MILITARY TOPOGRAPHY AND MAP READING BY CAPT. W. H. WALDRON 29th infantry Reprinted from "NIGHT OPERATIONS" Infantry Journal July, 1917 WASHINGTON United States Infantry Association 1917 Night Operations A Department devoted to the interest of newly commissioned Infantry Officers, Officers of the Infantry Officers' Reserve Corps, and candidates for Commission. Conducted by Capt. W. H. Waldron, 29th Infantry MILITARY TOPOGRAPHY AND MILITARY MAP READING For admission to the Officers' Reserve Corps or promotion to a higher grade in that corps, the provisions of General Orders No. 32 require of the candidate the making of a military topographic map (sketch) and a practical knowledge of map reading. In the space available for this article it is impracticable to provide a text containing the process of military map (sketch) mak- ing. To give you a few hints that will help you over some of the rough places and to inform you where the detailed information on subject may be obtained is all that will be attempted. The United States Infantry Association are the publishers and distributors of a book written by Capt. Loren C. Grieves, 30th In- fantry, for the instruction of noncommis- sioned officers of the Army on the subjects of Military Sketching (which is, so far as you are concerned, the same as topographic map making) and Map Reading. This book is written in progressive lesson form and provides a text from which you will be able to master the subject within a reasonable length of time. The book may be had from the United States Infantry Association, Union Trust Building, Washington, D. C. The price is $1.00, postage paid. This book is highly recommended by the editor of this de- partment. The making of a military sketch may be accomplished in only one way, and that is to "go out and make it." You will never gain a mastery over the subject by sitting at your desk and studying the text-book. You will have to get out in the country and go through the process, not one but many times. As in any other line of endeavor the first requisite for success is the possession of the proper tools for the work. If you start out with makeshifts, you are doomed to discour- agement and failure. 1. You must have a drawing board, upon the surface of which the paper on which your sketch is to be drawn may be attached. The book department of the Army Service Schools at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, has devised a sketching board that has met the requirements at that institution. It has a 3H-inch declinator and is probably the best that can be produced for a moderate price. The price of this board complete is $5.50. A folding head tripod for the board costs an additional $2.75. 2. Your next requisite is a means for at- tammg the direction of one point from an- other. This is supplied by the alidade ruler upon the six surfaces of which your scales may be pasted. The book department of the Army Service Schools at Fort Leaven- worth also supplies this instrument at a cost of 20 cents each. It is made of seasoned wood, weighted with, lead so that it will lie flat on the surface of the paper and not be disturbed by wind. It is triangular shaped in cross-section and is about 6 inches in length. 3. You will require some method for de- termining the slope of the ground at any given point and the difference in elevation of any two or more points. This is accom- plished by reading the vertical angle. The regular instrument designed for this purpose is the clinometer, which is very expensive. As a substitute we use the slope board. On pages 43 to 45 of Captain Grieves' book are detailed instructions for laying oflF a slope board on your ordinary sketching board de- scribed in paragraph 1 above. You will find this sufficiently accurate for all practical purposes. 4. You will need lead pencils— 4H and 6H are the best— a* soft rubber eraser, thumb tacks and sketching paper. This latter should be carefully selected, for you cannot accomplish the necessary "rubbing out" on inferior paper. 374384 ■ ■" V-> • I I * r ■> .t) 4 ;•.♦;,•,*„'*«' iNrig'lit Operations -'o Q *' : , v'; 1 ,. — ; ;^,u ? a o ., . ' __ 5. Finally you will require a scale of tions of all objects of military impor- paces, which will be considered in detail tance in the area represented, later. As a refinement I would advise your Q. What is map reading? procuring a canvas pencil holder. A. T\\q ability to correctly interpret a map Now let us see what all of this is going to and to form a mental picture of the cost you : ground it is intended to represent. Q. What are the essential elements of map 1 sketching board $5.50 reading? 1 tripod for sketching board 2.75 a. 1. The conversion of map distances into 1 alidade scales with stride and corresponding ground distances; that pace sheets..., 20 jg^ ^n appreciation of the scale of the 1 eraser, soft rubber 10 map. 2 pencils, lead, 4H 15 2. A knowledge of' the conventional 1 roll paper, sketching (20 yds.) ... .65 signs and symbols employed by the 1 pencil holder, canvas 30 map makers to represent the topo- , Thumb tacks, 2 dozen 20 graphical features of the country in- 1 triangle, ambro, 6 inch (30 to 60). .20 eluded in the map. 1 text-book. Captain Grieves' 1.00 ^ An appreciation of direction. 4. A knowledge of contours and what Total cost $11.05 ^j^gy ^j-g intended to represent. ..,,,. , , , Q- What is the scale of a map? All of these Items except the last may be ^_ ^^^ ^^^j^ ^^ ^ ^^p .^ ^^^ ^^^.^ ^^ ^^^ procured by addressmg a letter to The Secre- ^.^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^^ p^.^^^ ^^ ^^^ tary. Army Service Schools, tort Leaven- j--jju ^u u • 4.ij- ■'', ^^ ^ , , , , , • , map divided by the horizontal dis- worth Kansas; the latter by addressing the ^^^^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^^ corresponding United States In antry Association, Union ^^.^^^ ^^ ^^^ ^^^^^^^ Trust Buikimg, Washington, D. C. _ ^ ^^^^ ^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^^ prescribed for mili- You will need every one of these articles. ^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^ ^^^ ^^^.^^, To go out without them means unsatisfactory ^^ ^^ ^j^^^^ j^^^^^ ^q^^^ ^^^ ^jl^^ ^^^ ^^^^ work and discouragement This is a good ^^^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^p^_ outfit and one that you will use m the course ^ gj^ ^^^^^^ ^^^^1 ^^^ ^jl^^ ^^^ p^^j^j^^ of your instruction work in topography at ^^^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^p^_ the summer training camps for Reserve Offi- 3 ^^^^^^ .^^^^^^ ^^^^j ^^^ ^jl^^ ^^^ ^^p^ cers. You will find it one of your best ^^^ ^^^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^ j^ j^ j^^^^^^^ ^^ friends in the prosecution of your work ^^^^^j^^ defensive positions, there, and you will find it handy m your ^^^ ^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^ ^^ ^ ^^^ ^^ ^^. solution of tactical problems incident to the .^ tactical walks in minor tactics that you will ^ j_ BTa'plain statement in words and fig- have, especially where you have an oppor- ^^^^ ^^ ^^^ ^^j^^^^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^p tunity to mdicate your dispositions by the ^.^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^^ distance; for means of a rough sketch. example." 3 inches to 1 mile." This In studying the subject, go over each lesson ^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^ 3 .^^j^^^ ^^ ^j^^ ^^^ as laid down by Captain Grieves. They have , . j- .• -n >»..,- " „ , , ^ 1 1 \. r measured in any direction will reprc- been carefully planned. Get the elements of . , -i .1 j 1 r , n A ■ -A r)^„^f,v» sent 1 mile on the ground, each firmly fixed in your mind. Practice . • r .• • u- u the making of the conventional signs until 2. By a representative fraction m which you do not have to refei; to the text-book for the enumerator represents the map dis- them. Get out in the country and actually tance and the denommator represents make a map in accordance with the rules the ground distance in the same unit of laid down in your text-book. measure, thus \, would be the 10,560 MILITARY MAP READING representative fraction for 6 inches to Q. What is a military map? 1 mile; that is, one unit of measure A. A military map is one which shows the on the map, as 1 inch, would represent relative distances, elevations and direc- 10,560 inches on the ground. One pen- Night Operations cil length on the map would represent 10,560 pencil lengths on the ground. 3. By a graphical scale in which a line is drawn on the map and divided into equal parts, the divisions being marked, not with their actual lengths, but with the ground distance that they represent. What are the two classes of scales? Working scales and reading scales. What are working scales? 6"to T Mile Scale of paces place the edge of the paper along each stretch, placing the point of a pencil at each successive point where the di- rection changes, the paper may be twisted around to follow the bends of the course until the total distance has been covered. Apply this total distance to the scale of the map and read direct. A few trials at this will perfect you in the method. 8§°S 88 S 8 88 8 Scale of paces < 3"to 1 Mile Fig. 1 A, Working scales are those representing the unit of measure with which the map was made; that is, paces, strides of a horse, length of a rope, etc. Q. What are reading scales? A. Reading scales are those made for laying off distances on the map and should be in some familiar unit of measure such as yards or feet. In some cases the reading scale may be identical with the working scale as where the working scale is paces of Z6 inches, the corre- sponding reading scale would be yards. Q. How would you determine the distance between two points on a map? A. By measuring along the edge of a piece of paper the distance between the two points under consideration and apply- ing th's distance to the scale of' the map and reading directly from it. To measure the distance from one point to another along a winding course, Q. What is a convenient formula for the solution of scale problems? A. Let w = the number of units of measure to be represented by the scale line. In linear scales make this always 2,000, so there is nothing further to remember. Let p = the number of inches in the unit of measure. For a scale of yards p would be 36, for a scale of 30-inch paces p would be 30, for a scale of meters p would be 39.37. Let n =the denominator of the repre- sentative fraction. For 3 inches to the mile n would be 21,120; for 6 inches to the mile n would be 10,560, for 12 inches to the mile n would be 5,280. Let .*• =the number of inches in the scale line to represent w units of measure. Night Operations Then m times p For example : You desire to con- struct a scale of paces of 30 inches at 6 inches to 1 mile. w = 2,000; p = 30; n = 10,560. 2,000 X 30_ ^ _ 5_68 inches. 10,560 Therefore a line 5.68 inches long would represent 2,000 paces. Draw a line 5.68 inches long and divide it into five equal parts of 400 paces each. Divide the left part into four equal parts each representing 100 paces. Except as a means to your under- standing of scales it is not necessary for you to go to the task of the solu- tion of scale problems. All text-books on military sketching have all the scales that you will ordinarily use in your practical work. Figure 1 shows scales of paces from 27 inches to 36 inches for 3 inches to 1 mile 6 inches to 1 mile. This is all you will ever have any use for. (Taken from the Engi- neers' Field Manual.) CONVENTIONAL SIGNS AND SYMBOLS Military Signs. I nf antry In column d-d- D- D-D- o .niiiiiiiiiiiiiMiDiiiiMin DiinitnonrfDprii uniif.ifmnoinm In line Woods. Grass or meadow. Cultivated^ Orchard. => • Rice swamps ■ > ditch and dikes. Mud and Salt marsb. Fresh marsh Cypress Tidal Flati poad. «wamp. Enclosures Wire Fence "Barbed Smooth Cavalry Incolur^n KGBBB& In line l— i^MHL>Ma« Artille^ i, ii i ;^ i I Sentry (^ Vedette ^ Headquarters 'v?' Camp Trenches Gun battery Mortar battery Redoubt AAAAAA Aaaaaa <^o o^ Communications. Abattis ' HfH|^H|^Hf^ Chevaux d« frise Miscellaneous. -t- -Kr4- ll°-Kr(-0 Church CecQetB7 Wind Milt , Blacksroitfa Shop Wagon Shop Saw Milt Grist Mill Night Operations Q. How are the features of the country represented on maps and sketches? A. By means of conventional signs and symbols. Q. What characteristics have these conven- tional signs and symbolsf A. They are drawn to resemble, as near as practicable, the features that they are intended to represent. There are published herewith plates of the ordinary conventional signs and symbols em- ployed in map and sketch making in the United States service. In hasty sketches soil and cultivation may be indicated by sim- ply writing the same in the areas instead of putting in the conventional signs. (See p. 66.) You should practice making these conven- tional signs until you are familiar with them. Q. How is the direction of one point from another stated in military map reading f A. By the points of the compass. One point is said to be north, east, south or west from another point. When it lies be- tween the north and east points it is said to be north (so many degrees) east; when between the east and south it is said to be south (so many de- grees) east; when between the south and west it is said to be south (so many degrees) west, and when it is between the west and north it is said to be north (so many degrees) west. Q. How is the north point of a map indi- cated f A. By a line placed on the map at a con- venient place with an arrow pointing to the north. Q. Should a map come into your possession without having the north indicated, what conclusion would you draw as to the north point of the map? A. The sides of the map generally run north and south. The lettering usually runs from east to west. These are pretty good guides. Q. What do you understand by orienting a map ? A. Placing the map in such position that every road, stream, or other feature on the map will be parallel to its actual position on the ground ; in other words, to make the map and the ground it represents coincide. Q. What are the objects of orienting the map? A. To enable you to pick out and identify on the ground all the features shown on the map. Q. By what methods may a map be oriented? A. 1. When the map has a magnetic merid- ian on it: Place the north and south line of the compass parallel to the magnetic meridian and turn the map until the north end of the needle points to the north of the circle. If the true meridian only is shown on the map you must know the declination and make allowance for it. If the declina- tion is not more than 4 or 5 de- grees the orientation on the true merid- ian or along the up and down borders of the map will be sufficiently accurate for all practical purposes. 2. When you have no compass or the meridian is not shown on the map : (a) If you can locate on the map your position on the ground and can identify another place on the map which you can see on the ground, shift the map around until the two points on the map are aligned on the distant point on the ground and you have the map oriented. (6) By reference to a straight road or line of railway on which you may be standing turn the map until the conventional symbol points in the same direction as the fea- ture that it represents. In both of these methods the points used for orientation should be as far apart as possible and in any case they should be more than an inch apart on the map. Q. How would you locate your position on the map? A. 1. When the map has been oriented by compass. Sight along the ruler at an object on the ground at the same time keeping the ruler on the plotted posi- tion of this same object on the map. Draw a line towards yourself. Locate another point on the ground that is plotted on the map and repeat the process. The intersection of these two lines is your map position. These lines should form an angle of not less than 30 degrees and not more than ISO degrees. 2. If the map has been oriented by means of a straight line drawn between two map points, it will be necessary to draw 8 Night Operations but one line from an object on the ground, and the intersection of this line with the line already on the map will be your location on the map. Q. What are contours? A. They are lines cut from the surface of the earth by imaginary horizontal planes spaced at equal vertical inter- vals from each other, Q. What do contours show? A. 1. The relative elevation of all points on the map. 2. The slope between any two points on the map. 3. The shape and form of the ground in- cluded within the limits of the map. Q. What general characteristics have con- tours? is indicated by the contours bending sharply towards the higher ones. 5. When two contours of different eleva- tions join together and form one line they indicate a cliff. Where a higher one crosses a lower one it is an over- hanging cliff. 6. A saddle or col is the space between the summits of two adjacent hills. It is indicated by two contours of greater elevation on two sides of it and two contours of less elevation on the other two sides. Q. What do you understand by the term "horizontal equivalent?" A. It is the horizontal distance on the ground between two contours. Q. What is a scale of horizontal equivalents? ^ Vi i^6 1-Ll 1 I 1 1 1 1 l|l 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 \ A ■O "U — 1 — 2 / 1 ^H^ 1 —J 2 — 1 1 / {'2 y 1 __ //.£. 6/A^*/A//. VJJOFT 3/H^/Mi, K/.20rT. — - - —" 1 1 ^ ^ :i *J< -.- , f £ £ '^ 1 "TT 1 1 1 ^ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ^ -0 Fig. 2. — Scale of Horizontal Equivalents. A. 1. All contours join or extend to the edge of the map. When they join they either represent a hill top or a depres- sion — a hill when the smallest closed contour is higher than the adjoining one and a depression when it is lower. 2. Where the contours are equally spaced the slope is uniform. Where they are wide apart the slope is gradual and where they are close together it is steep. 3. A watershed is the high ground be- tween two watercourses. The water flows away from it on both sides and is indicated by the higher contours bulging out towards the lower ones. 4. A watercourse is the low ground be- tween two watersheds. The rain from both sides of it join in one stream and A. 1. The scale of horizontal equivalents is based on the fact that at a slope of one degree the ground will gain an eleva- tion of 1 foot in 57.3 feet. 2. Thus where a vertical interval of 10 feet is being used this 10 feet elevation will be gained in 573 feet, when the slope is one degree. Where the slope is two degrees the 10 feet will be gained in one-half of 573 feet, etc. 3. To construct a scale of horizontal equivalents all we have to do is to first construct a scale of feet for the map. Then determine our vertical interval, say 10 feet. We then measure off successively on a line a map distance of 573 feet; this is the horizontal equivalent for one degree. We next measure off a map distance of 287 feet. %• Night Operations 9 and this is the horizontal equivalent for 2 degrees slope; 191 feet for a 3-de- gree slope, and so forth up to the maximum degree of slope that we will encounter, usually 10 degrees. 4. This same scale of horizontal equiva- lents will answer for a map with a scale of 3 inches to 1 mile with a ver- tical interval of 20 feet; 6 inches to 1 mile with a vertical interval of 10 feet. 5. The scale of horizontal equivalents printed herewith has been made on the principle stated above. It runs from Yz degre to 10 degrees. (See Fig. 2.) Practical Map Reading Let us take the map published with this article and systematically read it. 2. What is the scale of the map? It is 3 inches equal 1 mile ;i that is, 3 inches meas- ured in any direction on the map is equal to 1 mile on the ground. Any Ij^ inches on the map will represent % oi a mile on the ground. We see that there is a representa- tive fraction on the map. This is only an- other method of indicating the scale. How has it been determined? Remembering that a representative fraction is one reduced to unity in which the numerator represents the map distance and the denominator the ground distance we have: Map Distance 3 inches Ground Distance 3 inches 1 mile 1 63,360 inches 21,120 This may also be expressed 1 : 21,120; that is, one unit of measure on the map represents 21,120 of the same units of meas- ure on the ground, Q. What is the distance from the railroad crossing at Goldenville to the Boyd School House via the 621-630-Stock Farm road? A. Measure off the distance along the edge of a slip of paper and apply it to the graphical scale at the bottom of the map. You will find it to be 4,540 yards. Q. How long will it take a company of in- fantry to march from the crossroads at Hunterstown to a railroad crossing at Goldenville? The company marches at the rate of 80 yards per minute. A. By measuring the distance we find that it is 8,230 yards. The company march- ing at the rate of 80 yards per minute would consume 101 minutes or an hour and 41 minutes. You now proceed to a study of the con- vential signs used by the map maker. These conventional signs are drawn to represent as near as possible the feature as it appears on the ground. The conventional signs em- ployed in making this map are shown below. Make a study of them until you know exactly what every mark on the map is intended to represent. CONVENTIONAL SIGNS Impj-ovod Roods Unimproved Roads Trails Railnxids.Sirgla Track " Doubi^T^oo^< " Urban or Suburban FeRces.E'arbod VViro " Smco+h " ■• Worm " S1"on3 " Medgg Streams uncterl5'v/ide II over " » Embonkmonf CuTtlrKj Arroyo or Ditch Buildings Bridges Stone Culverts OHouse a Born 'Corn Cultivated ^ond Treesi without Underbrush Woods with. Underbrush Brush Pine Trees and -Rocks Orchard Morsh ■i" -r J- ■r >r r lu a- olo. o»->i' oooaoo a ooaaaoo OOttOOOO All blank spaces dre Gross Land mS^ldSfed S'is^nT^'for^&mlon.' Hunterstown S-inch map as the map given here has been very Night Operations 11 You observe that this map has no meridian on it. How are you to determine directions ? When a map has no meridian line it is pretty safe to assume that the reading matter runs from west to east and that the up and down edges of the map run north and south. A hne through Fairview School House and Goodintent School House runs north and south. This line would serve as a meridian for work in the center of the map and the borders for meridian lines along the edges of the map. You observe a little V-shaped affair at the bottom of the map. The line to the right shows the true north and the one to the left shows the magnetic north ; that is, the former, if the map were oriented on the ground, points directly to the north pole and the latter to the magnetic north. There are comparatively few places on the earth's surface where these lines coincide. In this case the magnetic declination is 7 degrees ; that is, if you were to take a bearing with a compass there would be a variation of 7 degrees from the true north. Q. What is the direction of Hunterstown from Fairview School House? A. North 52 degrees east. This is deter- mined as follows : Draw a line con- necting Fairview School House with the cross roads at Hunterstown. Draw another line connecting Fairview School House and Goodintent School House. This latter is your meridian line. Lay a protractor with its 0-180 degree edge along the meridian with the center at Fairview School House. Read along the edge of the protractor to the point where the line connecting Fairview School House and Hunterstown emerges from under the protractor. This is the reading of the direction. Q. What is the direction of Granite Hill Station from Goodintent School House f A. South 41 degrees east. Use the same meridian line and pursue the same method as before indicated. Q. What is the direction of Goldenville from Hunterstown Cross Roads? What is the direction of Boyd School House from Goodintent School House? A. Work these out for yourself. Note the Scale of Map Distances of con- tour intervals. Take the space to the left of the scale marked 1 degree. This means that at any place on the map where the con- tours are spaced the distances apart indicate that the ground at that point slopes just 1 degree. Where the ground is steeper the contours are spaced close together. By keeping this scale in your mind you can tell by observation the approximate slope of the ground at any point on the map. Note the statement below the scale, V. I.: 20 feet. This means that the vertical dis- tance between contours is 20 feet. So you know immediately that between every two contours, no matter what their distance apart may be, there is a vertical difference of 20 feet. Suppose the map had no such statement on it. How would you determine this contour or vertical interval? By an inspection of the map. You will observe that the contours from the ridge just south of Goldenville are numbered. These numbers indicate that the vertical interval between contours is 20 feet. Q. What is the elevation of the Grubey House? A. We see that this house lies about midway between the 580 and 600 contours; the elevation is, therefore, 590 feet. Q. What is the difference in elevation be- tween the McElheny House and the Hamilton House? A. We see that the former has an elevation of 540 feet and that the 640 contour passes through the latter. The differ- ence between these is 100 feet, so that the Hamilton House is 100 feet higher than the McElheny House. Q. Where is the highest point on the map? A. The 707-foot hill west of Goldenville. Q. Where is the lowest point on the map? A. The lowest point on any map will be found at the point where the largest body of running water leaves the map. This "will be found in the southwest sector about 1,400 yards southeast of the Boyd School House. In order to facilitate the further reading of this map secure a 10-cent package of "Crayolas" and proceed as follows : 1. With the blue crayola line out all the stream lines. This will show at a glance all the water system of the country covered by the map. 2. With the red crayola line out the 560- foot contour. This will show you the outline of the western watershed running along 12 Night Operations Oak Ridge and its extension to the north ; the watershed immediately west of the main watercourse and that to the east in the vicinity of Hunterstown. 3. With your green crayola line the 500- foot contour. Make note of its crooks and turns which indicate the shape of the ground throughout its course, then compare the green line with the red line indicating the 560 contour. You ought from this process to have a very good idea of the country cov- ered by the map. Tracing out the water system of the coun- try included in the map we find that the main watercourse runs from northeast to south- west practically parallel to the 549-583-501- 543-531 road. Numerous branches lead off to the east and west, the main one to the east crossing the above-mentioned road near 501, where it separates into two branches, one heading in the high ground in the south- east sector of the map and the other in the high ground just west of Hunterstown. The main branch to the west leaves the stream about 1,200 yards due west of 543, runs in a northwesterly direction to a point 700 yards southwest of the Varney place and then turns northeast and runs parallel to the main stream to the Hermon place and forming the water- shed lying between the two streams. An- other small stream leaves the main stream and heads near the Boyd School House. Another heads near the C. Topper place and runs a little west of south, forming with the main stream and its tributaries the water- shed designated as Oak Ridge. Another small stream heads in the vicinity of Golden- ville and runs southwest. This and the branches of the main stream form the water- shed which lies to the north in prolongation of Oak Ridge. Over in the northeast sector of the map there is an independent system of watercourses that head to the south of and in the vicinity of Hunterstown, and these with the branches from the main stream form the watershed west of Hunterstown. With your colored map you will be able to pick up all these points. The study should leave you with a good mental picture of the country covered by the map. You should be able to approximate distances and to measure the distance from one point to another with accuracy. You should have a good idea of the vegetation covering the country and how it would look from any point on the map. You should have knowledge of the shape of the ground, the steepness of slopes, etc. You should by an inspection of the map be able to solve the ordinary visibility problems that may come up, and any that do not admit of solution by inspection should be plotted out and a profile of sufficient extent made. 374384 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE STAMPED BELOW AN INITIAL PINe"of 25 CENTS WILL BE ASSESSED FOR FAILURE TO RETTURM THIS BOOK ON THE DATE DUE. THE PE^alw ci^^ir TO ^sloo^^ "^^^ on^^hVfo^r^