A 
 
(^aJ/ <£ <% 
 
TOPICAL BLI jBKE 
 
 OF 
 
 8¥IFTOFS 
 OUTLINES OF HISTORY: 
 
 Jl SUGGESTIVE jlNJLLYSIS 
 
 FOR THE USE OF PUPILS 
 
 IN 
 
 AND B O. I TA TION OF LESSONS. 
 
 i:\ 
 
 JOHN LOCKWOOD. 
 
 BLAKEMAN, TAYLOB & CO., 
 
 AM) (UK AGO. 
 1877. 
 
NOTE BY PROF. SWTNTON". 
 
 The "Topical Brief, or Suggestive Analysis " of the Outlines of 
 History was submitted in manuscript to me by the distinguished 
 teacher whose name is on the title-page of this manual. It seemed 
 to me so positive a contribution to rational methods of education 
 that I was urgent for its publication, to the end that its benefits 
 might not be confined to one school, but extended to many. This 
 decided on, I have had occasion during its passage through the 
 press to examine the Brief with minute detail and close comparison 
 with the Outlines, and my estimate of its utility has been enhanced 
 day by day. I believe it will prove a most valuable aid in the prep- 
 aration of the history lessons, leading pupils to a close and logical 
 analysis of the subject matter ; that it will convert the ordinary 
 dry rote- work of recitation into a lively and enlivening exercise ; 
 and finally, that in its training in the use of language and in the 
 habit of connected discourse it will be found a powerful instrument 
 of mental culture. From the many progressive teachers who have 
 said good words as to the Outlines and have that work in use in 
 their classes, I earnestly bespeak a kindly trial for this little man- 
 ual, convinced, as I am, that it will, at a stroke, double the value of 
 
 the text-book. 
 
 WM. SWINTON. 
 
 New York, 1877. 
 
 [OUCATION DEFT 
 
 Copyright, 1877, by Electrotypcd by 
 
 John Lockwood. Smith & McDougal. 
 
IW F" 
 
 PR E F ACE 
 
 IT has been said there is no royal road to learning ; but, 
 it may be added, there is a decided preference in the 
 5 to that I ^electable Mountain, — some being good, 
 while others are well-nigh impassable. Of the latter sort is, 
 too often, the study of history — a kind of corduroy, and in 
 bad repair at that. If this little book shall prove to be to 
 other classes, as it has been to the author's, a kind of 
 asphaltum road, pleasant to travel over, and admitting of 
 'rapid progress, his principal aim in its publication will be 
 accomplished. 
 
 The Brief is a kind of analysis of Swinton's Outlines of 
 the World* s History, paragraph by paragraph, presented 
 ly by key-words or phrases taken from the text. 
 Its main purpose is twofold: first, to assist the student to 
 ire his lesson intelligently, and to remember it ; and 
 secondly, to enable him to make a handsome recitation. 
 Besides this main purpose, it has, incidentally, other uses, 
 fore the student, in their logical order, the 
 constituent elements of each paragraph, his mind will gradu- 
 ally take on the habit of analyzing the subjects of its thought. 
 If he fully comprehends the analysis presented, and v< 
 Ding to think in an orderly, 1> 
 manner; — and this iinal point in education. A 
 
 the practice, in recitation, of collecting the constituent ele- 
 ments of the paragraph and connecting them in a continuous 
 
 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 discourse furnishes an exercise in extempore speaking — one 
 of the finest of accomplishments. The practice of reciting 
 in this way gives him confidence in his powers and pleasure 
 in exercising them. The recitation, instead of being the 
 usual battledoor and shuttlecock of question and answer, 
 becomes a lively occasion of speech-making, the scholars 
 taking the floor in turn, and the teacher acting as moderator. 
 Like the runners in the old Greek game of the tcrch-race, 
 (each, in turn, seizing the flaming torch from the hands of 
 the preceding runner, and bearing it swiftly on, unextin- 
 guished, to the next), an animated class, using this little 
 book, will delight to take up the narrative from one another, 
 on the teacher's signal, and continue it rapidly and unbroken. 
 Thus treated, the study invigorates the mind, and becomes 
 a powerful exercise in expression. 
 
 The proper names and the dates with which history bris- 
 tles are a discouraging difficulty to the average student — 
 meeting him at the outset and keeping him company to the 
 end. They are a kind of Old Man of the Sea, jumping on 
 the student's back the moment he makes his appearance. 
 The Brief is an answer to his call for help. It comes to 
 rescue him from his tormentor by taking the Old Man on its 
 own shoulders. 
 
 Unfamiliar proper names that occur repeatedly are given 
 in full when first mentioned, and the dates are nearly always 
 given. All teachers appreciate the value of the eye and the 
 ear as aids in acquiring knowledge. They may be called, 
 respectively, the right-hand and the left-hand of Memory. 
 A date being exhibited in juxtaposition with its proper 
 event, the eye transfers the two facts to the memory as one 
 picture ; and afterwards, whenever one of the two is recalled 
 to mind, the other comes up along with it — the date sug- 
 gesting the event, the event the date, on the principle of the 
 

 If the teacher will heartily adopt the 
 sug made on be student will soon be put in 
 
 ssion of a valuable body of dates, whi< h he 
 will have acquired almost without effort. In the I 
 
 rep nd events in the recitation-discour 
 
 the ear becomes an instrument of the memory only second 
 to the eye in importar 
 
 el to be used by the student both 
 in the preparation of his lesson and in its recitation. " To 
 crown the edifice " suitably, there should be frequent re- 
 in which the student should be encouraged to make 
 discourse with as little reference to his Brief as pos- 
 sible. 
 
 imply connecting the topics in the fewest words, the 
 student will be giving the substance of the paragraph. This 
 will lor junior classes. Older students should be 
 
 required to be more full — to use the topics as heads of dis- 
 course, expanding them into more elaborate statements, and 
 connecting them handsome 
 
 It will n inge if some teachers, themselves enthu- 
 
 siastic in the study of history and familiar with its details, 
 should fear that the student might become enervated in the 
 use of the Brief by being helped too much. But it should 
 be borne in mind that the point to be gained is the acqui- 
 >n of the subject by the student ; and if he can get 
 this by the aid of the Brief vnth one-half the labor otherv, 
 nee- urely the system must be useful. But even if 
 
 the teacher should object to a help of this kind in recitation, 
 ■ill find it of great aid to him in the preparation 
 of ] ipter viii. i i — the 
 
 of the tudent notes 
 
 that the subject divid inches — " Baby- 
 
 lon: oenician dan 
 
vi PREFACE. 
 
 Trade." The first of these is considered under five heads. 
 The second of these five has a subordinate division suggest- 
 ing two distinct lines of inquiry. The third has three sub- 
 ordinate divisions, under the two first of which several 
 minor details are suggested; and so on. Now, after the 
 student has carefully read over the text, in the manner de- 
 scribed more fully on page xiv, and is able to give the sub- 
 stance of it readily with the aid of the Brief, he is pre- 
 pared to take an important step in advance. Let him now 
 fix in his mind the five leading divisions (indicated by the 
 symbols "a" " b" etc.), then the next subordinate divisions 
 (indicated by the numerals " i," " 2," etc.), and finally the 
 minor details suggested in the last analysis — all which he 
 can do in five minutes of attentive study — and he is prepared 
 to give a connected statement of the entire subject of the 
 " Babylonian Trade " without the Brief. That mastered, let 
 him go on to the next grand division — the " Phoenician 
 Trade " — treating it in the same way, and finally the " Cartha- 
 ginian Trade." In an hour from the time he opened his 
 book, if he be bright and accustomed to study, he can have 
 mastered the entire subject of the " Commerce of the An- 
 cients," so as to give independently a connected statement 
 of the whole subject in all its details, without a prompt. And 
 yet those four pages of the text-book are crowded to reple- 
 tion with facts which not one student in a hundred can 
 acquire in any reasonable time so as to state them con- 
 nectedly and with accuracy, without the aid of some such 
 analysis as the one here offered. 
 
 To facilitate the acquisition of the lesson, the paragraph 
 side-heads of the textbook have been closely followed in the 
 preparation of the Brief though not always best adapted 
 to the purpose of the analysis. For the same reason, the 
 analysis generally employs the exact language of the Out- 
 
PB1 vii 
 
 thus broken 
 
 >me other that 
 en. 
 
 nee, the divisions and subdivi- 
 sions of the Outlines have been strictly followed, so that 
 the two tables of contents correspond. 
 
 often employed without apparent 
 but they will be found to contribute to the general 
 iting influence which the student will feel in the use of 
 this manual. The mind always takes delight in the discov- 
 ery of hidden truth, even though it be no more than supply- 
 ie missing links in a M suggestive analy- 
 Among other minor advantages of the Brief, the student 
 will appreciate this : that it enables him to assure himself 
 before going to class whether he is master of his lesson 
 or not. 
 
 As the method of this little book is entirely new, so far as 
 he is aware, the author solicits for it, at the hands of his 
 fellow-teachers, a fair trial. Without asking for a suspen- 
 sion of that law of our nature which prompts us to look upon 
 the new way with suspicion and to stick to the old beaten 
 path, he hopes that, for the sake of overtasked stud 
 to be found in every school in the land, this effort to lighten 
 their burden may be auspiciously received. 
 
 J. L. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 Page 
 
 [ON 1 
 
 SECTION I. 
 
 Till ORIENTAL MONARCHIES. 
 
 Chapter 
 
 I. Geographical Sketch 
 
 II. Egypt 4 
 
 Historical Outline 4 
 
 Egyptian Civilization B 
 
 III. Ti and BAir, .... 7 
 
 Introduction ........ 7 
 
 ! v Babylonian, or Chaldaean, Kingdom . 7 
 
 Assyria 7 
 
 Latex Babylonian Kingdom 8 
 
 IV. The Hebrews 9 
 
 V. Tin: Pikeniciaxs 10 
 
 VI. The Hindoos 11 
 
 VII. The P 12 
 
 lline . . . . 12 
 
 < 'ivilization ....... 13 
 
 V 1 1 1 14 
 
 MICTION 11. 
 romr a* 
 
 I. i ,17 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 II. History of the First Period : From the Dorian Mi- 
 gration to the beginning of the Persian Wars, 
 
 1100-500 b.c 18 
 
 Beginnings of Greek History IS 
 
 Growth of Sparta and Athens 19 
 
 III. History of the Second Period : From the beginning 
 
 of the Persian War to the victory of Philip of 
 
 Macedon at Chseronea, B.C. 500-338 .... 21 
 
 The Persian Invasions 21 
 
 The Age of Pericles 22 
 
 The Peloponnesian War 23 
 
 Period of Spartan and Theban Supremacy . . .23 
 
 IV. History of the Third Period : From the victory of 
 
 Philip to the absorption of Greece by the Romans . 24 
 
 Supremacy of Macedon — Philip 24 
 
 Career of Alexander the Great 24 
 
 Alexander's Successors 25 
 
 Later History of Macedon and Greece . . . .25 
 
 V. Grecian Civilization 26 
 
 Political Ideas 26 
 
 Religion 27 
 
 Grecian Festivals 27 
 
 Greek Literature and Philosophy .... 28 
 
 Grecian Art 30 
 
 Greek Life, Manners, etc 30 
 
 SECTION III. 
 
 HISTORY OF ROME. 
 
 I. Geography and Races 31 
 
 II. Primeval Rome — Period of the Kings ... 32 
 
 III. The Roman Republic 32 
 
 Epoch of the; Struggle for Existence .... 33 
 
 Great Names of Early Rome 33 
 
 Epoch of the Roman Conquest of Italy . . 84 
 

 I Strife 38 
 
 
 
 
 
 Political 
 
 Bp flity ...... -1<J 
 
 . 
 
 
 SECTION IV. 
 
 MEDLBVAL BISTORT. 
 
 Introduction 
 
 I. The New &AGBB 50 
 
 II. Tiik: EfiSTOBY 52 
 
 The Byaantine Empire 
 
 Italy down to Charlemagne 68 
 
 
 
 innings of England 64 
 
 ns 64 
 
 III. Empire of Chablemaghb 
 
 iv. Tin: Feudal Stbtkm 
 
 V, Gbowth of the Papal Poweb .... 
 
 VI. Tin - GO 
 
 Introduction 60 
 
 Thi 61 
 
 The Second Crusade 62 
 
 The Third Croaade 
 
 Th< 
 
 . 
 
 VII <in\ ai Dm \y . . .i;i 
 
 VIII. Civil. iz\ti<>\ in THE Ml: ... 
 
 Th( 
 
 and Commerce . GO 
 
xii CONTENTS. 
 
 IX. Political Outline : From Charlemagne to the close of 
 
 the Middle Ages 68 
 
 The German Empire 68 
 
 France 69 
 
 England 70 
 
 Italy . 71 
 
 Spain 71 
 
 SECTION V. 
 
 MODERN HISTORY. 
 
 I. Transition to Modern History 74 
 
 Introduction 74 
 
 Fall of the Eastern Empire 74 
 
 Maritime Discoveries 75 
 
 The Revival of Learning 76 
 
 Decline of Feudalism 76 
 
 Rise of Great Monarchies 77 
 
 II. Great Events of the Sixteenth Century . . 77 
 
 Age of Charles V. . . . 77 
 
 England under Henry VIII. 79 
 
 Rise of the Dutch Republic 81 
 
 Civil and Religious Wars of France .... 82 
 
 Age of Queen Elizabeth 83 
 
 Great Names of the Sixteenth Century ... 85 
 
 III. Great Events of the Seventeenth Century . . 86 
 
 England under the Stuarts 86 
 
 The Thirty Years' War 90 
 
 The Age of Louis XIV 92 
 
 Progress of Civilization « ),r > 
 
 Great Names of the Seventeenth Century ... 97 
 
 IV. Great Events of the Eighteenth Century . . 98 
 
 England under the Georges 98 
 
 Prussia and Frederick the Great 100 
 
 Rise of Russia 102 
 
 The French Revolution 104 
 

 th Century . .ill 
 
 ii I i.vn i:y . . L18 
 and the Empire . . . . .113 
 
 h Politics . . . 118 
 
 olnttans in French Politics 120 
 
 Unification of Italy 
 
 Etonian Bmpfc 128 
 
 Gr» of th.' Nineteenth Centnij . 
 
DIRECTIONS FOR USING THE BRIEF, 
 
 IN preparing his lesson, the pupil first notes the main 
 subject of the paragraph as given in the side-head of 
 the Outlines of History, and also in heavy-faced type in the 
 Topical Brief. He then reads the paragraph in the text- 
 book attentively, following simultaneously the analysis of 
 the same as presented in the Brief In IT I. he observes 
 that the main subject is " History defined," and that it 
 is considered under two heads, viz., " a. general " and " b. 
 special" — the former having reference to "mankind," the 
 latter to " civilization." Having read the paragraph, he tries 
 whether he is able, with the aid of the analysis alone, to 
 give a connected statement of the substance of it. He 
 recites to himself somewhat in this style : 
 
 " ' History defined ' :— in a 'general 1 sense, history is the record of all ' man- 
 kind;' 1 in a ' special 1 sense, it is the record of those nations that have contrihuted 
 to 'civilization. 1 " 
 
 IT II. is, like *fT I., so simple in its analysis as to be easily 
 disposed of. IT III. is a little more complicated. The main 
 subject, " Aids to history," is considered under three gen- 
 eral heads, viz., " a. various sciences ; " " b. lower stages ; " 
 "c. our own times." (These phrases are all taken from the 
 text, in order to enable the student to trace the analysis 
 readily as he reads.) Under the first of these — a — is a three- 
 fold enumeration: " i. Ethnol.," "2. ArchaeoL," and "3. 
 Philol.," with an explanatory catch-word added to each, or 
 suggested. The second — b — calls for a simple statement 
 merely. Under the third — c — is given: "1. Anthropol.," 
 which, standing as a subordinate topic under " c. our own 
 times," indicates that it is considered with reference to 
 " our own times " ; and this last, standing as a subordinate 
 topic under "Aids to history," indicates that, in the para- 
 graph under treatment, "Anthropology" is considered with 
 reference to "our own times," as one of the "aids to his- 
 tory." Under "1. Anthropol," the student finds two sub- 
 heads, viz., "a. primeval races" and " b. savage tribes," 
 indicating that it is treated under those two aspects. 
 
1)1 
 
 ;>h once i i lively in 
 
 i with tin , the pupil do 
 
 hims4 
 
 knowl- 
 .' which treats of the 
 
 of their ;u: 
 
 : ' this 
 
 the maxinei • 
 
 In hi tempt at reproducing the paragraph in hand, 
 
 npil's discourse may be haltin lie 
 
 will dp better after another perusal J and he should not be 
 satisfied until he is able to connect the hints of his Brief 
 handsomely and fluently, which, after some practice, he will 
 ble to do with one or two attentive perusals. After 
 having gone through the whole lesson in this way, paragraph 
 by paragraph, he should close his text-book and try to recite 
 himself from the beginning; and he should 
 not consider himself prepared until he can give a connected 
 account of the whole lesson fluently, and without other 
 prompt than that furnished by his Brief. 
 
 In the above imaginary recitations, nothing more is at- 
 tempted than to connect the points of the suggestive analy- 
 sis in simple, grammatical language. This will suffice for 
 junior pupils. Advanced students should take a pride in 
 amplifying their discourses, enriching them with additional 
 information drawn from other sources. 
 
 The class being assembled for recitation, the teacher calls 
 
 upon some pupil, who takes the floor, Brief in hand, and 
 
 is his discourse, the next pupil holding himself in 
 
 ike it up on a signal from the teacher, and 
 
 continue it without break. 
 
 In addi: s ordinary use as above explained, this 
 
 little manual will be found particularly available in reviews. 
 According to the degree of fullness with which the topics 
 
 rcises may be made rapid and 
 comprehensive, or minute and detailed, at the teacher's 
 are. 
 
OUTLINES OF HISTOllY. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 1. History defined. 
 
 :-.'l— mankind. 
 b. special — civilization. 
 
 2. Its relation to nations. 
 
 1. polit 
 
 b. confines itself. 
 1. gen. current 
 
 3. Aids to history. 
 
 1. BthnoL — t} | 
 
 ancient 
 Philol.—lan 
 
 C. our own tii: 
 1. Anthropol. 
 (#.) primeval races. 
 (b.) savage tri 
 
 4. Difference between an- 
 
 thropology and history. 
 
 a. nat hist 
 
 b. civ. 
 
 5. The real historic race. 
 a. one grand division. 
 
 and B., 
 
 and P., II.. P., <;., \i. 
 ad coL 
 
 Milk. 
 
 exceptions : — ' 
 P. 
 1. St) 
 
 6. Its three divisions. 
 
 a. enumeration. 
 
 1. A r van, or Indo-European. 
 Semitic. 
 
 .'I. Hamitic. 
 
 b. linguistic 
 
 7. The Aryans. 
 
 a. we. 
 
 b. pres. and past of E., viz., G., 
 
 I... <;. orT.. I 
 ft H., P. 
 
 8. Their unity, how proved. 
 
 a. fain, liken • 
 
 1. Sanscrit — In. 
 Zend— P. 
 
 b. forefathers. 
 
 1. ancestral scat. 
 i when ? 
 
 9. Semites. 
 
 untrics : — S., A., T. andE. 
 }>. peoples : II.. P., A.. A. 
 
 10. Hamites. 
 a. 
 
 b. Q 
 
 11. Comparison of the races. 
 a. civ. world. 
 
 1. . 
 
 (a.) leading part. 
 
 . 
 
 (a.) apart 
 
 — . 
 
 (1.) one(J.-J.. C. II 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 (b.) conservative and sta- 
 tionary. 
 (1.) planters. 
 
 (c.) intellectual. 
 
 (d.) polit. f., sci., etc. 
 
 12. The Aryans in history. 
 
 a. springs of present civiliza- 
 tion. 
 1. R. 
 (a.) G. 
 6. primitive age. 
 
 1. condition. 
 C. inference. 
 
 1. progress. 
 
 2. share in history. 
 
 13. Divisions of this book. 
 
 a, ancient O. nations : — E., A. 
 
 — B., H., P., H., P. 
 
 b. G. 
 
 e. R. D. 
 
 d. M. A. 
 
 e. modern. 
 
 14. Chronologic periods. 
 
 a. double division. 
 
 b. triple division. 
 
 15. Nature of the divisions. 
 
 a. arbitrary. 
 1. why? 
 
 b. convenience. 
 
 c. philosophical 
 
 1. reservoir. 
 
 (a.) modern states. 
 
 16. History a unit. 
 
 a. largest sense. 
 
 b. epochs — drama. 
 C. thread. 
 
 d. " Through the ages," etc. * 
 
 SYNOPSIS FOR REVIEW. 
 
 I. Definition of history. 
 a. , b. . 
 
 1. how distinguished. 
 
 II. Aids to history. 
 
 1. how denned. 
 
 III. Divisions of the Cauca- 
 
 sian race. 
 
 a. A., or I-E. 
 
 1. enumeration. 
 
 b. S. 
 
 1. enumeration. 
 
 c. H. 
 
 1. enumeration. 
 
 IV. Divisions of history. 
 
 a. — , b. — , c. — , d. — , e. — . 
 
 V. Chronologic periods. 
 
 a. — , b. — . c. — . 
 
 * The student is expected to give in 
 
 full, the quotations occurring in abbre- 
 viated form, as above. 
 
JRAPHICAL SKI 
 
 S E O T I O B I . 
 
 THE ANCIENT ORIENTAL MONARCHIES. 
 PV6 that the dates of \U\< lectioo urc B.C.] 
 
 (II A.PTEB I. 
 
 GEOGRAPHICAL, SKETCH. 
 
 1. Oriental nations. 
 
 1 ' . A. and 
 I.. P., I ., P. 
 
 2. Historic area. 
 
 a. m 
 
 I ion. 
 snail part. 
 
 3. Northern Asia. 
 
 \ltai. 
 
 ntnjuity. 
 
 4. Central Asia. 
 
 li'-iniT name, 
 c. topographical character. 
 1. arable land. 
 • pulntion. 
 
 1. nun;: 
 
 rt in hist. 
 • pt. 
 
 5. Divisions of S. W. Asia. 
 
 B 
 
 b. vail. 
 
 In. 
 
 6. First region. 
 
 I M 
 
 Ph. 
 
 c. A 
 1. import 
 
 7. Second region. 
 
 a. Ar.— situation. 
 
 b. As. proper — situation. 
 
 iluation. 
 I h — situation. 
 >. Mrs. situation. 
 Bu. — situation. 
 
 8. Nations In second region. 
 
 . A. 
 l. absorbed in P., 6th c b.c. 
 
 b. A.'s sway. 
 
 9. Eastern division. 
 
 0. Iran : — M. ; P. proper ; I. 
 
 10. Civilization and geogra- 
 
 phy. 
 
 rliest nations. 
 L N. 
 
 i and E. 
 
 bond. f. t' 
 8 tin- three b e 
 
 rdingly. 
 
 11. Cradle of nations. 
 (i. probably h I 
 
 1. pn 
 
 nditions. 
 
 ■ nt. 
 
 (c.) philol 
 
'ZE2J V ORIENTAL MONARCHIES. 
 
 12. Province of history. 
 
 a. birth of the race. 
 1. rev. and sci. 
 
 b. beginning of records. 
 
 13. Earliest historic theater. 
 a. venerable figures — 23d c. B.C. 
 
 1. N. 
 
 2. C. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 EGYPT. 
 
 Historical Outline. 
 
 14, 15. Antiquity of Egypt. 
 
 a. oldest history. 
 
 1. monuments, etc. 
 (a.) C. and I. 
 
 b. why a prim. seat. 
 
 1. favoring condition. 
 
 16-18. Physical Geography. 
 
 a. the great river. 
 
 1. "Gift of the Nile." 
 
 2. sources. 
 
 3. overflow. 
 
 b. food-plants. 
 
 1. spontaneous. 
 
 2. cereals. 
 
 (a.) dhourra. 
 (b.) storehouse. 
 
 c. effect on the people. 
 
 1. increase. 
 
 2. Diodorus Siculus — 19th c. 
 (a.) twenty drachmas. 
 
 19. Old sources of informa- 
 
 tion. 
 
 a. G. historians. 
 
 1. Herodotus* — 5th c. b. c. 
 
 b. Manetho— 3d c. B.C. 
 
 20. New sources of informa- 
 
 tion. 
 
 a. discovery. 
 
 1. hiero. 
 
 *"F.ofH."— 484 B.C. 
 
 a. Halicarnnssu-. 
 1. Caria (a.m.). 
 
 (a.) meaning. 
 (b.) key lost. 
 
 21. Deciphering of the hiero- 
 
 glyphics. 
 a. engineer. 
 
 1. "Rosetta stone." 
 (a.) three texts. 
 (1.) Greek. 
 (2.) h. 
 
 (3.) demotic. 
 (b.) secret, how disclosed? 
 Note. — The Rosetta stone. 
 
 a. Ptolemy Epiphanes, 196 B.C. 
 1. line of G. sov. — 4th c. to 
 
 1st c. B.C. 
 
 b. command — why? 
 
 c. first clue — oval rings. 
 
 1. proper names. 
 
 2. Ptol. and Cleopatra. 
 
 3. letter-signs. 
 
 d. Coptic. 
 
 e. Champollion. 
 
 22. Egyptian race. 
 
 a. African. 
 
 b. Caucasian — Hamites, or K.* 
 1. resemblance to C. 
 
 (a.) b. instinct. 
 (b.) language. 
 (c.) inference. 
 
 (1.) P. Gulf. 
 
 (2.) before hist. t. 
 
 23. Beginning of Egypt's his- 
 
 tory. 
 
 a. hidden. 
 
 b. Abraham, 20th c. B.C. 
 
 1. a flourishing m. 
 
 2. Great P. 
 
 (a.) Fourth D.— 25th c. B.C. 
 (b.) inference. 
 
 c. 26 dy. 
 
 1. Menes to P. conq., Oth C. 
 B.C. 
 
 d. 3906 B.C.; 2700 B.C. 
 
 e. correct to say. 
 
 * native name. 
 a. literally. 
 
rrr. 
 
 24. The three periods. 
 
 & the !!• 
 
 25. First Period. 
 
 B.C.— 620 y. 
 55th c 
 
 1. era of whoml 
 
 of H.) 
 • < '. 
 
 3. U 
 
 4. arts of life, 
 
 5. Sep. king. 
 
 (b.) Shepherd K., or II. 
 
 26. Second Period. 
 
 a. 2080 B.C.— 1525 B.C.— about 
 
 5 c. 
 
 1. nom. — Syria or A. 
 
 2. <•• 
 
 b. 1900 B.C. — darkest period. 
 
 Abraham, 1990 B 
 d. Jacob, i T * m ; b.c. 
 
 27. Third Period. 
 
 revival. 
 
 b. i: :.c— 1000 y. 
 
 28. The grand age— 3 c. 
 
 rheban prince. 
 
 1. reward. 
 
 c. 1620 n.c— 1200 B 
 
 mple-palfl 
 
 2. for ex.:— E 
 
 d. Ram< 
 
 y — 6 c 
 
 29. The age of decay- 
 
 b < i:.C. 
 
 1. ! 
 
 d. Ptol.— for 
 
 l. < 
 
 «. Roinai 30 B.C. 
 
 Egyptian Civilization. 
 
 30. Government. 
 <i. h. in. 
 
 •solutism. 
 priests. 
 
 (6.) law. 
 
 right to enact. 
 
 31-35. Caste. 
 
 it? 
 b. divisions. 
 
 1. prhrile 
 
 (a.) sacerdotal . 
 
 (1.) richest, etc. 
 
 -many occ. 
 
 (3.) exclusively. 
 
 (4.) ascendency— rel. rit. 
 (b.) military. 
 
 (1.) 400,000. 
 
 (2.) 61 a.— tax. 
 
 (3.) art or trade. 
 
 2. lower castes — hus., artif., 
 
 herds. 
 (a.) lowest — tempi 
 (b.) pol. rights — land. 
 (1.) rented from k. — one- 
 fifth. 
 C. efT 
 
 1. prog. ; per. amb. ; unif. 
 
 36. Population. 
 
 a. five. 
 
 b. incr< 
 
 1. why? 
 
 c. public works. 
 
 37. Cities. 
 
 0,000 (HA 
 h. \ 
 
 1. tw 
 
 nt condition. 
 teh. 
 
 3. P., S., tombs. 
 
 1. rank. 
 
 k and Luxor. 
 
 (a.) g 
 
 38. 39. Architecture. 
 a. advai net. 
 
ANCIENT ORIENTAL MONARCHIES. 
 
 b. distinguishing feature. 
 1. aven. of spn., etc. 
 
 c. pyramids. 
 
 1. purpose. 
 
 2. most celebrated. 
 
 3. 70— M. 
 
 4. 450—764—13. 
 
 5. second ; third. 
 
 6. 1600 tons. 
 
 7. 2000— 3 y. 
 
 40. Sculpture. 
 
 a. character. 
 
 b. peculiarity. 
 
 1. explanation — fettered. 
 
 41. Painting. 
 
 a. character. 
 
 1. frescoes, bril., etc. 
 (a.) drawing. 
 
 b. fettered. 
 
 1. prescribed colors. 
 
 42. Writing. 
 
 a. extent of practice. 
 
 1. inscription. 
 
 2. every object. 
 
 b. material. 
 
 1. "paper" 
 
 2. 2000 B.C. 
 
 43. 44. Religion. 
 
 a. grand conceptions. 
 1. — . 2. — . 
 
 b. various forms. 
 
 1, symbols. 
 
 2. obj. of w. 
 C. every day. 
 
 d. Osiris and Isis. 
 
 e. worship of animals — strik- 
 
 ing p. 
 
 1. general. 
 
 2. special. 
 
 3. highest hon< 
 
 4. care of sacred animals. 
 (a.) ibis or hawk. 
 
 5. extension owing to. 
 
 6. effect. 
 
 45. Embalming. 
 a. connected with. 
 
 b. reason. 
 
 c. sepulchers, why ornamented. 
 
 46. Arts and manufactures. 
 a. adepts. 
 
 precious stones, etc. 
 flax ; metals ; walls and c, 
 use and or. 
 
 Science. 
 
 extent, 
 nature. 
 1. fact. 
 (a.) Pythagoras. 
 (1.) demonstration, 
 astronomy. 
 1. Chaldaeans. 
 geometry. 
 
 Summary. 
 
 a. great char. 
 
 1. seen in what? 
 
 2. mummy. 
 
 b. 
 c. 
 
 47. 
 a. 
 b. 
 
 48 
 
 CHRONOLOGIC SUMMARY.* 
 
 I. First Period. 
 
 a. beg. of E. hist. 
 
 b. P.-builders. 
 
 c. Hyksos. 
 
 II. Second Period. 
 
 a. Hyksos. 
 
 1. complete sub. 
 
 b. Abraham. 
 
 c. Jacob. 
 
 d. expul. of H. 
 
 III. Third Period. 
 
 a. revival. 
 
 b. most bril. cent. 
 
 c. Exodus. 
 
 d. Cambyses. 
 
 * It, is recommended that the dates 
 
 Of this and the following summaries— 
 or, tho most important of them, at any 
 placed upon the hoard, and 
 the student required to connect them 
 rapidly with their appropriate events. 
 An occasional drill of this kind will 
 preatly facilitate the work of fixing 
 these important historical landmarks in 
 the Btadent'l memory. 
 
THE M> HA/lVLi 
 
 IV Latei events. 
 
 C II A PT BB III. 
 
 THE ASSYRIANS AND 
 BABYLONIANS. 
 
 Introduction. 
 
 49. 50. Antiquity of Chal- 
 daean civilization. 
 compared with EC. 
 J8d c. b.c. 
 antedate. 
 b. Bible record! 
 l commencement 
 
 r, i. & M. 
 Babel. 
 Babylonian tradition. 
 
 51. Topographical. 
 
 highlands of Armenia. 
 
 L150. 
 
 52. Geographical divisions. 
 <t. territorial. 
 
 l lies.; Shi. 
 Jhal 
 
 na. 
 b. political. 
 l. Babylonia. 
 
 53. The three nations. 
 
 I . K 
 
 c later B EL 
 
 54. Modern research. 
 
 mow. enlar 
 b. buried dti< 
 
 1. i 
 
 Early Babylonian, or Chaldaean 
 Kingdom. 
 
 55. Physical description. 
 
 a. age ; locality. 
 
 b. fertility. 
 1. wheat. 
 
 & date-palm, etc. 
 
 56. Earliest history. 
 a. united kingdom. 
 
 1. Xinirod. 
 
 I < t rapolis : — B. ; Erech ; 
 Aecad ; Calneh. 
 (a.) identified. 
 
 57. Astronomy. 
 
 a. worship. 
 
 b. what led to study. 
 
 is.-rvatimis. l'.» 
 B.C. 
 
 58. Architecture. 
 
 a. Babel. 
 
 b. rude material. 
 
 1. design. 
 
 2. sfc 
 
 59. Other arts. 
 
 Letters character. 
 1. stamped bricks. 
 
 «'111S. 
 
 ft metals. 
 
 <l. fabri 
 
 • ships of I 
 
 60. Ur. 
 
 b. Abraham, 2000 i 
 
 1. why an 
 
 61. Decline of Chaldaea. 
 
 la, loth c, 
 
 Assyria. 
 
 62. Early history. 
 
 . people of C. 
 upper T. 
 
 advanced rapidly. 
 
s 
 
 ANCIENT ORIENTAL MONARCHIES. 
 
 2. imp. power. 
 (a.) 625 B.C. 
 
 63. Two periods of Assyria. 
 
 a. 1250-745 b.c. 
 
 1. Tiglath-pileser II. 
 
 b. 745-625 6.0. 
 1. fall of N. 
 
 64. Chief events. 
 
 a. first period. 
 
 1. T.-p. I., 1130 B.C.— char- 
 
 acter. 
 
 2. Asshur-idanni-pal. 
 (a.) Sardanapalus. 
 (b.) winged bulls, etc. 
 
 (1.) Calah. 
 
 3. " era of Nabonassar," 747 
 
 B.C. 
 
 b. second period. 
 
 1. T.-p. II., 745 B.C.— char- 
 
 acter. 
 
 2. Sargon and Shalmaneser 
 
 IV. 
 
 3. Sennacherib, 705-681 B.C. 
 (a.) golden age. 
 
 65. Extent of the Empire. 
 
 a. B., M., M., S., P., P., A., E. 
 
 b. subject states. 
 
 1. local self -gov. 
 
 2. horn, and trib. 
 
 66. Cause of decay. 
 
 a. bundle. 
 
 b. revolts, etc. 
 
 67. Closing events. 
 
 a. rebellion of B. 
 
 b. fall of N, 625 B.C. 
 
 1. Cy ax ares. 
 
 2. Nabopolassar. 
 
 68. Nineveh described. 
 
 a. compar. with mod. cities. 
 
 b. 60 m. 
 
 c. Mosul. 
 
 d. rapid disappearance 
 1. Alex. 
 
 69. 70. Assyrian civilization. 
 a. genius took what form? 
 
 b. inferior to C. and E. 
 
 c. architecture. 
 
 d. sculpture. 
 
 1. compared with G. and E. 
 
 2. grandeur, etc. 
 
 e. the arts — skill. 
 
 1. glass — lenses. 
 (a.) cut. g. 
 
 2. arch. 
 
 (a.) tunnels, etc. 
 8. mechanical powers. 
 
 4. inlaying, etc, , with met. 
 
 5. compared with moderns. 
 
 Later Babylonian Kingdom. 
 
 71. Political situation of Bab- 
 
 ylon. 
 
 a. eclipse. 
 
 b. spirit of indep. ■ 
 
 c. N.'s share of spoil. 
 
 72. Duration. 
 
 a. 625-538 B.C.— 87 y. 
 
 b. Persia. 
 
 73 Nebuchadnezzar, 43 y. 
 
 a. height of glory. 
 
 b. wars. 
 
 1. Tyre. 
 
 2. Jerusalem. 
 
 c. B. rebuilt. 
 1. boast. 
 
 74. Babylon. 
 
 a. size — London. 
 
 b. walls, 338 > ^. 
 
 1. towers and brazen gates. 
 
 c. pal. and hang. g. 
 1. queen. 
 
 75. Later kings. 
 a. Nabonadius. 
 
 1 . Belshazzar. 
 
 76. Persian conquest. 
 
 (I. ( THIS. 
 
 1. Medes. 
 : 588 B.C. 
 
 (a.) B. diverted. 
 
THE EEBR1 
 
 77. Later history. 
 
 ;>it;il. 
 
 tenants. 
 
 78. Babylonian culture. 
 
 b. " wisdom and Learnii 
 nomy : mathenu 
 
 79. Commerce. 
 
 b. looms— r. and m. 
 
 I . 1\; farE. 
 
 CHRONOLOGIC SUMMARY. 
 
 date in ('. hist. 
 ,1>. and A. ind. 
 
 p 1. 
 of N. 
 A. revival — T.- 
 
 r I! king. 
 OH. 
 Cyrus. 
 
 II. 
 
 (II A PTEB IV. 
 
 THE HEBREWS. 
 
 80. Sacred history. 
 
 81. The race. 
 
 inamen of I 
 
 1. wl 
 
 b. 
 
 1. " prom. 1."— 20th r. . 
 
 82. Jewish nationality 
 
 Saul. 
 b. second peiii 
 
 • ■na ration. 
 0, third period, '.'i" 
 i B captivity. 
 
 ^G-63 B.C. 
 tome* 
 
 83. First Period. 
 
 a. theocracy. 
 
 1.. high priest 
 
 b. "Judges.' 1 
 
 1. revelation. 
 
 2, honors of royalty. 
 
 e, SamueL 
 
 84, 85. Second Period. 
 
 united m— )J 
 
 b. - 
 
 r. I>. (son-in-law)— rank. vl> 
 
 d. 
 
 1. JernsaL 
 
 2. extent of s\vay.^vcv 
 
 Philistines, 
 
 
 \<i.) iniiisunes, eie. 
 
 S. (son-, 1015 v.dJLotc^ ■ 
 
 1. rank of tl. rela- 
 
 tions. 
 
 2. wifew^* t> ^^. .- 
 
 86, 87. Third Period. 
 
 a. character./^ <yU-^- 
 
 b. revolt.' y ^?^4 
 lisnnion.) A* . 
 
 1. i 
 
 2. .' 
 
 d. k. of Israel— 260 y. / 
 
 1. captivity, 721 B, 
 S <»n. 
 0. 1;. of Jndah. 
 
 1. captivity, 586 B.C. 
 
 :<)y. 
 
 tion, 536 B.C. 
 rus. 
 
 88. Fourth Period. 
 
 a. x 
 
 1. satrapy. 
 
 -100 y. 
 
 !lt. 
 
 Philadelphus. 
 
 
10 ANCIENT ORIENTAL MONARCHIES. 
 
 4. revolt, 1G6 B.C. 
 
 95. Planting of colonies. 
 
 5. Pompey, 63 B.C. 
 
 a. origin and motive. 
 
 6. .disobed. sub. 
 
 1. market. 
 
 (a.) Titus, 70 a.d. 
 
 2. carrying-trade. 
 
 89. Summary. 
 a. 150x50. 
 
 3. noticeable contrast. 
 b. effect. 
 
 b. compar. polit. import. 
 
 c. contrib. to anc. civ. 
 
 1. prosperity. 
 
 (a. ) how secured ? 
 
 90. Mission of the Jews. 
 
 2. civil liberty. 
 
 a. spiritual and moral. 
 
 96. Alphabet. 
 a. first per. 
 
 1. bards and sages. 
 
 (a.) Old Test. 
 
 b. importance. 
 
 c. Egyptians. 
 
 
 1. phonetic. 
 
 CHRONOLOGIC SUMMARY. 
 
 2. sev. hun. 
 
 Abraham. 
 
 Exodus. 
 
 Monarchy. 
 
 Captiv. of Is. 
 Bab. captiv. 
 Return 
 
 d. B. and A. 
 
 1. cuneiform. 
 (a.) syllables. 
 
 e, P. 
 
 1. one char, to one sound. 
 
 2. period. 
 
 Solomon. 
 Division. 
 
 Alex. 
 Rome. 
 
 
 /. chain of indebtedness. 
 
 
 CHAPTEE V. 
 
 97. Cadmus. 
 
 
 a. Pliny. 
 
 THE PHOENICIANS. 
 
 1. 16. 
 
 91. Interest of their history. 
 
 2. Palamedes — 4. 
 
 a. importance. 
 
 (a.) T. war. 
 
 b. territory. 
 
 3. Simonides — 4. 
 
 1. Lebanon. 
 
 b. " the East." 
 
 c. civilization. 
 
 98. Origin of the Phoenicians. 
 
 92. Traders and colonizers. 
 
 a. darkness. 
 
 a. priority. 
 
 b. Semites. 
 
 1. subseq. rivals. 
 
 1. native seat. 
 
 Of.) 1000 B.C.— Mgean, etc. 
 
 c. from C. 
 
 {b.) already there. 
 
 1. Canaanites. 
 
 93. Carthage, 9th c. B.C. 
 
 d. ties of f. with J. 
 
 1. Hiram, friend of D. and S. 
 
 a. fame. 
 
 
 b. Hannibal. 
 
 99. Nature of the nation. 
 
 94. Extent of settlements. 
 
 a. sev. states. 
 
 a. " Pil.of H." — (modern name.) 
 
 b. Gades— (modern name). 
 
 1. when unit( 
 b. chief cities— S., T. 
 
 c. Cornwall. 
 
 1. more ancient. 
 
 1. quest. 
 
 2. most flourishing till 1050 
 
 <1 A. and P. (iulfs. 
 
 B.C. 
 
 1. 1., Ceylon, A. 
 
 100. Commerce of Tyre, 1050 
 
 everal cent 
 
 uries before. 
 
 B.C. 
 
THE ir/XDOOS. 
 
 II 
 
 1 . w i 
 
 iphir. 
 
 1. wl 
 
 of S. 
 
 i purple. 
 
 -bronzes, 
 
 101. Checkered political his- 
 
 tory. 
 L— 0th c. 
 
 L — Neb.— 7th <•. 
 
 an.- 6th c. r..< . 
 ttli a b.c. 
 
 102. General survey. 
 
 • iod. 
 
 &. m 
 
 l. G and C. 
 
 Li via B. 
 
 Uex, 
 
 103. Their part in history. 
 
 l. <;. and L. 
 
 markable fact. 
 1. kinship with II. 
 c. compared with B. 
 1. learning, etc. — adapt 
 compared with <«. and L. 
 1. polit instinct. 
 
 : dominion. 
 c. "qniet 
 
 .!. 
 
 104. Their civilization. 
 
 a. material. 
 
 b. t! lifin. 
 
 dph 
 
 8, !• 
 
 bird drop] 
 
 (II a PTEB VI. 
 
 THE HINDOOS. 
 
 105. Asiatic Aryans. 
 a. — , b. — . 
 
 106. First seat of the Aryans. 
 
 a. forefat] 
 
 1. W. Asia. 
 
 side by ride. 
 
 b. all inn 
 
 l. like <•., L, 
 r. Oxus and Jaxartes. 
 
 107. Migration. 
 
 a. n.w I.. 8000 B.C. 
 
 1. bet. In. and Jumna. 
 
 fia. 
 n. of Vindva. 
 
 108. Amalgamation. 
 
 a. natives of I. 
 
 1. Bnbdned. 
 
 2. Intermixed. 
 
 b. identity 1" 
 
 1. explains) what? 
 (a.) advances in lit. and 
 
 phil. 
 (6.) stationary. 
 
 I i tli Persians. 
 
 109. Alexander's visit. 
 
 a. first notice, 826 B.C. 
 
 b. looked into. 
 
 c. historians. 
 
 1. remarkable corrcspond- 
 
 110. Castes. 
 
 Sgypt. 
 I>. present day. 
 e. divisions of society. 
 l. Brahmins. 
 
 & Kahati 
 
 4. B 
 
12 
 
 ANCIENT ORIENTAL MONARCHIES. 
 
 5. Pariah. 
 
 d. every person. 
 
 e. intermarriage. 
 
 111. Origin of caste. 
 
 a. conquering A. 
 
 b. varna. 
 
 112. Sanscrit speech. 
 
 a. formerly. 
 
 b. now. 
 
 1. Brahmins, etc. 
 
 c. its study by E. 
 
 1. when? 
 
 2. result. 
 
 (a.) Indo-Eur. (A.). 
 
 d. remarkable likeness. 
 1. parent ; nearest. 
 
 e. highly developed. 
 
 113. Literature. 
 
 a. vast body. 
 
 1. present day. 
 
 b. Vedas, 2000 B.C.— what? 
 
 114. Religion. 
 
 a. "one unknown true," etc. 
 
 b. "not conceivable," etc. 
 C. pantheism what? 
 
 1. "in him," etc. 
 
 2. "all that exists," etc. 
 d. three forms. 
 
 1. Brah., the c. 
 
 2. Vish., the p. 
 
 3. Si., the d. 
 
 115. Doctrine of transmigra- 
 
 tion. 
 a. central point — explain. 
 
 1. punishment. 
 
 2. reunion with D. S. 
 
 3. prayer, etc 
 
 (a.) what if neglected ? 
 
 116. Other writings. 
 a. prose and poetry. 
 
 1. translations. 
 
 2. worth. 
 
 3. popular appreciation. 
 
 117. Architecture. 
 a. remains. 
 
 b. rock-hewn t. and g. 
 
 1. Ellora — L. India. 
 
 2. Elephanta— Bombay. 
 
 3. labor required. 
 
 118. Buddhism, 6th c. B.C. 
 
 a. Gautauma. 
 
 b. grew out of what ? 
 
 c. importance. 
 
 d. spread. 
 
 e. at present. 
 
 119. Commerce. 
 
 a. center of trade. 
 1. pearls, etc. 
 
 b. Phoenicians. 
 
 c. Ital. repub. — when? 
 
 d. course of trade. 
 
 1. Arabia, etc. 
 
 2. C. of G. H.— V. da G. 
 
 when? 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 THE PERSIAN EMPIRE. 
 Historical Outline. 
 
 120. Connection of Media and 
 
 Persia. 
 
 a. same race. 
 
 b. absorbed. 
 
 121. Origin of the races. 
 a. Iran — Zagros. 
 
 5. immigrants. 
 
 c. 8th c. B.C. 
 
 122. 123. Early Medes. 
 
 a. Sargon, 710 B.C. 
 1. colonies. 
 
 (a.) Israelites. 
 
 b. Cyaxares, 033 B.C. 
 
 1. Nineveh, <i25 b.c. 
 
 2. Asia Minor. 
 
 c. Astyages. 
 1. 1\ 
 
 (a.) Cyrus the G. 
 
 124, 125. Early Persians. 
 a. subject. 
 
EMPIRE. 
 
 18 
 
 l. Gambj 
 
 tribute 
 
 able. 
 
 (1.) current story. 
 
 126 Conquests of Cyrus— 29 y. 
 B.C. 
 '.<Ha. 
 
 c. Croesus. 
 
 rdis, 
 & ft 
 
 ipe, 
 
 4. overthrow, .*).*i4 B.C. 
 B aIi n son. 
 
 d. G ] col. 
 
 e. : ">40 b.c. 
 
 1. Indus— Par., Bac, Sog., 
 
 /. B, 588B.O. 
 
 127. Extent of his empire. 
 
 a. In to II.; J. to S. 
 
 b. work left to successors. 
 
 128. Character of Cyrus. 
 
 sign. 
 
 b. as a soldier. 
 
 c. as a man. 
 129 Cambyses. 
 
 lis. 
 1. 1 
 b. 1 
 1. C.B behavior there. 
 unenitus. 
 
 B 1 f . 
 
 130. Revolution. 
 
 ian. 
 
 1. (' 
 
 b. Smer<; 
 
 2. Darius, son of Ilystaspes. 
 
 131. Reign of Darius I. 
 a surname ; rank. 
 
 b. W kted to tli: 
 
 r. credit entitled to. 
 l. two cental 
 
 132. Organization of his gov- 
 
 ernment. 
 "satrapies." 
 
 1. native trih. kings. 
 
 2. P. officials. 
 
 b. fixed tribal 
 
 c. u royal roads." 
 1. posts. 
 
 d. centers. 
 
 1. Susa. 
 
 2. Ecbatana. 
 
 3. B. 
 
 133. Relations with Greece. 
 
 a. interesting event. 
 
 1. G. cities of Ionia. 
 
 ura (red by A. 
 
 2. Marathon, 490 B.C. 
 
 b. history interwoven. 
 
 Persian Civilization. 
 
 134. Persian character. 
 
 a. * Aryan/ 
 
 1 . explain term. 
 
 b. hardy m. 
 
 1. war ; manners ; habits ; 
 wine ; luxuries. 
 
 c. Intellectuality. 
 
 1. pa md art. 
 
 2, prot<.r> 
 
 d. deterioration. 
 
 1. conquests when? 
 
 135. Architecture. 
 
 a. pupils. 
 
 1. many centuries. 
 
 b. adapted. 
 
 c. new style. 
 
 1 compared with E. and A. 
 
 2. compared with G. 
 
 0. P< 
 
 1. di • ures. 
 
 i platforms ; staircases ; 
 columns. 
 
14 
 
 ANCIENT ORIENTAL MONABCBIEJS. 
 
 136. Arts. 
 
 a. rank. 
 
 1. boast. 
 
 b. domestic manufac. 
 
 1. carpets and m. of B. and S. 
 
 2. s. of C. and I. 
 
 3. fine 1. of E. 
 
 4. varied man. of P. 
 
 E., A., B, P. 
 
 137. Religion. 
 
 a. compared with E., 
 
 b. primitively. 
 1. " Lord God of heaven." 
 
 c. early change. 
 
 1. perpetual conflict. 
 (a.) Ormazd. 
 (6.) Ahriman. 
 
 138. Fire worship. 
 
 a. further corruption. 
 
 1. M. had learned from S. 
 
 b. Magianism (priests). 
 1. altars where ? 
 
 (a.) kindled how ? 
 (6.) magic. 
 
 139. Theory of government. 
 
 a. advance. 
 1. how? 
 
 b. rank. 
 
 140. Literature. 
 
 a. extent. 
 
 b. remains. 
 
 c. Zend-Avesta. 
 
 1. what? 
 
 2. Zoroaster. 
 (a.) who? 
 
 d. Shah Nameh — mid. 10th c. 
 
 A.D. 
 
 1. Firdousi. 
 (a.) who? 
 
 2. value. 
 
 6. rank of P. poetry. 
 
 1. compared with Q. 
 (a.) creative imag. 
 
 2. compared with H. 
 (a.) grand insp. 
 
 CHRONOLOGIC SUMMARY. 
 
 Cyaxares. 
 Cyrus. 
 Lydia. 
 Babylon. 
 
 Cambyses. 
 Egypt. 
 Darius H. 
 Greece. 
 
 CHAPTEE VIII. 
 
 COMMERCE OP THE 
 ANCIENTS. 
 
 141. Ancient commercial na- 
 tions. 
 a. anterior to Gr. 
 
 1. — , 2. — , 3. — . 
 
 142-144. Babylonian trade. 
 
 a. favorable situation. 
 
 b. embraced what ? 
 
 1. exchange ; purchase. 
 
 c. manufactures. 
 
 1. useful. 
 
 (a.) cot., w., car. 
 
 2. luxury. 
 
 (a.) perf. w., w.-c, prec. s. 
 
 3. sought after. 
 
 d. land-routes. 
 
 1. P. and N. I. 
 
 (a.) g., pr. st., dye-stuffs. 
 
 2. Candahar and Cashmere. 
 (a.) fine w. 
 
 3. Bactria (Cobi). 
 (a.) emer., jas., etc. 
 
 e. sea-routes. 
 
 1. In. and Ceylon. 
 (a.) timber. 
 
 (b.) sug., spi., cin., pearl. 
 
 2. Bahrein-. 
 (a.) finest p. 
 
 145-151. Phoenician trade. 
 
 a. rank. 
 
 b. consisted in what ? 
 
 1. fabrics of S. 
 
 2. purples of T. 
 
 c. land-routes. 
 
 1. Arabian, including E. and 
 In. 
 
COMMERCE OF THE ANCIENTS. 
 
 15 
 
 2. Babylonian, including C. 
 
 A. and N. I. 
 
 3. Armenian, including S. 
 
 and C. countries, 
 (a.) Ezekiel : — Javan, i.e. — 
 Tubal and Meshech, 
 i. e. — . 
 (1.) per. of m. ; ves. of b. 
 (&.) Togannah, i. e. — . 
 (1.) h., etc. 
 
 d. Arabia and the Levant. 
 
 1. Yemen (A. Felix). 
 (a.) frankincense, etc. 
 
 (1.) gold from A. 
 
 2. Judea and Syria. 
 
 3. why close alliance with 
 
 J. k.? 
 
 e. eastern trade. 
 1. Syrian d. 
 
 (a.) Baalbec. 
 (b.) Palmyra. 
 /. Scythian trade. 
 
 1. corresponds to what now ? 
 (a.) Bokhara. 
 
 2. G. colonies on the E. 
 
 3. Indian. 
 
 (a.) Bactra (Balkh). 
 (b.) Marcanda (Samarcand). 
 (c.) C. sea. 
 (d.) caravans. 
 g. maritime trade. 
 
 1. Mediterranean. 
 
 (a.) M. great highway. 
 (&.) Spain. 
 
 (1.) rank in pr. met. 
 
 (2.) Tarshish, i. e.— "all 
 kinds," etc. (Ez.). 
 (c.) Cornwall. 
 
 (1.) for what? 
 (d.) prob. to P. 
 
 (1.) for what? 
 
 2. eastern seas. 
 
 (a.) In., A., is. of C. 
 
 3. Cape of G. H. 
 
 (a.) Pharaoh Necho. 
 (b.) why no import, results. 
 (1.) B. conquest, 6th c. 
 
 152-154. Carthaginian trade. 
 
 a. manufactures. 
 
 1. fine chard., pot., leather h. 
 
 b. land-trade. 
 
 1. with whom? how? 
 
 2. chief imports. 
 
 c. maritime trade. 
 
 1. Mediterranean. 
 
 (a.) G. col. in S. and s. I. 
 
 (1.) exchanges. 
 (b.) S.— the El D. of antiq. 
 (c.) monopoly of what 
 
 trade? 
 (d.) tin and amber. 
 
 2. African. 
 
 (a.) col. in Mor. and Fez. 
 (&.) Cerne (Snana)* 
 
 (1.) light barks, 
 (e.) exchanges. 
 
 (1.) trinkets, saddlery, c. 
 goods, pot., arms. 
 
 (2.) h. and i. 
 (d) Guinea and beyond. 
 
 SYNOPSIS FOR REVIEW. 
 
 I. Nations treated of. 
 
 a. — , b. — , c. — , d. — , e. — , /.— 
 
 II. Classification of Races. 
 
 a. A., or I.E. 
 1.—, 2.—. 
 
 b. S. 
 
 l._ 2.-, 3.-. 
 
 c. H. 
 
 1.—, 2.—. 
 
 III. Place in history. 
 
 a. Egyptians — leading H. 
 
 1. developed how? 
 
 2. conquering? 
 
 3. building. 
 
 4. mech. arts. 
 
 5. sciences. 
 
 6. character of civil. 
 
 * Hanno(570B.c). 
 
 a. 60 ships and 30,000 c. 
 
 b . chain of 6 col . 
 
 c. between G. and C. 
 
16 
 
 ANCIENT ORIENTAL MONARCHIES. 
 
 b. Chaldseans — allied to E. 
 
 1. building. 
 
 2. ast. 
 
 3. civ. mater. 
 
 c. Assyrians — al. pure S. 
 
 1. conquering? 
 
 2. sway. 
 
 (a.) Media to E. 
 
 3. fine arts — sculpture. 
 
 d. Babylonians (Later k.). 
 
 1. under Assyria. 
 (a.) importance. 
 
 2. independent. 
 (a.) 87 y. 
 
 3. advances in c, m., a. 
 
 e. Hindoos— pure A. 
 
 1. remarkable. 
 
 (a.) contem. and mys. spec. 
 
 2. literature. 
 (a.) Sanscrit. 
 
 (1.) comparative antiq. 
 
 3. political influence. 
 (a.) Alex., 326 B.C. 
 
 /. Hebrews — pure S. 
 
 1. "p. p." 
 
 2. influence. 
 (a.) political. 
 (6.) religious. 
 
 (1.) monotheism. 
 (2.) great legacy. 
 
 3. art. 
 
 g. Phoenicians— pure S. 
 
 1. pre-eminence. 
 (a.) trade. 
 
 (6.) col. 
 (1.) Med. 
 
 2. legacy. 
 
 h. Persians— pure A. 
 
 1. approach to E. civil. 
 (a.) idea of pol. organ. 
 
 2. conquering? 
 
 3. period of greatness. 
 
 (a.) C. to A., 558-331 B.C. 
 
 4. art — ar. and s. 
 
 IV. Chronologic Summary. 
 a. Egypt. 
 
 1 . beg. of auth. hist. 
 
 2. Persians. 
 
 3. Romans. 
 
 b. Chaldaea (Early B.). 
 
 1. first date. 
 
 2. absorption. 
 
 c. Assyria. 
 
 1. becomes great. 
 
 2. overthrow. 
 
 d. Babylonia. 
 
 1. era of N. 
 
 2. Nabopolassar. 
 
 3. overthrow. 
 
 e. India. 
 
 1 . immigra. of Brah. Aryans 
 
 2. Alex. 
 /. Palestine. 
 
 1. Abraham. 
 
 2. exodus. 
 
 3. Solomon. 
 
 4. Israel and Judah. 
 
 5. captiv. to A. 
 
 6. captiv. to B. 
 
 7. return. 
 
 8. Rome. 
 g. Phoenicia. 
 
 1. leading city-state. 
 
 2. Assyrians. 
 
 3. Carthage. 
 
 4. Tyre cap. 
 
 5. Romans. 
 h. Persia. 
 
 1. founding of mon. 
 
 2. Cambyses. 
 
 3. Empire organized. 
 
 4. Xerxes. 
 
 5. overthrow. 
 
 V. General Summary. 
 
 a. great feature of all. 
 
 1. explanation — free play. 
 (a.) despotisms. 
 (b.) castes. 
 (c.) polygamy. 
 
 b. wonderful beginnings. 
 
 1. where? 
 
 2. who carry forward ? 
 (a.) free soil of E. 
 
VERAL SKETCH. 
 
 17 
 
 SECTION II. 
 
 HISTORY OF GREECE. 
 
 [Observe that the dates of this section are B.C.] 
 
 CHAPTEB J. 
 
 GENERAL SKETCH. 
 
 1. Subject stated. 
 grei I . b. of a. 
 l. " glory," etc.," grandeur," 
 
 l>. period of history, 
 
 1. down lull — a.d. 476. 
 
 1. Contrast with Oriental his- 
 
 tory. 
 
 a. Orient presents what? 
 1. individual freedom. 
 
 b. E. presents what v 
 1. rightfl of man. 
 
 c. dynasties : people. 
 
 d. relative interest and value. 
 
 2. The Greek race. 
 
 ., or I.-E. 
 1. Encludi 
 b. how related to 1*. 
 
 1. one swarm, 2000 B.C. 
 
 2. kept together. 
 
 8. final settles i 
 
 3. Hellas. 
 
 1. B 
 b. Lncludi 
 
 4. Physical features — two facts. 
 
 a. isl. and p. — b. and in. 
 1. explains w). 
 
 < Mental <-ivil. 
 I P. 
 
 b. rid 
 
 "US 
 
 5. Extent. 
 
 ISO x 180— State of M. 
 
 6. Divisions. 
 
 a. Northern. 
 
 1. G. of Malis. 
 
 2. Ambracian G. (Actium). 
 
 b. Central. 
 
 1. Corinth. 
 C. Southern. 
 1. Peloponnesus. 
 (a.) modern name. 
 
 7. Northern Greece — 2. 
 
 a. T. and E. 
 
 b. M. 
 
 1. later times. 
 
 8. Central Greece — 11. 
 
 a. enumeration. 
 
 L Meg., At., Boa., Pho., W. 
 ir. , JBnia- 
 nia. Dor., Mai., K. 
 
 b. most important. 
 1. foreland. 
 
 I ; 80. 
 
 pen, char. 
 
 4. capital — rank. 
 
 9. Southern Greece, or P. — 7. 
 
 a. enumeration. 
 
 1. Cor., r L., 
 
 Mi li., Arc. 
 
 b. most Important. 
 1. capital — rank. 
 
 10. Isles of Greece. 
 
 a. Eu.— 100 m. 
 
 b. Cor. 
 
18 II1ST0RY OF GREECE. 
 
 c. Cr.— 150 m. 
 
 16. Homeric Greece. 
 
 d. iEgean archipelago. 
 
 a. best sources of information. 
 
 1. By. 
 
 1. 11. and Odyssey. 
 
 2. Spo. 
 
 b. features of society. 
 
 11. Pelasgi, 2000 B.C. 
 
 1. kingly gov. 
 
 2. predom. of tribe. 
 
 a. race. 
 
 3. king's council. 
 
 1. tillage. 
 
 2. walled cities. 
 
 4. assembly. 
 
 (a.) to receive com. 
 
 b. Cyclopean remains. 
 1. tombs and walls. 
 
 (b.) to witness t. 
 (c. ) what authority ? 
 
 12. Hellenes (prehistoric). 
 
 5. women. 
 
 a. Thessaly. 
 
 6. slavery. 
 
 b. overwhelmed the P. 
 
 7. wars. 
 
 c. gave name to what '( 
 
 (a.) virtues most esteemed. 
 
 d. divisions : — Do., iEo., Ach., 
 
 8. religion. 
 
 Io. 
 
 (a.) poly, and fate. 
 
 
 (b.) priestly char. 
 
 13. Legendary age. 
 
 (c.) temples, etc. 
 
 a. history — myths. 
 
 
 1. heroes. 
 
 17. Foreign influence. 
 
 (a.) hence what term ? 
 
 a. P. and E. settlements. 
 
 2. " spoil good poem," etc. 
 
 1. doubts. 
 b. contact with P. where ? 
 
 14, 15. Siege of Troy. 
 
 c. alphabet. 
 
 a. H.'s 11. 
 
 d. Egypt. 
 
 1. Ilium, or T. 
 
 1. lore ; arts and sciences ; 
 
 2. recent explorations.* 
 
 religion. 
 
 b. outline of story. 
 1. cause. 
 
 18. Greek civilization original. 
 
 (a.) Paris. 
 (&.) Menelaus. 
 
 a. stamped. 
 
 1. inference. 
 
 (c.) Helen. 
 
 
 2. to arms. 
 
 
 (a.) Agamemnon. 
 
 
 (1.) league. 
 
 CHAPTEK II. 
 
 (b.) Hector. 
 
 
 (c.) 10 y. 
 
 THE FIRST PERIOD. 
 
 3. the struggle. 
 
 [From the Dorian miqration to the be- 
 
 (a.) Achilles offended. 
 
 ginning of the Persian Wa?\ 1100-500 
 
 (b. ) ships on fire. 
 
 n.c\ 
 
 (c. ) Pat rod us— Myrmidons. 
 
 Beginnings of Greek History. 
 
 Apollo. 
 4. Hector's death. 
 
 19. Periods of Greek history. 
 
 5. Achilles' death. 
 
 a. 1100-500 B.C. 
 
 0. wooden horsr. 
 (a.) Ulysses. 
 
 b. 600-888 B.c. 
 
 1. Phil, of Mac. 
 
 c. 33H-M0 B.C. 
 
 * Schliemaira. 
 
 1. Pom. conq. 
 
V PERIOD. 
 
 19 
 
 20-23. Period of s. 
 
 -ult. 
 b. 1 1 
 
 1. Mi <! 
 
 pihei tribal moi 
 
 1. h 
 
 northern o 
 
 ,: whom? 
 
 l.-niaiis. 
 
 kinsmen In At: 
 dominant 
 
 d. colonies in a. M. 
 1. ' 
 
 os— 12. 
 lis. 
 2. 
 
 8. D. 
 
 . etc 
 
 4. relative Lmportai 
 
 e. other aettlemej 
 1. T and M . 
 
 Low 
 
 .in*'. 
 lia mod. name. 
 
 24. Effect of colonies. 
 a. impulse to II. civil. 
 1. favored cln 
 
 uiv. and Com. 
 
 26. Character of the two lead- 
 ing races. 
 
 a. Ionia 
 
 1. dent spirit. 
 
 b. 1 ' 
 
 \ effect of these difT. of char. 
 
 27. Beginning of real history. 
 1. f( 
 
 28. Political change, 8th c. B.C. 
 
 during heroic age. 
 
 b. tr 
 
 1. nominal exception. 
 
 itv. 
 
 l. effect — polil 
 
 29. Hellenic unity. 
 
 a. national feeling. 
 
 1. new out of \<~hat ! 
 
 2. fostered by wh. 
 
 (a.) Lang. ; lit.; relig., etc. 
 (1.) open to all. 
 
 b. patriotism. 
 
 1. Persia. 
 
 2. sectional contests. 
 
 c. Federal I'nion. 
 1. too late. 
 
 Growth of Sparta and Athens. 
 
 30. Subject stated. 
 
 a. all (J.— Persia— 500 B.C. 
 
 31. 32. Sparta. 
 a. dominant. 
 
 h. pari Of I>. wave, 1100 B.C. 
 I >orian Sta1 
 1. A.. M.. L., orL. 
 
 d. supremacy i 
 
 1. owing to what \ 
 
 B ('. 
 
 ■ liable history. 
 
 probable work. 
 
 33. Cause of Spartan peculiar- 
 ities. 
 
 a. d Isewhere in P. 
 
 1. fusion. 
 
 b. native A. in L. 
 l. separation. 
 
 r. free. — pol. ri 
 1. military trail 
 
20 
 
 HISTORY OF GREECE. 
 
 34-36. Lycurgan legislation. 
 
 a. chief object. 
 
 1. how accomplished ? 
 
 b. education. 
 
 1. weakly children. 
 
 2. males at seven. 
 
 3. whole time. 
 (a.) messes. 
 
 (1.) how supported? 
 
 4. physical training (60th y.). 
 (a.) inured. 
 
 5. bodily torture. 
 
 6. thieving expeditions. 
 (a.) detection. 
 
 (1.) stolen fox. 
 
 7. girls' training. 
 (a.) influence. 
 
 (b.) " with shield, or on it." 
 
 c. effects. 
 
 1. warriors. 
 
 (a.) contrib. nothing. 
 (1.) effeminacy. 
 
 2. oratory. 
 
 3. "wise saws." 
 (a.) laconic. 
 
 4. commerce. 
 (a.) money. 
 
 5. agriculture. 
 
 6. city life. 
 
 d. character of Spartans. 
 
 1. as soldiers. 
 
 2. as a people. 
 
 37. Constitution of Sparta. 
 
 a. nominally a k. 
 1. joint-kings. 
 
 (a.) armies, sacrifices. 
 
 b. really an o. r. 
 
 1. Senate ; Assembly. 
 (a.) Ephors. 
 
 38. Spartan conquests. 
 a. Messenians. 
 
 1. 743-724 B.C. 
 
 2. 685-668 B.C. 
 
 6. Argives, 547 B.C. 
 1. lead, of D. Com. 
 
 c. right of interfer., 6th c. B.C. 
 1. sway over Greece. 
 
 (a.) Persians. 
 
 39. Athens. 
 a. destiny. 
 
 1. dem. freedom. 
 
 2. intel. supremacy. 
 
 (a.) " A., the eye of G.," etc. 
 
 40. Early history. 
 
 a. flower. 
 
 b. mythic. 
 
 c. kingly gov. (prehistoric). 
 1. Codrus. 
 
 41. Nature of the early govern- 
 
 ment. 
 
 a. priv. 
 
 b. archon. 
 
 1. roy. fam. 
 
 {a.) term of office. 
 
 2. thrown open. 
 
 3. number increased. 
 (a.) term of office. 
 
 c. Senate. 
 
 1. Areopagus. 
 
 2. exclusively. 
 
 d. mass of the people. 
 
 42. Laws of Draco, 624 B.C. 
 
 a. origin. 
 
 b. character. 
 
 1. death-penalty. 
 
 2. written in blood. 
 (a.) how justified? 
 
 43. Revolution. 
 
 a. legislation of D. failed. 
 
 1. outbreaks. 
 
 2. anarchy. 
 
 b. Solon. 
 
 1. archon, 594 B.C. 
 
 2. commission. 
 
 44. Laws of Solon. 
 
 a. main object. 
 
 1. moderate gov. 
 (a.) share of power. 
 (b.) preponder. inn. 
 
 b. character. 
 
 c. effect. 
 
 1. progress. 
 
HISTORY OF Till-; 
 
 UOND PERIOD. -:\ 
 
 
 51. First hostile movement. 
 
 criticism. 
 
 a. Mardonius. 
 
 45. Pisistratidae. 
 
 b. Tlir. — Mac. 
 0. 1! 
 
 1. Mt A; 
 
 <(. Pisistratus. 660 B.C. 
 
 1. We, or T 
 
 usurper. 
 
 {]. rot urn, \\Yl B.C. 
 
 (1.) not i!' 
 
 52. New preparations 
 
 
 a. neater fury. 
 
 3. character of rule. 
 
 b. heralds. 
 
 (a.) arts ; Homer. 
 
 1. earth and w. 
 
 b. sons of P. — 50 y. 
 
 C. submission. 
 
 e. fate, 510 b.c. 
 
 1. island states. 
 
 46. Reforms of Clisthenes. 
 
 2. many others. 
 
 a. A., a pure d. 
 
 1. suffra. 
 
 2. lib. and equal. 
 
 d. prospect. 
 
 e. noble champions. 
 
 1. league of states. 
 
 b. effect. 
 
 53. Invasion of Greece, 490 B.C. 
 
 1. patriotism. 
 
 a. Datis. 
 
 2. leading state. 
 
 1. GOO triremes. 
 
 47. The new epoch. 
 
 2. Samos. 
 
 a. beg. of 5th c. B.C. 
 
 (a) Cyclades. 
 
 b. great struggle. 
 
 (b.) Eretria. 
 
 c. E. against A. 
 
 3. bay of Marathon. 
 
 
 54. Marathon, Sep., 490 B.C. 
 a. momentous. 
 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 b. A. force. 
 
 
 1. 600 Plataeans. 
 
 THE SECOND PERIOD. 
 
 c. Miltiades. 
 
 [Front the beginning of the Persian War 
 
 d. Persian force. 
 
 to the rictory of Philip of Macedon at 
 
 e. result. 
 
 Charonea, 500-338 B. C] 
 
 55. Sequel. 
 a. renewal of hostilities. 
 
 The Persian Invasion. 
 
 48, 49. Relations with Persia. 
 
 1. death, 485 B.C. 
 
 a. retrospect. 
 
 b. Xerxes — 10 y. 
 
 b. G. cities of A. M. 
 
 56. Affairs at Athens. 
 
 1. Lydia (Croesus). 
 
 a. Aristides. 
 
 u/.) Cyrus. 
 
 1. character ; fate. 
 
 2. revolt, 500 B.C. 
 
 (a.) ostracism* 
 
 (a.) 20 ships. 
 
 b. Themistocles, 
 
 Sardis, 499 B.C. 
 
 1. character. 
 
 50. Wrath of Darius. 
 
 2. advice. 
 
 a. quelled, 49 4 
 
 b. resolved. 
 
 
 * banishment. 
 
 1. arrow. 
 
 a. shell. 
 
 Auramazda. 
 
 b. 10 v. 
 
 c. unlettered eitizen. 
 
 2. "Master," etc. 
 
 1. •• tired of always," etc. 
 
22 
 
 HISTORY OF GREECE. 
 
 (a.) navy. 
 
 62, 63. Battle of Salamis. 
 
 c. preparing. 
 
 a. 366 ; 1000. 
 
 d. congress. 
 
 b. P. army — lofty throne. 
 
 1. Isthmus of C. 
 
 1. "a king sat," etc. 
 
 2. absentees. 
 
 c. result. 
 
 (a.) why? 
 
 1. 200. 
 
 3. head of the league. 
 
 2. cowardice — October, 480 
 
 57, 58. Beginning of Xerxes's 
 
 B.C. 
 
 invasion. 
 
 64. Plataea and Mycale. 
 
 a. Persian movements. 
 
 a. Plataea. 
 
 1. Sardis. 
 
 1. 300,000. 
 
 2. number of host. 
 
 (a.) Mardonius. 
 
 (a.) Herodotus. 
 
 2. 70,000. 
 
 3. Hellespont, 480 B.C. 
 
 (a.) Pausanias. 
 
 (a.) seven. 
 
 (&.) Aristides. 
 
 4. 1200, etc. 
 
 b. Mycale (A. M.). 
 
 (a.) 200 ; 30. 
 
 c. September 25, 479 B.C. 
 
 5. deluge. 
 
 
 &. Greek movements. 
 
 65. Later events. 
 
 1. Ther. (meaning). 
 
 a. several years. 
 
 (a.) (Eta. 
 
 1. posts held by P. 
 
 (6.) marsh. 
 
 b. G. independence 
 
 (1.) G. of Malis. 
 
 1 . civil, of E. 
 
 2. festival. 
 
 
 (a.) why small force ? 
 
 The Age of Pericles. 
 
 3. Leonidas. 
 
 
 (a.) troops. 
 59. Battle of Thermopylae. 
 
 66. Period of Pericles. 
 
 a. half-cen. 
 
 b. character. 
 
 a. defence. 
 
 1. position "turned." 
 
 b. decision of Leonidas. 
 
 c. coincides — 40 y. 
 1. private cit. 
 
 1. 300. 
 
 67. Policy of Athens. 
 
 2. 700 Thespians. 
 
 a. iEgaean league. 
 
 c. desperate valor. 
 
 1. object ; leader. 
 
 d. result — August, 480 B.C. 
 
 2. results. 
 
 60. Naval affairs. 
 
 {a.) subjection. 
 
 a. Greek fleet. 
 
 (b.) secession. 
 
 1. Eubcea. 
 
 (c.) treasury. 
 
 (a.) indecisive action. 
 
 b. own aggrandizement. 
 
 (1.) effect. 
 
 c. imperial. 
 
 2. Salamis 
 
 68. Sketch of the period. 
 
 b. Persian fleet. 
 
 a. G. genius. 
 
 1. storm. 
 
 1. drama ; arch, and sculp. ; 
 
 61. Doings # at Athens. 
 
 oratory. 
 
 a. consternation. 
 
 b. all qualified. 
 
 b. oracle. 
 
 c. by lot. 
 
 c. city — ashes. 
 
 1. resulted how ? 
 
HISTORY OF Till'- SfiCOM) PERIOD. 
 
 69. Beginning of sti 
 
 6. 
 
 
 i aid 
 
 
 all Of Al. 
 
 70. Pericles. 
 
 1. I'll. 
 
 :illk. 
 
 ape. 
 
 b. cud. 
 
 
 1. d< 
 
 l. effect on Athens. 
 
 " mourning 
 
 76. Closing years. 
 
 rob 
 
 ". ofl coast of 
 
 
 l. Persian gold, 
 
 The Peloponnesian War. 
 
 &. Al. restored. 
 
 71. Parties. 
 
 1. vigor of Ail, 
 
 b. S M 
 
 c. A u.c. 
 l. Lysander. 
 
 d. fall of A., loi i. 
 
 71. Duration and effect. 
 
 
 (t. 481 u.( .— v 
 
 77. Result of the war. 
 
 e. effect on Gh generally. 
 
 a. Sparta. 
 
 >n A. 
 
 &. Athens. 
 
 
 1. leader. 
 
 72. Origin. 
 
 
 1. irrepressible conflict. 
 I. vs. D. 
 
 Period of Spartan and Theban 
 Supremacy. 
 
 democ. vs. olig. 
 
 78. Spartan supremacy. 
 
 b. immediate. 
 
 a. 34 v.; 406-371 R.C. 
 
 1. jealousy of A. 
 
 1. Mgos Potamos. 
 
 :ili. 
 
 2. Leuctra. 
 
 vra. 
 
 b. despotic. 
 
 (1.) Athens. 
 
 1. " liberator." 
 
 73. First ten years. 
 
 2. galling yoke. 
 
 
 79. Rise of Thebes. 
 
 b. I 
 
 a. Epaminondaa. 
 
 1. al 
 
 h. Pelopidas. 
 
 on land. 
 
 >■. Leuctra, 371 b.c. 
 
 C. "P 51 B.C. 
 
 (J. result 
 
 1. :■ 
 
 2. hosril. renewed. 
 
 80. Theban supremacy. 
 a. held how long) 
 
 74. Alcibiades. 
 
 b. Mantinea, 862 B, 
 
 
 1. against whom? 
 
 
 eeult. 
 
 
 :all of E. 
 
 
 
 1. v. 
 
 81. Effect of the wars. 
 
 75. Syracusan expedition. 
 
 ".liaustion. 
 
 «. bold 
 
 b. int<stine bn 
 
 1. what I il V 
 
 
24 
 
 HISTORY OF GREECE. 
 
 CHAPTEE IV. 
 
 THE THIRD PERIOD. 
 
 [From, the victory of Philip to the absorp- 
 tion of Greece by the Bomans. 838-1U6 
 B. C] 
 
 Supremacy of Macedon— Philip. 
 
 82. Early Macedon. 
 
 a. kinsmen. 
 
 b. condition during G. wars. 
 
 c. bold chief, 4th c. B.C. 
 
 83. Philip's plans. 
 . a. 359 B.C. 
 
 b. hostage at T. 
 
 c. M.aG. state. 
 1. leadership. 
 
 84. Doings of Philip. 
 
 a. Amphyctionic Council. 
 
 1. significance of concession. 
 
 b. scheme. 
 
 85. Demosthenes. 
 a. warnings. 
 
 1. effect. 
 
 86. Career of Philip. 
 
 a. mixed policy, 20 y. 
 
 b. Chseronea, 338 B.C. 
 1. effect. 
 
 87. Causes of his success. 
 a. mil. organ. 
 
 1. M. phalanx. 
 (a.) Romans. 
 6. polit. finesse. 
 
 1. divisions in G. 
 
 2. gen. corruption. 
 
 88. His after-plans. 
 a. unit. G. ag. P. 
 
 1. diverted. 
 
 89. His death, 336 B.C. 
 a. how? 46; 23 y. 
 
 Career of Alexander the Great. 
 
 90. Accession (son). 
 a. 20 v. 
 
 b. mil. genius. 
 
 c. gen. of G. ag. P. 
 
 91. His first victories. 
 
 a. Hellespont. 
 
 1. army. 
 
 2. Granicus, 334 B.C. 
 
 b. ent. Syria. 
 
 1. Issus, 333 B.C. 
 (a.) Darius Codomannus. 
 (&.) nature of ground. 
 (c.) result. 
 
 (1.) mother and wife 
 
 92. His next operation. 
 a. Tyre, Gaza, Egypt. 
 
 1. whose dominion ? 
 
 2. 20 m. 
 
 3. Alexandria. 
 
 (a.) far-sighted policy. 
 
 93. Battle of Arbela, 331 B.C. 
 
 a. heart of empire. 
 
 b. Assyria. 
 
 1. Gaugamela, 20 m. 
 
 c. strength of armies. 
 
 1. P. 
 
 2. G. 
 
 d. completeness of vie. 
 
 1. Babylon, Susa, Persepolis. 
 
 2. fate of P. monarch. 
 
 94. Alexander's ambition. 
 
 a. 25 y. 
 
 b. temptation. 
 
 1. luxurious capital. 
 
 c. irresis. impulse. 
 
 95. Expedition to India. 
 
 a. unknown w. 
 
 b. Hyphasis (Sutlej), 326 B.C. 
 
 1. A.'s desire. 
 
 2. refused. 
 
 96. Return from India. 
 
 a. Hydaspes and Indus. 
 
 1. fleet. 
 
 2. bulk of army. 
 
 b. Nearchus. 
 
 c. Gedrosia (modern name), and 
 
 Carmania. 
 
HISTORY OF THE THIRD PERIOD. 
 
 
 (f. Buffered terribly. 
 l. Persepolis, 824 b.c. 
 
 97. His death. 
 
 Babylon. 
 
 b. ;; r».c. 
 
 r. -• to the strongest." 
 
 d. dismemberment of empire. 
 
 98. Result of his conquests. 
 if. Hellenised. 
 
 1. (i. language. 
 b. (ir 
 
 1. Intel, conq. 
 
 2. loss of freedom. 
 
 Alexander's Successors. 
 
 99. Division of the empire. 
 
 a. generals, 20 y. 
 
 b. Ipsus, in Phrygia, 301 B.C. 
 
 c. S. and the East to Seleucus. 
 
 d. E. to Ptolemy. 
 
 e. T. to Lysimachus. 
 /. M. to Cassander. 
 g. special interest. 
 
 1. P. 
 
 2. Seleucidae. 
 
 100-102. Egypt. 
 
 a. P. Soter. 
 
 1. 323-283 B.C. 
 
 2. character of government. 
 
 3. ruling race. 
 
 4. natives in office. 
 
 5. old E. religioa 
 
 6. successors. 
 
 b. the Ptolemies. 
 
 1. last of the line. 
 (a.) C. 
 
 2. Rome, 30 B.C. 
 
 c. Alexandrine civilization. 
 
 1. the capital. 
 
 2. literature, etc. 
 
 3. 500,000. 
 
 4. mingling of G., E., and 
 
 J. culture. 
 
 103. Kingdom of Seleucus. 
 
 a. 312 B.C. 
 
 b. at first consisted. 
 
 1. B., S., M., P. 
 C. afterwards. 
 
 1. In. to 
 
 l\ Jaxartes to In. O. 
 
 8. A M. 
 d. Antioch in S. 
 ( . late of Seleucus, 280 B.C. 
 
 104. Later history. 
 
 a. 2 c. 
 
 b. importance. 
 
 c. wars and revolts. 
 
 d. grad. lost. 
 
 e. Rome, 65 B.C. 
 1. Pompey. 
 
 Later History of Macedon and 
 Greece. 
 
 105. Greece resists Macedon. 
 
 a. high hopes. 
 
 b. Athens. 
 
 1. Demosthenes. 
 
 2. Hyperides. 
 
 c. confederacy. 
 
 d. Lamian war, 323-321 B.C. 
 1. result. 
 
 106. Later Greek politics. 
 
 a. chief states. 
 
 1. M.,Achaia, JEtolia,.and S. 
 
 b. Federal Leagues. 
 
 107. Grecian leagues. 
 
 a. nature. 
 
 1. Switzerland and U. S. 
 
 2. agreement to give up. 
 (a.) peace and war. 
 
 b. why necessary V 
 
 c. Achaean and .zEtolian. 
 
 d. smaller. 
 
 c. Mac. and Sparta. 
 
 108. Effect of the leagues. 
 
 a. front ag. M. 
 
 b. eminence of A. L., 245-213 
 
 B.C. 
 
 1. Aratus and Philopcemen. 
 
 c. selfishness of S. 
 1. umpire. 
 
26 
 
 HISTORY OF GREECE. 
 
 109. Macedon and Rome. 
 
 a. Carthage. 
 
 b. Macedon, 200-168 B.C. 
 1. Pydna, 168 B.C. 
 
 (a.) Perseus. 
 
 110. Last days of Greece. 
 
 a. brief independ. 
 
 b. 146 B.C. 
 1. Achaia. 
 
 111. Decline of Hellas. 
 
 a. later character of G. mind. 
 
 1. scholarship. 
 
 2. creative genius. 
 
 b. reflex inf. of A. 
 
 1. servility. 
 
 2. public spirit. 
 
 3. lit. and art. 
 "'Twas Greece," etc. 
 
 SYNOPSIS FOR REVIEW. 
 
 I. First Authentic Period, — 
 
 from D. m. to P. w., 1100- 
 500 B.C. 
 
 a. gen. migration. 
 
 1. D. in Pel. 
 
 2. col. in A. M., etc. 
 
 b. suprem. of S. 
 
 1. Ly. 
 
 2. 3 or 4 c. 
 
 c. Athens. 
 
 1. oligarchy. 
 
 2. So. 
 
 3. Pisistra. 
 
 4. pure dem. 
 
 d. leading dates. 
 
 II. Second Period, — from P. w. 
 
 to Chaeronea, 500-338 B.C. 
 a. revolt of G. in A. M. 
 
 1. aid of A. 
 
 2. first P. invasion. 
 (a.) fleet. 
 
 3. second P. invasion. 
 (a.) Marathon. 
 
 4. third P. invasion. 
 (a.) Thermo. 
 
 (p.) Sal amis. 
 
 (c. ) Plataea and Mycale. 
 (1.) effect. 
 
 b. glory of Athens. 
 
 1. age of P. 
 
 2. Pel. war. 
 
 (a.) Peace of N. 
 (6.) M. Pot. 
 
 c. ascendency of Sparta. 
 1. Leuc. 
 
 d. ascendency of Thebes. 
 
 e. P., master of G. 
 1. Clue. 
 
 /. leading dates. 
 
 III. Third Period,— from Chae 
 ronea to absorption by th< 
 R., 338-146 B.C. 
 
 a. P. of M. 
 1. Persia. 
 
 b. Alex. 
 
 1. Granicus. 
 
 2. Issus. 
 
 3. Egypt. 
 
 4. Assyria. 
 (a.) Arbela. 
 
 5. Beyond the Indus. 
 
 6. Babylon. 
 
 c. G. rent by intes. w. 
 
 d. Roman province. 
 1. name. 
 
 e. leading dates. 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 GRECIAN CIVILIZATION. 
 
 Political Ideas. 
 
 112. Part played in history b} 
 Greece. 
 
 a. compass. 
 
 1. grand age. 
 
 (a.) Marathon, 490 B.C. 
 (b.) Chaeronea, 338 B.C. 
 
 b. interest. 
 
 1. first people. 
 
 (a.) real f . ; real c. 
 
 (b.) " pol. and int. life," etc 
 
\ CIVILIZA1 
 
 freedom. 
 
 contribution of <;. 
 
 b. i 
 
 1. Oriental n sub- 
 
 2. G 
 
 the p ," etc 
 e. } ble. 
 
 1. lit. ami a. 
 
 Religion. 
 
 114. Greek and other paganism. 
 
 a. in advance. 
 1. 01 
 
 b. polytheism. 
 
 1. Looked on gods hi 
 love. 
 
 C. contrast with Asiatic. 
 
 115. Its poetic character. 
 
 a. origin. 
 
 l. H. and Besiod. 
 
 b. ideal conceptions. 
 
 1. chisel and pen. 
 
 116. Greek theogony. 
 a. meaning of term. 
 
 ents, 
 
 (/. Zeus, or J. 
 
 117. Dynasty of Zeus. 
 shared sovereignty. 
 
 1. Poseidon (N. . 
 domain. 
 
 domain. 
 
 3. » 
 
 domain. 
 {b. ) sen. function. 
 6. gr — tlii maj 
 
 l . Olyn 
 
 • numeration. 
 
 118. Other divinities. 
 a. numi 
 
 1. II 
 
 119. General view. 
 
 ag. 
 b. in early tin 
 
 l. beautiful and poetic. 
 
 n later tin 
 
 l. grosser Bun, from El, a. 
 and T, 
 
 I s. 
 
 (6.) Eieusinian mysteries 
 
 120. Worship. 
 
 a. priests. 
 
 b. Open air, i 
 
 c. sacrifL 
 
 1. sin-offerings. 
 
 (a.) anirna -mbs. 
 
 (6.) inan. obi. — frnil 
 
 2. votive offeru 
 
 d. forms of prayer, etc 
 i. processi 
 
 121. Oracles. 
 
 a. revelations. 
 
 b. Dodona — Z. 
 
 c. Delphi— A. 
 
 Grecian Festivals. 
 
 122. The four festivals. 
 
 a. Olympic. 
 
 1. plain of 0. in El is. 
 
 2. in honor of. 
 
 3. frequency. 
 
 b. Pythian. 
 
 1. Del. 
 
 2. in honor of. 
 ::. 8d y. 
 
 r. Isthmian. 
 1. ( 
 8. in honor of, 
 
 - y. 
 
 d. Nemean. 
 
 1. Nemea. 
 
 2. N. J. 
 
 123. Their nature. 
 
 1. athletic ; r. ; m. and ]>. 
 b. pri 
 
 1. garland. 
 
28 
 
 HISTORY OF GREECE. 
 
 2. proclaimed ; sacred grove ; 
 
 b. Theogony; Works and Days. 
 
 sung. 
 
 c. rank. 
 
 c. several days. 
 
 1. Greeks. 
 
 124. Influence, social and lit- 
 
 2. moderns. 
 
 erary. 
 
 129. Epic and elegy. 
 
 a. all parts. 
 
 a. dur. the k. period. 
 
 1. intercourse. 
 
 1. why? 
 
 2. exchanges. 
 
 b. el. in democ. times. 
 
 3. condition compared. 
 
 1. emotional. 
 
 4. teach, of philos. 
 
 2. Tyrtaeus, 8th c. B.C. 
 
 5. sculp, and paint. 
 
 (a.) derision. 
 
 6. poets and hist. 
 
 (b.) stirring songs. 
 
 b. intel. sympathy. 
 
 (1.) Messenian. 
 
 1. bond of nationality. 
 
 3. Simonides, 5th c. B.C. 
 
 Greek Literature and Phil- 
 
 130. Lyric poetry. 
 
 osophy. 
 
 a. next step. 
 
 125. Comparison of literatures. 
 
 b. music. 
 
 a. most valuable. 
 
 c. famous names. 
 
 1. Bible. 
 
 1. Sappho and Alcseus, 6th c. 
 
 b. Rome. 
 
 B.C. 
 
 1. imitators. 
 
 (a.) Lesbian. 
 
 c. E., B., P. — fragments. 
 1. tone. 
 
 2. Pindar, 522 B.C. 
 (a.) Bee. 
 
 d. ancient Persians. 
 
 (&.) rank. 
 
 1. Zend-Avesta. 
 
 3. Anacreon. 
 
 (a.) structure. 
 
 131. Drama. 
 
 e. Hindoos. 
 
 a. rank. 
 
 1. Vedas. 
 
 b. birth. 
 
 (a.) curious. 
 
 1. Athens. 
 
 126. Homer. 
 
 2. Pericles, 5th c. B.C. 
 
 a. epics (nar. poems). 
 
 c. greatest names. 
 
 1. 11., 0. 
 
 1. iEschylus, 525 B.C. 
 
 b. rank. 
 
 2. Sophocles, 495 B.C. 
 
 1. springtime. 
 
 3. Euripides, 480 B.C. 
 
 c. noticeable fact. 
 
 d. remarkable fertility. 
 
 1. colonial. 
 
 e. principal occasions. 
 
 2. Asiatic Greeks. 
 
 1. fest. of B. (Dionysos). 
 
 127. Homer among the Greeks. 
 
 2. prize. 
 
 a. real individ. 
 
 b. Herodotus, 400 y. 
 1. 880 b.c. 
 
 c. for centuries how preserved ? 
 
 132. Comparison with Shake- 
 speare. 
 a. subjects. 
 
 1. hum. life, etc. 
 
 1. recited. 
 d. Pisistratus at A., 560 B.C. 
 
 2. gods, etc. 
 b. treatment. 
 
 128. Hesiod. 
 
 1. unity of t. and p. 
 
 a. Bceotia — when? 
 
 (a.) narrative part. 
 
I TAN CIVILIZATION. 
 
 29 
 
 nlcd. 
 
 . King I 
 
 133. Comedy (comus). 
 
 1. 1). |'!< 
 
 h. Aristophanes, 1-14 B.C. 
 1. C, W . B., I". 
 rise. 
 
 134. Herodotus. 
 
 II." 
 b. Io. of Ilalicarnassus, A. M. 
 B4 B.C. — first and second 
 P. v 
 
 inject — u. hist. 
 1. vivid ])icture. 
 i traveller. 
 
 1. E. and A. 
 
 /. style. 
 
 (j. Rawlinson. 
 
 136. Thucydides. 
 ,'. Ath« us. -17 1 B.C. 
 
 b. rank. 
 
 c. BUDJ< I 
 
 d. merits. 
 1. style. 
 
 Insight, 
 irliest example. 
 
 136. Other historians. 
 
 a. Xenophon. 
 
 lontemporary. 
 merit. 
 
 b. Polybius, 2d c. b.c. 
 r. Diodorus, Lsl c. B.C. 
 
 Plntarch, 3d <•. a.d. 
 1 . I . 
 (a.) " B. of heroisms." 
 
 137. Oratory. 
 
 •]i demoG 
 b. Perk o." 
 
 1. ^schines B.C. 
 
 int. 
 
 (b.) u Bhook the arsenal." 
 
 138. Early philosophers. 
 
 : OT A. M. 
 
 1. Thales, 6th c b.c. 
 hool. 
 h. col of L. I. 
 1 Pythagoras, <',th c. b.c. 
 
 (a.) P. BChooL 
 ft nat. phil. 
 
 iphlsts and Rhetors, 5th c 
 
 B.C. 
 
 1. dialec. and r. 
 A youtl^ 
 
 139. Socrates, 469-399 B.C. 
 
 a. rank ; epoch. 
 
 b. work. 
 
 1. prejudices. 
 
 2. ignorance. 
 
 3. great truths. 
 
 g., t., b. 
 
 c. method. 
 
 1. S. 
 
 2. streets, etc. 
 
 d. person. 
 (. fate. 
 
 1. charge , 
 (a.) gods; youth. 
 
 2. hemlock. 
 
 3. immortal, of s. 
 
 140. Plato, 429-347 B.C. 
 a. disciple. 
 
 \. school. 
 
 1. groves of A. 
 C. dialogues. 
 
 1. ]>rin. speaker. 
 d. rank and influence. 
 
 1. ideal. 
 
 2. high -water mark. 
 
 141. Aristotle, 384-322 B.C. 
 
 a. Peripatetic. 
 
 1. Lyceum at A. 
 
 b. rank. 
 
 1. log. and system. 
 
 ning. 
 what v 
 
 c. highest authority how long? 
 
 stem. 
 
 (a.) what 1 ' 
 
30 
 
 BISTORT OF GREECE. 
 
 (b.) Bacon, 1620 a.d. 
 d. Alex. 
 
 Grecian Art.. 
 
 142. Forms of Greek art. 
 
 a. fine arts. 
 
 1. a., s., p., m. 
 (a.) Greeks. 
 (b.) M. A. and Christianity. 
 
 b. rank of a. and s. 
 
 143. Temples. 
 
 a. importance. • 
 
 b. G. column. 
 
 1. — 2. — , 3.—. 
 
 c. bef . P. wars. 
 
 d. after P. wars. 
 
 1. age of present ruins. 
 
 144. Ionic order. 
 
 a. A. M. 
 
 b. Diana of Ephesus. 
 
 1. Herostratus, 356 B.C. 
 (a.) Alex. 
 
 2. rebuilt. 
 
 3. 425 and 220. 
 
 4. E. explor. 
 
 145. Corinthian order. 
 
 a. character and rank. 
 
 b. Venus, Flora, nymphs of f . 
 1. why? 
 
 c. 5th c. B.C. 
 
 146. Doric order. 
 
 a. Parthenon,— "H. of the V." 
 
 1. dedicated. 
 
 2. material. 
 
 3. Acropolis. 
 
 4. pre-eminence. 
 
 (a.) compared with E. tem- 
 ples. 
 
 (&.) compared with G. ca- 
 thedrals. 
 
 147. Sculpture. 
 
 a. rank. 
 
 b. finest specimens. 
 
 1. pediments and friezes. 
 
 2. where now ? 
 (a.) Lord Elgin. 
 
 3. mutilated. 
 
 4. perfection of 1., m., p. 
 
 c. Phidias. 
 
 1. heroic age. 
 
 d. later artists. 
 1. rank. 
 
 (a.) beauty. 
 (&.) lack. 
 
 Greek Life, Manners, etc. 
 
 148. Remark. 
 
 a. sources of information. 
 
 b. interest of subject. 
 
 149. Dress. 
 
 a. gen. character. 
 1. ornaments. 
 
 b. sex. 
 
 c. material — w., 1., c. 
 
 d. head-coverings. 
 
 1. trav. ; workmen. 
 
 e. foot-coverings. 
 
 1. indoors. 
 
 2. abroad. 
 
 150. Meals. 
 
 a. how many and how ? 
 1. table-cloth, etc. 
 
 b. primitively. 
 1. spoons. 
 
 e. common people. 
 
 d. well-to-do. 
 
 e. symposium. 
 
 1. wine and water. 
 
 (a.) " master of the f." 
 
 2. games, etc. 
 
 151. Education. 
 
 a. state. 
 
 b. branches. 
 
 1. g.— included what ? 
 
 2. m. — -included what ? 
 
 3. g. — O. games. 
 
 c. grammatistes. 
 
 d. girls. 
 
 152. Position of woman. 
 
 a. Homeric age. 
 
 b. historic period. 
 
!/'//}' AND BA( 
 
 81 
 
 itliful s 
 
 . how much in. cult 
 1. household. 
 
 I wants . 
 
 inn. 
 
 < . Incompli 
 1. defects in works 
 
 / Christianity. 
 
 SECTION III. 
 
 HISTORY OF ROME. 
 
 [Observe that the dates of this section are b.c. up to Augustus.] 
 
 CHAPTEB I. 
 
 GEOGRAPHY AND RACES. 
 
 1. General view. 
 
 //. place of B. in history. 
 
 b. vil., 8th c. B.C 
 
 c. career of conq. 
 
 1. peninsula, 
 
 2. beyond. 
 
 3. world-ruling — when ? 
 
 2. Geographical features. 
 
 r penin. 
 
 b. ; 
 
 c. Alps ; sea. 
 
 d. divisions. 
 1. Padua 
 
 Gallia Cisalpina, 
 
 :-lie. 
 
 ! uickbone. 
 
 3. Races. 
 
 a. G.. i: . I . and I. 
 1. On 
 
 b. relative importance. 
 
 4. First three races. 
 
 ..nils. 
 1. » 
 
 N I. 
 France. 
 tock. 
 b. El 
 
 1. scat. 
 
 {((.) bet. the A. and the T. 
 
 iirin and stock. 
 "lv civilization. 
 
 bef. R. 
 
 (d.) builders ; arts ; augur- 
 B ; reljg. 
 c Iapygians. 
 
 t . Apulia and heel. 
 
 2. primitive. 
 
 4. Greeks. 
 
 a. colonies. 
 
 b. gave name. 
 
 5, 6. Italian. 
 
 a. relative impor. 
 
 b. seat 
 
 •nek. 
 
 1. allied to II. 
 
 (a.) words. 
 ( 1 I agrL ; prim. life. 
 (I. brand 
 
 1. Latins. 
 
 •ellians. 
 I nibrians. 
 (b.) Sabi] 
 
 Saninites. 
 ' concern. 
 
32 
 
 HISTORY OF ROME. 
 
 7. Seat of the Latins. 
 a. Latium. 
 
 1. Tiber and Liris. 
 
 CHAPTEE II. 
 
 PRIMEVAL ROME -PERIOD 
 OF THE KINGS. 
 
 8. Legends of early Rome. 
 
 a. landing of M. in L. 
 
 b. story of the twins. 
 
 1. Faust ul as. 
 
 2. city founded. 
 
 c. real events. 
 1. 390 B.C. 
 
 9. Livy. 
 
 a. earliest. 
 
 b. 750 y. 
 
 10. Real beginnings of Rome. 
 
 a. Latins of L. 
 
 1. 30 cities. 
 
 2. Alba Longa. 
 
 b. outpost. 
 
 1. Sabines and Etruscans. 
 
 c. march, or border. 
 
 11. Earliest history. 
 
 a. 753 B.C. 
 
 b. Palatine Mount. 
 
 c. 5000 or 6000— h. or s. 
 
 d. incorporation. 
 
 1. Lucerum. 
 (a.) Etruscan. 
 (&.) Cselian Hill. 
 (c.) subordinate. 
 
 2. Quirium 
 (a.) Sabine. 
 
 (6.) Quirinal Hill. 
 (c.) equal. 
 
 e. tribes. 
 
 1. Ramnes, or — . 
 
 2. Tities, or — . 
 
 3. Luceres, or — . 
 
 12. Epoch of the kings, 753- 
 
 509 B.C. 
 
 a. tradition. 
 
 b. obscurity. 
 
 13. Organization of society. 
 
 a. Patricians. 
 
 1. magis. off. 
 
 2. high. deg. of p. 
 
 3. pub. lands. 
 
 4. fain. name. 
 
 5. Populus. 
 (a.) senate. 
 
 (b. ) Comitia Curiata. 
 
 b. Plebeians. 
 
 1. freemen. 
 
 2. polit. impor. 
 
 14. Change of constitution. 
 
 a. Servius Tullius, 5th k. 
 1. "K. of the C." 
 
 b. Comitia Centuriata. 
 
 1. Assem. of the H. 
 
 2. who voted? 
 
 3. most voice. 
 
 c. great concession. 
 1. why? 
 
 15. End of the kings. 
 
 a, Tarquinius Superbus, 7th k. 
 1. fate. 
 
 (a.) reason. 
 
 b. abolition. 
 
 1. date. 
 
 2. hated name. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 THE ROMAN REPUBLIC. 
 
 16. Extent of history. 
 
 a. 482 y. 
 
 1. end of k. — date. 
 
 2. end of rep. — date. 
 
 17. Four epochs. 
 
 a. Struggle for Existence. 
 
 1. repub. 
 
 2. 6. invasion. 
 
 3. 509-390 B.C. 
 
 b. Rom. conquest of It. 
 
l/.I.V /,'/ . 
 
 
 1. « '. 
 
 s 
 
 1. 1 ars. 
 
 Iii. 
 
 ipirc under A. 
 
 Epoch of the struggle for exist- 
 ence, 509-390 B.C. 
 
 18. Nature of the government. 
 <i. republic 
 
 b. consuls. 
 
 1. term of office. 
 
 2. Brutus and Coliatinus. 
 
 19. Territory under the kings. 
 
 Of DOW. 
 b. treaty with ( '. 
 
 1. < rracina. 
 
 with S., B., A. 
 
 20. Wars of the republic. 
 
 a. nejghl 
 
 1. K. ; B., Vol.. and HRq. 
 
 nd veien- 
 
 til: 
 
 b. duration and lot 
 
 1 fouls, 890 
 
 21. Character of the period. 
 
 ;irv. 
 
 b. d struggle. 
 1. grand 
 
 c. hai 
 
 1. Christian brotherhood, 
 eroic. 
 
 rtted to t'u 
 
 ;:i.v ROMS. 
 1 . 
 
 1. P< 
 
 Sublician brid 
 
 3. "0 Father Tiber," i 
 
 c. Coriolanus, 
 
 iisulshij). 
 
 2. famine. 
 
 corn from S. 
 
 (b.) his advice, 
 xile. 
 
 4. Volsri; 
 
 5. victorious prog] 
 
 {a.) senators ; pontiffs, etc.; 
 
 matrons, i 
 
 d. Cincinnatus, 458 B.C 
 1. farm. 
 
 dictator. 
 (a.) ploughing. 
 
 3. B 
 
 {a.) yoke. 
 (b.) 14 days. 
 
 22. Social troubles. 
 
 a. P. and P. 
 
 b. long series. 
 
 23. Oppression of the Plebs. 
 
 a. R. law of debt. 
 
 1. liability of debtor, 
 chains ; slave. 
 
 b. hard times. 
 1. cause. 
 
 Sect 
 
 24. Secession, 493 B.C. 
 <f lions Sacer, 1 m. 
 
 b. compromise. 
 
 25. Office of tribune. 
 
 a. T of the P. 
 1. t 
 
 b. term ; sacred : veto. 
 
 26. Laws of the Twelve Ta- 
 
 bles. 
 
 ! of Ten, 
 
 1. Decemvirs. 
 
34 
 
 HISTORY OF ROME. 
 
 2. object. 
 
 3. officers resign. 
 
 4. work done. 
 
 27. Conduct of the decemvirs. 
 
 a. office renewed. 
 
 b. tyrannical. 
 
 1. usurpation. 
 
 28. Second secession. 
 
 a. second charter. 
 
 1. tribunes. 
 
 2. equality of assemblies. 
 
 b. consuls again, 446 B.C. 
 
 29. Dispute about consuls. 
 a. share in consulate. 
 
 1. claim resisted. 
 
 2. levies prevented. 
 (a.) no more. 
 
 30. More changes. 
 
 a. Military Tribunes, 444 B.C. 
 
 1. number. 
 
 2. how chosen ? 
 
 (a.) theory and practice. 
 (l.)40y. 
 
 b. Censors. 
 
 1. number. 
 
 2. how chosen ? 
 (a.) effect. 
 
 3. power. 
 
 (a.) rank of ev. cit. 
 (&.) val. prop. 
 
 31. Gaulish invasion, 390 B.C. 
 
 a. Brennus. 
 1. Allia. 
 
 b. result. 
 
 1. city. 
 
 2. capitol. 
 (a.) 7 m. 
 
 (b.) 1000 lbs.— sword. 
 
 c. fictions. 
 
 Epoch of the Roman Conquest 
 of Italy, 390-266 B.C. 
 
 32. Plebeian oppression. 
 
 a. debtor and creditor. 
 
 b. distress of Pleb. 
 
 1. invasions. 
 c. practical slavery. 
 
 33. Proposals for reform, 376 
 
 B.C. 
 
 a. Licinius Stolo ; Lucius Sex- 
 
 tius. 
 1. office. 
 
 b. evils. 
 
 1. polit. in. 
 
 2. mat. want. 
 
 c. first evil how remedied ? 
 1. restor. the c. 
 
 {a.) one a P. 
 
 d. second evil how remedied ? 
 
 1. interest deducted. 
 (a.) 3 y. 
 
 2. distrib. of pub. lands. 
 (a.) 500 jugera. 
 
 e. L. Rogations. 
 
 34. Victory of the Plebs. 
 
 a. new plan how received ? 
 
 b. firmness. 
 
 1. new elections ; levies. 
 
 c. 367 B.C.; 366 B.C., L. S. 
 
 d. other offices. 
 
 e. at last. 
 
 35. Democracy. 
 
 a. aris. repub., 1 J c. 
 
 b. gov. of the people. 
 e. golden age of R. p. 
 d. civil concord. 
 
 1. temple. 
 
 2. civ. vir., etc. 
 
 36. Smallness of the nation. 
 
 a. townships. 
 
 b. 300,000. 
 
 1. close of 5th c. B.C. 
 
 c. petty neighbors. 
 
 d. wars for existence. 
 
 37. Wars for dominion. 
 
 a. new era, mid. 4th c. B.C. 
 
 b. Latins. 
 
 1. immed. rel. 
 
 c. other It. nationalities. 
 1. more dist. rel. 
 
 d. G. settlements in S. I. 
 
THE ROMAN REPUBLIC. 
 
 85 
 
 i. P 
 
 S I 
 
 38. Meaning of these wars. 
 
 l. imper. li^r. 
 
 39. Samnite wars, 343-290 B.C. 
 
 Leaden. 
 
 i. a or a 
 
 i. s 
 
 40-42. War with Pyrrhus. 
 
 a. ori 
 
 1. '• oonq. bar. of T." 
 
 b. i 
 
 l. 25, 
 
 c. Pand i'..c. 
 1. gigantic gray. 
 
 d. Asculum, 279 B.C. 
 
 1. " Another Buch, 1 
 9 ily. 
 
 /. Beneventum, 275 B.C. 
 I. Bubjugi 
 
 2. supr* 
 
 43. Nature of the Roman state. 
 
 populue Etomanus. 
 1. that is to say- 88. 
 of It. 
 
 citizenship conferred. 
 b. v« 
 1. Comitia 
 
 ft 5 
 
 44. Other classes. 
 n. [talians, socii 
 
 1. own laws, judges, etc. 
 
 OID what ': 
 b. I.. 
 
 1. " Latin franchise 
 
 45. Summary of the govern- 
 
 ment. 
 
 nty. 
 1. p. and w, 
 
 coin. 
 i otnpared with ( 
 
 what ! 
 
 46. General summary. 
 <>. thua I 
 
 1. conquestfl : polit. or| 
 
 2. dawn of lit. 
 b. art Of gOV. m. 
 ft diating. traits. 
 
 Epoch of Foreign Conquest, 
 266-133 B.C. 
 
 47. Extent of the period. 
 
 a. for. conq. 
 
 b. ambra 
 
 1. Punic 
 
 2. Macedonian. 
 
 c. Gracchi 
 
 48. Carthage. 
 
 a. situation and rank. 
 
 b. head of P. cities— 300. 
 
 ft posses, in S., S., C, and S. 
 <t government, 
 l. republic. 
 
 racy. 
 ;haracter. 
 
 1. good and bad. 
 
 2. Punic faith. 
 
 49. Seeds of war. 
 
 eneral rivalry. 
 Hdly. 
 1. large posses. 
 
 . connections. 
 
 50-52. First Punic war, 264- 
 241 B.C. 
 rigin. 
 
 1. Hammertines — Messana. 
 
 ed. 
 help. 
 
 2. K. takes ap quarreL 
 b. narrative. 
 
 1 changed si< 
 
 locality. 
 
 B B.C. 
 
 \y. 
 
36 
 
 HISTORY OF ROME. 
 
 (a.) at first. 
 (b.) model. 
 (c.) My las, 2y.; 260 B.C. 
 
 5. Africa. 
 
 (a.) Regulus, 255 B.C. 
 (1.) Tunis. 
 
 6. Panormus. 
 
 7. at sea. 
 
 (a.) iEgusa. 
 
 8. terms of treaty. 
 (a.) Sicily and isl. 
 (&.) indemnity, 
 (c.) Hiero. 
 
 53. Province of Sicily. 
 
 a. commenc. of pro. gov. 
 1. foreign posses. 
 
 54. Conquest of Cisalpine Gaul. 
 
 a. Gr. alarmed ; movement. 
 
 b. 3 armies— 3 y.; 222 B.C. 
 
 c. colonies. 
 
 55. Carthage prepares for war. 
 
 a. feeling of C. 
 
 1. Barcine fam. 
 
 b. Hamilcar Barca. 
 
 1.- base of operations. 
 
 2. at the altar— 9 y.— 235 B.C. 
 
 3. Hasdrubal (son-in-law). 
 
 4. Hannibal — 26. 
 
 56. Second Punic War, 218- 
 
 202 B.C. 
 
 a. Hannibal's campaign. 
 
 1. Saguntum. 
 (a.) effect. 
 
 2. Pyren. and Alps, 218 B.C. 
 (a.) 30,000. 
 
 3. four battles. 
 
 (a.) Cannae, 216 B.C. 
 
 57. Hannibal's operations in 
 
 Italy. 
 
 a. how long? 
 
 b. Fabius, Marcellus, and oth- 
 
 ers. 
 
 c. finances. 
 
 d. allegiance of It. nat. 
 
 58. Roman strategy. 
 a. Rome's danger. 
 
 b. offensive assumed. 
 
 1. Pub. Scipio, 216-205 B.C. 
 
 2. result. 
 
 (a.) reinforcements. 
 
 c. Hasdrubal, 207 B.C. 
 1. bloody head. 
 
 59. Close of the war. 
 
 a. into A. 
 
 1. H. recalled. 
 
 b. Zama, 202 B.C. 
 
 1. terms of peace. 
 
 c. honors to S. 
 
 1. henceforward. 
 
 60. Anecdote of Hannibal. 
 
 a. exile — Syria and Bithynia. 
 
 b. Scipio — Ephesus. 
 
 c. gr. gen. 
 
 1. A. — small body. 
 
 2. P.— camp. 
 
 3. H. 
 
 61-63. Third Punic War, 1C2- 
 146 B.C. 
 
 a. long interval. 
 
 b. origin. 
 
 1. Cato, the censor. 
 
 (a.) "Delenda est Cartha- 
 go." 
 
 c. offer of C. 
 
 d. demand of B. 
 
 1. how received? 
 64, 65. Siege of Carthage. 
 
 a. iEmilianus. 
 
 b. condition of C. 
 
 1. ships, allies, arms. 
 
 2. bowstrings. 
 
 c. 17 d. 
 
 1. anecdote of S. 
 (a.) instability of fortune. 
 (b.) "Yet come it will/' 
 
 d. 700,000. 
 
 1. proconsul. 
 
 (a.) Utica, 146 B.C. 
 66. Subjugation of Macedon 
 and Greece. 
 a. Philip V. 
 
 1. treaty with H. 
 
Till v BEPUBLR 
 
 37 
 
 67. 
 
 a 
 
 dependent ally. 
 
 us. 
 
 1 Pydna, 
 
 cuned, L40 
 
 Achaia. 
 
 Review of Rome's con- 
 quests. 
 dominion. 
 1. at com. of period. 
 : period, 
 toC. 
 
 \ A. 
 \d.) B., A M., andS. 
 b. rank. 
 
 1. at com. of period. 
 
 I '.. M., and S. 
 
 2. at close of period. 
 
 68. Rule of the provinces. 
 
 1. " It.* and the P." 
 b. new feato • 
 1. nat. nab., i 
 rnor. 
 staff of oft 
 
 e power. 
 
 69-71. Grandeur of Rome. 
 c height. 
 1. all eg • 
 l talents, 
 
 tie walked. 
 b. gd 
 
 l. mi 
 
 Italy and th< 
 be Tiber. 
 
 3. put* l>. in B 
 
 
 72. 
 b. 
 
 c. 
 
 73. 
 
 a. 
 b. 
 
 d. 
 
 74. 
 
 (f. 
 
 b. 
 
 75. 
 
 76. 
 a 
 
 b. 
 
 77. 
 a, 
 
 78. 
 a. 
 
 h. 
 c. 
 
 79. 
 a. 
 
 7. clc] 
 
 Influence of Greece. 
 
 rhetorician- 
 
 etc 
 1. pali 
 
 begin, of native prodnc 
 
 First bterature, 2d c. B.C. 
 Ennius, father of R. p. 
 
 Plautus, p. 
 
 elder CatO, iirst p. 
 
 Terence, comic p. 
 
 Evil influence of Greece. 
 morals. 
 1. marri 
 
 rel in\ I 
 1. augurs. 
 Political corruption. 
 
 faulty polit. system. 
 
 1. devised for wliat ¥ 
 
 at prizes. 
 
 valuable. 
 
 (1. ! result. 
 
 Growth of slavery. 
 
 planters and mercnai 
 
 ia and int. of A. M. 
 
 12,000,000, mid. 2d c b.c. 
 l. 5,000,000. 
 Corruption of blood. 
 
 motley par. pop. 
 
 Luxury. 
 
 evidence of \vli: 
 
 a]>] .eared in wli. 
 
 at banquets 
 
 insic; dan 
 purple h ; car: 
 
 Old Rom;; 
 
 B.O. 
 
 1. prot 
 
38 
 
 HISTORY OF ROME. 
 
 Epoch of Civil Strife, 133-27 
 
 b. Commons — M. 
 
 B.C. 
 
 c. came to prominence. 
 
 80. Bad state of society. 
 
 1. 25 or 30 y. 
 
 a. mind prepar. for new per. 
 
 b. aristoc. of w. 
 
 c. pat. and pleb. 
 
 d. peasant pro. ; slaves. 
 
 e. masses of people. 
 
 87. Wars of the period. 
 
 a. Jugurthine, 111-106 B.C. 
 
 b. Cimbri, 113-101 B.C. 
 
 c. Social, 90-89 B.C. 
 
 d. M. 
 
 1. price of votes. 
 
 2. honest industry. 
 
 88, 89. Mithridatic war. 
 
 f. extremes. 
 
 a. King of P. 
 
 81. The Gracchi. 
 
 1. design — confederacy. 
 
 a. Cornelia. 
 
 2. 80,000, 88 b.c. 
 
 1. Scip. Af. 
 
 3. invasion of G. 
 
 82. Agrarian law. 
 
 b. Sulla. 
 1. elected. 
 
 a. Tiberius G. 
 1. Licinian law. 
 
 2. chagrin of M. 
 (a.) set aside. 
 
 2. 500 j ugera. 
 
 3. Africa. 
 
 3. homesteads. 
 b. storm. 
 
 4. Greece, 86-84 B.C. 
 
 c. veto. 
 
 90, 91. Roman massacres. 
 
 1. unanimous. 
 
 a. Marian, 86 B. c. 
 
 2. colleague. 
 
 1. entire city — senators. 
 
 d. 133 b.c. 
 
 2. consul. 
 
 83. Murder of Tiberius Grac- 
 
 (a.) fortnight. 
 
 chus. 
 
 b. Sulla's massacres. 
 
 a. new election. 
 
 1. hasty return, 83 B.C. 
 
 b. violence threatened. 
 
 2. overthrew. 
 
 1. staves. 
 
 3. proscribed. 
 
 {a.) hand to head. 
 (1.) report. 
 
 4. porch of house. 
 
 c. 150,000—200. 
 
 2. 300-133 B.C. 
 
 92. Sulla's subsequent career. 
 
 84. Agrarian struggle. 
 
 a. dictator, 81 B.C. 
 
 a. commissioners. 
 
 b. gov. reorgan. 
 
 1. 2or3y. 
 
 1. aristoc. 
 
 2. work obstructed. 
 
 c 3y. 
 
 85. The younger Gracchus. 
 
 a. tribuneship — 10 y. 
 
 b. agitation. 
 
 d. 78 b.c. 
 
 1. funeral — epitaph. 
 (a.) "1 am S.," etc. 
 
 c. corn, etc. 
 
 93. Struggle of factions. 
 
 d. 2y. 
 
 a. ambitious men. 
 
 e. bloody combat, 121 B.C. 
 
 1. grand days. 
 
 1. 3000. 
 
 2. factions. 
 
 /. fate. 
 
 b. anarchy. 
 
 86. Rise of Marius and Sulla. 
 
 1. supreme ruler. 
 
 a. senatorial party — S. 
 
 (a.) who? 
 
THE ROMAN REPUBLIC. 
 
 91. Rise of Pompey. 
 
 prom. 
 
 r..< 
 ■ 
 
 ro BJ . 
 
 1. ( 
 d. private life. 
 
 95. His doings in the East. 
 c. pirates- Cilicia (A. M.). 
 
 1. :; in. 
 
 b. Bfithrid 
 
 B.C. 
 
 ison 
 
 c. Tutrai 
 
 d. PI 
 
 e. retun 
 
 1. awaited him. 
 
 /. opportunity. 
 
 96. The four factions. 
 a oligarchical. 
 
 1. iVw fam. 
 
 b. aristocratic 
 
 1. senators. 
 
 C. Marian 
 
 1. fam. i 
 d. military. 
 
 l. off. ol 
 
 • 
 
 97-100. Leaders of the factions. 
 a. P.— M.T.Cicero (106 B.C.)— 
 oligarchy. 
 
 1. on 
 
 ;;S])iro<l. 
 
 haracter. 
 
 olleagae. 
 
 2. bi 
 
 csar — Marian. 
 
 1. 8 
 
 in youth. 
 
 4. ability 
 
 ."). o. oi 
 
 mily. 
 Cataline military. 
 i. off.oi 
 
 following. 
 
 iisulsliij). 
 
 ( icero. 
 ospiracy. 
 plot betrayed. 
 G. flight and death. 
 
 (a.) Ktruria. 
 
 101. Position of Pompey. 
 i<. opportnnit 
 
 b. distrust — CatO. 
 1. went over. 
 (a.) Caesar, 
 
 102. First Triumvirate, 60 B.C. 
 
 a. united forces. 
 1. Julia. 
 
 b. Crassus. 
 
 c. object oi" (\ and P. 
 
 (I. nature of Triumvirate. 
 1. polit partnership. 
 (a.) to thwart. 
 
 103. Elevation of Caesar. 
 a. consul, 60 B.C. 
 
 1. r, y.-o y. 
 
 2. prob. design. 
 
 104. His Gallic campaigns, 58- 
 
 50 B.C. 
 
 a. Commentaries. 
 
 105. Position of Caesar. 
 
 a. residence. 
 
 b. BOOtril 
 
 devotion of army. 
 1. (i. and <i. 
 
 106. Pompey and Crassus. 
 
 > B.C. 
 
 b. commands. 
 
 i. proconsul, 5. 
 
 c. Parthia. 
 
40 
 
 HISTORY OF ROME. 
 
 107. Rivalry of Caesar and 
 
 1. quarrel. 
 
 Pompey. 
 
 b. conflict in Alex. 
 
 a. coldness. 
 
 1. Library. 
 
 1. C. no eq. 
 
 2. result. 
 
 2. P. no sup. 
 
 c. Pontus. 
 
 b. enemies. 
 
 1. Pharnaces. 
 
 c. P. went over. 
 
 (a.) laconic despatch. 
 
 d. sole con., 52 B.C. 
 1. supported. 
 
 115. Caesar's final victory. 
 a. Pompeian forces. 
 
 103. New complications. 
 
 1. Scipio and Cato. 
 
 a. C.'s demand. 
 
 b. Thapsus, 4G B.C. 
 
 1. private cit. 
 
 1. fate of S. and C. 
 
 b. what proposed. 
 
 c. Munda, in Spain, March, 45 
 
 1. why unreasonable. 
 
 B.C. 
 
 c. C.'s offer. 
 
 1. how received. 
 
 116. Caesar and the State. 
 
 d. action of senate. 
 
 a. polit. conseq. of Thapsus. 
 
 
 1. republic — Cato at Utica. 
 
 109. The Rubicon. 
 
 2. monarchy — Caesar, 40 B.C. 
 
 a. prompt resolve. 
 
 b. 10 y. 
 
 b. his army. 
 
 1. soon afterwards. 
 
 1. provincials. 
 
 e. Imperator. 
 
 2. attachment to Rome. 
 
 1. meaning. 
 
 c. Ravenna. 
 
 2. vie. gen. 
 
 1. Rubicon, Jan., 49 B.C. 
 
 (a.) temporary. 
 
 d. crossing meant what ? 
 
 3. Emperor. 
 
 1 . exclaimed. 
 
 
 
 117. His views and character. 
 
 110. Retreat of Pompey. 
 
 a. clear-s. 
 
 a. Greece. 
 
 1. old R. system. 
 
 1. great army. 
 
 b. rule of one man. 
 
 2. " usurper." 
 
 c. humane promise. 
 
 111. Caesar master of Italy. 
 
 1. mass, of S. and M. 
 
 a. 60 d. 
 
 2. good offices. 
 
 5. die, etc., 48 B.C. 
 
 118. The work he did. 
 
 c. statesmanship. 
 1. effect. 
 
 a. pardoned. 
 
 1. " era of good feeling." 
 
 112, 113. Battle of Fharsalia, 
 
 b. admin, of prov. 
 
 48 B.C. 
 
 c. trade and ag. 
 
 a. Thessaly. 
 
 d. embellished. 
 
 b. result. 
 
 e. Pontine marshes. 
 
 1. Egypt. 
 
 /. new bed. 
 
 2. fate of P. 
 
 g. calendar. 
 
 (a.) Ptolemy. 
 
 li. gigantic designs. 
 
 (6.) P.'s head. 
 
 *. 2y. 
 
 (1.) spices. 
 
 119. Feelings of the Romans. 
 
 114 Caesar in the East. 
 
 a. satisfaction. 
 
 a. Cleopatra and P. 
 
 b. mere name. 
 
THE ROMAN REPUBLIC. 
 
 41 
 
 l. Gracchi 
 
 lactions. 
 
 r. people weary. 
 
 120. Real cause of Caesar's as- 
 
 sassination. 
 
 a. people's revolt 
 
 b. knot of consp. 
 
 l. saltish ends. 
 
 121. The conspiracy. 
 
 a. chiefs. 
 
 1. Cains Cassias, 
 
 2. Marcus Junius Brutus. 
 
 b. cause. 
 
 1. honored enough. 
 
 2. jealous. 
 
 c. other malcontents. 
 
 d. alarming representations. 
 1. diadem ; king. 
 
 e. 60. 
 
 122. Caesar's ambition. 
 
 a. uncertain. 
 
 b. regal crown. 
 
 1. consul, Mark Antony. 
 
 2. Lupercalia, 45 B.C. 
 
 123. His assassination. 
 ipening of plot. 
 
 b. Ides of March. 
 
 1. meaning. 
 
 c. rumors ; senate. 
 
 d. narrative. 
 
 1. toga. 
 
 3. Brutus. 
 
 (".) " Etta," etc. 
 
 e. at the foot of. 
 
 1. loth March, 44 B.C. 
 
 2. 66 y. 
 
 124. 125. Caesar's characteris- 
 
 tics. 
 rson 
 1. noble and c. 
 
 omplex. ; I 
 
 3. laurel chaplet. 
 b. mind. 
 
 1. diversified 1 . 
 
 8. 'a judgment. 
 (a.) quote. 
 
 126, 127. Review of his career. 
 
 a. 46 y. 
 
 b. work of 14 y. 
 
 1. (i. — swarms ; 13.; bey. [I. 
 
 Spain. 
 
 3. It.; Pomp 
 
 4. Egypt. 
 
 5. Pnarni 
 
 6. Thapsus and Munda. 
 
 c. fifty. 
 
 1. million. 
 
 d. beneficent plans. 
 1. regen. of R. 
 
 e. enduring work. 
 
 128. Effect of Caesar's death. 
 
 a. assass. in what name ? 
 1. "rev. never go b." 
 
 b. new claimants. 
 1. consequently. 
 
 129. Antony. 
 
 a. nation. 
 1. effect. 
 
 (a.) flight of B. and C. 
 
 b. representative of C. prin. 
 
 130. Octavius. 
 
 a. who? 
 
 b. age and adopted name. 
 
 r. old soldiers. 
 1. vengeance. 
 
 131. Second Triumvirate, 43 
 
 B.C. 
 
 a. A. and ( >. 
 1. Lepidus. 
 
 " master of the h." 
 
 b. supreme authority. 
 C. necessary steps. 
 
 1. per. enemi 
 
 2. forces of r. 
 
 132. Their proscription. 
 
 a. :500 s. 
 
 b. 9000 k. 
 
 C. citizens. 
 
 d. illus. victim. 
 
 1. why? — how slain. 
 
42 HISTORY 
 
 OF ROME. 
 
 133. Battle of Philippi, Nov., 
 42 B.C. 
 
 
 SYNOPSIS FOR REVIEW. 
 
 a. B. and C. in T. 
 
 I. Rome under the kings. 
 
 1. 100,000. 
 
 a. founding. 
 
 b. A. and 0. 
 
 1. Latins of A. L. 
 
 1. Philippi. 
 
 2. front, post. 
 
 (a.) results. 
 
 b. steps of advancement. 
 
 134. Quarrels of the three. 
 
 c. kings. 
 
 a. partition of the empire. 
 1. E. to A. 
 
 1. number. 
 
 2. history. 
 
 2. W. toO. 
 
 d. end of kingly rule. 
 
 3. A. to L. 
 
 e. leading dates. 
 
 b. soon robbed. 
 
 II. First Epoch, Roman Repub- 
 
 c. mutual intrigue. 
 
 lic. — The Struggle for 
 
 
 Existence — 119 y. 
 a. external struggle. 
 1. neighbors. 
 2 ter. reduced. 
 
 135. Conduct of Antony. 
 
 a. Alexandria. 
 
 b. Cleopatra. 
 
 1. influence. 
 
 2. Octavia. 
 
 b. internal struggle. 
 1. Pat. and Pleb. 
 
 3. marriage. 
 
 2. tribunes. 
 
 4. treason. 
 
 c. Twelve Tables. 
 
 136. Battle of Actium, 31 B.C. 
 
 d. changes in government. 
 
 a. Ambracian G. 
 
 1. cons.; decern.; mil. trib. 
 
 6. naval battle. 
 
 e. Gauls. 
 
 1. spectators. 
 
 /. leading dates. 
 
 2. sudden flight. 
 
 III. Second Epoch, Roman Re- 
 
 3. result. 
 
 public. — The Roman Con- 
 
 137. End of Antony, 30 B.C. 
 
 quest of Italy — 126 y. 
 
 a. advance of 0. 
 
 a. P. oppression. 
 
 b. A. abandoned. 
 
 1. L. constitution. 
 
 c. report of C. 
 1. effect on A. 
 
 b. career of conq. 
 1. mastery of It. 
 
 
 (a.) " S." wars. 
 
 138. End of Cleopatra, 30 B.C. 
 
 (b.) "L." wars. 
 
 a. arts in vain. 
 
 2. mastery of whole It. p. 
 
 b. asp, or needle. 
 
 (a.) Pyrrhus. 
 
 1. motive. 
 
 c. leading dates. 
 
 c. Egypt. 
 
 IV. Third Epoch, Roman Re- 
 
 139. Triumph of Octavius. 
 
 public. — Foreign Con- 
 
 a. no one left. 
 
 quests — 133 y. 
 
 1. senate. 
 
 a. first Punic War — how long ? 
 
 b. farce. 
 
 1. undertaken by whom ? 
 
 1. 10 y. 
 
 2. result favorable to whom ? 
 
 c. gradual absorption of offices. 
 
 b. Cisal. G. 
 
 1. "Augustus," 27 B.C. 
 
 c. second Punic War — how 
 
 (a.) "Roman Empire." 
 
 long? 
 
ROME AS AX EMPIRE, 
 
 
 1. interval 
 
 mull rtaken by whom? 
 
 Ilan. 
 I Spain. 
 l.V 
 
 Zama, 
 Bolt, 
 ad Gh 
 ( . third Panic War — how long? 
 1. interval 
 
 undertaken by whom*.' 
 
 BBUlt. 
 
 /. leading dates. 
 
 V. Fourth Epoch, Roman Re- 
 public. — Civil Strife. — 
 106 y. 
 
 a. cause of strife. 
 I. pov. of P. 
 
 b. Gracchi. 
 1. Pate. 
 
 r. Mithridatic War. 
 1. Sulla ; result. 
 (/. bloody d;t; 
 
 c. First Triumvirate. 
 
 1. P 
 
 2. C. into G.— 8. 
 
 3. Rubicon. 
 
 Pharsalia. 
 (b.) Thapsufl. 
 
 4. * re. 
 
 /. Second Triumvirate. 
 1. O., A., and L. 
 Philippi. 
 
 (b.) Actiuin. 
 
 h. leading dafc 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 ROME AS AN EMPIRE. 
 Age of Augustus . 
 
 140. Nature of the imperial 
 rule. 
 a. old repub. forms. 
 mate. 
 
 elections. 
 
 (a.) consuls, i 
 
 b. all as A. wished. 
 
 1. substance. 
 
 .•lit ward pomp. 
 
 c. out of polh 
 
 1. fee., games, corn, etc. 
 
 2. degene spair. 
 
 141, 142. Extent of the Empire. 
 
 a. boundaries. 
 
 b. fifty (2700); fifteen (1000). 
 
 C. countries included: P., S., 
 1'.. B.,W. II. . R. P., B. and 
 W., B.,S., I ,the'j\, A. P., 
 W. II., C, B.,S.,T. in K, 
 G., A. M., S., P., I., E., 
 theC, T., T., A., M. 
 
 143. Provinces. 
 '/. number. 
 
 1. W. or B., 14. 
 
 2. B. or A., 8. 
 
 3. S. or A., 5. 
 
 144. The three civilizations. 
 
 a. L. — At. to Ad. 
 
 b. G.— Ad. to Mt. Taurus. 
 
 c. O.— toE. 
 
 145. The Latin civilization. 
 
 a. area. 
 
 1. nat. seat. 
 
 2, W. B. 
 
 b. lang. took root in 
 
 1. 11. 
 
 2. Transalpio 
 
 (a.) modern name. 
 
 ( 'art ha Lie 
 
 (1.) restored bj 
 
 146. The Greek civilization. 
 
 a. area. 
 
 i. a 
 
 2. parts Bellenized by 
 ooL 
 (b.) M. oonq. 
 
 b. manners, customs, etc. 
 1. politically. 
 
44 
 
 HISTORY OF ROME. 
 
 147. The Oriental civilization. 
 
 / Campus Marti us. 
 
 a. Eastern pro. 
 
 1. elec, rev., reg. 
 
 1. especially. 
 
 2. fav. ex. -ground. 
 
 2. superfic. Hel. — A.'s succes. 
 
 3. porticoes. 
 
 8. had never given up. 
 
 k. P., or Temple of All the G. 
 
 (a.) did not. 
 
 1. Augustus. 
 
 148. Government. 
 
 2. rank. 
 
 a. population under A. 
 
 1. aqueducts. 
 
 1. slaves. 
 
 1. rank. 
 
 2. civis Romanus. 
 
 {a.) great dis. ; 100 ft. 
 
 . (a.) Italy. 
 
 2. 20. 
 
 b. legates. 
 
 (a.) during what period ? 
 
 1. how appointed. 
 
 (6.) supply. 
 
 2. power. 
 
 m. general description. 
 
 c. independ. munic. 
 
 1. compared with A. 
 
 d. kept in check. 
 
 (a.) beauty ; utility. 
 
 1. pretorian cohorts. 
 
 2. summary: 420 t., 5 th., 2 
 
 (a.) Rome and Italy. 
 
 amph., 7 vast cir. ; 16 
 
 (b.) pay. 
 
 pub. b.; fount.; pal., pub. 
 
 2. regular troops. 
 
 halls, col., port., ob. ; 
 
 (a.) provinces. 
 
 and tri. arch. 
 
 (p.) 350,000. 
 
 157. Literature. 
 
 149-156. The Capital. 
 
 a. time how favorable ? 
 
 a. population. 
 
 b. patronage. 
 
 b. A.'s boast. 
 
 1. A. 
 
 c. extent. 
 
 2. Maecenas. 
 
 1. 20. 
 
 c. a partial compensation for 
 
 2. suburbs. 
 
 what? 
 
 d. 30 g. 
 
 
 6. remarkable objects. 
 
 158,159. Distinguished writers. 
 
 1. Col., Cap., etc., S.-H., F. 
 
 a. this, or preceding age. 
 
 /. Circus Max. 
 
 1. V.— M. 
 
 1. capacity. 
 
 (a.) rank. 
 
 g. G, or Flavian Amphi. 
 
 2. H. — p., o., s., e. 
 
 1. capacity ; use. 
 
 (a.) characteristics. 
 
 h. the., etc. 
 
 3. S.__J. War ; Con. of C. 
 
 1. why? 
 
 (a.) rank. 
 
 i. Forum. 
 
 4. L. — didac. p. 
 
 1. place of what ? 
 
 (a.) el. and phil. 
 
 2. bet. P. and C. 
 
 (b.) low tone. 
 
 3. surroundings. 
 
 5. C— lyr. 
 
 (a.) tern., basilica?, etc. 
 
 (a.) rank. 
 
 (b.) stat. and tro. 
 
 b. later. 
 
 4. Temple of Janus. 
 
 1. L.— h. of R. 
 
 (a.) bronze. 
 
 2. O.— p. 
 
 (b.) antiquity. 
 
 3. M. — writer of e. 
 
 (c.) closed when? 
 
 4. P.— n. h. 
 
 {!.) 8 c. 
 
 (a.) a.d. 79— P. and H. 
 
mi:. 
 
 '.—8. 
 
 160-163. Augustus and his suc- 
 cessors. 
 momentous event 
 l. Bethlehem. 
 ! y., 6 (1. 
 
 b. A 1 1 y. 
 
 c. Tiberi 
 
 1. heir. 
 
 2. subservient senate. 
 
 Political History. 
 
 164, 165. Kind of government. 
 (i. nearly 
 1. one man. 
 
 b. succession. 
 
 1. birthright. 
 
 2. "Caesar "and ''Augustus." 
 
 c. real power behind t. 
 
 1. "P. G 
 
 TO. 
 
 ;>astime. 
 (1.) large 
 
 2. several emperors. 
 
 whyl 
 
 166. Growth of the empire. 
 
 a. A.'s advice to successors. 
 
 1. natural boundaries. 
 
 what •'. 
 
 b. onlv accession, 1 
 
 2. 40 y. quote (Jibbon. 
 
 « 'laudius. 
 
 Sen. 
 
 Domitian. 
 
 c. n< rion. 
 1. 1 ». 
 
 I'ra.. 2d C 
 
 167. Roman citizenship, 
 a. different footing. 
 
 1. B, citi, 
 
 2. leg, and pi 
 
 b. gradual extension. 
 
 '•lollies. 
 
 2. faith, and deserv. 
 
 c. old distinction abolished. 
 
 1. Caracal la. A.n. "J l L-217. 
 
 2. all free inhab. 
 
 168. Latinizing of the Western 
 
 provinces. 
 
 a. <e. S.. N. A., and Illyria. 
 
 b. Interesting proof. 
 
 1. "barbarians." 
 
 169. Rome loses its importance. 
 
 a. cause. 
 
 b. evidence. 
 
 1. frontiers. 
 
 2. new order of things. 
 (a.) Diocletian. 
 
 170. Division of power. 
 
 a. Diocletian, A.D. 283-305. 
 
 1. Illyrian. 
 
 2. unwieldy mass. 
 
 b. Maximian. 
 1. Y\ 
 
 c. assistants. 
 
 1. "Ca?sars." 
 
 d. duration. 
 
 171. Constantine the Great. 
 
 a. empire reunited, a.i>. 
 
 b. Byzantium, 
 
 1. Bosphorns. 
 
 2. "New R." 
 
 3. modem name. 
 
 meaning. 
 
 c. R. and I. overshadowed. 
 
 1. Milan, Xicoinedia (Mitliy- 
 
 172. Theodosius I. 
 
 ti. !; 
 
 b. sons, A.D 
 1. Ilonorius. 
 \ rcadius. 
 
 173. Division of the empire. 
 
 > . or L. Empire. 
 
 b. E , < i , or r> Empire. 
 
 c. course of hist 
 
46 
 
 HISTORY OF HOME. 
 
 1. Western, A.D. 476. 
 
 2. Eastern, A.D. 1453. 
 
 Spread of Christianity. 
 
 174. Momentous change. 
 
 a. period. 
 
 b. transformation. 
 
 175. State of the world at the 
 
 birth of Christ. 
 
 a. variety of relig. 
 1. pag. and poly. 
 
 (a.) exception. 
 
 b. 100 m. — obscure corner. 
 
 1. overspread; dissolve; ren- 
 ovate. 
 
 c. spread of C. how aided ? 
 
 176. First spread of Christian- 
 
 ity. 
 
 a. 19th y. of T. 
 
 b. " Christians " at A., Syria. 
 
 c. St. P. 
 
 1. A. M., G., E. 
 
 2. death — Nero. 
 
 d. order of progress. 
 
 1. Jews. 
 
 2. G., or e. Gentiles. 
 
 3. L., or w. Gentiles. 
 
 177. Nero's persecutions. 
 
 a. the first ; confined. 
 
 b. narrative. 
 1. great fire. 
 
 (a.) strange report. 
 
 (b. ) suspicion how diverted. 
 
 c. Tacitus. 
 
 1. earliest mention. 
 
 2. one Christ— Pon. P. 
 
 3. dire super. 
 
 4. Judaea — mis. sect. 
 
 5. Rome — impure; atrocious. 
 
 6. conviction. 
 
 (a.) hatred of h. kind. 
 
 7. skins of w. beasts. 
 (a.) dogs. 
 
 8. torches. 
 
 9. N.'s gardens. 
 (a.) horse-race 
 
 (&.) N. how dressed. 
 
 10. guilt — deserved. 
 (a.) public feeling. 
 
 178, 179. Real causes of the 
 persecution. 
 
 a. why singled out. 
 
 1. proselyting ardor. 
 
 2. false gods. 
 
 3. not a national creed. 
 
 4. secret m. at night. 
 
 b. summing up. 
 1. political rea. 
 
 (a.) intol. 
 
 c. proof. 
 
 1. greatest suffering. 
 (a.) Trajan. 
 
 (b.) Mar. Aurelius. 
 
 2. let alone. 
 (a.) inf. emp. 
 
 180. Growth of Christianity. 
 
 a. privileges early in 3d c. 
 
 1. edifices ; lands ; elections. 
 
 b. continued to spread. 
 
 1. Decius and Valerian. 
 
 2. gold refined. 
 
 181,182. Deadly struggle. 
 
 a. Dio. and Max. 
 
 1. Galerius. 
 
 (a*) son-in-law and "Caesar." 
 (b.) spec, enemy. 
 
 2. edict, Feb. 24th, a.d. 303. 
 (a.) churches ; Bibles ; C. 
 
 degrad. 
 
 3. torn to pieces. 
 {a.) roasted. 
 
 4. fire in pal. 
 (a.) pretext. 
 
 5. incense to idols. 
 
 6. extent of persecution. 
 (a.) G., B., Spain. 
 
 (1.) Constantius Clilorus. 
 
 b. Galerius. 
 
 1 . 8 y. — whip and rack, ti- 
 
 gers, hooks of steel, red- 
 hot beds. 
 
 2. permissory edict, A.D. 311. 
 
 c. turning-point. 
 
 1. efforts vain — why? 
 
WE AS -t.V EMPIRE. 
 
 
 183-187. Constantino. 
 och. 
 
 ! whom'.' 
 
 ath in B. 
 1. 5 
 
 non, a. iv 
 
 1. Max.ntius. 
 
 2. Luminous trophy. 
 
 • In hoc vin." 
 
 3. result of battle. 
 
 4. dream. 
 e. Labarum. 
 
 lid of M , a.d. 313. 
 1. effect. 
 g. the state relig., a.d. 324. 
 
 1. C. Bole master. 
 
 2. subjects exhorted. 
 
 3. one-twentieth. 
 
 4. forbid paganism, 
 (a.) ridicule and n. 
 
 5. use of pub. mon. 
 
 Lergy — taa 
 
 7. Sunday. 
 
 8. Cap. removed. 
 
 188. Dying struggle of pagan- 
 
 ism. 
 a Julian, the Apostate, a.d. 
 861. 
 
 Of lib C. 
 
 majority. 
 — final blow. 
 
 189. Intellectual influence of 
 
 the new faith. 
 real subj< 
 l. polit speculation. 
 
 190. The Fathers. 
 
 a. T. — earliest L. 
 
 i. a, a.d. L6o, 
 
 \.d. 198. 
 
 b. O. 
 
 1. E . a.d. 186 or ' 
 
 2. ed and com.— wrote in GK 
 0. < • ki of C . mid. 8d c. 
 
 [Jn. of C. M 
 Valerian. 
 d. Am —At. of M. 
 
 \ Indicated I p. 
 
 Theodosius I. 
 
 I 
 e. Ath.— Pat. of A. 
 
 1. Al . end of 3d c. 
 
 2. Tr'm it ag. Alius. 
 
 /. G. Xazianzen Pat. ol 
 
 1. ( 'aj>.. early in 4th c. 
 the. and rel. p. 
 g. Ch.— Pat. of C, 
 
 1. An., a.d. 864 
 
 surname — works in G. 
 h. J. — found, of M. 
 
 1. Dal., AD. 840. 
 
 2. Vulgate (vulgus). 
 
 3. learned in 11. 
 
 L An.— B. of Hip.— F. of Lat T. 
 
 1. Num., a.d. 864 
 
 2. "G. of C", "Or. s: 
 
 of G.," "< 
 
 3. rank. 
 
 Roman Life, Manners, Customs, 
 etc. 
 
 191. Men's dress. 
 
 a. toga. 
 
 1. description. 
 
 2. in the streets. 
 
 (a.) pallium, or lacerna. 
 
 3. full dtf 
 
 theater. 
 
 b. bend 
 
 1. bood. 
 
 c. f< 
 
 1. soleae ; calceus. 
 
 d. finger-rings. 
 1. story. 
 
 192. Ladies' dress. 
 
 mic. 
 
 I. inner. 
 
 b. stola. 
 
 1. distinctive. 
 
 [be. 
 
 c. palla. 
 
 1. worn wbere? 
 ibe. 
 
 d. hair— g. pin, 
 
HISTORY OF ROME. 
 
 193. Food. 
 
 a. early R. 
 
 1. virtues sapped. 
 
 b. degenerate ages. 
 
 1. end of life. 
 
 2. meals. 
 
 (a.) jentaculum — when? 
 
 what ? 
 (&.) prandium when? 
 
 what? 
 (c.) ccena. 
 C. Roman dinner. 
 
 1. preliminary. 
 
 (a.) e., f., rad., etc. 
 
 2. fercula. 
 
 (a.) fish — tur., stur., etc. 
 (&.) birds — pea., pheas., 
 
 etc. 
 (c.) flesh — young p., ven. 
 
 3. dessert. 
 
 194. Table usage. 
 a. couches. 
 
 1. triclinium. 
 
 (a.) slaves. 
 
 6. round tables. 
 
 c. table-cloth ; napkin. 
 
 d. spoons. 
 
 1. describe. 
 
 e. lamps — exquisite. 
 
 1. dripping ; smoke, 
 
 195. Drink. 
 
 a. chaplets — r., m , v., i., p. 
 1. hair. 
 
 b. wine — strained. 
 
 1. pure. 
 
 {a.) Falernian — H. 
 
 2. honey. 
 
 3. warm water, etc. 
 
 196. Baths. 
 
 a. hardy ancestors — Tiber. 
 
 b. tep. and vap. — 7 or 8. 
 
 c. gossip. 
 
 197. Amusements. 
 
 a. theater. 
 
 b. circus. 
 1. bets. 
 
 c. amphi. — most brutal. 
 
 1. trumpet's sound. 
 
 2. grew red ; freedom. 
 
 3. mercy. 
 
 (a.) thumbs. 
 (&.) sword. 
 
 4. wild b. 
 
 5. whole armies. 
 (a.) Dacia. 
 
 (1.) 10,000. 
 
 198. Books. 
 
 a. papyrus, or parchment. 
 
 1. pen — lamp-b., or sepia. 
 6. stick — (< volume." 
 c. stylus — whence. 
 
 1. w. tablets. 
 (a.) coating. 
 
 199. Marriage. 
 
 a. forms. 
 
 b. confarreatio. 
 
 1. escort of bride. 
 (a.) cake. 
 
 (b.) distaff and spin. 
 
 2. threshold — evil omen. 
 
 3. fire and water. 
 
 4. keys— sheepskin. 
 
 5. supper. 
 
 200. Slaves. 
 
 a. household work. 
 
 b. earlier times. 
 
 c. days of the empire. 
 
 1. purse, cellar, etc. 
 
 2. litter ; walk. 
 
 3. read., sec, phys. 
 
 4. music, buffoons, etc. 
 
 d. bought and born. 
 
 e. slave-market — cattle. 
 /. taverns ; 4000. 
 
 201. 202. Houses. % 
 
 a. source of information. 
 
 1. disinterment of P. — a.d. 
 79. 
 
 b. palaces of the wealthy. 
 
 1. ground-floor. 
 
 2. vestibule. 
 
 (a.) rows of what? 
 
 3. doorway. 
 
ROME AS AN EMPIRE. 
 
 
 shell, 
 
 atrium 
 
 Lines of pillars. 
 
 5. peristyle. 
 
 floor. 
 
 Nails. 
 
 ceilings. 
 
 \\ indows — talc. 
 
 6. ro 
 
 ; quilts. 
 
 8. tables. 
 
 9. sideboards. 
 
 c. common people. 
 
 Last Days of Rome. 
 
 203. Review. 
 ld. 476. 
 
 1. circumstances. 
 
 204. Signs of decay. 
 
 I tO exist. 
 
 l. empire. 
 b. n 
 
 1. blood corru] 
 
 ft luxury. 
 
 consent to despo. — 500. 
 
 205. Change of capital. 
 
 a. signal proof. 
 
 b. easy step. 
 
 c. sons of Tip 
 
 l. U. or w. Empire. 
 
 Latin nations. 
 
 8. EL • mpire. 
 
 and 0. nations. 
 
 206. The Teutons. 
 </. inlial. 
 
 b. dangerous i 
 
 1. A 
 
 c Important result of contact 
 
 207. Goths. 
 
 1 formanic fam. 
 
 iavia and Walla- 
 
 chi 
 
 1. Ti . lo."). 
 
 tarelian. 
 
 r. Avian ( 'hristians. 
 1. I ililas. 
 
 (a.) oldest T, writing. 
 
 208. First settlement of Goths 
 
 within the empire, A.D. 
 376. 
 O, Huns— T., or Kalmucks. 
 1. movement 
 
 b. request — Valens. 
 
 c. bargain. 
 
 1. children ; arms. 
 (a.) bribes. 
 
 d. danger. 
 
 1. million — nat. front. 
 
 209. Their behavior. 
 
 a. vow. 
 
 b. hosti! 
 
 l. excuse. 
 
 c. Hadrianople, a.d. 078. 
 
 i. Yalens. 
 
 d. overspread country. 
 1. It. and A. sea. 
 
 e. capitulation. 
 
 1. Theodosius the G., A.D. 
 
 /. servio 
 
 1. inevitable. 
 
 210. Alaric. 
 
 a. revolt of Visigoths, (i e. — \ 
 1. division of empire. 
 
 h. on their shields. 
 r. Koine, a.d. 410. 
 
 211. Signs of dissolution. 
 a. Britain. 
 
 1. Aug ai 
 
 QauL 
 
 1. Pranks, Hurg. and G. 
 r. Spain. 
 
 1. Van.. etc. 
 
 d. Africa, a.d. 
 
 1. \ 
 
 • Tic. 
 
 212. Attila, the Hun. 
 a, log-house in II. 
 
50 MEBIMYA1 
 
 r j HISTORY. 
 
 1. half m. 
 
 2. treasure and captives. 
 
 2. purpose. 
 
 214. Downfall of Rome. 
 
 b. Chalons, a.d. 451. 
 
 1. R., G., F. 
 
 2. Aryan civ. and T. des. 
 
 a. empire in name. 
 
 b. one emp. enough. 
 1. Zeno. 
 
 c. Alps. 
 
 (a.) Odoacer. 
 
 (1.) G. Herulians. 
 
 d. return to H. — Leo. 
 
 e. savage boast. 
 
 (2.) Patrician of I. 
 
 /. death. 
 
 c. Romulus Augustulus. 
 
 1. result. 
 
 1. character. 
 
 213. Genseric. 
 a. who? 
 
 2. pension, a.d. 476. 
 d. 0. proclaimed. 
 
 b. Carthage. 
 
 214. Closing act of the gr 
 
 c. anchored in T. 
 
 drama. 
 
 d. sack of R., a.d. 455. 
 
 a. tiara and purple. 
 
 1. 14 d. 
 
 1. sign. 
 
 SECTION IV. 
 
 MEDIEVAL HISTORY. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 1. Scope of Modern History. 
 
 a. comprehensive sense. 
 1. new actors ; new civ. 
 
 b. convenient subdivision. 
 
 1. Middle Ages— 1000. 
 
 2. narrower sense. 
 
 2. Real nature of the Middle 
 
 Ages. 
 a. apparent relapse. 
 
 1. " Dark Ages." 
 &. germinating season. 
 
 1. seeds of mod. civil. 
 (a.) new inst. ; new na. 
 
 c. shaping season. 
 1. mod. BOC. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 THE NEW RACES. 
 
 3, 4. Historical races of Eu- 
 rope. 
 
 a. grand divisions. 
 
 1. G.-L.; C; T.; S. 
 
 b. stock. 
 
 1. ancient history. 
 
 2. modern history. 
 
 5. Unity of Aryan races. 
 a. one family. 
 
 1. term. 
 
 2. migration into E„ 2500 B.C. 
 
 6. Order of migration. 
 a. first wave — C. 
 
THE NEW /.' 
 
 :,i 
 
 • lit. and 1 
 
 ttic 
 Gfect oo T. 
 l". plain, 
 me of the BeL and Lat. mi- 
 
 7. Ancient Aryan civilization. 
 a. peninsulas. 
 
 l. favored branch. 
 
 n. ; culture. 
 brother-ra 
 
 (a.) written language, arts, 
 
 3. outside. 
 
 8. Influence of Rome on the 
 
 Celts, 
 (inn. of Greece.) 
 .ml. 
 1. EL franchise. 
 
 0. Transalpine Q. 
 1. .1 
 
 itizenship. 
 c < felt-Iberians of S. 
 
 Is. 
 .ail and Spain. 
 
 9. The Teutons. 
 
 a. first appearance in hist, 
 l. Borne. 
 
 b. incorporation. 
 
 1. D 
 
 lish< 
 
 10. Unity of the Teutons. 
 a. Bvnoi : ins. 
 
 1. '! 
 
 1. kinship, 
 .dividualii; able. 
 
 11. Leading Teutonic tribes. 
 
 numeration : — 0., I 
 Bur., Lou 
 
 12. Goths (Teutons). 
 
 Scan. 
 
 1. Godoland. 
 
 2. Qodesconsia. 
 
 8. Gothland. 
 
 b. roving spirit. 
 
 c. southward, a.i>. 200. 
 1. Visigoths, (i. e. — ). 
 
 oths, (i. e. — ). 
 
 d. first of the Teutons. 
 1. Arianism. 
 
 13. Movements of some Teu- 
 
 tonic tribes. 
 
 a. Van.. Sue., Burg. 
 
 1. uplands. 
 
 2. wnen v 
 
 b. B. in I 
 
 1. memorial. 
 
 c. V. and S. 
 
 1. founded k. where? 
 \ndalusia. 
 former name. 
 (&.) Visigoths, a.d. 414 
 (1.) priority. 
 
 d. V. to A. 
 1. Oarth; 
 
 (a.) absorbed. 
 
 14. Franks (Teutons). 
 
 a. aignif. of name. 
 
 b. B. and lower R. 
 
 ■ :«ul. 
 
 i.urirundians ; Vis. 
 d. France — Kome. 
 
 15. Teutons in Italy. 
 
 •ths, 
 
 r — Ileruli. 
 
 Patrician, A.D. 
 
 ft !.< 
 
 1. Jut.; El.; D. 
 
52 
 
 MEDIJFJVAL HISTORY. 
 
 (a.) Ostrogoths, end 6th c. 
 
 c. gradually — I., F., S. 
 
 (1.) Lombardy. 
 
 d. why called "Romance?" 
 
 16. Anglo-Saxons (Teutons). 
 
 21. English language. 
 
 a. Saxons. 
 
 a. purely T. 
 
 1. significance of name. 
 
 1. why? 
 
 2. Holstein. 
 
 b. Romance influence. 
 
 3. basin of the W. 
 
 1. Nor. invasion, 11th c. 
 
 b. Angles and Jutes. 
 1. D. 
 
 22. Pure Teutonic languages. 
 
 c. Low Germans. 
 
 a. L. influence. 
 
 1. North Sea. 
 
 1. consequence. 
 
 2. contact with R. 
 
 b. enumeration. 
 
 3. Britain, 5th c. 
 
 23. Slavonic languages. 
 
 17. Scandinavians (Teutons). 
 a. 9th and 10th c. 
 
 a. stock. 
 
 b. distinct from. 
 
 1. Norse. 
 
 23. Summary of modern Euro- 
 
 18. Slavonians. 
 
 pean languages. 
 
 a. stock. 
 
 a. Romance. 
 
 b. appear when ? 
 
 1. — , 2. — , 3. — . 
 
 c. sadly suggestive. 
 
 &. Germanic. 
 
 d. representatives. 
 
 1. — . 
 
 1. P. 
 
 (a.) our day. 
 
 2. R. 
 
 2. — . 
 
 (a.) civ. when? 
 
 (a.) our day. 
 3. — . 
 (a.) including. 
 
 19. Non- Aryan races. 
 
 a. few in E. 
 
 c. Germanic and Romance. 
 
 b. Ural Ms. 
 
 1. — . 
 
 1. mod. H. 
 
 d. Celtic. 
 
 (a.) why? 
 
 1. — , 2. — . 
 
 c. Mongols, or Tartars. 
 
 6. Slavonian. 
 
 1. Attila. 
 
 1. __ 2. — . 
 
 2. Magyars. 
 
 
 (a.) a.d. 1000. 
 (6.) H. nation. 
 
 
 
 3. Turks. 
 (a.) B. Empire. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 20. Rise of the Romance tongues. 
 
 THREE CENTURIES OF 
 
 a. L. the com. sp. of G., S., I. 
 
 HISTORY. 
 
 1. at what time ? 
 
 The Byzantine Empire. 
 
 2. out-of-the-way cor. 
 
 
 3. corrupted by 
 
 24. Eastern Empire. 
 
 (a.) natives. 
 
 a. tradition and substance. 
 
 (b.) Teut. settlers. 
 
 b. not involved. 
 
 (1.) why had to learn L. 
 
 c. 1000 y. 
 
 b. " Roman," a sort of cor. L. 
 
 1. coming into being. 
 
 1. classical L. 
 
 d. condition. 
 
77//;/ HISTORY. 
 
 58 
 
 25. Reign of Justinian, A. D. 
 
 527-565. 
 
 -•. Sophia. 
 aws codified. 
 l. why Deeded. 
 i ribonian. 
 
 . Institutes. Pan- 
 
 3. K. Civil Law — theground- 
 
 work, 
 (rt.) notable exception. 
 
 26. Nature of Byzantine his- 
 
 tory. 
 
 by of little concern. 
 .'». civilization. 
 
 1. on the surface. 
 
 2. at the core, 
 claim of emp. at C. 
 1. put forth when I 
 
 Italy down to Charlemagne. 
 
 27. The Ostrogoths. 
 
 retrospect. 
 
 b. Ost. kingdom. 
 1. B. Sea and A. 
 
 Theodoric, or Dietrich. 
 
 c. relations to Bmp. of I'. 
 
 1. Odoaoer. 
 
 2. character of march. 
 
 ons. 
 
 4. rate of o. 
 
 28. Reign of Theodoric. 
 
 cured his conq. 
 1. military ten 
 • 1 1 i r< 1 . 
 
 -ors. 
 icted. 
 
 b. revival of It. 
 1. sword. 
 
 • n and BCl 
 
 1. fright! 
 
 29. Reconquest by Justinian. 
 a. inter 
 
 b. first aide ruler. 
 
 teliaariua 
 i. Rome. 
 
 d. Nars* s. a.d 
 < . It. reduced. 
 
 1. Bxan hs of Ilavenna. 
 
 30. Lombard invasion. 
 
 a. J.'fl death, a.d. 565— 3 y. 
 
 b. third T. deluge. 
 
 L. why so call< 
 1. Lombardv. 
 (a.) Pavia, a.d. 5G8. 
 
 d. treated It. how/ 
 1. result. 
 
 (a.) Venice. 
 
 31. Later history. 
 
 a. It. divided bet. whom? 
 
 1. 300 y. 
 
 b. Lombards where? 
 
 e. Bya. w I 
 
 d. Desiderius. 
 
 1. Charlemagne, a.d. 3 ; 
 
 Beginningrs of France. 
 
 32. Rise of France. 
 
 a. established theinseh 
 
 1. disruption of W. R. E. 
 
 2. V., B., V. 
 
 :\. Clovifl (Ludwig, or Louis). 
 
 b. foundation laid. 
 
 1. capital (Lutetia), a.d. 507, 
 ft relig. condition. 
 
 33. Relations to Constantinople. 
 
 <f. distance, | 
 
 b. frieii' 
 
 c. crown and purple. 
 
 34. Successors of Clovis. 
 
 b. 1st dynasty— 100 J. 
 1. Merowig. 
 
 grandfather, 
 rimes and violence. 
 
 35. Mayors of the Palace. 
 a. prime mini 
 
 1. real poi 
 
54 
 
 MEDIEVAL HISTORY. 
 
 b. chosen by whom ? for what ? 
 
 c. army. 
 
 d. " sluggard kings." 
 1. sign of kingship. 
 
 36. Charles Martel. 
 
 a. Saracens, a.d. 732. 
 1. consequence. 
 
 37. Pepin (son). 
 
 a. convent. 
 
 b. a.d. 753. 
 
 c. Carlovingian Dynasty. 
 1. Charlemagne. 
 
 Beginnings of England. 
 
 38. Anglo-Saxon conquest. 
 
 a. R. withdrawn. 
 1. when? 
 
 b. Low-Gr., mid. 5th c. 
 
 1. Elbe and Weser. 
 
 2. knew, cared. 
 
 3. lang. and relig. 
 
 c. fate of Celtic B. 
 1. mountains, etc. 
 
 39. The three tribes. 
 
 a. A., S., J. 
 
 b. memorial names. 
 
 1. " Saxon." 
 
 2. "Anglo-Saxon." 
 
 3. "England." 
 (a.) significance. 
 
 4. Jutes. 
 
 40. Growth of England. 
 
 a. continued immigrations. 
 
 1. 150 y. 
 
 2. heathenism. 
 
 b. Rom. missionaries. 
 1. fol. cen. 
 
 c. little k. ; wars. 
 
 1. "kites and crows." 
 
 d. Egbert, 9th c. 
 1. Charlemagne. 
 
 Rise of the Saracens. 1 
 
 41. Subject stated. 
 a. invasion of E. 
 
 1. S. race ; followers. 
 
 b. religion. 
 
 c. dominion. 
 
 42. Mohammed's early life. 
 
 a. Mecca, in A., a.d. 570, or 571. 
 
 b. 40. 
 
 1. occupation; character; ed- 
 
 ucation. 
 
 2. information. 
 
 (a.) journeys — S. and P. 
 
 c. retirements. 
 
 d. commission. 
 
 1. compared with J. and C. 
 
 e. friends, etc., to do what { 
 
 43. His system ; its value. 
 
 a. reformer of A. 
 
 1. more rational. 
 
 2. one nation. 
 
 b. Koran — meaning. 
 
 c. Islam — meaning. . 
 
 44. Hegira, July 15th, AD. 622. 
 
 a. first disciples. 
 
 b. public treatment. 
 
 c. Medina. 
 
 1. chronological era. 
 
 2. how received. 
 
 3. first mosque. 
 
 45. Koran and sword. 
 
 a. dreamer. 
 
 1. "key of h. and h." 
 
 b. 10 y. 
 
 c. Moslems, or — . 
 
 d. preparing. 
 1. a.d. 032. 
 
 46. Conquests of the Caliphs. 
 
 a. Successors. 
 
 1. spir. and temp. 
 
 b. Abu-beker (f.-in-L). 
 
 c. proselyting spirit. 
 1. choice. 
 
 d. spread — A., A.; E. 
 
 47. The East. 
 
 a. O. pos. of B. empire. 
 
 b. Abu-beker. 
 
 1. S. and Mes. 
 
 c. Omar. 
 
 1. E. and N. Af. 
 
IRE OF CHARL1 
 
 :>:> 
 
 Lil». 
 
 vil strife. 
 
 
 radual crunilil : 
 
 rf. beyond Ml T. 
 
 I Itli and I2tfa c. 
 
 . nee. 
 
 55. In the West. 
 
 to India. 
 
 1 hmmiyad 1 
 
 b. Cordova. 
 
 48. In the West. 
 
 Moors- lo. 
 
 (/. resistance. 
 
 b. 1 ld. 868-61 
 
 56. Saracenic learning. 
 
 1. how repelled. 
 
 10 v. 
 
 a. compared with Eur. 
 1. cult, of Learning, etc. 
 
 
 b. competing schools. 
 
 1. resistance. 
 
 tie, Tripoli 
 d. i rait, \.n. 710. 
 
 1. (\ and B. 
 c. from them proceeded. 
 1. nied., etc. 
 
 1. "Jebel Tarik. M 
 
 
 49. Spain. 
 
 SYNOPSIS FOR REVIEW. 
 
 
 I. Spain. 
 
 1. Rod< rick. 
 
 a. Visigothic k. — down, of R. 
 
 i "last of the Q 
 
 1. first of the new. 
 
 b. Asturias. 
 
 
 50, 51. Saracenic aggression. 
 
 b. Saracens, 8th c. 
 
 (1. !\\ !> ! 
 
 II. The Franks. 
 
 1. lodgement. 
 
 a. dovis, beg. 6th c 
 
 •d-el- Rahman. 
 
 1. Merovingian — one c. 
 
 
 b'. Pepin, mid. 8th c 
 
 all Europe. 
 
 III. England. 
 
 b. Charles Mattel. a.i>. i 
 
 a. Low-G. — down, of R. 
 
 1. Tours and Poictii 
 
 b. petty k. 
 
 Veil. 
 
 i>ert, early in 9th c. 
 
 
 IV. Italy. 
 
 3. surname. 
 
 <>. Visfgoths, a.d. 476. 
 1. Oaoao 
 
 52. Foothold in Spain. 
 
 
 20 y. 
 
 53. Division of Saracenic em- 
 
 b. Ostrogoths. 
 
 pire. 
 
 1. Theodoric 
 
 liph. 
 
 00 y. 
 
 1. how loj 
 
 Byz. Exarchs. 
 
 J &. Lombard k. 
 
 b. (i 
 
 
 1 Iharlemagne. 
 
 lad. 
 
 
 
 64. Events in the E 
 
 hid. 
 
 : \ PTEB III. 
 
 1. A 
 
 EMPIRE OF CHARLE- 
 
 
 MAGNE. 
 
 tie. 
 
 57. Subject stated. 
 
 vivid pictu 
 
 <i . ruins rebuilt 
 
56 
 
 MEDIEVAL HISTORY. 
 
 1. Charlemagne, his rank. 
 
 58. Charlemagne's birth. 
 
 a. Pepin. 
 
 1. first Carlo. 
 
 2. imbecile k. 
 
 b. a.d. 742. 
 
 c. Karl. 
 
 d. Teuton in what ? 
 
 59. Frankish kingdom. 
 a. portions of 
 
 1. F. 
 
 2. G. 
 
 60. Contemporary events. 
 
 a. Italy. 
 
 1. Lombards. 
 
 2. Byzantine empire. 
 
 b. England. 
 
 1. feeble and warring. 
 
 c. Spain. 
 
 1. Moslems. 
 
 61. Situation of the Franks. 
 
 a. lifting itself. 
 
 b. center of rising T. civ. 
 
 62. 63. Charlemagne's design. 
 
 a. R. empire. 
 1. on G. soil. 
 
 b. aimed to use. 
 
 1. political ideas, etc. 
 
 2. ad. pow. of the Ch. 
 
 c. carefully cher. 
 
 1. old G. inst. 
 
 2. protec. ; champ. 
 
 d. numer. wars. 
 1. 46. 
 
 64. His foes. 
 
 a. G. pagans. 
 
 b. outlying Scythians. 
 
 c. why dangerous. 
 
 1. neighbors. 
 
 2. barbarians and pagans. 
 (a,) press heavily. 
 
 d. main object. 
 
 (a.) extend the domain. 
 
 65. Wars with the Saxons. 
 a. most troublesome. 
 
 1. Weser and Elbe. 
 (a.) to B., 3 c. before. 
 
 b. repeatedly subdued. 
 
 c. terrible vengeance. 
 
 1. 4200. 
 
 2. baptized and peaceable. 
 
 66. Eastern conquests. 
 
 a. Bavaria. 
 
 1 . Avars — Pannonia (now 
 
 what ?). 
 
 2. overpowered. 
 
 b. annexation. 
 
 c. result. 
 
 1. first union of G. 
 
 2. F. k. how far extended. 
 (a.) Theiss ; Save. 
 
 61. Saracens. 
 
 a. Saragossa. 
 
 1. Aragon and Navarre. 
 
 b. up to Ebro. 
 
 c. Roncesvalles. 
 
 1. Roland. 
 
 2. result. 
 
 68. Italy. 
 
 a. aid solicited. 
 1. Adrian I. 
 
 b. monastery. 
 
 c. "iron crown." 
 
 d. annexation, a.d. 773. 
 
 69. Extent of Charlemagne's 
 
 dominion. 
 
 a. inheritance. 
 
 b. 800. 
 
 c. R. E. West. 
 
 1. Ebro, Elbe, Theiss ; Italy; 
 Cor., Sar., Bal. Isles. 
 
 d. kingdom ; empire. 
 
 70. Crowned emperor. 
 
 a. a.d. 800, climax. 
 
 b. visit in state. 
 
 1. St. P.— C. day. 
 (a.) prayer. 
 (b.) "E. of the W." 
 (1.) title. 
 
 71. Charlemagne's energy. 
 a. latter y. — consol., etc. 
 
THE FEUDAL SYSTEM. 
 
 dnted with whi 
 
 1. I P., inon. 
 
 72. Scholarship. 
 
 Bitron. 
 b. Lat. And <J. 
 r. learned chui 
 
 l. delight 
 d. " School <»f tin- Pala 
 
 i., rlirt . mus., log., ast., 
 nat. hist. 
 /. writing. 
 1. churchmen. 
 
 73. Education of the people. 
 
 Etenl of his int. 
 
 b. monast* 
 
 l. school. 
 
 c. ancient Romans — convents. 
 (7. Ger heroic bal. 
 
 church mm 
 
 74. Person and habits. 
 
 stature and appearance. 
 
 b . (1 
 
 c. dined — fond of. 
 
 d. hated. 
 
 ading at table. 
 
 1. ].' 
 
 /. Frank ish dj 
 1. Roman. 
 
 75. Residence. 
 
 a. Aix-la-( lhapelle I Aachen). 
 
 b. two capitals. 
 I. palace. 
 
 75. The world's homage. 
 
 lion. 
 b. H.-al 
 
 1. ap", ele ; (lock (llOU 
 
 76. End of his empire. 
 
 a. a i). 814 
 
 b. I.' 
 
 1. repose of clo 
 
 1 I\ G . I. 
 
 1. hist, of tic 
 
 "J. hist, of the Y and G. 
 
 CIIA PTEB IV. 
 
 THE FEUDAL SYSTEM. 
 
 77. Programme of topics. 
 
 live chapto 
 
 1. general view. 
 peal his. fj 
 b. F.; 1>. P ; ('. and ('.; D. A.: 
 revival. 
 
 78. General statement. 
 
 a. marked feature. 
 
 b. origin of P. 
 
 1. per. pel. of m. to m. 
 
 c. spread, 1 1th c. 
 
 d. duration. 
 
 1. changes — mod. h. 
 
 79. Explanation of the system. 
 
 a. allodium, freehold. 
 
 1. free <i. soldier. 
 
 2. share of spoil. 
 
 b. feudum, or lief. 
 
 1. king's share. 
 
 service in war, etc. 
 
 3. f. tenure. 
 
 4. held how long? 
 
 C. suzerain, liege, lord. 
 
 d. liegeman, vassal, retainer. 
 
 80. Ramifications of the system. 
 
 a. kings to fay. 
 
 b. holders of exten. allods to 
 
 whom V 
 1. obtaining what I 
 i-isli. and ah to k. 
 1. bound to clo whi 
 
 81. Duties of a liegeman. 
 
 a. usual tenure. 
 1. fiefs from king. 
 
 (b.) war. 
 
58 
 
 MEDIEVAL HISTORY. 
 
 2. fiefs from lords. 
 (a.) castle. 
 (&.) war. 
 &. protection to vassal. 
 
 82. Feudalism universal. 
 
 a. popularity of the f. ten. of 
 
 prop. 
 
 1. rich gifts to nobles. 
 
 2. allod exchanged for fief. 
 {a.) why? 
 
 b. connect, sys. of fiefs. 
 
 c. chain of ranks. 
 
 d. royal vassals. 
 
 1. Duke of Normandy. 
 
 83. Illustration from war. 
 
 a. summons. 
 
 1. king. 
 
 2. chief nobles. 
 
 3. smaller proprietors. 
 
 4. farm, and yeomen. 
 
 b. army. 
 
 1. bands of freemen. 
 
 (a.) armed at whose cost ? 
 (b.) followed banner. 
 
 84. Serfs and slaves. 
 
 a. freeholders. 
 
 b. mass of people. 
 
 c. bound to land. 
 1. slaves. 
 
 d. slaves. 
 
 1. war. 
 
 2. crime. 
 
 85. Nature of a fief. 
 
 a. castle. 
 
 b. vil., or attached do. — tillers. 
 
 1. villains. 
 
 (a.) ville, or vil. 
 (5.) freeborn. 
 
 2. serfs. 
 
 {a.) born thralls. 
 
 86. The system in England. 
 
 a. spread in other lands. 
 
 b. W. of N., 1060. 
 1. claim. 
 
 87. Norman castles. 
 a. first thought of N. 
 
 b. castles. 
 
 1. courts. 
 
 2. keep — baron. 
 
 3. barbacan. 
 (a.) portcullis. 
 
 (b.) lead and pitch. 
 
 c. gray ruins. 
 
 88. Evils of feudalism. 
 
 a. romance. 
 
 b. reality. 
 
 1. guaranteed rights. 
 (a.) good proprietor. 
 (b.) will and caprice. 
 
 2. oppression. 
 (a.) redress. 
 
 (1.) magistrates. 
 
 89. Effect on the nation. 
 
 a. nationality. 
 
 b. isolation. 
 
 c. cluster of confed. p. 
 
 d. what if obedience refused. 
 
 e. lawlessness. 
 
 90. Enemies of feudalism. 
 
 a. R. 
 
 b. theM. 
 
 c. theC. 
 
 91. Influence of royalty. 
 
 a. principle of r., centralism. 
 
 b. principle of f., diffusion. 
 
 c. change. 
 
 1. at the outset. 
 
 2. centralism. 
 (a.) why? 
 
 (1.) nationality. 
 (2.) pierce down. 
 
 3. decrees for whole k. 
 (a.) fountain of law. 
 (&.) will of f. chief. 
 
 92. Rise and influence of cities. 
 
 a. Roman system. 
 1. free, self -gov. 
 
 (a.) survivors of T. inva- 
 sions. 
 (b.) little repub. 
 
 b. tendency in turbulent feu- 
 
 dal times. 
 
'• THE PAPAL P0H 
 
 Use. 
 appointed. 
 
 mayor, aid 
 
 :ree. 
 I 1* . 
 
 minions. 
 
 1. finally overthrew. 
 
 2. limited, rep. mon. 
 
 93. Influence of the clergy. 
 
 a. spiritual dominion. 
 1. natural ally. 
 
 b. more than one-half. 
 
 Minion brotherhood. 
 1. injustice and arbit. p. 
 
 94. Other influences. 
 
 1 ru. ; gun.; 00m.; know. 
 
 95. Summary. 
 adapted. 
 
 1. barbarous. 
 b. overthrown. 
 
 CIIAPTEK V. 
 
 GROWTH OF THE PAPAL, 
 POWER. 
 
 96. Subject stated. 
 
 Tin 01 < 'ath. ( '. 
 
 1, how it are 
 how it grew. 
 
 . politics. 
 
 b. absolutely i 
 
 97. Power of the Bishop of 
 
 Rome. 
 a. overthrow of W. E. 
 1 . ft] 
 
 Looked ap 
 church alone. 
 4. b hi under. 
 
 thrown, 
 l. Justinian. 
 
 una. 
 0. titles. 
 
 l. Pontiff. 
 
 ponl max. 
 
 i.. Pa., Pope. 
 
 ory VII., 1076. 
 (1.) sanctus. 
 
 "His II. the P." 
 
 98. The Lombards and Pepin. 
 
 8th c. 
 1. mast. « 
 
 able. 
 
 (ft.) aid asked. 
 
 b. Pepin. 
 
 1. Exarchate of R. 
 (a.) bestowed. 
 (1.) beginning. 
 r. Charlemagne, A.D. 800. 
 1. confirmed grant. 
 
 99. The popes and the emperors. 
 
 a. 2 c. of confus. 
 
 b. weak kings. 
 1. Carlo. 
 
 & p. pow. grew. 
 
 ithority in p. 
 d. begin, of struggle. 
 
 1. mid. 10th c. 
 
 2. G. sow Emp. of W. 
 
 feeling of Ital. 
 {!>.) center of opposition. 
 ( . popes how vassals. 
 /. spir. head. 
 
 100. Narrative of the quarrel. 
 
 a. election of p. 
 
 1. emp. claim. — ratification. 
 
 2. high hand. 
 
 b. Bildebrand. 
 
 VII. 
 
 3. monk of Soana. 
 
 son of whom? 
 
 101. Hildebrand. 
 
 l. chancellor and a 
 
 (o.) 20 v.— 3 p. 
 
GO 
 
 MEDIJEVAL HISTORY. 
 
 b. influence. 
 
 c. matured plan. 
 1. regen. of E. 
 
 (a.) the only means. 
 (b.) daring project. 
 
 102. What he did. 
 
 a. a.d. 1073. 
 
 b. title. 
 
 c. " right of investiture." 
 
 1. ring and staff. 
 
 2. claimed by whom ? 
 
 3. significance. 
 
 d. ordinance. 
 
 1. layman. 
 
 2. excommunication. 
 
 103. Henry IV. and Hildebrand. 
 
 a. decree defied. 
 
 1. ex. 
 
 2. oath of allegiance. 
 
 b. preparations for war. 
 
 1. monks and friars. 
 
 2. insurrections. 
 
 c. suitor for mercy. 
 
 d. 21st Jan., 1077. 
 
 1. Canossa. 
 
 2. wonderful scene. 
 6. revenge. 
 
 1. Salerno, ad. 1085. 
 
 104. Policy of Gregory's suc- 
 
 cessors. 
 
 a. steady adherence. 
 
 b. Eur. rev. 
 
 c. vassals : Por., Aragon, E., 
 
 Sc, Sar., Two S., etc. 
 
 d. Henry V. 
 
 1. Worms, a.d. 1122. 
 
 105. Innocent III., 1198-1216. 
 
 a. Imperial Prefect. 
 
 b. Albigenses. 
 
 c King J. 
 
 1. tribute. 
 d. claim. 
 
 106. Result of claim. 
 
 a. doubtful. 
 
 b. large chapter. 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 THE CRUSADERS. 
 Introduction. 
 
 107. General statement. 
 
 a. related events. 
 
 b. meaning of term. 
 
 c. undertaken by whom? for 
 
 what? 
 
 108. Pilgrimages. 
 
 a. ancient custom. 
 
 b. Saracens treated visitors 
 
 how? 
 1. why? 
 
 c. Seljukian Turks, mid. 11th c. 
 
 1. treatment of Christians. 
 
 2. palmers. 
 
 (a.) " Infidels." 
 
 109. The feeling aroused. 
 
 a. indig. 
 
 b. desire. 
 
 1. hated relig. 
 
 2. Holy Land. 
 
 110. Peter the Hermit. 
 
 a. Amiens, F. 
 
 b. in youth ; monk ; solitude. 
 
 c. pil. 
 
 1. inspired. 
 
 111. His preaching and appear- 
 
 ance. 
 
 a. Urban II. 
 
 1. reception. 
 
 b. Italy and F. 
 
 1. proclamation. 
 
 c. appearance. 
 
 1. emaciated. 
 (a.) austerities. 
 (b.) travel. 
 
 2. dimin.j mean. 
 
 3. coarse weeds. 
 (a.) Hermit. 
 
 4. eloquence. 
 
 112. Effect of his preaching. 
 a. throngs of all ranks. 
 
THE CRUSA1 
 
 61 
 
 b. indi 
 
 1. v lilement. 
 
 iM-il. 
 
 inoa 
 
 113. Council of Clermont, A.D. 
 
 1095. 
 
 b. two councils. 
 1. Clennonl 
 
 It." 
 
 The First Crusade (A.D. 1096- 
 1099). 
 
 114, 115. First rush. 
 
 and P. the II. 
 1. when classes, 
 
 b. perilo 
 
 c. Walter the Penniless, 
 
 ir. k. 
 
 : < i. 
 
 »ute : <; . II., Hul., Thrace. 
 
 1. i 
 
 gantry: 
 g. n 1 B. 
 
 1. i 
 
 116. Main movement. 
 real chiva] 
 
 1. 
 
 lion. 
 
 >w. Lorraine, 
 
 •r. 
 
 1. routes — to 
 
 117. The march. 
 
 1. th 
 r. junction. 
 1. P. the H., 
 
 118. Description of the army. 
 (t. mailed o. 
 
 1. HMI.OOO. 
 
 2. iow. <>r B. chiv. 
 :;. knights, esq., m( 
 
 holm, and s. 
 chain and 
 ) lance and s. 
 (d.) ax and m. 
 4. glitter. 
 ('/.i embroid. and erm. sur. 
 (b. ) inlaid g. and g. 
 ban. and pen, 
 b. footmen. 
 
 1. Long and C, how. 
 
 2. miserable contra 
 
 119. Advance through Asia 
 
 Minor. 
 
 a. Nice, or Xica^a, A. M. 
 1. result. 
 
 b. 500 to S. 
 
 iltan of Roum. 
 1. 800,000. 
 
 (J. Dorvheuni. 
 1. onset. 
 rally. 
 irvedscim. and light jay. 
 
 4. long pointed b. and gi 
 
 lance. 
 
 5. 30,000. 
 
 rank of the hattle. 
 
 120. Suffe rings on the march. 
 
 undn'ds daily. 
 l. }.< 
 l. Orontee — Byr. Antioch, 
 
 121. Siege of Antioch. 
 
 a. difficult 
 
 1. ; m. — horrors 2 
 
 b. treachery— Ju i 
 
 122. Events in Antioch. 
 500,000 M. 
 
 1. Per. sultan. 
 
62 
 
 MEDIAEVAL HISTORY. 
 
 c. bold rally. 
 
 128. Effect in Europe. 
 
 d. remnant head for J. 
 
 a. enthusiasm. 
 
 1. 1500 ; 20,000. 
 
 b. St. Bernard. 
 
 2. unarmed p., etc. 
 
 1. eloq. 
 
 123. To Jerusalem. 
 
 c. Conrad III. 
 
 a. A. to Jaffa, 300. 
 
 d. Louis VII. 
 
 1. route. 
 
 129, 130. The march. 
 
 b. interior. 
 
 a. a.d. 1147. 
 
 1. sacred associations. 
 
 b. 300,000. 
 
 c. at last ! 
 
 c. German advance. 
 
 1. effect upon them. 
 
 1. B.— A. M. 
 
 124. Siege of the city. 
 
 2. secret intelligence. 
 
 a. Sar. caliph of E. 
 
 3. treach. guides. 
 
 1. indep. 
 
 4. Meander. 
 
 2. had recently won. 
 
 (a.) Nice. 
 
 b. 5 w. — no water. 
 
 5. nine tenths. 
 
 1. July, 1099. 
 
 d. French advance. 
 
 c. glory stained. 
 
 1. Nice. 
 
 1. 70,000 M. 
 
 {a.) remnant. 
 
 2. Jews in syn. 
 
 2. Laodicea. 
 
 3. A.; J. 
 
 125. Kingdom of Jerusalem. 
 
 a. Christian k. 
 
 131. Result. 
 
 b. G., July 23, 1099. 
 
 a. Damascus. 
 
 1. k. of the H. C. 
 
 1. result. 
 
 2. D. of the T. 
 
 b. return. 
 
 c. Latin K. of J. 
 
 1. Second C. closed how? 
 
 d. 450 y. 
 
 
 126. Later events. 
 
 The Third Crusade (A.D. 1189- 
 
 a. homeward bound. 
 
 1192). 
 
 1. P. the H. 
 
 132. Saladin. 
 
 (a.) French mon. 
 
 a. 40 y. 
 
 b. Godfrey — one y. — 40. 
 
 b. single empire. 
 
 1 . character of rule. 
 
 1. Sallah-a-deen. 
 
 c. Baldwin (brother). 
 
 (a.) Curdish chief. 
 
 d. Baldwin du Bourg (kins- 
 
 2. Nile to T. 
 
 man). 
 
 c. decay of Latin k. 
 
 e. a.d. 1187, Saladin. 
 
 1. Pal. invaded. 
 
 
 (a.) success. 
 
 The Second Crusade (A.D. 1147- 
 
 2. Jerusalem. 
 
 1149). 
 
 (a.) 14 d.; a.d. 1187. 
 
 127. Alarm in Palestine. 
 
 d. Tyre. 
 
 a. half a century. 
 
 133. Events of the Third Cru- 
 
 b. threatening dangers. 
 
 sade. 
 
 c. Edessa, A.D. 1145. 
 
 a. cause. 
 
 1. T. emir. 
 
 b. took the cross. 
 
 d. appeal to E. 
 
 1. Rich. I. — Cceur de Lion. 
 
Tin: CEUSAj 
 
 
 
 • ( ). 
 
 .lie. 
 
 134. Frederick's column. 
 
 ; 100,000. 
 b. death — dli 
 
 -ult. 
 de-tenth. 
 
 nmant — A 
 
 135. Siege of Acre. 
 
 ms in B. 
 ttempts to reli< 
 \.d. 1191. 
 
 136. Philip retires. 
 
 - dashed. 
 
 b. c on. 
 
 1. Feck, mid ai 
 
 perhaps jealous; 
 
 137. Closing events. 
 
 b. ti 
 
 1. fa niis. 
 
 ml. and lib.* 
 
 The Later Crusades. 
 
 138. Character of later Cru- 
 
 sades. 
 rlier. 
 b. subsequent. 
 1. some ; others. 
 
 SAM 
 Fourth Crusade. 
 motive. 
 
 b. aid of V. 1 
 
 1. / 
 
 * a 1: 
 
 atinople. 
 
 1. Latin k., a.d. IS 
 Fifth Crusade, A.D. 1216-1220 
 
 gypt. 
 
 first, 
 arrender. 
 
 d. continuation, a.d. r. 
 
 1. Fred. II. ol 
 
 2. Jerusalem. 
 
 (a.) a-dal with oth< 
 
 e. a few years afterwai 
 
 Sixth Crusade, A.D. 1238 
 
 a. French and English. 
 1. negotiation. 
 
 b. 2 y. peace. 
 
 1. Turks of Khorasm. 
 
 most of Pal. 
 
 Seventh Crusade. 
 
 a. Louis i 81 L.), a.d. 
 
 1249. 
 
 b. result — king — ransom. 
 
 Eighth and last Crusade, A.D. 
 1270. 
 a. St. L. and English. 
 h. result. 
 r. Tunis. 
 
 1. pestilence — king. 
 I tance Edward 
 
 1. Palestine. 
 
 turn, 
 (. last stronghold of C 
 
 Results of the Crusades. 
 
 139. Summary. 
 
 a. tailed. 
 
 b. ef: 
 
 140. First effect. 
 
 : t. 
 
 1. better acquainted ; chiv. 
 m.j liberal 
 
 141. Effect on commerce. 
 
 -^es. 
 A. modern commen 
 
 1. It. mai 
 
 ports. 
 
64 
 
 MEDIuEVAL HISTORY. 
 
 (b.) stores, etc. 
 
 d, spices, etc. 
 
 e. trading depots. 
 
 1. V., G., etc. 
 
 2. Levant, etc. 
 
 142. Effect on feudalism. 
 
 a. diminish strength. 
 1. breaking up. 
 
 143. Effect on chivalry. 
 
 a. chief inf. 
 
 b. surnames, coats of arms, etc. 
 1. composite armies. 
 
 144. Intellectual effect. 
 
 a. fanaticism. 
 
 b. feeling tow. Moham. 
 
 1. abhorrence. 
 
 2. respect. 
 
 C. liberalizing contact. 
 
 d. wider horizon. 
 
 6, great intel. revival. 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 CHIVALRY-ITS RISE 
 AND DECAY. 
 
 145. General sketch. 
 
 a. flower of f . 
 
 b. wonderful influence. 
 
 c. ripened by C. 
 
 d. ceased to exist. 
 
 146. Origin. 
 
 a. two peculiarities. 
 
 1. honor paid to a. 
 
 2. honor paid to w. 
 
 b. inculcation, 11th c. 
 1. school in castle. 
 
 {a.) composed of whom? 
 (b.) under whose eve? 
 (c.) educated in what? 
 
 147. Pages. 
 
 a. 7 to 14. 
 
 b. varlet — child. 
 
 c. attended. 
 
 d. thus taught. 
 
 1. o. and c. 
 
 2. m., ch., relig. doc, light w. 
 e. earliest impressions. 
 
 1. noble 1. 
 
 2. val. k. 
 /. mistress. 
 
 1. polish man. 
 g. theology of the castle. 
 
 1. God and the 1. 
 
 2. salvation how secured. 
 
 148. Squires. 
 
 a. 14. 
 
 b. master. 
 
 c. duties. 
 
 1. castle. 
 
 2. tournament. 
 
 3. battle. 
 
 d. 21 — knight (miles). 
 
 149. Ceremonial of knighthood. 
 
 a. fasting and confes. 
 1. night of p. and w. 
 
 b. new robes. 
 
 1. underkirtle, vest, collar, 
 coat of a. 
 
 c. church. 
 
 1. exam. 
 
 2. sac. and vows, 
 
 (a.) good, brave, etc. ; Ch., 
 etc. ; ladies ; wid. 
 and or. 
 
 d. conclusion. 
 
 1. baldric ; spurs ; sword. 
 
 150. Dress and armor. 
 
 a. diff. periods. 
 
 b. first C. — chain armor. 
 
 1. hauberk ; hood and cap ; 
 mittens ; shoes ; horses. 
 
 c. 14th c. — overlapping. 
 
 d. heyday of c. 
 
 151. Tourneys. 
 
 a. characteristic amusement. 
 1. celebrated when t 
 
 b. lists. 
 
 1. spectators. 
 
 c. tilting. 
 
 1 . lances — "rockets." 
 
 2. knight's object. 
 
U.I/ ATh MIDDL1 
 
 
 • nn. 
 
 1. S< 
 
 152. Good side of chivalry. 
 O, lofty ideal. 
 
 op. k. 
 
 1. val , ]«»y., court, 
 mj. 
 
 c. h toes, 
 
 are. 
 
 to en. 
 
 of honor, 
 (•ration of W. 
 
 153. Evil side. 
 
 </. licentious] 
 
 b. pernio, thirst. 
 
 c. punctilio. 
 1. duello. 
 
 154. Gunpowder, effect of. 
 
 >advan!a: 
 1. broadsword; arrows ; can- 
 non-ball. 
 
 155. Last of the knights. 
 
 —Bayard, a.i>. 1624. 
 1. s re- 
 
 proclie." 
 
 b. England. 
 
 l. Queen E.— Sir P. Sidney. 
 
 156. Permanent effect. 
 
 b. li 
 
 1. In 
 C. D 
 
 1. richly blended. 
 
 OHAPTEB VIII. 
 
 CIVILIZATION IN THE 
 MIDDLE AGES. 
 
 The Dark A^es, AD. 500-1100). 
 
 157. Subject stated. 
 a. a thou- 
 
 1. when? 
 
 b. first 
 
 1. " D. A." 
 
 158. Cause of the relapse. 
 a. melancholy 
 
 />. barbai 
 
 c decay of K. <i v. 
 
 1. its end inevitable. 
 
 ate tor let I 
 (a.) orig. works. 
 
 3. Gaol, Spain, Italy. 
 
 (6.) sank to level. 
 
 159. Cause of loss of culture. 
 
 a. change — lang. 
 
 1. Latin corrupted in 1 
 
 and <e 
 
 (a.) " Roman." 
 (1.) Ital., Fr., Sp. 
 
 b. a dead Lang. 
 1. scholars. 
 
 160. Result of this change. 
 
 a. treas. locked. 
 
 1. books in L. 
 
 [hie. 
 
 2. no books. 
 
 b. Latin in schools. 
 
 1. rath, and mon. — relL 
 
 161. Use of letters. 
 
 a. forgotten. 
 
 1. why? 
 
 official 
 
 b. sign his nai 
 
 r. in the keeping of th< 
 
 1. extensive. 
 
 162. Scarcity of books. 
 
 a. chief c; 
 
 b. material of b. 
 
 l. cotton of i ith c. 
 
 onq of Alex., 7th r. 
 Importation 
 archment— costly* 
 
 d1 prac. in i 
 
 a. palini; - 
 1. lOM 
 
GQ 
 
 MEDIEVAL HISTORY. 
 
 163. Eminent men. 
 
 1. 6th c— St. B., an I. 
 
 a. many ? 
 
 b. Mt. Cassino, in L. I. 
 
 b. learning. 
 
 c. spread where ? 
 
 L "Ven. Bede" of E., A.D. 
 
 d. novel feature. 
 
 673. 
 
 1. ag. — best h. in E. 
 
 2. Alcuin, of E. 
 
 6. monasteries. 
 
 (a.) Charlemagne. 
 
 1. situation. 
 
 c. original thinkers. 
 
 2. three vows. 
 
 1. John (Scotus, or Erigena) 
 
 3. a blessing : farms ; asy- 
 
 of I., 9th c. 
 
 lum ; gospel ; anc't lit. ; 
 
 (a.) bold and acute. 
 
 nurseries. 
 
 2. Pope Sylvester, 10th c. 
 
 
 (a.) math. 
 
 The Age of Revival.— Cities and 
 
 164. Superstition. 
 
 Commerce. 
 
 a. Ages of Faith. 
 
 169. General statement. 
 
 &. A.D. 1000. 
 
 a recovery. 
 
 1. "As the w. is now," etc. 
 
 1. what nations? when? 
 
 c. ordeal. 
 
 b. "D. A." 
 
 1. iron ; plow -shares ; fluids. 
 
 1. shad, grow fainter. 
 
 2. Charlemagne. 
 165. Picture of the age. 
 a. manhood. 
 
 170. Growth of towns. 
 a. first signs. 
 
 1. intellect enf. ; mor. cor. 
 
 b. agency of prog. 
 
 b. industries of society. 
 
 1. agriculture. 
 
 2. manufactures. 
 (a.) sev. cent. 
 
 (b.) made on the place. 
 
 c. always centers. 
 
 1. old (x. and L. times. 
 
 2. Teutons. 
 
 d. new towns — especially. 
 
 e. old towns. 
 
 (1.) k.'s clothes in 9th c. 
 
 171. Hanse cities. 
 
 3. trade. 
 
 a. Hanseatic League. 
 
 (a.) risk. 
 
 1. beg. of real imp. 
 
 (6.) toll. 
 
 2. mid. loth c. 
 
 c. German lords. 
 
 3. 80. 
 
 1. unscrupulous. 
 
 b. mutual defense. 
 
 166. Influence of the Church. 
 
 1. piracy. 
 
 a. bridge. 
 
 2. pillage. 
 
 b. clerical culture. 
 
 3. exactions of n. 
 
 1. rank. 
 
 c. importance. 
 
 2. salvation of society. 
 
 1. com. 
 
 167. The monks. 
 
 2. freedom. 
 
 a. most active agents. 
 
 172. Italian free cities. 
 
 b. monachism. 
 
 a. priority of I. 
 
 1. contem. life — East. 
 
 b. Lombardy. 
 
 c. laymen. 
 
 c. Lombard League, 1167. 
 
 d. priests— vows. 
 
 d. independence, 1183. 
 
 168. The Benedictines. 
 
 1. Constance. 
 
 a. early rise of monachism. 
 
 e. city-republics. 
 
CIVILIZATION IN THE MIDDLE AGES 
 
 Wool manufacture. 
 
 fth <\ 
 l. '• Flemish Btufl 
 
 . B, 
 
 171. English commerce. 
 
 a. 2 *nq. 
 
 bher. 
 
 ;;i F. 
 c. mid. 14th 0. 
 1. honor OCOUp. 
 
 175. Italian commerce. 
 So. Bur, 
 
 1. V.. A . P., 
 
 b. with whom v 
 
 1st c. 
 
 2. Levant. 
 
 175. Other commercial cities. 
 Prance : M , X., If. 
 Spain : B. 
 
 176. Silk manufacture. 
 
 Impulse, 
 
 b. \l anl. 
 
 1. Palermo, 1148. 
 I T, republi 
 1. mulberry. 
 
 and Catalonia. 
 
 177. The Jews and money. 
 
 a. I • m. 
 1. moo instit. 
 
 b. ai ime. 
 
 1. Jew : wind. 
 
 178. Bankers of Lombardy and 
 
 Southern Prance. 
 
 b. bills 
 
 0, ] 
 
 d. ostab. themserv 
 
 1. 01 • t prejud. 
 
 i . 15. m!; ol Barcelona, 
 
 1. < 
 
 179. Comforts. 
 
 Ion. 
 iptuarylawB," 1 1th c. 
 
 180. Houses. 
 
 x tter sort. 
 b. chimneys \ w.-glasa — 14th c 
 l. ancients— sm< 
 
 d. walls. 
 
 Literature, Science, and Art. 
 
 181. Universities. 
 
 a . earliest signs. 
 
 b. Paris, beg. l'-'thc. — Abe. 
 
 b c 
 C. Oxford, Al , mli c. 
 l I). 1201). 
 
 d. Bologna, 
 
 1. 10,000, L2th c. 
 
 loth c. 
 /. Prague, 1800. 
 
 1. earliest. 
 g. Pad., Tou., Mont., Sala. 
 
 182. Scholastic philosophy. 
 
 a. crowds. 
 
 b. 11th and 12th c. 
 
 c. dialectics — meta. and theol. 
 
 183. The schoolmen. 
 
 a. who? 
 
 b. higju he. 
 
 1. Thomas AquinnsandDuns 
 I us. 
 r. R oscel in, Anselm, Peter Lorn. 
 
 184. Nature and effect of the 
 
 philosophy. 
 
 a. friv. q 
 
 1. " How many n.." etc. 
 
 2. "An a. In passing from 
 
 b. acute Intel. 
 
 e. prepared way. 
 
 185. Scientists. 
 
 . minds. 
 fc ft th c. — E monk. 
 
 klbertus Magnus, 18th c. 
 
 ••■(lit due tin in. 
 
 186. Saracenic learning. 
 a. inter* 
 
G8 
 
 MEDIEVAL HISTORY. 
 
 b. un., ob., lib., mus. 
 
 192. Painting and music. 
 
 c. rem. of G. and A. learn. 
 
 a. p. — full devel. 
 
 d. G. and L. authors. 
 
 b. music when ? 
 
 e. order of ar. 
 
 
 1. Alhambra. 
 
 
 
 187. Saracenic schools in Spain. 
 a. 10th c. 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 b. notation. 
 
 POLITICAL OUTLINE. 
 
 c. sci. terms : "alg," "ale," 
 
 
 "alch.," "zen.," "nad." 
 1. attest what? 
 
 From Charlemagne to the close of the 
 Middle Ages. 
 
 d. alchemists. 
 
 The German Empire. 
 
 1. chem. — Geber, 8th c. 
 
 193. Division of Charlemagne's 
 
 188. Growth of native litera- 
 
 Empire. 
 
 ture. 
 
 a. Louis (son), 814. 
 
 a. why important. 
 
 1. partition. 
 
 b. earliest works in Romance 
 
 (a.) quarrels. 
 
 and Ger. 
 
 (6.) Verdun, 843. 
 
 c. Troubadours and Minne- 
 
 b. three states. 
 
 singers. 
 1. to celebrate. 
 d. famous collections. 
 
 1. German: Nibelungen Lied. 
 
 194. Germany under the Carlo- 
 vingians. 
 
 a. how long ? 
 
 b. chief power. 
 1. dukes. 
 
 2. Spanish : Cid. 
 
 3. Brit.: Ar. and K. of R. T. 
 
 c. elective, 911. 
 
 e. preludes to what ? 
 
 1. D. Conrad of Franconia. 
 
 189. Dante and Chaucer. 
 
 195. First line of Emperors, 
 
 a. begin, of m. lit. 
 
 (Saxon), 919-1024. 
 
 b. Dante, It, 1265. 
 
 a. Henry I. (the Fowler), 919. 
 
 1. Divina Commedia. 
 
 1. union of S. and F. 
 
 c. Chaucer, E., 1328. 
 
 b. five — period. 
 
 1. five. 
 
 1. accomplished what ? 
 
 190. Architecture. 
 
 196. Revival of the Western 
 
 a. characterist. art. 
 
 Empire. 
 
 1. cath. 
 
 a. Otho the G. (son), 930. 
 
 b. G. cath. — faith and genius. 
 
 1. ''Holy/' etc. 
 
 c. 11th c. — splendor. 
 
 2. Adelaide — Lothaire,k.of I. 
 
 d. Romanesque — r. arch. 
 
 3. consecrated, 962. 
 
 191. Gothic cathedrals. 
 a. p. arch. 
 
 b. triple coronation. 
 1. fiction. 
 
 c. three descendants — a.d.1024. 
 
 1. near end 12th c. 
 
 
 b. N. France. 
 
 197. The Franconian emperors, 
 
 c. perf., 13th and 14th c. 
 
 1024-1125. 
 
 1. one to two c. 
 
 a. Conrad II. 
 
 2. sublimest structures. 
 
 1. K. of Burgundy. 
 
POLITICAL OUTLINE. 
 
 C'J 
 
 1 1, in y ill (eon)— II 
 l. rank. 
 
 c. Henry IV, 
 1. troubles, 
 on. 
 
 v II. 
 
 (I. Il.iiiy Y. son). 
 
 1. sainr disputes. 
 €. A.D. 1126. 
 
 198. Suabian emperors, 1138- 
 
 1254. 
 
 a. Hohenstaufen, 
 
 1. Dukes *>f Suabia. 
 
 2. rank. 
 
 b. Conrad III. 
 1 k. 
 
 c. Fred. Barbarossa (nephew), 
 
 ll.V) 
 1. Lombard ci: 
 
 e, 1183. 
 
 d. Henry VI. (son). 
 1 Sicily. 
 
 ird. II. (last of line). 
 
 199. The Hapsburgs. 
 
 )nfnsion. 
 
 b. Rudolf I. 
 
 c. nominal emperors. 
 
 d. growing l< e 
 1. pri 
 
 e. Sigismund. 
 
 1. Margrave of Brandenburg 
 and K. of II. 
 
 w liv chosi 
 /. Albert 11' 
 
 1. A. branch. 
 
 g. Fred. III., I 
 1. through M. A. 
 
 France. 
 
 200. 201. Real beginning of 
 
 Prance, 10th c. 
 
 iiks. 
 1 barb-mic | 
 
 3. Carlovingian kings. 
 
 ' le. 
 
 (//.) : 
 l 1. i I 
 
 etc. 
 
 Louis the Slugj 
 b. Hugh Capet, Duke i 
 
 A.D. 
 
 1. right. 
 
 202. Normans in France. 
 
 a. Norsemen. 
 
 1. imbecile Carlo. 
 
 2. pirates. 
 
 no, 901. 
 
 Normandy. 
 
 < lull: s the Simple. 
 
 b. Christian!/* d. 
 
 1. softened down. 
 
 203. Capetian kings. 
 
 a. l.-)—:; 
 
 204. State of France. 
 n. descend, of H. C. 
 
 1. nominal k. 
 
 (a.) real authority. 
 
 205. Norman conquest of Eng- 
 
 land, 1066. 
 
 a. 3d k., Henry I. 
 
 b. William, Dukeof N. 
 1. laid claim. 
 
 c. conflicts bet. K. and F. 
 1. cause and duration. 
 
 206. English possessions in 
 
 France 
 
 a. Henry II.,\>1' F„. 
 
 1. Eleanor — Louis VII. 
 (</.) Aquitaine. 
 
 b. greater pos, 
 
 207 . Their recovery by France. 
 
 a. Philip II. i Augustus). 
 
 1. Normandy, Maine, etc 
 John. 
 
 b. Louis ; 
 
 1. character of rule. 
 
 2. great nation. 
 
 208. House of Valoi 
 
 a. Philip cousin), 
 
 b. Henry 111, l 
 
70 
 
 MEDIEVAL HISTORY. 
 
 209. Claims of Edward III. 
 
 a. nephew. 
 
 b. armament. 
 
 1. Hundred Years' War. 
 
 210. The Hundred Years' War. 
 
 a. Crecy, 134G — vie. 
 
 b. Poictiers, 1356 — vie. 
 
 c. Peace of Bretigny, 1360. 
 
 1. E. gave up what V 
 
 2. Aq. and Cal. 
 (a.) vassal. 
 
 d. F. conq. of Aq. 
 
 1. Bordeaux and Bayonne. 
 
 e. Agincourt, 1415 — vie. 
 /. treaty, 1420. 
 
 1. two crowns united. 
 (a.) mad king, Charles VI. 
 g. treaty broken. 
 h. uprising — Maid of O. 
 1. driven out, 1453. 
 (a.) Calais. 
 
 211. State of the French nation. 
 
 a. grew. 
 
 b. close of M. A. 
 
 1. Louis XI., 1483. 
 
 2. rank of F. 
 
 England. 
 
 212. Review. 
 
 a. up to Char. 
 
 b. Egbert, beg. 9th c. 
 
 213. Troubles with the Danes. 
 
 a. Egbert's supremacy. 
 
 b. Alfred (grandson). 
 1. Wessex, 872. 
 
 C. lodgement. 
 
 d. Canute, 1017-1036. 
 
 214. Effect of Norman con- 
 
 quest. 
 
 a. William the Conqueror, 1066. 
 
 b. ruling class. 
 
 1. great offices. 
 
 (a.) Church; courts of law. 
 
 2. official language. 
 
 215. Persistence of the Saxons. 
 a. character 
 
 b. majority. 
 
 c. coalescence of languages. 
 
 1. 200 y. 
 
 2. 14th c. 
 {a.) Chaucer. 
 
 216, 217. Norman kings (88 y.). 
 
 a. enumeration. 
 
 1. — 2. — , 3. — 4. — . 
 
 b. lineage. 
 
 1. second surviving. 
 
 2. youngest. 
 
 3. fourth daughter. 
 
 218. Plantagenet line (245 y.). 
 a. — , b. — , c. — , d. — , e. — , /. — , 
 
 g.— , h.— . 
 
 219. Loss of Normandy. 
 
 a. John. 
 
 b. effect. 
 
 1. N. nobles. 
 (a.) dilemma. 
 (b.) choice. 
 
 220. Magna Charta. 
 
 a. Constitution of E., 13th c. 
 1. first step. 
 
 b. John, 1215. 
 
 c. groundwork. 
 
 221. Parliament. 
 
 a. next step. 
 
 b. Henry III. (son). 
 1. great nobles. 
 
 (a.) Sir Simon Montfort. 
 
 c. old assembly— 1., c, k. 
 
 d. burgesses, 1264. 
 
 e. importance of the step. 
 
 1 . House of C. 
 
 2. rep. gov. 
 
 222. Effect of the French wars. 
 
 a. nationality. 
 
 b. only Englishmen. 
 
 223. Lancastrian line (62 y.). 
 (deposition, a.d. 1391).) 
 
 a. — , b. — , c. — . 
 
 224. Wars of the Roses, 1455. 
 
 a. red ; white. 
 
 b. Oy. 
 
POLITICAL OUTLINE. 
 
 225. House of York (24 J 
 
 . — . 
 1. 
 
 225. Tudor line. 
 
 a. I 
 
 E. med. hist 
 
 Italy. 
 
 226. Changes in Italy. 
 
 < '. parceled, 
 randson). 
 1. Verd 
 
 mho—" ii. .iy a iv 
 
 227. Her condition. 
 
 ling. 
 
 b. Gael] 
 
 l. It. people, 
 ipee. 
 
 Mix 1 lines. 
 1. emperor. 
 
 228. Struggle with Barbarossa. 
 attempt. 
 
 b. 1.' Lombanlv, 1167, 
 
 l. 38 ; claim. 
 
 1. charters ; jealouf 
 
 (i. i 
 
 .lid, 1 ITU. 
 
 ace, 
 
 1. terms. 
 
 229. Most illustrious Italian 
 
 republics. 
 
 230. Venice. 
 
 a. beginning i 
 1. < 
 
 ibip-boildii 
 
 mannfactnj 
 
 1. s. and g. 
 
 231. Growth of Venice. 
 
 Ik ire. 
 
 b. Istria and DaL 
 
 I 
 
 i. ith c. 
 Lorn. — Adda, 
 
 232. Pohtical changes. 
 
 . or D„ n : 
 l. council <>f 480. 
 b. Council of Ten, 
 l. reign of t. 
 
 233. Decay. 
 
 <i. League of Cambray, 1508. 
 
 1. Pope, Km., and kings. 
 
 2. aever. 
 
 234. Florence. 
 n. com. spirit. 
 
 b. manuxac. 
 
 1. Wove ; j. 
 
 c. bank* 
 
 1. g. florin, 1252. 
 
 standard. 
 Bignoria, 1250. 
 
 1. revolt. 
 ends. 
 
 1. rich. 
 
 235. The Medicis. 
 
 a. family of m. 
 
 b. Lorenzo. 
 1. head. 
 
 -Hi-name. 
 
 patronage. 
 
 3. Academy. 
 
 4. library. 
 
 236. Later events. 
 
 I lharlea VIII. of F. 
 
 1. despoiled. 
 
 2. banished. 
 
 tored, 1512. 
 b. Cosmo I. 
 
 1. Duke. 1587— extinction. 
 0, D. of T„ iv 
 Pope. 
 
 Spain. 
 
 237. Condition under Moham- 
 
 medan rule. 
 a. Saracenic deluge, 8th c. 
 1. : istian k. 
 
72 
 
 MEDIjEVAL history. 
 
 2. petty sov. 
 b. reconquest. 
 
 238. Rise of Spanish kingdoms. 
 
 a. Navarre, 873. 
 
 b. Aragon, 1035. 
 
 c. Castile, 1026. 
 
 d. Leon and Asturias, 1037. 
 
 e. Cordova, Toledo, and Seville. 
 
 1. F. of L. and C. 
 
 2. bet. 1234 and 1248. 
 
 239. Unification of Spain. 
 
 a. K. of Spain. 
 
 1. how formed. 
 
 (a.) Castile ; Aragon. 
 
 b. long campaign ag. M. 
 
 1. court where ? 
 (a.) Columbus. 
 
 2. Grenada, 1491. 
 
 (a.) "Vega of G. "-3d. 
 
 SYNOPSIS FOR REVIEW. 
 
 I. Fifth Century. 
 
 a. W. R. E. 
 
 1. Visigoths. 
 
 b. Teutons. 
 
 1. Romance n. 
 
 c. Angles and Saxons. 
 1. foundations. 
 
 II. Sixth Century. 
 
 a. Franks. 
 
 1. Clovis, 510. 
 (a.) k. of the F. 
 
 (1.) F. and G. 
 
 2. other Merovin. 
 
 b. Byzantine Empire. 
 
 1. first half of c— Justinian. 
 (a.) Italy — Ostrogoths. 
 (6.) Vandal k. in A. 
 
 2. latter half of c. — Lom- 
 
 bards. 
 (a.) parts of C. I. 
 
 (1.) Ex. of Rav. 
 (6.) parts of S. I. 
 
 III. Seventh Century. 
 a. Moham. 
 
 1. Hegira, 022. 
 
 2. Caliphs. 
 
 {a.) Oriental dominion. 
 
 (6.) N. Af. 
 
 (c.) Constantinople. 
 
 b. Italy ; land of the F. 
 
 c. England. 
 
 1. Chris. 
 
 2. Heptarchy. 
 
 IV. Eighth Century. 
 
 a. Saracens. 
 
 1. Spain. 
 
 2. bey. P. 
 
 (a.) Tours— Martel. 
 
 b. Franks. 
 
 1. nonentities. 
 
 2. Mayors of the P. 
 (a.) Pepin. 
 
 (1.) Exarch of R. 
 
 3. Carlovingians. 
 
 4. Charlemagne. 
 (a.) N. I. 
 
 (b.) Christmas day, 800. 
 
 V. Ninth Century. 
 
 a. England. 
 
 1. Egbert. 
 
 2. Alfred. 
 
 b. Spain. 
 
 1 . Saracenic power. 
 
 2. Chris, k. ; Navarre and 
 
 Leon. 
 
 c. successors of Charlemagne. 
 1. F., G., and I. 
 
 (a.) f. barons assume. 
 
 VI. Tenth Century. 
 
 a. Norsemen. 
 
 1. Rollo— Seine. 
 (a.) Normandy. 
 
 2. Danes in Eng. 
 
 b. Germany. 
 
 1. Otho — emp. 
 {a.) most of Italy. 
 
 c. Fiance. 
 
 1. imbec. Car. dy. 
 
 2. Capet, king. 
 (a.) monarchy. 
 
VR RE] . 
 
 ury. 
 pire. 
 
 mporal poi 
 8. i 
 
 BUdebran HI.). 
 
 claim of ( 'h. 
 Henry l\'. 
 
 c. England. 
 
 l. Nor. conq., L06ft 
 He, 
 
 1. Molialll. 
 
 VIII. Twelfth Century. 
 
 ,/. powers of B, — pros, shape. 
 b. Italian cii i 
 1. independence. 
 
 ferman empire. 
 
 I - ! and It. 
 
 d. < 
 
 e. chivalry. 
 
 ompletely emei 
 
 IX. Thirteenth Century. 
 
 1. feebler. 
 
 oally. 
 
 b. England. 
 
 lied. 
 >f dominioi 
 b forced I 
 3. Magna ( lharta. 
 
 4 II. Of Colli!: 
 
 1. Enrol II. 
 
 Spain. 
 
 1 M. 
 aada. 
 ateilectual adv..' 
 
 I . church-arch. 
 
 X. Fourteenth Century. 
 a. England and I-Y 
 
 1. Ed. III. 
 
 Dearly conq. 
 Influence. 
 
 b. Italy 
 1. learning. 
 
 ain becoming. 
 
 m.. Sued. 
 1. Union of ( ahnar. 
 
 XI. Fifteenth Century. 
 (f. feudalism. 
 b. national nion. 
 Sastern Empire. 
 1. Turks. 
 d. Spain. 
 
 1. Aragon and Castile. 
 
 B V. 
 
 mpowder. 
 
 g. printing. 
 
 PROGKESS OF CIVIL 1 7. A ] 
 
 Fifth Century. 
 a. Christianity. 
 
 Sixth Century. 
 a. silk-worms ; Roman law ; 
 Christianity ; Latin. 
 
 Seventh Century. 
 a. p< i ex. Library ; 
 
 Gtreefc fire ; Koran. 
 
 Eighth Century. 
 
 ftper ; car; olfl of 
 
 Learning ; Arabic transla- 
 tions. 
 
 Ninth Century. 
 a. cl ford U, : 
 
 etc, in (i. : English navy. 
 
 Tenth Century. 
 
 a. Arabic not. ; wine-pn 
 
 Eleventh Century. 
 
 a, musical notes ; windmills ; 
 da lit. 
 
74 
 
 MODERN HISTORY. 
 
 Twelfth Century. 
 
 a. sugar-cane ; glass- windows ; 
 scholastic phil. 
 
 Thirteenth Century. 
 
 a. spectacles ; mirrors ; clocks ; 
 Bacon and Magnus ; Marco 
 Polo. 
 
 Fourteenth Century. 
 
 a. compass ; paper ; gunpow- 
 der ; pins ; Chaucer ; Wy- 
 cliffe. 
 
 Fifteenth Century. 
 
 a. printing ; Greek phil. ; alge- 
 bra ; America ; Good Hope. 
 
 SECTION V. 
 
 MODERN HISTORY. 
 
 From the beginning of the 16th century to the present time. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 TRANSITION TO MODERN HISTORY. 
 
 Introduction. 
 
 1. When does mediaeval history 
 
 end? 
 
 a. difficulty. 
 
 b. E. R. E. 
 
 1. objection. 
 
 c. American. 
 1. objection. 
 
 d. close of 15th c. 
 1. objection. 
 
 2. Period of transition. 
 
 a. better than one single date. 
 1. bridge. 
 
 b. when? 
 
 3. Events thus included. 
 
 a. E. R. E. 
 
 b. mar. discov. 
 
 1. America. 
 
 2. Africa. 
 
 c. prin.; learning. 
 
 d. gunpowder. 
 
 e. feudalism. 
 1. cent, monar. 
 
 Fall of the Eastern Empire. 
 
 4. State of the empire. 
 
 a. Constantine Palseologus. 
 1. mid. 15th c. 
 
 b. reduced. 
 
 1. vice and folly. 
 
 2. fury. 
 
 3. corruption. 
 
 5. History of the Ottoman 
 
 Turks. 
 
 a. Othman, or Ottoman (1258). 
 
 1. Bithynia and Phrygia. 
 
 2. nourishing. 
 
 b. advance. 
 
 1. nearly all. 
 
 2. Adrianople, 14th c. 
 
 3. Byzantine domin. 
 
 (a.) Tk., Mac, Ser., and 
 S. G. 
 
*. TO WODERN HISTi 
 
 r. Mohammed 1 1.. 
 
 atinople. 
 
 6. Siege of Constantinople. 
 
 I >(K). 
 
 d. at last. 39th May, 1 • 
 
 •haps the tii-st time. 
 
 Maritime Discoveries. 
 
 7. The world before the 15th 
 
 century. 
 
 a. I 
 
 h. enlai 
 
 8. Invention of the compass. 
 // necessary antecedent. 
 
 b. Qioja, beg 1 1th c. 
 
 lier. 
 
 1. liccdlc. 
 
 Lodestone ; cork ; 
 
 d. important question. 
 
 1. beg. L5th c. 
 
 9. Prince Henry of Portugal. 
 
 Vincent. 
 
 lory. 
 
 2. men skilled. 
 
 1. K 
 
 10. Portuguese discoveries in 
 
 Africa. 
 
 b. Bojador. 
 
 —terrors. 
 
 1. BL 
 
 rate. 
 
 : a. i> 
 
 11. Their further progress. 
 
 12. 
 a 
 
 b. 
 
 13. 
 
 14. 
 
 a. 
 
 b. 
 
 c. 
 
 d. 
 
 15. 
 
 16. 
 a. 
 
 b. 
 
 King John II. (grand-n< | 
 
 1. equator. 
 
 'J. 1600 m., 1484 
 
 1 1 . 
 (6.) coinn; 
 
 Circumnavigation of Africa. 
 possible route. 
 Barthol. Diaz, ' 
 
 1. Cabo Torment 
 
 I 'ape of S. 
 
 2. Good Hope. 
 
 round of hope. 
 realized. 
 1. V da (J. 
 
 Calicut, Malabar, in 
 May, 1498. 
 What led to the discovery 
 
 of America. 
 inspiring motive. 
 
 Columbus. 
 stimulated. 
 grand project. 
 
 1. what it was not. 
 
 2. what it was. 
 
 lieeived. 
 
 Portuguese efforts. 
 grand inspiration, 
 
 Portuguese in the East In- 
 dies. 
 
 ■••ss — S. in A. 
 L511. 
 1. Albuquerque 
 territor. acquisition. 
 com. estab. n\ li< 
 
 (a.) Venice — Egypt and the 
 
 ant. 
 
 Effect of the sea-route to 
 
 India on trade. 
 revolution. 
 1. West. nat. 
 
 t eristic indolence. 
 1. Lisbon. 
 i Dutch. 
 (1.) For. colonies. 
 
70 MODERN 
 
 HISTORY. 
 
 17. Part taken by the English. 
 
 b. 1438 — separately cut. 
 
 a. share. 
 
 c. 1450— separately rust. 
 
 b. Se. Cab. 
 
 d. 1455— Bible in L. 
 
 1. Bristol. 
 
 1. earliest com. — " Mazarin." 
 
 2. J. Cab., a V. 
 
 (a.) G. and F. at M. 
 
 3. Henry VII. 
 
 e. 1457— Psalter in L. 
 
 c. Labrador, 1497. 
 
 1. date. 
 
 1. New., or C. B. 
 
 2. whose press ? 
 
 2. 38°. 
 
 /. 1460— Bib. in L. and G. 
 
 18. Circumnavigation of the 
 globe. 
 
 1. both sides — met. t. 
 g. 1474 — "Game and Playe," 
 etc. 
 
 a. growth of com. 
 
 1. first book — Caxton. 
 
 1. still room. 
 
 
 b. Magellan, 1519-1521. 
 
 
 c. what followed. 
 
 Decline of Feudalism. 
 
 1. attention. 
 
 
 2. navies of Europe. 
 
 22. Feudalism in France. 
 
 3. man. mul. 
 
 a. shaken. 
 
 4. poor states. 
 
 1. close 15th c, etc. 
 
 5. value of mer. wealth. 
 
 b. severe blow. 
 
 
 1. Louis XI. 
 
 The Revival of Learning:. 
 
 2. threat, resurrection. 
 
 19. Attending circumstances. 
 
 c. Richelieu. 
 
 a. before fall of C. 
 
 b. fall of C. • 
 1. learned G. 
 
 23. In Spain and England. 
 
 a. Spain. 
 
 1. Charles V.; Philip II. 
 
 b. England. 
 
 1. power of great vassals. 
 (a.) compared with those 
 of Con. 
 
 (a.) treasures. 
 
 c. search for mss. 
 
 1. precious discoveries. 
 
 d. these labors otherwise fruit- 
 
 ful. 
 
 (b.) John and Magna Char- 
 
 1. art of printing. 
 
 ta. 
 
 20. Controversy on the origin 
 
 (c.) Warwick— Edward IV. 
 
 of printing. 
 
 (d.) Buckingham — Richard 
 
 a. curious fact. 
 
 III. 
 
 b. Harlem, Mentz, Strasburg. 
 
 2. Wars of the Roses. 
 
 c. turns on meaning of word. 
 
 1. principle. 
 
 (a.) Laurence Coster, of 11. 
 
 (1.) curved blocks. 
 
 2. movable types. 
 
 24. Result of the invention 
 of gunpowder. 
 
 a. armor of knights. 
 
 b. walls of castles. 
 
 (a.) John Gutenberg, of M. 
 (b.) Schoeffer, with Faust. 
 (1.) metal. 
 
 25. Period of the invention. 
 a. Roger Bacon, Eng. m., 13th c 
 
 b. application to war. 
 
 21. Earliest prints, etc. 
 
 1. Berth old Schwartz, 1330. 
 
 a. 1423—" St. Christopher." 1 
 
 2. Moors. 
 

 Rise of Great Monarchies. 
 
 26. Great feature of the pe- 
 
 riod. 
 
 mon. 
 
 1. ruins. 
 
 27. Cause of royal despotism. 
 
 meter feudalism. 
 
 1 why: 
 
 b. got all pov. 
 
 condition. 
 
 1. forward. 
 
 1 lawless- 
 
 2. re tr ogr a de. 
 
 political freedom. 
 
 law. 
 
 28. Effect of standing armies. 
 
 a. now thing. 
 
 b. contrast with fond, period. 
 
 1. royal power limited. 
 
 ; nsal. 
 ;al power absolute. 
 rmy. 
 
 c. overthrew the free Inst. 
 
 29. Surrender of liberties. 
 
 without head. 
 
 b. spirit of th< 
 
 ■ .no. 
 
 2. patriotism meant. 
 
 c. fatal mistake. 
 
 1. terrible til! 
 
 30. Nature of the wars waged. 
 
 1. very little 
 b. most val. pa 
 n hy require no1 
 
 31. Balance of power. 
 
 lis. DOW. 
 
 1- d nderancc. 
 
 1. force evenly distrib. 
 
 OHAPTEB I I. 
 
 GREAT EVENTS OF THE 
 SIXTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 TAgk ov (HAia i 
 
 \ III. 
 GENERAL Rn 
 
 TOPICS. I 
 
 .Age of Elizabeth. 
 Age of Charles V. 
 
 32. Growth of Spanish power. 
 
 a. brilliant figure. 
 1. beginning of m. h. 
 
 b. rank of Spain, Kith c. 
 
 c. Spain during Middle Ages. 
 
 1. isolation. 
 
 (<r.) ocean. 
 
 {b.) Pyrei 
 
 2. can baldly say. 
 (a) parceled out. 
 (b.) Grenada. 
 
 3. Ferdinand. 
 
 (a.) marriage. 
 
 (1.) At. and < 
 (b.) Grenada, 1491 
 Navarre, 1512. 
 - pain a nation, 1516. 
 1. Charles V. (grandson). 
 
 33. Position of Charles V. 
 a. grandparei 
 1. Max. of G. and Fer. of S. 
 
 bent, 1500. 
 1. Archduke Philip. 
 Joanna. 
 
 L5. 
 1. pat. grand., Mary of Bur. 
 Spain, hi. 
 1. Don Carlos 1.— joint rule. 
 
 1 " 
 
 & beym. 
 
 istria, etc., 19. 
 1. Hapsburg. 
 
78 MODERN HISTORY. 
 
 34. He is chosen emperor. 
 
 1. Arch, of Magdeburg. 
 
 a. M.'s hereditary pos. 
 
 b. crown. 
 
 1. electors. 
 
 2. appeal— 95 theses— 1517. 
 
 40. Progress of Luther. 
 
 c. Francis 1. and Henry VIII. 
 
 d. success. 
 
 1. Aix-la-C., 1520. 
 
 a. nob. and princes. 
 1. motive. 
 
 b. challenge accepted. . 
 
 2. 20. 
 
 1. why? 
 
 3. dominion. 
 
 c. bull, 1520. 
 
 (a.) A. or A. 
 
 1. simple friar. 
 
 d. war declared. 
 
 35. Two chief events of the 
 
 1. appeal. 
 
 reign. 
 
 2. bull how treated. 
 
 a. rise of P. 
 
 b. wars with F. 
 
 41. Spread of the Reforma- 
 tion. 
 
 1. bal. of p. 
 
 a. ferment. 
 
 36. Position of the Catholic 
 
 b. Duke of Saxony, etc. 
 
 Church. 
 
 c. " Reformation." 
 
 a. beginning 16th c. 
 
 42. The Diet of Worms. 
 
 1. all W. E. 
 
 a. Pope roused. 
 
 6. revolts ag. Rome. 
 
 1. appeal. 
 
 1. Albigenses. 
 
 b. Diet summoned, 1521. 
 
 (a.) South F. 
 
 1. G. princes. 
 
 2. Wycliffe, 14th c— E. 
 
 2. Worms. 
 
 3. Huss, 15th c— B. 
 
 c. refused. 
 
 c. revolts put down. 
 
 1, " safe-conduct." 
 
 1. burnt. 
 
 (a.) " extirpate." 
 
 37. Beginnings of dissent. 
 
 43. Result. 
 
 a. early in 16th c. 
 
 a. rapid spread. 
 
 1. relig. controversies. 
 
 1. G., F., Sw., K, Sc, Sc. 
 
 b. complaints. 
 
 b. race-division. 
 
 1. abuses in C. 
 
 1. Teutonic. 
 
 2. claims of temp. pow. 
 
 2. Latin. 
 
 3. doctrines ; ceremonies. 
 
 44. Origin of the name Prot- 
 
 38. Protestantism at the foun- 
 
 estant. 
 
 tain. 
 
 a. Diet of Spires, 1529. 
 
 a. Leo X. 
 
 1. attempt to check. 
 
 1. treasury. 
 
 2. change forbidden. 
 
 (a.) indulgences. 
 
 (a.) protest. 
 
 b. Dominican friars in G. 
 
 45. Rivalry with Francis I. 
 
 1. Tetzel. 
 
 a. four wars. 
 
 (a.) Augustinian f. 
 
 1. avowed object of F. 
 
 (1.) Martin Luther. 
 
 46. Events of the first war. 
 
 39. First appearance of Lu- 
 
 a. Italian — Pavia, 1525. 
 
 ther. 
 
 1. royal prisoners. 
 
 «. Wittenberg. 
 
 {a.) one year — Madrid. 
 
I y EVi i CENTURY, 
 
 Bur, 
 
 47. Second war, 1527-1529. 
 
 rity. 
 b. Henry VIII, and the I 
 
 1. d« : 
 
 ambray. 
 
 48. Third and fourth wars. 
 
 . -truce. 
 b. hostilities renewed. 
 
 C. Strange alliance. 
 
 1. s. : <;. prim 
 
 2. II. Vlll. 
 
 d. ( 
 
 e. invasion. 
 
 1. Creepy, 15 
 /. Francis ami Henry, 1547. 
 
 49. War with the Protestant 
 
 princes. 
 
 Shnalcald, 1581. 
 b. Council of Trent. L5 • 
 
 1. 
 0, Maurice, of Sax. 
 1. ref 
 
 60. Defection of Maurice. 
 
 <>. tyrannical. 
 1. excited wL 
 
 b. Maui 
 1. bold plan. 
 Benry II of F. 
 
 1. * 
 
 61. Triumph of Protestantism. 
 b. Passau. 156 
 
 555 
 
 1. inut. ' 
 
 62. The Emperor's troubles. 
 clouds thicken. 
 
 1. li 
 
 u^.) close aUian 
 
 53. His abdication and death. 
 
 a. Bt 
 
 h. Spain and thf Two 8i< 
 
 1. Philip 11. 
 c. Imperial crown— -Ferd. (br.). 
 
 -ill Vuste. 
 
 1. relir. duties. 
 
 2. niech. con. 
 ghastly fancy. 
 
 1. forerunner— 156 
 
 54. Character of Charles V. 
 
 a. negative virtues. 
 1. temperament. 
 
 b. speech. 
 
 ft laugh or smile. 
 idizement. 
 sanse of his failures. 
 
 1. comprehension of times. 
 
 2. stands to us Low? 
 /. new era irresistible. 
 
 England under Henry Vlll. 
 
 55. Events of the accession. 
 
 a. Henry VII., L509. 
 
 1. Tudor. 
 
 b. Henry VIII. (son). 
 1. 18— qualities. 
 
 c. Kath. of Ar. 
 1. Arthur. 
 
 b. v. 
 
 56. England's foreign rela- 
 
 tions. 
 a mixed up. 
 
 n Bided with. 
 b. import! 
 
 1. compared with home-af- 
 fairs. 
 
 57. Cardinal Wolsey. 
 
 a. I ire. 
 
 1. * am. 
 
 /'. butcher, 
 ducation. 
 
 1. witli a view, 
 urt. 
 
 : Arch. < 
 Chan. ; min. 
 
80 
 
 MODERN HIS TOR Y. 
 
 58. The king and the Church. 
 
 a. great stir— 1509 ; 1521. 
 
 b. ardently E. C. 
 
 c. book. 
 
 1. " Defender of the Faith." 
 
 59. Beginning of Henry's 
 
 ■wife-troubles. 
 
 a. 18 y. 
 
 1. professed to feel. 
 
 2. Anne Boleyn. 
 
 b. applied. 
 
 60. The Pope and Wolsey. 
 
 a. perplexity of Clement (VII.). 
 1. Charles V. 
 
 (a.) nephew. 
 
 b. several years. 
 
 c. under displeasure. 
 1. loss of p. and w. 
 
 d. 1530— " Had I but served," 
 
 etc. 
 
 61. Henry's decisive step. 
 
 a. tricks and subterfuges. 
 
 b. Jan., 1533. 
 
 c. Archbishop of C. 
 
 d. June 1st, 1533. 
 
 62. Verdict on his conduct. 
 
 a. history. 
 
 b. recent historians — Froudc. 
 
 c. defence. 
 
 1. disputed succession. 
 
 2. warmly desired. 
 
 63. The English and the Pope. 
 
 a. what done thus far. 
 1. jurisdiction. 
 
 b. thought of secession. 
 1. Parliament, 1534. 
 
 C. breach widened. 
 
 1. Pope declared, 1534. 
 
 2. forfeited. 
 
 64. What Henry now did. 
 
 a. defiance. 
 
 b. Pope's authority. 
 
 c. oath of pi! 
 
 1. mar. with I\. 
 
 2. chil. of A. B. 
 
 d. Parliament, 1534. 
 
 1. Supreme Head. 
 (a.) high treason. 
 
 65. Persecution of Catholics. 
 
 a. consci. scruples. 
 1. head of Ch. 
 
 b. humble friars. 
 
 c. noble victims. 
 
 1. Bishop Fisher. 
 
 2. Sir T. More. 
 (a.) L. Chan. 
 (b.) rank. 
 
 66. Fate of Anne Boleyn. 
 
 a. brief happiness. 
 
 b. 3 y.— trial— 1536. 
 
 67. Changes in religion. 
 
 a. maintained and enforced. 
 1. bloody laws. 
 
 b. toward Lutheranism. 
 
 c. 645 mon. ; 2374 chant, and 
 
 chap.; 90 coll.; 110 hos. 
 
 d. revenues. 
 
 1. own use. 
 
 2. his partisans. 
 
 e. mongrel state religion. 
 
 1. vacillation — severe enact. 
 (a.) burnt. 
 
 68. Henry's subsequent mar- 
 
 riages. 
 
 a. Jane Seymour. 
 
 1. next day. 
 
 2. death. 
 
 b. Anne of Cleves, a G. p. 
 1. disposed of. 
 
 c. Cath. Howard, 1540. 
 1. disposed of. 
 
 d. Cath. Parr — Lord Latimer, 
 
 1542. 
 1. discretion — 5 y. 
 
 69. Common verdict on Hen- 
 
 ry VIII. 
 
 a. 1547—5(1. 
 
 b. remorseless. 
 
 c. " If all the pic. and pat," etc. 
 1. Sir W. El 
 
 d. " Perhaps no other monster," 
 
 etc. 
 1. Mackintosh. 
 
GREAT EVENTS OF THE h m CENTURY. 
 
 M 
 
 70. Milder judgments. 
 
 !ii]>. hist. 
 
 rneL 
 reed upon him. 
 
 71. Benefits of his reign. 
 
 b. ParTiai 
 
 1. real poi 
 
 i ned. 
 
 c. the common; 
 
 rnmenl 
 3. contented! 
 
 d. gen. tendency of reign. 
 1. in spite of. 
 
 Rise of the Dutch Republic. 
 
 72. Extent of the Nether- 
 
 lands. 
 
 a. name of X. 
 1. at pies 
 
 LOtb C— ft and B. 
 (a.) Znyder Zee and the 
 
 Dollar! 
 (b.) n<>r front of F. 
 
 b. Philip II. of Spain. 
 
 73. Spirit of the people. 
 
 :ity. 
 1. navigation. 
 :ianufac. 
 6. civ. lib. 
 
 c. Reformation. 
 1. or 
 
 74. Character of Philip. 
 a. gloomy. 
 
 1. dark fanaticism. 
 
 ation. 
 
 0. silent. 
 
 l. webs of inti 
 
 ■ rial. 
 
 75. The quarrel begins. 
 a. k vr. 
 
 1 . Independently. 
 
 <il of n. 
 
 f>. Inquisition. 
 
 1. frenzy. 
 
 4<L— 400ck 
 & Doke Of Alva, i 
 
 1. character. 
 
 2. 5 v. 
 
 3. "Blood Council"— 6m.! 
 
 76. Events under William of 
 
 Orange. 
 ((. \\ . of Nassau, Prince of O. 
 1. known as. 
 
 b. prog, slow — why? 
 
 c. Rriilc, 1572. 
 
 d. S. yoke cast off. 
 
 i . Holland and Zealand. 
 Harlem. 
 /. recalled, 16 
 
 77. Progress of the "war. 
 
 a. Reqnesens — chi 
 
 b. defence of Leyden, 1 1 
 1 . the dykes. 
 
 c. despair. 
 
 1. Elizabeth. 
 
 78. Events to the death of 
 
 William. 
 
 a. Requesens. 
 
 1. ; \ntwerp. 
 
 (a.) union. 
 
 b. Pacification of Ghent, 157G. 
 1. Btadtholder. 
 
 i Dion of [Jtracht, 1579. 
 l. D. EL 
 
 i! n. prov. 
 (b.) presidency. 
 
 79. Assassination of William, 
 
 and the sequel. 
 • ward. 
 b. d;i 
 
 Maurice (son) — 18 y. 
 
 d. Antwerp. 
 
 1. Duke of Parma. 
 
 I :;i/.al>eth. 
 
 1. i icester— 6000. 
 
 Z • >hen. 
 (1.) 
 
82 MODERN HISTORY. 
 
 80. Stubbornness of the Dutch. 
 
 1. per. amb. 
 
 a. several years. 
 
 c. frightful crimes. 
 
 1. patience. 
 
 1. in what name ? 
 
 b. impracticable. 
 
 c. mediation. 
 
 85. Antagonism of the leaders. 
 
 1. humiliation of Sp. pride. 
 (a.) indep. nat. 
 (&.) 10 y. truce, 1609. 
 
 a. Guises and Cath. de M. 
 1. guardianship of F. 11. 
 
 b. Princes de Bourbon. 
 1. jealousy. 
 
 81. Summary. 
 
 2. k. of Navarre. 
 
 a. independence. 
 
 3. Prince of Conde. 
 
 1. 37 y. 
 
 c. Prince of C. embraced. 
 
 2. Peace of Westphalia, 1648. 
 
 1. Admiral Coligny and oth- 
 
 b. prog, of D. 
 
 ers. 
 
 1. wealth ; East I. ; navy. 
 
 
 
 86. Events of the war. 
 
 Civil and Religious Wars of 
 
 a. Vassy, in Champagne, 1562. 
 
 France. 
 
 1. in a barn. 
 
 
 (a.) insults, etc. 
 
 82. Subject stated. 
 
 (b.) sixty. 
 b. mutual mas. 
 
 a. latter half 16th c. 
 
 b. scene of wars. 
 
 c. treaty, 1563. 
 
 c. parties. 
 
 d. 1567-1570. 
 
 Connecting note : successors of 
 
 1. truces. 
 
 Francis I. 
 
 2. Treaty of St. Germain, 
 
 a. Henry II. (son), 1547. 
 
 1570. 
 
 1. Cath. de Medicis. 
 (a.) character. 
 
 2. 12 y. 
 
 b. Francis II. (son). 
 
 1. Mary Queen of Scots. 
 
 87. Settlement by marriage. 
 
 a. H. of N. 
 
 1. next heir. 
 
 b. Princess Margaret. 
 L. sister. 
 
 2. Guises. 
 
 3. 17 m. 
 
 c. Charles IX. (brother)— 9 y. 
 
 c. universal joy. 
 
 d. 18th Aug., 1572. 
 
 1. regent. 
 
 88. Word of caution. 
 
 83. Form of French Protestant- 
 
 a. party writers. 
 
 ism. 
 
 b. narratives of prin. actors. 
 
 a. John Calvin, Geneva. 
 
 89. Plots and counterplots. 
 
 1. teaching compared with 
 
 a. Charles IX. 
 
 that of L. 
 
 1. majority. 
 
 b. Huguenots. 
 
 2. real ruler. 
 
 1. " Eidgenossen." 
 (a.) "Covenanters." 
 
 2. treatment by F. I. and 
 
 3. complained very bitterly. 
 (a.) Coliirny's promise. 
 b. king's vaunt. 
 
 succes. 
 
 1. alarm. 
 
 84. Nature of the wars waged. 
 
 2. bloody resolve. 
 
 a. underlying cause. 
 
 (a.) result. 
 
 b. insincere advocacy. 
 
 r. imprudently proclaimed. 
 
BBEAT i:\ F THE \ TURY. 83 
 
 90. Preparations for the tragedy. 
 
 b. ft] 
 
 • council. 
 
 1. Edicl i ' 
 
 1. n solve. 
 
 bablished. 
 
 blow wh- 
 
 disastrous wars — 36 y. 
 
 b. late in evening, kag, 
 retended Trot. plot. 
 .'s alarm. 
 
 dreadful decree. 
 (l.) "1 consent, provid- 
 
 96. France under Henry IV. 
 a. character of reign. 
 
 1. Sully — character. 
 eneral business — ag.; com.; 
 new indust. : Imposts. 
 
 c. character and popularity of k. 
 
 91. Massacre of St. Bartholo- 
 
 
 mew. 
 a. night of Auir. &3d-24th. 
 1. tocsin. 
 
 97. His death. 
 
 a. 14th May, 1G10. 
 
 1. where? 
 
 2. scarf and cross. 
 
 2, Ravaillac. 
 
 b. reign of Heath. 
 
 b. G. ; F. of P. 
 
 l. half naked. 
 
 
 uy. 
 
 Ag-e of Q,ueen Elizabeth. 
 
 Henrv of Navarre. 
 
 98. Character of the age. 
 
 c. three days -10,000. 
 
 a. rank. 
 
 dead silence ! 
 
 b. fullness of n. life. 
 
 e. provinces — 45,000. 
 
 1. enterprises. 
 
 92. Conduct of the Huguenots. 
 
 2. pre-eminence. 
 
 n. submission. 
 
 3. lit. creations. 
 
 b. to arms. 
 
 99. Genealogy of Elizabeth. 
 
 1. greater fury ; how long? 
 
 a. H. VIII. and A. B. 
 
 93. France under Henry HI. 
 
 b. 25—1558. 
 1. 11 y. 
 
 O. Charles IX., 1574—24. 
 
 1. less than two years. 
 
 Connecting note — two brief 
 
 b. Henry III. (brother). 
 
 reigns. 
 
 1. 15 V. 
 
 a. Ed. VI. (son), 1547-1553. 
 
 2. frightful st: 
 
 1. Jane Sevmour. 
 
 ,ii. L689. 
 
 2. 10 y. 
 
 c. end of House of V. , 21 c. 
 
 3. Somerset, the P. 
 
 94. Henry of Navarre wins the 
 
 (a.) fate. 
 
 4. Warwick. 
 
 crown. 
 a. rightful successor. 
 1. late king. 
 
 (a.) marriage of son. 
 5. swav of Protestants. 
 (1. (', j. 
 b. Lady Jane Grey — 10 d. 
 
 b. obtained throne how? 
 1. Arqu< 
 3. Ivry, 1690. 
 8, th later. 
 
 c. Mary (sister of E.), 1553- 
 1558. 
 
 1. Kath. of Ar. 
 
 95. Settlement of the religious 
 
 2. beheaded. 
 
 disputes. 
 
 3. sway of Oath, party. 
 
 a. K. of P. and 
 
 4. burned. 
 
 1. II. of Bourbon. 
 
 (a.) Bmithfield, in L. 
 
84 
 
 MODERN HI8T0RT. 
 
 5. Philip II. 
 
 (a.) people took care. 
 (b.) result, on the whole. 
 
 6. 5y. 
 
 100. Views as to the succession. 
 
 a. right denied. 
 
 b. Cath. party.* 
 
 101. Elizabeth's policy. 
 a. Protestant religion. 
 
 1. at home. 
 
 2. abroad. 
 
 6. celebrated acts. 
 
 1. Suprem. Bill. 
 
 2. Act of Unifor. 
 
 c. purpose of these acts. 
 
 d. Sup. Bill. 
 
 1. clergy and crown officials. 
 (a.) all power in C. and S. 
 (b.) for. prince or prelate. 
 
 e. Act of U. 
 
 1. prohibited. 
 (a.) estab. relig. 
 /. severe enforcement. 
 1. many Cath. 
 
 102. Rise of Puritanism. 
 a. refugees under Mary. 
 
 1. accession of E. 
 
 2. reunited. 
 
 3. separation. 
 (a.) derision. 
 
 4. Nonconformists. 
 (a.) how treated. 
 
 103. The Queen of Scots. 
 
 a. returned, 1561. 
 
 b. stormy years. 
 
 c. flight," 
 
 1. infant son.f 
 
 d. 18 y. 
 
 1. Bolton, Tutbury, Fother- 
 ingay. 
 
 * M. of Scotland. 
 
 a. daughter; LTanrt-niece. 
 
 b. faith-- court of F. 
 
 c. dauphin. L669. 
 1. Francis II. 
 
 (a.) 1660, 
 
 d. 1561. 
 
 t E/s successor. 
 
 104. Plots and their result. 
 
 a. Cath. plots. 
 
 b. act — treason. 
 1. by or for. 
 
 c. Babington. 
 
 d. trial of Mary. 
 1. F. castle. 
 
 105. The death-warrant. 
 
 a. reluctance. 
 
 b. Davidson. 
 
 1. chancellor's seal. 
 
 c. too late. 
 
 d. Feb., 1587—45. 
 
 106. The Armada. 
 
 a. Cath. pow. 
 
 1. schemes — culmination. 
 
 b. " Invincible Armada." 
 
 1. 129. 
 
 2. 3000. 
 
 3. 20,000. 
 
 4. 34,000. 
 (a.) Neth. 
 
 107. Account of the action. 
 a. July, 1588. 
 
 1. Eng. Chan. 
 6. 30. 
 
 1. Lord Howard, of Effing- 
 
 ham. 
 
 2. first attack. 
 (a.) advantage. 
 
 c. 7d. 
 
 d. Calais. 
 
 1. fire-ships. 
 
 2. Howard, Drake, Lord 
 
 llonry Seymour. 
 (a.) inferiority 
 (b.) queen's parsimony. 
 
 e. around n. Scot. 
 1. storms. 
 
 /. to Lisbon. 
 
 108. Effect of the victory. 
 
 a. triumph of what? 
 
 b. effect on the Dutch. 
 
 c. on the Bug. in F. 
 
 d. on the infl. of S. 
 
I //}'. 
 
 BO 
 
 109. England ascendant. 
 
 a. B] 
 
 oted. 
 4. Intel 
 
 lit. 
 
 110. Commerce and manufac- 
 
 tures. 
 
 1. vessels. 
 
 Ilanse Towns. 
 
 b. Binning, and SI 
 
 -C. Manclies. 
 
 1. •-., rugs, friezes. 
 d. new industries ; St., S.-C, 
 
 die. 
 
 Ml X. 
 
 t Immigration. 
 
 111. Increase of luxury. 
 
 a. hand apparel, jeweli . 
 
 b. coaches — La 
 c Km 
 
 d. theaters — London. 
 
 e. smoking. 
 
 1. M.— " Virginia." 
 
 112. Elizabeth's ministers. 
 
 Burleigh — char* 
 
 1. Lord T. 
 
 ess. 
 
 6. ^ Wulsingham. 
 
 1. B 
 
 113. Her favorites. 
 
 B >bert, Bar] of I 
 
 1. i 
 C. Karl i 
 
 haracter. 
 opnlaritj. 
 
 Gfect 
 
 4. fate— ring ; 
 
 tory of Elizabeth. 
 
 ttingham. 
 ing. 
 
 lid not deliver it. 
 
 b. rage and grief. 
 
 115. Her death. 
 a. K) <1. 
 
 l. floor. 
 
 OOd ; niedi 
 54th Mar., 1003—70. 
 
 c. 1 
 
 116. Her character. 
 
 a. E. advanced. 
 
 1. proof oi w\ 
 
 b. strange blendin 
 
 ft Tudor <•. ; loudness. 
 
 d. constant aim. 
 
 1. glory bulwark. 
 
 e. noblest epitaph. 
 
 GREAT NAMES OF THE 
 SIXTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 I. Artists. 
 
 ,i. Michael AngelOj 1475-1564. 
 
 1. It. s.. i 
 
 2. Lorenzo de M. 
 8. nia^s. ami gran. 
 
 St. P.— dome. 
 b. Raphael, L48a-1590j 37. 
 1. It ]>. — rank. 
 
 Madoii.. etc : Vatican. 
 C. Titian, 1477-15'3 
 1. V. ]>. and 1. p. 
 . and M. 
 
 rince of c. 
 
 \ll.ert Diirer, 1171-1528. 
 
 '•red sub. 
 ::. Father of <-. P. 
 ft Bolbein, l 19&-U 
 
 1. «; p. i>. 
 
 il. XIII 
 
 toD. 
 
 II. Writers. 
 
 r,Ed in und,ir)53-1599. 
 
 1. 1. 
 
86 
 
 MODERN HISTOUY. 
 
 2. Faerie Queen. 
 (a.) now. 
 
 (b.) stanza. 
 
 (c.) sweetness, etc. 
 
 3. rank. 
 
 &. Shakespeare, William, 1564- 
 1616. 
 
 1. Stratford-on-Avon. 
 
 2. actor, etc. 
 
 3. 37. 
 
 4. rank — ' ' myriad-minded." 
 C. Sidney, Sir Philip, 1554-1586. 
 
 1. Q. E. — " jewel," etc. 
 
 2. p. temp. 
 
 3. Arcadia ; Defense of P. 
 
 d. Raleigh, Sir Walter, 1552- 
 
 1618. 
 
 1. Q. E. 
 
 2. gen. writer. 
 
 3. fate. 
 
 (a.) James I. 
 
 e. Cervantes, 1547-1616. 
 
 1. S. 
 
 2. pirates ; sla. 
 
 3. Don Quixote. 
 (a.) rank. 
 
 /. Rabelais, 1483-1553. 
 
 1. F. sat. 
 
 2. priest. 
 
 3. vivid pic. of times, but—. 
 g. Montaigne, 1553-1592. 
 
 1. F. sk. 
 
 2. Bordeaux. 
 (a.) B. mas. 
 
 3. Essays. 
 
 4. "What do I know?" 
 h. Ariosto, 1474-1533. 
 
 1. It. p. 
 
 2. Orlando Furioso. 
 
 3. Charles V. 
 
 i. Tasso, 1544-1595. 
 
 1. It. p. 
 
 2. J. Deliv. 
 (a.) First Cr. 
 
 ,;. Camoens, 1524-1579. 
 
 1. only P. p. 
 
 2. Lusiad. 
 (a.) P. hist 
 
 III. Philosophers and Scien- 
 tists. 
 
 a. Copernicus, 1473-1545. 
 
 1. U. a. 
 
 2. new theorv. 
 
 (a.) Ptolemaic— 1500. 
 
 3. great work. 
 (a.) cardinal. 
 
 (&.) Paul III— math. 
 
 b. Galileo, 1564-1642. 
 
 1. It. a. 
 
 2. tel. — spec-glasses. 
 {a.) J,; S.; V. 
 
 3. Court of Inquisition. 
 (a.) torture. 
 
 (&.) " It does move," etc.* 
 
 c. Tycho-Brahe, 1546-1601. 
 
 1. a. of Co. 
 
 2. Huen— Fred. II. of D. 
 
 3. great value. 
 
 CHAPTEE III. 
 
 GREAT EVENTS OF THE 
 SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 f England under the Stu- 
 general! arts, 
 topics. 1 The Thirty Years 1 Wai:. 
 
 [The Age of Louis XIV. 
 
 England under the Stuarts. 
 
 117. The Stuarts. 
 
 a. last of the Tudors. 
 
 b. James I., 1603. f 
 
 1. James VI. of S. 
 
 2. Mary Q. of S. 
 
 c. six — 17th c. | 
 
 118. Stuarts and Tudors con- 
 
 trasted. 
 a. strug. ag. arbitrary gov. 
 
 * discredit. 
 
 t J. VI. of s. 
 
 a. claim. 
 
 b. E.V will. 
 % Stuart line. 
 
 a. enumerate. 
 
',7,7.r/ /:i TUBT. 
 
 
 1. in- 
 
 i 
 
 Par. 
 
 
 
 0. tw — rng- 
 
 tent. 
 
 
 b. alarm of Par. 
 
 
 [f -raised t 
 
 1. lntellig< 
 
 2. Impris. Bnbj< 
 
 2. love of HI" ■ 
 
 (i/.) own warrant. 
 
 ■lit.*' 
 
 (//.) long us he plea 
 
 119. James aud his Parlia- 
 
 c. "Petition of Rij 
 
 ment. 
 
 1. roy. sanction. 16 
 
 ; and ill. D 
 
 d. fit of indignation, 
 
 l. Imprisoning. 
 
 124. Progress of despotism. 
 
 d 1. 
 
 a. for some years. 
 
 
 1. irresponsible. 
 
 ' lM-llrV." 
 
 (a.) t; 
 
 b. Par. 1 nd. 
 
 {b.) Impris. 
 
 1. monopolies ; pro. not au- 
 
 2. utter aefiai 
 
 thor. 
 
 b. struggle precipitated. 
 
 2. Impeach. ; disput. e. 
 
 1. ►>< 
 
 .i told them. 
 
 (a.) liturgy. 
 
 1. mem. protest. 
 
 2. Par. 
 
 Lib. of P. — birth- 
 
 125. Action of the Long Par- 
 
 right," i 
 
 liament. 
 
 120. Characteristics of this 
 
 a. 1640— 18 y. 
 
 reign. 
 
 b. resolved. 
 
 a. p 
 
 C. k. saw and resolved. 
 
 1. timid. 
 
 d. "Triennial Bill." 
 
 b. trad.'. 
 
 e. Strafford and Laud. 
 
 1. wealth, 
 
 1. blamed. 
 ate. 
 /. " Star-Chamber. M 
 
 (j. own consent. 
 
 126. The situation in 1641. 
 
 121. Character of James I. 
 
 a. oddity. 
 
 b. appearance — km 
 <•. weak, 
 
 d. pedantry. 
 
 buses. 
 1. concessions. 
 
 1 Learning — books 
 
 e. Sully- 
 
 b. fair pros] 
 
 
 1. nature of revolu. 
 
 122. Temper of Charles I. 
 
 c. ** Remonstrano 
 
 a popular reaped for i 
 
 l . James I. 
 
 1. guaranty. 
 
 h. ( ■'. 
 
 127. The explosion comes, 
 
 
 1642. 
 a. despotic act. 
 1. demanded. 
 
 123. His dealings with Par- 
 
 2. attempt to * 
 
 li anient 
 a. fo< 
 
 i rk. 
 
MODERN HISTORY. 
 
 128. Steps toward civil "war. 
 
 a. interchange of messages. 
 1. desire to yield. 
 
 b. command of army. 
 
 c. inevitable. 
 
 129. Cavaliers and Round- 
 
 heads. 
 
 a. Royalists — " Cavaliers." 
 1. nob. ; cl. ; country g. 
 
 b. Opposition — " Roundheads." 
 1. trades., etc.; yeomanry; 
 
 country g. ; nob. 
 
 130. General sketch of the 
 
 Civil War. 
 
 a. Nottingham— 25th of Aug., 
 
 1642. 
 
 b. Edgehill. 
 1. result. 
 
 c. negotiations — Oxford. 
 
 d. 6y. 
 
 1. first two campaigns. 
 
 2. afterward. 
 
 (a.) Marston Moor. 
 
 131. First appearance of Crom- 
 
 well. 
 
 a. Earl of Essex. 
 
 b. captain of horse at E. 
 1. 40. 
 
 c. Huntingdon. 
 
 d. member of P. 
 
 1. manners ; dress ; speech. 
 
 132. His advancement and 
 
 conduct. 
 
 a. col. of cav. 
 
 1. discipline of reg. 
 (a.) " Ironsides." 
 
 b. army remodelled — 2 or 3 y. 
 
 1. Fairfax. 
 
 2. Lieut.-(ion. 
 
 c. wonderful army. 
 
 1. embodiment. 
 
 2. composed. 
 
 (a.) prayer ; psalms. 
 
 d. Naseby, 1646. 
 
 133. The two Puritan factions. 
 a. Presbyterian. 
 
 1. relative numbers. 
 
 2. desirous. 
 
 b Independent. 
 
 1. embracing. 
 
 2. bent upon. 
 
 3. leader. 
 
 134. The king and Cromwell. 
 
 a. Nasebv. 
 1. flight. 
 
 (a.) surrender. 
 
 b. Hampton Court. 
 
 c. negotiation. 
 
 1. good prospect. 
 (a.) alarmed. 
 
 d. strong measures. 
 
 1. barred out (Dec, 1G48). 
 (a.) "Pride's Purge." 
 
 2. 50, or GO— "Rump." 
 
 135. Trial of the king. 
 
 a. High Court of Justice. 
 
 b. Westminster Hall. 
 1. 20th Jan., 1649. 
 
 c. dig. protest. 
 
 d. 27th— "ty., tr., m., pub. e." 
 
 136. His execution. 
 
 a. 30th Jan. 
 
 b. Whitehall Palace. 
 1. banqueting. 
 
 c. black scaffold. 
 
 1. soldiers. 
 
 2. headsmen. 
 
 d. dying declaration. 
 
 e. calmness. 
 
 /. " This is the head," etc. 
 
 137. Verdict on his execution. 
 
 a. constitutionality. 
 
 b. right course. 
 
 1 . ( 'oronation Oath. 
 
 c. apology. 
 
 1. throes of rev. 
 
 d. victim. 
 
 138. The Commonwealth. 
 
 a. Par. — established. 
 
 b. 11 y. 
 
 1. Lord Pro. 
 
 2. The Pro. of C. 
 
OF THE 17th CENTURY. 
 
 139. Events of the first pe- 
 
 1. 11 ; actual 1 
 b. C. 1 
 
 1. In land. 
 nd. 
 i harles 1 1. 
 
 r. 1651 
 
 • itch. 
 
 140. Cromwell dissolves Par- 
 
 liament. 
 
 Ilirilltirs. 
 
 b. "<.Vt vou LT<>ne," etc., April, 
 
 1. stamped, 
 
 2. k 
 
 141. He becomes Protector. 
 (i. Barebone's Parliament. 
 
 1. London carrier. 
 
 2. resigned 
 
 3. "Lord P. of tin 
 
 11 VIII. 
 
 142. His home rale. 
 
 a. despot. 
 
 ■vcu (list: 
 
 1. major-general. 
 
 power. 
 
 c. ret 
 
 law. 
 
 2. Bi 
 
 143. His foreign policy. 
 if. rigor — honored and f. 
 
 E 
 
 r. II. 
 (/ Pi 
 
 1. forced I 
 
 144. Last days and death. 
 
 b. \ 
 
 1. Dunbar and Worcester. 
 
 145. Character of Cromwell. 
 <>. person. 
 
 1. lie;. an«l si* nose. 
 
 " Taint nie," | 
 A. heroic s. 
 r. mil. talent. 
 
 d. earnest i 
 
 1. fitted. 
 
 146. Events to the Restora- 
 
 tion. 
 Kichard. 
 
 1. character and fitness. 
 B m. 
 h. confusion, 
 harlea II. 
 l. May, K 
 
 147. Circumstances of the 
 
 Restoration. 
 joy. 
 
 1. order ; anarchy. 
 h. terms. 
 c. character of Charles II. 
 
 1. humane, etc. 
 
 2. ind., prod., etc. 
 
 3. unfitted. 
 
 abroad ; at home. 
 
 148. The reign of Charles II. 
 
 a. inroads on ( !. and laws. 
 1. Dec of Indul. 
 
 Incor. judg 
 
 d ]). 
 
 4. proc on own author. 
 
 b. connterltal; 
 
 dike. 
 
 1. licentiousness. 
 
 2. mean acts. 
 
 149. His later character. 
 * ithout a Tar. 
 
 1. Duke i 
 
 I>. monstrous i 
 
 - any of t! 
 
 led, 
 l. prevented. 
 
 150. Puritan austerity. 
 
 a. under Cromwell. 
 
90 MODERN HISTORY. 
 
 1. sculpt, and p. 
 
 155. Throne declared vacant. 
 
 (a.) idolatry. 
 
 a. Par. proceedings. 
 
 2. public amuse. : theaters ; 
 
 1. excluded. 
 
 M.-pole; C.-fhv. 
 
 2. William and Mary. 
 
 151. Manners under Charles 
 
 3. "Bill of Rights." 
 
 II. 
 
 156. Benefits of the Revolu- 
 
 a. oppos. extreme. 
 
 tion. 
 
 b. king's example. 
 
 a. "Glo. Rev. of 1688" 
 
 1. pub. morals. 
 c. sold. 
 
 1. sal. pow. of p. p. 
 
 (a.) wisely directed. 
 
 d. impure plays. 
 
 (b.) worthy ends. 
 
 e. church. 
 
 b. Bill of Rights. 
 
 1. stem the torrent. 
 
 1. old Eng. lib. 
 
 
 (a.) violated. 
 
 152. Progress of England. 
 
 2. tri. of P. over K. 
 
 a. mater, pros. 
 
 3. pernic. doctrine. 
 
 b. nav. and corn. 
 
 c. manufac. : b., g., s., h. and p. 
 
 d. post-office. 
 
 1. during Commonwealth. 
 
 e. roads — stage-coaches. 
 /. tea, etc. 
 
 157. Hostile efforts of James. 
 
 a. Ireland. 
 
 1. Londonderry. 
 
 2. Boyne, 1690. 
 
 b. France. 
 
 g. Eoyal Society, 16G0. 
 
 158. Career and death of Wil- 
 
 1. for the cultivation. 
 
 liam. 
 
 153. Sketch of James II. 's 
 
 a. Mary, 1604. 
 
 b. prudent concessions. 
 
 reign. 
 a. Duke of Y. (brother), 1685. 
 
 1. money. 
 (a.) Louis XIV. 
 (1.) Ryswick, 1697. 
 (2.) second war. 
 c, 8th Mar., 1702. 
 
 b. brief and ing. 
 
 c. one idea — Cath. 
 
 1. hundredth. 
 
 d. at first. 
 
 1. fall. 
 
 e. at last. 
 
 
 1. Whigs and Tories. 
 
 159. His character. 
 
 2. William, Prince of Or- 
 
 a. abil. — mil. 
 
 ange. 
 (a.) grandson.; nep. and 
 
 b. ruling sent. 
 
 1. success. 
 
 son-in-law. 
 
 c. person. 
 
 
 d. demeanor. 
 
 154. William of Orange and 
 
 1. animated. 
 
 James. 
 
 e. conscientious. 
 
 a. 1688. 
 
 1. tolerant. 
 
 b. king's alarm. 
 
 /. domes, hab. 
 
 1. prom'; 
 
 
 in.) too late. 
 c. k. prepares to leave. 
 
 The Thirty Years' War. 
 
 1. wife and son. 
 
 160. Character of the war. 
 
 2. Great Seal. 
 
 a. import ;u ice — 17th c. 
 
 d. St. Germain — pensioner. 
 
 b. 1618-16 
 
i \ i it ) 
 
 in 
 
 1. w 
 
 D in. 
 
 161. Events from Charles V.'s 
 
 time. 
 
 ab of C, 
 
 1. in<l. ]'i 
 
 l '.. L., 0. 
 A futile attempts of emperors. 
 
 162. Beginnings of the revolt. 
 a Matthias K. of B. and II. 
 
 b. Ferdinand, K. of P>. 
 l. rr. atmenl of Prot. 
 
 ■It. 
 
 c. next emperor, 1619. 
 1. Prot. alarm 
 
 need. 
 
 1. Elector Palatine, Fred. 
 
 163. Defeat of Frederick. 
 a. hope of aid — son-in-law. 
 
 1. W. and timiditv. 
 
 rait, 1620. 
 1. presently 1 
 
 164. Narrative of the war. 
 
 a. Mind determination. 
 
 b. Wallenstein — character, 
 1. ravaged. 
 
 0. ] 
 
 fcep in 
 
 I hristian IV. of I>. 
 
 l. Pro*. League, I 
 scomplisned n\ I 
 
 165. Gustavus Adolphns ap- 
 
 pears. 
 
 ad rank. 
 b. lealo 
 
 uce. 
 I jr.— 20th May, 
 
 d. " Not lightly, not wantonly," 
 
 166. His career of victory. 
 character of army. 
 other aid. 
 
 1. Richelieu. 
 
 {!>.) motive. 
 
 ;it home. 
 
 2. England. 
 
 moral support. 
 
 (b. ) thousands. 
 (1.) "lion of the N." 
 
 167. His victories and death. 
 
 a. 2 v.: 1680-1682. 
 
 1. Tilly and Wallenstein. 
 
 regained. 
 
 b. Lntzen in Sax. — 16th 
 
 168. AflFairs after his death. 
 
 a. sorrow of S. 
 
 b. Oxenstiern — character. 
 
 1. organization. 
 
 2. Duke of Baxe- Weimar. 
 
 169. Death of Wallenstein. 
 a suspected. 
 
 b. guilt. 
 
 1. too powerful. 
 
 c. manner of death, 163 
 
 1. by whom 'r 
 
 2. warrant. 
 
 170. New phase of the war. 
 i'. aggrandizement. 
 
 1. (i. Prot. St.— 1685. 
 
 b. Richelieu and Oxenstiern. 
 
 171. Situation after Richelieu. 
 
 a. Mazarin, 1' 
 1. policy. 
 
 b. Ferdinand, 5 y. before. 
 
 172. French successes. 
 ". Turenne and Conde*. 
 />. threatened fate of <;. 
 
 i . Westphalia, L6 18 — 14 
 
 173. Nature of the treaty. 
 Enportanoa 
 
 b. Pi 
 
92 
 
 MODERN HISTORY. 
 
 c. Switz. and Holland. 
 
 d. fruits of victory. 
 
 1. territorial spoil. 
 
 (a.) France — Alsace, Metz, 
 
 etc. 
 (b.) Sweden — Upper Pom., 
 
 Bremen, etc.; three 
 
 votes. 
 
 2. right of meddling. 
 
 174. Effect of the war on Ger- 
 
 many. 
 
 a. shattered. 
 
 1. confederation. 
 
 2. national feeling. 
 
 b. w. and disintegration. 
 
 1. 2 c. 
 
 2. our own day. 
 
 The Age of Louis XIV. 
 
 175. Review of events down 
 
 to Richelieu. 
 
 a. Henry IV.— Ravaillac, 1610. 
 
 b. Mary de Medicis. 
 
 1. Louis XIII. (son)— 9 y. 
 C. court cabals. 
 1. gen. disorder. 
 
 d. Louis XIII. 
 
 1. character. 
 
 2. mother. 
 (a.) Blois. 
 
 (b.) dissatisfied nobles. 
 (c.) 2 y. of an. 
 
 e. Richelieu. 
 
 176. Advancement of Richelieu. 
 
 a. ecclesiastic. 
 
 1. States-General. 
 
 b. Bishop of Lucon. 
 
 c. spir. ad vis. 
 
 1. quar. made up. 
 (ft.) c.'s hat. 
 (b.) cabinet, 
 
 (1.) only his opinion. 
 
 d. the true mail found. 
 
 e. 20 v.: 1622-1642. 
 
 /. " First man in E., but," etc. 
 
 177. Comparison with Wolsey. 
 a, points of agreement 
 
 1. prel., min., pol., intrigue. 
 
 b. points of differ* ace. 
 
 1. more crafty. 
 
 2. more unscrupulous. 
 
 3. profounder policy. 
 
 c. emoluments and honors. 
 
 1. ministerial, priestly, mili- 
 
 tary. 
 
 2. helm, and scar. hat. 
 
 178. Domestic policy of Riche- 
 
 lieu. 
 a. Huguenots. 
 
 1. Rochelle, 1628—15,000. 
 
 2. crushed. 
 
 179. His foreign policy. 
 a. Austria. 
 
 1. how accomplished. 
 (a.) aided whom? 
 (6.) took the field. 
 
 180. Dealings with the nobles. 
 
 a. always hostile. 
 1. thwarted. 
 
 b. Montmorency, Cinq - Mars, 
 
 and De Thou. 
 
 181. Death of the Cardinal, 1642. 
 
 a. achievements. 
 
 1. glory of F. afar. 
 
 2. respect. 
 
 3. lit. and sci. 
 (a.) Academy. 
 
 b. five months later. 
 
 182. Reign of Louis XIV. 
 
 a. 5 y. 
 
 b. 72 y.: 1G43-1715. 
 
 c. F. rose to what height ? 
 
 183. Three epochs. 
 
 a. Mazarin. 
 
 b. ambit, pol. 
 
 c. retribution. 
 
 184. The regency. 
 
 a. Anne of Austria. 
 
 b. Mazarin, It. 
 
 1. master. 
 
 2. husband. 
 
/,'}. 
 
 93 
 
 185. Part in the Thirty Years' 
 
 W 
 
 ad <J. 
 
 1. lii.li- 
 
 <I. continued hoetiL — LO j. 
 
 186. Rise of the Fronde. 
 (i. civil commotion. 
 
 1. ral»;ils. 
 
 \hansted. 
 
 b. reform party, 1648-16 
 1. promise. 
 
 ime to what ! 
 
 187. Louis XIV. takes the helm. 
 
 1. Ma /.arm. 
 b. Prcs. of A. of Clergy. 
 
 188. His ministers. 
 
 rnment. 
 1. ( Solberl and Louvois. 
 
 : .coin., army and navy. 
 
 189. War with Spain. 
 ambition. 
 
 1. empire, 
 renown. 
 
 b. pretei 8. crown. 
 1. .Maria The] 
 
 1. triple alliance. 
 
 bc-la-Chapelle, 1GG8. 
 
 I rentier towns. 
 (1.) Vaul 
 
 190. War begins with Holland. 
 
 c. bri 
 (L L6 
 
 191. The Dutch champion. 
 
 pproaching storm. 
 b. William. I 
 
 riod. 
 
 192. French successes. 
 
 i. De Witt, Ghrand Penal 
 I, embai 
 ■J. fate. 
 
 193. Deeds of William of Or- 
 
 ange. 
 
 apparenl fate of II. 
 i>. desperate measure. 
 
 1. better thai the 
 c. high ground. 
 
 1. citadels. 
 \dmiral de Kuyter. 
 
 1. three combats. 
 
 194. Aid to the Dutch. 
 
 a. shame of E. P. 
 
 1. why? 
 
 2. forced the king— ltf 
 
 b. effect of example. 
 
 1. IS.; G.; Brandenburg (P.). 
 
 195. The giant struggle. 
 
 a. V. against whom? 
 
 b. 4 v., tramp of armies — 1674 
 
 -lei 
 
 c. grout generals. 
 
 1. T. and C. 
 
 2. Montecuculi 
 
 3. W, of o. . 
 
 (J. wavering success. 
 
 i . moth es coi peace. 
 
 l. Nimeguen, : 
 
 196. Results of the treaty. 
 
 a. France. 
 
 1. Franche Comte. 
 
 lsace. 
 3. fort, and towns of F. 
 
 b. Holland. 
 C. Spain. 
 
 197. Point of culmination. 
 
 <i. title. 
 
 b. cost of glory, 
 1. impoverished. 
 
 198. Edict of Nantes revoked. 
 
 <i. Henry IV. 
 1. toleration. 
 
94 
 
 MODERN HISTORY. 
 
 b. Revocation, 1685. 
 
 1. worship ; churches ; min- 
 isters ; laity. 
 
 c. " dragonnades." 
 1. full license. 
 
 d. result— 500,000. 
 
 199. Grand Alliance formed. 
 
 a. the Stadtholder, 1688. 
 
 b. soul of what ? 
 
 200. The result. 
 
 a. various successes. 
 1. especially. 
 
 b. Ryswick, 1697. 
 
 1. French losses. 
 
 2. lawful sov. 
 
 201. War of the Spanish Suc- 
 
 cession, 1701. 
 
 a. origin. 
 
 1. Charles II. of S., 1700. 
 (a.) Philip of Anjou. 
 
 b. E. alarmed. 
 
 1. menace. 
 
 2. real ruler. 
 
 202. Narrative of events. 
 
 a. coalition : G., E., H., P. 
 
 1. purpose. 
 
 2. Archduke Charles. 
 (a.) second son. 
 
 b. death. 
 
 c. John Churchill, Duke of 
 
 Marlborough. 
 1. rank. 
 
 d. Prince Eugene of Savoy. 
 
 203. Result of the war. 
 
 a. 13 y. : 1701-1714. 
 
 b. humiliation. 
 
 c. Marlborough. 
 
 1. Blenheim, Ramillies,Oude- 
 narde, Malplaquet. 
 
 d. Gibraltar. 
 
 e. F. fleets. 
 1. Vigo. 
 
 /. Toulon. 
 
 g. Prince E. in It. 
 
 h. domestic sorrow. 
 
 1. nobody; seventy-four. 
 
 204. Sudden success of Louis 
 
 XIV. 
 
 a. object of allies. 
 
 b. curious turn of affairs. 
 
 1. thirteenth year. 
 
 2. Balance of Power. 
 
 c. Philip of Anjou, 
 
 1. England and Holland. 
 
 2. Philip V. 
 
 (a.) first of B. in S. 
 
 d. Utrecht (1 713), Rastadt(1714). 
 
 e. next year. 
 
 205. Position of France. 
 
 a. culminating point. 
 1. last 80 y. 
 
 b. golden age. 
 
 c. trade and industry. 
 1. Colbert. 
 
 d. man. of southern towns. 
 " 1. w. and s. ; st. and cl. 
 
 e. mar. force ; colonies ; ex- 
 
 ports. 
 
 206. The court and manners. 
 
 a. court magnif. 
 
 1. sump, boil.; lib ; lit. prod.; 
 nat. sci.; acad., etc. 
 
 b. social conquest of Eu. 
 
 1. French polish. 
 
 2. French language. 
 
 207. True character of the 
 
 French under the Great 
 Monarch. 
 
 a. external glitter. 
 
 b. internal rottenness. 
 
 c. Oriental despotism. 
 1. "I am the State." 
 
 d. wars. 
 
 1. taxation. 
 (a.) cul. of soil. 
 
 e. politesse. 
 
 1. corrupt morals. 
 /. literature. 
 1. brilliant. 
 rvile. 
 
 208. Their artificiality. 
 
 a. pervaded. 
 
AT EV1 
 
 9fl 
 
 b. royal example. 
 l. red heels, 1 in. 
 
 ■i<iil displ; 
 linbroke 
 
 1. "Tfo 
 
 Progress of Civilization. 
 
 209. Character of the century. 
 if. act. and pn 
 
 h. revivi 
 
 :ried forward. 
 1. sci.; phi].; lit.; condit. of 
 the p. 
 
 210. Bacon and his philoso- 
 
 phy. 
 
 b. old method— cfetfuetftm. 
 
 1. Aristotle. 
 
 med. 
 (a.) reasoning down to ef- 
 fect 
 C. new method — iudurt: 
 1. Bacon. 
 
 observed. 
 (a.) reasoning up to cause. 
 <?. Bacon's proper pi 
 
 211. Descartes. 
 
 . phii 
 
 b. services to the new phil. 
 
 c. universal doubt. 
 
 1. not as a sceptic ; prejn- 
 did 
 
 d. starting-point. 
 
 1. " I think, therefore," etc. 
 
 self. 
 3. source no less pel 
 
 212. Spinoza. 
 
 • I. of II. 
 
 1. one "Inf. Sub" 
 
 emanations. 
 
 b. chanu 
 
 1. atln isi 
 
 •. philos. 
 
 213. Kepler and Newton. 
 
 1. E 
 b. K< pier— title. 
 l. tnree great 
 
 ton. 
 1. mi. gray. 
 8. the, of 1 and col 
 
 :;. rMncipia, 
 
 214. Newton and Leibnitz. 
 
 a. Calculus. 
 1. fluxions. 
 
 b. independ. dii 
 
 215. Other great names. 
 
 a. N.— log. 
 
 b. Tor.,JPlop. — hy.j m. ba. 
 
 ir to Gtnericke — a. -p. 
 d. H., 1G28. 
 1. blood— 20 y. 
 
 216. Scientific societies. 
 
 a. Eng. Boy. Boc. 
 
 1. Charles II., 16G2. 
 
 b. Fr. Acad. Sci. 
 
 1. Louis XIV., 1GG6. 
 elsewhere. 
 d. Brandt, alch. 
 1. phos., 1677. 
 
 217. French drama. 
 
 a. lit. in 17th c. 
 
 1. greatest advance. 
 
 b. F. drama the creation of. 
 tragedy. 
 
 1. Cor. 
 
 (a.) excels in what ? 
 
 2. B 
 
 (a.) excels in what ? 
 d. comedy. 
 1. Mol. — rank. 
 
 218. Other writers. 
 
 a. unrivaled. 
 
 1. Bos. — rank, 
 a —rank. 
 Boor. — rank. 
 
 b. V. — Teleniaque. 
 ft P. 
 
 1. child. 
 
96 
 
 MODERN HISTORY. 
 
 2. "Provincial Letters." 
 (a.) Jesuits. 
 
 d. R. — Maxims. 
 
 e. B. — satirical p. 
 /. La F.— fables. 
 
 1. mod. M. 
 
 219. English literature. 
 
 a. S., 1616. 
 
 b. Ben J., Flet., Mas. 
 
 c. M. — great ep. 
 
 d. Jer. T. — prose. 
 
 e. B. — allegories. 
 /. John Dry. 
 
 g. But. — Hudibras. 
 
 h. character of stage lit. 
 
 220. Art and the Flemish 
 
 school. 
 
 a. falling off. 
 
 b. Netherlanders. 
 
 c. three great names. 
 
 1. Rub. 
 
 (a.) specially famed. 
 
 2. Van. 
 
 (a.) pupil. 
 (b.) Antwerp. 
 
 (1.) Eng. 
 (c.) court portraits. 
 
 3. Rem. 
 
 (a.) two special merits. 
 
 221. Other painters. 
 
 a. Spanish. 
 1. Mu. 
 
 b. Italy. 
 
 1. Sal. Ro. 
 (a.) rank. 
 
 c. England. 
 
 1. Sir Christopher W. 
 (a.) St. P. 
 
 222. Europe in the 17th cen- 
 
 tury. 
 
 a. attention confined. 
 1. why? 
 
 b. source of information. 
 1. Mac. 
 
 223. English gentry and cler- 
 
 gy. 
 a. condition of gentry. 
 
 b. spent their days. 
 1. f. spor.; mar. 
 
 c. spent theil evenings. 
 
 d. ladies. 
 
 1. accomplishments. 
 (a.) pastry ; wine. 
 
 2. meals ; evening. 
 
 e. clergy. 
 
 1. chaplain. 
 (a.) Levite ; $50 ; up. ser. 
 (b.) wife. 
 
 224. The yeomanry. 
 
 a. numbers and influence. 
 
 b. propor. of pop. 
 1. Stuarts. 
 
 c. spirit ; leaning. 
 1. Roundhead. 
 
 d. contrast with pres. day. 
 1. large proprietors. 
 
 225. Laboring classes 
 
 a. four-fifths. 
 1. 4 to 6 shil. 
 
 b. mechanic's pay. 
 1. Charles II. 
 
 c. food of the poor : r., b., or o. 
 
 d. only medium of complaint. 
 
 e. heaviest tax — one-fifth. 
 
 226. Brutality of the people. 
 
 a. remarkable vein. 
 
 1. beating. 
 (a.) masters. 
 (b.) husbands. 
 (c.) teachers. 
 
 2. mob-fights. 
 (a.) savage glee. 
 
 3. ex. a favor, amusement. 
 
 b. prisons. 
 
 1. nurseries of c. 
 
 227. Costumes of Cavalier and 
 
 Roundhead. 
 
 a. Cavalier. 
 
 1. s. or s. tunic — s. s!< « \ 
 
 2. collar ; cloak ; trou- 
 
 boots. 
 
 3. beaver — band and plume. 
 4 hair ; beard ; love-locks. 
 
n CENTl 
 
 97 
 
 . randhead. 
 
 1. cloak ; collar j hat ; liair. 
 
 228. Ladies 1 dress 
 (i. under Elizabeth. 
 
 l. farthingale! rufl 
 
 b. nndei < har 
 
 1. i collars. 
 
 c. under Charles 1 1. 
 
 low. 
 
 1. Improvement. 
 
 2. I bower. 
 
 nod. 
 
 1. disappeared. 
 
 2. curls and the old f. 
 
 229. Means of communication. 
 character. 
 
 b. roads ; canals. 
 
 c. in wet weather. 
 (I. the rich — horses. 
 
 5 in. 
 1. i 'k. 
 
 /. first st.],. toll-gates, 1GG3. 
 g. tiighwaymi 
 
 1. well armed. 
 
 230. Culture and education. 
 
 a. sti 
 
 b. newspaper. 
 
 c. print inir-prcsses. 
 
 cept. 
 
 2. bonks. 
 
 d. female education. 
 
 1. accomplished ladies. 
 
 231. Industries. 
 condition of mannf. 
 
 b. woolen ; silk ; linen. 
 tton-trade. 
 Ineral wealth. 
 1. close of c, 
 
 GREAT NAMES OF.THE SEV- 
 ENTEENTH CENTURY. 
 I. Philosophers and Scientists. 
 1561-1626. 
 
 1. rank. 
 
 2. founder of i 
 
 totelian. 
 
 applied. 
 
 philosophic form. 
 
 b. r> L650. 
 
 l. i\ p. 
 Holland. 
 
 method of ])hilos. 
 
 c. Hobbes, 1588-1*'.. 
 
 1. E 
 
 2. " freethinker," but not — . 
 
 d. Kepler, 1571-1680. 
 
 m. and a. 
 
 2. " Thn 
 
 3. rank. 
 
 (a.) insp. of p. and p. 
 (b.) meth. of math. 
 
 4. pov. 
 
 e. Harvey, L578-1657. 
 
 1. E. 
 
 2. Padua. 
 (a.) why? 
 
 3. cir. of b., 1615. 
 /. Spinoza, 1022-1677. 
 
 1. J. phil. 
 
 2. rank. 
 
 3. why persecuted? 
 
 4. life, 
 
 g. Isaac Newton, 1642-1727. 
 1. E. m. 
 9. universal g. 
 
 3. optics. 
 
 4. " Principia." 
 
 h. Leibnitz, 1(110-1716. 
 
 1. G. j., h., m., m. 
 
 2. rank. 
 
 3. f. of eclectic sys. 
 
 II. Painters. 
 a. Rubens, 1. "577-1640. 
 
 1. Antwerp. 
 
 2. 4000. 
 
 wealth. 
 
 ad hist sc. 
 sndyck, 1599-1641. 
 
 1. pupil. 
 
 2. i: 
 
 3. ] 
 
 Rembrandt, 1606-1669. 
 
98 
 
 MODERN HISTORY. 
 
 1. Leyden. 
 
 2. rank. 
 
 3. col. ; li. and sha. 
 
 d. Poussin, 1594-1665. 
 1. Normandv. 
 
 e. Murillo, 1G18-1G82. 
 
 1. Sp. — rank. 
 
 2. early— beg. b., etc. 
 
 3. later — relig. 
 III. Writers. 
 
 a. Ben Jonson, 1574-1637. 
 
 1. E. dra., etc. 
 
 2. James I. 
 
 b. Calderon, 1601-1681. 
 1. S. dra. 
 
 2 500. 
 
 c. Corneille, 1606-1684. 
 
 1. F. dra. 
 
 2. "Cid." 
 
 d. John Milton, 1608-1674. 
 
 2. " P. Lost" and " P. Reg/' 
 (a.) pov. and b. 
 
 3. genius unnoticed. 
 
 e. Samuel Butler, 1612—1680. 
 
 1. E. sat. 
 
 2. "Hudibras." 
 (a.) Puritans. 
 
 /. Jeremy Taylor, 1613-1667. 
 
 1. E. bishop. 
 
 2. "HolyL.;" "HoIyD.H 
 
 3. Btyle. 
 
 g. La Fontaine, 1621-1705. 
 
 1. F. p. and fab. 
 h. Moliere, 1622-1673. 
 
 1. F. dra. 
 i, Pascal, 1623-1662. 
 
 1. F. p. and s. 
 
 2. Church. 
 
 3. "Provincial Letters." 
 (a) Jesuits. 
 
 j. Bossuet, 1627-1704. 
 
 1. F. p. orat. 
 
 2. rank. 
 
 k. John Bunyan. 1628-1688. 
 
 1. B. tinker. 
 
 2. Bap. p. 
 
 3. 12 y. 
 
 (a.) "P.P." 
 I John Dryden, 1631-1700. 
 
 1. E. p. and sat. 
 
 2. Charles II. 
 
 3. "Absalom and Achito- 
 
 phel." 
 (a.) rank. 
 m. Boileau, 1636-1711. 
 
 1. F. p. 
 
 2. moral tone. 
 
 n. Racine, 1639-1699. 
 
 1. F. dra. 
 
 2. rank. 
 
 o. Fenelon, 1651-1715. 
 
 1. Fr. 
 
 2. Quietist. 
 
 3. "Telemaque." 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 GREAT EVENTS OF THE 
 EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 GENERAL 
 TOPICS. 
 
 'Eng. under the Georges. 
 Prussia and Frederick 
 
 the Great. 
 Rise of Russia. 
 The French Revolution. 
 
 England under the Georges. 
 
 232. The successor of William 
 
 III. 
 
 a. Anne (sister-in-law), 1702. 
 1. daughter. 
 
 b. 12 y. — end of S. line. 
 
 233. Three leading events. 
 
 a. union of B. 
 
 b. campaigns of M. 
 
 c. contests bet. W. and T. 
 
 234. Hostility between Eng- 
 
 land and Scotland. 
 
 a. separate, 
 
 1. notwithstanding what? 
 
 b. feeling growing up. 
 
 c. crisis beg. 18th c. 
 1. show of war. 
 
 8, better counsels. 
 

 !.!) 
 
 235. Treaty of Union. 
 
 I . B ■ • iper, 
 
 236. Marlborough's campaign. 
 
 1. Fr. hum. 
 
 237. Strife of Whigs and To- 
 
 ries. 
 
 i uestions. 
 
 1. th 
 
 8. !':■ 
 
 b. ^^ M. 
 
 1. catled for * 
 
 b ('.). 
 1. called for what ? 
 d. queen at heart what? 
 
 first. 
 /. ai 
 
 1. Utrecht 
 
 238. Character of Anne. 
 a, it li- 
 ft. Prince Geo. of P. — 6 y. 
 
 r. i: 
 
 d, talent ami learning. 
 
 f. e 
 
 tic be. 
 
 g. disposition and virtues. 
 1. title. 
 
 h. rank of reign in lit. 
 
 239. Anne's successors. 
 
 of H. 
 
 1. Jas. I.; next P. h. 
 
 2. Par. 
 
 lelph line, or H. of Bruns- 
 wick.* 
 1. still. 
 
 240. Accession of George I. 
 a. G — s]m ,;k E 
 
 6. 
 
 * Ho 
 
 <1. Sophia Of B. 
 
 241. Politics under George I. 
 // king's partiality. 
 
 Mirer of what I 
 
 h. adrisi 
 
 1. why? 
 c T. leaders how • 
 1. riots. 
 (a.) majority of nation. 
 (b.) Pretender. 
 
 242. The Pretender and his 
 
 invasion. 
 
 a. .lames 111. — "Jacobites." 
 
 b. Louis XIV. 
 
 c. 171 •"). 
 
 243. South Sea scheme. 
 
 a. pacif. reign — f< 
 
 1. disastrous event. 
 
 b. Law, a S. 
 
 1. control. -g. of F. 
 
 2. finan. sen. in F. 
 (a.) promised. 
 (&.) effect 
 
 r. visionary proj. in E. 
 1. S. S. B. 
 
 d. for a time — prem. 
 
 g >on — unsoundness. 
 1. thousands. 
 /. H. of Com. 
 
 244. Character of George II. 
 
 teorge II. (son), 1727 — 45. 
 
 b. pei 
 
 c. know, of E. — foreign ae. 
 
 d. care for sei ., etc 
 1. " bain, and bo." 
 
 245. Walpole. 
 
 Sir Rob. Walpole. 
 1. Prime M. — nearly half. 
 
 b. learning ; manners. 
 
 c. secret of success. 
 1. niaj. in P. 
 
 246. Four wars of George II. 
 
 3 : 
 1. tales of WTO 
 
 hat came i 
 
 b. A 
 
100 
 
 MODERN BISTORT. 
 
 1. object, 
 
 (a.) Maria Theresa (daugh- 
 ter). 
 (b.) Charles, E. of Bavaria. 
 
 2. E.'s business in the quar- 
 
 rel. 
 
 3. parties. 
 
 (a.) E.— M. T. 
 
 (6.) P. under Fred, the G. 
 
 — C. 
 (c.) F. under Louis XV.— C. 
 
 4. result. 
 
 c. Young Pret., 1745. 
 
 1. Charles Ed. 
 
 2. object ; aid. 
 
 3. Culloden. 
 
 d. A. war with F. 
 
 1. colonies. 
 
 2. "P. and In. War." 
 
 3. 1755— Geo. III.— 1763. 
 (a.) Peace of Paris. 
 
 4. Canada. 
 
 247. Pitt. 
 
 a. latter part of reign. 
 1. surname. 
 
 b. 1708, Oxford, etc. 
 
 c. genius how directed ? 
 1. Amer. ; Ind. 
 
 d. clear head and admin, f ac. 
 
 248. England under George III. 
 
 a. 1760. 
 
 b. rank of England. 
 1. Pitt. 
 
 c. first of House. 
 
 1. " Born and ed.," etc. 
 
 249. Character of George III. 
 
 a. not saying much. 
 
 b. private life. 
 
 c. devoted himself. 
 1. at heart. 
 
 d. understand, and prej. 
 
 e. prone. 
 
 1. 1810 ; 1820. 
 
 250. Events in America. 
 
 a. fruitful reign — 5 y. 
 
 b. Grenvilh — Stamp Act, 1765. 
 
 c. other taxes. 
 
 d. conflict and result. 
 
 251. Conquest of India. 
 
 a. great struggle. 
 
 b. Clive ; Warren Hastings. 
 
 c. Eng. successes. 
 
 1. French ; native princes. 
 
 d. 200,000,000. 
 
 252. Other events. 
 a. F. Rev. 
 
 1. all the nat. 
 
 2. considered where ? 
 
 Prussia and Frederick the Great. 
 
 253. Subject stated. 
 a. rise of P. 
 
 1. our own times. 
 
 254. Beginnings of Prussia. 
 
 a. Elec. of Brandenburg. 
 
 1. Mid. Ages. 
 
 2. Duchy of Prussia.* 
 (a.) Elizabeth. 
 
 3. grew apace. 
 
 4. aid in war of S. S. 
 (a.) bargain. ' 
 
 b. first king, 1701. 
 
 1. Fred. III.— Fred. I. 
 
 255. Frederick William, 1713- 
 
 1740. 
 
 a. second. 
 
 b. character. 
 
 1. savage ; economist. 
 
 c. army — son. 
 
 256. Youth of Frederick the 
 
 Great. 
 
 a. Fred. II. (son). 
 
 b. 1712. 
 
 c. treatment — deserter. 
 
 d. flute ; books ; Voltaire, etc, 
 
 257. He ascends the throne. 
 
 a. 1740. 
 
 b. boyhood's dream. 
 
 c. looked about 
 1. troas. ; army. 
 
 * Horn -si— Slavonic. 
 

 ' * 
 
 ' h. 
 
 
 
 1. world-sol 
 
 
 2. a new power. 
 
 c. 
 
 rank 1 
 
 d 
 
 Holy Roman Empire. 
 
 
 1. A*, and 1'. 
 
 
 ' ow. 
 
 
 
 262 
 
 . Prussia's losses and resto- 
 
 
 ration. 
 
 a. 
 
 1,000,()(M). 
 
 b. 
 
 ted land. 
 
 mi 
 
 238. Maria Th« 
 
 . 10. 
 
 Sanction. 
 1. father's hered. dom. 
 
 11. and B.j A.. 
 
 u. 
 
 d. claimants. 
 
 259. Frederick's claim and con- 
 
 duct. 
 
 a. Sii 
 
 1. Eo 
 
 'J. justice of claim. 
 
 .li-i? 12. 
 two. 
 result. 
 
 b. u 1 
 
 260. Second war and sequel. 
 
 a. i: 
 
 1. F. and E. 
 
 2. result. 
 
 of peace. 
 1. rise of P. 
 
 261. Nature of the Seven Years' 
 
 War. 
 
 a. i; 
 
 b. partition. 
 
 1. Becrel treat! 
 \. with F. 
 (b.) A. with K., Po., Sax., 
 Bw. 
 
 c. England. 
 1. m< 
 
 d. " sea of troubles." 
 261. The war and its results * 
 
 rondertnl # 
 
 * I. First Campaign, 1756. 
 
 l. Di 
 
 — plot. 
 
 ! itz. 
 
 II. B 
 
 a. I Uohemia. 
 
 x - -1 1 Ml. 
 
 b. terrible misfoli 
 
 :. Bus.- e. frontier. 
 
 l'omerania. 
 Berlin. 
 . ;riv. from Han. 
 4. French— Saxony. 
 
 c. meditated what ! 
 
 d. turn in the tide, 
 i. R, recalled. 
 
 ished into Sax. 
 90,000. 
 (b.) Roesbach. 
 
 nthen, in Silesia. 
 
 e. result. 
 
 tlesia. 
 
 xaltation. 
 {a.) London a blaze, 
 (ft.) 700,000. 
 
 III. Third and Forirrn CAM- 
 
 PAIGNS, 
 
 a. the Third, on the whole, 
 i. Silesia. 
 
 iny. 
 
 (a.) F. driven out. 
 
 b. the Fourth, blows on blows. 
 
 1. Russians. 
 
 Kunersdorf. 
 
 2. Austrian*. 
 
 ten. 
 o.OOO. 
 (1.) passes of i>oh. 
 
 IV. Fifth Campaign, 17G0. 
 
 a. at bay. 
 
 1. 200,000. 
 
 b. dash at Torgau. 
 <". camp, Silesia. 
 
 (/. thought of B. 
 
 M7G3. 
 
 a. what saved him. 
 i. Peter III. 
 
 b. example followed. 
 
 c. Peace of P., 11 
 
 llubcrtsburg, 1763. 
 1. A. and P. 
 
 (. unchai. 
 
103 
 
 MODERN BISTORT. 
 
 c. work of repair. 
 
 1. the starving. 
 
 2. houses. 
 
 3. taxes. « 
 (a.) Silesia — 6 y. 
 (b.) other districts. 
 
 4. rewards and pensions. 
 
 5. revival of com. 
 
 d. coin. 
 
 6. advancement. 
 1. proof. 
 (a.) 2 mil. to 6 mil. 
 (&.) 6 mil. to 72 mil. 
 
 263. Character of Frederick. 
 
 a. 1786— 75th y.— 47 y. 
 &. c. treaty with U. S. 
 
 c. as a soldier. 
 
 1. in battle. 
 
 2. in difficulties. 
 
 3. in depression. 
 
 d. justice of undertakings. 
 
 e. one fixed object. 
 /. Carlyle. 
 
 1. "liar and charlatan." 
 g. compared with roy. contem. 
 
 Rise of Russia. 
 
 264. Russian question stated. 
 
 a. blank — beg. 18th c. 
 
 b. stock — S. 
 1. capacity. 
 
 c. early start in civil. 
 
 d. the Norseman Ruric, 9th c. 
 
 e. 10th c. 
 
 1. G. Church. 
 
 265. Reason of Russia's back- 
 
 wardness. 
 
 a. exposed to M. 
 1. 13th c. 
 
 (a.) Genghis Khan. 
 
 b. 2 c. of bon. 
 
 c. cut off from what ? 
 
 1. Poles and Lithuanians. 
 
 266. Progress of Russia. 
 a. deliverance from T. 
 
 1. Ivan Vasilovitz. 
 
 (((.) Elizabeth. 
 
 b. powerful. 
 
 c. hemmed in. 
 
 1. Baltic. 
 
 (a.) P. and S. 
 
 2, Black S. 
 
 (a.) T. in the C. 
 
 d. P. the G.— close of 17th c. 
 
 267. Peter's biography. 
 
 a. Alexis, the G. : 1645-167G. 
 1. Michael Romanoff, 1613. 
 
 (a.) pres. roy. fain. 
 (b.) Ruric line. 
 
 b. 1672. 
 
 c. P. and Ivan, 1682. 
 1. I.'s condition. 
 
 d. baffled — Sophia. 
 
 e. scepter— 17— 1689. 
 
 268. His person and aims. 
 
 a. rough, etc. — fund of en. 
 
 b. apparent aim. 
 1. peaceful arts. 
 
 c. wars compulsory. 
 
 269. His first idea. 
 
 a. available seaboard. 
 
 1. Azof, 1696. 
 
 2. fleet. 
 
 270. His visit to the West. 
 
 a. old noble. 
 
 b. countries visited. 
 1. purpose. 
 
 c. Saardam, 1697. 
 
 1. worked. 
 
 2, picked up. 
 
 d. England, 1698. 
 
 1. dock-yards, etc. 
 
 271. His social reforms. 
 
 a. home, 1701. 
 
 b. change of dress. 
 
 1. brown f.-COat. 
 (//.: casting off. 
 
 2. priests and peasants. 
 
 c. beards. 
 
 d. nobility— titles ; power. 
 
 e. toleration ; Bible. 
 
URY. 
 
 in;; 
 
 272. ian. 
 
 La] .:iity. 
 
 b. b 
 
 1. 
 
 □tent 
 
 I 
 
 XII. 
 
 273. Campaign of Charles XII. 
 
 imptitude. 
 
 b. quick riddance of his ene- 
 
 lii i< 
 l. D. 
 
 c. 8" 90, 1700. 
 1. Narva, n. Q. of Livonia. 
 8, a tenth. 
 
 Bolt 
 
 4. " these s., I knew, would 
 
 274. Proposes to invade Rus- 
 
 sia. 
 
 a. next 4 y. in P. and S. 
 
 b. intoxicated. 
 
 t. at Moscow. 
 viex. — Darius. 
 
 275. Peter's strategy and 
 
 Charles's difficulties. 
 
 a. roads, etc. 
 
 b. Ukraine. 
 
 1. Maieppa — Cossack. 
 
 c. misfortunes. 
 
 1. r« nts. 
 
 MOO. 
 
 276. Pultowa, 1709. 
 
 a. siege — important 
 
 b. wound. 
 
 C. advance of P. 
 
 d. a' 
 
 ■ 1. lit! 
 
 a ii 
 
 /• Sh 
 
 1. I 
 
 277. Close of Charles XII.'s 
 
 career. 
 
 b. manner of death. 
 
 l. Fredericshall, Nor., 1718. 
 I>r. J. — " Vanit 
 
 1. "His fall 
 
 etc. 
 
 278. Gains to Russia. 
 (t. importance. 
 
 b. Livonia, etc., & of B. 
 in. 
 
 1. Pea 
 
 279. His pacific measures. 
 
 a. St. P., 1704. 
 
 1. Nova, <i. of F. 
 8, why so named? 
 ;!. capital, 
 old. 
 
 b. internal changes. 
 1. army ; navy. 
 
 admin, of jus. 
 •in. , man. 
 
 4. canals, roads. 
 
 5. printing-press. 
 C. task of a giant. 
 
 280. Death and character. 
 
 a. i: 
 
 1. knee-deep in L. Ladoga. 
 
 b. rank. 
 
 c. character. 
 1. Voltaire. 
 
 (a.) polish ; art of w. ; fleet; 
 ship-w., etc; man- 
 
 281. Peter's successors. 
 
 th. 1. (widow) — 2 y. 
 b. Peter 11. (grandson) — 3 y. 
 < — lo y. 
 izabeth (daughter)— 
 0. Petri- 111. (nephew) — few m. 
 
 1. fate. 
 /. Catharine II., 1 ; 
 1. surname. 
 
 282. Doings of Catharine. 
 a. rank of C. 
 
104 
 
 MODERN HISTOID'. 
 
 b. Potemkin and Suwarrow. 
 1. Turks — Crimea. 
 
 283. Partition of Poland. 
 
 a. origin of scheme. 
 
 b. parties. 
 
 c. 1772. 
 
 284. End of Poland. 
 
 a. 1792— R. and P. 
 
 b. 1795— R., P., A. 
 
 1. " Oli ! bloodiest pic," etc. 
 C. wick, and import. 
 
 1. "brought that nation," 
 etc. 
 
 285. Catherine's successors. 
 
 a. 1796. 
 
 b. Paul (son). 
 
 1. character and fate. 
 C. Alex. I. (son), 1801. 
 1. grandfather. 
 
 The French Revolution. 
 
 286. Remark of Louis XV. 
 a. " After me/' etc. 
 
 1. death-bed, 1774. 
 
 2. dreadful verification. 
 
 287. France and Louis XV., 
 
 1715-1774. 
 
 a. F. at death of L. XIV., 1715. 
 1. condition. 
 
 b, bad to worse. 
 
 1. painted fav. 
 
 (a.) Pompadour and Du 
 Barri. 
 
 2. last sou. 
 
 3. wars. 
 
 (a.) idle nobility. 
 
 288. Accession of Louis XVI. 
 
 a. 1774 — grandson— 20 y. 
 
 b. character. 
 
 c. Marie Antoinette. 
 1. Ma. The 
 
 d. "O God, guide us I" etc. 
 
 289. Bad condition of France. 
 
 a. demand of the times. 
 
 b. signs. 
 
 c. sowing ; reaping. 
 
 d. iinan. and pub. end. 
 
 1. a century and a half. 
 
 2. two hundred millions. 
 
 e. state of the people. 
 1. smug, and spo. 
 
 290. Further details. 
 
 a. infidelity. 
 
 b. people alienated from : 
 
 1. throne. 
 
 (a.) excess; scandal. 
 
 2. nobles. 
 
 3. clergy. 
 
 (a.) cm., ig., and deb. 
 (b.) satire and indig. 
 
 c. leaders of the new opinions : 
 
 Vol., Rousseau, lielvetius, 
 Condillac. 
 
 1. so-called C, L., and T. 
 
 swept away. 
 
 2. reinforced — host. 
 
 d. good as well as evil. 
 
 1. tr., mer., chiv. 
 
 2. false., des., impos., vice. 
 
 291. Financial measures. 
 
 a. grand problem. 
 
 b. Turgot. 
 
 1. grad. ref. proposed. 
 (a.) alarm of courtiers. 
 
 2. disposed of, 1776. 
 
 c. two other min. 
 
 d. Necker— Geneva. 
 1. maxims. 
 
 (a.) expenditure— why? 
 (b.) credit — why? 
 
 e. 5y. 
 
 1 . balance-sheet— 1 781 . 
 (a.) angered nobility. 
 /. N. disposed of. 
 
 292. Effect of the American 
 
 -war. 
 
 a. war with E. 
 
 1. cause. 
 
 b. painful reminder. 
 
 c. doctrines from A. 
 1. peasant. 
 
 d. injustice. 
 
i VENTi 
 
 
 1. tv 
 
 '.000. 
 
 293. Administration of Ca- 
 
 lonne. 
 
 a. Increased burcl 
 6. juggler. 
 
 1. borrowed— repaj □ 
 
 294. Assembly of the Nota- 
 
 bles. 
 I hat? 
 
 b. previous meetings. 
 l. dee. 
 
 137. 
 d. land * 
 
 l. why rejected? 
 
 'lay. 
 / Brienne, Arch, of Toulon. 
 g. recall. 
 
 295. Necker's proposition. 
 
 a. feneraL" 
 
 1. confer and petition. 
 
 2. 1614— Richelieu. 
 
 b. three kings had ruled how? 
 
 c. why welcou 
 1 . « 
 
 Bng. Par. 
 
 296. The elections. 
 
 b. 3,000,000. 
 
 1. Dearly two centuries. 
 
 -lilies, 5th Mav, 
 
 297. The Commons assert 
 
 themselves. 
 
 a. real strength. 
 1. T; 
 
 b. relative numbers. 
 
 c. trial of strength. 
 l . one <■ . orl * 
 
 •ion. 
 (a.) scorn. 
 ; . 
 
 • Clergy and Not. 
 
 298. King and Commons. 
 <t. unavailing complain! 
 
 l. usurpation. 
 
 b. king alarmed. 
 
 1. Miicidal Step. 
 
 I month. 
 
 1. al the door. 
 (/. Bailly. 
 
 1. Tennis court. 
 (a.) oath— constitution. 
 e. firmness of 
 
 1. S« 
 
 {a.) clergy. 
 
 (b.) 47 n.— Duke of Or. 
 
 299. Three characters. 
 
 a. Lafayette. 
 
 1. character and ability. 
 
 b. Mirabeau. 
 
 1. character. 
 
 morals ; power. 
 
 c. Robespierre. 
 1. appearance, 
 
 300. Action of the Court and 
 
 Assembly. 
 
 a. foolish action. 
 
 1. Necker. 
 
 2. troops. 
 
 b. radical action. 
 
 1. priv. of birth or p. 
 
 2. 1; 
 
 3. public debt. 
 
 4. ]-: 
 
 5. political and religious. 
 
 301. Madness of Paris. 
 
 a. clubs, meet, assoc. 
 
 b. thirst. 
 
 1. Par. mob. 
 
 port. 
 
 d. to the defense. 
 1. guns ; tricol. 
 
 e. rioting and p. 
 
 1. refused to fire. 
 /. 14th July — " Let us storm," 
 
 302. Capture of the Bastile. 
 
 a. what'.' 
 
 b. 82 invalids and 32 S. 
 
100 
 
 MODERN HISTORY. 
 
 1. Marquis de Launay. 
 
 c. 4 h. 
 
 1. F. guards ; cannon. 
 
 d. capitulation. 
 
 c. maddened mob. 
 
 1. massacre. 
 
 2. prisoners. 
 8. building. 
 4. paraded. 
 
 303. The sequel. 
 
 a. supreme. 
 
 b. Necker. 
 
 c. king — Hotel de Ville. 
 1. tricolor. 
 
 d. first emigration. 
 1. what? 
 
 e. royal family. 
 1. where? 
 
 (a.) 4 1. 
 
 304. Provincial risings. 
 
 a. strange tidings. 
 1. rev. national. 
 
 (a.) burning chat. 
 (&.) sudden veng. 
 
 b. Nobility must do what ? 
 
 305. Sweeping reforms. 
 
 a. 4th August. 
 
 b. Viscount de Noailles. 
 
 1. taxation. 
 
 (a.) universal. 
 (b.) ac. to fortune. 
 
 2. servitude ; f . system. 
 
 c. aristoc. 
 
 1. seignorial dues, priv. , and 
 immu. 
 
 d. clergy. 
 
 1. tithes and tributes. 
 
 e. avail. 
 
 306. Another false step. 
 
 a. persuaded him. 
 
 b. reg. of F , etc. 
 1. banquet. 
 
 (a.) roy. party. 
 (b.) cries of loyalty, etc. 
 (c.) tricolored cockades. 
 (1.) white ones. 
 
 307. The mob goes to Ver- 
 
 sailles. 
 
 a. " Bread ! bread !" 
 1. a fearful mob. 
 
 b. messages, etc. 
 1. rain— camp. 
 
 308. Attack on the palace. 
 
 a. grating. 
 
 1. towards morning. 
 
 b. " living deluge." 
 
 c. battering of axes. 
 
 d. rescue. 
 
 1. Lafayette. 
 (a.) n. g. of P. 
 
 309. Return to Paris. 
 
 a. procession. 
 1. heads. 
 
 b. "Joyous Entry," 6th Oct., 
 
 1789. 
 
 310. Conduct of the emigrants. 
 a. G. frontier. 
 
 1. Prince de Conde, Spring, 
 1791. 
 (a.) motto. 
 
 311. The king's flight. 
 a. royal family. 
 
 6. 20th June, 1791. 
 1. St. Martin. 
 
 312. His capture. 
 
 a. Varennes. 
 
 1. recognized. 
 
 2. decree of arrest. 
 
 3. last chance. 
 
 b. 8d. 
 
 c. suspended. 
 
 313. The new constitution. 
 
 a. constitu. mon. 
 
 b. 14th Sep., 1791. 
 
 314. The new assembly. 
 
 a. Constituent A., 29th Sep., 
 
 1791— :) y. 
 
 b. Legislative A., 1st Oct., 1791 
 
 315. The three parties. 
 a. Feuillants. 
 
 1. law and con. 
 

 107 
 
 c. the Mountain. 
 
 l. B 
 
 Lb and i 
 
 8. "No king 
 
 4. Robespierre, Danton, Ma- 
 rat. 
 
 316. Foreign invasion and its 
 
 effect. 
 
 a. every throne menae 
 1. /Land P. 
 
 perilonfl friendship. 
 
 b. 80th .\p., 
 
 c. B 
 
 1. 70,000 P.; cs. ihii) a 
 
 Dnmouri 
 
 317. Feeling towards Louis. 
 
 1. foreign interference. 
 
 b. demand of mob. 
 1. Robespierre. 
 
 318. Attack on the Tuilleries. 
 
 a. Kith Aug. 
 
 1. i B— court-vard. 
 
 ped. 
 
 b. 14th— to the old Tern. p. 
 
 319. Reign of Terror. 
 
 a. D.*a advice — " BtrOdj 
 
 ror." 
 l. produced what? 
 
 b. Verdun, 1st Sep., i; 
 l. effeci in Paris. 
 
 -Mas. of - 
 
 320. The new government. 
 
 321. The parties and their 
 
 leaders 
 a. die 
 
 >rity. 
 
 c. M. 
 l. D 
 
 8, policy. 
 
 . Rep. 
 
 322. Trial of the king. 
 
 a. first ad of C. 
 
 b. ISth N.»v , 171)0—1 m. 
 
 1. intii: 
 
 2. knowledge of for. intcrfer. 
 
 d. d('|)osition a bar. 
 1. not a time. 
 
 e. will of the p. 
 
 323. The trial continued. 
 
 a. countenance of the k. 
 
 b. counsel. 
 
 1. declined. 
 
 2. Malesherl 
 
 (a) " twice called." 
 R. — " stifle sensibility/' 
 
 d. three questions. 
 
 324. The verdict. 
 
 a. \ 
 
 b. savage mob. 
 
 e. 10 d. 
 
 d. Verirniaud. 
 
 1. 721—2 
 
 2. 24 h. 
 
 325. A sad scene. 
 
 a. the Abbe Edgeworth. 
 
 b. last intend* 
 
 1. glass door. 
 
 2. heart-rending. 
 
 326. Execution of Louis XVI. 
 
 a. slept soundly. 
 
 b. sacrament. 
 
 3 o'clock, 21st Jan.. 1 
 
 d. Place de la Rev., 10:30. 
 1. scaffold. 
 
 guillotine. 
 
 us rabble. 
 
 /. "Son of St. L.," etc. 
 
108 
 
 MODERN HISTORY. 
 
 327. Foreign affairs. 
 
 a. equivalent. 
 
 1. E., H., Sp., G., Sw., R. 
 
 b. La Vendee. 
 
 c. 300,000. 
 
 d. Dumouriez. 
 
 1. Holland. 
 (a.) result. 
 
 2. deserted. 
 (a.) motive. 
 
 e. war went on — Aus. Neth., 
 
 R., It. 
 /. F. able to do what ? 
 
 328. Excesses of the revolu- 
 
 tionists. 
 
 a. achievements abroad. 
 1. atrocities at home. 
 
 b. saturnalia. 
 
 1. of impiety. 
 
 (a.) belief ; Reason ; Sab- 
 bath. 
 
 2. of blood. 
 (a.) q., etc. 
 
 C. seventy or eighty. 
 1. sewer. 
 
 d. Girondists. 
 
 e. 200,000. 
 
 /. women sat and knit. 
 
 329. The leaders and their 
 
 struggles 
 
 a. "Com. of Pub. S" 
 1. Jac: D.,R., M. 
 
 b. fate of M. 
 
 1. Charlotte Corday — Caen. 
 
 2. bath. 
 
 c. D. 
 
 1. far enough. 
 (a.) order. 
 
 d. R. 
 
 1. alone on the dread, em. 
 
 2. swal. up. 
 
 330. Robespierre master. 
 
 a. 1794. 
 
 b. determination. 
 
 1. Anarchists. 
 
 2. Moderates. 
 
 to o. 
 
 c. D.'s fate. 
 
 d. 1285. 
 
 1. 10th June to 17th July. 
 
 331. The reaction. 
 
 a. terrified. 
 
 1. next list. 
 
 b. Robespierre. 
 1. 27th July. 
 
 c. contest with outside J. 
 
 332. Death of Robespierre. 
 
 a. Hotel de Ville. 
 1. pistol. 
 
 {a.) jaw. 
 
 b. carted to the guil. 
 1. 28th July. 
 
 333. Better days. 
 
 a. Reign of Terror. 
 
 1. some Jacobins. 
 
 2. sans-culottes. 
 
 b. hideous dream. 
 
 c. prisons. 
 
 d. exiled G. 
 
 e. laws of R. 
 /. worship. 
 
 334. Foreign successes. 
 
 a. campaigns ag. the allies. 
 
 b. 1794. 
 
 1. Flanders. 
 
 2. frontiers of H. 
 
 3. Rhine. 
 
 4. Spain. 
 
 c. 1795. 
 
 1. Pichegru. 
 
 (a.) Amsterdam. 
 
 (1.) Stadtholder. 
 (&.) dependency. 
 
 2. peace with P. and S. 
 
 335. The new government. 
 
 a. 1795— new c. 
 1. since 1789. 
 
 b. leg. coun. 
 
 1. Ancients. 
 
 2. Five Hundred. 
 
 c. ex. pow. 
 
 1. Directory. 
 
! //} . 
 
 ion 
 
 Lent 
 
 336. Conflict for power. 
 ii. P 
 
 b. battle joined. 
 
 1. I 113. 
 
 lion 
 
 (1.) second in command. 
 
 337. Triumph of the Directory. 
 <i. pointed his cannon. 
 
 hot, 1 1 1 1 Oct., 1 795, 
 ■ ad of p. Rer. 
 d. wonderfn] car. • 
 
 338. Youth of Napoleon. 
 
 a. blood and name. 
 1. native. 
 
 Ii citizen how? 
 
 . lawyer. 
 
 Brienn< — 5 y. 
 port. 
 
 1. math.; hist, and geog. ; 
 . belles-let., etc.; hab- 
 etc. ; health. 
 /. 1785, commission. 
 
 339. First appearance as a sol- 
 
 dier. 
 
 b. Toul 
 
 1. roy. uprising. 
 
 ■ 'g skill. * 
 asist t<> B. in Paris. 
 
 340. His advancement. 
 
 a. B. , a i 
 
 b. great armies, Spring of 179G. 
 1. Moreau. 
 
 Jonrdan. 
 iiny of I. 
 <•. 
 
 Iiine. 
 
 :.uharnais. 
 
 341. Napoleon's relations with 
 
 the Revolution. 
 next chap- 
 
 /-. dose "i ;!!'• period. 
 <-. boom] 
 
 1. knell i 
 
 2. lew era — -J* > y. 
 
 (J. through rev. to e 
 1. ma 
 
 Progress of Civilization. 
 
 342. Character of the century. 
 WOIL chan. 
 
 1. old id. 
 
 2. old institutions. 
 
 343. Influence of French wri- 
 
 ters. 
 
 a. dem. id 
 
 1. sys. form. 
 
 b. mid. lstli c 
 
 1. doubt and question. 
 <-. leaders: Vol., Rons., Mon- 
 Bqnien, Diderot, Condor- 
 cet, and the Fncy. 
 d. attacked. 
 1. wisdom. 
 
 3. needed work. 
 
 c. "inalienabl' 
 
 344. Democracy in America. 
 
 a. theory in F. — what in A.? 
 
 b. England astir. 
 
 pen ess of colonies. 
 1. why? 
 
 d. influence of F. pliil. 
 1. Decl. of I. 
 
 (a.) R.'s Contrat Social. 
 
 345. Influence of America on 
 
 France. 
 
 0. reflex. 
 
 b. living embodiment. 
 elf-ruling. 
 
 1. of the ]>.. for the p., by 
 
 the p. 
 
 d. F. armies and fleets. 
 reports. 
 
 346. Philosophy of the French 
 
 Revolution. 
 a. feudalism and divine right, 
 onnterbalanced. 
 
110 MODERN HISTORY. 
 
 347. Influence of the Revolu- 
 
 (a.) carb. a. 
 
 tion generally. 
 
 2. Cavendish. 
 
 a. spread. 
 
 (a.) comp. w. 
 
 b. change. 
 
 (b.) const, at. 
 
 1. polit. 
 
 3. Priestley. 
 
 2. social. 
 
 (a.) ox. 
 
 c. the down-trodden. 
 
 (5. ) more new sub. 
 
 d. glittering d. : Liberte, Fra- 
 
 4. Lavoisier. 
 
 ternite, Egalite. 
 
 (a.) generalizations. 
 
 e. gain. 
 
 (6.) other imp. con. 
 
 1. rights of the p. 
 
 2. embodiment. 
 
 352. Electricity. 
 
 
 a. originated. 
 
 348. Literature. 
 
 b. B. F. — the. and exp. 
 
 a. distinctively. 
 
 1. identity. 
 
 1. all kinds. 
 
 c. w. of Galvani, Bologna. 
 
 6. exciting laughter. 
 
 1. frogs. 
 
 1. p. Add. ; p. Cow. ; surly 
 
 d. Volta — pile. 
 
 Dr. J. ; good-nat. Gold. ; 
 
 1. battery — z. and c. 
 
 court. V. ; rus. B. 
 
 
 c. cen. of rid. — needed. 
 
 353. Other disco verie 
 
 d. laughed out of the w. 
 
 a. inadequate mention. 
 
 b. basis of geol. 
 
 349. Philosophy. 
 
 c. bot. 
 
 a. progress. 
 
 1. jumble. 
 
 b. Eng. 
 
 2. sys. form. 
 
 1. Locke's Es. on the H. U. 
 
 (//.) Linnaeus. 
 
 (a.) pres. rank. 
 
 d. comp. an at. 
 
 2. Berkeley — idealism. 
 
 c. w. , r. , s. , of earth. 
 
 3. Reid— sys. of C. S. 
 
 4. Hume. 
 
 /. Laplace. 
 1. math. ast. 
 
 (a.) permanency of influ- 
 
 (a.) MechaniqUe Celeste. 
 
 ence. 
 
 g. Sir William HerscheL 
 
 c. French— character. 
 
 1. Ur., 1781. 
 
 d. German — met. spec. 
 
 2. resolved M. W. 
 
 1. Kant — rank. 
 
 h. Adam Smith. 
 
 350. Fine arts. 
 
 1. pol. econ. 
 
 a. cultivation. 
 
 2. Wealth of N. 
 
 b. painters. 
 
 354. Great inventions. 
 
 1. English — first time: Gains- 
 
 a. more impressive. 
 
 borough, Sir Joshua Rey- 
 
 b. requirements of the B 
 
 nolds, Benj.West (birth- 
 
 1. how met. 
 
 place). 
 
 {a.) B., W., A. 
 
 c. music — truly grand. 
 1. II., 11., M. 
 
 c. navigable c. — James Brind- 
 
 351. Science — Chemistry. 
 
 1. difficulties. 
 
 a. progress. 
 
 (1. smelting of i. Roebuck 
 
 b. chem. 
 
 a. Bpinningfjenny— Hargreaves, 
 
 1. Black. 
 
 1766. 
 
/■//}• 
 
 in 
 
 ale jenny— Cromptoi 
 
 tually — Q6W \« 
 
 '.' it. 
 
 355. Other inventions. 
 
 a. piano- L717. 
 
 b. caoutchon 
 
 — Williai 
 Ed. 
 d. chionom. — John Harrison, 
 1786-1743. 
 
 ►,000. 
 mbrellas — Joseph Ilanwav, 
 
 1. Spain. 
 
 /. vaccination — .Tenner, ' 
 
 g. hvd. press — Bramah, Eng., 
 
 h. gas-1.- 1792 : 1708. 
 1. ]»: fcnry. 
 
 in — Eli Whitn< 
 
 1. pu 
 j. lithography, GK, 179G. 
 
 356. Improvement of the mass- 
 
 es. 
 
 I great inven- 
 
 1. thereft 
 
 b. on the mend. 
 i. -rat ion. 
 
 1. 00 
 
 ;1>. lil).. mech. inst., rluhs, 
 i 
 /. enlarg. lmni. of 
 
 own by what ? 
 John How: 
 
 D and YYil- 
 
 1. severity. 
 
 357. Reform in dress and occu- 
 pation. 
 a. fripp. 
 
 l. cuffs, i u it. . cocked h. 
 itleman. 
 
 h. occnpat 
 
 i atlemen. 
 merchant, or man. 
 c. mor. of high. das. 
 
 1. b 
 
 GREAT NAMES OF THE 
 EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 T. Philosophers and Scientists. 
 
 a. Bwedenborg, L688-1 .' 
 
 1. Bw., s. and r spec. 
 
 2. B] 
 
 3. apocalyptic— New Church. 
 
 b. Benjamin Franklin, 1706- 
 
 1790. 
 1 . A . p. and s. 
 
 0. ident. of 1. and e. 
 (//.) light. -r. 
 
 and auto. 
 
 c. Linmeiis, 1707-1778. 
 
 1. S. bot. 
 
 2. new Bjrs. of - 
 
 and p. 
 el. D'Alembert, 1717-1783. 
 1. !" 
 
 0. "Ency." 
 
 e. Hunter, William and John, 
 L718-1783; i; 
 
 1. S. a. an 
 
 2. rank. 
 
 Ldam Smith, 1723-1790. 
 1. S. pro. 
 
 il. of X. 
 fonnded. 
 (j. Kant, 1721-1804. 
 1. <i. met. 
 
 snk. 
 
 "Critiqne of Pure R." 
 h. Priestley, l i 
 
 1. r. 
 
112 
 
 MODERN HISTORY. 
 
 3. misfortune. 
 i. Galvani, 1737-1798. 
 
 1. It. phy. 
 
 2. galvanism. 
 
 j. William ilerschel,1738-1822. 
 
 1. Han. Guards — E. a. 
 
 2. refl. tel. 
 
 3. Uranus, 1781. 
 
 k. Lavoisier, 1743-1794. 
 
 1. F. ch. 
 
 2. rank. 
 
 3. nomenclature. 
 
 4. balance. 
 
 5. fate. 
 
 I. Bentliam, 1747-1832. 
 
 1. E. pol. p. and ref. 
 
 2. rank. 
 
 3. " Utilitarianism," etc. 
 m. Laplace, 1749-1827. 
 
 1. F. DEL 
 
 2. "Mechanique Celeste." 
 (a.) Newton's Principia. 
 
 II. "Writers. 
 
 a. Jonathan Swift, 1667-1745. 
 
 1. Ir« pol. w. 
 
 2. " Gulliver's Travels." 
 
 3. mad. 
 
 b. Addison, 1672-1719. 
 
 1. p. w. — "Spectator." 
 
 2. "Cato," etc. 
 
 3. reigning monarclis. 
 
 c. Alexander Pope, 1688-1744. 
 
 1. E. p. — at twelve. 
 
 2. " Essay on Man," etc. 
 
 3. peculiarities. 
 
 d. Richardson, 1689-1761. 
 
 1. E. n. — founder. 
 
 2. "Pamela," etc. 
 
 3. now regarded. 
 
 e. Montesquieu, 1689-1755. 
 
 1. F. t. 
 
 2. " Esprit des Lois." 
 /. Voltaire, 1694-1 I 
 
 1. F. w. and s. 
 
 2. rank. 
 
 3. "Ilenriado." 
 (a.) only. 
 
 4. L. XIV. ; C. XII. 
 
 5. enemy ; mission. 
 g, BufTon, 1707-1; 
 
 1. Bur.; nat. 
 
 2. " Histoire Naturelle," 
 h. Fielding, 1707-1754. 
 
 1. E. n. 
 
 2. rank. 
 
 3. " Tom Jones," etc. 
 
 i. Samuel Johnson, 1709-1784. 
 
 1. Lichfield ; London. 
 
 2. " Lives of the Poets," etc. 
 j. David Hume, 1711-1776. 
 
 1. S. p. and h. 
 
 2. ' ' History of England," etc. 
 
 3. strange doc. 
 
 k. Rousseau, 1712-1778. 
 
 1. Geneva — watch. 
 
 2. skeptic. 
 
 3. "Contrat Social." 
 (a.) effect of pub. 
 
 I. Sterne, 1713-1768. 
 
 1. E. h. 
 
 2. rank. 
 
 3. " Tristram Shandv," etc. 
 m. Oliver Goldsmith, 1728-1774. 
 
 1. Ir. — idiot — rose. 
 
 2. "Vicar of Wakefield," 
 
 etc. 
 
 3. characteristics. 
 
 n. Lessing, 1729-1781. 
 
 1. G. c. and p. 
 
 2. rank. 
 
 3. "Laocoon," etc. 
 
 o. Edmund Burke, 1730-1797. 
 
 1. Ir. o.— Dub. 
 
 2. "On the Sub. and B.," etc. 
 p. Edward Gibbon, 1737-1794. 
 
 1. "Decline and Fall,*' i 
 q. Robert Burns, 1759-1796. 
 
 1. Ayrshire f. ; ly. p. 
 
 2. " Cotter's Sat.' Night," etc. 
 r. Schiller, 1759-1805. 
 
 1. G. p. and p. 
 
 2. rank. 
 
 3. " William Tell," etc. 
 III. Artists. 
 
 a. Handel, 1684-1759. 
 1. G. in. c. 
 
URY. 
 
 118 
 
 1. DcVollsll'l! 
 
 nil h. ]). 
 C. Thorn ; 
 
 -1; 
 1. Suffolk. 
 8. ],. of i:. i. 
 
 d. Haydn, 1 I^-ISOO. 
 1. Vienna. 
 
 8. rank — father. 
 8. M The Creation." 
 
 e. Benjamin W -1820. 
 
 • P- 
 /. Moaart, 1756-1*4 
 
 1. G ana, 
 
 2. " Pon Giovanni" 
 
 eath-hed. 
 g. < 
 l. i 
 
 IV. Inventors. 
 
 imes Brindley, 17KW772, 
 
 1. B. e. — founder. 
 
 2. Worsley to Manchester. 
 
 Duke of B. 
 b. B ,10-1778. 
 
 3. treatment. 
 
 r. Joaiah Wedgwood, 17:51 - 
 
 1. E. pot. — porcelain. 
 
 2. " " — made 
 
 d. Sir Richard Arkwrighl 
 
 1. E.— hair-d. 
 
 2. sp.-f — -loin 
 
 : Bir- 
 mingham. 
 
 2. st ied. 
 
 /. J; 
 
 i. r | :. 
 
 g. Crompton, I 
 
 am. 
 / ( . Robert Pulton, i 
 
 l A . • ■ - England. 
 2. first Large— Hudson, 
 
 OHAPTEB V. 
 
 GREAT EVENTS OF THE 
 NINETEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 The Consulate and the Empire. 
 
 358. The period and its char- 
 
 acter. 
 
 a. strictest sen 
 1. own tii 
 
 b. crowded. 
 
 359. Reasons of this peculiar- 
 
 ity. 
 
 a. struggles. 
 
 1. kings and peoples. 
 (a.) complete change. 
 
 b. new problems: dem. ; rep. 
 
 gov.; nat. un. ; ri. of 1.; 
 etc, 
 
 c. stage enlarged. 
 
 1. new nat. 
 
 2. dormant lands. 
 
 360. Topic here treated of. 
 a, why first? 
 
 1. Toy. 
 
 361. Retrospect of events. 
 a. Directory, l7i>.~j. 
 
 1. Const, of the V. Ill* 
 may be regarded, 
 (ft.) third. 
 h. Const. Mon., 1789. 
 
 362. Position of France in the 
 
 war. 
 
 volution. 
 
 l. }>oiit. — inter, affairs. 
 
 * an; 
 
114 MODERN HISTORY. 
 
 2. mil., or aggres. 
 
 363. From Republic to Con- 
 
 (a.) alarm of Eur. s. 
 
 sulate. 
 
 b. coalitions — 1792. 
 
 a. Directory. 
 
 1. who drawn in ? 
 
 1. 4 y. — give dates. 
 
 2. still going on, 1795. 
 
 2. Consulate. 
 
 c. 1796 — great armies. 
 
 b. First C. 
 
 1. Italy. 
 
 1. real mas. 
 
 &&~ In the following comparative view, paragraph I. in the right-hand column 
 is to be recited immediately alter paragraph I. in the left-hand column, and ho 
 with 8iihsequent paragraphs, in order to preserve the parallelism of events as pre- 
 sented in the text. 
 
 The Directory, 1796-1799. 
 
 I. 1796: Germany and Ireland. 
 
 a. J. and M. 
 
 b. Archduke C. 
 
 1. Danube. 
 
 2. offensive. 
 (a.) J. 
 (b.) M. 
 
 (1.) Black F., etc. (Aug.). 
 
 c. Hoche. 
 1. result. 
 
 II. 1797: 
 
 a. Direct, embar. 
 
 1. elections — reaction. 
 
 2. by force. 
 
 (a.) troops ; arrested ; Car- 
 not and Barthelemy. 
 (1.) "18th Fructidor" 
 (4th Sep ). 
 
 III. 1798: 
 
 a. Second Coalition. 
 1. E., R., A. 
 
 b. things went how? 
 
 1. Italy. 
 
 (</.) Bus. 
 
 2. financ 
 
 3. all classes. 
 
 (Aug. 
 
 Napoleon, 1796-1799. 
 
 I. 1796 : Italian Campaign. 
 
 a. Nice, March. 
 
 1. 36,000— condition. 
 
 b. A.— 60,000. 
 
 c. 2 ; 55 ; 5 ; 15,000, etc— 15. 
 
 d. Bridge of L., May. 
 1. Mil. 
 
 e. Wurm. — Lago di G. 
 1. Castig., Rover., Bas 
 
 and Sep.). 
 /. 2 m. afterwards. 
 
 1. 60,000— Alvinzi. 
 
 2. Bridge of Ar. (n. Ver.). 
 (a.) result. 
 
 II. 1797: 
 
 a. W. at Mantua. 
 
 1. 65,000— Alvinzi. 
 (a.) 45,000 ; Rivoli (Jan.). 
 (1.) result. 
 
 b. Venice. 
 
 c. Tyrol. 
 
 1. Vienna. 
 
 2. stopped why ? 
 
 d. Campo Forinio (Oct.). 
 
 1. Mil., Man., Mo., Fer., Bo., 
 
 Cor., Zant., Aus. Neth. 
 
 2. Venice. 
 
 III. 1798: Egyptian Campaign. 
 
 a. hero. 
 
 b. began to fear; some months. 
 
 c. N. proposed. 
 1. object. 
 
 8. remoteness. 
 
 3. 40,000, Alex. (Julvi. 
 
 4. Battle of the P. (21st July). 
 
/•//)'. 
 
 LIS 
 
 ml. 
 
 V. 1799: 
 
 oalitton threatening. 
 
 r. louder and louder. 
 
 tL banishment 
 
 nlv man. 
 
 tie N., 1st 
 N 
 
 IV. 1799: 
 
 tie— Arabia Petraea. 
 
 1. < > 
 
 2. Mt. Taborj 
 
 Lcre 
 
 b. half his army (July). 
 1. Abonkir. 
 
 c. without consulting. 
 
 1. Eleber. 
 
 2. secretly (Aug.). 
 
 364. Situation on the return 
 
 of Napoleon. 
 
 a. Oct.. 1 
 1. I 
 
 b. broken down. 
 1. anarchy. 
 
 I D. unsupported, 
 of daring, 
 infidence. 
 
 365. The 10th of November. 
 
 1. Ar.'i. 
 
 2; Five Hundred, 
 roached. 
 
 law him! Down 
 with," • 
 
 b. " E an I count upon 
 
 yoo 
 
 0, Itnrat. 
 
 1. at an end. 
 
 366. Nature of the new gov- 
 
 ernment. 
 
 idy. 
 
 1. t! 
 
 1. li' 
 
 I 
 
 (1.) clerks. 
 
 d. functions of Fir 
 
 1. patroni 
 
 aiT. of admin. 
 (b.) a. and n. 
 magistracy. 
 
 2. promul. of 1. 
 
 3. decl. of p. and w. 
 
 e. Const, of the V. VIII. 
 
 1. sen.. 1. body, 
 
 2. show of Hep. 
 (a.) in reality. 
 
 367. Doings of Napoleon. 
 a. Immediately. 
 
 1. news i sem. 
 
 //. Bank of K. 
 
 1. restrictions. 
 gratified national tasi 
 
 1. Tuilei 
 d. benl his energies. 
 
 1. conscripts. 
 
 368. Hostility of foreign powers. 
 
 a. Rn 
 
 b. England ; 
 
 Will. 
 
 1. USUI]" 
 
 ry inch. 
 (/ plains of it. 
 
 1. Austria. 
 
116 
 
 MODERN HISTORY. 
 
 369. The Italian campaign. 
 
 a. Spring of 1800. 
 
 1. artful manoeuvers. 
 (a.) Po. 
 
 b. Marengo, 14th June. 
 
 1. compar. strength. 
 
 2. on the march. 
 
 3. Adige and Brenta. 
 
 c. five weeks. 
 
 d. Moreau, Nov. 
 1. Hohenlinden. 
 
 e. Treatv of Luneville, Feb., 
 
 1801. 
 
 1. Belgium. 
 
 2. left bank of the R. 
 
 370. Events up to the peace. 
 
 a. the sea — Eng. 
 
 b. league ag. E. and her ships: 
 
 R., S„ D., P. 
 
 1. Nelson. 
 
 (a.) Copenhagen, 2d Ap., 
 1801. 
 (l.)4h. 
 
 2. Paul of R. 
 
 3. Egypt. 
 
 c. Treaty of Amiens, Mar., 1802. 
 1. true character. 
 
 371. Napoleon's reforms. 
 
 a. confidence of F. 
 
 1. for life, Aug., 1802. 
 (a.) ratified. 
 
 b. at heart. 
 
 c. best lawyers. 
 
 1. ''Code Napoleon." 
 {a.) legacy. 
 
 d. every department. 
 
 1. pub. inst., justice, com., 
 
 ind., roads, etc. 
 
 2. Legion of II. 
 (a.) first step. 
 
 372. Hostilities renewed. 
 
 a. provoked by whom? 
 
 1. marque ; embargo, May, 
 
 ISO:}. 
 
 b. retaliation. 
 
 1. E. and D. subjects. 
 
 c. menaced England. 
 
 d. coalition. 
 
 373. Napoleon Emperor. 
 
 a. admirable diplomacy. 
 1. 18th May, 1804. 
 
 (a.) 4000. 
 
 b. Pius VII. 
 
 1. Notre Dame, 2d Dec, 1804. 
 (a.) blessed the crown. 
 (b.) with his own hand. 
 
 c. Italy. 
 
 1. May, 1805. 
 
 2. Milan— iron c. of L. 
 
 374. His plan of campaign. 
 a. Spring of 1805. 
 
 1. invasion. 
 (a.) Boulogne. 
 
 375. Operations in Germany. 
 
 a. Austrians moving. 
 
 1. 200,000. 
 
 2. Russians. 
 
 b. Ulm— lo*0,000. 
 
 1. Mack— 3u, 000, Oct., 1805. 
 
 2. Vienna. 
 
 c. Austerlitz, 2d Dec, 1805. 
 
 1. 15,000 ; 20,000 ; 40 ; 200. 
 
 d. Francis II. to tent. 
 
 1. 20,000. 
 
 2. 2|m. 
 
 376. Trafalgar, 21st Oct., 1805. 
 
 a. up and down. 
 1. Cadiz. 
 
 b. 3 w. after N. crossed. 
 
 1. Nelson. 
 
 2. Villciicuvc 
 
 c. undisputed dominion. 
 
 377. Changes in Germany. 
 
 a. fruits of victories. 
 
 b. Constitution of G. 
 
 c. Elec. of Bav. and War. 
 
 d. "Confed. of theR.," 180G. 
 
 1. K. of IV and \V. 
 
 2. Elec. of B. 
 
 :;. Landgrave of H. 
 1. princes. 
 
 e. " Protector." 
 
'■/.•>'. 
 
 117 
 
 mp, of A..'* 
 
 1. " Holy Roman I 
 
 378. Napoleon as a king-ma- 
 
 ker. 
 
 •avian B "' K. of 
 
 II. 
 
 1. Lo 
 
 III. 
 
 379. Napoleon invades Prus- 
 
 sia. 
 a. part hitherto taken by P. 
 
 • nng into war. 
 c Anerstadl and Jena, 1-lth 
 
 1. remnant of P. army. 
 
 380. Eylau and Friedland. 
 
 a. Indecisive l>attl<\ Feb., 1807. 
 
 b. ¥., .In no. 
 
 i. <;<>,ooo. 
 
 c. Treaty of Tilsit, July, 1807. 
 
 381. Terms of peace. 
 
 1. Saxony. 
 
 Italia, 
 n Poland. 
 b. "Kingdom of Westphalia." 
 1. 
 
 382. Beginning of reaction. 
 (f. Bouse of Braganza,Po 
 
 1. Brazil. 
 
 b. Joseph. 
 
 1. Murat. 
 
 the field 
 
 ,lt, 1808. 
 1 K. 
 
 383. The Wagram campaign. 
 1. Austerlitz. 
 
 />. Archduke ■ 
 
 the Pain 
 
 ling. 
 5th July, ; 
 
 d. * 
 
 384. The Austrian marriage. 
 a. marriage i 
 
 1. Josephine. 
 
 Arclid. of A. 
 
 Moxt year. 
 
 h. Duke of Peichstadt. 
 
 385. Napoleon touches the 
 
 zenith. 
 a. 1811. 
 
 :rnt of empire. 
 1. I), to N. 
 llol., Nap., West. 
 Spain, 
 edeu — Bernadotte, Cr. Pr. 
 
 /. Prot. of Con. of P. 
 
 1. subjection. 
 g. "Helvetic Confederation." 
 // Austria and Prussia. 
 i. Russia 
 
 el in a short time. 
 
 1. magician's wand. 
 
 386. Invasion of Russia. 
 
 a. beg. of disasters, IS 
 
 b. CI: 
 
 '.:. ports. 
 
 Memen, June, 1812. 
 1. 600,000. 
 Borodino, 7th S 
 
 387. The French in Moscow. 
 
 !ih September. 
 
 1. Kremlin. 
 
 -ilent and empty. 
 b. 4 d. 
 
 1. purposi ians. 
 
 388. The retreat. 
 
 a. all that remained. 
 h. 19th Oct. 
 flying bodj 
 
 way -side. 
 
118 
 
 MODERN HISTORY. 
 
 I.' 125,000, b. 
 
 2. 100,000, f., h., andc. 
 
 3. 190,000 p. 
 
 389. Events to the battle of 
 
 Leipsic. 
 
 a. Smorgonoi, 5th Dec. 
 1. sledge— 18th. 
 
 b. life and death. 
 
 1. all the powers. 
 
 c. Wellington. 
 
 d. to the Elbe. 
 
 1. P. andR., May, 1813. 
 (a.) Llitzen ; Bautzen. 
 
 e. battle after battle. 
 
 /, Leipsic, lGth-18th Oct. , 1813. 
 1. 70,000. 
 
 390. Events up to Elba. 
 
 a. converging on F. 
 
 1. amazed his enemies. 
 
 b. false move. 
 
 c. Paris, 31st Mar., 1814. 
 1. Fontainebleau. 
 
 d. 2 d. afterward. 
 
 e. 4th April. 
 /. 20th April. 
 
 391. The Bourbon Restoration. 
 a. Louis XVIII. (brother). 
 
 1. "forgot nothing," etc. 
 
 2. unpopularity. 
 (a.) exile of E. 
 
 (1.) to startle E. 
 
 392. Napoleon's reappearance. 
 
 a. 10 m. 
 
 b. Cannes. 
 
 c. without a shot. 
 1. escort. 
 
 d. king— Ghent. 
 
 e. congress at V. 
 
 1. reconstructing. 
 
 2. news. 
 
 (a.) incredulity. 
 (6.) laughter. 
 
 393. Progress of events. 
 
 a. levy. 
 
 b. outlaw. 
 
 c. Belgium. 
 
 1. E. and P. 
 (a.) W. and Blucher. 
 
 394. Waterloo. 
 
 a, mh June, 1815. 
 
 b. hastened to P. 
 
 395. Abdication and surrender. 
 
 a. no longer. 
 
 1. his star. 
 
 2. cast aside. 
 
 b. 22dJune. 
 
 c. 7th July. 
 
 d. United States. 
 1. why not? 
 
 e. 15th July. 
 
 1. " like T. to claim the hos./' 
 etc. 
 
 396. St. Helena and death. 
 
 ((. tiger. 
 
 b. Oct., 1815. 
 
 c. 6 y. 
 
 d. 5th May, 1821. 
 
 1. "Tcted'arniee!" 
 
 397. His character. 
 
 a. disputed. 
 
 1. basis of judgment. 
 
 b. consid. as an intdUct. 
 
 1. gen.; combin.; admin. gen. 
 
 2. the greatest, 
 
 c. consid. as a character. 
 1. neither g. nor g. 
 
 (a.) self. 
 
 d. necessary work. 
 
 e. ambition. 
 
 1. success. 
 
 2. fall. 
 
 Modern English Politics. 
 
 398. George III. and George 
 
 IV. 
 
 a. at end of N. wars. 
 1. Regent, 1811. 
 
 (a.) wliv V who? 
 
 b. George [v., 1830. 
 
 1. person and nmnners. 
 (a.) " first gentleman*" 
 (1.) undeserved. 
 
/,')-. 
 
 n:i 
 
 399. England and the Holy Al- 
 
 liai. 
 
 a. al : loo. 
 
 aether, 
 
 with," 
 
 b. hi 
 
 d. England. 
 
 ispicion. 
 2. principles of ln1 
 
 400. A step in progress. 
 Usabilities of dissenters. 
 
 b. officials — Estab. Ch. 
 
 l. 16 
 
 shut out : 
 
 1. P., off., fran., c, r. 
 
 401. Justice to Catholics. 
 
 a. Ireland. 
 
 l. Daniel O'Cennell. 
 
 emancipation. 
 
 b. II 
 
 lection of < Vi '. 
 d. a bill was passed. 
 1. civil war. 
 (a.) Dukeof W. 
 
 402. Accession of William IV., 
 
 1830. 
 O, William Henry, Duke of 
 
 i. ; 
 
 403. Abuse* of Parliamentary 
 
 representation. 
 
 b. Inequality o ration. 
 
 1. Liverpool, 
 
 " l). 
 
 404. Passage of the Reform Bill. 
 1. 
 
 !>. balanc 
 
 l. new Boose, pled 
 
 bill. 
 1. caused wl 
 
 d. n. 
 
 405. Changes it eflfected. 
 56 ]>. boron 
 
 b. ti 
 
 ; raneliise i 
 l. to\ 
 county. 
 
 owned land— £ 
 (b.) rental— £60. 
 
 406. Abolition of colonial sla- 
 
 very. 
 
 a. Reform Parliament, 1833. 
 
 1. course entered upon. 
 
 2. most important. 
 
 b. William Wilber force. 
 1. for many j { 
 
 c. 800,000. 
 
 l. 20,000,000. 
 
 407. Accession o/Victoria, 1837. 
 
 a. Alexandrina V. ( l i i < < 
 
 1. Kdward I), of Kent. 
 
 2. 18 y. 
 
 3. 3 v. — Prince Albert (cous- 
 
 in). 
 
 I !oburg and Go- 
 tha. 
 
 408. Repeal of the Corn Laws. 
 early part of reign. 
 
 b. what were the Corn Laws? 
 
 1. duties. 
 
 2. to " protet 
 
 '•. 1 led. 
 
 Anti-Corn- Law League." 
 1. 18 
 
 •J. L'iehard Cobden. 
 1*46. 
 
 409. The Chartists. 
 
 a. about same time. 
 
 b. workin£ni< 
 
 I. " Charter." 
 
 manded. 
 l. 
 
120 
 
 MODERN HISTOIiY. 
 
 2. ballot. 
 
 3. annual P. 
 
 4. elec. (list. 
 
 5. pro]), qualification. 
 C. payment of P. rep. 
 
 d. 1839-1848. 
 
 1. rioting ; quiet. 
 
 410. How they were put down. 
 
 a. excited in 1848 by what ? 
 
 b. Kensington Common. 
 
 1. 20,000. 
 
 2. monster petition. 
 
 C. gov. alarm and appeal. 
 1. | m. 
 (a.) " red republican." 
 d. importance of the Chartists. 
 
 1. as an organized body. 
 
 2. as an educator. 
 
 3. subsequent fruits. 
 
 411. Crimean War. 
 
 a. 1854. 
 
 1. Waterloo. 
 
 b. origin. 
 
 1. Nicholas. 
 
 (a.) Moldavia and Walla- 
 chia. 
 
 c. G. B., F. 
 1. Sar. 
 
 d. chief actions. 
 
 1. Alma, Sep., 1854. 
 
 2. Inkerman, Nov., 1854. 
 
 3. Siege of Sebastopol. 
 (a.) 349. 
 
 (b.) Sep., 1855. 
 
 e. peace. 
 
 412. Later English politics. 
 <(. inter, devel. — war. 
 
 1. slow but sure. 
 
 b. new R. Bill, 18G7. 
 
 1 . Earl of I )< • rl >y and Disraeli. 
 
 2. franchise. 
 
 c. Ireland, 1809-1870. 
 
 1. Gladstone. 
 
 2. "disestablishment." 
 (a.) meaning of term. 
 
 (/>.) justice. 
 
 d. ballot", 1872. 
 
 Revolutions in French Politics. 
 
 413. Character of modern 
 
 French politics. 
 
 a. contrast. 
 
 1. "Reform." 
 
 2. "Revolution." 
 
 414. Reign of Louis XVIII. 
 
 a. 59. 
 
 b. condition of F. 
 
 1. weary ; exhausted ; tranq. 
 
 c. characteristics of the king. 
 1. tern., per., cap. 
 
 d. good intentions. 
 
 e. reactionists. 
 
 1. old regime. 
 
 2. Count d'Artois (br.). 
 (a.) 1824. 
 
 41 5 . Despotic acts of Charles X. 
 
 a. absolutism. 
 
 1. Eng. Stuarts. 
 
 b. blind to what ? 
 
 c. 1827, Civic Guard. 
 
 d. 1830, three ordinances. 
 
 1. press. 
 
 2. Cham, of Dep. 
 
 3. Prefects. 
 (a.) creatures. 
 
 e. these kindled what ? 
 
 416. Revolution. 
 
 a. spirit of Parisians. 
 
 1. tricol. ; bar. ; fights. 
 h. 27th, 28th, 29th July, 1830. . 
 
 c. provisional. 
 
 d. Louis Philippe (cousin). 
 
 1. Orleans. 
 
 2. K. of the F. • 
 c. fate of Charles. 
 
 1. G y. — Austria. 
 
 417. Account of Louis Philippe. 
 
 a. 57. 
 
 b. adversity, etc. 
 
 1. Switzerland. 
 
 {a.) occupation. 
 
 2. r. s. 
 
 3. E.— Nap. 
 
OF THE • ra < I. \ TURY. 
 
 121 
 
 418. His troubles. 
 
 ;<ul». 
 
 !iy taken? 
 1. pi 
 
 e. alienal 
 
 Mil. 
 
 419. Early exploits of Louis 
 
 Napoleon. 
 
 l. character ami efl 
 b. L 
 
 1. i 
 
 arlv lit'.'. 
 
 1. 18 
 
 2. 1! 
 Swite. 
 
 (1. infatuation. 
 
 1. astonishing result. 
 e, 18 
 
 1. America. 
 f k 184'), Boulo 
 
 Iain. 
 B y. — England. 
 
 420. Revolution of 1848. 
 
 a. munn 
 
 1. unpopular. 
 
 b. Kef. Ban. 
 
 d. cr Feb.— forbidden. 
 
 1. barricades. 
 litli. 
 
 421. The Republic and anar- 
 
 chy. 
 
 b. 5th M 
 
 C. several months — June. 
 1. Bl 
 
 month— 16 
 
 422. The new constitution, 
 
 Nov.. 1848. 
 lent. 
 
 1. all the people. 
 b. 1. 
 
 l. deputy, Seine. 
 
 in." 
 
 423. The Coup d'Etat. 
 -<>on maniii 
 
 b. weaving pl( 
 
 c. "coup a\ i 
 
 1. meaning. 
 
 2. in this 
 
 mas. 
 (b.) midnight. 
 
 d. night of 2d Dec, 185L 
 
 1. next morning. 
 
 2. placarded walls. 
 
 (a.) Assembly. 
 
 BUf. 
 
 mar. law. 
 c. 4th Dec., as usual. 
 
 1. I 
 /. 14th Jan., 
 1. 10 y. 
 
 424. Cause of Louis Napo- 
 
 leon's success. 
 
 a. demoralized. 
 
 b. nearly unanimous vote. 
 1. evidence of what? 
 
 425. Becomes Emperor. 
 
 a. 2d Dec, 18 
 1. title. 
 
 b. marri, 
 
 1. 90th Jan., l 
 
 2. Buge'nie de -Montijo. 
 
 Bp.— Sc. 
 
 3. Notre Dame. 
 
 426. His profession of peace. 
 a. policy. 
 
 l. "Tha E. la 
 
 us — chief pari 
 
 427. His first war. 
 
 O. when 7 H. and T. 
 1. C. W 
 
122 MODERN HISTORY. 
 
 2. coalition. 
 
 1. more prac. 
 
 b. share of glory. 
 
 2. unsurpassed pros. 
 
 428. His second war. 
 
 432. Reflections. 
 
 a. 1859, Austria and Sardinia. 
 
 a. peace dear at what price ? 
 
 b. ally. 
 
 1. in person. 
 
 b. strange anomaly. 
 
 1. the bulwark of civ. for 
 
 c. his understood intention. 
 
 cent. 
 
 1. A. to A. 
 
 2. 20 y., 19th cent— A. desp. 
 
 d. Magenta and Solferino. 
 
 c. rotten, of sys. disclosed. 
 
 1. Villafranca. 
 
 d. issue on trial in CI. war. 
 
 e. spoils. 
 1. Lorn. 
 
 1. brav., proud, p. 
 
 (a.) enfeebled. 
 
 2. Nice and Sav. 
 
 2. nation of p. sch. 
 
 
 e. signif. verdict. 
 
 429. The German war. 
 
 
 a. last and greatest. 
 
 Unification of Italy. 
 
 b. Prussia, 1870. 
 
 433. Italy— 1815-1848. 
 
 c. reason for aggression. 
 
 a. can hardly be said. 
 
 1. pretended. 
 
 1. millstone. 
 
 (a.) Leopold— Spain. 
 
 b. A. swarmed. 
 
 2. real. 
 
 1. Tus., Mod., Par. 
 
 (a.) jealousy. 
 
 
 (b.) popularity. 
 
 434. Revolution of 1848. 
 
 d. cause of dispute removed. 
 
 a. Pius IX., 1846. 
 
 1. July, 1870. 
 
 1. changes. 
 
 6. formal assurances. 
 
 b. A. alarmed. 
 
 1. result. 
 
 1. Ferrara, 1847. 
 
 
 (a.) in arms. 
 
 430. Summary of events. 
 
 c. fol. year — Lombardy. 
 
 a. see sketch of G. 
 
 1. Milan. 
 
 b. across the frontier. 
 
 2. Charles Albert — Sardinia. 
 
 c. back again. 
 
 d. hour of triumph. 
 
 d. series of victories. 
 
 1. S. invaded. 
 
 1. prisoner. 
 
 (a.) Novara, 1849. 
 
 e. Paris. 
 
 (1.) ab. 
 
 /. deposed. 
 
 e. V. E. II. (son). 
 
 1. rep. 
 
 /. Venice. l 
 
 g. retired. 
 
 1. repub. 
 
 1. 2y. 
 
 2. Austria. 
 g. Rome. 
 1. repub. 
 
 431. Material prosperity of 
 
 France. 
 
 2. France. 
 
 a. 18 y. 
 
 //. other [taL States. 
 
 1. mat. pros. 
 
 1. constitutions. 
 
 b. genius. 
 
 i. much the same case. 
 
 1. coin., r. sys., m. and m., 
 
 
 citi< 
 
 435. Victor Emanuel. 
 
 c. 20 y. 
 
 a. only hope for patriots. 
 

 128 
 
 lib. 
 
 int. 
 
 2. ! 
 
 11 lir Galantaomo. 
 
 436. Cavour's plans. 
 
 a. 1868, p. minister. 
 
 b. C 'a ability and 
 
 c. import 
 
 (J. fruit -p. 
 
 1. Cong. <>f Pi 
 
 unhappy condit. 
 
 remonstrated. 
 
 '■ 
 
 3. uiiih;;- iihdrawn. 
 
 437. War with Austria. 
 
 a. L859, F. and S. 
 
 b. Alps to A<1. 
 
 c. Magenta, 4th Juno. 
 
 54th June. 
 illafranca. 
 1. 1 
 
 rnita <»f vi 
 1. L. w. of the Mincio. 
 March, I860, Tns., Mo., 
 
 . and Boms 
 
 438. Garibaldi's operations. 
 
 ; i Garibaldi*- "the 
 
 b. Marsala, Sic, May, 1860. 
 1. Dictator for V. 
 
 a. ) 
 
 6. farm- 
 
 7. Liberator. 
 
 C. Pi 
 
 pital. 
 1. provisional 
 
 439. Italy a kingdom. 
 
 invaded 1\ Sin! 
 
 1. Ancona. 
 b. Two Sicili* 
 ther 1. Bta1 
 1. IV t. r. and V. 
 
 malgamated, 1861. 
 
 I o\V -'. 
 
 d. K. of It. 
 
 440. Closing events. 
 Bee— A. and P. 
 
 1. Italy's aid. 
 
 2. Italy's reward. 
 
 V. and Verona. 
 
 b. IbiTO, F. and (i. 
 
 1. evacuation of 1\. 
 
 c. unity complete. 
 
 d. capital. 
 
 The German Empire Restored. 
 
 441. Review of German poli- 
 
 tics. 
 
 q Empire. 
 
 1. -Holy \\. Empire,** 
 
 I E, of the Ca'sars. 
 
 2. until Nap. \ 
 
 b. lax union. 
 
 1. Westphalia. 
 
 c. disintegration under Nap. 
 
 1. Bavaria and Wurtemberg. 
 
 • 
 
 2. Francis II.. 1806. 
 
 mperoroi Austria." 
 
 442. The German Confedera- 
 
 tion. 
 
 of Vienna, L815. 
 
 1. restoration of (i. Empire. 
 
 ! of this, StU .June, 
 
 1815. 
 
 b. nature of the Confederation. 
 
 * Sec I 
 
124 
 
 MODERN HISTORY. 
 
 1. 39 ; principal states. 
 
 2. cacli Bt. how far.indep. ? 
 
 3. Diet, or P. 
 
 (a.) plenipotentiaries. 
 
 (b.) capital. 
 
 (c.) A. presiding. 
 
 4. states agreed. 
 
 5. confed. army. 
 
 (a.) each to contribute. 
 (&.) subjects of dispute. 
 
 443. Broken promises. 
 a. free consti. 
 
 1. concession. 
 
 2. great disappointment. 
 
 444. Unity — a step towards 
 
 it. 
 
 a. unity of Fatherland. 
 
 b. strong power. 
 
 1. bundle. 
 
 2. united. 
 
 c. one step, 1828. 
 
 1. "Zollverein," or C. U. 
 (a.) duties on merchan. 
 
 (1.) one st. to another. 
 (2.) common frontier. 
 
 2. P. the center. 
 
 3. most of the states. 
 
 445. The government and the 
 
 people. 
 
 a. thorough absolutists. 
 
 b. repressive measures. 
 
 1. press. 
 
 2. effect. 
 
 C. F. Rev. of 1830. 
 1. svm. uprisings. 
 (a.) P. and A. 
 (&..) Brunswick. 
 (c.) result. 
 
 446. The earthquake year. 
 
 a. conseq. of F. R. of 1848. 
 1. people resolved. 
 
 b. smaller states. 
 
 c. Austria. 
 1. Diet. 
 
 (a.) un. suf. 
 
 d. Berlin. 
 
 1. new con. 
 
 e. " National Assembly," May, 
 1848. 
 1. authority — Diet. 
 
 447. Cause of the people's 
 
 failure. 
 
 a. Nat. Assem. 
 
 1. visionary. 
 
 2. unequal. 
 
 b. excesses. 
 
 1. Austria and Hungary. 
 
 448. Uprising and down-put- 
 
 ting of Hungary. 
 
 a. II. under A. dominion. 
 
 1. once. 
 
 2. sighed. 
 
 b. Kossuth. 
 
 1. demanded. 
 
 2. set up. 
 
 c. race-feuds— Magyars. 
 
 d. reconquest. 
 1. Russia. 
 
 449. The tide recedes. 
 
 a. general subsidence. 
 1. freed from fear. 
 
 (a.) less and less. 
 
 b. N. A. divided. 
 
 1. kind of con., April, 1849. 
 (a.) Imperial power. 
 
 (1.) offer how received ? 
 
 450. Jealousies of Prussia and 
 
 Austria. 
 
 a. greatest difficulty. 
 
 b. P.'s attempt in A.'s hour of 
 
 trouble, IS it). 
 1. several st;:: 
 
 c. A.'s counter-attempt. 
 
 d. near civil wa p. 
 
 1. Hesse-CasseL 
 
 2. re-estab. of the (\ 
 
 e. great question in (i. politics. 
 
 451. Events to 1859. 
 
 a. prosperous years. 
 1. com. ; pop. educ. 
 
 b. 1859— ItaJ. war. 
 
 1. A., S., P. 
 
 2. Lombardy.* 
 
 *See page 12--2, p.'ircm'raph 428. 
 
I 
 
 12r, 
 
 •1. Prussia adi 
 
 1. fresh inijM, 
 
 452. Prussia under William I. 
 
 William IV.. 1861. 
 
 l. William I. (brother). 
 
 b. Otto \ 021 Bismarck. 
 
 1. rank. 
 
 c. reorganization of army. 
 
 2. in violation of c. 
 
 453. Progress of the quarrel. 
 
 a. u 
 
 b. ' id iron." 
 
 -Holstein ques- 
 tion." 
 
 1. P.. A., D. 
 
 2. i 864. 
 
 " Danewirk." 
 
 3. Duppel. 
 
 -u It. 
 
 TTolstein, 
 Lauenburg. 
 
 454. Relations of the powers. 
 
 a. disposal of the duel.' 
 l. r ish. 
 
 Austria's determination, 
 ttled. 
 
 b. the real dis] 
 
 1. Bismarck foresaw what V 
 
 455. The fresh outbreak. 
 a war easy when 
 
 I), the opportunity. 
 
 1. ; 'id real is- 
 
 456. Events of the Six Weeks' 
 
 War. 
 a. .1 . 
 
 fortune. 
 
 l. ( 
 
 archduk 
 
 </. B 
 
 1. Bohemia 
 
 dek. 
 edle-jffun. 
 , . Peace of rn 
 
 457. Results of the struggle. 
 
 .ity. 
 never sxclu 
 
 2. Indemnity. 
 b. secret alliance. 
 
 1. Bavaria, Baden, etc. 
 
 2. at the disposal. 
 
 458. Formation of North Ger- 
 
 man Confederation. 
 
 a. n. of the Main. 
 1. Leadership. 
 
 b. whole mil. svs. 
 
 c. first Diet, B.', Feb., 1867 
 
 459. Further progress. 
 
 a. " National Liberal " party. 
 1. Leading aim. 
 
 in.) seemed far off. 
 
 b. unexpected event. 
 
 460. Cause of the war with 
 
 France. 
 a. occasion.* 
 
 1. Leopold, of Ilohenzollern. 
 kinsman. 
 Sp. throne. 
 h. ca 
 
 1. jealousy. 
 
 461. Napoleon's disappoint- 
 
 ment. 
 a. July, i 
 
 1. N.'S hope. 
 
 Fatherland. 
 Austria, etc., alone. 
 
 462. Beginning of the struggle. 
 
 a. a million. 
 
 1. V«»n Moltke. 
 rank. 
 
 b, frontier cTOfi 
 
 1. fully expecting. 
 
 463. Account of the war. 
 Weifi Itli Aug. 
 
126 
 
 MODERN HISTORY. 
 
 1. result. 
 
 b. Worth, Cth Aug. 
 
 1. result — other successes. 
 
 c. near Metz. 
 1. Bazaine. 
 
 d. Sedan, 1st Sep. 
 
 1. 80,000. 
 
 2. sword — Wilhelmshohe. 
 
 e. siege of Paris, 19th Sep. 
 1. four G. armies. 
 
 /. surrender of Metz, 27th Oct. 
 
 1. B.— 170,000. 
 g. surrender of Paris, 28th Jan., 
 1871. 
 
 1. last attempt. 
 
 2. " Gov. of the Nat. Def." 
 
 464. Terms of peace. 
 
 a. " Treaty of Frankfort," 10th 
 
 May, 1871. 
 o. Alsace and Ger. Lorraine. 
 c. 5,000,000,000. 
 
 465. Creation of the Empire. 
 
 a. inspiring effect of the war. 
 
 b. change — Nov., 1870. 
 1. presidency. 
 
 c. following month. 
 
 d. palace of Versailles, 18th 
 
 Jan., 1871. 
 
 467. The German constitu- 
 tion. 
 
 a. first Diet at B., Mar., 1871. 
 6. 25. 
 
 c. rights of the states. 
 
 1. own affairs. 
 
 2. dip. rep. 
 
 d. province of the Imp. Gov. 
 
 e. duties of Fed. Council and 
 
 Diet. 
 
 f. executive power. 
 
 g. war and peace ; alliances and 
 
 treaties. 
 
 468. Summary of results. 
 
 a. greater part of (J. 
 
 b. Austro-Hun. Mon. 
 
 c. the Austro-Prussian war did 
 
 what? 
 
 d. the Franco-Prussian war did 
 
 what? 
 
 GREAT NAMES OF THE 
 NINETEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 I. Philosophers and Scientists. 
 
 a. Humboldt, Alexander von, 
 
 17G9-1859. 
 
 1. Berlin ; nat. 
 
 2. rank. 
 
 3. "Kosmos." 
 
 b. Cuvier, 1709-1831. 
 
 1. S. — Paris — n. and pal. 
 
 2. rank. 
 
 3. " The Animal Kingdom," 
 
 etc. 
 
 4. Napoleon. 
 
 c. Hegel, 1770-1831. 
 1. G\ p. — founder. 
 
 d. Davy, Sir Humphrey, 1778- 
 
 1829. 
 
 1. E. c. and n. p. 
 
 2. discovered ; saf ety-1. 
 
 e. Arago, 1780-1852. 
 
 1. F. savant — ast. 
 
 2. Par. Obs. 
 
 /. Hamilton, Sir William, 1788 
 -1856. 
 
 1. Sc. m. and 1. 
 
 2. services. 
 
 g. Faraday, 1791-1869. 
 
 1. E. phy. p. 
 
 2. rank. 
 
 3. mag. elec. and 1. 
 h. Comte, 1798-1857. 
 
 1. F. p. 
 
 2. Positive Phil. 
 
 i. Liebig, 1808-1872. 
 
 1. Darmstadt — c. 
 
 2. ch. of ag. and phy. 
 
 /. Mill, John Stuart, 1806-1873. 
 
 1. E.p. 
 
 2. " Pol. Econ., w etc. 
 
 k. Brewster, Sir David, 1781- 
 -186$. 
 
 1. Sc. s. 
 
 2. "Ed. Ency.," etc. 
 
I T /.!/' / CENTURY. 
 
 127 
 
 /. 1 . 1811 . 
 
 I. I 
 
 ' L9tb An, 
 
 tune. 
 
 m. Tvndall. John, 1820 . 
 
 • P« 
 
 .nk. 
 
 msidered as a 
 Motion," 
 
 lis .1. EL, 1807- 
 
 1. >u._r s— n. 
 * oniribnti 
 
 II. "Writers. 
 
 a. Goethe, 1749-1882. 
 
 1. Frank fort -on-the-Main. 
 ink. 
 
 3. " Werl 
 
 b. Ettchter, 1768-18 
 
 l. (i :i. and h. 
 
 nk. 
 3. "Titan," i 
 r. Wordsworth, William, 1770 
 -18( 
 1. Lake p. — P<>. Laur. 
 
 ursion," i 
 
 d. Be Salter, 177 
 
 1. Ed.— p. and n. 
 
 ■ L <>f th< 
 
 Samuel Taylor, 
 
 1. La 
 
 ■ The Ancient M.." 
 
 1777- 
 i 
 1. G 
 
 ." c!c. 
 
 1- P 
 
 n\. |>. : Hums. 
 
 1 William, 
 
 1. (J. philol. and ant 
 
 of labors. 
 
 ii»w ii to ih.' young, 
 
 Guil- 
 htin 
 1. I". It. and h. 
 ..nk. 
 
 Civ. in EL," etc. 
 
 !. London ; p. 
 mk. 
 
 3. "Childe Earold 
 
 4. Missplonghi. 
 
 fa Carlylo. Thomas, 1795 . 
 
 1. Be. — London ; E. w. 
 
 2. rank. 
 
 vie. 
 
 4. Uer. lit, 
 
 5. " French Rev.," etc. 
 
 rank. 
 
 6. influence. 
 
 I. Prescott, William Hiekling", 
 1796-1859. 
 
 1. A. h.— Si>. h. 
 
 2. " Ferd. and Is.," etc. 
 m. Thiers, 1797 . 
 
 1. F. h. and s. 
 
 2. "The F. 1! 
 8. 1870. 
 
 n. Pushkin, 1799-1837. 
 
 1. Ii. p. 
 
 2. rank. 
 
 caulav, 1S00-1859. 
 . h. 
 
 :Uk. 
 
 8. " Hist, of R," etc. 
 fcyle. 
 
 p. Hugo, vid — . 
 
 1. F. p., d., n.. and p. 
 
 Romanticist : lassi- 
 
 «■ Dame " ; " Les 
 Mi 
 q. Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 
 
 :-— . 
 1. 
 
 Nathaniel, 1^00 
 -18! 
 
128 
 
 MODERN HISTORY. 
 
 1. A. n. 
 
 2. merits. 
 
 3. " The Scarlet Letter," etc. 
 8. Tennyson, Alfred, 180 ( J . 
 
 1. P. L. of E. 
 
 2. rank ; merits. 
 
 3. "The Princess," etc. 
 
 t Thackeray, William Make- 
 peace, 1811-1863. 
 
 1. E. n. 
 
 2. rank ; merits. 
 
 3. "Vanity Fair," etc. 
 
 u. Dickens, Charles, 1812-1870. 
 
 1. E. n. 
 
 2. rank. 
 
 3. Shakespeare. 
 
 4. traits of novels. 
 
 III. Artists. 
 
 a. Thorwaldsen, 1770-1844. 
 1. D. s. ; Art M. at C. 
 
 b. Beethoven, 1770-1827. 
 
 1. G. m. 
 
 2. "Mount of Olives," etc. 
 
 c. Turner, 1775-1851. 
 
 1. E. 1. p. ; h. pic. 
 
 2. assumed name. 
 
 d. Weber, 1786-1826. 
 
 1. G. m. 
 
 2. " Der Freischiitz." 
 (a.) 1822, B. 
 
 e. Vernet, Horace, 1789-1863. 
 
 1. F. p. 
 
 2. rank. 
 
 3. fav. sub. and treatment. 
 /. Rossini, 1792-1868. 
 
 1. It. m. c. 
 
 2. "William Tell," etc. 
 g. Meyerbeer, 1794-1864. 
 
 1. (). m. c. 
 
 2. 6y. 
 
 3. " Robert l< i Diablo," etc. 
 h. Donizetti, 1798-1848. 
 
 1. It. op. 
 
 2. " Lucrezia Borgia," etc. 
 i. Landseer, Sir Edwin, 1802- 
 1873. 
 1. E. p.— an. 
 j. Kaulbach, Wilhelm von, 
 1805-1874. 
 
 1. G. p. 
 
 2. rank ; idealistic. 
 
 3. Munich — art acad. 
 
 4. "Battle of the Huns," etc. 
 k. Mendelssohn, 1809-1847. 
 
 1. G.-J. m. — Ham. 
 
 2. rank. 
 
 3. "Mid. Night's D." 
 
 4. " Elijah," etc. 
 I Verdi, 1814 . 
 
 1. It. m. c. 
 
 2. "II Trovatore." 
 
 m. Dore, Gustave, 1833 . 
 
 1. F. a, 
 
 2. rank. 
 
 3. Dante, etc. 
 
 IV. Inventors. 
 
 a. Brunei, Sir Isambard, 1769- 
 
 1849. 
 
 1. E. e. 
 
 2. Thames T.— 1826 ; 1843. 
 
 b. Stevenson, George, 1781— 
 
 1848. 
 
 1. E. r. e. 
 
 2. lo. en. 
 
 e. Stevenson, Robert, 1803- 
 1859. 
 
 1. E. e. 
 
 2. Tub. B.— Menai. 
 
 d. Daguerre, 1789-1851. 
 1. F. in. — dag. 
 
 (a.) already known. 
 
 (b. ) hyposulphate of soda. 
 
 e. Morse, IProf. S. P. B., 1791- 
 
 1871. 
 
 1. Mass. — p. ; devoted. 
 
 2. work and lame. 
 
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