead trusts and question- able "combines." —Senator S. M. Cullom, Illinois. TARIFF OF 1894, motive and effects of the new i.aw. Mr. Wilson and his Democratic friends are so frantically anxious to strike down protected industries of Northern States that they were even willing to vote tot this gigantic robbery, carrying it through the IIouho by a vote of 182 to 105, in order to prevent the failure of a measure which, for other reasons, the President had denounced as full of perfidy and dis- honor. Neither will the political expectations of Democrats be realized. They begin to see that the scandal and dishonor of the sugar bargain, accepted at -last by the House when the Senate otfered to strike it all out, will give tenfold sting to the advance in cost of sugar to consumers. The theory that an immense decline in the cost of woolens and cottons and iron goods would prepare the people to accept with willingness a new tax of !|40,000,000 on sugar and |20,000,000 on whisky w^-is not a wise one at best, but the situation has now been completely changed by the prolonged pros- tration of industries, depression of prices and reduction in wages. The fall in goods has come to a great extent already, and has brought home to the people the fact that cheap goods and cheap wages go together. But the advance in sugar will be felt by every housekeeper as an addi- tional burden in time of distress. Then nearly all Democratic politicians seized the crazy notion that almost any kind of tariff bill assailing East- ern interests could be made to appear a compliance with a popular demand and used to save the Democrats from overthrow in Western and South- em districts. Out of these two notions have come the Bill of Sale with all its shame. — New York Sun (Democratic). TARIFF, HISTORY of important acts. The Senate Finance Committee has compiled a brief statement, show- ing the chronological history of imi^ortant tariff acts, as follows : Walker tariff of 1846: Reported to House, April 14, 1846. Passed House July 3, 1846. Passed Senate, July 28, 1846. Conference report adopted, July 29, 1846. Approved, July 30, 1846. Tariff act of 1861 (Morrill tariff) : Reported to House, March 12, 1860. Passed House, May 10, 1860. Passed Senate, February 20, 1861. Conference report adopted, February 27, 18ffl, Approved March 2, 1861. 297 If yon make an estimate of tbe wealtb of this country for the last two hundred and fifty years, and put it on one side, and then on the other the wealth that the country has gained since 1861, you will find that the increase of these last years is fivefold over the two hundred preceding:. Hon. "W. F. Draper, Massachusetts. TARIFF. (Continued.) Tariff act of 1883: Reported to House, March 29, 1882. Passed House, June 27, 1882. Passed Senate, February 20, 1883. Conference report adopted, March 3, 1883. Approved, March 3, 1883. McKinley tariff act of 1890 : Reported to House, April 16, 1890. Passed House, May 21, 1890. Passed Senate, September 10, 1890. Conference report adopted, September 27, 1890. Approved, October 1, 1890. Wilson tariff bill : Reported to House, December 19, 1893. Passed House, February 1, 1894. Became a law by statutory limitation, August 27, 1894. TARIFF,FACTS AGAINST THEORIES. A most unexpected defense of the protective system came from Hon. W. A. McCorkle, Democratic gover- nor of West Virginia. He said : "We are to-day looking down to the sunny seas of the South for the glory and progress of West Virginia. We are looking there to-day for the magnificent development which we have begun in our region, which is pouring the golden dollars into the beautiful Kanawha. "We are asking that our coal may go down the Ohio, through the Mississippi jetties which you have built, and in a short time through the Nicaragua Canal. I tell you to give West Virginia a chance and she will certainly drive out the coal which comes from the Australian do- minions of Her Majesty the Queen. "Now, I am a Democrat, and I am talking from a Democratic stand- point, I say that the spirit of selfishness should not reign supreme. I do ask that this committee will not lay its hands upon the industry which will paralyze my beautiful State, and will render sterile her fair valleys. I know nothing of the special refinements of the tariff, but I do know that if you take away this protection the interest must die. " I care not what your theories are. You will never strike a man who is interested in the coal industry but you will strike the coal miner, the railroad transporter, and the river man. " If you take the tariff off coal, which is less in proportion than the average duties, I belive ifrwlll hurt you, but putting aside the refinement of theories and controversies, the great proposition remains that you will That nearly all foreign markets are barred against us by protective tariffs, and Congress has no power to open them except by reciprocity, and every concession of duties without consid- eration throws away the bargaining power of the nation. Home Market Club. TARIFF. (Continued.) hurt every man, woman, and child engaged in the coal industry. There- fore, I say, take your hands off the tariff on coal and leave it as it is. " Another thing I do know, and that is that politics to-day plays a part in that portion of the State. I mean to say that we were raised up as a buffet for armies to march against, when men pursued each other with cannon. We are to-day in that same border warfare in the great politics of this country ; therefore I say, meaning no threat, * don't do it.' " It is thus that theories of free trade shrivel before the facts of protec- tion. Tariff, party perfidy and dishonor. The Senate bill, which the Democratic members of the House have made their own, involves abandonment of party principles and repudi- ation of party pledges. President Cleveland has said : " Every true Dem- ocrat and every sincere tariff reformer knows that this bill in its present form and as it will be submitted to the conference falls far short of the consummation for which we have long labored, for which we have suf- fered defeat without discouragement, which in its anticipation gave us a rallying cry in our day of triumph, and which in its promise of accom- plishment is so interwoven with Democratic pledges and Democratic suc- cess that our abandonment of the cause of the principles upon which it rests means party perfidy and party dishonor." The last extreme of disgrace has been accepted by the decision of a full Democratic caucus, and by the action of the Democratic House. The caucus was distinctly informed by Mr. Wilson that " the Sugar trust had the people by the throat," and that it had bought abroad $112,000,000 worth of sugar, on which the Senate schedule would give it a profit of ^0,000,000. Yet he proposed. Speaker Crisp moved, and the caucus voted, 130 to 21, to give the Trust its enormous bribe. Mr. Wilson's reason, which he called witnesses to support, was that the Tariff bill could not be passed at all without giving this plunder to the trust ; but what decency is there in giving so shameful a price for a bill so bad ? The record has been made. The Democratic House has repudiated party principles and pledges, broken faith with the American people, legislated directly and deliberately for the benefit of trusts and monopo. lists, and betrayed a constitutional trust. That record of " perfidy and dishonor " cannot be unmade by belated and farcical attempts on the part of the House to cover its retreat by a menace of free sugar, free coal and free iron bills, which will never be acted upon by the Senate. The House is overwhelmed with disgrace, demoralization and dishonor. — New York Sun, Democratic. As a partisan, therefore, I would say to my Democratic friends, pass your bill and take tlie consequences ; but as a citizen, interested in tlie immediate prosperity of the country, as well as its future, I hope that w^isdom Avill linally pre- vail in your councils, and the tariff bo i)ermitted to stand substantially as McKinley left it. Hon. W. F. Draper, Massachusetts. TARIFF, AND THE CONSTITUTION. Imagine a married couple on shipboard in a great storm, the man rush- ing around the deck crying, "Save, oh ! save my marriage certificate!" and his wife going gurgling to the bottom of the sea. Why, a practical Republican would put a life preserver around his wife, and his arm too, let his marriage certificate go to the winds and float safely to shore. To- day finds us in the midst of great business and commercial storm. The ** ship of State " is being roughly tossed on the waves of distress. Listen ! a shriek comes out from the darkness. It is the Democratic party, run- ning around the deck of the old ship, crying out, "Save, oh! save, ojj! save the Constitution !" at the same time all our commercial and business interests are going down to the bottom. TARIFF, REPUBI.ICAN AND DEMOCRATIC POLICIES CONTRASTED. The New York 8un is the ablest Democratic newspaper in tlie United States, and is intensely partisan on nearly all political subjects; but in its issue of July 12, 1893, the following discriminating article appeared, and as it comes from an undoubted Democratic source and states the dif- ference of the two parties so fairly and impartially, it is proper to quote it for the benefit of the doubtful and for the encouragement of Protection- ists. " Respecting Federal taxation, we will now state the- position of the Democracy as defined by the Chicago platform, upon which the over- whelming victory of 1892 was gained. Ascertain tfie value of the goods to be imported. Ascertain the amount of revenue to be raised from im- ports for the expenses of the Government honestly administered. Fix the rate and collect it without discrimination, preference or partiality. Anything else is unjustifiable. Anything else is unconstitutional. Any- thing else invades the rights of the citizen, and is unlawful as well as un- democratic. That is clear and comprehensive. That is what the Chicago platform declared and what the people approved. " The Republican position is diametrically different. Tariff" duties, say the Republicans, should not be levied for the mere purpose of revenue, but largely witli a view of promoting American manufactures and labor, and relieving fanners and mechanics from unfavorable foreign competi- tion. The Republicans saj that it is one of the i)owers and duties of a Government to protect the people who maintain it from unfair foreign competition, as well as from liostilo foreign invasion. The people, through tiieir representatives, impose the taxes on goods entering into American ports from other countries, and ^hey liave the right (and it is natural that they should exercise it) so as to impose those duties that the interests of Americans will be favored and the interests of foreign rivals in the samojndustries or pursuits discriminated against. That is Repub- iicau ^octcine.^' «00 Wages have advanced steadily. General wages were higher in 1890 than in 1880 by from 10 to 40 per cent., according to the gri'ade of workman. —Edward Atkinson. TARIFFS OF FOREIGN COUNTRIES. The tariffs of foreign countries are constructed very much upon the same principle throughout— schedules arranged in alphabetical order, but like the schedules of our own tariff in the United States, many arti- cles are grouped under one head so that it is diflacult to determine how many articles are taxed by the number of articles shown in the schedule. FrUij?al 8, 400, 000 Sweden 4, 800, 000 Norway 2, 400, 000 Denmark 3, 000, 000 Holland 10, 100, 000 Belgium £12, 900, 000 Switzerland 2, 900, (kh) Greece 3, 100, (K)0 Europe 683, 600, 000 United States 80, 000, (X)0 Canada 7, «K), OCX) Australia 27, CM), 000 India 69, 100, 000 Argentina 5, 400, OtK) Total 874, 100, 000 aoi 'V It is time that we sliould become a little more Americanized, and instead of feeding the paupers and laborers of England, feed our own. —Andrew Jackson. TAXES ON CONSUMPTION. AVERAGE PROPORTION OF CUSTOMS AND INTERNAIi REVENUE PAID BY EACH PERSON IN THE COUNTRIES MENTIONED BEI^OW, DURING THE YEARS 1883 TO 1890. Australia $15.00 Argentine 13.50 France 13.20 Great Britain 9.70 Holland 9.08 Italy 8.96 Spain 8.85 Portugal 7.16 Germany 6.69 Austria 6.32 Denmark 6.26 Canada 6.00 Belgium 5.71 United States 6.65 TENNESSEE. Area 45,600 square miles. First State constitution adopted February 6, 1796. Application made to Congress for admission as a State, April 8, 1796. By Act of Congress admitted as a State June 1, 1796. Legislature composed of 25 Senators, 75 Representatives. Meets bien- nially, Jan. 7, 1895. State elections, biennially, Tuesday after first Monday in Nov., 1895. Senator Isham G. Harris, (dem.) term expires Mar. 3, 1895. Senator Wm. P. Bate, (dem.) term expires Mar. 3, 1899. CONGRESSIONAIi DISTRICT. 1st. Population, 183,541. Vote 1892: Dem., 13,207; Rep., 17,890. 2nd. Population, 196,582. Vote 1892 : Dem., 7,875 ; Rep., 18,952. 3rd. Population, 199,972. Vote 1892: Dem., 15,984; Rep., 15,035. 4th. Population, 159,940. Vote 1892: Dem., 14,010; Rep., 11,225. 5th. Population, 153,773. Vote 1892: Dem., 13,709; Rep., ; Pop., 8,062. 6th. Population, 196,097. Vote 1892: Dem., 15,695; Rep., ; find., 9,002. 7th. Population, 153,846. Vote 1892: Dem., 12,013; Rep., ; |Pop,. 8,480. 8th. Population, 161,820. Vote 1892: Dem., 13,038; Rep., 12,920. 9th. Population, 174,729. Vote 1892: Dem., 14,334; Rep., ; Ind., 14,334. "10th. Population, 186,918. Vote 1892: Dem., 12,164; Rep., ; IF. A., 4.785, Mr. Cleveland's intervention, instead of being to prevent cruelty and the excesses of violence and crime, was in behalf of the Messa- lina of the Pacific, a woman whose horrid, blood-thirsty character, brought into the fio*ce light of publicity, has shocked the <»ivilized world. IToxi. R. R- nitt, Illinois. TEXAS. Area, 274,356 square miles. First State constitution formed Aug. 27, 1845. By joint resolution of Congress, admitted as a State Dec. 29, 1845. Legislature composed of 31 Senators, 93 Representatives. Meets bien- nially, Jan. 8, 1895. State elections, biennially, Tuesday after first Monday in Nov., 1894. Senator Richard Coke, (dem.) term expires Mar. 3, 1895. Senator Roger Q. Mills, (dem.) term expires Mar. 3, 1899. CONGKESSIONAIi DISTRICTS. 1st. Population, 102,827. Vote 1892 : Dem., ; Rep., . 2nd. Population, 210,238. Vote 1892: Dem., 19,854; Rep., 1,508. 3rd. Population, 133,188. Vote 1892: Dem., 16,335; Rep., ; Pop., 14,177. 4th. Population, 170,001. Vote 1892: Dem., 16,521 ; Rep., 4,709. 5th. Population, 199,477. Vote 1892 : Dem., 24,983 ; Rep., 4,563. 6th. Population, 210,907. Vote 1892: Dem., 29,913; Rep., ; Pop., 17,078. 7th. Population, 182,894. Vote 1892: Dem., 19,718; Rep., 15,493. 8th. Population, 174,048. Vote 1892: Dem., 17,997; Rep., 2,009. 9th. Population, 175,149. Vote 1892: Dem., 19,763; Rep., ; Pop., 12,384. 10th. Population, 166,668. Vote 1892 : Dem., 13,017 ; Rep., 9,452. 11th. Population, 189,958. Vote 1892 : Dem., 15,247 ; Rep.,8,055. 12th. Population, 136,088. Vote 1892 : Dem., 13,930 ; Rep., 7,290. 13th. Population, 190,080. Vote 1892: Dem. ,21,921; Rep., 1,629. TIMBER, See Lumber. TIMBER PRODUCTS, NOT MANUFACTURED AT MILL, 1890. Establishments 1,606 Capital $61, 541, 086 Employes 46,142 Wages $11,353,608 Materials 11, 006, 678 Products 34, 289, 807 Wages per capita $246.05 TIN ORE. The McKinleybill placed tin ore, cassiterite or black oxide of tin, and tin in bars, blocks, pigs or grain, or granulated, on the free list till July 1, 1893. After that they were to pay a duty of 4 cents a pound. But if the product of the mines of the United States should not in some year before July 1, 1895, exceed 5,000 tons of cassiterite, and bar, a03 To cultivate peace, and maintain com- merce and navigation In all their lawful enter- prises, to foster our flslieries, as nurseries of navigation and for the nurture of man, and to protect the jnanufactures adapted to our cir- <>'*»n8tance8— these are the landmarks by which we ar<6 to guide ourselves. —Andrew Jackson. TIN OB£. (Continued.) block and pig tin, then the President must issue a proclamation announc- ing the fact ; and, after July 1, 1895, all imported cassiterite, bar, block and pig tin shall be admitted free of duty. The efiect of this pro- vision was to develop the resources of the tin mines at Temescal, Cal., at ilarnoy Peak, S. Dak., and at several points in Virginia. Tin was also discovered near San Antonio, Texas. An analysis of the ore showed that it yielded a larger percentage of tin than the ore from Wales, Aus- tralia, or the Straits Settlements in the Malay Peninsula. TIN PLATE AND THE TARIFF. TIN-PLATt: OUTPUT IN AMERICA. Special Agent Ayer, of the Treasury Department, detailed in connec- tion with the tin-plate industry, reports to Secretary Carlisle that during the quarter ended March 31, last, thirty-six firms produced 38,260,411 pounds of tin and terne plate projjer, against 27,510,441 pounds by thirty- nine firms for the corresponding quarter in the ijrevious year. Of the tin plate 72 per cent, of it was rolled in the United States. All classes of tin and terne plate produced aggregated 40,423,3(X) pounds, of whi<;h 30,070,- 701 ])Oundswere black plate produced in the United States. Of the thir- ty-six firms making formal returns nineteen used American plate wholly, three foreign plate wholly, and fourteen firms used both. TIN-PLATE, WHAT THERE IS IN IT. Already many large plants have been completed, and we are producing a superior tin plate at Brooklyn, Pittsburg, Chicago, St. Louis, and other places, and others will soon go up if the duty is not changed. The largest mines of tin in the world have been found in the Dakotas, California, Texas and Virginia ; so that it is morally certain that in the near future we shall be able to produce at home the full sujjply of tin and tin-plate that we need, and which now amounts to over $30,000,000 in value annu- ally. When this is accomplished, it will atford a business that will annually pay to American labor not less than $23,000,000 ; it will require from iron- ore miners not less than 1,000,000 tons of iron ore more than thoy now pro- duce ; from limestone quarries 300,000 tons more of limestone ; from coal mines and coke ovens 2,000,000 tons more of coal and coke ; from blast furnaces 400,000 tons more of pig iron ; Ixom lead mines and smelting iur- naces 5,500,000 pounds more of load ; from slaughter and packing houses 13,000,000 pounds more of tallow and oil: from chemical factories 40,000,000 pounds more of sulphuric acid; from lumber yards 12,000,000 feet more of lumber; and will give constant work to at least 35,000 persons. Indeed, it is already in large part fulfilled, and unless the taritf on tin-plate is greatly reduced the industry in this country will be a phenomenal success, 304 The Constitntion Of the tTnited States, as construed by Washington, Jefferson, Madison, Monroe, Jackson, Buchanan, Clay,lVcl>ster, Ben- ton, and many otlier illustrious statesmen, some of them founders of the Democratic party, ex- pressly authorizes protection to oxir industries. Hon. T. M. Mahon, Pennsylvania. TIN PIRATE. (Continued.) TIN P1.ATK, COST AND WAGES. Mr. F. G. Niedringhaus, of St. Louis, said : " The duty was raised under the so-called McKinley bill $1.20 per box. " Now, on this $1.20 per box the English manuliicturer reduced his price 50 cents a box, leaving the balance to be Y>siid by the American consumer. But, however, it must be stated that the weight per box has been gradu- ally reduced by the English manufacturer to about 90 pounds per box, and the American manufacturer (speaking now for my own company) furnishes 108 pounds per box, so that really, when you consider that, the price has hardly been advanced to the American consumer. " The prices we pay for labor are 150 per cent, advance on the English price. The duty imposed is jjerhaps 70 per cent. Labor gets all of that duty imposed and 70 per cent, in addition, or, in other words, the labor gets the benefit of all the duty and the natural advantages which we i)os- sess in America. If we had labor at English prices with our natural re- sources we can not only hold our own, but wo will beat them in their own market. " Now, if duty on tin plate is reduced to the former duty before the last act it will reduce labor wages one-third. If it is put on the free list it will put it to less than one-half. TOBACCO, 1890. Establishments $11,643 Capital 96,094,753 Employes 135,927 Wages 64,792,006 Materials 92,304,317 Product 211,746,623 Wages per capita, $403.09. Amount imported in 1893, $12,588,407; duty collected 1893, $14,831,989; average ad valorem duty under old law, 117.82 per cent. ; average ad valorem under new law, 105.95 per cent. TOKEN. COIN. A piece of metal having the general appearance of a coin and practi- cally serving the same purpose. It is usually worth much less than the current rate at which it is exchanged. Silver tokens for 5 shillings were issued by the Bank of England in 1811, and were known as " bank tokens." The India rupee is sometimes called token coin. TRADE, (See Balance of Trade.) TRANSPORTATION, raii^ways. The latest available statistics give the total railway mileage of the world in 1890 as 371,877 miles ; of the United States, 166,706 miles ; of the United States in 1893, 170,607 miles. 805 If tlio laboring class are to perish, perish, I say, the whole Nation. —Senator J. N. Dolph, Oregon. TRANSPORTATION. (Continued.) In 1857 the running cost per mile of railroads was 26.62 cents ; in 1886 it was 13.93 ; this was the result of improved machinery and management. At the first date engineers and firemen received 4.51 cents per mile of run ; at the last date 5.52 cents per mile. And this reducfton of cost of mileage and increase of wages has gone on since then. In 1862 the Government assisted the Central Pacific, when a flOO bond of the United States, at 6 per cent, interest, would buy one ton of iron rails. Now a flOO bond at 4 per cent, will buy four tons of steel rails. Railway development in the United States has been a leading factor in the development of the country, especially the country west of the Mississippi river. The cost of transportation for freights per ton has been reduced from 2.3 cents per mile in 1866 to about 97 one-hundredths of a cent at present. The efl'ect of this has been to equalize prices in all parts of the country, practically bringing the city market to the door of the country producer. No greater mistake was ever made than that of supposing that rail- ways have increased the cost of transportation. Neither travel nor freigbtage cost one tenth as much as they did before the development of the system. What steam-boats have done on the rivers, and steam- ships on the ocean, steam -carriages have done fer transportation by land. Poor's Railway Manual gives the following facts for the year 1892: Number of miles operated 170,607 Capital and funded debt. |10,268,169,042 Gross earnings 1,191,857,099 Earnings from freight 816,716,759 Earnings from passengers 293,556,476 Net earnings 352,817,415 Dividends paid 81,536,811 Average cost per mile 62,083 Passengers carried per mile 13,697,344,000 Passengers actually carried 575,770,000 Average receipts per mile, passengers 2.14 cents. Tons of freight carried 749,332,000 Tons of freight carried one mUe 84,448,197,000 Number of locomotives 35,281 Number of passenger cars 24,881 Number of mail and baggage cars 7,900 Number of freight cars :.. 1,168,849 TRANSPORTATION, vessei^s, steam and SAit. The transportation fleet of the United States at the beginning of 1890, with the exception of craft used on canals, numbered 25,540 steamers, sailing vessels, and unrigged craft, with gross tonnage of 7,633,676 tons of the estimated commercial value of $215,069,296. During tlie preceding year the freight movement of the whole operating American mercantile fleet amounted to 172,110,423 tons of all commodi- ties. The number of persons of all classes employed to make up the ordinary or complementary crews of all operating vessels of the United States, exclusive of pleasure craft, on the Atlantic coast and Gulf of Mexico numbered 106,436, and the total amouift paid out in wages amounted to $36,867,305. m In order to g^nard. as far as possible agaiust the value of goods being underrated in tbe in- voices, it would be eligible to lay specific duties on all such articles now paying duties ad valo- rem as may be susceptible of that alteration. —Albert GaUatin. TRANSPORTATION, a waste of force. All unnecessary transportation is a waste of energy, and our develop- ment ought to tend in the direction of reducing it to the minimum. Transportation only consumes ; it does not create. It is a tax on every article carried, and should be avoided as far as possible, and the forces now going into its wasteful service released for more profitable and pro- ductive labor, or at least not increased unnecessarily. This can only be done by encouraging the building up of home markets. The first step is to relieve our people from dependence upon the foreign market. Every bushel of wheat consumed here is a bushel less added to the foreign sur- plus, and every acre of land taken from wheat-growing and applied to other purposes means so much less wheat for an already overloaded foreign market. We largely create the grain prices in Liverpool by the quantities we send there. TRANSPORTATION, cost for wheat. The cost of transportation of a bushel of wheat from Chicago to New York in 1868 was, by lake and canal, 22.29 cents ; by rail it was 42.6 cents. In 1893, it was by water 6.33. cents, and by rail, 14.70 cents. Wheat bears transportation better than any other cereal, having the greatest value proportioned to its weight; and still, at present prices, wheat 300 miles or more west or northwest of Chicago pays one bushel out of every four to transportation companies between the place of its production and Liverpool. Every fourth bushel is given away for the transportation of the other three. A considerable part of the price re- ceived for the other three bushels is paid for carrying back such articles as the farmer needs. In seven years our exports of wheat from this country decreased over 92,000,000 bushels and the value of the exports fell off over $117,000,000. In other words, the farmers of the United States received $117,000,000 less for the wheat exported in 1886 than for the export of 1879. This was a loss of over 61 per cent, in the amount of wheat exported, and of over 70 per cent, in the value of the exports. The export value of a bushel of wheat in 1881 was over $1.24 and in 1886 it was only 87 cents. During this time there has been no export duty in this country or import duty in England o^ wheat. Absolute free trade has existed between these two countries so far as grain is concerned, and the resultant facts are apparent to every one. It was simply a case of an overstocked market, and of the cost of transportation. TRIPOLI. In Tripoli the standard is silver ; the monetary unit is tht xuahbub of 20 piasters ; the value in United States coin is $0.55.3. 807 It was the Democratic majority " fooled »» with silver In 1878. —Hon. Jos. H. Walker, Massachusetts. TRUSTS. A " Trust," as the term is now used with reference to business affairs, means that two or more persons, companies, or corporations, in order to stop competition, reduce the cost of management and production, and maintain prices, agree to put their property and business into the hands of " trustees " for their common beneiit. Tiiese trustees apportion to each one a ratio of business or profits proportioned to interest, exercis- ing a general management of their joint affairs. Thus, the whislvy trust is a combination of distilleries to regulate the production and price of spirits ; and the sugar trust a like combination of sugar refineries. These trusts have of late been greatly multiplied and control a large percentage of the business of the country. Trusts are not an American invention, and are not due to any system of tariff, protective or free trade. They came to us from Europe, and are most extensive and potent in England, and are in fact but an extentiou of the modern tendency to association and incorporation. How far they are lawful, and compatiljle with the interest of the people, are grave questions. Those who form them claim that they are of public utility as well as of private interest ; that their large combination of capital, unity of management, and reduction of operating expenses, enable them to reduce cost of production to the minimum ; and that in consequence the public get the benefit of the lowest price compatible with fair i)rofits. On the other hand, it is asserted that such combinations create monop- olies, tend to an increase of prices to the injury of the public, and make them dangerous agencies in politics, by dominating political parties and legislative bodies. During the debates on the tariff in the present Congress, there was much bandying back and forth of charges of creating and fostering trusts by one or the other political party. Much of this was, of course, mere asser- tion, unsupported by facts. The only tangible results brought out were (1). As to the Sugar Vrust: From the first tariff act of July 4, 1789, to the McKinley act of Oct. 1, 1890, a hundred years, imported sugar was always subject to a duty. As the combine, called the Sugar Trust, was formed about 1888, it is absurd to attribute its origin to the tariff. At the time of the passage of this last act this combine embraced but few of the refineries, and its capital was only from $8,000,000 to $10,000,000; it was not, therefore, thought to be dangerous, and did not exercise any influ- ence on legislation. But since then it has been extended to embrace nearly or quite all the refineries of the country, has increased its capital to $75,000,000, and exercised a controlling influence in the passage of the new tariff act. It was clearly brought out that this trust was in alliance with the Dem- ocratic party, contributed largely to the funds of that party in the last presidential campaign, and was therefore a potent factor in the election Ten to 20 per cent, advances in wages since 1880. The skilled laborer has secured the high- est rate of earnings ever known in this or any country, and he can also buy more for a dollar. —Edward Atkinson. TRUSTS. (Continued.) of Mr. Cleveland and a Democratic Congress. It was demonstrated that a Democratic Congress would not, could not, and did not pass a tariflf bill without providing for the trust. The Bounty provision of the McKinley law put $13,000,000 into the purses of the sugar jiroducers of the country, doubled the sugar product of Louisiana, greatly extended the sorghum and beet-sugar industry in other States, and gave promise of largely in- creasing the domestic supply. The Wilson-Gorman act put at once, on the existing supply of sugar, $18,000,000 into the purses of the sugar trust, with a largo annual profit for the future. Whatever therefore may be said as to the McKinley act furnishing the opportunity for the extension of this trust, the fact remains that it has bought, and now dictates legis- lation to the Democratic party. 2. As to the whisky trust : That this is a Democratic institution, con- tributes largely to Democratic campaign funds, and dictates Democratic legislation in all that effects the trade, is hardly denied. The Wilson- Gorman act is a veritable bonanza to this trust. In extending the bonded period from three to eight years, increasing the tax from 90 cents to ^1.10 a gallon, and increasing the allowance for wastage while in bond, numy millions of dollars are put at once into its purse. Thus, between tlie- time it became certain the increase of tax would be made, and the date of the taking effect of the law, the trust withdrew from bond all the whisky it could carry for a year, paying the 90 cents ; it then advanced the price to purchasers because of the 20 cents additional tax. If this withdrawal amounted to 50,000,000 gallons, the immediate gain was $10,- 000,000. This is not quite so much as was given to the sugar trust, but it was a very fair return for their campaign contributions. Besides, in this act, and in public declarations, the Democratic party announces its pur- pose to perpetuate the internal revenue system. So the whisky trust has a promise of perpetual profits, which could not be given the sugar trust. 8o, then, the case stands thus : Whatever effect Republican policy may have had in creating trusts, it remains that the Democratic party was combined with them for their profit and perpetuity. ao9 press on ! a million pauiier foreheads bend in misery's dust ; Ootl's cliampioiis of the golden truth still eat the mouldy crust ; This Uamninj;- cursK of tyrants must not kill the nation's heart ; The spirit in a million slaves doth pant on lire to start, And strive to luend the world, and walk in Freedom's march sviblime, "While myriads sink heartbroken, and the land o'erswarms with crime. " Oh God ! " they cry, " w^e die, we die, and see no earnest won ! " Brothers, join hand and heart, and in the work press on ! —Gerald Massey (£uglisli workingman). TRUSTS, A DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTION. But if a trust has been fostered and encouraged by the Republican party, why is it that the Democracy, with its majority in Congress, has not brought forward some proposition to crush them ? When you come to talk about trusts, you must remember the greatest and most iniquitous trusts to-day are Democratic trusts. Take the Standard Oil Company ; it is a Democratic trust. It has representatives high up near the Democratic throne. Take the sugar trust in America to-day, and it is a Democratic trust. Take the iron trust, and it is a Democratic trust. And there is the whisky trust, which is also a Democratic trust. That trust, which is so dear to the Democratic heart, has its inspiration, its motive power direct from the Democratic party. TRUSTS ARE OF DEMOCRATIC ORIGIN. There was no such thing as a "trust" connected with imports or any article touched by the tarifif during the whole twenty-four years in which ♦the Republicans were in power. The Peoria Journal says : " The Democratic party found the country free from " trusts " with but one exception— the Standard Oil Compaijy. During the last three years [1885-'88J we have heard more about the combinations of capital against labor than ever before. We have the sugar trust, the zinc trust, the envelop trust, and the Lord only knows how many more trusts have sprung into existence during the last two or three years, and that, too, upon articles that are protected by a heavy tarilf. One of these, the sugar trust, will cost the people of these United States $60,000,000 annually, and it is openly espoused and fostered by both Houses of Congress." The undeniable facts stated as to the growth of trusts under Demo- cratic rule is coupled with an assertion in regard to Congress which is novel. Our laws must protect us against home trusts ; our tariff against foreign trusts. TURKEY. In Turkey the standard is gold ; the monetary unit is the piaster ; the value in United States coin is $0.04.4 ; the coins are gold : 25, 50, 100, 250, and 500 piasters. The ratio of gold to silver is one of gold to 15.01 of lim- ited tender silv*»»*. 810 That, as enforced, idleness is the innst odious and cruel of all taxation, and the riijht of defense against it, in an opportunity to earn one's daily bread by self-respecting, honest toil, is an inalienable right and fundamental to all other rights. —Hon. Jc«. H. Walker, Massachusetts. u UNIT OF VALUE, the doixab ok unit-did it include both SII.VEB AND GOIiD? It is claimed by some writers that the unit of value did not attach ex- clusively to either gold or silver dollars in the first coinage act. It is generally conceded that the silver dollar of 371i g.rains of pure sil- ver was the unit of value fixed by section 9 of the act of April 2, 1792, which reads as follows : " Dollars or units— each to be of the value of a Spanish milled dollar as the same is now current, and to contain three hundred and seventy-one grains, and four-sixteenths parts of a grain of pure, or four hundred and sixteen grains of standard silver." This language remained in tlie statute until February 12, 1873. The act of March 3, 1849, provided for a gold dollar. The amount of gold was not specified— it was to be conformable to, in all respects, the standard for gold coins. This dollar Avas to be a dollar or Unity but the unit value re- mained with the silver coin dollar as before. The 14th section of the act of February 12, 1873, contained the following language: "That the gold coins of the United States shall be a one-dol- lar piece, which, at the standard weight of twenty-five and eight-tenths grains, shall be the unit of value." 8U Under these higher duties American labor employed in these mills has earned more money and had more constant occupation than it had before the higher duties Avent into operation. — Senator Matthew S. Quay, Pennsylvania. VALUE. UNIT OF VALUE NOT THE MEASURE OF TAI.UE. The measure of value does not reside in a single thing. No such thing can be made ; it cannot be created by law. The whole volume of money in circulation measures value. Value is a ratio, a relation, not a piece of metal. The general belief exists that the unit of value is the measure of value, therefore, as the gold dollar is the unit of value, the gold dollar is the measure of value. If this measure be true, volume has nothing to do with measure. If gold should become more plentiful than silver, and with open mints all over the world, the volume should increase until gold for use in the arts had. depreciated one-fourth its present value : would the measure of value be the same? Or the inverse of this state- ment ; if gold should become scarce and the commercial price three or four times above the present, would the measure of value change? It is argued that the gold dollar is the measure of value, because it is this dollar for which all other legal tender dollars may be exchanged, but all other legal tender dollars will exchange for just as much of other things as the gold dollar. Therefore, the relation of exchange is the measure which is found in the whole volume of money in circulation. VENEZUELA. In Venezuela the standard is gold and silver ; the monetary unit is the bolivar ; the value in United States coin is $0.19.3 ; the coins are gold : 6, 10, 20, 50, and 100 bolivars ; silver; 6 bolivars. The ratio of gold to silver is one of gold to 15i of silver. VERMONT. Area, 10,212 square miles. First State constitution formed Dec. 24, 1777. Application made to Con- gress for admission as a State Feb. 9, 1791. By act of Congress, approved Feb. 18, 1791, admitted as a State Mar. 4, 1791. Legislature composed of 30 Senators, 240 Representatives. Meets bien- nially, Oct. 3, 1894. State elections, biennially, first Tuesday in Sept., 1894. Senator Justin S. Morrill, (rep.) term expires Mar. 3, 1897. Senator Redfield Proctor, (rep.) term expires Mar. 3, 1899. OONGRESSIONAIi DISTRICTS. 1st. Population, 169,940. Vote 1892 : Dem., 9,396; Rep., 19,429. 2nd. Population, 162,482. Vote 1892 : Dem., 8,649 ; Rep., 18,668. 312 This country bas advanced and progncessed to its present enviable position among tlie nations of the earth because of tlie American doctrine of protection. —Thomas Jefferson. VIRGINIA. Area 88,352 square miles. Charter granted by James I, April 10, 1606, for the territory between the 34° and 45® north latitude, which was to be managed by two distinct councils : the London Company all South of 41°, and tho Plymouth com- pany all North thereof^— new charters granted May 23, 1609, and March 12, 1612— first State constitution formed June 12, 1776— ratified tho Constitu- tion of the United States, June 25, 1788. Legislature composed of 40 Senators, 100 Representatives. Meets bien- nially, Dec. 4, 1895. State elections, biennially, Tuesday after first Monday in Nov., 1895. Senator John W. Daniel (dem.) term expires Mar. 3, 1899. Senator Eppa Hunton (dem.) term expires Mar. 3, 1895. CONGKESSIONAIi DISTRICTS. 1st. Population, 187,010. Vote 1892: Dem., 14,524; Rep., ; Pop., 10,545. 2nd. Population, 145,536. Vote 1892: Dem., 17,431 ; Rep., 12,414. 3rd. Population, 172,081. Vote 1892: Dem., 18,595; Rep., ; Pop., 10,488. 4th. Population, 159,508. Vote 1892: Dem., 10,330; Rep., ; Pop., 7,432. 5th. Population, 161,577. -Vote 1892: Dem., 14,112; Rep., 12,066. 6th. Population, 184,493. Vote 1892: Dem., 18,255; Rep., ; Pop., 13,849. 7th. Population, 155,197. Vote 1892: Dem., 15,558; Rep., ; Pop., 10,147. 8th. Population, 147,968- Vote 1892: Dem-, 17,124; Rep.,: ; Pop., 10,066. 9th. Population, 187,467. Vote 1892: Dem., 18,431 ; Rep., 12,699 10th. Population,155,138. Vote 1892: Dem., 17,778; Rep., ; Pop., 14,986. 313 The emptiest head can make the loudest noise. —Senator S. M. CuUom, Illinois. w WAGES. WAGES OF FARM LABOR. (See Farm Labor.) WAGES, THE DOttAK JuEWT OVER. Out of our 70,000,000 of population, 20,000,000 are wage earners. If they should receive the compensation of fl per day, the money thus earned would add to the daily circulation of our country $20,000,000. If, by rea- son of protective legislation, they should receive $2 per day, then we have $40,000,000 in circulation instead of $20,000,000, and a like ratio of increase in wages will increase the amount of money placed daily in circulation, for money is the basis upon which all wealth is accumulated. The mar- gin of each day's business is the possibility of gain. The greater the vol- ume the greater the possibility of a margin. Truly, Wendell Phillips uttered something worthy of more than passing notice when he said " It is the dollar left on Saturday evening, after all the bills are paid, that means education, independence, self respect, manhood. It increases the value of every acre near by, fills the town with dwellings, opens public libraries and crowds them, dots the continent with cities and cobwebs it with railways. The one remaining dollar insures progress and guaran- tees millions to its owner." WAGES IN POTTERIES, effects of free trade on. Abundant evidence was before the Committee on Finance, showing that reduced wages must follow reduced protection, thus : Mr. Henry Brunt, of Baltimore, Md., engaged in pottery manufactur- ing, said : " I have been engaged in the pottery business for about thirty-five years, most of the time in England. Since I became a man I have spent ten years of my life in the pottery industry in England under free trade. I have spent twelve years in the pottery industry in America under pro- tection ; so that 1 think I am in a position to speak somewhat of the ben- efits, or otherwise, under free trade or protection. " I have had experience as a workingman in England in the pottery industry. I have been engaged as a manager in England, and as such I have had to pay wages and engage men. I have had an experience as a workingman in the pottery industry in America, and I have been a man- ager, and am now a manager ; so that whatever I say in connection with it will be drawn from my own personal knowledge, and not collected from books. "I come here to ask you gentlemen to maintain the present rate of duty on pottery, and I do so for several reasons. One of the reasons — which you have heard many times before— is because if the duty is reduced, the Vurden will fall on the workingman." 314 There is no permanent place in American pol- itics for a party that bases its claims for popular support on the failures and disappointments of the people.— Senator Nelson W. Aldrich, Rhode Island. STAGES. (Continned.) Mr. Fred Walker, a potter, of Trenton, N. J., said : " We ask that the present duty be maintained, chiefly from the fact that if a reduction should take place it would affect the wages of the operatives in this country. We have never received as much wages at any time as we do at present. " We believe as workingmen, that seeing as we receive over 60 per cent, diflference in wages between the man paid in England, France, and Ger- many in several branches of our industry, that we ought to be satisfied as wage earners." On behalf of the floor, encaustic, vitrified, and enamel tile manufac- turers, he said : " Our principle reason for not being able to compete with foreign manu- facturers is the difference paid for wages, the rates in many instances being less than one-third of those paid in this country." WAGES, THEIR PURCHASING POWER. In a speech on the silver question Senator Mills (Democratic free- trader), of Texas, gave these facts: " Mr. President, the wages of labor in this country and all over the world for a hundred years have been tending upward. They are higher to-day than they have been at any time in the past, and the wage earner, in whatever occupation employed, is deeply interested in the preserva- tion of a standard of values as fixed and immovable as it is possible to make it. A few years ago our friends on the other side of the Chamber directed the Committee on Finance to make an investigation and report to this body the movement of wages and prices for a number of years. They took the year 1860 as a basis and compared it and other years with 1890. They intended to use these figures in their tariff battle of 1892. They intended to show that wages had been rising and prices had been falling, and the credit was due to a protective tariff. " When that time comes I will discuss with them the conclusions to be drawn from these fa«ts. It is enough here to state the facts. Taking 1860 as the basis and calling it 100, the rate of wages increased to 1864 to 125.6 or 25.6 per cent., and to 1890 to 160.7 per cent., or 60.7 per cent. In 1860 and 1890 there was a gold standard, and in 1864 a depreciated paper standard. Wages went up in four years 25.6 per cent., but the money the laborer earned was only the instrument which enabled him to procure the neces- saries of life, and while it went up the ladder a few rounds, the necessaries of life that his wages had to buy to sustain himself, his wife and children, had ascended the rounds of the ladder till they were lost in the clouds. The annual average wages of laborers in manufactories in 1860 was $288.95. The average monthly wages was §24.08, in gold. In 1864 it was 26.6 higher, or $30.24 in paper, and in 1890 it was 60.7 per cent, higher than in 1860, and was $38.69 in gold. Now taking the ofllcial prices given by the Bureau of Statistics and the Finance Committee, the result is shown by the fol- lowing table :" 816 Tbe object we seek is doable ; one to secure revenue for tbe support of the Government by duties on imported groods, and next, even a greater object, to diversify and to protect our domestic indnstries, to give emi>loyinent to our own countrymen, to prevent the harsh and un- just competition betwe»n Xlupropcan labor and American labor. —Senator John Sherman, Ohio. WAGIDS. (Continued.) Purchasing power of wages of labor. Articles. Standard sheeting, p. yd ..... Standard drilling, p. yd Bleached shirting, p. yd Standard prints, p. yd Print cloth, p. yd Cut nails, p. lb Kefmcd sugar, p. lb N. Orleans, molasses, p. gal Ivlo coffee, p. lb Tea, per pound Ticking, per yard , Matches, per gross , Denims, per yard 1860. Monthly wages, $24.08. Price per linit of quan- tity. Cents. 8. 73# 8.92 15.50 9.50 6.44 3.13 10.00 53.00 13.00 65.00 17.00 48.00 15.00 Quan- tity. 275 270 155 253 442 769 240 45 185 37 141 50 160 1864. Monthly wages, $30.24. Price per unit of quan- tity. Cents. 52.07 53.02 48. 35 33. 25 23. 42 7.85 30. 00 150. 00 36.00 130. 00 70. (K) 100. 00 88.00 Quan- tity. 58 57 62 90 129 385 101 20 84 23 43 30 34 1890. JNIonthly wages, ^.69. Price per unit of quan- tity. Cents. (5. 83 6.41 10. 04 (). 00 2.95 1.86 4. 00 40. (K) IS. 50 2;), 10 12. 00 37. 00 11.00 Quan- tity. 602 3(>3 645 311 077 859 128 209 154 ;522 KM 3-">l Notice that the annual average of wages for 1890 is $464.28, as against $288.95 in 1860, and $362.88 in 1864 WASHINGTON. Area, 69,180 square miles. Admitted as a State Nov. 11, 1889. Legislature composed of 34 Senators, 77 Representatives. Meets bien- nially, January 14, 1895. State elections, biennially, Nov. 3, 1896. Sknator Watson C. Squibb, (rep.) term expires March 3, 1807. Senator (Vacant.) CONGBESSIONAI. DISTRICTS. At large. Population, — At large. Population, — Vote 1892: Dem., {ly'geo; ^®P-» ^'^^ Vote 1892: Dem., [^'^. Rep., 86,178, 316 The laws that we make must eithev dignify and exalt labor, or they must debase and level it to where caste for two thousand years has at- tempted to consign it. —Hon. John A. Caldwell, Ohio. WEALTH, NEW ENGLAND NO LONGER LEADS IN ACCU MULATED WEALTH. THE GREAT WEST SHOWN BY THE EI.EVENTH CENSUS TO HAVE SUKPASSED THE GREAT MANUFACTURING STATES IN THE AC- CUMUI.ATION OF TEN YEARS. Tlie increase of wealth from 18S0 to 1890 in the States has caused much comment. Free Traders and Calamity Howlers liave Iield up the East- ern manufacturing States as awful examples of greed and robbery, while the poverty of the West has been cited in such piteous and lieart-rending stories of wrong and oppression that common justice demands that the people shall be informed at once of the fraud these deceivers of the peo- ple are trying to have them believe. The following table from the Census Bulletin on Wealth, No. .379, is- sued March 19, 1894, is made the basis of calculation. The increased wealth of the Nation is ^21,395,091,197, or §1,039 per capita. Twenty-eight out of tJie fifty States and Territories exceed the average in- crease per capita. Of these only five are Eastern States, namely, Con- necticut, Massachusetts, New York, Pennsylvania and Rhode Island ; these five having only an average gain of §1,287 per capita, while the tivo Western States of California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana and Nevada have an average of §3,542 per capita. The only States which have lost in the past ten years are Eastern States, Maine, New Hampshire and Vermont. Kansas, which the Populists have pauperized on every possible occa- sion, saved and accumulated more wealth in the ten years preceding 1890 than did Massachusetts. Nebraska exceeded Pennsylvania in her accumnlations, while Muuiesota, Michigan and Wisconsin all and each passed New Jersey in the race for wealth. Where do you find the "Robber Baron," the "Giant Robber," the "For- tress of greed and gain"? No longer in manufacturing New England. Pennsylvania gives place to Texas in the total sum of lier savings, and New York, witli twenty-two thousand millions of increased wealth, has not as much to divide to each person as those in the District of Co- lumbia, where a factory is not known. 317 Agrriculture, the ^rreat basic industry, suffered from. Cleveland's election as from a hoar frost in June. -Hon. Philip S. Post, Illinois. l05*i>h-'b3COCOOTa>H-05CDCD05000t^CCi^OCO I -J .| S8^ M to O en M kP>. 00 H-" to to I-* Cpi-'h-'l-'M ccOi:ooico4i>050D05*!>. iOoc- . . . _ i*^tf^Ci-iicnicgocc!;pMtc» !^ S (-"tOCOCOOiCS t—OO^OGOOtO CO-vIOCO h-' CJiCocnco>^Oi^cn*.( <-xiH-ocooitoi-'<:Dt5( ^05i-'cctoc50i-*( I CO 0» O -^ •"-I I 00. O 3 I i : SiSiiiiii ii Si' Oi I& Kk J&. oi H- w CO o -I CO 00 to 55 '►*^9S:d(fe'^iJ®' 5o^ooco^CktOJDto iH-W'^Oi-^obcoI oc»oo3cnSooi-'( ;ooco Go 5' a o 318 The main-sprini: of our progn'ess is hig:h wages. — \Vendell Phillips. WEALTH. (Continued.) ^g^ occacob3 0ioC/T--ioioi5.oocx)i-'M*iCit-'Oiaiooico^4i.i-' ^1 CO so Ci CO c 4i. Oj O t— O K^" -1 CO IsS 03 < ^T *> to t-i CO Ci*-" ^ fcO 00 ! rfi. O CT 00 bO to OC CO p *. en " ■ '~ "o Cn Oi to to I— ' MCn00MOC0t0~Jt—t0C0C0C^)-'h-iC0 0iOC000l-'-lC5Cnt0Ji.CiCO«3CotOO»^*'iS>Cit-'^t^C;CC*«.COCn06-I t-* CO oi to cp-p CO 1 I— O ^<^Tfc to I 4^ CO en 00^ 3 a i 8 ® o i-*i— 'I— • cot-' CO MOO^i-' CD 00^^ C7»^OiCpOtbOCO>;;kl-iOO^OCOCOke>.OlOOOCO tocoGo^pcogai-jQooo^r^Oicooporfi. i-'cot-'fcObocoooo^tOH-oi^i-'O^aocoH- to >*». 00 CO ( o to CO en en CO en to < >k5oo>- i^^ iggSi CD •-1 o p 319 The McKinley act, I bell ere, was the most carefully framed, especially in its operative clauses and its classification of duties, of any bill ever passed by the Congfi*ess of the United States in respect to tariff duties. —Senator John Sherman, Ohio. WEALTH FROM WASTE. One aspect of tlie value of protection in building up home manufac- tures, rather than buying them in foreign countries at a cheaper rate, is seldom sufficiently considered. A removal of the duties on coal, iron ore, and wool is advocated in order.to supply manufacturers with cheaper " raw material." But is it considered what enters into the production of this raw material? The consumption of air, water, grass, and herbage, which enters into the production of a sheep and its wool, could not be exported or otherwise uitilized, and converting this otherwise waste into wealth is no small consideration. And so, a country which packs its meat before shipment abroad, not only saves the loss of life which woidd take place on the way, and the cost of transportation to the bulky and more perishaljle material, but converts into use salt, sawdust, wood, ice, etc., whicli would otherwise not be utilized ; and also the hair, bones, blood, etc., which are converted into otlier forms of wenltli. Pap'er making gives value to rags, straw, wood, cornstalks, water, etc. And so difierent manufactures employ bark, sumack berries, clay, sand, and scores of other things which were otherwise waste. So, also, barren land, rooky hills, and other waste spaces are utilized. Besides the consumption of fuel, ores, and forests which might l5e exported at a loss, the use of what is otherwise incapa- ble of removal and utility, is the point here kept in view. It is safe to say that more waste is thus converted into wealth in the United States than the value of all our imported goods. Shall we utilize this waste or not is a serious question for the free trader. WEST VIRGINIA. Area, 23,000 square miles. Convention met November 24, 1861— Constitution ratified May 3, 1862— the reorganized State of Virginia gave consent to separation. May 13, 1862— Act of Congress to admit as a State, under certain c(mditions, ap- proved December 31, 18G2— by proclamation of the President, April 20, 1863, admitted as a State, June 20, 1863. Legislature composed of 25 Senators, 65 Representatives. Meets bien- nially, Jan. 9, 1895. State elections, biennially, second Tuesday in Oct., 1896. Senator Charles F. FAUiiKNER (dem.) term expires Mar. 3, 1899. Senator Johnson N. Camden (dem.) term expires Mar. 3, 1895. CONGllESSIONAI. DISTKICTS. 1st. Population, 177,840. Vote 1892: Dem., 19,314 ; Rep., 19,108. 2nd. Population, 187,305. Vote 1892: Dem., 21,807; Rep., 20,750. 3rd. Population, 202,289. Vote 1892 : Dem., 22,690 ; Rep., 20,750. 4th. Population, 195,360. Vote 1892 : Dem., 22,066 ; Rep., 19,924.; 320 If the Constitution does forbid such legis- lation, tlien, Sirs, tlie time has come to malce a new one. —Hon. Thad. M. Mahon, Pennsyivania. WISCONSIN. Area, 53,924 square miles. Application made to Congress for an enabling act, March 20, 1845— en- abling act approved August 6, 1846— first State constitution formed, De- cember 16, 1846 — Act of Congress providing for admission, wlien consti- tution is approved by the people, approved March 3, 1847— Constitution rejected ; amended February 1, 1848 ; ratified March 6, 1848— by Act ol Congress admitted as a State, May 29, 1848. Legislature composed of 33 Senators, 100 Representatives. Meets bien- nially, Jan. 9, 1895. State elections, biennially, Tuesday after first Monday in Nov., 1S04. Senator Wm. F. Vilas, (dem.) term expires Mar. 3, 1897. Senator John L. Mitchell, (dem.) term expires Mar. 3, 18J.I9. CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICTS. 1st. Population, 163,900. Vote 1892; Dem., 16,449; Rep., 20,2;J2. 2nd. Population, 166,342. Vote 1892 : Dem., 21,303 ; Rep., 15,003. 3rd. Population, 173,572. Vote 1892; Dem., 10,419; Rep., 19,506. 4th. Population, 181,000. Vote 1892; Dem., 13,567; Rep., 12,125. 5th. Population, 167,000. Vote 1892; Dem., 17,829; Rep., 15,960. .6th. Population, 187,001. Vote 1892; Dem., 20,212]; Rep., 17,847. 7th. Population, 150,331. Vote 1892; Dem., 13,071 ; Rep., 15,344. 8th. Population, 179,408. Vote 1892; Dem., 18,191; Rep., 15,107. 9th. Population, 164,777. Vote 1892 ; Dem., 19,597 ; Rep., 10,294. 10th. Population, 179,845. Vote 1892 ; Dem., 13,001 ; Rep., 17,674. WOOL. CENTER OF LINE OF BATTLE. It has been assumed that the woolen manufacturers of the East and the Republican protectionists of the East are now or have been at some time in favor of free wool. We wish to make as strong and as absolute a denial of that statement with all of its implications as it is possible for us to make. There is not a woolen manufacturer in this country in favor of free wool who is a Republican or a protectionist. They recognize in common with all other protectionists that this policy is a national one; that if it is ap- plicable to the manufacturers of wool, it is also applicable to the producers of wool; that if it is a good rule to apply to the manufacturer it is an equally good rule to apply to the farmer, to the agriculturist. They un- derstand perfectly that while wool is their raw material, it is the fanner's finished product, into which there has entered as large a percentage of labor cost as in the manufactured goods. This attack is made on the wool-growing industry, not avowedly for the purpose of destroying wool-grpwing in this country, but to destroy the protective policy in the United States. Democrats believe that tlie producers of wool, the agriculturists of the West, if this duty shall be removed, will cease to be protectionists and cease to vote the Republican 321 starving: fatnilles clntcliinH: for the last morsel of foo. Washburn, Minnesota. WOOIi. (Continued.) " Thus you will see that at 6 cents per pound for wool, which is the highest price we can expect with free wool for the class of wool raised here, calculating the weight of each fleece at 8 pounds, which is about the average, and the increase at 35 per cent, (which is all an ordinary band of stock sheep will produce, as we have to carry the male until 2 years old and past before they are suitable for market and can not breed the ewes until 2 years old) the owner would be about $200 loser on the year's work. This, leaving out of consideration all the taxes, interest on capi- tal invested, and wear and tear to camp accoutrements, which is consid- erable. " For the last four or five years I have averaged 16 cents per pound for my wool and |!2.75 for my mutton sheep. The latter cannot now be sold for more than $1.50 (at the ranch), and our wool is now being sold in Bos- ton for 10 cents. The cost of freight, including insurance and commis- sions, amounts to about 4 cents a pound. " There is one thing which you may not have had brought to your no- tice, and that is, that destruction of the sheep industry means the aban- donment of thousands of acres of land which now furnish good sheep pasture in Eastern Oregon. " The only vegetation which now exists is weeds and the small sheep grass which will support nothing but sheep, and upon which they will thrive ; take away the sheep and this is waste land and can never be any- thing else. " It would be impossible for us to continue the business imider free wool ; we would have to quit breeding and dispose of our sheep for mutton as they become of suitable age. " When the industry is destroyed in the United States, I apprehend, the foreigner will raise the price of wool probably to more than we have received under protection ; but we will have no sheep, and it takes a long time to stock up a range, as sheep do not increase very rapidly." WOOL, INCRKASE AND DECREASE OF SHEEP. The number of sheep increased from 1880 to 1884, from 44,500,000 to 52,- 000,000. Tt decreased under the operation of the act of 1883 from 50,500,000 to 44,000,000. It increased again under the McKinley act from 1890 to 1893 from 44,000,000 to 47,000,000. This year the number of sheep, owing to the fear only of free wool, has been reduced 2,000,000, and the value of those sheep has been reduced nearly $30,000,000. These facts are taken from the official statement furnished by the Secretary of the Treasury. 3^1 I cannot let the opportunity go by without saying: that in tliis Republic we can not afford, if we mean that this republic shall endure, to adopt a policy which will result in pauperizing and de- grading the great laboring population of our coun- try. —Senator S. M, Callom, Illinois. WOOL. (Continued.) January 1 — Sheep. INumber. Value. 1869 » 1870 37, 724, 279 40,853,000 31, 851, 000 31, 679, 300. 33, 002, 400 33,928,200 33, 783, 600 35, 935, 300 35, 804, 200 35, 740, 5Q9 38, 123, 800 40, 765, 900 43, 576, 899 45, 016, 224 49, 237, 291 50, 626, 626 50, 360, 243 48, 322, 331 44, 759, 314 43, 544, 755 42, 599, 079 44, 336, 072 43, 431, 136 44, 938, 365 47, 273, 553 45, 048, 017 ^m, 139, 979 93, 364, 433 1871 74, 035, 837 1872 88, 771, 197 1873 97, 922, 350 1874 88, 690, 569 94, 320, 652 93, 666, 318 1875 1876 1877 80, 892, 683 1878 80, 603, 062 1879 79, 023, 984 1880 , 90, 230, 537 1881 104, 070, 759 1882 106, 595, 954 124, 365, 835 1883 1884 119, 902, 706 1885 107, 960, 650 1886 92, 443, 867 1887 . . .. ' 89, 872, 839 1888 89, 279, 926 90, 640, 369 1889 1890 . 100, 659, i61 108, 397, 447 1891 1892 116, 121, 290 1893 125, 909, 264 1894 89, 186, 110 WOOL, NECESSITY FOR PKOTECTION-FREIGHT CHARGES. To-day we have 45,000,000 of sheep in the United States, 27,500,000 of which and over 60 per cent, of all are locatei^ west of the Mississippi River. The freight on the wool from these sheep from the ranch to the Eastern markets varies from two to three cents per pound, while the freight on wool from London is only one-fourth of a cent per pound. How can the American woolgrower pay from 800 to 1,200 per cent, more freight than his foreign competitor, when the freight alone under such unequal competition would of itself bar the American woolgrower from his own market? Thus, with the removal of protection, the difference in freight alone would be so heavily against the American woolgrower that he would be compelled to go out of the business. Now, to say that protection does not in- crease wages is to say that busy factories tlo not increase wages ; that liglited furnaces do not increase wages ; tliat open mines do not in- crease wages ; tliat manufacturing cities do not Increase wages ; that liaving tlie marltet close to the farm and the farm close to the work- Chop does not increase wages. —Senator Geo. F. Hoar, Mass. WOOL, TEXAS AND OHIO. According to a statement in 1893 the number of sheep in Texas was 4,334,551, and the value of their wool was $6,924,445. In Ohio we have about the same number, 4,378,725 sheep, bjit the value of the Ohio sheep is $13,900,263, or more than twice as much as the Texas sheep. The native-bred sheep of Texas can be liept in the same manner as in Australia, although the land in Texas is now constantly being limited by the smaller ownership of tracts in the western part of tliat State; but still they can raise sheep more cheaply than elsewhere in the United States. Probably Texas is the only part of our country where the indus- try might survive, with wool duty free, although some of the most emi- nent men of Texas maintain that their wool industry will be entirely de- stroyed under the operation of free wool. WOOLEN INDUSTRY VERSUS WHISKY TRUST, democrats I^EGISIiATE AGAINST THE FACTORY AND UPHOI.D THE DIS- TIIiUERY. Census bulletin No. 380 calls attention to the fact that 440 establishments engaged in the manufacture of distilled spirits, with a capital of $31,006,- 176, and turning out a product of 104,197,869, employ but 5,343 persons, at wages $2,814,889 ; while 1,454 establishments are engaged in the woolen and worsted manufactures, with a capital of $199,075,056, turn out a prod- uct of $212,772,629, employ 122,944 at wages of $132,977,104. The woolen business has seven times the capital, twenty-five times the laborers, and pays fifty times the wages. But the Wilson bill proposes to reduce the tariff on the woolen schedule three-fifths, which will compel a reduction of wages, or a closing up of the factories ; and to increase the tax on spirits for the benefit of the whisky trust. Verily, great is Democratic love for the " honest toilers." Tli« first necessary cliaraeierislic of any na- tion is, that it must possess the power to main- tain and protect itself as sigrainst the world. And the first law of any Kepublican nation is, titat it must Itavc the |>ower to protect its ^»eople in their riffhts to life, liberty, and the piirsnit of happiness. , —Senator S. 31. Ciilloiu, lliiuoii*. WOOLEN GOODS, cost of a suit of clothes. An analysis of the cost of the different items in comparison with the retail selling price is shown by the IblloM'ing table : Percentage of cost of items to the retail selling price. Cost. Percent- age of re- tail price. Cloth $7.38 1.89 4.10 .40 G. 23 36. 9 Trimmings 9. 4 Labor , 20. 5 Expense 2. Expense of distribution : Wholesale clothiers , S2. 23 Retail clothiers 4.00 31.2 Hetail price ^20.00 100 The suit of clothes to which this statement has reference is a ready- made suit manufactured from American cloth, weighing about 20 ounces per running yard. In making it 3 1-6 yards, or 4 pounds, of cloth are used. Tt cost the manufacturer $13.77 when manufactured in wholesale quanti- ties, and sells at retail for $20. It is an all-wool suit of clothes, without an ounce of shoddy or cotton in it. The percentage of the cost of the cloth to the total cost of the suit is only 36.9 per cent. The difference in the cost of the cloth, by reason of the wool duty, at 32 cents a pound for the combed wool, if the whole duty were added to the cost, would be $1.28. But with a margin of $6.23 between cost and retail price it is safe to say that home competition would prevent adding a cent to the consumer on that account. Woolen manufactures. Number of establishments .... Capital employed Average number of emploj'Cs Total wages paid Miscellaneous expenses Cost of materials Value of product 1890. 2,849 $296, 494, 481 219, 132 $76, 660, 742 19, 529, 238 202, 815, 842 337, 768, 524 1880. \ 2. 689 $159, 091, 869 161, 557 $47. 389, 087 164, 371, 551 267, 25^, 913 327 I chargre upon this Administration that it committed a wronjc and a crime wlien it sent its representative to a friendly government to insult- ingly demand tliat it surrender to a barbarous Queen. Hon. Henry U. Johnson, Indiana. WYOMING. Area, 97,890 square miles. Admitted as a State July 11, 1890. ' Legislature composed of 16 Senators, 33 Representatives. Meets bien- nially, January S, 1895. State elections, biennially, Tuesday after first Monday in Kov., 1894. Senator Joseph M. Carey, (rep.) term expires Mar. 3, 1895. Senator. Vacant. CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT. At large. Population, 60,705. Vote 1892: Dem., 8,855; Kop., 8,3U. 328 14 DAY USE RETURN TO DESK FROM WHICH BORROWED LOAN DEPT. This book is due on the last date stamped below, or on the date to which renewed. Renewals only: Tel. No. 642-3405 Renewals may be made 4 days prior to date due. Renewed books are subject to immediate recall. (Q8677S1 ) 476-A-31 ^ Bwkel^y THE UNIVERSITY OF CAUFORNIA UBRARY f