BERKEISY 
 
 LIBRARY 
 
 UN1VER 
 CALIFORNIA 
 
 -8IOLOGI 
 
Q/ , *O, QJ aXtxl/fi^T" 
 
OF THE 
 
 Ofyio /}<rieul(:ural 
 
 TECHNICAL SERIES. VOLUME I, NUMBER 4. 
 Wooster, Ohio, July, 1896. 
 
 ARTICLE XXIV: 
 
 PRELIMINARY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 Birds of Wayne County, Ohio. 
 
 BY 
 
 HARRY C. (OBERHOLSER- 
 
 The Bulletin of this Station is sent free to all residents of the State who request it. Persons 
 who receive duplicate copies oj the Bulletin, or who do not care to receive any, are requested to 
 notify the Station, as the edition is not sufficient to supply the urgent demand for it. 
 
 All correspondence should be addressed to EXPERIMENT STATION, Wooster, Ohio. 
 
 COLUMBUS: 
 
 THE WESTBOTE COMPANY, STATE PBIN 
 1896 
 
 DLPAKTMENT 
 
 AP R 2G ^6 
 
ORGANIZATION OF THE 
 OHIO AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 
 
 BOAKD OF CONTKOL. 
 
 BETH H. ELLIS Springboro 
 
 E. H. WARDER ......North Bead 
 
 J. T. KOBINSON Rockaway 
 
 THE GOVERNOR OF THE STATE 
 
 JSx-officio 
 
 THE DIRECTOR OP THE STATION 
 
 OFFICERS OF THE BOARD. 
 
 SETH H. ELLIS President 
 
 R. H. WARDER Secretary 
 
 PERCY A. HINMAN Treasurer 
 
 STATION STAFF. 
 
 CHARLES E. THORNE Wooster Director 
 
 WILLIAM J. GREEN " Horticulturist and Vice-Director 
 
 J. FREMONT HICKMAN, M. A. S " .Agriculturist 
 
 FRANCIS M. WEBSTER, M. Sc " Entomologist 
 
 AUGUSTINE D. SELBY, B. Sc " Botanist and Chemist 
 
 PERCY A. HINMAN. " Bursar 
 
 LLOYD M. BLOOMFIELD, B. AGR " Assistant Chemist 
 
 CHARLES W. MALLY, M. Sc " Assistant Entomologist 
 
 WILLIAM HOLMES " .Foreman of Farm 
 
 CHARLES A. PATTON " ...Ass't Foreman and Meteorologist 
 
 W. A. PORTER " Florist 
 
 WILLIS G. HARRY , " Dairyman 
 
 ANNIE B. AYRES ' Mailing Clerk 
 
 S. J. BLAKE " Mechanic 
 
 J. E. BARCLAY NeapDl's Supt. Northwestern Sub-Station 
 
 EDWARD MOHN Strongsville Supt. Northeastern Sub-Station 
 
 The Bulletins of this Station are issued at irregular intervals. They are paged consecu- 
 tively, and an index is included with the final number of each volume. 
 
 i Catalogue for BfoJ, 
 
BIOLOGY 
 LIBRARY 
 
 J\Iotice. 
 
 BY THE DIRECTOR. 
 
 The Technical Series of the bulletins of this Station was begun as a 
 channel for the publication and presirvation of papers, the incidental 
 product of the investigations of the Station, but which, by reason of 
 their technical character, are of interest chiefly to those engaged in scien- 
 tific research. 
 
 While the papers thus far published in this series are all mo*e or less 
 fragmentary and many relate to other lines of work, the leading object 
 in view has been the collection of material which may some day be 
 worked into a systematic biological survey of the State, this to serve as 
 the basis of a more accurate knowledge than is now possessed for the 
 prosecution of the more distinctively economic work. 
 
 The previous issues in this series have been as follows : 
 
 TECHNICAL SERIES, VOL. I, NO. 1, OCTOBER, 1889. 
 
 Article I. Preparatory stages of the 20-spotted Ladybird. (Illustrated.) 
 
 0. M. Weed. 
 
 Article IL Studies in pond life. (Illustrated) G. M . Weed. 
 
 Article III. A partial bibliography of insects affecting clover C. M. Weed. 
 
 TECHNICAL SERIES, VOL. I, NO. 2, MAY, 1890. 
 
 Article IV. Flowering plants on' the grounds of the Ohio State University. 
 
 Moses Craig. 
 
 Article V. Fourth contribution to the life history of little known plant lice. 
 
 C. M. Weed. 
 
 Article.VI. Descriptive catalogue of the shells of Franklin county, Ohio. (Illus- 
 trated) H. A. Surface. 
 
 TECHNICAL SERIES, VOL. I, NO. 3, APRIL, 1893. 
 
 Article VII. Methods of oviposition in the Tipulidse. (Illustrated) F. M. Webs'er. 
 
 Article^III. A Dipterous gall-maker and its associates. (Illustrated).. F. M . Webster. 
 
 Article IX. Description of a new species of gall-making Diptera. (Illustrated.) 
 
 John Marten 
 
 Article X. Description of a species of Chlorops reared from galls on Muhlenbergia 
 mexicana S. W. Williston. 
 
 Article XI. Notes on some species of Ohio Hymenoptera and Diptera heretofore un de- 
 scribed. (Illustrated) F. M. Webster 
 
ii INDEX. 
 
 Article XII. Descriptions of new parasitic Hjmenoptera bred by F. M. Webster. (Il- 
 lustrated) Wm. H. AshmeatL 
 
 Article XIII. A Tachinid reared from cells of a mud-dauber wasp 
 
 C. H. Tyler Townsend. 
 
 Article XIV. Additions to the preliminary list of the Uredinese of Ohio 
 
 Freda Detmers. 
 
 Article XV. Bibliography of Ohio botany W. A. Kellerman. 
 
 Article XVI. Experiments in the germination of treated seed W. A. Kellerman. 
 
 Article XVII. Analytical synopsis of the groups of fungi 
 
 W. A. Kellerman and Aug. D. Selby. 
 
 Article XVIII. The Ohio Erysiphea*. (Illustrated) Aug. D. <&%. 
 
 Article XIX. Corrections and additions to Moses Craig's catalogue of the uncultivated 
 flowering plants growing on the grounds of the Ohio State University 
 W. A. Kellerman and Wm. C. Werner. 
 
 Article XX. Distribution of and stations for a few rare and interesting Ohio plants. 
 
 Wm. G. Werner. 
 
 Article XXI. New plants for the flora of Ohio Wm. C. Werner. 
 
 Article XXII. Notes on rare Ohio plants Aug. D. Selby. 
 
 Article XXIII. New or rare plants of Ohio W. A. Kellerman. 
 
 These bulletins are paged consecutively, and a complete index will 
 be published in the final number of the volume. The bulletins of this 
 series are sent only to other stations, to public libraries, scientific societies, 
 and to such individuals as expressly request them. 
 
 A limited number of these bulletins can be furnished to applicants. 
 
OF THE 
 
 OHIO AQRIGULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 
 
 VOL. I, No. 4. TECHNICAL SERIES. JULY, 1896. 
 
 Article XXIY. A Preliminary List of the 
 Birds of Wayrve Govmty, OKio. 
 
 BY HARRY C. OBERHOLSER. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 JUHE present catalogue is the outgrowth of a request made some time 
 1 since by Prof. F. M. Webster, Entomologist of the Ohio Agricultural 
 Experiment Station, who desired the writer to prepare a report on the 
 avifauna of Wayne County, the new location of the Station. Although 
 this task was undertaken with no little hesitation, it has been the aim of 
 the author to offer a list as complete as possible, with such annotations as 
 seem to be of interest in this connection. 
 
 That the number of species is far from exhaustive is of course un- 
 necessary to state. No one more than the writer regrets this evident in- 
 completeness, which is principally due to the comparatively short period 
 covered by the writer's observations, and to the fact that the only oppor- 
 tunities for such investigations were the leisure hours of an active busi- 
 ness life. That the present paper may serve as a basis for future observa- 
 tions is the chief excuse for its existence. With this purpose in view 
 much care has been exercised to avoid the inclusion of any but perfectly 
 
244 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION. 
 
 reliable records. All but four species 1 have been personally identified by 
 the writer, either in the field or from specimens in local collections ; and 
 these four exceptions have been admitted only upon what has been con- 
 sidered satisfactory evidence of their occurrence. Species of doubtful or 
 of probable occurrence, while excluded from the list proper, have been 
 separately enumerated as a guide to future observations. 
 
 The notes from which this paper has mainly been compiled were 
 taken by the writer between February 8, 1890, and April 9, 1894; during 
 which time almost all of the County, excepting the extreme northeastern 
 and southwestern portions, was visited. The data here utilized were, 
 however, obtained chiefly in the iricinity of Wooster, within a radius of 
 about six miles of the city. This information has been supplemented by 
 the examination of a number of collections of mounted birds from differ- 
 ent parts of the County; evidence of the occurrence of a number of species 
 not otherwise noted having been thus secured. Statements in regard to 
 the abundance of species have in most cases been carefully estimated 
 from comparisons of the actual number of individuals recorded, and may 
 therefore be regarded as approximately correct. The annotations are 
 drawn almost entirely from notes relating to Wayne County, and unless 
 it is otherwise specifically stated, are intended to reflect the status of the 
 species in question merely with respect to the region under consideration. 
 
 The nomenclature, and the classification, which at the suggestion of 
 Prof. Webster has been given entire, are of course those of the Check List 
 of the American Ornithologists' Union, including the recent emendations. 
 The illustrations, which are also the result of a suggestion by Prof. 
 Webster, have been here reproduced through the courtesy of Messrs. Estes 
 and Lauriat, of Boston, Mass. The writer desires furthermore to express 
 to Prof. F. M. ^Vebster his sincere appreciation of much indispensable 
 assistance in the preparation of this report. Thanks are also due to Mr. 
 Joseph Housekeeper, of Wooster, for information in regard to some of the 
 water birds; to Mr. Ellsworth Freeman, of Orrville, as well as to the other 
 gentlemen who have kindly permitted the writer to examine birds in 
 their possession, and whose names appear in the following pages. 
 
 Wayne County is situated in the northeastern portion of Ohio, about 
 thirty-five miles from Lake Erie and about fifty-five miles west of the State 
 line of Pennsylvania. The forty-first parallel of north latitude forms its 
 northern boundary. It is in shape nearly square, being twenty- five miles 
 from east to west, and about twenty-three miles in north and south 
 extent, with an area of 535 square miles. The towns mentioned in the 
 ensuing pages are situated as follows : Wooster lies about three or four 
 
 1 These are : Meleagris gallopavo, Pandion haliaetus carolinensis, Ceophlceus pileatus and 
 Acanthis Unarm. 
 
THE BIRDS OF WAYNE COUNTY. 245 
 
 miles southwest of the geographical center of the County, and nearly a 
 mile from the present course of Killbuck Creek; Orrville is about eleven 
 miles northeast of Wooster, and six miles from the eastern boundary ; 
 West Salem is located in the extreme northwest corner of the County, 
 while Shreve lies close to the southern line, and five or six miles from its 
 western limit. 
 
 The County itself lies upon the southern slope of the watershed 
 which separates the streams flowing into Lake Erie from those tributary 
 to the Ohio River ; its northern boundary being close to the top of the 
 dividing ridge, the summit level of which is found in the vicinity of 
 Akron, in Summit County. The altitude of the highest point of land 
 within Wayne County is 1,042 feet, this being in the extreme north- 
 eastern township. In some of the surrounding counties the highest ele- 
 vations range from 300 to 400 feet higher ; while the maximum in the 
 State is attained in Logan County, where the altitude is 1,540 feet above 
 sea level. 
 
 The geological formation of Wayne County is, with some minor 
 modifications, essentially that of northeastern Ohio. Consequently there 
 are absent all the series between the coal measures of the Carboniferous 
 and the superincumbent Quaternary deposits; the Mesozoic and Tertiary 
 being unrepresented. By reason of its position on the eastern slope of 
 the axis of the anticlinal, Wayne County marks one of the western limits 
 of the Ohio coal deposits. The coal measures are confined principally to 
 the eastern half of the County, and where present rest either directly 
 upon the sub carboniferous Waverly group, or upon the superincumbent 
 sand conglomerate formation. Coal in paying quantities and of good 
 quality is extensively mined in several of the eastern townships. 
 
 The Quaternary deposits consist largely of drift, and their clays, 
 sands, gravels and boulders, overlying the rock strata to a depth of ten 
 to eighty feet, constitute the major portion of the surface of the County. 
 The rocks of the .Carboniferous formation, both those of the Waverly 
 group and those of the coal measures, consisting of sandstones, shales and 
 limestones, are, however, exposed in numerous places throughout the 
 County, and in suitable locations are to some extent quarried. Glacial 
 action is evident over almost the entire area; and there are a number of 
 buried stream channels, as well as the remains of the beds of several 
 ancient lakes, more particular mention of which will be made in another 
 connection. 
 
 The surface of the country is generally rolling, interspersed in some 
 portions with elevations of considerable height, occassional deep valleys, 
 and expanses of level lowland prairie. 
 
246 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION. 
 
 The streams are numerous, though not of large size. The most 
 important is the Killbuck, which rises in the northern part of the County, 
 flows in a southerly direction entirely across the western portion, passing 
 within a mile of Wooster, and in the continuance of its course beyond 
 the limits of the County, finally discharges its waters into the Muskingum. 
 The next in size is the Chippewa, which, however, flows through only the 
 two northeastern township?, becoming in its extralimital course tributary 
 to the Tuscarawas River. Newman's Creek, another tributary of the 
 Tuscarawas, rises in the eastern portion of the County, and flows out in 
 a northeasterly direction, draining the region known as Newman's Swamp. 
 In the extrence western portion the Muddy Fork of the Mohican makes a 
 wide circuit into the two central townships ; while the southeastern por- 
 tion of the County is drained by Sugar Creek and Salt Creek. Apple 
 Creek is the main tributary of the Killbuck, and joins the latter near 
 Wooster, its own branches flowing from the east and northeast. All these 
 streams are fed by numerous smaller ones, some of which are, however, 
 almost entirely dry during protracted absence of rain. The majority of 
 the main streams are crooked creeks, with generally very sluggish cur- 
 rents and very low banks. The elevations and hills, which in many 
 places slope back from the larger streams, apparently indicate by their 
 evidences of erosion that the flowing water has cut down through them 
 to the channels now occupied. 
 
 The few lakes are situated in the northeastern and southwestern 
 parts of the County, the largest being Fox Lake, which lies only a short 
 distance from the line of Stark County. Its water is clear and very deep, 
 and it appears to be a favorite resort for both water birds and shore birds. 
 All the other lakes are much smaller. Near the southwestern corner of 
 the County, but just outside its boundaries, is situated a group of four or 
 five lakes, two of which, Long Lake and Odell's Lake, are of considerable 
 size. The northern extremity of the latter is said to be within the County. 
 The character of these lakes is much the same as of those previously men- 
 tioned, the shores being partially or wholly marshy and covered in places 
 with a thick growth of cat-tail flags (Typha latifoka) or yellow water lilies 
 (Nymphxa advena); such vegetation forming trje favorite summer home 
 of the Least Bittern (Ardetta exilis). In suitable places in these lakes the 
 white water lily (Castalia odorata) is found in abundance. 
 
 Bordering most of the streams of Wayne County are level low lands, 
 which along the larger water courses are sometimes several miles in width. 
 During seasons of heavy rainfall these bottom lands are overflowed, and 
 when this occurs during the fall or early spring, Ducks and other water 
 birds are much more than usually abundant. Many portions of these 
 lands have been drained and are now under cultivation. There are here 
 
THE BIRDS OF WAYNE COUNTY. 247 
 
 also many damp, grassy meadows, some of them of wide extent, which 
 are in spring and fall the feeding grounds of numerous Meadowlarks 
 (Sturnella magna) and Killdeers (.Egialites xocifera). Even at the preeent 
 time large areas of forest still exist on some of these bottom-lands, though 
 of course much has been cleared, and in many places there remains only 
 a fringe of trees along the streams. The principal trees here are red maple 
 (Acer rubruni) and elm (Uiinus Americana); together with which occur 
 sycamore (Platanus occidentalism black walnut (Juglans nigra), beech 
 (Fagus atropunicea) , white oak (Quercus albcC), pin oak (Quercus palustris), 
 sugar maple (Acer Saccharuni) r sw&mp hickory (Hicoria minima), slippery 
 elm (Utmus pubescens), and ash (Froxmus */>.?). These bottom woods are, 
 during the breeding season, frequented by such birds as the Red- shouldered 
 Hawk (Butco lineatus), Barred Owl (Syrinum ndndosum*) and Crow (Corvus 
 americanus}. In the many dead tree trunks several species of Woodpeck- 
 ers find homes, and the decaying stumps serve a like purpose for the 
 benefit of the Chickadees (Parus atricapitlus). Here also in the winter 
 are found in greatest abundance all of the resident Woodpeckers; while 
 the Brown Creeper (Certhia familiaris americana) and Winter Wren 
 (Troglodytes hiemalis) seem to find in such localities the most congenial 
 surroundings. 
 
 Throughout the lowlands of the Killbuck Valley in the southern half 
 of the County are frequent swamps, some of them of considerable extent. 
 They are always, except in the most extreme drought, overspread with 
 water, and are either covered with cat tail flags (Typha latifolia) and tall 
 rank grass, or overgrown with dense thickets and low trees; in either case 
 well-nigh inaccessible under ordinary circumstances. Here, as well as in 
 the undergrowth along the streams, flourish alders, willows of several 
 species, and other similar bushes; while the waste lands often surround- 
 ing them produce a luxuriant harvest of beggar-ticks (Bidtns frondosa) 
 and Spanish needles (Bidens blpinnata). 
 
 These isolated bogs are the remains of what in the early part of the 
 present century was an almost uninterrupted swamp, extending south 
 from Wooster to beyond the limits of the County, and which, together 
 with all the lowlands in the valley, was covered with water for many 
 years after the advent of man to this region. This is evidently what was 
 once the bed of a pre-glacial lake, the former existence of which is attested 
 by the present topography of the locality. 
 
 In this ancient lake were islands whose identity is still preserved, 
 their soil being of a conspicuously different consistency from that of the 
 surrounding lake bed, over which has been spread thick deposits of sand, 
 and of the vegetable mould which now constitutes the rich soil of these 
 bottom-lands. In this respect these islands are scarcely different from the 
 
248 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION. 
 
 high ground bordering the valley, and were originally well wooded with 
 trees similar to those growing on the uplands. There are wide stretches 
 of this lake bed, now designated as " prairies ", which were formerly open 
 water, but by their emergence became covered with a thick growth of 
 vegetation, consisting of bushes, flags, rushes and rank grass. The por- 
 tions of these prairies that remain at present uncleared are the favorite 
 haunts of Rails and Snipes. 
 
 Newman's Swamp, extending east from Orrville six miles to the bor- 
 der of the County, is situated in the bed of another pre-glacial lake, and 
 was in many respects the same as the swamp in the valley of the Killbuck, 
 only if anything wilder and more impenetrable. This has now, however, 
 to a great extent been cleared and put under cultivation. Areas of swamp 
 and prairie, of an origin similar to those described, exist in still other 
 localities, notably in the northeast about Fox Lake, and in the extreme 
 southwestern portion of the County. 
 
 In places along the large streams are drift dep03its, forming often 
 extensive terraces skirting the bluffs which border the valleys the city of 
 Wooster itself being located upon ground of this character. Upon these 
 terraces existed forests of deciduous trees, probably similar to those now 
 growing upon the uplands. The uplands themselves are at length seen 
 to be practically plateaux overlooking the lowlands in the valleys. Ero- 
 sion is plainly visible in the numerous ravines and gullies which have 
 been cut out where the brooks flow down to join the main streams. 
 
 These ravines are usually wooded, at least in part, containing in 
 many places the only trees spared by the ruthless axe. Here are found 
 such trees and shrubs as the following : buckeye (sEsculus glabra), wild 
 cherry .(Prunusserotinai), elm (Ulmus Americana), red maple (Acerrubruni), 
 black walnut (Juglans nigra), butternut (Juglans cinerea), tulip tree (Liri- 
 odendron Tulipifera), beech (Fagus atropunicea), oaks (Quercus alba, rubra 
 et valu'ina), sassafras (Sassafras Sassafras), dogwood (Cornus florida), iron- 
 wood (Ostrya Virginiana), elder (Sambucus Canadtnsis), black haw (Vibur- 
 num prunifoliuni) , and at least two species of thorn (Crattfgus). In these 
 ravines flourish the trilliums (Trillium erectum et grandiflorum) , while in 
 suitable places along the banks grow the dainty hepatica (Hepatica Bepa- 
 tica) and the fragrant arbutus (Epigsea repens), although the latter is ex- 
 tremely local in its distribution. These shady retreats furnish congenial 
 summer homes for such avian species as the Wood Thrush (Turdus mus- 
 telinus), Rose-breasted Grosbeak (Habia ludoviciana), Scarlet Tanager (Pi- 
 ranga erythromelas), Brown Thrasher (Harporhynchus rufus), and Catbird 
 (Galeoscoptes carolinensis). 
 
 The uplands are interspersed with frequent woodland tracts, the 
 major portion of the country, however, being under cultivation. The 
 
THE BIRDS OF WAYNE COUNTY. 249 
 
 numerous apple orchards and grass fields leave nothing to be desired by 
 those birds which are accustomed to make such places their summer 
 abodes. The forest areas consist often of heavy timber, many of the trees 
 being from thiee to five feet in basal diameter, but from some of the 
 woodland the larger trees have been removed, leaving only the smaller 
 growth. The underbrush in these upland woods is rarely dense, and is 
 often practically wanting. The trees are almost exclusively deciduous, 
 the only conifers of consequence being the hemlock (Tsuga Catiadensis), 
 which occurs in a few localities on high banks along streams; and the red 
 cedar (Juniperus Virginiana}, scattered individuals of which are found in 
 some parts of the County. The characteristic deciduous trees are : white 
 oak (Quercus alba), red oak (Quercus rubra*), black oak (Quercus velutina), 
 pin oak (Quercus palustris), shell-bark hickory (Hicoria ovata), pig-nut 
 hickory (Hicoria glabra), sugar maple (Acer saccharum), beech (Fagus 
 atropunicea), basswood (Tilia Americana), chestnut (Castanea dentata), tulip 
 tree (Liriodendrcn Tulipifera), with an occasional cucumber tree (Magnolia 
 acuminata.) 
 
 With respect to climate this region presents few peculiarities. The 
 temperature ranges from 20 degrees below to 99 degrees above zero Fahren- 
 heit, though both these extremes are exceptional. Heavy frosts are not 
 generally prevailent before October, and the severe cold weather usually 
 occurs during the latter part of December and in January. The influence 
 of winter, however, often extends far into the spring, and frosts in May 
 are not infrequent. The fall of gnow is not heavy; the greatest rainfall, 
 as a rule, occurring in the spring months. This is usually succeeded 
 either in the summer or early fall by a season of drought, which is some- 
 times of considerable duration. Severe thunder-showers are not uncom- 
 mon, being most frequent during June and the first part of July. The 
 average annual precipitation at Wposter, for the seven years previous to 
 1894, was 40.11 inches; the average annual temperature for the same 
 period being 49.3 degrees Fahrenheit. 
 
 Faunally considered this locality is almost purely Carolinian, with a 
 very slight infusion of forms of somewhat more northern affinities as 
 Habia ludoviciana, Piranga erythromelas and Parus alricapillus, which are 
 all common during the breeding season. With these occur such charac- 
 teristic Carolinian species as Empidonax virescens, Icterus spurius, Spizeila 
 pusilla, Cardinaliscardinalis, Stelgidopteryxserripennis, Helminthophila pinus, 
 Seiurus motacilla, Icteria virens and Thryothorus ludovicianus. 
 
 During both seasons of migration, but more particularly in the spring, 
 species, as well as to a less extent individuals, are remarkably numerous, 
 following in their movements what appears to be a natural highway along 
 the courses of the streams, which it will be noticed form the headwaters 
 
250 
 
 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION. 
 
 of the Muekingum River. The valley of the Killbuck seems to be 
 especially suitable, for during a favorable season the woodlands along 
 this stream fairly teem with bird life. A certain locality, situated along 
 the Killbuck and distant some four miles northwest from Wooster, 
 apparently presents unusual attractions to the birds, besides being both 
 an entomological and a botanical paradise. This appears to be accounted 
 for by the great diversity of topographical conditions existing within a 
 comparatively small area; since here are upland fields, thickets, forests, 
 and wooded ravines closely adjacent to the swamps, marshes, meadows, 
 damp woodlands and thickets of the Killbuck's valley. 
 
 To illustrate its attractiveness to the lover of birds, as well as to indi- 
 date what may be seen here during the spring season of migration, the 
 following list is appended; consisting of eighty-four species observed on 
 May 15, 1892, between the hours of 7:30 A. M. and 9:00 p. M., a large pro- 
 portion having been noted in the vicinity of the locality just mentioned : 
 
 Ardetta exilis, 
 Ardea virescens, 
 Gallinago delicata, 
 Tetanus solitarius, 
 Actitis macularia, 
 jEgialitis vocifera, 
 Colinus virginianus, 
 Bonasa umbellus, 
 Zenaidura macroura, 
 Accipiter cooperii, 
 Buteo borealis, 
 Buteo lineatup, 
 Falco sparverius, 
 Syrnium nebulosuro, 
 Megascope agio, 
 Coccyzus americanup, 
 Coccyzus erythrophthalmus, 
 Ceryle alcyon, 
 Dryobates villosus, 
 Dryobates pubescens, 
 Sphyrapicus varius, 
 Melanerpes erythrocephalus 
 Colaptes auratus, 
 Antrostomus vociferus, 
 Chordeiles virginianus, 
 Cbaetura pelagica, 
 Trochilus colubrip, 
 Tyrannus tyrannus, 
 Myiarchns crinitus, 
 Sayornis phoebe, 
 Contopus virens, 
 
 Empidonax flaviventrie, 
 Ernpidonax traillii, 
 Empidonax minimus, 
 Cyanccitta cristata, 
 Corvus americanus, 
 Dolichonyx oryzivorug, 
 Molothrus ater, 
 Agelaius phoeaiceus, 
 Sturnella magna, 
 Icterus galbula, 
 Quiscalus quiscula ameus, 
 Spinus tristis, 
 Poocsetes gramineus, 
 Zonotrichia leucophrys, 
 .Zonotrichia albicollis, 
 Spicella socialis, 
 Melospiza faeciata, 
 Pipilo erythrophthalmus, 
 Car din alls cardinalis, 
 Habia ludoviciana, 
 Passerina cyanea, 
 Piranga erythromelas, 
 Progue subis, 
 Chilidon erythrogaslra, 
 Tachycineta bicolor, 
 SteJgidopteryx serripennis, 
 Vireo olivaceus, 
 Vireo gilvus, 
 Vireo flavifrons, 
 Mniotilta varia, 
 Helminthophila pinus. 
 
THE BIRDS OF WAYNE COUNTY. 251 
 
 Deudroica rcstiva, Thryothorus ludovicianus, 
 
 Dendroica crcrulescens, Troglodytes hiemalis, 
 
 Dendroica maculosa, Sitta carolinensie, 
 
 Dendroid pennsylvanica, Parus bicolor, 
 
 Dendroica virenp, Parus atricapillus, 
 
 Seiurus aurocapillus, Regulus calendula, 
 
 Seiurus motacilla, Polioptila ca^rulea, 
 
 Geothlypis trichas, Turdus mustelinus, 
 
 Setophaga ruticilla, Turdus fuscescens, 
 
 Galeoscoptes carolinensis, Merula migratoria, 
 
 Harporhynchus rufus, Sialia sialis. 
 
 The number of species actually ascertained to occur in the County is 
 183. Of this number thirty are permanent residents, as follows; those 
 less common during the winter being designated by an asterisk : 
 
 Colinus virginianus, Dryobates pubeecens, 
 
 Bonasa umbellus, Melanerpes caroliaus, 
 
 Zsnaidura macroura,* Colaptes auratus,* 
 
 Circus hudsonius,* Otocoris alpestris praticola, 
 
 Accipiter velox, Cyanocitta cristata, 
 
 Accipiter cooperii, Sturnella magna,* 
 
 Buteo borealis,* Spinus trislii, 
 
 Buteo lineatus,* Passer domes ticus, 
 
 Falco sparverius,* Melospiza fasciata,* 
 
 Asio wilsonianiiK, Oardinalis cardinalis, 
 
 Syrnium nebulosum, Ampelis cedrorum.* 
 
 Nyctala acadica, Thryothorus ludovicianue, 
 
 Megascops aeia, Sitta carolinensis, 
 
 Bubo virginianus, Parus bicolor, 
 
 Dryobates villosus, Parus atricapillus, 
 
 The following sixty-one are summer residents, those distinguished 
 by an asterisk being sometimes also winter residents: 
 
 Aix sponsa, Cheetura pelagica, 
 
 Botaurus lentiginosuo, Trochilus colubris, 
 
 Ardetta exilis, Tyrannus tyrannus, 
 
 Ardea herodiap, Myiarchus crinitus, 
 
 Ardea virescens, Sayornis phoebe, 
 
 Kallus elegans, Contopus viren', 
 
 Philohela minor, Empidonax virescens, 
 
 Actitis macularia, Empidonax traillii, 
 
 uEgialitis vocifera, Corvus americanus,* 
 
 Coccyzus americanus, Dolichonyx oryzivorus, 
 
 Ceryle alcyon,* Molothrus ater, 
 
 Melanerpes erythrocephalus,* Agelaius phoeniceus, , 
 
 Antrostomus vociferus, Icterus spurius, 
 
 Chordeiles virginianus, Icterus galbula, 
 
252 
 
 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION. 
 
 Quiscalus quiscula seneus,* 
 
 Poocaetes gramineus, 
 
 Ammodramus savannarum passerinus, 
 
 Spizella socialis, 
 
 Spizella pusilla, 
 
 Pipilo erythrophthalmus, 
 
 Habia ludoviciana, 
 
 Passeriaa cyanea, 
 
 Spiza americana, 
 
 Piranga erythromelas, 
 
 Progne subis, 
 
 Petrochelidon lunifrons, 
 
 Chelidon erythrogastra, 
 
 Stelgidopteryx serripennis, 
 
 Lanius ludovicianus excubitorides, 
 
 Vireo olivaceus, 
 
 Vireo gilvus, 
 
 Vireo flavifrons, 
 Mniotilta varia, 
 Helminthophila pinus, 
 Dendroica {estiva, 
 Seiurus aurocapillus, 
 Seiurus motacilla, 
 Geothlypis trichas, 
 Icteria virens, 
 Galeoscoptes carolinensis, 
 Harporhynchus rufus, 
 Troglodytes aedon, 
 Cistothorus palustris, 
 Polioptila cserulea, 
 Turdus mustelinus, 
 Merula migratoria,* 
 Sialia sialis.* 
 
 Six additional species which belong more properly with the trans- 
 ient visitors have been identified as occasional summer residents : 
 
 Anas boschas, 
 Totanus flavipes, 
 Sphyrapicus varius, 
 
 Tachycineta bicolor, 
 Dendroica pennsylvanica, 
 Setophaga ruticilla. 
 
 The transient visitors number fifty -seven, and are as follows : 
 
 Colymbus auritus, 
 
 Podilymbus podiceps, 
 
 Urinator imber, 
 
 Larus Philadelphia, 
 
 Merganser americanus, 
 
 Lophodytes cucullatus, 
 
 Anas obscura, 
 
 Anas americana, 
 
 Anas carolinensis, 
 
 Anas discors, 
 
 Spatula clypeata, 
 
 Dalila acuta, 
 
 Ay thy a americana, 
 
 Ay thy a valisneria, 
 
 Aythya affinis, 
 
 Glaucionetta clangula americana, 
 
 Charitonetta albeola, 
 
 Erismatur rubida, 
 
 Branta canadensis, 
 
 Ballus virginianus, 
 
 Porzana Carolina, 
 
 Gallinula galeata, 
 
 Fulica americana, 
 
 Gallinago delicata, 
 
 Tringa maculata, 
 
 Totanus melanoleucus, 
 
 Totanus solitarius, 
 
 Bartramia longicauda, 
 
 Coccyzus erythrophthalmus, 
 
 Empidonax flaviventris, 
 
 Empidonax minimus, 
 
 Scoleoophagus carolinus, 
 
 Carpodacus purpureus, 
 
 Ammodramus sandwichensis savanna, 
 
 Zonotrichia leucophrys, 
 
 Z notrichia albicollis, 
 
 Melospiza georgiana, 
 
 Passerella iliaca, 
 
 Helminthophila peregrina, 
 
 Dendroica tigrina, 
 
 Dendroica cserulescens, 
 
 Dendroica coronata, 
 
 Dendroica maculosa, 
 
 Dendroica cserulea, 
 
THE BIRDS OF WAYNE COUNTY. 253 
 
 Dendroica castanea, Sitta canadensis, 
 
 Dendroica striata, Eegulus calendula, 
 
 Dendroica blackburnia, Turdus fuscescens, 
 
 Dendroica virens, Turdus alicise, 
 
 Geothlypis agilis, Turdus ustulatus swainsonii, 
 
 Geothlypis Philadelphia, Turdus aonalaschkse pallasii. 
 Sylvania pusilla, 
 
 Nine species may be catalogued as winter visitors : 
 
 Archibuteo lagopus sancti-johannis, Lanius borealis, 
 
 Asio accipitrinus, Troglodytes hiemalis, 
 
 Plectrophenax nivalis, Certhia familiaris americana, 
 
 Spizella monticola, Regulus satrapa. 
 Junco hyemalis, 
 
 Eighteen species are of only casual or accidental occurrence, as 
 follows : 
 
 Larus argentatus smithsonianus, Aquila chrysaetos, 
 
 Pelecanus erythrorhynchos, Haliseetus leucocephalus, 
 
 Merganser eerrator, Falco peregrinus anatum, 
 
 Clangula hyemalis, Falco columbarius, 
 
 Olor columbianus, Pandion haliaetus carolinensis, 
 
 Ardea egretta, Strix pratincola, 
 
 Cathartes aura, Nyctea nyctea, 
 
 Ectopistes migratorius, Otocoris alpestris, 
 
 fiuteo latissimus, Acanthis linaria. 
 
 Two species which were undoubtedly once permanent residents of 
 the County are now probably extinct, viz. : 
 
 Meleagris gallopavo, Ceophloeus pileatus. 
 
 A census of the birds of the County according to families gives the 
 following result : 
 
 Podicipida?, 2 species, Falconida\ 13 species, 
 
 Urinatoridse, 1 species, Strigida?, 1 species, 
 
 Laridas, 2 species, Babonidre, 7 sp?cies, 
 
 Pelecanidse, 1 species, Cuculidse, 2 species, 
 
 Anatidse, 20 species, Alcedinida>, 1 species, 
 
 Ardeidse, 5 species, Picidfe, 7 species, 
 
 Kallidae, 5 species, Caprimulgidoe, 2 species, 
 
 Scolopacidse, 8 species, Micropodidee, 1 species, 
 
 Charadriidas, 1 species, Trochilidse, 1 species, 
 
 Tetraonida3, 2 species, Tyrannidse, 8 species, 
 
 Phasianidse, 1 species, Alaudidse, 2 species, 
 
 Columbid*, 2 species, Corvida^, 2 species, 
 
 Cathartidffi, 1 species, Icterida?, 8 species, 
 
254 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION. 
 
 Fringillidw, 22 species, Mniotiltid*, 22 species, 
 
 Tanagridee, 1 species, Troglodytidae, 6 species, 
 
 Hirundinidse, 5 species, Certhiidfe, 1 species, 
 
 Ampelidre, 1 species, Paridae, 4 species, 
 
 Laniidrc, 2 species, SyMidte, 3 species, 
 
 Vireonidae, 3 species, Turdidae, 7 species. 
 
 Total number of families, 38 ; of species, 183. 
 
THE BIRDS OF WAYNE COUNTY. 
 
 ORDER PYGOPODES. DIVING BIRDS. 
 
 SUBORDER PODICIPEDES. GREBES. 
 
 FAMILY PODICIPID/E. GREBES. 
 
 GENUS COLYMBUS. LINN/KUS. 
 
 SUBGENUS DYTES. KAUP. 
 
 1. Colymbus auritus (LINN.). 
 
 Horned Grebe. 
 
 A more or less regular transient on the streams and ponds of the County. It 
 is tolerably common in the fall, but it is not so frequently observed in the spring. 
 
 GENUS PODILYMBUS LESSON. 
 
 2. Podilymbus podiceps (LINN.). 
 
 Pied-billed Grebe ; Dabchiek; Hell Diver. 
 
 A common transient both in fall and spring, apparently occurring most numer- 
 ously in April, September and October. A specimen in the writer's collection wa^ 
 taken on the Wooster Reservoir, September 30, 1892. Possibly a rare summer resi- 
 dent of the most secluded swamps and marshes, but there is no record of its breeding; 
 within the limits of the County. 
 
 SUBORDER CEPHI. LOONS AND AUKS. 
 
 FAMILY URINATORID/E. LOONS. 
 
 GENUS URINATOR. CUVIER. 
 
 3. Urinator imber (GUNN.). 
 
 Loon ; Great Northern Diver. 
 
 Transient visitor; rare. Apparently most liable to be encountered after a severe 
 spring storm, when occasionally one or two alight on Killbuck Creek. It is found 
 sometimes also on the lakes and ponds, and even along the smaller streams. Seldom 
 if ever have more than two been seen at one time. An adult in the collection of Mr. 
 C. E. Bixler was taken in the central park of the County, May 2, 1888. 
 2 B. W. C. 
 
:256 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION. 
 
 ORDER LONGIPENNES. LONG-WINGED SWIMMERS. 
 FAMILY LARID/E. GULLS AND TERNS. 
 
 SUBFAMILY LAR1N/E. GULLS. 
 GENUS LARUS. LINN/EUS. 
 
 4. Tiarus argentatus smiths onianus (COUE?.). 
 
 American Herring Gull. 
 
 Very rare transient visitor. Appearing irregularly on ponds and the larger 
 streams, generally singly or in pairs. A fine adult specimen in the collection of Mr. 
 John Blandford, of Wooster, was shot near the town, from a flock of four, in the 
 spring of 1873. 
 
 5. Larus Philadelphia (ORD). 
 
 Bonaparte's Gull. 
 
 A rare and irregular transient visitor; noted most frequently in the spring. 
 Individuals sometimes linger for several days along Killbuck Creek, or in the vicinity 
 of the lakes and larger ponds. In the spring of 1879, four were seen and one shot on 
 a mill pond near Wooster. 
 
 ORDER STEGANOPODES. TOTIPALMATE SWIMMERS. 
 FAMILY PELECANID^E. PELICANS. 
 
 GENUS PELECANUS. LINNAEUS. 
 SUBGENUS CYRTOPELICANUS. REICHENBACH. 
 
 $. Pelecanus erythrorhynchos (GMEL.). 
 American White Pelican. 
 
 Only a single specimen is known to have been taken. This is an adult in breed- 
 ing plumage, and was shot in the summer of 1886, along Killbuck Creek in the south- 
 ern portion of the County. No others were seen at the time. This bird was 
 preserved and mounted for Dr. J. C. McMurray, of Shreve, from whom the above 
 particulars of its capture were obtained. Dr. J. M. Wheaton mentions 1 but one spec- 
 imen in breeding plumage as having been taken in the State. 
 
 1 Geological survey of Ohio IV, 1882, p. 42. 
 
THE BIRDS OF WAYNE COUNTY. 
 
 257 
 
 ORDER ANSERES. LAMELLIROSTRAL SWIMMERS. 
 FAMILY ANATID/G. DUCKS, GEESE AND SWANS. 
 
 SUBFAMILY MERGING. MERGANSERS. 
 GENUS MERGANSER. BRISSON. 
 
 7. Merganser americanus (CASS.). 
 American Merganser ; Goosander. 
 
 A rare transient visitor. A female in the collection of Mr. Joseph Housekeeper, 
 of Wooster, was killed by him along Killbuck Creek, March 22, 1893. 
 
 RED-BREASTED MERGANSER, NATURAL SIZE. 
 
 8. Merganser serrator (LINN.). 
 Red-breasted Merganser. 
 
 This is in this locality apparently the rarest of the three species of Mergansers. 
 The writer's only record for the County is that of an adult female obtained at the 
 Wooster reservoir, November 15, 1890. 
 
 GENUS LOPHODYTES. REICHENBACH. 
 
 9. Lophodytes cucullatus (LINN.). 
 Hooded Merganser. 
 
 Transient visitor; of more frequent occurrence than either of the two preceding, 
 hough not very common. It is observed principally in the spring; males appearing 
 to be oftener taken than females. 
 
258 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION. 
 
 SUBFAMILY ANATIN/E. RIVER DUCKS. 
 
 GENUS ANAS. LINN^US. 
 
 SUBGENUS ANAS. 
 
 10. Anas boschas (LINN.). 
 Mallard. 
 
 An abundant spring and fall transient. As is the case with several of the other 
 Ducks that are found chiefly on the larger streams and bodies of water, this species is 
 much more numerous during a very rainy season, the bottom-lands along the Kill- 
 buck being then extensively overflowed. The floods are more frequent in spring than 
 in the fall ; consequently the Ducks are at the former season decidedly more abund- 
 ant. During a favorable autumn the Mallard is nearly as numerous as in spring, but 
 if the fall be very dry, few or none are to be found. It occurs in spring chiefly in 
 flocks, which in Jormer years sometimes aggregated several thousand individuals; but 
 at the present time flocks of over 150 are unusual. This diminution in numbers is 
 due to the straightening of the course of Killbuck Creek, causing the water to recede 
 from the flooded lands with comparative rapidity. 
 
 Mr. Hous'ekeeper informs me that several years ago a nest of this species was 
 found three miles south of Wooster, in an extensive marsh along the Killbuck. This 
 is the only known instance of its breeding in the County. 
 
 11. Anas obscura (GMEL.). 
 Black Duck; Dusky Duck. 
 
 A common transient both in spring and fall; often in flocks associated with 
 Mallards. 
 
 SUBGENUS MARECA. STEPHENS. 
 
 12. Anas americana (GMEL.). 
 Badpate; American Widgeon. 
 
 A common transient visitor in spring, but rare in the fall. It is found principally 
 along Killbuck Creek, not infrequently in large flocks, and often with Mallards and 
 Black Ducks. 
 
 SUBGENUS NETTION. KAUP. 
 
 13. Anas carolinensis (GMEL.). 
 Green-winsred Teal. 
 
 Transient visitor; tolerably common in the spring, but rare in autumn. It occurs 
 in small flocks, alone or with other Ducks. It was formerly more common, and was 
 found in much larger flocks. 
 
THE BIRDS OF WAYNE COUNTY. 259 
 
 SUBGENUS QUERQUEDULA. STEPHENS. 
 
 14. Anas discors (LINN.). 
 Ii hie- winged Teal. 
 
 A tolerably common spring transient; not so often observed in the fall. It is 
 seen in small flocks, frequently with other Ducks. 
 
 GENUS SPATULA. BOIE. 
 
 15. Spatula clypeata (LINN.). 
 Shoveller. 
 
 A rare and irregular transient visitor. It is said to have been several times taken 
 at Fox Lake. An adult male in full spring plumage, which was shot in the southern 
 part of the County along Killbuck Creek, during the spring of 1886, is now in the col- 
 lection of Mr. George Faber, of Wooster. 
 
 GENUS DAFILA. STEPHENS. 
 
 16. Dafila acuta (LINN.). 
 Pintail. 
 
 An abundant transient in March and April; not nearly so numerous in the fall. 
 It prefers the larger streams, especially Killbuck Creek, and when the adjacent low- 
 lands are widely overflowed sometimes congregates there in flocks of 100 to 150 indi- 
 viduals. This species and the Mallard are of all the Ducks the most abundant. 
 
 GENUS AIX. BOIE. 
 
 WOOD DUCK, MUCH REDUCED. 
 
 17. Aix sponsa (LINN.). 
 
 Wood Duck ; Summer Duck. 
 
 Summer resident ; tolerably common in some portions of the County, but in 
 others, though formerly of regular occuirence, is now quite rare. It arrives usually 
 during the latter part of March, or early in April, and may be found breeding in cer- 
 
260 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION. 
 
 tain localities nearly every year. Its favorite haunts are the woods and swamps in 
 the valley of the Killbuck, where in autumn, after a suitable season, flocks of twenty 
 or thirty are sometimes to be seen. It remains until^October or November. 
 
 SUBFAMILY FULIQULIN/E. SEA DUCKS. 
 GENUS AYTHYA. BOIE. 
 
 SUBGENUS AYTHYA. 
 
 18. Aythya americana (Evx.) 
 Redhead. 
 
 Now a rare transient visitor, although common many years ago, appearing regu- 
 larly in spring in flocks along Killbuck Creek. 
 
 SUBGENUS ARISTONETTA. BAiRD. 1 
 
 19. Aythya vallisneria (WILS.) 
 Canvas-back. 
 
 Transient visitor ; rare. It is seen singly or in pairs, sometimes with other species 
 of Ducks, and chiefly on Killbuck Creek. 
 
 SUBGENUS FULIGULA. STEPHENS. 
 
 20. Aythya affinis (EYT.). 
 Lesser Scaup Duck; Raft Duck. 
 
 A common spring and fall transient, though never seen in large flocks. One of 
 the first Ducks to appear in the spring, and among the latest to depart in autumn. It 
 associates at times with Mallards, Pintails and Baldpates. 
 
 GENUS ' GLAUCIONETTA. STEJNEGER. 
 
 21. Glaucionetta clangula americana (BONAP.). 
 American Golden-eye. 
 
 A tolerably common though irregular spring transient ; not observed in the'fall. 
 Apparently of most frequent occurrence in March, when it is often found on the 
 smaller streams and ponds. An adult male in the collection of Mr. John Blandford 
 was shot near Wooster, from a flock of four, in the spring of 1877. Another specimen, 
 a female, in the writer's collection, was taken in the same vicinity on March 29, 1893. 
 
 iThis subgenus was unintentionally omitted from the A. O. U. Check List. (CF RIDGWAY, Manual of 
 North American Birds, p. 102.) 
 
THE BIRDS OF WAYNE COUNTY. 26J 
 
 GENUS CHARITONETTA. STEJNEGER, 
 
 22. Charitonetta albeola (LINN.). 
 Buffle-head ; Butter- ball. 
 
 A common transient visitor in March and April ; much less frequently observed' 
 in the fall. It occurs singly and in small flocks, usually not accompanied by other 
 sp?cies. Contrary to the experience of Dr. Wheaton, 1 it here apparently prefers the 
 lakes and ponds to running water; this being possibly due to the comparatively small, 
 size of the streams. 
 
 Mr. C. E. Bixler has a female of this species now mounted, which was picked up r 
 evidently much exhausted, on one of the main streets of Wooster, April 26, 1885. 
 
 GENUS CLANGULA. LEACH. 
 
 23. Clangula hyemalis (LINN.) 
 Old Squaw. 
 
 A winter visitor only, and apparently quite rare. The single known Wayne 
 County record is that of an adult male which was killed during the winter of 1886-7,. 
 in the extreme southwestern portion of the County, on Odell's Lake, by me.i who 
 were there at work cutting ice. This specimen is in the collection of Dr. J. C_ 
 McMurray, who furnished the above particulars of its capture. 
 
 GENUS ERISMATURA. BONAPARTE. 
 
 24. Erismatura rubida (WILS.). 
 Ruddy Duck. 
 
 A tolerably common transient on streams and ponds. Observed principally'in 
 the spring. 
 
 SUBFAMILY ANSERIN/E. GEESE. 
 
 GENUS BRANTA. SCOPOLI. 
 
 25. Branta canadensis (LINN.). 
 Canada Groose. 
 
 A common spring and fall transient, observed chiefly in March and November^ 
 The flocks not infrequently alight within the County, probably for the purpose of 
 feeding. A farmer in Clinton township found, on the morning of March 21, 1894, 
 about fifty of these birds in his yard among his domestic geese. A Canada Goose now 
 in the collection of Mr. George Faber is said to have been found one morning, in art 
 alley of Wooster, alive but in an exhausted condition. 
 
 1 Geological survey of Ohio IV, 1882, p. 534. 
 
262 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION. 
 
 SUBFAMILY CYGNIN/E. SWANS. 
 
 GENUS OLOR. WAGLER. 
 
 26. Olor columbianus (ORD). 
 Whistling Swan. 
 
 A rare transient visitor. A fine adult specimen, now mounted and in the posses- 
 sion of Dr. J. H. Todd of Wooster, was shot from a flock of thirteen, at the northern 
 end of Odell's Lake, November 12, 1892. 
 
 ORDER HERODIONES. HERONS, STORKS, IBISES, ETC. 
 
 SUBORDER HERODII. HERONS, EGRETS, BITTERNS, ETC. 
 
 FAMILY ARDEID>. HERONS, BITTERNS, ETC. 
 
 SUBFAMILY BOTAURIN/E. BITTERNS. 
 
 GENUS BOTAURUS. HERMANN. 
 
 27. Botaurus lentiginosus (MONTAG.). 
 American Bittern. 
 
 A rare summer resident; sometimes tolerably common during the spring. It is 
 apparently restricted to the more extensive swamps and marshes on the bottom lands, 
 and to the vicinity of the larger bodies of water. 
 
 GENUS ARDETTA. GRAY. 
 
 28. Ardetta exilis (GMEL.). 
 Least Bittern. 
 
 A tolerably common summer resident; somewhat more numerous and more gen- 
 erally distributed during the spring migration. In the latter season it is occasionally 
 observed along streams or ditches on the bottom-lands. In summer it is apparently 
 confined to the ponds and lakes and to the secluded swamps. It was found to be not 
 uncommon at Round and Long Lakes, in Holmes County, just south of the Wayne 
 County line, on July 27, 1893. It undoubtedly breeds, though no nests have come to 
 the notice of the writer. 
 
 Several years ago a Least Bittern was found dead on one of the streets of Wooster, 
 the bird having been killed by flying against the telegraph wires. 
 
THE BIRDS OF WAYNE COUNTY. 
 SUBFAMILY ARDEIN/E. HERONS AND EGRETS. 
 
 GENUS ARDEA. LINN. 
 
 SUBGEXUS ARDEA. 
 
 263 
 
 GREAT BLUE HERON MUCH REDUCED. 
 
 29. Ardea herodias (LINN.). 
 Great Blue Heron. 
 
 A tolerably common summer resident ; found in all suitable localities throughout 
 the County. It is said to breed regularly in the vicinity of Orrville, though much 
 less abundantly than in former years. At the present time the few pairs that at last 
 report were annually rearing their young in the deep woods about three miles from 
 the town are the only survivors of a once extensive heronry. This is probably owing 
 
264 
 
 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION. 
 
 to the encroachments of cultivation, and it is quite possible that none now resort to 
 the locality. No information in regard to other nesting places is at present available. 
 Adults appear to be much less numerous than immature birds. 
 
 SUBGENUS HERODIAS. BOIE. 
 
 30, Ardea egretta (GMEL.). 
 American Egret. 
 
 A rare and irregular visitor. It occurs singly or in small flocks along streams 
 and about the lakes and ponds, in spring, summer and early autumn. It appears to be 
 more frequently reported in spring than at any other season. Dr. J. M. Wheaton 
 says of this species, 1 "I have no record of its occurrence in spring or in the breeding 
 season." Dr. B. H. Warren also mentions 2 this bird as a straggler in late summer and 
 autumn only. 
 
 SUBGENUS BUTORIDES. BLYTH. 
 
 31. Ardea virescsns (LINN.). 
 Green Heron. 
 
 'A common summer resident from April 23, to October i. It nests in orchards or 
 in low trees along the streams, but rarely, if ever, in colonies. When molested it will 
 ordinarily build a second and even a third nest, often not far from the site of the first, 
 Five eggs is the usual complement here and full sets have been obtained from May i& 
 to June 12. 
 
 A peculiar trait in the half fledged young, and one which seems not to have been 
 mentioned except by Audubon, 3 is the manner in which, upon the close approa h of 
 anyone to the nest, some or all of the brood leave it, walk cautiously out nearly to the 
 extremity of the supporting branch, and there remain squawking loudly at every 
 move made in their direciion. At these times the parent birds are very frequently 
 not seen, apparently considering their offspring capable of taking care of themselves. 
 
 The measurements of five nests are as fallows :* 
 
 No. 
 
 Height 
 
 Depth. 
 
 Inside 
 top 
 diameter. 
 
 Inside 
 middle 
 diameter. 
 
 Outside 
 top 
 diameter. 
 
 Outside 
 middle 
 diameter. 
 
 Outside 
 bottom 
 diameter. 
 
 W dth 
 of rim. 
 
 1 
 2 
 
 8.00 
 6.CO 
 
 3.00 
 2.50 
 
 9.00 x 7.00 
 6 00 x 5 00 
 
 
 
 18.00 x 12.00 
 15 00 x 12 00 
 
 
 
 9.00 x 6.00 
 800x600 
 
 5.03 x 1.50 
 
 3 
 4 
 
 5.00 
 600 
 
 3.00 
 200 
 
 8.00 x 6.50 
 
 6.00 x 4.50 
 
 13.00x12.00 
 21 00 x 1500 
 
 15.00 x 12.00 
 
 7.00 x 5.50 
 
 3.00 x 1.00 
 
 5. ... 
 
 500 
 
 250 
 
 600x500 
 
 
 15 00 x 1 5 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Average 
 
 600 
 
 260 
 
 7 25 x 5 88 
 
 
 16 40 x 13 20 
 
 
 8 00 x 5 83 
 
 4 00 x 1 25 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 Geological Survey of Ohio IV, iS8a, p. 501. 
 
 2 Report on Birds of Pennsylvania, 1890, p 59. 
 3 Ornithological Biography IV, 1838, p 275 
 
 4 All nest measurements are given in inches and hundredths; and the double dimensions which appear 
 under single headings i -dicated maximum and minimum respectively. 
 
THE BIRDS OF WAYNE COUNTY. 
 
 265 
 
 ORDER PALUDICOL^. CRANES, RAILS, ETC. 
 SUBORDER RALLI. RAILS, GALLINULES, COOTS, ETC. 
 FAMILY RALLID>E. RAILS, GALLINULES AND COOTS. 
 
 SUBFAMILY RALLIN/C. RAILS. 
 
 GENUS RALLUS. LINN^US. 
 
 32. Rallus elegans (AUD.). 
 King Rail. 
 
 A rare summer resident from March to September ; slightly more common in the 
 spring than at other seasons. It is to be found principally in its breeding places in 
 the extensive swamps and marshes. 
 
 A young bird in downy black plumage was captured in the latter part of June, 
 1888, on a road which passes through a swampy district about two and one-half miles 
 south of Wooster. When first discovered, the parent bird (which was also secured), 
 manifested much anxiety for the safety of its offspring, running again and again 
 around the young one as though hoping thus to preserve it from harm. Both are now 
 in the collection of Mr. J. Housekeeper. 
 
 33. Rallus virgiaianus (LINN.). 
 Virginia Rail. 
 
 An abundant spring transient, chiefly in April ; much less numerous in the fall. 
 At these seasons it may be found in nearly all the large swamps and marshes of the 
 County. Not ascertained to occur as a summer resident, perhaps from lack of 
 opportunity for thorough investigation during that season, in localities suitable for 
 the nesting of the species since it without much doubt breeds at least sparingly some- 
 where in this region. 
 
266 
 
 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION. 
 
 GENUS PORZANA. VIEILLOT. 
 
 SUBGENUS PORZANA. 
 
 SORA, MUCH REDUCED. 
 
 34. Porzana Carolina (LINN ). 
 Sora; Carolina Rail. 
 
 An abundant transient in March and April ; less common during its fall migra- 
 tion, which covers the latter part of August and the months of September and Oct- 
 ober. It has not been observed in summer, although it perhaps occurs. It is more 
 numerous than either of the two preceding specie?, and frequents of course similar 
 localities. 
 
 SUBFAMILY GALLINULIN/E. GALLINULES. 
 
 GENUS GALLINULA. BRISSON. 
 
 35. Gallinula galeata (LIGHT.). 
 Florida Gallinule. 
 
 Rare; seen chiefly on the lakes and ponds, singly or in pairs. An adult female 
 was'captured alive in a barnyard eight miles north of Wooster, April 19, 1890, and 
 was brought to town in a cage ; but it lived only three days. It is now preserved in 
 the writer's collection. 
 
THE BIRDS OF WAYNE COUNTY. 267 
 
 SUBFAMILY FULICIN/E. COOTS. 
 
 GENUS FULICA. LINNM.US. 
 
 36. Fulica americana (GMEL,). 
 American Coot. 
 
 A common spring transient, often in flocks; not so numerous in the fall. It has 
 been observed, though rarely, on some of the lakes as late as June, from which it 
 would appear to be possibly a summer resident. 
 
 On April 9, 1887, Mr. C. E. Bixler found, in Wooster, a Coot that had evidently 
 been killed by striking against the side of the low building near which it was 
 discovered. 
 
 ORDER LIM1COL/E. SHORE BIRDS. 
 
 FAMILY SCOLOPACID>E. SNIPES, SANDPIPERS, ETC. 
 
 GENUS PHILOHELA. GRAY. 
 
 37. Philohela minor (GMEL.). 
 American Woodcock. 
 
 Summer resident ; tolerably common. It is generally distributed throughout the 
 County, but is now in certain localities becoming rare. It appears in March ; and 
 migrates southward usually during the month of October, though occasionally a few 
 may be found in favorable places as late as November. 
 
 It begins to breed soon after its arrival. On May 24, 1891, a brood of three young 
 about a week old were surprised in a little open place among thickets along a mill- 
 race. While the parent bird endeavored to attract attention to herself, the young 
 birds proceeded to quickly secrete themselves. They all started away in different direc- 
 tions holding their wings in a perpendicular position, and uttering at the same time a 
 peculiar peeping note. One caught and held in the hand for a few moments still 
 continued its peeping, and when placed again upon the ground immediately sought 
 safety in concealment among the undergrowth. 
 
 GENUS GALLINAGO. LEACH. 
 
 38. Gallinago delicata (ORD). 
 Wilson's Snipe. 
 
 A common spring and fall transient; more numerous in the former season. It 
 arrives generally about the middle of March (rather earlier than later), and is present 
 in greatest numbers during the first three weeks of April ; though SDmewhat irregular 
 both in numbers and distribution. Individuals have sometimes be>n seen as late as 
 May 15. Its favorite haunts are the marshes and damp meadows of the bottom lands. 
 
268 
 
 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION. 
 
 GENUS TRINGA. LINNAEUS. 
 
 SUBGENUS ACTODROMAS. KAUP. 
 
 39. Tringa maculata (VIEILL.). 
 Pectoral Sandpiper. 
 
 Transient visitor ; observed only in the vicinity of Orrville, where it is common 
 during April, in the marshy meadows bordering the uncleared portions of Newman's 
 Swamp. It is found usually in flocks of not more than twenty individuals; and is 
 ordinarily quite tame and unsuspicious. It has not been noted in the fall. In Mr. 
 Freeman's collection are several specimens of this species, and to him the writer is 
 indebted for the above facts in regard to its occurrence. 
 
 GENUS TOTANUS. BECHSTEIN. 
 
 SUBGENUS GLOTTIS. KOCH. 
 
 GREATER YELLOW-LEGS, NATURAL SIZE. 
 
 40. ^Totanus melanoleucus (GMEL.). 
 
 Greater Yellow-legs. 
 
 A rare transient visitor; occuring more frequently in the fall than in the spring. 
 A specimen was taken at the Wooster Reservoir, October 14. 1890. 
 
 41. Totanus flavipes (GMEL.). 
 Yellow-legs. 
 
 Transient visitor ; rare; probably an occasional summer resident. One was shot 
 by^Mr. E. N. Freeman, near Orrville, in the summer of 1889. 
 
 SUBGENUS HELODROMAS. KAUP. 
 
 42. Totanus solitarius (WILS.). 
 Solitary Sandpiper. 
 
 A transient visitor; tolerably common in spring from the latter part of April to 
 about the middle of May. The earliest date of its appearance is April 23 (1893) and 
 none have been met with later than May 31. It generally occurs singly or in pairs, 
 
THE BIRDS OF WAYNE COUNTY. 269 
 
 but sometimes in companies of four or five, and frequents the vicinity of ditches, 
 sluggish streams and stagnant pools. It has not been observed in the fall. 
 
 GENUS. BARTRAMIA. LESSON. 
 
 
 
 43. Bartramia longicauda (BECHST.). 
 Bartramian Sandpiper; Upland Plover. 
 
 A rare transient visitor ; seen chiefly on the lowlands in the vicinity of water. 
 One shot in the spring of 1891, at Newman's Swamp, is in the collection of Ur. E. B. 
 Yager, of Orrville. 
 
 GENUS ACTITIS. ILLIGER. 
 
 44. Actitis macularia (LINN.). 
 Spotted Sandpiper. 
 
 Common summer resident from about the middle of April to the latter part of 
 September. Extreme dates are April 13 and September 23. It frequents the lakes, 
 ponds and streams of running water, breeding in the grass fields and the grain fieldst 
 adjoining, or at most not far away. It is ordinarily to be found singly or in pairs, but 
 sometimes in flocks of five to ten individuals. 
 
 FAMILY CHARADRHD>E. PLOVERS. 
 GENUS -ffiGIALITIS. BOIE. 
 
 SUBGENUS OXYECHUS. REICHENBACH. 
 
 45. -ffigialitis vocifera (LINN.). 
 Killdeer. 
 
 An abundant summer resident ; noted from February 28 to November 30, though 
 usually few remain later than November i. It prefers as feeding grounds, especially 
 in spring, the moist and even marshy meadows, although it may regularly be found 
 in the upland fields. It frequently collects in small flocks before the breeding season 
 but occurs in much larger companies during the latter part of the summer and in 
 autumn. At Wooster, on July n, 1892, a Killdeer apparently flying over the city at 
 considerable altitude, was heard calling at n 130 P. M. 
 
 The stomachs of two Killdeers examined contained red-legged grasshoppers 
 (Melanoplus femur-rubrum}, and scarabseid beetles (Aphodius servtl), with remains 
 of unidentifiable Staphilinidtz and Curcttltonidce^ 
 
 A killdeer shot November 10, 1892, along the margin of a small stream near 
 Wooster is remarkable for the condition of one of its feet. The right tarsus of this 
 specimen is very much shriveled below an enlargement of the bone near the ankle 
 joint, this enlargement having the appearance of an old shot wound. By reason of 
 this the tarsus and middle toe are together seven-eights of an inch shorter than in the 
 other foot. This apparently rendered the limb useless, for the bird, though able to 
 
 1 Insect determinations are by Prof. F. M. Webster. 
 
270 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION. 
 
 fly perfectly well, walked with much evident difficulty. The left tibia of another 
 specimen, taken October 12, 1892, was found to be very crooked, and at a point near 
 its proximal extremity so much enlarged as to indicate either a former fracture or 
 similar severe injury. It had, however, completely healed, and the bone to all 
 appearances was as strong as it had ever been. 
 
 ORDER CALLING GALLINACEOUS BIRDS. 
 
 SUBORDER PHASIANI. PHEASANTS, GROUSE, PARTRIDGES, 
 
 QUAILS, ETC. 
 
 FAMILY TETRAONID>E. GROUSE, PARTRIDGES, ETC. 
 
 SUBFAMILY PERDICIN/C. PARTRIDGES. 
 
 GENUS COLINUS. LESSON. 
 
 46. Colinus virginianus (LINN.). 
 Bob- white; "Quail." 
 
 A permanent resident; some years abundant much le-s numerous during others. 
 In severe winters whole covies are sometimes found dead, having succumbed to cold 
 and the scarcity of proper food. It is, moreover, not an infrequent circumstance to 
 discover individuals that have been killed by flying against wires of the telegraph 
 lines. 
 
 Except during part of the breeding season this species moves chiefly in flocks, 
 frequenting preferably thickets, fence rows, patches of high weeds and similar places. 
 It breeds generally in the fields, though occasionally in ihickets on the edge of wood- 
 land; constructing sometimes a domed nest. The breeding season begins in May, 
 and some years continues until September; a young bird just from the nest having 
 been taken by Mr. C. E. Bixler on September 5, 1887. Two or three broods are prob- 
 ably reared. 
 
 SUBFAMILY TETRAONIN/E. GROUSE. 
 GENUS BONASA. STEPHENS. 
 
 47. Bonasa umbellus (LINN.). 
 Ruffed Grouse; Pheasant, 
 
 A permanent resident; tolerably common in some portions of the County, but 
 rare in others. It was formerly abundant throughout all of this region, but during 
 recent years has steadily diminished in numbers, coincident with the removal of the 
 forests. It affects chiefly the more extensive woodlands, apparently prefering those 
 portions with thick undergrowth, though it is at times seen even in small tracts of 
 timber which aiTord little or no concealment. The males mav be heard drumming 
 from April to October. 
 
THE BIRDS OF WAYNE COUNTY. 
 
 271 
 
 Cn Tune 9, 1891, a family of fourteen downy young was surprised in thick woods. 
 The parent bird, without manifesting the usual solicitude for the safety of its young, 
 flew away into the forest, being neither again seen nor heard ; thus for the time being 
 apparently deserting her brood. The young, which w< re all huddled close together, 
 immediately began to separate, and though closely watched, they were in less than 
 one minute all effectually hidden. 
 
 FAMILY PHASIANID/E. PHEASANTS, ETC. 
 
 SUBFAMILY HELEAGRIN^E. TURKEYS. 
 
 GENUS MELEAGRIS LINNAEUS. 
 
 48, 
 
 Meleagris gallopavo (LINN.). 
 Wild Turkey. 
 
 Formerly a resident, breeding in suitable situations throughout the County. It 
 was common until about 1865, since which time until 1878 it gradually became of less 
 frequent occurrence. The last authentic date of its appearance in Wayne County 
 seems to be December 31, 1878. On that day a scattered company of six was seen by 
 Mr. Joseph Housekeeper, in the swampy thickets on the bottom-lands four miles 
 south of Wooster; the birds having been first discovered by their tracks in the snow. 
 From the condition ot the ground it was evident that they had been in the vicinity 
 for several days. They were followed by other hunters also, but were exceedingly 
 wary, and only a single bird of the flock was finally secured. 
 
 ORDER COLUMB^. PIGEONS. 
 FAMILY COLUMBID>E. PIGEONS. 
 GENUS ECTOPISTES SWAINSON. 
 
 PASSENGER PIGEON, MUCH REDUCF D. 
 
 3 B. W. C. 
 
272 
 
 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION. 
 
 49. Ectopistes migratorius (LINN.). 
 Passenger Pigeon. 
 
 This species is said to have been an abundant summer resident thirty years ago, 
 atlthat time there having been a large roost in Ne.vman's Swamp. By the clearing 
 of large portions of the swamp the Pigeons were driven away, but until about 1873 
 single pairs were to be found breeding in the vicinity of Orrville. During the past 
 twenty years the species has been of only casual occurrence, the most recent dates of 
 capture being September 19, 1888, and August 30, 1892; both of single birds. 
 
 GENUS ZENAIDURA BONAPARTE. 
 
 50. Zenaidura macroura (LINN.). 
 Mourning Dove. 
 
 An abundant summer resident ; remaining in part over winter according to the 
 severity of the weather, being probably even in severe seasons to be found in suffi- 
 ciently sheltered localities, it moves more or less in at least small flocks at all times 
 of the year, but in fall and winter seldom to any extent otherwise. Four Mcurning 
 Doves were observed April 23, 1893, feeding in a meadow among a flock of domestic 
 pigeons. The same four individuals were subsequently seen upon the ground in the 
 midst of a flock of Red-winged Blackbirds. 
 
 This species begins nest-building early in April, and the breeding season continues 
 at its height until June. The nest is placed almost anywhere; in trees or bushes, on 
 stumps, rail fences, but only occasionally on the ground. Of fifty nests examined, 
 only two were more than fifteen feet from the ground, while three-fourths of the 
 whole number were not at a greater altitude than ten feet. An old Robin's nest is 
 occasionally utilized as a foundation; and a Mourning Dove's nest was noted May 22, 
 1892, built upon the abandoned domicile of a Brown 'Ihrasher. 
 
 The measurements of eight nests are as follows: 
 
 No. 
 
 height 
 
 Depth. 
 
 Inside top 
 diameter 
 
 Outside top 
 diameter. 
 
 Outside 
 middle 
 aiamtt.-r. 
 
 O itside 
 bottom 
 diameter. 
 
 Width of 
 rim. 
 
 1 
 
 3.50 
 
 100 
 
 3.00 x 3.00 
 
 6 00 x 5.00 
 
 
 
 l.OOx 0.75 
 
 2 ... .. 
 
 8.00 
 
 100 
 
 3.CO x 2 50 
 
 6.00 x 5 00 
 
 3 50 x 3 50 
 
 v 500x 500 
 
 2 00 x 0.75 
 
 3 
 
 2.50 
 
 0.75 
 
 2.T5 x 2.50 
 
 6 00 x 5.CO 
 
 
 
 2 00 x 0.75 
 
 4 
 
 400 
 
 1.00 
 
 3 00 x 3 CO 
 
 7.00 x 600 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 500 
 
 100 
 
 360x 300 
 
 7 00 x 5 75 
 
 5 00 x 5.00 
 
 2.00 x 2 00 
 
 3.00 x 0.25 
 
 (J 
 
 2.00 
 
 100 
 
 2.75 x 2 25 
 
 6 00 x 5 00 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 350 
 
 2.CO 
 
 3 50 x 3 00 
 
 9 00 x 6 CO 
 
 6 00 x 4 25 
 
 5 00 x 3 00 
 
 
 g 
 
 350 
 
 1.2) 
 
 3 50 x 3 00 
 
 700 x 650 
 
 7 00 x 4 50 
 
 8 CO x 4 50 
 
 
 Average . ... 
 
 S38 
 
 1. 3 
 
 314 x 278 
 
 6 5 x 5 53 
 
 538 x 4 31 
 
 5 00 x 3 63 
 
 2 CO x 063 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Two eggs constitute of course the usual complement, but three eggs have twice 
 been found : April 27, 1890, and May 14, 1893. ^ the nest contain eggs or young the 
 parent bird often in her actions betrays great solicitude for the safety of her house- 
 hold, fluttering along on or near the ground for a considerable distance in the endeavor 
 to attract to herself the attention of the real or supposed intruder. 
 
THE BIRDS OF WAYNE COUNTY. 273 
 
 ORDER RAPTORES. BIRDS OF PREY. 
 SUBORDER SARCORHAMPHI. AMERICAN VULTURES. 
 FAMILY CATHARTID/E. AMERICAN VULTURES. 
 GENUS CATHARTES II.LIGER. 
 
 51. Cathartes aura (LINN.). 
 Turkey Vulture. 
 
 A rare summer visitor, although apparently common in Holmes County, only a 
 short distance farther south. It is seen in Wayne County generally singly or in pairs ; 
 and on several different occasions individuals have been taken, some of which are 
 now preserved as mounted specimens. 
 
 SUBORDER FALCONES. VULTURES, FALCONS, HAWKS, ETC. 
 FAMILY FALCONID/C. VULTURES, FALCONS, HAWKS, ETC. 
 
 SUBFAMILY ACCIPITRIN/E. KITES, BUZZARDS, HAWKS, ETC. 
 
 GENUS CIRCUS LA.CEPEDE. 
 
 52. Circus hudsonius (LINN.). 
 Marsh Hawk. 
 
 Resident; common in spring and fall, but less frequently observed at other 
 seasons. It is found on upland as well as on the bottoms, though apparently prefer- 
 ring the latter as its hunting grounds. A nest of this species was discovered by Mr. 
 E. N. Freeman, near Orrville, in the spring of 1891. It was on the ground in a 
 meadow, and was a very slight affair. It contained six eggs. 
 
 GENUS ACCIPITER BRISSON. 
 
 SUBGBNUS ACCIPITER. 
 
 53. Accipiter velox (WILS.) 
 Sharp-shinned Hawk. 
 
 A tolerably common resident; apparently of most frequent occurrence on the 
 bottom-lands. It ventures occasionally into the towns, particularly in winter. On 
 January 9, 1893, one made its appearance about the court-house at Wooster, in pursuit 
 of the numerous House Sparrows that find a refuge in the nooks and corners of the 
 building. On February i, another Sharp-shinned Hawk, or possibly the ?ame individ- 
 ual, was seen at the same place. Although no nests of this species have been found 
 it undoubtedly breeds in the County. 
 
274 
 
 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION. 
 
 COOPER'S HAWK, ABOUT ONE-THIRD NATURAL SIZE. 
 
 54. Accipiter cooperii (BONAP.). 
 Cooper's Hawk. 
 
 A common resident ; oftener observed in spring than at any other season. In 
 the winter it retreats to the most sheltered portions of the woods, preferably to the 
 vicinity of evergreens, where such are available, and seldom during the severe season 
 venturing far abroad. 
 
 Although this species has not actually been found breeding in the County, young 
 unable to fly have been captured by Mr. Freeman. 
 
 On March 18, 1*891, there was discovered on the ground in a sheltered situation 
 among evergreens, an immature female Cooper's Hawk, which was from some cause 
 other than a wound so weak that it was unable to fly or even to make more than the 
 most feeble efforts to escape. 
 
THE BIRDS OF WAYNE COUNTY. 
 
 275 
 
 GENUS BUTEO CUVIER. 
 
 55. Buteo borealis (GMEL.). 
 Red-tailed Hawk. 
 
 A common summer resident; much less numerous in winter. It breeds chiefly 
 on the uplands, in heavy timber, though not infrequently near the edge of the woods 
 in the vicinity of a human habitation or a well travelled road. The tree chosen 
 appears to be generally a white oak (Quercus alba}; though nests have been found 
 in the pin oak (^xercns palustris}; chestnut (Castanea dentata\ and beech {Fagus 
 atropunicea}. The distance of the nest from the ground varies from sixty to ninety 
 feet, but is generally betwe n seventy and eighty-five feet. Old nests are frequently 
 reoccupied, but not usually in successive seasons. 
 
 The measurements of the nest of this species given by Major Chas. E. Bendire 1 
 are apparently too small, unless these Ohio nests are exceptionally large. This dis- 
 crepancy is especially noticeable in the depth of the inner cavity, as may be seen by 
 reference to the dimensions of the following seven nests, measured in sitti: 
 
 No. 
 
 Height 
 
 Depth. 
 
 Inside 
 top 
 
 diameter. 
 
 Inside 
 midd;e 
 diameter. 
 
 Outside 
 top 
 diameter. 
 
 Outside 
 middle 
 diameter. 
 
 Outside 
 bottom 
 diameter. 
 
 1 
 
 1500 
 
 750 
 
 1500 x 14 OJ 
 
 SCO x 800 
 
 36 00 x 36 00 
 
 26 00 x 26 00 
 
 14 00 x 14 00 
 
 2 
 
 1800 
 
 6.00 
 
 13 00 x 13 00 
 
 
 33 00 x 27 00 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 2600 
 
 500 
 
 9 00 x 9 00 
 
 6 00 x 6 00 
 
 43 00 x 24 00 
 
 3300 x 2400 
 
 30 00 x 18 00 
 
 4 . ..... 
 
 1800 
 
 450 
 
 12 00 x 12 00 
 
 9 00 x 9 00 
 
 36 00 x 17 00 
 
 30 00 x 12 00 
 
 14 00 x 8 00 
 
 5 
 
 1800 
 
 400 
 
 10 00 x 9 00 
 
 7 00 x 6 00 
 
 4200 x 2100 
 
 30 00 x 15 00 
 
 9 00 x 6 00 
 
 6.. 
 
 1500 
 
 600 
 
 12 OD x 12 00 
 
 
 36.00 x 21 00 
 
 
 
 7 . .. 
 
 3600 
 
 700 
 
 lOOOx 800 
 
 6.00 x 6 00 
 
 48 00 x 30 00 
 
 42 00 x 30.00 
 
 18 00 x 12.00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Average 
 
 20.86 
 
 571 
 
 11.57 x 1100 
 
 7.23 x 7.00 
 
 3914x2557 
 
 32.20 x 21.40 
 
 17.00 x 11 60 
 
 The eggs are usually deposited during the latter half of March, but sometimes as 
 late as the middle of April. Two or three eggs constitute a complement, the former 
 number being somewhat the more common. 
 
 On April 21, 1891, in response to a vigorous rap upon a tall oak, a female Red-tail 
 left her nest with such apparent haste and carelessness that she pushed out of the 
 nest one of the young birds, which came crashing down through the branches to the 
 ground, being of course killed by the fall. This young bird was only two or three 
 days old, but its stomach was packed with remains of meadow mice (Microtus penn- 
 sylvanictis). In this locality, there being an abundance of other food, the Red-tailed 
 Hawk seldom lays tribute upon the poultry yards. 
 
 56. Buteo lineatus (GMEL.). 
 Red-shouldered Hawk. 
 
 An abundant resident, but much less often seen during the winter than at any 
 other season. It is in this region more numerous than any other Hawk, and for 
 comparison with the Sparrow and Red-tailed Hawks, which rank next in abundance, 
 
 1 Life Histories of North American Birds I, 1892, p. 210. 
 
276 
 
 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION. 
 
 the total number of each observed in 1892 may be taken as a fair criterion. These 
 figures are: Red-shouldered Hawk, 87; Sparrow Hawk, 37; Red-tailed Hawk, 27. 
 
 The Red-shouldered Hawk prefers the wooded bottom-lands; and while there is 
 scarcely a tract of lowland woods of any considerable size which is not inhabited by 
 one or even two pairs of Buteo lineatus, yet during the spring and summer it remains 
 so closely within its haunts, that were these places not visited, the species might very 
 readily be considered much less abundant than is really the case. In parts of the 
 County where no bottom-lands exist, the Red-shouldered Hawk is apparently 
 less numerous, though by no means rare. 
 
 The eggs, according to the writer's experience, are in this locality somewhat more 
 commonly four than three in number. They are deposited generally between the 
 fifth and the twentieth of April, the variation in different seasons being apparently not 
 dependent upon the mildness or severity of the weather. Young in the nest have 
 been observed as early as May 5. Eggs unmarked, or nearly so, occasionally occur, 
 although these are somewhat the exception. Eggs in different stages of incubation are 
 not infrequently found in the same nest. 
 
 This species, like the Red-tailed Hawk, manifests little inclination to defend its 
 nest against a human intruder, but usually contents itself with retreating into the 
 woods, or at most soaring about high overhead. In fact the writer has record of but 
 a single instance where on the part of the parent bird any fierceness was exhibited, 
 On this occasion, the female, after being driven from the nest only when the latter was 
 nearly reached in climbing, persisted in making repeated and most vicious swoops at 
 the disturber of her peace, until forced to desist by the approach below of someone 
 with a gun. This nest contained one young bird just hatched, together with three 
 eggs in which incubation was nearly completed. Under ordinary circumstances the 
 female leaves the nest while the tree is being approached, but sometimes, especially if 
 incubation be advanced, she is with Considerable difficulty dislodged. 
 
 Of the nest of the Red-shouldered Hawk, the dimensions given by Major Chas. 
 E. Bendire 1 are, as in the case of the preceding species, somewhat too small, unless 
 these Ohio nests are to be considered exceptional. The measurements of ten nests 
 are as follows : 
 
 No. 
 
 Height 
 
 Depth 
 
 Inside 
 top 
 diameter. 
 
 Inside 
 middle 
 diameter. 
 
 Outside 
 top 
 diameter. 
 
 Outside 
 middle 
 diameter. 
 
 Outside 
 bottom 
 diameter. 
 
 Width 
 cf rim. 
 
 1 .. 
 
 1800 
 
 400 
 
 S.OOx 7.00 
 
 6.50 x 6.00 
 
 30.00 x 24 00 
 
 33 00 x 24.00 
 
 24.00 x '21.00 
 
 
 2 
 
 28.00 
 
 3.00 
 
 10.00 x 7.00 
 
 7.03 x 5.00 
 
 24 00 x 13 00 
 
 30.00 x 18 00 
 
 18.00 x 12.00 
 
 
 3.... 
 
 1800 
 
 4.00 
 
 11.00x10.00 
 
 
 33.0D x 27.00 
 
 27.00 x 18.00 
 
 26.00 x 12.00 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 2100 
 
 500 
 
 8.50 x 7.00 
 
 6.75 x 6.00 
 
 26.00 x 18.00 
 
 24.00 x 12.00 
 
 18.00 x 5.00 
 
 
 
 5 
 6 
 
 22.00 
 1200 
 
 400 
 300 
 
 7.50 x 7.50 
 6.50 x 6.50 
 
 6.00 x 5 60 
 5.50 x 5.00 
 
 24.00 x 22.00 
 30.00 x 18.00 
 
 31.00x28.00 
 30.03 x 18.00 
 
 24.00 x 12.00 
 30.00 x 18.00 
 
 15.00 x 3.50 
 
 7 
 8 
 
 18.00 
 2700 
 
 3.00 
 603 
 
 750x 650 
 650x 550 
 
 6.50 x 5 50 
 6 50 x 5 50 
 
 2900x22.00 
 28 00 x 26 00 
 
 29.00 x 22.00 
 36 00 x 94.00 
 
 15X0x1 2.00 
 
 12.00 x 5.59 
 
 9 
 
 1800 
 
 500 
 
 1400x1100 
 
 
 33.00 x 24 00 
 
 33.00 x 24.03 
 
 18 00 x 12.00 
 
 
 10 
 
 21.00 
 
 600 
 
 9.00 x 8.00 
 
 7.00 x 6.50 
 
 30 00 x 19.00 
 
 33.00 x 14.00 
 
 27.00 x 7.00 
 
 
 
 Average... 
 
 2030 
 
 430 
 
 8.85 x 7.60 
 
 6.47 x 5.63 
 
 28.70 x 21.30 
 
 30.60 x 20 20 
 
 22/22 x 12.33 
 
 
 
 From a comparison of the above measurements with those of the nest of Buleo 
 borealis it will be seen that while the nest of the latter is considerably greater in 
 diameter, it is very little higher than the nest of B. lineatus, but has nevertheless a 
 
 1 Life Histories of North American Birds I, 1892, p. 221. 
 
THE BIRDS OF WAYNE COUNTY. 277 
 
 somewhat deeper inner cavity. According to the writer's observation, the nest of B. 
 borealis is, moreover, on the average much better finished inside, very frequently being 
 lined with a quantity of grapevine bark closely matted together; while on the other 
 hand some nests of Buleo lineatus are merely loose collections of sticks and twigs, 
 with very little lining, and so nearly flat that the eggs seem in danger of being thrown 
 from the nest. 
 
 1 he elm ( Ulmus Americana} seems to be most frequently chosen as a site for the 
 nest, but the following trees have been observed also thus utilized, viz. : maples 
 {Acer rubrum et Saccharum), beech (Fagus atropunicea}, walnut (Juglans nigra], 
 oak (Quercus alba} and ash (Fraxinus sp.f 1 ). 
 
 In this locality the same nest appears to be seldom occupied two years in succes- 
 sion, even though the birds be not disturbed. Wherever the nest of a Red-shouldered 
 Hawk is found, a nest of the Crow is reasonably certain to be situated in the immediate 
 vicinity, a circumstance not observed in connection with any other species of Rap- 
 tores, and which, considering the apparent animosity existing between the two species 
 in question, is perhaps not easily explained. 
 
 In a nest from which eggs were taken April 24, 1892, there was noticed a small 
 quantity of the claws and shells of crustaceans, probably the remains of a recent meal. 
 
 Two young Red-shouldered Hawks taken from the nest when about four weeks 
 old, were, after a confinement of two months and a half, killed to serve as specimens. 
 The stomach of one of these birds was found to be distended to its utmost capacity by 
 a compact mass of excelsior packing, with which the floor of the cage had been 
 covered. This indigestible material had evidently been taken into the stomach by 
 having adhered to the food eaten, but how the bird would have disposed of the mass 
 might be interesting to have determined. 
 
 57. Buteo latissimus (\VILS.). 
 Broad-winged Hawk. 
 
 Rare; probably a summer resident. Only two records are at present available: 
 that of an adult shot on the grounds of the State Agricultural Experiment Station at 
 Wooster, July 4, 1893; and one seen about six miles north of this place on July 9 of 
 the same year. 
 
 GENUS ARCHIBUTEO BREHM 
 
 58. Archibuteo lagopus sancti-johannis (GMEL.). 
 American Rough-legged Hawk. 
 
 A rare winter visitor. It has been observed usually during the months of March 
 and April, and seldom anywhere excepting on the bottom-lands. It has not been 
 noted later than April. 
 
 
 
 GENUS AQUILA BRISSON. 
 
 59. Aquila chrysaetos (LINN.). 
 Golden Eagle. 
 
 A rare and irregular winter visitor. The most recent, and so far as the writer is 
 aware, the only authentic date of its capture with n the borders of the County, is 
 
278 
 
 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION. 
 
 November 10, 1891. This bird, an immature male in fine plumage, was killed in a 
 wooded ravine near the southern boundary of the County by a farmer resident in the 
 vicinity. l 
 
 GENUS HAXIffiETUS SAVIGNY. 
 
 BALD EAGLE, GREATLY REDUCED. 
 
 60. Haliseetus leucocephalus (LINN.). 
 Bald Eagle. 
 
 Undoubtedly in former years of more frequent occurrence, but at the present 
 time it is only an occasional visitor. A specimen in the collection of Mr. House- 
 keeper was taken not far from Wooster, about the year 1886. The large Hawks, and 
 sometimes even the Turkey Vulture, are here not seldom mistaken for the present 
 species ; and an investigation of most of the tales of "eagles" seen, has proven them 
 to be similar misidentifications. 
 
 SUBFAMILY FALCONIN/E. FALCONS. 
 
 GENUS FALCO LINN^US 
 
 SUBGENUS RHYNCHODON NITZSCH. 
 
 61. Falco p^regrinus anatum (BOXAP.). 
 Duck Hawk. 
 
 Very rare; a single specimen in the collection of Mr. E. N. Freeman is the only 
 one known to have been taken in the County. This bird, a very fine adult, was secured 
 early in the autumn of 1885, along a creek in the vicinity of Orrville. When first 
 
 1 Auk IX, 1892, p. 200. 
 
THE BIRDS OF WAYNE COUNTY. 279 
 
 observed it was engaged in pursuing Mourning Doves, which were there quite 
 numerous; its method being to remain quietly perched on a limb until one came 
 within range, then giving chase, sometimes for a long distance. The Doves, however, 
 being swift of fl'-ght, almost invariably succeeded in finally eluding their pursuer, for 
 if too closely pressed, they would, while in full flight, suddenly close their wings and 
 drop as if shot into the dense underbrush, whither of course the Hawk would not fol- 
 low. 
 
 SUBGENUS ^ESALON KAUP. 
 
 62 Falco columbarius (LINN.). 
 ) igeon Hawk. 
 
 Apparently rare; added to the list on the strength of a single mounted specimen 
 in the collection of Prof. S. S. Milligan, of Wooster. In regard to this specimen there 
 are unfortunately no data available, beyond the mere fact of its having been shot in 
 the vicinity of the town. A Hawk seen October 16, 1891, on the bottom-lands along 
 the Kill buck, was probably of this species, though its identity was not positively de- 
 termined. 
 
 SUBGENUS TINNUNCULUS VIEILLOT. 
 
 63. Falco sparverius (LINN). 
 American Sparrow Hawk. 
 
 Abundant; with the exception of Buteo lineatus the most numerous Hawk. It is 
 resident, excepting perhaps in very severe winters, but is always more frequent in 
 spring and summer than at other seasons, the migrant portion returning north during 
 the latter part of February or early in March. 
 
 Nidification takes place in April, and the young are hatched usually about the 
 third week in May. The situation chosen for the nest is either a natural cavity or an 
 old Woodpecker's excavation, usually from thirty-five to sixty-five feet from the 
 ground. It is commonly in the dead top of a living tree, though sometimes in a tree 
 wholly dead and even tottering from decay. 
 
 A Sparrow Hawk was captured November 9, 1893, in the building of the Wooster 
 High School, where it had apparently flown for shelter. A bird of this species was 
 observed on April 3, 1894, to pick up and fly away with a snake fully eighteen inches 
 in length, and so heavy as to be with evident difficulty carried. 
 
 SUBFAMILY PANDIONIN/E. OSPREYS. 
 GENUS PANDION SAVIGNY. 
 
 64. Pandion haliaetus carolinensis (GMEL.). 
 American Osprey; Fish Hawk. 
 
 A rare summer visitor ; perhaps in former years morecomman. It has occasion- 
 ally been seen singly or in pairs, fishing on the larger bodies of water, but is not at 
 the present time of regular occurrence. 
 
280 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION. 
 
 SUBORDER STRIGES. OWLS. 
 FAMILY STRIQID/E. BARN OWLS. 
 GENUS STRIX LINNAEUS. 
 
 65. Strix pratincola (BONAP.). 
 American Barn Owl. 
 
 Rare; observed only in winter. A specimen in the collection of the writer was 
 shot by a farmer near Wooster, February 2, 1892. Another specimen now in the 
 possession of Mr. George Faber, and obtained during the same winter, about two 
 miles from where the other bird was killed, is much paler, the ground color of the 
 plumage being almost white. These two are the only individuals known to have been 
 taken in the County. 
 
 Although there are more or less numerous instances of the occurrence of this 
 species in Michigan, Indiana, northern Pennsylvania, southern Ontario and southern 
 Ohio, the only other published records for the last named State north of Columbus- 
 seem to be as follows : (i) Prof. A. J. Cook, 1 on the authority of Mr. E. L. Moseley, 
 speaks of the Barn Owl as "common at Sandusky;" (2) Mr. A. Hall 2 mentions one 
 taken at East Rockport near Cleveland; and (3) Mr. Carl Tuttle 3 records the capture 
 of a single specimen in Erie County. 
 
 FAMILY BUBONID.4E. HORNED OWLS, ETC. 
 GENUS ASIO BRISSON. 
 
 66. Asio wilsonianus (LESS.). 
 American Long-eared Owl. 
 
 A rare summer resident ; tolerably common in fall and winter, though not gener- 
 ally so numerous as the next species. The only record of summer capture is a single 
 specimen taken near Orrville in 1887, by Mr. Ellsworth N. Freeman, under circum- 
 stances which would suggest its having nested in the vicinity. 
 
 67. Asio accipitrinus (PALL.). 
 Short-eared Owl ; Meadow Owl. 
 
 A common winter visitor; occurring singly, in pairs, or in small flocks. While it 
 is perhaps a rare summer resident, the writer has no record of its presence during 
 that season. The extensive meadows and swamps on the lowlands form its favorite 
 hunting grounds, though it is found also on the uplands. On account of its low soar- 
 ing flight when flushed by day it is an easy mark for hunters and the gun of the small 
 boy, many being thus killed every winter. Stomachs of specimens examined con- 
 tained only meadow mice (Mtcrotus pennsylvanicus). 
 
 1 Birds of Michigan, Edition I 18^3, p 67. 
 Forest and Stream XXVI, 1886, p. 446. 
 3 Auk XII, 1895, p. 191. 
 
THE BIRDS OF WAYNE COUNTY. 281 
 
 GENUS SYRNIUM SAVIGNY. 
 
 68. Syrnium nebulosum (FORST.)- 
 Barred Owl. 
 
 A common resident; frequents chiefly the wooded swamps and lowlands, in 
 which localities it breeds. 
 
 On May 9, 1893, the writer obtained from a nest in the hollow top of the trunk of 
 a huge beech, two young of this species, which \vere apparently about three and a half 
 weeks old. From some unknown cause, one of them died a few days later, but the 
 other was kept in confinement for more than a year. It was allowed the freedom of a 
 small poultry house, the glass sides of which seemed to be to it a continual enigma. 
 Nearly always when its abode was entered it would fly against the glass, only of 
 course to fall to the ground. Its favorite perch was an old wire cage upon which 
 were several boards so placed that they slanted upwards to about five feet above the 
 ground, and on the highest part of this the Owl spent most of its time. Though not 
 at all vicious, it nevertheless resented any familiarity, and vigorously protested against 
 being touched. Its food consisted principally of raw beef, of which it consumed about 
 six ounces per day. It was, however, quite fastidious as to diet and would touch no 
 spoiled meat unless absolutely obliged by hunger. A Pied-billed Grebe in the incip- 
 ient stages of decomposition, though offered to the Owl after a three days' fast, was 
 reluctantly tasted, and only a portion of the neck eaten. Boiled meat was evidently 
 not relished, being persistently refused. 
 
 GENUS NYCTALA BREHM. 
 
 69. Nyctala acadica (GMEL.). 
 Saw-whet Owl. 
 
 A rare resident ; rather more frequently met with during the winter than at other 
 seasons. Mr. E. N. Freeman states that it is sometimes not uncommon in winter in 
 the vicinity of Orrville ; and its nocturnal habits may to some extent account for its 
 apparent rarity in other parts of the County. The capture of a summer specimen by 
 the same gentleman indicates the probability of its nidification here, but actual proof 
 of the same has not been obtained. 
 
 GENUS MEGASCOPS KAUP. 
 
 70. Megascops asio (LINN.). 
 Screech Owl. 
 
 Resident; the most common of the Owls. Almost every large tract of woodland 
 shelters at least one pair, and the species may also be frequently found about the 
 farm-houses, as well as on the outskirts of the towns. 
 
282 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION. 
 
 Just at dusk on August 25, 1890, in a tract of bottom woodland, the writer 
 wounded a Screech Owl with a charge of dust shot. It fell, but caught with its feet 
 a limb and there clung until dislodged by a stick, when with wings spread it sailed 
 down and took refuge in a partially decayed stump. Although seen to enter the 
 stump, a close search of fully fifteen minutes was necessary to discover its hiding 
 place. So closely had it pressed itself into a cavity in the wood that remaining 
 motionless, and aided by its peculiar coloration, it was overlooked at least half a dozen 
 times, though in plain sight all the while. 
 
 The stomach of a specimen examined contained remains of the white-footed 
 mouse {Peromyscus leucopus}, and of an unidentifiable Sparrow. 
 
 Of twenty-eight specimens from the County, fourteen are gray, thirteen are in 
 the red phase, and one is in the rarer intermediate plumage. This last specimen has 
 the general color of the upper parts mummy brown, the principal color markings 
 below being reddish brown. 
 
 GENUS BUBO DUMERIL. 
 
 GREAT HORNED OWL, MUCH REDUCED. 
 
 71. Bubo virginianus (GMEL.). 
 Great Horned Owl. 
 
 A tolerably common resident; apparently most numerous during the fall and 
 winter, being found in nearly all wooded districts of the County. It is here generally 
 regarded as injurious, and is consequently killed whenever occasion offers. It is not 
 infrequently captured alive, and is perhaps thus taken oftener than any other Owl. 
 
'I HE BIRDS OF WAYNE COUNTY. 
 
 283 
 
 GENUS NYCTEA STEPHENS. 
 
 SNOWY OWL, GREATLY REDUCED. 
 
 72. Nyctea Nyctea (LiNN.). 
 Snowy Owl. 
 
 A rare and irregular winter visitor. One caught near Wooster a number of 
 years ago was for several months maintained in confinement, its chief diet consisting 
 of raw liver. A fine adult specimen now in the possession of Mr. J. Blandford, was 
 secured in the northern part of the County, in January, 1878. There are records of 
 two others taken during the same winter, one of which was shot at night from the top 
 of a chimney in Wooster. This specimen is now in the museum of Wooster 
 University. 
 
284 
 
 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION. 
 
 ORDER COCCYGES. CUCKOO?, ETC. 
 
 SUBORDER CUCULI. CUCKOOS, ETC. 
 FAMILY CUCULID/E. CUCKOOS, ANIS, ETC. 
 
 SUBFAMILY COCCYQIN/E. AMERICAN CUCKOOS. 
 
 GENUS COCCYZUS VIFILLOT. 
 
 YELLOW-BILLED CUCKOO. ONE-HALF NATURAL SIZE. 
 
 73. Coccyzus americanus (LiNx.). 
 Yellow-billed Cuckoo. 
 
 A common summer resident. It appears in May, the tenth of this month being 
 the earliest date; and though ordinarily not much observed after the middle of Sep- 
 tember, has been noted as late as October 19, ( 1892). 
 
THE BIRDS OF WAYNE COUNTY. 
 
 285 
 
 It frequents principally the woods, thickets and orchards, breeding visually in one 
 of the two last named localities. Three or four eggs constitute in this vicinity the 
 normal complement. The breeding season continues commonly from the first of June 
 to the middle of July, but the following exceptional dates have been noted. A nest 
 containing four perfectly fresh eggs was discovered on August 17, 1890; and on Sep- 
 tember 13 of the same year, another nest containing two unincubated eggs was found 
 not over forty feet from the one taken a month before. 
 
 Four nests measure respectively as follows: 
 
 No. 
 
 Seight. 
 
 Depth 
 
 Inside 
 
 top 
 
 diameter. 
 
 I aside 
 middle 
 diameter. 
 
 Outside 
 top 
 diameter. 
 
 Outside 
 middle 
 diameter. 
 
 Outside 
 bottom 
 diameter. 
 
 Width 
 of rim. 
 
 1 
 
 4.00 
 
 175 
 
 3 50 x 3 ->5 
 
 3lOx 300 
 
 6 50 x 6 00 
 
 5 50 x 5 50 
 
 5 00 x 3 00 
 
 2 00 x 50 
 
 2 
 
 5.50 
 
 1.53 
 
 3 50 x 3.00 
 
 2.75 x 2.50 
 
 8.00 x 6.00 
 
 7.50 x 5 50 
 
 3.50 x 3 50 
 
 3.00 x 50 
 
 3 
 
 3.00 
 
 1.50 
 
 3 25 x 3.25 
 
 3 CO x 2.50 
 
 8.00 x 5.00 
 
 6.50 x 4.0D 
 
 5 00 x 2.75 
 
 2.50 x 0.38 
 
 4 
 
 350 
 
 1 00 
 
 3.50 x 8 50 
 
 
 8 00 x 8 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 A verage .. 
 
 400 
 
 1.44 
 
 3 44 x 3.25 
 
 2.92 x 2.00 
 
 7.63 x 6.25 
 
 6.50 x 5 00 
 
 4 50 x 3.08 
 
 2.50 x 46 
 
 On June 10, 1891, a Yellow-billed Cuckoo was found dead upon the front porch of a 
 house on the outskirts of Wooster. Appearances indicated that the bird had been 
 killed by flying against the door, as examination revealed the absence of any wound, 
 and dissection showed it to be apparently in healthy condition. 
 
 The peculiar notes of this species are occasionally heard at night. 
 
 74 Coccyzus erythrophtbalmus (WILS.). 
 Black -billed Cuckoo. 
 
 A transient visitor; sometimes tolerably common in the spring, but apparently 
 rare in autamn. From the fact that this species is so common a summer resident in 
 parts of the State, it may seem strange that it should not be so listed in this locality, 
 but the most careful search has failed to reveal its presence, except from May 9 to 22, 
 and on September 27, 1891. Future investigations may perhaps show it to be present 
 during the breeding season. 
 
 SUBORDER ALCYONES. KINGFISHERS. 
 
 FAMILY ALCEDINID>E. KINGFISHERS. 
 
 GENUS CERYLE BOIE. 
 
 SUBGENUS STREPTOCERYLE BONAPARTE. 
 
 75. Ceryle alcyon (LINN.). 
 Belted Kingfisher. 
 
 A common summer resident ; occurring along all the. larger streams. It arrives 
 ifrom the south in March; remaining until by the freezing of the watercourses in the 
 
OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION. 
 
 fall it is unable to obtain its food. During open winters a few usually remain 
 throughout the entire season. It is ordinarily not seen far from water, and for nest- 
 ing purposes it selects the bank of a stream. The eggs are deposited usua.ly before 
 the middle of May, and are, when the complement is complete, six or seven in number. 
 Occupied nests have been observed from May 17 to June 15 ; that on the former date 
 containing egts one-fourth incubated, that on the latter five fully feathered young. 
 The young in this nest were ranged in a row across the chamber at the inner extrem- 
 ity of the burrow, and were crowded close together, all facing the en*rance, thus from 
 without presenting quite an odd appearance The burrow is usually three or four 
 feet in length, sometimes straight, but generally diverted horizontally at a greater or 
 less angle 
 
 The measurements of four nests result as follows : 
 
 No. 
 
 Total length 
 of burrow. 
 
 Diameter c f 
 burrow. 
 
 Lergth of 
 chamber. 
 
 Width of 
 chamber. 
 
 Height of 
 chamber. 
 
 1 
 2 
 
 48.00 
 5600 
 
 4.00 x 3 00 
 3 50 x 3.00 
 
 1303 
 1000 
 
 1200 
 875 
 
 500 
 600 
 
 3 
 
 4100 
 
 4.00 x 3.50 
 
 675 
 
 1200 
 
 700 
 
 4 
 
 57 CO 
 
 3.25x300 
 
 9(0 
 
 1100 
 
 600 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Average 
 
 50.50 
 
 3.69x3.13 
 
 9 09 
 
 1094 
 
 6.00 
 
 In all the nests that have been examined, the eggs were deposited in the enlarge- 
 ment at the extremity of the passage, upon a quantity of fish bones, fish scales, 
 and sometimes remains of crustaceans. The Kingfisher's habit of constructing its nest 
 of twigs, grass, feathers, etc., mentioned by Wilson, Gentry and some other writers, 
 seems to be the exception rather than the rule, or at least to a considerable degree a 
 local occurrence. 
 
 Madame Ceryle is, when sitting, difficult to dislodge from her nest, and snaps 
 viciously at anything that comes within her reach. A lighted match fastened to the 
 end of a stick and thrust into the nest is invariably picked at until extinguished. She 
 usually remains while the digging out of the nest is in progress, attempting to escape 
 only as the chamber containing the eggs is ne-ared, sometimes even then refusing to 
 leave until removed by force. 
 
 ORDER PICI. WOODPECKERS, WRYNECKS, ITC. 
 FAMILY PICID>E. WOODPECKERS. 
 
 GENUS DRYOBATES BOIE. 
 76 Dryobates villosus (LINN.). 
 
 Hairy Woodpecker. 
 
 A common resident ; more numerous in fall and winter than at other seasons. 
 There is in this locality apparently a remarkable predominance of females, since out 
 of a series of fourteen specimens, taken principally during fall and winter, only three are 
 
THE BIRDS OF WAYNE COUNTY. 287 
 
 males ; and this ratio seems to be fairly constant so far as observation of living birds can 
 determine. The favorite haunts of this species are, in fall and winter, the woods of the 
 bottom-lands, but where such places are not available it frequents fully as numerously 
 the upland forests; being of regular occurrence throughout the County. It is not 
 uncommonly found along fencerows in the open country, in thickets, or even or- 
 chards, but is scarcely ever to be seen in the towns, except during the late fall and 
 winter months. Both this and the following species have at times been noticed to 
 repeatedly perch on limbs crosswise, after the manner of Sparrows or other passerine 
 birds. 
 
 The Hairy Woodpecker breeds generally in the most secluded portions of the 
 forests. ' A nest found May 3. 1891, in moist woodland along Killbuck Creek, was in 
 the solid living wood of a swamp hickory, (HicA oria minima}. It contained young 
 -about two-thirds fledged. 
 
 DOWNY WOODPECKKR, NATURAL SIZE. 
 
 77. Dryobates pubescens (LINN.). 
 Downy Woodpecker; " Sapsucker." 
 
 An abundant resident, though apparently less common in spring and summer 
 than at other seasons. It occurs everywhere, but seems to affect most numerously, 
 especially in winter, the woods of the bottom-lands. At that season it is frequently 
 found associated with the following species : Certhia familiaris americana, Sitta 
 carolinensis, Parus bicolor, Parus atricapillus, Regulus satrapa, and Dryobates 
 villosus. 
 
 Like the last species, the Downy Woodpecker is not often seen in the towns, ex- 
 cept during the fall and winter months. It breeds usually in May, exhibiting as to 
 locality a decided preference for the woods' on the bottoms, where such lands exist, 
 although it sometimes nests in orchards. 
 
 Most authors mention the complement of eggs deposited by the Downy Wood- 
 pecker as from four to six ; of a larger number the only record that the present writer 
 has been able to discover being by Worthington, 1 who secured one set of seven eggs. 
 A set also of seven was collected by the writer near Wooster, May 22, 1891. The nest 
 was situated in a tract of woods on the swampy lowlands along Killbuck' Creek. It 
 was excavated twenty-four feet from the ground in the outer (or under) side of the 
 remaining stub of a dead limb. It was much narrowed towards the bottom, 
 
 1 Ornithologist and Oologist VI, 1881, p. 43. 
 
 4 B. W. C. 
 
OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION. 
 
 apparently to avoid breaking into an abandoned Woodpecker's excavation 
 from which even then it was separated by only a very thin partition. Its dimensions 
 are given herewith : 
 
 Depth from 
 entrance. 
 
 Diameter 'of 
 entrance. 
 
 Diameter at 
 top. 
 
 Diameter at 
 entrance. 
 
 Diameter at 
 bottom. 
 
 6.00 
 
 1.25 
 
 3.00 x 2.50 
 
 . 3.50x8.25 
 
 3.50 x 2.00 
 
 The eggs from this nest exhibit a remarkable difference in size, as will be seen from 
 the following measurements (in inches), viz. : .81 x.65, . Sox. 63, .77x.63, -77X.62, .71 x 
 59 -67 x -53 -55 x -49- They were all in varying stages of incubation ; the four largest 
 being approximately one-half incubated ; the fifth in size, about one-fourth ; and the 
 two smallest nearly fresh. This variation in the incubation of eggs in the same nest 
 has been, in the case of Dryobates pubescens, observed by the writer in also another 
 instance, but so far at least as may be inferred from the accounts of the nesting of the 
 species published by other observers, it does not seem to be a common occurrence. 
 Both sexes assist in the duties of incubation. 
 
 Specimens of the Downy Woodpecker, as well as of some other birds from this 
 locality, are frequently found to have the plumage of the under par:s much soiled 
 from contact with the bark of the trees. 
 
 GENUS SPHRYAPICUS BAIRD. 
 
 YELLOW-BELLIED SAPSUCKER, NATURAL SIZE. 
 
 78. Sphryapicus varius (LINN.). 
 Yellow-bellied Sapsucker. 
 
 A common spring transient, but apparently rare in autumn. It is not usually ob- 
 served in winter, but a specimen was taken by Mr. W. E. Henderson, near Wooster r 
 January i, 1890. It appears generally between the second and eighth of April, and 
 commonly disappears before the middle of May. It has been noticed in fall only 
 twice : September 27, 1891, and October, 2, 1892. It seems in this locality to prefer 
 the bottom woodlands, where it is sometimes seen in company with other Wood- 
 Deckers. 
 
THE BIRDS OF WAYNE COUNTY. 289 
 
 On July 12, 1891, the writer discovered in a wooded ravine near Wooster, four 
 immature birds of this species, which had without reasonable doubt been reared in 
 the immediate vicinity. An adult was also on the same date seen in a neighboring 
 orchard. This is apparently the first definite record of the breeding of the species in 
 Ohio, although Wheaton mentions 1 having observed in May a pair of these birds at 
 work upon a nest w r hich was subsequently deserted. 
 
 In spring the drumming of the Yellow-bellied Sapsucker may usually be easily 
 recognized by the following peculiarities. Four or five taps given in quick succession 
 are followed by a short pause, this being soon succeeded by two short quick taps ; 
 then another pause, and two more taps in somewhat less rapid succession than the 
 first ; followed by yet another pause, and two additional taps still a little slower. 
 This is sometimes slightly varied with regard to the number of taps; and occasionally 
 also the latter part consists only of single quick taps with an increasing interval to- 
 ward the last. The two most common forms may be crudely represented as follows: 
 __ and ~ - - 
 
 GENUS CEOPHLCEUS CABANIS. 
 
 79. Ceophlceus pileatus (LINN.). 
 Pileated Woodpecker. 
 
 This was formerly a common species in the heavily timbered lands throughout 
 most of the County, but with the clearing of the extensive forests it gradually dis- 
 appeared, having been very rare for the past twenty-five or thirty years. Mr. Joseph 
 Housekeeper informs me that the last specimen taken in the County, so far as he Js 
 aware, was shot about 1883. 
 
 GENUS MELANERPES SWAINSON. 
 
 SUBGENUS MELANERPES. 
 
 80. Melanerpes erythrocephalus (LINN.). 
 Red -headed Woodpecker. 
 
 An abundant summer resident from the last of March until October ; a few 
 sometimes remain during mild winters. It frequents forests, orchards and fields, 
 nesting in almost any suitable situation. The dead top of any large tree, or any 
 apple tree with a large dead limb, is pretty sure to sooner or later contain the nest of 
 a Red-headed Woodpecker. The first mentioned situation is often tenanted by both 
 this species and the Flicker, the nests being sometimes in the same limb, and within 
 a few feet of each other. But in even this close proximity the birds live in apparently 
 perfect harmony. 
 
 The breeding season continues usually from about the middle of May until the 
 first of July, being at its height during the last week in May and the first week of 
 June. The number of eggs is usually four or five, not often six. They are sometimes 
 found to be in varying stages of incubation. The nests whi-h have been observed 
 ranged from twelve to seventy feet from the ground. 
 
 i Geological Survey of Ohjo IV, 1882, p. 399. 
 
290 
 
 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION. 
 
 The measurements obtained from four nests are herewith given 
 
 No. 
 
 Total depth. 
 
 Diameter of 
 entrance. 
 
 Diameter at 
 entrance. 
 
 Diameter at 
 middle. 
 
 Diameter at 
 bottom. 
 
 j 
 
 10.00 
 
 2 25 x 2 13 
 
 4 CO x 2 25 
 
 4.00 x 4.00 
 
 4 63 x 3 50 
 
 2 
 
 1050 
 
 1.75 x 1.63 
 
 4 00 x 2 CO 
 
 4 00 x 4.00 
 
 4.50 x 4 00 
 
 3....^^. 
 4 
 
 11.00 
 1150 
 
 2.00x1.38 
 2 25 x 1 50 
 
 3 50 x 3.00 
 3 75 x 3 50 
 
 500x8.0 
 500 X400 
 
 4.00 x 2.50 
 4 50 x 3 38 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Average 
 
 1075 
 
 2 06 x 1 66 
 
 3 81 x 2 69 
 
 4 50 x 3 88 
 
 4 41 x 3 35 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 The parent bird is under ordinary "circumstances easily dislodged from the nest, 
 but occasionally is quite obstinate in this particular. The Red-headed Woodpecker 
 sometimes'attacks other birds which approach too closely its nesting place. On one 
 occasion three of these Woodpeckers were observed to utterly rout a Red -tailed 
 Hawk. 
 
 SUBGEXUS CENTURUS SWAINSON. 
 
 RED-BELLIED WOODPECKER, REDUCED. 
 
 81. Melanerpes carolinus (LINN.). 
 Red-bellied Woodpecker. 
 
 A tolerably common resident, but most regularly observed during fall and win- 
 ter; frequenting then more open woodland than during the breeding season. It is 
 
THE BIRDS OF WAYNE COUNTY. 
 
 291 
 
 visually very wild and wary, especially when in the upland woods, remaining chiefly 
 in the tops of the trees. It is not often found in company with other species. 
 
 The only nest that has fallen under the writer's observation was discovered April 
 2, 1893, in the midst of a large forest. The excavation was near the top of a sugar 
 maple (Acer Saccharum), in a dead portion of the trunk, and bore evidence of recent 
 operation, as the ground at the foot of the tree was plentifully strewed with chips. 
 The male was at first seen passing in and out of the opening, but upon his discovery 
 of the presence of spectators, he retreated into the nest, and no amount of noise or 
 pounding on the tree could induce him to again venture farther than the entrance. 
 
 GENUS COLAPTES SWAINSON. 
 
 82. 
 
 Colaptes auratus (LINN.). 
 Flicker. 
 
 A permanent resident, but less abundant in winter than at other seasons. 
 Most of those that remain through the cold weather retire to the swamps 
 and woods along the streams, where natural cavities and old Woodpecker's excava- 
 tions furnish suitable abodes. At other times the species is to be found almost any- 
 where, though apparently only casually in the towns. 
 
 Nesting sites are chosen with apparent indifference, though not usually above 
 thirty feet from the ground. Mating takes place about the middle of April, and the 
 six or seven eggs are deposited usually between the tenth of May and the first of 
 June. The female occasionally, but not commonly, incubates so closely that it is 
 necessary to use force to remove her from the nest. 
 
 The measurements obtained from four nests are as follows : 
 
 No. 
 
 Total depth. 
 
 Diameter of 
 entrance. 
 
 Diameter at 
 entrance. 
 
 Diameter at 
 middle. 
 
 Diameter at 
 bottom. 
 
 1 
 
 1400 
 
 3.00 x 2.50 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 1300 
 
 2.75 x 2.38 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 1800 
 
 200x203 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 7.00 
 
 4 00 x 4.00 
 
 6.00 x 5.00 
 
 5.00 
 
 5.00 x 4.00 
 
 
 1300 
 
 2 94 x 2 72 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ORDER MACROCHIRES. GOATSUCKERS, SWIFTS, ETC. 
 
 SUBORDER CAPRIMULGI. GOATSUCKERS, ETC. 
 
 FAMILY CAPRIflULGID>. GOATSUCKERS, ETC. 
 
 GENUS ANTROSTOMUS GOULD. 
 
 83. Antrostomus vociferus (WILS ). 
 Whip-poor-will. 
 
 A tolerably common summer resident from May until September. It frequents 
 almost exclusively the dry upland woods, being seldom found on the lowlands. 
 
292 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION. 
 
 On May 29, 1892, an individual of this species was heard singing under bright 
 sunlight at 3 :3O p. M. Other than on this occasion it has not been heard during day- 
 light later than 4 A. M. 
 
 GENUS CHORDEILES SWAINSON. 
 
 84. Chordeiles virginianus (GMEL.). 
 Nighthawk; Bull-bat. 
 
 A common summer resident from May 7 to September 14. It is more numerous 
 during migrations, especially in the fall, though there have been here observed no 
 large flights such as elsewhere frequently occur. It may occasionally be seen at dusk 
 on spring evenings, in the streets and yards of the town, whither it appears to have 
 ventured in pursuit of food. It is often abroad in bright sunlight, usually in the 
 afternoon, but is seldom seen in company with other birds. 
 
 A single egg of this species was found on JXme 20, 1893, in a strawberry patch 
 on the outskirts of Wooster. This nest having been disturbed, a clutch of two eggs 
 was later discovered in the same situation. Although these are the only actual 
 records obtained, the Nighthawk undoubtedly breeds regularly in this locality. 
 
 , SUBORDER CYPSELI. SWIFTS. 
 FAMILY niCROPODID/G. SWIFTS. 
 
 SUBFAMILY CH/ETURIN/C. SPINE-TAILED SWIFTS. 
 
 GENUS CENTURA STEPHENS. 
 
 85. Chaetura pelagica (LINN.). 
 ChimDey Swift. 
 
 An abundant summer resident; especially numerous in the towns. The earliest 
 date of its spring arrival is March 28 (1890), the latest April 21 (1892), but it usually 
 appears about the middle of April. The dates of its disappearance in fall range 
 between October i and October 7. 
 
 From the last part of April until the twentieth of May, each year, the Swifts con- 
 gregate in Wooster almost daily, to roost in a chimney of the court-house. One hun- 
 dred and fifty to two hundred are usually seen at first, the number being gradually aug- 
 mented until about May 10, after which time it generally soon begins to decrease. 
 Sometimes as many as 1,000 birds have been seen in the vicinity of the court-house, 
 but this number has probably never been exceeded. While their usual time of con- 
 gregating is between six and seven o'clock in the afternoon, they have not infre- 
 quently been observed entering the chimney during the middle of the afternoon. 
 Less commonly are they to be seen in numbers about the chimney during the fore- 
 part of the day, but on a few occasions they have been observed entering even as early 
 as half-past seven or eight A. M. The darkening of the sky by an approaching thunder- 
 shower, especially if in the afternoon, generally causes them to assemble and enter 
 their roosting place; and frequently they do not emerge after the storm has passed. 
 
 They always resort to a particular large six-flued chimney, one of the flues of 
 which is very often in use. They do not, however, seem to be in the least annoyed by 
 the smoke which issues from this part of the chimney, but drop unconcernedly into 
 
THE BIRDS OF WAYNE COUNTY. 
 
 the unused portions. For a short time in the spring they sometimes have recourse to 
 the large chimney of a church, but as their numbers increase this is promptly aband- 
 oned for the presumably more commodious one of the court-house close at hand. 
 Occasionally during the summer (from June to September), the Swifts to the number 
 of one or two hundred may be seen to enter the court-house chimney, but this does 
 not appear to be a common or regular occurrence. 
 
 The breeding season is in June; and four or five eggs constitute the usual com- 
 plement. The female when frightened from the nest, instead of leaving entirely, very 
 frequently retreats down the chimney, being with considerable difficulty induced to 
 reappear. 
 
 SUBORDER TROCHILI. HUMMINGBIRDS. 
 FAMILY TROCHILID/E. HUMMINGBIRDS. 
 GENUS TROCHILUS LINN/EUS. 
 
 SUBGENUS TROCHILUS. 
 
 86. Trochilus colubris LINN. 
 Ruby-throated Hummingbird. 
 
 An abundant summer resident. It appears in spring with considerable regularity 
 between the first and the tenth of May, and remains until September, not, however, 
 being common after the first of this month. It is very partial to the flowers of the 
 buckeye (sEsculus glabra}, and while this tree is in bloom, during the early part of 
 May, assembles often in numbers wherever these favorite flowers are to be found. 
 
 In this locality the Hummingbird nests chiefly in June and the early part of July, 
 though eggs have been taken by Mr. Henderson as late as July 24. An apple orchard 
 is apparently the preferred situation. If the first nest be disturbed a second is often 
 if not always constructed. 
 
 As of possible interest in connection with the statements of Mr. Bradford Torrey 1 
 in regard to the absence of the male from the nest during the period of incubation 
 and of rearing the young, it may. be stated that on two occasions the writer has 
 observed the male at the nest : On June 26, 1892, when a male was seen with the 
 female about a nest which contained eggs ; and on July 4, 1892, when the male alone 
 was noted at another nest which was occupied by two young birds apparently but two 
 or three days old. 
 
 Early in the morning on June I, 1892, a Hummingbird was noticed fluttering up 
 .and down against the plate glass of a large show window on one of the main business 
 streets of Wooster, and apparently attempting to enter the window as if unaware of 
 the impenetrable nature of the glass. 
 
 lr The Footpath Way, 1893, pp. 135 el seq. 
 
294 
 
 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION. 
 
 ORDER PASSERES PERCHING BIRDS. 
 
 87. 
 
 SUBORDER CLAMATORES. SONGLESS PERCHING BIRDS. 
 
 FAMILY TYRANNID/E. TYRANT FLYCATCHERS. 
 
 GENUS TYRANNUS CUVIER. 
 
 Tyrannus tyrannus (LINN.). 
 Kingbird. 
 
 An abundant summer resident. Its earliest recorded spring arrival is April i<^ 
 (1891), but its average date is about two weeks later. Few are to be seen after the 
 first of September, though individuals have been observed to linger until October 3. 
 
 In this locality this species is apparently late in nesting, for with one exception 
 a complement of eggs has not been noted before June 20, but fresh eggs have been- 
 taken in July. A set of three secured on July 7, 1891, contained eggs varying from 
 fresh to three-eighths incubated. A large proportion of the nests found have been in 
 apple orchards. 
 
 The measurements of two nests are as follows : 
 
 No. 
 
 Height. 
 
 Depth. 
 
 Inside top 
 diameter. 
 
 Inside 
 middle 
 diameter. 
 
 Outside top 
 diameter. 
 
 Outside 
 middle 
 diameter. 
 
 Outside 
 bottom 
 diameter. 
 
 Width 
 of rim. 
 
 1 
 
 3.25 
 
 1.75 
 
 3.00 x 2.75 
 
 2.75 x 2.50 
 
 4.50 x 4.00 
 
 5.50 x 4.25 
 
 4.00 x 4.00 
 
 0.88 x 0.50 
 
 2 
 
 3.00 
 
 2.00 
 
 3.00 x 2.75 
 
 2.90 x 2.60 
 
 5.75 x 4.50 
 
 5.75 x 4.50 
 
 4.50 x 3.75 
 
 1.25 x 0.60 
 
 The Kingbird is one of the earliest birds to be astir in the morning, the notebook 
 of the writer showing that this species was, on March 27, 1890, first heard at 3 130 A. M. 
 
 That the Kingbird possesses remarkably acute vision may be inferred from the 
 following circumstance. On June 5, 1892, while the writer was strolling along the 
 railfoad track, which is here situated near the stream of the Killbuck, a Kingbird was 
 seen to start from a telegraph pole and fly swiftly in a direct line to capture an insect 
 so small as to be invisible to the human eyes only twenty-five feet away, yet by actual 
 measurement the distance from which this bird had espied its victim was one hundred 
 and fifty feet. 
 
 This species was observed feeding upon berries of the dogwood (Cornus florida}, 
 on July 31, 1892. 
 
 GENUS MYIARCHUS CABANIS. 
 
 88. Myiarchus crinitus (LINN.). 
 Crested Flycatcher. 
 
 A tolerably common summer resident; much more numerous in the spring. It 
 arrives usually between the first and the tenth of May, but the earliest date is April 24 
 (1892). Though not common after the first of September, it has been observed as late 
 as October 2. While it is found during the spring chiefly in the woodlands, it appears 
 to resort principally to orchards for the purpose of breeding. 
 
THE BIRDS OF WAYNE COUNTY. 
 
 295 
 
 'GENUS 8AYORNIS BONAPARTE. 
 
 89. Sayornis phcebe (LATH.). 
 Phoebe. 
 
 An abundant summer resident. The earliest date of its spring arrival is March 
 17(1894); the latest, March 30, (1890). It remains until some time in October, the 
 date on which it has been latest observed being October 19 (1892). 
 
 Nidification is begun in April, and incompleted nests have been noted as early as 
 April 9 (1893). A second brood is commonly reared in June. The supporting tim- 
 bers of bridges are the favorite nesting sites, and most of the nests found have been 
 thus situated. A ledge of rocks or an old stone quarry is, however, by no means an 
 uncommon location. 
 
 Four nests present the following measurements : 
 
 No. 
 
 Height. 
 
 Depth. 
 
 Inside top 
 diameter. 
 
 Inside 
 middle 
 diameter. 
 
 Outside top 
 diameter. 
 
 Outside 
 middle 
 diameter. 
 
 Outside 
 bottom 
 diameter. 
 
 Width 
 of rim. 
 
 1 
 
 8.50 
 
 2.00 
 
 2.75 x 2.88 
 
 1.25 x 1.13 
 
 5.00 x 4.00 
 
 5.50 z 4.25 
 
 5.00 x 4.00 
 
 2.25 x 0.25- 
 
 2 
 
 6.00 
 
 1.56 
 
 8.50 x 2.75 
 
 2.83 x 2.25 
 
 4.50 x 3.75 
 
 5.00 x 3.00 
 
 200x203 
 
 1.50 x 0.50 
 
 3 .... 
 
 300 
 
 200 
 
 2 75 x 2 38 
 
 2 38 x 2.25 
 
 4 25 x 3 50 
 
 5.25 x 4 25 
 
 4 25 x 3 00 
 
 1 00 x 25- 
 
 4 
 
 450 
 
 1.75 
 
 250 x 200 
 
 2 38 x 1 83 
 
 500 x 450 
 
 5 75 x 5 25 
 
 7 00 x 4 75 
 
 1.75 x 25 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Average 
 
 4.25 
 
 1.83 
 
 2.88 x 2.38 
 
 2 10 x 1.88 
 
 4.69 x 3.94 
 
 5.38 x 4.19 
 
 4.56 x 3.44 
 
 1.63 x 0.31 
 
 GENUS CONTOPUS CABANIS. 
 
 SUBGENUS CONTOPUS. 
 
 90. Contopus virens (LINN.). 
 Wood Fewee. 
 
 A summer resident; abundant. Its dates of spring arrival range from May 7 to 
 May 14, and it remains until September, not having been noted, however, later than 
 the twenty-first of this month. Although early in spring frequenting especially the 
 woodlands, it is to be found breeding chiefly in the numerous apple orchards. In fact, 
 it is, under ordinary circumstances, rather the exception to find an apple orchard of 
 any considerable size which does not possess its pair of these birds. So far as the 
 writer's observations extend, only one pair occupy any single orchard. 
 
 The nest is rarely more than fifteen feet from the ground, and is often much less* 
 The number of eggs is usually three, but occasionally only two. The height of the 
 breeding season seems to be about the twenty-fifth of June, eggs having been taken 
 from June 14 to July 5. 
 
296 
 
 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION. 
 
 The dimensions of five nests are as follows : 
 
 No. 
 
 Height. 
 
 Depth. 
 
 Inside top 
 diameter. 
 
 I aside 
 middle 
 diameter. 
 
 Outside 
 top 
 diameter. 
 
 Outside 
 middle 
 diameter. 
 
 Outside 
 bottom 
 diameter. 
 
 Width of 
 rim. 
 
 L. 
 
 1.75 
 
 1.25 
 
 2.00 x 1.75 
 
 1 85 x 1 75 
 
 3.00 x 2.50 
 
 3.25 x 3.00 
 
 3.00 x 2.50 
 
 065x035 
 
 2.... 
 
 1.50 
 
 1.50 
 
 200x1.85 
 
 2.15 x 2.00 
 
 3.15 x 2 60 
 
 3 35 x 3.00 
 
 3.15 x 2.75 
 
 0.80 x 0.35 
 
 8.. 
 
 105 
 
 0.85 
 
 1 85 x 1.65 
 
 1.80x 1.60 
 
 3.50 x 2.25 
 
 3.50 x 2.35 
 
 3.50 x 2.10 
 
 1.00 x 0.35 
 
 4 
 
 1.40 
 
 090 
 
 200 x 1 75 
 
 2.25 x 1.80 
 
 2.85 x 2.50 
 
 3.25 x 3.00 
 
 3.25 x 3.00 
 
 60 x 0.20 
 
 5 
 
 160 
 
 110 
 
 2 00 x 1 75 
 
 J 90 x 1 70 
 
 3 10 x 2 40 
 
 3 25 x 2 60 
 
 3 25 x 2 50 
 
 75 x 30 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Average.. 
 
 1.46 
 
 1.12 
 
 1.97 x 1.75 
 
 1.99 x 1.77 
 
 3.12 x 2.45 
 
 3 32 x 2.79 
 
 3.23 x 2.57 
 
 76 x 0.81 
 
 GENUS EMPIDONAX CABANIS. 
 
 91. Empidonax flaviventris BAIRD. 
 Yellow-bellied Flycatcher. 
 
 A rare spring and fall transient visitor. It has been observed only in May and 
 September, in thickets and the undergrowth of woodland. 
 
 The stomach of a specimen taken September 18, 1892, contained the remains of 
 two or three striped squash-beetles \Dlabrotica vittata] and a dung-beetle (Atcenius 
 stercorator}. 
 
 92. Empidonax virescens (VIEILL.). 
 Green-crested Flycatcher. 
 
 A summer resident; common for a while in the spring, but during the breeding 
 season less numerous, and inhabiting then only certain localities. The earliest date 
 of its spring arrival is April 30 (1891), but it has in other years not been noted before 
 the middle of May. It departs usually not later than the first of September. 
 
 93. Empidonax traillii CAUD.). 
 Traill's Flycatcher. 
 
 A tolerably common summer resident, but of very local distribution. It appears 
 in spring during the first half of May, the earliest record being May i, and remains 
 until September. 
 
 It has been found nesting in only one locality, a mill-race in the valley of the 
 Applecreek, a short distance southeast of Wooster. This mill-race is thickly fringed 
 with a growth of elders (Sambuctis Canadensfs), and though situated between the 
 railroad track and cultivated fields, seems to have a special attraction for Traill's 
 Flycatcher, as several pairs breed here annually. Eggs have been obtained between 
 the dates of June 10 and July 14 inclusive; those on the latter date, however, belong- 
 ing probably to a pair from which eggs had previously been taken. None of the nests 
 found were higher from the ground than six feet, most of them less than four and 
 one-half feet ; all being built in elder bushes, and by no means difficult to discover. 
 Four eggs seem to constitute the ordinary complement, only one set (July 14, 1892) 
 consisting of a smaller number. A nest taken June 15, 1892, contained four eggs of 
 its owner with one of the Cowbird ; the Cowbird's egg having been deposited before 
 any of the others. 
 
THE BIRDS OF WAYNE COUNTY. 
 
 297 
 
 Six nests measured furnish the following results : 
 
 No. 
 
 Height 
 
 Depth. 
 
 Inside top 
 diameter. 
 
 Inside 
 middle 
 diameter. 
 
 Outsidetop 
 diameter. 
 
 Outside 
 middle 
 diameter. 
 
 Outside 
 bottom 
 diameter. 
 
 Width of 
 rim. 
 
 1 
 
 2.50 
 
 1.65 
 
 2.05 x 1.85 
 
 2.15 x 2.05 
 
 3.00 x 2.60 
 
 2.75 x 2.50 
 
 2.75 x 1.75 
 
 0.50 x 0.20 
 
 2 
 g 
 4.. 
 
 2.35 
 2.75 
 2.60 
 
 1.30 
 165 
 1.50 
 
 2.00 x 1.75 
 2.10 x 1.75 
 2.25 x 1.75 
 
 2.00 x 1.90 
 2.30 x 1.70 
 2.25 x 2.00 
 
 3.10 x 2.85 
 2.85 x 2.50 
 2.85 x 2.60 
 
 3.25 x 3.00 
 3.25 x 2.50 
 3 00 x 2.75 
 
 2.75 x 2.25 
 2.10 x 1.85 
 2.50 x 1.75 
 
 O.EO x 0.45 
 0.75 x 0.25 
 0.50 x 0.20 
 
 5 
 6 
 
 2.75 
 325 
 
 1.35 
 1.40 
 
 2.10 x 1.85 
 2.50 x 1.75 
 
 2.10 x 1 85 
 2.40 x 2.00 
 
 3.00 x 2.65 
 8.25 x 2.35 
 
 2.75 x 2.00 
 4.00 x 8.25 
 
 2.50x1.25 
 2.00 x 1.50 
 
 0.60 x 0.35 
 60 x 0.2Q 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Average- 
 
 2.70 
 
 1.48 
 
 2.17 x 1.78 
 
 2.20 x 1.92 
 
 3 01 x 2.59 
 
 3.17 x 2.67 
 
 2.43 x 1.72 
 
 063x0.28 
 
 94. Empidonax minimus BAIRD. 
 Least Flycatcher. 
 
 A tolerably common spring transient from May i to 24, but has not been observed 
 in the fall. During its passage through the County it is found almost exclusively in 
 woodland. 
 
 Contrary to the statement of Dr. Wheaton, 1 the characteristic note of this species 
 is here frequently heard during the migration. 
 
 SUBORDER OSCINES. SONG BIRDS. 
 
 FAMILY ALAUDID>G. LARKS. 
 
 GENUS OTOCORIS BONAPARTE. 
 
 HORNED LARK, MUCH REDUCED. 
 
 95. Otocoris alpestris (LINN.). . 
 Horned Lark. 
 
 Winter visitor ; rare. A single specimen in the writer's collection is the only 
 record. This was taken December 28, 1892, from a flock of about twenty-five indi- 
 viduals, three others of which, also secured, proved to be fairly typical praticola. 
 
 iGeological Survey of Ohio 1 V, i88z, p 379. 
 
OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION. 
 
 From the rarity of Otocoris aJpestris in Indiana and in western Pennsylvania, its 
 uncommon occurrence in Ohio, except perhaps in the extreme northern portion, may 
 be reasonably inferred. This supposition is borne out by the facts at present available, 
 for the specimen mentioned above is apparently the fourth published record of its 
 unequivocal appearance in the State; all other mention of this form referring without 
 much doubt to Otocoris alpestris praticola. The previous records are by Dr. J. 
 Dwight Jr., 1 who mentions specimens from Cleveland and Circleville, Ohio; and by 
 Mr. Lynds Jones, 2 who found the species at Oberlin during the winter of 1895-6. 
 
 96. Otocoris alpestris praticola HENSH. 
 Prairie Horned Lark. 
 
 A permanent resident; common during the winter months, but less numerous in 
 summer. It occurs throughout the former season principally in flocks, frequenting 
 chiefly the upland fields or public roads, sometimes associated with the , Snowflake 
 (Plectrophenax nivalis). A flock of 140 Horned Larks was seen on the lowland 
 meadows along Killbuck Creek, April 23, 1893. 
 
 A nest of this subspecies, built as usual upon the ground, and containing two eggs 
 together with two callow young, was observed by W. E. Henderson, near Wooster, in 
 June 1893. A young bird in first plumage was shot by the writer from a flock of five, 
 on June 26, 1891. 
 
 This form of the Horned Lark has for some years heen considered a summer 
 resident throughout the northern portion of Ohio, but definite data from this state are 
 few, although it has been with comparative frequency reported breeding in contiguous 
 portions of Pennsylvania. 3 Aside from the map of its breeding range published by 
 Dr. J. Dwight Jr., 4 the only previous records of its breeding in Ohio appear to be as 
 follows : 
 
 DAVIE, Nests and Eggs of North American Birds, 1889, page 25 ^; young taken 
 in May in northwestern Ohio. 
 
 WHEATON, Geological Survey of Ohio IV, 1882, page 589; said by Mr. Chubb 
 to breed near Cleveland. 
 
 VICKERS, Oologist XII, 1895, page 108; a nest containing three young found 
 April iy, 1895, near Ellsworth, Mahoning County, Ohio. 
 
 A male in breeding plumage taken June 26, 1891, and a female in fall dress col- 
 lected October 30, 1890, are paler than typical specimens and very closely resemble 
 corresponding plumages of Otocoris alpestris arenicola from Montana. 
 
 1 Auk VII, 1890, p. 142. 
 
 2 Bulletin of Wilson Ornithological Chapter, No. 7, March 30, 1896. 
 WARREN, Report on Birds of Pennsylvania, 1890, p 198. 
 
 * Auk. VII, 1890, map facing p. 158. 
 
THE BIRDS OF WAYNE COUNTY. 
 
 299 
 
 FAMILY CORVID^E. CROWS, JAYS, MAGPIES, ETC. 
 
 SUBFAMILY GARRULIN/E. MAGPIES AND JAYS. 
 
 GENUS CYANOCITTA STRICKLAND. 
 
 97. Cyanocitta cristata (LINN.). 
 Blue Jay. 
 
 An abundant resident, but especially numerous during fall and early spring. 
 
 Nesting is begun sometimes by April 10, but the height of the breeding season 
 is in May. In the matter of nesting sites a preference seems to be shown for the 
 thorn bushes (Cratcegus), though various other situations are also chosen. The nest 
 is usually placed not over fifteen feet from the ground, though in one instance the 
 distance was forty-two feet. The eggs are four or five in number, and are sometimes 
 in varying stages of incubation. 
 
 A set of five eggs, taken in this locality on May i, 1890, seems sufficiently differ- 
 ent from the usual type of coloration to merit a description. '1 he ground color is a 
 rich cream buff, with small markings of vandyke brown, tawny olive, broccoli brown, 
 clay color, wood brown, drab, dull lavender and ecru drab; these markings occurring 
 most numerously at the larger ends of the eggs. These eggs measure respectively : 
 i.i6x.78, i.o8x.79, i. it x.yg, i.i6x.79, i.n x-77. 
 
 All the nests (nine in number) which have been examined by the writer have re- 
 vealed the employment of more or less mud in their construction. Many of them 
 were cupped and plastered with this material to as great an extent as is characteristic 
 of the nest of the Robin. If this use of mud by the Blue Jay is of general occur- 
 rence, it would seem somewhat strange that more mention has not been made of the 
 fact in the literature of the subject. The only notice of such a habit, so far as the 
 present writer has been able to ascertain, is to be found in Baird, Brewer and Ridg- 
 way's History of North American Land Birds, Volume II, page 275 ; and in Thos. 
 G. Gentry's Life Histories of the Birds of Eastern Pennsylvania, Volume II, page 
 21. The same sentence occurs in both these works, and is as follows: 
 
 " In Texas according to Dr. Lincecum the nest is built of mud, which is rarely if 
 -ever utilized in more northern localities." 
 
 The measurements of eight nests are herewith given : 
 
 No. 
 
 Height. 
 
 Depth 
 
 Inside top 
 diameter. 
 
 Inside 
 middle 
 diameter. 
 
 Outside top 
 diameter. 
 
 Outside 
 middle 
 diameter. 
 
 Outside 
 bottom 
 diameter. 
 
 Width 
 of rim. 
 
 1 " 
 
 6.50 
 
 188 
 
 4.00 x 3.25 
 
 3.25 x 3.12 
 
 7.50 x 5.75 
 
 8.00 x 6 50 
 
 8.00 x 1.25 
 
 3.00 x 63 
 
 2 
 
 3.00 
 
 1.75 
 
 4.25 x 3 50 
 
 8.75 x 3 00 
 
 6.50 x 4.50 
 
 7.00 x 5.00 
 
 7.00 x 3.50 
 
 2.00 x 0.50 
 
 3 
 
 5.00 
 
 1.75 
 
 3.75 x 3.75 
 
 3 75 x 3.38 
 
 650 x 5.00 
 
 650 x 600 
 
 6 00 x 4 00 
 
 2 00 x 75 
 
 4 
 
 4.50 
 
 2.10 
 
 3.50 x 3.00 
 
 3.90 x 3.15 
 
 6.25 x 4.75 
 
 8.00 x 5.25 
 
 5 50 x 4.00 
 
 2.00 x 0.50 
 
 5 
 
 5.00 
 
 2.50 
 
 4.00 x 3 50 
 
 3.38 x 3.38 
 
 5.50 x 4.75 
 
 10.50 x 7.00 
 
 700x600 
 
 1.75 x 0.13 
 
 6 
 
 4.00 
 
 2.00 
 
 4.25 x 4.00 
 
 3 25 x 3.25 
 
 6.50 x 5.50 
 
 7.50 x 7.00 
 
 5.50 x 5.00 
 
 1.25 x 0.50 
 
 7 
 
 4.50 
 
 2.25 
 
 4.00 x 3.50 
 
 3 50.x 3.25 
 
 7.00 x 6.00 
 
 9.00 x 5.00 
 
 5.00 x 3.50 
 
 1.75 x 0.63 
 
 
 
 3.50 
 
 2.00 
 
 4.00 x 3.63 
 
 3 63 x 3.50 
 
 5.75 x 5.50 
 
 6.00 x 5.50 
 
 6.00 x 5.00 
 
 1.38 x 63 
 
 Average 
 
 450 
 
 2.C3 
 
 3.97 x 3.52 
 
 3.55 x 3.25 
 
 6.44 x 5.22 
 
 7.81 x 5.91 
 
 6.25 x 4.03 
 
 1.89 x 0.53 
 
300 
 
 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION. 
 
 Three Blue Jays were on July 27, 1890, observed chasing a Red-tailed Hawk in 
 regular Kingbird fashion, much to the evident discomfort of the Hawk, and appar- 
 ently to the equally great delight of the Jays. Notwithstanding its well attested pro- 
 pensity for annoying other birds, the Blue Jay is itself occasionally the injured party, 
 even at .the hands of its inferiors, for it has been seen put to flight by the combined 
 efforts of a Baltimore Oriole and a Warbling Vireo. 
 
 On September 26 and 27, 1890, several Blue Jays were observed feeding exten- 
 sively on the acorns of the laurel oak (Qiiercus imbricaria}. The examination of 
 stomachs from individuals taken during the fall and winter months indicates that the 
 fo d of this species at these seasons consists largely of mast. 
 
 SUBFAMILY CORVIN>E. CROWS. 
 
 GENUS CORVUS LINNAEUS. 
 
 98. Corvus americanus AUD. 
 American Crow. 
 
 An abundant summer resident, perhaps remaining also during mild winters. 
 Although it has been ascertained to sometimes pass even a severe winter in Summit 
 County, Ohio, 1 the writer has no positive knowledge of its presence throughout the 
 whole of this season within the region at present under consideration. One indivi- 
 dual was heard January i, 1892; and Mr. C. E. Bixler found one frozen to death in a 
 brush-heap, four miles north of Wooster, on January 4, 1887 ; these being the only 
 records for either December or January. The Crow appears in February, sometimes 
 as early as the second of the month, and disappears late in October or early in Novem- 
 ber; the latest date on which it has been observed being November 6, (1892). 
 
 The breeding season begins often very early in April, probably sometimes in 
 March. Nests with eggs are not common after the middle of May. As to location, 
 a preference seems to be shown for the woods of the bottom-lands, where the nest is 
 frequently placed in a swamp maple (Acer rubrum}, ordinarily among the upper 
 branches. The eggs are generally five, sometimes in varying stages of incubation. 
 
 The measurements of four nests are as follows : 
 
 NO. 
 
 Height. 
 
 Depth. 
 
 Inside top 
 diameter. 
 
 Inside 
 middle 
 diameter. 
 
 Outside 
 top 
 diameter. 
 
 Outside 
 middle 
 diameter. 
 
 Outside 
 bottom 
 diameter. 
 
 Width of 
 rim. 
 
 1 
 
 12.00 
 
 550 
 
 7.75 x 7.00 
 
 7.00 x 6.50 
 
 16.00 x 12.00 
 
 16.00 x 1200 
 
 12.00 x 6.00 
 
 5.00 x 0.75 
 
 2- 
 
 12.00 
 
 500 
 
 8.00 x 7.75 
 
 6.50 x 6.00 
 
 18.00 x 13.00 
 
 22.00 x 14.00 
 
 9.00 x 9.00 
 
 7.50 x 2.50 
 
 3 
 
 16.00 
 
 4.00 
 
 8.50 x 6.75 
 
 6 50 x 6.00 
 
 16.00 x 16.00 
 
 16.00 x 16.00 
 
 8.00 x 6.00 
 
 6.00x300 
 
 4.. 
 
 11.00 
 
 3.50 
 
 7.25 x 6.25 
 
 5.50 x 5.50 
 
 1300x 6.50 
 
 16.00 x 11.00 
 
 16.CO x 8.00 
 
 3.00 x 1.00 
 
 Average.. 
 
 12.75 
 
 450 
 
 7.88 x 6.94 
 
 6.38 x 6.00 
 
 15 75 x 11.88 
 
 17.50 x 10.75 
 
 11.25 x 7.25 
 
 5.38 x 1.81 
 
 The female may usually without difficulty be induced to leave the nest, but occa- 
 sionally even the most vigorous rapping proves unavailing, in which case a stick 
 thrown and striking near the nest almost invariably has the desired effect. 
 
 The Crow in this locality seems to have a particular animosity towards both the 
 Red-tailed and Red-shouldered Hawks, and may often be seen annoying them ; yet 
 notwithstanding this, it is exceptional, as has been previously stated, to find a domicile 
 of the Red-shouldered Hawk without the presence of a Crow's nest in the vicinity. 
 
 1 Annual Report of Ohio Academy of Sciences II, 1894, p. 12. 
 
THE BIRDS OF WAYNE COUNTY. 301 
 
 A somewhat interesting case of rostral malformation is exhibited by a mounted 
 Crow in the possession of Mr. R. A. Schnably, of West Salem. The mandible is per- 
 fectly normal ; but the maxilla, though of usual length, is curved downward, crossing 
 the mandible on the left side, and describing a complete semi-circle, so that its tip is 
 below and on nearly a vertical line with tne base of the bill. It would seem that 
 such abnormality could hardly fail to seriously interfere with the bird's feeding, yet 
 this Crow was, as Mr. Schnably informed me, very fat and apparently in perfectly 
 healthy condition. 
 
 FAMILY ICTERID^E. BLACKBIRDS, ORIOLES, ETC. 
 SUBFAMILY ICTERIN/E. BLACKBIRD?, ORIOLES, ETC. 1 
 
 GENUS DOLICHONYX SWAINSON. 
 
 99. Dolichonyx oryzivorus (LINN.). 
 Bobolink. 
 
 An abundant summer resident. It appears in spring generally during the first 
 week of May, but in 1891 was noted April 21. It retires southward ordinarily by the 
 first of October. 
 
 About the first of July it begins to gather into flocks, which apparently seldom 
 exceed two hundred and fifty individuals. The males continue in spring plumage 
 until at least the middle of July. During the month of September, and sometimes 
 in August, especially on dark cloudy nights, this species may be heard passing over 
 the city on its southward migration. 
 
 The Bobolink breeds chiefly during the last of May and in June, the nest being 
 usually located in a grass field, on either the uplands or the lowlands. Late nests are 
 not infrequently destroyed by the mowing of the grass in the fields where they hap- 
 pen to be situated. This species seems to be, if anything, slightly on the increase in 
 this region. 
 
 GENUS MOLOTHRUS SWAINSON. 
 
 100. Molothrus ater (BODD.). 
 Cowbird. 
 
 An abundant summer resident. It arrives usually between the middle of March 
 and-the first of April, the earliest date noted being March 16 (1894). I* disappears in 
 October, not having been seen after the twentieth of this month. 
 
 In spring it moves chiefly in small companies, flocks of over a hundred being the 
 exception ; but after the breeding season, in July or early in August, it begins to col- 
 lect again into flocks, which thereafter often aggregate several hundred individuals. 
 It is frequently found associated in spring and autumn with numbers of both Red- 
 winged Blackbirds and Bronzed Crackles. It is also accasionally noted in company 
 with Robins. 
 
 two subfamilies of Icteridx are not recognized in the A. O. U. Check List, but are apparently 
 advisable divisions. 
 
302 
 
 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION. 
 
 The Cowbird seems here to most frequently invade the nest of the Rose-breasted 
 Grosbeak, and not uncommonly deposits two or three eggs in. a single nest. Next to 
 the Rose-breasted Grosbeak, the Yellow Warbler and Wood Thrush are probably 
 the species most frequently imposed upon by this parasite. 
 
 On June 22, 1890, a nest of the Yellow Warbler was found to contain one young 
 Warbler and two eggs about to hatch, together with one Cowbird's egg which was 
 nearly fresh. A Song Sparrow's nest containing two young Sparrows, and a Cow- 
 bird's egg only one-eighth incubated, was observed June 5, 1892. From these 
 instances it would seem evident that the Cowbird sometimes makes mistakes in the 
 deposition of its eggs, placing them in nests where exists at most but small proba- 
 bility of their being hatched. On June 22, 1891, there was discovered a Yellow 
 Warbler's nest containing one young Warbler and a young Cowbird, both about 
 two-thirds fledged. The two quite filled the nest, the Cowbird by its much greater 
 -size being readily distinguished. Whether or not in this case the young Cowbird 
 eventually appropriated the entire nest, as is said to be a common occurrence, was 
 unfortunately not possible to determine. 
 
 GENUS AGELAIUS VIEILLOT. 
 
 101. Agelaius phceniceus (LINN.). 
 Red-wiuged Blackbird. 
 
 An abundant summer resident. It appears in spring generally during the 
 first week of March, but was in 1892 noted on February 25. It departs rarely before 
 November i, sometimes remaining until November 30. 
 
 From the time of its arrival it moves much in flocks, and is to be seen almost 
 everywhere, resorting, however, at night in great numbers to the swamps to roost. 
 This continues until the latter part of April, when the birds become more or less 
 -scattered for the purpose of breeding, which takes place chiefly in May and the first 
 part of June. 
 
 During the nesting season the Red-winged Blackbird may be found in almost 
 every swamp and marsh, though apparently more than a few pairs seldom breed 
 together. The nest is very frequently placed in a bush or small tree, especially a 
 willow, and is sometimes ten or fifteen feet from the ground. The eggs appear to be 
 usually four in number. 
 
 Six nests afford the following measurements : 
 
 No. 
 
 Height 
 
 Depth. 
 
 Inside top 
 diameter. 
 
 Inside 
 middle 
 diameter. 
 
 Outsi e 
 top 
 diameter. 
 
 Outide 
 middle 
 diameter. 
 
 Outside 
 bottom 
 diameter. 
 
 Width of 
 rim. 
 
 ! 
 
 4.25 
 
 250 
 
 3.12 x 2.25 
 
 3.12x2.50 
 
 6.00 x 400 
 
 5 75 x 5.00 
 
 2.50 x 2.25 
 
 2.50 x 0.25 
 
 2 
 
 550 
 
 3.00 
 
 2 50 x 2.50 
 
 3.00 x 2.50 
 
 6.00 x 5.00 
 
 4.00 x 3.75 
 
 2 50 x 1.50 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 5.00 
 
 8.50 
 
 2.63 x 2.63 
 
 3.00x2.75 
 
 4 38 x 4.38 
 
 5.00 x 5.00 
 
 3.00 x 2.50 
 
 1.38 x 38 
 
 4 
 
 4.00 
 
 2.50 
 
 2.80 x 2.63 
 
 2.88 x 2.75 
 
 5.00 x 4.00 
 
 4.75 x 4.75 
 
 2.50X200 
 
 1.25x0.25 
 
 5 
 
 3.35 
 
 2.25 
 
 3.00 x 2 70 
 
 3.15 x 3.00 
 
 4.35 x 4.00 
 
 4 75 x 4.25 
 
 4.00 X 3.00 
 
 1.10 x 0.50 
 
 
 
 3.50 
 
 2.25 
 
 3.00 x 2 75 
 
 3.40 x 3 00 
 
 4.00 x 4.00 
 
 4.75 x 4 00 
 
 3.50 x 2.75 
 
 0.85 x 0.45 
 
 Average- 
 
 4.27 
 
 2.67 
 
 2.84 x 2.58 
 
 8.09 x 2.75 
 
 4.96 x 4 23 
 
 4 83 x 4 46 
 
 3.00 x 2 33 
 
 1.42 x 0.37 
 
THE BIRDS OF WAYNE COUNTY. 303 
 
 / . 
 
 This species exhibits considerable courage in defense of its nest, attacking with- 
 out hesitation such birds as the Red-shouldered and Sparrow Hawks, the Crow and 
 the Kingfisher, usually with success, often putting them to flight single-handed. An 
 attack upon the Cliff Swallow, on account of a supposed intrusion, does not seem to 
 be so well justified. 
 
 By the middle of June, or even earlier, the Red-winged Blackbird commonly 
 begins to reassemble into small flocks, which gradually increase in size as the summer 
 advances, reaching their maximum during August. These hordes, often in company 
 with numerous Bronzed Grackles, again resort to the swamps and marshes to roost, 
 there occupying for this purpose the cat-tails ( Typlia latifolia), as well as the bushes 
 and trees. 
 
 GENUS STURNELLA VIEILLOT. 
 
 102. Sturnella magna (LINN.). 
 Meadowlark. 
 
 Resident ; abundant during the spring, summer and fall, but not very common in 
 winter. It remains throughout the last mentioned season principally on the bottom- 
 lands and in the more sheltered fields of the uplands. It occurs to some extent in 
 small flocks from about the first of July until April. A flock seen January 4, 1892, 
 was accompanied by about fifty Horned Larks. The Meadowlark is comparatively 
 seldom noted in the towns, but during March and April it is occasionally observed 
 flying over. It nests generally in May, in suitable situations on both the uplands and 
 the bottoms. 
 
 This species commonly begins to sing about the latter part of February, but ha 
 been heard, though rarely, as early as the first of January. It continues in song al- 
 most uninterruptedly from February until November. Mr. E. P. Bicknell mentions 1 
 the absence of song during September and the latter part of August, but the writer's 
 experience has been to find the species- in fairly good song often through both August 
 and September. 
 
 GENUS ICTERUS BRISSON. 
 
 SUBGENUS PENDULINUS VIEILLOT. 
 
 103. Icterus spurius (LINN.). 
 Orchard Oriole. 
 
 A tolerably common summer resident. It is apparently more numerous some 
 years than others, though never more than locally common. According to the notes 
 of the writer, it arrives between May 3 and May 16. 
 
 It frequents almost exclusively orchards and the vicinity of country dwellings, in 
 -which localities it breeds. It apparently does not often venture into the towns be- 
 yond their outskirts, but one was seen singing, on July 3, 1893, near the center of the 
 business portion of Wooster. 
 
 The exhibition of a trait that we are loth to believe characteristic of the species 
 was observed by the writer on May 20 1890. A Warbling Vireo was busily engaged 
 
 i Auk II, 1885, p. 251. 
 5 B. W. C. 
 
304 
 
 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION. 
 
 in constructing its nest on one of the outer branches of a large wild cherry tree 
 {Primus serotina}^ which stood in a thicket along a mill-race, adjacent to apple 
 orchards and a farm-house. A female Orchard Oriole quietly occupied a neighbor- 
 ing tree until the Vireo, after bringing material to its nest and satisfactorily arranging 
 the same, should depart ; when she too visited the nest and bore away in her bill such 
 of the material as she could easily detach, without doubt for the construction of her 
 own nest. This theft was a number of times repeated, always in the same sly manner ; 
 but the Vireo finally discovered that something was wrong, and with the assistance of 
 its mate, ended by driving the Oriole off the scene. 
 
 The Orchard Oriole has been heard singing as late as August 28 (1890), which 
 date is also the latest fall record for the occurrence of the species. 
 
 SUBGENUS YPHANTES VIEILLOT. 
 
 104. Icterus galbula (LINN.). 
 Baltimore Oriole. 
 
 An abundant summer resident. Its arrival during the four years of the writer's 
 observations has been between April 28 and May 5, inclusive. It has not been noted 
 later than September 18 (1892), when one was heard singing in Wooster. 
 
 The nesting season is in May and the early part of June. Ordinarily full comple- 
 ments of fresh eggs are to be obtained within a few days of the first of June, though 
 some nests may contain young at this time. An exception was noted in 1891, when 
 all the nests examined between May 28 and June 4 contained either callow young 
 or heavily incubated eggs. Four or five eggs is the usual number, though a nest 
 occupied by only three young is occasionally noticed. With regard to the loca- 
 tion of the nest, a preference seems to be evinced for trees in the immediate vicinity 
 of running water, but in the absence of such, orchards or ornamental trees are with 
 equal readiness utilized. The nest is very often placed in an elm ( Ulmus Americana')^ 
 where it is not infrequently in a practically inaccessible position at the extremity of a 
 long drooping 'branch, fifty or seventy-five feet from the ground. Of other native 
 trees, the buckeye ( ^Esculus glabra}, the sycamore (Platanus occidentals) and maple 
 (Acer rubrum) seem to be most frequently chosen. 
 
 The measurements of six nests are as follows : 
 
 No. 
 
 Beight. 
 
 Depth. 
 
 Inside 
 top 
 diameter. 
 
 Inside 
 middle 
 diameter. 
 
 Outside 
 top 
 diameter. 
 
 Outside 
 middle 
 diameter. 
 
 Outside 
 bottom 
 diameter. 
 
 Width 
 of rim. 
 
 1 
 
 7.00 
 
 6.00 
 
 2.00 x 1.75 
 
 4.00 x 3.25 
 
 3.75 x 3.00 
 
 4.00 x 3.50 
 
 3.25 x 3.00 
 
 0.38 x 0.25 
 
 2 
 
 6.00 
 
 5.00 
 
 2.63x2.00 
 
 8.50 x 3.00 
 
 3.25 x 2.50 
 
 4.00 x 4.00 
 
 2.75 x 2.00 
 
 0.50 x 0.06 
 
 3 
 4 
 
 6.00 
 575 
 
 5.25 
 5.25 
 
 2.25 x 1.75 
 2.00 x 1 50 
 
 3 50 x 2.90 
 3.50 x 3.25 
 
 3.50 x 2.50 
 3 50 x 2 50 
 
 4.00 x 3.50 
 400x350 
 
 2.50 x 2.50 
 3.00 x 2.50 
 
 1.25 x 0.23 
 1.00x0.20 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 4.75 
 400 
 
 4.00 
 375 
 
 2.25 x 1.50 
 3 00 x 2 00 
 
 3.50 x 3.00 
 4 35 x 3 50 
 
 3.25 x 2.50 
 8 25 x 2 25 
 
 4.75 x 3.50 
 4 75 x 4 25 
 
 4.50 x 3.25 
 4 50 x 3 25 
 
 1.00x0.25 
 50 x 0.10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Average.. 
 
 5.58 
 
 4.88 
 
 2.36 x 1.75 
 
 3.73 x 3.15 
 
 3.42 x 2 54 
 
 4.25 x 3.71 
 
 3.42 x 2.75 
 
 0.77x0.19* 
 
THE BIRDS OF WAYNE COUNTY. 305 
 
 SUBFAMILY QUISCALIN/E. CRACKLES. 
 
 GENUS SCOLECOPHAGUS SWAINSON. 
 
 105, Scolecophagus carolinus (MULL.). 
 Rusty Blackbird. 
 
 A common spring and fall transient, usually quite numerous for a short time dur- 
 ing both these seasons. It has been in spring noted from March 25 to May 8, though 
 usually arriving about the middle of April and disappearing by the first of May. In 
 fall this species has been observed from October 2 (1893) to November 24 (1890). 
 
 Throughout both its migration periods it moves principally in flocks of less than 
 100, often in parties of from two to five individuals ; a flock of 400 was, however, seen 
 April 23, 1893. It associates frequently with Red-winged Blackbirds; also, though 
 less commonly, with Bronzed Crackles. It affects preferably the marshes and swampy 
 woods on the bottom-lands, but has been observed in the upland forests as well. 
 
 GENUS QUISCALUS VIEILLOT. 
 
 SUBGENUS QUISCALUS, 
 
 106. Quiscalus quiscula aeneus (RIDGW.). 
 Bronzed Grackle. 
 
 An abundant summer resident. It arrives usually about the first of March, 
 though sometimes as early as February 25 (1890). It generally disappears before the 
 first of November, but during the winter of 1892-3, which moreover, was not espe- 
 cially mild, a few birds, probably the same individuals, were seen at intervals until 
 January 21, in fi.-lds and about dwellings on the outskirts of Wooster. 
 
 Until at least the middle of April this species may be seen often in flocks, which 
 consist, however, of usually not more than one hundred birds ; while even during the 
 nesting season it sometimes assembles into small companies, especially in the vicinity 
 of a breeding colony. Subsequent to the middle of June, and continuing until its de- 
 parture in the fall, it again collects into flocks, which then often aggregate several 
 hundred individuals. 
 
 The Bronzed Grackle congregates in numbers at its roosting places every night 
 in both spring and fall, but especially during the latter season. These roosts are sit- 
 uated in the trees along the streets of the towns, about rural dwellings, in wood- 
 lands or in swamps. Such a roost existed in the town of Wooster, and was occupied 
 chiefly from June to August. Frequently here the birds could be heard at night, oc- 
 casionally creating among themselves, even at a late hour, a disturbance sufficient to 
 be audible at a considerable distance. 
 
 The Bronzed Grackle breeds most abundantly in the vicinity of dwellings, and 
 for nesting purposes seems to much prefer the evergreen trees ; yet nests have also 
 been observed in thorn bushes ( Cratcegus} on the bottom-lands. If the tree selected 
 be a spruce, the nest is usually placed close to the trunk, at a distance from the 
 ground varying with the size of the tree, the best concealment possible being appar- 
 ently sought; but if the nest be in a pine, it is generally located either at some 
 distance from the trunk among the thick foliage of a horizontal branch, or in an 
 upright fork near the very top of the tree. 
 
306 
 
 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION. 
 
 The construction of the nest is initiated sometimes early in April, but full com- 
 plements of eggs have not been found until about the first of May. Sets of eggs have 
 been taken from May 6 to Mav 24 ; those on the latter date being, however, from 
 abandoned nests. The eggs appear to be usually five, not uncommonly four in num- 
 ber ; and they are quite often in varying stages of incubation. 
 
 The nests are by no means always easy to locate among the thick foliage of the 
 evergreens, the conduct of the parent birds being at times decidedly misleading. 
 Where a number of pairs breed near together, careful watching is frequently neces- 
 sary to properly discriminate between those birds which visit the trees for the purpose 
 of nest-building, and those that are indifferently moving about. Close observation, 
 managed so that the attention of the birds be not attracted, will reveal the fact that 
 the female, on her trips to the nest with material for its construction, is commonly ac- 
 companied by the male, who perches upon the same or a neighboring tree, while his 
 mate, alighting near the end of a limb and slowly working her way inward, finally 
 disappears among the foliage close to the nest. Should, however, the pair imagine 
 themselves observed, their actions are apt to be very different ; for under such circum- 
 stances they w r ill sometimes pass by the tree that contains the nest, and alight uncon- 
 cernedly some distance away. If the cause of their distrust be not removed, no visit 
 to the nest will then be made ; and the female may carry her deception even to the 
 extent of dropping from her bill the grass or straw that she holds, thereupon soon 
 flying with her mate carelessly away. The female is very cautious in leaving the nest, 
 and is not readily surprised in the act of incubating. A nest containing eggs not far 
 advanced in incubation, if even once examined, is liable to be deserted by the birds. 
 
 Ten nests exhibit the following measurements : 
 
 No. 
 
 Height 
 
 Depth 
 
 Inside 
 top 
 diameter. 
 
 Inside 
 middle 
 diameter. 
 
 Outside 
 top 
 diameter. 
 
 Outside 
 middle 
 diameter. 
 
 Outside 
 bottom 
 diameter. 
 
 Width 
 of rim. 
 
 1 
 
 700 
 
 3.00 
 
 4.00x3.75 
 
 4.00 x 3.75 
 
 9.00 x 7.00 
 
 9 00 x 4.50 
 
 3.00 x 2.00 
 
 2.50 x 1 50 
 
 2 
 
 4.50 
 
 8.00 
 
 4.63x3.34 
 
 4.00 x 3.75 
 
 7 50 x 6.00 
 
 8.00 x 6 00 
 
 6.50 x 2.50 
 
 200x0.75 
 
 3 
 
 500 
 
 2.63 
 
 3.75 x 3.75 
 
 4.00 x 3.75 
 
 8.50 x 5.75 
 
 6.50 x 5.75 
 
 4.00 x 3.50 
 
 3.00 x 75 
 
 4 
 
 450 
 
 2.75 
 
 4.25x3.50 
 
 3.75 x 3.50 
 
 7.50 x 5.00 
 
 8.00 x 6.00 
 
 6.00 x 5.00 
 
 2.00x1.00 
 
 5 
 
 4.CO 
 
 275 
 
 4.00x3.50 
 
 4.00 x 3.50 
 
 7.00 x 6.00 
 
 7.50 x 6.00 
 
 5.00 x 4.00 
 
 2.25x100 
 
 6 
 
 400 
 
 2.75 
 
 4.00x8.25 
 
 4.00 x 3.25 
 
 8.00 x 6.50 
 
 8.50 x 6.00 
 
 5.00 x 4.00 
 
 2.50 x 1.00 
 
 7 
 
 3.00 
 
 2.50 
 
 400x3.25 
 
 4.00 x 3.00 
 
 7.50 x 6.00 
 
 8.00 x 5.50 
 
 6.00x300 
 
 2.25 x 75 
 
 8 
 
 400 
 
 2.25 
 
 4.00x3.25 
 
 4.00 x 3.00 
 
 7.00 x 6.00 
 
 8.00 x 5.50 
 
 5.00 x 4.00 
 
 2.!0 x 0.75 
 
 9.. 
 
 400 
 
 300 
 
 450x4.50 
 
 3.75 x 3.50 
 
 8.50 x 7.00 
 
 9.50 x 7.50 
 
 6.00 x 5.00 
 
 250 x 1.25 
 
 10 
 
 4.00 
 
 300 
 
 4.00x3.50 
 
 3.50 x 3.50 
 
 7 00 x 6.50 
 
 9.00 x 7.00 
 
 6.00 x 5.00 
 
 2.00x1.25 
 
 Average- 
 
 440 
 
 2.76 
 
 4.11 x 3.56 
 
 3.90 x 3.45 
 
 7.75 x 6.18 
 
 8.20 x 5 98 
 
 5.25 x 3.80 
 
 2.35 x l.CO 
 
 During the season of reproduction this species does not hesitate to attack even 
 Crows and large Hawks, should they venture too near its breeding ground ; and the 
 harmless Mourning Dove, which nests often in close proximity to the Grackle, some- 
 times, indeed, in the same tree, is also very frequently thus persecuted. 
 
THE BIRDS OF WAYNE COUNTY. 307 
 
 FAMILY FRINGILLID/E. FINCHES, SPARROWS, ETC. 
 GENUS CARPODACUS KAUP. 
 
 107. Carpodacus purpureus (GMEL.). 
 Purple Finch. 
 
 Apparently very rare, the writer's only records being as follows : Two were seen 
 flying across the Killbu^k Valley, near Wooster, September 25, 1892 ; and four were 
 observed singing in a swamp in about the same locality, on October 2, 1892. 
 
 A single male in the collection of Mr. George Fabcr was said to have teen ob- 
 tained about 1890. 
 
 GENUS ACANTHIS BECHSTEIN. 
 
 108. Acanthis linaria (LINN.). 
 Redpoll. 
 
 A very irregular winter visitor. This species has not been observed by the writer, 
 and the only record available is that furnished by Mr. W. E. Henderson, who with 
 reference to its occurrence writes as follows : 
 
 "In regard to the Redpolls, the date I have marked is February 3, 1890. They 
 were around for a month or so, and were quite abundant. I saw large flocks of sev- 
 eral hundred ; and they used to feed near our house in a field which was grown up 
 with ragveed. I shot a number and carefully identified them at the time. Both in 
 flight and note they resembled the Goldfinch, but could without great difficulty be 
 distinguished." 
 
 GENUS SPINUS KOCH. 
 
 109. Spinus tristis (LINN.). 
 American Goldfinch; Thistle-bird. 
 
 A permanent resident; abundant except in winter. It is more or less gregarious 
 at all times, though perhaps strictly speaking not so during the breeding season, yet 
 small companies of four or five birds have even then been observed. It is present in 
 apparently decreased numbers from about the middle of June until the middle of 
 July, after which time it becomes as abundant as usual. It is very generally distribu- 
 ted, but se.ms during the nesting season to have some preference for the outskirts of 
 towns and the vicinity of rural dwellings. 
 
 It nests commonly in ornamental trees, often in silver maples (Acer saccharinum). 
 A nest found July 27, 1893, was situated in a large thistle near a stream, and among 
 surroundings apparently much more suited to the Indigo Bunting than to the present 
 species. Nest-building is usually begun late in July ; the eggs, commonly five in 
 number, being deposited early in August. 
 
 This species has been observed feeding upon the seeds of the dandelion ( Taraxacum 
 Taraxacum}, wild lettuce (Lactuca Canadensis}, common thistle ( Carduus lanceolatus), 
 rag-weed (Ambrosia artemist'ce folia), milkweed (Asclepias Syriaca) and common beg- 
 
308 
 
 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION. 
 
 gar- ticks (Bidcns frondosa]. The fact that it feer's upon the last named wcu'd be, if 
 extensively the case, sufficient reason for carefully protecting the Goldfinch ; since this 
 weed, especially on the bottom-lands, is exceedingly abundant and troublesome. 
 
 In this locality the American Goldfinch usually begins singing early in April, 
 and continues in song until O .tober, having been heard as late as October 19 (1892). 
 The latest date of singing mentioned by Mr. Bicknell 1 is August 30. 
 
 GENUS PLECTROPHENAX STEJNEGER. 
 
 110. Plectrophenax nivalis (LINN.). 
 Snowflake; Snow Bunting. 
 
 A winter visitor ; apparently not present during very mild winters, though irreg- 
 ularly common irr severe weather. It has been observed only in January and Feb- 
 ruary, and not later than the twenty-fifth of the latter month. It occurs chiefly in 
 flocks, occasionally in company with Horned Larks, and frequents both the uplands 
 and the bottoms. A company of 125 Snowflakes was seen near Wooster, along the 
 Pittsburg, Fort Wayne and Chicago R. R., February 25, 1893. The birds were 
 very tame, and were apparently engaged in picking up small bits of cinders from 
 the track. 
 
 GENUS POOC-ffiTES BAIRD. 
 
 111. Poocaetes gramineus (GMEL.). 
 Vesper Sparrow; Grass Finch. 
 
 An abundant summer resident. It arrives not later than April 5, sometimes bv 
 March 18, and has been observed to remain until November n (1890). 
 
 It is to be found chiefly, though not exclusively, on the uplands, moving in small 
 loose flocks during both spring and fall. 
 
 The breeding season continues from early in May until July ; eggs having been 
 taken between the dates of May 15 and June 26, inclusive. Four eggs seem to consti- 
 tute the usual complement early in the season, but later on three is apparently a 
 much more common number. Two broods are probably reared. 
 
 Three nests measured give the following results : 
 
 No. 
 
 Height. 
 
 Depth. 
 
 Inside top 
 diameter. 
 
 Inside 
 middle 
 diameter 
 
 Outside top 
 diameter. 
 
 Outside 
 middle 
 diameter. 
 
 Outside 
 bottom 
 diameier. 
 
 Width of 
 rim. 
 
 1 
 
 2.00 
 
 1.50 
 
 2.75 x 2.65 
 
 2.90x280 
 
 5.00 x 3.65 
 
 4 75 x 4.50 
 
 4.75 x 4.00 
 
 1.75x0.50 
 
 2... 
 
 2.50 
 
 2.00 
 
 2.50x2.25 
 
 2.38 x 2.12 
 
 4.50x4.25 
 
 3.75 x 3.00 
 
 2.25 x 2.25 
 
 1.00x0.63 
 
 3 
 
 250 
 
 150 
 
 2.50x225 
 
 2.38x2.12 
 
 3.75x3.50 
 
 
 
 
 Average ... 
 
 2.33 
 
 167 
 
 2.58x2.38 
 
 255x2.35 
 
 4.42 x 3.80 
 
 4.i5 x 3.75 
 
 3.50x3.13 
 
 1.38 x 0.57 
 
 This species sings regularly from the time of its arrival until into August; sub- 
 sequently somewhat sporadically even as late as October 18. 
 
 lAuk I, iS8 4 , p. 329. 
 
THE BIRDS OF WAYNE COUNTY. 309 
 
 GENUS PASSER BRISSON. 
 
 112. Passer domesticus (LINN.). 
 European House Sparrow; English Sparrow. 
 
 An abundant resident ; very generally distributed throughout the County. It of 
 course frequents preferably the streets of the towns, but is in very many places 
 numerous in the farming districts, where it may be seen in the trees and shrubbery 
 about the hous-s, also in orchards, hedges, and along the public roads. 
 
 Among its favorite resorts for breeding are the apple orchards its nests being 
 built among the branches of the trees, in Woodpeckers' excavations, or in natural 
 cavities such as the House Wren or Bluebird might select. It is in this section, as 
 everywhere, a great nu : sance; in town nesting abundantly behind sign-boards, under 
 the eaves, and in all sorts of nooks about the buildings. Nest-construction is some- 
 times begun in February, especially if the season be mild. Five eggs is a common 
 complement. 
 
 The following account of its advent into Wayne County has been furnished the 
 writer by Dr. J. H. Todd, of Wooster, and is given in his own words : 
 
 " In the fall of 1876 a li tie troop of nine English Sp?rrows presented themselves 
 in my yard, at once seemed at home, and assisted the chickens in disposing of their 
 'food. I was familiar with the Sparrow in New York, but they were a novelty in 
 Wooster, none having been seen by any one, to my knowledge, in the County before. 
 Many people came to see them, all supposing I had brought them ; but I had not, and 
 knew no more of where they came from tkan any of the numerous visitors that went 
 to the yard to see them. In the spring they left as mysteriously as they had come. 
 The next fall six came back, and from that time on the Sparrow was a permanent resi- 
 dent of Wooster. 
 
 GENUS AMMODRAMUS SWAINSON. 
 
 SUBGENUS PASSERCULUS BONAPARTE. 
 
 113. Ammodranms sandwichensis savanna (WILS.). 
 Savanna Sparrow'. 
 
 A transient visitor ; apparently rare, though in proper localities usually to be 
 found in the spring. Not observed in the fall. It arrives about the middle of April, 
 the sixteenth of this month being the earliest date recorded. It has been noted only 
 on the meadows of the bottom-lands, where it frequents thickets, fence-rows, and the 
 grass in the open fields. It is perhaps more common than the notes of the writer 
 indicate. 
 
 SUBGENUS COTURNICULUS BONAPARTE. 
 
 114. Ammodramus savannarum passerinus (WILS.). 
 Grasshopper Sparrow ; Yellow- winged Sparrow. 
 
 A common summer resident. It arrives in May, usually about the middle of the 
 month, though in 1892 it was noted May i. It has not been observed later than 
 August 20 (1893), and is not conspicuous after the first of this month. 
 
310 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION. 
 
 The Grasshopper Sparrow is somewhat locally distributed, occurring, according 
 to the writer's experience, only on the uplands, and there preferring fields of grass 
 and clover. Many places, and even considerable areas of country where favorable 
 conditions appear to exist, have been found untenanted by this species. 
 
 Although the nest has not been discovered, young in the streaked first plumage 
 were taken in a field near Wooster, July 18, 1892. 
 
 This species sings regularly until late in July; in 1893 it was heard on the twen- 
 tieth of August. 
 
 GENUS ZONOTRICHIA SWAINSOX. 
 
 115. Zonotrichia leucophrys (FORST.). 
 White-crowned Sparrow. 
 
 A transient visitor ; tolerably common from May i to May 24, but apparently 
 rare in the fall. For the latter season the writer has only one record, October 16, 
 1892. It is usually not seen in flocks, and does not commonly associate with any other 
 species. It frequents the hedges, thickets and fence-rows, in fields and along the 
 roads, also sometimes appearing on the outskirts of the towns. 
 
 116. Zonotrichia albicollis (GMEL.). 
 White-throated Sparrow. 
 
 An abundant transient visitor. It has been observed in spring from April 10 to- 
 May 17, and in fall from September 29 to November 8. It appears to be considerably 
 more numerous in fall, during which season it moves in loose flocks, sometimes in 
 company with Song Sparrows or Tree Sparrows ; and may be found in almost any 
 suitable locality. On October 5, 1890, eighty White-throated Sparrows were counted 
 in a thicket within a radius of twenty-five feet. 
 
 This species is in song during both its spring and fall migrations, and has been 
 heard singing until October 28; though the fall songs are not as a rule so well exe- 
 cuted as those of spring. 
 
 GENUS SPIZELLA BONAPARTE. 
 
 117. Spizella monticola (GMEL.). 
 Tree Sparrow. 
 
 An abundant winter resident. It appears in fall usually before November, some- 
 times by the first of October, and departs generally about the middle of April, but 
 lingered in 1892 until May i. 
 
 It occurs principally in flocks of less than fifty individuals, along fence-rows, in* 
 thickets and weed-patches, and is especially numerous in the swamps on the bottom- 
 lands. It has been observed associated with the Junco, Field Sparrow, Vesper Spar- 
 row and House Sparrow. 
 
 It cannot be considered in full song during any portion of its sojourn here, but 
 nearly every spring some individuals may be heard singing. The perfect song has- 
 been noted as early as February 5 (1891). Less commonly is its song heard in the 
 fall, having been noted on a few occasions only, from October 28 to November 13, in- 
 clusive. 
 
THE BIRDS OF WAYNE COUNTY. 
 
 311 
 
 118. Spizella socialis (WILS.). 
 Chipping Sparrow. 
 
 An abundant summer resident. The first week in April is its usual time of ar- 
 rival, but in 1894 it was first seen on March 21. It has not been observed later than 
 October 16, and is sometimes apparently absent early in this month. 
 
 Nest-building is commonly begun during the first part of May, and birds have 
 been seen carrying nest material as early as April 26 (1891). The latest date on 
 which anestwith eggs has been observed is July 10 (1892). Where such are available 
 the Chipping Sparrow seems to prefer for breeding purposes orchard trees or small 
 ornamental evergreens, the nest being usually placed not more than twelve feet from 
 the ground. Apparently two broods are ordinarily reared : four eggs, sometimes 
 three, constitute the first complement; while three eggs, or not infrequently only two, 
 is the number common during the latter part of the season. 
 
 Two nests measure as follows : 
 
 No. 
 
 Height. 
 
 Depth 
 
 Inside top 
 diameter. 
 
 Inside 
 
 middle 
 diameter. 
 
 Outside top 
 diameter. 
 
 Outside 
 middle 
 diameter. 
 
 Outside 
 bottom 
 diameter. 
 
 Width of 
 rim. 
 
 1 ^^ ^. 
 2 
 
 2.25 
 2.00 
 
 1.25 
 1.20 
 
 2.25x2.00 
 2 00 x 1.75 
 
 2.00x1.60 
 2.00 x 1.85 
 
 350x2.75 
 3.50 x 2.75 
 
 3.50x2.50 
 4.00 x 3.00 
 
 3 00 x 1.50 
 4.00 x 2 50 
 
 1.00x0.15 
 1.10x0.40 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 In autumn this species often collects into small flocks, frequenting then the fence- 
 rows, thickets and the dryer portions of the swamps, at times associating with various 
 species of Sparrows (including the ubiquitous Passer domesticus} and also occasion- 
 ally with the Bluebird. 
 
 During June and July the Chipping Sparrow is often heard singing after dark, 
 especially before midnight ; and it is in spring one of the earliest singers of the 
 morning. On May 22, 1890, it was first heard at 3 :2o A. M. 
 
 119. Spizella pusilla (WILS.). 
 Field Sparrow. 
 
 A summer resident ; abundant. It appears generally during the first week in 
 April,, sometimes as early as March 25 (1894), and disappears commonly before the 
 middle of October, the latest date on which it has been noted being October 16 
 (1891). 
 
 In spring and summer it is to be found chiefly in the fields on the uplands, then 
 not in flocks ; but in the fall it often in small companies frequents regularly also the 
 thickets and weed-patches of the creek bottoms. During the latter season it asso- 
 ciates commonly with the Chipping Sparrow, and also, though apparently less fre- 
 quently, with several other species of Fringillida*. 
 
 The present species breeds during May and June, along fence-rows, in thickets, 
 on the edges of woodland, and in the vicinity of human dwellings; placing its nests 
 usually in low bushes, often in those of the common wild blackberry (Rubus villosus). 
 
 The Field Sparrow sings from the time of its arrival until the latter part of 
 July, not having been heard in song later than July 30 (1893).' 
 
312 
 
 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION. 
 
 GENUS JUNCO WAGLER. 
 
 120. Junco hyemalis (LINN.). 
 Slate-colored Junco; Black Snowbird. 
 
 An abundant winter resident. It makes its appearance generally during the lat- 
 ter half of October, although it was in 1892 seen on October 2. It remains until late 
 in April ; latest in 1893, when it was noted on April 26. 
 
 It moves much in companies of from twenty to fifty individuals, seldom more, 
 though a flock of eighty was encountered March 25, 1894. I* * s often found with 
 other Sparrows, particularly Tree and Song Sparrows. Among its favorite haunts are 
 the borders of the woods and the thickets on the bottom-lands, where during fall and 
 winter the species may nearly always be found. 
 
 It usually sings to some extent during March and April, and its song has been 
 heard even as early as February 25 (1892). 
 
 An albino specimen of this species, taken by Mr. W. E. Henderson, M^arch 9, 
 1892, was, with the exception of a few isolated patches of color, entirely white. 
 
 GENUS MELOSPIZA BAIRD 
 
 121. Melospiza fasciata (GMEL.). 
 Song Sparrow. 
 
 A permanent resident; very abundant except in December and January. In 
 late fall and winter it retires principally to the bottom-lands, where often in small 
 flocks it seeks the shelter of the dense thickets. At this time it feeds more or less ex- 
 tensively on the seeds of the ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiivfolia}. 
 
 Nesting is begun in April, full complements of eggs having been taken on the 
 third of May (1891). Nests with eggs have not been noted after June 14, but the 
 species of course breeds considerably later than this date. Most of the nests observed 
 have been in moist situations on the bottom-lands. A low bush is not infrequently 
 utilized as a nesting place. The nest is usually very carefully concealed, sometimes 
 being completely roofed over by growing grass. One found May 14, 1893, was 
 located on the slope of a railroad embankment only a few inches beyond the ends of 
 the ties and where the sitting bird was apparently disturbed by every passing train. 
 
 The measurements of six nests are as follows : 
 
 No. 
 
 Height. 
 
 Depth. 
 
 Inside top 
 diameter. 
 
 Inside 
 middle 
 diameter. 
 
 Outside top 
 diameter. 
 
 Outside 
 middle 
 diameter. 
 
 Outside 
 bottom 
 diameter. 
 
 Width of 
 rim. 
 
 1 
 
 2.75 
 
 1.75 
 
 2 50 x 2.13 
 
 2.50 x 2.25 
 
 4 50 x 3 25 
 
 4 25 x 4 00 
 
 3 50 x 2 75 
 
 1 25 x 38 
 
 2 
 
 2.50 
 
 200 
 
 2.63x2.50 
 
 2.38 x 2.25 
 
 5 00 x 4.25 
 
 4.00x3.25 
 
 2.75 x 2.00 
 
 1.50x0.25 
 
 3 
 
 250 
 
 1.75 
 
 2 50 x 2 50 
 
 2.63 x 2 25 
 
 4 50 x 3.75 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 2.25 
 
 1.50 
 
 2 50 x 2.10 
 
 2.50 x 2.30 
 
 4.00x3.40 
 
 4.25 x 3.50 
 
 3 00 x 250 
 
 l.CO x 0.50 
 
 5 
 
 2.00 
 
 1.75 
 
 250x2.25 
 
 2.50 x 2 25 
 
 4.00x363 
 
 4.50 x 4.00 
 
 3.00x3.00 
 
 1.25 x 0.50 
 
 6 
 
 3.00 
 
 2.00 
 
 2.75x2.50 
 
 2.50x2.38 
 
 4.75 x 3.50 
 
 4.50 x 4.50 
 
 8.75 x 3.50 
 
 1.75x0.25 
 
 Average ... 
 
 250 
 
 1.79 
 
 2.66 x 2.33 
 
 2 50 x 2.28 
 
 4.46 x 8.63 
 
 4.30x3.85 
 
 3.20x2.75 
 
 1.35x0.38 
 
 The Song Sparrow has been heard singing in every month of the year excepting 
 December, but the season of its best song is from about the first of March until the 
 first of August, and from late in September to the latter part of October. The music 
 
THE BIRDS OF WAYNE COUNTY. 313 
 
 of this species seems to be of remarkable variability. Within a week's time the 
 writer once identified some fifteen distinct songs, with almost endless variations; and 
 the repertoire was apparently not then even approximately exhausted. Striking in- 
 dividuality was in some cases evinced, both in the quality as well as in the character 
 of the music; the different birds being observed morning after morning at the same 
 places along the road, singing so nearly the same songs that it became to a degree 
 possible to recognize the several individuals by their peculiarities. Although strictly 
 speaking a slight uncertainty might exist in rggard to the fact of their being really 
 the same birds which were heard thus day after day from particular fence posts or 
 telegraph poles, as the case might be, yet the circumstances were such as to remove 
 all reasonable doubt of their identity. 
 
 122. Melospiza georgiana (LATH.). 
 Swamp Sparrow. 
 
 A rare spring and fall transient, frequenting the swamps, marshes and water- 
 courses. The writer has for this species but three records, which are as follows : 
 October 5, 1890; May 3, 1891 ; and May 10, 1891 ; two individuals having been ob- 
 served on each of these dates. It is perhaps of more frequent occurrence than is 
 thus indicated, since it is given by Wheaton 1 as a common transient visitor. 
 
 GENUS PASSERELLA SWAINSON. , 
 
 123. Passerella iliaca (MERR.). 
 Fox Sparrow. 
 
 A tolerably common transient visitor from March 18 to April 12, and from Oc- 
 tober 19 to October 31. It is observed chiefly in the undergrowth of wooded banks, 
 and in thickets, particularly those on the borders of woodland. It moves often in 
 small loose flocks ; and occasionally associates with Tree Sparrows. 
 
 GENUS PIPILO VIEILLOT. 
 
 124. Pipilo erythrophthalmus (LINN.). 
 Towhee; Chew ink. 
 
 A common summer resident. The dates of its spring arrival range from March 
 18 (1894) to April 6 (1890) ; the male generally appearing a few days in advance of 
 the female. It usually disappears soon after the middle of October, the latest date 
 on which it has been observed being October 25 (1891). 
 
 This species may be found in the thickets of both the uplands and the bottoms, 
 and also, though rather exceptionally, in the vicinity of human dwellings. Some- 
 times during the migrations it is seen in scattered companies of four or five individ- 
 uals ; but is seldom accompanied by birds of another species. 
 
 The breeding season is in May and June. The nest is occasionally found in a low 
 bush ; and not infrequently contains eggs of the Cowbird. 
 
 The Towhee may be heard in song soon after its arrival, and until the latter part 
 of July, though it does not sing so steadily during this month. The date of latest 
 song noted is /uly 27 (1893). 
 
 1 Geological Survey of Ohio IV, 1882, p. 330. 
 
314 
 
 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION. 
 
 GENUS CARDINALIS BONAPARTE. 
 
 125. Cardinalis cardinalis (LINN.). 
 Cardinal; "Red Bird." 
 
 Resident throughout the year ; abundant. Here almost universally known by 
 the name of ''Red Bird." It is most numerous in the thickets and the swamps on the 
 bottom-lands, and in the many wooded ravines adjacent. It is, however, found regu- 
 larly in suitable situations on the uplands, as well as in the door-yards and along the 
 shaded streets of the towns. Although during the co dest weather evincing an ap- 
 parent inclination to gather into the more sheltered locations, the species may, both 
 winter and summer, be found in much the same situations. It is occasionally ob- 
 observed in company Avith other species, such as the Junco, Fox Sparrow, House 
 Sparrow, and even the Rob;n. 
 
 Nest-building begins late in April, and eggs have been found until June 15, 
 but the first three weeks of May seem to constitute the height of the breeding sea- 
 son. The nest is commonly well concealed in a bush or ornamental evergreen, and 
 is usually less than ten, often but two or three, feet from the ground. 
 
 The measurements of three nests are as follows : 
 
 No. 
 
 Height 
 
 Depth. 
 
 Inside top 
 diameter. 
 
 jSJrasff 
 
 Outside 
 middle 
 diameter. 
 
 Outside 
 bottom 
 diameter. 
 
 Width of 
 rim. 
 
 1 
 
 5.25 
 
 200 
 
 2.88x275 
 
 2.50x250 ; 6.50x5.00 
 
 5.25x4.75 
 
 4.00 x 3 50 
 
 1.50x0.56 
 
 2 
 
 400 
 
 2.50 
 
 3.50x3.00 
 
 2.75x2.50 ! 6.50x5.50 
 
 4.50 x 4.50 
 
 3.75x2.25 
 
 1.75 x 0.75 
 
 3 
 
 350 
 
 175 
 
 2 50 x 1.38 
 
 2 25 x 1 75 6.00 x 5.00 
 
 8 00 x 5 50 
 
 5 25 x 4 75 
 
 1 50 x 7& 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Average... 
 
 4.25 
 
 208 
 
 2.96x2.38 
 
 250x225 6.33x5.17 
 
 5.92 x 4.92 
 
 4.33 x 3.50 
 
 1.58 x 0.69 
 
 The female, when flushed from the nest, leaves quietly, and ordinarily seeks to 
 avoid subsequent observation. The well known propensity of this species to desert 
 its breeding place upon slight provocation renders accurate observation upon the 
 nest a matter of some difficulty. According to the writer's experience, a first visit^ 
 if due caution be exercised, will not usually result in abandonment, even should the 
 female be in the vicinity at the time ; but a second inspection is quite certain to re- 
 sult disastrously. A nest begun on April 28, 1891, was ascertained to contain two 
 eggs on May 6 ; which data would determine the approximate period of its construc- 
 tion as five or six days. In all but one of the nests examined the maximum number 
 of eggs has been two ; the single exception containing three eggs, one of which was 
 fresh, the others being five-eighths incubated (May 15, 1891). These circumstance* 
 suggest the possibility that other sets of two eggs, if allowed to remain a sufficient 
 length of time, might have been augmented in a similar manner. 
 
 This species apparently sings little during the winter months, but begins to be 
 heard usually about the later part of February, the twenty-third of this month 
 ( 1890) being the earliest record. The regular song period is carried well into August, 
 after which time the singing is more or less intermittent, continuing, however, in 
 some seasons until October 28. 
 
 The Cardinal is possessed of no mean imitative ability, of which, however, it 
 does not seem to make frequent exhibition, and in regard to which little has appar- 
 ently beei written. On February 23, 1890, a male Cardinal was heard singing on 
 one of the main streets of Wooster, but so closely did the song resemble in every re- 
 spect the "purly, purly" of the Tufted Titmouse, that until the performer showed 
 himself in plain sight and in the very act of uttering these notes, the belief that they 
 proceeded from such a source was impossible. Similar remarks will equally apply to 
 another Cardinal, which was very successful in reproducing the common call of the 
 
THE BIRDS OF WAYNE COUNTY. 
 
 315 
 
 Flicker imitating it indeed so perfectly as to almost induce an erroneous note-book 
 -entry. 
 
 GENUS HABIA REICHENBACH. 
 
 126. Habia ludoviciana (LINN.). 
 Rose-breasted Grosbeak. 
 
 An abundant summer resident. Its spring arrival generally occurs during the 
 first week of May. April 28 (1891) being the earliest record. It remains until Sep- 
 tember, having been latest noted on the twenty-fourth of this month. It is found in 
 suitable locations both on the uplands and on the bottoms, but is apparently most 
 numerously represented on and near the latter. 
 
 The species was unusually abundant during the breeding season of 1890. In the 
 months of May and June of that year there were found by the writer, without special 
 search, within four miles of Wooster, twenty-two occupied nests ; nearly three times 
 the number recorded for any other year. Certain extensive thickets lying for some 
 distance along both sides of the track of the Pittsburg, Fort Wayne and Chicago R. 
 R., and adjacent to large swamps, seemed to have a special attraction for the birds, 
 since here within a radius of fifty yards were found during that season eleven nests. 
 The next year the same thicket yielded on careful search only three or four nests. 
 
 Eggs of this species have been noted from May 17 to July 10 (1892), but the lat- 
 ter date must be considered somewhat exceptional, as a large majority of the nests 
 discovered have been between the twenty-fifth of May and the twelfth of June. The 
 number of eggs is rather more commonly three than four, while five have been but 
 once observed. 
 
 The nest is placed usually not over twelve, yet sometimes twenty feet from the 
 ground ; and while no particular preference appears to be shown, the thorn 
 {Cratcegus} is as frequently as any other bush chosen as its site. The nest is seldom found 
 in" an orchard, but one discovered June 12, 1892, was so situated. It is often located 
 in a comparatively exposed position, with apparently no attempt at concealment; and 
 is, moreover, occasionally so loosely constructed that the eggs may be counted from 
 below. On June 5, 1892, a set of eggs was taken from the same bush an elder (Sam- 
 bucus Catuidotsis) from which also the year previous eggs had been collected, possi- 
 bly from the same pair of birds. 
 
 A series of ten nests exhibits the following measurements : 
 
 No. 
 
 Height 
 
 Depth. 
 
 Inside 
 top 
 diameter. 
 
 Inside 
 middle 
 diameter. 
 
 Outside 
 top 
 diameter. 
 
 Outside 
 middle 
 diameter. 
 
 Outside 
 bottom 
 diameter. 
 
 Width of 
 rim. 
 
 1 
 
 350 
 
 2.25 
 
 3.00 x 3.00 
 
 2.75 x 2.75 
 
 6.00 x 4.50 
 
 5.00 x 4 50 
 
 3.00 x 2 25 
 
 1.75x0.13 
 
 2 
 
 3.25 
 
 1.50 
 
 3.25 x 2.75 
 
 2.75 x 2.25 
 
 5 50 x 4.50 
 
 4 50 x 4.50 
 
 2.00 x 2.CO 
 
 2.00 x 0.13 
 
 3 
 
 3.25 
 
 2.00 
 
 3.25 x 3.00 
 
 2.75 x 2.75 
 
 6.00 x 5 50 
 
 6.00 x 5.25 
 
 4.00 x 3 00 
 
 2 50 x 0.75 
 
 4.... 
 
 3.50 
 
 1.75 
 
 3.38x3.00 
 
 2.75 x 2.63 
 
 6.50 x 4.75 
 
 7.00 x 6.00 
 
 5.00 x 2.00 
 
 2.00 x 0.38 
 
 5 
 
 450 
 
 159 
 
 3.00 x 3.00 
 
 2.63 x 2.63 
 
 6.50 x 5.50 
 
 7.00 x 5/0 
 
 450x400 
 
 2.00 x 88 
 
 6 
 
 3.50 
 
 2.00 
 
 2 88 x 2.75 
 
 2.88 x 2.63 
 
 5.00 x 4.50 
 
 5.50 x 5.50 
 
 7.00 x 3.00 
 
 1.63x0.63 
 
 "7. 
 
 3.50 
 
 2.00 
 
 3.25 x 2.75 
 
 2.75x2.63 
 
 6.00 x 4.75 
 
 6.00 x 4.50 
 
 5.00 x 2 00 
 
 2.00 x O.0 
 
 &... 
 
 2.75 
 
 1.88 
 
 3.13 x 3.00 
 
 2.75x263 
 
 6.00 x 5 00 
 
 6.00 x 5.00 
 
 5.50 x 3 50 
 
 2 00 x 0.50 
 
 9 
 
 3.25 
 
 1.75 
 
 3.23x2.88 
 
 2.88 x 2 75 
 
 4.75 x 4.25 
 
 7.50 x 7.00 
 
 7.50 x 7.00 
 
 1.00 x 0.25 
 
 10 
 
 3.25 
 
 1.75 
 
 3.25 x 3.00 
 
 3.fOx275 
 
 5.50 x 4.75 
 
 4.75 x 4/0 
 
 3.50 x 3.50 
 
 1.50x031 
 
 Average .. 
 
 3.43 
 
 1.84 
 
 316x291 
 
 2.79x2.64 
 
 578x480 
 
 5.93 x 5.13 
 
 4.70 x 3 23 
 
 1.84 x 45 
 
316 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION. 
 
 The male apparently to a considerable extent shares the duty of incubation, for he 
 has quite as frequently as the female been discovered on the nest. The sitting parent 
 is not readily disturbed, often remaining until almost touched by the hand. 
 
 The Rose-breasted Grosbeak continues in song through May and June, but does 
 not appear to sing much after the middle of July, its song not having been heard 
 later than July 10 (1893). 
 
 This species has been observed in the latter part of July feeding upon the seeds 
 of the milkweed (Asclepias Syriaca.} 
 
 GENUS PASSERINA VIEILLOT. 
 127. Passerina cyanea (LINN.). 
 
 Indigo Bunting. 
 
 A summer resident; ordinarily abundant, yet apparently not every year equally 
 numerous. The earliest date of its spring arrival is April 24 (1892), though it does 
 not usually appear until the second week in May. It remains until October, and 
 while not observed later than the seventh of the month, this perhaps does not repre- 
 sent the limit of its stay. 
 
 The species is found on both the uplands and the bottoms, although it seems to be, 
 at least locally, more abundant on the latter, where in late summer and in the fall it 
 assembles into small flocks, frequenting then chiefly the thickets and patches of high 
 weeds. At this time it is often associated with other Sparrows, particularly the Field 
 Sparrow and the Song Sparrow. For a bird so common, its nests seem in this locality 
 to be easily overlooked, since a large amount of careful searching has resulted in the 
 discovery of but a single nest containing eggs, this being on June 22, 1890. 
 
 The song of this species may be heard from the time of the bird's appearance in 
 spring until late in July, but it has not been detected later than July 30 (1893). On 
 one occasion a male was observed singing on the wing, much after the manner of the 
 Bobolink, continuing his song until in soaring flight he reached the ground. 
 
 GENUS SPIZA BONAPARTE. 
 
 128. Spiza americana (GMEL.). 
 
 Dickcissel; Black- throated Bunting. 
 
 A rare summer resident. Arrives in May, the third of the month being the 
 earliest date recorded. It was not observed during 1893. The writer is informed by 
 Mr. W. E. Henderson that this species was present in much more than ordinary 
 numbers and was common during the summer of 1894. A nest containing four fresh 
 eggs was taken by the same gentleman on July 8 of that year. 
 
 The Dickcissel is almost exclusively a bird of the upland fields, being very rarely 
 noted anywhere on the bottom-lands, even in the spring. 
 
THE BIRDS OF WAYNE COUNTY. 
 
 317 
 
 FAMILY TANAGRID/E. TANAGERS. 
 GENUS PIRANGA VIEILLOT. 
 
 129. Piranga erythromelas VIEILL. 
 Scarlet Tanager. 
 
 A common summer resident, but usually most numerous during the spring migra- 
 tion. The dates of its arrival vary from May i to May 7, and it lingers in fall usually 
 until late in September, being in 1890 last observed on October 3. 
 
 The breeding season begins about the middle of May, completed nests having 
 been noted on the twenty-second of this month. It is exceptional to find other than 
 incubated eggs after the middle of June. While a woodland situation is commonly 
 chosen, an orchard tree is not infrequently the nesting site, particularly if the orchard 
 be in proximity to a tract of woods. 
 
 The measurements of four nests are as follows : 
 
 No. 
 
 Height. 
 
 Depth. 
 
 Inside top 
 diameter. 
 
 iQMde 
 middle 
 diameter. 
 
 Outside top 
 diameter. 
 
 Outside 
 middle 
 diameter. 
 
 Outside, 
 bottom 
 diameter. 
 
 Width 
 of rim. 
 
 1 
 2 
 
 8.00 
 3.00 
 
 1.75 
 1.75 
 
 2.75 x 2.50 
 2.25 x 2.25 
 
 2.25 x 2.25 
 2.25 x 2.25 
 
 5.50 x 4.00 
 4.25 x 3.50 
 
 6.CO x 4.50 
 5.00 x 4.00 
 
 3.50 x 2.50 
 3.75 x 3.25 
 
 2.25 x 0.50 
 1.00 x~0.35 
 
 3 
 
 2.00 
 
 1.25 
 
 2 50 x 2.25 
 
 2.25 x 2.10 
 
 4.25 x 3.50 
 
 5.25 x 3.75 
 
 3.75 x 2.75 
 
 1.25 x 0.50 
 
 4 
 
 3.50 
 
 2.00 
 
 3.00 x 2.50 
 
 3.00 x 2 45 
 
 6.00 x 4 25 
 
 5.50 x 4.50 
 
 400x350 
 
 1.80 x 0.50 
 
 Average 
 
 2.88 
 
 1.69 
 
 2.63 x 2.38 
 
 2 44 x 2.26 
 
 5.00 x 3.81 
 
 5.44 x 4.19 
 
 3.75 x 3.00 
 
 1.58 x 0.46 
 
 This species is a frequent nurse of the Cowbird, and often when the egg of this 
 imposter is present only two or three eggs of the Tanager are deposited. In fact, 
 one nest that was carefully watched from the time of its construction until incubation 
 of the eggs was nearly half completed, contained but one egg of its ow r ner and one 
 of the Cowbird. 
 
 The Scarlet Tanager begins to sing soon after its arrival, and continues in song 
 until late in July. It has not been heard subsequent to the twenty-seventh of this 
 month. 
 
 FAMILY HIRUNDINID/E. SWALLOWS. 
 GENUS PROGNE BOIE. 
 
 130. Progne subis (LINN.). 
 Pnrple Martin. 
 
 An abundant summer resident. It makes its spring appearance generally between 
 the first and the eighth of April, though in 1892 it was seen on March 25. It usually 
 disappears during the latter part of August or the first days of September; a solitary 
 individual, however, was noted on September 20, 1893. 
 
 A Martin box on one of the main streets of Wooster is every spring regularly 
 preempted by the House Sparrows before the arrival of the rightful tenants. The 
 
318 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION. 
 
 Martins appear to be in this case more than a match for the Sparrows, for after a 
 contention lasting rarely more than three or four days, always succeed in effectually 
 expelling the intruders. 
 
 The first brood of young is hatched some time during the latter part of May, and 
 the second about four or five weeks later. After the young of the earliest brood leave 
 the nest which event occurs ordinarily about the middle of June the Martins every 
 year congregate almost daily in the main streets of Wooster, roosting at night chiefly 
 under the eaves of the higher buildings, wherever suitable places are available. These 
 gatherings vary from ten to one hundred birds, reaching their maximum size in the 
 latter part of July and the first part of August, -after which time they gradually 
 diminish. They are at first to a large extent composed of young birds and adult 
 males. Until August the birds are observed to alight principally on the telegraph 
 wires and the cornices of the higher buildings, but subsequently they appear to much 
 prefer the court-house and its tall weathervaned tower. They are most active between 
 sunset and dark, and their cackling cry may at this hour be almost incessantly heard. 
 1 hey grow somewhat less noisy as the season advances, but so long as they remain 
 do not usually become entirely silent. 
 
 The Martin is one of the first birds astir in the morning, and in May its note is 
 frequently to be heard by half-past three o'clock. 
 
 This species has been seen to pursue and to all appearances greatly annoy the 
 Redtailed Hawk, but for just what purpose was not apparent. 
 
 GENUS PETROCHELIDON CABAMS 
 
 131. Petrochelidon lunifrons (SAY). 
 Cliff Shallow. 
 
 A common summer resident, but very locally distributed during the breeding 
 season. It arrives between the middle of April and the first of May, the earliest date 
 being April 16 (1893). It seems to practically disappear early in August, and has 
 not been observed later than the twenty-fifth of this month (1890). It has been 
 observed associated with no other species save the Barn Swallow. 
 
 Only one breeding colony of any considerable size has been noted ; this having 
 been tenanted continuously for a number of years. 
 
 Incubation of the first complement of eggs begins about the middle of May ; of 
 the second about five weeks later. 
 
 GENUS CHELIDON FORSTER. 
 
 132. Chelidon erythrogastra (BODD.). 
 Earn Swallow, 
 
 An abundant summer resident. It arrives usually about April 20, but in 1893 
 Avas first seen on April 9. It remains until late in August, not, however, having 
 been noted after the twenty-fifth of this month. 
 
 The breeding season begins about the middle of May, and commonly continues 
 until July, two broods being probably reared. 
 
 On June 17, 1891, there was discovered in a barn the remains of a nest that had 
 fallen from the side of the rafter to which it had been secured ; this accident having 
 of course resulted in the death of the young birds. The parents, nothing daunted, 
 were constructing a second nest in exactly the same location, and on July i the female 
 was found sitting upon two incubated eggs. 
 
THE BIRDS OF WAYNE COUNTY. 
 
 319 
 
 Two nests of this species present the following measurements : 
 
 No. 
 
 Height. 
 
 Depth. 
 
 Inside top 
 diameter. 
 
 Inside 
 middle 
 diameter. 
 
 Outside top 
 diameter. 
 
 Outside 
 middle 
 diameter. 
 
 Outside 
 bottom 
 diameter. 
 
 Width 
 of rim. 
 
 1 
 2.... 
 
 4.00 
 2.00 
 
 150 
 1.50 
 
 3.00 x 2.83 
 3 00 x 2.50 
 
 2.50 
 2.00 
 
 5.25 x 3.50 
 4.50 x 3.00 
 
 5.00 x 3.00 
 
 4.00 x 1.50 
 4.00 x 2 50 
 
 1.50 x 0.25 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 The wires of the telegraph lines afford of course favorite places of rendezvous for 
 this, as well as other species of Swallows, and it is no unusual occurrence to see a whole 
 brood of young marshalled upon the wires, while the parent birds busily engage them- 
 selves providing food for the voracious appetites of their offspring. The habit these 
 Swallows have, of at times fluttering along close to the surface of a small pond, instead 
 of skimming swiftly over, gives them more the appearance of huge butterflies than of 
 birds, and is an interesting performance. 
 
 The Barn Swallow is more or less gregarious even during at least a portion of 
 the breeding season, but is most noticeably so in the months of July and August. At 
 this time companies of fifty individuals are commonly encountered, and on July 27, 
 1893, a flock of 300 was observed. 
 
 In the spring of 1891 a perfect albino of this species was secured from among a 
 number of other Barn Swallows, by Mr. E. N. Freeman, of Orrville. By reason of the 
 inconsiderable development of the tail feathers the specimen was presumed to be a 
 female. It was nearly pure white, the only observable diagnostic character of the 
 plumage being the normal white tail markings, made discernible by the somewhat 
 more dusky appearance of the remaining portions of the rectrices. 
 
 GENUS TACHYCINETA CABANIS. 
 
 133. Tachycineta bicolor (VIEILL.). 
 Tree Swallow. 
 
 A very rare summer resident ; somewhat more common during the spring migra- 
 tion, but not observed in the fall. It seems to be quite irregular and very few records 
 are available. Its earliest appearance was noted in 1893, when six were seen on April 
 9. On May 15, 1892, a flock of 103 and another of 85 were observed on the bottoms 
 near Wooster, but other than this never more than six have been ^seenTon any one 
 date. It has only twice been noticed in summer : on June 14, 1891, and on July 17, 1892 
 
 GENUS STELGIDOPTERYX BAIRD. 
 
 134. Stelgidopteryx serripennis (AUD.). 
 . Rough-winged Swallow. 
 
 A common summer resident. The dates of its spring arrival range from April, 
 8 to April 21. It was observed latest in 1890, when it was seen on August 24. 
 
 During the summer it is confined principally to the. bottom-lands, where usually, 
 'but not always, it breeds in the immediate vicinity of running water. Nesting begins 
 
 6 B. W. C. 
 
320 
 
 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION. 
 
 late in May or early in June, and the complement of five or six, rarely seven, eggs is 
 generally completed between the first and the fifteenth of the latter month. The 
 nest is situated either in a convenient crevice of a stone culvert or bridge abut- 
 ment, or else in an excavation in the perpendicular face of the bank of a creek. 
 When the last location is selected, the length of the burrow ranges from twenty to 
 sixty inches. This passage has an average diameter of three and one-half inches, 
 but is somewhat enlarged at the nest, which is placed three to eighteen inches from 
 its inner extremity. This latter distance does not seem to be proportionate to the 
 length of the burrow, but varies indefinitely. 
 
 The composition of the nest includes straw, grass and weedstalks ; and its lining 
 consists of fine grass, small leaves of some species of willow, with sometimes the 
 stalk leaves of wheat or other similar grain, but no feathers of any description. The 
 willow leaves have been present in all the nests examined, and seem to be a character- 
 istic feature. The nest is loosely constructed, and is sometimes quite bulky. 
 
 Five nests afford the following measurements : 
 
 No. 
 
 Beight. 
 
 Depth. 
 
 Inside top 
 diameter. 
 
 Outside 
 top 
 diameter. 
 
 Outside 
 bottom 
 diameter. 
 
 Width of 
 rim. 
 
 j ' 
 
 2.50 
 
 1.25 
 
 2.50 x 2.25 
 
 8 50 x 4.34 
 
 7.50 x 4.00 
 
 3.CO x 0.25 
 
 2 
 
 ?.oo 
 
 075 
 
 2 75 x 1.75 
 
 7.CO x 3.50 
 
 
 
 g M 
 
 250 
 
 1.25 
 
 2 50 x 2.00 
 
 6.50 x 4 50 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 275 
 
 1.25 
 
 2.50 x 2 25 
 
 7.00 x 4.50 
 
 10.00 x 4.50 
 
 2 00 x 0.88 
 
 E ....... 
 
 3.CO 
 
 1.25 
 
 2.62 x 2 50 
 
 6.00 x 5.00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2.55 
 
 1.15 
 
 2.58 x 2.15 
 
 7.00 x 4.1 7 
 
 8 75 x 4 25 
 
 2 50 x 0.57 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 As will be noticed, the maximum outside bottom diameter is sometimes much 
 greater than that at the top, but this is partially accounted for by the fact that the 
 lower portion of the nest is often so loose that anything like accurate measurement 
 is practically impossible. The frequent great difierence between the extremes of 
 similar outside dimensions of the same nest is of course due to the greater possibilitv 
 for extending the nest longitudinally in the passage. 
 
 A nest despoiled of its contents in 1891 was the next year tenanted by possibly 
 the same pair ; but this is apparently an exceptional occurrence, since the same breed- 
 ing place is rarely occupied two years in succession The incubating female is with- 
 out difficulty induced to fly out, a stick thrust into the passage generally proving im- 
 mediately effective, though sometimes the bird withdraws into the burrow beyond 
 the nest. 
 
 FAMILY AMPELID/E. WAXWINGS, ETC. 
 
 SUBFAMILY AMPELIN/E. WAXWINGS. 
 
 GENUS AMPELIS LINN^US. 
 
 135. Ampelis cedrorum (VIEILL.). 
 Cedar Waxwing. 
 
 Irregularly abundant ; probably a permanent resident, though rarely observed 
 during the winter months. It is generally seen in flocks, except during the breeding 
 season ; but is seldom associated with other species. 
 
THE BIRDS OF WAYNE COUNTY. 
 
 321 
 
 Nest-building is begun sometimes by the first of June, and the four or five yoang 
 .are usually well fledged by the middle of July. Most of the nests observed have 
 <been situated in apple orchards. 
 
 FAMILY LANIID/E. SHRIKES. 
 GENUS LANIUS LINNAEUS. 
 
 NORTHERN SHRIKE, REDUCED. 
 
 136. Lanius borealis VIEILL. 
 
 Northern Shrike ; Butcher-bird. 
 
 A tolerably common winter resident. It is probably present every year, al- 
 though in apparently somewhat irregular numbers. Specimens in the writer's col- 
 lection were taken on November 5 and December 26, 1892. 
 
 137. Lanius ludovicianus excubitorides (SWAINS.). 
 White-rumped Shrike. 
 
 A tolerably common summer resident from March 25 to September 21. It seems 
 to be more frequently observed on the bottoms, though occurring also on the up- 
 lands. 
 
 Two nests taken were situated in a moist meadow along Killbuck Creek. They 
 were respectively four, and four and one-half feet from the ground, and quite well 
 concealed both being placed in thorn bushes (Cratcegus). The materials consisted 
 of twigs of the thorn bushes, weedstalks, grass and straw ; with a neat lining of fine 
 grass, gray vegetable fibres, moss and cattle-hair. One of these nests was taken 
 June 7, 1890, and contained five eggs, which were three-eighths incubated ; the other 
 on May 29, 1892, and contained six eggs, in which incubation was one-eighth ad- 
 vanced. 
 
 The measurements of these two nests are as follows : 
 
 No. 
 
 Height 
 
 Depth. 
 
 Inside top 
 diameter. 
 
 Inside 
 middle 
 diameter. 
 
 Outside 
 top 
 diameter. 
 
 Outside 
 middle 
 diameter. 
 
 Outside 
 bottom 
 diameter. 
 
 Width of 
 rim. 
 
 1 
 
 4.50 
 
 2.00 
 
 3.00 x 2.75 
 
 3.00 x 2.75 
 
 5.50 x 4.50 
 
 6.00 x 4.00 
 
 4.00 x 2.00 
 
 2.00 x 0.75 
 
 2 
 
 6.00 
 
 300 
 
 3.50 x 2 75 
 
 3.25 x 3.12 
 
 7.00 x 5.50 
 
 6.00 x 5 50 
 
 5.50 x 5.CO 
 
 1.75 x 0.63 
 
322 
 
 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION. 
 
 Mr. \V. E. Henderson mentions the discovery of a nest containing seven eggs,, 
 which seems sufficiently unusual to be worthy of record. 
 
 The breeding Shrikes of this County are intermediate between Lanius ludovici- 
 anus and L. ludoricianus cxcubitorides, but judging from the specimens examined, 
 they appear on the whole to most closely approach the latter, and may, at least for 
 the present, stand as such. 
 
 FAMILY VIREONID/E. VIREOS. 
 GENUS VIREO VIEILLOT. 
 
 SUBGEXUS VIREOSYLVA BONAPARTE. 
 
 138. 
 
 Vireo olivaceus (LINN.). 
 Red -eyed Vireo. 
 
 A common summer resident. Its spring arrivals, as noted, are from May 3 to 
 15, inclusive. The latest fall date is October 3 (1891), but the species generally dis- 
 appears in September. 
 
 It affects both the uplands and the lowlands, but is for the most part confined to 
 the woods, breeding preferably in the timbered ravines and near the borders of the 
 forests. 
 
 The Red-eyed Vireo sings steadily from the time of its arrival until about the 
 middle of August, and thereafter more or less intermittently usually as long as it re- 
 mains, the latest song date being October 3 (1891). 
 
 139. Vireo gilvus (VIEILL.). 
 Warbling Vireo. 
 
 An abundant summer resident; somewhat more numerous at the time of the 
 spring migration. It appears ordinarily during the first week of May, and remains 
 until late in September. Extreme dates are April 28, 1891, and October 2, 1892. 
 
 In most situations excepting the woodlands, the present species, particularly dur- 
 ing the breeding season, replaces to a great extent the Red-eyed Vireo. It occurs 
 most commonly along the sparsely timbered portions of the streams, as well as in the 
 vicinity of rural dwellings and the well shaded streets of the towns. 
 
 The nesting season is initiated during the latter part of May, and eggs may be 
 obtained at almost any time in June The breeding place preferred seems to be an apple 
 orchard, and the nest when thus located is usually from four to twenty feet from the 
 ground, but elsewhere is commonly at an altitude of between twenty-five and forty 
 feet. Aside from orchard trees, nests have been detected in maples (Acer rubrum), 
 n wild cherry trees (Prunus serotina) and in willows. 
 
 The measurements of three nests are as follows : 
 
 NO. 
 
 Height. 
 
 Depth. 
 
 Inside top 
 diameter. 
 
 Inside 
 middle 
 diameter. 
 
 Outside 
 top 
 diameter. 
 
 Outside 
 middle 
 diameter. 
 
 Outside 
 bottom 
 diameter. 
 
 Width of 
 rim. 
 
 1 
 
 2.00 
 
 150 
 
 1.88 x 1.88 
 
 1.88 x 1 88 
 
 3.38 x 2 88 
 
 3 50 x 3 00 
 
 2.75 x 2.00 
 
 1.00 x 0.38 
 
 2- 
 
 2.50 
 
 150 
 
 2.00 x 1.75 
 
 2 25 x 2.00 
 
 2.88 x 2.38 
 
 3.63 x 2.75 
 
 1.75 x 1 38 
 
 0.56 x 0.06 
 
 3.. 
 
 2.25 
 
 1.65 
 
 2.25x1.75 
 
 2.20 x 2.05 
 
 3.10 x 2.50 
 
 3.15 x 2.50 
 
 1.50 x 1.25 
 
 0.50x030 
 
 Average.. 
 
 2.25 
 
 1.55 
 
 2.04 x 1.79 
 
 2.11 x 1.9.? 
 
 3 12 x 2.59 
 
 3.43 x 2 75 
 
 2.CO x 1.54 
 
 0.69 x 0.25 
 
THE BIRDS OF WAYNE COUNTY. 323 
 
 A nest discovered on June 26, 1892, in an almost inaccessible position in an apple 
 tree, was ascertained to contain nearly fledged young. One of these had by accident 
 become entangled in some of the external fibres of the nest, and having fallen, hung 
 suspended by the feet. This was indeed a very unfortunate position for the fledging, 
 and we undoubtedly earned its gratitude by affording it the relief which it had been 
 of course unable to obtain from its anxious parents. 
 
 The Warbling Vireo sings regularly until about the first of August, and subse- 
 quently, though less frequently, until into September, the latest date of song heard 
 being in 1892, on September 23 This species has a curious habit of most unconcern- 
 edly singing although its home be quite closely approached, and it sometimes con- 
 tinues its song even while its nest is in process of being removed. 
 
 SUBGEXUS LANIVIREO BAIRD. 
 
 140. Vireo flavifrons VIEILL. 
 Yellow-throated Yireo. 
 
 Tolerably common as a summer resident, but most numerous in spring, arriving 
 ordinarily between the first and the seventh of May. It has not been observed later 
 than July 28 (1892), but it probably remains until at least the middle of August. It 
 is confined principally to the tall timber, being found on both the uplands and the 
 bottoms. 
 
 It may be heard in song from the time of its appearance in spring until the latter 
 part of July. Its silence after the first of August perhaps accounts for its having 
 escaped any subsequent notice, since it is much oftener heard than seen. 
 
 FAMILY flNIOTILTID/E. WOOD WARBLERS. 
 GENUS MNIOTILTA VIEILLOT. 
 
 141. Mniotilta varia (LINN.). 
 Black and White Warbler. 
 
 A common spring transient and very rare summer resident. It makes its ap- 
 pearance between the first and the fifteenth of May, and during the spring migration 
 -frequents the woods on both the uplands and the bottoms, being often associated with 
 other Warblers. In summer it has been noted principally in the wooded ravines 
 .adjoining the lowlands. 
 
 GENUS HELMINTHOPHILA RIDGWAY. 
 
 142. Helminthophila pinus (LINN.). 
 Blue-winged Warbler. 
 
 A rare summer resident; somewhat more numerous in spring, arriving between 
 the first and the tenth of May. It is seldom seen on the uplands, but affects chiefly 
 the thickets of the bottoms. Owing no doubt to the character of the localities fre- 
 * quented, it is generally heard rather than seen. 
 
324 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION. 
 
 143. Helminthophila peregrina (WILS .) 
 Tennessee Warbler. 
 
 A spring and fall transient ; tolerably common, though somewhat irregular. It 
 has been observed in spring between May 15 and May 24; in fall from September 21 
 to October 7. It was most numerous during the spring of 1892. It frequents thick- 
 ets and woodlands generally, being found often in company with other Warblers.. 
 Its song is heard quite regularly during the spring migration. 
 
 GENUS DENDROICA GRAY. 
 
 SUBGENUS PERISSOGLOSSA BAIRD. 
 
 144. Dendroica tigrina (GMEL.). 
 Cape May Warbler. 
 
 A transient visitor ; apparently rare in spring, but tolerably common in the fall, - 
 though of rather local occurrence. In the spring it has been only once seen, on 
 May 6, 1892; but in the autumn it has been observed from September 25 to October 
 7. It appears to somewhat prefer the lowlands, and has been chiefly noted in the 
 valley of the Killbuck, usually near the stream, in thickets and the less heavily ' 
 wooded portions of the forests. 
 
 SUBGENUS DENDROICA GRAY. 
 
 145. Dendroica aestiva (GMEL.). 
 Yellow Warbler. 
 
 An abundant summer resident. Its spring arrival has been usually between- 
 April 21 and April 25, and it generally remains until September, not, however, 
 having been noted later than the seventh of this month. It is apparently more 
 numerous on the bottoms than on the uplands. 
 
 Thickets along streams seem to furnish the most acceptable nesting sites, and in 
 this locality a decided preference is shown for the elders (Sambucus Canadensis}^ 
 much the greater number of nests found being situated in these bushes. 
 
 The three eggs of a set (containing also one egg of the Cowbird) taken May 29, 
 1891, are somewhat peculiar in pattern of coloration, and exhibit considerable differ- 
 ence in size. The ground color is greenish white ; in one of the eggs almost immac- 
 ulate, with near the larger end a very few minute dots of clove brown and dull lilac 
 and one long streak of clove brown. A second egg is similar to the one described, 
 but is slightly more heavily marked, though much less so than is usual in eggs of the 
 species. The other egg is thickly marked, but still somewhat less so than average 
 specimens with small spots of fawn color, drab and dull lilac, these being in a broad 
 zone about the central portion of the egg. These eggs measure respectively : .70 x 
 .52, .71 x .52, .62 x .44. 
 
 The height of the breeding season is apparently between the middle of May and . 
 the first of June, as a large proportion of the nests found contained, or evidently had 
 contained, unincubated eggs during this period. Incompleted nests have been ndtedi 
 by May n (1890), and eggs have been found as late as June 22 (1891). 
 
THE BIRDS OF WAYNE COUNTY. 
 
 325 
 
 Eight nests exhibit the following measurements : 
 
 No. 
 
 Height. 
 
 Depth. 
 
 Inside top 
 diameter. 
 
 Inside 
 middle 
 diameter. 
 
 Outsidetop 
 diameter. 
 
 Outside 
 middle 
 diameter. 
 
 Outside 
 bottom 
 
 diameter. 
 
 Width 
 of rim. 
 
 1 
 
 350 
 
 163 
 
 2.00 x 1.70 
 
 2.01) x 1.75 
 
 2.75 x 2.44 
 
 2.75 x 2 50 
 
 1.50 x 1.50 
 
 0.50 x 0.25 
 
 2 
 
 3.50 
 
 1.63 
 
 1.88 x 1.63 
 
 1.88 x 1 88 
 
 3.50 x 2.73 
 
 3.00 x 3.00 
 
 2.50 x 2.50 
 
 1.12 x 0.63 
 
 3 
 
 3.63 
 
 1.38 
 
 1 63 x 1.50 
 
 2 CO x 1.73 
 
 2.75 x 2 50 
 
 2.88 x 2 63 
 
 1.63 x 1.25 
 
 63 x 25 
 
 4 
 
 300 
 
 1.50 
 
 1.88 x 1.75 
 
 1.95 x 1 88 
 
 2.88 x 2.50 
 
 2.75 x 2.63 
 
 2.25 x 1.00 
 
 0.50 x 0.25 
 
 5 
 
 2.50 
 
 1.50 
 
 2 00 x 1 88 
 
 2.GO x 1 75 
 
 3.25 x 2.25 
 
 3.38 x 3 00 
 
 2.25 x 1.75 
 
 0.56 x 0.19 
 
 6 
 
 2.00 
 
 1.20 
 
 1.85 x 1.65 
 
 2 10 x 1.95 
 
 2.90 x 2.50 
 
 3.50 x 3.00 
 
 3.00 x 2.60 
 
 85 x 0.35 
 
 7 
 
 325 
 
 125 
 
 2. n O x 1 70 
 
 2 10 x 2 05 
 
 2 65 x 2 15 
 
 3 25 x 2 50 
 
 2 75 x 1 00 
 
 50 x 20 
 
 8 
 
 2.15 
 
 1.50 
 
 1.85 x 1.60 
 
 v 2.15 x 2.00 
 
 2.85 x 2.65 
 
 2.75 x 2 75 
 
 2.50 x 2.00 
 
 0.75 x 35 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Average 
 
 294 
 
 145 
 
 1.89 x 1.68 
 
 2 02 x 1.88 
 
 2.94 x 2.47 
 
 3C3 x 2.75 
 
 2.30 x 1.70 
 
 0.68 x 0.31 
 
 This species sings very persistently for the first few weeks after its advent in 
 spring, and quite regularly up to about the beginning of July, continuing more or 
 less intermittently until the last of this month. The latest song was recorded in 1891, 
 on July 28. 
 
 146 Dendroica caerulescens (GMEL.). . 
 Black-throated Blue Warbler. 
 
 A common transient visitor; much more numerous in spring than in fall. It is 
 however, somewhat irregular in numbers, being decidedly less frequent in some 
 seasons than in others. It appears usually during the first few days of May, and re- 
 mains for two or three weeks. It lingered late in 1892, being last observed on June 
 i. The earliest record of its arrival is April 23 (1893). 
 
 It has been noted in the fall on but two occasions, October 5, 1890, and Septem- 
 ber 18, 1892. On the latter date one was seen singing. The Black-throated Blue oc- 
 curs with other of the Warblers in the thickets and woods of both the uplands and 
 the bottoms. 
 
 147. Dendroica coronata (LINN.). 
 Myrtle Warbler. 
 
 An abundant transient visitor; somewhat more numerous in fall than in spring. 
 It has been observed as early as April 16 (1893), but does not usually appear until 
 several days later. It remains until about May 22. In autumn it has been noted from 
 September 25 to November 6. The lowlands along the creeks seem to be favorite 
 resorts for this species, and during the fall it may there be found often in small flocks. 
 With the possible exception of Dendroica striata the Myrtle Warbler is by far the 
 most numerous of the transient species of the family. 
 
 148. Dendroica maculosa (GMEL.). 
 Masrnolia Warbler. 
 
 A transient visitor ; one of the less frequent species. It is sometimes tolerably 
 common, but has been observed only between May n and May 22. It is apparently 
 
326 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION. 
 
 of most regular occurrence in the thickets bordering woodlands and in the under- 
 growth of the forests. 
 
 149. Dendroica cserulea (WILS.). 
 Cerulean Warbler. 
 
 Rare ; probably occurring solely as a transient visitor. It was noted only in 1891, 
 when on May 8 an adult male was shot and two other individuals were seen. 
 Another was observed on May 10. and one also on May 15. These were all ap- 
 parently in full song, and had not this been the case, would have passed unnoticed 
 amid the multitudes of migrant Warblers which at this season throng the tops of 
 the forest trees in the vallev of Ihe Killbuck. 
 
 150. Dendroica pensylvanica (LINN.). 
 Chestnut-sided Warbler. 
 
 A tolerably common transient from May 14 to May 20. It is also a very rare 
 summer resident, but has not been observed in the fall. The only summer records 
 are for 1893, in which year one of these birds was, on July 9, seen singing in the 
 woodland of the Killbuck Valley, at a locality about four miles northwest of Woos- 
 ter. On July 10 and 16 of the same year, a Chestnut-sided Warbler, quite probably 
 the former individual, was again heard in the same vicinity. 
 
 The species frequents almost exclusively the woodlands, moving among the 
 branches of the highest trees, and also, though apparently less preferably, in the low 
 undergrowth. 
 
 151. Dendroica castanea (WILS.). 
 Bay-breasted Warbler. 
 
 A very rare transient visitor. The only dates for this species are May 22 and 24, 
 1892. The birds seen were in rather open woodland, in the lower portions of the 
 trees, and were without difficulty closely approached. 
 
 Although Wheaton mentions 1 this species as occurring " in great numbers" in 
 fall, the writer has strangely enough failed to detect it during that season. Many 
 Black-poll Warblers have been shot in the hope of securing specimens of D. castanea, 
 as the latter might of course, if not captured, readily pass for D.striata. 
 
 152 Dendroica striata (FORST.). 
 Black-poll Warbler. 
 
 An abundant fall transient, but seen during the spring season only in 1892, when 
 it was common from May 21 to May 30. In the autumn it has been observed from 
 September 18 to October 16. It may be found almost wherever there are trees or 
 bushes, and in the streets of the towns is, of all the transient Warblers, the one most 
 frequently occurring, and the species most numerously represented. It is seen occa- 
 sionally in small straggling companies, consisting, however, of rarely more than six 
 or seven individuals. 
 
 Geological Survey of Ohio 1 V , 1882, p 255. 
 
THE BIRDS OF WAYNE COUNTY. 327 
 
 153. Dendroica blackburniae (GMEL.). 
 Blackburn iau Warbler. 
 
 Although Wheaton considers 1 this bird an abundant transient in the vicinity of 
 Columbus, it is seemingly very rare in Wayne County. Only three individuals have 
 been noted ; two on May 20, 1890, and one on May 20, 1892. It is possiblv more com- 
 mon than is thus indicated. 
 
 154. Dendroica virens (GMEL.). 
 Black-throated Green Warbler. 
 
 A common spring transient from May i to May 22. It is apparently rare in the 
 fall, as there is available but one record for that season : October 4, 1891. It may be 
 found in the woods ot both the uplands and the bottoms, and there its very distinctive 
 rsong may be heard almost any day during its spring migration. 
 
 GENUS SEIURUS SWAINSON. 
 
 OVEN-BIRD, NATURAL SIZE. 
 
 155. Seiurus aurocapillus (LINN.). 
 Oven-bird; Golden- crowned Thrush. 
 
 A rare summer resident. It is for a while in May common in certain localities, 
 especially in portions of the Killbuck Valley, where at this season it occurs associated 
 with the next species. It arrives early in May, and remains until the middle of Oc- 
 tober (May i to October 16). It has seldom been noted on the bottom-lands except 
 during the migrations, since it retires for the summer to the most secluded portions 
 of the upland forests. 
 
 156. Seiurus motacilla (VIEILL.). 
 Louisiana Water Thrush. 
 
 Rare summer resident. A certain portion of the valley of the Killbuck, lying 
 'between four and five miles northwest of Wooster, is the only locality where this 
 species has in summer been observed, and although it there probably breeds, its 
 nest has not been discovered. In this place the species is usually common for a few 
 daysln spring, frequenting the woods and thickets along the creek, together with the 
 many mossy ravines in the adjacent woodland. It has been in spring occasionally 
 
 Geological Survey of Ohio IV, 1882, p. 252. 
 
328 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION. 
 
 noted in swamps in other portions of the Killbuck Valley, but no other spot 
 seems to be quite so congenial as the one above mentioned. 
 
 This Warbler arrives usually late in April, the twenty-first of the month (1891) 
 being the earliest date recorded. It has not been observed later than July 28 (1892). 
 It is generally in full song at the time of its spring appearance, and for a season its 
 notes form one of the characteristic bird melodies of its favorite haunts. 
 
 GENUS GEOTHLYPIS CABANIS. 
 
 SUBGENUS OPOROR"NIS BAIRD. 
 
 157. Geothlypis agilis (WILS.). 
 Connecticut Warbler. 
 
 A very rare transient visitor. The only record is a single specimen taken^Octo- 
 ber 2, 1892. 
 
 SUBGENUS GEOTHLYPIS CABANIS. 
 
 158. Geothlypis Philadelphia (WILS.). 
 Mourning Warbler. 
 
 Apparently a very rare transient visitor. It has been positively identified but 
 once, on May 14, 1893, when a single adult male was found in the thick undergrowth 
 of the woodland along Killbuck Creek, about four miles northwest of Wooster. 
 
 159. Geothlypis trichas (LINN.). 
 Maryland Yellow-throat. 
 
 An abundant summer resident. The dates of its appearance range from April 
 23 to May 7, and it is present generally until the first of October, although less numer- 
 ous during September. Dr. Wheaton 1 writing probably with regard to the vicinity 
 of Columbus, says that this species "remains until the first of September." 
 
 It is more common on the bottoms than on the uplands, and though of course a 
 bird of thickets and fencerows, it sometimes wanders away from both. On July 2,- 
 1891, a Maryland Yellow-throat was heard singing in the midst of a large wheat-field,, 
 where there seemed nothing to attract it from the presumably more suitable locali- 
 ties in the neighborhood. 
 
 The song of this species continues throughout the whole of the bird's summer 
 sojourn, but is more irregular during September and the latter part of August. The 
 date of latest song heard (October 2, 1892,) is coincident with the latest record for 
 the species. In spring it is one of the early morning singers, being often among the 
 first species heard. On May 27, 1890, it was singing at 3 135 A. M. 
 
 Geological Survey of Ohio IV, 1882, p. 275. 
 
THE BIRDS OF WAYNE COUNTY. 329- 
 
 GENUS ICTERIA VIEILLOT. 
 
 160. Icteria virens (LINN.). 
 Yellow-Breasted that. 
 
 A rare summer resident. It has not been noted earlier than May 17, nor later 
 than August 3, but probably neither of these dates represents the extreme of its 
 presence here. 
 
 This species on the uplands frequents the woods and the dense thickets, but on- 
 the bottoms is confined apparently to the latter. A nest taken by Mr. J. Hine, near 
 Wooster, June 17, 1893, contained five eggs, two of them, however, being those of the 
 Cowbird. The nest was situated in a hickory sapling in underbrush near the edge of 
 woodland. 
 
 Although much has been written concerning the vocal powers of the Yellow- 
 breasted Chat, little attention seems to have been called to its ability for mimicry; 
 yet nevertheless, besides being a wonderful ventriloquist, it manifests at times a re- 
 markable imitative faculty. The different notes of the Robin, Catbird, Brown 
 Thrasher, together with those of many other species, including even the croak of" 
 the Green Heron, are all reproduced so faithfully that one begins to wonder whether 
 after all the thicket contains not a number of birds instead of a single Yellow- 
 breasted Chat. It seems, however, that such an exhibition is more rarely given than 
 its ordinary vocal performance. This species has been found in full song on July 4 r 
 but later in the season has not been heard singing. 
 
 GENUS SYLVANIA NUTTALL. 
 
 WILSON'S WARBLER, NATURAL SIZE. 
 
 161. Sylvania pusilla (WILS.). 
 Wilson's Warbler. 
 
 A rare transient visitor. Observed in spring from May 22 to June i, but in> 
 autumn only on September 18, 1892. It has been noted principally in thickets along 
 streams, and in the undergrowth of woodland. It is in full song during its spring^ 
 passage, and its notes constitute a pleasing warble, in part somewhat suggestive of 
 the song of the House Wren. 
 
330 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION. 
 
 GENUS SETOPHAGA SWAINSON. 
 
 162. Setophaga ruticilla (LINN.). 
 American Redstart. 
 
 A very rare summer resident, though common as a spring transient. It appears 
 .usually during the first week of May, the earliest date being April 30 (1891). It fre- 
 quents the woods of both the uplands and the bottoms ; being often associated with 
 other species of Warblers. It has been observed in summer on but one occasion, 
 July 27, 1893. and has been entirely overlooked in the fall. It is generally in song 
 upon its arrival in spring; and was heard singing on July 27. 
 
 FAMILY TROGLODYTID^E. WRENS, THRASHERS, ETC. 
 
 SUBFAMILY MIMIN/E. THRASHERS. 
 
 GENUS GALEOSCOPTES CABANIS. 
 
 163. Galeoscoptes carolinensis (LINN.). 
 Catbird. 
 
 An abundant summer resident from April 26 to October 2. 
 
 The numerous and extensive thickets on the bottom-lands seem to afford particu- 
 larly favorable nesting sites, since it is there that during the breeding season this 
 species occurs most abundantly. The nests are seldom higher from the ground than 
 six feet, and by far the greater number of those found have been but three and one- 
 half feet or less; but almost always carefully concealed. When the situation is, as 
 occasionally chosen, an orchard, the nest is generally at least twelve or fourteen feet 
 from the ground and in the upright fork of a limb. The lining of the nest was 
 ascertained to be in nearly every case entirely of dark-colored roots, the only excep- 
 lions containing in addition a small quantity of grass and weedstalks. Three or four 
 eggs generally constitute a complement ; five having been but twice recorded. Occu- 
 pied nests have been noted from May 14 to June 26. 
 
 The Catbird sings very continuously from the time of its arrival until August, 
 and subsequently more or less intermittently until September. The latest date of 
 song heard is September 18 (1892). 
 
 GENUS HARPORHYNCHUS CABANIS. 
 
 SUBGEXUS METHRIOPTERUS REICHENBACH. 
 
 164. Harporhynchus rufus (LINN.). 
 Brown Thrasher. 
 
 A common summer resident. It appears sometimes by April i, though not in- 
 frequently several days later. Not observed in fall after September 17 (1893). 
 
THE BIRDS OF WAYNE COUNTY. 
 
 331 
 
 The breeding season continues from the first of May until about the first of July, 
 but nests with eggs are rarely to be found subsequent to the middle of June. The 
 usual nesting site is a brush-heap or a sheltered thicket ; a location offering good 
 opportunity for concealment being apparently preferred. 
 
 The two nests measured present the following dimensions : 
 
 No. 
 
 Beight. 
 
 Depth. 
 
 Inside top 
 diameter. 
 
 Inside 
 middle 
 diameter. 
 
 Outside 
 top 
 diameter. 
 
 Outside 
 middle 
 diameter. 
 
 Outside 
 bottom 
 diameter. 
 
 .Width o 
 rim. 
 
 1 
 
 3.50 
 
 175 
 
 4.CO x 3.00 
 
 3.50 x 2.75 
 
 6.50 x 6.00 
 
 7.00 x 7.CO 
 
 5.00 x 4.00 
 
 2.50 x 0.75 
 
 2 
 
 4.00 
 
 2/.0 
 
 4.25 x 4.00 
 
 3 75 x 2.75 
 
 7.50 x 6.50 
 
 6.00 x 5.50 
 
 5.00 x 4.50 
 
 1.50 x 0.50 
 
 This species sings quite regularly until into July, but has not been heard in song: 
 ater than the thirtieth of this month. 
 
 SUBFAMILY TROQLODYTIN/E. WRENS. 
 GENUS THRYOTHORUS VIEILLOT. 
 
 SUBGENUS THRYOTHORUS. 
 
 CAROLINA WREN, REDUCED. 
 
 165. Thryothorus ludovicianus (LATH.). 
 Carolina Wren. 
 
 A common permanent resident; sdmewhat less numero-is in winter. While per- 
 fectly at home in the towns, it seems to be partial to the bottom-lands and to the 
 
332 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION. 
 
 wooded ravines, the thickets and swamps along the streams being particularly suit- 
 able for its habitation. 
 
 A nest visited on May 6, 1890, contained five fully fledged young. This nest was 
 situated in a small barn in the town of Wooster, being placed on the bare floor of a 
 hay loft close against the side of the building ; thus being completely hidden from 
 the outside, though plainly visible from within. The birds entered the nest through 
 a knot-hole in the weather-boarding, but were very shy when conscious of being 
 observed. For some unknown reason, the nest, while containing young, was removed 
 ipom the loft and placed upon the ground outside, where, however, the parent 
 birds continued their attentions until the young were able to fly. 
 
 The Carolina Wren has been observed in song during every month of the year 
 Avith the exception of December, and it sings ^yith apparently as much vivacity in 
 zero weather as during the most pleasant days of spring. 
 
 GENUS TROGLODYTES VIEILLOT. 
 
 SUBGEXUS TROGLODYTES. 
 
 166. Troglodytes aedon VIEILL. 
 House Wren. 
 
 A common summer resident. It appears late in April or early in May, and re- 
 mains sometimes until October 16, though is unusual after October i. During the 
 breeding season the apple orchards, even though not adjacent to human habitations, 
 seem to be its favorite resorts. 
 
 The House Wren sings from the time of its arrival until about the first of August, 
 but less continuously during the greater part of July. The date of latest song 
 heard is July 30 (1893). 
 
 SUBGEXUS ANORTHURA REXXIE. 
 
 WINTER WREN, SLIGHTLY REDUCED. 
 
 167. Troglodytes hiemalis VIEILL. 
 Winter Wren. 
 
 A rare winter resident; tolerably common during the spring and fall migrations. 
 It has been observed from September 27 to May 15, principally along fencerows, in 
 thickets and in woodland undergrowth. 
 
THE BIRDS OF WAYNE COUNTY. 333 
 
 GENUS CISTOTHORUS CABANIS. 
 
 SUBGENUS TELMATODYTES CABAXIS. 
 
 9 
 
 168. Cistothorus palustris (WILS.). 
 Long-billed Marsh Wren. 
 
 A common summer resident from May 5 to September 25. It is to be found in 
 nearly all the more extensive swamps, especially where the cat-tail flag ( Typha lati'- 
 folia} abounds. While it of course breeds regularly in this locality, no nests have 
 been discovered, owing to the great difficulty of traversing at the proper season the 
 swamps where it occurs. 
 
 It is in song throughout its sojourn here, but sings with much less frequency 
 during the latter part of the summer. 
 
 FAMILY CERTHIID/E. CREEPERS. 
 GENUS CERTHIA LINN.WS. 
 
 169. Certhia familiaris americana (BONAP.). 
 Brown Creeper. 
 
 A tolerably common spring and fall transient and rare winter resident. During 
 the winter it remains principally in the woods of the bottom-lands, but during the 
 migrations it occurs also on the high ground. Its earliest fall appearance is October 
 2, and it has never been observed later in spring than May i ; seldom, in fact, after 
 the middle of April. 
 
 No positive breeding record has been established, but an unoccupied nest, which 
 in position and structure much resembled that of this species, was discovered on 
 May 7, 1891. This nest was situated about twenty feet from the ground in a crevice 
 behind the bark of a dead tree, in damp bottom-land woods along the Killbuck. 
 
 FAMILY PARID^. NUTHATCHES AND TITS. 
 
 SUBFAMILY SITTING. NUTHATCHES.. 
 
 GENUS SITTA LINN^US. 
 
 170. Sitta carolinensis LATH. 
 White-breasted Nuthatch. 
 
 A permanent resident ; common in summer, abundant in fall and winter. It is 
 most numerous in woodland, though in winter it commonly is elsewhere encountered. 
 During the summer it apparently is partial to the bottom-lands and to timbered ra- 
 vines, but in the fall and winter it is equally if not more abundant in the upland 
 woods, being then frequently associated with Tufted Titmice, Chickadees and Golden- 
 crowned Kinglets. 
 
334 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION. 
 
 All the nests which have fallen under the writer's observation have been situated 
 in either natural cavities or the abandoned excavations of Woodpeckers, in living 
 trees, or trees only partially dead. The breeding season continues usually from about 
 the middle of April until the middle of June, nests with eggs being most common^uring 
 the first three weeks in May. The disturbance of a nest containing even eggs some- 
 times occasions on the part of the parent birds an exhibition of great concern, and 
 they repeatedly approach almost within reach, making at intervals swift dashes toward 
 the intruder. 
 
 The notes of the White-breasted Nuthatch are most frequently heard during the 
 colder months of the year. 
 
 171. Sitta canadensis LINN. 
 Red-breasted Nuthatch. 
 
 A very rare transient visitor. The only record for this species is September 26- 
 1890. 
 
 SUBFAMILY PARIN/E. TITMICE. 
 
 GENUS PARUS LINN^US. 
 
 SUBGENUS LOPHOPHANES KAUP. 
 
 172. Parus tricolor LINN. 
 Tufted Titmouse. 
 
 A permanent resident ; abundant except in summer. It is equally numerous or* 
 the uplands and the lowlands. 
 
 On October 2, 1892, a Tufted Titmouse was observed industriously hammer- 
 ing away at something in the crotch of a low tree. This object eventually proved 
 to be the half-punctured coccoon of a large moth ( Telea polyphemus). 
 
 The Tufted Titmouse sings more or less continuously all the year, being least 
 frequently heard during December and January. The duration of its maximum 
 song seems to be from about the first of March until some time in June, after 
 which period it sings much less regularly. 
 
 SUBGENUS PARUS LINNAEUS. 
 
 173. Parus atricapillus LINN. 
 Chickadee. 
 
 Resident; abundant in winter, but considerably less numerous in summer, 
 During the latter season it is found most frequently in the woods of the bottom- 
 lands, though is by no means entirely confined to them ; while in winter it occurs 
 almost everywhere, at only this season regularly visiting the yards along the streets 
 of the towns. 
 
 The nesting season begins about the middle of April, full complements of eggs 
 being most common from the first to the fifteenth of May. A second brood is some-, 
 times reared in June. Rather open bottom woodlands, where decaying stumps 
 
THE BIRDS OF WAYNE COUNTY. 335 
 
 abound, seem to be the favorite localities for breeding purposes. The nests situated 
 in these low stumps are rarely over two feet from the ground, and considerable dan- 
 ger threatens from the spring flooding of the bottom-lands and the consequent unin- 
 habitable condition of the nests when the water rises high enough to enter. A nest 
 found by Mr. W. E. Henderson, June 24, 1892, was situated in a cavity in one of the 
 supports of an old rail fence. 
 
 FAMILY SYLVIID/E. WARBLERS, KINGLETS, GNATCATCHERS. 
 
 SUBFAMILY REQULIN/H. KINGLETS. 
 
 GENUS REGULUS CUVIER. 
 
 GOLDEN-CROWNED KINGLET, SOMEWHAT REDUCED. 
 
 174. Regulus satrapa LIGHT. 
 Golden -crowned Kinglet. 
 
 Abundant in fall and spring ; tolerably common as a winter resident. During 
 the last mentioned season it remains chiefly in the shelter of ornamental evergreens, 
 and in the most sheltered portions of the woods, but throughout the migrations it is 
 found nearly everywhere. 
 
 It appears in fall with considerable regularity about the first of October, the ex- 
 treme dates being September 27 and October 3. It departs about the end of the third 
 week in April, but has once been observed to linger until May i (1892). It moves 
 often in small scattered companies of usually not more than fifteen individuals ; some- 
 times, though not ordinarily, associating with other birds. 
 
 175. Regulus calendula (LINN.). 
 Ruby -crowned Kinglet. 
 
 A transient visitor ; abundant in the spring, but generally not so numerous in 
 autumn. It has been noted from April 5 to May 15, and from September 23 to Octo- 
 
 7 B. W. C. 
 
OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION. 
 
 her 20. It is found principally in woodlands and thickets, both on the uplands and 
 the bottoms, not being so frequently as the preceding species observed along the 
 streets of the towns. 
 
 This species is, of course, regularly in song during the season of its occurrence in 
 spring, and has been heard singing in October fully as well as during the vernal 
 migration. 
 
 SUBFAMILY POLIOPTILIN/E. GNATCATCHERS. 
 
 GENUS POLIOPTILA SCLATER. 
 
 176. Polioptila cserulea (LINN.). 
 Blue- gray Gnatcatcher. 
 
 A common summer resident. It arrives ordinarily during the latter part of 
 April, the nineteenth of this month being the earliest date recorded. It has not been 
 observed later than August 3, yet it probably does not leave until September. 
 
 Throughout the breeding season it affects chiefly the upland woods and the tim- 
 bered ravines adjacent. Nest-building begins about the middle of May, or even some- 
 what earlier, and by the middle of June nearly all the nests contain young. Ap- 
 parently no second brood is regularly reared, but should the first nest be destroyed, 
 another is commonly constructed. 
 
 The measurements of two nests are as appended : 
 
 No. 
 1 
 
 Height. 
 
 Depth 
 
 Inside top 
 diameter. 
 
 Inside 
 middle 
 diameter. 
 
 Outside top 
 diameter. 
 
 Outside 
 middle 
 diameter. 
 
 Outside 
 bottom 
 diameter. 
 
 / 
 
 Width of 
 rim. 
 
 2.65 
 
 170 
 
 135x1.20 
 
 1.80x1.60 
 
 2.25x2.10 
 
 2.75x2.35 
 
 2 85 x 2.00 
 
 0.75 x 0.35 
 
 2 
 
 2.50 
 
 1.60 
 
 1.35 x 1.25 
 
 1.65 x 1.50 
 
 2.05x1.90 
 
 2.60 x 2.25 
 
 2.25 x 1.85 
 
 0.50x0.25 
 
 The well-known scolding note of this species is most conspicuous from April 
 to about the middle of July, being subsequently comparatively seldom heard. The 
 real song of the Blue-gray Gnatcatcher has, in this locality, been detected upon only 
 a single occasion, August 3, 1890. It is a simple but pleasing ditty, in quality rather 
 suggestive of the songs of some Warblers. It consists of one or two introductory 
 notes, followed by a short warble ; and the whole may be represented, very imper- 
 fectly of course, by the syllables zee-u, zee-u, ksee-ksee-ksee-ksu. 
 
 FAMILY TURDID^E. THRUSHES, SOLITAIRES, BLUEBIRDS, ETC. 
 SUBFAMILY TURDIN/C. THRUSHES. 
 
 GENUS TURDUS LINN^US. 
 
 SUBGENUS HYLOCICHLA BAIRD. 
 
 177. Turdus mustelinus GMEL. 
 Wood Thrush. 
 
 An abundant summer resident from April 21 to September 27. It may, in general, 
 be regarded as a somewhat more numerous inhabitant of the woods on the bottoms 
 
THE BIRDS OF WAYNE COUNTY. 
 
 337 
 
 than of those on the uplands, although it is found in almost all suitable localities. It 
 is particularly numerous in the woods along portions of Killbuck Creek. 
 
 The breeding season continues from about the end of the first week in May until 
 the middle of July, but is at its height during the last two weeks of May and the first 
 week in June. The favorite nesting places are wooded ravines and the timbered 
 banks bordering the bottom-lands. Nearly all the nests found have been in saplings 
 or bushes, usually from three to five, never higher than ten, feet from the ground. 
 
 The measurements of two nests are as follows : 
 
 No. 
 
 Beight. 
 
 Depth. 
 
 Inside top 
 diameter. 
 
 Inside 
 middle 
 diameter. 
 
 Outside top 
 diameter. 
 
 Outside 
 middle 
 diameter. 
 
 Outside 
 bottom 
 diameter. 
 
 Width of 
 rim. 
 
 1 
 
 3.50 
 
 163 
 
 3.13x300 
 
 2.75x2.75 
 
 4.50 x 4.00 
 
 5.50x5.25 
 
 4.00x3.50 
 
 0.63 x 0.38 
 
 2 
 
 4.00 
 
 2.25 
 
 3.00x3.00 
 
 3.00 x 3.00 
 
 4.50 x 4.25 
 
 5.25 x 5.00 
 
 6.00x4.50 
 
 1.00 x 0.50 
 
 This species is commonly imposed upon by the Cowbird, sometimes to the ex- 
 tent of two or even three eggs. A nest discovered June 28, 1891, contained three 
 eggs of the Wood Thrush and three of the Cowbird. The former, with two of the 
 latter, were perfectly fresh, while the third Cowbird's egg, besides being badly 
 cracked and addled, was buried nearly out of sight among the materials composing 
 the bottom of the nest. These circumstances seem clearly to indicate that this Cow- 
 bird's egg had been deposited several days in advance of the other eggs, and while 
 the nest was in process of construction. 
 
 The Wood Thrush is in full song from the time of its arrival until the middle of 
 June ; subsequently continuing, but with less regularity, up to about the middle of 
 July. 
 
 178. Turdus fuscescens STEPH. 
 Wilson's Thrush. 
 
 This species is apparently the least numerous of all the transient Thrushes. It 
 has been observed only in 1892, when on May i, 15, and 22, it was seen near Wooster, 
 in woodland in the valley of the Killbuck. In the collection of Mr. E. N. Freeman, 
 of Orrville, is a single specimen, which was taken in spring near that place. 
 
 179. Turdus aliciae BAIRD. 
 Gray-cheeked Thrush. 
 
 A tolerably common spring and fall transient, yet owing to the character of the 
 localities frequented, and to its shy, retiring habits, is somewhat liable to be over- 
 looked. It has been noted from May 8 to May 14, and from September 18 to October 
 2 ; principally in thickets along streams and the borders of woods, and in the tim- 
 bered ravines adjoining the lowlands. 
 
 The stomach of a specimen shot on September 18, 1892, was filled with berries 
 of the poke-weed (Phytolacca decandra}, on which the bird was feeding when killed. 
 
338 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION. 
 
 180. Turdus ustulatus swainsonii (CAB.). 
 Olive -backed Thrush. 
 
 A tolerably common transient visitor from October 3 to 12, but not observed in* 
 the spring. It has been noted principally in timbered ravines, and on the wooded 
 banks bordering the bottom-lands. 
 
 181. Turdus aonalaschkae pallasii (CAB.). 
 Hermit Thrush. 
 
 The most common species of the four transient Thrushes. It has been observed 
 i spring from April 9 to May n, and in fall from October 15 to October 20. It fre- 
 quents chiefly the forests areas of the bottoms, and the woods along the upland: 
 streams, though is occasionally seen on the outskirts of the towns. It is apparently^ 
 not in song during its migration through this region. 
 
 GENUS MERULA LEACH. 
 
 182. Merula migratoria (LINN.). 
 American Robiu. 
 
 An abundant summer resident. A few sometimes remain over winter. Its ar- 
 rivals in spring have been from February 5 to 27, according to the severity of the 
 season, but it is usually present before the middle of this month. It generally disap- 
 pears by the first of November, and occasionally even earlier. 
 
 Nest-building is begun commonly about the first of April, and young with short 
 tails, but able to fly, may be seen by the fifteenth of the following month. The 
 breeding season appears to be at its height during May and the latter part of April, 
 and to be practically ended by the first of July, since no occupied nests have been 
 found later than June 26. 
 
 This species constructs its nest in all sorts of situations : not infrequently on a fence- 
 post close to the railroad track, or even on the cross-bar of a telegraph pole. A nest 
 discovered April 20, 1890, was on the top of one of the posts supporting an old 
 shed ; another, found on April 13 of the same year, was placed on the projecting end' 
 of one of the horizontal beams of a carriage bridge over a small stream. A nest 
 was observed May 4, 1890, on one of the iron girders of a railroad bridge near 
 Wooster. It was scarcely three feet below the rails, and directly beneath one of 
 them. When found it contained three eggs, which in due time were hatched, and the 
 young probably (though this was not positively determined) reared in safety. A nest 
 noted May 18, 1890, was situated on the bank of a creek, in a small bush which over- 
 hung the water. It was built upon another Robin's nest, evidently an old one, for the 
 new material of the superstructure was in marked contrast to the weatherbeaten ap- 
 pearance of the foundation. 
 
 Of sixty-two nests examined, thirty-seven were less than ten feet from the ground ; 
 twelve were between ten and fifteen feet ; eight between fifteen and twenty ; three be- 
 tween twenty and twenty-five ; and one each at altitudes of twenty-five and thirty 
 feet. 
 
 Robins in a condition of partial albinism seem not to be very uncommon. One 
 in the writer's collection was taken March 9, 1892, and another was secured on 
 March 27 of the same year; but these have, however, only a small proportion of 
 white feathers. 
 
THE BIRDS OF WAYNE COUNTY. 339 
 
 The Robin has been ascertained to feed upon the fruits of the following plants 
 and trees, the three first mentioned, at the season of their abundance, entering 
 regularly and largely into its diet: elder (Sambucus Canadensis), poke-weed 
 (Phytolacca dacandra}, dogwood ( Cornus jlorida), laurel oak (>ucrcus imbricaria'), 
 bass wood ( Tilia Americana}. 
 
 During the course of the writer's investigations in the County, two Robin roosts 
 were discovered. One of these was in a thick, bushy swamp along the Pittsburg, 
 Fort Wayne and Chicago R. R. track, about two miles southwest of Wooster ; but 
 was seldom observed to be occupied. The other roost was situated in the northern 
 portion of the city of Wooster, where, along parts of two streets, the birds made 
 mse of the thick foliaged maple trees. This roost, like the first, was the rendezvous 
 for a comparatively small number of birds, which resorted thither more or less ir- 
 regularly from 1891 to 1893, inclusive. It was first discovered in 1891, when on April 
 12, between six and seven o'clock in the afternoon, 494 birds were counted as they flew 
 in from the southern part of the city. This was, of course, the census from only one 
 direction, circumstances preventing more extended observations. Although no 
 birds were seen to enter the roost again that year, some may very probably have been 
 present. During the next year the Robins were noted at the roost on but a single 
 occasion, a few being seen July 17. 
 
 In 1893, however, the roost was used with apparently considerable regularity, 
 both in the spring and after the close of the breeding season. Although similar gath- 
 erings in both summer and winter are, of course, well known to take place, the fact 
 that the Robin resorts to roosts in the spring, before, and even for a while during 
 ;the breeding season, is alluded to by neither Mr. Brewster, 1 Mr. Torrey 2 nor Mr. 
 Widmann. 3 Mr. Brewster states that none were seen at the roosts earlier than June 
 IT, and is inclined to consider this exceptionally early. Small numbers of birds 
 were, however, seen to enter this Wooster roost every few days from March 27 to 
 May 15, after which date none were noticed until August 8. From August 8 to 
 August 31, the flight was almost nightly observed, the number recorded gradually 
 increasing, reaching its maximum towards the latter part of the month. 
 
 Throughout this period the largest number seen on any one evening was 265, 
 >but since the count was made from a single point, this number probably represents 
 only a fraction of the total number of birds which daily resorted to the roost. None 
 were noted on any occasion earlier than 6.36 P.M., and by 7.15 all had passed; the 
 'bulk being seen usually between 6.50 and 7.05 p. M. The time utilized by the birds 
 was thus between sunset and dusk. In passing over the city most of the earlier 
 -corners flew quite high, only descending as the roost was neared ; but a little later the 
 flight was lowered so as barely to clear the house-tops ; while the last flew close to 
 4he ground, passing chiefly through openings between the buildings. 
 
 The Robin commences to sing within a few days after its arrival, and continues 
 in full song until late in June. Through July it sings regularly, though less fre- 
 quently, and subsequently is heard more or less intermittently until towards the last 
 of August. Then it is usually silent till late in September, when for a brief period 
 its song is again resumed. The latest record of song is October 19 (1892). The fol- 
 dowing data indicate the time at which on several days the first note of the Robin 
 was heard : 
 
 May 8 (1891) at 4.03 A. M. ; 
 May 22 (1890) at 3.55 A. M. ; 
 May 27 (1890) at 3.25 A. M. ; 
 July 28 (1892) at 4.00 A. M. 
 
 A ALUW V!A, ^y, pp. 360 etseq. 
 
 2 The Footpath Way, 1893, pp. 153 et seq. 
 
 * Auk XII, 1893, pp. i et seq. 
 
340 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION. 
 
 GENUS SIALIA SWAINSON. 
 
 183. Sialia sialis (LINN.). 
 Bluebird. 
 
 Abundant ; usually a permanent resident, though less numerous in winter, but if 
 this season be especially severe, is probably altogether absent. Those individuals of 
 the species which migrate south for the winter apparently return in February. 
 
 The breeding season extends from the middle of April to about the first 
 of August, two or three broods being reared. A nest found May 25, 1890, in a 
 small decaying stump, contained well fledged young and one addled egg. The en- 
 trance to this nest was only one foot above the ground. 
 
 The Bluebird sings regularly from about the middle of February until late in 
 June, but much less frequently thereafter. It may at intervals, however, be heard 
 till October, the latest recorded date of song being October 21 (1892). 
 
THE BIRDS OF WAYNE COUNTY. 341 
 
 HYPOTHETICAL LIST. 
 
 The following list is intended to comprise such birds as seem of prob- 
 able occurrence in the region at present under consideration. Future in- 
 vestigations will doubtless establish Wayne County records for many of 
 the species thus catalogued. 
 
 ORDER PYGOPODES. 
 FAMILY PODICIPIOC. 
 
 1. Colymbus holbcellii (REINH.). 
 
 Holboell's Grebe. 
 
 Given by Wheaton, in his Report on the Birds of Ohio, 1 as a rare transient., 
 It has been taken both on Lake Erie and on the waters of the interior of the 
 State. 
 
 FAMILY URINATORID/E. 
 
 2. Urinator lumme (GUNN.). 
 
 Red-throated Loon. 
 
 A rare transient in Ohio. 
 
 ORDER LONGIPENNES. 
 FAMILY LARID^C. 
 
 3. Lams delawarensis ORD. 
 
 Ring-billed Gull. 
 
 In Ohio, especially on Lake Erie, a tolerably common species during the mi- 
 grations. 
 
 1 Geological Survey of Ohio IV, 1882, p. 566. 
 
342 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION. 
 
 4. Sterna forsteri NUTT. 
 
 Forster's Tern. 
 
 A transient visitor ; of more or less frequent, though irregular, occurrence in 
 the interior of the State. 
 
 5. Sterna hirundo LINN. 
 
 Common Tern. 
 
 Common as a transient; apparently not a regular summer, resident in the 
 State, except on the Lake shore. 
 
 6. Hydrochelidon nigra surinamensis (GMEL.). 
 
 Black Tern. 
 
 Wheaton records this species as a common summer resident in northern Ohio, 
 and as a common transient elsewhere in the State. 
 
 ORDER STEGANOPODES. 
 FAMILY PHALACROCORACID/C. 
 
 7. Phalacrocorax dilophus (SWAINS.). 
 
 Double-crested Cormorant. 
 
 A tolerably common transient in Ohio. 
 
 ORDER ANSERES. 
 
 FAMILY ANATID/E. 
 
 8. Anas strepera LINN. 
 
 Gadwall. 
 
 A tolerably common transient visitor ; probably also a summer resident in at least 
 portions of the State. 
 
 9. Aythya marila nearctica STEJN. 
 
 American Scaup Duck. 
 
 Transient visitor in Ohio ; apparently not abundant. 
 
THE BIRDS OF WAYNE COUNTY. 343 
 
 10. Aythya collaris (DONOV.). 
 Ring-necked Duck. 
 
 According to Wheaton, this species occurs abundantly as a transient in the 
 State. 
 
 11. Oidemia americana Sw. & RICH. 
 
 American Scoter. 
 
 Occurs as an occasional winter visitor in the State. 
 
 12. Oidemia deglandi BONAP. 
 
 White-winged Scoter. 
 
 This species has been taken both on Lake Erie and in the interior of the 
 State. 
 
 13. Chen hyperborea (PALL.). 
 
 Lesser Snow Goose. 
 
 Probably occurs, at least sparingly, with the next species. 
 
 14. Chen hyperborea nivalis (FORST.)- 
 
 Greater Snow Goose. 
 
 Mentioned by Wheaton as a rather irregular transient in Ohio, apparently more 
 common on the Lake shore than elsewhere in the State. 
 
 15. Anser albifrons gambeli (HARTL.). 
 
 American White-fronted Goose. 
 
 A transient visitor ; occurring more or less frequently throughout the State. 
 
 16. Branta canadensis hutchinsii (RICH.). 
 
 Hutching' Goose. 
 
 Wheaton gives it as a rare transient ; but a critical examination of the wild Gees* 
 killed in Ohio may possibly determine this subspecies to be of more frequent appear- 
 ance than it has heretofore been considered. 
 
 17. Olor buccinator (RICH.). 
 
 Trumpeter Swan. 
 
 Has been several times taken in Ohio ; and some of the Swans which have from 
 time to time been seen in Wayne County may have been of this species. 
 
344 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION. 
 
 ORDER HERODIONES. 
 
 FAMILY ARDEID^C. 
 
 18. Ardea candidissima GMEL. 
 
 Snowy Heron. 
 
 Although not of common occurrence, specimens have been taken in northern 
 Ohio. 
 
 19. Nycticorax nycticorax naevius (BODD.). 
 
 Black- crowned Night Heron. 
 
 Wheaton mentions this species as probably breeding in suitable places through- 
 out the State. 
 
 ORDER PALUDICOL^E. 
 
 FAMILY GRUID/E. 
 
 20. Grus americana (LINN.). 
 
 Whooping Crane. 
 
 A rare and probably an irregular transient in the State. 
 
 21. Grus canadensis (LINN.). 
 
 Little Brown Crane. 
 
 A rare transient visitor in Ohio. 
 
 FAMILY RALLID/E. 
 
 22. Porzana noveboracensis (GMEL.). 
 
 Yellow Rail. 
 
 A transient visitor; possibly a summer resident, though apparently not very 
 common in the State. 
 
THE BIRDS OF WAYNE COUNTY. 345- 
 
 ORDER LIMICOL^. 
 FAMILY PHALAROPODID/E. 
 
 23. Phalaropus lobatus (LINN.). 
 
 Northern Phalarope. 
 
 A transient visitor in Ohio ; but seems to be not very common. 
 
 24. Steganopus tricolor ViEiix. 1 
 
 Wilson's 1 halarope. 
 
 Like the last, a somewhat uncommon and irregular transient on the streams and 
 lakes of the State. Wheaton mentions its possible summer residence in northwestern 
 Ohio. 
 
 FAMILY RECURVIROSTRID^E. 
 
 25. Himantopus mexicanus (MULL.). 
 
 Black-necked Stilt. 
 
 This is a rare species in Ohio, but specimens have been several times taken in the 
 northern part of the State. 
 
 FAMILY SCOLOPACID>. 
 
 26. Macrorhamphus griseus (GMEL.). 
 
 Dowitcher. 
 
 A rare transient in the State. 
 
 27. Tringa canutus LINN. 
 
 Knot. 
 
 Transient visitor^ perhaps not uncommon on the larger bodies of water. 
 
 28. Tringa fuscicollis VIEILL. 
 
 White-rumped Sandpiper. 
 
 Transient visitor ; apparently more frequently found on the Lake shore tham else- 
 where in the State. 
 
 1 Phalaropus tricolor of the A. O. U. Check-List ; but the claims of Steganopus to full generic rank 
 seem to be perfectly valid. ,Cf ELLIOT, North American Shore Birds, 1895, p. 222.) 
 
346 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION. 
 
 29. Tringa bairdii (COUES). 
 
 Baird's Sandpiper. 
 
 A spring and fall transient; probably not rare in suitable localities in at least 
 portions of the State. 
 
 30. Tringa minutilla VIEILL. 
 
 Least Sandpiper. 
 
 A common transient, probably throughout the State. It is possibly a rare summer 
 resident on Lake Erie. 
 
 31. Tringa alpina pacifica (COUES). 
 
 Red-backed Sandpiper. 
 
 A common transient ; perhaps more numerous on Lake Erie than in the interior 
 of the State. 
 
 32. Ereunetes pusillus (LINN.). 
 
 Semipalmated Sandpiper. 
 
 An abundant transient visitor in Ohio. 
 
 33. Calidris arenaria (LINN.). 
 
 Sanderling. 
 
 A common transient visitor in the State, though apparently most numerous on 
 the shore of Lake Erie. 
 
 34. Limosa fedoa (LINN.). 
 
 Marbled Godwit. 
 
 A transient visitor ; probably not uncommon in some portions of the State. 
 
 35. Limosa haemastica (LINN.). 
 
 Hudsonian Godwit. 
 
 Of less frequent occurrence in Ohio than the preceding species, but has been 
 taken on Lake Erie and also in the interior. 
 
 36. Symphemia semipalmata (GMEL.). 
 
 Willet. 
 
 A transient visitor ; possibly a summer resident on the shore of Lake Erie. It- 
 appears to be not very common throughout the greater portion of Ohio. 
 
THE BIRDS OF WAYNE COUNTY. 347 
 
 37. Numenius longirostris WILS. 
 
 Long-billed Curlew. 
 
 A transient visitor ; in northwestern Ohio possibly an occasional summer resident. 
 
 38. Numenius hudsonicus LATH. 
 
 Hud simian Curlew. 
 
 A transient visitor ; rare in the State. 
 
 39. Numenius borealis (FORST.). 
 
 Eskimo Curlew. 
 
 A transient visitor ; seemingly of rare occurrence in Ohio. 
 
 FAMILY CHARADRIID^E. 
 
 40. Charadrius squatarola (LINN.). 
 
 Black-bellied Plover. 
 
 Apparently not a common species, but occurring sometimes in the interior ofj;he 
 State. 
 
 41. Charadrius dominicus MULL. 
 
 American Golden Plover, 
 
 An abundant transient in Ohio, being found during migration in large numbers 
 in suitable localities. 
 
 42. ^gialitis semipalmata BONAP. 
 
 Semi pal mated Plover. 
 
 Common transient visitor ; according to Wheaton, most numerous in the fall. 
 
 43. ^Sgialitis meloda circumcincta RIDGW. 
 
 Belted Piping Plover. 
 
 A summer resident probably only on Lake Erie ; a tolerably common transient 
 elsewhere in the State. This, the Mississippi Valley form, seems more likely to occur 
 here than sEgialitis meloda from the Atlantic Coast ; but no Ohio specimens have 
 been examined. 
 
348 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION. 
 
 FAMILY APHRIZID/E. 
 
 44. Arenaria interpres (LINN.). 
 
 Turnstone. 
 
 A transient visitor ; apparently not common in the State. 
 
 ORDER RAPTORES. 
 
 FAMILY FALCONID/E. 
 
 45. Accipiter atricapillus (WILS.). 
 
 American Goshawk. 
 
 Of occasional occurrence as a winter visitor in Ohio. 
 
 FAMILY BUBONID/E. 
 
 46. Surnia ulula caparoch (MULL.). 
 
 American Hawk Owl. 
 
 A rare winter visitor in the State. 
 
 ORDER PASSERES. 
 
 FAMILY TYRANNID^E. 
 
 47. Contopus borealis (SWAINS.). 
 
 Olive-sided Flycatcher. 
 
 A rare transient visitor in Ohio. 
 
 FAMILY CORVID/C. 
 
 48. Corvus corax principalis RIDGW. 
 
 Northern Raven. 
 
 A rare winter visitor in Ohio, chiefly in the northern portion. Although no 
 Ohio specimens of the Raven have been accessible, it seems probable that the form 
 occurring in the State is as above given. 
 
THE BIRDS OF WAYNE COUNTY. 349 
 
 FAMILY FRINGILLID/E. 
 
 49. Coccothraustes vespertinus (Coop.). 
 
 Evening Grosbeak. 
 
 Although there appear to be but five published records of the occurrence of this 
 species in Ohio, it is, during a winter favorable to its wanderings, liable to be found 
 in almost any part of the northern half of the State. 
 
 50. Pinicola enucleator canadensis (CAB.)- 
 
 American Pine Grosbeak. 
 
 An irregular winter visitor, chiefly to northern Ohio. The American form, as 
 here distinguished, though not admitted to the A. O. U. Check-List, is recognized by 
 Mr. Ridgway, and is apparently tenable as a subspecies. 
 
 51. Loxia curvirostra minor (BREHM). 
 
 American Crossbill. 
 
 An irregular winter visitor, though sometimes numerous even in the southern 
 part of the State. 
 
 52. Loxia leucoptera GMEL. 
 
 White-winged Crossbill. 
 
 Winter visitor ; in Ohio, of much less frequent occurrence than the preceding 
 species. 
 
 53. Spinus pinus (WILS.). 
 
 Rne Siskin. 
 
 Wheaton mentions this species as an abundant winter visitor, and as possibly 
 breeding in northern Ohio. 
 
 54. Calcarius lapponicus (LINN.). 
 
 Lapland Longspur. 
 
 A common and moderately regular winter visitor in at least the northern half of 
 the State. 
 
 55. Ammodramus henslowii (AUD.). 
 
 Henslow's Sparrow. 
 
 Recorded by Mr. Lynds Jones 1 as a summer resident at Oberlin, Ohio, where it 
 "was found to be not uncommon during the summer of 1894". Aside from the state- 
 ment of Audubon 2 , this seems to be the only reliable record of the occurrence of the 
 species in the State. Its appearance in other suitable localities may, however, with 
 reasonable confidence be anticipated. 
 
 1 Auk XII, 1895, p. 241 ; Bulletin of Wilson Ornithological Chapter, No. f~, January 30, 1896, p. 2. 
 
 2 Birds of America III, 1841, p. 76. 
 
350 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION. 
 
 56. Chondestes grammacus (SAY). 
 
 Lark Sparrow. 
 
 Rare summer resident in northern Ohio ; apparently more common towards the 
 middle of the State. 
 
 57. Melospiza lincolnii (AUD.). 
 
 Lincoln's Sparrow. 
 
 A tolerably common transient visitor in Ohio. 
 
 FAMILY TANAQRID/E. 
 
 58. Piranga rubra (LINN.). 
 
 Summer Tanager. 
 
 A common summer resident in the southern part of the State,|but apparently- 
 rare in northern Ohio. 
 
 FAMILY HIRUNDINID/E. 
 
 59. Clivicola riparia (LINN.). 
 
 Bank Swallow. 
 
 Summer resident in some parts of Ohio, but appears to^be only transient in others. 
 
 FAMILY AflPELIDye 
 
 60. Ampelis garrulus LINN. 
 
 Bohemian Waxwing. 
 
 A winter visitor to northern Ohio. 
 
 FAMILY VIREONID/E. 
 
 61. Vireo philadelphicus (CASS.). 
 
 Philadelphia Vireo. 
 
 A transient visitor ; probably not rare in the State. 
 
 62. Vireo solitarius (WILS.). 
 
 Blue-headed Vireo. 
 
 A transient visitor ; apparently not breeding in Ohio. 
 
THE BIRDS OF WAYNE COUNTY. 351 
 
 63. Vireo noveboracensis (GMEL.). 
 White-eyed Yireo. 
 
 A summer resident in Ohio ; probably more common in the southern portion of 
 the State. 
 
 FAMILY flNIOTILTID/E. 
 
 64. Helmitherus vermivorus (GMEL.). 
 
 Worm-eating Warbler. 
 
 A summer resident in the more southern parts of the State. It probably occurs 
 also in northern Ohio. 
 
 65. Helminthophila chrysoptera (LINN.). 
 
 Golden-winged Warbler. 
 
 A summer resident; apparently not common in Ohio. 
 
 66. Helminthophila rubricapilla (WiLs.). 1 
 
 Nashville Warbler. 
 
 A common transient visitor in at least portions of the State. 
 
 67. Helminthophila celata (SAY). 
 
 Orange-crowned Warbler. 
 
 An occasional transient visitor in the State. 
 
 68. Compsothlypis americana usnese BREWSTER. 
 
 Northern Parula Warbler. 
 
 A transient visitor throughout much of the State, though probably breeding in 
 suitable localities. This species has been on one or two occasions partially identified 
 in Wayne County, but no specimens have been secured. 
 
 69. Dendroica dominica albilora RIDGW. 
 
 Sycamore Warbler. 
 
 A summer resident, at least formerly, even in northern Ohio, though probably 
 local in its distribution. 
 
 i CJ. FAXON, Auk XIII, 1896, p. 263. 
 8* B. W. C. 
 
352 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION. 
 
 70. Dendroica kirtlandi BAIRD. 
 
 Kirtland's Warbler. 
 
 The possibility that Kirtland's Warbler may yet be taken in Wavne County is 
 suggested by the proximity of the type locality of the species, together with the prob- 
 ability that the valleys of the tributaries of the Muskingum River form the highway 
 of migration for many of the birds which breed about Cleveland, or which occur 
 there during the spring season. 
 
 71. Dendroica vigorsii (Auo.). 
 
 Pine Warbler. 
 
 A rare transient visitor in Ohio. 
 
 72. Dendroica palmarum (GMEL.). 
 
 Palm Warbler. 
 
 A common transient visitor, though perhaps somewhat local in the State. 
 
 73. Dendroica discolor (VIEILL.), 
 
 Prairie Warbler. 
 
 Given as a summer resident in northern Ohio, by Wheaton, who says that it is 
 rare. A Warbler seen by the writer in May, 1891, was probably of this species, but 
 the bird was unfortunately not secured. 
 
 74. Seiurus noveboracensis (GMEL.). 
 
 Water Thrush. 
 
 A tolerably common transient visitor in the State. 
 
 75. Geothlypis formosa (WILS.). 
 
 Kentucky W r arbler. 
 
 A summer resident in Ohio, but rare and local. On April 23. 1893, an individual, 
 undoubtedly of this species, was seen singing in the woods on the bottom-lands of the 
 Killbuck, in Wayne County. As, however, the bird was not obtained, the circum- 
 stance is mentioned merely as a hypothetical record. 
 
 76. Sylvania mitrata (GMEL.). 
 
 Hooded Warbler. 
 
 A rare summer resident in Ohio. 
 
 77. Sylvania canadensis (LINN.). 
 
 Canadian Warbler. 
 
 A transient visitor; not uncommon in the State. 
 
THE BIRDS OF WAYNE COUNTY. 353 
 
 FAMILY MOTACILLID/E. 
 
 78. Anthus pensilvanicus (LATH.). 
 American Pipit. 
 
 A common transient visitor in Ohio. 
 
 FAMILY TROGLODYTID/E. 
 
 79. Mimus polyglottos (LINN.). 
 
 Mockingbird. 
 
 A summer resident ; rare even in the southern part of the State, but has been 
 reported breeding near Lake Erie. 
 
 80. Thryothorus bewickii (Aim). 
 
 Bewick's Wren. 
 
 A summer resident in southern Ohio. 
 
 81. Cistothorus stellaris (LIGHT.). 
 
 Short-billed Marsh Wren. 
 
 A summer resident in the State, but apparently of local distribution. A careful 
 investigation of the numerous swamps of Wayne County would possibly reveal the 
 presence of this species. 
 
 FAMILY PARID/E. 
 
 82. Parus carolinensis AUD. 
 Carolina Chickadee. 
 
 A regular summer resident in Ohio, at least from the latitude of Columbus 
 southward. 
 
NOTE. 
 
 By reason of an unfortunate misunderstanding, the proof-sheets of 
 pages 243-270 were not submitted to the author for revision. This over- 
 sight has resulted in the admission of a number of unpleasant inaccu- 
 racies of punctuation, particularly in the generic and subgeneric names;; 
 and furthermore has rendered necessary the insertion of the following, 
 list of 
 
 ERRATA. 
 
 Page 245, 2nd line from bottom, for occassional read occasional. 
 
 Page 247, 3d line from top, for sEgialites read sEgialitts. 
 
 Page 247, 1 3th line from top, Syrinum read Syrnium. 
 
 Page 248, 1 3th line from bottom, for valutina read velutlna. 
 
 Page 249, 1 4th line from top, for saccharum read Saccharum. 
 
 Page 249, 2ist line from top, for prevailent read prevalent. 
 
 Page 250, 8th line from bottom, for Chilidon read Chelidon. 
 
 Page 250, 9th line from bottom, for Progue read Progne. 
 
 Page 250, i6th line from bottom, for Spicella read Spizella. 
 
 Page 251, ist line from top for Deudroica read Dendroica. 
 
 Page 251, 4th line from top, for pennsylvanica read pensylvanica. 
 
 Page 251, 27th line from top, for asia read asio. 
 
 Page 252, 2ist line from top, for pennsylvanica read pensylvanica. 
 
 Page 252, 5th line from bottom, for Erismatur read Erismatura. 
 
 Page 252, gth line from bottom, for valisneria read vallisneria. 
 
 Page 255, 6th line from top, for (LiNN.) read LINN. 
 
 Page 255, i8th line from top, for CEPHI read CEPPHI. 
 
 Page 255, ist line from bottom, for park read part. 
 
 Page 256, 5th line from top, for (COUES) read COUES. 
 
 Page 256, 7th line from top, for Appearing read Appears. 
 
 Page 256, 8th line from bottom, for (GMEL.) read GMEL. 
 
 Page 256, footnote, for survey read Survey. 
 
 Page 256, footnote, for p. 42 read p. 542. 
 
 Page 257, 2nd line from bottom, for hough read though. 
 
 Page 258, 4th line from top, for (LINN.) read LINN. 
 
 Page 258, 5th line from bottom, for (GMEL.) read GMEL. 
 
 Page 258, loth line from bottom, for Badpate read Baldpate. 
 
 Page 258, nth line from bottom, for (GMEL.) read GMEL. 
 
 Page 258, i6.h line from bottom, for (GMEL.) read GMEL. 
 
 Page 259, 2nd line from top, for (LINN.) read LINN. 
 
 Page 261, footnote, for survey read Survey. 
 
 Page 263, 2nd line from top, for LINN, read LINNJEUS. 
 
 Page 263, 7th line from bottom, for (LiNN.) read LINN. 
 
 Page 264, 5th line from top, for (GMEL.) read GMEL. 
 
 Page 264, i4th line from top, for (LINN) read LINN. 
 
 Page 264, 22nd line from top, for approa h read approach. 
 
 Page 264, footnote 4, for i dicated read indicate. 
 
 Page 265, 6th line from top, for (AuD.) read AUD. 
 
 Page 265, 8th line from bottom, for (LINN) read LINN. 
 
 Page 267, 3rd line from top, for (GMEL.) read GMEL. 
 
 Page 267, 2 ist line from top, for were read was. 
 
 Page 268, 3rd line from top, for (VIEILL) read VIEILL. 
 
 Page 268, 1 2th line from bottom, for occuring read occurring. 
 
 Page 269, i4th line from top, for fieldst read fields. 
 
 Page 269 4th line from bottom, for shriveled read shrivelled. 
 
 Page 270, 4th line from bottom, for prefering read preferring. 
 
 Page 271, loth line from top, for (LiNN.) read LINN. 
 
 Page 279, 9th line from top, for (LiNN.) read LINN. 
 
 Page 279, i8th line from top, for (LINN.) read LINN. 
 
 Page 280, 4th line from top, for (BONAP.) read BONAP. 
 

 , ^\Jc^i^^i^j^r 
 
 , 3 /, 
 
 BULLETIN 
 
 OF THE 
 
 OhioAgHculturalExperiment5tation. 
 
 TECHNICAL SERIES. VOLUME I, NUMBER 4. 
 
 > 
 
 Wooster, Ohio, July, 1896. 
 
 A PRELIMINARY LIST 
 
 OF THE 
 
 OF 
 
 \Vayne County, Ohiio. 
 
 COLUMBUS, O.: 
 
 THE WESTBOTE CO., STATE PRINTERS. 
 1896. 
 
FOURTEEN DAY USE 
 
 RETURN TO DESK FROM WHICH BORROWED 
 
 B' f \7 
 
 This book is due on the last date stamped below, or 
 
 on the date to which renewed. 
 Renewed books are subject to immediate recall. 
 
 LD 21-100m-2,'55 
 (B139s22)476 
 
 General Library 
 
 University of California 
 
 Berkeley