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 '«IJ.Ia:.I iJI.Ai'E^Vnnn &■ SO^fS .EDraBlTKG-H fr LOND 0.":
 
 ATLAS 
 
 ALISON'S HISTORY OF EUROPE. 
 
 CONSTRUCTED AND ARRANGED, UNDER THE DIRECTION OK 
 
 MR ALISON, 
 
 ALEXANDER KEITH JO H N S T O N. F. R.G. S. 
 
 AUTHOR OK THE NATIONAL, AND EDITOR OF THE PHYSICAL ATLAS. 
 
 CONCISE VOCABULARY OF MILITARY AND .MARINE TERMS. 
 
 WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONS, EDINBURGH AND LONDON. 
 
 MDCCCXLVIII.
 
 PR1NTKI> rtV (VtM.tAM FILACKM'OOO AND SOVS, KDINBUROH.
 
 
 ocl f-^^^/^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 CONTENTS 
 
 The Volume and Page here annexed to each Map or Plan refer to the Seiienth Edition of Mb Alison's Work. 
 
 Frontispiece, explanatory of mihtaey 
 
 No. 
 
 1 . Paris at the Outbreak of the Revolution, 
 
 2. The Netherlands, illustrating the campaigns of 
 
 1792-5, .... 
 
 3. Battle of Jemappes, 6th Nov. 1792, 
 
 4. France, illustrating the campaigns of 1793, 
 
 5. Battle of Neerwinden, 18th March 1793, 
 
 6. Siege of Toulon, 19th Dec. 1793, 
 
 7. Battles of Tourcoing and Tournay, 18th to 22d 
 
 May 1794, .... 
 
 8. Battle of Fleurus, 26th June 1794, 
 
 9. North Italy, Switzerland, South Germany, &c., 
 
 illustrating the campaigns of 1796, 
 
 10. Battles of Lonato and Castiglione, 3d and 5th 
 
 Aug. 1796, .... 
 
 1 1. Siege op Mantua, 15th Sept. 1796, 
 
 12. Battle op Arcole, 15th, 16th, and 17th Nov. 
 
 1796, . . 1st day, 
 
 13. 3d day, 
 
 14. Battle of Rivoli, 14th and 15th Jan. 1797, 
 
 15. Battle of Cape St Vincent, 14th Feb. 1797, 
 
 16. Battle of Camperdown, 11th Oct. 1797, 
 
 iRY 
 
 TERMS 
 
 Vol. 
 
 i. 
 
 Page 
 
 1G6 
 
 iii. 
 
 189 
 
 iii. 
 
 222 
 
 iii. 
 
 198 
 
 iv. 
 
 27 
 
 iv. 
 
 95 
 
 iv. 
 
 330 
 
 iv. 
 
 345 
 
 V. 174 
 
 V. 
 
 210 
 
 V. 
 
 200 
 
 V. 
 
 226 
 
 V. 
 
 230 
 
 V. 
 
 235 
 
 V. 
 
 342 
 
 V. 
 
 366 
 
 -Vocabulary of military and marine terms. 
 
 No. 
 
 17. Lower Egypt and Part of Syria, cajipaign of 
 
 1798-1801, .... 
 
 18. Battle of the Nile, 1st Aug. 1798, 
 
 18.* Battle of Mount Thabor, 16th April 1799, 
 
 19. Battle of Stockach, 2.5th March 1799, 
 
 19.* Siege of St Jean d'Acre, 19th March to 21st 
 May 1799, .... 
 
 20. Battle of the Trebbia, 18th, I&th, and 20th 
 
 June 1799, 
 
 21. Battle of Novi, Iotu Aug. 1799, . 
 
 22. Battle of Zurich, 4th June 1799, 
 
 23. Battle of Marengo, 14th June 1800, Sheet 1, 
 
 24. — Sheet 2, 
 
 25. Battle of Hohenlinden, 3d Dec. 1800, Sheet 1, 
 26. Sheet 2, 
 
 27. Battle of Alexandria, 21st March 1801, 
 
 28. Battle of Copenhagen, 2d April 1801, 
 
 29. Map of India, to illustrate the campaigns from 
 
 1799 TO 1806, 
 
 30. Capitulation of Ulm, 20th Oct. 1805, 
 
 31. Battle of Tr.vfalgar, 21st Oct. 1805, Sheet 1, 
 31.* Sheet 2, 
 
 32. Battle of Austerlitz, 2d Dec. 1806, 
 
 Vol Page 
 
 vi. 
 
 247 
 
 vi. 
 
 270 
 
 vi. 
 
 297 
 
 vi. 
 
 332 
 
 292 
 
 vi. 
 
 377 
 
 vii. 
 
 14 
 
 vi. 
 
 353 
 
 vii. 
 
 247 
 
 vii. 
 
 251 
 
 vii. 
 
 285 
 
 vii. 
 
 289 
 
 viii. 
 
 21 
 
 vii. 
 
 378 
 
 xi. 
 
 1 
 
 ix. 
 
 145 
 
 ix. 
 
 80 
 
 Lx. 
 
 85 
 
 ix. 
 
 202
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 No. 
 33. 
 
 34. 
 
 35. 
 36. 
 37. 
 38. 
 
 39. 
 40. 
 41. 
 42. 
 
 43. 
 44. 
 4.5. 
 4G. 
 47. 
 48. 
 49. 
 
 60. 
 51. 
 52. 
 53. 
 
 54. 
 55. 
 56. 
 
 58. 
 59. 
 60. 
 61. 
 
 South Italy, illustrating the invasion op Naples, 
 &c., 1806 ; and enlarged map of the island 
 OF Elba, .... 
 
 Prussia and Poland, to illustrate the campaign 
 OF 1806, .... 
 
 Battle of Jena, 14th Oct. 1806, . 
 
 Battle of Auerstadt, 14th Oct. 1806, 
 
 Battle of Pultusk, 26th Dec. 1806, 
 
 Battle op Preussisch-Etlau, evening of 7th 
 Feb. 1807, .... 
 
 - 8th Feb., . 
 
 Battle of Heilsberg, 10th June 1807, 
 
 Battle of Friedland, 14th June 1807, 
 
 Spain and Portugal, to illustrate the campaigns 
 OF 1808, &c.. 
 
 Sieges op Saragossa, 1808, 1809, . 
 
 Battle of Medina de Rio Seco, 14th June 1808, xii. 
 
 Battle of Vimeira, 21st Aug. 1808, . xii. 
 
 Map of Turkey, for campaigns 1807-1612, xv. 
 
 Battle of Abensberg, 20th April 1809, . xii. 
 
 Battle of Echmuhl, 22d April 1809, . xii. 
 
 Battle of Aspern or Essling, 21st and 22d May 
 
 J 809, . . . Sheet \, xii. 
 
 Sheet 2, 
 
 Battle of Wagram, 5th July 1809, 
 
 6th 
 
 Vol. Page 
 
 X. 
 X. 
 X. 
 X. 
 
 X, 
 X. 
 X. 
 X. 
 
 xii. 
 xii. 
 
 xu. 
 xiii. 
 xiii. 
 
 Battle of Talavera de la Reyna, 27th and 28th 
 
 July 1809, .... sjii. 
 
 Battle of Ocana, J 9th Nov. 1809, . xiii. 
 
 Siege op Gerona, 5th May 1809, . xiii. 
 
 Fortifications of Ciudad Rodrigo, explanatory 
 
 OF the sieges in July 1810, and Jan. 1812, xv. 
 
 Siege of Badajos, 17th March to fiiu April 1812, xv. 
 
 Siege OF Tarragona, 4th May to 30th June 1811, xiv. 
 
 Battle of Albuera, 16th May 1811, . xiv. 
 
 Battle OF Salamanca, 22d July 1812, . xv. 
 
 337 
 
 1 
 
 33 
 
 41 
 
 115 
 
 143 
 150 
 290 
 297 
 
 1 
 
 57 
 
 i ^ 
 
 114 
 157 
 229 
 235 
 
 287 
 
 292 
 
 29 
 
 35 
 
 239 
 
 257 
 200 
 
 7 
 
 15 
 
 171 
 
 245 
 
 60 
 
 No. Vol. Page 
 
 62. Part of Russia, to illustrate the campaign of 
 
 I8I2, . . . . XV. 227 
 
 63. Battles of Smolensk© and Valtelina, 17th, 18th, 
 
 and 19th Aug. 1812, . . xv. 317 
 
 64. Battle of Borodino, 7th Sept. 1812, . xv. 337 
 
 65. Siege of the castle of Burgos, 10th Sept. to 
 
 21sT Oct. 1812, . . . xv. 84 
 
 66. Battle op Malo-Jaroslawitz, 24th Oct. 1812, xvi. 22 
 
 67. Battles op Krasnoi, IGth, 17th, and 18iu Nov. 
 
 1812, .... xvi. 50 
 07.* Battle of the Bebesina, 25th Nov. and following 
 
 DAYS, 1812, . . . xvi. 59 
 03. Map of part of North America, to illustrate 
 
 the naval and military events of 1812- 
 
 13-14, .... xix. 99 
 
 69. Battle OF Lutzen, 2d May 1813, . . xvi. 213 
 
 70. Battle of Bautzen, 20tii and 21st May 1813, xvi. 234 
 
 71. Battle OP ViTORiA, 21st .June 1813, . xvi. 3.30 
 
 72. Map of part of the Pyrenees, to illustrate the 
 
 campaign of 1813, . . . xvi. 346 
 
 73. Battle of Dresden, 26Tn and 27th Aug. 1813, xvii. 146 
 
 74. Battle of the Katzbach, 26th Aug. 1818, xvii. 176 
 
 75. Battle op Culm, 29th Aug. 1813; enlarged map 
 
 OF Saxony, &c., . . . xvii. 165 
 
 76. Battles of Gross Beeren and Dennewitz, 23d 
 
 Aug. and 6th Sept. 1813, . . xvii. 184 
 
 77. Siege of San Sebastian, June to Sept. 1813, xvi. 344 
 
 78. Battle of Leipsic, 16Tn, 17th, 18™, and 19th 
 
 Oct. 181.3, /S^eeM, . . . xvii. 235 
 
 79. ^ Sheet 2, . . xvii. 257 
 
 80. Battle of Hanau, 30th Oct. 1813, . xvii. 283 
 
 81. Battle of the Nivelle, 10th Nov. 1813, xvii. .352 
 
 82. Battle of La Rothiere, 1st Feb. 1814, xviii. 81 
 
 83. Map of part of France and Belgium, to illus- 
 
 trate campaigns 1814-15, . . xviii. 64 
 
 84. Battle of Montmirail, 11th Feb. 1814, xviii. 99
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 No- Vol. Page 
 
 85. Battles of Champahbert and Vauchamps, 10th 
 
 AND 14th Feb. 1814, . . xviii. 9.5 
 
 86. Battle of Ceaone, 7th March 1814, . xviii. 180 
 
 87. Battle of Lao.\, 9th March 1814, . xviii. 191 
 
 88. Battles of Arcis-sur-Aube and Fere Champe- 
 
 NOisE, 21sT AND 25th March 1814, xviii. .304 
 
 89. Battle of the environs of Paris, SOtu March 
 
 1814, .... xviii. 341 
 
 90. Battle of Toulouse, IOth April 1814, . xviii. 262 
 
 No. Vd. Pl«c 
 
 91. Battle of Qhatre Bras, ICth June 181.5, xix. .32.5 
 
 92. Battle of Ligny, IGtu June 181.5, . xix. .'ilil 
 
 93. Battle of Wavres, 18th and 19th June 1815, xix. 372 
 
 94. Battle of Waterloo, 18th June 1815, Sheet 1, 
 
 morning of the battle, . . xix. 3.39 
 
 95. Sheet 2, 
 
 crisis, .... xix. 358 
 96. Map op Europe, illustratino the period em- 
 braced BY THE HISTORY, . . iii. 81
 
 CONCISE VOCABULARY 
 
 OF 
 
 MILITARY'AND MARINE TERMS 
 
 Abbatis. a species of intrenchmentmade liy trees cut down and 
 laid in a ditch or other excavation, at a sliort distance from 
 tlie parapets of field-works, with their Liranches pointing out- 
 wards, to prevent or retard the advance of an enemy. 
 
 Accoutrements. This term denotes the belts, pouches, &c., of a 
 soldier. 
 
 Adjutant. The Adjutant is the assistant of the commanding 
 and field ofiicers in the execution of their duty. 
 
 Adjutant-General of the Forces. An officer of high rank and 
 trust at the Horse Guards in London. 
 
 Adjutant-General. An officer of distinction, selected to assist 
 the general of an army in his various duties. 
 
 Advanced Guard. A detachment of troops preceding the march 
 of the main body. ' 
 
 Aide-t>e-Caimp. An officer attached to a general, to carry orders, 
 &c. 
 
 Alabm-Post. The place appointed for every detachment or regi- 
 ment to assemble in case of a sudden alarm. 
 
 Approaches. The first, second, and third jiarallels, with their 
 corresponding trenches, saps, and mines, by means of which 
 the besiegers approach in comparative safety a fortified place. 
 
 Appui, Point d'. A term applied to any given point upon which 
 a body of troops is formed. 
 
 Armistice. A truce or temporary suspension of hostilities. 
 
 Armourer. A person who makes, repairs, and cleans arms. 
 
 Armoury. A storehouse in which arms are kept. 
 
 Arms, a Stand of. A complete set for one soldier. 
 
 Arsenal. A magazine for military stores. 
 
 Balls. Spherical bodies made of cast-iron or lead. 
 
 Cast-iron balls are generallj- used by artillery, and lead balls 
 
 for musketry. 
 Liffht balls are used at sieges, in order to discover working 
 parties from the light given by them. 
 
 Banquette. A small mound of earth, three or four feet wide, 
 elevated to within four or five feet of the crest of the parapet, 
 to enable the shortest men to fire wer it with facility. 
 
 Barbet batteries. Batteries without embrasures, in which the 
 guns are raised to fire over the parapet, generally formed at the 
 salient angles of the dift'erent works, to enable the guns 
 mounted on them to range freely over the adjacent country. 
 
 Barracks. Buildings for the lodgment of troops, including ne- 
 cessary aceomraodation for cooking, guard-rooms, mess-rooms. 
 magazines, &c. 
 
 Barricade. An obstruction formed in streets, avenues, &c., s»> 
 as to block up access to an enemy. They are generally formed 
 of overturned waggons, carriages, large stones, breastworks, 
 abbatis, &c. 
 
 Bastion. In fortification, generally constnicted at the salient
 
 A VOCABULARY OF MILITARY AND MARINE TERMS. 
 
 angle of the polygon, forming the magistral or principal line 
 of defence surrounding a place. It consists of two faces, right 
 and left, and two corresponding flanks, and is so formed as to 
 be well seen, and defended every where by the flanking fire of 
 some other part of the works. — Bastions are distinguished into 
 empty and fuU. The interior surface of the empty bastion 
 is on a level with the terrepleiti or ground of the place. The 
 interior of tlie full is raised by earth to the level of the ram- 
 part. 
 
 Bastioned Fort. Generally a field-work constructed on a poly- 
 gon, upon the principles of permanent fortification, of which 
 the lines of defence do not exceed the range of musketry. 
 
 Baton. A short staff or truncheon borne by field-marshals as a 
 symbol of their authority. 
 
 Battalio.n. a body of infantry, generally composed of ten 
 companies, each consisting of a lieutenant, an ensign, three or 
 four sergeants, and about 100 rank and file, under the charge of 
 a captain : the whole, with the staff-officers attached to it, 
 such as adjutant, paymaster, quartermaster, surgeon, and 
 assistants, being under the command of a lieutenant-colonel. 
 
 Battery. The name given to any place where cannon, mortars, 
 &c., are mounted for the purpose of defending or attacking 
 important points. Also, in the field, a division of a regiment 
 or brigade of artillery, as a company is a division of a regiment 
 of infantry. 
 
 Bear up or away. The act of changing a ship's course, so as to 
 cause her to sail more before the wind than she did previously. 
 
 Beating to windward. Making a progress against the direction 
 of the wind, by steering alternately close-hauled on the star- 
 l)oard and larboard tacks. 
 
 Berm. A narrow level space, two or three feet wide, along the 
 exterior slope of a parapet, to prevent the mass of earth and 
 other materials, of whicli it is composed, from falling into the 
 ditch. 
 
 Bivouac. An army bivouacs at night when it does not encamp 
 or take up quarters. 
 
 Blockade. A place is said to be blockaded by land or sea when 
 all ingress and egress is prevented by troops or ships of war 
 surrounding it. 
 
 Blockhouse. Originally a work built nearly or wholly of the 
 trunks of trees. Now applied generally to small forts, capable 
 of protecting against musketry, but not against artillerj'. 
 
 Body of a place. The space enclosed by a line of fortifications, 
 formed by bastions, curtains, ravelins, &c., called the enceinte. 
 
 Bombard. To throw bombs or shells into a place, with a view 
 to its destruction, and to compel surrender. 
 
 Boom. A strong beam of timber, &c., placed across a river or 
 harbour to prevent the entrance of an enemy. 
 
 Breach. An opening effected by artillery or mine in the vealls 
 and defences of a fortified place. 
 
 Break Ground. To commence the siege of a place by opening 
 trenches, &c. 
 
 Breastwork. A parapet throwB up to the height of the breasts 
 of the troops of a place, to protect them when defending it. 
 
 Bridge. Besides the usual stone, chain, and wooden bridges, 
 there are several descriptions of military bridges, formed of 
 boats connected together, pontoon bridges, and bridges of casks, 
 according to emergencies. These are joinM together by planks, 
 &c., so as to give a safe passage for troops, guns, and stores. 
 
 Brigade. A division of troops composed of several corps, consist- 
 ing of detachments of infantry and cavalry, under the command 
 of a general officer. The strength of a brigade is various. 
 There are cavalry brigades and infantry brigades : the former 
 containing usually from six to nine squadrons, the latter from 
 three to six battalions. There are also brigades of artillery. 
 The term is also frequently applied, in military works, to a large 
 troop of mules with their drivers, in the service of the commis- 
 sariat or of store-keepers. 
 
 To BRING to. To check the course of a ship when she is advan- 
 cing, by ai-ranging the sails in such a manner that they shall 
 counteract one another, and prevent her from either advancing 
 or retreating. 
 
 Broadside. A discharge of all the guns on one side of a ship, 
 on both her upper and under decks. 
 
 Bulkhead. A partition separating one part of a ship from an- 
 other on the same deck. 
 
 Caisson. A term used for various purposes. Sometimes it sig- 
 nifies a box or chest for holding ammunition for cannon, and 
 at other times for musketry, having diflerent divisions for par- 
 ticular kinds. It is also used for designating provision wag- 
 gons, &'C. 
 
 Calibre or Caliber. The diameter or capacity of bore of a 
 cannon or other firearm. 
 
 Camp. The ground covered by an army under canvass.
 
 A VOCABULARY OF MILITARY AND MAUI NIC TKUMS. 
 
 9 
 
 Canteen. A small circular tin or wooden vessel, used by soldiers 
 to carry liquor when they are on active service, — A trunk or 
 chest containing culinary and other utensils for the use of 
 officers. — A suttling-house kept in garrisons for the use of the 
 troops. 
 
 Cantonments. When troops are detached and quartered in dif- 
 ferent adjacent towns and villages, they are said to be placed 
 in cantonments. 
 
 Capital. A line drawn from the angle of the polygon, forming 
 the salient angle of the bastion to the middle of its gorge, &c. 
 
 Capitulation. The surrender of a fortress or army on stipulated 
 conditions. 
 
 Caponiere. a protected passage from the body of the place to an 
 outwork. It frequently forms a secure passage or covered way, 
 made by a small glacis on each side from the middle of the 
 curtain to the gorge of the ravelin. It also serves as a defence 
 to the main ditch by a raking fire of musketry. 
 
 Carbine. A short small musket, used principally by cavalry. 
 
 Carriage of a gun. The machine upon which it is mounted. 
 
 Carry. To obtain possession of any place by force, whether out- 
 works, field-works, a battery, a parapet, or a town itself. 
 
 Cartridge. A case of paper, flannel, or parchment, fitted to the 
 bore of a piece, and containing an exact charge of gunpowder. 
 These are blank-cartridges. The addition of the bullet in the 
 same envelope constitutes the ball-cartridge. 
 
 Case or Canister shot. Discharged from heavy ordnance, and 
 consists of a number of musket bullets or iron balls enclosed 
 in a tin or iron case. 
 
 Cavalier. A work formed within a full Ijastion, and elevated ten 
 or twelve feet above it, to command a particular point, and give 
 additional strength to works. 
 
 Chamber. The place where the powder is deposited in a mine. 
 The cavity, in a gun or mortar, which receives the charge. 
 
 Charge. In gunnery, comprehends the amount of powder and 
 shot with which a gun is loaded. 
 
 Chevaux-de-frise. An object employed in fortification for the 
 defence of places. It consists of a prismatic beam of timber of 
 a square or hexagonal form, of about six or eight feet long, 
 and five or six inches in diameter, through which pointed 
 stakes are driven perpendicular to each of its faces, equi-dis- 
 tant from each other, and radiating from the centre of the 
 beam. 
 
 Chevrons. The bars or distinguishing marks on the coat-sleeves 
 of non-commissioned officers. 
 
 Citadel. A fortress, generally in the form of a pentagon or hexa- 
 gon, situated on the most commanding ground in or near a 
 city, though generally separated by an esplanade of sloping 
 ground without buildings, so that no approach can be made 
 unperceived. 
 
 Close-uauled. That trim of a ship's sails which enables her to 
 make a progress in the nearest possible direction towards that 
 point whence the wind blows. 
 
 Colonel. The first officer in command of a regiment of infantrj-, 
 cavalry, or artillery. 
 
 Colours of aregiment. Two silk flags carriedby the seniorensigns. 
 
 Column, in a military sense, is used in contradistinction to u.ne. 
 Thus a regiment of cavalry is in line when its whole front is 
 displayed. It may advance in column of squadrons, of troops, 
 (which are half-squadrons,) of divisions, (which are half- 
 troops,) or of threes, (according to the modern English for- 
 mation.) Troops moving along a road are necessarily in 
 column. Hence a body of troojis on the march are often 
 spoken of as "a column." "Close column" is when the 
 squadrons, companies, or battalions, &c. &c. are formed close 
 in rear of each other. " Ojien column " is when sufficient 
 interval is left for them to wheel into line if required. 
 
 Command. In the regular forces belongs to the senior oflScer. — 
 Command, in fortification, is the elevation of each interior 
 work above the exterior, so as to see and tire over the whole, 
 or over the level country. 
 
 Communication, lines ok. Trenches made to insure a safe 
 intercourse between any two points or forts. 
 
 Contribution. A tax paid to a hostile force, by the inhabitants 
 of a town or country, to avoid being plundered. 
 
 Convoy. A guard of troops employed to escort provisions, stores, 
 ammunition, or money, conveyed in time of war from one point 
 or place to another. It is also a ship of war employed to pro- 
 tect a fleet of merchant ships during the whole or part of their 
 voyage. 
 
 Cordon. A round projection of stone placed on the top of the 
 revetement of the escarp, to throw the rain off the masonry, 
 and prevent the besiegers ascending by their ladders for an 
 escalade. A square projection, called a tabkltc, has lately been 
 preferred.
 
 10 
 
 A VOCABULARY OF MILITARY AND MARINE TEEMS. 
 
 Corporal. Lowest grade of non-conimissioned officers. 
 
 Cornet. Lowest rank of foininissioned officers in cavalry regiments. 
 
 Corps. This word, which has crcjit into our language from the 
 P'reneh, means literally a body, but is variously applied. In 
 common Knglish parlance, it usually designates a regiment. 
 In Napoleon's wars it was applied to large divisions of troops ; 
 to large armies, in fact, detached from still larger ones. In 
 the Russian campaign some of the so-called " corps " numbered 
 forty or fifty thousand men. By modern historians the word 
 is generally used in the more extended sense. 
 
 Cover. In military operations, implies generally security or pro- 
 tection. 
 
 Covered wav. A sjiace of about ;50 feet broad, extending from 
 the counterscarp of the ditch to the crest of the glacis, passing 
 completely round the whole body and outworks of a place. 
 
 CouNTEU-GUAHD. A revctcd work, consisting of a comparatively 
 narrow rampart and parapet, commonly jiarallel to the faces 
 of a bastion or ravelin, so as to strengthen any particular [loint 
 liable to attack. 
 
 ConxTERsCARP. The outer boundary of the ditch, which is gene- 
 rally faced or reveted with masonry, to render the descent into 
 the ditch difficult. 
 
 Cor.NTERsiGK. A watchword, demanded by sentries of those who 
 ajjproach their post. 
 
 Coup-DE-MAiN. A sudden and vigorous attack, for the purpose of 
 instantaneously capturing a place or gaining a position. 
 
 Cbown-work. a figure resembling a crown, and consisting of 
 two small fronts of fortification connected with the body of the 
 place by two long sides, so as to occupy a position it is desirable 
 to secure. 
 
 Cuirass. A piece of metallic defensive armour, covering the more 
 exposed and vital parts of the body, from the neck to the waist. 
 
 CuNEiTE OR CUVETTE. A trench generally 7 or 8 feet deep, and 
 JO or 12 wide, serving to prevent the passage of troops 
 through a dry ditch ; whilst, at the same time, it carries off the 
 superfluous water from the place. 
 
 Cdrtain. In fortification, is that portion of the rampart which 
 connects two adjacent bastions. 
 
 Debouch. To march out of a wood or defile into open ground. 
 
 Defile. A narrow passage, through which, in marching, troops 
 can present a narrow^ front only, and therefore dangerous in 
 presence of an enemy. 
 
 Demilune. Called also a ravelin, is a work constructed to cover 
 the curtain and flanks of the bastion. 
 
 Descent. The landing of troops from transports, for the purpose 
 of invading a country. 
 
 Dislodge. To drive an enemy from any position or assigned station. 
 
 Ditch. In fortification, is an excavation made round the works, 
 from which the earth required for the construction of tlie ram- 
 part and parapet is obtained. 
 
 Division. A portion of an army, including infantry, cavalry, 
 and artillery, and commanded by a general officer. 
 
 Doubling. The act of sailing round or passing a cape or other 
 point of land. 
 
 Doubling upon. In naval tactics, is the act of enclosing any part 
 of a hostile fleet, and placing it between two fires. 
 
 Echelon. This word is adopted from the French, its primary 
 meaning in that language being a step of a ladder. This for- 
 mation, in the movements of an army in the field, resembles 
 the steps of a ladder, and therefore gave rise to the name. It 
 is very convenient for the attack and retreat of large bodies, 
 for oblique and direct changes of position.- — Ohliqiie changes a.Tce 
 produced by the wheel of divisions through less than a quarter 
 of a circle. — Direct chanfies are produced by a jjerpendicular 
 and successive march of divisions from line to front or rear. 
 
 Embrasure. An opening through the parapet, through which to 
 point a gun. 
 
 Enceinte. The rampart enclosing the whole body of a place, 
 consisting of bastions, curtains, and the main ditch. 
 
 Enfilade. To sweep the whole length of any line of works or troops 
 by the fire of a battery formed on a prolongation of the line. 
 
 Ensign. The lowest rank of infantry commissioned officers, sub- 
 ordinate to lieutenant. Ensigns carry the regimental colours. 
 
 Epaulement. An elevation of earth, resembling a shoulder, 
 thrown up perpendicularly to the face of a battery, to cover the 
 troops behind it from an enfilade fire of an enemy. It is fre- 
 quently^ composed of fascines or gabions filled with earth. 
 
 Equipage, Camp. Consists of tents, kitchen and cooking utensils, 
 saddle-horses, l)aggage- waggons, &c. 
 
 Escalade. To attack a fortress by scaling or passing over the 
 walls by means of ladders. 
 
 Escarp. The side of the ditch next the rampart, which, in per- 
 manent fortification, is faced with stones or bricks, called the 
 revt'temeut.
 
 A VOCABULARY OF MILITARY AND MARINE TERMS. 
 
 11 
 
 Esplanade. A part of a fortified place set apart for exercise and 
 
 public walk. 
 Evacuate. To withdraw from a town or fort in consequence of 
 
 treaty, capitulation, or orders. 
 Evolution. A movement by which troops change their position 
 
 for attack or defence. 
 False attack, or feint. A pretended attack, made to deceive 
 
 and divert an enemy from the real point to be assailed. 
 Fascines. A species of long cylindrical faggots, made of brush- 
 wood or branches of trees, for the purpose of reveting tlie cheeks 
 
 of embrasures, or supporting the earth of extensive epaulements 
 
 in field-l)atteries. 
 Fausse brave, a work formerly used in fortification, hut now 
 
 seldom employed, as its disadvantages counterbalance its 
 
 advantages. It is a platform rising to half the heiglit of the 
 
 revetement, thus giving a good grazing fire against the besiegers 
 
 before they enter the ditch, but it then affords a ready means of 
 
 scaling the walls. 
 Field-marshal is the highest military rank in tlie British service. 
 Field officers. Colonels, lieutenant-colonels, and majors. 
 File. A line of soldiers drawn up behind one another. The 
 
 general term means two soldiers, consisting of the front and 
 
 rear rank men. 
 Firelock. A general name for the infantry musket. 
 Flank. The extreme right or left of a body of troops, or of an 
 
 encampment. 
 Flank companies. The right and left companies of infantry 
 
 regiments, generally grenadiers and light infantry. 
 Fleche or arrow. A simple species of field-work, consisting of 
 
 two faces forming a salient angle, and easily constructed for 
 
 the defence of a position. 
 Fleet. Any number of vessels above five sail of the line. 
 Forage. Provender for the horses of an army. 
 Ford. A shallow part of a river, where troops may pass without 
 
 bridge or boat. 
 Fore and aft signifies throughout the wliole sliip's length. — To 
 
 rake a ship fore and aft is to fire along her decks, thus causing 
 
 the greatest possible damage and loss of life. 
 Forlorn hope. A party of officers and men who are detached to 
 
 lead the attack when an army storms a fortress. From the 
 
 great danger attending this operation its name is derived. 
 Forts are works constructed to secure places of importance, to 
 
 afford support to the wings or particular parts of an army, or 
 to command the resources of a district of country. 
 
 Fortification. The art of enclosing towns or other positions with 
 works, so as to render them more easily defensible by their gar- 
 rison. It may be divided into different classes, as permanent, 
 field, defensive, offensive, natural, and artificial. 
 
 Fosse. The French name for a ditcli. 
 
 Fbaises. Palisades or stakes ranged in an inclined position, di- 
 rected towards the breasts of an enemy, and forming defences. 
 
 Fuse. A tube fixed into a shell filled with combustibles, and 
 furnished with a quiclc match. It is made of a length pro- 
 portional to the distance intended to be thrown from a mortar, 
 so as to burn during its flight, and to explode the shell at the 
 moment it strikes the ground. 
 
 FrsiL. A small species of musket. 
 
 Fusileers. a body of troops originally armed with fusils, 
 which gave the name. There are now only four regiments bo 
 called in the British service, and which are no longer so armed. 
 
 Gabions. Cylindrical baskets of wicker-work, without bottoms, 
 and filled with earth. Tliey form a convenient and useful 
 revetement in field-works, especially during a siege, in the 
 construction of batteries and the formation of saps. 
 
 Gallery. A passage communicating to that part of a mine in 
 which powder is placed. 
 
 Garrison. The guard of a fortified place : the place itself : 
 generally, the troops quartered in a town. 
 
 General officers. All those above the rank of colonel. 
 
 Generalissimo. The commander-in-chief of a country's armies. 
 
 Genouilliere. That part of the parapet in the embrasure above 
 the platform and under the gun. 
 
 Glacis. The superior slope of the parapet of the covered way, 
 extended in a gentle slope of about 1 in 20 or .30 to the level 
 of the surrounding country. Its length is about 150 to 200 
 feet. 
 
 Gorge. The entrance from behind into a bastion, ravelin, or 
 redoubt. 
 
 Grenade. A small shell, whose fuse is set fire to, and which is 
 then thrown by hand among the enemy, to a distance of twenty 
 or thirty yards, causing considerable damage bv its explo- 
 sion. It is now cliiefly used against besiegers approaching the 
 breach. 
 
 Grenadiers. The tallest and stoutest soldiers in a regiment
 
 12 
 
 A VOCABULARY OF MILITARY AND MARINE TERMS. 
 
 of infantry, selected and formed into a company, posted on the 
 right of the hattalion, and leading it in attack. 
 
 Guard. A certain portion of troops appointed to watch a posi- 
 tion and prevent a surprise. 
 
 Gunner. A soldier employed to manage and discharge great 
 guns. An artilleryman. In the British artillery the private 
 soldiers are divided into gunners and drivers. 
 
 Gunshot. Generally understood to he the point-blank range of 
 a gun. 
 
 Haversack. A coarse linen bag, issued to every soldier on service, 
 for the pui'pose of carrying provisions. 
 
 Helmets. Pieces of defensive armour for the head, chiefly 
 worn by heavy cavalry. 
 
 Holsters. Leathern cases fixed in the front of a saddle to con- 
 tain a horseman's pistols. 
 
 Honours of war. This expression is generally used in speaking of 
 troopscapitulatingand evacuating a fortress. The nature of such 
 " honours " depends very much on circumstances. In some 
 cases the retreating forces depart scotfree, with colours, cannon, 
 and baggage — in others, they retire to a distance, pile their 
 arms, and tlien surrender as prisoners of war. 
 
 Horn work. Composed of two half bastions and a curtain, 
 with two long sides directed perpendicularly upon the faces of 
 the bastions or ravelins, so as to be defended by them. This 
 disposition, however, has latterly been improved, by augment- 
 ing the number of fronts, and shortening the branches. 
 
 Household troops consist of the regiments of Life Guards, Horse 
 Guards, and Foot Guards. 
 
 Howitzer. A piece of ordnance of the nature of a mortar, of 
 various calibres and dimensions. 
 
 Infantry. The foot-soldiers of an army. 
 
 Intrenchment. a general term, denoting a ditch or trench, with 
 a parapet for the purposes of attack or defence. 
 
 Invest. To take the initiatory measures to besiege a town, by 
 securing every road and avenue leading to it, and by seizing the 
 commanding positions. The business of an investing force is 
 to prevent the garrison from receiving assistance or supplies, 
 and to retain its ground till the arrival of the army with its 
 breaching artillery allows the commencement of the siege in 
 due form. 
 
 Inundation. One of the most efhcacious methods of impeding 
 the approach of an enemy to any fortification or field-work. 
 
 It is effected by turning the course of a river or brook into a 
 situation covering the work, by means of cuts, dams, and dikes. 
 
 Knapsack. A square fi'ame covered with canvass, properly pre- 
 pared for strapping on the infantry soldier's back, and contain- 
 ing the whole of his regimental necessaries. 
 
 Knot. In navigation is a measure of about 50 feet, forming 
 about 15 5 part of a nautical mile. The corresponding half- 
 minute glass is T5o part of an hour. Hence the log-line being 
 divided similarly to the hour, whatever number of knots run 
 off' the reel in half a minute, by the ship's motion through the 
 water, the same number of nautical miles does she run in an 
 hour. Knots and miles are therefore corresponding terms, 
 and are used synonymously. 
 
 Ladders, scaling. A particular kind of ladders, having flat 
 staves or steps, for the purpose of scaling — that is, mounting — 
 the ramparts of an enemy. 
 
 Larboard. The left side of a ship when one looks towards 
 the head. 
 
 Larboard tack. The situation of a ship when sailing with the 
 wind blowing on her larboard, or left side. 
 
 Lee. That part of the hemisphere to which the wind is directed. 
 
 Lee-gage. A ship or fleet to leeward of another is said to have 
 the lee-gage. , 
 
 Lie under arms. To remain in a state ready for action. 
 
 Lieutenant. An officer in rank next under a captain. 
 
 Life-guards. Picked regiments supposed to be particularly in- 
 tended for the guard of the sovereign's person, and which take 
 precedence of every other corps in the service. 
 
 Light Infantry. Regiments or companies composed of active 
 strong men, and are generally distinguished for their gallantry 
 and efficient services in the field. 
 
 Limdek, in artillery. The fore-part of a travelling gun-carriage, 
 to which the horses are attached. When brought into action, 
 the gun is unlimbered by unhooking the trail of the carriage, 
 and the limber is taken away to a few yards in the rear. 
 
 Line. Troops of the line are all those composing the British 
 army, excepting the Life Guards, Horse Guards, Foot Guards, 
 Royal Marines, Fencildes, Militia, Volunteer, and Yeomanry 
 corps. 
 
 Lines. A species of field-works to cover an army or the fron- 
 tiers of a state, or a district round a town, and may be either 
 continued or broken w ith intervals. They have also different
 
 A VOCABULARY OF MILITARY AND MARINE TERMS. 
 
 13 
 
 shapes to produce a flanking fire for mutual defence and sup- 
 port, as is common in fortifications. 
 
 Litter. A species of hurdle or palanquin-bed, in which those 
 severely wounded are carried from tlie field of l)attle. 
 
 Loo LINE and log. Instruments by which the ship's velocity is 
 measured. 
 
 Log boakd. That on which the daily transactions on board ship 
 are recorded, whence they are copied into tlie log-book — the 
 legal record of every nautical transaction. 
 
 Loop-holes. Small openings, similar to embrasures in the 
 walls of a citadel or fortification. Loop-holes are also made 
 in the walls of gardens, or even houses, for the defence of 
 important points during a battle, by a fire of musketry through 
 them. 
 
 Ldnettes. Small works constructed to strengthen a ravelin or 
 oiher part of a fortification. In this case, one face is about 
 perpendicular to that of the ravelin, and the other, to that of 
 the bastion, and so on in similar cases. 
 
 Magazine, in general, is a place in wdiicli stores, arms, ammu- 
 nition, and provisions, are kept. The name is frequently re- 
 stricted to a place for preserving powder and shot. 
 
 •Major. An officer next in rank to the lieutenant-colonel of a 
 regiment. 
 
 Major-of-brigade. An ofiicer, through whom orders are com- 
 municated to the troops, and considered as attached to the 
 brigade, not to the officer commanding it. 
 
 Marines. A body of troops especially for the naval service, 
 trained to encounter an enemy either at sea or land. 
 
 Mask. A cover for a batter^', so as to prevent it being seen and 
 recognised by an enemy. When a body of troops encamps 
 before a fortress, so as to prevent the garrison from moving 
 out to harass an army acting freely in its vicinity, it is said 
 to be masked by the hostile forces. 
 
 Match. A substance composed to retain fire for the service of 
 artillery, mines, and fireworks. There are two kinds, quick 
 and slow. Tow and sulphur are common ingredients. 
 
 Merlon. The space in the parapet between two embrasures, of 
 about eighteen feet in length. 
 
 M1N15. A suliterraneous passage carried from the lines of the 
 besiegers, under the rampart of a fortification, to blow it up by 
 gunpowder. 
 
 Mortars. Short cannon, of large bore, made of cast-iron or 
 
 brass. They are used to throw sliells, which, by their explo- 
 sion, set fire to buildings, overthrow works, dismount guns, and 
 destroy troops. 
 
 MusKET-PKooF. Any object capable of resisting the effects of 
 musket-balls is said to be musket-proof. 
 
 Muster. A review of troops under arms, fully equipped, in order 
 to take an account of their numbers, inspect their arms and 
 accoutrements, and examine their condition. 
 
 Natural fortification, or strength. A combination of natural 
 obstructions, tending to impede the movements of an army. 
 
 NoN-coMMissiONED OFFICERS. Thc sergeant-major,quarter-master- 
 sergeant, sergeants, corporals, and drum and fife majors, who are 
 appointed by order of the commanding officer of the regiment. 
 
 Opening of the trenches. The first act of breaking ground by a 
 besieging army, for the purpose of carrying tiieir approaches up 
 to the place. 
 
 Ordnance. A name applied to every thing connected with the 
 engineer and artillery service. — Cannon are frequently desig- 
 nated pieces of ordnance. 
 
 Outworks. All the works constructed beyond the body of the 
 place, such as ravelins, tcnailles, covered ways, lunettes, &c. 
 
 Pace. In the infantry service, generally reckoned .30 inches, 
 which the soldier is trained to take steadily. In slow time, 
 75 paces are taken in a minute ; in quick time, 108; in wheeling, 
 120 paces, the outward file stepping 3.3 inches. In double 
 quick time, 1.50 paces of 36 inches, or one yard, each in a 
 minute. 
 
 Palisades. Triangular prismatic beams of wood, about <> 
 inches on each side, sharpened at the top and inserted two or 
 three feet into tlie ground at intervals of about 3 inches. 
 They are placed in the covered way 3 feet from and parallel to 
 the crest of the glacis, to secure it from surprise. Their tops 
 are generally about a foot above the crest of the parapet be- 
 hind which they are placed, and 8^, feet above ihc ground, 
 round each traverse w hen there is no banquette. 
 
 Parade. To assemble troops in a uniform manner, for the purpose 
 of regular muster, exercise, and inspection. Parade signifies 
 also the ground on which the exercises are performed. 
 
 Parallels. Deep and wide trenches, generally three in number, 
 connecting the several lines of attack of a besieged place with 
 each other. The first is about GOO yards from the covered way, 
 the second 300, and the third near or on the crest of the glacis.
 
 14 
 
 A VOCABULARY OF MILITARY AND MARINE TERMS. 
 
 Pasapet. Generally a mass of earth raised on the exterior crest 
 of the ranipan next tlie enemj', 18 or 20 feet broad, and 7 or 8 feet 
 high, to cover the troops behind it from the fire of the besiegers. 
 Also, generally, banks thrown up to cover and assist the de- 
 fence of a position. 
 
 Park of artillerv. The wliole train of artillery belonging to 
 an army. 
 
 Patrole. a small party of men under the charge of a eubaltern 
 or non-commissioned officer, detached from the guard, to keep 
 moving along streets or roads, to maintain tlie order and regu- 
 larity of troops, &'C. Patroles are also sent out to gain intelli- 
 gence of the position and force of an enemy. This duty 
 requires great caution and activity. 
 
 Percussion caps. Small caps of copper filled partially with an 
 explosive composition, which is fired when struck smartly with 
 considerable force between two portions of hard metal, as steel. 
 These now almost entirely supersede the use of flints in 
 exploding fire-arras. 
 
 Petard. A large vessel or machine of gun metal secured to a 
 strong square-board, having iron hooks attached to it, to fix it 
 against gates or palisades. This kind of pot is filled with 8 
 or 10 pounds of gunpowder, which, being fired, destroys the 
 objects before it, and procures an entrance for an enemy. 
 Leather or strong canvass bags are also sometimes employed in 
 cases of emergency, which are more expeditious, and equally 
 successful. 
 
 PioxEERs. Soldiers trained to work with various tools or in- 
 struments, such as pickaxes, hatchets, saws, spades, &c. Each 
 company of a regiment furnishes one man to complete this 
 body, fonned un<ler the command of a corporal. Their 
 services are vory important in clearing forests, working in 
 intrenchments, complet?hg approaches, and forming mines. 
 
 Piquet. A detachment, formed either of infantry or cavalry, 
 sent out for the.purpose of guarding an amiy from surprise, &c. 
 
 Pitching and scendixg. The movement of a shij), by which she 
 plunges her head and stern alternately in the hollow of the 
 sea. 
 
 Pivot. The officer or soldier stationed at the fiank on which a 
 company wheels. 
 
 Places of arms. Spaces at the salient and entrant angles of 
 the covered way. The salient places of aiTiis are the positions 
 at which troops destined for a sortie generally assemble. The 
 
 entrant places of arms contain troops destined to flank the 
 various branches of the covered way. In modern fortification 
 the places of arms are frequently furnished with a redoubt, for 
 the purpose of greater strength and security. 
 
 Platform. A floor, generally constructed of timber, on which 
 cannon are placed, behind an embrasure. 
 
 Point-blank. The position of a gun or musket when the axis of 
 the bore or barrel, and the objects aimed at, are in the same plane, 
 either horizontal or inclined. The point-blank range, therefore, 
 is the distance that a shot is projected, under these ch-cum- 
 stances, till it strikes the ground. 
 
 Pontoon. A species of boat for constructing bridges, to facilitate 
 the passage of an unfordahh river bj' an army. Those most 
 approved were invented by General Pasley and Colonel Blan- 
 shard of the Royal Engineers. Those of the latter are 
 frequently reckoned the more convenient, being cylinders of 
 copper with traverses, and by that means little liable to sink in 
 coarse weather. They are moored in the stream at regular 
 distances, and connected with beams in such a manner that 
 troops, artillery, and the stores of an army, can pass a river 
 readily. 
 
 Port. A name given, on some occasions, to the left or larboard 
 side of a ship, especially in steering, to avoid the risk of mistak- 
 ing larboard for starboard, which in difficult situations might be 
 dangerous. 
 
 Postern. A passage constructed under the rampart, aff'ording a 
 communication from the fort into the ditch, &c. 
 
 Pouch. A case of strong leather, generally black, lined with tin 
 divisions, for the purpose of carrying a soldier's ammunition. 
 It is covered by a flap, to preserve the cartridges from wet. 
 
 Rake. To cannonade a ship, at the head or stern, so that the 
 shot may scour the whole deck. 
 
 Rampart. A broad embankment of earth, generally faced with 
 stone or brick, surrounding a fortified place, and forming tlie 
 main-works, commonly' called the enceinte. 
 
 Range. The distance from the piece fired to the point where the 
 shot strikes the ground. 
 
 Rank and file. All those soldiers who enter the ranks and 
 carry muskets. 
 
 Ration. An allowance of provisions generally issued to troops. 
 
 Ravelin. A detached work composed of two faces, forming 
 salient angles, and raised before the counterscarp.
 
 A YOCABULARY OP MILITARY AND MARINE TERMS. 
 
 1.: 
 
 Rear-guard. A detachment of troops appointed to protect the 
 rear of an army. 
 
 Reconnoitre. To examine a country, so as to acquire a familiar 
 knowledge of it, and to supply the defects of maps, required 
 chiefly for military purposes. Particular parts of the map are 
 distinguished by general marks of reference, connected with a 
 minute memoir in writing. 
 
 Redoubt. A small work, frequently square, without bastions, 
 placed at some distance from a fortification, to guard a pass, or 
 obstruct the progress of an enemy in a given direction. A re- 
 doul)t is sometimes made circular, because it will contain the 
 greatest number of troops in a given space, and afford a 
 superior defence. Redoubts have generally ditches and some 
 means of giving a flanking fire, especially to those parts likely 
 to be attacked. 
 
 Reduce. To compel a garrison to surrender by means of attack. 
 
 Re-entering, or simply entering angle. An angle in the fortifi- 
 cation, pointing inwards to the place, and used in contradis- 
 tinction to salient. 
 
 Refuse. In military operations, to throw or keep back the troops, 
 to avoid an engagement with an enemy advantageously placed. 
 
 Rendezvous. A place appointed for the assembling of an army 
 or of any body of troops. 
 
 Reserve. A select body of troops, kept in the rear for some par- 
 ticular object, such as to support an attack, or final charge, to 
 terminate a battle successfully. 
 
 Reveille. The beat of drums at the break of day. After this 
 the sentries do not challenge. 
 
 Revetement. An exterior wall, or facing of stone or brick, sup- 
 porting the front of the rampart on the side of the ditch. 
 
 Ricochet. A particular mode of firing guns at a low angle and 
 loaded with a small charge. In this case the shot just clears the 
 parapet of the enemy's works, and, rolling along the rampart, 
 destroj's the guns and kills numbers of men. 
 
 Riflemen. Light infantry, armed with rifles instead of muskets, 
 trained to be expert marksmen, and having a peculiar drill 
 and exercise of their own. 
 
 Rocket. A species of firework, frequently used for signals. Con- 
 greve rockets are most destructive missiles, frequently con- 
 taining a shell, and very effectively employed in the attack of 
 fortified places, in the destruction of shipping, and in various 
 other warlike operations. 
 
 Rolling. A ship's motion from side to side, at right angles to 
 pitching. 
 
 Running fire. When troops fire rapidly in succession, in oppo- 
 sition to a general discliarge from the whole line. 
 
 Sack. To storm a town and [lillage it. 
 
 Salient angle, in fortification. An angle projecting into the 
 country. 
 
 Sally. A secret and oflTensive movement of a strong body of 
 troops from a besieged place, in order to destroy the works of 
 the besiegers. 
 
 Sally-ports. Openings in the glacis, of 10 or 12 feet wide, which 
 afford free egress and ingress to troops engaged in a sally or 
 sortie. 
 
 Sand bags. Bags of earth employed to repair breaches and em- 
 brasures. The smaller kind are used on a parapet, three of which 
 makea smallopening, like a loop-hole, by placingtwo at a small 
 distance, and covering it with the third. 
 
 Sentry or sentinel. A soldier placed in a position to watch the 
 motions of an enemy, to prevent surprise, or to enforce such 
 orders as he may be intrusted with. 
 
 Sergeant. A non-commissioned officer, selected from the cor- 
 porals, on account of his intelligence, steadiness, and general 
 good conduct, and intrusted with several responsible duties. 
 
 Sergeant-major. The highest non-commissioned officer in a 
 regiment, and, from the nature of his duties, in a certain de- 
 gree an assistant to the adjutant. 
 
 Colour-sergeant. A non-commissioned officer whose duty is to 
 attend the colours in the field. This office is an honourable 
 distinction, given only to men of valour and fidelity. 
 
 Shaft. In mining, a perpendicular excavation, extending to some 
 depth, from which the several branches of a mine diverge. 
 
 Shrafnel-siiells, or Spherical Case-shot, have a greater range 
 than common case or canister, and are very effective in war- 
 fare. 
 
 Siege. The art of surrounding a town or fortification with a 
 besieging army, and attacking it with artillery, assisted by 
 mines and trenches, so as to destroy the principal defences, 
 and ultimately to storm the place, unless it yields by previous 
 capitulation. 
 
 Skirmish. A kind of irregular engagement between small parties, 
 in presence of both armies, for the purpose of concealing the 
 movements of troops, or bringing on a general battle.
 
 16 
 
 A VOCABULARY OF MILITARY AND MARINE TERMS. 
 
 Slip a cable. To allow the whole cable attached to an an- 
 chor to run out, when, on account of all possible expedition 
 being required, there is not time to weigh it in the usual 
 manner. 
 
 Spike. To spike guns is to drive large nails into the vent, or touch- 
 hole, to render them unserviceable for some time, till it can be 
 cleared. 
 
 Squadron. In the aniiy is a body of cavalry consisting of two 
 troops. A Squadron in the navy is a small fleet not exceeding 
 five ships. 
 
 Square. A form into which infantry are thrown to resist a 
 charge of cavalry — the soldiers all facing outwards, whatever 
 their number. 
 
 Starboard. The right side of the ship to a spectator looking for- 
 wards. 
 
 Star forts. Forts with several salient angles, in the form of a 
 star, as generally represented. 
 
 Stores, military and marine. Arms, ammunition, provisions, 
 clothes, and other necessaries. 
 
 Strategy. The science of war. 
 
 Storm. To make a powerful and vigorous assault on any position 
 occupied by an enemy. 
 
 Subaltern. All military officers under the rank of a captain. 
 
 Sutler. A camp-follower, who sells drink and provisions to the 
 troops. 
 
 Tactics. The science and art of disposing military and naval 
 armaments for battle, often comprehending the whole science 
 of war, and the means prepared for carrying it on. 
 
 Tenaille. A work usually constructed on the lines of defence 
 in front of the curtain. In modern fortification it has two faces, 
 in line with those of the adjacent bastions, with an intermediate 
 curtain parallel to that of the main works. 
 
 Tenaillon. Formerly a small work placed on each side of the 
 ravelin, for additional strength. 
 
 ToiSE. An old French measure of 6 French feet. The English 
 fathom bears to the French toise the ratio of 1 to 1-066 nearly. 
 Hence, for rough purposes, the English fathom may be accounted 
 nearly equal to the French toise. 
 
 Traverses. Generally parapets of earth, formed in the covered 
 
 way, to cover troops placed there from the enfilading fire of be- 
 siegers. Their superior slopes are directed to tlie salient angles, 
 and are furnished with banquettes behind. Round the ends, 
 next the crest of the glacis, there are cut passages for the 
 transit of troops, designated en crochet or en cremaillere, according 
 to their shape. In the course of a siege, traverses are made 
 whenever they may be required to cover troops. 
 
 Trenches. Ditches made during a siege, to enable the besiegers 
 to approach the works as securely as possible. They form 
 a zig-zag shape, each portion clearing the guns of the place 
 through each position. 
 
 Troop. In the singular, generally signifies a company of dra- 
 goons, under the command of a captain. 
 
 Trous-de-loup, or wolf-holes. Are dug in the form of an inverted 
 cone, having a small picket, sharpened at the top, fixed at the 
 bottom. 
 
 Trucks of a gun-carriage. The wheels on which it is moved. 
 
 Trunnions of a gun. The cylindrical arms by which it is attached 
 to its carriage. To render guns useless, the trunnions are some- 
 times struck off. 
 
 Tumbrils. Covered carts, employed to convey ammunition, the 
 tools of pioneers, miners, &c. 
 
 Van of an army. The front or first line. 
 
 Van, m the navy. The first division of a fleet in one line, or 
 occasionally the leading ship. 
 
 Videttes or vedettes. Sentries placed on outposts and elevated 
 points, so as to be able to observe advantageously the approach 
 of an enemy, and to give early notice of his movements. 
 
 Under arms. The condition of troops when assembled fully 
 armed and accoutred. 
 
 W E AR or veer. To change a ship's course from one tack to another, 
 by turning her stern to vi'ind ward. This manoeuvre is generally 
 practised, %\hen that of tacking, by turning her head to the 
 wind, would be dangerous. 
 
 Weather-gauge. When one ship is to windward of another she 
 
 is said to have the weather-gauge of her. 
 To Windward is towards that part of the horizon from which 
 the wind blows. 
 
 Wings of an army. The extreme right and left divisions.
 
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 MAP OK THE Ol'E UATl OxN S 
 
 WHICH lED TO THE 
 
 cAPJ-rui/vrjDj^j D? u LjVJ 
 
 111 October 18U:>. 
 
 WaLIAM BLACKWOOD & SOUS.EDISBITRGH ifcLOXDOX .
 
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 PLATE 1. 
 77ii* Bnlish /7r»*i iircaianti the Fmxrh & Sjnmixh Unr 
 
 A K JOHNSTOtfT R G S 
 
 Expl&natian of the Colours. 
 
 ■■■i British 
 
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 ^\^LUAil BLACKWOOD & SONS EDINBURGH 1 LONDON .
 
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