STACK 
 ANNEX 
 
 5 
 
 094 
 
 575 
 
 INTROD JCT1OX 
 
 HEBREW GRAMMAR, 
 
 BY REV. A. M'CAUL, D.D.

 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 HEBREW GRAMMAR; 
 
 FOR THE USE OF BEGINNERS. 
 
 COMPILED 
 
 BY REV. A. M C CAUL, D.D., 
 
 PROFESSOR OF HEBREW, KING'S COLLEGE, LONDON ; 
 AND PREBENDARY OF ST. PAUL'S. 
 
 LONDON : 
 JOHN W. PARKER, WEST STRAND ; 
 
 B. WERTHEIM, 13, PATERNOSTER ROW. 
 MDCCCXLVII.
 
 ALEXANDER MACINTOSH, 
 
 PRINTER, 
 GREAT NEW STREET. LONDON.
 
 TO THE 
 
 REV. JOHN RICHARDSON MAJOR, D.D., 
 
 HEAD MASTER OF KING'S COLLEGE SCHOOL, 
 
 THE FOLLOWING COMPENDIUM, 
 
 IS INSCRIBED, 
 WITH SINCERE ESTEEM AND RESPECT, 
 
 BY THE AUTHOR. 
 
 2093670
 
 ADVERTISEMENT. 
 
 THE following compilation is strictly what it professes to be, " AN 
 INTRODUCTION " to Hebrew Grammar. No language can be acquired 
 by means of a compendium. But experience has taught me, that a 
 large and comprehensive grammar may impede the progress of 
 beginners, especially when the chief part of their time and strength 
 is necessarily devoted to other subjects. For such the following 
 pages may serve as a practical outline. The original intention was 
 that it should not exceed two sheets. But having learned that the 
 study of Hebrew was to be introduced into King's College School, 
 it seemed necessary to add more complete tables. Mr. Duncan 
 obligingly allowed me the use of the stereotype plates of the tables 
 of verbs, reprinted from Gesenius' " Lehrgebaude," by the Rev. Dr. 
 Lee. The larger Grammars recommended for the study of the 
 advanced student are those of the Rev. Dr. Lee, Professor Ewald, 
 and the late Dr. Gesenius. 
 
 A. M C C.
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 HEBREW GRAMMAR. 
 
 HEBREW LETTERS. CONSONANTS. 
 
 THE Hebrew alphabet consists of twenty-two letters, all consonants. 
 
 Figure. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Pronunciation. 
 
 Nu- 
 meric 
 value. 
 
 . 1. The six letters nD3-|33 
 (B'gadk'phath) are pro- 
 nounced with or without 
 an aspiration. The remo- 
 val of the aspiration is 
 
 K 
 
 Aleph 
 
 Spiritus lenis 
 
 1 
 
 Q and 2 
 
 Beth 
 
 BH and (B) 
 
 2 
 
 marked by a point in the 
 
 
 
 
 
 letter ; this point is called 
 
 J and ;! 
 
 Gimel 
 
 GH and (G) 
 
 3 
 
 Dagesh Lene ; a point in 
 
 I and *!] 
 
 Daleth 
 
 DH and (D) 
 
 4 
 
 n is called Mappik, and 
 
 
 
 
 
 shows that n is sounded 
 
 n 
 
 He 
 
 H 
 
 5 
 
 as a consonant. 
 
 
 
 Vau 
 
 Vand W 
 
 6 
 
 . 2. Five have a different 
 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 form at the end of words, 
 
 r 
 
 Zain 
 
 Z 
 
 7 
 
 "I D > ] > *1 V included in 
 
 n 
 
 Hheth 
 
 Hh 
 
 8 
 
 the memorial word ^:o3 
 
 
 Teth 
 
 T 
 
 9 
 
 (kamnephetz). 
 . 3. As the Hebrews do 
 
 ^ 
 
 Yod 
 
 Y 
 
 10 
 
 not divide words at the 
 
 final 
 
 
 
 
 end of the line, an empty 
 
 3,3- 1 
 
 Kaph 
 
 KH and (K) 
 
 20 
 
 space would sometimes re- 
 main. This is prevented 
 
 7 
 
 Lamed 
 
 L 
 
 30 
 
 by enlarging the letter, N , 
 
 O, n 
 
 Mem 
 
 M 
 
 40 
 
 n , n , h , n ; memorial 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 
 word, Dnbrw (ahaltem). 
 
 2 \ 
 
 Nun 
 
 N 
 
 50 
 
 . 4. The letters ,n, v, 
 
 o 
 
 Samech 
 
 S 
 
 60 
 
 are called quiescent, because 
 
 
 
 
 
 they sometimes lose all 
 
 y 
 
 Aiin 
 
 SoftGH 
 
 70 
 
 sound, except what they 
 
 a, a, *] 
 v, p 
 
 Pe 
 
 Tsade 
 
 PH and (P) 
 TZ 
 
 80 
 90 
 
 derive from the preceding 
 vowel, like our W in Jkw, 
 throw, &c. 
 
 p 
 
 Koph 
 
 Q 
 
 100 
 
 N quiesces in Kametz, 
 
 i 
 
 Resh 
 
 R 
 
 200 
 
 Tsere, Segol, sometimes in 
 Hholem. 
 
 (to 
 
 Sin 
 
 S 
 
 300 
 
 n at the end of words also. 
 
 \ ^^ 
 
 
 
 
 i in Hholem and Shurek. 
 
 \& 
 
 Shin 
 
 SH 
 
 
 ' in Tsere and Hhirik 
 
 n, in 
 
 Thau 
 
 TH and (T) 
 
 400 
 
 and Segol. 

 
 2 INTRODUCTION TO 
 
 . 5. The usual division of the consonants in reference to organ 
 is : 
 
 a. Gutturals, 37, n, H , N, [Ahachagh]. 
 
 b. Labials, *1, *?, 1, 2, [Bumaph]. 
 e. Palatals, p, ?, \ ?, [Gichaq]. 
 
 rf. Linguals, n , p, b, 1$ } ^, [Datleneth], 
 
 e. Dentals or Sibilants, 0? , ? , P , I , [Zastzash]. 
 
 1 in some respects resembles the first class. 
 
 The Liquids are "1 , 3 , B , b . 
 
 The three ""> , 3 , 7 , are intimately related. 
 
 . 6. The Hebrews have signs (a) for five long or perfect vowels, i. e., 
 which can be sounded without a consonant following ; (4) five short 
 or imperfect vowels, i. e., which cannot be sounded without a con- 
 sonant following or a helping accent, and (c) four semi-vowels. 
 
 VOWELS. 
 LONG OR PERFECT. 
 
 Name. Sound. Example. 
 
 1. A Kametz a in balm 2 bah. 
 
 2. E Tsere a in bay ? bay. 
 
 3. I ^~r Great Hhirik ee in lee ""S bee. 
 
 4. O i or j_ Hholem o in Rome "12 boh. 
 
 5. U ^ Shurek oo in fool ^ boo. 
 
 SHORT OR IMPERFECT. 
 
 Name. Sound. Example. 
 
 6. Pathach a in bad ^3 bal. 
 
 7. -*- Segol e in bed ^2. bel. 
 
 8. * Little Hhirik i in hit bi bil. 
 
 9. Kametz Hhatuph o in hot v2 bol. 
 10. * Kibbutz u in pull ba bull. 
 
 N.B. These vowels are properly divided into three classes, those 
 belonging to the A sound, 1, 6, 7 ; those of the I sound, 3, 8, 2, 7 ; 
 and those of the U sound, 4, 5, 9, 10. 
 
 SEMI-VOWELS. 
 
 1. i. Simple Sh'va as 2 the e in the French second, or German 
 Gnade, as ^ g'loo, ^2 b'no, ^^ sh'mee. 
 ii. Compound Sh'va. 
 
 * Tills may also be long.
 
 HEBREW GRAMMAR. 
 
 8 
 
 2. Hhateph Pathach very short A, as ED Hhalohm, 
 
 Ghasoo, nb Ghalay. 
 
 3. Hhateph Segol nr very short E, H^S Emeth, bb Ekhol, 
 
 Tig Ehee. 
 
 4. Hhateph Kametz TT very short O, ^ Ghonee, ''bn Hholee, 
 
 "W Roee. 
 
 . 7. The syllables ending in a vowel are called simple, or open, 
 syllables ; those ending in a consonant, compound, or closed, syllables. 
 
 
 Examples according to the 
 
 Vowels. 
 
 KAMETZ. 
 
 TSERE. 
 
 GRT. HHIRIK. 
 
 HIIOI.EM. 
 
 SHUREK. 
 
 
 Pronoun. 
 
 Pronoun. 
 
 Pronoun. 
 
 
 Pronoun. 
 
 Pronoun. 
 
 S3 
 
 M 
 
 ^i? may 
 
 ^3 ^?^e 
 
 ft 
 
 loh 
 
 ib loo 
 
 3S 
 
 a^ 
 
 CS aim 
 
 ^3 ieew 
 
 TIS 
 
 ohr 
 
 -^S oor 
 
 T 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 D '7 
 
 &aAwz 
 
 ] 3 bayn 
 
 &% geel 
 
 tin 
 
 bohr 
 
 H^2 goor 
 
 T 
 
 yahd 
 
 Tf f xayd 
 
 D^E? seem 
 
 n-i^r 
 
 dohv 
 
 Kin Aoo 
 
 
 Short Vowels. 
 
 
 -p 
 
 yad 
 
 ]Q pen 
 
 ]3 bin "i^"Jp 
 
 kod sho 
 
 Ty."* yul-ldd 
 
 ^12 
 
 kal 
 
 b3 bel 
 
 ^ P 7?/in 
 
 T : T 
 
 hhokh-mdh 
 
 b^3 iw<-/a; 
 
 B8 
 
 am 
 
 ns eth 
 
 OS im 1"lpS 
 
 om-ro 
 
 ^!^y ghum-mdd 
 
 I? 
 
 bar 
 
 ^n Aen 
 
 1^ /W 
 
 ' T 
 
 bot-tim 
 
 tt?23 nug-g&sh 
 
 n ? 
 
 tsar 
 
 , 
 
 7^? ew D^ <///// Cp"* 
 
 yd-kom 
 
 12H Awy^rfrf 
 
 . 8. Kametz and Kametz-Hhatuph are represented by the same 
 sign . To distinguish them accurately it is necessary to know 
 whether this vowel has been derived from Hholem or Shurek. The 
 general rule is, 
 
 a. In a closed unaccented syllable, it is Kametz-Hhatuph, as in the 
 examples in the fourth column, where are three cases, (i.) before a 
 simple Sh'va, as ^lll ; (ii.) before a Dagesh-forte, as C^^a ; (iii.) j n 
 a final syllable without accent, as Q|" . 
 
 b. In an open syllable, (i.) before Hhateph-Kametz, as 
 
 (ii.) before another Kametz-Hhatuph, as T??? 5 (iii-) in two words, 
 D^ttHp ko-da-shim and D^tJHtZ? sho-ra-shim, where it really stands for 
 Hhateph Kametz, . . 
 
 . 9. In the middle of a word, or in the first letter when the word 
 is joined to the preceding, a point in a* consonant is called Dagesh- 
 
 forte, it doubles the letter, as 
 
 kit-tayl, 
 
 D maz-zeh ; in the
 
 4 INTRODUCTION TO 
 
 latter case it is euphonic. If the letter in which Dagesh-forte occurs 
 be one of the aspirates, it also takes away the aspiration, "^5? kib- 
 bayd. 
 
 . 10. Dagesh-lene occurs (1) at the beginning of words, unless the 
 preceding word ends with a vowel and conjunctive accent ; (2) in the 
 middle of a Avord after a silent Sh'va, except in forms made from 
 others Avhere the aspirates had their aspiration, and in the suffixes, 
 
 TONE. MAKKEPH. 
 
 . 11. In Hebrew, as in other languages, some one syllable is more 
 strongly marked in enunciation, and is therefore said to have the tone, 
 or to be the tone syllable. To mark it is necessary, as thereby words 
 apparently the same, are distinguished as to sense, as in the English 
 words, desert, desert, 
 
 a. Monosyllables necessarily have the tone unless followed by an 
 horizontal line, like hyphen, which takes it away, as 'W el, TIM eth, 
 "]?? ben. This line is Makkeph, which word signifies connecter. 
 
 b. Words of more syllables than one generally have the tone on the 
 last syllable. The place of the tone, however, may be changed by 
 additions at the beginning or end of the word, or, to prevent the 
 tone syllables of two words coming together, or, by the cadence 
 at the end of a sentence, called the pause. Vowels losing the tone 
 are shortened, or may even be entirely lost ; as, "Q^T da-var, Ep'l!^ 
 d'var-khem. Here the first vowel is lost, the second shortened, 
 Cf?.^ ya-kaym, Cp^ vai-ya-kem, EHP ko-desh, ^li"J kod-shee. * 
 
 ACCENTS. 
 
 . 12. The place of the tone is generally marked by a sign, or accent. 
 The signs used for this purpose, being so contrived as to show also 
 the relation of one word to the other and to the sentence, are divided 
 into distinctive and conjunctive accents, and are as follow : 
 
 I. DISTINCTIVES (DOMINI). 
 
 I. Imperatores. 1. (-p) Silluk, which occurs at the end of the 
 verse. 2. ( ) Athnahh, generally in the middle of a verse. 
 * 3. (~) Merka mahpachatum. 
 
 * A similar change of vowel sound, dependent on accent, may be observed 
 in English, as the sound of / in unit, unite, unity ; confide, c6nfidant : of A 
 in relate, relative ; capacious, capable, &c., &c.
 
 HEBREW GRAMMAR. 5 
 
 II. Reges. 4. (JL) Segolta. 5. (_L) Zakeph katohn. 6. (JL) 
 Zakeph gadohl. 7. ( ) Tiphcha. 
 
 III. Duces. 8. (_) E'via. 9. (.) Zarka. 10. (-1.) Pashta. 
 11. (_) Yethiv. 12. (-,-) T'vir. 13. ( ) Double Merka. * 14. 
 (LL} R'via with Geresh. 15. (_L) Shalsheleth. * 16. ( ) Tiphcha 
 initiale. 
 
 IV. Comites.Yl. (JL) Pazer. 18. (5L) Karne-pharah. 19. (_.) 
 Great T'lisha. 20. ( ) Geresh. 21. (} Double Geresh. 22. 
 ( I ) P'sik. 
 
 II. CONJUNCTIVES (SERVI). 
 
 23. () Merca. 24. ( ) Munach. 25. ( ) Mahpach. 26. 
 (JL) Kadma. 27. ( ) Darga. 28. () Yerach. 29. (_i.) T'lisha 
 minus. * 30. ( ) Tiphcha. * 31. (-f-) Merca Zarkatum. * 32. (7*-) 
 Mahpach Zarkatum. 
 
 * Those marked with an asterisk occur in the poetic books, Job, 
 Proverbs, and Psalms. When a word has a compound accent, or two 
 different accents, the last of the two points out the tone syllable. If i 
 the accents be both the same, the first stands over the place of the 
 tone. 
 
 The accents 4, 9, 10, 29, are called postpositive, as being placed on 
 the last letter of the word ; and 16, 19, 29, prepositive, as placed 
 with the first letter, and cannot, therefore, be consulted as to the place 
 of the tone, which must then be ascertained by the general rules and 
 use. 
 
 The division into Imperatores, Reges, &c.. is to show the relative 
 degree of power which each class possesses, and may be compared to 
 that of our full stop, colon, semi-colon, and comma. 
 
 . 13. Besides these accents, a perpendicular stroke on the left of a 
 vowel, called Metheg (bridle), is also used as an auxiliary. It stands, 
 
 (1) after a long vowel next before a tone-syllable, as *!?$ tay-1'dee ; 
 
 (2) on the second syllable before the tone, even though the vowel 
 is short, as EpM^S bot-tay-khem ; (3) after every vowel which is im- 
 mediately followed by a composite Sh'va. In all these cases it marks 
 the division of syllables. 
 
 READING LESSON. 
 JOSH. xv. 21 36. 
 
 23 : rn na n 22 : " n -S- 2I 
 
 nmq i im 25 : rti o *P 24
 
 INTRODUCTION TO 
 
 rna -i^ni 27 : nib-fe^ sgtzh dw 26 : -rten wn 7*^1? 
 : rTTTrpn vnu? ">w;n ^^ "^H"! SB : fc>l?Q rra 7"vpt?>rn 
 abp^i si : n*rirn : Vpp-i "r^"^^ 30 : d^ri D^SI nbsa 29 
 n^-)5rb3 7'ten > ! v^l trnbtzn ntabJi 32 : naoaoi namn^ 
 
 j- -r T ' A : ' -j- : .:: i -r : IT - : - : IT - : - 
 
 : rnpHi n^is 1 ! bisnr??^ nbc^a 33 : jn'n.vn'] yin) ta^i??^ 
 -i^ 35 : qrym. n^en n^a 7^1. rri-ir 34 
 
 36 
 
 PRONUNCIATION. 
 
 21. Kav-ts'ayl va-ghay-d'r v'ya-goor. 22. V'kee-nah v'dee-mo- 
 nah v'ghad-gha-dah. 23. V'ke-d'sh v'hha-tsohr v'yith-nan. 24. 
 Zeeph va-te-1'm oo-v'gha-16th. 25. V'hha-tsohr Hha-dat-tah oo- 
 k'ree-yohth Hhets-rohn hee Hha-tsohr. 26. Amain oo-sh'magh oo- 
 mo-la-dah. 27 Va-hhatsar, gaddah, v'hhesh-mohn oo-vayth pah-l't. 
 28. Va-hhatsar shoo-ghal oo-v'air she-vagh oo-viz-yo-th'yah. 29. Ba- 
 ghulah v'ghee-yeem va-gha-ts'm. 30. V'el-to-lad oo-kh'seel v'hhor- 
 mah. 31. V'tsik-lag oo-mad-man-nah v'san-san-nah. 32. Oo-l'va- 
 ohth v'shil-hheem v'gha-y'n v'rim-mohn kol-gha-reem ghes-reem 
 va-thay-sh'gh v'hhats-ray-hen. 33. Bash-sh'phay-lah esh-ta-6hl 
 v'tsor-ghah v'ashnah. 34. V'za-no'ch v'ghayn gan-neem tap-poo'ch 
 v'ha-ghay-nam. 35. Yar-mooth va-ghadullam so-khoh va-ghazay- 
 kah. 36. V'aha-ghara-im v'a-gha-dee-tha-im v'hag-g'day-rah oo- 
 g'day-ro-thah-im gha-reem ar-bah-ghes-ray v'hhats-ray-hen. 
 
 PERSONAL PRONOUN. 
 
 6. 14. The Personal Pronouns are 
 
 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 1. Comm. *O3S in pause 
 
 or ">3M 
 
 2. Masc. nris 
 
 Fern. .FIN 
 
 3. Masc. snn 
 Fern. 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 erw 
 
 dn 
 7U 
 
 nan 
 
 The Genitives and Accusatives are made by adding fragments of 
 these to the words that govern them, as will be seen in the verbs and
 
 HEBREW GRAMMAR. 
 
 nouns. The Dative and Ablative by adding similar particles to the 
 prepositions. 
 
 THE VERBS. 
 
 . 15. Though the verbs are not the roots, and least of all in their 
 triliteral form, yet there is a convenience in treating them first. The 
 two ground-forms of the verb are the 3d pers. masc. sing, of the 
 Preterite and the Infinitive construct. The former, called the root, 
 and now in imitation of the German, the stemword, usually consists 
 of three consonants vlfip , with an euphonic Kametz belonging to the 
 first stem letter, and a toned vowel, A, E, or O, to the second, thus, 
 nattJ , he kept, "133, he was heavy, l^, he was little. The A 
 usually belongs to transitive, the E and to intransitive verbs. 
 From this stem, the 3d pers. fern., and the other persons sing, and 
 plural are formed by appending fragments of the personal pronoun, 
 thus 
 
 3 m. 
 
 f- *- 
 2m. J;! after a vowel 
 
 f. ri n 
 
 1 com. *F\ ^n 
 
 <" } , 
 
 com. J 
 
 l after a vowel 
 
 13 
 
 .16. The second ground-form is the Masculine form of the Infinitive 
 construct '^p , from "which are formed the Future and the Im- 
 perative, the former by prefixing certain fragments of the personal 
 pronoun, and in the 2d and 3d pers. fern, appending a feminine termi- 
 nation, thus 
 
 Tor as two sh'vas cannot occur 1 
 ! | at the beginning of a word | 
 
 SINGULAR 3 pers. m. 
 
 f. 
 
 m. V- 
 m. 
 
 PLURAL 
 
 bb F\ 
 
 m. ^ ? 
 
 f. n; JP 
 
 m. 5) J-1 
 
 f. m ^ 
 
 com. p 
 
 na bbp 
 
 n bt?p 
 
 rn bbp 
 
 bbp
 
 8 INTRODUCTION TO 
 
 N.B. The Intransitive Verbs make the Future with Pathach 
 instead of Hholem, e. g., 
 
 For the forms of Imperative, see the Paradigms. 
 
 . 17. Besides the masculine, the Infinitive has also feminine forms, 
 nbfcf? , nblpj? , nblpfl ; and an absolute form Vifcf? . 
 
 CONJUGATIONS OR SPECIES. 
 
 . 18. From the original stemwords are derived, by certain modi- 
 fications, other verbs with a corresponding modification of the signi- 
 fication, generally called conjugations, D^?^? . The most usual are, 
 including the original verb 
 
 SIGNIFICATION OF THE 
 ACTIVE. PASSIVE. 
 
 1. Kal btop (wanting, except the Par- Either Transitive or 
 
 ticiple bJllOf? ). Intransitive, He 
 
 killed. 
 
 2. Niphal bttp} (wanting, except perhaps Originally Reflective, 
 
 in one verb bS3 ). now generally Pas- 
 
 sive, He was killed. 
 
 3. Piel bte)7 Pual btej? Implies intensity, ha- 
 
 bit, and cause, He 
 killed habitually. 
 
 4. Hiphil b^fTT Hophal bto|?rT Iscausative,#i?eattse</ 
 
 to kill. 
 
 5. Hithpael b^ntf Hothpaal bttjlOn Reflective, He killed 
 
 himself. 
 
 . 19. The word Kal signifies light, i.e., without any change or 
 addition. The other names are derived from the verb b3?Q , formerly 
 used in the Paradigms, of which the conjugations were, b37Dp f v3?D y 
 b?9, Vypri, ^??n, b.37Q/pn, bVQm. From this same verb 
 the first Radical or stem-letter of verbs is designated by Q , the 
 second by 2y ? and the third by b ; thus a verb whose first consonant 
 is "* , is called *" B Peh, Yod ; one whose second consonant is 1 , is 
 called 1 " 27 Ghain, Vau ; one whose third consonant is 71 , is called 
 H"b Lamed, He. When the second and third consonants are alike 
 the verb is called 27 "37 by some T'T . 
 
 . 20. Besides the usual conjugations there are others used less 
 frequent in Hebrew. ' * l
 
 HEBREW GRAMMAR. 
 
 I. Those connected with Piel; as Poel '^"ip, Passive 
 Reflect, bttipj-in . Second, Pilel V?ttp , Passive V?tpj7 , Reflect. 
 y?9i20n . Third, Pealal btt^Bp . Fourth, Pilpel b,f?p . Fifth 
 Peopel bttiEp . 
 
 II. Connected with Hiphil ; First, Tiphel bts^j-l . Second, 
 Shaktel 
 
 . 21. "When one, or more, of the stem -letters is a Guttural, some 
 variety arises in the punctuation ; when the weak letters \ 1, H, S } 
 are found amongst the stem-letters, still greater apparent anomalies 
 arise, as may be seen from the following Paradigms. 
 
 . 22. It is to be noticed that the Gutturals, when a moveable 
 Sh'va is required, take the compound Sh'va ; and further, that, as the 
 place of the tone is changed, the vowels are changed, if not immu- 
 table. 
 
 . 23. The immutable vowels are 
 ! 1 . Those quiescing in their homogeneous vowel-letters, as N } in 
 
 tfvn ; v in b^n ; i in Vip . 
 
 2. Those belonging to an homogeneous quiescent letter, which has 
 fallen away, as DfJ instead of Efy"5 ? &c. 
 j 3. Short vowels before Dagesh-forte, as 
 
 . 24. The old designation for the two tenses occurring in Hebrew 
 was Preterite and Future. Dr. Lee calls the second the Present, as 
 in the following Paradigms. Professors Ewald and Fiirst consider the 
 second as an Imperfect.
 
 10 
 
 PRETER. 
 Sing. 3 m. 
 
 3f. 
 
 2 m. 
 
 2f. 
 
 1 com. 
 Plur. 3 com. 
 
 2 m. 
 2f. 
 
 1 com. 
 
 INF. abs. 
 INF. const. 
 IMPERATIVE. 
 Sing. m. 
 
 f. 
 Plur. m. 
 
 f. 
 
 PRESENT. 
 Sing. 3 m. 
 3f. 
 
 2 m. 
 2 f . 
 
 1 com. 
 Plur. 3 m. 
 
 3f. 
 
 2 m. 
 2f. 
 
 1 com. 
 PRES. apoc. 
 PART. act. 
 
 pass. 
 
 INTRODUCTION TO 
 
 Paradigm of Verbs in KAL. 
 
 Regular 
 Verb. 
 
 Verb. 
 1 gutt. 
 
 "TO 
 
 Verb. 
 2 gutt. 
 
 *?i?n 
 
 TOB 
 
 Verb. 
 3 gutt. 
 
 Verb. 
 
 5 init. 
 
 Verb. 
 
 H2D 
 
 map 
 
 bbf? 
 
 127? 
 
 natfa 
 itfari 
 
 nbn 
 
 f$$ 
 
 nnpy
 
 HEBREW GRAMMAR. 11 
 
 Paradigm of Verbs in KAL. 
 
 Verb. Verb. Verb. Verb. Verb. Verb. Verb, 
 
 ft init. *t init. S init. ^ med. ^ med. final, fa final. 
 
 era OQ 
 
 S- 
 
 w 
 
 n ?ra 
 
 B 
 
 bow MB?; . s^; mip 
 
 0^,7 71'^ N-i^tt riba 
 ;p nib? 
 
 nba.? 
 
 ?: P; ^ 
 
 =7 T W
 
 12 
 
 INTRODUCTION TO 
 
 Paradigm of Verbs in NIPHHAL. 
 
 Verb. Verb. 
 2 gutt. 3 gutt. 
 
 p^Jp 3?p?7? 
 
 n|p T v ; T? nrptpp 
 
 Regular 
 Verb. 
 
 Verb. 
 1 gutt. 
 
 TO.Jp. 
 
 nbppp 
 
 fli?l?T3 
 
 -I37p.jp. !i3,7^Tp 
 
 PRETER. 
 Sing. 3 m. 
 
 3f. 
 2 m. 
 
 1 com. 
 Plur. 3 com. 
 
 2 m. 
 2f. 
 
 1 com. 
 
 INFINITIVE. 
 IMPERATIVE. 
 Sing. m. 
 
 f. 
 Plur. m. 
 
 f. 
 
 PRESENT. 
 Sing. 3 m. 
 
 3f. 
 
 2 m. 
 2f. 
 
 1 com. 
 Plur. 3 m. 
 
 3f. 
 
 2 m. 
 2f. 
 
 1 com. 
 
 PRES. apoc. 
 
 Verb. 
 3 init - 
 
 27,23 
 
 rrttJa 
 
 Verb. 
 "IT 
 
 naps 
 
 J?VpPP 
 
 .1tr|3 
 Dlt?723 
 
 T : I- T T : r'r 
 
 ^33 
 
 PARTICIPLE.
 
 HEBREW GRAMMAR. 13 
 
 Paradigm of Verbs in NIPHHAL. 
 
 Verb. Verb. Verb. Verb. Verb. Verb. 
 
 sS init. ^ init. *\ med. 5 med. si final. rr final. 
 
 &c. 
 
 
 g. 
 ^i
 
 14 
 
 1NTBODUCTION TO 
 
 PRETER. 
 Sing. 3 m. 
 
 2f. 
 2 m. 
 2f. 
 
 1 com. 
 Plur. 3 com. 
 
 2 m. 
 2f. 
 
 1 com. 
 
 INFINITIVE. 
 IMPERATIVE. 
 Sing. m. 
 
 f. 
 Plur. m. 
 
 f. 
 
 PRESENT. 
 Sing. 3 m. 
 
 3f. 
 
 2 m. 
 2f. 
 
 1 com. 
 Plur. 3 m. 
 
 3f. 
 
 2 m. 
 2 f . 
 
 1 com. 
 
 Paradigm of Verbs in PIHEL. 
 
 Regular Verb. Verb. Verb. Verb. 
 
 Verb. 1 gutt. 2 gutt. 3 gutt. 3 mit 
 
 Verb. 
 
 5135^0 
 
 strn &c. 
 
 PRES. apoc. 
 
 PARTICIPLE. btoftlp "T5
 
 Verb. 
 & init. 
 
 HEBREW GRAMMAR. 
 
 Paradigm of Verbs in PIHEL. 
 
 Verb. Verb. Verb. Verb. 
 
 1 or T init. > med. ^ med. w final. 
 
 ! 
 g 
 
 b^ s$i 212; 
 
 &c. &c. &c. 
 
 &C. &C. &C. 
 
 &c. 
 
 &c. 
 
 15 
 
 Verb, 
 ft final. 
 
 nba
 
 Regular Verb. 
 Verb. 1 gutt. 
 
 I 
 
 16 
 
 PRETER. 
 Sing. 3 m. 
 
 3f. 
 
 2 m. 
 2f. 
 
 1 com. 
 Plur. 3 com. 
 
 2 m. 
 2f. 
 
 1 com. 
 
 INFINITIVE. 
 
 IMPERATIVE. 
 Sing. m. 
 
 f. 
 Plur. m. 
 
 f. 
 
 PRESENT. 
 Sing. 3 m. 
 
 3f. 
 
 2 m. 
 2f. 
 
 1 com. 
 Plur. 3 m. 
 
 3f. 
 
 2 m. 
 2f. 
 
 1 com. 
 
 PRES. apoc. 
 
 PARTICIPLE. 
 
 INTRODUCTION TO 
 
 Paradigm of Verbs in PUHAL. 
 
 Verb. 
 2 gutt. 
 
 Verb. 
 3 gutt. 
 
 Verb. 
 
 init. 
 
 Verb. 
 
 , None. 
 
 &c. 
 
 *Ttfa?
 
 HEBREW GRAMMAR. 
 
 17 
 
 Paradigm of Verbs in PUHAL. 
 
 Verb. Verb. Verb. Verb. Verb. Verb. 
 
 init. ^ or T init. ^ med. ^ med. $ final. j^y final. 
 
 h3N ni^ nta"* Dttl'p 
 
 P S. I- X I-X I- ' 
 
 IT : 
 
 I I J flPOI'P 
 
 ca-i 
 
 b3i aj# a^ 
 
 &c. &c. &c.
 
 18 
 
 PRETER. 
 Sing. 3 m. 
 
 2f. 
 
 2 m. 
 
 2f. 
 
 1 com. 
 Plur. 3 com. 
 
 2 m. 
 2 f. 
 
 1 com. 
 
 INFINITIVE. 
 IMPERATIVE. 
 Sing. m. 
 
 f. 
 Plur. m. 
 
 f. 
 
 PRESENT. 
 Sing. 3 m. 
 
 3f. 
 
 2 m. 
 2f. 
 
 1 com. 
 Plur. 3 m. 
 
 3f. 
 
 2 m. 
 2f. 
 
 1 com. 
 
 PRES. apoc. 
 PARTICIPLE. 
 
 INTRODUCTION TO 
 
 Paradigm of Verbs in HIPHHIL. 
 
 Regular 
 Verb. 
 
 Verb. 
 1 gutt. 
 
 Verb. 
 2 gutt. 
 
 Verb. 
 3 gutt. 
 
 Verb. 
 5 init. 
 
 Verb. 
 
 cr<? 
 
 niaon 
 
 njntepry 
 
 .-obEprr 
 
 n &c. 
 
 &c -
 
 HEBREW GRAMMAR. 19 
 
 Paradigm of Ferbs in HIPHHIL. 
 
 Verb. Verb. Verb. Verb. Verb. Verb. 
 
 init. ^ or <j init. ^ med. > med. final. pj final. 
 
 &c. 
 
 &c 
 
 rib?n 
 
 i naafljn n 3 M ,? BJ 3 ^^^ 
 
 a^a^a a^Pa M^saa nbaa 
 
 nbaa
 
 20 
 
 INTRODUCTION TO 
 
 
 *ibtp|?rr 
 
 None. 
 
 PRETER. 
 Sing. 3 m. 
 
 3f. 
 
 2 m. 
 
 2f. 
 
 1 com. 
 Plur. 3 com, 
 
 2 m. ] 
 2 f. 
 
 1 com. 
 
 INFINITIVE. 
 
 IMPERATIVE. -| 
 Sing. m. 
 
 f. 
 Plur. m. 
 
 f. 
 
 PRESENT. 
 Sing. 3 m. 
 
 3f. 
 
 2 m. 
 2f. 
 
 1 com. 
 Plur. 3 m. 
 
 3f. 
 
 2 m. 
 2f. 
 
 PRES. apoc. 
 
 PARTICIPLE. 
 
 Paradigm of Verbs in HOPHHAL. 
 
 Verb. Verb. 
 3 gutt. 3 init - 
 
 Br?rr tcjarr 
 n#an 
 
 Regular 
 Verb. 
 
 Verb. 
 1 gutt. 
 
 Verb. 
 2 gutt. 
 
 Verb. 
 
 nsipin 
 
 zJa 
 
 naypqJ^j na^ari 
 
 ''y'r 1 ^ ^^'l^ 1 
 nayptpn nat^ari 
 
 3JD/IB
 
 HEBREW GRAMMAR. 
 
 21 
 
 Verb. 
 
 & init. 
 
 CJ 
 kf 
 
 u 
 
 Paradigm of Verbs in HOPHHAL. 
 
 Verb, 
 or s init. 
 
 yyfitn 
 
 Verb. Verb. 
 *! med. 
 
 Verb. 
 'A final. 
 
 Verb. 
 r final. 
 
 &c. 
 
 &c. 
 
 &c. 
 
 ClM 
 
 D-13
 
 22 
 
 PRETER. 
 
 Sing. 3 m. 
 3f. 
 2 m. 
 2f. 
 
 1 com. 
 Plur. 3 com. 
 
 2 m. 
 2f. 
 
 1 com. 
 
 INTRODUCTION TO 
 
 Paradigm of Verbs in HITHPAHEL. 
 
 Verb. 
 
 2 gutt. 
 
 Regular Verb. 
 Verb. 1 gutt. 
 
 Verb. 
 3 gutt. 
 
 n.baon 
 
 IT : - : 
 
 nnbanrt 
 
 Verb. 
 
 5 m ^- 
 
 Verb. 
 "IT 
 
 on "i)*>?nn 
 
 INFINITIVE. 
 IMPERATIVE. 
 Sing. m. 
 
 f. 
 Plur. m. 
 
 f. 
 
 PRESENT. 
 Sing. 3 m. 
 
 3f. 
 
 2 m. 
 
 2f. 
 
 1 com. 
 Plur. 3 m. 
 
 3f. 
 
 2 m. 
 2f. 
 
 1 com. 
 
 PRES. apoc. 
 
 njbarin t 
 
 nabtsnnn 
 
 - 
 
 nbarin ttJ^^n 
 ^lon &c. 
 sinbann 
 
 PARTICIPLE.
 
 HEBREW GRAMMAR. 23 
 
 Paradigm of Verbs in HITHPAHEL. 
 
 Verb. Verb. Verb. Verb. Verb. Verb. Verb. 
 
 S init. ^ init. ^ init. s med. ? med. & final. n final. 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 &c. &c. & c . .ittttlpnn &c 
 
 Q-oi 
 &c. &c. &c. 
 
 piP^P tfsnp
 
 24 INTRODUCTION TO 
 
 VERBS FOR WRITING OUT. 
 
 . 25. 1. Regular verb, && , he judged; Sfif , he wrote; 
 "1? , he spake. 
 
 First Guttural, "H^ , he passed over ; E?n , he was wise ; 
 
 :nn , he killed. 
 
 2. Guttural and "> as the 2d consonant, ^HN , he was behind ; 
 ""!7^ , he was clean ; 'Ntp , he asked ; 2n| , he drove out. 
 
 3. Guttural nbtZ7 , he sent ; 3HT , he sowed ; PT22 , he was high. 
 7 "S ^?3, he feU ; S33, he touched ; ">?3, he kept ; 703, he 
 
 gave. 
 
 3? ; " V or "I " "1 . TO , he strengthened ; V?n , he praised ; "HS , 
 he bound up ; 7?n ? he was gracious. 
 
 N " Q . Taw , he perished ; ia , he said ; 2HK , he loved. 
 
 ^ " 2 for 1 . TTJ , he descended ; 37^^ , he knew j "T^J , he bare ; 
 "'iTJ , he was precious. 
 
 ** " Q proper, p3^ , he sucked ; ">E^ > ^ e was straight ; s?* , he 
 yelled. 
 
 ""'3 defective, ?}, he strewed; H?;, he kindled; P?J, he 
 poured. 
 
 J) " 37 , ^!|tt? , to return ; ri^ltt , to die ; ^2 , to be ashamed ; 
 N12 1 to come. 
 
 11 " r , Va ? to exult ; ^"? , to strive ; fVtt? , to place. 
 
 N " b 5 Sn2 , he created ; 1^ , he was afraid ; Ntpn j he- sinned ; 
 NSP3 , he lifted up. 
 
 H " v j H7^ ? he ascended ; HhH ? he saw ; f33 } he smote ; 
 H"in } he was hot ; f^ , he came ; HSN ? he cooked. 
 
 N. B. The student, before writing out any of these verbs, will do 
 well to consult the Lexicon.
 
 HEBREW GRAMMAR. 
 
 25 
 
 a- a- a*- a- ai 
 
 : .: a- 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 fi- 
 
 a- 
 
 Cr 
 
 a 
 
 & ~ rs.. 
 
 S * & 
 
 B g ^ 
 
 M 
 
 HH H 
 
 fi- 
 
 
 
 ft- 
 
 n- - 
 
 u 
 
 a- fl 
 
 p... 
 
 "a 
 
 n :> 
 
 
 
 S'S S ' 
 
 a 
 
 =. 
 
 a a- 
 
 n j_ 
 
 
 11 fc- fc- ~ E*- ^ 
 
 CO 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 g 1 a- , a- a- 
 
 & i -P" -g 
 
 rr ^ 1^ 
 
 S fii' 
 ^n at 
 
 a 
 ^ a 
 
 o 
 
 r- r ' r 
 
 fi' li:- fi- fi- 
 
 a*- a- a- a- 
 
 fM- j^J- * *- r ' f^. 
 
 a" a- ft* ft" ft - <D- 
 
 a 
 
 CO 
 
 w 
 
 ^ 
 
 a | 
 
 ^ "eg 
 
 rt g . ,a o> 
 en ^ -g .-s ^ 
 .s EF 5 h
 
 26 INTRODUCTION TO 
 
 NOUNS. 
 
 . 26. Nouns may be divided into three classes : 
 
 I. Those consisting simply of the stem-letters. 
 
 II. Those formed by reduplication of one or more of the stem- 
 letters. 
 
 III. Those formed by extraneous addition. 
 
 I. (1.) Of the first-class the simplest are those, originally mono- 
 
 syllables, having the toned vowel attached to the first stem-letter, 
 i i ^ . 
 
 whose original forms, ?^ :*?!?> :^f> nave a helping vowel 
 Segol, or with Guttural, Pathach, added, and now usually appear in 
 
 the forms b$j?. , bgjp > bl^'p , sometimes called Segolates. The sig- 
 nification was originally and is frequently abstract. 
 
 (2.) Those having the toned vowel attached to the second stem- 
 letter, and thereby proclaiming their nearer relationship to the verb. 
 The forms are bfcf? , bz$ , bfe,*? , b^|7 , bnpjj , including ad- 
 jectives, participles, and substantives. 
 
 (3.) Those whose characteristic is a long unchangeable vowel, not 
 belonging to the root, the forms are btaSp t partic., and btt'ip ? sub- 
 stantive. 
 
 II. (1.) Those formed by reduplication of the middle letter, of 
 which the forms are b&p, bltefe, Vt3p, VitSp, 
 
 (2.) By the reduplication of the last consonant 
 
 (3.) By the reduplication of the two last b^yTDp ; i n all which 
 cases the reduplication has the same effect on the signification as in 
 the Pi el conjugation. 
 
 III. Of these are, (1.) Rare formations, N, 7T, or "*, prefixed, as, 
 
 (2.) Those commonly occurring ; (a) having a Mem prefixed, 
 which is probably an abbreviation of ^B , who ; HO } what. To 
 the former belong the participles, bl3/2p ? b^^pQ , &c. ; and to 
 the latter a large number of substantives of the forms, b^pp, 
 bt?PP , Vtepp , blttpa ; (b) having a M prefixed, and generally 
 forming abstract substantives, b^Kipn ? nbbpW , & c ., &c ; (c) those 
 having an appended syllable, an, or am, on or 6m, forming both ad- 
 jectives and abstract nouns, ibtt}?, Tibtpp, ^bpp, pbttp, 
 
 In the proper names riabt?? and rib^tt? , the 1 is supposed to have 
 been dropped ; (d) an appended ^-^- as a termination, forming
 
 HEBREW GRAMMAR. 27 
 
 adjectives from any substantive, but especially from proper names, as, 
 ""!??, Hebrew; <I "3?O, Egyptian. 
 
 GENDER. 
 
 . 27. Nouns have only two Genders, masculine and feminine. 
 The feminine termination is H , like the a of Latin and Greek, or 
 j-| ^ * rV from '' . But many nouns are feminine which have not 
 these terminations, as, 
 
 1. All names of females. 2. Names of countries and cities. 3. 
 The double members of the body, as, 7:V , the eye ; ]t*S , the ear, 
 &c. 
 
 NUMBER OF NOUNS. 
 
 . 28. There are three numbers, singular, plural, and the dual, 
 which is confined chiefly to those things which are double by nature 
 or art. 
 
 The plural terminations are 2 > _ and Hi the former of which is 
 usually the masculine, and the latter the feminine termination, though 
 there are masculines like rTQM fathers, which have the latter 
 termination ; and feminines as E^tt72 women, which have the former 
 termination. 
 
 These terminations have the tone, and therefore, when added to 
 words whose vowels are capable of change, sometimes shorten and 
 sometimes destroy them, as, 
 
 b"ha t^b-h? nfyha 
 
 nlaiO 
 
 T T ' T "I T -2 
 
 The termination of the dual is E^ , as, E?3T!? , two ears ; QVI^ , 
 two hands, &c., &c. 
 
 COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. 
 
 . 29. The Comparative is expressed by the preposition "\tefrom, fol- 
 lowing [like the ablative in Latin, &c.]. The Superlative by repe- 
 tition, or by prepositions, &c. 
 
 REGIMEN, CONSTRUCTED STATE. 
 . 30. There is little in Hebrew analogous to the Latin and Greek 
 
 * This feminine termination has the tone, and therefore when added to the 
 masculine, destroys the vowel most remote from it, if that vowel be changeable ; 
 
 as, DDrr , neon :
 
 28 INTRODUCTION TO 
 
 declensions. When a Genitive is required, a change is made, if 
 possible, in the governing word, not in that which is governed. The 
 governing word is looked upon as closely connected with that which 
 it governs, and therefore, losing its tone, either partially or entirely, 
 shortens its vowels, as, 
 
 Absolute state, 
 
 "tj yahd, hand. 7F[ 11 yad-David, the hand of David. 
 
 "D^T da-var, a word ; E^n'? ^^l d'var Elo-him, word of God. 
 
 . 31. The feminine turns H into D , as, 
 
 nS^O , a queen ; H2$ rD^fc , queen of Sheba. 
 
 nnCEJ 5 maid-servant ; *Ty& finplp , maid-servant of Sarah. 
 
 . 32. The plural masculine loses the D , and turns Hhirek into 
 Tsere, as, D-n^ , "HM . 
 
 . 33. The plural feminine shortens the vowels, if possible, as, 
 inpttf sh'pha-hhoth, nlnpttf shiph-hhoth, Hfatf sha-noth, ni3# 
 
 sh'noth, &c. 
 
 . 34. The other cases are expressed by the help of prepositions. 
 The Accusative has the same form as the Nominative, but is frequently 
 denoted by the word f"l$ or "HN , which appears originally to have 
 signified "strength," and thence like C^ , to have come to signify 
 " self," " substance." And hence it is sometimes used before the 
 Nominative also, as, Ufarrnt* } the bear himself. 
 
 THE AKTICLE. 
 
 . 35. There is one article, the definite, supposed to have been 
 originally 7H . This full form is rare, the ' is generally assimilated, 
 andtherefore the following letter doubled, if it be not a Guttural or 
 "^ , by means of a Dagesh-forte, as '~'3?'^> '"'?/?'? ham-mal-kah, 
 the Queen. 
 
 . 36. Before Gutturals and "1 , the H takes Kametz. Excepting 
 that before H and n the Pathach frequently remains. When the 
 Guttural has itself Kametz, and the word is of more than one 
 syllable, n takes Segol, as, Q^"}nn he-ha-rim ; if a monosyllable, 
 Kametz is retained as ""^^ 
 
 . 37. When the noun with an article has an adjective, the adjective 
 also takes the article, as, nrriton nt^SrT } the good woman. If it 
 have a demonstrative pronoun besides, then the pronoun also takes the 
 article, as, H^-TH rQiten nU?n , the woman, the good, the this, 
 this good woman.
 
 HEBREW GRAMMAR. 
 
 29 
 
 PARADIGMS OF THE DECLENSION OF NOUNS. 
 
 . 38. The Declension of Nouns in Hebrew is confined to the 
 changes made to express the Feminine, the Construct state, and the 
 Plural. The following tables present the chief varieties : 
 
 Absol. state m. 
 Construct state 
 Plural 
 
 Construct state 
 Dual 
 Construct state 
 
 Absol. state f. 
 Construct state 
 Plural 
 
 Construct state 
 Dual 
 Construct state 
 
 1. Guttural. 
 A E O 
 
 1PD 
 
 I. NOUNS OF THE FIRST FORMATION. 
 A E 
 
 the same 
 
 O 
 
 1 T : 
 
 nno 
 
 u 
 
 Feminities. 
 
 niinp 
 
 2. Guttural. 
 A E O 
 
 3. Guttural. 
 A E O 
 
 nnp. 
 
 "T: T 
 
 Feminines. 
 
 3 ranw npm nnnta 
 
 *" "" 'T T. T T 
 
 Instead of the regular Segolate E of the 2d Guttural.
 
 30 
 
 INTRODUCTION TO 
 
 2. From Verbs " S . 
 
 
 A 
 
 E 
 
 O 
 
 Absolute, m. 
 
 ba 
 
 TB CM 
 
 ph 
 
 Construct 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Plural 
 
 o^ba 
 
 nisi* 
 
 c^n 
 
 Construct 
 
 ^a 
 
 rtliss 
 
 >fv>n 
 
 Feminine 
 
 nba 
 
 nnn 
 
 n^n 
 
 Construct 
 
 nba 
 
 nrin 
 
 nj^n 
 
 Plural 
 
 rriba 
 
 nfon 
 
 mpn 
 
 Construct 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Absolute, m. 
 
 Construct 
 
 Plural 
 
 Construct 
 
 Feminine 
 
 Construct 
 
 Plural 
 
 Construct 
 
 3. From Verbs V? an( j 
 A 
 
 mtt Tia5 ' 
 
 nni 
 nin-ia 
 
 o 
 
 Absolute, m. 
 
 Construct 
 
 Plural 
 
 Construct ( 
 
 Dual 
 
 Construct 
 
 Feminine 
 
 Construct 
 
 Plural 
 
 Construct 
 
 4. From Verbs H"b 
 A 
 
 T : T T T 
 
 
 
 Oafc)
 
 HEBREW GRAMMAR. 
 
 31 
 
 .. 
 
 II. NOUNS OF THE SECOND FORMATION, AND THOSE SIMILAR, AS, Di 
 
 i. btsp 2. btap 3. Vtep 4.bi&p5. 
 
 T 'T "'T T T 
 
 Absol. m. 
 
 Constr. 
 
 Plural 
 
 Constr. 
 
 Dual 
 Constr. 
 
 fc) *$ 
 
 Fern. 
 
 Constr 
 Plural 
 
 { 
 
 i from 
 
 ^ niis 
 
 Wl 
 
 rvtorr 
 
 f rrhttM 
 
 Constr. | (B ^-, 
 
 nlany 
 
 Dual 
 Constr. 
 
 Absol. m. 
 
 Constr. 
 
 Plural 
 
 Constr. 
 
 Dual 
 
 Constr. 
 
 Fern. 
 
 From n " 
 
 123 4 
 
 mn 
 
 T T 
 
 nnrj 
 ni-in 
 
 From 
 i 
 
 nte 
 
 vy . 
 
 1 2 3 
 
 D" 1 V 1 ? 
 
 r 4 5 
 
 The vowel un- 
 changeable in all.
 
 32 
 
 INTRODUCTION TO 
 
 III. NOUNS IN WHICH THE FlRST SYLLABLE REMAINS UNCHANGED. 
 
 1. With E in the last Syllable. 
 
 S. Absol. m. 2fi3 "l&PP f??P 
 
 Constr. IBpp 
 
 Plural D^Stfb 
 
 Constr. ""303 
 
 Fern. ^303 "'903 
 
 Constr. rgns npafr" 
 
 Plural 
 Constr. 
 
 And so all Participles in E, vtefta > bte^na . 
 
 2. With A in the last Syllable. 
 
 rmp'ia rnag& 
 
 Nouns 
 in]. 
 
 in 
 
 rntths 
 
 
 nan 
 
 Nouns 
 in 71 . 
 
 S. Absol. m. 
 
 Constr. 
 
 Plural 
 
 Constr. 
 
 Fern. 
 
 Constr. 
 Plural 
 
 Constr. rilittf'is rrnj;i3]3 ninsipa 
 
 N.B. Those from verbs n " 7 } with unchangeable first syllable, as, 
 
 * T follows the vowel-change of the final syllable, 
 f And so Participles in A, as, "^i^p , ^i?? . 
 
 IV. ADJECTIVES IN V . 
 
 Absol. m. 
 
 Constr. 
 
 Plural 
 
 Constr. 
 
 Fern. 
 
 Constr. 
 
 Plural 
 
 Constr.
 
 HEBREW GRAMMAR, 
 
 r- ^ -j^ vT- vr^vr-.vr^vr;-,!^. -J^-J^-^T"^ ^a^hj^^-^{^>vr\i-,j' N '-J' N M N M N '- 
 
 ' F- ii n^a ' , *' - cVs lib b. 
 
 13" 13- 3- 3:- 3- G- 3- 3- 3:- 3:- 3' 3- Pi" pi" Pi" Pii 1 PIT piV pr,vI N ".J x ",/ N "./ N " 
 
 r* r " r" r r" r" ri^ ri' r;: r". ri.' ri-' r. h rr r-i rr rii r-^ r. 1 " c= D D D 
 
 n - _ n r ,-. ^ nH o n:. n: D D- 
 
 jj O *-i *: *: *-: *-: *-: *: *: *-: *-: *-: *: *: *: *-: -: -: *-: -: -: *-: *-: *: 
 
 C q fc- c fc q CH q : q.. fc.. c^ > q. q. b, q, q,- q : q= Q b b q: 
 
 || ^^- ", % n,n,o - & ^ fr^i. b& h,n:.D.D 
 
 O , "V ' J ' ! 
 
 G **- 
 
 oj ^" ^r.p , .^ .^ .^ .^ .? .p .^ .^ .^ . .^ .^ .^ .p . .^ .^ .p .^ .? 
 
 5 | 2 q q *q- q & q '^'5 'q 'q 'qVf> 'q 'q. ' 'q- Q- O- O 'q= *6 '5 "& 
 
 o 1 ^ ' r is E g.n: n - & ' fc- * fc.& n,n:-b-b 
 
 *- - s D *~- n 
 
 i-rj ^ W 
 
 O ja .13 Oi- I3i- li- Clt- ClH I3- dv- Hit- O Civ- 13- 3- C1- 13- 3- C1- d- I3i- Elt- i3- I3t- 
 
 TS 43 p&i PI, pi- p^- ph pip p)-,; p-tP pi-^ pi*- pv- PIL- pi^- pi*, pit- pi- pii- pit- pi- p- Pip pVh PV-' P;; 
 
 5 C L, -^ ^^^^r:J^ ^K^t^-^-^v-^f ^ r ^i r J^:-^P' r ^i-^r:-^:^:^:^r:^r: 
 
 g 11 I !*""** S : D r & ' ^^^ n>& &&&& 
 
 3 ^ ^ n: o o. o. o o. o. n. n- r, n. o. o.. .. r, r,.. n.. n- o " n ^ 
 
 H- ( i ** M' M" PI- 55- 55'- 55'- 55- 55'. 55- 55 : - 55- 55'- t &* 55*- 51^ 55^ w* 55^ 5)'- 55'- 5v- 55'- 
 
 fr ^ o as n D- n- n. D c n- D c, n. c- c*- c- c. n c- n*- n= D D D D D 
 
 ^-n;?n,n,n' & ' fr * fc> 
 
 
 K 
 
 fa fni fii ni fni /^* /~ii r\\ /T /ni /~ii FII i^\ /^^* n* f^ ^i- /"! /^ /n* m /^i r\\ FT 
 
 co r' r :: r- r- r- ^r 1 r*- r ' r- r- r^ rf- r-" r^ r^ r^ r h p* f*; r- r- r' n 
 
 = i - 
 
 CO 
 5r 
 ^, w ** 73 g "LI ' P *- - I- i-- rr y >^. - 
 
 O3 OJ S-i hr 
 p^ r^ 05 F-i 
 
 ^ S "S ^ D| D- D- D- D- D- D- D- D- D- O- D- D- D- D- D D f> D^- D; D- D- D- 
 -^ ^ o S r r" r- r r- - r r 1 - r : r ' r- r+ r*- r- r^ r^ r^ rt- r:- r : rs r : r : r= 
 g 05 .> g |r |n- *- H ^ n:. rv O *~ & ' p- j^ ^ ^H ^ n : . h:- p- n=- 
 
 a
 
 34 INTRODUCTION TO 
 
 fc ftl- n- rv- n- n'.. n : - n!. rv. n'- n- n n n'.. n'- n- n'. n : - n!. n!. rv- n'. n'- n'. 
 <0 . r .p .p -P .P -P -P -P -P -P -P -P -P -P -P .P -P -P .P -P -P -P -P 
 
 w 
 
 i-i 
 
 2 C- C- fl- O- O- J3- fl- O- J3- S3- S3- S3- S3- S3- S3- S3- S3- S3- S3- S3- S3- f3- S3- 
 
 g X X n" nV n- fr p" g: p.' g; g: * g: g^ g: g: g: g; g: g: g:: g:: g:: 
 
 s D c g R fc 6 h ^ & r ' p & r g g. . 
 
 I B CO 
 
 * ^ .X. .X. .X .X .X ...X...X ...X -i .X < .X .X .X JC...X _.X ..X ..X ..X ..X ^X JC -?..-?.. 
 
 n n n" h- fi ; n h'^ h! h- H- ni- n'*-' h" n. n=" hi' hn hi- h=' h!' ft hi h= 
 
 
 
 * J I ? i i * i\- I I j r j i- 
 
 ^ 13 
 
 D *- 
 
 CO 
 
 pq co 
 
 P V=-V: V- "r-Vs V s V-V : V s V s V; V : V- V 1 'r--- 't-* V h *r= V : V s "r : V s V s 
 
 - n ni - " S ^ n ' =- 
 
 H S3 
 
 S w O>- fl- O- fJ- C J3- O J3 O- S3- S3- S3- S3- S3- S3- S3- S3- S3- S3- S3- S3" S3- S3- 
 
 K o -P -P -P -P -P -P -P -P -P -P -P -P -P -P -P -P P -P -P -P -P -P -P 
 
 5 n ' a a or S3-V. S S-*S : "5- 5- o>- S>-*5- "S"-"Si"5-"o:-*5 : S : & & c : 
 
 O ' J^ 1^ >J ~ n: J? n: n: u *~ n ' t- P ^- ru ^ n h f . f- 
 
 h^- O ' LI j^ JIT *^ |_t- JJ * i.- !! |^:- K..' 
 
 ^ ft ' D *~ n f- 
 
 r ^ n. r~i m t~ 
 ' IT jr--' 
 
 rv _rj /-ih ri: n- n.. nt- n- n. rv n;. ni ni- *- ._ n: rv n: n: 
 D - LI |T |^'- J_ h ^ iP 
 
 r' r^ r-- n r r^ r^ r- r' r^ r^ r-" r 1 r* r^ r*- r :>: r= h r : r : r" r=" 
 
 ri= E n:-n: D ~ b ' fcfc'r 'fr% h:.h:fc:.n:- 
 
 LI *^ O ""
 
 HEBREW GRAMMAR. 35 
 
 J3' J3 S3> 53i *3i J3' 
 
 > J3- fl fl-O- 
 
 P P 
 
 P 
 
 . 
 q q p q- p q q, q q:. q. q--c - 
 
 rR " ED ' 
 
 P: PV Ptt PV 
 
 {"! M' *1 M 
 
 t C -Suipaoaad aq; sy "q ', 
 
 J3' S3' J3 fli fli O' fli fl fli fl< fl.. fl' C' O' O' 
 
 I 
 
 W S 
 
 M 2 
 
 &4 M-. M. 11- M.. M. J* 
 
 p&i r- r- r- r*- r- i g 
 
 Cra-nir rxnx fx fe 
 
 S CC P qp P I 
 
 C^C- O-D- C" S 
 
 r- r" r" +3 
 
 p h f! 1 -Suip9oajd Qi{i sy 
 
 P P 
 
 . . . CM 
 
 11 q 
 
 DP D-D-D- g *" 
 
 r- r- r 1 - r" r" s .? 
 
 p*- p* -Suipaoaad 9^ sy .^? .^! .? o ^ 
 
 K * q q P- 
 
 CD 
 
 . .. _ > n- CTV- fii- n- ni HI FV- n- n n n n n n n n n n n pq 
 n q p p p q P-P/P P-P-q 'Q 'qVq\ q/qVqV& "qVp q : ^ g 
 
 o' ^ *&&*-&%{*%:& fc= 
 
 o r ~ a r ^ r
 
 36 
 
 INTRODUCTION TO
 
 HEBREW GRAMMAR. 
 
 37 
 
 Pi:- 
 .& 
 
 r 
 
 a 
 
 & 
 
 e. 
 &' 
 
 D- 
 fl- 
 
 a 
 
 Xi Pi:- Pi:- 
 
 C' .a- r. .a- 
 
 r - r & r 
 
 a a 
 
 
 a 
 
 |: 
 
 fj 
 
 Zt- 
 
 C" 
 
 .&; 
 & 
 
 a- cv 'i 
 r: o- ^? 
 o *a- 
 
 & 
 
 n 
 
 Z:- 
 
 C- 
 
 r 
 
 P:- 
 .& 
 
 r - 
 
 n 
 
 & PK. 
 
 ^: .a 
 
 a r- 
 a 
 
 Cr 
 
 o- 
 
 r f 
 
 D 
 
 o 
 
 Y 
 
 CO 
 
 rt 
 
 .g. 
 
 &. *? 
 
 PI. 
 % B 
 
 i Pi:- 
 
 4? 
 
 CO 
 
 >o 
 
 Pi:- 
 t 
 
 Zl . Cr 
 
 13: 
 
 g- -a 
 
 
 
 5! 1 - 
 .Bh 
 r 
 
 Pit- PI*- 
 
 .&* ,a>- 
 
 r r 
 
 r 
 
 c. 
 
 
 eo
 
 38 INTRODUCTION TO 
 
 NOTES ON THE NUMERALS. 
 
 Note 1. The numerals from two to ten are placed, First, before 
 the substantive, either in the absolute state, or the constructed, 
 n*?%0 nrcbl^, three shekels | D^i$ f^f t a three of shekels; 
 Secondly, more rarely after the substantive in the absolute state, 
 nttJbp D^fTO? , three shekels. 
 
 2. The numbers two to ten almost always take the substantive in 
 the plural, unless it be a noun of multitude. 
 
 3. The numbers from eleven to nineteen usually stand before the 
 thing numbered, and take the plural, except in some nouns, which 
 often require to be mentioned with numbers ; these are D i s , a day ; 
 n3tZ7 ? a year ; HJSS , an ell ; *)/?? , a thousand, and E^N very fre- 
 quently. . 
 
 4. The tens may stand, First, before the noun expressing the thing 
 numbered, in which case this noun is placed in the singular, as 
 T37 D^lpy , twenty cities, or, in the plural ; Secondly, after jt, in 
 which case the noun is put in the plural, as D^"?^ niany , twenty 
 she-asses. 
 
 5. In numbers consisting of tens and units, the noun expressing 
 the thing numbered, may stand, First, in the singular, after the 
 number, as, H3tt? nabtp D^bltf, thirty-eight years ; or, Secondly, 
 in the plural, before the number, as, D?rit|fa D^$?3? D'HS ; twenty- 
 two cities ; or, Thirdly, it is repeated in the singular with the tens, 
 and the plural with the units, as, nattf a %l 37?Q?'| D'OEJ Eton , seventy- 
 five years. 
 
 6. The numbers m$P and f\ vN may be construed in the same way 
 as the units (Note 1). 
 
 7. The nouns of number may have the article, First, without 
 substantives in reference to before -mentioned objects, as, O^Sr'lSn y 
 the forty ; TySn E77tt?n } these three ; Secondly, with substantives 
 spoken of definitely, in which case the number being in the construct 
 state, the article is joined to the word governed, as, fTnlH^n N3??, 
 the two lights ; or interposed, t^N n ^?? D ^^ > the twelve men ; 
 Thirdly, when they stand for ordinals. 
 
 8. The^ distributives are expressed by repetition of the cardinals, 
 as, n37?H7 TTSltf } by sevens.
 
 HEBREW GRAMMAR. 39 
 
 9. The proportionals by the Duals of the cardinals, as, 
 sevenfold. 
 
 10. The numeral adverbs by E^S , as, J"in$ D^5, once 
 twice; D^P? B?btp, thrice. 
 
 THE PARTICLES. 
 
 . 40. The so-called Particles are either words which can stand by 
 themselves, Separate ; or fragments that must be joined to another 
 word, Inseparables. 
 
 Pronouns. 
 
 1. i. The personal pronouns have been given, page 6. The demon- 
 strative pronouns are JTT, this ; fern. Hb$T (ft } HT) ; C om. 'ft . 
 Plural, com. vN, and n?M } these. 
 
 The pronoun N^H } w jth jt s feminine and plural, are used with the 
 particle to express that, as WHn Di*n , #Aa# c?y. 
 
 ii. The relative pronoun is "^t? 5 wAo, which, for all cases and 
 genders. It is sometimes abbreviated into V? , when it is joined to the 
 following word, the first letter of which then takes Dagesh-forte, if 
 possible, to signify the assimilation of the ""I . 
 
 iii. The interrogative pronouns are S Z? , who ; HE } what. Before 
 Makkeph it is ~n , also before H , n , 2 . Before a Guttural with 
 Kametz it takes Segol. 
 
 2. The Inseparable Particles are 
 i. H , the article. See page 28. 
 
 ii. L? , Interrogative, denoting a question. It usually has -=?* . 
 Before a Sh'va or Guttural it takes Pathach, as, ^ppn } l s it little ? 
 before a Guttural with Kametz it takes Segol, "*?3Nrr ? Is it I ? 
 
 iii. 1 , the Conjunction, which commonly takes simple Sh'va ; 
 before another Sh'va, or a Labial letter, it has Shurek ; before the 
 tone syllable Kametz. 
 
 iv. The so-called Vau conversive, joined to the Future apocopate 
 with 5 , and followed by a Dagesh-forte. It turns the future into 
 the narrative tense, as, Qlp^ , he shall arise ; D|/*l , and he arose. It 
 draws back the tone. It is supposed to be a remnant of the verb 
 "0?7 i he was. The older grammarians also adopted a Vau con- 
 versive of the Preterite, which throws the tone forward, as, -IJPt 1 ? > 
 thou hast written ; .FOrD 1 ] , and thou shalt write. 
 
 v. The Prepositions, "? , in ; 7 , to ; 3 , according to, as. Before
 
 40 
 
 INTRODUCTION TO 
 
 the tone-syllable they take -^- , as Qp2 , in you ; rQ^7 , to go ; 
 before a simple Sh'va they take Hhirek, bl3j?7 for btop? ; before a 
 compound Sh'va, the vowel with which it is compounded, as, 
 Before Yod with Sh'va they take Hhirek, "^2 for 
 
 When they come before the article the H is often omitted, and they 
 take its vowel, E?P^2 for D^BJna , Di? for B^TTS , D2nb for 
 
 osnnb . 
 
 T T V : 
 
 vi. ft, an abbreviation of the preposition ]P , from, usually has 
 Hhirek, and a Dagesh-forte in the following letter. If that letter 
 does not admit Dagesh, it then takes Tzere. 
 
 Sometimes the -^ remains, as, V^P , outside ; fb^pbp } from 
 above ; HTlJTp , from Judah. 
 
 These prepositions take suffixes, as 
 
 Sin. Plur. 
 
 1. 
 
 2 m. 
 In pause 
 
 3 m. ib DJlb poet, fob 
 
 3 f. nb 
 
 Sing. Plur. 
 
 nns 
 
 Sing. Plural. 
 
 poet, 
 pause 
 
 M3^9p poet, ^nja a" 
 and ^nap poet. Di^! 
 
 Note Besides these inseparable prepositions, there are many other 
 words used as prepositions, and to be learned by use. 
 
 3. Adverbs. It is here only necessary to notice that there are a 
 few adverbs with an adverbial termination D_- or E_L , as D ->lpN } 
 verily , E3H , gratis ; EE^ , by day ; D^HQ , suddenly. The others 
 will be learned by use. 
 
 4. Interjections, There are some few natural sounds of exclama- 
 tion, as, PTnM, FIS, vin, 'iW, n ^H. Most have become inter- 
 jections by usage, as, ?, if, utinarn. fH and nan, behold ! nVbri, 
 absit ; ''Si ? I pray ; S3 , much the same.
 
 HEBREW GRAMMAR. 41 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 1. Substantive and Adjective, with and without Article, Pronoun, and 
 
 Suffixes. 
 
 Note. The Adjective is put after the Substantive. 
 
 i 2 
 A wise king. The wise king. This wise king. That wise king. 
 
 Wise kings. The wise kings. These wise kings. Those wise 
 
 34 5 678 
 
 kings. To great men. From those great men. In that high 
 
 9 10 11 12 13 
 
 mountain. Those holy priests. Wicked scorners. A holy law. 
 
 14 15 
 
 The holy law. This holy law. That holy law. Good command- 
 ments. The good commandments. These good commandments. 
 Those good commandments. In that good and wise and holy law. 
 
 16 17 18 
 
 From this evil counsel. To that great and holy congregation. Thy 
 wise kings [literally, thy kings the wise]. My holy laws [my law 
 the holy]. Your holy priests [your priests the holy]. Our wise 
 
 19 
 
 queen [our queen the wise]. Your good commandments. Thy good 
 and wise and holy law. In your good and great and holy congre- 
 gation. 
 
 1. Wise nan. 2. King TT^B. 3. To *?. 4. Great Vha . 
 5. From 1& . 6. Man &$ . 7. In ? . 8. High Wtaa . 9. Moun- 
 tain in. 10. Holy tftTi?. 11. Priest 1^3. 12. Wicked Sffih . 
 Scorner V"!? . 13. Law rrtifi . 14. Good ate. 15. Command- 
 ment ni2B . 16. Evil SI . 17. Counsel nS3? . 18. Congregation 
 19. Queen H|)n . 
 
 2. Adjective as Predicate, when it does not take the Article. 
 The Personal Pronoun is used instead of the verb Substantive. 
 
 The king is wise [the king wise he]. That mountain is high 
 
 G
 
 42 INTRODUCTION TO 
 
 [that mountain high he]. This law is holy [this law holy she]. 
 These commandments are good [these commandments good they]. 
 Those counsels were not good. 
 
 Note. The predicate may also be placed first, and the copula 
 altogether omitted. Thus, Wise, and good, and holy are the com- 
 mandments. High is that holy mountain. Wicked are those men. 
 Great is our holy congregation. Evil were his counsels. 
 
 3. Construct State. 
 
 1 " 2 3 4 5 
 
 The word of God is truth, and his righteousness is great. The dust 
 
 67 89 
 
 of the earth, and the sand of the sea-shore [lip of the sea], and the 
 
 10 11 12 13 14 
 
 stars of the high heavens. Precious in the eyes of the LORD is the 
 
 15 16 17 18 19 
 
 death of his saints. Her ways are ways of pleasantness, and all her 
 
 20 21 22 23 24 25 
 
 paths are peace. Length of days is in her right hand. She is a tree 
 
 26 27 28 29 
 
 of life to him laying hold on her. The fear of the Lord is the chief 
 
 30 31 32 33 
 
 part of wisdom. The desire of righteous men is only good. My 
 
 34 
 
 ways are not your ways. The thoughts of tfye righteous are not the 
 thoughts of the wicked. Their counsels are always good in the eyes 
 
 35 
 
 of their God. Sarai the wife of Abraham, a woman fair to look 
 
 36 37 38 
 
 upon [lit. beautiful of appearance]. The daughter of Jacob, the 
 
 39 40 
 
 sister of the Patriarchs. The daughters of the priest of Midian, 
 the sisters of Moses' wife. The women of Samaria, the daughters of 
 
 41 42 43 
 
 the land. The captain of the Lord's host. The families of the 
 
 44 45 
 
 children of Gershon. The ark of the covenant of the Lord. The 
 
 46 47 48 
 
 tables of stone, and the rod of Aaron. 
 
 1. Word -m . 2. God n'jf?. . 3. Truth H1DM . 4. Righteous- 
 ness n|?T? . 5. Dust 122 6. Earth Y"M . 7. Sand Vin . 8. Lip 
 nctp . 9. Sea D; . 10. Star rols . 11. Heavens D?p# . 12. Pre- 
 cious I/?; . 13. Eye ^y. 14. The LORD nirp. 15. Death njD .
 
 HEBREW GRAMMAR. 43 
 
 16. Saint pious Tpn (this might be also the Dative with 7). 17. 
 WayTTT:!. 18. Pleasantness D373 . 19. All, subst. the totality, ^3 
 (with Makkeph). 20. Path naVl? . 21. Peace nfttt? . 22. Length 
 y^ . 23. Day DV . 24. Right hand r& . 25. Tree V? . 26. 
 Life Q^n . 27. Laying hold |Ttqn with 3 after it. 28. Fear n*n^ . 
 29. Chief part, beginning, JTEttO . 30. Wisdom HD?n . 31. 
 Desire HINtf . 32. Righteous P^TO . 33. Only f\& . 34. Thought 
 35. Wife ntfH. 35. Beautiful np;. 37. Appearance 
 38. Daughter H2 . 39. Sister nins . 40. Patriarch, 
 father 3N. 41. Captain, prince ">& . 42. Host 3S . 43. Family 
 nnetpp . 44. Ark VPN . 45. Covenant iTn.2 . 46. Table r 
 47. Stone 1? . 48. Rod, staff, 
 
 4. TAe Comparative. 
 
 Is expressed by prefixing IP to the word standing for the object with 
 which comparison is made. 
 
 This people is stronger than we, and their sons more numerous 
 than ours [than our sons]. The end of Job was blessed more than 
 the beginning, and he greater than all the children of the East. What 
 is sweeter than honey, and what is stronger than a lion ? More pre- 
 cious is she than rubies. And it was greater the wisdom of Solomon 
 than the wisdom of Egypt, and he was wiser than all men. He was 
 more honourable than all the house of his father. Princes more, and 
 more honourable than these. 
 
 The Superlative is expressed similarly by the Positive, with an article 
 prefixed, or by Suffix. 
 
 Behold ! the youngest is with our father this day. At the eldest 
 he began, and at the youngest he finished. From the greatest of 
 them to the least of them. The best of them is as a brier. My 
 thousand is the poorest in Manasseh, and I am the least in my father's 
 house. The fairest among women. A lion the strongest amongst 
 beasts. 
 
 5. The Numerals. 
 
 Seven sons and three daughters. In yet three days. The seven 
 good kine, and the seven good ears, are seven years. Two witnesses 
 and two wives. One heart and one way. One nation and one king-
 
 44 INTRODUCTION TO 
 
 dom. Three men, Job's three friends. Four horns, four carpenters, 
 and four chariots. Five golden mice from the five lords of the 
 Philistines. Five cubits its length, and six reeds its heighth. Eight 
 tribes and nine camps. Ten years. Ten brethren. Seven women 
 shall lay hold of one man. Ten men shall take hold of the skirt of 
 a man a Jew. Josiah was eight years old when he began to reign 
 [at his reigning], and he reigned* thirty-one years. He lived an 
 hundred and eighty-two years. There was a famine three years, year 
 after year. His days were two hundred and five years. Abraham 
 was seventy-five years old at his going forth from Haran, and ninety- 
 nine years old when he received the covenant, and the days of the 
 years of his life were an hundred years and seventy years and five 
 years. In the six-hundredth year of Noah's life, in the second month, 
 the seventeenth day of the month, the waters descended. In the 
 second month, on the 27th day of the month, was the earth dried. 
 The waters prevailed on the earth 150 days. The ark rested in the 
 seventh month, on the seventeenth day of the month, upon the moun- 
 tains of Ararat. Twenty-five years old was he when he began to 
 reign [at his reigning], and he reigned twenty-nine years. On the 
 ninth day of [to] the month the famine prevailed. And in the fifth 
 month on the seventh day of [to] the month, the king's servant came 
 to Jerusalem. 
 
 6. The He locale. 
 
 Note. When the n locale is required for an expression consisting of 
 a governing noun and genitive, it is appended to the former. 
 
 And he bowed himself toward the ground. And they fell before 
 him on the ground. And they let down [caused to descend] every 
 man his sack to the ground. And he came, and passed the night, and 
 lay upon the ground. And they came to the land of Canaan. And 
 he came to the land of the children of the east. And he fled to 
 Tarshish. Three cities towards the rising of the sun. Go towards 
 the wilderness of Damascus. 
 
 7. The Relative Pronoun 
 
 The oblique cases are made by a suffix or preposition with suffix, 
 as, Dat. iV-HZfa, to whom; Gen. V35")$8, whose face. This 
 pronoun is almost always placed at a distance from the relative. The 
 accusative of the relative is frequently expressed by "^H?*? without any 
 pronoun following.
 
 HEBREW GRAMMAR. 45 
 
 Thine enemy whom [that] the Lord shall send [him]. A nation 
 whose [that] tongue thou shalt not understand [his tongue]. The 
 God of Israel under whose wings thou art come to trust [lit. that 
 thou art come to trust under his wings]. The man on whose loins 
 was the inkhorn [lit. that the inkhorn on his loins]. And he did 
 according to all that the Lord commanded. The woman whom thou 
 gavest with me. Chaff which the wind scattereth. The man whom 
 the king shut up (*V?)- The oath which he sware. The man in 
 whose hand the cup is found [lit. that is found the cup in his hand]. 
 The tree whereof I commanded thee not to eat [lit. that I commanded 
 thee not to eat of it]. The men of whom thou art afraid [that thou 
 fearest from their face]. The God before whom I stand [that I stand 
 to his face]. God whose I am, and whom I serve. 
 
 Note 1. When the relative in English refers to the subject, it is 
 often expressed in Hebrew by the article and the participle. Thus, 
 The angel who redeemed me. They who rebel and transgress (3?^S) 
 against me. Every one that is left in thine house. That which is 
 left of the flesh of the sacrifice. He it is who giveth thee strength. 
 The men who seek thy life. The Lord who appeared unto him. 
 
 2. ">$N is construed with D^ , nstp ; to express, where, whither. 
 
 The Interrogative Pronoun "*> , HE . 
 
 What hast thou done ? What is thy petition ? He shall tell thee 
 what shall be to the child. Who shall dwell in the mountain of thy 
 holiness ? Of whom shall I be afraid ? Whom hast thou re- 
 proached ? Whose ox have I taken, and whose ass have I taken ? 
 And whom have I defrauded ? Of whose hand have I received a 
 ransom ? What was the manner of the man who went up to meet 
 you ? What are the cities which thou hast given me ? What is this 
 deed that ye have done ? What wilt thou ? [lit. what is to thee ?] 
 What have I to do with thee ? [lit. what to me and thee ? ] What 
 hast thou to do with peace ? [what is to thee and peace ? ] Whereby 
 shall I know ? How many are the days of the years of thy life ? 
 Wherefore art thou angry ? Wherefore should I kill thee ? 
 
 Verbs. Preterite of the various Conjugations. 
 
 He said to the king's brother, Thou art come to the land of my in- 
 heritance. They spake one to another [a man to his fellow]. Ye 
 have been in my father's house, and ye have done that which is right
 
 46 INTRODUCTION TO 
 
 [lit. the right] in your own eyes. Thou hast seen the land afar off, 
 but hast not turned. The famine was heavy ["O^ , Kal], and the 
 hand of the Lord was heavy upon them, for their sin was heavy. 
 They honoured me [T22 } Piel] with their lips, and their ears they 
 made heavy [Hiph.] from hearing [?1Qtp*?]. I was not honoured 
 [Niphal] in the midst of them. Their fathers did eat the manna in 
 the wilderness. The God of Jacob fed them [Hiph. caused them to 
 eat] oil and honey. It was eaten [Niph.] in the holy place. Her 
 gates were consumed [Pual] with fire. They were consumed like 
 dry stubble. The men were satisfied [V?27 , Kal] with bread. He 
 satisfied [Piel] them in the morning with his mercy. He satisfied 
 their soul in drought. The haughtiness of man was low ['?!?, Kal]. 
 Thou didst humble [Hiph.] his pride. His heart reached [^?3 } 
 Kal] to the heavens. The Lord smote him [Piel], and humbled the 
 height of his walls, and brought them [Hiph. of 3?23] to the ground. 
 The land did not bear them [^3 5 Kal]. They came every one 
 whose heart stirred him up. Haman was exalted [Niph.]. The king 
 advanced him [Piel] above his servants, and therefore he exalted 
 himself [Hithpael]. Saul returned [2-127 } Kal] to his place. Thou 
 hast turned the captivity of Jacob. From their evil ways they did 
 not turn. Thou hast brought again [Poel] Israel to his habitation. 
 Jacob sent [ n /^] messengers to his brother. He did not dismiss 
 [Piel] the people. The men were sent away [Pual], and the city 
 they set on fire [Piel]. I remember the kindness of thy youth. I 
 know that thou fearest God. 
 
 Infinitive. Absolute and Construct. 
 
 He spake unto us saying [">EN , Inf.], I brought you out 
 Hiph.] from Egypt, to bring you in [Inf. Hiph. of Ni3] to the land 
 which I sware [Niph. of 3721Z7] to your fathers to give to them. But 
 ye obeyed not my voice to walk in my commandments. I sent unto 
 you the prophets, rising up early [Inf. ab. Hiph. of D3CP] and send- 
 ing. In the day that they did eat [lit. of their eating, Infin.] their 
 eyes were opened. And when the living creatures went [lit. and in 
 the going, Infin. Kal], the wheels went by them, and when the living 
 creatures were lifted up [and in the being lifted up, Infin. Niph. of 
 NH?3] f rom the earth, the wheels were lifted up. He turned away 
 [Hiph. of D^D] his ear from hearing [Infin. with B] instruction. 
 When Esau heard [Infin. with ?] the words of his father, he cried 
 with a great and exceeding bitter cry. I will surely hear his cry
 
 HEBREW GRAMMAR. 47 
 
 [hearing, Infin. absol.]. When I cry [in my crying], answer me. 
 The waters decreased continually [lit. were rpn, going and de- 
 creasing, in Infin. abs. of l^H and "OH], they returned off the earth 
 continually [lit. they returned, going and returning]. Abram jour- 
 neyed going on still toward the south [lit. going and journeying]. 
 And the man waxed great, and continually increased [and went going 
 and being great] until he became very great. The trees went forth 
 on a time [going they went forth] to anoint a king over them. 
 Elijah went to shew himself [Infin. Niph.] to Ahab. Who shall 
 abide the day of his coming ? [Infin.], or who may stand when he ap- 
 peareth ? [Infin. Niph. of HS~i with ?l]. The writing of the decree 
 which was given in Shushan to destroy them [Infin. Hiph. "H?], he 
 gave him to shew it [Infin. Hiph.] unto her, and to declare unto her 
 [Infin. Hiph. of "132], and to charge [Infin. Piel of n )^] upon her 
 that she should go [Infin. Kal of N"O] to the king, to make suppli- 
 cation [Infin. Hith. of pn], and to make request [Infin. Piel] from 
 before him for her people. 
 
 Future. 
 
 Note 1. This tense formerly called the Future, now the Present, or 
 the Imperfect, is used to express the simple Future, the continuance 
 of action, the present, some of the tenses of the Conjunctive. 
 
 I will send thee to Pharaoh, and bring thou forth my people. Who 
 am I that I should go to Pharaoh ? I know that the king of Egypt will 
 not allow [Fut. Kal of 105] you to go. Thus shalt thou speak to 
 the children of Israel, I will bring you up [Fut. Hiph. of *^?V] from 
 Egypt. They shall not return thither. He shall have none to sit 
 [lit. there shall not be to him one sitting] upon the throne of David. 
 He shall not want a man [lit. there shall not be cut off [Fut. Niph. 
 of f"P3] a man to him] standing before me for ever. Deeds which 
 ought not to be done [Fut. Niph. of ^l^]. How can I do this 
 great wickedness ? We remember the fish which we did eat [Fut. 
 Kal] for nothing. that Ishmael might live before thee. Not by 
 bread alone does man live, but by every outgoing of the mouth of the 
 Lord does man live. He made known, [Fut. Hiph.] his ways to 
 Moses. Let the day perish wherein I was born. Then Joshua spake 
 to the Lord in the day of the Lord's giving up the Amorite before 
 Israel. He did so year by year. Forty years was I grieved with 
 this generation. 
 
 2. The Preterite with ] , is often used for the Future, in which 
 case the tone is thrown forward if possible.
 
 48 INTRODUCTION TO 
 
 And ye shall put these my words upon your heart and upon your 
 soul, and bind them for a sign upon your hand, and ye shall teach 
 them your children. And thou shalt number unto thee seven sabbaths 
 of years. And I will stretch out my hand and will smite Egypt with 
 all my wonders. Hew thee two tables of stone, and I will write upon 
 them. And it shall be when the Lord shall bring thee into the land 
 of Canaan, so shalt thou serve the Lord. 
 
 3. The Future, with Vau conversive, is used for the Historic tense. 
 The shortened form of the Future is used, if it exist. 
 
 And the Lord appeared to him, And he lifted up his eyes, and he 
 saw, and he ran to meet them, and he bowed himself toward the 
 ground. And he answered and said, Thou hast spoken well. And 
 Jacob sent and called to Rachel and Leah. And the king arose and 
 returned, and went and sat in the gate. And he lifted up his voice 
 and wept. 
 
 4. The Future is used to express command and prohibition. 
 
 And God said, Let the earth bring forth the living creature after its 
 kind. Speak unto Eleazar the priest, and let him lift up the censers 
 out of the burning. Pray ye to the Lord your God, and let him take 
 away from me only this death. Let my father arise and eat of my 
 venison. Depart not hence, I pray thee, until I come to thee. Trust 
 ye not to words of falsehood. Listen not to Hezekiah. Carry not a 
 burden on the Sabbath day. Let not my blood fall to the ground. 
 Into their counsel let not my soul enter. 
 
 5. The lengthened form of the first person of the Future, with 
 H paragogic added, is used to express the first person of the Impera- 
 tive. 
 
 come, let us sing unto the Lord, let us make a joyful noise to the 
 rock of our salvation : let us come before his presence with thanks- 
 giving. Let us go down and confound there their speech. Let us 
 arise, and let us go. Let us go, and let us serve other gods. 
 
 Imperative. 
 The proper Imperative, as the Paradigm shows, is only for the 
 
 Second Person. 
 
 Hear, O heavens, and give ear, O earth. Take fast hold of in- 
 struction : let not go. Keep thy heart with all diligence. Remove 
 thy foot from evil. Go forth and look, ye daughters of Zion, upon the 
 king. Awake, and sing, ye that dwell in the dust. Keep silence 
 before me, O islands. Let us draw near to judgment. Come down 
 and sit in the dust, O daughter of Babylon.
 
 HEBREW GRAMMAR. 49 
 
 EXERCISES IN UNPOINTED HEBREW. 
 
 : Disn ns nap? D^nbs obsa o ^n?,tz?\iai oisn, Disn 01 7 
 ppnsi niin^b rani nio^ W> *: np-rs ib mttfm mn' 
 mn itznn E>DD : n^or nnp^ ibi nVttf s:^ -o 12 vbai yo 
 Din \3 D3vna?aa bs -icob nsron b57 n^b vnna 'awi sin 
 nb : mn* 1 ^s n ^ c^i ^b on^m : icn' 1 irsan sin 
 
 : nmsn ^ n^n ans 
 
 n>i bia^i ss^ v^^ ""> ^ 2tt?>| ^^ "^P n^s nb^ ms 
 'asi : naita is-i sb imn V" 1 ^n ibp ^a^i : na:^ sbi 
 nr n^n n^s-i : nip* 1 ID^ by 
 ~ns 13^3? noa 
 
 : irsi insi iwa ins nns -rrn vn 
 narap nns ntEoa DS 13 b^ ps t&nbi : isa nmn ipm iss 
 nntz?n IDDKI b^sn inss iin^ i s an D^I "jar Vrani n^n^i nap 
 ^sb ibn s^i : HDD ib ^nm n3trn ip^nni 
 nans ns np^i ib snn n-isb mb inpaai lassa nnpb 
 bs -IES S I isa tr^S2 m *j -in^i : vbs snn ^sb nws^ irs-in 
 ntr?2Dn nsi : nst ncz^rn wxrt ntn 72 ^ mn^ "n 7na 
 : ban sb -IIPS bri ntn imn ns n:z?2 iis np n^nyms 
 
 : tzrsn nns m bs 7na 
 
 a^sbi 
 
 ns npnaa : in^n bsi nin> b in^ noia 
 TS : lab arb' 1 ''ais pn^ D^au^a ntfi 1 * : ID\"QV 
 in 71^ br >Dba ^n^oa >asi : iabn^ lannm less 
 : f^nib 1 ' Dvn >as nns 'an ^bs nas nin 1 * pn bs nisos 
 bnn ron^n osnn : V" 1 ^ ^es -ynTnsi -fnbna D^ia nansi 
 
 5?i : cscan isi >< 
 
 s^ 7Q -12 ipiw : m-a ib^ai ns-i^ nin^ ns 
 : in ^oin ba 'itt7 its 
 
 n nia^a bs ^b Dip : -iBsb ^ns 72 nai^ bs nin** 
 
 nav cp^ : ^asb onr-i nnbj; S D n^br s-npi nbnan
 
 50 INTRODUCTION TO 
 
 ms ]n^ Bpann rwa n^as ssa^i w Tn mn^ ^3sba norann 
 mi b-fcn mm : mrp "osba rwann cnas sinb na 
 
 rrasm D"2 bna iro TPI n^n bs 
 ns ib^ro^ vrrbN b D^N iprt^ n^nban 
 na^con 'nD-i' 1 b TV navi nn^bya bpnb n^n b 
 sip Dip m-ia -jb nza ib -ID>I bann an vbs 2ip s< ) : 
 KPN rnaw^i : nasa wbi lab D s nbn ntz?rn^ 'bis i^nbs bw 
 lab nsTn nmn 'nbon nsnai nibiia nVcai iDb injyi b 
 lab a m>:n i^bs nc > 'i : nav br b-^an bs-n nib-na 
 na sian ^sni -fnrsba na iab nsm n^-i 
 
 as^ : nns 
 
 ns nt&y itt?s ST ^as n^aayn 
 asba ^D n^asn i^T 1 *3 n s tr nst nn vbs "nas^i nbna ns-i> 
 b ni2?ya na vb Tias" 1 ! : nnb Tan ^ rm sin mn^ 
 'aiSB? Dn^bs las^i tiroi "jbin D^n "o la^bsa D^n 
 bnan n^on ''ban 'D "as T^ ^ DD^brn n^n pna^i n^n bs 
 D N n >D ib^ sbi nt^n^n bs n^nb o^asn linn' 1 ! : n^bs ntn 
 sa bs mn"* ms inas^i nin^ bs isip^i : nn^bs 13701 -jbin 
 nns ^ wpa m ia>by jnn bsi ntn i^^sn msan mnsa 
 ^a2? < ' > l n^n bs inbt^i nav ns is^i : n^aro 
 mn^ ns nbna ns-i^ o^asn i
 
 HEBREW GRAMMAR. 
 
 .51 
 
 APPENDIX I. ALPHABETS. 
 
 Hebrew. 
 
 Samaritan. 
 
 Rabbinic. 
 
 SYRIAC. 
 Name. nines' Middle. words 
 
 ARABIC. 
 
 Name " S' Diddle. ^ d f 
 
 N 
 
 A- 
 
 f> 
 
 Olaph ] ]. 
 
 Elif 1 1)1 
 
 3 
 
 9 
 
 3 
 
 Beth o oo cO 
 
 Be j A c_> L.^ 
 
 J 
 
 1 
 
 ^> 
 
 Gomal -si wv ^ 
 
 Sjim ^ ^s: . ^ 
 
 1 
 
 ? 
 
 7 
 
 Dolath > fO 
 
 TDal J A o J, 
 \Dsal j j, J A 
 
 n 
 
 * 
 
 p 
 
 He 01 010 
 
 He A ^ s ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 \ 
 
 , 
 
 Vau o oo 
 
 Waw j ) ) ) 
 
 ^ 
 
 *$ 
 
 r 
 
 Zain 1 >o 
 
 Ze J j J J 
 
 n 
 
 * 
 
 P 
 
 Hheth ~ ~O -* 
 
 fHha ^ ^= ^ 
 [Kha ^ A ^. 
 
 to 
 
 v 
 
 D 
 
 Teth 4 44 ^ 
 
 fTa t la L 
 [Tha fe la Is 
 
 i 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 Yud -*O u*O 
 
 Ye J J^ ^ ^ 
 
 
 
 a 
 Z 
 
 D 
 
 Koph ^ ^> y y=> 
 Lomad ^ ^ N> x> 
 
 Keph j ^D >. <*Li tUs 
 Lam i (J jj 
 
 
 
 x 
 
 P 
 
 JNlim ^0 ^Q *)O ^Q 
 
 Mim A / ., 
 
 j 
 
 $ 
 
 3 
 
 Nun J " <^ 
 
 Nun ^ ^ U i^ 
 
 D 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 Semcath ca ux> 
 
 Does not occur. 
 
 y 
 
 V 
 
 
 
 , ^ ^ 
 
 {Hain ^ * ^ t 
 f * c. fc . 
 
 ^ 
 
 3 
 
 P 
 
 Pe o o wO 
 
 Phe ^ * i > i a 
 
 ^ 
 
 m 
 
 i 
 
 Tzode ^ ^0 
 
 Zad * & (jp [jA 
 
 
 
 
 
 Dthad * * \jP (jo 
 
 P 
 
 i? 
 
 F 
 
 Kuph -o ^a . 
 
 Kaph J i ij cf 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 Rish 3 ^O 
 
 Re J j J j 
 
 iy 
 
 
 
 Wanting in Syriac. 
 
 Sin ** ***> (jw I/** 
 
 i^ 
 
 wx 
 
 D 
 
 Shin A A <_*. 
 
 r<i * A A * /. 
 
 Shin ** *** (^ j^5 
 
 n 
 
 A 
 
 P 
 
 Thau ^2^0 
 
 fTh i 1 ^ ^ 
 [The 5 1 ^^
 
 52 
 
 INTRODUCTION TO 
 
 SYRIAC VOWELS. 
 Pethocho o or s = Alpha. 
 Revotso O O or *-$ Epsilon. 
 Chevotso ^ or ^ Iota. 
 Zekofo O or ^ Omicron. 
 Etsotso Q^ a^> or ^ Upsilon. 
 
 ARABIC VOWELS. 
 
 s 
 Fatha J a, a. 
 
 Kesre > 
 
 Damma > 
 
 i, e. 
 
 o, u. 
 
 nbos 
 
 APPENDIX II. 
 
 OF NOUNS FOR DECLENSION. 
 
 1 . jFz'r* Formation. 
 
 ^N ncips v7. nspi wzfa DST anb 
 sipn nst?o nby nab? rng nrns nip. no-jg D"T? b^5 
 n^a nn^tt * jnfo narss nab isw m2 pbo npbn ptn nptn 
 
 _ .. T : T : T - v T : v ' v IT : v ' v P T: v. 
 
 npa?r aJnto* * p nan nm -inr ejsh ntrten inb n-inta pH? 
 
 'T : T v I- T- T - v T : x - TT: T ' 
 
 witz? "nin >bn n^bn 'vn is b nbs n^a b^n TS m> 
 
 : T 'v T -: T : v T -: - T - - - T 
 
 t : T : T T 
 
 2. Second Formation and those similarly Declined. 
 
 Din; jab bna DH? ann tfa; jab D^ 
 
 ana * ?"pn a^ao pnn 
 
 
 3. Unchangeable First Syllable. 
 
 -unan rbi'n tap'itr? -i^itr? sai'o . s'^a )"ia^a 
 aaa w^n a?n? nbna n^aa 
 ' nana -j;aa * jn> 
 
 4. Nouns in s .
 
 HEBREW GRAMMAR. 53 
 
 APPENDIX III. 
 
 ACCENTUATION. 
 
 It has been observed, . 12, that the accents not only mark the 
 Tone syllable, but likewise exhibit in the most delicate and accurate 
 manner,.. the logical relation of words one to another, and to the whole 
 sentence. In this respect then, not now to speak of their use as 
 musical notes, or to mark the rhythm, they are of the greatest im- 
 portance. To explain the principles of consecution fully would 
 require a volume. But enough may be said here to awaken the 
 attention and prepare the mind of the student for a more complete 
 consideration of the subject. 
 
 The accents are divided into Disjunctives and Conjunctives. The 
 first separate, the second join the word, to which they are attached, to 
 that which follows, as, e. g., the noun and its genitive, the nominative 
 and the verb, and others similarly related. In prose the three prin- 
 cipal disjunctive accents are 
 
 Silluk, Athnach, Segolta. 
 
 In Poetry 
 
 Silluk, Athnach, Merca Mahpachatum. 
 
 Silluk terminates the verse, and separates it from that which 
 follows, and is found in every verse. Athnach is introduced to divide 
 the verse, if the sense require it ; if, on account of the length, a third 
 great division be required, Segolta ; in poetry, Merca Mahpachatum 
 is used for the purpose ; thus 
 
 JOSH. xv. 20. 
 
 " This is the inheritance of the children of Judah according to 
 their families," is only one proposition, and therefore requires no 
 division, and so 
 
 PSALM xxxviii. 1. 
 
 : Tomb -mb -riota 
 
 r : - : j- T : v : 
 
 " A Psalm of David to remind." Again 
 EXOD. x. 20. 
 
 : bjsnip? lasrns nbrc tib] \ n^ne a)rn$ rrin 1 : p^n?! 
 
 " And the Lord hardened the heart of Pharaoh : and he did not 
 let the people go."
 
 54 INTRODUCTION TO 
 
 And again PSALM i. 6. 
 
 And PSALM iv. 7. 
 
 : rrirr' T3Q Tin y^s'noa nits 
 
 IT I ' JVT V. " T T I! i 
 
 as plainly contain two propositions; the division is accordingly 
 marked. 
 
 Again in the following verses there is the threefold division 
 ISAIAH Iviii. 6. 
 
 nfaat* inn rtzn rria^nn na? | Sn-in^N nfe rrt 
 : sipnan nts-to-b^i n^ib'sn D^sfin nbtri 
 
 '!-: VT T : : T : < : 
 
 The use of Zakeph Katon in subdividing the members, so in 
 Prov. i. 22, the use of Merca Mahpachatum is still more apparent. 
 
 n^pp-i I cnb :npn psb o^b 4 ] | ^ns ^nns^i B^n? i 
 
 The method of sub-division is very plainly exhibited in many of 
 the verses of Deut. xxxii. 
 
 The use of the subordinate dividers is as regular as that of the 
 greater. 
 
 The Conjunctive accents cannot be used indiscriminately, but 
 belong to certain distinctives. Thus 
 
 In Prose. 
 
 1. Merca serves Silluk, Tiphcha, Zarka, Pashta, Tvir, and Munach 
 with Psik. 
 
 2. Munach serves Athnach, Segolta, Zakeph Katon, Rvia, Zarka, 
 Pazer, Tlisha G., Double Geresh, and Munach, when by position it 
 has distinctive power. 
 
 3. Mahpach serves Pashta. 
 
 4. Darga serves Tvir and Munach. 
 
 5. Kadrna serves Geresh, and the least sub-distinctives. 
 
 6. Tlisha ktannah serves Kadma, when by position it has dis- 
 tinctive power. 
 
 1. Yerach serves Karne Pharah. 
 
 Some Distinctives admit neither Conjunctive nor Sub-distinctive, 
 as, 1. Sakeph Gadol ; 2. Yethiv ; 3. Shalsheleth. 
 
 In Metrical Accentuation. 
 
 1. Merca serves Silluk, Merca Mahpachatum, Athnach, Rvia with 
 Geresh, Simple Rvia.
 
 HEBREW GRAMMAR. 
 
 55 
 
 2. Munach inferior serves Silluk, Athnach, Zarka, Tiphcha an- 
 terior. 
 
 3. Munach superior serves Silluk and Rvia. 
 
 4. Mahpach and Mahpach Zarkatum serve Rvia, Pazer, and Psik 
 with Kadma or Mahpach. 
 
 5. Yerach serves Merca Mahpachatura and Pazer. 
 
 6. Tiphcha non anterior is united to Munach inferior, and more 
 rarely serves Shalsheleth, or Psik with Kadma. 
 
 An idea of the consecution may be formed from the following tables 
 given by Ouscel.* 
 
 Sum- 
 mus. 
 
 Serv. 
 
 Minim. 
 
 Repe- 
 at. 
 
 Minor. 
 
 Repetitus. 
 
 Mag- 
 nus. 
 
 Repetitus. 
 
 Max. 
 
 ~i~ 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 
 C 
 
 
 
 1 : 
 
 I : 
 
 I : 
 
 i : 
 
 A 
 
 - 
 
 ~~j 
 
 "j J 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i : 
 
 : 
 
 i : 
 
 i : 
 
 !4- 
 
 -*- 
 
 
 
 j j 
 
 
 Ml 
 
 ~ 
 
 *o 
 
 > 
 
 _! 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 i : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -^ 
 
 j 
 
 T ~ 
 
 
 < 
 < 
 
 \ 
 < 
 
 
 < 
 
 _ *_ 
 
 > 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 > 
 
 i 
 
 
 1 
 
 ^ 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 j 
 
 ~ T 
 1 "T" 
 
 1 
 
 t 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 
 FVPHH 
 
 
 qp 
 
 
 * " Introductio in accentuationem Hebraeomm."
 
 56 
 
 INTRODUCTION TO HEBREW GRAMMAR. 
 
 The following table may serve as a specimen of the consecution in 
 the Metrical books : 
 
 Distinct, 
 summus. 
 
 Conjunctive. 
 Ordin. Extraord. 
 
 Distinct, 
 ordinar. 
 
 Minim, 
 extraord. 
 
 Distinct, 
 minor. 
 
 Distinct, 
 magn. 
 
 Distinct, 
 major. 
 
 : 
 
 
 00 
 
 J 
 
 J 
 
 
 
 r 
 
 -jr 
 
 5 
 
 t 
 
 j 
 
 ~~j 
 
 j i 
 i 
 
 < 
 
 - 
 
 <_ 
 
 i 
 
 v~~ 
 
 
 
 7~ 
 
 
 
 i-O 
 
 CO 
 
 - 1 
 
 7T- 
 
 
 J 
 
 
 t V. 
 
 CO 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 < 
 
 r 
 
 f 
 
 
 
 j 
 ~i 
 
 j j 
 i 
 
 ERRATA. 
 
 Page 2, for 1 Iliirlk read Hhirek. 
 Page 1 2, fur DniWM read Drii]J . 
 
 Macintosh, Printer, Great New-street, London.