TC 824 C2 A2 ( no. 76 appx Feb. 1962 ['>.- 1 \ni RESOURCES AGENCY OF CALIFORNIA Department of Wa ter Resources DELTA WATER REQUIREMENTS APPENDIX to BULLETIN No. 76 DELTA WATER FACILITIES reliminary Edition FEBRUARY 1962 EDMUND G. BROWN WILLIAM E. WARNE Administrator The Resources Agency of California Stote of California ond Director Department of Water Resources Governor STATE OF CALIFORNIA The Resources Agency of California Department of Water Resources DELTA WATER REQUIREMENTS APPENDIX to BULLETIN No. 76 DELTA WATER FACILITIES STATEMEKfT OF CLARIFICATION p, I PI -0"'<'P'0.id.addi,!onolV«lb^„Tfi,. '° ""'''•' ''»'''* *'''^'' Preliminary bdition .^J''— tr:; ;Urr,.rr'"'-Tr'; ''•"«'^- ntr*ati»n kcnsfiti "Bf™. will indicat* ip«cif!c FEBRUARY 1962 EDMUND G. BROWN Governor State of California WILLIAM E. WARNE Administrator The Resources Agency of California oncy Director Department of Water Resources OittiJ Xy OF CALUiuKMlA DAVM TABLE OF CONTENTS Page FOREWORD xii CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION 1 Area of Investigation . . ^ 2 CHAPTER II. THE ECONOMIC GRCWTH OF THE DELTA 5 Past and Present Industrial and Municipal Development 6 Factors Which Have Influenced the Location of Industries In the Westeni Delta Study Area 9 Water Supply 10 Waste and Heat Disposal 10 Transportation 11 Labor Market 11 Proximity to Market Centers 11 Land Availability 11 Future Industrial and Municipal Development 13 Urban Economic Structure 13 Economic Projections 15 i960 to 1980 Levels of Economic Development .... I6 1980 to 2020 Levels of Economic Development .... 22 Population Projections For the Western Delta Study Area 2k Land Use Projections 25 Industrial Land Use 26 Municipal Land Use 27 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Past and Present Agricultural Development 30 Land Reclamation in the Delta jO Boundaries of the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta 31 Past and Present Agricultural Land Use 33 Future Agricultural Development 35 Future Development Within the Central Valley of California 35 Assumptions 37 Future Irrigation Development in the Delta 37 Agricultural Land Use Projections in the Delta 39 CHAPTER III. DELTA WATER REQUIREMENTS k^ Industrial Water Requirements kk Present Industrial Water Requirements kk Water Quality Requirements k^ 1. Process Water U5 2. Boiler Feed Water 50 3. High Quality Cooling Water 52 k. Low Quality Water 53 5. Sanitary and Air Conditioning 5^ Water Quantity Requirements ^k Future Industrial Water Requirements 58 High Quality Water Requirements 60 Low Quality Water Requirements 67 Verification of Industrial Water Requirements .... 68 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Municipal Water Requirements 73 Municipal Water Quality Requirements 73 Past Municipal Water Requirements 73 Futiire Municipal Water Requirements 75 Agricultural Water Requirements 79 Irrigation Practices in the Delta 80 Water Quality Standards for Delta Agriculture 8l Water Quality Standards 82 Influence of Water Quality on Delta Agriculture 82 The Effects of Salinity Incursion on Delta Upland Water Requirements 83 Effects of Salinity Incursion on Delta Lowland Water Requirements dk Present Agricultural Water Quantity Requirements .... 87 Unit Consumptive Use Factors for the Delta 87 Present Consumptive Use of Agricultural Water in the Delta 89 Evaluation of Channel Diversion for Delta Agriculture 89 1. Irrigation Efficiency of the Delta .... 90 2. Effective Precipitation 91 3. Applied Irrigation Water 92 U. Subsurface Inflow 92 Future Intensity of Irrigation 96 Future Delta Crop Acreages 97 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Futvire Consumptive Use of Agricultural Water in the Delta 98 Future Delta Channel Diversions 99 CHAPTER IV. WATER SUPPLIES OF THE DELTA 101 Delta Water Supplies — Past, Present, and Future 101 Precipitation 102 Ground Water 102 Surface Water IO5 Water Quality Considerations IO9 Industrial Water Supplies Ill Agricultural Water Supplies Ill Studies by the University of California III+ Physical Effects of Salinity on the Delta Agriculture Economy II6 1. Crop Yield 117 2. Changes in Crop Patterns 119 3. Effectiveness of Delta Leaching Practices 119 U. Effect of Historic Use of Saline Water on the Properties of Typical Soils of the Western Delta .... 122 Existing Supplemental Water Supply Facilities in the Western Delta Study Area 125 Contra Costa Canal 125 Sherman Island Salinity Alleviation Works 127 IV TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Water Service Agencies in the Western Delta Study Area ..... 128 Contra Costa County Water District 128 City of Antioch 129 City of Pittsburg 130 Oakley County Water District 130 City of Rio Vista 131 East Contra Costa Irrigation District 131 Byron-Bethany Irrigation District 131 Reclamation Districts 132 CHAPTER V. FUTURE WESTERN DELTA WATER SUPPLY 133 Future Western Delta Water Requirements 133 Western Delta Water Supply -- Chipps Island Barrier Project 135 Western Delta Water Supply — Delta Water Project 137 Industrial and Municipal Water Supply Facilities .... 137 Facility Capacity Determination 139 Montezuma Aqueduct Operations l40 1. Rivei- Diversions 1^0 2. Contra Costa Canal Deliveries lUl 3. Montezuma Aqueduct Deliveries l4l Agricultural Water Supply Facilities lU2 Facility Service Area and Capacity Criteria .... ikk TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Operation of Replacement Water Facilities IU5 1. Agricultural Replacement Water Features in the Single Purpose Delta Water Project 1^7 2. Agricultural Water Features of the Comprehensive Delta Water Project Ikd TABLES Table No. 1 Major Manufacturing Industries in the Western Delta Study Area 7 2 Population of the Western Delta Study Area 9 3 Summary of Manufacturing Employment Projections for I97O and I98O Levels of Economic Development by Geographic Areas 20 h Projections of Total Population by Geographic Areas 21 5 Summary of Manufacturing Employment Projections I98O to 2020, by Geographic Areas .... 23 6 Projections of Population in the Western Delta Study Area 25 7 Existing and Projected Industrial Land Use in the Western Delta Study Area 28 8 Existing and Projected Municipal Land Use in the Western Delta Study Area 29 9 Existing and Projected Industrial and Municipal Land Use in the Sacramento -San Joaquin Delta 29 10 Growth of Recleimation in the Sacramento -San Joaquin Delta 31 11 Cropped and Irrigated Areas in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta 33 vl TABLES Table No. Page 12 Distribution of Historical Agricultural Land Use in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta .... 3^ 13 Subareas of Counties Located in the Sacramento -San Joaquin Delta 3^ 14 Derivation of Potential Acres of Double Cropping in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta .... 38 15 Present and Projected Agricultural Land Use in the Sacramento -San Joaquin Delta 40 16 Water Quality Tolerances For Food Processing .... U7 17 Process Water Quality Tolerances for the Manufacture of Paper U9 18 Variation in Water Quality Tolerances of Boiler Feed Water for Various Boiler Operating Pressures 5^ 19 Present Industrial Water Requirements in the Western Delta Study Area 55 20 Industrial High Quality Water Requirements for the Western Delta Study Area, I96O to 1980 Levels of Development 57 21 Water Quality Requirements of Potential Industries in the Western Delta Study Area 59 22 Industrial High Quality Water Requirements for the Western Delta Study Area, 1990 to 2020 Levels of Development ^ 23 Industrial Low Quality Water Requirements for the Western Delta Study Area, 1960-2020 Levels of Development 67 2h Heat Exchanger Tube Material Selections for Various Saline Waters 70-71 25 Municip I Water Quality Standards of the United States Public Health Service 7^ 26 Municipal Water Sales in the Western Delta Study Area 7U vii TABLES Table No. Page 27 Municipal Water Requirements and Per Capita Water Consumption in the Western Delta Study Area, I96O to 2020 Levels of Development 76 28 Ratio of Industrial and Municipal Water Requirements in the Western Delta Study Area ..... 78 29 Ratios of Industrial to Municipal Water Requirements in Various Regions of the United States 79 30 Unit Consumptive Use of Water in the Sacramento -San Joaquin Delta 88 31 Computed Consumptive Use of Agricultural Water in the Sacramento -San Joaquin Delta 90 32 Irrigation Seasonal Use of Applied Water in the Delta Lowlands -- I95U 93 33 Projected Unit Consumptive Use of Agricultural Water in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta 97 3^ Projected Future Distribution of Agricultural Crops in the Sacramento -San Joaquin Delta 98 35 Projected Annual Consumptive Use of Applied Agricultural Water in the Sacramento -San Joaquin Delta 99 36 Present Monthly Distribution of Con- sumptive Use of Agricultural Water in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta 100 37 Precipitation Records in the Vicinity of the Sacramento -San Joaquin Delta 103 38 Quality of Ground Water Supplies in the Delta .... lOU 39 Net Annual Depletions of the Delta Water Supply IO9 ^0 Physical Responsibility for Salinity Incursion at Antioch 110 Vlll TABLES Table Mo. P^fie kl Average Monthly Salt Concentrations in Old River With and Without State Water Facilities 112 k2 Projected Crop Patterns in the Year 1990 for the Delta Area Subject to Salinity Incursion 120 U3 Changes in Salinity Concentrations of Peaty Soils Resulting from Typical Leaching in the Western Delta Study Area 121 kk Existing Soil Salinity of Western Delta Lands .... 123 45 Suggested Standards for Classification of Agricultural Soils According to Coefficients of Permeability 124 46 Hydraulic Conductivity of Soil in the Western Delta Study Area ..... 125 47 Projected Annual Municipal and Industrial Water Requirements by Subareas in the Western Delta 13^ 48 Projected Annual Agricultural Water Requirements in the Sacramento -San Joaquin Delta . . . 135 49 Distribution of Water Supply to Portion of Western Delta Study Area Served by the Contra Costa County Water District 1^3 50 Supplemental Water Deliveries from Montezuma Aqueduct to Solano County 1^^ 51 Probable Future Distribution of Monthly Water Demands, Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta l46 ix PLATES (Plates follow page lU8) Plate No. 1 Areas of Investigation, Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta 2 Schematic Diagram of Area Employment Relationships 3 Schematic Diagram of the Distribution of Area Economy k Present Land Use, Western Delta Study Area 5 1980 Land Use, Western Delta Study Area 6 2020 Land Use, Western Delta Study Area 7 Historical Boundaries, Sacramento -San Joaquin Delta 8 Projected Indices of Irrigation Development, Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys 9 Projected Indices of Irrigation Development for the Sacramento Valley and the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta 10 Food Products Industry, Projected Indices of Water Use Per Employee in the United States 11 Pulp and Paper Industry, Projected Indices of Water Use Per Employee in the United States 12 Chemical Industry, Projected Indices of Water Use Per Employee in the United States 13 Primary Metal Industry, Projected Indices of Water Use Per Employee in the United States lU Total Manufacturing, Projected Indices of Water Use Per Employee in the United States 15 Western Delta Index Versus United States Index, Unit Water Requirements for Total Manufacturing 16 Manufacturing Industries, Index of Water Use Per Employee in the Western Delta Study Area 17 Historic and Projected Water Use Per Capita for the Cities of Pittsburg and Antioch 18 Irrigation Water Quality and Leaching Requirement Relationship 19 Schematic Flow Diagram of Irrigation and Subsurface Inflow Water Under Delta Field. Conditions PLAIES (Plates follow page 1^46) Plate No. 20 Natural, Present, and Future Salinity Conditions in the Western Sacrainento-San Joaquin Delta 21 Historic Salinity Incursion, Sacramento -San Joaquin Delta 22 Salination of Delta Soils Versus Salinity of the Irrigation Water, Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta 23 Salt Accumulation in Delta Soils 2^+ Effectiveness of Leaching Peaty Soils in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta 25 Electrical Conductivity of Saturated Soil Extract Versus Salinity of Western Delta Area Soils 26 Reduction of Crop Yield Versus Soil Salination 27 Location Map, Contra Costa County Water District 28 Cost of Self -Supplied Industrial Water from the Sacramento-San Joaquin River in Pittsburg-Antioch Area 29 Irrigation and Reclamation Districts Within the Sacramento -San Joaquin Delta 30 Chipps Island Barrier Project 31 Single Purpose Delta Water Project 32 Typical Alternative Delta Water Project 33 Comprehensive Delta Water Project 3^ Montezuma Aqueduct 35 Contra Costa Canal Operation Demand Schedule 36 Principal Irrigation and Drainage Features of the Single Purpose Delta Water Project 37 Principal Irrigation and Drainage Features of the Compre- hensive Delta Water Project 36 Diagrammatic Flow of Agricultural Water for the Compre- hensive Delta Water Project xl FOREWARD This appendix to Bulletin No. 76, "Delta Water Facilities", is one of six appendices upon which were based the recommendations and conclusions in Bulletin Mo. ^6. Other appendices are entitled: Economic Aspects Salinity Incursion and Water Resources Recreation Plans, Designs, and Cost Estimates Channel Hydraulics and Flood Channel Design Data and analyses contained in this appendix were utilized to determine the physical extent and economic feasibility of all local water supply features proposed in Bulletin No. 76. These proposed features are intended to meet all local water requirements through the year 2020. Since Bulletin No. 76 is a preliminary draft designed to assist local agencies in evaluating the means by which local Delta problems can be solved within the structure of the State Water Resoxirces Development System, all conclusions presented in this appendix must be considered preliminary. Following local review and public hearings on B\illetin No. 76, a final report will be issued, which will incoirporate comments and suggestions pertinent to the appendices as well as the summary report. The final report will describe the essential minimum facilities and those economically justifiable options requested by locEil interests. CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION The watersheds of the Central Valley of California come to- gether in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. The availability of fresh water in Delta channels depends upon seasonal water supply resulting from precipitation and from melting snow in the Central Valley water- sheds. Upstream development during the past 60 years has seen an increase in water use and water storage with a resulting increase in the intensity and area of salinity incursion. Plate 1, "Areas of Investigation, Sacramento -San Joaquin Delta" , shows the boundary of the Deita^ as described in Section 12220 of the California Water Code. Tl^e area is bounded by the Cities of Antioch, Pittsburg, Tracy, Stockton, Sacramento, and Rio Vista. The plate also shows the overlapping western Delta study area, for which intensive studies of water supplies and requirements have been made. This area, which is partially within the legally defined Delta boundary, extends from the vicinity of Franks Tract to a point approximately 3 miles west of Pittsburg and encompasses channels. Delta lands, shore lands, and lands in the adjacent watershed area. Intensive studies have been made of the future economic de- velopment of lands which could be supplied with water from channels in the western Delta study area, future water needs, and the future supplies available to the Delta. The broad scope of these studies permitted the inclusion of only the most pertinent information and computations in this report. The data collected were considered in formulating the 1 - conclusions contained in the summary report, Bulletin No. 76 "Delta Water Facilities" . This bulletin, and previous studies, indicate that there are several physically feasible methods of solving water supply and related problems in the Sacramento -San Joaquin Delta and upper San Francisco Bay system. This report summarizes studies of present development and projected future growth in the Sacrsimento-San Joaquin Delta. It dis- cusses quantity and quality of water requirements. Design concepts basic to the planning of adeqxxate supply facilities for unhindered regional development are developed. Because projections of economic growth are based upon an assumption of adequate water supply, the adop- tion of any one of several alternative plans does not alter projections of water requirements. Water quality at specific locations, however, does depend upon the features of a specific plan. Hence, the adoption of any one of the alternative facilities would dictate which supplemen- tary or replacement water supply facilities must be included. Wherever feasible, continued operation of existing water supply facilities was included in the planning. The gross water deliveries for alternative plans might differ, but the projected net requirements would remain independent and unchanged. Area of Investigation The area of investigation includes the entire Sacramento -San Joaquin Delta and the overlapping western Delta study area. Agricultural water requirements were determined for each of the portions of the six - 2 - counties included within the Delta. The evaluation of water quality- applies only to the western Delta study area^ where present and future salinity concenti-ations in the water channels reach levels that affect the economy. Industrial and municipal water requirements were determined only for the western Delta portions of Solano and Contra Costa Counties. Other municipal and industrial areas within the Delta will continue to obtain water from sources other than Delta channels, or will be insured adequate water supplies under all conditions resulting from the con- struction of the proposed Delta facilities. The Sacramento County por- tion of the western Delta study area was not considered in detail be- cause major municipal or industrial growth is not anticipated therein. CHAPTER II. THE ECONOMIC GROWTH OF THE DELTA During the early stages of development the economic growth of the Delta was centered around the cultivation of the highly fertile swamplands. The cultivating of these swamplands required the reclamation of such areas by the construction of levees to prevent seasonal inundation from flood flows. The present highly prosperous economy, firmly based on irrigated agriculture, annually produces many thousands of tons of food products. A wide variety of food-processing industries have located on the perimeter of the Delta. These industries prepare foods for ship- ment throu^out the world. Seasonally they employ many thousands of workers. Since I9OO certain natural advantages of the Delta have attracted a wide variety of heavy manufacturing industries. These industries have altered the economic structure of portions of the Delta by shifting them from agricultural to industrial orientation. As a result of this de- velopment, population has increased considerably and thousands of acres of Delta farm lands have been withdrawn from agricultiiral use to be de- voted to urban use. The study of the economic growth patterns of the Delta and the projection of these growth patterns into the future were an integral part of Delta water facility planning. These studies were conducted in terms of two major segments of the Delta economy -- agricultural develop- ment and urban development. The latter includes industrial and municipal development. - 5 Past and Present Industrial and Municipal Development Since 1900) industrial development in California has proceeded at an accelerated pace to serve markets created by the increasing pop- ulation of the western states. The development of the Delta, hastened by the recognition of its natural industrial sites, reflects this pace. Large employment and population increases have occurred. Large amounts of capital have been invested. Certain areas, including those within or surrounding the Cities of Stockton, Antioch, and Pittsburg, have been converted almost completely from an agricultural to an industrial economy. The study of miinicipal and industrial development within the Delta, with the exception of present and future land use, has been limited to the western Delta study area. This area, in general, encom- passes those portions of the Delta affected by salinity incursion. The Cities of Stockton, Sacreunento, and Tracy, and the County of Yolo, are omitted from the study area, not because their industrial and municipal developments are small factors in the overall Delta economy but because Delta water facility planning will have little, if any, effect upon these areas. Past industrial growth within the western Delta study area has occurred in or near Pittsbiu-g and Antioch. Table 1 indicates the name and year of establishment of all major manufacturing industries in the Pittsburg-Antioch area. Since 1950, industrial growth in the western Delta study area has been represented by an average capital investment of over $20,000,000 per year,-^ either through the establishment of new industries or the -/ Includes Pacific Gas and Electric Company generation plants in Pittsburg and Antioch. - 6 - TABLE 1 MAJOR MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES IN THE WESTERN DELTA STUDY AREA Industry- Year established Fibreboard Paper Products Corporation, Antioch Division Quaker Pioneer Rubber Company Columbia-Geneva Steel Division, U. S. Steel Company- Dow Chemical Company Western California Canners Company Glass Containers Corporation Johns Manville Products Corporation 1/ Shell Chemical Corporation ~ Kroehler Manufacturing Company Hickmott Canning Company Gladding McBean and Company Continental Can Company Fibreboard Paper Products Corporation, San Joaquin Division E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company Inc. Crown Zellerbach Corporation Kaiser Gypsum Company Ethyl Corporation Linde Air Products Company T7 Located outside the western Delta study area boundary (within the Pittsbvirg township) but considered to be within the Pittsburg metro- politan area. 2/ Moved to Alameda County in 1958' 1689 1906 1910 1916 1920 1920 192U 1931 I9U0 19^0 19UO 19^+8 19U9 1956 1956 1956 1958 1959 7 expEinsion or modernization of older industries. The present total market value of the present Industrial complex within the western Delta 1/ 2/ study area is estimated to be over $500,000,000.-' They presently-' employ an average of 10,900 employees. As industry has expanded in the western Delta study area, population has increased. Population increased by 60 percent during the 19^+0-50 decade, and by Uo percent during the 1950-60 decade. The 2/ present—' population of more than 71^000 is estimated to be increasing 2/ at the rate of 2,000 people per year. Present—' total employment in the western Delta study area is estimated to be more than 26,000 persons. Population figures obtained from the Bureau of the Census axe presented for the western Delta study area in Table 2. 1/ Includes Pacific Gas and Electric Company generation plants in Pittsburg and Antioch. 2/ As of i960 8 TABLE 2 POPULATION OF THE WESTERN DELTA STUDY AREA County and township : April 1, : : 1930 : April 1, I9U0 : April 1, : 1950 : July 1, : i960 Contra Costa County # 6 (Pittsburg)- ^ 8 (Antioch) if 9 (Brentwood) jtlh (Byron) #17 (Oakley) 10,692 ^^,656 1,676 1,092 2,908 11,713 6,569 3,237 l,i+86 2,91+5 20,992 12,1+03 l+,03l+ l,i+13 5,135 Solano County Denverton Montezuma Rio Vista I3U 366 4,1+79 101 316 3,71*8 10i+ 308 3,128 Sacramento County Georgianar-' 1,500 27,723 1,100 31,215 1,000 1+8,817 TOTALS 71,200 1/ Includes population from a small area located west of the western Delta study area boundary (but considered to be within the Pittsburg metropolitan area) which could not be segregated in the census data. 2/ Estimated number of people in Georgiana township living within the limits of the western Delta study area. 3/ Estimated. Factors Which Have Influenced the Location of Industries In the Western Delta Study Area Industrial location in the western Delta has generally followed the pattern of industrial growth in California. However, the advantages of certain industrial sites have played an important part in attracting industry to the western Delta study area. These advantages have included an abundant water supply, a large assimilative capacity within the river channels for industrial wastes, readily accessible railroad facilities, location on major highway routes, deep-water transportation facilities, - 9 - nearness to labor supplies, reasonably close market centers, and the availability of land for future industrial expansion. Water Supply . Unlimited quantities of water from the chan- nels of the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers are readily available to industries located within the western Delta study area. This availability has been of particular advantage to those industries which use vast quantities of water for cooling purposes. However, because of seasonal salinity incursion problems, the river channels are not dependable sources of high quality water. This disadvantage has been largely over- come through construction of the Contra Costa Canal, a facility which is usually able to meet the water needs of the existing industries in the Pittsburg-Antioch metropolitan complex. During certain periods the canal is also affected by salinity incurs ion and exr^ensive water treat- ment costs are incurred by the industries in overcoming the problems resulting from water quality deterioration. In spite of these disadvan- tages, the joint availability of river and canal water supplies has favorably influenced ^he western Delia study area for industrial site location. Waste and Heat Disposal . Dissipation of heat and waste prod- ucts are important factors of site location to many industries. The river channels of the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers within the western Delta study area offer excellent dissipation of these wastes. These advantages arise from the high outflows, which usually occur during the winter months, and the increases in assimilative capacity which occur through tidal diffusion. These advantages have been of particular interest to the paper and chemical industries. 10 - Transportation . One of the strongest factors in the develop- ment of the western Delta has been the availability of deep water access, Through this access, river barges and ocean-going vessels have been able to service the local, national, and world-wide interests of the established industries. In addition, the Pittsburg-Antioch area is serviced by adequate highways for the commuting of workers and the trans- port of raw materials and finished products. Two major railroauis, the Southern Pacific and the Sante Fe, service the area. Labor Market . Since the end of World War II there has been an increasing move toward suburban living. Suburban growth in the San Francisco Bay area has extended to the Concord, Walnut Creek, and Mar- tinez areas in Contra Costa County. This suburban growth has placed a portion of the vast San Francisco Bay area labor force within reasonable commuting distance to the western Delta study area. Therefore, indus- tries which have located within the western Delta study area have been able to draw from this steadily increasing skilled and unskilled labor market. Studies of industrial worker commuting indicate that 75 percent of the industrially employed have become permanent residents within the study area. Proximity to Market Centers . The central location of the western Delta study area has an advantage of nearness to the consumer markets of the San Francisco Bay area and the Central Valley. The existing industries have been able to save transit costs by shipping directly to both market areas. Land Availability . Historically there has been land available at reasonable prices within the western Delta study area to serve the 11 - requirements of industrial location and expansion. Land speculation, however, has resulted in inflated prices of many outstanding industrial tracts. This inflation will probably becorae more intense as sites with comparable advantages are utilized in the San Francisco Bay area. The land around the Montezuma Hills in Solano County, however, could offer comparable site advantages to the Pittsburg-Antioch area if adequate highways and high quality water supply facilities were constructed. This land will probably be less expensive than that within Contra Costa County since it is nearly completely undeveloped and will tend to remain so for some time in the future. 12 - Futiu'e Industrial and Municipal Development Nearly 75 percent of the existing urban high quality water requirements of the western Delta study area are industrial in nature. This fact clearly indicated that future industrial water requirements would have to be projected separately. It was also concluded that projections of population would not provide an adequate basis upon which to estimate these industrial requirements. To provide an adequate basis upon which future industrial water requirements could be estimated, detailed projections of manu- facturing employment were made for the I96O-I98O period. These trends were continued up to 2020. Total civilian employment, population, and land use projections were concurrently made with the manufacturing employment estimates. Urban Economic Structure Before discussing the procediires and assumptions utilized in the development of employment, population, and land use projections, it is useful to review the general aspects of the structure of an urban economy. This structvire ceui usually be divided into two parts, base and service activities. These activities are defined as follows:— "Base activities are represented by those activities of an economy which export goods, services, or capital to persons or firms whose source of payment is beyond the pre- determined boundaries of the economic commiinity. These are the activities which, through a favorable trade baLlajice with other cities, regions, and nations, enable the community to continue its existence and to pay for the necessities of living and production which it must import." 1/ Richard B. Andrews. "Land Economics", University of Wisconsin. July 195^+ - 13 - "... service activities do not export but sire en- gaged in caring for local demands for goods, personal ser- vices, and capital. Local demands stem from the base itself and its employees, from service establishments and their employees, and from the rest of the population not directly identified in em employment sense with either base or service activities." In the western Delta study area, the base activities consist of three segments; manufacturing, agriculture, and recreation. Man- Tifacturing is the largest segment. Agriculture, an important segment, will continue to diminish as agricultural lands are withdrawn for urban uses. Recreation is the fastest growing base activity in the area, but at present is the least significant portion of the total economic structure . Since manufacturing is the Isirgest contributor to the economic activity of the western Delta study area, it was concluded that projec- tion of this segment would provide the most representative picture of future economic development. Several alternative measurements of manufacturing activity were considered as bases for the projections. These included employment, income, value added, value of production, units of production, and the so-called input-output relationship. Employment was selected as the most advantageous measurement since it provided a single yardstick to which jxjpulation, municipal and indus- trial water requirements, and land use could be related. The employment data used in this study were based on wsige and salary statistics which were converted to annual average employ- ment figures. This procedure enabled the nonproduction or "white collar employee" employees to be included in the employment data. This is an important consideration since the number of physiceuL pro- duction workers in some manufacturing industries has decreased; while - Ik - both the physical product output and the number of nonproduction workers have stesidily increased. Service activities in the western Delta study area were represented by those employed in activities other than manufacturing or agriculture. Service activities were analyzed only to the extent required to separate total civilian employment and rrianufacturing em- ployment projections. Economic Projections The accixracy of economic projections is directly related to the size of the area for which the projection is meide. For this reason it was decided that projections of economic growth of larger geographic areas, of which the western Delta study area is a part, would provide more accurate limits within which the economic growth of the western Delta study area could be projected. The opinions of national, state, and local economic experts were reflected in these projections by utilizing other studies which covered the United States, California, the nine-county San Francisco Bay area, Contra Costa County, Solano County, and the western Delta study area. The projections for all geographic areas were based upon the following assumptions: 1. That population, economic activity, employment, and movements of goods and people within the United States, California, San Francisco Bay area, Contra Costa County, Solano County, and the western Delta study area will continue to increase. 2. That there will be no devastation by war. - 15 3. That there will be no severe or prolonged economic depression. h. That there will be no major disaster, epidemic, or catastrophe during the time period of this study. 5. That sources and supplies of energy and fresh water required for future growth in the San Francisco Bay area will be adequate to supply the demand and will be available at costs competitive with other metro- politan areas of the nation. 6. That technological advances will continue and automation and productivity will be expanded and intensified. 7. That long-distance transportation and communication will develop and accelerate future movements of peoples and goods throughout the nation and the world. 8. That world hostilities will not increase, but will either remain at, or retreat from, their present level. 9. That the nation's economy will be operating close to capacity. 10. That the present favorable attitudes of local govern- ments toward the location of major industries will continue. 11. That the same factors which influence national and state economic growth similarly influence local areas. i960 to 1980 Levels of Economic Development . The projection of future trends in employment in the United States during the I96O to 1980 period were based upon long-term projections of total civilian - 16 employment, manufacturing employment, and five manufacturing category- employments,- as prepared by the Office of Business Economics, United States Department of Commerce, for use in studies of the Delaware River 1/ Basin. Adjustments were made to the Department of Commerce studies to reflect later data, and additional projections were made for the 15 unpublished manufacturing categories. The total civilian employment, total manufacturing employment, and 20 manufacturing category employments of California for the I96O-I9BO period were esti.Toated by analj^sis and projection of the following measures of employment growth: 1. Historical employment trends in California. 2. California emplo;/ment, as a percentage of United States employment, for comparable categories. 3. California category employments as percentages of total California eraplo;;,Trients . 1/ The term "manufacturing categories", as used in this report, represents the two-digit manufacturing categories. These categories retain the same classifications as prescribed in the Standard Indus- trial Classification Manual. There are 20 categories under the two- digit manufacturing heading; they are: ordinance, food, tobacco, textiles, apparel, lumber and timber, furniture a.nd fixtures, paper, printing, chemicals, petroleum, rubber, leather, stone, clay and glass, primary metals, fabricated metals, machinery (except elec- trical), electrical machinery, transportation equipment, instruments, and miscellaneous industries. 2/ U. S. Department of Commerce, Office of Business Economics. "Report on the Comprehensive Survey of the Water Resources of the Delaware River Easin, Appendix B, Economic Base Survey", p. 3^) 1-956. The five man'ofacturing categories which were projected are the primarj-- metals, paper, chemical, food, and petroleum manufacturing indus- tries, and arc referred to as the high water-using industries. 17 The projections of each of the above measures of eraplo;>Tnent growth were progressively adjusted and combined to obtain the pro- jections for California listed in this report. The analysis and judgment applied to these projections were to a great degree influenced by the conclusions reached by the Department of Water Resources in planning stMies for the Southern California Aqueduct Investigation.—^ Projections of total civilian employment, total manufacturing employment, and raanufacturlr.g employment by categories for the nine- county San Francisco Bay area during the I96O-I9BO period of develop- ment were developed using techniques similar to those used in the projections of employments in California. Geographical relationships for these projections were based upon the percentage of employees in California who were located within the San Francisco Bay area. The analysis and trends of the projections utilized some of the data con- tained in a report prepared in 1956 by Parsons, Brinckerhoff , Hall, and Macdonald, entitled "Regional Rapid Transit, A Report to the San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit Commission". Procedures similar to those used in the employment projections of California and the San Francisco Bay area were utilized for the em- plojanent projections of Contra Costa and Solano Counties, and the western Delta study area during the 196O-I96O period. These employment projections, however, were limited to total manufacturing and major established man-ofacturing categories in Contra Costa County and the western Delta study area, and to manufacturing employment only in \J State of California, Department of Water Resources, "investigation of Alternative Aqueduct Systems to Serve Southern California" . Bulletin No. 78. "Economic Demand for Imported Water", Appendix D. i960. - 16 - Solano County. Total civilian employment was eliminated from these projections because of the difficulty of establishing historical growth trends and the complications which are presented by commuting labor force 5. i' Manufacturing employments by category were omitted from the Solano County projections because there were no major established cate- gories upon which to base the projections. No major development was assumed to occur in the Solano County portion of the western Delta study area until after 198O. Sunmiaries of the employment projections of the various geo- graphic areas for 1970 and I98O are shown in Table 3- The geographical and categorical relationships developed for comparing and analyzing employment growth trends are shown in Plate 2, "Schematic Diagram of Area Employment Relationships" . In order to Judge the validity of the population and employ- ment trend developed by the Department of Water Resources, a comparison was made with the work of other economists. The Department of Water Resources work was predicated upon projections of employment, from which total projected population was extrapolated. Most of the comparison sources, however, had made their projections in terms of population estimates. These projections are shown in Table h. In order to cor- relate the two sets of results a total civilian labor force was estimated for each geographic area. The number of unemployed, assumed to be h-^/k percent of the total civilian labor force, plus military personnel in the area, were added to the total civilian labor force estimates. A 1/ A commuting labor force is defined as people who live outside the boundaries of a geographic area but work within the boundaries. - 19 - TABLE 3 SUMMARY OF MA NUFAC TURING EMPLOYMENT PROJECTIONS FOR 1970 AND 1980 LEVELS OF ECONOMIC DEVELOmENT BY GEOGRAPHIC AREAS (Employees) : Total wage :and salar\- : manuf ac - : turing Manufacturing cate goricc 1/ Area and decade Primary : raetals : Paper : Chemicals : Stone, : relay andr : glass : Food 1970 United States 21,200,000 1,633,000 763,000 1,166,000 700,000 1,781,000 California 2,000,000 9^4 , 000 U8,000 66,000 6U,000 226,000 San Francisco Bay Area 380,000 27,300 17,500 19,000 1U,I00 68,Uoo Contra Costa Co. Ui+,100 8,200 i+,300 7,000 1,900 3,500 Solano County 3,800 2/ 2/ 2/ 2/ 2/ Western Delta Study Area Contra Costa Co.^/ 17,900 7,000 4,100 4.200 1,100 1,100 Solano County 3OO 2/ 2/ 2/ 2/ 2/ 1980 United States 25,100,000 1 ,908,000 < 554,000 1 ,481,000 803,000 2,058,000 California 2,700,000 138,000 73,000 100,000 86,000 289,000 San Francisco Bay Area 508,000 40,800 24,900 25,400 18,600 81,300 Contra Costa Co. 62,500 13,100 6,500 10,200 2,400 3,900 Solano County 6,600 2/ 2/ 2/ 2/ 2/ Western Delta Study Area Contra Costa Co.^ 27,200 11,700 5,900 6,100 1,400 1,400 Solano County 700 2/ 2/ 2/ 2/ 2/ y Includes only those categories which are presently established in the western Delta study area. 2/ No projections were made for specific categories in Solano County. 3/ For continuity of economic statistics this area includes all of Pittsburg township. - 20 - ^-1 o >1 CM r-l O 3 CM •J r-T O >>r-<| ,-1 O :3 CM •^ ■v n-l O >50l r-l o :i CM ^ "s r-l O >iCN r-l o\ 3 r-l i-o r-l >J s --I CT\ :3 n-l >-:) ,—1 O >>M .-1 C7N 3 .-1 ►^ r-T >> S ,-1 CJ\ :3 r-l •-3 cd 0) ^^ (d V •rH J3 P. a] u M o (U o o o o Lr\ o o o o VO VO o o ON f— O • •^ -^ ■s ^ •\ »^ s UA VO ,-1 .—1 r-l t— ». -s •H o 2 ON J- o r-l ,-1 OJ o -s m U5 o -p 05 en V r-l ,i3 o o o LTN o p. 0) 05 o l/^ t— LTN 0) X! • r-l o o O CM VO S^ -p c -H »v ^ •s •\ o 05 LPv OJ a\ r-l 05 tM •H > rn J- 3 O -p 05 C 8 o s CM VO ■p c O o O -3- ID 1— 1 •^ -, •v - rH o r-J -p (U CJN PO i) o CO CM 3 OS to c < to o 3 05 O O O LTN o J ON O O o t^ .-1 01 (d r-l O CM CM t- m x: 0) •rH •^ •s, -p .c: C -^ O CO viT -p U VD Lf\ CM c o CM •H ^ 0) r-l jrt w Ti 05 3 o (U O H JS ft ,o +J O C OJ O O o O O r-l u bn o O o ^ o G (U (D o t— as Lr\ CM o > .c •v •N -V *\ OJ -p S^ ^ ,-1 -4- t:^ t5 3 CM (U O OJ CM m OS 0) w o Xi cn lU -p 05 ■p cn O O O O CO (I) • CQ !-, • O m m O on ,Q CO 05 O m O CO t- -ct .-1 C Lr\ Cm OJ C7N i > Q LfN ro ■P r-l CO > 00 ,-< cn o5 LTN r-* cq O r-l 0) ON ^ u ■P c •rH CO c u > i] O < >s M i e U 0) 4-> >> c ,p 0) 05 o O ^ ^ :3 o ■?^ to § (A 3 o c s c o O w "-^ o y^-N. >j o o to U OJ CMl o >j 05 +i •rH ■s -H d) ft +J M +> -t-" c P L/N +J K 0) cd •H c w 3 o CM O P ■P ■H O 7i o o ■P xf o ^ 1 05 o ^H 05 Ih 05 OS ti (m Pc c ^1 c &, O. pL, :s J +3 •H c +J 0} •H —1 C •H c r-l C oJ 05 s o o ^ ■~~^ ---•, D o en u to -0 cvjI rnl 21 ratio of the total labor force to the total population, or labor force participation rate, was then applied to obtain an estimated total popu- lation. Similar comparisons of trends of economic development from the manufacturing employment projections with those of the population projections, listed in Table h. were made for Contra Costa and Solano Counties. However, the added step of developing total civilian employ- ment estimates from the manufacturing employment estimates was required for these areas. This step was completed by using relationships developed from multiple correlations of manufacturing employment, commuting labor forces, and total civilian employment shown in the Bay Area Rapid Transit Survey. The population estimates developed for each geographic area in all cases checked quite closely with those listed in Table ^4. The relationships of population, total labor force, uneir.ployinent, total civilian employment, and manufacturing employment are indicated on Plate 3, "Schematic Diagram of the Distribution of Area Economy". 1980 to 20g0 Levels of Economic Developnicnt . Trends of total employment and population for the 19^0-2020 period were derived by meth- ods essentially similar to those asea. to derive the I96O-I9SO trends. To obtain total employment estimates, assumed labor force participation rates and a ^-3/^ percent unemployment rate were applied to the popu- lation projections. Manufacturing emplo;/mrnt estimates vrere developed for the United States, California, San Francisco Bay area, Solano and Contra Costa Counties for the I96O to 2020 period, using the same methods as used for the i960 to 198O period. Continuation of similar trends - 22 developed for the earlier period was assumed. Checks of the manufac- turing employment projections for Solano and Contra Costa Counties with the population projections listed in Table k were made with the same procedures as utilized for the i960 to 19bO period. Manufacturing eraplo;^'Tjent in the western Delta area was estiniated by two related analyses. The first consisted of the relation- ship of manufacturing employment in the western Delta study area to the combined projected manufacturing employment in Solano and Contra Costa Counties. A second analysis,, consisting of the relationship of each county subarea within the western Delta study area to its respective county, was made to reflect an assumption of more rapid development in the Solano County subarea. By means of the two analyses, manufacturing employment projections for the western Delta study area and subareas of Solano and Contra Costa Counties were developed. Results of the manu- facturing employment projections for the I96O to 2020 period for all geographic areas are contained in Table 5- TABLE 5 SUMMARY OF MANUFACTURIKG EMPLOYl-SNT PROJECTIONS, 1980 TO 2020, BY GEOGRAPHIC AREAS (Thousands of employees) Year United States :;a_i- f ornia San Francisco Bay area Contra : Solano Costa : County County : Western Delta Etudv Area Contra Costa: Solano County : County i960 25,100 2,700 508 62.5 6.6 27.2 0.7 1990 30,000 3,i^70 650 63-2 13.0 36. u 1-5 2000 35,300 U,26o 600 105.6 26.il ^9.5 6.0 2010 U0,900 5,070 950 128.3 U9.it 60.8 li^.7 2020 U5,8oo 5,630 1,090 1^9.3 85.0 71.0 29.0 - 23 Population Pro.) ect ions For the Western Delta Study Area The projections of population in the western Delta study area were determined by developing the manufacturing employment projections into total employment estimates, and applying commuting labor force, unemployment, and labor force participation rate factors. Total em- ployment in the western Delta study area was estimated by intensive analyses of the base and service activity factors. Base activity em- ployment was assumed to include all manufacturing employment and a con- stant, which included agricultural and recreational employments. An existing ratio of 1:1 of service activity to base activity employment in the western Delta study area was deterrained for the area from Bureau of the Census data. This ratio was projected to increase to 2.^:1 in the year 2020, on the basis that as the urbanization of an area increases, the area tends to become self-sufficient in terms of service activities. Service activity employment was estimated by apply- ing the projected service to base activity ratios to the base activity employment projections. Total employment was estimated by adding the service activity employment to the base activity employment. The resident labor force of the Contra Costa and Solano Counties subareas of the western Delta study area was estimated by sub- tracting the commuting labor force from the total employment estimates and adding unemployment, which was assumed to be h-^/k percent of the resident labor force. Commuting labor force rates were estimated to decrease from the present 25 percent in the Contra Costa County subarea to 19 percent in 2020, and to increase from the estimated present and 1980 near-zero percent in Solano County to UO percent in 2020. The ?k - population of the county subareas was determined by applying labor force participation rates to the estimated resident labor forces. It was assumed that the pooulation In the Sacramento County subareas would remain at its present level. A summary of the population projection for the western Delta study area is contained in Table 6. TABLE 6 PROJECTIONS OF POPULATION IN THE WESTERN DELTA STUDY AREA (Thousands of persons) County : 1970 : 1980 : 1990 : 2000 : 2010 : 2020 Contra Costa 102 161 236 325 i^3l 535 Solano 5 8 Ik 49 102 158 Sacramento 1 1 1 1 1 1 TOTAL 108 170 251 375 53^ 69h Land Use Projections Studies of municipal and industrial land uses, and the pro- jection of these uses, were an essential feature of Delta water facility planning. By means of these studies and projections, estimates of future agricultural land withdrawals for urban uses were determined, with the resulting decreases in requirements for agricultural water supply. Applied water requirements for municipal and industrial users were distributed in the western Delta study area on the basis of the land use studies. This distribution of water requirements provided an adequate basis upon which capacities of water supply facilities could be estimated. - 25 - Industrial Land Use . Industrial land use in areas of the Delta other than the western Delta, the areas within and around Tracy, and the Yolo Port District, was assumed would increase 20 percent by 1980, and 100 percent by 2020. These projected increases were based on the assumption that the existing food-processing industries in these areas would expand with increased productivity of nearby farms. While this productivity would not be sufficient to justify a 100 percent increase in industrial land use by 2020, certain portions of these lands will also be suitable for the location of other types of industries. The area within and around Tracy was considered to have greater potential then the above lands for industrial location. Therefore, it was assumed that in the Tracy area 550 acres of new industrial lands would be developed by 1980, and 1,500 total new acres by 2020. The Yolo Port District undoubtedly will develop rapidly as an industrial center with the opening of the Sacramento Deep Water Channel. Therefore, it was assumed that a total of 1,000 acres in this area would be developed by 1980, and 6,000 acres by 2020. In the western Delta area, developed industrial acreage was determined as a function of the projected manufacturing employment. The analysis of existing land use and employment in this area showed an existing density of 11 employees per acre, although for specific companies this density varied from less than 3 to over 75 employees per developed acre. The existing average density of 11 employees per acre was found 2b to be typical of other areas in the United States and vas, therefore, used as a basis for projection of future industrial land requirements. An index,, using 1960 as a base,, was developed to reflect the incrcasintj displacement of production workers by machines and automation, with an anticipated intensification of land use, hifrher industrial land costs, and increased production per acre. More than a fourfold increase in employee productivity and a threefold increase in production per acre over present levels was projected for the year 2020. Industrial land requirements were determined by multiplying the projected manufacturing employment by the index and base empi.oyee per acre ratio. Existing and projected western Delta study area industrial land use is summarized in Table 7- Projected areas devoted to municipal land uce in the western Delta study area are summarized in Table 8. Existing, and projected total Delta industrial and municipal land use is su;;mari'/ed in Table 9- Present western Delta industrial and municipal land use is illustrated on Plate k. "Present Land Use, Western Delta Study Area"; 1980 land use on Plate 5? "198O Land Use, V/estern Delta Study Area"; and 2020 land use on Plate 6, "2020 Land Use, Western Delta Study Area". Municipal Land Use . For areas in the Delta outside the western Delta study area it was assumed that ;i.unicipal land uce would increase by 20 percent by I96O, and 100 percent by 2020. In x.he western Delta study area, it was assumed that low-density municipal areas would have a population of 6 people per acre, and high-density areas 12 people 1/ Data indicate that the industrial land requirements in various areas of the United States vary from 3-17 to 9-69 acres per hun- dred persons of total population. In terms of manufacturing employrrient, these fi^jjures indicate typical densities of 7 to 15 employees per acre. - *;( H W (d 4-) •V 5 OJ w C S^ 0) Ti > ::i rt o 4-> ::( (D tJ -1 m to -P Tj C (U W -H •--- »-3- r-J t3 cd 05 CJ -H (Ll ft In to !^ >: O -p -rt 'J -P r-l W C !d C 0) =t nJ :3 ?• TJ ^ c o ai c •^^ o Q •--( 4J c x( bO C cS a; S : (0 o -P <-y ^ u G -5 a) rtOJl o •H +J u 73 o erf tb " p ft C W w O 1 •H l; o r-l ;3 M M u ri +^ a 2 a; Q ^ o -p Cm -H j;^ O tjD u ii •^ m U -P -p :3 c o +J (D m a S o" u ty O p-i C ft oJ B Q d) Lb CO c di 0) 1 -H a) u g^ >2 o o ed Oj +^ r-1 ra o P, ^ cd fi o •• Cw es:e >; m u m >^ 05 -d ff-i o c o -J Ih M ft OJ a ft ^4 Cl! 0) JM o o o -J OJ ^ c- r- •-■■I -? cxT -^ ,-i ,-1 ON O On s OJ o o o fO LTN O CJ on o-i OJ (-> O O O o o rvi OO CO ON On o r-l t— o VQ 0-1 O O VD ON CO u:) 3 ON OJ CO LTN OJ t^ LA cx O O ON o o o O o o o o o r— o o o r-l' •N VO r-l ON CJ o VO O ON VD c ON O o o -4- o l/N OO s r-l r-^ o7 -J-" Lr^ ^ ON rT r-^ O m 8 o on CO s o m ON 3 ON ON vS o o O o O o —1 o ON ^4 ON r\i ON ON CM l"*- UP> on C\l o o o o o o O c-> o o o o cd c:> tr- ON OJ -^ LTN o •\ '\ »\ o I^ c- CO ON o r-^ r-l r-l OJ OO -4- VD h- ON VO n L'-N t— OJ CO L'% ai o .o l^- f- VD VO VO o O o o CT\ O r-l <\l ON o o o r-l OJ cu CJ ft •H X! c -p so ^ w p -p •H Oh Cm O r-l ,-1 CS ■Jl OJ O c cd cd CO a; •rl -P •H O Cd Cm TJ c cd 10 'iEKTO-SAN JOA:c;,UIN DELTA ^ (i860 to 1930) : : Accujnulative Decade :Acres reclaimed : acres reclaitaed 1660-1670 1870-1680 1860-1890 1890-1900 1900-1910 1910-1920 1920-1930 \_l California State Department of Public Works, Division of Water Resources. "Variation and Control of Salinity in Sacramento -San Joaquin Delta and Upper San Francisco Bay". 1931 • Boundaries of the Sacramento -San Joaquin Delta Growth of agriculture in the Delta is best measured through periodic land use surveys. Unfortunately, these surveys have not always covered equivalent areas, since the Delta was not legally defined until 1959. The survey of 1929-1931 reported upon an area totaling U88,000 acres, while land use surveys in 1938 and 1950 included only 31 - 15,000 15,000 92,000 107,000 70,000 177,000 58,000 235,000 68,600 323,600 9^,000 Ui7,6oo 24,000 UUi,6oo 4^*8,000 acres. The survey of 1955- was considerably expanded to 674,100 acres, which comprised U67,200 acres in the "lowlands" of the Delta and 206,900 acres in the "uplands .- The Delta, as now legally defined,-' includes a gross area of 738,200 acres, of which ^^9,500 acres are tidal water surfaces. Boundsu-ies of the 1931 and 1955 land use surveys, the Delta lowlands, and the present legal Delta boundary are shown on Plate 7> "Historical Boundaries of the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta".—' Table 11 indicates the subareas of counties which are now located within the legal boundaries of the Delta. 1/ California State Department of Water Resources. "Report of Sacramento-San Joaqxiin Water Supervision for 1955" • Bulletin No. 23-55. June 1952. 2/ The Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta service area, as defined in the 1955 land use survey, is considered in two parts: (l) the "Delta Lowlands" commonly called the "Delta", consists generally of lands less than 5 feet elevation above mean sea level. These lands, for the most paj-t, consume water derived from Delta chEinnels by subirrigation or surface application not susceptible to direct measurement. The water surface of the lowlands has been assumed to include all water in channels affected by tidal action in both the lowlands and upleinds, and up to the lowest gaging stations on streams tributary to the Delta; (2) the "Delta Uplands" lie outside of and adjacent to the "Delta Lowlands" and are served by irrigation water pumped from Delta channels. Lands served by diversions below the lowest gaging stations on streams flowing to the Delta, which lie outside of the Delta lowlemds boundary, are also considered as Delta uplands. 3/ Section 12200 of the California Water Code. V The location of the boundary line for the Delta service area, as shown on Plate 1, was determined to include those lands that were (1) historically referred to as the Delta area (as shown in Bulletin No. 27), and in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Water Super- vision reports of the Division of Water Resources, (with the ex- ception of Reclamation District 535 j just south of Sacramento); (2) within "places of use" or rights to use water from Delta tidal channels designated in appropriative water rights permits and li- censes, as delineated in 1952; (3) within organized districts or individual ownerships containing land with elevation less than k feet above mean sea level; and (U) served historically with water originating from Delta tidal channels. - 32 - TABLE II SUBAREAS OF COUNTIES LOCATED IN THE SACKfliffiNTO-SAN JOAQUIN DELTA County : Area in acres Alameda 4,700 Contra Costa 1I3,U00 Sacramento il6,800 San Joaquin 3l6,900 Solano 92>00 Yolo 92,000 TOTAL 738,200 Past and Present Agricultural Land Use Agricult\iral land use surveys of the Delta have been period- ically made since 1924. These surveys indicate that hy 1931- the Delta had attained a high level of development. Since that date the acres of land under cul\.ivation within the Delta has increased. This increase is primarily due to the expansion of the boundaries covered by the sur- veys rather than the cultivation of new lands within the original bound- aries. Summaries of agricultural land use during the 1931-^955 period are contained in Tables 12 and 13 • A detailed summary r>f the results compiled during the 1955 land use sui^ey is contained in Ca". jfornia State Department of Water Resources Bulletin No. 23-55, Table 219. 33 TABLE 12 CROPPED AND IRRIGATED AREAS IN THE SACRAMENTO -SAN JOAQUIN DELTA (in acres) 1/ Year of : Total irrigated Total cropped : : Percent of survey : area area : Gross area : area cropped 1931 339,300 355,000 1+88,000 72.8 1938 335,600 31+9,900 1+1+8,800 78.0 1950 365,800 378,900 1+1+8, 300 81+. 5 1955 1+99,600 518, 100 67l+,l00 77.0 _l/ California State Department of Water Resources, o£. cit. TABLE 13 DISTRIBUTION OF HISTORICAL AGRICULTURAL LAND USE IN THE SACRAMENTO -SAN JOAQUIN DELTA : 1931 land use survey 1955 land use survey Type jf land use : Percent Percent : Acres : of total Acres of total Field crops 203,1+66 h6 222,016 35 Forage crops 5i+,i6i 12 125,^+14 20 Truck crops 105,192 21+ ii+o, 509 22 Finiit and nut crops 10,775 3 22,896 h Other crops — — 6,531 1 Miscellaneous uses 37,008 8 56,125 9 Total agricultural use 1+10,602 1/ 93 573,1+91 91 Other land uses 28,367 7 57,^08 9 Total area 1^3^,909 100 630,899 100 1/ Includes l+,060 acres of double cropping. 31+ i960 agricultural land use was determined by applying certain eidjustraents to the results of the 1955 survey. These adjustments were made to agricultural land not included in the 1955 survey, and supported by partial land use surveys conducted during 1959 and 196O. Future Agricultural Development The intensity of irrigation development and the resultant de- mand for water in any area will, over a period of time, increase to the limits of the capacity of the area for production of vendible products. The rate of development is closely related to the development of markets and the cost -price relationships involved in the production process. The development of markets for products grown within the Delta is gener- ally related to markets for the entire Central Valley. For this reason, criteria developed for the Central Valley have been adopted for projections of developments within the Delta. The Delta is in an excellent competitive position. It is en- dowed with adequate low cost water, has generally excellent soils, and should be in a favorable position to intensify irrigation development at rates initially parallel to nearby service areas. However, irrigation is now available to almost all Delta farm lands. Further agricultural pro- duction will result from more intense use of the land, rather than an increase in the area under cultivation. Future Development Within the Central Valley of California Two reports defining the future market potential of vendible agricultural products grown in portions of the Central Valley of California 35 / have recently been completed.-' The first report was prepared to assist in the evaluation of new Central Valley water district water require- ments, and to evaluate the extent of future upstream depletion of existing water supplies within the Delta. The second report was proposed to establish water-marketing schedules for State Water Facilities. In both reports detailed studies of future agricultural development, in- cluding projections of the acreage devoted to the nine major crops, were completed. Such factors as increased yield, technological changes, ir- rigation efficiencies, market demands, and shifts in production acreage, were included in the projections. Both reports include future trends of irrigated agriculture, projected from past data. These trends were summarized as: California agriculture has been expanding continually, but not at the same rate in all hydrographic areas. California irrigated acreage has increased 66 percent since 19^0 with an increase of almost 30 percent in the 5 years between 19^5 and 1950- The San Joaquin Valley increased its irrigated acreage by 85 percent between 19^0 and 195^ and now has 6h percent of the State ' s total as compared to U7 percent in 19^0. The resource shifts in Cali- fornia agriculture from 19^+0 to 195^ indicate a gradual shift of importance to the Central Valley with respect to both crop land and irri- gated crop land. Indices of projected irrigation development were derived from each of the two reports. These indices were based on 1955 levels of development and are illustrated on Plate 8, "Projected Indices of Irrigation Development, Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys" . 1/ California State Department of Water Resources. "Increase in Water Demands, Sacramento-San Joaquin River, Delta Drainage Area, I96O-202O" . Unpublished. November 1958. "Office Report Supplement to Information and Data on Pro- posed Program for Financing and Constructing State Water Facilities" May i960. - 36 - Assumptions . In the projection of rates of agricultural de- velopment, certain assumptions were required. These were: 1. That population will continue to grow and increase to an estimated U20 million in the United States, 56 million in California, and more than 9 million within the 26 counties of the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta drainage area by the year 2020. 2. That cost of production and farm products price relation- ships will resemble those of 195O-I956. 3. That relatively high levels of employment and consumption will prevail during the period 196O-202O. k. That demand for agricultural crops in California will resemble those developed in the study entitled "Market Outlook Studies for Selected California Crops, 196O-202O, Office Report of August 1958, Department of Water Resources. (Unpublished) 5. That sufficient quantities of water of adequate quality will be available at a cost that will not be restrictive to irrigation development. 6. That world peace will continue. Future Irrigation Development In the Delta To project the maximum possible and maximum probable intensities of irrigation development in the Delta, the computation procedure illus- trated in Table 1^ was utilized. This procedure was based upon data derived from the 1955 land use survey. The maj +i a r-( +j 03 0) cS -H 03 Cm O P< 3 05 r-( -H 03 t^ ft o «! o3 ^ O ? o o c C Cm 05 U fH CU ^ CO O i-TcM "> OO J- LTN OJ l-l ro CJN •n ,-1 r- r-l c O •H (L) CO U > 03 CO cd x: o V +J 3 OJ CO ^ to 03 QJ 0) -H O +J •H r-l -P 3 o o ce -H fn Cm ft > >> O ft ^ OJ ft ft O U 03 o ft O V QJ c O QJ >3 QJ -I !h C X! O +J tiO tiD C C •H -H t)0 tiO O t3 X! -P QJ m o ft ft 03 Cm XI j3 o o ,-t -H -H 03 x: X! g> > 03 03 t/3 Jh ft ft QJ O O ft fH fH •H -p T) C 03 ^1 +J 03 c _ O ft O >i r-l C O Cm QJ U C Oi 03 C C COO O 03 03 H 03 03 p 0) ttJ 03 Ul U3 tiO bO G C •H -H bO bO I tlO 03 C XI 05 QJ >> C > •H CjD G •H 03 ft O u o O -p bO c bO 0) ft x: CJ •H CO ft o u o bO B •H U r-l o O T) ft G 03 •H >H U r-l •rH r-l 03 C7N r-l r-J o5 o o QJ C C > M M 03 X! ■P G O B X •rl 03 G 05 X! -P U3 CO QJ CO QJ r-< o a ^loTl ^nij^~t?N| 38 - of irrigation development in the Delta was determined through application of the following formula to the vulues listed in Table lU: J ^ A + B + C D Where I = index of development A = number of acres cropped once each year B = number of acres cropped three times during each two-year period times I.5 C = number of acres double cropped times 2.0 D = total number of acres cropped The saxQe formula was used, with proper adjustments, to develop the maximum probable intensity of irrigation for the double cropable acreage listed in Table 15- The resultant indices were determined to be l.k of 1955 development for maximum possible development, and 0.1 less, or 1.3 of 1955 for maximum probable development. The rate of development in the Delta was determined by assuming initial expansion at a rate parallel to that of the Sacramento Valley, and maximum probable development by 1990- Development in the Delta has been motivated by the same economic factors as in the Sacramento Valley, but is limited in extent by the lack of newly developable lands. The rate of irrigation development is illustrated in terms of an index based upon 1955 levels on Plate 9, "Projected Indices of Irrigation Development for the Sacramento Valley and Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta" . Agricultural Land Use Projections In the Delta Development of new agricultiiral lands in the Delta is limited to approximately 12,500 acres. This limitation is a result of the high agricultxural development which presently exists, and the high costs which 39 - r-{ ^H 03 M P< to rt •H t3 O C ■rH oJ r-l s •• CO t:! G C 03 oJ r-l rH r-l 0) 03 p< •H •H ^ O p ■M w § 3 TS s C •M ■■ en ■■ -ri W ^^^ C OJ ,-1 03 CJ r-l o! tn Jh 3 3 o to 0) c f^ cfl H o O O O O o g C) O O O O o Lr\ VD C\J O O CO t^ •- -\ »■, •-, •\ »\ ^ ITN OJ ON VD CVJ NO 8 (•> o CT\ ON ON CO VO MD LTN LPv t/N LTN l/N o o o CVJ o ^ o o CVJ Co" m o O o c:> O n LTN OJ ON o o CM CO C\J o o o OJ ON m vo o o o o o o o o ^ u^ ^ OO ^ ON O OJ o o ON o s CI OJ O O O O -^ r-l o OJ LTN o o o CVJ CJN ON o o OJ o o OJ o o o o -It LTN ON o o CO OJ o o o OJ ON o o OJ o o o o O r-- CO CTN O r-l C7N CJN C3N O o r-l r-l r-l OJ CVJ CVJ o o on OO o o o o o o o J- I^ ON t^ LTN VD O O CO ON 00 O o cu CO CO CO CO CO CO m m m OO ro ro r- t^ c~- r- c~- t~- to c o3 05 •H u p to 1:3 03 03 P< •rl O •H C i i) O r-l > n a a to d) o OS Cm to U &ny San Diego Gas & Zlec. Co., Silvergate Station Pacific G&s & Slectric Coapaoy San Diego Gas & Electric Caspany Southern California Edison Cac^>any San Diego Gas & Electric Cce^pany Pacific Gas t Electric CGiq>any San Diego Gas & Electric Ccoqiany Florida Power 8: Light Coo^any .''ary's I-j-aTt Corp. Boston Edison Caopany Southern California Edison Ccopany Southern California Edison Coo^ianj' Southern California Edison Ccopany ".aion Bag and Paper Corp. Ealticore Z&s and Electric Co^any ,.^.-les Pfizer and Zanpeny Harragansett Electric Caapany Carallna ?over and Light Catapajxy ''' — inia Electric and Power Caapany Virginia Slectric and Power Cot5>any Tar^a Electric Coc^any Key West Utility Board ■ ?roix Paper Caapany Florida Pulp and Paper Coqpany I-arragazisett Breving Coqpany i>oston naval Shipyard Portsmouth, H. H. 1957 Piscataqua River Allan. -Brass 11,000- 16,600 ll.,900 St. Petersburg, Florida 19U9 Gulf of Mexico Brass 13,300 16,600 15,000 Nev Haven, Conn. 1953 Long Island Sound Aluminum-Brass ... 16,000 Bridgeport, Conn. 1957 Long Island Sound Alum. -Brass — 16,000 Eureka, California 1958 Pacific Ocean Alum. -Brass — 16,600 San Francisco 1958 San Francisco Bay Alum. -Brass ... 16,600 Salem, ;rass 3,600- 6,700 2,900 Groton, Conn. 1953 Itaaaea River Cop.uickel 6 700.15,500 -- Providence, R.I. 1953 Providence R. rickel 8,300- 16,600 — Wiljaington, t:.C. 1955 Cape Fear River Cupro- liickel U.5- l,lt50 21.2 Portsmouth, Va. 1959 James River Cupro— I'ickel 11,000 Yorktcnin, Va. 1958 York River Cupro-i I'ickel 8,700. lU.OOO 11,000 "T^npe-f Florida 1957 Ta^^ Bay Cupro- Iliekel 12,200- 16,600 ll.,WX) f>y West, Florida 1957 Gulf of Mexico Cupro- Kickel 19,900 Woodland, Maine 1951 St. Croix R. Muntz Metal ~ Pena«col«r Florida 19UI Oulf of Mexico Hunti l-letal 6,100- 12,700 9,700 Cranston, R. I. I9I.7 9«rragansett Bay Muntz Metal 8,300- 16,600 — Boston, Mass. Boston Bay Adm. - Copper-Klckel llt,U00- 17,200 16,000 - 71 - Following such Installation, no additional corrosion of ferrous mater- iaLLs would occur with an increase in salinities. Several industries in the area presently are studying the advantages of such an installation. Studies indicated that, while the provision of high quality water for cooling is of benefit, the degree of benefit falls far behind that of domestic, agricultural, or industrial process use, particularly in view of the unlimited quantities of low quality water available within the river channels. 72 - Mtinicipal Water Requirements Municipal water supplies of the western Delta in general are affected by the same factors as industrial water supplies". For reasons similar to those given in the case of industrial water requirements studies of municipal water requirements were limited to the western Delta study area. Furthermore, municipal water supplies outside of the western Delta either are presently satisfactory or will come from sources other than the Delta channels. Municipal Water Quality Requirements In general, the water quality standards of any municipal supply should be maintained at as high a level as possible not only to ensure the safety of the supply, but also to ensiire its potability and cleansing power Table 2$ indicates the minimum safe standards adopted by the United States Public Health Service. While these standards are adequate, considerable improvements in drinkability can be attained through a lower content of total dissolved solids. The cleansing power of water depends on the degree of hardness. Water of low hardness improves the effect of soap and detergents and thus permits the consumer to economize on such cleansing agents. Past Municipal Water Requirements Table 26 shows past municipal use of water in the western Delta study area. Plate 17, "Historic and Projected Water Use Per Capita for the Cities of Pittsburg and Antioch", shows trends in unit water use for specific communities. 73 TABLE 25 MUNICIPAL WATER QUALITY STANDARDS OF THE UNITED STATES PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE Constituent : Parts per million Mandatory Maximum Lead 0.05 Fluoride 3.1i0 Arsenic 0,05 Selenium 0.01 Hexavalent chromium 0.05 Silver 0.05 Barium 1.00 Cadmium 0.01 Cyanide 0.20 Recommended Maximum Iron 0.3 Copper 1.0 Manganese 0.05 Chloride 250.0 Sulfate 250.0 Nitrate U5.0 Total Dissolved Solids 500.0 TABLE 26 MUNICIPAL WATER SALES IN IHE WESTERN DELTA STUDY AREA (In millions of gallons per year) Year : Antioch : Pittsburg : Rio Vistai/ 1950 332 695 1955 587 765 202 1956 632 8Uii 1U8 1957 72U Qhl 1958 729 200 1959 762 ' 267 1/ Fiscal year. - T^ Future- Municipal Water Requirements Population and per capita water use forecasts were combined to project future municipal water requirements in the western Delta study area. The method used the population forecasts shown in Chapter II. The influence of income seems most to dominate per capita water requirements. As personal income rises, standards of living rise propor- tionately. Larger lawns, more complete sanitary facilities, a larger number of water-using appliances, and more swimming pools, become the rule rather than the exception. In the western Delta study area per capita water use is affected by personal income. Personal income in the area undoubtedly will follow national, state, and Bay area trends, all of which probably will aistain significant increases diiring the next 60 years. These increases will lead to higher per capita water use demands. Land use can influence per capita water consumption. In certain area, a large portion of the municipal use of water results from irrigation of lawns and gardens during summer months. As population density increases, housing lots become smaller, apartment houses more prevalent, and steeper land slopes more thoroughly used. As a result, lawn and garden irrigation decreases and seasonal water demands become more uniform. A lower yearly per capita water requirement usually resultB. In the western Delta study area, per capita water use is affected directly by land use. The effects of land use changes upon per capita water demands will vary for any specific commxinity within the area. For the study area as a whole, the present one percent per year increase in per capita water demands may be anticipated to decrease to one-half percent per year by 2020. T^-ble 27 shows the per capita and total municipal demands which will result from these rates of increase. "75 - TABLE 27 MUNICIPAL WATER REQUIR3-ENTS AND PER CAPITA WATER C0NSU14PTI0N IN THE WESTERN DELTA STUDY AREAl/ I960 to 2020 LEVELS OF DEVELOPMENT :Per capita water consumption : in gallons per capita per Year : day Population : Total municipal water : requirement in acre- ;feet per year I960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 135 150 160 170 180 190 200 70,150 10,600 107,000 18,000 169,000 30,300 250,000 il7,600 3714,000 75,500 533,000 113,700 693,000 I55,ii00 1/ Excludes Sacramento County. I The influence of price on per capita water consumption is somewhat confusing. As the price of metered water increase, the per capita water usage of water immediately decrease. With time, however, such per capita usage gradually increases. Eventually, it becomes greater than that which existed before the time of the price- increase . In areas where the price of water is excessively high, however, the per capita use of water is low and tends to remain so. In the western Delta study area, price was assumed to remain constant throughout the study period. Price would not, therefore, contribute to changes in demands for water. Climate affects per capita water demands. Per capita water use in the Central Vnlley of California cannot be related to that of the San Francisco Bay area without consideration of the temperature and humidity - 76 - differences between the tv;o areas. Higher temperatures in the Central Valley result in more lawn sprinkling, greater use of bathing facilities, and overall higher water demands. Climate like price, will remain constant in the western Delta study area and therefore will not contribute to changes in demands for water. The following assumptions regarding the year 2020 population densities and water requirements for specific communities in the portion of Contra Costa County within the western Delta study area were made: Pittsburg would attain the greatest population density; its water require- ments would be 180 gallons per capita per day. Antioch, with a lower popu- lation density, would develop water requirements reaching 190 gallons per capita per day. The Oakley area, with a still lower population density, would require 195 gallons per capita per day. Lone Tree Valley, with the lowest population density, would develop the highest per capita use of water: 200 gallons per day. In Solano County, Rio Vista was the only community in the western Delta study area for which the existing unit water per capita requirements could be determined. Because the existing population of Rio Vista is small, a projection based upon these requirements could not be justified. Therefore, development similar to that of Lone Tree Valley in Contra Costa County was assumed for Rio Rista per capita water requirements were assumed to be identical with those of Lone Tree Valley. Such requirements are similar to the existing and projected per capita water requirements for Fairfield in Solano County .i' 1/ Karrer and Stoddard. "Solano County, Water Resources ~ ;.nd Requirements". December 19$9. - 77 The average unit water per capita requirements shown in Table 27 were applied to all other communities in the western Delta study area. A typical ratio of high quality industrial water pequirements to municipal water requirments might help in the projection of future requirements or at least help check those projections which are developed from different methods. Table 28 shows such ratios for the western Delta study area. TABLE 28 RATIO OF INDUSTRIAL AND MUNICIPAL WATER REQUIREMENTS IN THE WESTERN DELTA STUDY AREA : Industrial high :Municipal water : Ratio of industrial to equality water require- : requirements in : municipal water require- Year ;ments in acre-feet/year: acre-feet/year : ments 2.96:1 3.98:1 i|.28:l ii.26:l 3.96:1 3.73:1 3.72:1 The projected increase in these ratios from I960 to 1980 depends on the establishment of an integrated steel mill. The location of the so-called satellite industries in the 1980-2020 period gradually counteract this increase. Factors related to base-service activity ratios discussed in Chapter II have a similar effect. A ratio of 3-7:1 would seem to be directly applicable to the western Delta study area. - 78 - I960 31,iiOO 10,600 1970 71,600 18,000 1980 129,300 30, 300 1990 203,800 U7,600 2000 299, UOO 75,500 2010 h23,700 113,700 2020 579,200 155, Uoo Table 29 gives such ratios for similar areas in the United States and shows that the ratio of 3.7:1 compares favorably. The ratio computed for the western Delta study area ratio is less than those computed for more fully developed areas on the East Coast of the United States. Differences in climate explain this variation: the climate of the East Coast requires the residents to make less use of lawn sprinkling and air conditioning than do those of the West Coast. TABLE 29 RATIOS OF INDUSTRIAL TO MUNICIPAL WATER REQUIREMENTS IN VARIOUS REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES Region Ratios of industrial to municipal water requ irements Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta North Atlantic Upper Hudson River Lower Hudson River and coastal area Chesapeake Bay Eastern Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River Delaware River 3.7:1 5.1:1 5.1:1 3.6:1 li.3:l 5.9:1 6.7:1 Agriculttiral Water Requirements This report analyzed agricultural water requirements throughout the Sacramento- San Joaquin Delta. A proper estimate of the depletions of water from channels within the Delta, required an analysis of this extent. Such an estimate was important to the analysis of all proposed Delta water facilities. F\irthermore, certain proposed facilities will affect the agri- cultural water supplies of nearly all the Delta lands. The design of works - 79 - to alleviate these effects required extensive analysis of agricultural water requirements and irrigation practices. Such analyses considered those factors of water quality which influence agricultural water quantity requirements, crop patterns, crop yields \ I and other economic aspects. The system of works to supply high quality water I to the lowlands within the western Delta study area, included in all alternativi) of the Delta Water Project, was based upon these economic aspects. Irrigation Practices in the Delta Prior to I87O, little irrigation was practiced on the 15,000 reclaimed acres of Delta land. Normal precipitation in conj\inction with some ground water provided adequate water for the crops planted in time to benefit from the rainy season. As reclamation progressed, lowland portions of the Delta were irrigated by water piped from surrounding channels through innumerable siphons, or by that supplied, in a few locations, by pumping plants. In those few locations of the Delta where soil type and uniformity of land surface permit, such surface irrigation continues to be practiced. The diversion rates vary with the elevation of the tidal channels. The sprinkler method of irrigation is used where special problems exist. Increased seepage influenced the change to present water management practices. Such seepage is the result of subsidence and a decrease in peaty soil depths. The application of water to the land continues to be by surface contour or strip check methods or by subirrigation through a network of narrow, deep ditches. Consideration of drainage, however, has become an increasingly important factor. 80 Where subirrigation is employed in the Delta, water circulated through the netvrork of ditches is held to a sufficiently high level to promote horizontal water movement and the subsequent capillary movement upward to the root zone. Because the duration of saturation of the complete root zone is critical to most crops,i:/ a minimum of water is withdrawn from surrounding channels to attain the desired soil wetting. Excess water is returned to main island drains and then, by means of drainage pumping plants, pumped over the levee to the channels. Appropriate spacing of drain ditches controls subirrigation of these lands by controlling the elevation of the water table. Because of the high water table, some crops and some nonagri- cultural areas consume percolated water from Delta channels even though no diversions are made from them. Water Quality Standards for Delta Agriculture Water quality standards should serve as guides in selecting or evaluating a source of irrigation water. It should be possible to use such standards to evaluate in economic terms the chemical and physical effects of water on crop production. The effects of a lower quality water can result in a reduced agricultural crop yield, an increased quantity of water required to maintain salt balance, and an increased cost because of additional irriga- tion practices associated with salinity or permeability. The following discussion will set forth certain basic principles related to the measurement of the physical and economic effects of water quality upon agriculture in the Delta. T7 Byron T. Shaw, (Editor). "Soil Physical Conditions and Plant Growth", Agronomy Vol. 2. 1932. James N. Luthin, (Editor). "Drainage of Agricultural Lands", Agronomy Vol . 7 . 1957. - 81 - Wa ter Quality Standards. A review of quality standards shows that in the past such standards stressed only the constituents of water. Later standards included the relation of water quality to plant tolerance and drainage conditions, and still later standards stressed the percentage j ratio of key constituents such as sodium. Authorities on water quality recently 1 have collaborated on a new set of irrigation water quality standards. These I new standards consider three aspects of quality: (1) the effect of irriga- ^ tion water on soil permeability; (2) the accumulation of salines in the soil profile; and (3) substances toxic to various plant species. These standards more realistically classify water used on the highly organic soils found in the Delta. I nfluence of Water Quality on Delta Agriculture. In all seasons of the year, large flows of water are conveyed across the Delta from north to south. This present condition will continue into the future. Through dilution, these flows eliminate critical agricultural water quality pro- blems from all but the southeastern and western portions of the Delta. A water quality problem has arisen because of the use and reuse i of San Joaquin River water before this water enters the southeastern portion i of the Delta. Although this problem does not originate in the Delta, it i does affect those Delta upland areas to which the water is diverted. Pro- posed Delta water facilities will not aggravate this problem. On the con- trary, the facilities will alleviate the problem in varying degrees, depend- ing upon the alternative project selected. In the western portion of the Delta, the present salinity incursion from the upper San Francisco Bay system creates water quality problems which have resulted in decreased agricultural incomes, and necessitated changes in - 82 crop patterns. The physical and economic effect of these problems in the lowlands is, and will continue to be, different from the effect on the up- lands. This difference occurs because the higher elevation of the uplands afforc's more effective drainage and because the water diverted for upland use contains less salt. Furthermore, the water supply for the western Delta uplands is diverted from natural channels upstream from the area of use. Such upstream diversion reduces the effect of salinity incursion on agriculture more than does diversion to an area of use at channel-side. The Effects of Salinity Incursion on Delta Upland Water Requirements. The application of water specifically for leaching is not practiced generally within the upland portion of the study area. In areas where indications of salinity exist, an excess application of irrigation water has remedied the problem. Areas where salinity accumulation has proved difficult to remedy are associated generally with local drainage characteristics or inadequate drainage ,—' In some water service districts, measurement has been made of the combined amount of water used for normal and excess irrigation. Some of these districts purposely pump from ground water to control the water level and to effect satisfactory drainage. In 1958, East Contra Costa Irrigation District, for example, diverted 26,000 acre-feet from Delta channels to serve 15,C00 acres. The district also pumped an additional 3,200 acre-feet from ground water. Considered on the basis of the total area of the Delta, excess appli- cation of water does not change the water requirements. Nevertheless, salts leached in the process do affect the quality of supply to other lands. Except 1/ California State Department of Water Resources. "Lower San Joaquin Valley Water Quality Investigation", Bulletin No. 89, December 1959. - 83 I ii from organized districts, relatively little information is available concern- ing the quantities of applied water. The gross diversion for the upland area computed for 1955 was 398,000 acre-feet. The portion of this intended for excess application is unknown. Plate 18, "Irrigation Water Quality and Leaching Requirements Relationship", shows the relationship of excess or leaching water to quality of irrigation water-'^ and permissable soil salinity. This relationship is fundamental and can, within drainage limitations, be applied to any area. For the sake of simplicity, the chemical reaction which ignores base exchange between constitu tents is ignored. Under present conditions in the uplands of the western Delta study area, the estimated quantity of water which should be applied for leaching does not exceed ten percent. I Effects of Salinity Incursion on Delta Lowland Water Requirements. Delta lowland farm operators and county farm advisors state that the applica- ' tion of sufficient excess water to maintain a favorable salt balance during the growing season seldom is practical in the western Delta lowlands. Too frequent excess application results in excess root zone saturation. Under Ii Delta conditions of high water table and slow soil moisture movement such excess saturation results in a partial crop loss. Consequently, farm opera- tors leach annually during months of no crops — generally December or January — when such leaching does not interfere with crop rotation. Neither published literature nor conferences with cooperating agencies and farm operators involved in the western Delta indicate a well-established method to determine the rela- tionship of the salinity of irrigation waters to that of soils, leaching require ments, or leaching effectiveness on Delta lowlands. The decision to leach or 1/ California State Department of V/atcr Resourcrr, "Lower San Joaquin Valley Water Quality Investigation'', Bulletin No. 89, December 1959. - 8U - not to leach has been a matter of judgment, guided by the observance of the farm operator of the yield of his previous crop. A year of exceptionally high rainfall may change the planned sequence of leaching. At the beginning of studies in 1957, the acceptable salinity concentration of water used to irrigate crops in the western Delta lowlands without detrimental effects could not be clearly defined. Representatives of federal and state agencies and consultants on water quality were not in full accord. Lacking infonnation, farm operators and diverters did not accept fully any recommendations. The following published statements indicate the opinions at that time of representatives of public entities involved in evaluating water quality effects on Delta agriculture. 1. California State Department of Public Works, Division of Water Resources A. "Variation and Control of Salinity in Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta and Upper San Francisco Bay". Bulletin No. 27, pg. 55. 1931: "Although it is difficult to set an exact limit, it has been assumed for average conditions in the delta that water having in excess of 100 parts of chlorine per 100,000 parts of water" (1,000 parts per million) "is not suitable for irrigation use." B. "Water Quality and Waste Disposal, Appendix F of Report to the Water Project Authority of the State of California on Feasibility of Con- struction by the State of Barriers in the San Francisco Bay Slystem." Page 13. June 1955: "Qualitative classifications of irrigation waters ... injurious to unsatisfactory ... over 355 parts per million chlorides." 2. U. S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation A. "Central Valley Project Studies". Page 3- I9h7: "For agricultural use with average conditions and crops in the Delta, it has been assumed that water having a salinity of over 100 parts of more of chlorine per 100,000 parts of water" (1,000 parts per million) "would not be suitable for irrigation. " - 85 3. Sacramento-San Joaquin River Problems Conference, 192l> Mr. Thomas L. Means, Consulting Engineer of San Francisco and an authority on saline conditions: "Under average conditions such as exist over the Delta and upper Bay region generally, water containing less than 100 parts saline matter per 100,000 parts" (1,000 parts per million) "of water is safe for use, ... above 200 parts" (per 100,000) "its use is unsafe." h. Sherman Island, Sacramento County, California Mr. Rossini, Reclamation District 3J4I: 19^5: "Irrigation is generally stopped vjhen the chloride content of the irrigation water reaches 500 parts per million parts water. Delta experiments with 1,000 parts per million water resulted in detrimental effect on the following year's crop." $. Jersey Island, Contra Costa County 1 Mr. Halsey, OvvTier-operator, 1935: "... irrigation water with more than 500 ppm chlorides will cause excessive salt conditions in the soil." The lack of accord on usable salinity concentrations apparently resulted from failure tc establish a basis for comparison. Areas long and success- fully engaged in irrigation practices have used water v;ith salinities higher than those suggested as feasible for the western Delta. Conversely, other areas using irrigation wat.er with salinities lov:er tnan those suggested for the study area are having severe problems. The hydraulic conductivity of the soil and the ability to provide sufficient drainage to remove excess water are inseparable parts of the problem. The effects of salinity usually are recognized and measured by plant response and crop yields. Chapter IV presents salinity and crop yield relationships. - 86 Present Agricultural Water Quantity Requirements Tabulations of water use and water requirements, presented in the "Report of Sacramento-San Joaquin Water Supervision" for 1955, for all irrigated areas within the Central Valley of California except the Delta, appear as diverted quantities. For the Delta the use is tabulated as con- sumptive use. Such consumptive use is derived by multiplying the estimated acreages of specific crops by the appropriate unit consumptive use. Irriga- tion practices and the geologic complexities of the Delta subsoils have made it impossible — within the scope of tiiis investigation — to determine water utilization directly from diversion measurements except in the case of a few scattered locations on the perimeter of the Delta. Unit Consumptive Use Factors for the Delta. Table 30 presents the monthly units of consumptive use in acre-feet per acre for crops, vegetation, and evaporation from water surfaces in the Delta. Such imits of consumptive use represent the amounts of water consumed, irrespective of source, and include amounts consiimed from rainfall, l^e unit consumptive use factors presented in Table 30 were developed from extensive experimental investiga- tions conducted in the Delta in 192U. They are essentially the same as those appearing in the Division of Water Resoiirces Bulletin No. 27, and in numerous subsequent reports. For the period following 192h, the unit values have been updated to include data from several reports. These reports include "Rates of Evaporation and Consumptive Use in the San Franciso Bay and Adjacent Areas" by Dean C. Muckel and Harry F. Blaney of the U. S. Agricultural Research Service, 1938, and "Determining Water Requirements in Irrigated '\reas from Climatological Djta" by Harry F. Blaney and Wayne D. Criddle, U. S. Department of Agriculture, 1950. The figures shown apply to the Delta. They do not 87 TABLE 30 UNIT CONSUMPTIVE USE OF WATER IN THE SACRAMENTO -SAN JOAQUIN DELTA 1/ In acre-feet per acre Claaalfloatlon Jan. Feb. March April May June July Aug. Sept, Oct. Nov. Dec. Total Pasture Sudan .05 .05 .10 f -'' .15 .30 .30 .25 .20 .10 .10 .10 1.8 Miscellaneous .05 .10 .15 .1+0 .50 .65 .70 .70 .50 .20 .10 .10 1+.2 Alfalfa .06 ,08 .10 .30 .1+0 .5a .65 .55 .50 .20 .10 .07 3.51 Rice .05 .05 .10 .15 .90, 1.15 1.25 1.20 .35 .09 .10 .10 5.1+9 Field Crops Beans .06 .06 .08 .16 .20 .11+ .21+ .58 .37 .09 .07 .05 2;i2 Corn and Milo .01^ .01+ .01+ .08 .10 .21+ .70 .60 .1+0. .10 .10 .07 2.51 Grain and Hay .oil .01+ .07 .1+0 .60 .30 .11+ .23 .21 .11+ .07 .05 2.29 Peas .10 .10 .20 .30 .10 .05 .11+ .13 .11 .09 .10 .10 1.1+7 Sarflower\ .05 .05 .10 .30 .1+0 .50 .20 .13 .11 .09 .10 .10 2.13 Sunflower .05 .05 .10 .30 .1+0 .50 .20 .13 .11 .09 .10 .10 2.13 Sugar Beets .06 .08 .08 .13 .32 .51 .61 .53 .20 .13 .10 .07 2.82 Truck Crops Aaparagas .05 .05 .05 .05 .08 .11+ .1+0 .68 •55, .h2 .12 .10 2.69 Celery- .01^ .01+ .01+ .08 .10 .10 .10 ,20 .25 .30 .20 .05 1.50 Onions .01^ .01+ .08 .13 .27 .1+9 .1+3 .20 .16 .13 .10 .07 2.11+ Potatoes .06 .08 .08 .16 .15 .38 .52 .30 .15 .09 .07 .05 2.09 Tomatoes .05 .05 .10 .10 .10 .25 .35 .60 .1+5 .35 .10 .10 2.60 Seed and Mlsc .06 .08 .08 .10 .25 .50 .50 .50 .35 .10 .10 .07 2.69 Fruit and Nuts .01+ .Oli .01+ .18 .32 .50 .57 .1+0 .23 .07 .07 .05 2.51 Grapes .01+ .09 .01+ .09 .20 .35 .50 .35 .22 .05 .07 .05 2.05 Native Vegetation Lush .Ic .11+ .21 .31 .1+0 .59 .68 .57 .39 .29 .20 .12 1+.02 Medium .12 .16 .22 .28 .31 .1+0 .1+5 .36 .28 .21+ .19 .13 3^.16 Dry .13 .17 .23 .21+ .22 .21 .22 .20 .17 .18 .18 .11+ 2.29 Fallow and Bare .01+ .01+ .01+ .08 .10 .13 .Ik .13 .11 .09 .07 .05 1.02 Idle Crop Land .06 .08 .08 .16 .20 .26 .28 .21+ .16 .13 .10 .07 1.82 Duck Ponds ."5 .05 .10 .10 .10 .05 .11+ .13 .60 .60 .30 .10 2.27 Urban .06 .08 .08 .16 .20 .20 .21 .20 .16 .13 .07 .05 1.65 Tule and Swamp .13 .16 .31+ .51 .70 .79 .87 <77 .61+ .1^9 .27 .13 5.61+ Levee and Berm .10 .10 .15 .20 .25 .30 .35 .35 .30 .20 .10 .10 2.50 Watdr Surface .06 .10 .20 .33 .50 .50 .65 .57 .1+1+ .27 .12 .06 3.86 l/ Copied from Department of Water Resources Bulletin: "Sacramento River and Sacramento -San Joaquin Delta, Trial Water Distribution, 1955". January I956. - 88 - HRcesi-jrJly agree with unit consu-TipLive use factox-s dGtermined for other arca:^ in the Central Valley. Unit consumptive use may vary from year to ypar for the same crop. Such variance results fz'om conditions of tempera- ture, precipitation, humidity, wind, soil, topo{-;raphy, sunlight, availability of v;ater, and farming and irrigation practices. The unit consumptive use factors in Table 3U are those which occur under average Delta conditions. Present Consumptive Use of Agricultural V>.':iter in the Delta . The present consumptive use of agricultural water in the Delta, regardless of source, is based upon estimated agricultural land use discussed in Chapter II. Table 31 presents a summary of consumptive use for each of the seven Delta coimties. The average unit consumptive use for the agricultural lands of the entire Delta is 3.06 acre-feet per acre per year. Evaluation of Channc?! Diversion For Delta Agriculture. It has not been possible to measure the quantities of water diverted from the Delta channels through the numerous pumps and siphons. Even if such quantities were measured, however, the true channel diversions would not be known because such diversions are composed of relatively unmeasurable subsurface inl'lov; (seepage) as well as those diversions controlled by man. Computed consumptive use, adjusted for effective precipitation, provides an acceptable evaluation of the net channel diversions for the entire Delta on an annual basis, '^flnen an island or island-group of the Delta is considered separately, however, all of the following factors must be considered: (l) irrigation efficiency; (2) effective precipitation; (3) applied irrigation water; and (Ij) subsurface inflow. Periods less than one year require considera- tion also of the factors of soil moisture change and drainage disposal. In addition, adequate consideration of the differences in irrigation practies between the upland and lowland portions of the Delta must be made. - 89 - TABLE M COMPUTED C0NSUI4PTIVE USE OF AGRICULTURAL WATER IN THE SACRAi4ENT0-SAN JOAQUIN DELTaI/ I960 County Consumptive Use in Acre- Feet Alameda Contra Costa Sacramento San Joaquin Solano Stanislaus Yolo TOTAL 13,000 237,000 29U,000 8Uo,ooo 230,000 nil 2lii4,0OO 1,858,000 1/ Values include effective precipitation and evapotranspiration use of subsurface inflow from natural channels. Uses by urban areas and 310,000 acre-feet by nonagricultural waste land or water surface areas located throughout the Delta are excluded. 1. Irrigation Efficiency of the Delta. The natural channels of the Delta are used almost universally both for supply and for drainage. The opportunity for repeated use of the water flowing through such channels results in a very high irrigation efficiency for the Delta as a unit. In fact, when surplus flows are small, the efficiency approaches 100 percent. Considered separately, the Delta upland service area does not have the same high degree of irrigation efficiency as the Delta lowland. In 1953, as reported in the Sacramento-San Joaquin V/ater Supervision, Delta upland diversions were 393,000 acre-feet, while the computed consumptive use for the same area was IiIiljOOO acre-feet. 90 - The area in question contained about 180,000 acres of agricultural land. If the effective precipitation in that portion of the Delta was 0.9 acre- feet per acre per year and the subsurface inflow was assumed to be zero, the computed irrigation efficiency would be 80 percent. liJhen island-groups within the Delta are considered separately, as proposed in variations of the Delta Water Project, quality limits and the opportunity for use and reuse must be considered. In the Delta, the term "irrigation efficiency" does not possess the significance it has when applied to other standard water service projects. 2. Effective Precipitation. Effective precipitation is that por- tion of precipitation that is available for evapotranspiration. It is numerically equal to the reduction in applied water necessary to meet the consiomptive needs of a specific crop. Because effective precipitation is based upon total annual precipitation, monthly distribution, specific crops grown, and water-holding capacity of the soil, the value varies from one portion of the Delta to another. The "Factual Report for the Solano Irriga- tion District", prepared by the U. S. Bureau of Reclamation in 1950, contains a derived weighted mean effective precipitation of 0.6 feet of depth. The report on "Solano County Water Resources" by Stoddard and Karrer and dated December 1959 derived a weighted mean effective precipitation of 0.6? feet of depth. The U. S. Bureau of Reclamation feasibility report on "Folsom South Unit" dated January 19$9, indicates effective precipitation of about 0.9 feet of depth. The California State Department of Water Resources Bulle- tin No. 2, 'Vater Utilization and Requirements of California", dated June 1955, reports a value of 0.9- to 1.1 feet of depth for effective precipitation for the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. - 91 The Delta encompasses in area having a long-term mean annual precipitation ranging from approximately 9 inches in the southern portion to 18 inches in the northern portion, and having a weighted mean of about l5 inches. A weighted mean effective precipitation for the several precipitation ?.ones could be derived under the present crop pattern criteria. Tl-ie projected intensity of land use to year 2020 (Plate 9) will increase the opportunity for greater use of precipitation. For the purposes of the studies encompassed in this report, an effective depth of precipitation of one foot was used for the entire Delta. .3. Applied Irrigation Water. The results of an investigation con- ducted by the Department of Water Resources within the Delta area in 1951|-55 arc contained in the report entitled "Quantity and Quality of Water Applied to and Drained from Delta Lowlands". In this investigation, the weighted mean diversions for each of the eight major crops of the Delta were derived indirectly by measurement of drain pump discharges, precipitation, consumptive use, and periodic diversion measurements at selected representative fields. Variations in diversions of greater than 100 percent were encountered for the same crop under conditions of varying location and management. Table 32, reproduced from the above report, contains the mean values of applied water for eighL major' crops on three soil classes under Delta field conditions, ''tatistics used in the preparation of Table 32 were collected under conditions which reflected changes in the volume of apnlied water which resulted from variations in seepage or capillary moisture rather than from the effects of salinity incursion. h. [Subsurface Inflow. The variation in subsurface inflow from island to island contributes greatly to the wide variation in the application of irrigation water practiced in the Delta. Differences in subsoils and soil - 92 - ■:^ w vrs I << § ^ § CO O m - — ^- -a ^ , x» l/\ o C^ nO ir\ a> -P f- r-l CM r^ O ON CO trv OJ H en +j •\ •\ • •s •i •l •\ »v •k • (\j oS .g oS 4 u^ Lr\ -4- £> CM Cvj nO CJN CM 3 -4- -H r^ <^, ied feet ii: r-i (D O O O 8 O O O O o O rH 1 rH H (0 r^ r^ On vO NO On CJN UN, CM Q. 0) r^ (N ta Csl nO CV H ITN r^ r^ a (i T3 C3 -H »« •\ ^ •* •» •s •\ *v n • < o < •:g S^cH -4- o CO CM d o r-i H H 8 CM § (0 o r-\ c^ H x: (0 (0 O o O O O o O O 8 nj -P fn M CM CNJ cr^ CO rH ■4- CjN ir\ iH D ■X) l/N o^ ON CM c- rH UN, -4 H CO o q o •^ •V •V •\ •» •\ •\ •» •, • s ;3 eo -J- o C\i » r^ rH CO o vO CM CSJ (r^ r^ r^ VTN r^ CM h x: 'd - rH H CJN r- CM »r\ r- ■3 ~* r-{ O CJN C7N O nO ^ »V •^ •^ •V •N •^ •s •\ •, c O r- -4 o O CM o u^ r-i t^ CO -4- r^ r<^ r^ CM CM Cvl CJN CM x; 't^ w -P (h ■— 1 H -* cn ^ -4- C3N rH -:• CO 5 ^ 3 0) -H c<\ tr\ ON O ON a VA nO CO o q Q en .3 oo •\ »« •^ •v •» •\ •\ ■h •* cfl R f^ o iH vO NO CM CM -4 u^ t o QJ rH -H t" vO ^ 00 C^ On P^»- -4 [^ O -o U T3 d >H O c~- C~ ON ^Q U OJ 3 (fl rt a c o -p "m cd -d Mid C — c aJ P tO r-l w > 0) >i 5 > p J H p cd : C P ■ • cy Q C •r-l ^ (f ■p -4 x: a; +J r-l r-l o e 3 2 O to 5h a; c o cd CO 05 ^ OJ -p Q CC r-l ^H Q C 4^ CS P C 03 —I O cr a) tJ o (U >-3 -rl ■P r-4 G c a oj cd a, e CO < -p I u o u) a *^ u tx c and continviing constant to 2020. Table 33 shows this index. 96 - TABLE 33 PROJECTED UNIT C0IMSUI>4PTIVE USE OF AGRICULTURAL WATER IN IHE SACRAMENTO -SAN JOAQUIN DELTA : Annual consump- Intensity- :tive use, acre- Year : Index : feet/a ere 1955 1.00 2.8li/ I960 1.09 3.06 1970 1.22 3.I43 1980 1.27 3.57 1990 1.30 3.65 2000 1.30 3.65 2010 1.3^ 3.65 2020 1.30 3.65 1/ Derived from agricultural con- sumptive use in the Delta as presented in Department of Water Resources Bulletin No. 23-55, '•'Report of Sacramento-San Joaquin VJater Supervision for 1955" Future Delta Crop Acreages Future crop acreages and specific crops were assumed generally to follow the present pattern, although replacement water facilities in the western Delta will alleviate the adverse effects of salinity incursion and will allow a change to less salt-tolerant crops. Hovrever, only five to ten percent of the total Delta area would be influenced by this change. Table 3h sho.'s the percentage of each type of crop in the Delta under future conditions. 97 TABLE 3U PROJECTED FUTURE DISTRIBUTION OF AGRICULTURAL CROPS IN THE SACRAMENTO-SAN JOAQUIN DELTA Type of Crop : Percentage of tots : agricultural 1 Delta land Field 39 Forage 22 Truck 2U Fruit a id nut h Miscell aneous and other crops 11 TOTAL 100 Future Consumptive Use of Agricultural Water in the Delta. The projected annual consumptive use of water by agriculture will bear a direct relation to the intensity of agricultural cropping. A significant change in unit i consumptive use of the crops within the projected crop pattern is not expected. Technological advances in equipment and in methods of irrigation will improve irrigation efficiency but would not affect the basic consumptive use.- The average annual consumptive use in acre-feet per acre of agricultural water for the Delta was derived from data compiled in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Water Supervision report for 1955. Future values were based upon the 1955 values and were directly related to the intensity of irrigation as shown in Table 33. The projected unit annual consumptive use was multiplied by the lands remaining in agriculture and adjusted for effective precipitation to derive the values shown in Table }^. 1/ California State Department of Water Resources, Engineering Service Branch, Economics Unit. "Increase in Water Demands, Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta Drainage Area, 1960-2020". November 1958. - 98 - TABLE 35 PROJECTED ANNUAL C0NSU14PTIVE USE OF APPLIED AGRICULTURAL WATER IN THE SACRAMENTO-SAN JOAQUIN DELTA (Thousands of acre-f eet/year) Delta Lowland I960 798 1970 939 1980 993 1990 1,02$ 2000 1,025 2010 1,025 2020 1,025 Delta Upland Total U5l4 1,250 528 l,U67 5U9 l,5U2 559 l,58ii 550 1,575 535 1,560 518 1,5U3 The values exclude effective precipitation and subsurface inflow from natiral channels. The consumptive use of 310,000 acre-feet of water t>.y vegetation on levees, berms or similar areas and evaporation from water sui'faces interspersed among agricultural lands has been also excluded. P'uture Delta Channnl Diversions The future increase in net channel diversions is assiuned to be in proportion to the annual increase in consumptive use of agricultural water for the Delta. The diversions for the western Delta study area may occur at locations upstream from the point of use. Such diversions may occur in greater quantities because of moderate salinity and leaching requirements, but will not influence net annual diversions because the excess will be returned to the natural channels. The existing monthly distriboition is shown in Table 36. - 99 - PRRSfcWT iMON'I'HLY DlSTKlBUTloh OK CO^KUm^TIi/K USE OF AQdlZULYMkL WATER JN THE .:-AGr.!/UiFMTO-SAr-J -fCAQUIW DELTA Month ::'crcon!> of Aiinu^ii January 2.0 February 2. a March 3.2 April 7.7 May 10,8 June 12.5 July 16.7 August 17.8 September 13.1 October 7.2 November 3.7 December 2.9 TOTAL 100.0 100 - CHAPTER IV. WATER SUPPLIES OF TM!': DELTA The problems of water supply in Lnc Delta generally are r(:i;it^.(J to quality. Adequate quantities of water alwayr; have been available buo because of salinity incursion, upstream water quallLy dcterioratLon, and insufficient channel flushing during periods of low outflowr, the oualiny of these supplies has often deteriorated. For these reapons, all discus- sions of Delta water supply must be considered in terms of Quality as wei] as quantity. L The solution of water quality problems in the Delta always has depended upon the construction of supplemental water supply facilities. These facilities include reservoirs upstream from the Delta which store winter runoff for release d\iring the summer and fall months, and supple- mental supply facilities which divert water from channels with high quality supplies to serve areas within the western Delta. Future solution of water quality problems in the Delta depends upon construction of additional faci- lities, regardless of the manner in which State Water Facilities are operated. The justification for additional water supply facilities in the Delta depends to a large degree upon the economical aspects of water quality in terms of industrial and agricultural water utilization. This chapter discusses ways to measure such economic aspects. Delta Water Supplies — Past, Present, and Future The water supplies available to the Delta derive from precipita- tion, ground water, and surface water. The latter provides the most impor- tant source of supply. Precipitation is also of importance, particularly to agriculture. The importance of ground water is diminishing because of its deterioration in quality. - 101 - Precipitation j 1 Precipitation in the Delta approaches a long-term average of nearly | one million acre-feet per year. The effectire use of this water, however, is ; limited primarily to agricvilture. Precipitation makes small contributions to j grovmd water basins, but the use of such water is limited. Delta topography j I renders impracticaJ. any overall collection of runoff from loceQ. precipitation, | j sd.though such rvinoff is used in scattered aureas. Most precipitation falls on the Delta when it is least needed to satisfy the requirements of agriculture. Therefore, only that precipitation i which can be stored in the soil long enough for plant use can be considered i to be effective. The remaining precipitation either cannot be so stored or feulls upon open water surfaces. Such precipitation contributes only to an increased outflow from the Delta. The vsilue of this increased outflow as an aid to the flushing and control of seiline waters is not significant under present conditions. Under future conditions of long-term minimum out- flows (proposed by certain Delta projects) this water may provide significant salinity protection. Table 37 shows the average monthly precipitation during a 20-year period for several representative Delta stations. Ground Water In the past, surface water and groimd water in the Delta lowlands comprised one continuous body of water. In more recent times, the exclusion of surface water by levees has aQ.lowed reclamation of the Delta swamp lands. Land subsidence has accompanied such reclamation. Together, reclamation and land subsidence have created a geography in which most Delta lowland areas re- quire continuous control of ground water seepage to prevent inundation. 102 - TABLE 37 PRF.CIFITATION RECORDS IN fflE VICINITY OF THE SACRAMENTO-SAN JOAQUIN DELTA (20-year average) : Inches of precipitation a t station loca tions Month : "acramcnto : Stockton : Rio Vis ta : Brentwood July 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.01 August 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 September 0.22 0.21 0.18 0.16 October 0.79 0.60 0.60 O.I47 November 1.67 1.31 l.liO 1.10 December 3.U8 2.68 2.97 2.60 January- 3.87 3.0ii 3.29 2.62 February 3.31 2.3I4 2.69 2.08 March 2.59 2.11 2.19 1.62 Auril 1.32 1.00 1.03 0.7li May 0.59 0.53 0.h3 0.33 June 0.19 0.12 0.1)4 0.13 TOTAL 18.05 1:^96 l)i.93 11.87 Under such conditions the extraction of water for agricultural purposes is neither necessary nor extensively practiced in the Delt 1 lowlands. Limited extraction is practiced in the Delta uplands. Records, compiled in 1955, indicate that I.I4 percent of the Delta agricultural lands were irrigated by water extracted from wells. In many areas of the Delta, domestic wells drilled to depths of 200 to UOO feet have continuously extracted water containing less than 50 103 parts per million chloride ions. The importance of these wells in meeting the domestic water requirements of the agriculture economy should not be overlooked. In addition, certain municipalities on the perimeter of the Delta continue to use wells. Municipalities which are using ground water include: Rio Vista, Isleton, Tracy, Walnut Grove, and Stockton. In most cases the ground waters in these areas require neither filtration nor chlorina- tion. In the western Delta, however, Pittsburg and Antioch have limited the extraction of ground water because of intrusion of saline water from offshore channels. Other areas in the western Delta aie also affected by quality deterioration of ground water supplies. Table 38 shows the typical quality of ground water supplies in certain areas of the Delta. TABLE 38 QUALITY OF GROUND WATKR SUPPLIES IN THE DELTA (Concentration in parts per million) Constituent : Tracy ~ : Antioch : Pittsbui-g Bicarbonate 221; 333 338 Calcium 81; 3l| 80 Chloride 190 2I43 267 Magnesium 32 80 59 Sulfate lii3 13I1 ms Total Hardness 3U0 i;l6 aua Boron 0.59 0.56 0.63 Total Dissolved So lids 730 907 97h Date of Sample July 18, 1958 July 8, 1959 July 8, 1959 104 Surface Water The Sacramento-San Joaquin River system is the •.-'imary source of surface water for most areas of the Delta. Surface watfrx esulting from local runoff is limited and does not present extensive opportunity fc- use because of the lack of suitable reservoir storage sites. Prior to upstream developments, surface water flowed through the Delta in vast quantities. These flows, however, were highly seasonal and not to be depended upon. When the natural flows of the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers were small, the quality of water within the Delta was reduced by the incursion of sea water from San Francisco Bay. Plate 20, "Present and Future Salinity Conditions in the Western Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta", shows the monthly distributions of the availability of quality water in the western Delta under natural conditions. These distributions are based upon data contained in the appendix report to Bulletin No. 76, "Salinity Incursion and Water Resources" The development of areas upstream from the Delta depleted the water supplies which under natural conditions flowed through the Delta. As such depletions increased, the degree of saline water incursion into the Delta also increased and the quality of the water supply in the natural channels of the Delta degenerated. Plate 21, "Historical Salinity Incursion, Sacramento- San Joaquin Delta", shows the extent of such inciorsion on specific dates. In I9I43, operation began of the Central Valley Project of the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. This project altered considerably the regimen of the water supply of the Delta. Upstream storage of the projects Shasta, Folsom, and Friant Reservoirs and the diversion of water from the Sacramento and 105 - s San Joaquin River Basins to project service areas reduces natural outflows | from the Delta during certain times of the year. The Central Valley Project ^ does provide a degree of salinity control to a large portion of the Delta, ] I however. This control occurs during periods when the natural outflow from the Delta would be relatively small. At such times releases from project j storage are required to maintain satisfactory water quality at the diversion | pximping plants of the Central Valley Project. I Net results of such changes in Delta water supply are difficult i to measure. Operation of the Central Valley Project has reduced the threat j of salinity incursion to a large portion of the Delta. Plate 21 shows that j I the extent of maximum salinity incursion has decreased since 19h3' Since I9U3, however, increasing demands on the Central Valley Project have reduced the availability to the Delta of the surplus waters the project provides. i The satisfaction of such increasing demands has reduced the availability of quality waters at Antioch to nearly pre-19ii3 levels. Under present conditions, water quality problems affect limited areas of the Delta. Some of these problems result from pollution and insuffi- ] j cient dilution of irrigation drainage water. Insufficient dilution of drainage waters affects Delta water supplies throxighout the southern and western portion the Delta. In the San Joaquin River, for example, reduced outflovvs caused by i upstream storage and diversions often are insxifficient to dilute adequately ^ I the waste waters which drain into the San Joaquin River. Other water quality , problems directly or indirectly relate to salinity incursion. Direct effects of salinity incursion are apparent in the western Delta stuay area. Here, such incursion has reduced the quality of river channel waters to the extent i f! 106 that municipalities and certain industries utilize supplemental water supply systems. Salinity incursions have reduced crop yields or have forced farmers to switch to more salt-tolerant but lower net income crops. Salinity incursion affects the quality of Contra Costa Canal water supplies during the transfer of water from the Sacramento River system through the Delta to the Tracy Pumping Plant. Such quality deterioration occiirs through mixture with saline waters. Three factors will affect future svirface water supply in the Delta: upstream depletions, the Central Valley Project, and proposed State Wcter Facilities. A discussion of these factors follows. Additional storage reservoirs in the Sacramento River basin, operated to meet diversions in the reservoir service areas, will continue to cause depletions of the Delta surface water supply and will tend to reduce the availability of quality water in the western Delta. Such depletions probably will more than double by the year 2020. Plate 20 illustrates the magnitude of this effect in terms of monthly availability. Future operations of the Central Valley Project also will cause additional depletions to the Delta surface water supply. Increased demands upon the project, only partially met by importations from river basins beyond the Central Valley, will reduce the availability of quality water to the western Delta. Despite such depletions, the Central Valley Project would in the absence of State Water Facilities continue to provide a high degree of protection from salinity incursion to the portions of the Delta presently protected. However, continued degradation of the quality of water supplies in the southern half of the Delta could be anticipated to result from inade- quate dilution of Delta and San Joaquin River drainage water and mixture with saline waters in the course of transfer through the Delta. - 107 - Operation of the State Water Facilities also will affect western Delta surface water supplies detrimentally. One such detriment will be the decreased availability of quality water in the river channels of the western Delta. This decrease will be caused by upstream regulation and diversions from the Delta to the San Luis Reservoir, and the Southern California aqueduct system. Another detriment will be the increased salinity incursion which will result from decreases in salinity control outflows. The construction and operation of replacement water supply facilities, however, will compensate for all such detrimental effects. Such facilities are designed to provide all areas of the Delta affected by salinity incursion with high quality water in sufficient quantity to meet foreseeable demands. Such replacemnt water supply facilities also will overcome the detrimental effects caused by increased upstream depletions and Central Valley operations. Chapter V des- cribes these replacement water supply facilities in detail. Surface water quality in the channels of the southern portion of the Delta also will improve considerably as a result of construction of the Delta Water Project and the operation of State Water Facilities. Drainage waters will be routed so that they are more adequately diluted by the high quality water transported through the Delta and the quality of this trans- ported water will be better protected from salinity incursion. Also, con- struction of the San Joaquin Valley drain will reduce drainage problems occurring on the San Joaquin River. Studies were made to assess physical responsibility for detriments to the Delta water supply created by increased upstream consumptive uses and operation of the Central Valley Project and State Water Facilities. A com- panion office report, "Economic Aspects", summarizes these studies. Tables 39 and UO summarize the results of these studies. 108 0.0 0.0 1.1 1.1 3.1 3.1 5.8 5.8 3.6H/ 9.0 5.6 IU.9 6.8 17.1 8.3 20.2 TABLE 39 NET ANIWAL DEPLETIONS OF 'fflE DELTA WATER SUPPLY-' (Millions of acre-feet per year) Level of : : : Upstream : development: State ; Federal ; depletions: Total Natural 0.0 0.0 1900 0.0 0.0 1920 0.0 0.0 19iiO 0.0 0.0 I960 0.0 5.U 1980 2.5 6.8 2000 1.6 8.7 2020 3.1 8.8 T7~ Yield minus import to the basin. _2/ Decrease from 19itO due to incorporation of areas into Central Valley Project service area. Demands are therefore included in the "Federal" column. Water Qxiality Considerations Water quality is a critical factor in evaluating the relative merits of water supplies and water supply facilities. Delta water facility planning included a detailed evaluation of the physical and economic advantages of the present and future quality of water supplies of certain Delta areas. The evaluation was made in terms of the two major uses of water in the Delta — agricultural, and industrial. Because of difficulties in relating economic advantages to individual consumer habits no numeric evaluation was made in terms of miinicipal water use. 109 o E-i 03 r— t +:> • • o E C-l D. a o LfN .-^ 1 • • E Oh (U a •H O o •H o ^ o 1) -D rH rH E ro a u o, 13 -P O CD ■iS\ 3 r^ .. ..| w e C Q- o Q. •H -p O o rH o cx *t OJ rH TD • • e E CO a (D a U -P o OT u^ Q, r^ O .. ..| e e O O O M •s CO rH S^ rH (D (D »J > t^ CM o d d rn r^ rr\ CM lA O -d o 0\ o d o d o o CM CO O O d o oo t-Tv -J CM OO CM CM CN CM O CM CM LP, CM o CM 0\ CM CM •LTv o O o d O O O O r-l r^ CM rH H O O O O O O ■UA O O O O O ^ O CO O O o O O o o ;4 o CM -i vO CO o CM CN C3s 0\ CN CTn O O ■p rH r-t rH rH r-H CM CM CD !1 110 Industrial Water Supplies Chapter III emphasized that many industries require water of high quality. The ability of a public water supply system to meet such quality standards is limited by the quality of available supplies and the wide range of requirements. In many areas the industries must make use of expensive water treatment facilities to satisfy their requirements. In the service area of the Contra Costa Canal, for example, indust- ries have been forced to construct and operate expensive water treatment faci- lities because of continuing degradation of water qualities within the river channels and the Contra Costa Canal. This degradation is related to factors already discussed. Construction of facilities to insure water quality within the Delta will permit existing and future industries to save money as a result of reduced capital investment for water treatment facilities and reduced operat- ing costs. The measiirement of these savings was related to two types of water treatment processes — water softening, and water demineralization. Sheppard T. Powell, industrial water-use consultant to the western Delta studies, developed a way to measure these savings. A companion office report, "Economic Aspects", illustrates the derivation of such savings and shows their relationship to future water demands. Table I4I shows the improvement in water quality result- ing from the operation of State Water Facilities. Agricultural Water Supplies To justify replacement water supply facilities and the cost alloca- tion for such facilities, economic aspects of the quality of alternative agricultural water supplies were measured in terms of the effects of the use 111 TABLE 1+1 AVERAGE MONTHLY SALT CONCENTRATIONS IN OLD RIVER WITH AND WITHOUT STATE WATER FACILITIES (Concentrations in parts per million) 1/ Nonpro.iec t conditions Pro iect conditions Month : TDS: CI : HCO3: 2/: Ha : : Total 2/ SOi^: hardness :TDS: CI: HCO3 :2j: •Aia : SO4: Total hardness Janxiary kko 113 82 165 111 179 228 46 48 72 23 119 February 520 138 106 193 119 214 216 45 41 72 23 106 March ^35 118 87 161 96 185 177 31 54 48 17 81 April 2^5 62 70 67 48 104 IU3 25 41 39 11 84 May 205 kQ 68 63 37 71 159 30 35 48 16 87 June 236 50 80 72 40 99 138 23 39 37 13 74 July 520 214 85 268 52 1^3 104 13 41 22 9 55 August 550 225 78 294 62 157 94 10 46 15 8 54 September 350 102 88 152 53 116 114 14 46 24 9 68 October 270 59 94 96 40 102 147 20 56 33 11 81 November 280 59 101 91 44 108 182 29 63 46 14 9k December 3^0 79 109 109 56 144 255 53 50 83 26 131 1/ Source 2/ CACO of Contra eq. Costa Canal water supply. of saline water and the costs resulting from this use. In certain industries, the use of low quality water for short periods may destroy the quality of the manufactured product. The economics of agricultural water quality differ con- siderably from those of industrial water because soil moisture storage capa- city permits a somewhat greater degree of tolerance to low quality water for a short period of time. Although previous studies have often asserted fixed limits for the quality of water applied to crops, the salinity of irrigation water is a secondary factor in the preservation of an agricultural economy. A primary factor controlling crop yields is the concentration of soil - 112 salinity. This factor dictates the amount, and therefore the cost, of excess water application, leaching, and drainage. Soil salinity analyses for the soluble salts usually include Coo, HCOt, CI, SOi^, Ca, Mg, K, and Na in the saturation extract of the soil paste. A saturated paste is made by adding sufficient water to a dry soil to saturate it, after which the soil is stirred to a pasty con- sistency. Some of the solution from the soil paste is removed by suction. This solution is termed the "saturation extract". This technique is the most recent evolved for the estimation of soil salinity, and has also been suggested by the U. S. Salinity Laboratory as a method for estimating sodium percentage (of the cation exchange). Electrical conductivity in millimhos/cm (Ec x lO-') is a standard measurement of the electrical conductivity for salt solutions. Conduc- tivity in millimhos (Ec x 10 ) may be converted to conductivity in micromhos (Ec X 10 ) by multiplying the figures given by 1,000. The measurement is an excellent and rapid method for obtaining an estimate of the total salt content of the saturation extract, but does not give the individual salts or ions that may predominate. Because the predomination of such ions also may be a factor important in judging the effects of salinity on soil struc- ture and plant growth, some detailed analyses for the cations and anions listed above should be run. Salinity of a soil is estimated by the electrical conductivity of the saturation extract (Ec x 10-^). The salinity by this method has been correlated with plant growth as follows: 113 Ec X 10^ Crop llegponse - la All crops thrive U - 8 Yields of many crops restricted 3-16 Only tolerant crops yield satisfactorily 16 + Only a few very tolerant crops yield satisfactorily Recent developments indicate salt concentrations somewhat below h millimhos may be injurious to sensitive plants. Sodium percentage {% Ua) is the proportion of this element to the total cations when the analysis is expressed in millioquivalents per liter. This relationship is indicated by the follovjing formula: Na X 100 Ca + Mg + r'v + Na Studies by the University of California. In the course of Delta water facility planning, the University of California and the Department of Water Resources conducted an extensive study of the physical factors related to the quality of agricultural water supplies and the Delta peat soils. Dr. L. D. Doneen of the University of California at Davis directed this study. The major objectives of the study were: 1. To determine the relationship of salinity accumulation in the root zone of peaty soils to salinity variations in the irrigation waters applied to those soils under conditions duplicating those found in the Delta. 2. To determine, for peaty soils, the soil salinity concentra- tions v;hich can be tolerated by some of the major Delta crops and to correlate findings vjith published data on mineral soils. lU - 3. To detcrmjnf ihf: cfTocli vonopr; of leaching practice? which usr, modin-p^lcly saJine v/aior:;. li. To analyze the laboratory and lyrimetcr investigation rerult.s and bo relate the findings to conditions in the Delta and to Delta soil .samplen. Soil .'•■laljnity accvjTiulation ratee were evaluated in extenrive laboratory, grceniior.sp, and lyL-imetcr te.^-ts as Integral parts of the research. Plate 2?, "r.aiination of Delta Soils Versus Salinity of the Irrigation Water, Sacramento-San Joanuin Delta", graphically shovrs the relationships of soil and water salinities under conditions duplicating the peaty soils and subsur- face irrigation practices of the Delta. The curves depicted on this plate represent the composite of many tests. Curves for higher quantities of applied water include a period of more than one crop-year. The initial electrical conductivity of the soil extract, prior to any vrater application, represents the salinity concentrations found in the best of Delta soils. Plate 23, "Salt Accumulation in Delta Soils", shows soil salinity typical in the Delta following conventional irrigation practices. The soil columns used in the research weiv representative of the root depths found in the Delta and tiie irrigation method duplicated those occurring under Delta conditions. Extensive tests with controlled leaching aided evaluation of the removal of salts in the soil. The leaching tests were conducted in full scale soil columns under greenhouse conditions. The tests were repeated with lysi- meter tanks exposed to field condtions. Such tests duplicated the Delta con- ditions of high water table and subsurface irrigation. Plate 2[i, "The Effec- tiveness of Leaching Peaty Sjoils in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta', presents a composite of numerous leachin;^ tests. The relatively minor difference in 115 f'l 1 < the rcmovnl of r:altr^ resulting from Icachin?; with 2^0 and 500 parts per million chloride water indicate? that within this range the quality of leaching water m not critical. Tests show that even after the application of large quantities of distilled water, the salinity of peaty Delta soils does not decline below an electrical conductivity of about 2 x 10' . This fact indicates that a residual of constituents other than chlorides remains and that this residual is not readily leached. Plate 25, "Electrical Conductivity of Saturated Soil Extract Versus |. i Salinity of Western Delta Area Soils", shows the relationship of the electrical I conductivity of the saturated soil extract as an indicator of chloride con- centration. Phys ical Effects of Salinity on the Delta Agricultural Economy. The effects of water quality deterioration on the upland areas of the Delta have been relatively small and do not appear to have changed crop patterns significantly. Such effects have been limited to the application of excess water and little such water need be applied in order to maintain control of salinity. Waters diverted for such purposes are obtained under riparian or appropriativc rights and the cost of diversion is limited to small pumping costs. Therefore, an improveinent in water quality would provide only small economic advantages to the uplands. However, the replacement of channel vjater by high quality supplies will offer a considerable economic advantage to those parts of the Delta lowlands which are or will be affected by salinity incursion. These advantages will arise primarily from increased crop yields and from changes in crop patterns from low income, salt-tolerant crops to higher income crops. The reduction in leaching and cultural costs are of a lesser magnitude but should not be overlooked. - 116 - 1. Crop Yield. Decreased crop yields correlate reasonably consis- tently vjith increased soil salinity, according to soil scientists of state and 1/ 2/ federal agencies. The Bureau of Reclamation-', the U. S. Corps of Engineers-', the U.S. Regional Salinity and Rubidaux Laboratories (in 1959), the Department of Irrigation and Soil Sciences, the University of California, Los Angeles-^^ other research agencies-i( and consultants^/ have reported positive correlations between crop yields and soil salinities. Some of their reports have been based upon steady, carefully controlled temperatures and salinities, from seed planting to harvest; other studies have permitted an increased salinity, and varying temperatures with advancing maturity. Salinity conditions in Delta fields show that current winter leach- ing practices followed by moderate precipitation provide relatively low soil salinity near the surface when seedlings are starting. Salinity increases as the crops develop. Temperatures-' during the growing season affect the degree of soil salinity that plants will tolerate. Plants tolerate less salinity as temperatures increase. The adjustment of planting dates and types of crops planted in the Delta partially compensate for such effects. Considera- tion was given to all known factors in developing the relationship shown on !_/ \}. S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, Region II. Delta District, Appendix to "Salinity Investigation Report of Lower Sacramento- San Joaquin Delta", January 1950. 2/ U. S. Department of Agriculture. "Suitability of Reclaimed Harsh, Tide, and Submerged Lands in the San Francirco Bay Area for Agriculture". Prepared for U. S. kvw Engineer District, San Francisco, Corps of Engineers. December 1959. y 0. R. Lunt. "Plant Responses to Salinity as Influenced by Environmental Conditions". Department of Irrigation and iSoils, University of California, Los Angeles. September 1, I960. hj Patricio Broussain Carmona. "Salt Tolerance of Plants". University of Chile. (Thesis for Master of Science Degree in Irrigation). 1955. 5/ Dr. Hilton Fireman, (presented by). "Growth of Various Crops as Related to Salinity of the Saturation Extract". E.vhibit No. 610 3A, Arizona, vs. California et al Water Suit. 6/ 0. R. Lunt. Op cit. 117 - I i Plate 26, "Reduction of Crop Yield Versus Soil Salination". The soil salinity- values in this plate are based upon average soil salinity accumulation through out the depth of the root zone, at time of crop maturity. These conditions, i duplicating those found in the Delta fields, show a somewhat different reduc- i I tion in specific crop yield? for the same soil salinities than do some of the | reports based upon laboratory studies by other agencies where soil salinities are maintained at the same level from the time the seed is planted until maturity. However, the method of study used by such agencies differs in that i the soil salinities reported in their research were those at the bottom of the | root zone. Such a measurement of salinity is not feasible in the Delta because j I of subsurface inflow and a subirrigation method which tends to maintain the " i level of salinity at the bottom of the root zone at about the level of the salinity of the water supply. 118 - 2. Changes in Crop Patterns. Because of seasonal salinity incur- into the lowlands of the western Delta, certain areas have been forced ow salt-bolerant crops among their other crops. Such salt-tolerant crops ally provide low income. The replacement of saline channel waters by :|uality waters, as proposed by the Delta Water Project, will undoubtedly in the western Delta, to crop patterns which provide a higher income. Table l.i2 shews projected changes in crop patterns with and without reject. Such projected crop patterns help evaluate the economic benefit 3 area through replacement of channel water with high quality supplies. 3. Effectiveness of Delta Leaching Practices. The effectiveness of it Delta leaching practices in reducing accumulated soil salinity was Led by determining the salinity of soil samples taken before and after ±ing operation on Sherman Island. The samples came from a field repre- bive of many which were leached during December 1959 and January I960, 'ical conductivities of the saturated soil extracts from 72 field samples determined at the Irrigation Laboratory of the University of California /is. During the growing season prior to leachinrg, corn had been grown 3 field from which the samples were taken; sugar beets were to be planted jllowing year. The leaching was accomplished with water containing ;n 500 and 600 parts per million of chlorides. By means of electrical conductivity values. Table U3 shows average salinity at each depth, before any leaching occurred. After water had xsnded on the soil surface for approximately 30 days and then allowed to off, new average salinities were found. The electrical conductivity 1 indicate that the salts in the soil had been displaced slightly down- 3Ut that the total quantity of salt had not changed significantly. 119 TABLE ij2 PROJECTEI") CROP PATTEIRNS IN THE YEAR 1990 FOR THE DELTA AREA SUBJECT TO SALINITY INCURS lOIJl/ Agricultural Crop Cropped acres Project conditions Nonproject conditions Alfalfa Asparagus Barley Corn (Grain) Corn (Silage) Grain hay Milo Miscellaneous Pasture Saff lower and Sunflower Sugar Beets Tomatoes TOTAL 600 IiOO 1,000 700 7,200 9,500 5,600 3,600 2,200 1,500 3,100 h,300 3, 300 2,700 200 200 3,500 7,)400 600 300 2,300 1,100 2,800 700 32,ljOO 32,UOO l/ Projections made on the basis of project and nonproject conditions. Under project conditions, damaging salinity will be prevented. Under nonproject conditions, salinity will become progressively worse. Samples ta^en 90 days later, after the soil profile had drained, showed the leaching to have been effective in reducing salinity to a level acceptable for beginning another crop cycle. Within the lowlands, displaced salts are prevented from entering the lower ground water areas because of the piezometric 120 - subsurface pressures. Thus, the leached salts generally move horizontally to the drain ditches and must then be pumped over the island levee to the natural channels. In contrast to upland areas, the Delta lowlands usually have less salinity near the bottom of the root zones. TABLE h3 CHANGES IN SALINITY CONCENTRATIONS OF PEATY SOILS RESULTING FROM TYPICAL LEACHING PRACTICES IN THE vreSTERN DELTA STUDY AREaI/ Soil sample : Saturated soil extract, electrical conductivity Ec x 103 depth, : Before leaching: Ten days after : Ninety days after in inches : 12/17/59 ; leaching, 1/28/60 : leaching lj/28/60 6.62 2.97 5.19 2.51 2.60 1.91 6 - 12 7.28 18 - 2U 3.3)1 30 - 36 2.39 Averages I4.3U h.SO 2.i;6 T7 Walter W. Vvcir. "Soils of Sacramento County, California." University of California, Division of Soils. April 1950. Peat soils are defined as containing approximately 50 percent organic matter. Estimates from field observations indicate that the quantities of water applied specifically for leaching in the Delta lowlands range approximately from three to four acre-feet per acre. Leaching as a separate practice generally is confined to the westerly portion of the Delta lowlands. Such leaching is practiced on an intermittent basis dependent upon the salinity of the water applied during the previous year, precipitation, and the tolerance to salinity of the crop to be grown. Presently, an estimated LiOjOOO acre-feet of water is used annually for leaching in the lowlands. Current measurements of water - 121 - used on IVltchell Island for leaching purposes probably will provide, by July 1962, a basis for a more accurate estimate of present conditions. 4. Effect of Historic Use of Saline Water on the Properties of Typical Soils of the Western Delta . Measurements of existing field conditions were made to evaluate the adverse properties of typiceJ. Delta soils which have resulted from the application of saline irrigation water. This report limits itself to the two most important soil properties affected by such application- salinity accumulation and hydraulic conductivity. Measurements were made in the Delta lowlands in an area adjacent to Montezuma Slovigh. This area lies in the vicinity of Birds Landing, Solano County. Soil types-' in the area are essentially the same as those found four miles upriver on Sherman and Twitchell Islands. Although these lands lie west of the Delta boundaries, they are in the western Delta study area. In the past, these lemds were tilled intensively euid irrigated with water of relatively high salinity. Salinity concentrations generally exceeded those at Sherman Island. The present accumulated salinity of these predominately peat and muck soils was determined from soil samples taken from depths representative of crop root zones. Table kk summarizes salinities of the measured saturated soil extracts. The lands from which these samples were collected currently exi)erience somewhat less intensive tilling and leaching than do the lands of Sherman and Twitchell Islands. 17 U. S. Department of Agriculture in Cooperation with the University of California Agricultural Experiment Station. "Soil Survey of the Suisun Area, California". 193O. University of California, Division of Soil. "Soils of Sacramento County, California". April 1950. - 122 - I i I TABLE hh EXISTING SOIL SALINIlT OF WESTERN DELTA LANRS Saturated Soil Extract Salinity Concentrations Reported as Electrical Conductivity Ec x 10^ Depth of So 11 ches : Location Sample, in in : M 3inr Landing Earm : McDougal Farm 6-12 6.3 l4.2 18 - 2]| 8.5 7.0 30 - 36 8.3 7.3 The importance of drainage to a continually irrigated agricultural economy cannot be overly stressed. A study of drainage considers the internal drainage characteristics of the soil as well as Uie drainage facilities for the area as a whole. The permeability of some fine-textured agricultural soils has been changed as a result of the application of irrigation water with a high sodium content—' , In mineral soils in which chemical and structural changes occurred, permeability has decreased. The degree to which this phenomenon would occur in the highly organic soils of the Delta has not been firmly established. However, a comparison of suggested standards for good agricultural soils with those soils found in the Delta provides a basis for classification. The coefficients of soil permeability shown in Tsble LiS have been derived from a broad range of field conditions and soil types and are intended for comparative purposes only. 1/ United States Department of Agriculture. "Diagnosis and Improvement of Saline and Alkali Soils". Agricultural Handboo,-: No. 60. 123 TABLiC 16 •UGai'oTED standard::' for classification OF AGRICULTURAL S-OILS ACC0RDII\1G, TO COEFFICIENTS OF PER1>IEABILITY- 1/ Permeability rating Soil moi?turc movement rate (cm Vcm^/hour) Hjgh Over ^60 I'l odium 360 to 3.6 Low 3.6 to 0.036 Very low 0.036 to 0.00036 Practically impei-meable Less than O.OOO36 XT Roe and Ayre?. ".engineering r'or Agri- cultural Drainage". McGraw-Hill. 195li. Terzaghe and Peck. "Soil Mechanics in Engineering Practice". Table L16 shows hydraulic conductivities of western Delta soils. Such conductivities were derived from, num.erous tests conducted on 6-inch by U2-inch core samples of undisturbed soil samples -' obtained from the same location as the salinity samples reported in Tables li3' and Uh. Comparison of test results with the permeability standards suggested in Table U5 indicates that the western Delta study area has an acceptable soil permeability, consid- ering the high sodium salts to which the area has been subjected repeatedly. 1/ There are limitations to the validity of hydraulic conductivity values determined from soil samples taxen from the field to the laboratory, even those as large as 6 inches by 1x2 inches. However, the high water table conditions in the Delta are not conductive to in-place field measurement of hydraulic conductivity. Furthermore, the values of hydraulic conductivity are used for comparison only and are not used beyond this purpose. L2i4 TABLE h6 HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY OF SOIL IN m'S. WKoTlvlN DELTA HTUUY A.iEA Loc;-tion County .nrea r'crcerit of Island Area Medium : Low : Vtay Low Permeability: Permeability; Permeability Sacramento Sacramento "olano ."olano Twitchcll Island Sherman Island Montezuma Slough (McDougal Farm) Montezuma Slough (Meins Landing Farm) !io 50 25 67 50 50 13 60 8 27 EXISTING SUPFLEI'^SNTAL WATFJ^ SUPi'LY FACILITIES IN TH^J] i-rf:sTFi^:N delt^ study a pea Certain supplemental water supply facilities have been constructed within the Delta to overcome water quality problems. These facilities include the Contra Costa Canal and works on Sherman Island. During the planning of Delta water facilities, close examination v;as given to water quality at the diversion location and the cajoacity of the facilities to meet present and future water requirements in their respective service areas. Determination of the best solution to future water supply problems within the western Delta assumed the use of existing facilities as far as possible. Contra Costn Canal The Contra Costa Canal, an integral feature of the Central Valley Project, was constructed to off sot the effects of salinity incui'sion within - 125 northeast Contra CoGta Count/. Hock Plough, a minor natural channel paralleling the San Joaquin iiiver -ystem, is the source of water for the , canal. Plate ?7, "Contra Costa V/ator Dir^trict Location riap" , shows the alignment and service area of the canal. As the availability of high quality river waters along the northern shores of Contra Costa County has decreased, the users in the area have con- structed or contracted for the use of laterals to obtain water from the canal. At present, all municipalities and nearly all industries in the area have such facilities. Despite the fact that these water users are equipped to meet all their high quality water requirements from the canal, they continue to use river diversion facilities when the river water quality is acceptable. This continued use of river diversion facilities is related to two major factors.: The first factor is the very low cost of river water. Even when I I high quality water is available from the river only 20 percent of the time, | the combined amortized capital and power cost of diversion remains less than the cost of canal water to most of the industrial and municipal users. The i960 industrial water survey indicated that seven major industrial water users as well as the City of Antioch divert from the river when the quality of river water permits. More than half of the high quality water requirenents of area industry are satisfied by river water at such times. Plate 25, "Cost of Self-Supplied Industrial Water from the Sacramento-San Joaquin River in the Pittsburg-Antioch Area", details the cost advantages to industry of river diversion as compared with the cost of water at the canal. The plates give such costs for waters annually available 20, UO, 60, and 100 percent of the time. - 126 The second factor connected with continued river diversions is water quality. During the fall and winter monthp, the outflows from the main river channels of the Delta generally are sufficient to flush and repel the inflow of sea water. Hov;ever, such flushing in the lesser channels of the Delta network lags behind the flushing in the main channels by a?, much as several weeks. This lag is particularly evident in the souLhern half of the Delta, including Rock Slough. Because of this lag, the water in the Contra Costa Canal occasionally is more saline than in the tidal channels along the northeast shore of Contra Costa County. Consequently, through use of the river supply, industries and municipalities gain a considerable temporary economic advantage in terms of water treatment costs. Existing supplemental water supply facilities witliin the Delta will play an important role in satisfying future water requirements. Determination of the most economical way to integrate proposed additional facilities wdth existing facilities required an extensive analysis of the capacities and deliverabilities of each facility and the quality of water available to each facility. Furthermore, general plans regarding future service areas and administration of the proposed additional facilities required a review of the various water-serving entities within the Delta. Sherman Island Salinity Alleviation VJorks Landowners of the central portion of Sherman Island have cooperated in developing a canal system to convey water from a diversion point near Decker Island to lands downriver which are subject to higher salinity if diversion is made directly from the natural channels. About 16,000 lineal feet of unlined canal are now in service. A 5P00-foot extension for the 127 - purpose of incorporating Hayberry Hlough is being studied. Should the cxtenElon be completed, ?onic of the most westerly areas of Sherman Island vrill have ar-cess to a water supply of a quality comparable to that available at Emma ton. Water Service Agencies in the Western Delta Study A rea A complete study of water supply in the western Delta study area requires an analysis of the various water supplying agencies, their rights, obligations, and facilities. These agencies include the Contra Costa Water District, East Contra Costa Irrigation District, Byron-Bethany Irrigation District, Oakley County Water District, California Water Service Company, the Cities of Pittsburg, Antioch, and Rio Vista, and several smaller cities, I irrigation districts, and reclamation districts. ' I Contra Costa County Wat er District j The Contra Costa County Water District was formed firimarily to ' administer the distribution of water from the Contra Costa Cans] to the f various users. In a sense, the district is the intermediate agency between \ the users and the U. S. Biu-eau of Reclamation. f The present ability of the district to serve water is adequately '' sunmarized in the following paragraph taken from the report of the Contra Costcjj County Department of Public Works, May 1937, entitled "Preliminary Report on ,i i' General Plans for Ultimate Water Service in Contra Costa County". i| "Contra Costa County Water District does not have any right to a specific flow of water in any stream in the State of California. The District's right is to water service from the Central Valley Project of the Bureau of Reclamation as delivered to the District by the Bureau of Reclamation in 128 ii I the Contra Cocta Canal. The right arose and exists: by the contract between the United 3tates and the County- Water District dated September 18, 1951, and identified by the ."^ymbol 175r-3i401. This right may be summarized as follows: "'(1) The United States will furnish 10,000 acre feet of water for agricultural water each year through December 31, 1991. '"(2) At any time prior to March 1, 1967, upon six months' written notice to the United States, the District may increase the amount of agricultural water to be furnished by the United States to the District each year thereafter through December 31, 1991, up to a maximum of 33,000 acre feet. '"(3) Any water furnished to the District for agri- cultural purposes nay at the discretion of the District be used for municipal, industrial or domestic uses. '"(Ii) The United States will furnish to the District each year through December 31, 1991, the quantity of water reauested by the District for municipal and industrial uses (with certain specified minimi'm annual amounts) up to a maximum of 53,000 acre feet." The boundaries of the district follow those of the service area of the Contra Costa Canal (defined on Plate 27). Recent months have seen two major annexations to the District: the area serviced by the California Water Service Company (including purchase of its facilities) and the Lone Tree-Deer Valley Area. The annexation of these areas undoubtedly will lead to greater seasonal and annual demands upon the Contra Costa Canal. City of Antioch The City of Antioch presently obtains its water supply from two sources: the San Joaquin Rivei" and the Contra Costa Canal. The river supply is utilized only when the water quality is acceptable to California Depart- ment of Public Health standards, or better than the quality in the Contra - 129 Costa Canal. When the river water quality is unacceptable, the water supply- is obtained from Contra Costa Canal. In conjunction with river diversions, a small reservoir of 720 acre-feet is operated to meet some of the demands during months when waters cannot be diverted from the river. This reservoir also collects a small amount of local runoff from the adjacent watershed of 2.2 square miles. The diversion of river water is supported by a riparian right, however, this right placed no limit upon the quality of water which the city can divert. Canal water is obtained by contract with the U. S. Bureau of Reclamation. Ihis contract is negotiated in January of each year. City of Pittsburg The City of Pittsburg presently has one source of water supply: the Contra Costa Canal. Pittsburg has used the canal since 1939. At that time the last city well was shut down. Canal water is obtained by annual contract with the Contra Costa Water District. Pittsburg has no established right to the use of river water, and has not diverted from the river for many years. Oakley County Water District Oakley County Water District was organized in 1955 to serve filtered and treated water to the Town of Oakley and surrounding areas. This district obtains its supply, under annual contract, from the Contra Costa Canal. A large portion of the treated water served by the district is used as process water by the I. E. DuPont Chemical Plant located near Oakley. Prior to 1955, wells were used as a source of supply in the district. 130 City of Rio Vista The City of Rio Vista obtains its water from deep wells fed by the svirrovmding hills and possibly from the Sacramento River. Because of the low-suspended solids content of this water, the water is not filtered, but fed directly into the city water system. East Contra Costa Irrigation District The East Contra Costa Irrigation District encompasses a gross area of 20,000 acres in eastern Contra Costa County. Approximately 17,000 acres are considered irrigable and are served with a multiple-lift pump and canal distribution system. Present operations are limited to serving agricultural water during a seven to eight-month summer irrigation season of each year. The water supply of the district is obtained by ground water pumping and by diversions from the natural delta channel of Indian Slough. This slough has been extended approximately one mile by dredging. Ihe ground water pumping helps control ground water levels in those areas where such levels have tended to rise as the use of diverted water has increased. The quality of the diverted Delta water tends to be protected from the full influence of salinity incursion by the location of the diversion point. Records indicate that less than 300 parts per million chlorides have prevailed during the last 20 years. Ground water contains excessive concentrations of boron and its use has been limited generally to situations which permit its mixture with surface waters. The right of the district to divert water is defined by an appropria- tion permit of 200 second-feet. Byron-Bethany Irrigation District The Byron-Be thany Irrigation District encompasses a gross area of about 17,600 acres, of which about 10,000 are currently irrigated. Ihe service area 131 includes a portion of southeastern Contra Costa County and extends into Alameda County. The distribution of agricultural water by the district is confined to the summer months. The water supply is diverted from the Delta channel, which has been extended to a location suited to the pump- ing plant. Diversion is under appropriation permit. Additional pumping plant capacity installed in 1959 provides a total of 15C second-feet, and a water duty of 65 acres per second-feet. Reclamation Districts. Practically all irrigated lands in the western Delta not included in the irrigation districts fall within the fifteen reclamation districts. Reclamation districts provide a degree of flood control through levee main- tenance, drainage pumping facilities, and operation. In addition to their powers of taxation and -eminent domain, reclamation districts may provide for the distribution and sale of water. However, the lower Delta reclamation districts thus far have confined their function to flood control and drainage. Plate No. ?9, "Trrigaticn and Reclamation Districts within the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta", shov;s the location of all Delta irrigation and reclamation districts, including those x>fithin western Delta study area. Because some overlapping of boundaries may exist and certain boundary changes may have occurred which were nc^ reported, Plate 29 should be used only as an indication of approximate district boundaries. - 132 CHAPTER V. FUTURE WESTERN DELTA WATER SUPPLY A primary objective of all proposed Delta Water Facilities is to ensure the Delta a water supply sufficient in quantity and quality to meet foreseeable demands. The extent of work necessary to attain this objective will depend upon the specific facilities constructed and their proposed conditions of operation. Only the lands within the Western Delta study area, however, are affected directly by changes in water supply resulting from the operation of any of the proposed facili- ties. With the exception of changes created by the Chipps Island Barrier Project, Chapter IV has discussed such changes. Futxrre Western Delta Water Requirements Chapter III has defined the future water requirements of the Western Delta study area. Determination of the design and method of operation of replacement and supplementary water supply facilities re- quired knowledge of the local requirements of subareas of the Western Delta study area. Total future water requirements, therefore, were distributed according to the projected land use indicated on Plates k, 5, and 6, the high quality water requirements set forth in Chapter III, and the existing unit water requirements in each subarea. Table k'J in- dicates the results of this distribution for municipal and industrial uses. Table h& shows the projected consumptive use of agricultural water by counties within the entire Delta service area. This projection was based on consumptive use by decade, as shown in Table 33 and esti- mates of the amount of agricxiltural land cultivated in the future. 133 - O" Ci r-i fcl E-I ■=1; ^ < • • -, -1 •=C i: .'~'> M Q ^■^ XD r". !^ 0\ fH S CO 1—1 ;.'} cc: (D r- ::5 iiy t>i ^~ a E-i ?^ 0" J-, • • K M § 0) ^ Q. 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On UN CM f^ O O o o f^ CM 10 UN CN ON A >. •P (U q; CD fn r-i S rH CD rH rH CD a.1 rH c p. Jh U •H •rl ^ C u x: fS •H CO XJ HTN' c Jj 1 1 c 1 3 CD tXi CD TD 3 ^ c: x: t^ 1 rH r-t u ^ H >. 3 CD CD 03 +3 -P W •H P a, x: o o •H S -P GJ C rH •a: ^ I CD sico p x: ^ o tTj O -P -H -P hJ ■H C o. -a; O ■P CD CD O -P m -o I c O O C) +> rH C ^ Q) CD 5h O OQ CD -P O O UN O o o o O UN O On rH O O o "Single Purpose Delta Water Project", shows the locations of the minimum project facilities required. Plate 32, "Typi- cal Alternative Delta Water Project", shows the extent and location of the principal feature of a possible multipurpose project incorporating limited flood control protection with water quality and water transfer features. Plate No. 33j "Comprehensive Delta Water Project", shows the locations of features of a multipurpose project which provides maximum benefits, including those of salinity, flood and seepage control, trans- portation and recreation. Industrial and Municipal Water Supply Facilities In the future, areas of the Western Delta will require additional municipal and industrial water supply facilities. These areas extend - 137 - from Oeikley to Pittsburg in Contra Costa County, and from Collinsville to the vicinity of Lindsay Slough in Solano County. Other areas would be ensured adequate quantities and qualities of water within adjacent channels under all alternatives of the Delta Water Projects, Such areas include Rio Vista in Solano Coxinty and Brentwood and Byron in Contra Costa County. Several alternative plans to meet the industrial and munici- pal requirements of the deficient areas were considered. Six of these plans prxDved to be a feasible part of the Delta Water Project facilities. These six plans propose construction of : 1. An additional canal near the existing Contra Costa Canal alignment. 2. The Northeast Contra Costa aqueduct, an \inderground pipe- line extending from Oakeley through Antioch to the Contra Costa Canal outfall between Antioch and Pittsburg, and connected to Rock Slough by an open canal. 3. The Montezuma Aqueduct, a canal passing along the western edge of the Montezioma Hills and extending from the North Bay Aque- duct in Solano County to Pittsburg in Contra Costa County and crossing under the Sacramento River in the vicinity of Pittsburg. h. A canal along an alignment similar to that proposed for the Montezuma Aqueduct, but with capacity sufficient to meet only the demands of Solano County and extending only as far as Collinsville. 5. An offside storage reservoir to increase deliverability of the Contra Costa Canal or any of the above alteinatives. 6. A high- line canal beginning near the Tracy Pumping Plant and passing through the foothills west of Byron and Brentwood to intersect the Contra Costa Canal slightly west of Antioch. Certain other alternative plans considered were found to be economically unfeasible. These were: 1. A plan for a subaqueous pipeline parallel to the north side shore of Contra Costa County and extending upriver beyond the salinity incursion zone. - 138 - 2. A plan for saline water conversion plants. Other plans proposed alternatives which more logicsilly coiild be constructed and operated by local agencies. Such plans proposed: 1. A plan for enlargement of the Contra Costa Canal. 2. Sewage reclamation facilities which may, in future years, prove to be a low cost, reliable and satisfactory means of providing water for certain industrial uses. The plan for the Montezuma Aqueduct best solves Western Delta industrial and municipal water supply problems. This plan not only provides for maximum use of the Contra Costa Canal and meets all foresee- able demands of the Solano and Contra Costa County areas of deficiency; it also provides for a canal with an alignment which falls along rela- tively inexpensive right of way and supplies water of a quality at least as good as that of the water within or west of Rock Slough. Despite the physical advantages of the Montezuma Aqueduct, however, the economic differential between feasible plans was less than ten percent. Such a slight differential indicates that advanced planning studies may lead to the selection of an alternative plan as the most feasible solution if any change in the design, operation and economic criteria assumed in the studies of alternative facilities occurs. Plate 3^, "Montezuma Aqueduct", indicates the alignment and capacity of each part of the aqueduct. Facility Capacity Determination . It was assumed that the combined operation of the Montezioma Aqueduct and the Contra Costa Canal would meet, by 2020, the peak monthly demands of that part of the Contra Costa Co\mty Water District within the Western Delta study area. This assiiBiption determined the design capacity of the Montezvuna Aqueduct. 139 Canal-side reservoir storage did not receive consideration in the determination of design capacities. In addition, it was assianed that 225 second feet of water from the Contra Costa Canal would be utilized in the service area west of the Western Delta study area. Plate 35 ^ "Contra Costa Canal Operation Demand Schedule", shows the schedule utilized to distribute annual mionicipal and industrial water require- ments for detenaination of monthly peak demands . Monteziimn Aqueduct Operations . Future high quality water supplies to the portion of the Western Delta study area within the Contra Costa County Water District would be obtained by offshore diversions from the Sacramento-San Joaquin Rivers , the Contra Costa Cansil, and the Montezuma Aqueduct. A projected operation schedule for the Montezuma Aqueduct required an extensive operation study to deter- mine the quantities of water which each of these sources should supply. 1. River Diversions . River diversions will probably continue when the quality of available river water is sufficient to meet the specific application. At present, when their quality is acceptable, river diversions can meet more than 55 percent of the industrial high quality water requirements as well as the municipal requirements of the City of Antioch. Futiire diversions are likely to increase and to meet up to 85 percent of the industrial requirements, because most of the available industrial lands are owned by companies which presently maintain diversion facilities. For purposes of the operation study, 85 percent of the industrial high quality water requirements of each subarea were assumed to be met by river water whenever its quality was better than 25O parts per million of chlorides. Antioch was assumed - LUG to divert river water when its quality was better than 100 parts per million of chlorides. To determine the projected average amount of water diverted from the river for each projected level of development, average salinity conditions eis shown on Plate 20, were considered along with the monthly water requirements within each subarea. Table 1+9 summarizes projected municipal and industrial river diversions. 2. Contra Costa Csinal Deliveries . Operation of the Contra Costa Canal, combined with that of the Montezxima Aqueduct, could take various forms . Studies indicated, however, that the canal should be operated at nearly peak capacity throughout the year because of the cheaper power available to the canal pumping plants. Under such con- ditions, the Montezuma Aqueduct could be operated as a peaking facility. Operation in this manner allows the caxial to serve Antioch and all lands eastward and Pittsburg and all lands westweird. The Montezuma Aqueduct would serve the industrial lands between Antioch and Pittsburg as we]JL as refill the Contra Costa Canal to the extent necessary to meet the demands west of Pittsburg. Deliveries to the Western Delta study area from the Contra Costa Canal under this type operation scheme are also indicated in Table ^+9- 3. Montezuma Aqueduct Deliveries . Deliveries from the Montezuma Aqueduct to Contra Costa County woiold commence in 1971- Initial service would consist of deliveries to the industrial area between Antioch and Pittsburg. By I98O, all industries in this area probably wovild be receiving water from the Montez\ana Aqueduct. In I980, the aqueduct would also commence deliveries to the Contra Costa Canal to overcome canal capacity deficiencies caused by increased demands in lUl the area east of Antioch. Deliveries from the Montezuma Aqueduct to SoLano County would commence after I98O. Deliveries by the Montezuma Aqueduct would include both replace- ment and supplemental waters to Contra Costa County and supplemental waters to Solano County. Replacement water is that water which could be diverted from river channels if State Water Facilities were not constructed and operated. Estimates of the amount of replacement water were obtained by the projected decreases of availability of quality water caused by operation 1 of the State Water Facilities. These decreases would approximate 5 percent during all periods of operation of the State Water Facilities system. Therefore, computation of the amount of replacement water used a factor of 5 percent. Supplemental water is defined as all other water delivered by the Montezuma Aqueduct. Table 49 presents estimates of supplemental and replacement water deliveries to Contra Costa County. Table 50 presents estimates of supplemental water deliveries to Solano County. Agricultural Water Supply Facilities Areas of the western Delta which, because of salinity incursion, require supplementary water supply facilities include all of the irrigated lands extending from the vicinity of Antioch to Rio Vista on the Sacreunento River, and extending upriver to the vicinity of Franks Tract on the San Joaquin River. All other areas of the Delta would be ensured adequate quan- tities and qualities of irrigation water within adjacent canals either by through-Delta flows or by project provisions for dilution in localized areas of extensive reuse. - 1U2 >. o\ o O^-^ _::t H O -P Eh (D fe3 Qi < 0) .-? p 9-1 Cw a rJ-t CO 1 < O H Si ^ Ch CL, S fe 8 cc r^- g S =H P-. < >^ 3 PQ fc n O > s « o W H CO e-i & m M <^J £^ CO l-i Q W| T3 1—1 CO c ns 0) CO -P 5h E O CO 0) H -D • • -^ •• '-'I 0) o >^-H !h U CO OJ -P > C -H 0) .-1 e a; O TD 1—1 -P a. f-i CJ Ot

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C3 cr Ci -P CO U CO t, •p 03 C C +3 ai e Q^ (D 1—1 O iH iM CO & •H rH avi a c^ CMl - 1U3 TABLE 50 SUPPLEMENTAL WATER DELIVERIES TO SOLANO COUNTY (Acre-feet/year) Year : Delivery from Montezuma Aqueduct 1980 1990 1,500 2000 18,000 2010 55,000 2020 130,100 Because agricultural vjater quantity requirements are highly seasonal and because quality limitations are a function both of duration and )f constituent concentrations, alternative facility plans required a combina- :,ion of features which optimize these factors. In each of the three Delta later Project proposals, different water supply and drainage facilities are •equired to operate l^^ithout interference to flood and seepage control features. Facility Service Area and Capacity Criteria. The location of acilities to serve the agricultural areas of the Delta fall v;ithin either of wo categories. These two categories are: (l) areas which must be served hrough a new distribution system because the natural channels will become too aline to permit channel-side diversion and irrigation, and (2) areas which ould require facilities to continue present irrigation procediires after pre- set flood control and water transfer features, including levees and channel losures, are constructed. Ikk - The design capacity criteria for the western Delta area is based upon a duty of 1 second-foot per 60 irrigated acres. For all other areas where project channel supply facilities would be required, the design capac- ity is based upon the combined July consumptive use and drain pump discharge quantities. An allowance for an increase of 25 percent in consumptive use was incorporated. This criteria appears conservative because the presently undetermined supply from subsurface inflow and effective precipitation has not been subtracted from the total requirements. The service area of the replacement water facilities included in each of the proposed Delta Water Projects will consist of all of the Delta lowlands within the western Delta study area which are or would be affected by salinity incursion. This area includes all of Sherman, Twitchell, Brad- ford, and Jersey Islands, Bethel and Hotchkiss Tracts, and portions of Brannan Island, and Holland and Webb Tracts. Operation of Replacement Water Facilities. The facilities are planned to provide a water supply at all times within the entire service area. The duty of 60 acres per second-foot is adequate for the month of maximum use and was used to facilitate preliminary design. The projected intensity of irrigated agriculture probably will tend to extend the present irrigation season both earlier in the spring and later in the fall, as well as to increase the summer peaJc. Diversions for leaching purposes are assumed to pass through the distribution system even though the salinity of the water in the natural channels may be low enough to be acceptable for leaching during certain abundant supply years. The alignment of the dis- tribution canals at the toe of the levee permits the maintenance of a water l'^5 surface level for gravity flow from headgate turnouts in practically all locations. The existing system of drainage and supply canals located away j from the levee perimeter probably will continue to be operated and main- I tained under private ownership. Most efficient operation and maintenance I I of Jackson and Rock Slough canal systems probably could be obtained under ■■ master districts which would include the several islands served. ■ The probable future distribution of monthly water demands with I projected irrigation intensity for 1990 is indicated in Table 50. The projected increased irrigation intensity is reflected in the extended irri- 1 gation season as compared to that shown in Table 3d* fi TABLE 51 PROBABLE FUTURE DISTRIBUTION OF MOMBLY WATER DEMANDS SACRAMENTO -SAN JOAQUIN DELTA (in percent of seasonal total) : Irrigation demsmd: Leaching demand Month : in percent : in percent October 12.2 November k.6 December 0.8 January Febnaary 0.8 March 1.3 April 2.6 May 8.8 June 17.9 July 18.4 August n.k September 15.2 i+O 30 10 TOTAL 100.0 100 20 i 146 - Reductions in channel salinity and in salt in the soil profile would alter leaching demand in the winter months. The variation in drain water retiirned to Delta channels arising from diversions through the facilities will be in approximately the same proportions as the monthly demand percentages. 1. Agricultural Replacement Water Features in the Single Purpose Delta Water Project. The major featxires of the agricultural replacemnt water facilities associated with the Single Purpose Delta Water Project are shown on Plate 36, "Principal Irrigation Features of the Single Purpose Delta Water Project". The attached table indicates the capacity of each of the features. The Delta area vrfiere facilities are not shown is not subject to salinity incursion and would retain and operate the existing irrigation and drainage facilities now held in private ownership. Even in the western Delta area that is served with replacement water, drainage pumps and facilities probably would remain under existing ownerships and operation. The agricultural replacement water facilities are of such a nature that stage construction, to provide seirvice to the areas most severely affected by salinity incursion, is physically and financially feasible. Service to areas presently less affected by salinity incursion could be provided, as needed, at a later time. The probable ultimate development would result in the facilities shown in Plate 36. Under such developments the major points of diversion of water would be from Georgiania Slough in the north sector, and from Rock Slough in the south sector. The distribution canal system routing would provide new water to most of the existing points of diversion from natural and man-made channels which have become increasingly saline. A minimum of "on-the-farm-relocation" of irrigation facilities have been incorporated in the plan. 1U7 PLATE 2 STATE OF CALIFORNIA THE RESOURCES AGENCY OF CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES DELTA BRANCH SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF AREA EMPLOYMENT RELATIONSHIPS FEBRUARY 1962 PROJECTION OF HISTORICAL TRENDS PROJECTION OF HISTORICAL TRENDS PROJECnOH OF HISTORICAL TRENDS > U» FIUMOSCO BAT AREA 1 utal avnjAj«E«PLOTHENT PROJECTION Of HISTORICAL TRENDS > PROJECTION OF \. HiiTORICAL TRWOS / ■ESTERN D€LTA STUOV AREA KANUrACTURIHC EHPLOVIIENT WESTERN OELT* STUDY AREA EHPLOYHENT IN EACH MAHUFACTURINC CATECORT i PLATE 3 o ■a ^ < UJ o tr o q: o o £>2^ J o I- < < z < a U u > O < U Q I- ir I- •> 3 Z O UJ UJ f a: t^ a: r < u Q ^ O u> PLATE 4 'm 1 BOUNOARr OF The SACRAUENTO • SAX JOAQUIN DELTA ISCCTiON 12220 OF THE WATER CODE) BOUNDARY or THE WESTERN DELTA STuOv AREA URBAN DEVELOPMENT INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT RECREATIONAL DEVELOPMENT I I inRiGATCD LAND OCVCLOPMtMT STATE OF CALIFORNIA THE RESOURCES AGENCY OF CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES DELTA BRANCH PRESENT LAND USE WESTERN DELTA STUDY AREA FEBRUARY 1962 SCALE OF MILES -- BOUMOANI Of TM£ weSTEBN OELt« SMEN1 STATE OF CALIFORNIA THE RESOURCES AGENCY OF CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES DELTA BRANCH PRESENT LAND USE WESTERN DELTA STUDY AREA FEBRUARY 1962 STATE OF CALIFORNIA THE RESOURCES AGENCY OF CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES DELTA BRANCH 1980 LAND USE WESTERN DELTA STUDY AREA FEBRUARY 1962 SCALE OF MILES STATE OF CALIFORNIA THE RESOURCES AGENCY OF CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES DELTA BRANCH 2020 LAND USE WESTERN DELTA STUDY AREA FEBRUARY 1962 SCftLE OF MILES PLATE 7 PLATE 8 '-n-2«;'o PLATE 9 20: ?o 1/ Index based on 1955 level of development. i STATE OF CALIFORNIA TMt RESOURCES AGENCY OF CALlFOR^'A DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES DELTA BRANCH PROJECTED INDICES OF IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENT FOR THE SACRAMENTO VALLEY AND THE SACRAMENTO-SAN JOAQUIN DELTA fEBRUARY 1962 PLATE 10 r— r— TT-TTi PLATE II 1/ Based on 1960 utilization NOTE; The projections prepared for "Resources For the Future", "Department of Commerce", and "Depart- ment of Water Resources" are identical for the period i960 to 2000, STATE OF CALIFORNIA THE RESOURCES AGENCY OF CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES DELTA BRANCH PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY PROJECTED INDICES OF WATER USE PER EMPLOYEE IN THE UNITED STATES FEBRUARY 1962 PLATE 12 ^ 1/ Based on 196O utilization STATE OF CALIFORNIA THE RESOURCES AGENCY OF CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES DELTA BRANCH CHEMICAL INDUSTRY PROJECTED INDICES OF WATER USE PER EMPLOYEE IN THE UNITED STATES FEBRUARY 1962 1 PLATE 13 m ntTxn fe-: ii: in q:: ■t5: M rt ■t-i nxf. ^ soije 1/ Based on i960 utilization r- NOTE : The projections prepared -j for "Resources For the J, Future" , "Departiient of Commerce" , and "Depart- ment of Water Resources are identical for the period i960 to 2000. I ^ -4 • ■ j ■ ; 1 1 1 1 1 H-l i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 n 1 1 I T ^m STATE OF CALIFORNIA THE RESOURCES AGENCY OF CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES DELTA BRANCH PRIMARY METAL INDUSTRIES PROJECTED INDICES OF WATER USE PER EMPLOYEE IN THE UNITED STATES FEBRUARY 1962 PLATE 14 1/ Based on i960 utilization I: TT STATE OF CALIFORNIA THE RESOURCES AGENCY OF CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES DELTA BRANCH TOTAL MANUFACTURING PROJECTED INDICES OF WATER USE PER EMPLOYEE IN THE UNITED STATES FEBRUARY 1962 PLATE 15 Western Delta Study Area Index Of Water Use Per Employee Per Yeai •-- 1/ Based on i960 utilization. m r—r STATE OF CALIFORNIA THE RESOURCES AGENCY OF CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES DELTA BRANCH WESTERN DELTA INDEX VERSUS UNITED STATES INDEX UNIT WATER REQUIREMENTS FOR TOTAL MANUFACTURING FFBRUARY 1962 ■ ■ ' - ■ ' ■ — — -c ho- > ■ 1 — m m — — — ,:,:;: i PLATE 16 ' ' ' M ' ' ;^" 1 1 1 i. .H; ^ --- 1 ■-tl: Hit ii- iii;; — ■ . '■ \ -4!' Si: — K- — 1 ; '~~^/ SX-l■l^ , 1 ~ i ^*--f^' ^ ^ , f _ -i — - •-(-' :-:-tr::::: ' ■t'ltttti -I <— 03 a; >-" . cu 0) : 0} V -■-: : X ^GQr -:f: : : ■ ■ - - - ■ i:± j_ f- Jii :±i; ;^ 1 — - O a. e - K u ;^ : to p M -U^,^ ; ) ■ ■ ^ ^ i ■r^ tJ+T — H — 4+E +^ Tn XT n- z. ^ n ~'~ '. i 4 - ■ ■ ■ 1 - 1 1 1 1 M -.i|+ ^44i- ii|^ ;■ ; ■ : ' i T 1 i u 9} ■ +J a -^^ m -— : — E — ^ — ^^ 1 i ^ . ■ ' t - 1 1 ! , ^-rf^ i ^^T ; 1 1- n ! --- . — — ^ ^ICj . t i : ■ t . 1 g5EE--xiS r-:r-',* ' , : . rfrt ' 1 ! --r — +-E^^ i M I' 1 ■ ■ _J J_J_ -J-i . - : i . -^+^ ill 1 n : X rrrt =*= -+^ ;i i 2 1 ++++ ± 1 1 1 ' i M — -Tt ■•- r ^ T. : ; -77- E -TriT^r S±=B : _^] l4o _ rrZi -^^^ — r~- -^-^ ^ '-IJ— irtr rr:- 7_J -Ei4— ! ' ' 1 ■ f I i i i ■ 1 ■ ■ 1 1 ■ 1 -M— . ; ! : ■ . , . , 1 1 ' ^ - '■': r— -f- - ' — rt-r ±E'^~" rirr — / -^ _ rr r: --■^■■) ■l-.. 4 — 1 pP|||jj[ i— - rr-r 44> -■:- T^:.:r -rn± -+-^ -n-h T-^^- ■ ■ i 1 , 1 ' i rf:' —^ T-+^ 4-1 i... -ill ix:::::: -U4-L-I :r4x::::: 7— rr ~ — - T-ni: =t^ rrr rrrzr; -zrr - ' - I ■;-- T T • ' ~r- r^:r r— / 1 — ■ Er: Err -trr^-;' - ~r^ -t^- "iTtL Vr\-^- R - ^ P —:■ 19 So ;"^ 19 /"O: --- ------ i?aD ■ - ; Ye m 20 )o: 20. 20 ?0 ^- 4.!;. ■i. . . Tri. ^: : : i ■ i j j ■ ' ' STATE OF CALIFORNIA THE RESOURCES AGENCY OF CALIFOR DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOU DELTA BRANCH MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES INDEX OF WATER USE N1A RCES xr:. rrrr ~^,TT'.~ t ■ t 1 1 L 1.... .:;:; ^::; ;:;-! 1»_ — ^ , — ■ -..i. " i J WES TER EMI- N D FF 'LOY ELT 3RU« EE IN THE A STUDY ARE/S RY 1962 I PLATE 17 tr- +tt:: I STATE OF CALIFORNI* THE RESOURCES AGENCY OF CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES DELTA BRANCH HISTORIC AND PROJECTED WATER USE PER CAPITA FOR THE CITIES OF PITTSBURG AND ANTIOCH FEBRUARY 1962 PLATE 18 __ _ __ __ 1 - \~ 6d "« , 7 r 7 r i?^Z __ -v(^^-- ^-2^ - §^'2 ^■s/ ^l/ 1 C3 _. -o^'- "^ _J__ _ J, 1>» vS^ ? ^J ^ ^ -X ^ f / 1 'X o-'il ^^ i ; - ^J- ^ _l i cf TT Jt- J^ ~ 'V . y ■^ ■J 1 ■ "+*> r ^*' 4: 1 ^j2 1 .. / c . Ln J :_ ^iTf-f ^ _ _ ^ -J VU ] ^ A y ^' 1 ID ! 1 f 1 1 / ,C JULY MW OCT NOV occ "" ■■\ \ — 1 ; H l^Li^-LlJ 1 NATURAL PRESENT JUNC JUL) AUG SCP1 1990 OCT MOV occ M M TO •0 SO 40 SO to 10 ^^ UU '■ .k-JJ i ■••■: "' ; 1 1 MM MAT JJLY AUO OCT MOV DEC AVERAGE MONTHLY SALINITY LESS THAN iiO Pf AVERAGE MONTHLY SALINITY LESS THAN 150 PI AVERAGE MONTHLY SALINITY LESS THAN 1000 P H ■ f" — 1 LA.<(_L > i^^ 1 1 <*;£BSUPPLI CONOITI SIREiMOEVELOPUEMT, OPeoATiON OF THE cEhtkil vallet project, FEATHER RIVE!) PROJECT. DELTA DIVERSION Pr" JECI. DELTA WATER PHOjr'- IE NOHTM COAST *: I 4H0 IMPQRIiOPWATER JAN FH HM VR MAY JUNE JULT . SEPT OCT NOV OEC j:^: J" STATE OF CALIFORNIA THE RESOURCES AGENCY OF CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES DELTA BRANCH JAN P» HAII AM ,'ly 't!! .'% S^ gf^.E. ' NATURAL, PRESENT AND FUTURE SALINITY CONDITIONS IN WESTERN SACRAMENTO-SAN JOAQUIN DELTA 2020 FEBRUARY 1962 SHEET I OF 2 SHEETS E M M A T N M* MM MM MM AMI MM — iMI — OCC ... — — loa -j-rrii ' -Trr •0 TO • K> •0 M to to .... — ; \ MM FH HM tfa MAY : JULV *U0 wr OCT NOV DEC " '"" r* r- L- — ^^ hsr rfl COLL I NSVILLE rU aU AM IMT JUtC JULY *U« MPT OCT ICV DCC »»^ TW " — ■■■1 — .... — MM FEB lUII V« JMC AM.T klM UF1 KT NOV oee ^ ~'\ 1 — , f - ~ ^—-luUh^^ AU r kM 1 -' n i ""^1 CM 1 ^ , 4f. JllW IVEnaGE mOnThli SA1.IHIT1 LESS Thsn i; AWECAGE uOHThli salinity less than 3 AVERAGE MONTHLY SALINITY LESS THAN I SALINITY BASED Ul UN jatgiRN DELTA ■! OF OEVELOPtUNT IN THE CENTRAL V. BEFOilE ANT SIGNIFICANT OE«i.OPHENT WITH EXISTING COWITIONS OF UPSTUEAV DEVELOP — ■- IN OF THE CENTRAL VALLEY IF UPSTREAN DEvELOPtKNI NATURAL PRESENT 1990 2020 STATE OF CALIFORNIA THE RESOURCES AGENCY OF CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES DELTA BRANCH NATURAL, PRESENT AND FUTURE SALINITY CONDITIONS IN WESTERN SACRAMENTO-SAN JOAQUIN DELTA FEBRUARY 1962 SHEET 2 OF 2 SltETS PLATE 21 LEGEND LIMIT OF MAXIMUM INCURSION OF SALINITY OF 1,000 PARTS OF CHLORIDES PER MILLION PARTS OF WATER PRIOR TO OPERATION OF SHASTA RESERVOIR OF THE CENTRAL VALLEY PROJECT ._ SUBSEQUENT TO OPERATION OF SHASTA RESERVOIR OF THE CENTRAL VALLEY PROJECT STATE OF CALIFORNIA THE RESOURCES AGENCY OF CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES DELTA BRANCH HISTORICAL SALINITY INCURSION SACRAMENTO- SAN JOAQUIN DELTA FEBRUARY 1962 SCALE OF MILES 2 2 4 e PLATE 22 — J 1 - - 1 -— ' - -] — n ~ — ~' 1 _i. 1 L ' i_ . - -4- -<-- +- —I T r^ 1. ' ! : 1 1 ~i ■ , i -t-l- I 1 ..... [_ -i-j- — ■ j- 1 ' _1 I'll . -. , - 1 1 [_ 1 _i ' jJt2-P ,^. .._. .__. .. ■■ -1 ' X. 1 1 1 -1 ' 1 i it„ - -t- - _ n: _ 1 ' J- U-l -1-1^ ^ fvi !_ "' 4: "it it O 1 1 1 1 r-l 1^ ' .. irt h -L .. . -■- — >— '■: X ■■Tt) i-3 i n 1 ^ . " W' 1 " ' -P "" ! ■ — y i , .,.._, _ ^ _,j^^ i_ 2 " "■ _l-Jl -u ' ^ it ^_ U -. _t_ ^^ i ! X . . .. < ^ y • . ._ ' w j^ T f- _ „e^ ^ '-It:' 1 ' 1 Ui.®""^ /^ c; P^"^ o al - vO^^ ^ ^^ ZI W 1 K>-4- ' V _ uj^ -^X ± _ it ^ V ^ ^ ^ --4^ i i^ 1 1 ^ . y V .^ -■ ^ 1 >i_i_ 1 ^ 1 y ^^ ^^^ ^.•'' it i ■ -H : \i > i 1 i y\ y ,y ^ .." 1 i t! ' n- •' . 1 i 1 1 1 ^ y\^^'' ^^It ^ , 1^ yi!^ ^" 1 '"" ,:^ ^'^ ■ i^ -^ -•-' :>o 1 3 1 1 ^ y y^ ^•- ^-- --^ -4- i c ^^ 1 ^J |_ ^'^ ^'^ ^^^- ,^^ ^-- ^ it ; OT^ ^ ^ .^^ ^=^^ , ^^?^I^_. ..ittl^- it ' <^ ' ' 1 y y ^^ --'' ii" ' "■ ^ ' i ^^^ ^^ ^^^ --'■ ' ' * i y^^r''' ^'' =.-^^ -^ Si it y ^yL'' ^^ ,^-^ 1 ; ■ -H ■» ; ' '^i^'' .^ -■-■' 1 ---^ _^: : >H :'2.D I i 1 _.y''^'' ^-' ^^-' 1 1 1 ! ' 1 1 /'i''^'' ->'' -,"'' 1 1 Si M ' ' l^^^"^-**^" — -"'*''^ ! i -5 1 1 ^^^S-- "^ — " — ■ 1 (y ' 1 ! _^^^&— - ^ ! 1 1 1 i III 1 -^- it XTXIu IT n f\ i/wi ^wi 1 '»m._ i__i [tn :r ^ r 3._.i^ ' <^nTin'fv nf Trri frati on Watpr PPM CL ; ■ I .^,. _ I ) 1 1 ' ' 1 — — 1 NOTE: Salinity refers to chlorides r state of California ~r . ."; ^, . , . . TME RESOURCES AGENCY OF CALIFORMA j^ primarily, other constituents department of water resources — . _j. nrp nrpspnt, in minor nuantitips- nn ta nnAMm ■^^^^' IT - SALINATION OF DELTA SOILS r "*" VhKbUb SALINITY OF THE IRRIGATION WATER SACRAMENTO- SAN JOAQUIN DELIA PLATE 23 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0| ■ "" .. " ~l ^^ ,^=' 4 y ^-' t 7- - ^-='' _i - it -^it - ^c ^^ I ^ts,-^^ : -to- 1 " tl tl '^ ^r';i^ ^t y 4 / ^ ^ t / ^■^ : ^ V- - -.-^ - t 7 7 it t I 'it t L ip It " it it it .. L i. 1 _, J 1 J-^i- 1 " 4- a 7 - ^ - + " " ■ it a t p!,' " t ] it t ' " IS 1 - t 1 it J \ 1 L. - t 1 ' ! (0 it S t r 1 (U ■^ f -t 4= -^ 1 ^ - s - i - - .A_ n t ^ It -+ + HH c it/ - t 4- it o f - ^ + c ^ M 1 _ 1^ : j_ ^ it i^ Si It -, 4- 1 J r— 4 •H / 1 -H ± u _ t 1 tM t ^ t 8"»4r : " ^ "^ - -/. . 1 -1 n- - ^1 -rf : Cm - 1 It ^^ ^ 1 - j Oh IT o - 7 ! '-' it it - I - 1 -H t c t -u ' °~ ; ± _ 2 : i t— UJ i^ J _ L L_ ^n - 13-4 V - - A 4= - _ o St i L. +^ I c ^ ' -^ ?< "^ S " t - ^ - . _A ■^ '3^ 1 T St ^ - -t t^ -iT^''" £'X n \ t Q o "± t: 1 - A hI 4i t) ii ^i i[: ^ _ X - it 1 " it ^ -Jt it it - h T r 1 it t^ 4iit Tit / ~T~ X 1 "it d t it T-L 41 1- -1- -^-r- ! 1 L m |\ I - i -+ i 1 ^ 1 r t it - ' T^ c t - / ^ -t-- 1 r rr^r 5 i T it - X it -t^i^ J 7 itit -t III! -r-- "it ^ i Lit- _!_.■ i ' la. -|-- " it A t - i ij-- ' \ 1 ' 1 , M 1 1 1 1 ; 1 I M M 1 1 1 Ml 1 1 M '^^; i "T" 1 '" 'r~ , , 1 , , , ,\ . .\ - II 1 1 1 1 ii\ 1 \ ' \ M \ - 4- - i.r^ "^" 1 1 ' -i~ jt ± . -Hg ! 1 1 j_ il IT C _ ■ ' lux it i V - 1 I 1 . i 1 ■ "^ \i xrt^^, it 3 - . 1 ■ 1 II 11 JL . -' ■ -r- t 1 j- . j_ ' 1 ; III 1 1 1 ' ■ .:;LTri~T:i: : J Ll ' . . L _L.4I - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ' II; ■ ,,o 1 , , 1 ' '1 1 -: — . — . , i4o ., ... --^-1 ^"1 ■ IT ■ ( 1 T ' "5 1 ^5^r-l- i 11. n-1 ,'"' '■■tn—rm^ ' ' ■ -^4 ^ 1 1 1 ii 1 1 1 i ! ri 1 , ' -j-l- - ._!-j-| - ' M -T~ — ; — r-j— ^ -'jC X ivj oi oaxurax ion iLxoracT/ i i 1 p "I ' i ' i ' I.'OTE: Typical Delta soil salinity accaT.ulation after conven- tional irrigation practice applying approximately 50 inches of water. i 1 i STATE OF CALIFORNIA . . . .^ 1 ' THE RESOURCES AGENCY OF CALIFORNIA 1 ; ' ■ DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES DELTA BRANCH , , 1 . . 1 , i 1 ... .1. I . T* SALT ACCUMULATION 1 ' 1 1 r 1 1 1 1 i 1 1 i 1 i M M II 1 1 1 1 1 1 M M 1 1 1 44 - - 4-- -L -L IN DELTA SOILS 1 1 , 1 4^ 44 1 t: it 1 1 [ 1 ; 1 I M 1 1 1 i 1 1 1 1 1 XL L ' ' ' ' ' ' ' FEBRUARY 1962 1 ! ' ■ ■ 1 1 1 1 1 I i 1 1 1 1 II 1 j j in PLATE 24 " STATE OF CALIFORNIA THE RESOURCES AGENCY OF CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES DELTA BRANCH EFFECTIVENESS OF LEACHING PEATY SOILS IN THE SACRAMENTO- SAN JOAQUIN DELTA FEBRUARY 1962 - C' - - - - y w = 'B "i 5 t^ O'J ■^ 1 ^ ( ■) I "\ r y / r -- — / y { / ■ J ^ <:> -p p. o u < : f / ^ oi 1 ( f - - 1 1 / i J / ' z' 1 / / f i } 1 / ( uk 1 1 1 r / "^ 1 1 (M , / f 1 : 1 I 1 f J 1 / [ f ( 1 1 f / 1 1 > _i r 1 / / i J i f f 1 ' I / O 1 f / CM 1 1 n : ! ( e I --I ft x: -H ft / / f- / / / 1 1 r, r 1 i 1 1 / / ' 1 ! f- - ' 1 1 y f 1 \—r- 1 u\ - : ■ ; 1 r-li • +J o 1 -)- •^ tin ir\ ^i ^ CO Q) O Td -P " H bo n c8 - . -I r-< j^ »^ ' ' i i - ■i t /f 1 i /. ' , 1 1 7 Oi -H 4J O 1^ C / J - ~T - '/ 1 vr 1 9 C 03 OJ -^ i T^ ' 1 // rH o r-i x: o - - - - 1 ■ / / ; 1 1 , 1 i 1 1 O O •'-' (U . o > > --^ 1 1 / f 1 1 1 'f i : . i 1 •iH 4-> W '01 ■ 1 . 1 / 1 ! 1 1 1 1 1 0) QJ C -H , D Jh S t, . ^ bD 3 o ' 1 - - 1 1 i 1 - ,J-.J 1 1 ! <(-, O r-l r-l V. M o x: ■ iia ft o c; ' 1 1 I 1 \ 1 1 "n 1 i^ 1 1 1 1 1 ' - ] ', i .- - 1 1 .• -- - .-:J4H 1 f 1 1 1 ^ n - - - - - - :: g '■ ' 1 1 1 I ■ ^ 1 < 'cy \f . - _ .11 \, ■ r T ^ c J ■ 1 . 1 f i ^ ' 1 1 1 4- :[■: — ' 1 i 1 1 1 1 1 1 i .._L t i_ ' ' 1 - - : - - - a:tBqoBsi jo ^oi >• ^a c - I 1 ' 1 1 1 1 1 : ! 1 1 ■ ll. ' 1 1 1 L - - ... -y-;- 1 L L- 1 " -+ .-^.!- 1- - - - - - ... \-^ J^^ 1 1 ■ _ _L J. 1 1 _ _ _ _ _ PLATE 25 1 J -"IT" ^m ^i 1 1 ! /; 1 } r-M-i- 1 '^: y ' f T 1 , t 1 1 1 - - - - - / , 1 "1 ! 1 ; 1 i 1 f I-X. L, 1 {f 1 i 1 r-H- ! 1 r !- 1 J 1 :n_ f 1 ! -H- I / I '1 o T n ^1 t i. 2 .y| , 1 f i / —t _ 1- . ._L_l -- 1 f CJ ' 1 ■ |i ^ J J i : L_l ii" i f K 1 1 ; LI / -!-^ "^ r" ] / : 1 ! "T-T"T'l XL _i_ r ±- s 1 -p -t w ]i Q h ' '111 i ! 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X I 1 ■ / Z X X-*^,^:^ , t o i / / V ^ ^ \ j^ (^ M \ , ■ ■ ■"■ -\ - /- y- 1 ^' ^ >^^ jtL / ^ ^ v;i^ +j ' X V I Jf y A - \ "T "T- / 7 M y^ ' >^ ' .. , ?, ,. 1 i 1 / / y y y ^ • ■ ^ ^ / ix -t,.^xti ^^^ ^^ S ' A^ ^ ^ 7^ "^ '^ \ - " jY / / y "* -<;''- ^.^'^ ;&a ^i: :;^ _ _L y I L'^ ^-^ >'' < 1 (T) n Z 112 ^^ ■^ ^-^ r|_ CO I ^ ^ ^ ^ ^-^ «=■ ^-^ / / y x-" . '' ^^ n / / y .^ X^^ X X ^4" X : ^ J ill. //'111./' 1 > ^^ ,>^0 !• (rt - - "" 3 V, h , ! 1 /| I/' ' 1 1 •■ -*''r 1 -^ "^ L.-- ■* ^ 1 y 1/1 1 'y'''! ^ 1 ^1 1 j-x"^ r > i r 1 M ' ' ' / / ' ' y y" ■ ! \^ 1 ' ' ' / / y" y \-<^ 1 ' ' j-*^ u. -^ i ! / / / y"^ ^ 1 -» <^ ; 1 y^/^ 1 JX' . 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I X ni ' _ I I I I PLATE 27 STATE OF CALIFORNIA THE RESOURCES AGENCY OF CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES DELTA BRANCH LOCATION MAP :ONTRA COSTA COUNTY WATER DISTRICT FEBRUARY 1962 SC4LE OF MILES I PLATE 2B Sheet I of 4 : PLATE 28 L : : : ! l ! rrtrrrtrrrrt: Cost of Water from the Contra Costa Canal (Canalslde) B, Distance from River (Thousands of Feet) Ff TLtin J-^ STATE OF (_Ai_iFOHMA THE RESOURCES AGENCY OF CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES DELTA BRANCH COST OF SELF-SUPPLIED INDUSTRIAL WATER FROM THE SACRAMENTO- SAN JOAQUIN RIVER IN PITTSBURG-ANTIOCH AREA (ONE HUNDRED PERCENT AVAILABILITY) FEBRUARY 1962 Sheet I of 4 F PLATE 28 -^ * Cost of Water from the Contra Costa Canal T^~ (Canalside) : X Distance from River (Thousands of Feet) '^ STATt OF CALIFORNIA THE RESOURCES AGENCY QF CALifORMA DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES DELTA BRANCH COST OF SELF - SUPPLIED INDUSTRIAL WATER FROM THE SACRAMENTO-SAN JOAQUIN RIVER IN PITTSBURG- ANTIOCH AREA (SIXTY PERCENT AVAILABILITY) FEBRUARY 1962 Sheet 2 of 4 PLATE 28 ■^t M ff- ti:^ -4----^ 'la -£1: -20- ir.r^. H:.B m m: W-U- r- tt 3-: ITt mi^- .?. yi. Z CO a) i&- 3 i il 1 o Q m 5F o I < m: r -4? rrh ^^ 1 1 1 i j i 1 1 1 1 mrn Cost of Water from the Contra Costa Ca n al (Ca nalside)_:j< ^ .^.„4- — 1—- Distance from River (Thousands of Feet) ii--^t;.rj, ■M. 1 ■ STATE OF CALIFORNIA THE RESOURCES AGENCY QF CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES DELTA BRANCH COST OF SELF-SUPPLIED hNDUSTRIAL WATER FROM THE SACRAMENTO-SAN JOAQUIN RIVER IN PITTSBURG- ANTIOCH AREA (FORTY PERCENT AVAILABILITY) FEBRUARY 1962 Sheet 3 of 4 PLATE 28 Sheet 4 of 4 PLATE 29 PLATE 30 •^i Old Rivar at Sugar Cut 40 47 MIddlaR. at Sta»or( Tr. 60 rarlad ilphon undor Thra a Slough, for Sharmon |: _3/ Tha facility Includoi on invertod ilphon undar Polaa River for (raih wotar to Wabb Trod