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 " Tftme*1bonoure& XancastetV 
 
 By Cross Fleury.
 
 Time-Honoured Lancaster 
 
 -Richard II. Aci I. Scene i. 
 
 HISTORIC NOTES 
 
 ON THE 
 
 Ancient Borough of Lancaster 
 
 WRITTEN, COLLECTED & COMPILED 
 
 BY 
 
 CROSS FLEURY. 
 
 " Two voices are there — one is of the sea, 
 One of the mountains — each a mighty voice ; 
 in both from age to age thou didst rejoice." 
 
 — Wordsworth. 
 
 [Entered vr Stationers' Hall]. 
 
 LANCASTER : 
 
 Eaton tV Bui.fh i d, Printers, Victoria Btildings, King Street. 
 
 MDCCCXCI.
 
 I ( 
 
 IDA 
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 It is thirty-eight years since the last " History of Lancaster " 
 appeared. That History was written and compiled by the late 
 Rev. Robert Simpson, M.A., of Queen's College, Cambridge, 
 sometime incumbent of St. Luke's Church, Skerton. Two other 
 Histories of the Borough were published before Mr. Simpson's- — 
 one by Mr. J. Hall, in 1801, and the other by Mr. C. Clark, in 
 1807. Many things have happened since 1852, the year when the 
 last History was published, and the ancient " City of the Lune " 
 has once more, phcenix-like, risen from its ashes, and within it a 
 spirit of life and activity prevails, such as our fore-fathers could 
 scarcely have dreamed probable or possible. So many changes have 
 occurred during the last thirty years that it seems unnecessary to 
 offer any apology for venturing to issue a work of the character now 
 presented to the public, — a work presented not without feelings of 
 diffidence — I had almost said of fear and trembling. That it may 
 not prove altogether useless or an abortive effort, is the earnest 
 hope of the writer who has spared neither time nor pains to arrive 
 at facts, and to clothe the same in a phraseology acceptable at least, 
 to homely folk. In this production the idea has been to assume 
 
 518399
 
 vi . IN TROD UCTION. 
 
 more of an epistolary style than the tediously historic ; and if the 
 author has succeeded in evoking a greater degree of interest in the 
 time-honoured borough he treats of, and likewise a warmer respect 
 for its venerable memorials and associations he will consider his 
 remuneration ample. Long prefaces are a weariness to the flesh. It 
 only remains, therefore, to add that the compiler is indebted to 
 many local gentlemen for the encouragement they have given him in 
 the way of placing before him the hitherto ungarnered items of 
 valuable information they possessed. Special thanks are due to 
 several clergymen, three of whom have promptly aided me in regard 
 to institutions with which they have been, or are still, officially 
 connected. I refer more particularly to the Rev. Dr. Allen, the Rev. 
 W. E. Pryke, M.A., the Rev. J. Bone, M.A., the Very Rev. Provost 
 Walker, Colonel Marton, J. P., Colonel Lawson Whalley, J. P., and 
 Colonel Middleton. I am also greatly indebted to the following 
 gentlemen : James Williamson, Esq., M.P., W. O. Roper, Esq., 
 E. G. Paley, Esq., James Diggens, Esq., W. G. Welch, Esq., Thomas 
 Barrow, Esq., N. Molyneux, Esq., B. P. Gregson, Esq., J. P., 
 William Tilly, Esq., Edmund Jackson, Esq., W. Housman, Esq., 
 and J. R. Ford, Esq. 
 
 One matter I am obliged to call attention to. It is the 
 
 probability of many readers expressing disappointment with the 
 
 work before them, because it does not deal with outside places and 
 incidents which have occurred therein connected with events happen-
 
 INTRODUCTION. vn 
 
 ing in Lancaster. "There is nothing- about Roman Roads in Lunes- 
 dale," I imagine one to remark. " Nothing about St. Patrick and 
 Slyne," says another; and, adds a third, "Nothing concerning 
 Morecambe." Perfectly correct. It has been intended that such 
 remarks should be possible in order to state that the villages and 
 hamlets outside Lancaster are treated of in the series of articles 
 which have appeared from time to time under the heading of "Round 
 Lancaster Castle," and it is the hope of the author, after due re- 
 vision, to publish these articles in book-form as soon as the same are 
 completed. "Time-Honoured Lancaster" deals designedly with 
 Lancaster only.
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 Lancaster — Origin of the Name — Roman Remains Discovered. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 St. Mary's Church — Mural inscriptions within the Church — Transcrip- 
 tions OF BRASSES ANCIENT AND MODERN — STAINED WINDOWS — TlIE OLD 
 
 Register Books — Extracts from thesame — Listsof Priors and Vicars 
 — The Tower— Churchwardens in 1671 — Old Parish Clerks— Memo 
 rials in the Churchyard — Privilege of Sanctuary at St. Mary's 
 Church — Extent of Parish in former times — Religious Houses in 
 Lancaster — The Gardyner Chantry — Penny's and Gillison's Chari- 
 ties — Names of those resident in the Almshouses early in 1890. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 Lancaster Castle — A tour through it — Recent Improvements and 
 
 Discoveries. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 The Royal Grammar School — Some Past Masters and Ushers of the 
 School — Educational Charities. 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 Celebrities of the past connected with Lancaster — The Great Duke 
 of Lancaster — Odd Bequests — Traditions ascribed to the Duke. 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 Ecclesiastic Characteristics — Lancaster Chancery Court — The Wapen- 
 take of Lonsdale — Charters granted to Lancaster — Thomas 
 Covell — The Town Council of Lancaster — The Aqueduct — Source 
 of the Lune — Lancaster and Kendal Canal — Travelling on the 
 Canal in the old days — Custom House of the Port of Lancaster 
 — Employers of Labour — The Old Quay — Lancaster Wagon Works 
 — The London and North Western and Midland Railways. 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 Lancaster Thoroughfares — Origins of Names of Several — Ancient 
 Structures— The Consecrated Well — Lambert Simnel — Lancaster 
 and the Knights Hospitallers — Wars of the Roses.
 
 x. CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 St. Peter's Church— The Architectural Features of the Church— The 
 Stained Windows— List of Past Priests— The Organ— The Bells— 
 The Old Mason Street Chapel— Catholics Martyred in Lancaster. 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 The Town Hall— The Mayor's Parlour— Paintings therein and in the 
 Corridor— The Mace of the Borough— Municipal Area — The Old 
 Market Cross— The Stocks— Ancient Wine and Beer Measures- 
 List of Past Mayors of Lancaster— Recorders of Lancaster- 
 Past Town Clerks and Chief Constables— Freemanship of the 
 Borough— An old Certificate ani. Oath of a Free Burgess of 
 Lancaster Corporation — Abstract of Charters granted to Lan- 
 caster — Extracts from the old "Constitutions and Orders" — 
 The Market Hall— Williamson Park— Introduction of Gas into 
 Lancaster. 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 Lancashire Witches— Trials of some of them— Debtors in Lanca 
 
 Castle — How they Fared and Passed their Time — Presentations 
 a \de by Debtors in 1837 — The Amicable Library — Assembly Room 
 — The Storey Art Institute — The Theatre— Persons of Eminence 
 wild have appeared therein — lancaster banks. 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 
 Lancaster Worthies. 
 
 Eminent Divines born in Lancaster. 
 
 \ Taylor, D.D.— Thomas Ashton, D.D. — Robert Housman, B.A.— Pro- 
 fessor William Whewell — Thomas Hathornthwaite, LL. D. 
 J. C. M. Bellew, M.A. 
 
 Eminent Divines closely identified with Lancaster. 
 
 Seth Bushell, D.D. — William John Knox-Little, M.A. — Colin Campbell, 
 M.A. 
 
 Eminent Laymen born in Lancaster. 
 
 Sir John Harrison — Henry Bracken, M.D. — John Heysham, M.D.— Wm. 
 Penny — William Hadwen— William Sanderson — James Lonsdale— 
 Cornelius Henderson — Sir Richard Owen — Sir William Turner — 
 Professor Edward Atkinson— W. H. Higgin, Q.C. — Col. Richard 
 Wadeson, V.C — George Danson — Thomas Edmondson — William 
 Shaw Simpson — James Brunton — James Tomlinson. 
 
 Eminent Laymen closely identified with Lancaster. 
 
 Professor Frankland — Professor Galloway — Sir Robert Rawlinson — 
 Sir A. J. Loftus— William Linton— Jonathan Binns — Edward Denis 
 de Vitre — Stephen Ross — Sir Thomas Storey — Benjamin Robinson 
 — H. Gilbert. 
 
 Eminent Catholic Divines and Laymen closely identified with 
 
 Lancaster. 
 
 Edward Hawarden, D.D. — Nicholas Skelton — Charles Viscount Fau- 
 conberg, D.D. — John Rigby, D.D. — Provost William Walker, 
 M.R.V.F. — Richard Gillow.
 
 CONTENTS. xi. 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 
 Churches of St. John— St. Anne — Christ Church — St. Luke, Skerton— 
 Past Incumbents of each — Value of the Respective Livings 
 Churches — Congregationalism and Wesleyanism in Lancaster 
 St. Nicholas's Chapel — Various Denominations — Friends' Meeting 
 House — Moorside Burial Ground. 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 The Lancaster Dispensary and Infirmary — List of Surgeons and Apothe- 
 caries CONNECTED THEREWITH — COUNTY ASYLUM — LlST OF PAST 
 
 Medical Superintendents, Chaplains, and Stewards— The Royal 
 Albert Asylum — The Ripley Hospital — Tfie Workhouse — The 
 Cemetery — The Lune Fishery— Seats Round Lancaster — Ashtok 
 Hall — The Local Press — The Green Lane Murder— Local Cen 
 tenarians — curious names of persons in lancaster — lo' 
 Improvements. 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 The Bowerham Barracks — The First Royal Lancashire Regiment of 
 Militia — "King's Own" — Lancaster Kings of Arms and Lancaster 
 Heralds — List of Past Kings-of-arms and Heralds — Lancaster 
 Coins and Tokens — Lancaster Probate Court — Lancaster Posi 
 Office — Borough Waits — Bellman's Parrock — Our Old Houses 
 — Castle Hill House — Fenton-Cawthorne House — An Old Tower 
 — Old Wells — Hotels. 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 
 John o'Gaunt's Bowmen — Masonry and Oddfellowship in Lancaster — 
 Lancaster Benevolent Burial Friendly Society — The Philippi 
 Club— John o'Gaunt's Club, London — Lancaster and its Political 
 Representation — List of Past Members for the Borough. 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 Further Discoveries at the Castle — George Marsh — Executions at 
 Lancaster Castle of persons said to have been innocent — 
 Last Execution in England by Strangulation — Imprisonment of 
 an infant — Lune Shipbuilding Company — The Coffee House 
 Movement — Borough Perambulations — Proclamation of Queen 
 Victoria — Is Her Majesty Duke or Duchess of Lancaster? 
 "Mayors of the Horse Shoe "—Old Esculapians — Epidemics in 
 Lancaster — List of Constables of Lancaster Castle — Govern 
 or Keepers of the Castle — Castle Chaplains and Surgeons — 
 Coroners for Lancaster and District of the Century — Old 
 Officials — Ages of and Years of Service — Ancient Tenures in 
 Lancaster. 
 
 FRAGMENTS THAT REMAIN. 
 
 The Lancaster Waterworks — Discovery of an Old Bayonet — Past 
 Organists of St. Mary's Church — St. Mary's Church Bells 
 Weight <m each Bell — List of Ringers at the Churches of Si 
 Mary, St. Thomas, and St. Peter— Blue Coat and National 
 Schools — Duchy of Lancaster Receipts 1890— Value of Duchy 
 Livings — Old Books referring to the County — Note on the 
 " Black Hole "-—Pasi Master Mariners of the Pori oi Lancaster. 
 
 CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS.
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 Time- Honoured Lancaster. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 Lancaster — Origin of the Name — Roman Remains Discovered. 
 
 PROPOSE to allude first of all to the place- 
 name ; secondly, to the spacious Priory 
 Church ; thirdly, to its ominously towering 
 pile, the Castle ; and afterwards to deal with 
 the various events that have occurred in the 
 Borough from the earliest periods, dealing 
 also with many of the old characters to whom 
 the place has given birth, and with the 
 quaint building's in the neighbourhood which 
 still remain. 
 
 Lancaster, the Aluna or Ad Alauna of the Romans, is a name 
 the origin of which takes us far back into the night of ages ; but 
 with the lamp of enquiry and careful analysis we may illume the 
 same, and probably bring out a few important items likely to make 
 an old story new, and so clothe each figure with a suit that shall 
 neither shame nor belie its natural features. Let us analyse the 
 terms, Aluna, Ad Alauna, or Alaunum. Whittaker, in his "History 
 of Richmondshire," traces this name to the early British deity, 
 Elaunae, the goddess of rivers, and make the uneuphonius Celto- 
 British name Longovicum, deduceable from the same source. But 
 more critical indagation leads us to what may probably be the root- 
 source of both Alauna and Elaunae. In Celtic we have all white, 
 and aon river, aon and avon being synonymous. From this derivation 
 
 B
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 
 
 the question naturally arises, Why should the Lune be called white ? 
 The answer is not difficult. The ancient British were a poetical race ; 
 what they lacked in science they made up for in poetry, associat- 
 ing their descriptions with their fancies. As the broad river, famed 
 in many parts of its course for its white rocky cliffs, reflected 
 the vapours of the neighbouring- hills and the sunny bright- 
 ness of the fleecy clouds, they would reasonably, when viewing 
 it from some distance, call it the white river, owing to the peculiar 
 or ideal brightness that pervaded it. We next meet with the 
 transformations Lugaun, and Lug-avon, ancient British for " stream 
 of water." As for the term Longovicum, it bespeaks a trans- 
 ition period, and is more strictly Roman, for wic or vie is the 
 same as the Latin virus ; thus /auu, Ion, and lug, meaning water in 
 Celtic, bring us to " City by the water." As time rolled on and 
 races became mixed the pronunciation of place-names, and, as a 
 result, their orthography, became less pure, and so in Saxon times we 
 arrived at Loyn-castre, Loncastre Lune-castre, and finally Lancaster. 
 In Lancashire oa and on are frequently pronounced as if oi, hence 
 in many parts to this day, we have coals constantly called roils. 
 Loyn-castre and Lune-castre are therefore Saxon renderings of the 
 Celtic British. Concerning the term Caer Weridd, from which 
 Green Ayre and Green Area are said to be deduced, I shall note this 
 in due course at a more appropriate point. 
 
 The History of Lancaster may rightly enough be said to re- 
 present not just the History of a province or part of the old kingdom 
 of Deira, but the History of England. However far-fetched may be 
 the declaration made in the " Cambria Triumphans '' of one Percy 
 Enderbie, published in the year 1661, that Lancaster was first founded 
 by Gurguintus, or Guintrius Brabtree, the son of Bellinus, in the 
 year of creation 4,834, who is credited with also founding Warwick 
 and Porchester, we may rest assured that the old city, for city it 
 truly is and ought to be called, has traditions and elements connected 
 with it and its people which only few boroughs can reveal or boast of. 
 There can be little doubt that Lancaster represents the Longovicum 
 of the " Notitia " and the Setantiorum Portus of Ptolemy ; and there
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 is no doubt that the stern-looking fortress of this place is the repre- 
 sentative of a camp or fort dating- from the days of Aelius, Hadri- 
 anus, and Augustus Caesar. The town was a Roman station of the 
 first order, as has been long ago proved by the altars, statues, urns, 
 and coins found from time to time in its leading thorougfares. The 
 altar to the memory of Flavius Ammausius, the prefect of an ala of 
 the Gallic horse ; the altar to the deity of the Lune, inscribed " Deo 
 Ialono ; " and the beautiful memorial erected to Cocidius, which 
 latter was discovered in the old wall of the castle, between Hadrian's 
 round tower and the great square tower of Saxon character, in 1797, 
 all testify to the sublime antiquity of Lancaster. Milliary stones of 
 Hadrian and Philip's period, sculptured heads and sea lions, and 
 various other relics have been unearthed, including Roman Disci 
 and Sympuvia ; and cups used in sacrifire, together with half-burnt 
 fragments of wood, bones, and ashes, and broken patera;, Roman 
 bricks, horns of animals, earthen lamps and jars have also been 
 turned up and might have formed the basis of a good museum, in 
 which one department could have been called the Roman and Saxon 
 store-room of Lancaster Antiquities. Remnants of the hypocaust, 
 or Roman pottery, of the tile with elevated edges, inscribed "Ala 
 Sebusia " designating a wing of Roman cavalry of the time of the 
 Emperor Severus, a.d. 207, ought never to have been distributed 
 amongst private individuals, but should have been held as the pro- 
 perty of the borough in trust for the people thereof. I have no 
 doubt that more remains will yet be found, and I can only wish that 
 Sir Thomas Storey, Mr. James Williamson, M.P., or some other 
 magnanimous patron of the town, will yet lead the way to the erec- 
 tion of an appropriate structure wherein the native and the stranger 
 alike may " see the past.' and learn something of the original schools 
 of art which produced works capable of comparing most favourably 
 from an artistic point of view with anything wrought out in modern 
 times.
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 St. Mary's Church — Mural inscriptions within the Church — Transcrip- 
 tions OF BRASSES ANCIENT AND MODERN— STAINED WINDOWS — THE OLD 
 
 Register Books — Extracts from the same -Lists of Priors and Vicars 
 -The Tower— Churchwardens in 1671— Old Parish Clerks— Memo- 
 rials in the Churchyard— Privilege of Sanctuary at St. Mary's 
 Church — Extent of Parish in former times — Religious Houses in 
 Lancaster — The Gardyner Chantry— Penny's and Gillison's Chari- 
 ties—Names of those residing in tde Almshouses early in 1890. 
 
 HE Church of St Mary's, Lancaster, was 
 formerly a priory, for we find that Earl 
 g Roger, of Poictiers, gave, a.d. 1094, the 
 Church of St. Mary with other lands here, to 
 the Abbey of St Mary de Sagio, or Sees, in 
 Normandy, whereupon a Prior and five Bene- 
 dictine monks were placed here, who, with 
 three priests, two clerks, and servants made 
 up a small monastery, subordinate to the 
 foreign house, which was endowed with the 
 yearly revenue of about ^80. After the disso- 
 lution of the alien priories, this, with the land thereunto belonging, 
 was annexed by King Henry V., or his feoffees, to the Abbey of Syon 
 in Middlesex. 
 
 tWM^hlU.jl/.Hl'. Jl t ," 4£.«tl^ttf/ltj 
 
 The Church, as at present, stands on the site of an earlier 
 Saxon church, erected, probably, on some of the Roman earthwork. 
 The interior is very beautiful, some of the stained windows being 
 remarkably artistic in many instances. There are a nave and 
 two side aisles, a long and commanding chancel, in which are 
 fourteen excellently-carved stalls, said to have been brought from the 
 Abbey of Cockersand in the year 1543. These stalls date probably 
 from the end of the fourteenth century. There is no proof of their 
 having been brought from France, as some have supposed, nor yet
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 
 
 of their having been appurtenances of Cockersand Abbey. Much 
 of the ornamentation is decidedly English. The seats arc move- 
 able and have figures of animals beneath them. A technical 
 description of the Church may be quoted : — " One half of the entire 
 length is appropriated to the chancel, and the other to the nave, 
 the division being marked by three transverse arches across the 
 central portion and the two side aisles, of which mediaeval churches 
 usually consist. Nave and chancel are again longitudinally 
 separated from the aisles, which run the entire length of the Church, 
 by an arcade of eight finely proportioned arches on each side, 
 carrying the clerestory walls, the four arches on each side in the 
 chancel being distinguished by greater richness of detail. The 
 roofs are flat, partly ancient, of oak, and partly modern, and all 
 covered with lead. The windows lighting the aisles and clerestory 
 are all of three lights, and four centred, with tracery of simple 
 design." The registry for the Lancaster division of Richmond and 
 the Commissary's Court were for years held within this Church. 
 They were screened off by ten of the ancient stalls alluded to, while 
 six others of these richly ornamented specimens of antiquity were 
 ranged on each side of the organ. The restoration (removal of the 
 pews, galleries, &c.) was accomplished, says Mr. Paley (1888), about 
 thirty years ago, and the re-seating of the chancel, which is half 
 the measure of the church, was finished about twenty years back. 
 The organ was removed to the chancel in the year 1873. The same 
 gentleman also states that during the excavations for the purpose of 
 erecting the new vestry two stone coffins were found in very good 
 condition. One was proved to be that of a crusader, and on its lid 
 are a sword and shield. The other coffin is that of a child, judging 
 from its small size. Both have been inserted in the vestry wall in a 
 very commendable manner. 
 
 The present Tower was erected in 1759. On the north-side 
 of the Church there are seen several old stones believed to have formed 
 part of the Saxon Church that existed about the sixth century on this 
 spot. According to Whitaker's " Richmondshire " the Prior}- of 
 Lancaster had a claim of two shillings and a pound of wax from
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 twelve acres of land held by Adam, son of Orm de Kellet, in the 25th 
 year of Edward I. Adam and Ralf de Kellet were witnesses to the 
 foundation deed of Cockersand Abbey, which is about six miles from 
 Lancaster, and their family was also identified with the Abbey of 
 Furness. The visitor will be interested in the chaste and comely 
 chair for the use of the bishop of the diocese when attending this 
 church ; it is a neat piece of furniture, so, too, is that ornamental 
 and most essential adjunct, the pulpit, which bears the date 1619 in 
 front. Within this shrine of penitence and prayer there is no 
 lack of mural literature of the classical order. Amongst the interior 
 mementos to departed worth are a marble tablet and bust to the 
 memory of Sir Samuel Eyre, a judge of the King's Bench, in the 
 reign of William III., whose remains were originally interred here, 
 but afterwards removed to Salisbury, on the 12th of September, 
 1698 ; the text of the epitaph is as follows : — 
 
 . MEMORISE SACRUM 
 SAMUELIS EYRE EQUUS ALRATI 
 
 REGNANTE WILHELMO 
 
 LEGUM ET LIBERTATEM VINDICE 
 
 UNIUS JUSTICIARIORUM DE BANCO REGIS VIRI 
 
 QUI IN OMNI OFEICIORUM GENERE 
 
 QU^E VEL UTILEM SOLENT VEL AMABILEM CONSTITUERE 
 
 FELICITER EMICUIT 
 
 IN COLLOQUIJS COMIS ET URBANUS 
 
 IN AURICITIJS STRENUUS ET FIDELIS 
 
 IN CAUSIS DECERNENDIS 
 
 GRAVIS PERSPICAX INTERGERRIMUS 
 
 HINC OPERI INTENTUS 
 
 ITER BOREALE SUSCEPIT 
 
 QUO MUNERE DEO FAVENTE 
 
 SUMMA CUM JUSTITIA PERACTO 
 
 DIEM CLAUSIT EXTREMUM 
 
 XII" SEPTEMBRIS A.D. MDCLXXXXVIII 
 
 CORPUS EJUS IN HAC ECCLESIA PAULUBUM 
 
 TEMPORIS DEPOSITUM POSTEA AD CIVTTATEM
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 NOVA SARUM TRANSLATUM FLIT HAC IBIDEM 
 
 IN ECCLESIA ST THOM.-K MARTYRIS INHUMATUM 
 
 INTER ANTECESSORES 
 
 REQUIESCAT. 
 
 There is next to be seen an ulto relievo in white marble, by 
 Roubiliac, to the memory of William Stratford, L.L.D., commissary 
 of the Archdeaconry of Richmond, who died in 1752, at the age of 
 75. In this monument, as in the character of the deceased, charity 
 is the prominent figure, and she is seen displaying her bounty to an 
 aged woman and two children. This public benefactor bequeathed 
 ^3,000 to particular charities enumerated in his will, and the residue 
 of his personal property, amounting to ,£9,390, he directed to be 
 applied to charitable purposes by his executors by means of which 
 58 small livings in the counties of Lancaster, York, and Chester, as 
 well as in Westmoreland and Cumberland, were augmented, most of 
 them with the sum of ^100, on condition that the inhabitants, 
 incumbent or others would contribute ^100 in order to obtain the 
 augmentation of Queen Anne's Bounty, by which accumulative 
 operation each ,£100 was quadrupled. 
 
 NEAR THIS PLACE ARE DEPOSITED 
 THE REMAINS OF 
 
 WILLIAM STRATFORD 
 
 COMMISSARY OF THE ARCHDEACONRY OF 
 
 RICHMOND, 
 
 WHO DEPARTED THIS LIFE SEPTEMBER 7TH 1 752 
 
 IN THE 75TH YEAR OF HIS AGE 
 
 HE WAS EMINENT 
 
 FOR KNOWLEDGE IN HIS PROFESSION 
 
 INTEGRITY IN HIS OFFICE 
 
 AND FOR THOSE OTHER VIRTUES WHICH ADORN 
 
 THE MAN, THE CITIZEN, AND THE CHRISTIAN. 
 
 IN HIS CONDUCT HE WAS INFLUENCED 
 
 BY THE DICTATES OF HIS CONSCIENCE ; 
 
 A RATIONAL FAITH IN HIS REDEEMER
 
 8 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 
 
 AND UNAFFECTED DEVOTION TO GOD J 
 
 HENCE IT BECAME HIS DELIGHT 
 
 TO DO GOOD AND TO DISTRIBUTE. 
 
 THE MONUMENTS OF HIS CHARITY 
 
 ARE VISIBLE TO THE PRESENT 
 
 AND THE EFFECTS OF IT WILL REMAIN 
 
 TO FUTURE AGES. 
 
 Another marble is erected " to tne memory of Leonard Red- 
 mayne, lieutenant H.M : 14th Light Dragoons, eldest son of the late 
 William Treasure Redmayne, Esq., of Burrow and Hazelrigge, who 
 was killed in action with the rebels at Mundezore, East Indies, on 
 the 23rd of November, 1857, aged 23. He fell gallantly charging 
 with the squadron, under the command of Lieutenant Leith, a large 
 body of the enemy, who were threatening the rear of the force, under 
 Brigadier Stuart's command, which was engaged hotly to the front. 
 Is it well with thee? Is it well with thy husband ? Is it well with 
 thy child? It is well! II Kings, chapter iv., and verse 26." 
 Beneath the foregoing is an antique little tablet with this engraving 
 thereon : — Here rests in hope of a glorious resurrection the body of 
 Richard Adams, Esq., son of Sir Thomas Adams, of London, knight 
 and baronet, who departed this life June 13th, 1661." To the 
 memory 01 Dr. Whewell, a Lancaster worthy, is this at the foot of 
 a beautiful window, "William Whewell, D.D., XXIY. years, fellow 
 and tutor of Trinity College, Cambridge, born at Lancaster, May 
 XXIV., MDCCXCIV., died at the Lodge of Trinity College, March 
 6th, MDCCCLXVL, and was buried in the ante chapel of the college. 
 This window was erected by his only surviving sister as a tribute of 
 affection to the memory of a much-loved brother. Thy brother shall 
 rise again. " At the head of the tablet may be seen the arms and 
 motto : — " Lampada Tradam." He was born in a court, off Brock 
 Street, Lancaster. Elsewhere an epitaph is to be seen informing the 
 visitor that " near this place are deposited the remains of Ralph 
 Butler, the youngest son of Edmund Butler, of the Ridding, in the 
 West of Riding oi the County of York. He died on the 5th of 
 September, 1806, in the 30th year of his age. Honourable age is
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 not that which standeth in length of time nor that is measured by 
 number of years. But wisdom is the grey hair unto man, and un- 
 spotted life is old age " Wisdom C. IV. V. 8 and 9." Very quaint 
 is the next one we shall select from this Church. It begins "P. S. 
 Exuvias eu ! Hie deposuit Seth Bushell, S. S., J. P. Dei et Ecclesia 
 Anglicana Reformat. Usquam de votissimus, utrique carola augus- 
 tissimus temporibus pie fidelissimus ; post quam hanc ecclesia vita 
 inculpabili et assiduis concionibus per triennium feliciter rexisset. 
 Ino tempore (inter alia pietatis speeiminia ) parochi domum modo 
 cornituram et instauravit auxit. Resurrectionis Immortalitate vero 
 natus calof maturus spe ferris valedixit. 
 
 Anno 
 
 I Aetatis IXIII. ^ is o 
 \ Salutis 1684. / IX. VI 
 
 At the head of the South Aisle is a tablet giving a brief 
 genealogy of the Higgin family. Here is a transcription :— 
 
 SACRED 
 
 TO THE MEMORY OF 
 
 JOHN HIGGIN OF WOOD HEY, NEAR BURY, GENTLEMAN, 
 
 ONLY SON OF JAMES HIGGIN OF TOTTINGTON 
 
 AND GREAT GRANDSON OF JOHN HIGGIN 
 
 LAST OF THAT NAME OF ETHERSALL HOUSE, MARSDEN, LANCASHIRE 
 
 4 YEARS GOVERNOR OF LANCASTER CASTLE, 
 
 WHO DIED DECEMBER 24TH 1 783, 
 
 AGED 48 YEARS 
 
 AND OF MARY HIS WIFE DAUGHTER OF THE REV. SAMUEL HORNE 
 
 WHO DIED AUGUST IOTH 1 786, 
 
 AGED 51 YEARS 
 
 ALSO OF JOHN HIGGIN OF GREENFIELD, GENTLEMAN, ONLY SON OF 
 
 THE ABOVE 
 
 50 YEARS GOVERNOR OF LANCASTER CASTLE 
 
 CAPTAIN AND ADJUTANT OF THE LANCASTER VOLUNTEER MILITIA IN I 798 
 
 WHO DIED JANUARY 1 2TH 1 847 
 
 AGED 85 YEARS
 
 io TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 
 
 AND OF MARY HIS WIFE 
 
 DAUGHTER OF ROBERT HOUSMAN OF LUNE BANK SKERTON, 
 
 WHO DIED NOVEMBER 6 1 823 
 
 AGED 66 YEARS. 
 
 ALSO OF THOMAS HOUSMAN HIGGIN, 2ND SON OF THE ABOVE 
 
 30 YEARS DEPUTY GOVERNOR AND KEEPER OF LANCASTER CASTLE 
 
 CAPTAIN IN THE ROYAL LANCASHIRE LOCAL MILITIA 
 
 AND MAYOR OF THIS TOWN 1 836-7 
 
 WHO DIED MARCH 27TH l86l (AND WAS INTERRED IN THIS CHURCHYARD) 
 
 AGED 72 YEARS. 
 
 AND OF SARAH HIS WIFE, THIRD DAUGHTER OF THE 
 
 REV JAMES WINFIELD, M.A. OF CHESTER 
 
 WHO DIED ON THE 14TH APRIL 1870 
 
 AGED 78 YEARS AND WAS INTERRED IN THIS CHURCHYARD. 
 
 Above are the Higgin arms. 
 
 On a brass in raised letters with red background is a mem- 
 orial to this effect : — 
 
 THIS TABLET IS ERECTED 
 
 TO THE MEMORY OF 
 
 MAJOR HENRY BUCKTON LAURENCE 
 
 2ND BATTN. THE KING'S OWN ( ROYAL LANC. REGT. ) 
 
 BY HIS BROTHER OFFICERS 
 
 DIED 3RD MARCH, 1886, AGED 43 YEARS. 
 
 On the head of the brass at each corner is a lion, while in 
 the centre are the Royal Arms. 
 
 A marble commemorates Frances Atkinson, relict of Anthony 
 Atkinson, of Kirkby Lonsdale, and the said Anthony, who died July 
 6th, 1796, aged 65 years. Underneath are the arms of the family. 
 I noticed on the north wall a neat marble memorial to Charles 
 Gibson, Esq., of Quernmore Park, who departed this life on the 29th 
 of June, 1832, at Thorpe Arch, aged 42. The memorial is erected 
 in remembrance " of his many rare and christian virtues, and as a 
 humble tribute of honest affection and gratitude by his affectionate
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. u 
 
 widow and nine surviving children. ' Not my will but thine be 
 done.' Above the memorial is an eagle with partially stretched 
 wings. 
 
 One in memory of Sibyll Elizabeth Wilson, daughter of 
 George Wilson, Esq., late Lieut-Colonel in the First Regiment of 
 Foot Guards ; and of Anne Sibyll, his wife, sole heiress of the late 
 Allan Harrison, of Lancaster, Esq., is also to be seen. The reader 
 is informed that this monument, the last testimony of affection for 
 a lovely and an only child, was erected by her disconsolate parents. 
 She was born on the 4th of May, 1766, and died on the 17th of 
 February, 1773. George Wilson, Esq., died in 1776, aged 53 years. 
 Next is a marble in memory of " Edward, eldest son of Edward and 
 Elizabeth Suart, of this town, who died on the 10th of May, 1S01, 
 aged 23, and is interred with the rest of the family in the aisle 
 below." Then we have the memorial to Ralph Butler, the youngest 
 son of Edmund Butler, who died September 5th, 1806, in the 30th 
 year of his age. There is a lengthy tablet to the members of the 
 Salisbury family near to. On another brass "Richard Johnes, 
 otherwise Jones, of Caton," is commemorated, "son of Thomas 
 Johnes, of Caton, born in 1684, and died in 1730. He married 
 Mary, eldest daughter [by Mary Carr his wife] and co-heiress 
 of Michael Johnson, of Twysell Hall, County Durham, and widow 
 of John Brockholes, of Claughton Hall, County Lancaster, she 
 died in 1730, and was buried also in this church. They had 
 issue an only son, Michael Jones, born 1729, died 1801, and 
 was buried in the chancel of this church. He married Mary, 
 daughter of Matthew Smith, of Askrigge, County of York, and 
 widow of Weston Coyney, County Stafford. They had issue four 
 sons, Charles, Michael, Edward, and James ; and three daughters, 
 Mary, Constantia, and Catherine. Mrs. Jones died in 1814 and 
 was buried in the chancel of this church." The dates on this brass 
 are in Roman. An earnest preacher is honoured with this modest 
 tribute : — " Within the adjoining rails where his fervent piety has 
 been so often witnessed, rest in hope the remains of the Rev. James 
 Thomas, who died on the 12th of January, 1824, aged 84 years.
 
 i2 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 
 
 Likewise those of Sarah, his affectionate and beloved wife, who 
 died the 30th March, 1826, aged 80 years." At the base of the 
 marble is the text, " When Christ who is our life shall appear, then 
 shall we also appear with him in glory." The Rev. James Thomas 
 was chaplain to the Lancaster Volunteer Infantry for some years, 
 his appointment dating from 1803. 
 
 On the north side of the chancel also repose the remains of 
 " Hannah Rawlinson, widow of Thomas Hutton Rawlinson, of 
 Lancaster, born 14th August, 1755, died nth February, 1842." 
 Adjacent we learn that " William Treasure Redmayne, of Burrow 
 and Hazelrigge, a Deputy Lieutenant of this County, died on the 
 30th November, 1849, aged 42 years." There is a tablet to the 
 memory of Samuel Gregson, who was mayor of Lancaster in 1817, 
 1818, 1825, and 1826, and who was born on the 13th March, 1763, 
 and died the 27th of October, 1846, in his 83rd year. Another is to 
 "Jane, wife of James Lonsdale, of Berners Street, London, who 
 died April 28th, 1827, aged 50 years. Also James, who died on the 
 17th January, 1839, aged 61," and one to the memory of Edmund 
 Buckley, who died October 20th, 181 7, aged 62, and his wife 
 Elizabeth, who died on the 4th January, 1832, aged 79 years ; 
 Elizabeth, their daughter, died 29th August, 1854, aged 73. 
 
 Gwalter Borranskill, Alderman of Lancaster, is perpetuated 
 by a memorial on the wall of the south aisle, which states that he 
 departed this life October 30th, 1761, aged 59 years, and that 
 Margaret, his wife, died April 22nd, 1789, aged 78 years. 
 
 The Fauconberg epitaphs are in small lettering, almost 
 beyond discernment. They read thus : — 
 
 "Near this stone lie the remains of Roland, Viscount 
 Fauconberg of Henknowle, Baron Fauconberg, of Yarum, eldest 
 son of Anthony Belasyse, who died October 9th, 1754, and of his 
 wife Susanna Clervet, who died August 26th, 1783, whose other 
 children were Francis and Raymond, who died infants. Mary, who
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 13 
 
 died April 15th, 1780; Thomas, who died August 24th, 1810, 
 (leaving a widow Louisa Juliana de Manneville and five daughters), 
 Charles, Francis, and Barbara." 
 
 The said Roland succeeded to the above honours by the death 
 of Henry Belasyse, Earl Fauconberg, of Newburgh, Lord Lieutenant 
 and Custos Rotulorum of the North Riding, County of York, March 
 25th, 1802 ; and he died November 30th 1810, aged 66. 
 
 In all the relations of life he lived unblamed, and by those 
 who knew him best will be longest mourned, r. i. p. 
 
 And in the same grave lie the remains of the said Charles, 
 D.D., Lord Viscount Fauconberg, who died June 21st, 1815, aged 
 65 years." 
 
 On a tablet beneath we read, "Also of Francis, who died 
 January 25th, 1825, aged 72. Louisa Juliana, widow of the above 
 named Thomas, died October 27th, 1814, The above named 
 Barbara, died June 20th, 1823." The upper marble is adorned with 
 the Belasyse arms. The motto is Bonne et Belle Asses. The 
 coronets of an Earl and a Viscount also appear, and on the lower 
 tablet is a cross. 
 
 Among other memorials are these ; — 
 
 " In memory of John Webster, attorney, who died December 
 1 8th, 1780, aged 35 years, of Joseph his son, who died March 30th, 
 1780, aged 9 years, and of Mary who died January nth, 1801, aged 
 27 years, Jennet Webster, his widow, died on the 21st February, 
 1812, aged 63 years. In the churchyard their son John Webster, 
 attorney, is buried He departed this life on the 15th of February, 
 1852, aged 75 years." 
 
 "To the memory of Robert Foxcroft, collector of Customs 
 at the port of Lancaster, who died on the 10th of October, 1791, 
 aged 83 years."
 
 i4 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 
 
 " In memory of Stephen Postlethwaite, died on the 31st 
 March, 1789, aged 77 years. " 
 
 Thomas Bowes, a well known name in the annals of Lancas- 
 ter, died on the 28th September, 1833, ag-ed 56 ; Agnes his wife, 
 died on the 18th of January, 1810, aged 24, also John, their only 
 son, died on the 11th June, 1816, aged 7 years." 
 
 The Penny memorial at the west end of the church is as 
 follows : — 
 
 "William Penny, late an Alderman of Lancaster, who de- 
 parted this life 29th June, 17 16. He left money, lands, and 
 tenements to the Mayor and Aldermen of this town, in trust, to 
 build an almshouse, and granted annuities to twelve ancient indi- 
 gent men. To perpetuate the name and generosity of so liberal a 
 founder, this tablet was erected by order of the trustees a. d. 1818." 
 
 Near it is the Heysham tablet : — 
 
 " Sacred to the memory of William Heysham, Esq., formerly 
 M.P. for the Borough, obit 14th April, 1727. He gave an estate 
 near this tow r n called The Greaves to the Mayor, Recorder, and the 
 Senior Aldermen, in trust, to divide the rent annually among eight 
 poor ancient men of this Borough. To commemorate the name 
 and munificence of the donor, this monument is erected by the 
 trustee^." Another monument, near the above, commemorates 
 Giles Heysham, of Lancaster, who died 1787, aged 68 years, and 
 also his son, John Heysham, M.D., of Carlisle, who died 1834, 
 aged 81 years, members of the same eminent Lancaster family. 
 
 The font cover bears the date, 1631. 
 
 There are about twenty old brass memorials in St. Mary's 
 Church. Some have been inserted in stones while others appear to 
 have been attached to the church walls. It is much to be regretted
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 15 
 
 that these plates should have been subjected not only to removal but 
 to relegation, being in places where the majority of people can never 
 behold them. I give transcriptions of most of the ancient brasses. 
 The first one reads thus :— " Here lieth the body of John Thornton, 
 of Oxclif, who died February the 1 8th, 1671, aged 38 years. Also 
 Robert, son of John Thornton, died June ye 6th, 1672, aged 11 years ; 
 also Elizabeth, wife of Edmond Thornton, of Oxclif, who died May 
 ye 3rd, 1709, in the 40th year of her age." 
 
 A death's head is on the next : — " Resurgam Thomas Atkin- 
 son, obiit July 12th 1684 Posuit Eis." The rest is unreadable until 
 the last line is reached, which consists of the name " Nicholas 
 Atkinson." 
 
 This is succeeded by one to Thomas Medcalfe and his wife :— 
 " Here lie the bodies of Thomas Medcalf of Lancaster and Alice his 
 wife the daughter of William Rippon of Hare . . . pe. She died 
 1609 June 1 7th aged 37. Hee 171 2 February 19th, aged 64. Leaving 
 surviving children — Judith, Thomas, Elizabeth, William, Margaret, 
 George, and Dorothy." 
 
 The rest are as follow: — "Here lyeth ye body of Willia 
 Backhouse who dyed April ye 23rd 1697. Aetatis suae 37."-—" Here 
 lies the body of Christopher Fell son of George Fell of Pennington 
 in Furness, who died the 9th of September 1700." A coat of arms 
 is beneath. — " Here lieth interred the body of Esther Whitehead 
 who departed this life the 8th day of May 1712." — " Thomas Gard- 
 ner, Alderman of Lancaster died July the J9th Anno Domini 17 12, 
 in the 59th year of his age." — " Thomas Foster de Beaumont Armiger 
 Obiit 22 die August Anno Domini 1713, Aetatis suae 61." —"Here 
 lieth the body of Matthew Richardson of Sowerby Lodge in Furness 
 who died ye 28th February 1714 in the 36th year of his age." — 
 " Ellen relict of Thomas Gardner of Lancaster, died May ye 26th, 
 3715 in ye 73rd year of her age." — "Jane, wife of Thomas Goodier, 
 collector of this port, buried 30th of May 1721." — " Mary daughter 
 of James and H . Grimshaw 1721." — "Thomas son of
 
 16 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 Edmund Bainbridge died August the 9th in the year of our Lord 
 1722 aged 9 months and ' whon ' daye." 
 
 " Here lies the remains of Edward Machell who died the 7th 
 of April 1 734 in the 61st year of his age, also five of his children here 
 departed, namely Elizabeth, daughter, died July 1735 in the fourth 
 year of her age. Sarah who died the 3rd of November 1736 aged 2 
 years. Barbara the 3rd of November 1742 aged 5 years. Ann 
 laboured under a grievous asthmatic complaint upwards of three years 
 which she bore with uncommon Christian fortitude hoping and 
 earnestly wishing for thro' the mediation of her Saviour a transition 
 to joys more substantial than the disultory ones of this life, and on 
 the 5th of July 1780 she approached her dissolution meeting at last 
 the King of Terrors with a smile in the 32nd year of her age. Also 
 here repose the ashes of Ann relict of Edward and mother of the above 
 recited children who died January nth 1788 in her 81 sty ear as much 
 respected for the amiable qualities of her mind as respectable for her 
 age." 
 
 " Margaret ye daughter of Ja. and Dorothy Smethurst. 
 Born 1705 January 21. Died 1766 December 1 8th." (The rest is 
 gone, the corner having been broken off). — "H. I. C. William 
 Preston, died February, 1780, Elizabeth his wife died May, 1769. 
 Elizabeth their daughter died May 1780."— "Here lie the remains 
 of Hannah Goad the daughter of William and Darling Goad of 
 London. Obt.^.nth November 1782 aetat 7 months. ' On thee the 
 tender thought shall dwell.' " — " Here lies the body of Thomas son 
 of Thomas and Frances Willock of Lancaster who Died the 21st of 
 August, 1/84. Aged nine weeks." — "Under this stone are the 
 remains of William Butterfield and Alice his beloved wife who died 
 March 29th 1795 aged 63 years. He died January 8th 1787 aged 80 
 years. Sint Felices." — " John Addison of Lancaster merchant who 
 died February 9th 1788 aged 48. Mary his wife died January 22nd 
 1 79 1 aged 47." ■— " Gerrard Rawes died May 21st 1767 aged 42 years. 
 Sarah Rawes died March the 30th 1792 aged 67 years." -" Inscribed 
 to the memory of Elizabeth sister of Edward Mather Mundy, Esq.,
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 17 
 
 Knight of the shire For the County of Derby And relict of Thomas 
 Foster Buckley, Esq., of Beaumont Hall in the County of Lancaster 
 Who departed this life on the 14th day of April 1811." 
 
 " Here lieth the remains of Rachel wife of Edward Styth of 
 Lancaster, who departed this life the 21st day of February a. d. 1752, 
 aged 18 years, four months and eight days. Here lieth also the 
 remains of Edward Styth of Lancaster, who departed this life the 
 6th day of April, a.d. 1769, aged 68 years." In the path leading to 
 the north aisle there is a large stone to the memory of members oi' 
 the Barrow family and near to one in memory of John Croft M.I), 
 who died 6th April, 1746 aged 42. 
 
 Particulars of the Covell epitaph appear in the chapter dealing 
 with the ancient corporation. A beautiful brass commemorates 
 John Stout, magistrate for the county, Born 27th July 1763, Died 
 11th April 1846. This brass is immediately above the font. 
 
 There are three excellently engraved brasses on the north wall 
 of this church which were erected early on in the year 1890. Two 
 commemorate those officers and privates who died in India between 
 1880 and 1888, and who belonged to the King's Own Royal Lan- 
 caster Regiment. Here is the transcription of the first : — 
 
 IN AFFECTIONATE REMEMBRANCE OF 
 
 Lieutenant F. W. HEARD 
 
 THE KING'S OWN ROYAL LANCASTER REGIMENT 
 
 WHO DIED AT DUBLIN 
 
 2 1 ST DECEMBER 1 889, AGED 23. 
 
 THIS TABLET IS PLACED BY HIS BROTHER OFFICERS. 
 
 ' WITH GOOD WILL DOING SERVICE.' 
 
 The second or centre brass is surmounted by a medallion 
 representing the insignia of the Regiment, the words "The King's 
 Own Royal Lancaster Regiment " appearing round the edge of it. 
 This memorial reads thus : —
 
 18 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 
 
 IN AFFECTIONATE REMEMBRANCE OF 
 
 Lieutenant E. -W. T. OSBORNE 
 
 2ND BAT. THE KING'S OWN ROYAL LANCASTER REGIMENT 
 
 WHO DIED AT POONA, EAST INDIES 
 
 1ST NOVEMBER l888, AGED 23. 
 
 THIS TABLET IS PLACED BY HIS BROTHER OFFICERS. 
 
 ' NOW TO THEM THAT WORKETH IS THE REWARD.' 
 
 At the head of the third or lowermost brass are two flags, a 
 helmet, and two swords crossed, under the helmet. On the right 
 of these devices are engraved " quetta, Karachi, 1888." On the 
 left " poonah, Bombay, 1880." The left flag bears on its left half 
 the names " corunna, salamanca, Sebastian, peninsula, Sevasto- 
 pol." On the right half are seen " badajos, vitoria, nive, 
 bladenburn, inkerman, abyssinia. africa." The text of the 
 memorial is as follows : — 
 
 IN MEMORIAM 
 
 THIS TABLET IS ERECTED BY THE 
 
 NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS AND MEN 
 
 OF THE 2ND BATTALION 
 
 1HE KING'S OWN ROYAL LANCASTER REGT. 
 
 IN AFFECTIONATE REMEMBRANCE OF THEIR 
 
 COMRADES WHO DIED IN INDIA 
 
 1880 TO 1888. 
 
 SERGEANT MAJOR T. RODDIS, SERGEANT MASTER TAILORS T. PHELAN 
 
 AND H. L. PYYES 
 
 SERGEANTS H. FARMER AND R. TODD. 
 
 CORPORALS J. BINNS, W. COLVIN, W. MITCHELL AND J. WILSON. 
 
 LANCE CORPORALS J. FURNESS, H. J. KING AND J. PARKINSON. 
 
 DRUMMERS C. WALSH AND W WHITTAKER. 
 
 PRIVATES J. ASHBROOK, C. BENNETT, J. BIRKETT, D. BIRRELL, 
 J. BLESSINGTON, W. BROPHIL, J. H. BROWN, J. CALLIGAN, 
 R. A CARRUTHERS, J. CHAMBERS, R. COCKERIN, T. COLEMAN, 
 D. COLLINS, J. COONEY, D. DELANEY, E. L. DWYER, J. EDWARDS,
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 19 
 
 PRIVATES J. EDWARDS. W. ENGLISH, G. ETTRIDGE, C. EVAN'S, W. EVANS, 
 O. GALLAGHER, M. MARGHETY, J. E. GRIMMER, C. HAMILTON, 
 R. HASLEM, J. HAWORTH, J. HODGSON, A. HOGAN, J. HOLGATES, 
 J. HOPKINSON, A. HUGHES, J. KELLY, O. KELLY, T. MALEY, 
 J. MAHER, J. MALONE, T. MARTIN, J. MCCARTHY, H. MOONEY, 
 J. MORRIS, J. MOSS, W. OXFORD, F. PLACKETT, F. PRATT, 
 C. PRATT, W. PRICE, J. PURCELL, J. REILLY, J. RIORDAN, 
 A. SIMPSON, F. SMITH, W. SMITH, J. SOUTHWELL, J. STANSFIELD, 
 J. SULLIVAN, J. SWALES, W. THOMPSON, J. TRYTHALL, J. UPTON 
 J. WARD, J. WEIR, E. WILLIAMS, J. WILSON, R. WOOF, J. WOOTON, 
 J. YARDSLEY. * 
 
 There is another brass beneath the Dockray memorial 
 window :— 
 
 to the memory of 
 
 Captain Edgar Dolphin, 
 
 2nd battalion 
 
 the king's own royal lancaster regt. 
 
 who was drowned on wroxham broad 
 
 on the 2 i st sept., 1 889, 
 
 AGED 32, 
 THIS MEMORIAL IS ERECTED BY HIS BROTHER OFFICERS. 
 
 On the east side of the vestry door is a very graceful brass 
 in memory of John Piers Chamberlain Starkie, who died on the 12th 
 of June, 1888. The lettering' sets forth that the deceased gentleman 
 was the second son of Nicholas Le Gendre Starkie, Esq. ; that he 
 was born on the 28th June, 1830; married in 1861, Ann Charlotte 
 Amelia, daughter of Harrington Hodson, Esq., of Bressington, 
 county York, and that by her he left a son and two daughters. The 
 reader is also informed that he represented the north east division 
 of the county of Lancaster in parliament from 1868 to 1880. and that 
 
 * (Hart, Son, Pcard &* Co., 0/ London were the engravers of the 
 above brasses. )
 
 2o TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 in all thing's he was " genial, hospitable and unselfish." Lastly it 
 is stated that two clerestory windows in the east end of the north 
 wall of the chancel were filled in with stained glass by some of de- 
 ceased's friends in perpetuation of his name and virtues. The arms 
 of the Starkie family appear on the left of the brass on the upper 
 portion, with the motto below " Patrie amicisque fidelis." 
 
 In the east of the north side of the chancel is another brass 
 on which is a large symbolically ornamented cross. Below in the 
 lower part of the pillar are these words :— 
 
 IN LOVING MEMORY OF 
 
 JANE MICHAEL SON 
 
 BORN MARCH _j.TH, 1 82 I, 
 DIED JULY 3IST, 1887. 
 
 There are tablets and brasses in this noble old edifice, dedi- 
 cated to divine worship age^ ago, which if copied out would fill a 
 small book independently of other items. Amongst them are 
 inscriptions in memory of members of the Gibson, Wilson, Campbell 
 and Park Families. The stained windows next call for a brief notice. 
 The large east window is fine and striking ; its subjects are the 
 Crucifixion and the Ascension. When close to there is a slight 
 detractiveness to the work owing to the preponderance of green and 
 blue, but at a distance the green does not look out of proportion, 
 while the blue, which is too dark, is softened down, so to speak. 
 This east window was erected by public subscription. 
 
 The window placed in memory of the Right Reverend 
 William, Lord Bishop of Derry and Raphoe, is one of the best in 
 the whole fabric. Its subject is " The miraculous draught of fishes." 
 The brass at the foot contains these words : — " in memory of the 
 
 RIGHT REVEREND WILLIAM HIGGIN, DEAN OF LIMERICK, 1 844, AND 
 BISHOP OF LIMERICK 1849, TRANSLATED TO DERRY AND RAPHOE, 
 
 1853, died july 12TH, 1867, in his 74TH year." The memorial 
 was erected by his widow and children. Mr. W. H. Higgin, Q.C.,
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 2. 
 
 has placed two very neat windows in the clerestory. The east win- 
 dow was designed by the eminent firm of Paley, of Lancaster ; and 
 the glass work was supplied by Messrs. Wailes, of Newcastle- 
 under-Lyne. 
 
 Among the south aisle windows are " Feed My lambs," 
 erected by the Church — 
 
 "To the honour and glory of God, and in memory of the 
 Rev. John Manby, 37 years Vicar of Lancaster, born November 
 10th, 1763, died February 13th, 1844." 
 
 "M,oses striking the rock," by Richard Newsham, late of 
 Preston, gentleman, is also a well delineated work. " Christ bles- 
 sing little children," erected — 
 
 " To the glory of God, in gratitude for many blessings 
 during twenty years residence in Lancaster. E. G. Hornby, 1857." 
 
 "The Creation," in memory of William Whewell, D.D.. 
 inserted by his sister in 1866 is a window by Messrs. Clayton & Bell, 
 London ; "The Resurrection," by Edward Chippendall, in memory 
 of his mother, 1858 ; and " Six subjects from the Old Testament," 
 in memory of Charlotte Augusta Gladstone, 1859, are all worth 
 the visitor's inspection. " : Peter's escape from Prison," in memory 
 of George Hornby, of Dalton Hall, 1855; "The Annunciation, 
 Temptation, and the Interment of Christ," in memory of the Rev. 
 Joseph Turner, 26 years vicar of this parish, viz., from 1844 to 
 1870. * In the north aisle are the following specimens of paintings 
 on glass : — -" The Doubting of Thomas," in memory of Mrs. Henri- 
 etta Harrison, erected by her daughter; "The Adoration of the 
 Magi," in memory of George Richard Marton, of Capernwray 
 Hall, is thus labelled : — 
 
 * ( This -window is by Burkhardt and is a copy of Raphael's painting 
 in the Vatican at Rome.
 
 22 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 "Erected to the memory of George Richard Marton, of 
 Capernwray, late Lieutenant Colonel 6th or Inniskilling Dragoons, 
 who died a.d. 1834, and of Anne Pocklington, of Chelsworth, his 
 wife, who also died a.d. 1834, by their only son, a.d. 1857. 
 
 " Scenes from the life of St. John the Baptist," in memory of 
 Joseph Dockray, who died in 1855 ; "The Transfiguration," in 
 memory of George Marton and Sarah, his wife, placed here by 
 their son and daughter. A very good window is "The Good 
 Samaritan," in memory of William Storey, who died in 1880. 
 
 There was until 1825 a pew immediately below the pulpit 
 styled Noah's Ark. This pew belonged in the year named to John Fell 
 and William Maychell, Esqrs., with some eight other persons. 
 They requested that the pew which had been removed to the vestry 
 door, should be replaced in its original position or that each owner 
 should receive compensation. The sum of thirty shillings was paid 
 to each one instead of restoring the pew to its first site. I may add 
 that there used to be in a little gable at the east end of the north 
 aisle a " Sanctus " bell, but it was taken down about seventy years 
 ago, and now does duty of a more secular nature at one of the Lan- 
 caster factories. — O temporal O mores! 
 
 The old altar-piece of Cedar wood and of Italian design is now 
 at Capernwray Hall. 
 
 The remains of the Dukes of Hamilton have all been removed 
 to the mausoleum, near Hamilton Palace, in Scotland. The family 
 vault used to be on the east side of the pulpit. 
 
 Parish Registers. 
 
 The Registers of St. Mary's Church are full of interesting 
 entries, and my best thanks are due to the Rev. Dr. Allen for his 
 great kindness in permitting me to see the same and extract various
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 2 
 
 .•> 
 
 items from them. The first few pages are of parchment, and above 
 the heading of one is this date — "September 26th, 1659," then, 
 after the word " Emanuell," comes the following notification :— 
 "This Register Bookee was begun for ye p'she of Lancaster in this 
 year of the raigne of our gracious souveraigne Ladye Queen Eliza- 
 beth ffortie one and in the veare ot our salvation one thousand and 
 five hundred and nynetie nyne Gefferson Braithyett beinge the maior 
 of this corporation the same year, Thomas Porter the vicar of the 
 church and Richard Townson his minister. 
 
 Churchwardens. 
 
 William Burton, Rich. Gotson, Thomas Carter, Thomas 
 Saule, William Crosfeld, and William Balderstone. 
 
 Bailiffs of the Towne. 
 
 William Partington of the Highe Croffte and Thomas 
 Medcalfe." 
 
 The Burials appear first, viz: from January 10th, 1627 to 
 January 21st, 1690; then come Baptisms from April 8th 1599 to 
 August, 1648; and Marriages from April 14th, 1599 to April 19th, 
 1653 ; Marriages by the Justices from September, 1653 to May 9th, 
 1655. Then Baptisms from September 3rd, 1648 to August 2Sth, 
 1675, Marriages from May 23rd, 1661 to February 5th, 1675, from 
 February 3rd, 1679 to April 21st, 1686, and from February 15th, 
 1689 to December 20th, 1690; Baptisms again occur from August 
 1st, 1675 to January 18th, 1690; Burials from April 10th, 1599 to 
 November 20th, 1627 (the year commences on March 25th) ; Burials 
 from December, 1677 to December, 1679 are missing ; Marriages 
 from May 7th, to May 23rd, 1661, from February 5th, 1675 to 
 February 3rd, 1679, an< i from April 21st, 1686 to February 15th, 
 1689 are missing. There are two Marriages written in after Febru- 
 ary, 1687 ; Baptisms dated December 29th, 1660, and January i th, 
 1 66 1.
 
 24 
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 
 
 Note by the Clearke, Baptisms, April, 1669. — " If any bee 
 omitted that have been baptised att home and not knowne to the 
 Clearke." (This sentence is incomplete). 
 
 It appears that in March, 1608, the Chapel Wardens for 
 " Poulton, Torrisholne and Bare, Alcliffe, Eshton, and Wiresdale " 
 were respectively Thomas Robinsonne, John Harrison, Edward 
 Smith and William Lambe. The Churchwardens for Lancaster in 
 1 64 1 were George Harrisonne, Walter Banks, Robert Harrisone, 
 Thomas Gotson or Jackson, Thomas Smith and I. Cuthson or Hoth- 
 ersal. On another page the registers of Burial commence with this 
 paragraph : — " Here beginnethe the names of all those p'sons as have 
 beene buryed in this Church or Churchyard since the Vth day of 
 ffebruarie 1627." From the burials I extract the following names. 
 The figures representing day or date of month are in many cases too 
 indistinct to enable me to give them with a feeling of certainty as to 
 their correctness. 
 
 Among the earlier entries I 
 wait and John Heysham. 
 
 March, 1627. — 
 
 William Singleton hi Thomae. 
 
 sepult. 
 May, 1628. — 
 
 J. Chambers sepult. 
 August, 1628. — 
 
 John Birkett filiusjohannis, sepult 
 
 Elizab. Caton, relicta Willus sepult 
 February, 1629. — 
 
 Isabel! Kellet filia Ilugonis Kellet 
 December, 1630. — 
 
 Mary Chippendale 111 Thomae . . 
 November, 1632. — 
 
 Randall Kellet Alius Hugonis Kel- 
 let. 
 July, 1633.— 
 
 Geoffrey Heysham. 
 August, 163.3. — 
 
 Richard Cornfurth, hi. Thomae 
 
 sepult. 
 September, 1634. — 
 
 Edmund Covell, gentleman. 
 Octoba, 1634. — 
 
 Willus Townley filius Ricardus 
 
 notice the names of John Braith- 
 
 February, 1634 (Sic) 
 
 VV Richard Troughton. 
 March, 1634. — 
 
 Agness Christoferson sone of Ed- 
 mund. 
 September, 1635. — 
 
 Eliz. Hathornthwait filia Jacobi 
 
 sepult Margaret Bond. 
 December, 1635. — 
 
 Mary Lodge filia Thomae. 
 January, 1635. — 
 
 Roger Higham. 
 September, 1638. — 
 
 John Lambe fil. Thomae 
 May, 1639.-- 
 
 Robert filius John Bentham. 
 July, 1641.— 
 
 Isabell ux Robti Stout. 
 April, 1644. — 
 
 Thomas Iliggins. 
 February, 1644. — 
 
 Eliz. Kinge ux Thomae Kinge de 
 
 Lane, sepult 
 December, 1647. — 
 
 Rog. Croft of Skotforth.
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 25 
 
 The regesteringe of burialls according to the Act in force 
 after the 29th of September. George Eskrigg of Lancaster being 
 chosen Register by the consent of the parrishe and sworn for that 
 purpose by George Toulenson Esq Justice of the peace the 19th day 
 l6 53- 
 
 May, 1653.— 
 
 Jeffery Mashiter of Orton the 28th. 
 May, 1656. — 
 
 Richard sonne of John West of 
 
 Overton. 
 September, 1656. — 
 
 John Beckitt of Bailrigg, buried on 
 
 the first. 
 October, 1656. — 
 
 George Eskrigge of Lancaster on 
 
 the 5th (Registrar) succeeded by 
 
 William Newton of Lancaster who 
 
 was sworn by William West, Esq. 
 
 18th October 1656. 
 May, 1657. — 
 
 Ann, daughter of John Bracken of 
 
 Eshton. 
 November, 1657. — 
 
 Margaret Bracken of Oureton, 
 
 widow. 
 January, 1657.— 
 
 Robert sonne of William Lambe 
 
 of Lancaster. 
 March, 1658. — 
 
 John Hathornthwaite of Tarnbeck. 
 June, 1661. — 
 
 Tenet Sands til. George de Scot- 
 
 forth. 
 July, 1663.— 
 
 Thomas Townley sepult vvvij. 
 February, 1663. — 
 
 Richard Kellet. 
 March, 1663. — 
 
 William Housman. 
 March, 1665. — 
 
 John Hathornthwaite of Ling- 
 
 moore, .... 10th. 
 April, 1665. — 
 
 Richard Hathornthwaite of Wires- 
 dale, .... 5th. 
 November, 1666. — 
 
 Maria Sands fil. George of Lan- 
 caster. 
 
 April, 1668.— 
 
 Margaret Higgin tilia George of 
 
 Bulke, ...- 23rd. 
 January, 1668. — 
 
 Isabel Hewetson ux Gawen of 
 
 Lancaster on the 23rd. 
 March, 1669. — 
 
 John Baldwin fil. Henry of Lan- 
 caster, on the nth. 
 January, 1673. — 
 
 Jenat, filia John Bond of Skerton 
 . . . 31st. 
 April, 1674. — 
 
 Thomas Lodge of Skerton on the 
 
 29th. 
 May, 1676.— 
 
 Thomas Hathornthwaite, de Wires- 
 dale. . . . 1 2th. 
 September, 1679. — 
 
 William Allanson de Scotforth. 
 August, 1682. — 
 
 Margaret Bracken of Bailrigge. 
 
 • , 15th. 
 September, 1683. — 
 
 Ruth Eskrigge of Lancaster 
 December, 1683. — 
 
 Dorothy Troughton de Lancaster 
 
 .... 3rd. 
 December, 1683. — 
 
 James Fell of Burrow on the 28th. 
 February, 1684.— 
 
 Adam Rawlinson a prisoner. 
 June, 1687. — 
 
 William Boardley of Skerton on 
 
 the 4th. 
 November, 1688. — 
 
 Wife of John Bond of Skerton on 
 
 the first. 
 August, 1688.— 
 
 Edward Covell of Heaton on the 
 
 20th. 
 
 The Baptisms are headed thus : — 
 
 "1599. Emanuell J 599- 
 
 The true register ol all the names of those p'sons baptised in the
 
 26 
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 parishe of Lancaster from the 18th daye of Aprill last beinge Easter 
 Daye Anno Dom. 1599 in ye ffortie first yeare of ye raigne of our 
 most gracious souveraigne Lady Queene Elizabeth." 
 
 August, 1620. — 
 
 Eliz. fflemminge filiaEdwardi bapt. 
 
 cci. 
 July, 1633.— 
 
 William Sandes filius Randal. 
 
 June, 1639. — 
 
 William Sandes filius Randal. 
 
 March, 1646. — 
 
 Hugh Kellet fil ^Hugh of Lan- 
 caster baptized on the 21st 
 
 Marriages are headed in like manner- 
 1599. Emanuell 
 
 
 !599- 
 
 The true register of all the names of those p'sons who have been 
 married in the Parish Church of Lancaster between the 8th daye of 
 April last beinge Easter Day, Anno Dom. 1599 in and in the ffortie 
 first yeare of the raigne of our most gracious souveraigne Lady Queen 
 Elizabeth." 
 
 November, 1639. — 
 
 Alexander Bagot to Jane Holme. 
 
 Februarie ye 3rd, 1648, — 
 
 ffrancis Bindlose, Esq. , married 
 Elizabeth West, eldest daughter to 
 ye Right Honourable Henry, Lord 
 Delamere. 
 
 Februarie ye 3rd, 1648. — 
 
 Christopher Townson son of Clem- 
 ent Townson to Isabel daughter of 
 Michael Pooley of Addington. 
 
 John Higgin of Lancaster to Jennett 
 Flyne or Slyne on the 27th of 
 March, 1654. 
 
 There are various entries regarding particular events, collec- 
 tions, &c. One of these is as follows : — 
 
 " Collected towards the releefe of Heddon, in Yorkshire, 
 within ye p'she church of Lancaster, the 6th day of March, 1658, the 
 sum of one pound ffive shillinges and one penny by us whose names 
 are subscribed. 
 
 George Tompkin. 
 
 Thomas Diconson. 
 
 Edward Marshall. 
 
 William Marshall. 
 
 and Others." 
 
 There are many Garnets, Rawlinsons, Jacksons,Cornthwaites, 
 Woodroughs, Capsticks, Parkinsons, and Masheters. Most of these 
 old names are to be met with to-day in Lancaster and vicinity. It
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 -7 
 
 is obvious, however, that the utility of many of the pages of the 
 register will be destroyed if they are not promptly transcribed, for 
 time is rendering them almost undecipherable. Here are a few 
 more baptisms : — 
 
 Jnne 2nd, 1694. — 
 
 Margaret, daughter of George 
 
 Washington. 
 June 15th. — 
 
 fane, daughter of Charles Rigby. 
 March 8th, 1795. — 
 
 Catherine, daughter of Henry 
 
 Bracken, of Lancaster. 
 October 31st, 1697. — 
 
 Henry, son of Henry Bracken, of 
 
 Lancaster. 
 
 In the Church V'ard, on the west side of the Vestry, is this 
 stone inscribed thus : — 
 
 June 22nd, 1794. — 
 
 William, son of fohn and Betty 
 Whewell. (Dr. Whewell). 
 
 May 26th, 1799.— 
 
 Martha, daughter of John and 
 Betty Whewell, of Lancaster; (she 
 married John Statter, of Bolton- 
 le-Sands. ) 
 
 A.D. 1828 
 THIS DEPOSITORY 
 
 FOR 
 
 Wills, Registers, <St°c., was erected at the. expense of this parish in 
 lieu of one relinquished in the Church. 
 
 The Right Reverend JOHN BIRD SUMNER, D.D., Lord 
 Bishop of this Diocese. 
 BENJAMIN KEENE, Esq., Registrar 
 The Rev. JOHN HEADLAM, A.M., Archdeacon. 
 The Rev. JAMES THOMAS LAW, A.M., Commissary. 
 WILLIAM SHARP, Esq., Deputy Registrar. 
 
 Mr. JOHN HARGREAVES, Churchwarden. 
 DAVID LOWTHER, Builder. 
 
 of the 
 
 Arch 
 
 deaconry 
 
 of 
 Richmond. 
 
 The ancient Church of Lancaster looks very much like a 
 grand cathedral. Its length is 145 feet, its width 58*^ feet, and its 
 form that of a parallelogram. Situated, as it is, so adjacent to the 
 Castle, it naturally receives numerous visits from the parties of 
 tourists who flock to Lancaster, Morecambe, and Ingleton during 
 the summer months. The sacred building stands on a great emi-
 
 2 8 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 
 
 nence, and its burial ground joins the Castle Parade and forms a 
 most attractive rendezvous for those who love a broad view of the 
 country. To the north-west is the main line of the Lancaster and 
 Carlisle Railway, from which passengers may catch a glimpse of the 
 fine tower facing the line and rising to an altitude of 140 feet. The 
 Churchyard slopes down to the railway and is very spacious, having 
 been enlarged many years back. It is almost in the form of a 
 mitre. The ancient boundary would, doubtless, be near to the point 
 where the Roman or Saxon road crossed from the meadow on the right. 
 The old shrine of death is full of interest. Within its keeping lie the 
 remains of the mother of Leigh Richmond, author of " The Dairy- 
 man's Daughter " and other religious works. The epitaph to her 
 memory is as follows : — " Sacred to the memory of Catherine Rich- 
 mond, widow of Henry Richmond, M.D., formerly of Liverpool, and 
 late of the city of Bath, and daughter of John Atherton, Esqre., of 
 Walton Hall, in this county, who departed this life January 30th, 
 1819, in her 84th year." Very feelingly did the gifted and pious son 
 allude in one of his books to the last resting-place of his mother 
 under the shades of a broad sycamore tree. On the main flag-way is a 
 tombstone worn and almost undecipherable covering the mortal relics 
 of one Matthew Washington, who died in the year 1729, and who was 
 probably a relative of the Rev. Thomas Washington, of Warton, the 
 last of the Washingtons of Warton, and among whose forefathers or 
 ancestral kin were John and Lawrence Washington, the former of 
 whom was the progenitor of the first President of the United States, 
 There is on a stone in Warton Churchyard the name of " Mrs. Eliza- 
 beth Washington," with the date June 15th, 1757. (A Rev. 
 Thomas Washington died on the 7th of February, 1823, and was 
 interred at Warton). Passing along, we come to a stone bearing 
 the name Sanderson, beneath that of Heysham, and the William 
 Sanderson, engraved thereon, who died January 20th, 1848, aged 
 44, was a local poet, whose works, strange to say, irrespective 
 of their merits, are very difficult to obtain. 
 
 To Ann, wife of William Talbot Rothwell, of Foxholes, is a 
 rather prominent memorial, consisting of an altar tomb, upon which
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 29 
 
 is a recumbent figure of a female. Unfortunately, the nose and 
 feet of the effigy had been damaged, apparently by sacrilegious per- 
 sons previous to the enclosure of the tomb and figure by means of 
 iron railings ; but these features have been restored. The monument 
 had quite a spoiled appearance in consequence of the chipping its 
 parts have undergone. The Society for the Preservation of Ancient 
 Tombs must have much work in store for it since modern tombs not 
 being allowed to depreciate in regard to art by the hand of time are 
 rudely tampered with by malice or idiocy in many of our old " God's- 
 acres." To the memory of one Sarah Whittaker, who died Septem- 
 ber 20th, 1837, aged 77, is this inscription : — 
 
 She liveth in holiness, 
 She died without pain, 
 She will rise in glory. 
 
 A small old flag with the name of Rauthmell thereon 
 
 reminded one of the author of "The History of Overborough," (now 
 called Burrow, the ancient Bremetonacas of the Romans), the Rev. 
 Richard Rauthmell, of Kirkby Lonsdale, whose work is quoted in 
 Simpson's Lancaster, p. 60, and who may have been allied to the 
 remains interred in this place. There is also another Rauthmell 
 grave commemorating three infants, viz., Robert, Charles, and Sarah 
 Rauthmell, the earliest death record thereon being November 22nd 
 1793. The name of Whewell also figures on the same stone. 
 
 Two beautiful poetical tributes to the dead I must be pardoned 
 for re-producing. The first is to a Jane Ryding who died October 
 6th, 1845, aged 85 :— 
 
 Farewell lov'd guardian of my youthful breast 
 Now past the reach of sorrow to molest, 
 Who can forget thy tenderness so kind, 
 I still have much to bring it to my mind ; 
 Farewell ; enter the joys of bliss divine, 
 And wear a crown of glory ever thine. 
 
 The second is equally pathetic, and refers to a person named 
 Annie Clough, who died on the 30th March, 1840, aged 22 years 
 (the first quatrain refers to some other relative).
 
 3© TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 
 
 The conflict past, the spirit now is fled, 
 
 And Isabella's numbered with the dead, 
 
 Bnt hark ! though dead, methinks I hear her voice, 
 
 " Weep not for me, my friends, rejoice, rejoice ! " 
 
 lov'd lost Annie, thou no more 
 Behold'st the burning tears I shed, 
 
 How vain the grief that lingers o'er 
 
 The coffin of the dreamless dead. 
 Vet I must weep, no fate can stay 
 
 The waves of woe that o'er me roll ; 
 No hand can pluck the veil away 
 
 Which hides the light that bless'd my soul. 
 
 Still, Annie, since I know thee blest, 
 For thee I must not dare to weep, 
 
 1 only long to share thy rest, 
 
 Thy graceful couch, thy endless sleep, 
 Though my soul's hope hung on thy breath 
 
 Thou to so bright a world art gone, 
 I would not wake thee, sweet, from death, 
 
 Though lov'd in life sleep on, sleep on ! 
 
 The foregoing- stanzas seem to have been composed specially 
 by some true lover of the departed one. A few other epitaphic notes 
 demand attention. One on the south side of the Church is to this 
 effect : — " Sacred to the memory of Alexander Stevens, Architect, 
 In private life much respected and lamented. The many public 
 works executed by him, especially the Aqueduct over the River Lune, 
 are the best encomium of his professional merit. He died January 
 29th, 1796, aged 66." Inserted in the wall on the north side of the 
 Churchyard is the following tablet: — "Sacred to the memory of 
 Elizabeth Margaret, the dearly beloved wife of John Manby, Vicar of 
 Lancaster, who died March 21st, 1821, aged 39. Also of John 
 Manby, instituted vicar of this parish 1807, who died February 13th, 
 1844." A very large vault contains the remains of a former member 
 of Parliament for the borough of Kidderminster. On the stone slab 
 or rather slate let into the pyramid are these words : — " Sacred to the 
 memory of Richard Godson, of Grosvenor Place, London, and 
 Springfield Hall, Lancaster, Member of Parliament for the Borough 
 of Kidderminster, Queen's Counsel and Bencher of Lincoln's Inn, 
 died August 1st, 1849, aged 52. Also Mary, his wife, only sister of 
 Henry Hargreaves, Esq., of Springfield Hall, who died in London,
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 31 
 
 December 14th, 1873, a g" e d 69." Another slab commemorates 
 " Henry Hargreaves, Esq., of Springfield Hall, Deputy Lieutenant 
 and Magistrate for this county, died November 23rd, aged 37 years," 
 and another large memorial appears near to the tomb of one of 
 Lancaster's greatest friends. It is the tomb of the Ripleys. Its 
 inscription reads thus : — " In memory of Thomas Ripley, who was 
 born in Lancaster on the nth October, 1790, and who died in Liver- 
 pool, August 20th, 1852 ; also of Julia Ripley, widow of the above 
 Thomas Ripley, who died February 2nd, 1881, aged 76 years." This 
 Julia Ripley was the foundress of the Hospital for Orphans on the 
 southern side of the town, which bears her name, and is a noble 
 building not far from the Royal Albert Asylum. Another stone is to 
 be seen to the memory of a very promising artist who died in the 
 month of November, 1852, the stone being erected by his pupils as a 
 mark of their esteem for his worth. Interments in the Churchyard 
 ceased about the year 1862. A very old stone is an upright 
 one at the west end of the Church and near to the Tower ; it is 
 scarcely readable, but the name, Pennington, is very easily traced ; 
 the Christian appellation is, however, all but gone. It seems to be, or 
 rather to have been, " Susanna." This stone dates from the 18th 
 century. Not far from this spot is the old pedestal of the sun-dial, 
 but the dial plate has entirely gone and a new one is the desidera- 
 tum of the hour. The antiquity of St. Mary's Church and 
 Churchyard is established by the fact that the Lancaster Runes have 
 evoked the interest of some of the most eminent men in England 
 and Denmark. The Runic names discovered on an ancient Danish 
 cross found in 1807, and said by Dr. Whitaker to stand for five 
 chiefs, " Ubbo, Aikfreth, Reafan, Siffred, and Druimond," go far 
 towards strengthening the conjecture that a Church stood here 
 during the time of Knut or Canute. When the cross was first discov- 
 ered it was placed, by order of the then vicar, near the entrance to the 
 vicarage. Sometime afterwards it found its way to Todhunter's 
 Museum, Kendal, afterwards it went to Manchester (1835), was 
 removed thence to University College, London, and lastly we find 
 that it was generously given by the council of the said college to the 
 Natural History Society's Museum, Manchester, where it is now
 
 32 
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 
 
 carefully preserved in a glass case. There is a plaster cast of the 
 cross in the Lancaster Museum. Since Dr. Whitaker's time the 
 letters have been defined as representing- the following intimation : — 
 " Gibih^th Far/e Cynibalth Cuthb^nac," " Gibi hath died, a 
 kinsman of Balth (or of a bold race), known to camps, (or experts 
 in the field)." Professor Finn Magnusen made out the characters 
 as " Gibidon Faro Cunibald Cuss Burmn." In Latin thus ren- 
 dered — " Oremns nancisci (obtincre) quietem Cunibaldum (bene) 
 notum castri ( civ i tat is) incolam civem out 4>rcefectu?n " " Let us 
 pray that Cunibald, a renowned inhabitant of the Castle, may 
 obtain rest." The above readings were all given on the supposition 
 that the names were Danish. John Mitchell Kemble, Esq., the 
 well-known Anglo-Saxon scholar, intimated that the characters 
 were " Gibid^eth For^e Cynibalth Cuthberht, (Ing^:)." "Pray 
 for Cynibald and Cuthbert," or " Pray for Cynibald the son of 
 Cuthberht." But the conclusions arrived at by Mr. John Just, of 
 Bury Grammar School, after careful examination of this rare Anglo- 
 Saxon Runic inscription is now held to be the most correct, allowing, 
 of course, for the mutilation of the last two letters on the cross — 
 " Gibiddeth Fore Cynibalth Cuthburuc." " Pray ye for Cynibald 
 Cuthburuc." (See Baines, vol. ii, p. 553.) Dr. Whitaker believed 
 Aikfreth was the lord of Dent and Sedbergh. But the doctor is said 
 to have been misled by the errors of a draughtsman in his explana- 
 tion of the characters on this cross. 
 
 Against the north wall of the Chancel and near the approach 
 to the vicarage, are several old headstones to the memory of a 
 family named Foster. The letters are raised as per specimens 
 given : — 
 
 HERE . LYETH 
 
 HERE . LYES 
 INTERRED 
 THE . BODY 
 OF . THOMAS 
 FOSTER . FR 
 EE . BURGS 
 SE . OF . LANC 
 ASTER . WHO 
 DEPARTED 
 THIS . LIFE 
 THE . 22 . DAY 
 OF . JUNE 
 1675. 
 
 THE. BODY . OF 
 ELIZABETH 
 FOSTER . W 
 IFE . OF . THO 
 MAS . FOSTE 
 R . OF . LANCA 
 STER . WHO . D 
 IED . THE . 27 
 OF , SEPTEM 
 BER 1676 
 
 HERE . LYES . THE 
 BODY . OF . THOM 
 AS . FOSTER . AND 
 THE. BODY. OF. NA 
 THAN . FOSTER . 
 OF . LANCASTER 
 WHO. DIED. DECEM 
 BER . 23 . 1671 . 
 D . APRIL . THE 
 H . 1672
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 0.5 
 
 Full date of the third inscription cannot be given owing to 
 the stone being broken at the left corner of the base. Another 
 stone bears upon it a full length cross. Inserted in the Vestry Wall 
 are portions of two stone coffins, the one of adult size having 
 evidently been occupied by a Crusader. 
 
 Among other graves are those of the Bagots, Brockbanks, 
 
 Baldwins, Charnleys, Capsticks, Croudsons (from 1759) Crofts, 
 
 Eidsforths of Aldcliffe, Hadwens, Jepsons, Kendalls, Loxams, 
 
 Minshulls, Robinsons, Shepherds, Walmsleys, Wakefields, and 
 
 Wadesons. One Jepson tomb bears the following inscription :— 
 
 " Here lyeth interred 
 Capt. Lieut. Edward Jepson, 
 of Lancaster, who dyed 
 the 17th day of April, 1671." 
 
 Another well-known grave tells us that " Richard Owen died at the 
 Island of Bartholomew, in the West Indies, October 14th, 1809, 
 aged 53 ; his wife Catherine dying November 24th 1838, aged 78. 
 There is also a James Hawkins Owen commemorated, who died at 
 Demerara, April 18th, 1827, at the early age of 29. I need not say 
 whose parents and brother repose here, parents and brother of an 
 illustrious man who still survives at the time of writing. Vet an- 
 other stone I call attention to : — 
 
 " Vivi ut morituus, 
 Johannes Shepherd, 
 Natus, Decern. 19th, 1769. 
 Denatus, Aug. 26th, 1792. 
 
 Eripere Vitam nemo non Homini potest. Ad nemo Mortem nulle, 
 
 ad hanc aditus patent." 
 
 There is a rather telling epitaph to the memory of "John 
 Howarth, Surgeon, of Bolton-le-Moors, who died in the Castle, on 
 the 28th August, 1827, aged 28. 
 
 " No sorrow now hangs clouding on his brow, 
 No loss, no grief his deathly looks do show, 
 111 fortune press'd upon his generous mind 
 Till Nature's strength left all his grief behind." 
 
 This young: sureeon was evidently confined in the Castle tor debt.
 
 34 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 
 
 A curious memorial appears at the west end of the yard to 
 Eleanor Harrison, late of Fairfield, Manchester, — "A single sister 
 in the Church of the United Brethren, who fell asleep in Jesus on 
 the igth of January, 1827, ag'ed 30 years." The Churchyard was 
 enlarged about 1818 by the enclosing- of garden lands on the west, 
 belonging to the heirs of Mr. Butterfield. 
 
 Priors ok St. Mary's, Lancaster: — John, circa a. d, 1230; Galfridus, 
 1241 ; Gernerus, 1249; Willielmus Ree, 1252; Ralph de Truno, 1266; John Ray, 
 1270; Nigellus, 1315 ; Fulcherius, 1318 (named in an Inquisition, 15th, Edward II., 
 1521-2. predecessor of the prior of that year); Galfridus, 1322; William de Bohun, 
 1327 ; Adam Conratts, 1330 ; Ralph de Truno, 1331 ; Emerie de Argentelles, 1337 ; 
 Peter — , 1367 (succeeded by William Raymbant same year. Peter translated to 
 Leeds) ; John Innocent, 1391 ; John Loget, died 1399. 
 
 Giles Lovell. the last prior, died in 1428, and Whitaker could not trace 
 the succession t<> a later date than that ol this Lovell. But it is not impossible for 
 the Randal Elcock or Christopher Leye, mentioned in John Gardyner's will, made 
 in 1472. and proved in 1483, to have been successor to Lovell and predecessor of 
 William Paynes, mentioned in the Lancashire Records. 
 
 Vicars of Lancaster: — 1575, Hugh Conway: 1582, Henry Porter; 
 ante 1602, Richard Townson ; 1608, Geffrey Kynge ; 1616, James Gregson ; 1630 
 William Brudenell ; 1630, Augustine YVildbore ; 1630, Richard Routh ; 1631, 
 Augustine Wildbore, Edward Garforth ; 1682, Seth Bushell ; 1684, James Fenton ; 
 1714. William Lindsay; 1714, James Fenton ; 1767, Oliver Marton ; 1794, William 
 White; 1806, John Man by ; 1844, Joseph Turner; 1870, John Allen. 
 
 When the Act of Uniformity was passed Dr. William Marshall was Vicar. 
 Calamy states that he was ejected in 1662. He did not remain long in Lancaster, 
 but travelled abroad. 
 
 In the Record Society's publication of "First Fruits Compositions" are 
 these additional names : — 
 
 Waynhouse John, V, 1 8th Oct., 8th Elizabeth, 
 Conway Hugh, R. cl., 9th February, 18th Elizabeth." 
 
 " Lancashire and Cheshire Records." — Part II., p. 410 
 In the Cantar Elemos' ville Lancastr*," a Bayne? is mentioned as Incumbent about 
 the 5th of Mary, or 1st Elizabeth. 
 
 Augustine Wildbore, D.D 
 
 A few remarks concerning Dr. Wildbore may not be out of 
 
 place at this point.
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 35 
 
 Augustine Wildbore became Vicar of Garstang on the 17th February, 1620, 
 The Wildbores belonged to Northants and are recorded in a pedigree of the Visitation 
 of 1618, Harl MSS. John Wildbore had a son, Robert, who died icth September, 
 1600. He belonged to Glintow and married Alice Godfrey, of Stranground, Hunts, 
 
 daughter of William Godfrey. I le had issue four sons and several daughters. The 
 eldest son, Thomas, died unmarried. A Godfred was living at Glintow in 16 [8. 
 He married Petronella, daughter of Augustine Earle, of the County of Leicester ; and 
 secondly, Mary, daughter of Patrick Lowe, of Denbigh. By the latter wife he had 
 no issue, but had two sons and three (laughters by the former. Augustine, born 1590, 
 educated at the Grammar School, Peterborough, matriculated pensioner of Trinity 
 College, Cambridge, 1607, then went to Sydney Sussex College: took his 1;. A. in 
 1610, and his M.A. in 1614; B.D. in 1623, and D.D. in 1633. His sister Elinor 
 married Edward Cowell, of Hunts, and Frances, another sister, married Thomas 
 Foote. Elizabeth becoming the wife of Samuel Barker, of Duffield, Derbyshire. Dr. 
 Wildbore was buried on the 19th April, 1654, at Duftield, according to the Registers 
 .»f the Parish.'' — See p. i^g, Fishwick's " Gnrsfang." 
 
 The late Rev. William Stratton, B.A., of Gressingham, in- 
 formed me that there was once a Chapel dedicated to St. Thomas 
 A' Beckett in St. Mary's Church. (See Raines's " History of Chan- 
 tries" (j noted at t/ie end of this work. ) 
 
 Churchwardens, 1671 
 
 Lancaster : — John Mashiter. 
 
 Bulk and Aldcliffe : — William Shierson. 
 
 Scotforth : — John Walton. 
 
 Skerton : — Thomas Bond. 
 
 Poulton, Bare, and Torrisholme : — Thomas Cooper 
 
 Middleton and Overton : — Thomas Gardner. 
 
 Wyresdale and Quernmore : — William Chapman. 
 
 Sidesman : — Nicholas ffbx. 
 
 Parish Clerks 
 
 Acting in 1656 — George Eskrigg 
 18th Oct. 1656 — William Newton. 
 Acting in 1658 — James Hardman.
 
 3 6 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 Acting- in 1679 — Thomas Townson (and Sexton). 
 1 69 1 — John Horsfall, began 1691. 
 1723 — John Brown. 
 1760 — Thomas Cartmel. 
 1784 — Thomas Batty. 
 1790 — Thomas Slater. 
 181 5 — Thomas Bibhy, died September 
 29th, 182 1. 
 ,, 1825 — John Beckett, appointed by the Rev. John 
 
 Manby, April 8th, 1822; died December 9th, 1883, in his 92nd year. 
 1 have been permitted to refer to the Church Books for the lists 
 
 given. 
 
 John Beckett was the last Clerk. The office has since been 
 held by the junior curate. The dates must not be taken as dates of 
 appointments. 1 find that Jas. Hurtley succeeded Edmund Parkin- 
 son as sexton on the 4th of December, 1824. Edmund Parkinson 
 died 1 8th September, 1824, aged 66. 
 
 The Tower and Bells. 
 
 At a Vestry Meeting held on the 28th June, 1743, it was 
 decided to raise the Steeple ten yards higher, in order that the Bells 
 might be heard to better advantage. In the same year the Bells 
 were to be re-cast, and it transpires that one Abel Rundall, of 
 Gloucester, was directed to undertake the work. The Big Bell at 
 this period is stated to have weighed 20 cwts. 
 
 The Old Tower of St. Mary's has long been famous for its 
 good bell-music. On the 2nd of October, 1880, the Ringers of 
 Lancaster rang 5,040 changes of grandsire triples Holt's ten part 
 peal, in three hours and thirty-two minutes. Affixed to the wall is 
 the following verse : —
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 37 
 
 If to ring you do come here, 
 You must ring with hand and ear, 
 And when your bell you overthrow 
 Your shilling pay before you go ; 
 Your fourpence pay, besides all that, 
 Whoe'er appear in spur or hat : 
 And if above you wish to go 
 Your twopence pay or stay below. 
 
 The eight new bells in the Tower are the gift of James Williamson, 
 Esq., M.P., in the year of his shrievalty, 1885. There are no in- 
 scriptions on the same save the name of the donor and the date of 
 the gift, with the name of the Vicar of Lancaster and those of the 
 Churchwardens, and they appear on the tenor bell Mr. Williamson 
 at the same time, presented the ancient edifice with a beautiful new 
 clock with chimes. The following items will at once show what a 
 genuine presentation the clock really is, and likewise the degree of 
 perfection at which public clock-makers have arrived. " This new 
 horologic instrument is the work of Messrs. Lund and Blockley, a 
 distinguished firm, of Pall Mall, London and Bombay, (makers of 
 the Bombay University great clock and carillons). The clock shows 
 the time on four dials, each eight feet two inches in diameter, chimes 
 the full quarters on eight bells, a most unusual circumstance, the 
 tenor bell weighing $2 cwts. It strikes the hour on the tenor bell 
 with a hammer weighing 62 lbs. All the works are of the finest 
 manufacture, and the latest improvements have been introduced. 
 The solid cast iron bed on which the clock is built, and which is 
 eight feet six inches long by two feet three inches broad, is bolted 
 on to two strong iron girders built into the walls of the Tower, so 
 that the clock may be perfectly steady and an equal vibration of the 
 pendulum constantly assured. All the wheels, bosses, &c, except 
 the winding work are made of the best gun metal, no brass being 
 used in the construction of the clock, so that the wear is reduced to 
 a minimum. The pinions are solid and made of hard steel. The 
 three main wheels of the going, striking, and quarter trains 
 are respectively i6in., i6in., and 22m. in diameter; the going 
 main wheel being unusually large for the size of the dials on account 
 of their exposed position to the weather. The escapement, which 
 is of gun metal steel faced, is that known as the ' double three-
 
 38 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 legged gravity escapement,' generally deemed the best for large 
 public clocks, especially where the dials are much exposed as in this 
 instance. The two seconds compensated pendulum, which is 15ft. 
 6in. long, is built up with iron and zinc tubes, so adjusted as to 
 maintain a steady rate in all degrees of temperature. The bob of 
 the pendulum weighs about 5 cwts., and the pendulum complete 
 7 cwts. There is the usual inside dial in the clock to enable the ex- 
 ternal hands to be set from the inside of the Tower. One of the 
 neatest contrivances of this clock is the maintaining power, which is 
 so arranged by means oi' a double click and racket wheel, that the 
 same amount of power which is taken off the going train when 
 being wound is automatically put on to it again without the man, 
 winding the clock, putting any extra work into gear, thereby ensur- 
 ing no stopping of the immense timepiece while being wound. The 
 quarter train which is very large, on account of the weight of work 
 it has to perform, chimes the full quarters on eight bells by means 
 of eighty steel cams, bolted to an independent chime barrei, so 
 arranged as to lift their respective hammers at the proper time. The 
 chime 'barrel is arranged so that the changes can be altered at any 
 time, without interfering with or altering the clock in any way. 
 The total weight of the bells is iibcwt. jqrs. 261bs. The tenor bell 
 is Db. The bells were cast by Taylor, of Lougborough, and were 
 first used on the 12th of July, 1886. 
 
 The following are the chimes :— 
 
 1st quarter 1 2 
 
 2nd quarter 1 3 
 
 " 1 6 
 
 3rd quarter 2 1 
 
 >> 3 5 
 
 »> 4 3 
 
 4th quarter 5 3 
 
 ,, 6 5 
 
 >> 7 5 
 
 >> 8 7 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 n 
 ^t 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 I 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 *> 
 j 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 j
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 39 
 
 The clock was erected under the personal supervision of Mr. Block- 
 ley, junr. A brass plate is screwed on to the clock, bearing' this 
 inscription : — ' Presented to the Parish Church oi' St. Mary, Lan- 
 caster, by James Williamson, Esq., J. P., D.L., High Sheriff of the 
 County, 1885, John Allen, D.D., Vicar, William Thomas Sharp, 
 B.A., John Hatch, Churchwardens.' One thing 1 should like to 
 see introduced more freely into church campanology, that is the 
 tune-playing arrangement so common in other counties, so rare in 
 this one. Of Mr. Williamson's further gifts to Lancaster mention 
 will be made at a more fitting period. The patron of Lancaster 
 Church is Col. Marton, of Capernwray Hall, and the living is valued 
 at about ^1,800 per annum. 
 
 Privilege of Sanctuary. 
 
 The privilege ot sanctuary existed in the Church of Lancaster 
 almost from the period of the erection of the Church. The words 
 of William the Conqueror in the charter given to Battle Abbey were 
 to this effect : — " If any thief or murderer or person guilt}- of any 
 other crime, fly for fear of death, and come to this Church, let him 
 have no harm but be freely dismissed." -—Camden. History tells us 
 that this was also the extent of the ancient privilege in other places. 
 After the Reformation, persons who had committed murder, rape, 
 arson, or robbery, either in a dwelling-house or on the high-way, 
 were not allowed to become refugees, and the asyla in this county 
 were confined to Lancaster and Manchester, by the statute ^2, 
 Henry VIIL, cap. xii. In the 38th year of the same reign Man- 
 chester was permitted to transport all its sanctuary men to Chester, 
 and from that period it ceased to form a "centre of sinners," says 
 Fuller ; but Lancaster continued to afford sanctuary to delinquents 
 till the first of James I., when the privilege was finally abolished in 
 every part of the kingdom by the authority of Parliament. The only 
 excuse that could with reason be raised in favour of the sanctuary 
 privilege was that it forned a sort of haphazard set-off against those 
 unjust convictions and punishments which many persons suffered
 
 40 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 
 
 from time to time. It was the old judaic streak of mercy, audibly 
 preaching- the doctrine of " love mere}- rather than judgment." 
 
 On Tuesday, the 2nd of March, 1824, one Hannah dough, 
 did penance in St. Mary's Church. She was confined in the gaol 
 for debt, from the Ecclesiastical Court of Chester. In consequence 
 of her recantation she was set free, otherwise she would have been 
 confined for life. 
 
 Tithes of the Parish. 
 
 It appears that in the year 1650 the tithes of the Parish 
 Church of St. Mary were farmed at ^'510 per annum, and that not 
 unly Fulwood, 16 miles distant, but Toxteth also, 50 miles distant, 
 were then returned " as in the Parish of Lancaster." There were 
 in the Lancaster Parish the following chapelries : — Wyresdale, 
 Admarsh, Overton, Toxteth, Stalmine, Gressingham, and Caton, 
 at which latter place is a Chapel at Littledale. Bleasdale and Poul- 
 ton were chapelries of Lancaster, but Toxteth Park, being extra- 
 parochial, has long ceased to be of the number. 
 
 Amongst the Chapels added to the town of Lancaster may 
 be mentioned St. John's, which some say was erected on the 
 site of John Gardyner's corn mill. But I always understood that 
 John Gardyner's corn mill stood out in Briery Field, Newton, other- 
 wise Bulk. This Chapel was consecrated in 1755, and decorated 
 with a steeple designed by Mr. Harrison, of Lancaster, in 1784, and 
 erected by the munificence of Thomas Bowes, of Lancaster, gentle- 
 man ; and next is St. Anne's, Moor-lane, erected by the Rev. Robert 
 Housman, in 1796. At the early part of the present century Lan- 
 caster was much disturbed owing to a succession of law suits be- 
 tween the Incumbent and his Parishioners, but arrangements were 
 made for commuting the tithes for an annual rent, varying with the 
 price of corn, on the principle oi~ the Act obtained by the neighbour- 
 ing Parish o( St. Michael's in the year 181 ^.
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 41 
 
 The Gardyxer Chantry and Lancaster Charities. 
 
 A chantry was founded in connection with Lancaster in the 
 year 1485, by John Gardyner, of Bailrig, one of the benefactors of 
 the town, for the reception of four poor men as well as for the 
 stated celebration of divine offices in the Parish Church. This 
 chantry escaped the fate of the monastry. It was rebuilt in 1792. 
 on the ancient site to the east of the Vicarage Court, affording a 
 dwelling with an allowance of seven pence per week, and two pence 
 for a serving maid weekly to each of the poor inmates. The inscrip- 
 tion to be seen over the centre of the cottages forming the charity 
 is as follows : — 
 
 " Gardyner's Charity 
 
 founded, 1485, 
 
 re-built, 1782. 
 
 EDWARD SUART, Mayor. 
 
 JOHN WARBRICK, ] 
 
 RICHARD ATKINSON, J Damns< 
 
 The re-erection of the charity was undertaken by Mr Richard 
 Postlethwaite, the owner of the adjoining dwelling, who was re- 
 building his own house ; Nicholas Grene was the first Chantry Priest. 
 A John Hinde and a Robert Mackerel are also named by Willis, 
 
 A.D. 1553. 
 
 The charities of Lancaster, if not numerous, are very sub- 
 stantial. The first is Gardyner's, already noticed, then Penny's 
 Charity, founded by William Penny, Esq., alderman of Lancaster, 
 in 1720, comprising twelve small dwellings, situated in Back Lane, 
 affording to as many poor men a residence each, with an allowance 
 of ^3 6s. 8d. a quarter, and a new suit of clothes yearly. The 
 translation of the Latin inscription over the Entrance of the Hospital 
 is as follows : — " By the liberality of William Penny, gentleman, 
 formerly one of the aldermen of Lancaster, these aim-houses were 
 founded and endowed. Persons of profane or immoral character,
 
 42 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 by his express orders, are not to be elected or permitted to continue 
 as inmates of this Hospital." Penny's Hospital stipends have been 
 increased owing to the improved value of the property. Mr. 
 Heyshams estate, which used to yield a total rent of ^50 a year, 
 now allows a payment of ^31 4s. to ten pensioners, two of whom 
 may be women. The benefit of this charity is reserved for those 
 who have once known better circumstances. Gillison's Hospital, 
 founded in 1790, by Miss Anne Gillison, consists of eight houses, 
 for the reception of eight unmarried women, each of whom had an 
 allowance of foui pounds per annum, and a new gown, value 
 one pound. This Charity was augmented in i8i8by Mrs. Margaret 
 France who gave to it by deed the sum of ^100 Navy five per cent 
 annuities. The same benevolent lady left ^200 to the Dispensary. 
 
 The following is taken from the Report of the Trustees of 
 the Lancaster Charities. It is the first one issued. The meeting 
 was held on the 2nd of April 1890. The names of these gentlemen 
 are as follow : — C. Johnson, Chairman, G. Jackson, H. Welch, 
 T. Preston, Sir T. Storey, C. Blades, W. Pickard, J. Williamson, 
 M.P., E. G. Paley, E. Storey, A. Greg, E. Clark, J. Fenton, 
 W. G. Welch, A Seward. The Clerk to the Trustees is Mr. M. 
 M. Harrison, of 73, Church Street, Lancaster. 
 
 Additional particulars of each Charity are given in this 
 Report, and re-produced in this work. 
 
 Gardyner's Charity. 
 
 This Charitv has been augmented by the following Legacies : 
 
 Miss Dorothy Addison (less duty) £ 50 o o 
 
 Miss Tatham (less duty) 200 o o 
 
 Miss Mary Warbrick 112 10 o 
 
 Miss Susan Crompton 200 o o 
 
 The scheme of the Charity Commissioners dated 27th May, 
 1870, provides that the four inmates of these Almhouses shall be 
 widows. Pension — Five shillings per week. No changes in 1889.
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 43 
 
 Penny's Charity. 
 
 William Penny, by Will dated 2nd March, 17 15, provided 
 for the building- and endowment of Almshouses for poor ancient 
 indigent men and women within the town of Lancaster. The 
 Charity was augmented by a Legacy from Miss Tatham of ^200 
 (less duty). By the scheme of the Charity Commissioners dated 
 27th May, 1870, it was provided that there shall be fourteen Alms- 
 people inmates of Penny's Almshouses, twelve of whom shall be 
 men, either married or single, and two of whom maybe either men, 
 married or single, or widows. Pension — Men : Six shillings per 
 week ; Women : Five shillings per week. 
 
 Changes since 1st January, 1889. 
 Deaths. Appointments. Age. 
 
 J. Dickinson. John Airey. 75 
 
 Richard Monks. Henry Atkinson. 73 
 
 J. Ritson. Robert Lee. 71 
 
 John Airey. Richard Pye. 73 
 
 Hevsham's Charity. 
 
 William Heysham, by Will dated 22nd April, 1725, left his 
 estate called the Greaves upon trust that the rents should be appli- 
 ed for the benefit of eight poor men residing in Lancaster. By the 
 scheme of the Charity Commissioners dated 27th May, 1870, it was 
 provided that there shall be ten Pensioners, eight of whom shall be 
 men, and two of whom may be either men or women. Persons 
 who shall have been reduced by misfortune from better circum- 
 stances shall (caiteris paribus) be entitled to a preference at every 
 Election. Pension — Men : Twelve shillings per week ; Women : 
 Ten shillings per week. 
 
 Changes since 1st January, 1889. 
 Deaths. Appointments. Age. 
 
 Miss Mary Beckett. Mrs. Jane Jackson. 67 
 
 P. Raby. James Atkinson 75 
 
 Mrs. A. Battersbv. Miss Anne Battersby 56 
 
 Joseph Ellison. T. B. Hill. 66 
 
 John Morland. J. Chamberlain 80
 
 44 
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 Gillison's Charity. 
 
 Ann Gillison, by Will dated 19th January, 1781, provided 
 for the building- of Almshouses for eight destitute unmarried women 
 belonging to the town of Lancaster. She also left a sum of ^"iooo 
 as an endowment, and this Founder's Bequest has been augmented 
 by the following Legacies received from time to time. 
 
 Arthur Armitstead, Esq. 
 Benjamin Satterthwaite, Esq. 
 Miss Margaret Satterthwaite 
 
 Mrs. France's Gift 
 
 Miss Dorothy Addison 
 
 Miss Barbara Shaw 
 
 Miss Alicia Salisbury 
 
 William Satterthwaite, Esq. 
 Miss Margaret Ferguson 
 
 Miss Tatham 
 
 Miss Mary Warbrick 
 
 Miss Alice Giles 
 
 Pension — Five shillings per week. 
 Changes since 1st January, 1889. 
 Death. Appointment. 
 
 Miss M. Standen. Miss Ellen Bradley 
 
 (less duty) ^400 o o 
 (less duty) 400 o o 
 
 (less duty) 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 
 
 (less duty) 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 
 
 (less duty) 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 200 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 500 
 
 
 
 
 
 (less duty) 
 
 400 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 225 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 19 
 
 19 
 
 
 
 Age. 
 69 
 
 From the Trustees' Report 1 venture to reproduce the 
 following paragraphs : — 
 
 " Due provision for the continued performance of the duties 
 of the Trust is secured by the Scheme of the Charity Commissioners. 
 The number of the Trustees is maintained at fifteen, vacancies as 
 they occur being filled by the appointment of suitable persons. In 
 the administration of the Trust, great care is exercised by the 
 Trustees in admitting to the list of candidates only those who are 
 needing help and deserving oi' it. All candidates appear before a 
 Special Committee, and full enquiries are made into their circum- 
 stances.
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 45 
 
 After providing" for the Heysham Pensioners, and for the 
 pensions to the inmates of the Almshouses, the remainder of the 
 income of the Charities is bestowed in outdoor pensions. Owing' 
 to reductions in Farm rents and to some heavy repairs to house 
 property, the net income has been declining for some years past. 
 The Trustees have therefore been compelled to reduce the number 
 of outdoor Pensions by making no new appointments when vacan- 
 cies have occurred by death. Yet notwithstanding these reductions 
 the Charities were in debt at the close of 1889 to the amount of 
 £156." 
 
 Let us hope some good friends will come forward and make 
 up the deficit. 
 
 " At the beginning of this year a kind friend gave a donation 
 of ;£ioo to enable the Trustees to make some grants of outdoor 
 pensions, and on the strength of this donation, and in the belief 
 that before the end of 1891, the debit balance would be wiped out, 
 the Trustees resolved to grant five out-pensions of six shillings per 
 week. For these pensions forty-two eligible applicants presented 
 themselves. More than half of the applicants were upwards of 70 
 years of age. Thirty of the applicants were widows. So many of 
 the cases seemed thoroughly deserving that it was most difficult to 
 make the selection of the most necessitous five, and the Trustees 
 felt deep regret that their funds would not admit of an increased 
 number of pensions." 
 
 It may be apposite to mention that a donation of ^500 is 
 sufficient to establish a pension of six shillings a week for ever ; 
 such annuity could bear the Founder's name, and the patronage, if 
 he wished it, be reserved to him for life. 
 
 On the 25th February, 1890, those persons living in the 
 Gardyner cottages were Elizabeth Benn, Ann Edmondson, Esther 
 Walmsley and Jane Bird. I found the following persons residing in 
 the almshouses established by Mrs. Gillison ; — Mary Slinger,
 
 46 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 Hannah Mc. Grady, Mary Butcher, Mary Handby, Jemima Oliver, 
 Ann Alston, Ellen Bradley, Ann Townley. 
 
 Miss Gillison died on New Year's Day, 1790, in her 72nd 
 year. Her father was Ambrose Gillison, Esq., merchant, of 
 Lancaster. 
 
 On the 25th of February, 1890, I found the cottages of 
 Penny's Charity in the occupation of the following persons : — John 
 Hinde, John Haythorn, William Markland, Henry Atkinson, 
 Henry Carr, Elizabeth Magee, Robert Lee, John Starnforth, Ralph 
 Parkinson, William Cumpstey, William Wough, Mrs. Beckwith 
 and Richard Pye wholives in the tenement belonging the Charity 
 near Windy Hill. 
 
 Prayers are still said on Wednesdays in the Chapel, which 
 has of late years been much improved and modernised in its interior. 
 
 Prayers were formerly said every Wednesday and Friday 
 from Easter to Michaelmas. At one time the Chapel was turned 
 into a school-house for the use of the boys of the Charity school 
 established in 1770. The bible in the Chapel was " presented by 
 the Misses Threlfall to Penny's Hospital, Lancaster, February 23rd, 
 1 881." 
 
 Clarke states as follows : — William Penny's Charity of twelve 
 small houses for the same number of men, included also an allow- 
 ance of 1 6s. 8d. per quarter for each inmate, and a new coat, value 
 13s. 4d., every year. In Penny's Hospital there died in April, 1836, 
 Joseph Liver, aged 87, the oldest freeman of Lancaster. Four 
 generations of the family could be traced at this period, and there is 
 the name Liver still found between St. Leonard's Gate and North 
 Road. In the preceding February of the same year, Thomas Rat- 
 cliffe, the oldest freeman of Preston, died. 
 
 Religious Houses. 
 
 Of Religious Houses in Catholic Times besides the Priory of 
 St. Mary there was a hospital for a Master Chaplain and nine poor
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 47 
 
 persons, whereof three were to be lepers, founded by King- John 
 when Earl of Morton, and which was afterwards annexed to the 
 Nunnery of Seaton, in Cumberland, by Henry, Duke of Lancaster, 
 about the 30th, Edward III. This Hospital was dedicated to St. 
 Leonard. Then there was a Priory for Blackfriars, a Dominican 
 House founded about 44th Henry III. by Sir Hugh Harrington, 
 Knight, which was granted 32nd Henry VIII. to Thomas Holcroft. 
 Lastly, a Friary for Grey Friars, " a Franciscan Convent near the 
 bridge." Though the more elevated members of the monastic 
 institutions might fare sumptuously the position of others was 
 humble in the extreme, for we learn that the allowance of food per 
 diem in the Hospital for Lepers, as it is termed in the " Notitia 
 Monastica," to each of the brethren was a loaf weighing 1 lb. 120Z. 
 and pottage on Sundays, Mondays, and Fridays. Worse, indeed, 
 was this than the fare granted to paupers in the great " prisons of 
 the guiltless," as a distinguished author once called Unions. As to 
 the exact situation of St. Leonard's Hospital there has been much 
 uncertainty, but the discovery, in 181 1, of a crossed tombstone and 
 human remains seems to fix it at the eastern end of St. Leonard's- 
 gate. According to some of the statutes passed in the latter part 
 of the reign of Henry VIII. a great and flourishing number of " the 
 faithful " existed in Lancaster, and from one of these statutes, of 
 the date 1544, it appears that " there had in time past been many 
 beautiful houses in Lancaster." Camden confirms this account, for, 
 writing in the time of the Virgin Queen he says : " Lancaster is at 
 present but thinly peopled, and all the inhabitants are farmers, all 
 the country about being cultivated, open, flourishing, and bare of 
 wood.'; 
 
 An Ancient Gild In Lancaster 
 
 In the Antiquarian Magazine and Bibliographer for 1884 
 there is the following account of the ancient Gild of the Holy Trin- 
 ity and St. Leonard, Lancaster, by Mr. Walford, F.S.S., who con- 
 tributed a series of articles under the title of " The Historv of Gilds."
 
 48 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 " Lancaster. — There was an early Gild which differed in its 
 constitution but little from the type of burial societies which prevail 
 so largely, and almost exclusively in this country, at the present day ; 
 and it still more remarkably embodies the "collecting" "feature, 
 being the only Gild of this period known to have a regulation for 
 collecting the dues by the aid of special officers. We give the 
 ordinances in their entirety, with the exception of one slight devi- 
 ation. Gild of the Holy Trinity and St. Leonard, founded 1377. — 
 These Ordinances were made on the Feast of St. Leonard, A.D. 
 1377. Whoever is admitted to the Gild shall make an oath to keep 
 these Ordinances. No one of the Gild shall do anything to the loss 
 or hurt of another, nor shall allow it to be done so far as he can 
 hinder it — the laws and customs of the town of Lancaster being 
 always saved. No one of the Gild shall wrong the wife or daughter 
 or sister of another, nor shall allow her to be wronged so far as he 
 can hinder it. No one of the Gild shall take into his house anyone 
 known to be an adulterer, nor shall himself live in adultery : and if 
 it be shewn that he has done either, and after two warnings he will 
 not amend, he shall be altogether put out of the Gild. If any one 
 of the Gild die within Lancaster, all the brethren then in the town 
 shall come to placebo and dirige, if summoned by the " belman," 
 or pay ijd. All shall go or send to the mass held for a dead brother 
 or sister, and offer ob. under the same penalty. Every one of the 
 brethren shall say, for the soul of the dead, as quickly as he can, lx 
 Paternosters, with as many Hail-Marys. And the anniversary of 
 every brother shall be duly kept. If any of the Gild dies outside 
 the town of Lancaster, within a space of xx miles, xij brethren 
 shall wend and seek the body, at the cost of the Gild. And if the 
 brother or sister so dying wished to be buried where he died, the 
 said shall see that he has fitting burial there, at the cost of the Gild. 
 Each brother and sister so dying shall have, at the mass on the day 
 of burial, six torches and xviij wax lights ; and at other services 
 two torches and iiij wax lights. All the brethren and unmarried 
 sisteren of the Gild shall meet four times a year, on four Sundays 
 (which are named). Each shall then pay xiijd. towards finding two 
 chaplains to celebrate divine service in the town for the welfare of
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 49 
 
 the King - and Queen and the Lord Duke of Lancaster, and the 
 whole realm, and all the dead brethren and sisteren of the Gild. 
 Whoever does not come to these meeting's, and does not pay the 
 money within three weeks afterwards shall pay half-a-pound of wax 
 which shall be doubled if there be a further arrear of three weeks. 
 It is ordained that xij good and discreet men of the gild shall be 
 chosen, who shall have power of admitting fresh brethren and 
 sisteren ; shall arrange with each of these what shall be paid on 
 entry ; shall deal with what other matters touch the good name, 
 profit, and well-being of the Gild ; and shall appoint the places and 
 times of meetings : — and these xij shall be chosen afresh every year 
 if it be thought fit. Collectors shall be chosen, to gather in all dues. 
 They shall render an account to the aforesaid xij, or the greater 
 part of them, so that xij may every quarter let the Gild know how 
 its affairs stand. 
 
 Holy Trinity Church was a Church of the Black Friars, 
 situated where tne Wesley Chapel now stands. St. Leonard's was 
 a hospital for lepers." 
 
 In the summer of 1889 excavations were carried on near the 
 site of this ancient Hospital, which existed prior to the year 1198 
 when Pope Celestine filled the papal chair, a Hospital mentioned in 
 the Valor of Pope Nicholas IV., a.d. 1291. A little more of the 
 history of the place may as well be given before alluding to the 
 remains discovered. 
 
 This Hospital, " founded for a Master, Chaplain, and nine- 
 persons, of whom three were to be lepers," as appears by an in- 
 quisition of the 17th Edward II., 1324, was probably founded by 
 King John when Earl of Moreton and Bologne, or by the earlier 
 Earls of Lancaster, and it was subject to the Prior of Lancaster. 
 In 1357, Henry, Duke of Lancaster, annexed this Hospital to the 
 Nunnery of Seton alias Lekelay, one mile from Workington, in 
 Cumberland, and the ancient home of Orme, son of Ketel alias 
 Kelet, grandson of Ivo de Taillebois, and afterwards of the well-
 
 3 
 
 o TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 known family of Curwen. Henry, Duke of Lancaster, had heard that 
 the Nunnery was too poor to support the Prioress and Nuns, and 
 therefore granted them this Hospital in honour of God and Saint 
 Leonard, as appears by the charter dated at Preston, in the sixth 
 year of his dukedom. A Chantry was, of course, attached to the 
 Hospital, and included in the grant, subject to the concurrence of 
 the burgesses of Lancaster in regard to the bestowal of their alms 
 and ancient incumbencies on the Hospital. The " History of the 
 Priory of Lancaster " and the "Register of St. Mary's," contain 
 several allusions to this old shrine of St. Leonard. In the 4th. 
 loth, nth, and 13th Henry III., the lepers were allowed pasture 
 for their cattle, wood for their fires, and timber for their buildings. 
 [n 1291 the value of the institution was put down at viis. iiijd. In 
 1232, it possessed six acres in alms given by William de Scertune, 
 In 1324 the lands attached to the Hospital in Lancaster, Skerton, 
 and Wyresdale, were valued at vjl. viijd. The allowance to the 
 brethren was one loaf daily which weighed the eighth of a stone, 
 (lib. 120ZS.), with pottage three days per week, Sunday, Monday, 
 and Friday. 
 
 In 1556, five burgages (land held of the king or some other 
 lord at a certain yearly rent), and sixteen acres of land called the 
 "Nuns'" fields, of the annual value of ^3 5s., were, says the 
 Notitia Cestricnsis, sold to one, John Duddinge. No doubt the 
 Hospital in Skerton and the Grange (Beaumont Grange) were both 
 founded at about the same time. Several human remains in an ex- 
 ceedingly fine state of preservation have been turned up by the 
 workmen engaged in levelling that part of the Bulk or Newton 
 Estate at the end of St. Leonard Gate and on the left side of the 
 ruined Chapel or Mortuary. Portions of a skull submitted indicated 
 an extremely large head ; the occiput was very fine. A couple of 
 shin bones at hand are fourteen inches in length, and other crural 
 appendages are correspondingly large. One medical gentleman 
 secured an almost perfect skull, and another gentleman soon after- 
 wards met with a good specimen. The bodies seem to have been 
 buried at a depth of only two feet and in circles, so the workmen
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 51 
 
 say. It is to be regretted that this grand old site should ever be 
 disturbed or profaned by the workmen's spades. To unearth these 
 bones in order to build on the ground consecrated as their resting- 
 place augurs badly for the sanctity that may exist in two or three 
 centuries' time concerning any of our present most cherished God's- 
 acres. No one knows what will become of the remains unearthed 
 and how they may be scattered ; but the relic collector is as likely 
 to hold them sacred as anybody, indeed more so than the majority 
 of people might who ridicule such or irreverently destroy them. 
 A cremationist who visits the surroundings of the old silk mill has 
 certainly a grand argument in favour of the crematorium. But of 
 course, urn-burial might be liable to sacrilege just as earth-burial is 
 liable to disturbance ages after interment when lapse of time seems 
 to license posterity to do far worse than moralize over each departed 
 Yorick. 
 
 It is to be hoped that the owner of the old Mortuarv Chapel 
 of the Hospital of St Leonard will not suffer what few fragments 
 remain to be razed to the ground. There are surely many amongst 
 us who would contribute their mite towards a careful restoration of 
 the edifice which might be converted into a small museum of re- 
 ligious antiquities — antiquities many a visitor would not fail to 
 appreciate when out on tour. A brief history of the place and its 
 original form including its original possessions could easily be en- 
 graved on tablets fixed in the interior. Unfortunately this age 
 deems nothing practical which is unallied to successful cash-turning-. 
 With such a sordid misinterpretation of the word practical true men 
 have little sympathy.
 
 52 
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 Lancaster Castle — A tour through it- 
 Discoveries. 
 
 Recent Improvements and 
 
 ROM whatever point the towering masonry 
 of " Gaunt's embattled pile" is viewed, the 
 effect is solemnly picturesque. Whether you 
 approach Lancaster from the field route by 
 the broad river coming from Halton, from 
 Wyresdale on the south, ortheneighbourhood 
 of Carnforth on the north, you are struck with 
 the sublimity of the situation, and cannot but 
 meditate on the ability displayed by men of 
 far-fled ages concerning the choice of sites 
 for their strongholds and impregnable resi- 
 dences. But if "distance lend enchantment to the view," con- 
 tiguity imparts feelings not altogether allied to poetry, romance and 
 chivalry, for he who knows something of the castle's history 
 experiences sensations which well may hold him spell-bound He 
 feels that he is standing before a monument of time, a mighty relic 
 of Roman, Saxon, and Norman greatness, a stupendous memento 
 that, sermon like, silently proclaims the fickle nature of human 
 glory, and how races and dynasties have come and gone, playing 
 their parts upon life's stage, and that now the stage alone remains, 
 never to be peopled as in days of yore. As the thoughtful wanderer 
 ascends the stony slope that leads to the sombre doorway surmounted 
 high above, in 1822, by the figure of John of Gaunt, or Ghent, Duke 
 of Lancaster, he will find in the massive work before him fit emblems 
 of the natural savagery of man and the hardness of his heart. Not 
 of Roger de Poictou or John o' Gaunt will lie be thinking, poet- 
 like, but of the great fact that the building he is about to enter is 
 nothing so much as a memorial — a frowning memorial — of many a
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 53 
 
 miscarriage of justice as regards a past, not stretching to days oi 
 martial conquest and invasion, not even to mediaeval times, but to 
 a past dating only from the end of the eighteenth century. 
 
 A stranger entering Lancaster with the view of visiting the 
 Castle as the first object of interest, will soon find from the small 
 printed bills pasted here and there on the Castle walls or doors that 
 his first duty is to observe upon what days the grim structure is 
 open for inspection. He can gain admittance to the courts and 
 keep any day of the week by first obtaining a ticket at the large 
 residence in Church Street known as the " Judges' Lodgings The 
 hours of admission are from 9 to 11-30 in the morning, and from 
 1 to 6 in the afternoon. The courts and keep are available any day 
 of the week as stated ; but there can only be access to the dungeon 
 or well-tower on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays. In summer 
 time, he will notice as he ascends the steps of the house at which 
 he will receive his passport, that the door of the entrance hall is 
 open. A lady is waiting in the hall who will, for the modest sum 
 of sixpence, issue him a ticket with the words " Lancaster Castle " 
 thereon, and also in prominent type, " Admit the bearer to the courts 
 and keep, 6d.," the terms " courts and keep " being most prominent. 
 In smaller lettering follow the directions as to ingress, viz. :— 
 " Entrance only from the Parade, opposite the Church Gale." The 
 Church Gate here mentioned is the southern entrance to the old 
 Priory Church. The ticket is for all the world like a railway ticket, 
 numbered as is such passport, and dated by an " Edmonson " dater 
 on the back, when issued. The numbers serve as a check or proof 
 just as does the machine whose asterisk-projections you push forward 
 when paying to go on the pier at a sea-side place of enjoyment. It 
 must not be forgotten that admission to the Castle cannot be had 
 for purposes of inspection when the assizes, or sessions, are being 
 held. 
 
 Tour through the Castle. 
 The court-keeper, Mr. Bingham, a smart, amber-whiskered 
 officer, whose countenance itself is as the glass front of a book-
 
 54 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 case, in that it is the reflector of a history from within, kindly greets 
 th? waiting band, and, without loss of time, bids them follow. 
 Through a gateway and kind of corridor the sightseers are led up a 
 few steps, and through an open doorway, when a halt is made. 
 The lecturer informs the tourists that the strangely shaped chamber 
 the}" are now standing within is the " Drop-room," so called because 
 from this room all criminals sentenced to death have had to pass 
 after being pinioned therein to the scaffold, since the year 1800, and 
 until the passing of the bill for private executions. Prior to the year 
 named, prisoners for execution were taken in a cart (the seats there- 
 in being their coffins) to a place just above Christ Church, called 
 Gallows Hill, and the fringe of what was once Lancaster Moor. 
 But we are dealing with a matter only mentioned because we antici- 
 pate strangers to the Castle asking how it happens that executions 
 have but dated from 1800 in this Castle. The morbid reader, if any 
 such there be, will presently have enough literary carrion to feed 
 upon in regard to punishments, capital or otherwise, extending 
 ages past, in the vicinity of the old fortress. 
 
 In the " Drop-room " some very harrowing stories aie heard, 
 and as the stories are illustrated with the mechanical appliances 
 murderers have used in their deadly work, and those, too, by which 
 they have suffered, the listener feels an icy coldness rush over him, 
 notwithstanding the warmth of the day or the crowd of visitors he 
 is amongst. He seems to realize faintly the feelings of the culprit 
 whom the executioner has here pinioned securely with his straps ; 
 and as the describer alludes to a certain window almost opposite to 
 him, and behind the auditor, he seems to conjure up the ghosts of 
 the coffins of the condemned before his eye as he learns that upon 
 that massive window ledge, more like a cornice or huge square 
 table than an inside window-sill, those dark-stained chests of death 
 were laid. Next he perceives a high chair of very peculiar shape by 
 the speaker's right hand. Presently the same is moved, and the 
 audience learns that it was made for one Jane Scott, who was 
 wheeled out on to the scaffold on the 22nd of March, 1828. This 
 miserable girl, for she was only eighteen years old when executed
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 
 
 55 
 
 for the murder of her mother at Preston, had become so weak and 
 emaciated that walk to the drop she could not, and so an office 
 stool was fitted with castors, and the seat with back and arms. It 
 is a dreadful chair, or stool-chair, to look upon. The body o\' this 
 young woman was given to the doctors for dissection, and some 
 years ago her skeleton was " on view " at a house in Walker Street, 
 Preston. The visitor is next favoured with a sig'ht of the drop- 
 board, on which for the last time the criminal has stood, and which 
 has resounded his last footfall. Then the narrator takes up a short 
 chain with a piece of rope attached and dilates upon the old method 
 of hanging, or rather strangling, contrasting the same with the 
 present long drop instituted by Marwood. The sight of the ropes, 
 the real hemp of execution, since each one had drawn out the life 
 of some poor wretch, ropes noosed by the holder of them as he ex- 
 plains the awful arrangement, makes you anxious to quit this verit- 
 able criminals' hearse room and breathe freely. 
 
 But the by no means hurrying curator has not quite finished. 
 He tells you that in the mad years gone by, a conviction, rightly or 
 wrongly, meant execution, and how offences now punishable bv a 
 term of six months' imprisonment were punished by death. It is 
 said that in the year 1800 eleven poor creatures were strung up to- 
 gether and tantalized into eternity ; but this story is scarcely 
 credible, as it is not believed that eleven persons could be executed 
 all at one time without some contretemps being likely to happen, and 
 such under the old and unskilful method of execution could readily 
 have been foreseen. However, in 1817, as many as nine were 
 executed at once, and so badly were the arrangements conducted 
 that the suspended men struggled fearfully, and were almost on the 
 top of each other. The guide winds up by stating a painful circum- 
 stance consisting of the hanging of persons proved to be innocent, the 
 evidence against them having been the outcome of spite ; but a 
 conviction meant death, and respite was impossible. There are 
 few who doubt the miscarriage of justice in the case of those 
 legallv murdered men who faced their death bravely singing a hymn 
 as they were turned off. The bodies of the nine men previously
 
 5 6 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 
 
 alluded to are interred under the two cannons taken at Sebastopol, 
 and to be seen on the Castle lawn in front of the courts. It is 
 harrowing to find that, despite the bungling- of the executioner, 
 ( here was a magistrate in existence who could congratulate him upon 
 his ability and skill. Surely that magistrate must have had strange 
 notions as to how capital punishment should be carried out. Had he 
 been a King or a Czar, perhaps "Jack Ketch " would have received 
 a knighthood 
 
 The narrator next unlocks a drawer and reveals, as a final 
 display, the axe, sheeting, and razor, with which Bligh, the Kirkham 
 policeman, performed his lurid work on his little children. All 
 appear bloodstained. The razor with which the murderer intended 
 to practise upon himself is tied — the knife or blade — to the handle 
 In such a manner as to prevent a slip, an evidence, remarked the 
 exhibitor, of a mind the reverse of insane. With a knowing look 
 the speaker says that the proprietors of a show at Blackpool profess- 
 ed to give their patrons a sight of the articles just displayed. It may 
 here be mentioned that another *chair is pointed out to you before 
 leaving this apartment. It is a very cumbrous chair — a kind of 
 dropbox into which lunatics were placed. It is a very formidable 
 piece of furniture, almost like a Yankeedoodle shanty or cabin fitted 
 with bolts and rings, so that a mad man would have to be stronger 
 than iron to free himself from its grasp. It is totally different from 
 the chair previously noticed. 
 
 About a mile from the town going along the south high road 
 you come to a spot which used to bear the name of " Weeping Hill " 
 or "Tear Hill." The spot was so named because from this poin-1 
 the great prison of the county could be seen in all its terrible 
 majesty, and the sight excited no small emotion in the breasts of the 
 prisoners who were travelling to its gates and often to their certain 
 place of doom. 
 
 * This chair is now in the Hadrian's Tower.
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 57 
 
 At last you quit this hideous chamber, and Mr. Bingham 
 speedily leads you to Hadrian's Tower. 
 
 Respectfully the conductor waits until everyone has landed 
 on the circular balcony in Hadrian's Tower, and is looking down at 
 the flooring below and at the recesses formerly occupied by cup- 
 boards. Then he steps forward and explains that the quaint tower 
 you are within is believed to have been erected in the reign of the 
 Roman Emperor Hadrian. He calls your attention to the fact that, 
 notwithstanding the alterations from time to time, and the addi- 
 tional masonry consequent upon renovation, there is yet a large 
 quantity of the old masonry in the ancient pile. As you pass out of 
 this tower, long used as a store depot, your attention is called to a 
 number of large brass candlesticks, all dated 1743, which were used 
 in the courts of justice before the introduction of gas. They are 
 apparently as good and substantial as when new. 
 
 Recent Improvements. 
 
 During the winter of 1889-90, much has been effected by 
 way of amelioration, adornment, and careful search at this great 
 fortress which as of old still stands guardian-like over this time- 
 honoured borough. Masons have been very busy in the older por- 
 tions of the immense fabric, particularly in this tower which was 
 erected in- the year 124, and visitors who in future go over the 
 royal fort representing Roman, Saxon, Danish, and Norman epochs, 
 will be greatly surprised to observe what has been accomplished. 
 The Hadrian's Tower is now transformed into a veritable museum. 
 The basement has been thoroughly explored, and the wall also, the 
 results being highly satisfactory. One cannot fail to be struck with 
 the improved appearance, the walls having been restored to their 
 original form and one or two new features of interest opened out. 
 First of all is the half of the ancient mill-stone used by the Romans 
 for grinding their corn Underneath this stone, which was found 
 in a bed of marl, eight feet six inches below the present floor, 
 an old rat's nest was discovered together with some small 
 bones probably brought by the rat in order to feed its
 
 ;8 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 
 
 young - . Other bones, some supposed to be human, were also turn- 
 ed up at the time. While clearing- the wall and preparing for the 
 insertion of a new fire-place the masons came across an aperture 
 behind the old range which proved to be an ancient watch-chamber 
 exactly in shape of a smoothing iron. This apartment has evident- 
 ly been hidden from view for centuries. In it the watchman could 
 stand and survey all along one side of the Castle walls, could 
 readily observe any attempt to scale the same, and could note the 
 approach of friend or foe from across Lancaster moor. Wisely 
 enough it was decided to keep this newly discovered chamber with 
 its fine archway, open, and to have the fireplace a little farther to 
 the right. Another quaint opening was found at another point 
 whence arrows could be fired upon the enemy without any danger 
 of the like deadly darts being returned owing to the curiously de- 
 vised form of the louvre. Next is seen on the right of the entrance 
 to the basement another indentation believed to indicate the old 
 way to the millstone underneath. Then is observed the Roman 
 altar found in 1797 at a little distance outside the old wall between 
 Hadrian's Tower and the great square tower of Saxon date. This 
 altar formerly stood in the apartment first entered by visitors to 
 the Castle, and on the right of the doorway. 
 
 The full text of the inscription is " Deo Sancti Marti Cocidio, 
 Vibinius Lucius Beneficiarius Consulis Votum Solvit Lubens 
 Merito." The translation of the inscription, which appears on the 
 altar alluded to in the earlier portion of our description of the castle, 
 is to this effect : " To the holy God Mars Cocidius, Vibinius Lucius, 
 a Pensioner of the Consul willingly fulfils his vow to a deserving 
 object." This is the rendering given to the ancient stone engraving 
 by Dr. Whitaker. The pillar is mounted on a suitable table of 
 stonework and is certainly in its right place and well worthy of in- 
 spection. Then opposite the door are seen three pikes — pikes 
 taken from the Scottish Rebels on the 15th November, 171 5, at 
 Preston, by the Lancashire Regiment of Militia under Sir Henry 
 Hoghton, Bart. This of course was in the days of the first Pre- 
 tender. The pikes were presented as the appropriately framed
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 59 
 
 inscription sets forth, by Colonel Marion, Colonel Whalley, and the 
 officers of the 3rd and 4th Battalions of the King's Own Royal 
 Lancashire Militia in April, 1890. 
 
 The ground floor apartment was formerly surrounded b) 
 cupboards, and when these were removed there was found at the 
 back of one the following- manuscript : — 
 
 " This is to inform the generations to come that this Record 
 Room was finished the 14th day of May, 1810, 49 year of George 3. 
 The Local melita was assembled at this time at Lancaster for 20 
 days. Sir Francis Burdett was a prisoner in the tower at this time 
 put in by the House of Commons for standing up for the rights of 
 the people. Provisions of all sorts high and working people very 
 poor. Napolian Emperor of the french had all the nations of Europ 
 Either in subjection or alliance against England — divorsed his first 
 wife which was the widow of a french general and now he has 
 married the daughter of francis the 2 Emperor of Austra which had 
 been 16 years at war with the french." 
 
 Then follow these signatures. 
 
 H. Alexander 
 J. Hill. 
 S. Fawcett 
 W. Alexander 
 J. Rothery 
 
 Joiners 
 
 The reverse displays an old Constable's return which reads 
 
 thus 
 
 " Clayton-le-Woods in the Parish of Leyland and County of 
 Lancaster, August 3rd, 1807. This is to Certify the Honourable 
 Bench at the General Assizes holden at the Castle in Lancaster, 
 August 8th, 1807, that as our Highways are in good repair, our 
 poor well provided for, have nothing at this time to present by me. 
 
 Richard Brighouse, Constable.
 
 6o TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 The curator, Mr. Bingham, has made a very neat oak frame, 
 in looking-glass form, for the paper quoted above. It is evident 
 that the scrap upon which the joiners wrote was found by one of 
 their number or and used for the purpose of notifying the end 
 of their work, for the Constable's report on the reverse is crossed 
 over by the pen as of no moment. Ascending the upper part of the 
 Roman Tower you are pleased to notice that the odd looking 
 cupboards or range of wall-boxes have vanished, and cases with glass 
 fronts have been substituted. In one of these are two pipes, one an 
 old fairy pipe, the consolation of some disciple of Raleigh at least 
 one century ago. There are a few other relics and a huge piece of 
 grout, in which are to be seen impressions of twigs, and stones, 
 and even an ear of corn. This grout is certainly something like 
 eighty-eight scores of years old. Another item must not be for- 
 gotten, namely, the pen and ink statement of the court crier of 
 nearly fifty-four years back, which was found on the under portion 
 of his seat : — " Tatham v. Wright. September 9th, 1836, 4 o'clock 
 p.m., Tatham v. Wright. The jury are at this time ' locked up.' " 
 The case was tried in the Crown Court, the seat having been taken 
 from the usher's box in that court. It now simply remains for us 
 to add that another old dungeon has been opened up. This is near 
 to the Roman Tower and is probably one of a series of dark dungeons 
 in which prisoners were confined. This one would be under what 
 was formerly the old Crown Court, now the barristers' room. In 
 this cave are the pieces of iron to which the rings would be attached 
 for the fastening of felons, and at the end a door with planks crossed, 
 studded with ir.on. Alas, what tales this chamber might reveal had 
 it only a tongue. The thickness of the curtain wall cut through 
 for the new passage is nine feet five inches at the basement, and here 
 is seen the original Roman handy-work. This new passage will 
 prevent visitors having to retrace their steps when visiting the 
 more ancient parts of the Castle. 
 
 The dimensions of the watch chamber are as follow : — The 
 entrance, 2 feet 6 inches wide ; length 8 feet 6 inches ; width of 
 parallel of this apartment, 4 feet ; Look-out, 18 inches by 13.
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 61 
 
 You now ascend the staircase of Hadrian's Tower, a quaint, 
 dark, spiral passage, which leads you to a kind of trellis-work path- 
 way of wood and stone, and as you walk along you feel much 
 refreshed, and, if the day is clear, delighted with the charming 
 views you obtain on the western and southern sides of Lancaster. 
 Shortly, another doorway, at the south-western corner, is entered, 
 and you are on the great keep, a large square pile, called the Lun- 
 gess tower, seventy-eight feet high, and the base of which is Saxon. 
 This door was cut in the side of the tower in 1851, in order to allow 
 Her Majesty to ascend to John o'Gaunt's chair without entering 
 the prison, and so avoid the risk of unintentionally setting any 
 prisoner free, in pursuance af the doctrine of English jurisprudence 
 that such benignity pervades the countenance of the Sovereign 
 that the very sight of her frees a prisoner. In accordance with 
 this it is recorded that a criminal on his way to execution at Tyburn 
 meeting King James I, was immediately released. 
 
 This keep is at least eight hundred years of age. Its higher 
 masonry is in the Norman style. You will observe the apertures 
 used by the bowmen of old, the holes through which boiling lead 
 would be poured down upon the enemy seeking to scale the castle 
 walls, and last, but not least, the elevation at the south-west corner 
 styled "John O'Gaunt's Chair." This "chair" is ten feet higher 
 than the keep proper, and in former days it was used as a watch- 
 tower, and a blaze was kindled in it so as to signal the north— 
 
 Till Skiddaw saw the fire that burned on Gaunt's embattled pile, 
 And the red glare on Skiddaw roused the burghers of Carlisle. 
 
 Well may we recall the soul-thrilling language of Macaulay's 
 
 " Armada," and again say — 
 
 Look how the lion of the sea lifts up his ancient crown, 
 
 And underneath his deadly paw treads the gay lilies down ! 
 
 So stalk'd he when he turned to flight, on that famed Pickard field, 
 
 Bohemia's plume, Genoa's bow, and Caesar's eagle shield ; 
 
 So glar'd he when at Agincourt in wrath he turn'd to bay, 
 
 And, crush'd and torn, beneath his claws, the princely hunters lay ; 
 
 Ho ! strike the flagstaff deep, Sir Knight ; ho ! scatter flowers, fair maids, 
 
 Ho ! gunners, fire a loud salute ; ho ! gallants, draw your blades ; 
 
 Thou, sun, shine on her joyously, ye breezes waft her wide, 
 
 Our glorious semper cadem, the banner of our pride.
 
 62 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 In the fifteenth century, this great tower had fallen into a state of 
 decay, or been subject to heavy military attacks, and so it under- 
 went complete restoration. The work of restoration was effected in 
 the year 1585, during- the reign of Elizabeth and the shrievalty of 
 Richard Assheton. There is in the northern wall, near the summit, 
 a stone containing these letters and the date above, " E.R. 1585. 
 R.A." The first two letters refer to the Queen, and the second 
 couple to the High Sheriff for that year. 
 
 The walls of the Keep are ten feet in thickness. On its 
 east side is a pathway leading to some vaults ; first used as dun- 
 geons, then as stables for the war steeds of John of Gaunt. 
 
 The Restoration of the Keep was doubtless decided upon, 
 when preparations were made for resisting the Spanish Armada. 
 The Queen's order for restoration was as follows: — "That this 
 Castle be mayntayned and kepte, because it is a great strength to 
 the countrie and succour to the Queen's Justices." 
 
 In the Tower is the Chapel, and within the precincts of the 
 Courtyard adjoining, executions have taken place since the passing 
 of the Private Executions Act. 
 
 The scenery this spacious keep presents to the eye is excellent 
 on all sides. To the north we have Carnforth, Silverdale, Warton, 
 and Farleton, and beyond glorious mountains and rich dales. 
 Westward flows the Lune on its seaward course, and farther we 
 behold Morecambe Bay, like a vast mirror for the verdure of the 
 hills to reflect their brilliance therein. On the south are the Royal 
 Albert Asylum and the Ripley Hospital, with the Wyresdale Fells be- 
 yond. To the right is Fleetwood with its conspicuous grain elevator. 
 Then, looking in the direction of Clitheroe, we have Clougha, or 
 Cloughfa, a name springing from the British word " Glawog," 
 meaning "rainy, or abundant in showers," say some Monsignor 
 Gradwell derives Cloughfa from the Irish Cloglier, a great rock ; 
 Goidelic, Cloglioi. Another slight turn and we have a view of
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 63 
 
 Ingleborough and the West Riding- valleys, all seemingly asleep in 
 the mellow sunlight of a May morning. Lancaster lies below like 
 a lamb at the feet of a lion, the roofs of her cottages and halls rising 
 like so many pages upon which a chequered history is written. 
 
 We prepare to descend, and soon we are again in the dark 
 spiral staircase, and, taken by the guide a few paces, we arrive at 
 the Nisi Prius Court, an imposing place with a Gothic stone canopy 
 This hall will hold about 2,000 people. Within its area Madame 
 Goldschmidt's musical voice has rung forth in all its rich cadence, 
 and, as this shrine of justice has no echo, its acoustic properties 
 may well be highly commended by those capable of judging. In 
 this court are two handsome pictures, one on each side of the seat of 
 justice. The picture on the left is more striking, since from whatever 
 point you look at it the eyes seem to be fixed upon you. It is a 
 portrait of Mr. Blackburne, painted by Allen, and presented by 
 Sir Robert Peel, Bart, in 1802. 
 
 The tablets recently placed below each portrait in the Shire 
 Hall read as follow: — "Thomas Stanley, of Cross Hall, Esq., 
 Colonel of the First Royal Lancashire Militia, M.P. for the County 
 Palatine of Lancaster, 1780-1812." " John Blackburne, of Orford 
 and Hale, Esq., F.R.S., High Sheriff, 1781. M.P. for the County 
 Palatine of Lancaster, 1784- 1830." 
 
 On the 13th October, 1890, a full length portrait of Lord 
 Winmarleigh was unveiled in the presence of a distinguished com- 
 pany, including the Hon. Miss Wilson Patten, Major Bird, the High 
 Sheriff (who accepted the gift on behalf of the County), the Rev. C. 
 T. Royds, and others. The portrait is now suspended between the 
 two just named. The inscription reads thus : — "The Right Hon. 
 John Wilson Patten, M.P. for the County Palatine of Lancaster, 
 1830, M.P. for the Northern Division of the County, 1832-74, Lord 
 Winmarleigh, 1874, Colonel of the 3rd Royal Lancashire Militia, 
 Vice-Lieutenant of the County Palatine, 1856, Chancellor of the 
 Duchy of Lancaster, 1867, Constable of. Lancaster Castle, 1879."
 
 64 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 Nor would we forget the excellent arrangement in the Shire 
 Hall of the Coats of Arms of past High Sheriffs of the Count}'. 
 These shields are all emblazoned on baywood and at present 
 extend to the commencement of the reign of George I. Below 
 each escutcheon is the name of the sheriff and date, and at 
 the beginning of a new sovereign's reign the shield of the 
 sovereign is much larger. There are no less than fifty-three 
 shields of sheriffs representing the Victorian reign. The armorial 
 work has been executed by Mr. Gilchrist, and the skilfulness of the 
 execution is of the first order. Opposite these and on each side of 
 the Judge's chair are ten javelins of past sheriffs — five on each side. 
 Many more are promised and expected and as the architectural 
 features of the building are favourable to the insertion of these 
 insignia of office the county hall will shortly prove a most attractive 
 chamber. The interest taken in the heraldic and antiquarian elements 
 by Mr. E. B. Dawson, of Aldcliffe, will merit public commendation, 
 for this Justice has been foremost in the work of exploration and 
 restoration, unremitting in his attention to it, and its presiding 
 genius. 
 
 Passing out of the Shire Hall, a court considered one of the 
 best in the country, we arrive at the Crown Court. The design is 
 similar to that we have just emerged from, but perhaps one effect 
 more beautiful than words can convey is the formation of the arches 
 which adorn the passages to other portions of the building. Stand- 
 ing by the seat the judge occupies, you have a fine view of them 
 and their gently-receding character. Truly they become beautifully 
 less. The Crown Court is a gloomy place ; despite its ornamenta- 
 tion and light, it is gloomy, very gloomy. The agony unheard, 
 the tremor, the perspiration of suspense, and the evidences of black 
 nature tendered against the occupants of the dock might all have 
 had a weird aerial influence living permanently in this enclosure. 
 In the dock, wherein more prisoners have been sentenced to death 
 than in any other court in the kingdom, owing to the fact that the 
 Assizes at Lancaster were the Assizes for all the county, there being 
 no commission at Manchester and Liverpool until of late years,
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 there is a curious relic in the shape of a branding-iron. This iron 
 is attached to the back part of the dock ; it consists of a long kind 
 of bolt, with a wooden handle at one end and the letter M at the 
 other. In close proximity are two iron loops designed for holding 
 firmly the hands of prisoners whilst the long- piece of iron was 
 heated red hot so that the letter, meaning- " Malefactor," could be 
 impressed. The guide will inform visitors that after the process 
 the brander would examine the impression, and if satisfactory, 
 would say to the judge, " Fair mark, my lord." Years ago it 
 was quite the rule to command prisoners to hold up their hands in 
 court in order to observe if they had ever had a previous conviction 
 against them. Over the bench is a fine picture of George 111. on 
 horseback, presented by Jas. Ackers, Esq., who was High Sheriff 
 in 1800. 
 
 An adieu is bidden to the stately Crown Court, and we are 
 ushered into the barristers' apartments where the counsellors 'robe,' 
 and consult the hosts of legal books, dry and musty-looking, 
 which help to make the twelve-feet-thiek walls a few inches 
 thicker. Readers will be surprised to hear that some portions 
 of the Castle walls are as much as fifteen feet in thickness ; 
 and further, that no intrepid Jackson could escape from the 
 ramparts, since the coping stones are so arranged as to give 
 not only a signal as to the game contemplated, but probably a 
 mortal injury to the would-be fugitive. Once a prisoner escaped 
 from Lancaster Castle, notwithstanding all this precaution, hut he 
 did the thing in a very quiet, and, we might almost add, genteel 
 manner. He was, it appears, busy with some work in one of the 
 apartments adjoining the governor's house, and, finding himself 
 alone for a few minutes, he espied the passage in that officer's 
 house and a coat and hat hanging therein. Coolly enough he went 
 and relieved the hooks of these articles, placed them over his own 
 body, and with the air of a gentleman — a magisterial air, perchance 
 —passed out of the castle precincts without the slightest difficulty. 
 
 A few moments more and we catch a glimpse of what was
 
 66 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 formerly the old Crown Court, which is only one eighth of the size 
 of the new or present court, which has been built over one hundred 
 years. In this old court wherein we stand, George Fox was tried. 
 We glance upward and notice the record room of the Palatinate, 
 with its numerous pigeon-holes and parchments of all shapes and 
 sizes, and of almost all ages, legible and illegible, written in Latin, 
 Norman, and French. Many were removed to London in 1874, 
 weighing no less than ten tons ! We may remark that Lancaster 
 Castle has been the seat of the administration of justice and injzis- 
 ticc 600 years. For many years it was a debtors' gaol, and many 
 strange privileges the impecunious ones who happened to be lodged 
 therein had allowed them in order to amuse themselves, or pass the 
 time on less monotonously. Preaching, stump addresses, and 
 musical entertainments were permissible at certain times of the day. 
 You pass out from the spacious Grand Jury Room, soon reach the 
 door on the Castle terrace, and are on your way to the Gate-way 
 Tower, erected by John of Gaunt, in order to visit the Dungeon, the 
 Well tower, the room in which Henry IV. once held his court, the 
 old chapel, and to see the two keys of the Castle — one made temp. 
 Edward III., and the other for Queen Elizabeth — neither of which 
 is now used. 
 
 The Gate-way is believed to have been erected at three 
 distinct periods. It is said " The Inner Archway filled by the 
 massive oak door, and immediately behind the portcullis-groove and 
 vaulted entrance-passage, belong to the thirteenth century ; the 
 outer archway, with the niche above, and the wall and octagonal 
 towers up to the niche, are of the fourteenth, probably the part 
 erected by John O'Gaunt himself; while the upper portion, with 
 the corbelled or machicolated battlements and turrets, were very 
 likely added late in the fifteenth century. In John O'Gaunt's time, 
 the battlements were probably plain and without the projecting 
 corbeling and turrets that now give such a majestic appearance to 
 the gate-way. The walls of this gate-way are about six feet thick, 
 and the roof and floor of the various apartments are of the most 
 massive construction."
 
 TIME HONOURED LANCASTER. 67 
 
 On the one side of the gate-way entrance are the lilies of 
 France, semi-quartered with the lions of England, cut in a shield ; 
 a label of three points ermine, the distinction of John O'Gaunt, being 
 visible on the other. On each side of the gate is an octagonal 
 tower, 66 feet high. The walls of the towers are pierced at intervals 
 for windows and also for defence. 
 
 The Castle at various times has been inhabited and visited 
 by Rovaltv. In 1206 King John held his Court in the Castle, receiv- 
 ing there the French Ambassadors ; and receiving also the homage 
 of King Alexander of Scotland for a portion ol' his territories held 
 under the Crown of England. Henry IV. for a time held his Court 
 at Lancaster ; and Edward IV. after his defeat by the Earl of War- 
 wick, fled to York, and thence to Lancaster, "where he found the 
 Lord High Chamberlaine well accompanied for his conuoye." In 
 August, 1617, James I., on his return from Scotland to London, 
 passed through Lancaster, staying one night at the Castle. Charles 
 II. visited Lancaster Castle on the 12th August, 1651, when on his 
 way from Worcester, where he had been defeated. He was march- 
 ing with the intention of meeting Cromwell, and while in Lancaster 
 Castle he released all the prisoners therein confined. 
 
 The dungeon is a dungeon indeed a veritable inferno of 
 gloom, that sort almost capable of being cut with a knife. 
 There is not a ray of light. Death in her angrier form has reigned 
 here. Many feet below ground you descend, and note the iron rings 
 to which the sufferers were fastened — fastened to the floor; note also 
 the two heavy iron doors with their double locks. We have the 
 angular roof pointed out to us, and learn that the angle appears to 
 have been first supported by a heap of clay on the the top of which 
 wattles of hazel were placed. Then a bed of Roman concrete was 
 poured upon the wattles and embedded them. Many were visible 
 in the cement within recent years, but few now remain. The clay 
 being dug out the chamber was found with an impervious roof. On 
 the right, as we ascend the steps of the dungeon, we see a deep open- 
 ing, and ascertain that it leads down to a well, and so gives name
 
 68 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 to the Tower. Another Roman altar, chipped much on one side, is 
 shown, and we are informed that it was found amongst the rubbish 
 removed from the south side of the Castle when the present female 
 penitentiary was erected. The Well Tower is ascribed to Constan- 
 tius Chlorus, a.d. 305. (The Romans left Britain in the 5th cenury.) 
 
 The upper rooms over the gateway are then visited. The 
 first was formerly the apartment set apart for the use of the Constable 
 of the Castle. It was in this chamber that Henry IV. once held his 
 court. The next room to this was used as a chapel. At the far end 
 of it there is the mark where once was fixed a large cross. Its 
 removal made the wall appear as if burned. Some visitors to the 
 Castle have been shown the inscription on the right of the corridor 
 leading from the chapel, so neatly carved by means of a nail or 
 knife. It is as follows : "John Bailey, committed April ye 15th, 
 1 74 1, by Brindle, for kissing Then followed the figure of a 
 
 fiddle well executed. There are, of course, many objects of interest 
 never shown to the great hulk of visitors, but what is shown is well 
 worth the charge made. 
 
 When Her Majesty the Queen and the Prince Consort visited 
 the Castle in 1851, the then Constable, William Hulton, Esq., 
 presented to his Sovereign the keys of the Castle, the larger key 
 being that of the ancient gate of the gate-house of the Castle, erect- 
 ed by Edward III., the smaller key was that of a lock which was 
 affixed to the same gate when the fabric was repaired in 1585. 
 
 During the visit of the Queen and Prince Consort, with 
 several of the Princes and Princesses, the Mayor at that time, Mr. 
 
 H. Gregson, planted an oak tree in commemoration of the event, 
 and a brass plate on a pillar of the terrace records the circumstance. 
 
 The tree is now a very fine one. 
 
 As you walk round the exalted terrace of the castle you per- 
 ceive at the south side remains of the old moat, and you picture to 
 yourself the time when, as Stukelev says, " the castle was sur-
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 69 
 
 rounded by an indestructible mass called the ' wery wall,' made by 
 the Romans ;" and as wery seems to be a perversion of nveridd 
 [Caer Werid, the green city of the Britons), il is probable that this 
 wall was covered with green, and so styled the wery wall, 
 or Castle green wall. We have the name of Wirrall or Werrall, 
 which gives name to a hill near to Glastonbury Abbey, and this 
 name is said by some to be a contraction of "Weary-all." But 
 one term is British or Cymric, and the other Saxon, and the simi- 
 larity in the first syllable of each word is not much to go by unless 
 supported bv similar dates of origin. In the neighbourhood o\ 
 Bridge Lane there are still remains of this ancient Roman wall. If 
 you have an antiquarian eye you will perceive on the Castle Knoll 
 that is, the land slope rising" in front of the Gate-way Tower- 
 that there are mounds and defined marks still traceable which 
 silently proclaim the fact that many things lie underneath awaiting 
 excavation, and that ancient relics are probably buried in this 
 locality. " The form of the Castle as built by the Romans would 
 be a polygon, and the two round towers corresponding in shape 
 with the foundation of other Roman towers since discovered, lead 
 to the belief that the Castle once consisted of seven of these towers, 
 distant from each other about twenty-six paces, and joined by a 
 wall and open gallery." 
 
 Roman Remains. 
 
 In 1772, while digging a cellar on the site of an old house in 
 Cheapside, there was found in a bed of sand a square stone, four 
 feet by two and a half in dimensions, and the inscription thereon 
 was as follows : 
 
 D I S . M A N 1 
 
 BVS 
 
 L I V L A P o L 
 
 L I N A R I S 
 
 REVteR A N 
 
 XXX . EQ A 1 
 
 A E A I 
 
 I V .
 
 -o TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 The stone, broken on the lower corner of the right hand side, is 
 said to have represented the time of the Emperor Gordian. Similar 
 inscriptions have been found at Olenacum (Old Carlisle). 
 
 In 1794, when Lancaster Canal was being" formed, while 
 workmen were digging - near Ashton in a field then belonging to the 
 Duke of Hamilton, several figures cut in freestone were found ; one 
 represented Ceres, and was about two feet in height ; there were 
 several with sculptured heads of men, and two figures of lions. 
 Clark says, page 78, that they were to be seen " in the carpenter's 
 yard, near the canal basin." 
 
 A Roman pottery was discovered at Quernmore, by the Hon. 
 Edward Clifford. A great variety of bricks, tiles, and vessels were 
 found. One tile with turned edges bore impressed on each end the 
 words "Ala Sebusia," which indicates a Roman wing of Cavalry. 
 The like inscription was observed on some of the bricks, on smaller 
 labels. These relics were supposed to have been cut in the time of 
 the Emperor Severus, a.d. 207. On the bricks the letters were 
 square, from which it was inferred that the wing had long been 
 stationed at Lancaster. 
 
 In 1802 a Roman Altar was found on the * Foley estate, bear- 
 ing this inscription : — 
 
 D E O 
 
 I A L O N O 
 
 C O N T R E 
 
 S A N C I S S I 
 
 M O I Y L I V S 
 
 I A N V A R I V S 
 
 E M E X D E C V 
 
 A Roman milliarium or milestone was turned up in the 
 Spring of 181 1 , while ploughing a field adjoining the canal in the 
 township of Ashton. It bore upon it these letters :— 
 
 * Clark, page 80.
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 71 
 
 IMP C M J V L I O 
 P H I L I P P O 
 
 P 1 O FEL A Y G 
 
 They signify " Imperatori Caesari Marco Julio Philippo, Pio, Felici, 
 Augusto." Clark says "consequently this stone was erected in 
 the reign of and dedicated to the Emperor and Caesar, Marcus 
 Julius Philippus ; Pious, Fortunate and August, — which pious, 
 fortunate and august personage was originally an obscure Arabian 
 soldier, who bv his merits obtained the first military appointments ; 
 assassinated the Emperor Gordian the Younger in 244 ; and was 
 himself proclaimed. Emperor and afterwards murdered at Verona in 
 the year 249. This fixes the age of the stone." The Roman Road 
 from Lancaster to Manchester was near to the place where this 
 stone was found. The stone was about six feet high but unfortun- 
 ately it was accidently broken in two. It was preserved by Dr. 
 Lawson Whalley, of Stodday Lodge. 
 
 A stone hammer was found near Lancaster gy 2 inches long, 
 and 4)2 inches broad at the broadest part. The diameter of the 
 eye for the shaft was \)/ 2 inches and the weight ylbs. This ham- 
 mer was a relic of the Ancient Britons. 
 
 A Roman Antique was discovered in the Spring of the year 
 181 2, several feet below the surface in the garden of Mr. Richard 
 Willis, Church Street, along with various Roman Tiles and Tile 
 fragments. It was found in a bed of fine sand. 
 
 Here is an explanation of the inscription on the stone found 
 in the garden of Mr. Richard Willis, at the higher end of Church 
 Street, February, 1812, (by the Rev. Dr. Rigby.) " The inscription 
 is believed to have been put up by the cavalry of the Sebusian troop, 
 under their officer Flavius Ammausio, under Octavius Sabinus, 
 governor, probably, of Lancaster, or the district, on account of the 
 reparation of a Bath, and the re-building of a hall or Basilica which
 
 72 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 
 
 time had reduced to a ruinous state, dated August 22nd, in the 
 2nd Consulate of Censor and Lepidus. 
 
 OB Balneum refectum et ob Basilicam vetustate conlab- 
 sam (for collapsam) A S Corestitutam, Equites Alae Sebussiana 
 Sub Octavio Sabino. 
 
 The *V. C. I can make nothing of. Is it Vici Corvicario ? 
 Praeside N Curante Flavio Ammausio Praefecto Equitum Dedicav- 
 erunt undecimo Kal Sept. Censore II et Lepido II Coss (consulibus). 
 
 The N is left unexplained as well as the V. C. Is it numi'ne, 
 as Camden has sometimes so explained the single N, meaning either 
 the Divinity or more probably the numen oi the reigning Emperor 
 whose name, perhaps, was in the first line, as something has been 
 considerably erased. Can it be negotiant curante, eve. ? " 
 
 Simpson gives the following explanation: -" Imperatore 
 Marco Aurelio, Antonino Augusta, Balineum refectum et Basilicam 
 vetustate conlabsum a solo restitutam Equites Alae Sebussianae 
 Antonincanae nib Octavio Sabino, viro consulari, praeside nostro, 
 curante Flavio Ammausio, praefecto Equitum dictorum undecimo 
 Kalendas Septembres secundum et Lipido secundum eonsute." 
 
 The same historian also states that "we have no other 
 authority for an Ala Sebussiana in Britain but from this stone, which 
 is itself a competent witness. Sabis is the river Sambre ; ami I 
 have little doubt that it is this word corruptly and vulgarly pro- 
 nounced out of which the word Sebussiana was formed. The garrison 
 of Lancaster, therefore, at the date of the inscription, was an ala of 
 Gallic horse from the banks ol the Sombre, their prefect being 
 Flavius Ammausius, to whom had been committed the charge of 
 restoring the dilapidated bath and court-house of the station. 
 
 V. C, " vii consularis clarus vel clarissimus usucapio urbis conditae. See 
 Littleton's Latin Dictionary, 410. '' Ahbreviaturae quas vocant sine compendia 
 scriptionis in veterum monumemis usitata."
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 73 
 
 The two dolphins probably allude to the maritime character of the 
 
 place." 
 
 Here is the inscription found on a stone at Stoddayj on the 
 property o\' Dr. Whalley, May, 1831. 
 
 IMP . C . D N 
 
 C A I O . M E S S I O 
 
 Q U I N T O . D E C I O 
 
 T R A I A N O . PI . F E L 
 
 I C I INVICTO AVG. 
 
 I m pern tore Caesare Domino nostro Caio Messio Quinto Decio Trajano 
 
 pio felice invicto Augusto. 
 
 Roman Altar Discovered at Hai.tox. 
 
 This altar was found early on in the present century in Hal- 
 ton Churchyard. The stone is broken on the right side, therefore 
 the full text of the letters is missing. Another altar without any 
 inscription was discovered at the same time. 
 
 Such altars and other fragments, including Disci and Syni- 
 puvia, or cups used in sacrifice, abundantly testily to the fact that 
 Lancaster was an eminent Roman station.
 
 74 
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 The Royal Grammar School— Some Past Masters and Ushers of the 
 School — Educational Charities. 
 
 HE Grammar School, built in 1485, by the 
 feoffees of John Gardyner now demands at- 
 tention. This institution is very ancient. 
 It is mentioned as belonging to the Corpora- 
 tion as earl}- as the year 1495. But in 1682, 
 it had sunk into decay, and was eventually 
 rebuilt by the Corporation and a number of 
 individual inhabitants and made capable of 
 accommodating 120 scholars. It was said 
 that Dr. Pilkington, Bishop of Durham, sub- 
 scribed liberally to this new erection, but, as 
 Harland remarks, the story is incorrect, since Bishop Pilkington 
 founded and endowed Rivington School in 1566, and though the 
 prelates of Durham are usually long-lived, they have none of them 
 yet attained the patriarchic age of 180 years. Bishop Pilkington died 
 on the 23rd of January, 1 575- A piece of land anciently called 'the 
 deep carr,' but now ' the usher's meadow,' probably granted origin- 
 ally by one of the Dukes of Lancaster, is appropriated to the increase 
 of the usher's salary. Till the month of July, 1824, the freemen of 
 Lancaster were educated free of charge, except that a gratuity was 
 expected to be given at Shrove-tide, while the sons of non-freemen 
 paid 7s. 6d. per quarter when under the second master, and 10s. 6d. 
 when under the headmaster. But i^reat reforms have occurred 
 since this rule obtained, for, about 1825, the school underwent an 
 important change, and the Corporation, as trustees of the school, in 
 council assembled, ordered " that the annual gratuity, called cock- 
 pennies, to the master and ushers, should be discontinued ; and that
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 in lieu thereof all boys under the care of the usher should pay jos 
 per quarter ; that boys on the two lowest benches under the head- 
 master should pay 15s. per quarter ; and boys on the upper benches 
 20s. per quarter. That the salary of the principal should be increas- 
 ed from ^70 to £110 per annum, that the usher should have 
 guaranteed to him by the headmaster the sum of ,£60 per annum, 
 including the rent of the usher's meadow and Randal Carter's legacy 
 of ^,10 per annum, and that the headmaster should have the appoint- 
 ment of both the usher and the writing-master, subject to the 
 approbation of the Corporation in council assembled. The head- 
 master, in these days of change, was the Rev. John Beetham, A.M., 
 and the usher, the Rev. George Morland. The Grammar School 
 formerly occupied a portion of the western side of the churchyard. 
 The present or new School is very different, both as a fabric and 
 as a school, from its predecessor. It was erected in the East-road, 
 in 1851, at a cost of ^"6,000, and is built in the Tudor style. Queen 
 Victoria contributed ^100 towards its erection. The Corporation 
 have still an interest in the institution which, under its present 
 erudite master, the Rev. W. E. Pryke, assisted by T. T. Knowles, 
 Esq., M.A., and an able staff, is second to none in England, and 
 this, though saying a great deal, is strictly true. Two eminently 
 scientific men received their education at this academy, namely, 
 Professor Owen and Dr. Whewell. To the memorial tablet of the 
 latter we alluded when treating upon the Church. Dr. Higgin and 
 the late J. C. M. Bellew, the eminent elocutionist, were also trained 
 within this school. The tuition fee for boys is eight guineas a year, 
 tor board and tuition sixty guineas. Several valuable scholar- 
 ships are attached to the school. The year 1887 being the jubilee a 
 beautiful sanatorium was attached in architectural keeping with the 
 rest ot the structure, and the motto over the doorway is pre- 
 eminently classic and refers to the lustrations of old performed every 
 live years by the Romans. The motto is Vict. Reg. lustris decern 
 clausis. Truly a grand lustration at the close of a reign counting 
 of years, ten fives or ten half decades. The school certainly needed 
 a hospital of this kind, since when sickness occurred a house had to 
 be hired for the purpc>se, not only of isolating complaints which
 
 76 TIME-HONOURED EANCASTER. 
 
 might prove infectious, but in order to ensure quietude, and such 
 attention as is necessary. Now all that is requisite, attention and 
 isolation, can be had on the spot, as it were. Scholars attend 
 this school from all parts oi' Europe, and are prepared for 
 any university their parents may choose to send them to. As for 
 languages, native teachers are employed in many cases, and there is 
 a high character pervading" this institution, and it stands well as a 
 school wherein special attention is paid to mathematics. Near to 
 is a good field for athletic and other amusements, and altogether 
 the academy is a model of kindness, discipline and root principles, as 
 far as education is concerned. 
 
 The sum of ^227 is given away annually, in November, 
 to pupils of the Grammar School in the manner following : — Three 
 Victoria scholarships of ^30 per annum, tenable for three years at 
 Oxford or Cambridge, founded 1859 ; one Storey scholarship oi 
 ,£.50 per annum, tenable for three years at Oxford or Cambridge, 
 1873; one Blades scholarship of ^.40 per annum for three years, 
 tenable at Oxford or Cambridge, 1887 ; one Booker scholarship of 
 about ^32 per annum, tenable for one year at Oxford or Cambridge, 
 1870 ; the Moon and Wane scholarships of about £(3 were founded 
 in 1882 ; one Queen's prize, of the value of ,£.15, to a pupil not 
 proceeding to the university, 1859. In addition to the usual form 
 and class prizes, the following are awarded annually : The Greg 
 Gold Medal for mathematics, 1882 ; Bishop Prince Lee's Greek 
 Testament prize, value ^5, 1856 ; the Whewell divinity prize, value 
 _£. 1, 1872 ; the Sanderson prize for botany and geology, value ^,5 ; 
 the Vicar of Lancaster's chemistry prizes ; classical composition 
 prizes ; Alderman Sir T. Storey's reading and writing prizes ; 
 essay prizes ; swimming prizes ; gymnasium prizes, value ^.5. 
 The school vear is divided into three terms. The vacations are : 
 Four weeks at Christmas, three weeks at Easter, and seven weeks 
 in the Summer. The Summer vacation generally begins about July 
 30th. At the end of the summer term an examination is held by 
 graduates of Oxford or Cambridge in all the subjects oi the school 
 course. The prizes and scholarships are awarded in accordance
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 77 
 
 with the results of this examination. Examinations at other times 
 are conducted by the masters of the school. The annual charge for 
 board and tuition is ^60. This includes tuition in every subject of 
 the school course except instrumental music, which is charged for 
 at the rate of two guineas a term. The annual charge for two 
 brothers is reduced to ^57 each, and for three brothers to ,£.54 each. 
 A special reduction is also made in the case of very young boys. 
 Extra charges are as follow (per term) : Obligatory extras — Laund- 
 ress, 20s; gymnasium, 3s. 6d ; seat in Church, 7s ; school games 
 subscriptions, 7s. Optional extras — Instruction in carpentry, 10s. 6d ; 
 rent of study, 14s 21s; swimming bath, ros 6d. 
 
 Some Past Masters op the School. 
 
 I have endeavoured to secure a list of past masters of our 
 ancient Grammar School. But very far from satisfactory is the re- 
 sult of the efforts put forward in this direction. I have referred to 
 seyeral gentlemen in town likely to haye information, but all to no 
 purpose. I have examined yarious documents and gone over the 
 Church Books, perused many mediaeval publications, and the only 
 outcome of all is the following list : 
 
 1 st William Baxterden, priest, 1485. 
 Thomas Foster, acting in 1622-3. 
 Thomas Lodge, appointed about 1679. 
 William Boardlev, acting in 1690-7. 
 Thomas Holmes. 
 
 William Baxterden would probably be the first principal 
 judging from the will of the Founder, viz. : " Item, I will have a 
 certain Grammar School within the \ ille of Lancaster, upheld and 
 maintained at my own proper expenses, and that the grammarian 
 keeping the said school have yearly six marks (80s.) to be paid out 
 of the said mill [Newton mill] by the hands of my executors, and 
 that William Baxterden shall keep the said school during his life, 
 to wit, so long as he the said William can teach and instinct boys." 
 That the master was to be a priest is evidenced by the next item,
 
 78 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 in which arrangements are made for the furnishing" of the salary to 
 be paid "yearly to the said priest and grammarian. The will of 
 John Gardyner is dated 1472, and the old school is said to ha\'e been 
 erected in 1485. Query, Was this William Baxterden acting as 
 school teacher as well as priest in some house or in the Church 
 vestry at this date, that is prior to the building of the school ? 
 The conjecture that he was is not un-natural. If officiating in a 
 house, that house might be the house of John Gardyner, who 
 appears to have been a " Man of Ross " to our old borough. I 
 have never come across the name Baxterden in any directory of 
 modern times, to my recollection, and it may be pardonable to 
 analyse this name for once, which evidently comes from the old 
 word beakster, a forest hunter, who carried a pike called a peak, 
 and from the Celtic dan , British dyn, slope oi~ a hill, or a sunken 
 and wooded vale, Icelandic equivalent dune. Thomas Foster 
 appears to have been the father of Thomas Foster one of the seven 
 gentlemen appointed to report on the site of the new Town Hall in 
 the 19th of Charles II. 1667. It has been suggested that this 
 Thomas Foster is one of the Fosters (both are named Thomas), 
 interred on the North side of the chancel, oue of whom died 
 December 23rd, 1671, and the other June 22nd, 1675. I cannot 
 fully accept the suggestion because neither of these Fosters is 
 marked on the stones as having been a priest or clerk. The name 
 ffoster, is frequently met with in the older register. 
 
 According to "William Stout's Autobiography" a Mr. 
 Thomas Lodge, a relation of the Stolt family and of the Lodges 
 of Lancaster who had been Master of the Bolton Grammar School, 
 became Master of the Lancaster Free School in the year 1679. 
 Now as to William Boardley. This gentleman may have been 
 the son of Thomas Boardley or Bordleye, of Skerton, buried, 
 according to the Register Book of St. Mary's on the 13th of Febru- 
 ary, 1687. The Boardleys were an old Skerton family. A Mr. 
 Boardley and the Rev. Thomas Holmes* are mentioned as the 
 
 * Curate of Stalmine, 26th October, 1725; Rector of Claughton from 1711 to 1740.
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 79 
 
 local instructors of Dr. Bracken. According to the European 
 Magazine, for 1804, both gentlemen were masters o\' the Grammar 
 School, during the doctor's youth. Up to October, 1794 we 
 have the Rev. J. Watson, succeeded by the Rev. J. Widditt, 
 who was followed after his resignation by the Rev. Joseph Rowley, 
 appointed January 22nd, 1802, and who held the office until 1825 
 when the Rev John Beetham became Master, and remained master 
 until 1850. Then the Rev. T. Falkner Lee appeared on the scene 
 retaining the position until 1872 when he was succeeded by the 
 present worthy principal, the Rev. W. E. Prvke. The Rev. Jas. 
 Watson died in June 1799 ; the Rev. John Widditt died at 
 Cockerham, December 20th, 1820, aged 61. The Rev. Joseph 
 Rowley, sixty-five years incumbent of Stalmine, and the oldest 
 Freemason in England at the time of his death, was born at Kirk- 
 burton on the 20th of March, 1773. He died January 3rd, 1864, 
 aged 90. The Rev. John Beetham died March 13th 1855, aged 
 65, and lies interred at Melling. Dr. Lee died September 12th, 
 1875, aged 58. Of ushers or under-masters the following names 
 occur : — Francis Ashton, who was appointed about the year 1717, 
 and who retired owing to his age in 1757. An advertisement for 
 a successor appeared in the Newcastle Journal, and in the same the 
 salary is put down at ^23 16s. yearly besides perquisites. With 
 perquisites the amount reached ^30. James Winfied followed, 
 appointed January 2nd, 1758. Then in 1765 Richard Taylor, who 
 was unfortunately drowned. On February 17th, 1802, a Mr. 
 Waterworth was elected usher, and in 1808, a Mr. Kidd became 
 writing master. The Rev. George Morland was appointed usher 
 in 1814, holding this post until 1824. This gentleman died October 
 5th, 1862, aged 71 . 
 
 In April, 1790, the Rev. James Watson became perpetual 
 curate of Wyresdale. He held a prebendal stall in Lincoln Cathedral 
 prior to 1786. He married on the 5th of July, in the year last named, 
 a Mrs. Lawson, of Lancaster. 
 
 The Rev. George Morland was a native of Ravenstonedale
 
 So TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 He was rich only in a certain amount of learning' and in energy 
 when he "came to Lancaster, and upon that true searcher after 
 talent the Rev. Joseph Rowley — finding that he was a young- 
 man of mettle and an able writer, he was not long ere he became 
 usher at the Grammar School, and in July, 1817, we find him made 
 assistant chaplain of Lancaster Castle, he having been librarian to 
 the Christian Knowledge Society's Lancaster branch from October 
 16th, 1815. 
 
 Of the old masters it may be remarked that the Rev. J. 
 Widditt seems to have been a great favourite, for he was unani- 
 mously voted a freeman of the borough, and upon resigning his 
 preceptorial duties became Vicar of Cockerham. To Dr. Lee's 
 exertions are due the foundation of the present school's success, 
 whatever may be said to the contrary. When the rev. gentleman 
 came in 1850, he found the ancient seminary "a cheerless, damp 
 building behind St. Mary's Churchyard," and less than a dozen 
 pupils on the books. By his zeal, tact, and energy he wrought such 
 a change that the numbers rapidly increased, and at onetime during 
 his mastership there were 200 pupils. It was in his time that the state- 
 Iv edifice in East Road was erected, and but for his untiring interest 
 we doubt if the Royal Patronage and Victoria Scholarships would 
 have been secured. At any rate what has been so well done in the 
 past bv this excellent man would perhaps have been even more 
 difficult to accomplish in later times. Several of the valuable prizes 
 and scholarships of a local character were first identified with the 
 Lancaster Grammar School during Dr. Lee's rule. We may con- 
 clude bv stating that this past principal graduated at Queen's 
 College, Cambridge, in 1848, and was for two years second master 
 of the Grammar School at St. Alban's, leaving there for Lancaster 
 in 1850. He held the living of Christ Church from 1857 until 1872, 
 when he was offered the rectory of Thorndon, Suffolk. His death 
 was the result of an apoplectic lit, while on his way from a neigh- 
 bouring rectory and just as he entered his own parish. The Rev. 
 Canon Knox- Little was an assistant at the Grammar School in 
 Dr. Lee's time. ( Sec Biographical Xolice).
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. Si 
 
 The Rev. W. E. Pryke, M.A., of St. John's 
 College, Cambridge. 
 
 The present headmaster, the Rev. W. E. Pryke, M.A., four- 
 teenth wrangler, 1866; and late Naden Divinity Student, was a 
 Foundation Scholar of St. John's College, Cambridge, and select 
 preacher at Cambridge, in 1873 and 1887. There are six resident 
 and four non-resident Masters. G. A. Stocks, M.A.. late 
 second master, has been appointed principal of the High School, 
 Barrow-in-PTirness. The present second Master is T. T. Knowles, 
 Esq., M.A. 
 
 I may add that the will oi' Randall Carter, who left the sum 
 of ^"io per annum in order to pay for an usher at the Grammar 
 School, is dated 18th April, 1615. This annual allowance was made 
 chargeable on tenements, situated in White Cross Street, London. 
 
 In the Lancaster Gazette, of January 16th, 1813, this adver- 
 tisement appears : — 
 
 Lancaster Free Grammar School. Gentlemen educated 
 at the Lancaster Free Grammar School, under the Rev J. Widditt, 
 will dine at the Eagle and Child, in Cockerham, on Wednesday, 
 the 13th January, 1813. Dinner at 3 o'clock. Tickets, 10s. 6d 
 each, to be had at W. Minshull's. It is requested that those 
 gentlemen who wish to attend will send in their names to the 
 Gazette office, and take tickets as early as possible. 
 
 T. W. Sallsbikv, Esq., 
 Lancaster, A. Eidsforth, Esq., 
 
 Dec. 24th, 1812. Stewards. 
 
 On the 19th January, 181 3, the Rev. John Widditt married a 
 Miss Cragg, of Cockerham. 
 
 An "Old Free School Boy" writing to the Lancaster 
 Observer of February 20th, 1891, says : —
 
 82 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 " I was seven years old when I went to the Free School in 1821. We had 
 to be there from 6 to 8 in the morning in summer, ami at 8 in winter, from 9 to 12 
 o'clock, and from 2 to 5, and we used to take our own dip candles to finish the 
 afternoon lessons in winter. 
 
 When the judges were sitting, half-a-dozen Free School hoys would stand — 
 three on each side — at the entrance to the judge's lodgings, and when Judge Bailey 
 came we took off our hats, and our spokesman said, 'Will your lordship please to 
 grant the Free School hoys a holiday to go into court to-morrow?" and he always 
 answered, ' I will send a note to your master.' Accordingly a man in livery brought 
 a note to the head master, the Rev. Mr. Beetham, who then said ' The judge has kindly 
 requested a holiday for you.' and ' ( io,' was thundered forth, and no repetition required. 
 < In Shrove Tuesday it was usual for the boys each to bring a coin to the master, 
 called 'cock-pennies.' Gentlemen's sons each brought a guinea, and other boys 
 half-a-crown or a shilling. We thought this custom a remnant of the old cock-fight- 
 ing days. Also, on this day the master gave two or three book prizes, which were 
 placed on a low desk called ' the old woman." from the supposition that boys used 
 to lie birched upon it. Three of the head boys of the school threw dice for these 
 prizes. Six of the head boys were called ' wedding boys.' and they always received 
 information from the sexton when a wedding was going to take place, and the} - took 
 it in turns for one to meet the bridal couple at the church, and say, ' Please remember 
 the Free School hoys." and they always received a gratuity varying from a shilling to 
 iwo or three guineas (according to the position in life of the parties), which was di- 
 vided among the privileged boys. On the ' Mayor-choosing days " all the boys, taking 
 their school bags, went to the house of the Mayor, and were admitted — possibly 
 into the yard— and twelve at a time were taken into the dining-room and stood in a 
 row. when a young lady, accompanied by a servant with a basket of apples, would 
 put two into each bag as she walked up the row ; another couple followed, wdto gave 
 two pears in the same way : and another couple two cakes ; and another a gill of 
 nuts, to each bag. Then came a servant with a tray of cups of strong port wine, and 
 a young lady handed a cup to each boy. • This wine was similar to that used by the 
 Corporation. Thus each boy had two apples, two pears, two cakes, a gill of nuts. 
 and a cup of wine. Then the twelve boys went out at the front door, as a fresh 
 dozen were brought into the dining-room. This custom was repeated at the houses 
 of the High and Low Bailiffs, who were supplied with these refreshments by the 
 Mayor. As the boys came out of each house, the)' had to fight their way through a 
 crowd of National School boys, who tried to get from the Free School hoys a share 
 of their good things, but by using their bags with their contents, as their only means 
 of defence, swinging them into the faces of s lhe boys, the apples, pears, and cakes 
 were beaten into a mush." 
 
 As this writer refers to the "cock-pennies,' - perhaps a few 
 remarks on the origin of cock-pence will not be out o( place at ibis
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 8 :> 
 
 point. Mr. W. Nixon, of Warrington, writing to the Newcastle 
 
 Weekly Chronicle states that 
 
 •• In old times schoolboys brought their cock-pennies to school and the 
 master provided the cocks, as in fighting, and presided over the game. The pool 
 bird was tied to a stake with a short cord and the boys or men who were to throw 
 at it — for like cock lighting from being a boyish it soon began to be considered a 
 manly game, on the most festive occasions — took their stand about twenty yards 
 distant with short oaken cudgels in their hands which they threw at the pour helpless 
 creature until they had battered the life out of it. According to a writer in the 
 Gentleman's Magazine it was dangerous to be near the place where the sport was 
 practised. Hens were frequently substituted for cocks. There is a humorous picture 
 in Hone's ' Every Day Book ' which represents a hen tied to a stake and her owner 
 just about to take a shy at her, when she turns round upon him and his companions. 
 from whom she had already received a severe maiding, and rales him at considerable 
 length for his barbarous treatment ol one that had been useful to him and hisfamily. 
 The owner and his friends, with their sticks in their hands, stand gaping in amaze- 
 ment to hear the poor bird reproving- them in their own language for their shameful 
 conduct. The incident is said to have occurred at some unnamed place in Stafford- 
 shire." 
 
 From the Literary Antiquarian 1 take the following account 
 of the origin of the cock-penny at Grammar Schools : 
 
 " After the Reformation had excited a spirit of inquiry in the nation, the 
 people of Cumberland, Westmorland, and the adjacent parts of Yorkshire, soon pei 
 ceived classical literature to be the cause which had conferred such high importance 
 on the clergy in preceding ages ; and this discover) 1 was followed by a laudable and 
 general desire to impart the same kind of knowledge to the laity of succeeding gener- 
 ations. Every plan of public improvement that meets with universal patronage b 
 sure to prosper ; and this was the case with the system of education projected by 
 our ancestors, for Free Schools were established in process of time in every township 
 or hamlet, besides a common parochial school in the vicinity of each parish church. 
 Every seminar}- of this description was endowed with a stipend for the maintenance 
 of a master, who instructed the children of all conditions within his district . in English, 
 Latin, and Greek, free of expense. The nature of this establishment entitled the 
 preceptor to nothing- more than his salary, but the parents of his pupils thought 
 proper to reward his diligence by an annual gratuity at Shrovetide called a cock- 
 penny. A stranger to the customs of the country will suspect something whimsical 
 in this name, but it has its foundation in reason ; for the boys of every school were 
 ■divided into two parties every Shrovetide, headed by their respective captains, whom
 
 84 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 the master chose from amongst his pupils ; this was probably done in imitation of the 
 Romans who appointed the principes juvenum on certain occasions." 
 
 ' Threshing the hen ' was another Shrovetide brutality. A live hen was 
 tied to the back of some man, who was also hung round with horse-bells, which 
 jingled at every movement he made ; the threshers were blindfolded and, following 
 the sound of the bells, threshed away at the man and the hen and at each other. At 
 the finish the hen was boiled with bacon and eaten with pancakes and fritters by the 
 company. 
 
 William Fitzstephen, who lived in the reign of Henry II, and died in HQI, 
 mentions cock-fighting and football as being among the amusements of Londoners in 
 his time. Cock-fighting was probably practised by the Chinese and other Asiatic 
 nations before its introduction into Europe. Themistocles is believed to have first 
 familiarised the Athenians with the game and in due course annual cock-fighting 
 games were instituted. 
 
 Brady tells us that " Among the ancient customs of this country which have 
 sunk into disuse, was a singularly absurd one, continued even to so late a period as the 
 reign of George I. During the Lenten season, an officer, denominated the King's 
 Cock Crower, crowed the hour each night, within the precincts of the Palace, instead 
 of proclaiming it in the ordinary manner of watchman." 
 
 Educational Charities. 
 
 Let us now advert to one or two educational charities, to 
 the Marsh Freehold Inheritance, and the Boys' National School, in the 
 Green Area. This building, 85ft. by 45ft. was erected in 1817-18, at a 
 cost of jQi 1,000, the stone being- laid by the Vicar (the Rev. John 
 Manby) of St. Mary's, on the 5th of June, 1817, the land being - given 
 for the purpose by the Corporation. On the 21st of November, 
 1817, Mr. Matthew Pyper, of Whitehaven, one of the Society of 
 Friends, endowed the school most liberally with the sum of ^2,000, 
 navy five per cent, annuities. Previous to the establishment of the 
 school for the gratuitous education of the children of the poor of all 
 denominations, there existed a separate "charity," or blue coat 
 school, established in the year 1770, for educating and clothing 50 
 bovs, who were allowed £6 as an apprentice fee, out of funds 
 raised by voluntarv subscriptions. This charity was united with the
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 85 
 
 National School on the 4th December, 1816. A Girls' National 
 School was built in Fenton Street, on land given by John Fenton 
 Cawthorne, Esq., M.P. for Lancaster in 1820; the Girls' Charity 
 School, or Blue Coat School, in High Street, was established in 
 1772, for about 60 poor girls to be instructed in reading, writing, 
 knitting, spinning, and sewing, out of funds raised by voluntary 
 subscriptions and the proceeds of their own industry. Each girl 
 was to have the fourth part of her earnings, payable to her at 
 Christmas. The Catholic Charity School was established in 1820, 
 in Friars' Passage, for the benefit of the children of the Catholic 
 poor. 
 
 The Pyper Indenture is between Samuel Gregson, Mayor, 
 Thomas Mason and Richard Willock, gentlemen bailiffs, and the 
 commonalty of the vill or town of Lancaster. The witnesses to the 
 signature of Matthew Pyper's Indenture, which is dated 21st 
 November, 1817, are Samuel Gregson, Mayor, and Thomas Mason 
 and Richard Willock, bailiffs. The witnesses to the affixing of the 
 seals are William Sharp and Thomas Hodson. It is signed, sealed, 
 and delivered by the within named Matthew Pyper in the presence 
 of William Lewthaite and Thomas Hudson, and the date of enrol- 
 ment in His Majesty's High Court of Chancery is February 5th, 
 1818. Signature to enrolment J. Mitford. 
 
 The date of the Deed of Enrolment in regard to the National 
 School for Girls is 1st June, 1819. It is between John Fenton 
 Cawthorne, John Dowbiggin, and William Sharpe of the one part, 
 and Thomas Walling Salisbury, Mayor, and Edward Burrow and 
 John Charnley, gentlemen bailiffs.
 
 86 
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 CH AFTER V. 
 
 Celebrities of ihk. pas'j connected with Lancaster — The Great Dike 
 ok Lancaster— Odd Bequests— Traditions as< ribed ro ihk Duke. 
 
 ND now for the greater history, the history 
 of persons who have made themselves some- 
 thing more than "a local habitation and a 
 name. " 
 
 When the Normans came to Lancaster 
 they found it in a state of decay, the ancient 
 city was reduced to a village, and the im- 
 press of desolation was everywhere visible. 
 Hut a new era of stirring events was in store 
 for " Loncastre," Chercaloncaster or Kirkby 
 Lancaster. The successful conqueror, o\\ 
 more properly speaking, thief, conferred upon one of his knights 
 and companions in arms, Sir Roger de Poictou, son of Sir Roger 
 de Montgomery, no less than three hundred and ninety-eight 
 manors. The enriched Norman was not slow to perceive the ad- 
 vantages to be trained bv restoring 1 the Castle of Lancaster and 
 making it his chief baronial dwelling. So the old Roman and 
 Saxon structure was repaired and enlarged, and once more a 
 flourishing city gathered round its walls. And it may not be im- 
 proper to state at this juncture that the real old Lancaster stood 
 mostly on the north side of the Castle and the Church. If you visit 
 the Churchyard from an antiquarian point of view you will perceive 
 in the field over the north boundarv of the burial ground many 
 indications of edifices and thoroughfares in the lumpy mounds 
 l hat exist all about the close or pasture. You can trace the ancient 
 road, the pavement of which has been seen and particles found a 
 lew years ago, when some workmen were engaged in laying down
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. $j 
 
 1411s or water pipes. The road curves round, and is plainly discern- 
 ible where it crossed the Churchyard and ran by the Castle hill. It 
 It is a thousand pities excavations are not made in this locality, 
 but, if it is true that prophets have no honour in their own 
 country, equally true it is that antiquaries as well as prophets 
 receive but small regard on the part of the people whom they live 
 amongst. The County of Lancaster, we learn, had almost lost its 
 identity at the time of the Norman invasion. Under the Saxons 
 and the Danes it had been included partly in Yorkshire and partly 
 in Cheshire. But the great Poictou soon restored Lancastrian 
 individuality and identity, and declared Lancaster the capital of all 
 his dominions. It is evident that people inav be turned into 
 enemies by treating" them too kindly or too well, and we find an 
 exemplification of this in the case of the Norman baron. So power- 
 ful had he become that he lost respect for his benefactor, imagined 
 himself a king, and thus grew so ambitious that it was essential 
 not just to take him down a peg or two, but to put him down 
 altogether and show him that he had forfeited his possesions since 
 the same were the king's to withdraw as well as to give. 
 
 After the battle of Tewkesburv, in 1 106, the honour ot' Lan- 
 caster devolved, by royal grant, upon Ethelred or Eldred, son of 
 Ivo de Taillebois, and second Lord of Kendal. So Lancaster and 
 Furness fell to Eldred, while the possessions held by Poictou 
 between the Mersey and the Ribble were given bv the king tc 
 Ranulph de Briscasard, the third Earl of Chester. As Lancaster 
 has figured so prominentlv in the wedding' of thrones and domina- 
 tions, we may be allowed to trace the succession of the latter for 
 the sake of those who may not remember or have known the origin 
 of the House of Lancaster and how it obtained the crown. 
 
 Etheldred or Eldred was succeeded by his son, Chetil or 
 Ketel, a name which Mark Antony Lower considers synonymous 
 with Chellet or Kellet, in his " Patronymica Britannica," i860 
 edition. Chetel was the father of Gilbert, the fourth baron, suc- 
 ceeded by William the fifth. By permission oi' Henry II. this
 
 88 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 William assumed the surname of Lancaster, and was summoned to 
 Parliament by that name. In the eighteenth of Stephen, he married 
 Gundred, widow of Roger, Earl of Warwick, and his son and heir 
 was generally named William the second of Lancaster, and was 
 summoned to Parliament by that style. This second William de 
 Lancaster married Helewise, daughter of Stuteville, Lord of Knares- 
 boro', the only issue of the union being a daughter, named after 
 her mother, who ultimately married Gilbert Fitz Reinfrede (a name 
 of Teutonic origin, meaning son of judgment and peace), a favourite 
 of Ring John. This Gilbert obtained from John the possession of 
 the honour of Lancaster, executing the office of High Sheriff of the 
 County in the jth and the 17th years of the reign of John. To his 
 credit be it said, that the favours granted bv the king did not pre- 
 vent him from uniting with the other barons of the realm and 
 discharging his duty to his country, for, bv contributing' to gain the 
 Magna Charta for the people, he lost the custody of the Honour and 
 Castle of Lancaster. His successor in the fourth year of Henry III. 
 was his son William, who, in the eighteenth year of that reign, was 
 High Sheriff, holding the office without intermission till the thirtieth 
 year inclusive. This William died without issue in 1246, and 
 Peter le Brus, the son of Peter, by Helewise de Lancaster, obtained 
 the Castle and Manor of Kendal ; but the Castle and Honour of 
 Lancaster were, in the year 1266, conferred upon Edmund Crouch- 
 back, who obtained also the vast estates between the Ribble and 
 the Mersey. The history is easily reproduced. Ranulph, the 
 fourth Earl of Chester, succeeded to the honours and possessions of 
 his father, but not until the}- had been presented by King Stephen 
 to his son William de Blois. From the fourth Earl of Chester, the 
 inheritance descended in 1 156 to Hugh de Kevelioc, and to Ranulph, 
 surnamed de Blundeville, son and grandson of the former. Ranulph 
 died in 1232, and leaving no issue his inheritance was shared by his 
 four sisters and co-heiresses. Agnes, the third sister, married 
 William, Earl of Ferrers, the sixth in lineal descent from Robert de 
 Verrers, raised by King Stephen to the Earldom of Derby (from 
 the County town of that name) for his prowess at the battle 
 of the Standard, fought on the 23rd of August, 1 138. In the
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 89 
 
 distribution of the property of Earl Ranulph, all the lands be- 
 tween Mersey and Ribhle were apportioned to Agnes, and became 
 in right of this marriage the possession of Earl Ferrers, who in the 
 year 1223, was constituted governor and made custos of the Castle 
 and honour of Lancaster. On the 20th September, 1247, the earl 
 died, and his countess died in the following" month having lived 
 together as husband and wife for seventy-five years. William, 
 Earl of Ferrers, his son and heir did homage to Henry III. and had 
 a mandate to the Sheriff of Lancaster, for the enjoyment of all the 
 lands between the Ribble and the Mersey, owned by his uncle 
 Ranulph, Earl of Chester, in Lancashire and elsewhere. At his 
 death he was succeeded by Robert de Ferrers, in the Earldom of 
 Derby, but Robert, having taken part with Simon de Montfort, was 
 deprived of his earldom and his estates in 1265, amongst which 
 were , confiscated, all his possessions between the Ribble and the 
 Mersey, which Henry III united with the honour of Lancaster, and 
 in 1266, gave to Edmund Crouchback his youngest son, who was 
 created Earl of Lancaster. This was the first earl of the name. 
 The honours of Hinckley, Derby and Leicester, with the castles of 
 the two latter towns, the last one the seat of Simon de Montfort, 
 fell to Edmund's share, together with the forests of Wyresdale and 
 Lonsdale, and the honour and castle of Monmouth to hold of him- 
 self and the heirs of his body. In this first earl was laid therefore 
 the ground work of the future glory of the House of Lancaster. 
 Thomas, Earl of Lancaster, Edmund's eldest son, then a minor, 
 succeeded his father about the Feast of Pentecost, in the vear 1296. 
 This Thomas marched with Edward I. in the 26th year of the king's 
 reign into Scotland, the Earl of Lancaster being then Sheriff of 
 Lancaster by inheritance as the Earls of Thanet were hereditarv 
 sheriffs of Westmoreland. In the 5th Edward II, Thomas, Earl of 
 Lancaster, was the chief of the nobles who entered into a combin- 
 ation for the purpose of removing Piers Gaveston, Earl of Cornwall, 
 the weak Edward's greatest favourite. This terminating into 
 actual rebellion, a battle was fought at Boroughbridge, Thomas of 
 Lancaster was brought to Pontefract and there executed for high 
 treason 15th Edward II. History states that the munificence of
 
 go TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 
 
 the earl was unbounded. When land let for from 3d. to 6d. an 
 acre, and a fat ox sold for sixteen shilling's, his annual expenditure 
 amounted to ,£7,597 13- 4 'id, which at a very moderate computa- 
 tion could not be less in value than ^100,000 of our present money. 
 Baines, drawing" largely from the old chroniclers and from Dugdale 
 tells how Henry, Earl of Lancaster, brother and heir of Thomas, 
 obtained an act dated March 7th, in the first of Edward III. for 
 reversing" the attainder of his unfortunate brother, on the ground 
 that he had not been tried by his peers, and thereupon he came into 
 possession of all his brother's honours, lands and lordships includ- 
 ing the Earldoms of Lancaster and Leicester, and the lands thereto 
 appertaining. The earl died in 1345, and was succeeded by his son 
 Henry, created Earl of Derby, in the 2nd year of Edward III., for 
 his services in the Scotch wars. This earl subjected no fewer than 
 56 cities in France ; and his name was a terror far and wide, for at 
 the cry of " A Derby," the gates of their chief cities flew open from 
 sheer trepidation. This earl is said to have been the Marlborough 
 or Wellington of his age, and his mode of living was princely, for 
 he spent ^100 a day while engaged in foreign campaigns, which 
 sum was equivalent to ,£1,000 of present day cash. In his dav 
 the Order of the Garter was created and Prince Edward was the 
 first knighted champion, and Henry, Earl of Lancaster, the second. 
 Having established his reputation and judgment, and being so 
 successful on the field we find him advanced by special charter 
 bearing date March 6th, 1351, to the title and dignity of Duke of 
 Lancaster, with powers to have a chancery in the County of Lan- 
 caster and to issue out writs therein under his own seal, as well as 
 touching pleas to the Crown as any other relating to the common 
 law of the nation ; and likewise to enjoy all other liberties and 
 regalities belonging to a county palatine in as ample manner as the 
 Earl of Chester was known to enjoy them within his county. This 
 first Duke of Lancaster built the Savoy Palace at a cost of 52,000 
 marks, and the captive monarch of France was entertained here. 
 For this great Duke's liberality and piety he was called " the good 
 Duke of Lancaster," and when the French King presented him 
 with valuable gifts he declined them all save a thorn out of the
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER gi 
 
 crown of our Saviour, which he brought to England and left as a 
 
 relic to the Collegiate Church of Our Lady at Leicester. To the 
 monks of Whalley he gave 183 acres of pasture and 200 acres ol~ 
 wood, with two cottages and seven acres of meadow land, all lying 
 in the chase of Blackburne. He also gave 126 acres of land, 26 
 acres of meadow and 13 of pasturage in the neighbourhood of Pen- 
 hulton and Clitheroe in order to maintain two recluses to pray for 
 the souls of himself, his ancestors and heirs in the churchyard of 
 Whalley. The deed concerning this munificence is dated January 
 2nd, 1360. As the same year wore on the life of this great peer, 
 who had no equal, was terminated by the plague on the 24th of 
 March. He left issue, two daughters, his heiresses — Maud, wife of 
 Ralph Lord Strafford, and Blanche, married to John of Gaunt, Earl 
 Of Richmond, fourth son of Edward III. By virtue of his marriage 
 this prince inherited a " number of castles and manors in Yorkshire, 
 Leicestershire, Warwickshire, Cheshire, Essex, and Northumber- 
 land ; and in the County of Lancaster the Wapentakes of Lonsdale, 
 Amounderriess, and Leyland, and the manors of Oves Walton, 
 Preston, Shingleton, Riggeby-cum-Wray, Overton, Skerton, and 
 Lancaster, and Slyne ; the Royal Bailiwick of Blackbournshire and 
 the Park of Ightenhill." He was Master Forester beyond the 
 Ribble and held the " vaccary of Wyresdale with its members, 
 likewise the manors of Penwortham, Totyngton, and Rochdale, the 
 Wapentake of Cliderhowe (Clitheroe) with the demesne lands there, 
 and Parliament with all the liberties and regalities of an Earl pala- 
 tine, as also Earl of Leicester and Derby, with the office of High 
 Steward of England. He next obtained the grant of a chancery in 
 his Duchy of Lancaster. These grants are dated 1340, and were 
 accompanied by this obligation only "that the Duke should send 
 two knights to Parliament as representatives of the commonality of 
 the Count} - of Lancaster and two burgesses for every borough 
 within the said Count)." Rymer Facd VII. 138. The royal de- 
 claration in favour of the Duke was as follows: — "We have 
 granted for ourselves and our heir to our son (John), that he shall 
 have during life, within the County of Lancaster, his Court of 
 Chancery, and writs to be issued out under his seal belonging to
 
 92 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 the office of Chancellor ; his justices both for holding the pleas of 
 the Crown, and for all other pleas relating - to common law, and the 
 cognizance thereof ; and all executions by his writs and officers 
 within the same, and all other liberties and royalties relating to the 
 county Palatine as freely and fully as the Earl of Chester is. known 
 to enjoy them within the County of Chester." 
 
 By a second marriage with Constance, daughter of Peter, 
 King of Castile, John of Gaunt, for some time enjoyed the title of 
 King of Leon and Castile, but he renounced that title and bore 
 the following" : — "John, son of the King of England, Duke of 
 Aquitaine and Lancaster, Earl of Derby, Lincoln, and Leicester, 
 Seneschal of England." John of Gaunt had his council in Lanca- 
 shire before the grant to him of jura regalia, and in the grants and 
 leases from the Duke that body is styled "The thrice noble council 
 of the thrice noble Duke of Lancaster." The honour of Lancaster 
 has, therefore, been closely identified with the throne, for since the 
 time of Roger de Poictou (or Pictavensis), who held prior to his 
 first rebellion 398 manors enabling him to erect the castles of Lan- 
 caster and Liverpool, it was held by William de Blois, Earl of 
 Montaigne and Boulogne, upon whose demises Richard I. g'ave it 
 to his brother John of Magna Charta notoriety. Then Henry III. 
 gave the castle and honour to his youngest son, Edmund Crouch- 
 back, first Earl of Lancaster, as we have seen, and ultimately 
 Thomas, Edmund's eldest son, who married the heiress of the house 
 of Lacy, succeeded, but lived to find himself a prisoner for revolting 
 against his sovereign and Piers de Gaveston, and to be put to death 
 at Pontefract. Even his corpse was treated with great indignity, 
 though his effigy is held to have been adored at St. Paul's, where it 
 was said to have worked miracles. The place of his interment has 
 never been fully ascertained ; but a skeleton in a stone coffin, with 
 the decapitated head placed between the thighs, was dug up at 
 Water Fryston, near Pontefract, on the 25th of March, 1822 ; and 
 many believe that the remains were those of Thomas, Earl of Lan- 
 caster, thus disinterred after a repose of 500 years. Having now 
 arrived at the interesting part of our notes concerning John of
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 93 
 
 Gaunt, we find that he lived a life quite in keeping with his royal 
 alliances, that he was a friend of Wycliffe, was wealthy and ambi- 
 tious, hecame a titular king allied to the regal house oi' Spain, and 
 that when he returned home with his wife's dowry in 1389, in the 
 month of November, he had, according to Knyghton, no less than 
 47 mules laden with chests of gold. For his times he was a public 
 man of some ability, an able soldier, and undoubtedly a re-huilder 
 of the town of Lancaster, reviving all its former magnificence. 
 From the age of the conquest until 1322 there can be little doubt 
 that no important change was made in the castle, hut when the 
 Scotch invaded England in that year, razing Lancaster to its 
 foundations, it is only probable that the old fortress would become 
 the object of special vengeance. Up to the reign of Edward III. 
 the town and fort would hardly have recovered from the blows ad- 
 ministered by these invaders, but John of Gaunt's munificent hand 
 restored the stately edifice and town, endowing it in the words oi 
 an historian, " with more than its original strength and splendour." 
 He it was who surrounded the castle with a moat, erected a draw- 
 bridge in front and port-cullis at the entrance made of thick wrought 
 iron. He also added the Gateway Tower, flanked by the two 
 large octagonal turrets, surrounded by watch towers, and added for 
 its future defence a triple row of machiolations. The arms of 
 ¥ ranee, semi-quartered with those of England, cut in a shield, were 
 placed on one side of the entrance with a label ermine, of three 
 points, the distinction of John of Gaunt, on the other. In different 
 alterations up to the commencement of the present century one 
 hundred and forty thousand pounds had been expended on the Castle 
 of Lancaster, a sum which, in the days of its first Norman owner, 
 would have built twenty such edifices as the present Castle. The 
 great Coucher Book of the County, the Harleian MSS., Dugdale, 
 Rymer, and Leland, with Whitaker and Nichols, are excellent works 
 to consult in regard to the ancient history of Lancaster and its 
 Castle and Honour. It is over one century ago since the Castle 
 was enlarged under the act for improving prisons, for it has been 
 identified with justice and punishment for six centuries, in fact, 
 since the days of John of Gaunt. The prison parts are constructed
 
 94 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 as far as possible on the fire-proof plan, with hewn stone without 
 timber, the stone in the neighbourhood of Lancaster being a free 
 stone capable of a high finish or polish. From about 1760 to 
 1869 it was a debtor's prison, with a penitentiary for female de- 
 linquents, but it ceased to be used as such in the manner it had been 
 used, and in or about 1878 it became a military prison in part, and 
 now, owing to the increase of population and the want of room, it 
 has once more experienced a change and has become a civil prison 
 entirely. The present constable is Lord Winmarleigh, the office is 
 honorary, certain rights and privileges accompanying it. For many 
 years the father of Mr. \V. H. Higgin, Q.C, was resident governor. 
 
 There is a portrait in the Cotton MS., Nero D. VI, of John 
 of Gaunt, Gand, or Ghent, so called on account of his having been 
 born at Ghent, in Belgium (pronounced Gand) representing him in 
 the habit of High Steward of England, and granting the commissions 
 of the officers claimed by the nobility at the coronation of Richard 
 11. The person kneeling at his feet is believed to be Thomas 
 Woodcock, High Constable of England. This Thomas was seventh 
 and youngest son of Edward III., and brother of the great duke. 
 John of Gaunt is dressed in dark blue and white, and the figure 
 kneeling, in dark blue and red. The seat is a kind of pink and the 
 back ground red, says Strutt's " Regal and Ecclesiastical An- 
 tiquities." The shield, cap, and lance of John of Gaunt are from 
 a sketch by Hollar. Bolton, in his " Elements of Armories," states 
 that the first named article "is very convex towards the bearer, 
 whether by warping through age or as so made. It hath in dimen- 
 sion more than three quarters of a yard in length, and above half a 
 yard of breadth. Next to the body is a canvas glued to a board ; 
 upon that board are broad thin axicles, slices or plates of horn 
 nailed fast, and again over them twenty and six pieces of the like, 
 all meeting' or centreing about a round plate of the same in the 
 navel of the shield, and over all is a leather closed fast to them with 
 glue, or other holding stuff, upon which his armories were painted; 
 but now they, with the leather itself, have very lately and very 
 lewdly been utterly spoiled." John of Gaunt was originally Earl of
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 95 
 
 Richmond, as we have seen. He was father of Henry of Boling- 
 broke, who was created Earl of Derby, in 1385, while the King's 
 uncles, and John of Gaunt's brothers, the Earls of Cambridge and 
 Buckingham, were created Dukes of York and Gloucester. In 1384 
 the Duke of Lancaster had done some good service in Scotland, 
 but ran a great risk of losing his head owing to the repeated stories 
 which were afloat to the effect that he was aiming after the crown 
 of his nephew. An Irish monk, John Latimer, gave Richard, the 
 King, a parchment containing the particulars of a conspiracy against 
 him, in which Lancaster figured prominently. During this period 
 Lancaster, hearing what the Carmelite monk had done, was in hid- 
 lance, and would not return to England until the King proclaimed 
 his conviction of his uncle's innocence. The monk was committed 
 to the care of Sir John Holland, half brother of the King, and it is 
 said that during the night Sir John strangled the monk with his 
 own hands. Lord Zouch, whom the friar had named as the author 
 of the conspiracy, declared upon oath that he knew nothing about 
 it, and the matter dropped. The honours which the Duke of Lan- 
 caster's family received were all directly traceable to another murder 
 committed by this same Sir John Holland, probably son of Sir 
 Robert de Holland, some time Serjeant of Cartmel, and of the same 
 family as Sir Thurstan de Holland, who appears to have succeeded 
 the de Relets in the serjeantry of the wapentake of Lonsdale. 
 During the French and Scotch intrigues, under Admiral John de 
 Vienne, Lord Admiral of France, against England, which caused 
 terrible disaster in both Scotland and England, Sir John de Holland 
 assassinated one of the King's favourites at York, and the grief, 
 shame, and anxiety caused by this event broke the heart of his 
 mother, the Princess of Wales, and she died a few days afterwards. 
 After the campaign the king made great promotions to quiet the 
 jealousy of his relations ; honours fell upon them, but they were 
 nothing compared to the honours and grants conferred upon his 
 minions, hence the dukedoms bestowed in 1385, upon Henry of 
 Bolingbroke and the Earls of Arundel and Salisbury. That the 
 Duke of Lancaster really was ambitious goes without saying, for 
 we find him after all these favours pressing forward his claims to
 
 96 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 
 
 the throne of the Castile ; and there can be little doubt that if the 
 throne of England could have been secured Gaunt's ambition would 
 have prompted him to subdue every obstacle in his path, but circum- 
 stances both at home and abroad were not in his favour ; there were 
 too many against him and the gaunt Prince, gaunt by nature as well 
 as name, was not popular with the people who had learned to detest 
 the name of John owing to the perfidious actions of the King John. 
 
 A disputed succession in Portugal and a war between that 
 country and Spain seemed to open a road for the Duke, and Richard 
 was evidently glad to have him out of England. Parliament voted 
 supplies, and in the month of July the Duke set sail with an army 
 of 10,000 men, and landed at Corunna. From this city he opened a 
 road through Gallicia into Portugal and formed a junction with the 
 King of that country, who had married the Duke's eldest daughter 
 Phillipa, by his first wife. At first Lancaster was everywhere vic- 
 torious ; but in the second campaign his armv was almost annihil- 
 ated by disease and famine, and his own declining health forced him 
 to retire to Guienne. In the end, however, he concluded an advan- 
 tageous treaty. His daughter Catherine, the grand-daughter of 
 Pedro the Cruel, was married to Henry, the heir of the reigning 
 King of Castile. Two hundred thousand crowns were paid to the 
 Duke for the expenses he had incurred ; and the King of Castile 
 agreed to pay 40,000 florins by way of annuity to the Duke and 
 Duchess of Lancaster. The issue of John of Gaunt reigned in Spain 
 for many generations. Encouraged by the Duke's absence, say 
 Mc. Farfane and Thompson in their most reliable historv vol. I, 
 p. 489, the French determined to invade England and an army ol 
 100,000 men, including the choicest of French chivalrv were en- 
 camped in Flanders, while the immense fleet lay in the port of Sluis 
 to carry them over. Charles VI, though young, like Richard of 
 England, determined to take part in the expedition, but as he was 
 almost entirely under the power of his turbulent uncles who seemed 
 to have decided against the projected invasion, the army was 
 disbanded, and the fleet dispersed by a tempest, the English taking 
 many of the ships. Richard gained no increase bv the absence
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 97 
 
 of Lancaster since he found the Duke's younger brother far 
 harsher than Lancaster had ever been. Gloucester endeavoured to 
 drive De la Pole and De Vere, the King's favourites from office, 
 and Gloucester argued in favour of a permanent council chosen bv 
 Parliament. Richard declined to agree to a council similar to those 
 which had been appointed in the reigns of John, Henry III., and 
 Edward II. The commons then coolly produced the statute by 
 which the second Edward had been deposed, and he was reminded 
 that if he held out his life would be in danger, and so he had to 
 consent though most unwilling. So the government was vested for 
 a year in the hands of eleven commissioners, bishops and peers, to 
 whom were added three threat officers of the Crown, and at the 
 head of all was Gloucester. Rot. Pari. About 1393, Lancaster 
 returned from the continent after an absence of three years and 
 upwards, and from the circumstances which the historians are not 
 sufficiently acquainted with, he became quite moderate and popular. 
 He was re-admitted into the council, and created Duke of Aquitaine, 
 for life, a grant which was subsequently recalled. He negotiated a 
 peace with France, and Richard, in October, 1396, passed over to 
 the continent in order to marry Isabella, daughter of the French king, 
 who was little more than seven years old. The Duke of Gloucester 
 strongly opposed the union, but Richard was determined to have 
 the Princess whom Froissart described as a miracle of wit and 
 beauty, despite her tender years. Richard had his schemes of 
 revenge in his minds's eye constantly. Gloucester, doubtless know- 
 ing this, feared what would happen to himself should France and 
 England become united. The latter was not wrong, for Richard, 
 in due course, struck his blow treacherously. One of his foes he 
 trapped under pretence of entertaining him at dinner ; this was 
 Lord Warwick. Another he blandly invited through his brother, 
 the primate, to a supposed friendly conference ; this was Lord 
 Arundel ; and the last enemy he seized at Pleshy Castle, Essex, 
 whither he had gone to reside with his family. This was the Duke 
 of Gloucester, who, it is believed, after having been seized and sent 
 by the Karl Marshal to Calais, was secretly murdered, the very m n 
 who had strongly supported him in former times being parties to his 
 
 11
 
 9 8 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 downfall. Henry of Bolingbroke was a double-faced scoundrel, if 
 all that history records of him be true, and no more fitted to sit upon 
 the throne than was his deceitful cousin, Richard the Second, who 
 had doubtless been made a dissembler by the dissemblement for ever 
 about his court. The Duke of Lancaster's death was hastened, no 
 doubt, by the banishment of the perfidious Hereford, who had 
 abused the confidence of Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk, concerning 
 the conversation the two had between Windsor and London as to 
 the designs of the king - . John of Gaunt died about three months 
 after the exile of his son. Hut the Nemesis of revenge rests with 
 the people, and Richard's turn at last arrived, and he was, as we 
 all know, forced to relinquish the crown and favour the claims of 
 the returned Duke of Hereford, Henry of Boling'broke. A deposition 
 was ingeniously added to an Act of Abdication. The oath of Henn 
 of Bolingbroke, on assuming the crown, is as follows : " In the 
 name of God the Father, Son, and Holy Ghost, I, Henry of Lan- 
 caster, challenge this realm of England, because I am descended by 
 the right line of blood from the good lord King Henry III., and 
 through that right God of his grace hath sent me, with help of my 
 kin and of my friends, to recover it ; the which realm was in point 
 to be undone for default of government and the undoing of the good 
 laws." Henrv knelt for a few minutes in prayer on the steps, and 
 then was seated on the throne by the Archbishops of Canterbury and 
 York. The declaration of the new King as regards the unhappy 
 state of the realm was certainly true, for Richard had coerced judges 
 in order to obtain hues, and actually outlawed seven counties by one 
 stroke of the pen. Had the people, the masses, only had power and 
 intelligence as now, instead of a few monopolisers, such kings 
 would long ago have been abolished as beings unfit to exist. 
 Henrv of Bolingbroke was the first to sign his hand to a statute in 
 favour of the burning of heretics, as the Wycliffites were called, a 
 sect of reformers whom his father had supported, and so the first to 
 light penal fires in England. According to State papers, he refused 
 to qualify his statute when petitioned to do so, and replied, " The 
 punishment shall be made more rigorous and sharp." So much for 
 the line of Lancaster.
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 99 
 
 "I have a glove into which ! can put your whole city of 
 Paris," so remarked Charles V. of Germany to the French King 
 Francis I. The French name i\>r Ghent is Gand, aglove. John of 
 Gaunt was born at Ghent in [340, he died at Ely House, Holborn, 
 in 1399^ His last will and. testament was made at Leicester Castle 
 It is not a little singular that the associations of Lancaster and 
 Leicester have largely been made up by the connexion of both with 
 the Houses of York and Lancaster. The great duke was worn out 
 with the affairs of state, and the troubles that had befallen Henry, 
 his son, had undoubtedly told upon his line physique and strong 
 nerves. 
 
 !n order to show the Duke of Lancaster's disposition more 
 clearly it is necessary to treat somewhat further of his actions. In 
 so doing we shall see how selfishness and wealth generally go to- 
 gether* The Earl of Buckingham, John of Gaunt's brother, com- 
 manded the fleet against the French but his success being small, the 
 Duke obtained command himself, and detailing a squadron under 
 the Earls of Arundel and Salisbury gave them their directions : they 
 succeeded in capturing the town and port of Cherbourg, but not 
 before having suffered great loss on account of their falling 
 in with a Spanish fleet. The Norman port was readily ceded to the 
 English by the King of Navarre who was glad to purchase the 
 assistance of England at any price since he was engaged in a war 
 with the French King. Lancaster afterwards sailed with a great 
 fleet into Brittany, the Duke o\~ which province, son of the heroic 
 Countess of Montfort, ceded to the English the important city and 
 harbour of Brest. The Duke next invested St. Malo, but the Con- 
 stable Dugueschin marched with very superior forces to the relief of 
 that place, and compelled the Duke to return to his ships. The great 
 fleet then came home. A striking circumstance which had occurred 
 did not tend to brighten the Duke's laurels. The Scots, receiving 
 their impulse from France, renewed the war, surprised the castle of 
 Berwick, made incursions into the northern counties, and equipped 
 a number of ships to cruise against the Lnglish. Berwick was re- 
 covered soon afterwards hv the Earl of Northumberland : but one
 
 ioo TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 
 
 John Mercer, who had got together certain sail of Scots, French, 
 and Spaniards, came to Scarborough and made prize of every ship 
 in that port. Upon learning- the injuries done, and the still greater 
 damage apprehended from these sea rovers, John Philpot — " that 
 worshipful citizen of London," lamenting the negligence of the 
 Government, equipped a small fleet at his own expense, and without 
 waiting for any commission, went in pursuit of Mercer. After a 
 fierce battle, the doughty alderman took the Scot prisoner, captured 
 fifteen Spanish ships, and recovered all the vessels which had been 
 taken at Scarborough. On his return Philpot was received in 
 triumph by his fellow citizens, but harshly handled by the Council 
 oi~ Government for the unlawfulness of acting as he had done without 
 authority, he being but a private man. This is from " Trussells' 
 Continuance of Daniell's History." Southey's " Naval History" and 
 Walsingham agree with the same. Here then was jealousv, the 
 man had been successful, was a patriot, but only received snubbing 
 because of his success at a time when the Government was evidently 
 asleep if not dead. 
 
 Three quaint rhymes may here be reproduced. The first 
 is supposed to be in regard to the Marsh ami is to this effect : — 
 
 " I. John of Gaunt, 
 
 Do give and grant 
 
 To four-score freemen of the town of Lancaster 
 
 My row pastur." 
 
 The second is from the Newcastle Journal of 1762, and is 
 much more humorous : 
 
 •' I, John of daunt, 
 Do give and d<> grant 
 To Roger Burgoyne 
 And the heir of his loyne 
 All Sutton and Potten 
 Until the world's rotten." 
 
 The gift is supposed to have been made in favour o[~ an ancestor of 
 the Bvjrgoynes of Sutton and Potten, Bedfordshire.
 
 TLME-HOXOl'REI) LANCASTER. 101 
 
 The third rhyme is one concerning- the family ol~ Hippisley, 
 possessed of large landed property in Saveringfiam, in the days oi' 
 Edward 111. 
 
 ■' I. fohn of Gaunt, d<> give and do graunt unto Richard Hippisley, 
 
 All the manners herein named, as I think in number seven, 
 
 To be as firm to he thine as ever they were mine, from heaven to hell below . 
 
 And In confirm the truth I seal it with my great tooth, the wax in doe.' 
 
 The silver armour oi the great Duke is said to be preserved 
 in the Tower of London. 
 
 It may be added that in the Harleian MS., 1,319, there is a 
 history of the deposition of Richard II., in French verse, said to 
 have been composed by a French gentleman of mark, who was in 
 the suit of the said king, by permission of the King of France. The 
 whole of the poem appears in the Archceologia, with an English 
 translation, and ample explanatory notes by the Rev. John Webb. 
 M.A., rector of Tretire, Herefordshire. 
 
 The Castle Moat. 
 
 The Lancaster Guardian oi October 28th, 1882, states that 
 " Before the alterations made in the Castle, the moat or ditch reach- 
 ed from opposite Mr. C. Johnson's house, round by Adrian's Tower 
 and extended nearly to the middle of the present Shire Hall. Part 
 of the foundations of the Shire Hall were laid in the ' ditch ; ' and 
 trees were planted on the north and west sides ; between the 'ditch' 
 and Castle were mounds oi rubbish oxm which was a walk reached 
 by a flight of steps close to the Gateway Tower ; a pump stood near 
 to the foot of the steps. The walk was carried round to the Gate- 
 way Tower again. Some of the walls between the towers were so 
 low, that prisoners occasionally escaped, as the)' had not far to tall 
 on to the mounds of rubbish. Offers of rewards were frequenth to 
 be seen for the capture of escaped prisoners. On clearing away this 
 rubbish, and the old Crown Court, which stood between the south- 
 west corner oi' the Lungess Tower and the round tower on the
 
 io2 TIMH-HOXCH'RED LANCASTER. 
 
 terrace called Adrian's Tower, a well or pit whs found just under 
 the new Crown Court, built of carefully wrought Ashlar. It was 
 cleared of rubbish to the depth of about 20 ft., and two doorways 
 were then found ; om was opened and led by a passage of smooth 
 stone towards the Church, the other, loosely walled up without mor- 
 tar, was not opened ; but it seemed to lead into an opposite direction. 
 The well was filled up again, and built upon. On the other side of 
 the 'ditch' and beyond the road leading to the Church there were 
 some gardens which sloped down to some houses, a barn and a stable 
 wh'ch stood to the east of Hillside, where the castle parade walk now 
 is. These houses and gardens were bought by the Justices oi' the 
 County from Anthony Cartmel. They pulled down the houses, built 
 ti-ie parade wall, and formed the line promenade on the parade." 
 
 Counties Palatine, and the Duchy of Lancaster. 
 
 We now pass on to more distinctly local matters. Henry IV. 
 when securely seated upon the throne took care to vest the Duchy 
 oi Lancaster in his son, afterwards Henry Y. lie secured this dig- 
 nity to his family by authority of Parliament, for as Plowden and Sir 
 Edward Coke observe, he knew that he held the Duchy of Lancaster 
 by sure and indefeasible right and title, but that his title to the Crown 
 was not so assured. He therefore procured an Act of Parliament 
 ordaining that the Duchy of Lancaster and ail other his hereditary 
 estates, \\jth all the royalties and franchises, should remain to him 
 and h : s heirs for ever, and descend and be administered in like man- 
 ner as if he had never attained the royal dignity. Of the counties 
 Palatine,' 1 Blackstone observes, that they are so-called because the 
 
 !'n Mons Palatinus the term Palatine carries us. This mons or mount, oi: 
 the slope of which sheep were Meeting day by day. was the place where the Roman 
 Palatine stood. Hence the term palace. Now the Roman Emperor had his chief 
 officer, an earl or Count Palatine, who conducted the affairs of the royal household. 
 In France the Count Palatine was foremost of the 12 peers of the empire, and his 
 palatinate land was the rich Rhine valley above Frankfort. Canan Taylor remarks 
 "that it is one of lh<' curiosities of language that a pretty little hill-slope in Italy 
 iukl have thus transferred its name t>> a hero "I romance, to a Cernian state, to 
 three English counties, to a glass house at Sydenham, and to all the royal resid< 
 in Europe." Legally read the words County Palatine signify "delegated royalty/' 
 or royally by deputy. We haw our chancellor, and so has Durham : but all vestiges 
 ol Chester's privileges and it- Court of( hancery appear to be extinct.
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 103 
 
 owners thereof (the Earl of Chester, the Bishop of Durham, and the 
 Duke of Lancaster) had in those counties jura regalia as fully as the 
 King; had in his palace. They might pardon traitors, murderers, 
 and felonies, could appoint all judges and justices oi the peace, and 
 all writs and indictments ran in their name, as in other counties in 
 the Kind's name ; and all offences were said to he done against 
 their peace and not against the peace of the King. The privileges 
 of the Counties Palatine were abridged by Henry VIII. in which 
 reign it was enacted that all writs and processes be issued in the 
 King's name, but should be tested or witnessed in the name oi' the 
 owner oi' the franchise. All writs, therefore, whereon actions were 
 founded and which had current authority in the counties palatine, 
 must be under the seal of the respective franchises. And the judges 
 of assize, who sat in those counties, had a special commission from 
 the Duchy of Lancaster, and not the usual commission under the 
 great seal oi' England. The Duchy oi' Lancaster is very differenl 
 from the palatine and comprises much territory at a distance, viz. 
 in Middlesex, Yorkshire, Staffordshire, Derbyshire, Leicestershire, 
 Lincoln, Norfolk and Northampton. By the Duchy Hook of 1588, 
 the annual revenues transmitted to the Treasury by "the receivers of 
 Childerhow, Pomfrett, and Knaresborough, Tiekhull, Pi< keringleigh, 
 Dunstanborough, Tutbury, Longberington, Leicester, Furness, 
 Bullingbrooke, Lancaster, Stafford, Derby, Higham Ferrars, Nor- 
 folk and Suffolk, Sussex, the south Partess, Essex and Hartford, 
 Wales, and Monmouth and Kilwaldid, amounted to ^"12,250." 
 In the same book are mentioned all the forests, chases and parks 
 belonging to the Duchy of Lancaster, out of which the Chancellor, 
 Attorney-General, Receiver-General and the two auditors were en- 
 titled to deer, summer and winter. The Lancashire forests were 
 Rowland, Wyersdale, Bleasdale, and Fulwood ; the parks of Log- 
 ramme, Myerscough, Toxteth and Ouernmore. They had also a like 
 privilege in a number of forests and parks in Cheshire, Derbyshire, 
 Staffordshire, Lancashire. Wiltshire, Berkshire, Southamptonshire, 
 Lincolnshire, Northamptonshire, Buckinghamshire, Yorkshire, Suf- 
 folk, Sussex, Essex, and Hertfordshire in all 68 forests and parks. 
 The Duchy still enjoys a large share oi' Church patronage, widely
 
 io4 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 extended in about twelve counties. Of late years considerable 
 changes have taken place, and the livings of Millom in Cum- 
 berland, Dalton, Pennington, and Hawkshead in Lancashire, 
 and Bethain, in Westmoreland, have been exchanged for the 
 living of *Rothbury in Northumberland. L* n til John of Gaunt's 
 time the Duchy was called the Honour oi' Lancaster. Henry VI 11. 
 greatly extended the royal inheritance by such Acts as brought about 
 the dissolution of the monasteries and the erection of courts of aug- 
 mentation. The Act of Edward VI. for the dissolution of Colleges and 
 chantries tended to the same end. By a charter oi' Philip and Mary 
 in pursuance of an Act of Parliament, very large estates in several 
 oi the counties named were added to the Duchy. So great a regard, 
 we are told was paid by this Queen to the future preservation of 
 her patrimonial inheritance that she gol a clause introduced into 
 the Act, declaring that all such estates as had been in the time of 
 Edward VI., or should be at any time after, granted from the Duchy 
 oi Lancaster, or had reverted or should revert, or be forfeited to the 
 Crown, should return to the survey of the Duchy Court. The con- 
 sequence was that, when James 1. came to. the throne, he found this 
 favourite succession so formed and augmented, and in such condition 
 as to raise, in the beginning ol his reign, a large annual revenue, 
 and so constituting a considerable portion oi the civil establishment 
 oi the country. His subsequent wants caused him to raise money 
 from the Duchy estates by letting 60 years' leases. His son Charles 
 I., made grants in fee of the Duchy lands in order to supply ways 
 and means for lighting Parliament, and little was preserved besides 
 the forests and parks, except thai in all these grants there was re- 
 served io the crown lee farm rents which were in the aggregate, a 
 large amount. In the first year of the ( ommonwealth a commission 
 was appointed for the sale oi the Crown and Duchy lands, but the 
 restoration cancelled these transactions. Charles II. and James II. 
 seem to have used the Duchy as a sort of dernier ressort or fall-back for 
 capital, the latter monarch so diminishing the wealth of the Duchy 
 that the officers oi' the Duchy, in 1686, agreed to reduce their own 
 
 *Letler from the Chancellor ol tin Duchy, 9th April. 1X91. About foriy- 
 ihree livings were formerly in the Duchy patronage.
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 105 
 
 salaries in order that they might not appear so disproportionate to 
 the receipts drawn from the Duchy. The principal officers of the 
 Duchy Court were the Chancellor, entitled to a seat in the cabinet, 
 the Vice-Chancellor, the Registrar, Examiner, and First Clerk, and 
 the five Cursitors, and Clerks in Court.
 
 io6 
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 EcCLESIASTK CHARAC'1 ERISTICS — LaNi ASI'ER CHANCERY COURT — TlIE WAPEN- 
 
 rAKE of Lonsdale — Charters granted to Lancaster — Thomas 
 Covell— The Town Council of Lancaster — The Aqueduct— Source 
 of the Lune — Lancaster and Kendal ("anal— Travelling on the 
 (anal in the old days— custom house of the i'ort of lancaster 
 -Employers of Labour -The Old Qi vy— Lancaster Wagon Works 
 -The London and North Western and Midland Railways. 
 
 ND now a few remarks on the old Archi- 
 diaconal Court of Lancaster. In ecclesiastical 
 arrangements we find that under the old 
 system probate of wills and letters of adminis- 
 tration of persons dying within the Arch- 
 deaconry of Richmond were usually granted 
 in the Ecclesiastical Court of Richmond, 
 and the original wills with the registers of 
 other proceedings were deposited at Lan- 
 caster, where the court for the Lancashire 
 portion of that archdeaconry was held. 
 
 There is still a probate court in Lancaster, but since the See of 
 Manchester was established, and an Archdeaconry ot' Lancaster 
 formed out of the district formerly included in the Archdeaconry of 
 Richmond, man}- important changes have transpired. In times past 
 the jurisdiction of the Archdeaconry of Richmond ceased during the 
 \ear of triennial visitation, and the proceedings throughout the 
 whole counts- of Lancaster were then registered at Chester. This 
 was a matter of great inconvenience to many persons obliged to 
 seek for facts in any legal matter years after the deposition of wiils 
 and registers, for the first thing to be ascertained would be whether 
 a will was proved during such triennial visitation in order to know 
 where to apply to when any' question of law arose. Then ag r ain. in
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 107 
 
 the old days, widows of intestates dying within the Archdeaconry 
 of Richmond obtained, by the custom o( the province of York and 
 sanction of t lie statute of distributions, a greater share oi their 
 husbands' personal estates than that to which those were entitled 
 by statute whose husbands died within the Archdeaconry of Chester, 
 where no such privilege or custom prevailed, Chester being governed 
 by statute law alone. 
 
 Concerning the Chancery of the County Palatine of Lancaster. 
 the original court for long, indeed from the 50th year of Edward 111.. 
 enjoyed independent functions and rights, and the Chancery of Lan- 
 cashire had concurrent jurisdiction with the High Court of Chancery 
 in almost everything except in despatch and expense. Strange to 
 state, the Diocesan Registry at Chester has within its archives to 
 I his day most o\ the Lancashire baptismal, marriage, and death 
 registers, yet those for the hundred of Lonsdale, and as far south 
 as Garstang (Churchtown) are deposited in (he offices ot the regis 
 trar of the archdeaconry of Lancaster, and the) do not, in many 
 instances, y;o back as far as the church registers, from which thev 
 are supposed to be copied. How this is I cannot tell. but to return, 
 the Lancashire Chancery Court used to exercise jurisdiction in all 
 matters ot equity within the county palatine. Though many reforms 
 have ot late years been introduced I his Lancashire Chancery Court 
 maintains vestiges of its old rights and privileges. A perusal of a 
 modern history of the legal elements of the count}-, will give fuller 
 particulars than it is essential to give in these notes, fov if given, 
 tew would be interested in them. 
 
 I he chief seat ot law, so far as local officers are concerned, is 
 at Preston. Lancaster, however; possesses its sessional, hundred, 
 and coroner's courts, and the assizes are still held four times a year 
 in Lancaster. The old Wapentake oi' Lonsdale, the serjeantry of 
 which was held at the lime of the Conquest and up to the reign of 
 Edward I. by the de Chetets oi' Relict, was formerly held within the 
 precincts ot the church. The hundred comprises the following 
 parishes : North Lonsdale : Aldingham. Cartmel, Coulton, Dalton,
 
 10S TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 Hawkshead, Kirkby Ireleth, Pennington, Ulverston, and Urswick, 
 forty-four townships. South Lonsdale : Bolton-le-Sands, Claughton, 
 Cockerham, Halton. Heysham, Lancaster, Melling, Tatham, Tun- 
 stall, Warton, Thornton-in-Lonsdale, and part of Burton-in- 
 Kendal. The word wapentake is synonymous with hundred, a 
 Saxon distribution oi' a shire divided into ten boroughs of ten 
 families each. Wapentake is from " weapon-tac," or take, a court 
 wherein a hundred men met under their ealdorman (elder or more 
 experienced man, literally) and touched his or each other's weapons 
 in token of fidelity and allegiance. The Lonsdale Hundred repre- 
 sents 22 parishes or parts of parishes, and 49 townships. 
 
 And now as regards the charters granted to Lancaster, 
 we find that the first was issued by John, Earl of Morton, 
 afterwards the shifty, shallowy king oi' that name. This first 
 grant was made in the 4th of Richard 1. when Ranulph de 
 Blundeville was the Lord Paramount. The charter, however, 
 conferred all the liberties such as were enjoyed by the city of Bristol. 
 In the 2 yd Edward 1. Lancaster first sent members to Parliament, 
 A.o. i2c)_j. Prom this time Lancaster made ten distinct and separ- 
 ate returns. In the 37th Edward III. the king granted his charter 
 to the mayor and bailiffs to the effect that all pleas and session of 
 whatsoever justices in the county should be holden there and not 
 elsewhere. In the reign of Queen Mary two of the original quarter 
 sessions of the peace, formerly held in Lancaster, had been with- 
 drawn from the said town to Clitheroe, by an order of the Duchy 
 Court, but upon the mayor, bailiffs, and commonalty oi' Lancaster 
 producing the original charter of Edward III. and the various con- 
 firmations thereof, it was ordered and decreed " that all general 
 sessions of assizes and gaol deliveries, to be appointed, shall be 
 yearly from henceforth and for ever holden in and at the said town 
 oi' Lancaster in the accustomed manner, and not elsewhere in the 
 said county, and that the four other quarter sessions of the peace 
 shall be held here and not elsewhere.'' Prom the year 1359, until 
 the first Edward VI., no return was made, but in 1547 the privilege 
 oi' the elective franchise was resumed, and it has been continued
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 109 
 
 ever since until Lancaster was disfranchised for bribery and cor- 
 ruption some twenty-five years ago. Under the extended franchise 
 of Mr. Gladstone's Government and redistribution of seats, Lancaster 
 gives name to a division, and is at present represented by James 
 Williamson, Esq. 
 
 The charters granted to Lancaster by King John, when Karl 
 of Morton, were confirmed by Richard II., Henry IV., Henry \\, 
 Henny VII., Elizabeth, and James I., and the second Charles ex- 
 tended the liberties or privileges of this charter, which were still 
 further enlarged in 59th George 111. The right of election was 
 originally vested in the freemen of the borough. The Corporation 
 anciently consisted of a mayor, recorder and seven aldermen, two 
 bailiffs, twelve capital burgesses, twelve common council men, and 
 a town clerk and clerk of the peace, whose officers and attendants 
 were a' mace-bearer and two sergeants with inferior officers. The 
 mayor has been elected annually for the time being on the first 
 Thursday after the feast of St. Luke, the Evangelist ; he was 
 coroner for the vear. In the Parish Church is a brass recording the 
 " talents and excellences" of an 'ancient mayor, one Thomas Covell, 
 " whose principal talent, by the way seems," says a local writer, 
 " to have consisted in tenacity of place for he was ' 6 tymes mayor 
 of this towne (mayors were then paid), 48 years ve keeper of ye 
 Castle, and 46 yeares one of ye coroners of ye County Palatine of 
 Lancaster. He dyed on August 1st, 1639, aetatis suse 78.'" Former- 
 ly the inscription was surmounted by a figure of the alderman in his 
 robes, with his coat of arms ; and beneath it a local versifier or 
 poetaster, who appears to have had small mercy upon the engraver, 
 amplifies the virtues of the defunct placeman in these lines : — 
 
 " Cease, cea^e to mourn, all tears are vain and voide, 
 I lee's flecld, not dead ; dissolved, not destroy'd ; 
 In heaven his soule doth rest ; his body here 
 Sleepes in this dust, and his fame everie where 
 Triumphs : the town, the country, farther forth 
 The land throughout, proclaims his noble worth. 
 Speak of a man so kinde, so courteous. 
 So free, and everie way magnanimous 
 Thai storie told at large, here do ye see 
 Epitomiz'd in briefe — Covell was lie ! "
 
 no T I M E- H GNOU R E D L AN C AST E R 
 
 The Common Council of Lancaster now consists of a mayor, 
 six aldermen, and eighteen councillors, a treasurer, town clerk and 
 registrar of the Borough Court, deputy town clerk, borough surveyor, 
 and Corporation accountant. It retains its beadle and mace-bearer, 
 and mavor's and town clerk's sergeants, and town crier also. It 
 has, likewise, a school attendance officer, market inspector, and 
 that sine qim nou to all Corporations, viz., a nuisance inspector. 
 The extension of the borough boundaries, according to the census 
 taken by order of the Corporation, makes the population o\ 
 Lancaster 29,308. In 1S01 the inhabitants ot the county town 
 numbered only 9,000, rising in 1821 to 10,144, anc ' U1 '841 to 
 14,075. To-day the town shows an increase on these last figures 
 of 10,574. and Skerton and Scotforth, the newly added districts, 
 representing respectively, 3,248 and 1,411 persons, bring up the 
 whole to 29,308. 
 
 It is singular that Lancaster was never created the seat of an 
 episcopal see. Indeed, why Manchester was chosen in preference 
 to Lancaster is only to be accounted for hv the fact that Manchester 
 is a much more central city. 
 
 Thk Old Loyne Bridge. 
 
 The ancient bridge which formed the only road in the north except bj river 
 fords, access from the south being by way of Bridge lane and China lane is mentioned 
 so far hack as '.he reign of King John in a document of the 17th year of that sovereign's 
 reign. It is directed therein that the Abbot of Furness should have timber from his 
 forest of Lancaster for such part of the repairs oi Lancaster Bridge as he was liable 
 to for bis fisheries in the river there. The bridge would seem to have been at this 
 time a wooden construction. 
 
 Many a stormy scene this old bridge doubtless witnessed, and as a writer 
 says respecting it. " From the overhanging hill, our townsmen must have witnessed 
 the approach of the 1'ictish marauders, who on more than one occasion ravaged the 
 town. Still later it was used by two other Scottish aggressions under the banner o\ 
 the Pretender. " 
 
 In the 1 Oth of Edward 111. (1345) letters patent were issued for the frontage 
 of the bridge of Loyncaster and other patentsfor the same purpose were subsequently
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. i , i 
 
 issued. In 1715 when the rebels advanced on Lancaster via Kendal and Kirkby 
 Lonsdale, Colonel Charteris, the governor, and another officer then in the town, 
 would have blown jp the bridge which led into Lancaster, to hinder the rebels from 
 entering ; but the people of the town wen- unwilling, alleging, that it would not pre- 
 vent an entrance being effected, because the Lune at low water was passable by fool 
 and horse, and it would be a great expense to rebuild the bridge, without any 
 advantage having arisen from its destruction. Portions of the battlements at the north 
 end of the bridge were knocked down and left unrepaired, and caused many accidents 
 afterwards. In 1 73 1 . William Stout says that ''the Loyne was so low andsosanded 
 that I went round the pillars (piers) dry at each end oi the bridge ! " The rebels of 
 1745 do not appear to have injured the structure in any way. < >n the 22nd of Janu- 
 ary. 17S2 we learn that " On Tuesday last, at the < ieneral Quarter Sessions of the 
 peace held at Lancaster the old bridge' over the River Lune was indicted by the 
 grand jury ; and an application is now making to parliament for building a new one 
 at a more convenient part of the river." Again we read : — -" 29th January: ( >n 
 Thursday last the River Loyne was suddenly raised by heavy rains and the old 
 bridge was much undermined by the rapidity of the flood ; a great quantity of stones 
 were washed from the foundation of the piers and an immense quantity of wood was 
 forced down the river by the inundation." An entry of February 19th, 17S2 says : 
 " The petition from the town of Lancaster concerning the taking down of the old 
 bridge and the building of a new one in a different situation, was presented to the 
 House of Commons last week and ordered to lie on the table." On the 3rd of June 
 the bill for building a new bridge from Lancaster to Skerton Cross was passed. 
 
 It was high time that the old bridge should be replaced for it had. get into a 
 very dangerous condition, and numerous accidents resulted. Thus we read that in 
 the year 1795011 the 31st da}- of .March, a woman who was leading a horse and cart 
 of coals over this viaduct came to grief owing to the (inch pin of one the wheels coming 
 out. The horse, cart, and woman fell over the side of the bridge, the battlements 
 having long before been broken. The horse fel! upon one of the piers and was killed 
 and the cart was smashed to pieces. The woman was not killed but severely injured. 
 At the latter end of May during the same year one of the waterside carters with his 
 cart and two horses, fell off the old bridge owing to the battlements being down, but 
 falling into the water he escaped without much harm. On the 9th of February, 1798, 
 one John Gregory, a seaman, was killed by falling from the old bridge, and on Jul}' 
 13th, 1801, a boy named Chadwick, six years of age, fell off this ruinous ford and only 
 escaped being killed by alighting upon his back on one of the piers, where il was 
 sanded, within a few inches of a large stone. 
 
 At a special general session of the peace, held at Preston, on the 20th of 
 February, 1800, Mr. John Brdckbank, shipbuilder, offered to purchase the bridge, 
 with the rights and interests of the count}' of Lancaster, for a sum of ,£250 to di~-
 
 ii2 TIME-HOXOl'RKn LANCASTER. 
 
 charge the sum sued for by Jackson Mason, executor of William Mason, for damage 
 (lime to his property on the Quay near to the old bridge, by building' the new bridge 
 On the 7th of August, 1S02, the following intimation appeared : — ' Notice 
 is hereby given that the passage over the old bridge will he stopped on Monday the 
 9th inst., tor the purpose of taking down one of the arches : any person inclinable to 
 purchase the remaining part of the said bridge, may apply to Mr. Edward Batty, 
 Architect, who will treat for the same.' On th iothof August the passage was stopped, 
 and the workmen began demolishing the arch on the Skerton side. It was soon 
 cleared away, for we find that a laden vessel passed through in about a month after- 
 wards. ' September 13th, the Denierara, Captain Inglis, launched from Mr. Brock- 
 bank's yaid, a ship 409 tons: being the largest vessel built above the old bridge, one 
 of the arches was obliged to lie taken down, to allow her to pass, and the next day 
 the Dove, Stephenson, sailed through the aperture and discharged her cargo of timber 
 at the green area." The next arch on the Skerton side is stated to have fallen in on 
 the 22nd of September, 1807, owing to the heavy floods, and the remaining arch was 
 much damaged. The report goes on to stale that one of the arches was previously 
 taken down, to allow the hull of a large \essel built at Mr. Brockbank's yard, to go 
 down the river, but we cannot trace the date, although it only occurred i'tw years before. 
 
 On the 6th of February, 1814. in consequence of a high spring tide, the ice 
 on llalton Water broke up with a loud noise and pieces 16 inches thick came Boating 
 down the river, the southern arch of the old bridge gave way. and fears were enter- 
 tained that it would carry part of the road with it. In consequence of the above, the 
 south arch, that is the one next to the quay side, was taken down and a wall built up 
 to support the remaining arches. <)n the 20th of September, 1S20, it is stated that on 
 the top of the pier of the old bridge now standing, in a recess, supported by corbels. 
 our Saxon ancestors met to decide on civil cases, and on commercial disputes, and to 
 dminister justice. The pier remained twenty five years, and then on Sunday Decem- 
 ber 29th, 1845, at 5 a.m., fell down. Usually man)' children were to be seen playing 
 on it, but being early in the morning no one was on it, and only one man saw it fall. 
 It had stood one hundred and thirty years after Colonel Charteris contemplated its 
 destruction. In 1846 it was agreed by Mr. John Brockbank with Messrs. |ohn 
 Fearenside, Samuel Preston, and William Robinson, on behalf of the Port Commis- 
 sioners, that Mr. J. Brockbank would give them £30 with all the rights, interests and 
 ruins of the old bridge. 
 
 The chronology of the demolition of this old viaduct is as follows : — 
 
 The Skerton arch taken down in 1802. the second arch, Skerton side, fell 
 down in 1807, the first arch, Lancaster side, taken clown in 1S14, and the last or second 
 arch from the Lancaster side fell down in 1845. Abridged from Gleanings in Local 
 History.
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 113 
 
 Thou hast stood old Neptune's billows 
 
 In the ages gone, 
 Lash'd by Time's relentless willows 
 
 Till at length undone. 
 
 Manx an eye hath watch'd in sorrow 
 
 Foemen thou hast led, 
 Many a warrior e're the morrow 
 
 Fallen l>v thee dead. 
 
 Native feet and feet of strangers 
 
 Thou o'er Loyne hast bona-. 
 Pictish Clansmen, Danish Rangers, 
 
 Heedless of their scorn. 
 
 Many a Knight in robe escallop'd, 
 
 Arm'd for the affray, 
 1 m his steed has proudly gallop'd 
 
 ( )'er thy lofty way. 
 
 Storni and sunshine, peace and battle 
 
 Thou of old hast known, 
 While the children's merry prattle 
 
 I )id for strife atone. 
 
 Oft the Sun in splendour shining', 
 
 Hath thy corbels charm'd, 
 Sylvan warblers thus inclining, 
 
 To a song thrice warmd. 
 
 Cere's sons around have labour'd, 
 
 As those wood nymphs sang ; 
 And the little ones have tabour'd 
 
 While the joy bells rang. 
 
 Counting beads in deep contrition 
 Saints have o'er thee pass'd, 
 
 Thinking of the great transition- 
 Bridge of Death at last. 
 
 Thou art vanish'd— of thy glory 
 
 Hards alone may tell. 
 Hut. old bridge, in ancient story 
 Thou shall ever dwell. 
 
 Skkktox Bridge. 
 
 A very fine viaduct, consisting of five elliptical arches, con- 
 nects Lancaster with the newly incorporated village or parish of 
 Skerton. The hist stone of this bridge was laid in June, 1785, by 
 the Recorder of Lancaster, in the presence of the mayor, aldermen, 
 capital burgesses and common council men oi' the borough, who 
 proceeded to Skerton Cross surrounded by a vast concourse of spec- 
 tators. The architect was Mr. Harrison, and the builders Messrs. 
 Mesham. In old journals the bridge, completed in 1 788 bv the
 
 ii4 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 county at a cost of £14,000, is described as consisting; of five ellipti 
 cal arches, of sixty-eight feet each, and of the width of thirty-three 
 feet, with piers ornamented with columns and pediments, there 
 being- also a handsome cornice and battlements with balustrades. 
 The estimated cost, says an old Newcastle newspaper, was ,£10,400. 
 Another description taken from the Cumberland Parquet is as 
 follows : — -October 31st, 1787. "The new bridge at Lancaster is 
 completed and exhibits a piece of architecture worthy of the obser- 
 vation of travellers. This bridge is 21b yards in length and 35 feet 
 4 inches in breadth. The footpath on each side is five feet wide, and 
 neatly flagged. It consists of five elliptic arches, each of sixty-eight 
 feet span and the rise nineteen and a half feet; in building it the 
 centre bore the whole length without any support and only shrunk 
 \]/z of an inch. The piers up to the spring of the arches are 
 rusticated, and all above are plain Ashleys. Round the arches are 
 architraves, above which runs a Doric cornice, the whole length of 
 the bridge being ornamented with mutles, &c. Above this are 
 banisters, four hundred and twenty in number, and in each pier is a 
 relieving arch in the form of a niche and on each side of which is a 
 column and Doric pediment over them. The difficulties the artists 
 have met with in the execution of this work have been greater than 
 could possibly have been foreseen ; but happily not so great as to 
 prevent their completing in the end a structure which besides its 
 utility must be considered as the chief ornament of the place, and 
 which we hope will long remain a monument of their ingenuity and 
 perseverance. The principals engaged in the work of building are 
 Mr. Harrison, architect, Mr. Benjamin Mesham, mason, and Mr. 
 Edward Exley, carpenter." 
 
 It ought to be mentioned that prizes of 20 guineas, ten 
 guineas, and five guineas were offered for the best designs of this 
 bridge. Mr. Harrison, of Chester, won the first prize, Mr. West, 
 of Richmond, the second, and Mr. Gott, evidently a local man, the 
 third.
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. n 
 
 Railway Bridges. 
 
 The railway bridge over the Lune (Lancaster and Carlisle line) was opened 
 for traffic on Monday, the 21st of September, 1846. The two principal arches are of 
 Baltic timber, 'and are formed of fine ribs or arches, each with a proper framework 
 laid upon them to produce the level railway ; each rib is formed of 16 thicknesses ol 
 3-inch plank : the 4 ribs on which the rails are laid are 15 inches wide each, and the 
 other rib on which the footpath runs is 12 inches wide. The footpath is open to the 
 public, and is reached by a staircase on each side of the riser. The bridge spanning 
 the branch line of the North-Western Railway to Morecambe is 620 feet in length. 
 It spans the river diagonally in the form of a segment, is a combination of curve and 
 skew, the curve being 590 feet radius, the skew at an angle of 40 degrees. On the 
 summit of fhe pile-piers are iron shoes from which spring laminated arches of 3-inch 
 plank. The railway is a little above the spring of the arches, and is suspended from 
 them by iron rods or bolts of 20 tons power each, which pass through the upright 
 timbers. Ninety-eight tons were placed on one arch to test its strength when 
 finished, and the deflection was five-eighths of an inch. The railway from Lancaster 
 to 1'pulton was opened June 12th, 184S. 
 
 Source of the River Lune. The Lancaster Canal. 
 
 It may be apposite to remark at this point that the Loyn, 
 Lon, or Lune, rises at a place called Lune Head, near Ronald's 
 Kirk, in the fells of Westmorland, and passing- Kirkby Lonsdale 
 enters Lancashire near the ancient Roman station of Overborough, 
 known as Bremetonacae. (Some hold that Lancaster was the 
 Roman Bremetonacae.) The river then sweeps nearly across the 
 Hundred of Lonsdale, in a north-western direction through a valley 
 bearing its own name, passes Hornby and Lancaster and falls into 
 the Bay of Morecambe, the Mwr Cwm of British days, or "great 
 hollow by the mountain crest." It falls into this ha\ at Sunderland 
 Point. In its course this broad river, famed for its salmon, 
 receives the Leek, the Greta, and the Wenning, and is navigable 
 for small vessels up to Lancaster. At Glasson there is a spacious 
 dock into which vessels of greater burthen can be moored. From 
 Dillkirk Park to Killing-ton the Lune forms the boundary of York- 
 shire and Westmorland. Its first source is composed of two 
 rivulets which flow from Ravenstonedale and Shap Fells and unite 
 at Tebay. A glance at the Aqueduct and the Custom House may
 
 n6 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 fitly end our notes in connection with the river. The Aqueduct 
 conveys the canal over the river Lune. This structure is formed of 
 five semi-circular arches, each 70 feet in span, springing' from piers 
 of a rustic character fixed upon piles driven to a depth of 30 feet. 
 The height from the surface of the river to the canal is 51 feet, and 
 the total height from the pier foundations to the summit of the 
 battlement is nearly 90 feet. In length it is 664 feet. The bridge is 
 surmounted by balustrades of turned freestone, below which is a 
 projecting cornice of great elegance. 
 
 On the north-east side of the aqueduct is inscribed in 
 large letters 
 
 "TO PUBLIC PROSPERITY." 
 
 On the south-west side is the following inscription : 
 
 "Ql\T: DEERAN I ADEUNT : SOCIANTUR DISSITA : 
 
 MERCES FLUMINA CONVENIUNT ARTE DATURA NOBIS. 
 
 A.D. MDCCXCVII. INC. 1. RENNIE EXTRUX A. 
 
 STEVENS. P. ET. F." 
 
 Translation. 
 
 " Things that loere wanting are brought together; things remote are 
 connected ; rivers themselves meet by the assistance of art, to afford 
 
 new objects of commerce." 
 
 This aqueduct was erected at the close of the last century 
 from designs by that eminent engineer, John Rennie, and its cost 
 was close on ^,'50,000. There is a charming view from this bridge 
 on a clear day. The canal which this series of arches carries over 
 the Lune was the result of an Act obtained in the 32nd of George 
 111., and gave the company a power of raising ^414,000 in shares. 
 A second Act, passed in 33rd of George III., enabled the 
 company to make another branch from the village of Galgate to 
 Glasson Dock. A fourth Act, passed in the 47th of George III., 
 empowered the company to make railways ; and a fifth, in the 59th
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER u 
 
 of that sovereign, to amend and alter the former Acts. The 
 aqueduct bridge previously alluded to was said to have one defect, 
 viz., that of being' too shallow to admit of deeply-laden vessels. 
 The canal, commenced about 1792, begins at Kendal, being fed bv 
 a rivulet about a mile beyond that town. It proceeds southwards, 
 entering Lancashire near Burton, having passed underground for 
 about 378 yards at this point. At Borwick, a little south of 
 Burton, it falls to its mid-level, which it retains for nearly 42 miles, 
 making for this purpose a most devious course. It crosses the 
 Lune a little above Lancaster, as we have seen, and at Garstang 
 crosses the Wyre, having here a westward tendency ; it comes 
 within two miles of Kirkham, then winds on to Preston, crossing 
 the Ribble, and ascending then through a series of locks, it joins 
 the Leeds and Liverpool Canal, and reaches its highest level, on 
 which it binds eastward of Chorley, across the Douglas, through 
 Haigh, noted for its eannel pits, and bending to the east of Wigan 
 arrives at its termination at Westhoughton. The whole of this 
 length is 75 miles. The fall from Kendal to the mid-level is 65 feet, 
 and the rise from thence on the southern side 222 feet. A collateral 
 cut near Chorley is about three miles in length, another near 
 Borwick nearly two and a half; and a third from the dock at 
 Glasson to the mouth of the Lune is about four miles long. The 
 canal passes through a great coal and lime stone country, and its 
 object was to form a communication between the port of Lancaster 
 and the interior parts north and south. All the country north of 
 Chorley is destitute of coal, and prior to the canal scheme the 
 north portion was supplied by a heavy land carriage, or by coast- 
 wise navigation by means of the Douglas canal to the mouth of 
 the Ribble. But the north countrv fov 16 miles to the south of 
 Kendal is full of lime stone, the southern part of Lancashire being 
 entirely devoid of such. For 20 years the canal went no further 
 than Tewit Field, and when it was ultimately extended to Kendal 
 the work was by no means easy. 
 
 The Lancaster and Kendal extension was opened on the 18th 
 of June, 1 8 1 9, and the occasion was marked by considerable display 
 and rejoicings.
 
 ii,S TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 
 
 The first vessel to sail on the extended canal was a packet 
 called " The Lune," with the Mayor of Lancaster onboard and John 
 Bond, Esq. Then followed a packet full of ladies, and another 
 containing the Canal Committee, the Corporation barge also, and a 
 long train of boats. Several bands of music were included in the 
 procession, which moved towards Kendal. There were three packets 
 and five vessels belonging to " Widow " Welch and Son, Hargreaves, 
 and others, the latter being laden with coal and timber. Altogether 
 there were sixteen boats. At the King's Arms a Ball was given, 
 and at a Banquet held before, the heartiest toast seems to have been 
 that proposed by the Rev. H. Sill, in honour o( John Wakefield, 
 Esq., who had done so much to forward the making of the water- 
 way between the two towns. 
 
 From Lancaster to Preston by canal is thirty miles, by rail 
 twenty-one ; from Lancaster to Kendal twenty-seven, by rail twenty- 
 two. Formerlv packets used to sail from Preston to Lancaster, and 
 jolly doings were the rule when pleasure parties decided to see the 
 country by means of this circuitous route of water. Solicitors 
 travelled to Lancaster Assizes in this manner very often, and nine 
 hours were consumed in the journey. The custom was to drive to 
 the Roe Buck Inn, Salwick, seven miles from Preston, and then by 
 the time a previously ordered dinner was consumed, the packet which 
 had started from Preston an hour before them would give the signal 
 bv means of bell or horn, and the gentlemen of law would at once 
 "go on board." Travelling on the canal in this fashion commenced 
 on May ist, 1820, and the fore cabin fare to Kendal was 6s., the 
 after cabin fare qs. The voyageur would begin his journey about 
 6 a.m., and arrive at his destination, Kendal, about 9 in the evening. 
 Some of the faster boats would accomplish the journey in eight 
 hours. 
 
 Two of the old canal packets are still in existence, and are 
 kept in a shed abutting on that part o\ the canal near to AldclifFe 
 Lane. They were named the " Waterwitch " and the " Swiftsure." 
 The first commenced running on the 2nd July, 1833, leaving Kendal
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. tig 
 
 at 6 a.m. and reaching' Preston at i p.m. ; returning from Preston at 
 1-30 and arriving at Kendal at 8-45 p.m. 
 
 Mr. Anthony Hewitson says in " Places and Faces " that the 
 chief stopping places between Preston and Kendal were " Salwick, 
 Garstang, Potter Brook, Galgate, Lancaster, Hest Rank, Bolton-le- 
 Sands, Carhforth, Borwick, Tewit Eield, Burton and Holme, Tail- 
 ton, Crooklands, Hincaster, and Sedgwick." The water for the 
 canal when it ended at Tewit Field, was gathered from the Keer, 
 near Borwick, and when extended to Kendal, it was obained from a 
 large reservoir between Burton and Sedgwick. As a method for 
 study or contemplation ci' nature nothing could surpass the whole- 
 someness of travelling by canal boat ; the stillness that prevailed 
 unless you had boisterous company, being its strongest recom- 
 mendation. To those fond of such a mode of travel, and with whom 
 time is not of the greatest importance the system is yet, one of poetic 
 attraction. In 1840, travelling by canal ceased, practically speakiny, 
 owing to the iron-highway being opened between Preston and Lan- 
 caster, and when in 1846, the line was extended to Kendal, the 
 carriage of human freightage by water to or from Preston, Lancaster, 
 and Kendal, was knocked in the head for ever. Between Preston 
 and Kendal there are 1 14 road and occupation bridges, and two road 
 aqueducts. The Glasson dock was erected in 1787. 
 
 The old pinfold which occupied the site of the present canal 
 warehouse at the east end oi' Aldcliffe Street, was subsequentlv 
 placed at the south end of the borough boundary, and then enclosed 
 in the Greaves House Garden, behind the watering trough. Next 
 it was removed to the bottom end of Dog Kennel Wood (the play- 
 ground of the Royal Grammar School), and eventually was sold to 
 Mr. Williamson. There is no pinfold now in existence within the 
 borough. 
 
 The term Dry Dock, taken from the Canal Dock, applies to 
 a large area of land now covered with streets and houses.
 
 i2o TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 On the Lancaster Quay, St. George's Quay, as it is termed, 
 which is easilv reached by passing- out of the old churchyard down 
 Vicarage-lane, we see vestiges of Lancaster's former glory com- 
 mercially. In front of shipping-houses, warerooms, dwelling's and 
 public-houses, all standing shoulder to shoulder, are the now lifeless 
 quays, and about the centre of this line is a smart looking edifice, 
 containing a portico, consisting of a rustic basement and four Ionic 
 columns, 15 feet high (each formed of a single stone), supporting a 
 plain pediment. This is the Lancaster Custom House, built in the 
 year 1 764 from the design of Richard Gillow, Esq. The entrance to 
 the Custom House is by a double flight of steps, wisely constructed 
 to prevent the crushing from the crowd of merchants and others 
 whom we should be happy once more to behold assembled round the 
 door of the Custom House. 
 
 The old port of Lancaster formerly stood on the Skerton 
 side of the river in a held known by the name of Acrelands, and 
 according to an old commissioner's report, a most important guide 
 or beacon to the weary mariner was a somewhat conspicuous 
 ashpit. Where this ashpit stood I have not been able to ascertain. 
 
 Formerly Lancaster did much trade of a foreign shipping 
 nature with America and the West Indies, but nothing in com- 
 parison to what it does now directly by rail via Liverpool and 
 thence abroad. The town was famed for its sail cloth manu- 
 facture, in which several large factories were employed, and it 
 likewise had a great reputation for cordage for shipping, while in 
 the production of cabinet ware Lancaster stood, and still stands, 
 unrivalled. The immense structure in the North Road, more like 
 a college than a place of business, indicates the distinction 
 Lancaster has achieved in this branch of industry. The place 
 alluded to is that of Messrs. Gillow & Co. 
 
 The name of Gillow is a name known in every part of the 
 civilised world. It is not distinguished exclusively for its con- 
 nexion with chairs and tables, sotas and settees, pier glasses and
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 121 
 
 chimney pieces, hut for its alliance to divinity and literature. 
 From a ri^id study of art, Richard and Robert Gillow have been 
 enabled to hand down to the dawn of the twentieth century a house 
 whose principals to-day worthily maintain the reputation of old 
 secured for elegant and genuine work, and not only for such work 
 speciality work but for strict, conscientious dealing. In ;i 
 word, the firm has maintained the reputation of Lancaster, a city 
 now so vastly changed from what it was a century ago, and which 
 is still changing and revealing new blood from all quarters of the 
 empire. But the old spirit of originality lives, and it is only plain 
 unvarnished truth — truth undressed if you like —to assert that the 
 like spirit taken in detail will not be found in any other part of the 
 countx . I had almost inserted an r between the last two letters of 
 the word, county. 
 
 ~ Although the study of place-names and surnames has 
 been my forte many years, I am bound to own that until 1 met with 
 Joseph Gillow, Esq., of the Woodlands, Bowdon, Cheshire, I was 
 under the impression that the place-name as well as the surname 
 was derived from the Norse term, gill, a running stream, and ow, 
 diminutive form of haw, Saxon for a hollow or depression, whence 
 a small hill rises. But that able author informed me that the 
 patronymic is derived from Gillo-Michael, signifying literally 
 "gild oi' Michael." It is commonly believed that the Gillows, 
 Gillos, or Gilloes (1 have met with all forms), sprang from Single- 
 ton in the Fylde, or FfylL The probable fact is that the Gillow 
 family really hail from Slyne in the parish of Bolton-le-Sands, for 
 we find that "Adam, the son of Gill-mighel, of Scline, held half a 
 carueate oi' land by service oi' being the King's carpenter in 
 Lancaster Castle." In Bolton churchyard 1 met with an old 
 " Gilloe " tomb. It would appear that the name, Michael, was in 
 course of time dropped and Gillow substituted, or Gilloe, as a 
 sufficient appellation. 
 
 In St. Mary's churchyard is the tomb oi' Richard Gillow, 
 who died August nth, 181 1, aged 77.
 
 i22 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 The firm was established by two brothers in the reign of 
 Queen Anne? Among honoured names found in the books of 
 the firm are those of Warren Hastings, Lord Olive. Bishop Heber, 
 John Lingard, the Cavendish family, and the Lovvthers. Em- 
 perors and kings have patronised the house and still patronise it. 
 Of late years the Emperor of Russia had his imperial yacht the 
 " Livadia " fitted and furnished by this firm in olivewood and satin- 
 wood. 
 
 The North Road Establishment was erected in 1881. Every 
 Lancastrian knows the white stone building in ornamental style, and 
 every one is proud to see such a building so different from the old 
 place on the Green Ayre, and the premises on Castle Hill. The 
 immense show rooms, four in number, are well appointed. Each 
 room is 100ft. long and 40ft. wide. 
 
 The number of hands employed is about 250. Messrs. Gillow 
 & Co. made the first Davenport Writing Desk over a century ago, 
 for a gentleman named Captain Davenport. 
 
 The largest works extant are those of Messrs James William- 
 son and Sons, and Storey, Bros., and Co., who have about fourteen 
 places of business between them in Lancaster. The number of 
 hands the first named firm employs is about 2,000, the second about 
 1,400. At these works window blinds, curtains, and toilet covers of 
 the most exquisite designs are manufactured ; they resemble the 
 finest linen and yet are oilcloth entirely, far more durable than linen, 
 and not necessitating so much attention as linen on the washing day. 
 Messrs. Williamson and Sons have recently extended their works 
 on the marsh. 
 
 A new trade has been introduced into Lancaster by Messrs. 
 Storey, Bros., & Co. This consists of the manufacture of Ana- 
 glypta wall paper. The manufactory is in Queen Street, at the 
 old Queen Street Mill.
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 123 
 
 The Lancaster Wagon Works Company, Limited, was estab- 
 lished, or formed, in 1863. These works are in close proximity to 
 the Midland Railway, and cover an area of fifteen acres. A large 
 number o\' hands are employed here. At these works railway cars 
 and wagons for all parts of the world are erected. A speciality in 
 bogie carriages is a marked feature of the company's productions. 
 Some beautiful specimens of these carriages have been sent out 
 from time to time during the last fifteen years to the Argentine 
 Republic, to Venezuela, and Mexico. The artistic work in these 
 coaches, which are fitted with every latest improvement, is admir- 
 able proof of the ability the company commands from forge to 
 studio. There are certain mechanical appliances used in the process 
 of car construction invented by the official talent the company is 
 able to command. Then there are two fine hydraulic presses oi 
 marvellous power. The sheds, with their appurtenances, have cost 
 upwards of ^100,000. The electric light has been introduced into 
 the works. The chairman of the board of directors is Charles 
 Blades, Esq., J. P.; secretary of the company, B. Gregson, Esq. ; 
 manager, W. C. Shackleford, Esq. Portions of a MS entitled 
 "A Descriptive Visit to the Lancaster Wagon Works," were 
 intended for inclusion in this section, but unfortunately they are 
 not at hand to utilise. 
 
 The manufacture of mats is carried on in Lancaster and 
 district, the principal firm in town being that of Air. W. J. Sly, 
 dating from 1875. 
 
 The London and North-Western and Midland Railways. 
 
 It is next to impossible in a work like this one to give a lull 
 historic account of the advent of the railway system into Lancaster. 
 I find that the first general meeting ot~ the shareholders oi' the 
 Lancaster and Preston Railway appears to have been held in the 
 Lancaster Town Hall on Monday, the 19th of June, 1837. The 
 report submitted is very interesting. George Burrow, Esq., was 
 in the chair, and the secretary was Mr. S. E. Bolden. The
 
 i2 4 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 directors appointed were Messrs. George Burrow, John Black- 
 burne, Gabriel Coulston, John Dunn, Robert Garnett, John Greg', 
 John Jackson, Richard Rossall, and William Satterthwaite. The 
 engineer of the line was Mr. Joseph Locke, and his estimate of 
 the cost of making the line was ^250,000. The line was proposed 
 publicly by "An Inhabitant," who wrote a letter to the editor of 
 the Lancaster Gazette, in September, 1832. He proposed a railway 
 to Preston and thence a connection with Wigan. Mr. S. E. Bolden 
 was appointed secretary to the Lancaster and Preston Railway on 
 the 7th of Jnnuary, 1837. 
 
 In October, 1839, a riot took place between the English and 
 Irish labourers employed on the Lancaster and Preston line, when 
 the Irish were driven out of the town. The Lancaster Gazette 
 gives an account of the opening" of the railway in June, 1840. On 
 the occasion 300 ladies and gentlemen sat down to a dinner given 
 in a large covered area at the back of the station by the directors. 
 In December, 1844, at a special general meeting of the share- 
 holders in the Lancaster and Preston Junction Railway, it was 
 agreed to lease the line in perpetuity to the Lancaster and Carlisle 
 Company, from the 1st September, 1846, the Canal Company 
 agreeing to give up their lease, and the Lancaster and Carlisle 
 Company guaranteeing 5 per cent, upon the paid up capital, being 
 1 per cent, more than what was paid by the Canal Company. The 
 first permanent rail in this district of the Lancaster and Carlisle 
 line was laid at Carnforth by Mr. S. B. Worthington, the resident 
 engineer, in December, 1844. The Lancaster and Carlisle Bill 
 having passed the House of Lords in the May of the said year, and 
 the cutting of the line commenced at Bolton-le-Sands in the month 
 of September, the line was formerly opened in September, 1846, 
 when a large party proceeded to Oxenholme, and thence down the 
 Kendal and Windermere line to Kendal, when about 200 sat down 
 a dejeuner in the Assembly Room, Whitehall Buildings, in that 
 town. 
 
 On the 31st of December, 1^40, the first sod of the
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 12: 
 
 Little North-Western Railway was cut at Cleatop, near Set lie, 
 by Lord Morpeth, and at the dinner held at the Red (alias) 
 Golden Lion, Settle, Pudsey Dawson, Esq., of Hornby Castle, 
 presided. At a special general meeting of the shareholders of 
 the Lancaster and Preston Railway, held at the station for the 
 purpose of electing' eight persons as directors in the place of 
 those who had resigned and ceased to hold office, and for the 
 election of a clerk to the said company, after a rather stormy 
 discussion, Messrs. Bushell, Willan, William Satterthwaite, J. 
 Kay, Nicholson, R. Dugdale, Kynaston, and J. C. Satterthwaite 
 were appointed directors. Mr. Rawlinson was appointed clerk to 
 the company, and Mr. Thomas Proctor toll-collector. The More- 
 cambe branch of the North-Western system was opened about the 
 12th of June, 1848. Three hundred workpeople were entertained 
 to a dinner on the premises at the Green Area. The line from 
 Skipton to Ingleton was opened in July, 1849. The Wennington 
 branch was first opened in the following October, when the Mayor 
 of Lancaster entertained a party of eighty at the Town Hall, which 
 was lit with gas for the first time on this occasion. The extension 
 from Wennington to Bentham dates from May, 1850. In the 
 August of the previous year the Lancaster and Preston line passed 
 into the hands of the Lancaster and Carlisle Company. 
 
 A terrible accident occurred in August, 1848, at Ray Horse 
 station, owing to the north express running into one of the 
 Lancaster and Preston Company's trains which was standing at 
 the station. Several persons, says the Gazette, principally butchers 
 going from Preston to Hornby, were injured, and a woman named 
 Ann Airey, wife of a labourer named James Airey, of Poulton-le- 
 Sands, so dreadfully that she died about half-an-hour after the 
 accident. A Mr. Beckett, tea dealer, of Lancaster, had a very 
 miraculous escape. He fell through the bottom of a carriage, and 
 although the train passed over him he escaped without a scratch. 
 
 It may interest a few readers to know that the trials of 
 locomotive engines on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway for
 
 i2o TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 
 
 the premium of ^S°° commenced in October, 1829. There were 
 five entries, viz.: -Messrs. Braithwaite and Erickson's "Novelty," 
 weighing 2 tons 15 cwts. ; Mr. Ackworth's "Sans Pareil," weigh- 
 ing 4 tons 8 cwts. 2 quarters; Mr. Robert Stephenson's "Rocket," 
 weighing 4 tons 3 cwts.; Mr. Brandreth's "Cyclops," weighing 
 3 tons, worked by a horse; and Mr. Burstall's "Perseverance," 
 weighing 2 tons 17 cwts. The premium was awarded to Robert 
 Stephenson. Mr. R. Stephenson's engine, the " Planet," travelled 
 between Liverpool and Manchester in one hour on the 22nd of 
 November, 1830. The number of the railway passengers who 
 traversed the Manchester and Liverpool line during the first three 
 months of the year 1837 was greater by 10,000 than in the 
 corresponding period of the previous year. 
 
 1 am indebted to Mr. William King for the following 
 information concerning the terminus of the Lancaster and Preston 
 Junction Railway in Lancaster. " The house looking towards the 
 town now occupied by Mrs. Welch was the first booking office, 
 and the space in front of it was then open to the roads on each 
 side, and the mail coaches, carriages, &c, going south drove up 
 to the front to discharge passengers, mail bags, &c. Subsequentlv 
 new booking offices and waiting rooms were erected in what is 
 now called South Road. The old booking office was converted 
 into a dining room for passengers. The booking offices and 
 waiting rooms which superseded the original booking office on the 
 site of the house occupied by Mrs. Welch, were converted into 
 dwelling-houses. Passeng'ers going north came out of the station 
 shed by side doors into Ashton Road, mail coaches and carriages 
 being in waiting for them in the open road. The house now 
 occupied by Mrs. Roper in South Road was formerly the place for 
 repairing the passenger carriages. The wooden goods shed and 
 offices were a little higher up than Mrs. Roper's dwelling. The 
 old engine shed is still standing." 
 
 The Midland Railway Company's appearance in Lancaster 
 dates from October 31st, 1849. Their station is the Green Area
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. .27 
 
 Station, and from it passengers may book to Leeds or Carlisle and 
 Scotland. The Hornby line has during 1888-9 been doubled. The 
 scenery through which the route passes between Lancaster and 
 Skipton is extremely attractive ; and the rich valleys in the neigh- 
 bourhood of Halton, Caton, Claughton, Hornby and Wennington 
 are sure to evoke admiration. LIntil lately the most direct line to 
 Morecambe was that of the Midland, but now the London and 
 North-Western have completed a branch which will enable 
 passengers from north or south to go to that seaport without 
 changing at the Hest Bank Station. This latter company has a 
 beautiful, indeed model, station recently completed at Morecambe. 
 Returning for a moment to the question of commerce in Lancaster, 
 and especially the shipping element, I cannot help believing that if 
 the people of Lancaster had gone in for modern dock making 20 
 years ago they would have reaped untold advantage, since the 
 Lune offers facilities the Ribble at Preston never possessed and 
 never will possess. It has been pointed out incidentally, at an 
 earlier stage, that the boroug - h of Lancaster did not anciently 
 occupy the site of the present labyrinth of streets and houses.
 
 128 
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 Lancaster Thoroughfares Origins ov Names <>i Several— Ancient 
 Structures— The Consecrated Well -Lambert Simnel -Lancaster 
 and the Knights Hospitali ers Wars of the Roses. 
 
 AINES remarks that "Many of the streets 
 and places in Lancaster discover their 
 antiquity in their present appellations. At 
 the time of the Domesday Survey Lancaster 
 consisted of two hamlets or villages : l.oii- 
 castre, which seems to have been the site of 
 ^ the lower part of the present town ; and 
 Ckercalovcastre, the upper part, comprising 
 the castle and church of St. Mary. This 
 distinction appears to have existed some 
 time afterwards. By a deed without date a 
 plot of land given to the priory is described as situated in the 
 territorv of Old Lancaster, lying on the north part of the fort, 
 spring, or well of Old Lancaster, following the brook of the same 
 spring towards the north of the common pasture of Lancaster, and 
 ascending towards Swartemore until two acres be completed. 
 Register S. Murine, MS fol. 45. These boundaries seem to he 
 those of the land now called Green Area, which is in fact north of 
 the Stone Well. By a deed dated 1215, some burgages with three 
 acres of land are given to the priory in Hefeld, in Lancaster, which, 
 perhaps, may be the High Field. By another deed, which is 
 without date, Adam FitzHarold gives to Roger the Chaplain, son 
 of Cassand of Lancaster, an acre and a half of land in the territory 
 of Lancaster, lying in the cultura (probably enclosure) called the 
 Milnefeld, between Gerard the Chaplain's land and the royal high- 
 way leading to Gargotra. — Register, S. Marine, fol. 47. The 
 milne stood in the reign of Elizabeth at no great distance from the
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 129 
 
 bank. Gargotra is probably the Garth Gutter, the Wear Stream, 
 and the highway may be Damside Street. By a .singular deed, 
 William, son of Roger de Crofter, gives to the priory a portion of 
 his land in the territory of the town of Lancaster, from one 
 extremity of which runs the road leading to Penny-Ston, while the 
 other extremity lies towards the Depecar, which was probably the 
 
 present Usher's Meadow William Fitz Roger de 
 
 Lancaster gives to the priory, by a deed also without date, a 
 portion of his land in the territory of Lancaster, lying upon Kare- 
 furlong, and one acre of land lying between Mabbeswalesicke and 
 the land of John Abbot, which abuts on the Castle Marsh. The 
 Deepcar and Karfurlong being in the territory of Lancaster, it 
 would seem to have been absorbed in some of the streets erected 
 there. The term, Mabbe's Wall Sike, points clearly to the Werry 
 Wall, which at this part had a ditch, and by its proximity to the 
 Castle Marsh, of which traces are preserved in the name of Marsh 
 Lane, must have been near the Castle Hill, where the sike partly 
 existed a few vears ago, and where it seems the ancient wall of 
 the town bore a different name from that in the vicarage fields. 
 By another undated deed, Robert Fitz Ine gives to the priory a 
 burgage in the street called St. Leonard's rendering one penny to 
 the chief lord. In the 28th Edward 1, Simon de Lancaster, 
 chaplain, gives a burgage (a tenure proper to cities and borough 
 towns wherebv lands are held of the king or some lord at a certain 
 yearly rent) with a garden in St. Mary's Street. The latter is 
 
 probably the modern Church Street A house standing 
 
 before the castle ' Domum ante Castrum, is mentioned in a royal 
 writ to John Travers, keeper of the castle, directing him to seize 
 the rent, two shillings and other moneys, of Thomas, Earl of 
 Lancaster, and other rebels in the 15th Edward II., 1322. — Register 
 S. Marine, fol. jy." 
 
 In the old name of Cassand I observe the origin of the well- 
 known Lancaster name of Casson still met with. 
 
 The marsh rangfer is said to have lived on Castle Hill, on 
 
 K
 
 i 3 o TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 the site of Mr. Swainson's garden, where an old lintel was to he 
 seen on which was the date 1687. 
 
 By the kind permission of Mr. Stork, collector of rates for 
 the Lancaster Union I have been able to ascertain a few particulars 
 concerning' our grandsires or great grandsires of eighty-six years 
 ago. I learn that including the Quay and Golgotha there were about 
 thirty-eight streets, lanes, roads and thoroughfares in Lancaster and 
 suburbs. In the rate book for 1804-5, tne same are classified thus : 
 "Church Street, Little John Street, Chapel Row, Rosemary Lane, 
 Anchor Street, Market Street, Fenton Street, Castle Hill, China 
 Lane, Sun Street, New Street, Pudding Lane, Nicholas Street 
 Penny Street, Back Lane, Queen Square, Queen Street, White Cross 
 Street, Henry Street, Spring Garden Street, Common Garden Street, 
 James Street, Great John Street, Fryerage, Brock Street, Moor Lane, 
 Golgotha, St. Leonardgate, Damside, Union Square, Wood Street, 
 Dyehouse Lane, Chapel Street, Cable Street, Bridge Lane, Lune 
 Street, and the Quay." Many people do not know — do not want to 
 know the origin of some of our street names, but 1 will give the origin 
 of a few. The list will include Rosemary Lane. Anchor Street, 
 Pudding Lane, St. Nicholas Street, White Cross Street, Common 
 Garden Street, Brock Street, Dyehouse Lane, King Street, Penny 
 Street, Golgotha, and Scotforth. First let me remark that every 
 town has its Market Street. Well, what is the derivation of market ? 
 It is an Anglican representation of the Saxon mearc, Teutonic markt 
 German mark. Markt denotes the same as market, et signifying 
 literallv head as in place-names generally. Rosemary Lane may 
 date from the growth oi the herb Rosemary in its vicinity ; and the 
 virtues of this aromatic herb may have been known to the inmates 
 o\ the hospital of St. Leonard. This Lane was once called Stinking 
 Lane. Anchor really means an angle, or that which has an angle. 
 But Anchor Lane probably took its name from the Blue Anchor Inn. 
 Pudding Lane, alias Butchers' Row puts me in mind of Pudding 
 Chare in the City of Newcastle-on- Tyne. In that city the name 
 Pudding or Puddynge Chare, can be traced back as far as 1463. 1 
 do not for a moment think that our quondam Pudding Lane, has
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 131 
 
 anything to do with the French Poiuhn, a surname, nor yet with the 
 edible made of flour, milk, and eggs. In the time of Henry III. a 
 lady lived whose name was certainly Pudding —Matilda Puddinge, 
 and a Walter Pudding appears later on. As a street it is a term 
 equal to yenetto, a narrow path. But our old Pudding Lane received its 
 name owing to the garbage continually lying in it. In the old name 
 of Calkeld we have Celtic Cat for crooked, and Norse Keld for water, 
 place of crooked water. Cat also signifies cold. Common Garden 
 Street perpetuates the common gardens of the town, often let to the 
 burgesses as are modern allotments to-day. Brock Street, after 
 the Brockholes family who had a house there. Brock in Brock- 
 well, a surname, signifies strong. A dictionary of surnames tells us 
 that it is a Celtic term. But Monsignor Gradwell and others give 
 us brock, Saxon Brae, for badger. As for Dyehouse Lane, I can 
 only remark that it seems to have been so called owing to its close 
 proximity to Mr. David Wane's Dyehouse. Only the title deeds of 
 this dyehouse or an old predecessor could set this matter at rest, if 
 such deed or person exist. The lane certainly appears ancient but 
 I do not think it is really so. As for King Street, most towns boast 
 a thoroughfare of this appellation and King Street comes unquestion- 
 ablv from King's Strata the King's high road. Nip Hill probably 
 received its odd appellation owing to the " near cut " the path afforded 
 to persons going from Church Street towards the Castle. It has 
 been said that Nip Hill originated from the fact of Mr. Joseph Bryer 
 purchasing it from Mr. Smith and adding to it by " nips " from the 
 adjoining waste land. 
 
 A word or two concerning the origin of Penny Street, at the 
 south end of which the White Cross once stood. Many people 
 think that this thoroughfare is named Penny Street in honour 
 of Alderman Penny and his charitable bequest to the town. It is 
 nothing of the kind. There was a street bearing this name long 
 before William Penny's time. Speed mentions it in his map. temp. 
 Elizabeth ; and it is just possible that there was a penny-stone in 
 the neighbourhood, such as existed near Blackpool, and, like a 
 sort of obelisk, marked the spot where in former days "a tankard
 
 132 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 of strong beer sold for one penny." I associate the term penny 
 stone with the Anglo-Saxon pening, or Icelandic peningr cattle, and 
 consider that a penny-stone was the rendezvous where cattle 
 dealers met and paid for their cattle. 
 
 The property in Dalton Square belonged to the Dalton 
 family of Thurnham. In 1784 an Act was obtained " to explain 
 and amend a power vested in John Dalton, Esq., to grant leases so 
 far as concern certain lands and hereditaments within the town 
 and precincts of Lancaster, called the Eryerage, and for other 
 purposes mentioned." The Eryerage land was stated to be 
 15a. 2r. jp. statute measure. Mr. Dalton purchased an old house 
 and garden fronting Penny Street, from the representatives of 
 James Brockholes, Esq., and this was removed in order to make 
 an opening from Penny Street into the Fryerage. Brock Street 
 derives its name from this circumstance. He also purchased the 
 estate and interest of Mary Bryer, of Preston, in the Eryerage, for 
 an annual payment of ^77 per year, and also a small house front- 
 ing Moor Lane, belonging to the same Mary Bryer, this transaction 
 being perpetuated in Bryer Street. Mary Bryer, it appears, was a 
 descendant of Joshua Bryer, of Lancaster, merchant, living in 1753, 
 and who was twice Mayor of Lancaster. William, another member 
 of the same house, was likewise mayor of the borough on two 
 different occasions. He married Elizabeth Johnson, of Caton, 
 second daughter and co-heiress of Michael Johnson, of Twyzell 
 Hall, County Durham. Joshua Bryer died in 1764, his widow 
 Rebecca surviving him some time. His eldest son John was a 
 mercer. 
 
 Mr. Dalton seems to have remembered his own family in 
 naming the streets. John Street and Dalton Square are after 
 himself; Mary Street and Gage Street after his wife, one of the 
 daughters of Sir Thomas Gage ; Lucy Street, Bridget Street, and 
 Charlotte Street after his daughters; Robert Street after his father; 
 Sulyard Street after his brother-in-law ; while Thurnham Street 
 and Bulk Street represent the two estates of the family.
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 133 
 
 The word Sulyard means furrowed, grooved, or sulcated yard 
 from sulcus, a furrow. The term yard, would imply garden, Ice- 
 landic gardr, Welsh gardd, Norse garth. Another street called 
 Nelson Street was formerly known as Allan Penny's Lane. There 
 was a Mr. Allan Penny, who died in January, 1795, and the lane would 
 probably receive its name from him. I have heard one or two strange 
 stories as to the origin of " Bashful alley," but having no faith in 
 them think it best to believe what " the oldest inhabitant" tells me 
 viz. : that it was formerly a place where sailors courted their girls. 
 The most likely derivation of Bashful Alley is to this effect. When 
 the Post Office used to be near the site of Mr. Seward's shop in 
 Market Street, young females coming to post letters from King 
 Street neighbourhood were often subjected to some unnecesary 
 attentions on the part of young men who were in the habit of con- 
 gregating at the corner of King Street and Market Street. They 
 therefore began to patronise the Alley in order to escape their 
 banter. It has been said that the Merchants who often stood about 
 the " Blue Posts " as the Coffee House was called, used to pass 
 remarks about them. Ffrances Passage took its name from the 
 Ffrances Family of Rawcliffe. 
 
 In Speed's map there is no communication between Market 
 Street and Church Street from China Lane (then Kelne Lane) and 
 Cheapside (then known as Butcher's Street, Pudding Lane, and 
 Shambles). The first break was made by the formation of New- 
 Street in 1748. We find that prior to that date there was in Market 
 Street an ancient messuage or tenement with gardens to the same, 
 in the occupation of Mr. Joshua Whalley, grocer, and John Bryer, 
 gentleman, both of Lancaster. Behind this to the north was other 
 ground, called Tomlinson's gardens. The whole of this property 
 belonged to Mr. Lytton, of Knebworth, now represented by Lord 
 Lvtton, and was doubtless obtained by marriage into the well- 
 known Lancaster family of the Heyshams. This fact corroborates 
 the tradition that the ancient tenement upon which the present 
 Town Hall Offices were built, and which was approached by a 
 courtway from New Street, was the residence of the Heyshams.
 
 134 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 It continued in the Whalley family until the property was con- 
 demned as unsafe some twenty years ago. Mr. Thomas Kendall, 
 of Lancaster, flaxdresser, in 1747, contracted to buy Mr. Lytton's 
 property for ,£. 200, a new street having been planned through it 
 from Market Street to Church Street, to be called Charles Street. 
 Tomlinson's Garden did not run through, but was fronted on the 
 Church Street side by land belonging to the Daltons and to Mr. 
 William Batty. This must have been secured to complete the 
 street. A corporation minute, dated 30th June, 1748, reads to this 
 effect : — " Agreed that the new street betwixt Market Street and 
 Church Street be paved at the Corporation expense, and be called 
 for the future Duke Street or New Street and not Charles Street.'' 
 Probably the reason for not calling the street Charles Street was 
 attributable to the fear oi' being considered disloyal, since the 
 second rebellion had only taken place three years previous. In 
 1752 it was decided to give better access to the Green Area, and a 
 minute of the 2nd October, 1752, states that it is "agreed that 
 ;£ 180 be given to Mr. Bowes for an old house and garden for a 
 new street betwixt Church Street and the road at the foot oi' the 
 gardens leading alongside the mill race." Notes from the late Mr. 
 T. Cleminson's papers. 
 
 North Road might very easily have been called Lower Cheap- 
 side, as the choice lay between this name and the one the thorough- 
 fare now bears. This new street cost ^.2,368 2s. 4d., of which 
 sum ,£,2,160 had been expended in purchase and removal of 
 premises. 
 
 Chancery Lane is probably named after the old Court of 
 Chancery, which is believed to have stood at the lower end oi this 
 street. The Duke of Lancaster obtained a charter from the king 
 in reward for his military exploits, empowering him to have a 
 chancery in the county of Lancaster, and to issue out the writs 
 under his own seal. The charter is dated bth March, 1351. 
 
 But in the earl}- childhood of Lancaster, what was the
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 135 
 
 character of the thoroughfares then ? If the stranger ask for 
 Bridge Lane and China Lane lie will soon obtain an idea. In a 
 lecture delivered by Dr. Harker on the "Consecrated Well,'' before 
 the Lancaster Literary and Philosophical Society, Bridge Lane is 
 shown to have been the most important highway of ancient times in 
 the county town, and was styled Brigg Lane, on account o\~ the old 
 and picturesque bridge, first erected near this lane by King- Knut or 
 Canute, as the finding of a pot of coins of that monarch's reign some 
 years ago abundantly testified. In this same narrow thoroughfare, 
 adjacent to a close of land, termed in ancient deeds " Blackey 
 Garth,"' is a dwelling situate at the left hand side going towards the 
 Lune. There is a beautifully carved lintel over the door of this 
 house bearing the words " Keep thyself pure," a motto which is 
 somewhat misleading in that many would imagine that it is an 
 ancient inscription, whereas it is perfectly modern dating only a few 
 years back. It was erected on account of the historic interest at- 
 taching to the hinder aspect of the house, as, we may presume, a 
 sort of yaiide to the remnants still extant of Roman Lancaster. At 
 the back of the house " the rocky eastern face of the lofty knoll of 
 Lone-castre is very well seen, and likewise a portion, the only por- 
 tion of an ancient wall of the camp of surprising thickness and 
 density, to which the curious name of Wery Wall is attached, a 
 wall made by the Romans. There is also here issuing in trickling 
 streams and drops from the lines of stratification and surface of the 
 millstone grit rock (which here forms the basis of the hill of drift 
 constituting the Castle Hill), the little well called by the old inhabi- 
 tants of Lancaster, 'The Consecrated Well'." Dr. Marker has 
 entered into the nature of the hill. After remarking "that it has 
 hitherto been regarded as a mere mammelon, an undulation or 
 upward swelling breast in the plain, a hill, although no more notice- 
 able in character than scores of other green hills of drift that is of 
 water worn boulders, gravel, sand, and clay of the character of the 
 neighbouring rocks deposited by water " —he expresses his belief 
 that it is something more than this, "that it is a rocky eminence of 
 millstone grit bedded in layers, as in the case of the rock on Lan 
 caster Moor. The face of the rock as seen on these premises, shows
 
 n6 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 thai it has been upheaved from the continuous bed to which it has 
 belonged, and now is deeply buried at a lower level beneath it. The 
 rocky escarpment rises finely west of the old Bridge Lane house, for 
 this ancient thoroughfare has been built at its base, and hides it 
 from view ; accumulations of rubbish at the base of the rock, and 
 this densely built street of Saxon times so hiding it that it has been 
 overlooked. From the surface of the rock slopes upward the drift- 
 deposit, with a rapid gradient to form the Castle Hill. In ancient 
 times, the whole surroundings would be of the highest importance 
 during warfare. The wall, a vestige of which is only to be seen at 
 this spot, ran west of the Castle and Church towards Bridge Lane, 
 pointing directly to the river. The water of the well is hard and 
 clear." It appears that " a well sunk through the drift deposit at the 
 east of the well-tower of the Castle part of the camp to the deep 
 water supply, continuous with this part of the well, was found to 
 yield a water bright and delicious looking, but highly impure as 
 shown by analysis. The contamination was evidently due to the 
 close proximity of the Church-yard of St. Mary, which was at that 
 time in use ; it is also adjacent to the Castle and on a higher level 
 than the water of the Castle wells, and, therefore, the water was 
 strongly tainted. Now that the burial ground is quite disused, the 
 conditions are different, and the water is probably as sweet as in the 
 time of the Romans. The dungeon well of the Castle reaches the 
 same deep water supply as the consecrated well. The cool water of 
 the latter well has a considerable reputation, and is reputable as an eye 
 water, and it is possible that it may on account of its alkaline pro- 
 perties have some slightly beneficial eilect when applied to sore 
 eyes." The doctor's paper was a very able one, in every way worthy 
 of one of the most accomplished of the Lancaster medical fraternity. 
 I may be pardoned for saying that to my mind the best antiquarian 
 students are those well grounded in chemistry, geology, and architec- 
 ture. A knowledge of this trinity of sciences is indispensable to 
 success. And now as to China Lane, which runs south from Bridge 
 lane after crossing" Church Street, we learn that it is a corruption of 
 Channel Lane, the channel being evidently from the Danish word 
 keln, allied to Saxon keldiox water, (there is still a Kiln, or Keln.
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 137 
 
 Lane in Skerton). Both Bridge Lane and China Lane are so narrow 
 that a couple of two-wheeled-vehicles of modern description could 
 not possibly pass each other if meeting' in them. I noticed one 
 very old house in Bridge Lane bearing the date 1624, and on it the 
 remains of the words " Best London Porter." This house has 
 evidently been an ancient hostelry, though the words like the drink 
 mentioned, are of more recent date. 
 
 China Lane has long been a notorious neighbourhood. In 
 casually looking up the past of this locality 1 found that on the 12th 
 of April, 1828, at the house of one Robert Simpson, Sarah Parker 
 cut her throat and that of her daughter, aged 12. In the July of 
 the same year a man, named William Casson, hanged himself in 
 the Lord Nelson public house. Some strange rows are not un- 
 common in this shady lane even in this year of grace, i8gj. But, 
 listen'China Lane has been the scene of an inventive genius, for 
 in 1818 Charles Kirby, of Ovenhouse Gates, in the said lane, 
 invented the chimney sweeping machine. 
 
 Pot-houses, on the Quay, indicates a potter) or pot manu- 
 facturing house. Pitt Street is so named from the tan pits sunk 
 in the localitv. There are some tine old houses about the Green 
 Ayre and in Parliament Street, all the way up to the pathway 
 known as "The Ladies' Walk." It can only be a probability that 
 when Henry IV. held his court at Lancaster, that that court would 
 be somewhat of the nature o\' a parliament, as Parliaments went in 
 those times, hence the name of Parliament Street. But I can find 
 no record of such Parliaments being held here as were held in York 
 and elsewhere. 
 
 The old city suffered immensely at the period of the Scottish 
 invasion ; it was burnt down in 13 14, 1322, and again in 1389, by 
 the same race of invaders. The first time after the defeat of 
 Edward II. at Bannockburn, and the second time after the battle 
 of Otterburn, in which young Percy, surnamed Hotspur, was taken 
 prisoner and Douglas slain. The War of the Roses deluged the
 
 n8 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 country with blood, but strange to state, the actual ravages of war 
 did not extend in any one instance to Lancaster, though the fictitious 
 Yorkist, Lambert Simnel, landed at the Pile of Fouldrey in the Bay 
 of Morecambe, and on his march from Furness passed through the 
 even then "Time-Honoured Lancaster." 
 
 1 have been very anxious to ascertain how Germany Street 
 and Germany Bridge obtained their foreign appellation, but no one 
 can enlighten me. 1 am, therefore, led to venture on a conjecture of 
 my own to the effect that when Lambert Simnel landed in Lancaster 
 he had with him several Germans, one of whom was a commander, 
 named Martin Swartz, from whom we have the term Swartzmoor. It 
 is just possible that this German chief with others of Simnel's mongrel 
 army would bivouac in this neighbourhood. 
 
 Their passage through Lancaster took place in the year 1487. 
 Lambert Simnel was the son of a baker, and was marching on this 
 occasion to Coventry. He was simply the tool of a priest anxious 
 to make himself popular at someone else's expense. 
 
 Concerning the Horse Shoe Corner there is a tradition to 
 this effect : — When the Duke of Lancaster entered the town upon 
 his noble steed it is said that his horse cast a shoe at this place and 
 that the people who had welcomed the prince vociferously seized it 
 and had it fixed upon the spot where it fell off the hoof as near as 
 possible. "In 1834 a large assembly congregated for the purpose 
 o( witnessing the renewal o\' the old shoe " says the Preston Pilot of 
 that vear, it being the custom to renew it every seven years. 
 " Those assembled to witness the ceremony were entertained with 
 nut brown ale, had a merry chairing and then retired. In the 
 evening they were again entertained to supper." Journal No. xxiv 
 p. 414 of the British Archaeological Association gives the same 
 origin as the above. Mr. Bond in his "Reminiscences" tells oi' 
 men taking their wives to the Horse Shoe Corner with a halter 
 round their necks, disposing of them to the highest bidder. Mr. 
 Bond has seen three women coming away from such a ceremony,
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 139 
 
 but they had no halters on ; they were sold for a shilling each ; he 
 heard of another woman being sold for eight-pence. 
 
 As Golgotha denotes a place o\' skulls, it is, or was, quite an 
 appropriate appellation since there would be little besides skull and 
 bone left of the culprit whose body, after having been executed was 
 left a prey to the elements and the fowls of the air. This neighbour- 
 hood was the Calvary of Lancaster. Turning to Lindow we find 
 that there was a Mr. William Lindow, a merchant who lived in 
 Lancaster, and who died in May, 1786. This district man} - persons 
 believe perpetuates his name owing to his residence having been in 
 the neighbourhood. There is on the south side of the town a suburb 
 called the Greaves, and this name takes the mind back to the Anglo- 
 Saxon grof or graef, probably from grafan to dig. There was very 
 likely a long furrow in this locality which 1 associate with the ancient 
 groves o( the Druids. Farther on is Bowerham "dwelling by the 
 enclosure," from the Cymric bwr and Saxon ka?n, a home. 
 
 Haverbreck Hill doubtless represents the old Norse haver. 
 for oats, hence we have the oat fields on the breckan, or slightly 
 
 elevated ground. 
 
 Lancaster has still some memento of the early religious sym- 
 bols worn by the Knights Hospitallers of St. John of Jerusalem, and 
 of the Knights Templar. It may seem like a piece of bathos to 
 mention the fact that even public-houses, anciently very different 
 in their organisation and regulation from what is the case to-dav, 
 were so far as the origin of their titles are concerned, much more 
 appropriately named than we are disposed to fancy ; and the 
 White Cross Inn, in Penny Street, and the Red Cross Inn, Skerton 
 bespeak a desire to show that Lancaster was not supine in regard 
 to the Crusades. Again the White Cross Works, is a name perhaps 
 conferred in ignorance oi' the sacred zeal which onci: posessed the 
 ancient Christians of England, in common with France and Germany. 
 The White Cross was the sign oi' the Knights Hospitallers, and the 
 Red Cross that o( the Knights Templars, whose far famed banner
 
 i 4 o TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 
 
 bore the word Banseant, in consequence of the black and white 
 stripes which distinguished it, and the beautiful text Non nobis, 
 Domine, non nobis, sed nomini tuo, da gloriani. (Not unto us, O 
 Lord, not unto us, but unto thy name be given the glory. ) The 
 first named order of knights established themselves at St. John's 
 Hospital, Clerkenwell, that of the latter took up their abode at the 
 Temple. The Hospitallers originated in the eleventh century, exact 
 date say some authorities, 1048, their object being to shelter each 
 hospes or guest on pilgrimage to Jerusalem. The military order was 
 founded about 1099, and confirmed by the Pope in 11 13. The order 
 of the Templars originated in 1 1 19, in the reign of Baldwin II., King 
 of Jerusalem. The White Cross history takes us back to the year 
 1 188, when Henry II. reigned in England and Phillip II. in France. 
 The two monarchs swore to be " brothers in arms for the cause of 
 God," and ceased their strife accepting the cross from the hands of 
 the Archbishop of Tyre, in the month of January, in the year named, 
 near an old elm tree, between Trie and Gisors. Roger of Hoveden 
 and the Script. Rcr. Franc, state that many of the great vassals of 
 each nation followed their masters' example, and took the same 
 oaths to be good soldiers of the cross, and to fight on Christ's behal* 
 " on land or sea, in town or field." The crosses given to the King 
 of France and his people were red ; those given to the King ot 
 England and his people were white. An order of the White Cross 
 was established in Tuscany in 181 4. There can be little doubt that 
 the Hospitallers of St. Leonard would wear a cross, and as they had 
 for their founder the Earl of Morton, afterwards King John, it is just 
 likely that their sacred badge would he red. The hospital had lands 
 both in Lancaster and Skerton. 
 
 Wars of the Roses. 
 
 In the Wars of the Roses, Lancaster's Rose was red, that of 
 York white ; and while they raged the blood of from 80,000 to 
 90,000 Englishmen was shed, and there fell in the contest three 
 kings, several princes of the blood Royal, sixty-two nobles, one 
 hundred and thirty-nine knights, four hundred and forty-one squires,
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 141 
 
 and six hundred and thirty-eight of the flower of the English gentry. 
 
 And yet the seat of the line of Lancaster escaped a shot or flourish 
 of the sword at this period. The war, or series of wars, was a 
 great blessing". It put an end to feudalism, showed the people, 
 the masses, that they were the real bone and sinew of the country, 
 and not the pampered lords and knights, who neither toiled nor 
 spun ; so their eyes were opened, and when the chiefs of the aris- 
 tocracy were bound to espouse the cause of one side or the other, 
 the scales fell from their organs ot vision, they saw clearly their 
 chiefs dependent upon them for their very existence, and so feudal- 
 ism received a divine blow from which it never recovered -never 
 will — never ought. Before the vassals could be allowed to fight it 
 was necessary to emancipate them, a circumstance that would never 
 have taken place perhaps for ages had not this war occurred. 
 
 "In those times," writes a literary friend, " gentlemen who 
 wavered in their opinions used to have the white rose emblazoned 
 over one entrance to their houses and the red rose on the other, 
 and to introduce the visitors which ever side they happened to 
 represent at the gateway accordingly." Other historians, however, 
 write to the effect that there was no neutrality permitted. Nobles 
 and gentlemen were obliged to take up arms on behalf of one side 
 or the other. Still, the subterfuge might be resorted to in some 
 instances. 
 
 The Civil Wars. 
 
 From "Tracts relating to Military Proceedings in Lancashire during the 
 Civil War, edited and illustrated by George Ormerod, D. C. L. , F. R. S. , F. S. A. , F. G. S. , 
 printed for the Chetham Society, MDCCCXLIV.**' and from other sources, the following 
 particulars relative to the Royalists and Parliamentarians in Lancaster are taken :— 
 
 In 1636, King Charles I. sent his writs to many boroughs for Ship Money 
 in order to fit out the Royal Navy, and the County of Lancaster was to build and 
 equip one ship of 400 tons, and to man it with 160 men. The estimated expense was 
 about ;£i,ooo, and the proportion which Lancaster was to contribute was £30 ; 
 Liverpool being only required to pay ^25 and Preston ^25.
 
 1 42 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 
 
 From the town of Lancaster a petition was presented expressing the "heart 
 breaking sense and sorrow,'' of the petitioners " f<>r the unhappy rents and distrac- 
 tions in his Majesty's dominions, especially in the time of the session of so grave and 
 godly an assembly most graciously convened by his Majesty ; they therefore supplicate 
 and beseech his Majesty to return to his great council, in whom this nation has con- 
 tided, that thereby his throne may be established in righteousness." To this the 
 king replied that he " had not gone but had been driven from his parliament ; and 
 his Majesty recommended as the best way to put an end to the rents and divisions 
 which subsisted, that they, the petitioners, should petition parliament to comply with 
 his Majesty's desires and gemrous offers, which was the only way safely and speedily 
 to cure the present distractions of the kingdom." 
 
 In the 1642. as we have already seen, the Marl of Derby distinguished himselt 
 in the cause of his Sovereign. The partisans ol the Parliament had occupied 
 most nf tin- towns in Lancashire with garrisons and erected fortifications for their 
 defence. Lord Derby, who had collected a body of troops at Lathom House, was 
 joined by Lord Molyneux with his regiment, and on the 13th March in the year above- 
 named, the\ marched to Lancaster to besiege it. The royal army after marching all 
 night appeared before the town early on the morning of the 18th when their com- 
 mander, the Earl of Derby, called upon the garrison to surrender. This was refused 
 by the commanding officer so the works thrown up by the parliamentary forces were 
 immediately attacked, but in the first instance the troops of the king were repulsed 
 and Lord Derby then bravely led the storming party to a second assault, armed with 
 a pike. " Follow me," he cried, and a number of gentlemen chivalrously obeyed 
 the injunction and entered the town followed by soldiers, and very ^0011 Lancaster 
 was captured with a loss of twenty men. The Earl of Derby then ordered the fortifi- 
 cations to be destroyed. On the night of the 20th March the victorious royalists 
 marched to Preston and next clay attacked the town which was carried by storm with 
 a los^ to the garrison of 600 killed and wounded besides a large number of prisoners. 
 The royal army likewise suffered severe losses. 
 
 On the south-west side of Lancaster, in a held adjoining the road from 
 Lancaster to Aldcliffe, is an artificial hill ol a circular form which bears some 
 resemblance to a tumulus or barrow, but which tradition attributes to Cromwell, for 
 this hill it was said was thrown up by him, and on tile brow of it he planted cannon 
 against the castle, which is about half a mile off. The circumference of the base is 
 about 150 yards, and the height nearly 5 yards. The name of the field is Hill 
 Meadow. It was land subsequently included in Penny's charity. 
 
 What mean these stones? The question has been asked respecting the 
 round boulder stones on the top of the towers of the gateway of the castle. Well, 
 they are the remains of the missiles taken up there for the purpose of hurling them at 
 the enemy in the year 1642.
 
 TIMK-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 '43 
 
 The Royalists numbered 600 men, whereof 300 wen- musketeers. "The} 
 summoned the to wne " says an old writer, "being well fortified and manned with 
 600 musketeer-, under the command of Lieut. -Colonel Holcroft, Sergeant- Major 
 Sparrow and Serjeant-Major Ileywood; which being refused, after two hours hoi 
 service, they forced the mote and drave the rebels into the castle. Captain Shuttle- 
 worth (a member of the House of Commons). Captain \Y. Rigby, and many of the 
 townesmen were killed at the Castle gate, the Major and divers of the townesmen, 
 such as were most seditious being taken prisoners. On this occasion Mr. Blundell, 
 of Crosby, had his thigh shattered by a musket ball.'" 
 
 In 1643 Major Birch with a detachment of the parliamentary army under ihr 
 command of Sir |ohn Seaton, then lying at Preston, took Lancaster by a coup tie 
 main. 
 
 Tin'. Sack of Lancaster, a.d. 1645. 
 
 In the Royalist Composition Papers is the following entry concerning' Lan- 
 caster : — June 7th, ordered by the House of Commons, that when this unnatural war 
 is ended, the Town of Lancaster shall receive ,£8,000 from the estates of Pa| lists and 
 delinquents of the County who were at the burning of the town, to lie equally divided 
 amongst the inhabitants, being no delinquents. Among those present at the burning 
 were : — 
 
 James, Earl of Derby. 
 
 Richard, Lord Molineux. 
 
 Sir John Cansfield. 
 
 Sir John Girlington. 
 
 Sir Ceo. Middleton. 
 
 Rich. Kirby. 
 
 Thos. Kitsson. 
 
 Thos. Carus. 
 
 John Bradshaw. 
 
 John Calvert. 
 
 Thos. Dalton. 
 
 Sir Gilbert Houghton. 
 
 Sir Thomas Tildesley. 
 
 John Westby. 
 
 Mr. Hesketh, of Mains. 
 
 Thos. Singleton. 
 
 Rich. Corral, 
 
 Rob. White. 
 
 Mr. Butler, of Kirkland. 
 
 Edw. Chisnall. 
 
 Mr. Standish, of Standish. 
 
 Mr. Anderton, of Euxton. 
 
 Wm. Houghton, of Parkhall. 
 
 Rich. Latham, of Parbold. 
 
 Two sons of Mr. Anderton, oi Clayton. 
 
 Sir Wm. Gerrard. 
 
 Mr. Blundell, of Crosby. 
 
 In a letter sent from "a gentleman resident in Yorke to his friend living in 
 Lumbard Street," and dated June, 1642, is this " lamentable and sad news from the 
 north, viz. Yorke, Lancaster, Darby and Newcastle.''' 
 
 "Sir, — According to my engagements when I was at London, I can do no 
 
 lesse than advertise )OU of our newest newes at Yorke The whole 
 
 county of Yorke is frustrate of that happiness and fruition which we might by the 
 providence of God, enjoy. But now to the terror and amazement .>t all true-hearted 
 protestants, other neighbouring counties are like (without the aboundant mercy of 
 God) to be sharers of this doleful tragedy now acting in the north, tor they have
 
 i 4 4 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 already begun their desperate intentions in Lancaster, as may appeare by the Lord 
 Strange, his carriadge there, where, with a company of about seven hundred men, 
 hath by virtue of the Commission of Arms, disposed of some part of the magazine 
 there, and hath opposed the Deputy-Lieutenant, appointed by the Ordinance for the 
 militia, for putting the same in execution, and likewise it plainly appears by his 
 Majesty's letter to Sir John Girlington, the High Sheriffe of that county, to sum up 
 all protestant subjects with all speed at Preston, to heare his Majestie's two declara- 
 tions, and the Lancashire petition to the king and his Majestie's answer thereunto. Some 
 of the Committee for Lancaster desired the forbearance of them to be received, but 
 hee, in contempt of their order from the Parliament, departed with some of his friends 
 and cryed out, " All that are for the king, go with us, crying out, ' for the king ; for 
 the king,' and so about four hundred persons, whereof the most part of them were 
 popish Romanists, went with him, and ridde up and down the moore and cryed ' for 
 the king ; for the king,' but far more in number, stayed with the Committee, and 
 prayed for the uniting of the King and Parliament, with a general acclamation ; so 
 that 'tis thought, since the Committee's going there, it hath wonderfully wrought upon 
 the hearts of the people : but upon contempt of the Committee, Sir John (Arlington, 
 Sir George Middleton, and Sir Edward Filton, are sent for to the house as delin- 
 quents .... Your assured, loving friend, 
 
 Will. Jenkinson." 
 
 " From Preston there was sent Serjeant-Major Birch to Lancaster, to view 
 whether the tow ties were fortified strongly against him or no, who finding no great 
 opposition, with his owne company entered the towne, and after the towne joined 
 with him, and they went against the castle, wherein was Master Kirby, one of the 
 knights of the shire, and Sir John Girlington, with some other forces, who perceiving 
 that they were not able to resist, stole away out of the castle, and so Captain Birch 
 took possession of it. 
 
 The Earl of Darby marched out of Wigan with 600 foot and 400 horse, 
 and quartered on Tuesday night at Kirkham, where the countrie people, to the 
 number of 3,000, being wearied with the insolence and tyrannie of the rebells, canit 
 with great cheerfulnesse unto him : that upon that da}' he came within foure miles 
 of Lancaster, intending to take from the rebells those piece-, of ordnance which they 
 before had seized on from a Spantsh ship, and the next day was met by Sir John 
 Girlington and Colonel Tildesley with 600 men, whereof 300 were musketeers, and 
 so went to Lancaster. 
 
 A copie of a letter from a gentleman of great worth, in Lancashire. 
 to his friend in London, who the Stationer can name:--" I have not time to 
 write any large discourse, the news is not so good, but you may have enough 
 of it ; yet rather than let you be abused with falacies, I will give you the
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. , 45 
 
 Milium- n| .-ill briefly. After taking the ordnance from the Spanish ship, wc 
 carried them all safe t" the castle at Lancaster, within a few days after, the 
 Earl of Darby advanced towards us. all the papists rising wholly with him. 
 Our Major having notice of i( sen) to Boulton ami Manchester for relief for us. Mi. 
 Ashton took the charge, and advanced as far as Garston, and hearing that tin- eneim 
 fled upon his coming, he returned to Preston. Whereupon the Earl re-advanced 
 towards us, and after some two houres hard fight, with the great slaughter of our en 
 emie (for we could at several times sec two or three of their colours fall at once, and 
 bodyes lie on heaps), the)' dispersed themselves among the hedges and at the backe 
 of the houses, and set the towne on lire. This enforced our men to retire to the Castle ; 
 whereupon the enemie entered the towne ami killed men, women and children, with 
 all barbarous crueltie, dragging poor people from their houses and cutting their throats 
 with butchers' knives; they set hie round the towne and departed. We had no vituals 
 in the castle, and the welle there was presently drunk drie, but we issued out again 
 into the burned towne took diverse of the enemie there remaining prisoners, and out 
 of the store yet unhurried we victualled ourselves for a good time. Thus we lay two 
 or three homes, the enemy encompassing us on all sides, but (we were without anie 
 feare of danger) at last the Major (leneral and Master Ashton came to relieve us : 
 they drewe all the strength of Preston and adjacent parts with them. The Earle, 
 lying at EUwell, they drew to Cockerham, and passed by him to us. The Earle, 
 who was no way able to have fought with them, took this opportunity of the towne of 
 Preston's weaknesse. and fell back upon it, and took it that night. Master Hopwood 
 and Peter Shaw were those taken, and yet escaped again. I know not the loss that 
 they there received : I am sure it was overmuch. At my going past I left my ar- 
 moure, clothes, and a hundred muskets there; these are lost, I have nothing left. 
 Upon notice, the Earle was marched towards Preston ; Sergeant Major Spanow and 
 Master Ashton followed him ; he had the town before we came, and, as we are 
 certainelie informed, all this crueltie arises from the Earl of Darby, who hath taken 
 all the great papists into his counsell, who before were not admitted, who nave put 
 him upon this cruel massacre, and all rise with him as one man ; and if it be in their 
 power, will not leave a true protestant in these partes. [f God and good people do 
 not look upon us, which God grant they may, this countrie will be open for the 
 Queen to passe with her forces, who hath already sent i.too to Skipton toward 
 Blagbourne. Being in haste 1 cannot enlarge, but rest 
 
 Your faithful! friend. T. II. 
 Lancaster, the 25th March. 164;. 
 
 " The report of our taking in of Preston dew to Lancaster, ami prepared 
 the towne and castle for our entrance. Thither was sent a company of loot and a 
 troupe of horse to take possession. This new and enlarged possession was inriched, 
 honoured and secured by the gods of the sea. who had provided for our welcome and 
 warlike entertainment a Dunkirkc ship, a man-of-war, that came from S/xu'/ie-,
 
 i 4 6 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 furnished with twenty-one pieces of big brasse and iron ordnance, lit to supply the 
 castle and fortitie other garrisons. Desire to see this foreigner, and care to secure 
 this captivitie, led some of note and worth into a tedious and removing captivitie, 
 yet could not the enemie be thus satined, for the misse of such a prize they labour to 
 destroy that by fire which God hath sent by water. But God that sent the pieces 
 saved them ; the most came whole and safe to the castle, before and after their 
 lodging was fired. But malice and envie followed them. 
 
 The Earle. attended with great strength, beset Lancaster, and sends this 
 summons : — 
 
 "' To //;<■ Major and Burgesses of the towne of Lancaster. 
 
 Gentlemen, --I am come into these parts by his Majestie's special! com- 
 mand, to free you from the bondage of those declared traitors that now oppress you 
 and endeavour your destruction, by bringing you into their own condition. I will not 
 now mention your former neglect of the king's service, nor, [ hope, I need not let I 
 von what forces I have or might have on occasion, nor how joyfully all the couhtrey 
 in my march havejoyned themselves unto me. If you will submit the towne and 
 your amies unto mo, and likewise endeavour with me to re-obtaine the castle, you shall 
 have all fair usage from me : if not expect from me what the law of the lande and of 
 wane will inflict upon you. Thus, expecting your answer by ten of the clock this 
 day, 1 rest, 
 
 March the l8th, eight o'clock. 
 
 Your friend, DERBY." 
 
 This summons came first to the hands of our commanders of the castle, who 
 gave [lie towne leave to returne llii> answer : — 
 
 "Right Honourable. -We received yours of this instant, and do returne 
 this answer : that all our arms are under the command of officers now within our 
 towne, for the King and Parliament, so that we have not the disposal of them ; and. 
 at their coming they took and fortified the castle, which was never in our command : 
 and by reason thereof have our towne likewise at their pleasure; so that both the 
 towne and castle are now at their disposal, and will be (by <lod's blessing) kept for 
 his Majestic. And thus we humbly take our leave, and rest 
 
 Your honours, in all due respects. 
 
 "This answer pleaseth not : they must expect the punishments of war, which 
 they found. They fiercely assault for an hour in vaine : they turne their rage upon 
 houses, and by commission on the sudden become ready firemen all of them. They 
 fire houses and barnes without the sentinell, in which they sacrificed their dead 
 bodies. Thus they heated and smoked our valiant soldiers from their sentinell ; and 
 when they were entered the towne. Papish like, thev continue to burne and butchei
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 147 
 
 denying quarter to our men, but rather cursedly quartering them; from which cruelty 
 (raging mad) the most "I our forces retired into the castle.'" The account of this 
 cowardly conquest is thus given in from Lancaster : the dwelling-houses that were 
 burned were in number four score and ten, containing three hundred haves of 
 building. The barnes, stables, cow houses, replenished with come, hay, and cattell, 
 that were burned were eighty-six, containing two hundred and forty bayes of build- 
 ings, and one maltkiln of foure bayes of building, with three hundred windles <>1 
 malt therein. By all which it evidently appears that they displayed the banner of 
 the scarlet coloured beast. 
 
 A miracle of mercy was wrought in the midst of this undoing and heart- 
 breaking misery. They purposely and industriously gave fire to two houses of 
 persons well affected to King and Parliament, but they would not take tire: no, by 
 no means, though they renewed their endeavours severall times in several! places. 
 though the next houses were burnt downe to the grounde. God restrained the 
 remnant of their rage ; he remembered his promise, Esay xliij 2. " - the flame shall 
 not kindle upon thee." Faith quenched ihe violence <>f the fire; this shield quenched 
 the fierce darts of the devil/. 
 
 March iqth, 2,000 of our forces marched out for the timely relief of 
 Lancaster, but how they were divided and diverted, walked and breathed to and fro, 
 whilst the F.arle fires Lancaster, recovered Preston, and rifled Blackbitrne, I have 
 noe mind to inquire, but do sadly remember, and cannot forget how these tydings 
 affrighted our commanders out of Lancaster Castle, and exposed the castle, so well 
 appointed, to the will of the enemy, had not the mighty God by the assistance of a 
 minister, doubled the spirit of the heartie (though headlesse soldiers), to maintaine 
 with utmost hazard so great a trust. Thus God set our sunne backe many degrees, 
 but not in manifest favour as to Hesekiah ; yet he brought us to himself in fasting 
 and prayer, the seven and twentyeth day of March, thai we repenting he might 
 repent. 
 
 This very night came a messenger from Lancaster Castle reporting the 
 safety of the castle, the heartinesse of the soldiers, and their comfortable provision. 
 Lancashire's Valley of Achor. 
 
 Lancaster Voyage. 
 
 Our desire to secure our garrison--, to relieve Warrington, which we had 
 occasionally oppressed, and to improve those new talents lent to us by^God, sent us 
 by sea, made us think upon a voyage to Lancaster, the fairnesse of the weather and 
 the drinesse of the way, were strong encouragements. We began our march the eight 
 and twentieth day of April : the presence of God was sought for safe convoy ; and 
 so terrible was the presence that accompanied our march, (what else can it be imputed
 
 r 4 8 time-honoured Lancaster. 
 
 to?) thai our forces passed safely through Wiggan (though the enemy found his former 
 
 nest after v\ e had taken it), Fresco/, Ormeskirke (where we marred an intended muster), 
 and Preston (that recovered Preston). Whence (hearing that our friends in Lan- 
 cashire were in some danger, though ii was nothing but the Earle's hasting into 
 Yorkshire and the resl of the forces speeding to Hornby Castle) we stretched our 
 inarch to LANCASTER. In all this way, as we moved, the enemy removed ; we saw 
 nothing remarkable in them but cruelty and cowardice; for some troops of horse 
 meeting a poor boy unharmed, which outwent his company, clave his head and bar- 
 barously mangled him : also thereabouts the enemy, after a slight skirmish, overcame 
 by flight. 
 
 ( >ur arrive at LANCASTER was welcomed with the safety of the Castle, the 
 food posture of the garrison, their comfortable provision and the well-nigh prepared- 
 nesse of the carriage; and after vve had refreshed our armie a few days, with the sight 
 of Tkurland Castle, and the report ol our forraigners against Hornby Castle, we 
 advanced homeward, the ninth daye of Maye, and under the former gracious conduct, 
 came safe home, though laden with the weight ol twelve whole pieces and two broken 
 ones (the rest fortifying the castle), all which we acknowledged in solemne thanksgiving 
 in Manchester, I he sixteenth of May. Lancashire's Valley of Achor. 
 
 From a sermon preached by Nehemiah Barnet, minister at Lancaster. 18th 
 December. 1645. are the following extracts, from the illustration which they afford as 
 to the cannon taken at Lancaster mentioned above and of the temporary abandonment 
 of Lancaster Castle, by Bird), which is. however, slated to have been shortly 
 repossessed by the Parliament. Several passages of this discourse are borrowed 
 verbatim from that tract, as noticed in the introduction to ii ; 
 
 '" Isaiah wvi. 2. 'Lord, when thy hand . . . shall devoure them . 
 I shall not now leade you abroad to behold a sight of the lift up hand of God protect- 
 ing and prospering our armies by sea and land : but I shall keep me within the 
 confines of ihis county. 
 
 [,00k upon their many meanes and advantages : they had man)- roaring, 
 thundering, terrifying cannons, we but on>: small piece ; one (Mr. Angier) saide well 
 of them, their's did but playe, but did no worke : whilst the lift up hand of the God 
 of the seas was working with the windes to bring a Dunkirke ship, a man-of-war, 
 that came from Spaine. furnished with one and twentie pieces of brasse and iron 
 
 • "Cod's Hand lift up for Lancashire, presented in a Sermon preached before 
 the Honourable Committee of the Count) at Lancaster (constituted under an ordinance 
 of 26 August, 1645), U P°" the 1 8th daye of December, 1645. Beinge a solemne day 
 of thanksgiving to Cod. for clearing of the county, in subduing the enemies thereof; 
 by Nehemiah Barnet, Minister at Lancaster. London : printed by W. Wilson, for 
 [ohn Williams ; and are to be sold at the Crown, in St. Paul's Church Yard. 1646.
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. , 4g 
 
 ordinance, tit to supply our present wants and to carry them so neare our strongest 
 Castle, which had no cannon at all. And shall we not remember the hand of (; ( ,d in 
 preserving the Castle at Lancaster, after the cannons were hastily conveyed thither: 
 the en vie of our enemies was presentlie encreased, and therefore with much fury and 
 all their forces, came against the Towne and Castle, and were so hot thai thev 
 quickly fired the towne and thought thereby to have fired or frighted u> out of the 
 castle, and so have gained that which God's hande had lately given unto us. Yet 
 unwilling to light with our forces that came to relieve us, fearing thereby that the) 
 should lose their plunder, wherewith they were loaden, retreated and took the 
 opportunity to prevaile against Preston, which successes surprised the spirites and 
 discouraged the heartes of the chief commanders in the Castle, that the)- thought 
 the safest waye for themselves was to march towards Manchester, and quit the 
 Castle." 
 
 In the year 164S the Scotch army, under the command of the Duke of 
 Hamilton and a body of English, both horse and toot, under Sir Marmaduke Lang- 
 dale, marched through Lancaster in order to release Charles from his imprisonment. 
 The English troops formed the advance division of the army, which in the locality of 
 Preston was confronted by Cromwell's horsemen, who forced it to make a disorderly 
 march to Uttoxeter, where the Scottish army was totally defeated, and the Duke and 
 his chief officers taken prisoners. Sir Thomas Tyldesley, a gentleman representing 
 the ancient family of Tyldesley, of Tyldesley. a staunch supporter of the king, was at 
 this time blockading Lancaster Castle, which had been previously seized upon by 
 Cromwell and garrisoned by the Parliamentary army. The garrison was reduced to 
 great straits when the news arrived from Preston that Cromwell's horse had defeated 
 the Scots. It was then decided to abandon the design of subjecting Lancaster 
 Castle, and learning that Major General Munroe, with reinforcements for the Duke's 
 army from Scotland, had arrived in Lancashire, Sir Thomas Tyldesley joined him, 
 after having collected many of Sir Marmaduke Langdale's men who had been dis- 
 persed at Preston. Being joined by others newly brought into service, Sir Thomas 
 Tyldesley proposed to Ceneral Munroe that their joint forces, together with more 
 regiments of the Scotch, who were at the period quartered in Kendal, should march 
 towards Preston and follow Cromwell in the rear as he pursued the Scots; but 
 Munroe declined and marched through Westmorland and Cumberland to Scotland. 
 Sir Thomas Tyldesley therefore proceeded to Durham to join the levies being raised 
 there for the king. 
 
 March ol Charles II. through Lancashire towards Worcester August, 1651. 
 Advance of King Charles from Lancaster to Warrington. 
 
 Mercurius Politicus No. 63. August 21. 1651. The following lettei 
 given having neither address nor signature :
 
 no TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 
 
 '•Sir,— This day sen'night (9th) Renegade Wogan came into Kendal with some 
 troops, and charged the town to provide for 1,000 horse. Upon Monday (nth) 
 treacherous Boynton came into Lancaster with six troops, to make provision for 1,000 
 Van-curriers, commanded by the Duke of Buckingham. Upon Tuesday (12th) the 
 Scots King came hither, and set all the prisoners in the castle at liberty. He was pro- 
 claimed at the Crosse, and a general pardon to all persons, except some few. That 
 night he lodged at Ashton Hall, three miles from Lancaster, being Colonel Wainman's 
 house, where Hamilton lodged two dayes before the baltail of Preston, whose fate, we 
 hope, attends this young man that traces him in the same steps of invasion. Upon 
 Wedneday (13th) he lodged at Myerscoe, Sir Thomas Tildesley's house, and from 
 thence he marched through Preston. Upon Thursday (14th) his foot having the van, 
 over Ribble Bridge, that night he lodged at Kuston-burgh six miles on this side of 
 Preston, being Mr. Anderton's house, who was prisoner at Lancaster, but set at liberty 
 by the Scots. This Anderton is a bloody papist, and one that, when Price Rupert 
 was at Bolton, boasted much of being in blood to the elbows at that cruell massacre. 
 The last night (15th) the King lodged at Brine, six miles from Warrington being Sir 
 William Gerard's house, who is ;i subtle Jesuited Papist. This dissembling Scot trusts 
 none so well in Lancashire for his hosts as the Papists, which discovers his grosse 
 hypocrisy in taking the covenant, and may lei our English, as well as our Scotch 
 Presbyters see how they were deceived with vaine conceits of this man's religion. Most 
 people of all sorts in Cumberland, Westmoreland, and Lancashire fled as fast from the 
 Scots, as their King and themselves did from their beggarly kingdom. 'Tis reported 
 their King blames Major Ashurst for bringing him into Lancashire, since he finds no 
 more accesse of forces. I do not hear that any considerable person doth openly own 
 him since his march into England. Wherefore we doubt not but God hath ordered 
 his coming hither for the more speed}- antl total! mine of him and his adherents. 
 Stockden Heath, 16 August." 
 
 When looking over the muniments and autograph letters belonging to Mr. 
 I enwick Pearson, of Storrs Hall, and so excellently arranged by that gentleman, 1 nut 
 with the following letter, which along with other matter, I was permitted to transcribe. 
 
 " My Lord, — I writt the last Fryday to yr lord]) as I understand the drumer 
 by whom I sent my lettre never went to your lordp neither can we hear what is be- 
 come of him. In this respect my desire is to communicate the occasione of mv then 
 writinge to you by myselfe personally to the affectinge of this I must crave your lordp\ 
 assurance for my safe carriage to you and my secure rcturninge back. I shall expect 
 your lordp's answer by this drumer and shall alwayes be ready to continue your 
 lordpp's friend and servante, Morley and MONTEAGLE. 
 
 November 21st, 1644. 
 
 I will bringe along with me only my boy. 
 To the Hon. Ferdinando, Lorh Fairfax, 
 
 General of the Northern Forces, for the King and Parliament."
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 151 
 
 The writer of the above letter was evidently the "papist and delinquent" Morley whose 
 estates were sequestered and whose sun in 1651 petitioned for maintenance out of the 
 same. See Challoner's "Missionary Priests" [Sequestrations). At the period the 
 letter was written in. this son (alluded to in the postcript) would be about seven years old. 
 
 The Rebellion of 1715. 
 
 In 1715 about one thousand four hundred rebels entered Kendal, and pro- 
 ceeded next day to Kirkby Lonsdale ; they entered Lancaster on the 7th, in the 
 'ollowing order, viz : — 200 English horse, I lighlanders on foot and 200 Lowland Scotch 
 with Scotch horse in the rear. They came directly to the market place and drew up 
 their foot around it, with bagpipes playing. When they were drawn up at this point 
 a man mounted the cross and after the trumpet had sounded thrice, he proclaimed the 
 Pretender by the title of James III., alleging that Iris just right had been until then 
 detained from him by foreigners and usurpers, at the close of which they gave a loud 
 shout of ' God save the King!' Very few of the inhabitants of Lancaster or the neigh. 
 bourhood joined them in uncovering or shouting ; most of the rebels had ribands in 
 their hats, the English red and white :\\h\ the Scotch blue and white. After the 
 proclamation was read, they repaired to their quarters as billeted ; they all behaved 
 themselves civilly whilst here: the shops were opened, and whatever they wanted they 
 paid for ; they also paid oft' their quarters well, except the Highlanders, who paid only 
 a part. "\Ye learn that the rebels next searched the town for arms and ammunition, but 
 only got a few pounds of gunpowder, the inhabitants having two days before, publicly 
 thrown all the powder they could collect (about two barrels), into the well in the mar- 
 ket place. Mr. Christopher Hopkins, bookseller, is credited with having thrown a 
 large quantity of gunpowder into the well which once stood in the market place. He 
 did this in order to prevent the rebels seizing it and doing injur)- with it to the 
 townspeople. Possibly the suggestion to take the course indicated originated with 
 him. They got some militia muskets and fowling pieces ; also five pieces of cannon, 
 from aboard the ship " Robert," lying at Sunderland, from which ship they also took 
 a few muskets and some swords. Before leaving Lancaster they were joined by some 
 of the neighbouring Catholic gentry and their dependents, in numberabout onehundred 
 men. They also secured what public money they could from the Excise Office ; and 
 from John Powel, the Postmaster, they obtained £42. They likewise seized and took 
 away with them all the horses they could find. They marched from the town on 
 Wednesday morning, the 9th inst, the horse proceeded that day to Preston, and the 
 toot to Garstang. The latter joined the horse next day in the evening at Preston, 
 where they remained till the I2lh, in order to fix carriages to the guns which they 
 had seized at Lancaster. 
 
 After the surrender of the rebels to the King's forces at Preston, about two 
 hundred-', and thirty of the common men guarded by Dormer's regiment of Dragoons 
 were sent to Lancaster castle. Clarke states that the account of the proceedings.- of
 
 152 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 the rebels in our town in 1715. was taken from the manuscript of a tradesman of Lan' 
 raster, who was an eye-witness of what he described. 
 
 From anothei authority we learn that ; 
 
 " The protection of Lancaster had been confided to Colonel Hoghton who 
 was at the head of a body of militia, but his force was in no degree calculated to with- 
 stand the invading army, and the Colonel and his men retreated before the rebels 
 arrived. Two days after their arrival they completely evacuated the town, taking the 
 route of Garstang to Preston, where they weie compelled to capitulate to General 
 Wills and Ceneral Carpenter." 
 
 At Preston this erratic body prepared to march to Manchester, but the 
 county was getting alive to the serious results their freaks might bring about, and they 
 were met by an unexpected opposition in the person of the Rev. James Woods, a 
 dissenting minister, who had been ejected, and his congregation. This little army who 
 were armed with the implements of husbandry reversing the ancient prediction by 
 turning their plough-shares into swords and their pruning forks into spears, marched 
 to Walton-de-Dale, where they were drawn up in battle array to dispute the right o( 
 passage with the insurgents, but the King's forces were advancing under General 
 Willis and the) were all speedily defeated and the ringleaders impeached and found 
 guilty, the Earl of Derwentwater and Viscount Keiimure being beheaded on Tower 
 Hill, on the 24th of February 1716. Lords Nairn and Carmvath escaped such a fate, 
 receiving a reprieve, and Earls Wintown and Nithesdale e\aded the axeman's blow 
 by getting out of the town in some stealthy manner. Nine of the rebel parly were 
 hanged at Lancaster, sixteen at Preston, five at Manchester, five at Wigan, four at 
 Liverpool, ami four at Garstang. Mr. Gascoigne, the Rev. Mr. Paul and John 
 Hall, Esq.. were hanged at Tyburn. General Foster escaped to the continent. 
 
 Of rebels executed at Lancaster 1 give the following list from .in old MS. 
 
 18th February. 1 716. 
 
 Oeorge Mackintosh. 
 1 lercules Derham. 
 Donald Robertson. 
 Robert Crow e. 
 
 3rd October. 1 7 16. 
 
 Captain Thomas Bruce. 
 Thomas Shuttleworth. 
 John Winckley. 
 William Charnley. 
 Richard Hodgson. 
 
 The number who died in gaol at Lancaster was forty-three. Sen: 
 Liverpool for transportation, one hundred ; executed at Liverpool, four. 

 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 153 
 
 Executed at Preston. 
 
 1 By sentence of Court Martial). 
 
 Major John Nairne. 
 Captain Phil. Lockhart. 
 Captain John Shafthoe. 
 Ensign Erskine. 
 12 common men (privates). 
 
 At Garstang, tour were executed, .it Wigan, liv«.'. and at Manchester, five. 
 
 The Second or 1745 Rebellion. 
 
 The arguments as to the cashiering of a King dej'ure, and the establishing 
 
 of a King de facto were carried on between the Protestants, Catholics, and non- 
 jurors with great heat, and at last the war dog's were again let loose in 1745, when 
 the young Pretender and Chevalier. Prince Charles Edward, animated with the hope 
 of regaining the English Throne, quitted his exile in France on the second of August 
 in the year named. 
 
 On the 22nd of November the rebels constituting the Second Rebellion 
 advanced to Kendal. Their van marched to Burton the day after and entered Lan- 
 caster on the 24th. the Pretender, who was in the highland dress marched on foot to 
 encourage his men, and was proclaimed the same day at Lancaster amidst the accla- 
 mations of his follow ers, who then seized the public money. On the 25th the main 
 body entered into the town, and on the 26th the last division arrived in such haste that 
 they only Stopped to take some refreshment standing in the streets. They plundered the 
 husbandmen in the neighbourhood of Lancaster of all the horses they could find, 
 and they took the shoes from the passengers in the high-roads. A young man named 
 Battersby, of Langthwaite, near Lancaster, was shot by one oi the rebels for refusing 
 to give up a fowling-piece which he had in his hand and which the Scot had demanded. 
 On the 27th November they reached Preston : several stragglers, however, who had 
 loitered behind in the neighbourhood of Lancaster, anil between that Town and 
 Preston, were seized and conducted to Lancaster Castle. 
 
 The Scot> on their retreat towards Scotland were apprehensive of being 
 surrounded in Lancashire, as was the case with their countrymen in 1648 and 1 7 1 5. 
 made forced marches and arrived at Preston on the 12th December; the next day 
 they reached Lancaster and immediately set open the gates of the castle, and released 
 the rel>el prisoners confined there. The) behaved in a rude and brutal manner to 
 many of the most respectable inhabitants of the town, who had been most active 
 against them, plundering from some, extorting money from others. Prom Mr. ( riHison 
 they obtained about 20 guineas. A party of them was sent to 1 )r. Kenton's (the vicarage). 
 where they committed great outrages. The Doctor had fortunately fled from his 
 house, but thev presented several pistols and drawn swords to the servants, and caused
 
 154 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 
 
 them to open every room, chest, box, and drawer in the house, out of which, 
 the Scots took what they pleased ; and then they threatened to burn the house 
 unless ^20 was instantly given to them. These threats so greatly alarmed the old lady 
 in the house that she obtained for them that amount of money. On the 14th o( 
 December these rebellious persons left Lancaster and arrived at Kendal the same day 
 In the evening of the 14th some troops of the King's horse arrived in the neighbourhood. 
 Many of the marauders were still in the town, and the officer commanding the light 
 horse, not' knowing their number, deemed it imprudent to enter in the night. He 
 therefore halted with his men on Ellel Moor, where the troops rested on their arms al] 
 night, and early the next morning they entered Lancaster to the great joy of the inhabi- 
 tants. General Oglethorp and a strong' body of dragoons arrived soon after ; and on 
 the 16th His Royal Highness the Duke of Cumberland, also arrived in the town. 
 Great numbers of the rebels were taken in Lancaster and the neighbourhood and 
 lodged within the castle, and many in their haste to retreat were obliged to leave their 
 plunder behind them. 
 
 What we know as the Battle of Culloden might very easily have been called 
 the Battle of Scotforth, for page 603 of the " History of the Scottish Highlands, 
 I [ighland Clans, and 1 [ighland Regiments,"' by Thomas Maclaughlan, L. L.D., F.S.A. 
 Scot., and Professor John Wilson, edited by John S. Keltic, F.S.A. Scot., Vol. I. 
 states thai " Prince Charles arrived at Lancaster late in the evening of the 13th Dec- 
 ember. On reaching his quarters (the Conservative Club, Church Street), Lord 
 George Murray found that orders had been given out that the army was to halt there 
 all the next day. On visiting Charles's quarters next morning, Lord George was told 
 by the Prince that he had resolved to fight the enemy, and desired him to go along 
 with ( ^Sullivan, and reconnoitre the ground in the neighbourhood for the purpose Of 
 choosing a field of battle. His Lordship contrary to the expectations of those who 
 hail advised Charles to fight, and who supposed that Lord George would have opposed 
 that measure, offered no advice on the subject. He merely proposed that as the 
 ground suitable for regular troops might not answer the Highlanders, some Highland- 
 officers should also inspect the ground, and as Lochiel was present, he requested that 
 he would go along with him, a request with which he at once complied. With an 
 escort of horse and foot, and accompanied by Lochiel and Sullivan, Lord George 
 returned about two miles, where he found a very fine field upon a rising ground 
 sufficiently large for the whole army, and which was so situated that from whatever 
 quarter the enemy could come, the army would be completely covered till the enemy 
 were close upon them. After surveying these grounds very narrowly, and taking three 
 nf the enemy's rangers prisoners, the reconnoitring party returned to Lancaster. From 
 the prisoners Lord George received information that the corps called the rangers was 
 at (jarstang, and that a great body of Wade's Dragoons had entered Preston a few 
 hours after he had left it His Lordship reported to the Prince the result of the survey, 
 and told him that if the number of his men was sufficient to meet the enemy he could 
 not wish a better field of battle for the Highlanders ; but Charles informed him that
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 33 
 
 he had altered his mind, and that he meant to proceed on his march next day. 
 Jacobite Memoirs, p 60, and Kirkonnel MS. 
 
 I n the revolution of 1688, Lancaster took no distinguished 
 part, nor is there any prominent event, during - the reign of 
 William III., 111 the history of this town, except that in the year 
 1698 a casual lire broke out in one of the principal streets, and 
 spread with such destructive fury as to almost reduce the town 
 once more to ashes.
 
 C0 
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 
 
 CHAPTER VIII 
 
 St. Peter's Church— The Architectural Features of the Church— The 
 Stained Windows- -List of Past Priests- The Organ— The Bells— 
 The Old Mason Street Chapel -Catholics Martyred in Lancaster. 
 
 1 1 E Catholics of Lancaster have a very hierh 
 reputation both in regard to the character 
 of their relationships with their Protestant 
 neighbours, and their co-operation in matters 
 affecting the well-being of the town. They 
 have a stately edifice, occupying a large area 
 of land, on the right-hand side of the East 
 Road. It is a veritable cathedral in appear- 
 ance, within especially, and lately several 
 embellishments have been added in the shape 
 of stained lights in commemoration of pro- 
 minent martyrs for the faith. The Church is dedicated to St. 
 Peter. It was erected in 1859, at a cost of ^.15,000, from designs 
 of Mr. E. G. Paley. The spire rises to a height of 240 feet, and 
 I he tower portion of it contains eight exceedingly sonorous bells. 
 The Church will accommodate 1,000, and so well is it attended 
 that there has been some talk of enlarging it. On the south side 
 is a small convent, and on the east side are day schools for bovs 
 and girls, and a small burial ground. The Very Rev. Provost 
 Walker is the rector. Until the new Church of St. Peter was 
 erected, the building now known as the Palatine Hall, situated in 
 Dalton Square, was the temple wherein the Catholics of Lancaster 
 assembled for worship. This quondam chapel dates from 1797, 
 and for a long time its minister was the Rev. Dr. Rigby, who was 
 succeeded by the Rev. Richard Brown, the immediate predecessor 
 of Canon Walker.
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 
 
 .->/ 
 
 The Rev. Dr. John Rigby, 33 years pastor of the Roman 
 Catholic Church, Lancaster, died on the toth June, r8i8, at his 
 house, Dalton Square, in his 64th year. 
 
 The new Catholic Church is indeed a contrast to the tirst 
 
 place of worship in Mason Street. The following particulars are 
 
 quoted from the Tablet and the Catholic News: "St. Peter's 
 
 Church was erected during the ministry of the Rev. Dean Brown. 
 
 The length of the nave is 1 14 feet, width between the pillars 36 feet. 
 
 The side aisles are 90 feet in length, and 12 in breadth ; the 
 
 length of the transept is 80 feel, breadth 23 feet. The chancel is 
 
 of the same width as the nave and is 41 feet long, and its breadth, 
 
 including nave and side aisles, 60 feet. The chancel terminates 
 
 with a semi-circular octagonal arrangement, and has a three-light 
 
 window on each face. The subject of the centre east window is the 
 
 Ascension. In the upper part is a grand figure of our Lord 
 
 ascending" in glory, and below, gathered on the mount on which 
 
 His blessed footprints may be seen, and looking up towards Him 
 
 is the adoring group of the Apostles, with the Holy Virgin in 
 
 the midst. The dexter or right-hand window is dedicated to the 
 
 patron saint of the Church, St. Peter, who stands in pontifical 
 
 robes, tiara on the head, keys in hand, at the gate of Heaven. The 
 
 sinister or left window is dedicated to St. Paul. At the base he is 
 
 represented as being struck blind at his conversion, and above he 
 
 is kneeling as if translated to the third Heaven, with our Blessed 
 
 Saviour seated in majesty on His throne, surrounded by the seven 
 
 spirits. The Chapel of Our Lady is 26 feet by 12 feet, is on the 
 
 north side of the chancel and north transept, and filled in b\ 
 
 ornamental metal screens. The altar and reredos in the Lady 
 
 Chapel are of elaborately carved marble and alabaster. This chapel 
 
 contains three stained windows. A marble tablet attached to the 
 
 wall of this Chapel contains the following inscription : ' Pray for 
 
 the five sisters of the family of Dalton, of Thurnham, Charlotte, 
 
 Bridget, Mary, Lucy, and Elizabeth.' The Convent Chapel opens 
 
 into the south side of the chancel bv a broad arch filled with 
 
 ornamental iron work, bv which contrivance the Sisters of Mercy
 
 i 5 8 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 are enabled to be present at all the services of the Church without 
 leaving their own beautiful little oratory. On the left of the 
 chancel and opening" into the south transept is a small Chapel, 
 dedicated to St. Charles Borromeo, the founder of Sunday Schools ; 
 the altar, with its life-like group of figures cut in Caen stone, 
 is very greatly admired. The high altar is a magnificent specimen 
 of sculptured veined marble and alabaster, and was presented to 
 the Church by the late Mrs. Gabriel Coulston. The altar in the 
 Whiteside chantry is of Caen stone, supported by marble pillars, 
 the reredos consisting of an arched panel enclosing an admirable 
 life-like and nearly life-size group, being perfect images from life. 
 On a tablet, inlaid with a polished brass, in the Coulston chantry it is 
 recorded that Thomas Coulston, of Well House, the founder of this 
 chantry, died in 185b, in his 46th year, was a benefactor to the 
 Church, Convent, and poor schools, in which for 28 years he 
 constantly taught on Sundays. Each chancel is lighted by two 
 beautiful stained glass windows. The pulpit* is a semi-octagonal, 
 and displays on its fine veined marble sides four scenes from the 
 life of St. Peter in white alabaster relief. The north wall is pierced 
 bv four three-light windows, each of a different design. The west 
 wall is pierced by a large window and two smaller ones. The nave 
 is lighted by five clerestory windows of pretty design. The 
 presbytery is placed on the south-west side of the Church. It 
 forms with the sacristy and south walls of the chantry chapels a 
 fine square block of buildings, having easy communications with 
 the Church, sacristy and confessionals. The material mostly used 
 in erecting the Church and presbytery was local stone, supple- 
 mented by stone procured from the site. At first the seating- 
 capacity of the Church consisted of goo benches. Mr. James 
 Duckett, of Preston, contracted for the masons' work ; Mr. Robert 
 Wilson, Lancaster, for the wood work; and Mr. Thos. Dickinson, 
 Lancaster, executed the plumbing and glazing. The Church was 
 consecrated by the Right Reverend Dr. Goss, October 4th, 1859, 
 and opened on the following Thursday by the same prelate, assisted 
 
 *The pulpit was presented to the Church by William Leeming, Esq.
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 159 
 
 by the Right Rev. Bishop Turner, the Right Rev. Dr. Briggs, the 
 Right Rev. Bishop Roskell, two vicars-general, fifteen canons from 
 the dioceses of Liverpool, Salford, Beverley, and Nottingham, and 
 fortv-six other priests. 
 
 On the 31st December, 1868, the Very Rev. Dean Brown 
 died and was succeeded afterwards by the Rev. Canon Walker, 
 then known as the Rev. William Walker, of St. Austin's, Preston. 
 Canon Walker set about making improvements, and in due course 
 filled in the lower portion of the east chancel wall with a number 
 of artistic arcades cut in stone, and had the interior painted and 
 decorated. The arcades — eight altogether — were afterwards filled 
 In with life-size paintings in gold and colours, by Messrs. Eaton & 
 Bulfield, of Lancaster. The figures represent the Virgin Mary, St. 
 Peter, St. Paul, St. Joseph, St. William, St. Charles, St. Wilfrid, 
 and St. Cuthbert. Most of them were given to the Church by the 
 late Mrs. Parkinson, of Bare. New seating accommodation was sup- 
 plied, and now there are 29 polished pitch-pine benches on the newest 
 principle in each aisle, capable of seating 290 adults. In January, 
 1880, a peal of bells, the gift of the late Mr. John Gardner, added 
 to the dignity of the sacred edifice. The eight bells are suspended 
 at a height of 105 feet from the base of the spire. In June, 1881, 
 the figure of St. Peter seated in the Papal chair was placed within 
 the Church, facing the north door. The representation of the saint 
 rests on the summit of an ornamental pedestal 4 feet 9 inches high 
 The figure-proper is 6 feet high, and is composed of incorruptible 
 wood bronzed so as to render it a fac simile of the statue in bronze 
 in the Vatican Basilica in Rome. St. Peter holds two massive 
 keys in his left hand, the right hand being raised as if in the act of 
 pronouncing the Papal Benediction. In January, 1885, the Confra- 
 ternity of Our Lady of Perpetual Succour was established in this 
 Church, prior to which a highly decorated picture of Our Lad}- of 
 Perpetual Succour in enamelled oil colours, set in a Gothic moulded 
 gilt frame, enclosed within a richly carved frame and canopy of 
 fumigated oak, surmounted by a papal cross, was affixed to the 
 north wall of the Lady Chapel. On a small table before the picture
 
 ibo TIMK-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 is a lamp kept constantly burning", and sockets are provided round 
 its surface for votive offering's of lighted wax candles, which are 
 constantly provided by pious Catholics who are devoted to Our 
 Lady of Perpetual Succour and St. Alphonsus, her premier devoted 
 servant. This picture is a fac simile of the miraculous picture in 
 the Church of St. Alphonsus, Rome." The most recent presenta- 
 tion to the Church at the time of writing is a superb sacred heart 
 altar of sculptured Caen stone, with finely wrought alabaster 
 statues, fully described in the Catholic News. The Church 
 is now, 1891, capable of seating 1,027 people. The devotion of 
 the Catholics of Lancaster to their Church and its teachings has 
 been abundantly exemplified by their deeds -deeds firstly attribut- 
 able to a correct estimate of the worth of the sanctuary of God, 
 and, secondly, to the humble walk and generous self-denying 
 labours of Dean Brown and Canon Walker, the latter of whom 
 has a kindly grip for everybody, and is unquestionably a broad- 
 hearted gentleman whose deportment is no less admired by anti- 
 catholics than his friendship is esteemed by all who are fortunate 
 enough to secure it be they Protestants or Catholics. The erection 
 of the Church commenced in April, 1857, and it was completed 
 in September, 1859. 
 
 Another writer says : — 
 
 " The principal entrances are on the west and north west, 
 and over the entrance at the basement of the tower you observe a 
 fine statue of the Apostle to whom the Church is dedicated. The 
 windows are objects of contemplation to all lovers of the staining 
 art. ' On the west at the summit of the five-light window is a 
 circular device over the centre light, two smaller circles appearing 
 between the apices of the arches symmetrical!} disposed on each 
 side. This central figure work comprises six quatrefoliated circles 
 enclosing a single sexfoliated circle, to which the two outer circles 
 correspond, the latter being sexfoliated. On the north are four 
 three-light windows one of which contains intersecting arches, 
 having the intervening spaces in a manner uncusped, while another
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 161 
 
 presents an interesting instance of a centrepiece formed by the 
 alternate arrangement of three pointed, and three circular trefoils." 
 The window at the end of the northern transept ' is of the two-light 
 form doubled in accordance with a well-known architectural prin- 
 ciple and one principal circlet in the centre set off with two subsidiary 
 circlets. In the upper circle are inscribed two equilateral triangles, 
 standing vertically, one on the base, and the other on the apex, so 
 as to form six smaller equilateral triangles and a hexagon in the 
 middle including another example of circular foliation. ' The 
 window at the end of the south transept is of the order of St. 
 Catherine's Wheel and exhibits ten circular devices enclosing a 
 stellate figure in the centre. A semi-octagonal arrangement ter- 
 minates the chancel and is relieved bv stained glass windows in 
 three lights. The representations of St. Peter receiving the Keys 
 and the Conversion of St. Paul, with the Ascension distributed over 
 the three lights of the central window are admirably executed. 
 The Saviour is seen ascending to Heaven and the Apostles gazing 
 earnestly as he soars to His throne attended by a host of angels and 
 archangels. On each side of the chancel stands an image, life- 
 like, facing the centre of the Church. There is the B.V.M. arrayed 
 in gorgeous apparel of gold and blue embroidery on the left, 
 crowned and holding a sceptre as she fondles the .Sacred Infant, 
 upon Whose knee rests as a plaything the ball which indicates 
 imperial dignity. On the right is seen St. Joseph hailing from a 
 pedestal of wax candles and flowery odours. His dark hair and the 
 green lining of the rich mantle that is folded around him stand out 
 prominently. He holds in his hand a staff, from the top of which 
 white lilies seem to be springing." Another image appears at the 
 eastern end of the south transept set above an altar* of pure- 
 white marble, under a crimson canopy faced with gold. This altar 
 is consecrated to the Sacred Heart. There are the Whiteside and 
 Coulston Chantries on the south, an exquisite font standing south- 
 west on a granite base and bearing a Latin inscription. There arc 
 six altars of marble or stone and a Lady Chapel on the north east 
 containing a tablet in memory of the Daltons' of Thurnham. The 
 Chapel of St. Charles is on the south of the chancel. The pulpit is 
 
 * This Altar has been replaced.
 
 162 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 on the right of the centre aisle by the transept and is a marvel of 
 beauty in every way. From its columns four figure-heads project 
 while on its sides are depicted four scenes from the life of St. Peter. 
 The fourteen Stations of the Cross are also well worth attention. 
 The Monstrance is adorned with a base of gilt, and during that 
 most solemn ceremony, namely, the Benediction of the Blessed 
 Sacrament, the light glistens from numerous precious stones, which 
 were given by ladies of the congregation. There may be seen the 
 blue flash of the emerald, emblem of love, the red light of the ruby, 
 unity's sign, and the pure effulgence ot the crystal gem all 
 emblazoning the circle of the Host." 
 
 The Very Rev. Provost Walker, in 18S8, printed a. guide 
 concerning the new stained glass windows. The following informa- 
 tion is, therefore, extracted from the same:--" Messrs. Hardman 
 and Co., London and Birmingham, have been engaged inserting 
 stained glass windows in St. Peter's Church, and two of them — in 
 the north and south transepts are now completed. The window in 
 the north transept was presented by Mrs. Matthew Hardman, 
 Mr. Robert Preston, and his wife, Mary, in memory of the late 
 Matthew Hardman. The design of the window is in keeping with 
 the other stained glass lights in the Church, and along with 
 the other new windows will add to the beauty of the Sacred 
 Edifice, already rich in the specimens of decorative art. In 
 view of the recent beatification by the Hoi}- See of fifty-four of the 
 English Martyrs who suffered death for their religion in the Tudor 
 period — an event which the Catholics of this country have long and 
 earnestly prayed for — the happy thought suggested itself of blending 
 with the more personal object which the new window subserves, a 
 commemoration of this important occurrence in the history of the 
 Catholic Church in England. This double object will explain the 
 raison d'etre of the different figures, subjects, &c, represented in 
 the windows, the general features of which may first be noted, and 
 then a more detailed description given of the different parts : — The 
 window entitled "The English Martyrs' Window," is in the 
 north transept. The first panel represents Blessed John Fisher,
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER t6 
 
 .■> 
 
 Bishop of Rochester, widely known and esteemed for his wisdom, 
 piety, and godly life; second, Blessed Thomas Morethe distinguished 
 and learned layman, of unstained honour and inflexible integrity ; 
 third, Blessed John Houghton, the cloistered contemplative, ofpure 
 life and fervent piety; the fourth, Blessed Cuthbert Maine, the 
 zealous and holy priest. Suitable inscriptions (in Latin) are placed 
 under each figure, and below these are four medallions, containing 
 illustrative subjects from the lives of the Beati above-named. The 
 inscription along the bottom of the window, which is also in Latin, 
 runs : ' Pray for the good estate of the Church in England.' In the 
 heads of the four lights, over the cumfries, are demi figures of the 
 patron saints of the donors family. In the tracery, surmounted by 
 adoring angels, is pictured, on a deap ruby ground, Our Blessed 
 Lord, the King of Martyrs, His sacred head crowned with thorns, 
 His pierced hand being raised in benediction. This may be regarded 
 as the key-note of the whole composition — Victory through suffering, 
 the Cross and the Crown. The four lights may now be described in 
 rather fuller detail. First light, Blessed John Fisher, Bishop ot 
 Rochester, in mitre and richly flowered cope ; the orphrey of the 
 latter being ornamented with the escallop shell on the saltire, from 
 the Arms of that See. The short-lived dignity of Cardinal, conferred 
 upon him while in prison by Pope Paul III., is indicated by the red 
 hat and title of St. Sabina lying at his feet. King Henry VIIL's 
 brutal jest on this subject will be remembered. In one hand he 
 bears the martyr's palm, and in the other a book, as a man of 
 learning and distinguished author, while his arm encircles the 
 pastoral staff, with vexillum attached. The face is taken from 
 Holbein's portrait of the Bishop in the Queen's collection. The 
 subject below, in medallion, represents Fisher kneeling at the feet 
 of the king, and entreating him not to prosecute the divorce of the 
 Queen, Catherine of Arragon. An inscription at the bottom of this, 
 as well as the other medallions, explains the incident. Second 
 light, Blessed Thomas More, sometime Lord Chancellor of England, 
 in the robes of that high office, with golden collar of S.S. round his 
 neck. In his right hand he holds a rich beg, embroidered with the 
 royal monogram and crown, containing the great seal of the kino--
 
 1 64 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 clom. In his other hand is a book, indicative of his fame as a man 
 of letters, and a martyr's palm. The pensive face, and head crowned 
 with quaint cap, is from the portrait made so familiar to us by the 
 pencil of his friend Holbein. The subject below depicts the meeting 
 of Sir Thomas More with Bishop Fisher at the portal of Lambeth 
 Palace, to which both of them had been summoned in order to have 
 the oath of the Royal Supremacy tendered to them. More salutes 
 the Bishop with the words, ' Well met, my lord : I hope we shall 
 soon meet in heaven.' Third light, Blessed John Houghton, Prior 
 of the London Charterhouse. He wears the simple and picturesque 
 white habit of the Carthusian order, the severe rule of which forbids 
 the wearing of any special marks of distinction. He carries a palm, 
 and presses a book of the Sacred Scriptures or other Holy Writings, 
 to his breast. The subject underneath represents the martyr, with 
 two other priors of his order, and Richard Reynolds, for the order of 
 St. Bridget, on their way to execution, passing beneath a window 
 of the dungeon of the Tower in which Sir Thomas More was confined, 
 through the bars of which he and his daughter, Margaret Roper, 
 who was with him at the time, observe them attentively. Fourth 
 light, Blessed Cuthbert Mayne, the first missionary priest put to 
 death in England, and proto-martyr of Douav College. He is the 
 first in order of the long and glorious line of more than 150 Mission- 
 ary Priests, trained in that celebrated college, who, from the year 
 1577, the date of his death, until the end of the reign of terror, 
 cheerfully risked their lives and poured out their blood for the 
 conversion of England. 
 
 Lancaster cannot boast of a very long martyr roll ; but the 
 catholics of the county town will cherish with gratitude and 
 affection the names of the four laymen and the eleven priests 
 who suffered the most atrocious tortures for the Faith, and sealed 
 their doctrine with their blood. Of these priests, one was a Fran- 
 ciscan, seven received their education at Douav, two at Yalladolid, 
 one at Seville, both places more or less connected with the parent 
 college — all were animated with the spirit that animated Cuthbert 
 Mayne He wears the full vestments of his priestly office, for
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. if. 
 
 3 
 
 exercising" which he was cruelly put to death. On his heart forming 
 part of the orphrey of the chasuble, is the holy name 'Jesus' so 
 constantly on the lips of those holy men in their sufferings. He 
 holds his palm in one hand, and in the other it may be, his missal or 
 other liturgical or devotional book,, and looks up with a joyful and 
 serene expression. Below is pictured the seizure of the martyr by 
 the sheriff of Cornwall in the house ol~ Mr. Francis Tregian, at 
 Volveden, who looks sorrowfully on in the background while an 
 attendant of the sheriff rifles a chest in search of books, papers, or 
 ' Church Stuff,' as it was called. The donors' patron saints, at the 
 top of the four lights are : St. Matthew, the Apostle, St. Helen, the 
 first Christian Empress, St. Mary Magdalen, and St. Richard, 
 Bishop of Chichester, each having some distinctive emblem, and 
 scroll with name. A legend placed below them, and crossing the 
 window runs thus : ' Orate pro anima Matthaei Hardman et domo 
 ejus.' A rich golden brocaded curtain figured with roses, hangs 
 behind the four large figures, and the grisaille groundwork of the 
 entire window is likewise decorated with roses, which should be 
 regarded here both as the rose of England and the flos martyrum, 
 its thorny stems typifying the crosses and sufferings through which 
 Heaven is to be reached, and which were so bravely borne by those 
 saintly English martyrs of the olden time here commemorated. In 
 the south transept is 'The Rose Window.' In the description of 
 the north transept window, allusion was made to the prominent 
 introduction of the rose amongst the ornamental details ; in the 
 present window we again meet with the same significant flower ; in 
 this case, however, it is no longer used as a simple accessory, but 
 forms the principal feature in the design ; its flowering branches 
 spreading from opening to opening, over the greater part of its 
 surface. The conception of this window is due in the first instance 
 to Dante's immortal poem. In the Xllth Canto of the Paradiso the 
 poet describes a mystic wheel of vast circumference encompassing 
 another, equally mystic, two garlands of sempiternal roses, respon- 
 sive each to each, and each the abode of glorified souls ; in the 
 XXXth Canto he shadows forth a vision of a luminous rose, within 
 the spreading convolutions of which, he beheld angels and saints
 
 1 66 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 
 
 without number, placed in stately order in the effulgent light of 
 Heaven. This idea may, perhaps, have been a reminiscence of the 
 great rose windows of France, some of which he most likely saw 
 during" his travels in that country and in the radiating circles of 
 which, it was usual to represent the whole hierarchy of Heaven, 
 disposed rank after rank, in solemn order, and in great splendour 
 and beauty of colouring. In the present instance, the limited space 
 at command, and also the representation ot a kindred subject in the 
 west window of the Church, forbade any attempt at this kind of 
 treatment ; the rose-like form of the window itself, however, 
 together with its suggestive name, sufficiently account for the 
 choice of the treatment adopted. These roses, too, may well 
 symbolise the graces and virtues of the saintly throng" seen by the 
 poet in his mystical rose of Paradise ; the white betokening purity, 
 innocence, and cleanliness of heart : the red, faith, fervour of love, 
 suffering, &c. ; while in the centre of the window is appropriately 
 placed the emblem of St. Peter— 
 
 Into whose keeping Christ 'lid give the keys 
 Of this sweet flower. 
 
 The red and white rose, also, thus prominently introduced into a 
 Lancaster window, instinctively carry back the thoughts to the days 
 when they were the l strife-stirring and direful badges ' of contend- 
 ing factions ; here, however, blossoming peacefully side by side, 
 they happily may suggest also thoughts of charity and brotherly 
 love, and so let us trust that the kindly shelter of the sanctuary 
 will cause 'This flower to germin in eternal peace.' This window- 
 is the gift of the Bishop of Leeds and about twenty priests who were 
 either born in Lancaster or brought up from earliest infancy in the 
 town, and who have adopted this admirable method of perpetuating 
 their regard for the Church. Their names are suitably honoured in 
 the brass below the window ' The great west window,' with its five 
 lights and corresponding tracer}' is the gift of Mr. Joseph Smith. 
 It is a more intricate and elaborate work ; and in the grouping and 
 grace and expression of the figures, in the combination of colours 
 and in the clearness and distinctness of all the details, it exhibits :t 
 rare example of perfection in stained glass. ' Te Deum laudamus,
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 167 
 
 Te Dominum confitemur.' Such are the words inscribed on the 
 banderole held by the two kneeling - bishops in the base oi' the 
 window, representing St. Ambrose and St. Augustine, the joint 
 authors, according" to a beautiful legend, of this magnificent hymn 
 of praise, and such is the theme it has here been attempted in part 
 to illustrate. In the midst of the window, within a large circle 
 emblem of eternity — formed of clouds, angels playing on sackbut, 
 psaltry, timbrel and harp, etc., our Blessed Lord is seated on a 
 canopied throne, His right hand raised in Benediction, and His lett 
 holding an orb, in sign oi His dominion over all things. He is 
 clothed in a richly diapered golden mantle, with jewelled border, 
 and wears the breast-plate with its twelve mystical stones, with 
 which of old were associated in some mysterious way, the Urim and 
 Thummim— Light and Perfection. About the throne in solemn 
 attitude, clothed in white garments, adorned with borders, orphreys, 
 etc., are the seven archangels ' who stand in the presence of God.' 
 St. Michael in front on one side, with the cross-marked banner and 
 sword, as leader of the hosts of Heaven ; in the corresponding 
 place on the other side of the throne, St. Gabriel, the great 
 messenger, with lily branch in his hand ; the remaining arch- 
 angels follow in due order. Beneath the archangels are placed the 
 four apocalyptic creatures, assigned as emblems to the Evangelists, 
 and between these, underneath the feet of our Lord, a cherub and 
 seraph with arms outspread, the former with wings of blue, indica- 
 tive of knowledge ; the latter, red, of love ; these 'continually do 
 cry' ' Sanctus, Sanctus, Sanctus, Dorriinus Deus Sabaoth,' the 
 words being: inscribed on the long carved scroll running across this 
 part oi' the window. Midway in the dexter light (left hand o\ 
 spectator), are ranged the Apostles under the scroll bearing the 
 words ' Te gloriosus, Apostolorum chorus.' St. Peter, Prince ol 
 the Apostles, the Patron of this Church, sits prominently in front, 
 holding his keys oi' Power; then St. Paul and St. Andrew with 
 their respective emblems ; above them St. James major, St. John 
 the Evangelist, and St. Thomas. Opposite this group, in the 
 sinister light, with the verse ' Te Prophetarum laudabilis numerus,' 
 are placed the royal prophet David with his harp in the front, next
 
 1 68 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 to him Isaiah with saw, and Daniel ; behind these, Jacob and 
 Ezekiel. In the lower part of both dexter and sinister lights, under 
 the scrolls inscribed ' Te martyrum candidatus,' and ' Lauclat 
 exercitus,' are seen St. Stephen, the first martyr, St Alban, proto- 
 martyr of England, and St. George, our English martyr patron, on 
 one side, and on the other, St. Thomas of Canterbury, St. Edmund, 
 and St. Oswald. In the lower part of centre light and the one on 
 each side of it, and represented (besides St. Ambrose and St. 
 Augustine already alluded to) in the very centre, Our Blessed Lad) ; 
 she kneels in front, in mantle of blue, with arms extended, leading 
 as it were, the solemn chorus of praise ; behind her is St. John the 
 Baptist, pointing upwards to the Lamb of God, ' Ecce Agnus Dei ' 
 being inscribed on the ribbon attached to his cross ; at his side 
 resting on her staff, his aged mother St. Elizabeth. In the dexter 
 light kneels St Joseph, spouse of the Blessed Virgin, bearing alily, 
 behind him St. Edward the Confessor, holding ring and sceptre, St. 
 Richard, King of the West Saxons, with pilgrim's staff, St. Charles 
 Borromeo, and St. William of York. In the sinister light are 
 placed St. Ann, Mother of the Blessed Virgin, with book in hand; 
 behind her St. Mary Magdalene, St. Gertrude, St. Helen, the first 
 Christian Empress, supporting the newly-found Cross, and St. 
 Catherine of Alexandria, holding her well-known wheel. Then 
 three groups of figures, represent the patron saints of the donors' 
 family, for whose good estate a legend at the foot or the window 
 beys you to pray, and is as follows : ' Orate pro felice statu 
 losephi Smith, et domo ejus.' It only remains to add, that, in the 
 tracery at the top of the window, is represented, in the centre, the 
 Holy Spirit, and in the surrounding space a cordon of rejoicing 
 angels joining in the general chorus of praise and thanksgiving. 
 It may be added that the three subsidiary windows in the west front 
 and in the north and south transepts respectively have also been 
 filled with stained glass ; but they need not be mentioned further." 
 Had the foregoing been published broadly, the author would not 
 have given such lengthy extracts which evince the literary calibre of 
 the very reverend writer from whom the publication emantes.
 
 TIME HONOURED LANCASTER. 169 
 
 It ought to be stated that the cost of the building of St. 
 Peter's Church, viz., ^15,000 is exclusive of the cost of the spire ; 
 and also that the chancel is separated from the nave by an arch 54 
 feet high, and the columns and arches of the same are 34 feet in 
 height. Before 1700 the wants of the faithful in Lancaster were 
 supplied by priests who from time to time found a home at 
 Aldcliffe Hall, Dolphin Lea, or elsewhere. The first Chapel, 
 " The Barn," still standing, was in Mason Street, with an 
 opening into St. Leonard's Gate. The Chapel and Schools 
 In Dalton Square were erected in 1797-8. The succession of 
 priests is as follows : — Thomas Hayes, obiit December 30th, 1692 ; 
 Peter Gooden, obiit 1694 (see registers of St. Mary's) ; Edward 
 Hawarden, D.D., left 1714; Nicholas Skelton, 1715-66; James 
 Tyrer, obiit 1784; John Rigby, D.D., obiit 1818 ; George Brown, 
 D.D., afterwards first Bishop of Liverpool, 1819-40; Richard 
 Brown, 1840-68 ; William Provost Walker, present dean and 
 rector. Prior to the establishment of a permanent Church in 
 Lancaster, the solemn office of mass was performed in the houses 
 of the principal supporters of the faith. Dr. Rigby was the real 
 promoter of a fixed place of worship for the Catholic body (see 
 biography). The Rev. George Brown, who succeeded Dr. Rigby, 
 had been vice-president of Ushaw, and having served the mission 
 twenty years he was raised to the episcopal dignity as Vicar 
 Apostolic of the Lancashire district, and he became in 1850, on the 
 restoration of the Hierarchy, the first Bishop of Liverpool. The 
 Rev. Richard Brown, who followed him (educated at Ushaw and 
 Rome), was his nephew, and he became Canon of Liverpool. It 
 was during Dr. Rigby's ministry that the usual registers began to 
 be kept, and they date from 1785. 
 
 The late Mr. Richard Leeming, J. P., who died on the 22ml 
 of September, 1888, presented St. Peter's Church with a beautiful 
 new organ, built by Mr. Henry Ainscough, of Preston. The 
 organ arrived a few days after the donor's decease, and occupies a 
 prominent position at the west end of the Church in a loft erected 
 for its reception. The late Mr. Leeming was a generous-hearted
 
 ivo TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 gentleman, whose devotion to his Church was such as makes his 
 Lancaster 
 
 demise a loss that will long be felt by his co-religionists in 
 
 St. Peter's Bells. 
 
 The first peal was rung on these bells January 20th, 1880. 
 The following is a full description of the bells. 
 
 Diameter 
 Ni 1. at mouth. Note 
 
 I 
 
 3°M E 
 
 2 30% Ds 
 
 o oa 
 
 Cs 
 
 B 
 
 5 38 A 
 
 6 41 Gs 
 
 / 
 
 •••■ 45 Fs 
 
 50 E 
 
 \\ 
 
 eight. 
 
 cwt. 
 
 qr. 1!;. 
 
 6 
 
 3 2 ° 
 
 7 
 
 1 3 
 
 8 
 
 14 
 
 8 
 
 2 8 
 
 10 
 
 2 2X 
 
 12 
 
 2 21 
 
 LS 
 
 2 5 
 
 20 
 
 2 4 
 
 Weis 
 
 jht with 
 
 u 1 11 id and 
 
 iron. 
 
 cwt. 
 
 qr. 
 
 lb. 
 
 10 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 O 
 
 O 
 
 M 
 
 2 
 
 O 
 
 16 
 
 O 
 
 O 
 
 18 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 O 
 
 O 
 
 22 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 2 5 
 
 O 
 
 O 
 
 Each bell contains one of the beatitudes, as well as the name 
 o\ the saint to whom it is dedicated in Latin, the several inscrip- 
 tions on the bells being as follows : — 
 
 No. 1. The largest bell. — Beati pauperes spiritu Quoniam 
 ipsorurn est regnum Ccelorum. Sancte Petre, apostolorum princeps. 
 Ota pro nobis. Sancte Bernarde. Ora pro nobis. Has Octo 
 Campanas, S. Petro Lancastrensi. I). D. Joannes Gardner 
 Lancastrensis v.d. 1879. T. Dickinson, contractor, Lancaster. 
 Diameter across the bottom, 50 inches ; weight, 25 cwt. 
 
 Xo. 2. Beati Mites Quoniam ipsi Possidebunt terrain. Sancte 
 Maria sine labe eoncepta. Ora pro nobis. Sancte Gulielme. Ora 
 pro nobis. Diameter, 45 inches ; weight, 22j4 cwt.
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 
 
 i/] 
 
 No. 3. — Beati Qui lugfent Quoniam ipsi Consolabuntur. 
 Sancte Joannis. Ora pro nobis. Diameter, 41 inches; weight, 
 
 20 cwt. 
 
 No 4- -Beati Qui Esuriunt et Sitiunt Justitiam Quoniam ipsi 
 Saturabuntur. Sancte Jacobe. Ora pro nobis. Diameter, 38 
 inches ; weight 18 cwts. 
 
 No. 5. — Beati Misericorcles Quoniam ipsi Misericordiam 
 consequentur. Sancte Thoma. Ora pro nobis. Diameter, 35 
 inches ; weight 16 cwt. 
 
 No 6. — Beati mundo corde Quoniam ipsi Deum Videbunt. 
 Sancta Helena. Ora pro nobis. Diameter, 33 inches ; weight, 
 14)4 cwt. 
 
 No. 7. — Beati Pacifici Quoniam Filii Dei Vocabuntur. 
 Sancta Teresia. Ora pro nobis. Diameter, 32 inches ; weight, 
 12^5 cwt. 
 
 No. 8. Beati Qui Persecutionem Patiuntur propter justitiam; 
 Quoniam ipsorum est Regnum Coelorum. Sancta Maria Magdalene 
 Ora pro nobis. Diameter, 30 inches ; weight, 10)3 cwt. 
 
 The names of the Parish Church ringers who had the honour 
 of first sounding a peal on the new bells were :— Messrs. R. S. 
 Hirst (conductor), James Beatie, Thomas Parker, Wm. H. Hirst, 
 James Atkinson, Peter A. Walker, Robert Johnson, George W inn, 
 and James Sawyer. The names of the new ringers were : Messrs. 
 Michael, John, and William Lennon, John Bailie, John Richardson, 
 John Helm, John Hartley, Richard Whiteside, William Lancaster, 
 Patrick Mulligan, Patrick Finrt, and James Hartley. Holt's ten- 
 part peal of Grandsire's Triples, containing 504 changes, was rung 
 on the bells by St. Mary's Church ringers. 
 
 There are still traces oi' the original character of the old 
 Chapel in Mason Street. A built-up doorway has lorn; shown the
 
 172 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 
 
 level of the Chapel floor. The long- Chapel windows were partially 
 built up, except one on each side of the house, which still retain 
 their full size. In a room in one of the lower houses there is an 
 arch and other evidences of dedication to other uses than the one 
 to which it is now applied. The two houses in St. Leonardgate 
 were occupied by the priest as his residence. These houses and 
 the Chapel were thatched. Subsequently the house was converted 
 into the George Inn, and was kept by Mr. Joseph Redmayne, 
 father of the late Mr. Leonard Redmayne, who became the prin- 
 cipal of of the firm of Messrs. Gillow & Co. It was next altered 
 into two dwelling-houses, and so remains to this day. The Chapel 
 was formerly used by Messrs. Gillow as a warehouse for furniture, 
 and, owing to its original character, was known amongst the work- 
 people as " The Temple." It was afterwards used with the yard 
 now forming Mason Street for storing timber, by the late Mr. 
 James Monks. In 1837 the property passed from Messrs. Gillow 
 and Co. to the late Mr. Richard Dunn, who transformed the 
 Chapel into houses, and built the remainder of the dwellings in 
 Mason Street. 
 
 Catholic Martyrs. 
 
 Lancaster is to our Catholic friends a very sacred place in 
 common with Tyburn, York, Gloucester, Durham, and a few other 
 towns and cities which might be named, owing to the number of 
 martyrs who have sacrificed their lives in order to demonstrate the 
 honesty of their faith. From "Memoirs of Missionary Priests," 
 published in 1741-42, a work written by the Right Reverend Dr. 
 Challoner, V.A.L. I take the following extracts concerning the 
 martyrdoms at Lancaster of James Bell, John Fynch, Robert 
 Nutter, Edward Thwing, John Thulis, Roger Wrenno, Edmund 
 Arrowsmith, Richard Herst, Edward Barlow, Edward Bamber, 
 alias Reding, John Woodcock, alias Harington, Thomas Whit- 
 laker, and Laurence Bailey : — "James Bell, born at Warrington in 
 Lancashire, brought up in Oxford, and made priest in Queen 
 Marx's days. When the religion of the nation was changed
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 173 
 
 upon Queen Elizabeth's accession to the crown, he suffered himself to 
 be carried away with the stream against his conscience, and for 
 many years officiated as a minister in divers parts of the kingdom. 
 He was at length reclaimed in 1 58 1 by the remonstrances of a 
 Catholic matron, joined to a severe fit of sickness with which God 
 was pleased to visit him, in which he was reconciled to God and 
 his Church." After resuming his priestly functions for about two 
 years, we learn that he was apprehended by a pursuivant ami 
 carried before a Justice of the Peace. This was in January, 1583-4. 
 He acknowledged himself a priest and his genuine reconciliation, 
 and in due course was committed to Manchester Jail, and ultimately 
 sent for trial at the Lent Assizes, Lancaster. On his way to the 
 latter city, "his arms w r ere tied behind him and his legs under the 
 horse's belly." He was arraigned with three others, a Mr. Thomas 
 Williamson and Mr. Richard Hutton, two priests, and Mr. John 
 Finch, a layman. He evidenced great courage, and when sentence 
 of death was passed upon him he said : — I beg your lordship's 
 would add to the sentence that my lips and the tops of my fingers 
 may be cut off, for having sworn and subscribed to the articles ol' 
 heretics, contrary both to my conscience and God's truth." We 
 are told that he suffered on the 20th of April, 1584, with great 
 constancy and joy. He was sixty years old. "John Finch was 
 born at Eccleston, near Chorley, and when he was come to man's 
 estate he became disgusted with the new religion and after serious 
 examination embraced the Catholic faith and laboured hard to 
 make converts. Owing to the treachery of a false brother, he and 
 a Mr. George Ostcliffe, a priest of Douay College, were arrested 
 by the Earl of Derby. When it was found impossible to shake his 
 faith and make him agree to go to the Protestant Church, 4 he was 
 dragged thither by downright violence through the streets, his head 
 beating all the way upon the stones, and being thereby grievously 
 broken and wounded ; then they thrust him into a dark stinking 
 dungeon, where he had no other bed than the bare wet floor ; no 
 other food but oxen's liver, and that very sparingly.' He was 
 kept in Manchester for weeks, and then transferred to Lancaster 
 to take his trial at the Lent Assizes for affirming that 'the Pope
 
 i74 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 
 
 hath power or jurisdiction in the kingdom of England, and that he 
 is the head of the Catholic Church, of which Church some part is 
 in this kingdom.' He was sentenced to death as a traitor, and 
 suffered on the day after his trial with James Bell at Lancaster, on 
 the 20th of April, in the year 1584.' 'His quarters were disposed 
 of to be set upon poles in four of the chief towns of the county.' " 
 
 Robert Nutter, who was born in Lancashire, and suffered in 
 1584, was brother of Mr. John Nutter, who became a B.A. on the 
 13th of June, 1575. Both belonged to Burnley. John suffered a 
 violent death at Tyburn, on the 12th of February, 1583-4, being 
 hanged, cut down alive, disembowelled, and quartered; and Robert 
 was executed at Lancaster, on the 26th July, 1600. Robert Nutter 
 "performed his higher duties in Douay College, during its residence 
 at Rheimes, where he was ordained priest, December 21st, 1581, 
 with Mr. George Haydock and others." In 1582 he was sent 
 to labour in the English mission. Dr. Worthington and Dr. 
 Champneys both allude to this martyr, the former intimating- that 
 he "was a prisoner in the Tower in February, 1583-4, where he 
 was put down into a dungeon for seven and forty days, loaded with 
 chains for the greatest part of the time, and twice tortured ; and in 
 the November following was lodged again in the same hole, and 
 remained there for two months and fourteen days." (Sec Jon nut! 
 of the Tower from ij8o to 1585, published with Dr. Saunders and 
 Mr. RishtoJi's History of the Schism. ) "In 1585 he was sent into 
 banishment with many other priests ' who being brought by their 
 keepers from their several prisons to the tower wharf says Dr. 
 Worthington, (who was himself one of the number,) p. 91, were 
 commanded to enter into a ship ready provided to carry them into 
 banishment." They declined to accept banishment as any grace or 
 mercy at all, declared they had committed no evil, and demanded 
 to be tried at Westminster, affirming that if banished they should 
 in God's providence, assuredly return to their sacred duties. " Mr. 
 Nutter was as good as his word, and after having visited his old 
 mother college at Rheimes, and made some short stay there, he 
 returned upon the mission. He fell again, not long after, into the
 
 TIME-HOXOURED LANCASTER. [75 
 
 hands of the persecutors and was committed to Wisbeach Castle, 
 where he was kept a prisoner from about 1587 until the beginning 
 of 1600 ; when with a Mr. Hunt and four others, he found means 
 to escape. Then going into Lancashire, he was a third time appre- 
 hended, and, at the summer assizes, 1000, brought to trial, con- 
 demned (barely upon account of his priestly character), and executed 
 at Lancaster, July 26th. 
 
 The next martyr " Edward Tfrwing, was born of an ancient 
 family at Hurst, near York. He was first an alumnus of the college 
 of Rheimes, whence he was sent to Rome in 1587." He became a 
 priest December 20th, 1590, while at Laon and was " master of the 
 Hebrew and Greek tongues and professor of Rhetoric in the college." 
 He appears to have been sent to this country in 1597, and Dr. 
 Champneys speaks of him as a man of admirable meekness, and of 
 no less piety, religion, patience and mortification ; that his patience 
 (amongst the rest of his virtues, which rendered him amiable to all) 
 was very remarkable in suffering with wonderful tranquillity from 
 an ulcer in the knee, which he had to struggle with for a long time, 
 whilst he was at Rheimes and Douay. He is found writing of him- 
 self from Lancaster Castle thus : — " Myself am now a prisoner for 
 Christ in Lancaster Castle, expecting nothing but execution at the 
 next assizes. I desire you to commend me to the devout prayers 
 of my friends with you, that, by their help, I may consummate my 
 course to God's glory, and the good of my country. I pray God 
 prosper you and all yours for ever. From my prison and paradise, 
 this last of May, 1600. E. Thwing." In a second letter he states 
 " This day the judges come to Lancaster, where I am, in expec- 
 tation of a happy death, if it so please God Almighty. I pray you 
 commend me most dearly to all your good priests and scholars, 
 whose good endeavours God always prosper, to His own more 
 glory. Ego autem jam delibor et tempiis resolutionis mece instat. 
 Before this comes unto you, I shall, if God makes me worthy, con- 
 clude an unhappy life with a most happy death. Omnia possmn in 
 
 Thomas Thwing, born at Heworth, near York, in 1635, and martyred 
 
 October 23rd, 1680, must have been a near relation of Edward Thwing.
 
 i 7 6 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 eo qui me comforfat. From Lancaster Castle, the 21st of July, this 
 holy year, 1600. All yours in Christ. Edward Thwing." He 
 suffered on the 26th of July in the said year 1600 with Mr. Nutter. 
 
 Another priest who was put to death at Lancaster was John 
 Thulis, horn at Up-Holland. near Wigan, where formerly was a 
 priory estahlished on the petition of Mr. Rohert de Holland by 
 Walter, Bishop of Lichfield and Coventry, on the 2nd of February, 
 131S. Up to this date a chantry had existed founded by Maud de 
 Holland, in the third year of Edward II. and consisted of a dean 
 and twelve secular priests. The priory comprised twelve Benedictine 
 monks, and at the sequestration of Church possessions in the days 
 of Henry VII I. there were according to Dugdale five ecclesiastics, 
 and twenty-six servants, and the valuation was ^64 3s. 4d. per 
 annum. The priory was sold in 1546 to John Holcroft, Esq., for 
 ^344 12s. od. It afterwards passed to Thomas Owen, Esq., 
 whose younger daughter, Mary, and co-heiress married Holt Leigh, 
 Esq., in whose family the property remained thereafter for genera- 
 tions. The ancient chapel was dedicated to St. Thomas the Martyr, 
 and Maud de Holland was the daughter and heiress of Allen 
 Colembiers, owner of the manor of Hale, in the reign of Edward I. 
 Tohn Thulis came, therefore, from a very ancient seat of Catholic 
 learning and piety, for the chantry was equivalent to a college 
 almost from its earliest days. A Latin Life of John Thules was 
 printed at Douay in 1617. He appears to have been a very devout, 
 meekly disposed man whose life was fraught with many sorrows 
 and crosses. It is stated that when once sick and nigh unto death 
 he was " divinely admonished to look for a more glorious death by 
 martyrdom." He was arrested for being a priest and long kept a 
 close prisoner in Wisbeach Castle. He escaped from this fortress, 
 but how, is not known. He was again apprehended by the Earl of 
 Derby and committed to Lancaster Castle. Among the prisoners 
 here was a catholic named Roger Wrenno or Roger Worren or 
 Warren, a weaver by trade, and a little while prior to the Lent 
 Assizes of 1616, the two prisoners found a means of escaping about 
 five in the evening. The story goes that the two made the best of
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. i 77 
 
 their way walking until five the next day at "a good round pace," 
 but strange to say, "when they thought themselves about thirty 
 miles from Lancaster, they found themselves very near that town, 
 God's holy will designing them for the crown of of martyrdom." 
 At sunrise they were discovered in the neighbourhood of Lancaster, 
 and were apprehended and brought back to " their lodgings in the 
 Castle, where they were sure to be better looked to in the future." 
 Thulis was sentenced at the Assizes to die as in cases of high treason 
 "for being a priest and exercising his priestly functions in this 
 realm," and the weaver was also sentenced to death, " as in cases 
 of felony for relieving and assisting priests." They were offered 
 their lives on condition of taking the "new oath of allegiance," but 
 both refused. Mr. Thulis was brought out of the Castle and laid 
 upon a hurdle, in order to be drawn to the gallows. As he took his 
 last leave of his fellow priests, who remained there in prison, he 
 commended to them mutual love and charity, the proper character- 
 istics of the true disciples of Christ. Wrenno was conducted at the 
 same time to execution, in the company of divers malefactors who 
 were to suffer the same day, four of whom had been lately reconciled 
 in prison by Mr. Thulis to God and his church. At the gallows 
 when Mr. Thulis was going up the ladder, he was again called upon 
 to save his life by taking the oath. "That," said he, "I cannot in 
 conscience take, for it contains many things contrary to the 
 Catholic faith " so he was turned off the ladder, and afterwards cut 
 down and quartered. His four quarters were hung up at four of 
 the chief towns of the county, viz., Lancaster, Preston, Wigan, and 
 Warrington ; that at Preston was fixed to the church steeple, and 
 his head was set up on the Castle walls. As for Wrenno, the weaver, 
 after he was turned off the ladder the rope broke with the weight of 
 his body and he fell to the ground. After a short space he came 
 perfectly to himself, and going on his knees began to prav very 
 devoutly, with his eyes and hands lifted up to Heaven. He was 
 asked to take the oath and save his life, when he rose and replied to 
 the tauntings of the ministers present, for their remarks and adjura- 
 tions could only be termed taunts under the circumstances. " I am 
 the same man I was, and in the same mind, use your pleasure with 
 
 x
 
 178 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 me,' and with that he ran to the ladder and went up it as fast as he 
 could. " How now? " said the sheriff, " what does the man mean, 
 that he is in such haste?" "Oh," said the good man, "if you had seen 
 that which I have just now seen you would be as much in haste to 
 die as I now am ; " and so the executioner, putting a stronger rope 
 about his neck, turned the ladder, and quickly sent him to see the 
 good things of the Lord in the land of the living, of which before he 
 had had a glimpse. Mr. Ashton, of Lever, godson of Mr. Thulis, 
 offered to settle ^20 per annum on the latter if he would recant. 
 
 " Acts of English Martyrs," by John Hungerford Pollen, 
 S.J., 1891, contains a poem called "The song of the death of the 
 venerable John Thulis," also a song " which Mr Thulis writ for 
 himself." The latter is taken from a MS in the British Museum 
 (add 15,225, p. 49 and 44). The following stanza will show the 
 style of the martyr's composition : — 
 
 No hurdle hard nor hempen rope 
 
 Can make me once afraid. 
 No tyrant's knife against my life 
 
 Shall make me dismayed. 
 Though flesh and bones be broken and torn, 
 
 My soul I trust will sing, 
 Amongst the glorious company 
 
 With Christ our Heavenly King. 
 
 Edmund Arrowsmith is said to have been born at Had- 
 dock in the parish of Winwick, a place five miles from Warrington, 
 and seven from Wigan, about 1585. His father, Robert Arrowsmith, 
 was a farmer, and his mother Margery, nee Gerard, one of the 
 ancient catholic family of Gerard, of Bryn. Both parents were 
 catholics and Edmund's grandfather, Thurston Arrowsmith, had 
 suffered much on account of his religion " and died in bonds a 
 confessor of Christ." Mr. Nicholas Gerard, his maternal grand- 
 father, "was by order of Sir Thomas Gerard, his own brother, 
 forcibly carried to the protestant church, (at a time when he was 
 labouring under a violent fit of the gout, so that he could not stir,) 
 and there placed over against the minister. But instead of joining 
 with the minister or congregation in their service, he sang psalms 

 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 179 
 
 in Latin, with so loud a voice that the minister could not be heard 
 which obliged them to carry him away out of church. The parents 
 of Edmund Arrovvsmith with their children were tied two and two 
 together and driven to Lancaster Castle. Four little children were 
 left at home, one of whom was Edmund, whom the pursuivants had 
 taken out of bed in their shifts, and left standing in the cold, not 
 suffering any of the family to dress them, till some neighbours 
 compassionating their case, came in and did this charitable office 
 for the helpless infants." At length Edmund's father redeemed 
 himself by money and went abroad with his brother Peter, and both 
 served for a time in the wars in Holland. Peter died at Brussels of 
 a wound received in the war, and was there interred. Robert, 
 Edmund's father, went to Rheims or Douay to visit his other brother 
 the learned Professor Edmund Arrowsmith, D.D., and after a time 
 returned to England, dying peacefully, having long before foretold 
 his own death. Edmund's mother was greatly reduced in circum- 
 stances, and as a kindness " a venerable priest took the boy 
 Edmund (then called Brian from the name by which he was 
 christened) into his service to bring him up to learning. He is said 
 to have been such a pious child that even his protestant school- 
 masters were very fond of him, He became very devout, and 
 entered Douay College in December, 1605. Here, he took the 
 name of Edmund, the name of his uncle, Dr. Arrowsmith, studied 
 so greatly that his health was completely undone and he had to 
 return home. On coming back to his college he was constituted 
 one of the Pope's alumni, and he seems to have been admitted to 
 holy orders about December 9th, 161 2, and before the end of the 
 year was advanced to the greater orders at Arras. On June 17th, 
 1613, he was sent to England to join the mission, by Dr. Kellison, 
 lately appointed president of the college. He was first arrested about 
 August, 1622. His last apprehension was about June or July, 1628. 
 The charge against him was " that he was a priest and believed in 
 the Papal supremacy." His judges, Sir Henry Yelverton and Sir 
 James Whitlock must have been ripe for eternal perdition, if all 
 that is recorded of them be correct. The judge Yelverton declined 
 to allow him a fair trial, and in sentencing him, informed him
 
 i8o TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 "that he should die and see his bowels burn before his face," 
 to which Edmund Arrowsmith answered "and you, my lord, must 
 die too," a rejoinder which greatly enraged the man ; the judge next 
 commanded the martyr to explain himself, which he did most care- 
 fully, reverently and ably. One of his chief enemies appears 
 to have been a Justice of the Peace, known as Captain Rawstorne, 
 and he it was who had the good priest arrested. On pages 
 71, 72 and 73, of "Memoirs of Missionary Priests," much 
 information is given concerning the trial. After he was sentenced 
 by the infuriated judge Velverton, he was manacled with heavy 
 irons, and while on his way to his dungeon he recited the Miserere 
 in so audible a voice that many heard him. So dark was the cell 
 or hole in which he was confined that he could see nothing, and so 
 small was it that he could not properly lie down, but was compelled 
 to sit, leaning on a bolster which was flung to him ; and so he con- 
 tinued in his clothes, with heavy bolts on his legs from about one 
 or two-o'clock on the Tuesday until twelve on Thursday, when he 
 was led to his doom. No man was suffered to speak to him under 
 a penalty of ^100, and the Judge further commanded that after 
 sentence, he should be watched by three or four of the sheriffs men. 
 After the poor Priest was disembowelled it was averred that there 
 was nothing found in his intestines, which were distended with 
 wind, and also that there was not one drop of liquid in his bladder. 
 He appears to have been indicted under the name of Rigby, but 
 how this occurred I cannot ascertain. On his way to execution he 
 beheld his friend and fellow prisoner Mr. Southworth, who showed 
 himself out of a great window, they affectionately saluted each other, 
 and about the same period a catholic gentleman embraced the 
 martvr tenderly, and kissed him as he came forth from the Castle 
 Gateway. The good man was bound upon a hurdle, placed on a 
 horse, with head towards the animal's tail "for greater ignominy." 
 He was dragged through the streets to the gallows, a quarter of a 
 mile awav from the prison, no friend being able to get near him, 
 owinsf to the sheriff's halberds and servants. The executioner went 
 close in front of the martyr bearing a club, as if in "barbarous 
 triumph," says the author quoted; while the martyr "held two
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 181 
 
 papers between his hands which were called duae claves cadi, the 
 one containing an act of the love of God, and the other of contrition, 
 which he used for the increase of his devotion." Even the Pro- 
 testant minister, a limping- old man, is said to have pointed to the 
 huge fire and said " Look you, Mr. Rigby, what is provided for 
 your death, will you conform yourself yet, and enjoy the mercy of 
 the King?" to which the martyr replied, "Good sir, tempt me no 
 more ; the mercy I look for is in heaven through the death and passion 
 of my Saviour Jesus, and 1 most humbly beseech him to make me 
 worthy of this death." He was then dragged to the foot of the 
 ladder, and the old parson, evidently the chaplain, taunted him 
 anew. After being urged to conform by Mr. Lee or Leigh, J. P., 
 this good soul firmly refused, was directly cast off the ladder and 
 permitted to hang until dead. The last words which were heard 
 emanating from his lips were Bone Jesu. " His head was set upon 
 a stake or pole amongst the pinnacles of the Castle, and his quai ters 
 were hanged on four several places thereof." People of all beliefs 
 wished they had never witnessed such an execution, and denounced 
 the barbarity that would destroy men because of their religious 
 principles. This dreadful cold-blooded murder took place at noon 
 on the 28th of August, 1628. A Latin MS. of Father Arrowsmith's 
 life is still preserved in the Douay College, dated 1629. A life of 
 the martyr, published in 1737, adds "that the judge who con- 
 demned the priest sitting at supper on the 23rd January, 1729-30, 
 felt a blow as if some one had struck him on the head and fell into 
 rage with his servant about it, the servant protesting that he had 
 never struck at him at all, nor seen any one strike him. A little 
 after he experienced another similar blow, and in great terror was 
 carried to bed and died the next morning." 
 
 The Nonconformist historian of the count}-, Dr. Halley, an 
 excellent broad-hearted man describes him as a "meek and godly 
 priest, whose holy life and labours are well worthy of comparison 
 with the lives of Oliver Hey wood and Isaac Ambrose, and whose 
 death for his religion may be compared with the martyrdom of John 
 Bradford or of George Marsh." It is said that "between two of
 
 i82 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 the battlements of the Castle there still remains the base of a spike 
 which is reputed to be the one on which this order was fulfilled." 
 It is likewise stated that " the hand of Arrowsmith, after being cut 
 off by a friend, was conveyed to Bryn Hall, one of the seats of the 
 Gerards, of which family his mother was a member, and became 
 widely known and venerated as 'the dead man's hand,' or the 'holy 
 hand.' The relic was removed from Bryn to Garswood — another 
 residence of the Gerards, and subsequently to the priest's house at 
 Ashton-in-Makerfield, and many instances are related of cures said 
 to have been effected by its efficacy. It was the custom for 
 applicants to provide themselves with a piece of flannel or calico, 
 which the priest placed in contact with 'the dead hand,' and the 
 cloth was then applied to the parts affected." The hand of Edmund 
 Arrowsmith is still preserved, and many miracles are said to have 
 been performed with it, the custom being- to rub a cloth over it 
 and then to rub that part of the body of the sick person which is 
 most disordered with such cloth. 
 
 Richard Herst, a lay Catholic, was put to death the day after 
 
 Eather Arrowsmith at the same place. Herst was seized in a field 
 
 while busy ploughing as a recusant convict, and was most roughly 
 
 handled by the pursuivant and two of his assistants. Christopher 
 
 Norcross, the Bishop oi' Chester's messenger, had obtained the 
 
 services of one Wilkinson and one Oewhurst, the latter of whom 
 
 was so vile a character that the officer of the parish had a warrant 
 
 in his hands at the time for his removal to the House of Correction 
 
 as a punishment for his lewdness. The wretch got a blow on the 
 
 head administered by Mr. Herst's servant-maid, and as he was 
 
 running to Wilkinson's aid he fell down and broke his leg, and his 
 
 body being in an unhealthy condition, the leg took bad ways, and 
 
 the man died in about thirteen days after the event, regretting that 
 
 he had ever attended in such a sinful work. On his pathway of 
 
 death Mr. Herst met the Rev. Geoffrey King, vicar of Lancaster. 
 
 Mr. King questioned him about his faith, and the martyr answered 
 
 him " I believe according to the faith of the Holy Catholic Church." 
 
 The vicar demanded further of him how he hoped to be saved.
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 183 
 
 "Not by your religion, Mr. King-," was his reply. On asking the 
 question, "Whether he meant to be saved by the merits of Jesus 
 Christ?" Mr. Herst answered " Will you be accounted a divine and 
 ask me such a question ?" Richard Herst was tried and condemned 
 at the Lancaster Assizes, March, 1618, the judges being Sir Edward 
 Bromley and Sir John Denham, and on the day of his execution, 
 the day after Eather Arrowsmith had suffered, he exclaimed at the 
 first sight of the gallows : — " Gallows, thou dost not affright me," 
 and upon reaching it he kissed one of the posts. The executioner 
 was rather clumsy at fastening the rope to the beam, and Herst, 
 looking up at him, "merrily called him by his name, and said, 
 'Tom, I think I must come and help thee.'' Then ascending the 
 ladder after divers short speeches of devotion he was "turned off." 
 Bishop Challoner says " Under colour of wilful murder, but in truth 
 and in the sight of God for the profession of the Catholic faith was 
 he condemned." 
 
 Edward Barlow, known religiously as Eather Ambrose, was 
 one of the ancient family of Barlow, of Barlow Hall, Lancashire 
 He was born in 1585, of pious Catholic parents. His father was 
 Alexander Barlow, Esq. He was a very holy man in his life and 
 preaching, and always abstained from wine, remarking when once 
 asked his reason for so doing, " Wine and women make the wise 
 apostatise." He was apprehended on Easter Day, 1641, by a 
 neighbouring minister, who thought fit to forego his own services 
 and attended by four hundred members oi' his congregation, armed 
 with clubs and swords, set off and surrounded Mr. Barlow's house 
 where mass had just been finished and while the priest was 
 delivering an exhortation to his hearers, numbering about one 
 hundred, he was seized taken by the Protestant parson and his 
 congregation, who had not been provided with any warrant so to 
 act, before a Justice of the Peace, who sent him guarded by sixty 
 armed men to Lancaster Castle. Some of his flock would have 
 attempted to rescue him, but he entreated them nut to think of such 
 a thing. He was so weak that another person besides himself had 
 to sit on the horse behind him in order to support him. He
 
 1 84 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 remained in gaol from Easter until summer, when the assizes were 
 due. He was tried before Sir Robert Heath, on the 7th of 
 September, 1641, and he displayed equal constancy and fortitude, 
 for when drawn on a hurdle to the place of execution he walked 
 three times round the gallows carrying the cross before his breast 
 and recited the Miserere Psalm. Edward Barlow, otherwise Father 
 Ambrose, is said to have been "sometimes applied to, to exorcise 
 persons possessed by the devil, which he did with good success." 
 During his imprisonment he was quite resigned, and seemed to 
 know what his fate would be, for it appears that twelve years 
 before his death he had a vision of Father Arrowsmith, who, 
 coming to his bedside, said : — " I have already suffered ; you shall 
 also suffer. Speak but little for they will be upon the watch to 
 catch you in your words." Some ministers attempted to dispute 
 with him about religion, but he told them that it was "an unfair 
 and unseasonable challenge, and that he had something else to do 
 at present than to hearken to their fooleries. He suffered bravely, 
 and entered into peace in the 55th year of his age and the 25th of 
 his religious profession and the 24th of his priesthood and mission. 
 
 Edward Bamber, born at a place called The Moor, near 
 Poulton-le-Fylde, son of Mr. Richard Bamber, was another valiant 
 priest, who, in his last moments, showed what true Christianity is 
 capable of in either Catholic or Protestant. In his last hour he was 
 instrumental in saving the deathless element of a man named Croft, 
 who was taken to the place of execution along with him and several 
 others. Croft was condemned to death for felony, and "declared 
 his resolution of dying in the Catholic faith, and was publicly 
 absolved by Mr. Bamber in the sight and hearing of the crowd." 
 When Father Bamber mounted the steps of the ladder he threw a 
 handful of money to the people, saying, with a smiling countenance, 
 that " God loveth a cheerful giver." He was speaking to his fellow, 
 confessors "when the sheriff called out hastily to the executioner to 
 despatch him ; and so he was at that moment turned off the ladder, 
 and permitted to hang a very short time, when the rope was cut the 
 confessor being yet alive, and thus he was butchered." This
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 18; 
 
 3 
 
 reminds us of the horrible martyrdom of John Rig-bye, tutor to Sir 
 Edward Huddleston's family, martyred at St. Thomas's Watering-, 
 London, 21st June, 1600, a member of the ancient house of 
 Harrock, near Parbold which house was the seat of the Rigbyes, 
 from about 1522, and the original fount whence sprang the Rigbyes 
 of Middleton in Goosnargh, Burgh, near Chorley, Layton in the 
 Eylde, and the Lancaster branch. This John Rigbye was executed 
 in his 30th year, and when only half hanged, as it were, was cut 
 down and disembowelled, his entrails being burnt before him, and 
 while this horrid work was in process he rose from the ground 
 raising his arms in the greatest physical agony yet unable to speak. 
 His holy life is alluded to by Dr. Worthington, and a full and 
 touching account of his suffering-s appears on page 199 of Bishop 
 Challoner's Memoirs, Part I. Edward Bamber, (known in the 
 mission as Reding), suffered at Lancaster, on the 7th of August, 
 1646. In the supplement, p. 252, of the work of the biographer it 
 is said that when Bamber was on his way to Lancaster Castle while 
 being lodged at a place beyond Preston, he escaped in the dead of 
 the night (his keepers being in drink), out of a window, in his shirt. 
 He was met by the master of Broughton Tower, admonished that 
 night in a dream that he should find Bamber in such a field. He 
 got up fully possessed with the truth of the vision and met the poor 
 priest in the very field he had dreamed of, and conducted him to his 
 house, where he took proper care of him. But Bamber was re- 
 arrested, and safely conveyed to Lancaster Castle. " It is true," 
 writes an old Lancashire priest, " he found an opportunity here also 
 to make his escape, but to little purpose ; for having travelled all 
 the night, to his great surprise, he found like Thulis and Wrenno, 
 when morning had dawned that he was very near the town, and so 
 he concluded that it was God's will that he should suffer there, and 
 then surrendered himself to those that sought after him." 
 
 John Woodcock known as Father Martin, was born in Clayton 
 near Preston, in 1603. His father was a Protestant and his mother 
 a Catholic. He was kept a prisoner for two years after being 
 apprehended. His trial began in the early part of August, 1646, and
 
 i86 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 his fellow-prisoners were Mr. Reding and Mr. Whitaker. Mr. 
 Woodcock confessed himself a priest and a Friar of the Order of St. 
 Francis. He was sentenced to death in the 44th year of his age. 
 Some say that when he was turned off the rope broke. He was 
 ordered up the ladder a second time, being perfectly sensible and 
 scarcely half-hanged, then barbarously cut down and butchered alive. 
 
 "Thomas Whitaker, of Burnley, was," says Bishop Chal- 
 loner, "probably a member of either the family of Whitaker, of 
 Holme, near Burnley, or of Whitaker, of Healy, by the same town, 
 but of a branch that adhered to the Roman Catholic faith. He 
 was born in the year 1614, and was the son of Thomas and Helen 
 Whitaker. His father was the master of a noted free school, viz., 
 Burnley Grammar School, and his son Thomas was taught in that 
 school, after which he was sent to complete his studies to the 
 English college in Valladolid, at the expense of the Townley family. 
 He was there ordained priest, and began his mission in England in 
 1638. He was watched by the authorities in Lancashire, and on 
 his first arrest he escaped from his guard while on the road to 
 Lancaster. The guard having locked him in a chamber at night 
 proceeded to carouse below, which the prisoner hearing contrived 
 to let himself down out of the window of his room ; but forgot first 
 to throw out his clothes, and so after his escape was forced to walk 
 some miles in an almost naked condition, until he fortunately fell 
 in with a friendly Catholic who found him a place of hiding and 
 apparel and enabled him to make good his escape. He was seized 
 a second time in the year 1643 at Mr. Midgeall's, of Place Hall, in 
 Goosnargh, and then he was effectually conducted to Lancaster, 
 and committed to the county gaol in the Castle on August 7th. It 
 is written that " he was apprehended by a gang of priest-catchers, 
 armed with clubs and swords, who beat and abused him until he 
 confessed that he was a priest." He was treated with great 
 severity in prison, and placed in a " nasty dungeon " for six weeks. 
 An old priest and fellow prisoner describes Whitaker as a man of 
 most saintly life, who in prison was continuallv at praver, or 
 employed in charitable offices about his fellow captives. He
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 187 
 
 remained in gaol three years before his trial was ordered. At the 
 assizes at which he was tried, his hearing before the judges was 
 quickly over, for having owned himself a priest to the pursuivants 
 and soldiers, who with threats of death extorted this confession 
 from him, and these appearing witnesses against him he could not 
 and would not deny the truth ; and so committing his cause to God 
 and his condition to the favour and compassion of the court, he 
 with a meek deportment waited in silence the verdict of the jury. 
 He was brought in guilty with two other priests and sentenced to 
 death. On the 7th of August Mr. Whitaker was drawn to the 
 place of execution with the other two, and was the last to suffer. 
 We are told that he was naturally of a faint-hearted and fearful 
 disposition, and it would seem that his murderers sought to take 
 advantage of this by leaving him until the last. He "shewed 
 evident marks of the dread and anguish that assaulted his soul," 
 and his companions exhorted him and encouraged him. He was 
 offered his life if he would conform, but despite his natural terrors 
 he remained constant, and when it came to the upshot he told the 
 sheriff his resolution was fixed to die in the profession of the 
 Catholic faith. " Use your pleasure with me," said he. " A 
 reprieve or even a pardon upon your conditions I utterly refuse." 
 When he was upon the ladder he prayed devoutly and earnestlv, 
 and when the rope was about his neck he prayed for his enemies. 
 Then resuming his former ejaculatory prayers, while he was calling 
 for mercy and recommending his departing soul into the hands of 
 his Saviour Jesus Christ, he was suddenly flung off the ladder and 
 executed. He was in his 33rd year. 
 
 In the beautiful little cemetery at Claughton-on-Brock is a 
 life-size statute of the venerable martyr,* the first priest doing duty 
 in Claughton and district after the reformation. The figure is 
 
 *In a line with this photograph in stone of a Saintly missioner is the statue 
 of St. Kentigern, the only canonized saint recorded as having preached in Lancashire. 
 On the tablets of the pedestal are these inscriptions: — "St. Kentigern, fust Bishop 
 of Glasgow, 518,603. Founder of the Monastery and See of St. Asaph, in the vale 
 of Clwyd, passed through Claughton. Apostle of Strathclyde, friend of St. David 
 and St. Colombia. The one canonized saint recorded to have preached in Lancashire."
 
 1 88 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 taken from a portrait of the martyr preserved in the English 
 College of Valladolid, and it was unveiled on the 3rd September, 
 1882. Among many interesting relics in the possession of Mon- 
 signor Gradwell (Claughton) is the sacramental box used by Mr. 
 Whitaker. 
 
 On the 16th of September, 1604, Lawrence Bailey, or Baily, 
 was apprehended for aiding and assisting a priest who had fallen 
 into the hands of the pursuivants and had made his escape from 
 them. Molanus states, says Bishop Challoner, (p. 77) that he 
 suffered with great constancy, at Lancaster. Dr. Worthington gives 
 the date of his death as 16th August and not September. Thurstan 
 Hunt, of Carleton Hall, Leeds, and Robert Middleton, gentleman, 
 were executed in March, 1601. In 1583 James Layborne, a Catholic 
 gentleman, was executed at Lancaster for declaring that the Queen 
 (Elizabeth) was not his lawful sovereign, that she was unlawfully 
 begotten and lawfully deposed from her pretended right to the 
 crown by Pope Pius Quintus. 
 
 Two Lancashire men suffered in the time of Charles II., the 
 one Father Wall, at Worcester, born in 1620 (Father Joachim, of 
 St. Ann), and the other William Pleasington, of Pleasington, born 
 at Dimples, near Garstang. He was a younger son of Robert 
 Pleasington, or Plessington, governor of Greenow Castle. Mr. 
 Pleasington, after nine weeks imprisonment, was executed on the 
 19th of July, 1679, at West Chester, and Father Wall at Worcester 
 on the 22nd of August, 1679. John Wall was condemned under the 
 name of Marsh or Marshall. His head is kept in the cloister of the 
 English friars at Douav. He suffered on the octave of the 
 Assumption of the B.V.M. 
 
 Bishop Challoner's "Memoirs" I have always considered 
 extremely well arranged, and of the authenticity of them there need 
 be little doubt. It transpires that the author excludes James 
 Laybourne from the biographical sketches owing to " his case being 
 different from that of all other Catholics " who suffered in the times
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 189 
 
 included in the work. The denial of Elizabeth's right of succession 
 is the reason for his exclusion. The "Memoirs" furnish particulars 
 of 124 priests and 63 laymen and women, total 187. He commences 
 with Cuthbert Maine and ends with Dr. Oliver Plunkett, and 
 supplies an appendix and supplement ; periods 1577 to 1603, 1603- 
 168 1. In 1577 Elizabeth would be 44. Persecutions occurred 
 during" the reigns of James I., Charles I., and Charles II. 
 
 Among' those tried and condemned at Lancaster but who 
 escaped death, outliving the perilous times, were Richard Fletcher 
 or Barton and John Penketh. One Richard Birket died in gaol in 
 1679 or 1680. Readers familiar with this sort of history will 
 remember the institution of the Captain Cobler body under Dr 
 Mackerel, who, disguised as a shoemaker, and hence dubbed with 
 the military nickname mentioned, sought to revive the Catholic 
 religion 'and to set up again the suppressed monasteries. This 
 Lincolnshire movement was vigorously imitated by a Mr. Robert 
 Aske, a gentleman living at Aughton, in the East Riding of York- 
 shire. Under this latter gentleman 40,000 men assembled in the 
 northern part of the Kingdom and determined to carry out the plan 
 of the Lincolnshire doctor. These men, or at any rate their leaders 
 were called the Pilgrims of Grace, and among them were John 
 Paslew, Abbot of Whalley, and William Trafford, Abbot of Sawley. 
 The first of these luckless wights was, according to Thoresbv's 
 " History of Leeds," one of the Paslews of Riddlesden Hall, 
 Keighley. In this work, a pedigree of the family from the third 
 year of Henry VI. appears, and in the Church at Keighley their arms 
 were to be seen at the east end of the north aisle, " being both in 
 the main and in the stone in divers places." The arms were argent, 
 a fess between three mullets, azure, pierced of the field. The last 
 of the Paslews of Riddlesden was " Walter Paslew who appears 
 first to have married Elizabeth, daughter of Richard Clapham, and 
 afterwards Ellen, daughter of John Lacey, Esq., left a son Francis, 
 baptized at Keighley, 1568, who died without issue about the first 
 of James I., leaving two sisters, Rosamond, who married John 
 Rishworth, Esq., and — — , who married Mr. Henry Miller.
 
 i 9 o TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 John Rishworth, who succeeded his brother-in-law at Riddlesden, 
 and who appears to have sold the estate to the Murgatroyds, was 
 buried at Keighley, in 1655. The Murgatroyds had come into 
 possession of this place previous to the year 1640, as is shewn by a 
 stone over the door of an outbuilding, bearing the above date, with 
 the initials J.M.M., S.S.M. John Paslew, with William Trafford, 
 second son of Sir John Trafford, of Trafford, were arraigned on a 
 charge of high treason at Lancaster Assizes, in the spring of 1537. 
 Paslew was sentenced to death, sent to his own parish, and hanged 
 on the 12th of March, on a gallows erected in a field called the 
 Holehouses, " immediately in front of the house in which he was 
 born," says Speed whom Baines and others quote. The Abbot of 
 Sawley was executed two days before his friend Paslew, at Lan- 
 caster with numbers of men, sufferers in the same cause. 
 
 Whitaker's "History of Whalley " vol. I, page 114, repro- 
 duces a short note in Latin found in the Cottonian MSS,, which 
 contains a remarkable statement of the appearance of the ghost of 
 a deceased monk to Abbot Paslew, announcing to the Abbot the 
 date of his death. The monk was Edward Howarth (Haward or 
 Howard), who had filled the office of Sub-cellarer to the fraternity. 
 The translation of this curious note is as follows: "a.d. 1520, May 
 9th, died Edmund Howard, Monk of Whalley ; the same after his 
 death appeared a certain night to Master John Paslew, Abbot of the 
 Monastery, and foretold to him that he had 16 years and not more 
 to live." The supernatural forewarning was verified sixteen years 
 after. On March 12th, 1537, Abbot Paslew was hanged at Whalley 
 for high treason. 
 
 To punish people whose only fault was their belief, which, if 
 worth the name, could not be identified with the coercion of the 
 consciences of their fellow-creatures, proves two facts ; first, that 
 the punishers were fools for their pains, and that force on the part 
 of man is opposed to God's law. The manner in which many of 
 these Catholic martyrs deported themselves must evoke the highest 
 praise.
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 191 
 
 List of Catholic Martyrs, Seminary Priests, and others who 
 Suffered at Lancaster. 
 
 1537 William Trafford, Abbot of Sawley. 
 
 April 20th, 1584 James Bell, of Warrington. 
 
 April 20th, 1584 John Finch, of Eccleston. 
 
 1584 James Laybourne. 
 
 |uly 26th, 1600 Robert Nutter, of Burnley. 
 
 luly 26th, 1600 Edward Thwing, of Herst. 
 
 March, 1601 Thurston Hunt, of Carleton, Leeds. 
 
 Aug. 16th, or 
 
 Sept. 16th, 1604 Lawrence Bailey. 
 
 Spring, 1616 Roger Wrenno, alias Warren. 
 
 Spring, 1616 John Thulis, of Upholland. 
 
 Aug. 28th 1628 Edmund Arrowsmith, of Haydock, 
 
 Warrington. 
 
 Aug. 29th 1628 Richard Herst. 
 
 Sept. 10th, 1641 Edward Barlow, of Barlow Hall. 
 
 Aug. 7th ,1646 John Woodcock, of Clayton, 
 
 and Woodcock Hall Preston. 
 
 Aug. 7th 1646 Thomas Whitaker, of Burnley. 
 
 Aug. 7th 1646 Edward Bamber, alias Leading, of Moor, 
 
 Poulton-le-Fylde. 
 
 Some Lancashire Catholics no'] Executed at Lam aster. 
 
 1 537 John Paslew, Abbot of Whalley, At Whalley. 
 
 May 30th, 1582 Thomas Cottarn, of Cottam Hall, Preston, Tyburn. 
 
 May 30th, 1582 Lawrence Richardson, Tyburn. 
 
 Feb. 1 2th, 1584 George Haydock, Tyburn. 
 
 April 25th, 1586 Robert Anderton, of Euxton, Isle of Wight. 
 
 April 25th, 1586 William Marsden, of Goosenargh, Isle of Wight. 
 
 Spring of 1588 Richard Symson, Derby. 
 
 April 30th, 1590 Miles Gerard, Rochester. 
 
 June 23rd, 1592 Robert Ashton, of Croston, Tyburn. 
 
 Nov. 16th, 1594 Edward Osbakleston, York. 
 
 June 21st, 1600 John Rigbye, of Harrock (30th year), St. Thomas' Watering 
 
 July 13th, 1616 Thomas Tunstall, alias Helmes, Norwich. 
 
 Dec. 12th, 1642 Thomas Holland (aged 42). Tyburn. 
 
 June, 1654 John Southworth, of Samlesbury Hall, 
 
 (born 1592), Tyburn. 
 
 June 13th, 1679 William Barrow (known by the names of 
 
 Waring and Harcourt), Rector of 
 London when apprehended, Tyburn. 
 
 July 19th, 1679 John Wall, alias Webb, Worcester.
 
 i 9 2 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 So far as can be ascertained it is 338 years since the mace 
 was last borne before a Catholic Mayor to a Catholic Church. The 
 Mavor on that occasion would be Richard Gardyner, and the Church 
 St. Mary's Church. When Alderman Thomas Preston was Mayor 
 of Lancaster for the first time, namely in 1875, an illiberal demon- 
 stration was manifested, when it was proposed by His Worship 
 that he should pay a state visit to his own Church, indeed, so strong- 
 was the feeling that His Worship felt for the sake of preventing a 
 breach of the peace, the idea had better be abandoned. Happily in 
 1890 no such ebullition of ill-feeling prevailed, and the same 
 gentleman, Mayor of the Borough for the second time,, visited St. 
 Peter's Church accompanied by members of the Town Council and 
 others, even persons of puritanical tendencies. The mace was no 
 worse for being carried along East Road, the coronation oath was 
 not endangered, the Union Jack was not split up, and neither one 
 religion nor another was disparaged or ruined by the event. Let 
 the same liberality mark Catholics and Protestants whenever the 
 occasion demands it. 
 
 There are some beautiful carved memorial stones in the 
 cemetery attached to St. Peter's Church. The tomb of the late 
 Dean Brown, those of the Smith and Coulston families, and last 
 but not least, the Irish cross erected to the Leemings, may fittingly 
 be mentioned as artistic specimens of sepulchral work. The cross 
 alluded to consists of Carrara marble. Round the head of it are 
 the words " De profundis clamavi," and below " Ad Te Domine." 
 The plait of thorns, the nails and the passion flowers are exquisitely 
 chiselled. The sculptors were Messrs. Gaffin & Co., of 63, Regent 
 Street, London, W. The cemetery represents about an acre of 
 land, and its consecration dates from 1850. It may be added that 
 there is a convent adjoining the Church, with usually nine Sisters 
 of Mercy in residence, whose labours among the young connected 
 with the school and also among the poor are carried on with an 
 unobtrusiveness no less marked by observers than their untiring- 
 energy. 

 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 i9: 
 
 CHAPTER IX." 
 
 The Town Hall— The Mayor's Parlour— Paintings Therein and in the 
 Corridor — The Mack of the Borough —Municipal Area— The Old 
 Market Cross — The Stocks — Ancient Wine and Beer Measures- 
 List oe Past Mayors of Lancaster — Recorders of Lancaster- 
 Past Town Clerks and Chief Constables— Freemanshif of the 
 Borough — An old Certificate and Oath oe a Free Burgess oi 
 Lancaster Corporation — Abstract of Charters granted to Lan- 
 caster — Extracts from the old "Constitutions and Orders" 
 The Market Hall — Williamson Park — Introduction of ('.as into 
 Lancaster. 
 
 HE exterior of the Town Hall, which stands 
 on the site of the old one, is not very imposing, 
 and it is to be hoped we shall in due course 
 behold a new hall erected worthy alike of the 
 traditions of the borough and of an architec- 
 tural design in keeping with that oi' most 
 other Lancashire Town Halls. The present 
 structure was commenced in 1781, the founda- 
 tion stone having' been laid in the March oi 
 that year. Several coins placed in a copper 
 box were deposited under the foundation 
 stone at the south-east corner. The Hall was comp'eted in May, 
 1783, during the mayoralty of Robert Foxcroft, at a cost of £^1,300. 
 It was built by Mr. Robert Dickinson, of Lancaster, from a design 
 of Major Jarrett, and the Corporation presented the latter gentle- 
 man with the freedom of the borough in a silver box. The Hall 
 has a portico supported by four Tuscan columns ; the entablature 
 is Doric, with a plain pediment and a cupola. The additions made 
 within recent years, consisting of offices and cells, have cost the 
 town more than double the sum spent upon the original building. 
 
 In the Mayor's Parlour are some well executed oil paintings 
 of local public men. First I observe one oi' the late Alderman 
 
 o
 
 i 9 4 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 Greg thus inscribed :-—" Alderman Greg - , for forty years and 
 still a member of the Corporation ; presented to the town of 
 Lancaster by members and ex-members of the Council, 6th Jul)-, 
 1881." Next is seen that of Colonel Thomas Greene, in Court 
 dress, "thirty years M.P., for Lancaster." Then there are the 
 portraits of "Samuel Gregson, Esq., fourteen years M.P. for 
 Lancaster ; presented to the town of Lancaster by his daughter, 
 November 3rd, 1882." " Thomas Swainson, Esq., town clerk, pre- 
 sented to the town of Lancaster by his many friends, May 28th, 
 1884." "Alderman Williamson, J. P., Mayor 1864-5 ; presented to 
 the town of Lancaster by his fellow townsmen, November 8th, 1882 ; 
 William Storey, Esq., J. P., Mayor 1872-3; presented to the town of 
 Lancaster by his brothers." 
 
 There was a representation of the Town Hall of Lancaster as it 
 appeared in the year 1700, and there are likewise two portraits of 
 Sir Richard Owen, one in oil and the other a photograph. 
 
 On a stone shield carved about 1667-8 the arms of Lancaster 
 appear. The arms are azure and gules, in chief a fleur de lys ; and 
 in the base a lion passant, guardant, or, the azure is elevated in 
 relief above the level of the gules. 
 
 In the corridor are two tine portraits of George IV. and 
 H.R.H. the Duke of York, one, if not both being the work of 
 Cornelius Henderson, a local painter. Near to is a portrait of the 
 King of Siam, presented by Captain Sir Alfred Loftus, F.R.G.S., 
 M.T.G.S., &c, Hydrographer to the King of Siam. In a wall on 
 the ground floor facing the west is a board on which are the Royal 
 Arms. Above the arms you read " Win, Bryer, Esq., Mayor, 
 1736;" below are the names of the bailiffs thus — " Jno. Gunson, 
 Wm. Stout, bailiffs." In the Court are the County and Borough 
 Arms, and on the right as you descend the public staircase is a 
 model of Nelson's ship the " Victory." In the entrance on the west 
 or New Street side and on the left is this Latin adage : —
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 195 
 
 E X E C V T I O 
 
 I V R I S . X V L L I 
 F A C I T . INI V 
 
 R I A M . 1669. 
 " The execution of tlie law doeth injury to none." 
 
 Here we are in the neighbourhood of what was once known as the 
 " Black Hole," to which reference will be made in due course. 
 
 The Mace of the Borough of Lancaster is one of the neatest 
 specimens of Corporation insignia extant. It is chastely engraved 
 the shield being divided fesse, and in chief a Castle with four towers, 
 base, a lion passant, guardant. It dates from the reign of Queen 
 Anne, and bears the letters "A.R.," the inscription is as follows : — 
 " The gift of Robert Heysham, Esq., to ye Corporation of Lancaster, 
 December, 1702." Mr. Llewellyn Jewett speaks very highly of this 
 Lancaster emblem of authority. In the Council Chamber are 
 paintings of William Pitt and Lord Nelson, by Lonsdale, a Lan- 
 caster artist.* 
 
 The municipal area consists of 1,680 acres of land and the 
 rateable value is ^,119,417 10s. 
 
 The old Market Cross stood between the east end of the 
 Town Hall portico and the old Fish Stones and was ascended by 
 several steps. What became of it 1 have not been able to find out. 
 
 The Arcade and portico of the Town Hall were formerly used 
 as a grain market, but on the enlargement of the market house, the 
 farmers having better accommodation provided for them, ceased to 
 meet here. 
 
 The stocks which formerly stood in the Market Place are still 
 preserved in the Town Hall in an upper chamber ; they are in an 
 
 * Some authorities state that Lonsdale was born at Garstang. Local 
 works call him " a Lancaster artist.'' I think the elder Lonsdale would be born at 
 
 Garstang.
 
 196 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 
 
 excellent state of preservation. They used to stand near to the old 
 Corn Market. I must not forget the ancient wine and beer 
 measures, said to have been made of gun-metal from the guns 
 captured at the battle of the Spanish Armada. A large bowl is 
 inscribed " Elizabeth Dei Gracia Angliae Franciae et Hiberniae, 
 Regina." The letters " E.R." and the crown also appear. A " Corn 
 Gallon" is lettered "Elizabeth Regina, E.R., 1601." An "Ale 
 Quart," 1601, and an "Ale Pint," 1709, are likewise to be seen in a 
 room below. On another vessel is engraved "Corporation of 
 Lancaster, W.G. " 
 
 Past Mayors of Lancaster. 
 
 1416, Richard de Elslake (first mayor on record); 1504, 
 Robert Herdman ; 1512, Richard Nelson; Temp. Henry VIII., 
 Lawrence Starkey (Ducat Lane, vol. 1, p. 192); 1552, Richard 
 Gardner ; 1553, William Colteman, ; 1570, Nicholas Olivers; 1574, 
 John Hewetson ; 1377, James Brown; 1595, Thomas Southworthe ; 
 1628, Thomas Covelle ; 1629, Galfridus de Heesham ; 1630, George 
 Toulnson ; 1631, Edmund Covelle; 1632, William Sands; 1633, 
 William Shaw ; 1638, Richard Sands ; 1639, W'illiam Shaw ; 1645, 
 William Shaw ; 1650, George Toulnson ; 1652, Major Riparn (see 
 George Fox's Journal, p. 90) ; 1653, Thomas Riparn (parish 
 reg'ister); 1654, Thomas Riparn; 1655, John Bateman ; 1661, Henrv 
 Porter ; 1663, Thomas Southworthe ; 1664, Thomas Johnes ; 1665, 
 Sir Robert Bindloss, Bart. ; 1666, William Parkinson ; 1667, 
 Francis Hunter ; 1668, William West ; 1669, Thomas Southworth; 
 1670, William Waller; 1671, John Greenwood; 1672, Sir Robert 
 Bindloss, Bart.; 1673, William Parkinson; 1673, Edward Newton; 
 1674, Thomas Corles ; 1675, Christopher Procter ; 1676, William 
 Toulnson ; 1077, William Waller; 1678. John Greenwood; 1679, 
 Francis Hunter; 1680, Francis Metcalfe; 1681, Henry Johnes; 
 1682, Joshua Partington; 1683, Randolph Hunter; 1684, John 
 Hodgson; 1685, Robert Stirzaker ; 1686, John Foster; 1687 and 
 1688, Thomas Sherson and John Greenwood ; 1688 and 1689, John 
 Hodgson and Christopher Sherson ; 1689, John Foster ; 1690,
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER [97 
 
 Thomas Baines ; i6yi, Henry Johnes ; 1692, Joshua Partington; 
 1693, John Hodgson ; 1694, William Penny (founder of Penny's 
 Hospital) ; 1695, Thomas Metcalfe ; 1696, George Foxcroft ; 1697, 
 Thomas Walker ; 1698, Robert Parkinson ; 1699, Robert Carter ; 
 1700, Thomas Sherson ; 1701, John Hodgson ; 1702, William 
 Penny ; 1703, Thomas Simpson ; 1704, Thomas Medcalfe ; 1705, 
 Thomas Waller; 1706, Robert Parkinson; 1707, Robert Carter; 
 1708, Thomas Westmore ; 1709, Thomas Sherson ; 17 10, Thomas 
 Gardner; 1 7 1 1 , William Penny; 1712, Richard Simpson; 1713, 
 John Bryer ; 1714, Thomas Waller ; 17 15, Robert Parkinson ; 1716, 
 Edward Cole ; 1717, Robert Carter ; 17 18, Thomas Westmore ; 
 1719, Richard Simpson ; 1720, John Bryer ; 1721, Thomas Waller; 
 1722, Christopher Butterfield ; 1723, Thomas Croft ; 1724, James 
 Tomlinson ; 1725, Edmund Cole; 1726, Robert Winder; 1727, 
 Thomas Westmore; 1728, John Coward; 1729, Thomas Postle- 
 thwaite ; 1730, John Casson ; 1 73 1 , Christopher Butterfield ; 1732, 
 James Smethurst ; 1733, Jsunes Tomlinson ; 1734, John Bowes ; 
 1735, W f illiam Bryer ; 1736, Edmund Cole ; 1737 Robert Winder ; 
 1738, Thomas Postlethwaite ; 1739, Thomas Sinoult ; 1740, John 
 Gunson; 1 741 , John Casson; 1742, John Bowes; 1743, William 
 Bryer; 1744, Robert Winder; 1745, Thomas Gibson ; 1746, James 
 Holmes; 1747, Henry Bracken; 1748, James Rigmaiden : 1749, 
 Miles Barber ; 1750, Thomas Postlethwaite; 175 1, John Gunson; 
 1752, Joshua Bryer ; 1753, Gwalter Borranskill ; 1754, Robert 
 Winder; 1755, John McMillan; 1756, William Butterfield; 1757, 
 Henry Bracken; 1758, Miles Barker; 1759, Joshua Bryer; 1760, 
 Robert Foxcroft; 1762, Gwalter Borranskill: 1762, Robert Winder, 
 1763, John Stout ; 1764, Roger Walshman ; 1765, Edward Snarl; 
 1766, James Hinde; 1767, John Bowes ; 1768, James Barrow; 1769, 
 Thomas Hinde ; 1770, William Butterfield; 1 77 1 , Robert Foxcroft; 
 1772, John Stout ; 1773, Edward Suart ; 1774, James Hinde ; 1775, 
 John Bowes ; 1776, Henry Hargreaves ; 1777, James Harrow ; 
 1778, Thomas Hinde; 1779, William Butterfield; 1780, Robert 
 Foxcroft; 1781, Edward Suart; 1782, James Hinde; 1783, John 
 Bowes ; 1784, Henry Hargreaves ; 1785, Miles Mason ; 1786, 
 William Watson ; 1787, John Housman ; 1788, Samuel Simpson ;
 
 1 98 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 1789, John Watson; 1790, Anthony Atkinson; 1791, Edward 
 
 Suart ; 1792, James Hinde ; 1793, John Tallon ; 1794, Robert 
 
 Addison; 1795, Richard Johnson; 1796, David Campbell; 1797, 
 
 Thomas Harris ; 1798, James Moore ; 1799, Richard Postlethwaite, 
 
 1800, Richard Atkinson ; 1801, James Parkinson ; 1802, Thomas 
 
 Shepherd ; 1803, Robert Addison ; 1804, Jackson Mason ; 1805, 
 
 Richard Johnson ; 1806, Thomas Burrow ; 1807, John Taylor 
 
 Wilson ; 1808, Thomas Moore (James Moore resigned) ; 1809, 
 
 Richard Atkinson; 1810, Thomas Moore; 181 1, John Baldwin; 
 
 181 2, Thomas Giles ; 1813, Richard Johnson ; 1814, John Park ; 
 
 1815, Thomas Burrow ; 1816, John Taylor Wilson ; 1817, Samuel 
 
 Gregson; 1818, Thomas Walling Salisbury; 1819, John Bond; 
 
 1820, James Atkinson ; 1821, Thomas Bowes ; 1822, James Barton 
 
 Nottage ; 1823, Thomas Giles ; 1824, Leonard Redmayne ; 1825, 
 
 Samuel Gregson ; 1826, John Taylor Wilson ; 1827, Thomas 
 
 Walling Salisbury ; 1828, George Burrow; 1829, John Bond ; 1830, 
 
 James Atkinson ; 1831, Thomas Giles ; 1832, Christopher Johnson ; 
 
 1833, George Burrow ; 1834, J onn Brockbank. Since the passing 
 
 of the Municipal Reform Act : — 1835, G. Burrow ; 1836, T. H. 
 
 Higgin ; 1S37, John Greg ; 1838, J. Armstrong ; 1839, J. Dockray ; 
 
 1840, W. Robinson ; 1841, J. Dunn; 1842, J. Dunn; 1843, E. D. 
 
 de Vitre ; 1844, E. D. Salisbury ; 1845, J- Giles ; 1846, John Sharp; 
 
 1847, T. Howitt ; 1848, E. Sharpe ; 1849, J. Sow ray ; 1850, H. 
 
 Gregson; 185 1 , J. H. Sherson ; 1852, John Hall; 1853, J. S. 
 
 Burrell; 1854, J. Brockbank; 1855, E. D. DeVitre ; 1856, R. 
 
 Hindle ; 1857, C. Johnson, jun.; 1858, W. Jackson ; 1859, W. 
 
 Whelon ; i860, J. Greg; 1861, H. Gregson; 1862, J. Greg; 1863, 
 
 G. Jackson ; 1864, J. Williamson ; 1865, R. Eawcett ; 1866, W. J. 
 
 Wane; 1867, T. Storey; 1868, R. Coupland ; 1869, William 
 
 Roper; 1870, William Bradshaw ; 1871, C. Blades; 1872, W. 
 
 Storey; 1873, T. Storey ; 1874, T. Storey; 1875, T. Preston ; 1876, 
 
 H. Welch ; 1877, A. Seward ; 1878, W. Hall ; 1879, G - Cleminson; 
 
 1880, E. Clark ; 1881, S. J. Harris; 1882, J. Fenton ; 1883, S. J. 
 
 Harris: 1884, E. Clark; 1885, J. Hatch; 1886, T. Storey; 1887, 
 
 Charles Blades ; 1888, Charles Blades: 1889-90, Thomas Preston; 
 
 1890-91, Charles Blades.
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 199 
 
 Sir Thomas Storey is the first of Mayors of Lancaster who 
 lias been honoured with a knighthood, for the Sir Robert Bindloss, 
 mentioned in 1665 and 1672, was a baronet. Sir Thomas has been 
 named rather humourously, "The Knight of the White Cross." 
 owing" to the principal works of the firm, of which he is chief repre- 
 sentative, being known as the White Cross Works. 
 
 The last time the ancient Corporation of Lancaster visited 
 the Parish Church was on the 20th December, 1835. It may be 
 somewhat amusing to inform readers that the officials in the old 
 Corporation were numerous and comprised besides the mayor, 
 recorder, town clerk, and treasurer, a bailiff" of the brethren, a 
 bailiff of the commons, mayor's sergeant, town's sergeant, beadle 
 and bellman, two chamberlains, four pecksealers, two street super- 
 visors, three waits or musicians, two hedge lookers, and two ale 
 tasters. 
 
 Some Recorders of Lancaster. 
 
 Robert Gibson, Esq., Recorder 25 years. Tyldesley Diary, Page 18. 
 James Fenton, Esq., died in December, 1797, aged 79. The Fentons 
 and the Rawlinsons of Cark Hall were near relations. 
 Hubberstey Esq. 
 Thomas Hudson Bateman, Esq. 
 
 Mr. Gibson of the firm of Maxsted and Gibson, Solicitors, 
 kindly forwards the following information concerning Mr. Recorder 
 Gibson, one of his ancestors: — "Edmund Gibson, of Stank-in- 
 Furness and Moore Coate in the Parish of Dalton, Statesman, is 
 the first traceable ancestor of the family of Gibson. Edmund had 
 by his second marriage two sons Robert and Charles. The former 
 was Recorder of Lancaster, the latter Deputy Prothonotary of the 
 Common Pleas in the County of Lancaster. Robert, the Recorder, 
 was born 1676, and died 1 73 1 . He is mentioned in William Stout's 
 Diary as dying very suddenly at Appleby, when on a commission 
 there. Stout savs : — 'He was Recorder of Lancaster 25 years, and
 
 2oo TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 was a lawyer of the most repute in Lancashire, Westmoreland, or 
 Cumberland, and had great business, and was faithful to his clients 
 of all religious persuasions or parties." The Recorder married 
 Sarah daughter of Dr. Cox, Prebendary of Durham. 
 
 Lancaster, being a Borough from the time of Richard L, had 
 a Court of Pleas of debts contracted within it ; and by the Charters 
 of Charles II. (1665 and 1689,) a recorder could be appointed, with 
 the approbation of the crown. The Charter of 1 S19, which con- 
 tinued in force till it was snuffed out by the Municipal Corporation's 
 Act, made it competent to the Borough to have a recorder. After 
 the passing of the last mentioned Act, Lancaster not being (any 
 longer) a Quarter Sessions Borough, lost the right to appoint, 
 unless the Court of Pleas survived. The Preston recordership exists 
 by virtue of its Court for the recovery of small debts. The recorder- 
 ship of Lancaster is of very old date. In 1389 part of the town was 
 burned down and the records consumed, not for the first time." 
 
 Of past town clerks I am able to give only a few names. 
 The first is that of Thomas Shepherd, who resigned October 8th, 
 1793, an( -l was succeeded by Thomas Edelston, who died on the 27th 
 of August, 1802, aged 41. His successor was John Lewthwaite, 
 September 23rd, 1802, followed by John Higgin, who was asked to 
 resign because " the Council could not get along comfortably with 
 him," and accordingly did as requested on the 25th of April, 1837. 
 1 next meet with the name of Henry Gregson, who resigned on 
 account of professional duties on the 26th September, 1840. He 
 was succeeded by William Dunn, on the 19th October, of the same 
 year. William Dunn was followed by Thomas Swainson, the 
 present holder of the office. 
 
 The police arrangements are good, and the force is char- 
 acterized by courtesy and smartness. It consists at present of 
 one chief constable, one inspector, three street sergeants, one 
 detective sergeant, and 21 constables. Total 27.
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 201 
 
 Of past chief constables I can only gather the names of those 
 who have filled the post during- the present century. They are 
 Richard Hoggarth, resigned 1835, Malcolm Wright, appointed 21st 
 February, 1835 > J orm Allanson, Thomas Pye, resigned 1866, and 
 Mr. Webb ; after whom came the present chief constable, Mr. F 
 Ward, a gentleman much esteemed in the borough for his genial 
 nature and disposition to clemency. On the 19th April, 1843, Mr. 
 Wright was presented with a piece of plate, value ^61, by several 
 of the inhabitants of Lancaster and neighbourhood, as a token of 
 their regard. 
 
 The Black Hole. 
 
 Before the erection of cells in connection with the police office, the place ot 
 detention in Lancaster was known as the " Black Hole," and it well deserved the 
 appellation. In ' Neild's State of the prisons of England, Scotland, and Wales * the 
 ' Town Gaol " is thus described : — " This temporary place of confinement is a room 
 under the staircase of the Town Hall, in size 15ft. Sin. , by 1 ift. 5m. , and Sft. ioin. high. 
 It has a tire place with a window about 3ft. square, and contains two barrack bed- 
 steads. The door has an aperture 12m. square, and over it on a stone tablet is 
 inscribed Executio Juris uiilli facit injuriam, i66g. Prisoners are sent here 
 before examination. The keeper is the Town Sergeant. When a debtor is taken into 
 custody on a borough process, the officer is under the necessity of keeping his prisoner 
 in the Town Sergeant's house until the business is settled. Light was only admitted 
 into this dungeon from the window which looked into a narrow yard abutting upon 
 the business premises, which formerly occupied the site of the Town Hall Offices. In 
 this dismal hole several prisoners were frequently confined at the same time." 
 
 The old Town Hall is said to have once been at the corner 
 of China Lane, a building or site subsequently occupied by Messrs. 
 Shrigley, a firm known at one time as Shrigley and Williamson, 
 then Shrigley and Hodgson, and afterwards as Shrigley and Hunt. 
 Mr. Thomas Shrigley, founder of the firm, died April 9th, 1821, 
 aged 67. 
 
 The lamp in the centre of the Town Hall Square bears this 
 inscription: — "Presented by the Shareholders of the Lancaster Gas 
 Company, 1880, in memory of Edward Denis de Vitro, M.D., 40 
 years chairman of the Company "
 
 202 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 The question has been asked " Is Lancaster a city ?" Is it 
 improper to style it a city ? From competent authorities as to 
 what constitutes a city readers may judge for themselves. "The 
 term ' City ' was introduced in the time of the Norman Conquest. 
 The derivation is from the Latin Civ/tas, and it is not restricted to 
 episcopal towns. It applies to those subject to municipal government. 
 The term is synonymous with burgh. At the great council 
 assembled in 1072, to settle the claims of two Archbishops, it was 
 decreed that Bishops' sees should be transferred from towns to 
 cities ; these latter existing before the sees were transferred to them. 
 Incorporated towns governed by a Mayor and Aldermen, are cities ; 
 and these are sufficiently important, as a rule, to possess a cathedral 
 or abbey church." Lancaster possesses a priory church and the 
 remains of an abbey only a few miles out in the country. It is 
 certainly never spoken of as a city in ancient documents, though from 
 the above statement it would be a challengeable remark to say that 
 it was not entitled to the term. 
 
 Freedom of the Borough. 
 
 The freedom of the borough is acquired by birth, apprentice- 
 ship or gift. In 1604, James I. gave Lancaster a new charter, and 
 in 1621 issued a proclamation, "That not only the burgesses, but 
 all the inhabitants of Lancaster should be toll free throughout all 
 England ;" and he ordered the proclamation to be made in all 
 fairs and markets, and a penalty of ^100 to be paid by any that 
 should exact aught from them ; but it does not appear that the 
 inhabitants and freemen availed themselves of the privilege con- 
 ferred by this proclamation. 
 
 Ancient Freeman's Certificate. 
 
 By the courtesy of Colonel Whalley I have been permiited 
 to transcribe the following Certificate of Freemanship which may 
 be interesting to the freemen of to-dav.
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 To ALL and singular justices and keepers of the peace Sheriffs Mayors 
 Aldermen Bailiffs Constables and other officers ministers and faithful liege subjects of 
 our Lord the King to whom this present writing shall come ROBERT WINDER esquire 
 Mayor of this Burrough or town of Lancaster in the county of Lancaster greeting in 
 our Lord God everlasting Know Yk that the sd Burrough of Lancaster is an ancient 
 Burrough and that all the Burgesses thereof have and enjoy for time immemorial 
 have had and enjoyed the liberties privileges & immunities to be exonerated <S: 
 acquitted of all toll as Passage & Bridge Toll Stallage Poundage Tunage Lastage & 
 also of all other exaction & demand whatsoever for all their wares merchandizes 
 bought or sold throughout ye whole kingdom of England as also through every sea- 
 port ye islands other ports & towns of Ireland Wales and Mann which our Lord 
 James ye First late King of England Scotland Ffrance & Ireland by his letters 
 patents under ye great seal of England granted & confirmed to his Burgesses of 
 his sd Burrough and their successors for ever ye liberties privileges & immunities 
 aforesd according to ye tenour of divers Charters of ye ancestors & predecessors of 
 our sd Ld ye King to ye same Burgesses and their successors granted from ye time 
 of ye reign of ye late King John by our Lord Charles ye Second late King of England 
 Scotland ffrance & Ireland to ye same burgesses by his Letters Patents and 
 Charters lately confirmed as by ye sd Lettrs Patents & Charters in ye power of and 
 remaining with ye sd Burgesses will more fully & at large appear which said promises 
 I not only testify to you by the tenour of these presents but also that Roger Ilinde 
 the younger ftlaxman is a burgess admitted and sworn to ye liberties of ye same 
 Burrough or vill of Lancaster aforesaid WHEREFORE I the aforesaid Mayor specially 
 require whenever the said Roger Hinde or his servants shall come to the cities ports 
 towns or other places within the Kingdom of England or to the ports of 1 1 eland 
 Wales or Mann with Lis goods wares or merchandizes that he and they shall be free 
 and acquitted of all Passage Toll Bridge Toll Stallage Poundage Tunage Lastage and 
 all other exactions according to the grants aforesaid In WITNESS whereof to these 
 presents I the aforesaid Mayor have put the seal of my office the Twenty-eighth day 
 of August in the Twelfth year of ye reign ol our most gracious sovereign Lord 
 George the Second by the grace of God of Great Brittain Ffrance ix Ireland Defender 
 of ye ffaithe &c and in ye year of our Lord One Thousand Seven Hundred and thirty 
 eight 
 
 Robert Winder Mayor L.S. 
 
 This Mayor dwelt in Market Street on the site of Messrs. 
 Whimpray and Cardwell's premises. Another freeman's certificate, 
 kindly lent me, is that of John Rawlinson of Skerton, butcher. It 
 is dated April 2nd, 1780, and signed William Butterfield, Mayor, 
 accompanying it is " The Oath of a Free Burgess of the Corpora- 
 tion of Lancaster." Both documents go together in a tin case
 
 2o 4 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 made for the pocket, so that the owner could carry proofs of his 
 f reemanship with him without danger of their being damaged or 
 soiled. The oath reads as follows : — 
 
 The Oath of a Free Burgess of the Corporation of Lancaster. 
 
 You shall S\vuar that you will bear Faith and true Allegiance to our 
 Sovereign Lord KING GEORGE, and to his Heirs and Successors Kings and 
 Queens of this Realm. That you will pay due Obedience to the Mayor and Ministers 
 of this Borough, and maintain and support as much as in you lies, the Franchises, 
 Privileges, Rights and Customs thereof. You shall well and duly when required, be 
 contributaiy to all Duties, Scot, Lot, and other Charges within this Town, bearing 
 your part, as other Freemen do, during the Time you inhabit within the said Town, 
 or Franchises thereof. You shall not colour any Foreign Goods whereby the Tolls or 
 Customs may be lost. You shall not sue any Freeman out of this town, whilst you 
 may have Law and Right within it. You shall not take any Apprentice within this 
 Town for less Term than seven Years ; in the first year you shall cause him to. be 
 Inrolled, and at the End of the Term you shall use your best Endeavours to make him 
 Free of this Town (if he hath well and truly served you.) You shall keep the King's 
 1'eace in your own Person. You shall know of no unlawful Assemblies, Meetings, or 
 Conspiracies against the King's Peace within the Jurisdiction of this Town, but you 
 shall inform Mr. Mayor thereof, and oppose them to the utmost of your Power. You 
 ^hall on all proper Occasions, promote as much as in you lies, the Good and Interest 
 ' >f this Corporation. 
 
 All these articles and things you shall well and truly keep to the best of 
 
 your Power. 
 
 So help you God. 
 
 The Roger Hinde mentioned in Colonel Whalley s certificate 
 had a sister Rachel, who married Mr. Jonathan Whalley. This 
 Jonathan Whalley, born on the 23rd February, 173,3, had a silver 
 cup presented to him, when he was two years old, by his uncle. 
 Colonel Whalley has the cup which is thus inscribed 
 
 Jonathan Whaley, 
 
 !735- 
 
 Colonel Whalley also possesses an old Punch Bowl inscribed 
 " Success to the Bridgetown " (the chief town in Barbadoes). It 
 is believed that this bowl was used for christening the ship when
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 20: 
 
 it was first launched and bound for the West Indies. In the 
 same gentleman's garden is the old stone which stood over the 
 doorway of Alderman Heysham's house. It bears letters and date- 
 as under — 
 
 H 
 
 G. E. 
 
 1680. 
 
 And now we turn to a more engrossing topic without the 
 inclusion of which this chapter would prove thin and incomplete in 
 the extreme. We have seen that the first Charter to Lancaster was 
 granted about the year 1193, by King- John when Earl of Morton, 
 in the fourth year of Richard I. that the liberties granted to 
 Lancaster were very similar to those granted a little before to 
 Bristol, and also that the third Edward in the 37th year of his reign 
 granted his Charter to the Mayor and Bailiffs in order to secure the 
 holding of all pleas and sessions of Justices in Lancaster. These 
 ancient Charters were confirmed by Richard II., Henry IV. , Henry 
 V., Henry VII., Queen Elizabeth, and James I. The latter 
 monarch gave a new Charter in the year 1604 ; and in 1665, came 
 the first Charter of Charles II., and the second in 1684, and this 
 latter was called "the old Charter," when reference was made to it 
 for in 1819 George III., in the 59th year of his reign, conferred 
 upon Lancaster a new Charter altogether. 
 
 Ancient Charters. 
 
 The first Charter granted to the burgesses of Lancaster is that of King- John 
 granted while Earl of Moreton and Bologne about the year 1 188, It conferred upon 
 Lancaster the liberties and immunities granted to the city of Bristol. In Cory's 
 " Bristol "' we find that its provisions were as follow : — 
 
 That no burgess shall plead or be impleaded out of the walls of the town 
 
 in any plea, except pleas relating to foreign tenures, which do not belong to the 
 hundred of the town, and that they shall be quit of murder within the bounds of the 
 town. And that no burgess shall wage duel unless he shall have been appealed, for 
 the death of any stranger, who was killed in the town and did not belong to the town.
 
 2o6 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 And that no one shall take an Inn* within the walls by assignment or by livery of the 
 Marshall against the will of the burgesses. And that they shall be quit of toll and 
 Jlastage and §pontage and of all other customs, throughout my whole land and power. 
 And that no one shall be condemned in a matter of money, unless according to the 
 law of the hundred, \iz, by forfeiture of 40s. And that the said hundred Court shall 
 lie held only once a week. And that no one, in any plea, shall be able to argue his 
 cause in miskenning. And that they may lawfully have their lands and tenures and 
 mortgages and debts throughout my whole land, whoever owes them anything. And 
 that with respect to lands and tenures which are within the town, they shall be held 
 by them duly according to the custom of the town. And that with regard to debts 
 which have been lent in Bristol, and mortgages there made, pleas shall be held in 
 the town, according to the custom of the town. And that if any one in any other 
 place in my land shall take toll of the men of Bristol, if he shall not restore 
 it after he shall be required, the Prepositor of Bristol shall take from him a 
 distress at Bristol, and force him to restore it. And that no stranger trades- 
 man shall buy, within the town, of a man who is a stranger, leather corn 
 or wool, but only of the burgesses. And that no stranger shall have a wine 
 shop, unless in a ship, nor sell cloth for cutting, except at the fair. And that 
 no stranger shall remain in the town with his goods for the purpose of selling, but 
 for forty days. And that no burgess shall be confined anywhere else within my land 
 or power for any debt unless he be debtor or surety. And that they shall be able to 
 marry themselves, their sons, their daughters and their widows, without the license 
 of their lords. And that no one of their lords shall have the ward-ship or the disposal 
 of their sons or daughters on account of the lands out of the town, but only the ward- 
 ship of their tenements which belong to their own fee, until they shall be of age. 
 And that there shall be no recognition in the town. And that no one shall take tyne 
 in the town, unless for the use of the lord earl, and that according to the custom of 
 the town. And that they may grind their corn wherever they shall choose. And 
 that they may have all their reasonable guilds as well, or better than they had them 
 in the time of Robert and his son William, Earls of Gloucester. And that no burgess 
 shall be compelled to bail any man, unless he himself chooses it, although he be 
 dwelling on his land. We also have granted to them all their tenures within the walls 
 and without as is aforesaid, in messuages, in copses, in buildings, on the water, and 
 elsewhere, wherever they shall be in the town, to be held in free burgage, namely by 
 landgable service, which they shall pay within the walls. We have granted also that 
 any of them may make improvements as much as they can in erecting buildings 
 anywhere on the bank and elsewhere, so it is without damage of the borough and 
 
 *In the Statutum Wallire, 12 Edward I. (1284) Sheriffs are directed amongst 
 other official duties to inquire " de hospitantibus ignotis ultra duas noctes." 
 
 jLastage comes from the Saxon word last, a burden. The term signified 
 porterage, or /tallage, a right claimed by servants of the lord of the fee of carrying 
 «e)ods purchased at fair or market, and the money obtained for that service. 
 
 jjPontage was a duty paid for repairing bridges.
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 207 
 
 town. And that they shall have and possess all void grounds and places which are 
 contained within the aforesaid boundaries, to be built on at their pleasure, wherefore, I 
 will, and firmly enjoin, that my burgesses aforesaid, and their heirs, shall have and 
 hold all their aforesaid liberties and free customs as is written above, of me and my 
 heirs as well and as completely, (or more so) as ever they had them, in good times 
 well and peaceably and honourably, without any hindrance or molestation which any 
 one may offer them on that account. Witness, &c." 
 
 The Charter of King John was confirmed by Henry III. in the 36th year 
 of his reign (1252). In 1 199 King John, it should be observed, abrogated his former 
 Charter so far as the liberties of Bristol were concerned, and conferred upon that 
 Borough the liberties which the late king, his lather, had granted to Xor/liainpton, 
 and confirmed the other grants contained in the Charter. The most important of 
 the liberties claimed under the Charter of King John were an exemption from toll 
 throughout all England and the ports of the sea, a Court of Pleas of all debts 
 contracted at Lancaster, with power to choose a mayor annually, and all other 
 liberties and free customs of the citizens of London. It appears that the liberties of 
 Northampton, according to the grant of Richard I., were allowed and enrolled in 
 the Guild Hall of the city of London in 1361. An exemplification of King John's 
 Charter was sent by the Corporation of Northampton to Lancaster, and it was 
 received as comprising the liberties conferred on the burgesses of Lancaster only. By 
 this Charter the burgesses claimed an annual fair, and a market every Saturday. 
 This Charter was confirmed by Henry III. in 1226. The style of the Corporation 
 of Lancaster is first mentioned in the " Placita de Quo Warranto," as " Ballivus et 
 Communitas Burgi de Lancaslra. " A mayor, two bailiffs, and twelve capital 
 burgesses are named in the bye-laws of the Corporation, which were examined and 
 ratified in the 36th Edward III. ; they were again ratified in the 14th Elizabeth. 
 The ratification of them by Edward III. appears only in the recital of Elizabeth. 
 
 I will now proceed to give an abstract of the Charters granted 
 to Lancaster. 
 
 Abstract of Charters granted to the Corporation of 
 Lancaster and a decree thereon whereby the Assizes and original 
 Quarter Sessions are held at Lancaster and nowhere else in the 
 County. 
 
 A Copy of the Chapter of Kim; Edward III. 
 
 Eowakd, by the grace of Cod, King of England, Lord of Ireland and 
 Aquitaine. To the Archbishops, Bishops, Abbots, Priors, Earls, Barons, Justiciaries, 
 Sheriffs, Officers, Ministers, and all Bailiffs and faithful subjects greeting — Know
 
 2o8 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 Ve that we of our special grace and at the request of our beloved son, John, Duke of 
 Lancaster, have granted and by this our Charter have for ourself and our heirs 
 confirmed to our beloved the Mayor, Bailiffs and Commonalty of the Town of 
 Lancaster, their heirs and successors, that all pleas and sessions of whatsoever 
 [ustices in the county of Lancaster assigned shall be held in the said Town of 
 Lancaster as in the head town of the said county and not elsewhere in the said 
 county for ever. Wherefore we will and strictly command for ourself and our heirs 
 that the aforesaid pleas and sessions of whatever Justices in the aforesaid county 
 assigned shall be held in the aforesaid town and not elsewhere as aforesaid. 
 Witnesses hereto, the venerable Fathers Simon, Archbishop of Canterbury, Primate 
 of all England: William of Winchester, our Chancellor; and Simon of Ely, our 
 Treasurer, Bishops; Richard, Karl of Arundel, Robert of Suffolk, Thomas de Veer 
 of Oxford, our Chamberlain, Earls: Edward le de Spencer, Ralph de Nevill, John 
 de Nevill, John Atte Lee, Steward of our household and others. Given by our own 
 hand at Westminster, on the thirteenth day of November, in the thirty-sixth year of 
 our reign. 
 
 By Writ of the Priory Seal, inrolled and allowed at Preston on 
 Wednesday, in the first week of Lent, in the thirty-seventh year of King Edward 
 the III., after the Conquest. 
 
 Inrolled and allowed at Lancaster before Thomas de Lathom and his 
 Associates, lustices of our Lord the King, on Monday, in the fifth week of Lent, in 
 the thirty-seventy year of the reign of King Edward III., after the Conquest.' 
 
 KING RICHARD II., grandson of Edward III., by his Letters Patent dated 
 at Westminster, in the seventh year of his reign, recites and confirms the said grant of 
 Edward III., and by his Letters Patent, dated the sixth of February, in the twelfth 
 year of his reign, confirmed again the said grant of Edward III. 
 
 King HENRY IV., by his Letters Patent, bearing date at Westminster the 
 first day of March, in the first year of his reign, reciting (infer alia) the said grant of 
 Edward III., at large confirmed the same in the following words : — We ratifying and 
 confirming all and singular, the grants and confirmations aforesaid, and the Charter 
 aforesaid, and all and singular the things in there contained, do for ourself and heirs as 
 much as in us lies by the tenor of these presents, grant and confirm to our beloved 
 the present burgesses of the said town of Lancaster and their heirs and successors for 
 ever as the aforesaid Charters reasonably testify." 
 
 King Henry V., by Letters Patent bearing date at Westminster the fifth of 
 February, in the eighth year of his reign, reciting the said Charter of Edward III., and 
 the several confirmations confirms them thus:— "And we do with the advice and 
 consent of the Lords spiritual and temporal in our Parliament held at Westminster
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 209 
 
 in the lirst year of our reign assembled, accept, approve and confirm to our beloved 
 the present burgesses of the town aforesaid and their heirs and successors theChartei 
 aforesaid, concerning such manner oi Liberties, Franchises and Acquittances in no 
 wise revoked, as the aforesaid Charters do reasonably testify. And as the said 
 burgesses ought to use and enjoy the Liberties, Franchises and Acquittances aforesaid ; 
 and they and their predecessors have always hitherto, from the time of the making 
 of the Charters aforesaid, accustomed reasonably to use and enjoy their Liberties, 
 Franchises and Acquittances." Under which Charter of Confirmation is subscribed 
 by the King himself and his Council in Parliament. 
 
 Kinc; Henry VII., by his Letters Patent dated the twenty-eighth day of 
 May, in the third year of his reign, reciting the said Charter of Edward 111., 
 confirmed the grant thereby made to the Mayor. Bailiffs, and Burgesses of the vill of 
 Lancaster. 
 
 Queen Elizabeth by her Letters Patent, dated at Westminster the twelfth 
 of February, in the fifth year of her reign, reciting [niter alia) the said Charter of 
 Edward" III., confirmed the same thus: "We having ratified and confirmed the 
 aforesaid letters and all and singular the things in them contained, do for ourself 
 and our heirs and successors as much as in us lies, admit, approve, and l>y the tenor 
 of these presents do ratify and confirm to our beloved the present Burgesses of the 
 town of Lancaster aforesaid, and their successors according as the letters aforesaid 
 reasonably testify." 
 
 King JAMES I. by his letters patent, dated the Sixth of December, in the 
 second year of his reign, ratified and confirmed all the Charters that had heretofore 
 been granted by any of his predecessors to the Corporation of Lancaster. 
 
 KING CHARLES II. by his Letters Patent, as well under the great seal of 
 England as under the Duchy seal, dated the twenty-second day of December, in the 
 twenty-sixth year of his reign, granted to the Mayor, Bailiffs, and Conimonalt) of 
 Lancaster (inter alia) in these words : — " And further we have confirmed by these 
 presents for ourself, our heirs and successors, and to grant and confirm to the afore- 
 said Mayor, Bailiffs, and Commonalty of the said town and their successors, that all 
 pleas and sessions of whatsoever Justices in the County of Lancaster assigned, to be 
 for ever holden in the said town of Lancaster as in our head town of the same County 
 and net elsewhere in the same County. Wherefore we will and firmly command for 
 us and our heirs, that the said pleas and sessions of whatever our Justices in our 
 County aforesaid assigned, be holden in the town aforesaid and not elsewhere as afore- 
 said." And likewise confirmed all former grants made to the Mayor, Bailiffs and 
 Commonalty or Burgesses or inhabitants of the said vill or town of Lancaster.
 
 2io TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 The original Charters are in Latin, but the above are faithful translations. 
 
 Substance of a Decree of the Chancellor and Council of the Duchy of 
 Lancaster under the Duchy Seal exemplified for and touching the Assizes and four 
 Quarter Sessions, to be holden at Lancaster in the reign of Philip and Mar}'. It 
 appears that two of the original Quarter Sessions of the Peace formerly held at Lancaster 
 were withdrawn by an order of the Duchy Court from the said town and transferred 
 to Clitheroe, and upon a hearing on behalf of the Mayor, Bailiffs and Commonalty of 
 the town of Lancaster before the Chancellor of the Duchy and producing the original 
 Charter of Edward III. and the various confirmations thereof, a decree was obtained 
 for restoring to the town of Lancaster the two original Sessions which had been 
 transferred to Clitheroe in which is added the following reason : — " And for that also 
 that the said Court did make the said several orders without having any intelligence, 
 notice or knowledge of the said Letters Patent or of any such liberty granted to the 
 said town of Lancaster as by the same Letters Patent it doth now evidently and 
 plainly appear. It is therefore, thus ordered and decreed by the said Chancellor and 
 Council that all general Sessions of Assizes and gaol delivery to be appointed, shall 
 be yearly from henceforth for ever holden and kept in and at the said town of 
 Lancaster in the accustomed manner and not elsewhere in the said County. And 
 also that four other Sessions of the Peace commonly called Quarter Sessions to be 
 appointed, shall also yearly, from henceforth for ever be holden and kept at such 
 days as before the making of the order for holding two of the said Quarter Sessions 
 at Clitheroe, were prefixed, used and accustomed, in and at the said town of Lan- 
 caster, and not elsewhere in the said County of Lancaster, the several orders or any 
 clause or article in the same comprised to the contrary, in anywise notwithstanding." 
 
 Among- these papers is one referring to the Penitentiary. 
 
 On the 31st July, 1818, was laid the foundation of the new- tower in Lan- 
 caster Castle, called the Penitentiary, intended for female prisoners. It was reared on 
 Saturday, 26th May, 1821. Its form is that of a semi-polygon of eleven sides, six 
 storeys high. The basement consisting of an ample kitchen, wash-house, dry-house, 
 and store-room. Four of the storeys severally consist of nine lofty apartments, each 
 sixteen feet by eight feet, and each capable of affording accommodation for three 
 persons, all converging to central rooms occupied by the matron, for the inspection 
 of the prisoners. Each storey is intended for a class of twenty-seven females. In the 
 attic storey there are five work-rooms, surmounted by a hospital over the central part, 
 or matron's rooms. In this edifice every attention has been paid to the means of 
 classification, inspection, ventilation, and other conveniences, which are likely to 
 render it one of the best constructed buildings of this kind in the kingdom. The 
 north front, designed by Mr. Gandy, in which is placed a full length figure of justice, 
 does great credit to that eminent artist. Mr. W. Coultherst, the master mason, ha-
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 211 
 
 executed the work in a very substantia] manner. In many parts he has displayed 
 considerable ability, particularly in the construction of the stone roof and the twisted 
 
 curvature of some of the stair cases. 
 
 "The Constitutions and Orders" used in the town of Lan- 
 caster, ratified after being examined in the 36th year of Edward III., 
 are very interesting - , and for the pleasure of the curious we will 
 reproduce a limited number of their clauses, amounting in all 
 to 142. 
 
 8. The mayor and bailiffs to prove bread and ale once in the month at least. 
 
 9. No person to be mayor, bailiff, auditor, fearer, or pricker two years 
 jointly together. No mayor or bailiff shall be pricker or auditor the year next after 
 they have served the said office of mayorship or bailiff. 
 
 10. Also that the mayor shall keep /its comptroll weekly in the toll booth. 
 
 16. Neither the mayor nor any of the bailiffs to give any reward from the 
 town to any bear- wardens or ministrels, without the consent of four of the head 
 burgesses, and four ot the commons — forfeit 6s, 8d. 
 
 17. That the bailiffs keep their banquets at Shrovetide and Easter, and 
 the bailiffs' feasfs to be landaway, and the town to be charged with such matters at 
 the audit. 
 
 19. bailiff's to stallenge artificers, merchants and victuallers only one penny 
 on the Saturday. 
 
 20. Mayor and bailiffs to cause these constitutions to be read once every 
 quarter in the presence of the freemen. 
 
 21. No person that hath been imprisoned in the gaol for any felony or 
 suspicion of felony to remain in the town above three days after his discharge. 
 
 22. Mayor's sergeant to have no more wages at the town's cost, but only 
 by the year — to be paid quarterly--6s. 8d. 
 
 23. The mayor, bailiff, and brethren to have gowns. 
 
 24. The bailiffs' sergeant and bellman shall give attendance upon the 
 mayor every Saturday and principal feast days, and when strangers lie in the town. 
 
 27. The sergeants and bellman to be attorneys in all foreign pleas. 
 
 28. Grass brought into the town for sale to be forfeited. The mayoi 
 always to appoint a convenient place for grass to be sold in. 
 
 29. Bellman not to carry away any hedging from the finder parrock, noi 
 take away the three yeats belonging to the town. 
 
 30. Sergeants of the commons or bellman to obey their masters or forfeit 
 6d. for every default. 
 
 31. Also that one cobbler shall lie chosen every year, within three hours 
 after the election of the officers to the [corroysors] to amend old shoes within this
 
 2i2 TIME-HOXOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 town, and if any member so chosen by the [corroysors] and afterwards al any time do 
 refuse to serve in that office, he shall forfeit for every default 6d. 
 
 32. Also that one swyne herd shall be yearly appointed to keep all the 
 swyne vesyan within this town, as well in winter as in summer, upon the moor called 
 JVhernmoore, above the moor yeat. and the said swyne herd to have wages and fees 
 as followeth, viz., the mayor to pay Xod., every one of the twelve head burgesses and 
 the bailiff 4d., every freeman having swine 4<1. yearly, every stallenger having swine 
 to pav according as they are assessed by four men appointed yearly. 
 
 }}. Mayor, bailiff sergeant, or under bailiff to be a freeman, and to lie 
 sworn. 
 
 34. Abo that none shall be made burgesses within the said town except he 
 have dwelled here the space of one whole year at leas!, within which lime his neigh- 
 bours may know his conversation, manner, ami behaviour, and that none shall receive 
 the liberty to have . . . nor be sworn to be burgesses but at a head court. Ever) 
 freeman's son to pay XXs., every apprentice to XXVJs. VIII., and every stranger 
 and foreign burgess to pay not less than ... to be admitted to the freedom, 
 and that none be admitted without a whole consent. 
 
 35. Freemen refusing to pay scot and lot to lose their freedom. 
 
 41. [f any person give his goods to another man, for fraud or deceit, he 
 shall lose his liberties. 
 
 42. If any freeman make any complaint called wrangling he shall lose his 
 liberties. 
 
 49. Also, that if any person do rayle, chide, or flyte, and thereof be convicted 
 they shall be amerced, the first time in Xljd., the second time in IJs., the third time 
 to be set upon the pillorie or cooke stoole, or else shall make fvne and redemption at 
 the will of Mr. Mayor and XIJ. head burgesses. 
 
 50. Also, that if any person do make a brawl or hubbleshaw, he shall 
 make no less fyne than js. 4d., whether it be upon officer or other. 
 
 58. No inhabitor to take house or land within the liberty of the town, 
 except they have the good-will of the tenant. 
 
 59. That every freeman that shall occupy any of the town's lands or Deep 
 Cans, shall have and occupy the same lands dining their lives, and after their several 
 deceases, if any of their children be made freemen, then they to have the same if they 
 will pay so much for the same as shall be assessed by six burgesses and six freemen. 
 or else they that will give the most for it to have it. 
 
 04. Also, that no stallenger shall mowe or sheare any brackens or bushes 
 upon the common pasture till the freeman be supplied under pain of 3s 4d. 
 
 65. Also that no stranger shall be suffered to come into the town to dwell 
 till they be allowed by Mr. Mayor, brethren, and XIJ. of the commons to what science 
 or craft they will take to. 
 
 66. Every inhabitant to keep watch and ward, and to find themselves 
 barneys acci irdingly.
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 21 
 
 j 
 
 67. No foreigner to bake or brew to sell . . . without a license. 
 
 68. No stallenger shall buy any victuals or wares coming- <>r come to the 
 towne to be sold before the market bell be rung, until the burgesses of the same 
 towne have bought what they will. 
 
 70. All the inhabitants to pay scot and lot. 
 
 71. None shall be punished or imprisoned in the Tolboolh but only free- 
 men, and all drunkards and disorderly persons to be imprisoned in the stock -house. 
 
 74. No inn-holder shall refuse to lodge any stranger that seemeth to be 
 honest and able to pay. 
 
 75. Also, thai no bridal dinner shall be made within this towne of 
 Lancaster above the price of 41k the piece, under pain of forfeit under every default. 
 
 76. Also, that none shall make any new ales or rintoracks within the 
 towne, either bidd to any within the towne or cause to be bidd to any in fare or 
 house-tything 6s. 8d. , and if any officers do license them 6s. 8d. 
 
 77. Also, if any having ale to sell, refuse to sell forth to anybody a penny- 
 worth or a half-pennyworth, or what as they need. . . . shall forfeit 6d. 
 
 78. No alehouse to be kept open on the Sabbath day in the time of divine 
 
 service. - 
 
 85. No butcher shall sell any quarter of any beast mingled with any 
 quarter of any other beast. 
 
 87. No butcher to sell any flesh against the Assizes or fairs, until the flesh- 
 lookers have had a sight of the flesh and skin. 
 
 88. Vagabonds or idle young persons to be carted or scourged forth of the 
 
 towne. 
 
 89. If any man be found, by request, a common vagabond, or a common 
 eaves-dropper, standing under any man's eaves, walls, or windows. . . . fined 
 
 3s. 4d. 
 
 90. All the detected to be carted about the towne and then expulsed forth 
 
 of the towne. 
 
 92. Also, that all unlawful games be laid away, and young men com- 
 manded to buy bows and arrows. 
 
 97. Every man to repair his own hedge. 
 
 113. None to keep sacks of corn, meal, malt, or salt, from Saturday to 
 
 Saturday. 
 
 117. No shoemaker to >ell shoes unless they be sufficiently tann'd and 
 
 curried. 
 
 118. None shall drive horses or beasts loose through the fields. 
 
 122. None shall leave meat-arks or forms in the street from Saturday to 
 Saturday. 
 
 124. None shall winnow any; corn upon the pavement or in the streets. 
 
 130. No butcher shall cart bowells, blood, or such like corruption into the 
 street.
 
 2i 4 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 132. No man to cart manure or turn water near his neighbour's wall or 
 upon his neighbour's house or garden. 
 
 136. That none brew, wash clothes, or any vile thing, either beasts, 
 inmates, or do any other unwholesome or filthy thing in or about the stone we//, the 
 ware, or any other common well about this towne. 
 
 137. No person to get clay before the Castle gates. 
 
 139. That sheep shall be kept forth of the fields from the feast of Si. 
 Andrew yearly until the corn be inned 
 
 140. That geese shall be kept forth of the fields from Easter Day, yearly 
 until the corn be gotten in. 
 
 141. That calves be kept forth of the field from Hallow Thursday to corn 
 begotten. 
 
 142. Thai swine be kept yearly of the fields from the beginning of seed 
 lime until corn be .... upon pain of forfeit, for every default 4d. 
 
 We at once perceive that in many instances our ancestors 
 were not without a large amount of common sense, which in the 
 public interest is the best sense of all, and ever a great desideratum 
 where youth or inexperience is put into power. The bye-laws of 
 the Corporation, introduced in the 7th year of Queen Ann, together 
 with those of the 59th of George III., and 4th George IV., 1823, 
 are simply extensions and reforms with modifications of amerce- 
 ments or lines. 
 
 The Market Hall and Public Baths, 
 
 Across and along a covered passage is the spacious market 
 house. From all sides o( the town proper, this house is easily 
 approached. It was erected in 1846, and enlarged in 1880 by the 
 addition of what is called the "back market." In 1890 a balcony 
 with a row of shops beneath was erected. The hall is said to be 
 one of the best in the north of England. 
 
 The Baths and Wash-houses and the Williamson Park 
 must now claim a few words. The first of these places was 
 presented to the town by the late Samuel Gregson, Esq., formerly 
 member for Lancaster. The swimming bath in the same is 60 
 feet by 32 feet, and numerous first and second class private baths
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 21, 
 
 are neatly fitted up. A ramble round by Ladies' Walk, and we are 
 at the lower end of St. Leonardgate, wherein stands the Centenary 
 Chapel ^School, and as we proceed towards the centre of the 
 town a large building, namely the Athenaeum, erected in 178 1-2. 
 
 Williamson Park 
 
 'For real beauty of situation and elegance of arrangement 
 is the finest in the north of England. Eight years ago the site of 
 this park was a bleak, gorsey moor. Many years ago it was seen 
 by the Lancaster people that in this moor lay the material for a 
 beautiful recreation ground and public arboretum ; and as far back 
 as the time of the great cotton famine the ground was partly laid 
 out with the object named in view when the town was anxious to 
 find a means of subsistence for the unemployed. At length it was 
 resolved to make a sort of fashionable drive, and some walks upon 
 the broad moor, and so the work was commenced and the drive 
 was named Shakespeare Road, and ramifying from it were good 
 gravelled walks and a plateau upon the most exalted portion known 
 yet as the " Top of Hard Times." " Thus the moor remained rough 
 and dangerous in some parts, but pleasant in others," to quote 
 Johnson, for nearly twenty years, when the late Mr. Alderman 
 AVilliamson, the largest employer of labour in the town, who, about 
 the year 1844, commenced the manufacture of table baize and 
 American leather cloth, and in less than thirty years amassed a 
 princely fortune, conceived the idea of converting the whole piece 
 of land into a park at his own expense, and providing for its 
 maintenance, so that it might never cost the town a single penny. 
 Accordingly ;£ 10,000 was fixed upon as the sum necessary to carry 
 out the scheme in addition to ;£ 1,000 for quarry rights. The 
 worthy Alderman died shortly after making this intention known, 
 and the realisation of the plan devolved upon his two sons. The 
 original sum was found insufficient, so the sons set aside another 
 ^5, 000 out of the estate for the purpose. ^13,530 10s 4c!. had 
 been spent on this noble scheme, leaving a balance of ^1,769 9s. 8d. 
 
 * Newly fronted in 188S.
 
 2i6 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 
 
 for maintenance fund. Seeing that this was quite inadequate, Mr. 
 James Williamson, the present member for the Lancaster Division, 
 came forward and contributed on his own account ,£,8,230 10s. 4d., 
 so as to make the maintenance fund _£, 10,000. The offer was 
 accepted, and the Corporation, in the name of the public of 
 Lancaster, passed a hearty vote of thanks to the generous donor. 
 The scenery which the eminences of the park command of land and 
 sea is such as cannot well be surpassed anywhere. The <hills of 
 Westmorland and Cumberland form a delightful boundary to the 
 view as obtained from the summit long' ago christened " The 
 Sixpence." The vessels in Barrow and Fleetwood are discernible 
 to the left ; and when the day is bright and clear Grange and 
 Ulverston are very plainly seen across the broad bay of Morecambe. 
 The park has every possible convenience, even to smoke-shelter 
 and drinking fountains ; and between some of the natural rocks, 
 which form an oval, the visitor finds a grand surprise in the flowery 
 season after descending the rock-hewn rustic steps, since what may 
 be termed a miniature Eden breaks suddenly upon his sight. There 
 are two entrances, and at each a lodge built of ashlar stone, hand- 
 some and commodious. On the gates are the Williamson arms 
 and the arms of the Borough of Lancaster. Nature has not been 
 trespassed upon or disfigured by what is often mistakenly enough 
 called art ; the latter has only been allowed to make rough places 
 smooth and more capable of affording enjoyment. The shrubs are 
 very extensive, and altogether the park covers about forty acres. 
 The old hills and mounds have been smoothed, and faced with 
 green sods at their bases, while the shrubs above help to retain the 
 weird appearance that reminds one of the past, and makes the 
 contrast more enjoyable. Nor must the rustic bridge and charming 
 lake be forgotten, the latter forming a good skating rink in the 
 winter, and more likely to please the visitor because of the enormous 
 cliffs which tower above it on the south-western side. There is a 
 waterfall artifically constructed to fall over a cliff eighty feet high 
 into a smaller and separate lake below. Mr. Williamson, M.P., 
 has been a veritable benefactor to his native town. Acknowledging 
 the Providence that has enriched him and his family, he has deter-
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 21' 
 
 mined that in all his philanthropic deeds the rule should be "the 
 greatest benefits for the greatest number." 
 
 Gas Works. 
 
 It may here be remarked that up to 1819 the Lancaster 
 Corporation lit up the thoroughfares of the town with lamps, but 
 in that year at a meeting it was resolved that each street should 
 light its own lamps. In 1820 the resolution was acted upon, and 
 in 182 1, but in this latter year many of the inhabitants refused to 
 subscribe. On September 28th, 1825, a meeting was held in the 
 Town Hall, the Mayor, Leonard Redmayne, Esq., being chairman, 
 when it was resolved to form a company to supply the town with 
 gas. The capital, ,£,2,000, was proposed to be raised in 400 shares 
 of ^20 each. In a very short time the shares were taken up. It 
 was on February 24th, 1827, that the streets of Lancaster were 
 first illuminated by gas. Mr. C. Armitage, A.M.I.C.E., is the 
 present engineer at the gas yard, and he has introduced every latest 
 improvement in the science of gas making. When the Gas Works 
 were purchased by the Corporation in 1879, the manufacture of gas 
 was 53 million cubic feet ; and the price at that time was 4s. 6d. 
 per 1,000, an allowance being made of i2'j per cent, to consumers 
 when the consumption reached 150,000 cubic feet per annum, and 
 8 per cent, rebate was allowed to consumers who consumed under 
 that quantity. The company had ^30,000 of 10 per cent, stock- 
 fully paid up, and ,£7,000 of loan capital. The Lancaster Corpora- 
 tion paid ^80,000 for the ^30,000 ten per cent, fully paid up shares, 
 and took over one mortgage of .£7,000, so that altogether they 
 paid £87,000. The amount of capital expended on capital account 
 at the commencement of 1891 was ^101,124; the increase being 
 due principally to a new gas-holder and tank erected in the year 
 1881. Since 1883 nothing whatever has been added to capital 
 account. The quantity of coal and cannel carbonised in 1890 
 represents 12,000 tons, and the quantitv of gas made has reached 
 120 million cubic feet. The price of gas in the borough of Lancaster 
 is now 2s. 3d. per 1,000 cubic feet net. No meter rents are charged,
 
 2i8 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 these having been abolished in 1889. The meter rents were equal 
 to about i^d. per 1,000 cubic feet on average. The price of gas 
 is, therefore, only one half of what it was when the Gas Company 
 had the works. 
 
 The Gas Department has kindly forwarded the names 
 of the past managers of the Gas Works since their origin in 1827. 
 They are as follow : — Thomas Dewhurst, William Malley, T. R. 
 Mellor, William Fleming, and Charles Armitage, A.M.I.C.E.
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 219 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 Lancashire Witches — Trials ok some of them — Debtors in Lancaster 
 Castle — How they Fared and Passed their Time— Presentations 
 made by Debtors in 1837 — The Amicable Library — Assembly Room 
 -The Storey Art Institute— The Theatre — Persons ok Eminence 
 who have appeared therein — Lancaster Banks. 
 
 ANCASHIRE has been famous for its so- 
 called witches, and the county town was, in 
 August, 161 2, the scene of a remarkable 
 trial, in which the following- persons played 
 the part — the unwilling part — of prisoners:- 
 Elizabeth Southerne, alias old Demdike, aged 
 over 80 ; Elizabeth DeYice, young Demdike 
 (Southerne's daughter), James Device, Alizon 
 Device (son and daughter of Elizabeth), 
 Annie Whittle, alias Chattox, a widow of 80 
 years of age ; Annie Redfern, her daughter; 
 Alice Nutter, Katherine Hewytt, alias " Mouldheels ;" James 
 Bulcock, of the Moss End ; John (her son), Isabel Robey, and 
 Margaret Pearson, of Padiham. Eight other persons from Samles- 
 bury, namely, Jennet Bierley, Ellen Bierley, Jane South worth, John 
 Ramsden, Elizabeth Astley, Alice Gray, Isabel Sidgreaves, and 
 Lawrence Hayes. The four last were discharged. The judge who 
 tried the offenders was Sir Edward Bromley. Mother Demdike 
 professed to have met the devil, who called himself "Tib." She 
 admitted that she had promised to give herself to him in considera- 
 tion of his securing to her all that she desired. This same old 
 creature is said to have "made her daughter sell herself to the 
 devil." Old Anne Whittle was first put upon her trial, alias Ann 
 Chattox, or Chatterbox, as she was literally, for we are informed 
 that as she walked to the dock she was constantly seen to be 
 moving her lips. She confessed that she had "placed a bad wish
 
 2zo TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 upon one Robert Nutter, who had insulted her daughter, and who 
 died ;" that .she had also " bewitched a man's drink " (the drink of 
 one John Morris) ; and that she had " made a quantity of butter 
 from a dish of skimmed milk." Eight others were acquitted, but 
 one, Margaret Pearson, was sentenced " to stand in the pillory 
 with a paper on her head declaring her offence, at Clitheroe, 
 Padiham, Whalley, and Lancaster, and to be imprisoned for one 
 year.'* Although there can be little doubt that these so-called 
 " witches " were " a bad lot," yet, allowing for the darkness of the 
 times — the light of civilisation and education scarcely being above 
 a mere streak — we are inclined to consider that the judge who 
 sentenced these erring creatures, many of them to execution, must 
 have been as ignorant of the gospel of mercy as the delinquents in 
 front of him. Fancy a judge telling the prisoners that it was 
 "impossible that they should expect either to prosper or continue 
 in this world or receive reward in the next," and at the same time 
 urging them "to repentance for their 'devilish and hellish' 
 practices." The Pendle Forest must have been a most infatuated 
 and infatuating neighbourhood, for in 1612 the gallows was prettv 
 freely used, ten being executed at once. It appears that " witch- 
 craft " was bad to extinguish, notwithstanding the cruel punish- 
 ments ; for there was held at Malkin Tower a great convocation of 
 seventeen witches on the succeeding Good Friday, when it was 
 decided to kill Mr. Covell, the governor o\ the Castle, and to 
 bewitch and murder a Mr. Lester, a gentleman residing at Westby- 
 with-Craven, Yorkshire. Then, again, a Mr. Roger Nowell, J. P., 
 who had, it was stated, out oi spite committed the witches to 
 Lancaster Assizes also came under the anathemas of the senseless 
 sorceresses, and it was decided to relieve him of his breath for the 
 part he had taken. A ' Witches ' Sabbath was held, when the 
 devil, or whoever and whatever he may be, was evoked and revenge 
 indulged in. 
 
 In 1633, another set of witches from Pendle Forest were 
 tried and condemned at Lancaster, but imprisoned and afterwards 
 cleared from aspersion by Edward Robinson, a boy who was sub- 
 orned to give evidence against them.
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 221 
 
 "Gone to Lancaster" and "Hansbrow's Hotel" were popular 
 saying's in the good old days when Lancaster Castle was a debtors' 
 prison. Letters were often addressed to " Hansbrow's Hotel," 
 the governor of the Castle then being a gentleman of that name. In 
 1837, there were between 300 and 400 debtors in this " Hotel, ' : 
 wherein beer, wine, tobacco, but no spirits, were allowed, and 
 where those who could afford might have any kind of food or clothing 
 they wished and any quantity, with the right of receiving friends 
 from 8 a.m. up to 8 p.m. In this strange hostelrv there were 
 apartments to be had, whose comforts and privileges were regulated 
 in accordance with the debtor's purse or the liberality of his friends. 
 These apartments were humorously styled "The Tap," "The Snug, " 
 "The Pigeons," " The Chancery," " The Constables," " The Pin 
 Box," "The Smugglers," " The Albion," " The Belle Vue," " The 
 Song Room," and " The Quakers." It must be stated that arrests 
 were often " friendly " arrangements to enable an insolvent to rid 
 himself of his liabilities. The bailiff and his supposed victim would 
 travel amicablv to Lancaster, and at the station be met bv some 
 tout of a "scheduling lawyer," as he was termed, between whom 
 and the bailiff there was a decent understanding, and a carousal at 
 the nearest hotel or inn if the debtor's purse permitted, as a last 
 "spree." In the Castle many games were allowed, and various 
 political "larks'" indulged in, including stump orations and sham 
 elections, in which, strange to state, the Tories were mostly 
 victorious by 160 of a majority. Between 1752 and 1794 there was 
 even a bowling green at the service of the " wealthier debtors." 
 But the poor, hard up insolvent, however much he had been the 
 creature or circumstances, did not find Lancaster Castle a bed of 
 roses. If he could not pay for the various creature blessings like 
 his luckier neighbour he must suffer, and his dailv quantum of 
 refreshment was not very likely to make the surroundings less 
 monotonous. Two ounces of bread daily, 4^4oz. of oatmeal daily, 
 and 4}4oz. of salt weekly, with lolbs. of potatoes weekly, formed 
 hut a miserable fare, while others with willing" friends could be 
 provided for and enjoy comfortable rooms, tire and lighting, and 
 even musical entertainment in the shape of a brass band. The
 
 222 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 "advantages" of the imprisonment depended upon the pay, which 
 ranged from five shillings to one pound fifteen shillings weekly. 
 
 On the 8th of February, 1837, Richard Bulfield, Esq., was 
 presented with a handsome silver snuff box by the debtors in 
 Lancaster Castle, as a "testimony of respect for his integritv and 
 humanity." 
 
 On the nth of March, 1837, an interesting presentation was 
 made to the Rev. William Preston Blair, of Manchester, by some 
 of the debtors confined in the Casile. It appears that Mr. 
 Blair was sent to Lancaster Castle "in consequence of having, in 
 order to save a relation, lent him a considerable sum of money, and 
 also unfortunately accepted bills for him which were returned upon 
 the acceptor." During his incarceration Mr. Blair was indefatigable 
 in working for the well being of the souls around him, he was found 
 by the pallet of the sick and dying, was ever ready to perform divine 
 service, and to deliver week-night lectures, and thus rendered his 
 incarceration a g'od-send to those with whom he was placed. Mr. 
 Nicholls, a Manchester attorney, being deputed to make the 
 presentation to Mr. Blair, made it in a manner which for neatness of 
 phraseology cannot be surpassed. The gift consisted of an elegant 
 Bible. 
 
 In literary and philosophical matters there is a society in 
 Lancaster dating from 181 5, and its papers are often of a moderately 
 good order. The Amicable Library, formed in 1768, still flourishes, 
 and Mr.W. O. Roper, the Deputy Town Clerk, and author of 
 "Churches, Castles, and Ancient Halls of North Lancashire," is 
 the secretary. This Library was originally located at a house and 
 shop in Church Street. There is, I hear, no record of the older 
 librarians ; but in 1824 I learn that at a general meeting held on 
 the 15th December, at the Town Hall, it was decided by the com- 
 mittee to secure more convenient premises. The Rev. W. Lamport 
 was chairman. It appears that the committee obtained the 
 building now used as the post office, and the first librarian, so Sir
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 223 
 
 Richard Owen states, was his aunt, Miss Parren. After her came 
 Mrs. Cawson, a widow lady, who was followed by her sister-in- 
 law, Miss Jane Cawson ; then we find Miss Jackson, daughter of 
 Captain Jackson ; Miss Sarah Jackson, her niece, succeeding, and 
 after this lady Mr. J. Dowbiggin, who has held the post since 1885. 
 In the early part of 1891 he was appointed curator of the Storey 
 Art Institute. His successor at the Amicable Library is Mr. W. 
 Blanchard, who entered upon his duties in April, 1891. Mr. 
 Blanchard is the grandson of the distinguished commedian of that 
 name. 
 
 The Co-operative Library, in Lancaster, is a very good one, 
 and may well be so, for Lancaster goes in for co-operation principles 
 to a verv largfe extent. The librarian is Mr. Henrv Motton. 
 
 1 &>' 
 
 The Assembly Room. 
 
 The Assembly Room was erected in 17 14 by the Corporation. 
 Many entertainments of the highest social character have been held 
 within it. There have been past Lord Mayors of London banquetted 
 here, and on Thursday, September 15th, 1842, a complimentary 
 dinner was given to Dr. Whewell and Sir Richard Owen. A 
 beautiful monogram appears over the back door at the north end 
 of the building between the figures which indicate the date. The 
 letters seem to signify : — " George, King of England ; Corporation 
 Assembly Room." The date is thus — J714. The premises are now 
 part of the property of the King's Arms Estate Company. 
 
 The Storey Art Institute. 
 
 The last piece of munificence which Sir Thomas Storey has 
 honoured the town with has assumed the form of a School of Art, 
 erected on the site of the Mechanics' Institute, which latter was 
 established on the 4th of March, 1824, and formally opened on the 
 5th of June in the same year. This new edifice is erected in com- 
 memoration of the attainment of the 50th year of rule of Queen
 
 224 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 Victoria, and the happy form chosen by the generous donor, who 
 in the following inscription modestly sets forth that he gives, 
 declares, and dedicates the edifice to the advancement of local 
 talent, is in every way worthy of a public spirited man. 
 
 " In Honorem 
 
 VlCTORIAE REGINAE NoSTRAE 
 
 Annis L. Regixae. 
 
 Feliciter Actis. 
 
 Tho. Storey, Eques, 
 
 D. D. D. 
 
 (Dat. dicat. dedicat) 
 
 M DCCCLXXXVI I." 
 
 The Lancaster School of Art was established in 1S56. It 
 was one of the first of those schools founded all over the country 
 bv the Science and Art Department after the exhibition of 1851, a 
 department then known as the Department of practical Art. There 
 was a Lancaster Society of Arts existing early in the present century, 
 but it was dissolved on Thursday, November 28th. 1844. 
 
 A preliminary description of the new Art Institute is all that 
 can be given at present. Architecturally it is an attractive building 
 of superior finish. The corridor is a long and ornate passage lit 
 by a very elegant stained window in which are six medallion figures 
 symbolical of Painting, Sculpture, Architecture, Music, Literature 
 and Science. Beneath these respective symbols are the names oi' 
 distinguished men whose lives were devoted to Apollo, Minerva, 
 Clio, Urania, &c. Reading from left to right are these distinguished 
 names : — Reynolds, Turner, Flaxman, Alfred Stevens, William 
 the Englishman (William of Wykeham), Wren, Handel, Bennett, 
 Chaucer, Shakespeare, Roger Bacon, Newton. The stained work 
 was designed by Mr. Jowett. of the firm of Shriglev and Hunt, 
 Lancaster. The recesses on the opposite side are to be filled in 
 with pictures and the effect will then be admirable. The Art Gallery 
 is a noble chamber lighted from above. At the north end of it is a
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 225 
 
 gracefully adorned apsis in which will be placed a group o\ statuary 
 representing the Queen and the Prince Consort sculptured by Mr. 
 Wood, of Chelsea. On the east side their will be a lift for the 
 bringing up of large paintings. This fine room is twenty-six yards 
 long and over ten wide. Just beyond it on the north is a very 
 pleasant committee-room. The general meeting room in suite with 
 the gallery will be used for drawings and local exhibits. This 
 apartment is fifty-one feet in length and twenty-seven in width. 
 These rooms are on the first floor. On the second floor is the 
 elementary room, furnished with black boards and desks and flat 
 tables for geometrical drawings. The wainscoting round the 
 whole of this floor is of pitch-pine, stained a beautiful dark green. 
 Near to is the Art Master's room, in which is a wardrobe and every 
 appurtenance essential to such master's requirements. On the same 
 floor is,the second elementary room, capable of accommodating fifty 
 scholars. Already there are to be seen on the walls some exceedingly 
 attractive plaster casts, including one from Notre Dame and one 
 from the Ghiberti Gates, Florence ; a cast from Stonechurch in 
 Kent, and the Frieze of the Trajan Forum showing the libation of 
 fire. The Antique and Life Chamber is near to. It will be used 
 for drawing and painting from living models. There are now over 
 one hundred and fifty pounds' worth of casts and models including 
 Michael Angelo's slave ; the Athlete with the Strigel, Hercules with 
 the Golden Apples (taken from the one in the British Museum] 
 anatomised ; casts from the tomb of Lorenzo de Medici, and a 
 full-sized head of Michael Angelo, a David, &c. There are likewise 
 excellent specimens of pilaster work and panels. Donetello's figures 
 of children, and Goujon's Rivers of France. There are vases and 
 casks of fruit and flowers to be used as models for painting from, 
 and a very perfect lay figure of a human being, the only one ever 
 introduced into Lancaster. In the wall are Greek Parthenon friezes, 
 a study in themselves. In this room is to be seen a geometrical 
 demonstration board to be utilised chiefly in illustrating relative 
 planes of projections, &c. Adjacent is the Designing Room and Art 
 Library and a Modelling Room for the modelling of wax and clay 
 figures. There are some old models which have been recently
 
 226 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 cleaned, amongst them were Discobulus of Miron, Discobulus of 
 Naucides, a Fighting Gladiator and a Venus 'de Medici. On the 
 ground floor is a reading-room and hard by an apartment which is to 
 form the library, a science department, a chemical-room or labora- 
 tory, and a technical education apartment in which eventually there 
 will be a carpenter's bench, lathe and other appliances belonging 
 to artisan capacities. Altogether there are sixteen rooms with 
 anti-rooms and lavatories besides, the latter conveniences being 
 plentifully distributed all over the edifice. The heating apparatus 
 is on the most approved principle and the cellars are large and 
 well finished. There is an excellent culinary department and lifts 
 communicating with the general meeting room so that it will be 
 quite easy to prepare a collation or banquet on the premises. The 
 lighting has been well considered, the " meteor gas lamps " being 
 adopted. 
 
 The distribution of prizes to the successful Art Students took 
 place probably (or the last time in the Mayor's apartment at the 
 Town Hall, on the 17th of December, 1890. 
 
 The Theatre. 
 
 Old play goers of Lancaster will take an interest in this 
 fragment of the past. "Theatre, Lancaster, June 24th, 1777. 
 Mes>rs. Austen and Whitlock having opened a commodious theatre, 
 in the town of Lancaster, there will be performed on Wednesday, 
 the 2nd of July, a tragedy called 'The Orphan of China.' The 
 characters are to be dressed in proper habits, to which will be added 
 a farce called 'The Miller of Mansfield.' Boxes; 2s. 6d. pit, 2s ; 
 gallery, is. To begin at 7 o'clock. N.B. The company will 
 perform every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday, during their short 
 stay in town." The theatre was erected in 1781. in part by a 
 subscription of 8 shares of £$0 each for which an interest of ^5 per 
 cent was paid from the rent of the theatre, each proprietor, continues 
 Clark (p. 45., 1807), had also a free ticket of admission during the 
 season. Simpson's, " Lancaster," ( 1852), describes the theatre as 
 a "Music Hall and Museum."
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 
 
 In 1782, during the race week, special performances were 
 given at the theatre, and the local chronicler remarks that the Earl 
 of Surrey attended each night. In September, 1789, by special 
 desire of the Earl oi' Lonsdale, "School for Scandal," and "The 
 Midnight Hour" were performed to crowded houses. In a critique 
 dated August 18th, 1802, the oldest local journal, alluding to the 
 company present at the play, describes the same in the following 
 lavish manner :— " Such a blaze of beauty and elegance could not 
 be excelled in any theatre in the kingdom." On the 8th oi 
 September, Mr. Munden and Mrs. H. Siddons appeared on the 
 boards in the comedy of "The Poor Gentleman." The management 
 was then in the 'hands of Messrs. Welch and Thornhill. On August 
 nth, 1804, the theatre was opened for the season under the 
 management of Mr. Stanton and Mr. and Mrs. H. Siddons, while 
 Miss Mellon (afterwards Duchess of St. Albans) occupied the stage. 
 On August 13th, 1805, Master Betty, the young Roscius, appeared 
 as young Norval in the play of " Douglas." Mr. Betterton assumed 
 the part of old Norval, and Mrs. Glover that of Lady Randolph. 
 The receipts amounted to ^"126. In 1843, " The Infant Sappho " 
 was performed, Miss Vining taking the leading lady's part. On 
 November 6th, 1845, a big night of a musical character was scored, 
 Mr. Ellwood, the noted cornet player, performing before the Mayor 
 and a fashionable gathering. In 1846, Miss Maria Hawes appeared 
 in a series of oratorios. This lady was a professional artiste popular 
 in concert music. In 1843, tne °'d theatre underwent a complete 
 transformation at the instance oi' Edmund Sharpe, Esquire, and was 
 opened as a Music Hall, with the oratorio of the "Messiah" in 
 which the solo performers were Mr. Seymour, Miss Robinson, 
 Mr. Armstrong, Mr. Scarisbrick, and Mr. Constantine; and on the 
 evening of the day following this oratorio, a concert of a miscel- 
 laneous nature was given. On December 5th, 1843, Mr. Harrison 
 gave a concert consisting of vocal and instrumental music, the 
 artistes being Messrs. Lindley, Blagrove, and the Misses Williams. 
 In June, 1866, General Tom Thumb,* and Minnie Warren with 
 
 * General Tom Thumb first visited Lancaster on the 21st and 22nd of 
 February, 1845. He was then reported as being only 25 inches in heighl and 1 5lbs. 
 in weight ; age, 13.
 
 228 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 Commodore Nutt visited the Music Hall, and " Blind Tom" also 
 performed twice during- the same year. About two and twenty 
 years ago Sir Richard Owen lectured here on " Cavern Exploration 
 in the North of France." The concert given on the 27th March, 
 1848, for the benefit of the widow of Mr. John Harrison, makes it 
 appear that the deceased was a local musician identical with the 
 Mr. Harrison who appeared as the artiste special of December 15th, 
 
 1843, above referred to. I ought to add that Mr. Stephen Kemble 
 has performed in this hall, but on what dates I have been unable to 
 learn. 
 
 From about i860 until 18S2 the Athenaeum was the property 
 of a company termed "The Lancaster Athenaeum Company, Limited," 
 and in 1865 the name Edward Graham Paley, Esq., appears as 
 secretary thereto. In May, 1884, the hall again became a private 
 property, and since that year has belonged to Mr. Henry Wilkinson. 
 
 Paganini, the celebrated violin player, who was in Lancaster 
 for several days in September, 1833, appeared on the Athenaeum 
 stage. Professor Greenbank lectured in the hall on the 24th April, 
 
 1844, and the British Archaeological Association, under the pre- 
 sidency of Mr. James Heywood, M.P., F.R.S.,F.S. A., held a 
 meeting in the hall on the 20th August, 1850. Mr. Sims Reeves 
 has been here several times, and Mr. Bellew, whose last appear- 
 ance on the stage was on the 28th November, 187 1. Mr. George 
 Dawson lectured on Richard Cobden from the same platform in 
 1866. Owing to the courtesy of \Y. G. Welch, Esq., of Dalton 
 Square, I am enabled to transcribe the autographs of the foremost 
 litterateurs, scientists, artistes, and vocalists who have entertained 
 the public of Lancaster between i860 and 1884. This gentleman 
 (Mr. Welch) was secretary of the Athenaeum Company. The 
 signatures are a study, and the book will one day be worth no small 
 sum of money from the virtuoso's point of view. The names are 
 graphological curiosities, indicating the character of their owners 
 in many instances. There are specimens of the horizontal, the 
 vertical, cvlindrical, rectilineal, rhomboid and obtuse-angled tri-
 
 TIME-HONOURED LAN-CASTER. 229 
 
 angular. Amongst these sign-manuals I noticed the following : — 
 "Marian Endersohn (January 10th, 1869), J. G. Patey, Emile 
 Berger, B. Waterhouse Hawkins, J. L. Hatton, A. Reichardt, 
 Brinsley Richards, R. J. Sketchley (who lectured on Walpole, 
 November 28th, i860), Allen Irving, F.S.A., H. Lemmens-Sherring- 
 ton, Grace Sherrington, \Y. H. Weiss of "Elijah" fame, Philip 
 P. Carpenter Ph. I)., (March iyth and 21st, 1861), Charlotte S. 
 Dolby, (October 17th, 1861), Montem Smith, J. C. M. Bellew, 
 (April 8th, 1865), Lydia Howard, Sam Cowell (' Hie et Ubique '), 
 D. J. Macgowan, of Ningpo, China, with specimens of Chinese 
 writing. E. Lankester (' Man and the Gorilla," March 31st, 1862), 
 J. C. Daniell, L.L.D. ('Life of the first French Emperor,' October 
 6th and 7th, 1862), George Grossmith, F. Close (late Dean of 
 Carlisle), Sir Richard Owen (March 8th, 1865), Edward de Jong 
 (1863), C. A. Calvert (January 27th, 1864), George Buckland, Frank 
 Burgess", George Dawson (April nth, 1866), Fred Maccabe (1866), 
 Kate Roberts, L. A. M. Toomkitchie, of the Japanese Troupe (with 
 specimens of Japanese handwriting), Walter Field, John Hudspeth, 
 Edwin Waugh (January 31st, 1865), 'Blind Tom,' W. P. Howard, 
 Musical Guardian (October 30th, 1866), Edmund Rosenthal (Decem- 
 ber 2nd, 1869), Walter and Henry Wardroper (February 17th, 
 1870), Signor Foli, Charles Dillon (March 3rd, 1877), J. H. 
 Curwen (January 16th, 1877), Duncan S. Miller (Royal Handbell 
 Ringers, January 3rd, 1877). Wilma Norman Neruda's name is 
 also a fine and prominent sample of chirography. There are other 
 signatures of men who are more than conquerors, having fought 
 and won, fought their way to honour and renown. The scientific, 
 literary, artistic and musical world are all represented, and in the 
 latter bars of music are not unfrequently met with in addition to 
 the names. In the beginning of the album is a notification to the 
 effect that the same was presented to Mr. Welch by resolution of 
 the Lancaster Athenaeum Company, Limited, at its, final meeting on 
 June 1 6th, 1884." On the 16th and 17th of August, 1889, Miss 
 Fortescue appeared in Mr. W. S. Gilbert's Mythological Comedy 
 " Pygmalion and Galatea ;" also as " Vere " in " Moths."
 
 2 3 o TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 A few more facts may suitably be introduced while on this 
 edifice. Some strong" teetotalers reigned here in 1838. In the 
 Lecture Hall attached many religious and political meetings have 
 been held by prominent local men at different periods. The 
 character of the plays now mounted is often of a very superior 
 order, and it is earnestly to be hoped that in due time the rage for 
 any extreme sensational pieces will die never to be revived. 
 
 In September, 181 2, a son of Crispin thought he would secure 
 for himself a place "on the cheap " in the theatre. He ascended 
 the back stairs of the stage leading to the region of thunder and 
 lightning, and meditating a descent into the gallery, he attempted 
 to realise his aim, but, unfortunately for himself, he fell into the pit 
 and escaped with little more than a good shaking. 
 
 There used to be a barn called the Bulk Tithe Barn, situated 
 on the road to Caton, and it was says "Old Recollections," used 
 as a play house. Munden, Whitelock, Mrs. Siddons (then Miss 
 Kemble), all the Kembles and Mrs. Munden performed in the rustic 
 theatre. The old play house was on the south side of the Bulk 
 Road, and subsequently became a part of the Ridge Lane property. 
 J . 1 ! . , Lancaster Guardian. 
 
 Lancaster Banks. 
 
 In Lancaster there are the following banks : The Savings 
 Bank established in January, 1823, and opened on the 10th of that 
 month; the Lancaster Bank in Church Street, a fine specimen 
 architecturally ; the new Preston bank, in Market Street ; and 
 Wakefield, Crewdson, and Company's Kendal Bank, New Street 
 and Market Street, formerly the Salford Bank. 
 
 Banking in Lancaster began practically with the Worswicks, 
 namely, by Messrs. Robert and Alexander Worswick, who had 
 their bank in New Street, and afterwards, in 181 1, in Church Street. 
 These two gentlemen were the sons of one Thomas Worswick, who
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 231 
 
 in 1 753-4 took up the freedom of the borough, "being - then a 
 watch-movement maker at Singleton. In 1768 he commenced 
 business as a watchmaker, and in 1787-8 three of his sons were 
 admitted on the roll of freemen, the above Robert and Alexander, 
 and Thomas, described as a merchant. In September, 1791, 
 Alexander Worswick, banker, married Miss Greaves, the daughter 
 of Thomas Greaves, banker, of Preston, partner in the firm of 
 Atherton, Greaves and Dennison. Their successors in more recent 
 times have been the Pedders and the Newshams. Thomas Wors- 
 wick died in January, 1804, aged 74. Alexander Worswick died at 
 Leighton Hall, July 29th, 18x4, aged 50 ; and in 1823 Richard 
 Worswick, who resided at Ellel Grange, died at the age of 57. 
 The old hies of the Lancaster Gazette give many particulars of the 
 old and new banking houses, as do also the Kendal Courant, Preston 
 Review, and the Newcastle Courant and Herald. Leighton Hall 
 became the property of Richard Gillow, Esq., in 1823, the price 
 paid for it being ^"22,300, exclusive of the timber valued at ^2,591 ; 
 and Ellel Grange and Cragg Hall estates, lately held by Richard 
 Worswick, were bought by Richard Atkinson, Esq., for ^10,800, 
 timber ^"680 extra. 
 
 The new bank was completed in 1870, and was furnished by 
 Messrs. Gillow & Co. The first chairman was Leonard Redmayne, 
 Esq. (182610 i860). A portrait in oil of this gentleman is to be 
 seen suspended over the fireplace in the bank manager's room. It 
 was erected by subscription. 
 
 From the paper read before the members of the Lancaster 
 Philosophical Society on the 22nd of December, 1887, I take the 
 following : — " Of Private banks in Lancaster we know little ov 
 nothing until the closing years of the last century. Local history 
 seems almost a blank prior to the commencement of the Lancaster 
 Gazette in June, 1801. 
 
 Worswicks' failure left Lancaster with only one bank, that ot 
 Messrs. Dilworth, Arthington. and Birkett, and into it were paid in
 
 232 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 most cases the first dividends received from Worswicks' estates. 
 Four years after Worswicks' failure, and on almost the same day 
 of the year, on the ioth February, 1826, the doors of Dilworth's 
 bank were closed. By this second failure, Lancaster was plunged 
 into the greatest distress and alarm. For some years the large 
 trade with the West Indies which had made Lancaster so prosperous, 
 had been gradually drawn away to modern ports, and it seemed 
 now that the old town must sink under its misfortunes. But 
 Lancaster did not lack brave and enterprising citizens. They lost 
 no time in calling a meeting to consider how the public embarrass- 
 ment might be relieved. It was held in the Town Hall three days 
 after Dilworth's failure. After other proposals had been discussed, 
 Mr. Higgin, senior, at last suggested the possibility of some 
 substitute for a bank to transact the business of the town. The 
 outcome of that suggestion was the establishment of the first joint 
 stock bank in England — The Lancaster Banking Company. 
 
 In the Lancaster Gazette of the 25th of February, there is an 
 extract from the Preston ( 'hronicle, stating that in Dilworth's 
 bankruptcy the debts were ,£265,565, assets £148,000, leaving a 
 deficiency of £117,565. On the 14th of March, there was a public 
 election of assignees, and Messrs. John Brockbank, Oliver Toulmin 
 Roper, and Armitstead were appointed. 
 
 At the time of the failure John Dilworth was 80 years of 
 age, and was residing at Yealand Comers, Robert Birkett was a 
 man of 50, and Robert Morley Arthington was a young man who 
 had only a short time previously joined the firm. 
 
 On the 23rd October, 1826, the new Banking Company 
 commenced business in Dilworth's offices, in Penny Street, in 
 premises which at the present time are occupied by Messrs. Knipe 
 and Jones, ironmongers. In a few years the bank was transferred 
 to Church Street, to the house which the Worswicks occupied, and 
 after many years the new bank buildings were erected on the site 
 
 of that house.
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 233 
 
 The Lancaster Bank has paid to its proprietors in bonuses 
 and dividends up to January 27th, 1891, the sum of ^2, 128,666 16s. 
 And this in addition to making" provision for bank buildings, reserve 
 lund, &c. 
 
 John Coulston, Esq., of Hawkshead, Bolton-le-Sands, who 
 was manager of the Lancaster Bank upwards of forty years, died on 
 the 19th September, 1866, aged 69. The shareholders and friends 
 contributed to the erection of a neat granite pillar to his memory, 
 which stands over his grave in the cemetery. 
 
 Messrs. Wakefield and Crewdson, took over the premises 
 formerly occupied by the Manchester and Salford Bank, on the 
 1 st of July, 1873. 
 
 - On January 10th, 1823, it was resolved at a meeting held in 
 the Town Hall, to establish a Savings Bank in Lancaster, which only 
 ceased to exist in 1889, its last annual return showing its amount 
 of funds to be ;£ 146,835 5s. 6d. Mr. Richard Bond was auditor 
 to the Bank for twenty-four vears.
 
 '■34 
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 
 
 CHAPTER XL 
 
 Lancaster Worthies. 
 
 Eminent Divines born in Lancaster. 
 
 John Taylor, D.D. — Thomas Ashton, D.D. — Robert Hoisman, B.A.— Pro- 
 fessor William Whewell — Thomas Hathornthwaite, L.L.D.— 
 J. C. M. Bellew, M.A. 
 
 Eminent Divines closely identified with Lancaster. 
 
 Seth Bushell, D.D. — William John Knox-Little, M.A. — Colin Campbeli . 
 M.A. 
 
 Eminent Laymen bom in Lancaster. 
 
 Sir. John Harrison — Hkxry Bracken, M.D.— John Hlysham, M.D.— Wm. 
 Penny — William Hadwen — William Sanderson — James Lonsdale— 
 Cornelius Henderson — Sir Richard Owen — Sir William Turner — 
 Professor Edward Atkinson — W. H. Higgin, Q.C. — Col. Richard 
 Wadeson, V.C.— George Danson Thomas Edmondson— William 
 Shaw Simpson — James Bru nton— James Tomlinson. 
 
 Eminent Laymen closely identified with Lancaster. 
 
 Processor Franki.and — Professor Calloway— Sir Robert Rawlinson— 
 Sir A. J. Loftus — William Linton — Jonathan Binns— Edward Denis 
 de Vitre — Stephen Ross — Sir Thomas Storey — Benjamin Robinson 
 — H. Gilbert. 
 
 Eminent Catholic Divines and Laymen closely identified with 
 
 Lancaster. 
 
 Edward Hawarden, D.D. — Nicholas Skelton— Charles Viscount Fau- 
 conberg, D. D. — John Rigby, D. D. — Proyost William Walker. 
 M.R.V.F. -Richard Gillow. 
 
 MONG Lancaster worthies stands out pro- 
 minently :— 
 
 John Taylor, D.D. 
 
 According to tradition Dr. Taylor was 
 born in Scotforth (not China Lane, as is 
 stated by some), and educated under Dr. 
 - Dixon, o\ Whitehaven. In 171 5 lie was 
 appointed by one of the Disney family to 
 Kirkland Chapel, in Lincolnshire. Taylor 
 strongly opposed Calvinistic Divinity. His 
 principal works are as follow :■- 
 
 1740. " The Scripture Doctrine of Original Sin."' 
 
 174s. " A Pharaphrase and Note- on the Epistle to the Romans.' 
 mended by Dr. Paley. 
 
 A wi >rk recom
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 235 
 
 1750. " Collection of Tunes in various Aits, \:c." 
 
 1754. " Hebrew Concordance " (adapted to the English Bil 
 
 1754. '-The Lord's Supper explained upon Scriptural Principles." 
 
 1 755. "Cox enant of G race. " 
 
 1759. " An Examination of the Scheme of Morality advocated b) Dr. Hulcheson, 
 
 late Professor of Morality at the University of Glasgow." 
 
 1760. " Sketch of Moral Philosophy." 
 
 1761. "Scripture Account of Prayer.'' 
 1763. " A Scheme of Scripture Divinity."* 
 
 In 1733 Taylor went to Norwich, and in 1757 he became 
 Divinity Tutor at the newly-founded academy at Warrington. He 
 died March 5th, 1 76 1 , aged 66. He had a son named Richard 
 Taylor, of Norwich, who wrote a preface for the last work which was 
 published after his father decease. Bishop Watson strongly com- 
 mended this work. "The importance of Children, or Motives to 
 the Good Education of Children," " A Sermon," and "A Charge 
 delivered on the Ordination of Mr. Smithson," are among his 
 minor productions. He was a D.D. of Glasgow University. He 
 lies interred at Chowbent. 
 
 Baines quoting Mr. H. A. Brig-ht's " Historical Sketch of 
 Warring-ton Academy, gives this information : 
 
 •' In 1757. the Collegiate establishment known as 'The Warrington 
 Academy,' intended to prepare young men lor the ministry and to afford to the sons 
 of Protestant Dissenters the advantage of a university education, was formed. Dr. 
 Priestley was for some lime tutor in the languages and Belles Lettres, others of the 
 tutors at various times during its existence being Dr. John Taylor, author of the 
 Hebrew Concordance; Dr. John Aikin, the elder. Dr. Reinhold bolster, the 
 naturalist; Dr. Enfield, the Rev. George Walker, and the Rev. Gilbert Wakefield, 
 editor of Virgil, with notes and comments, and Dr. Nicholas Clayton. Disagreements 
 arose between Dr. Taylor and the trustees ; many of the patrons of the academy 
 became lukewarm and in the year 1786, the institution was dissolved. 
 
 Thomas Ashton, D.D. 
 
 The Rev. James Cron, Vicar of Sturminster Marshall, 
 Dorsetshire, has kindly forwarded the following particulars concern- 
 
 From an old file of the Lancaster Gazelle.
 
 236 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 ing Dr. Ashton, son of Dr. Ashton, some time usher of the Lancaster 
 Grammar School. The extracts are from Hutchins' " History of 
 Dorset," vol. Ill, p. 366, 3rd ed., and from Patson's " Provost and 
 College of Etom" "Thomas Ashton, M.A., Fellow ot Eton' 
 instituted April 8th, 1749, on the cession of William Cooke. Pre- 
 ferred to the rectory of St. Botolph, Bishopgate, London 1752. 
 D.D. 1759. 
 
 Thomas Ashton, an English Divine, the son of Dr. Ashton, 
 usher of the Grammar School at Lancaster (a position worth only 
 £32 per annum, which he held for nearly 50 years), was born in 
 1 7 16, educated at Eton and elected thence to King's College, Cam- 
 bridge, 1733. He was the person to whom Mr. Horace Walpole 
 addressed his epistle from Florence, in 1740, under the title of 
 " Thomas Ashton, Esq., tutor to the Earl of Plymouth." About 
 that time or soon after, he was presented to the Rectory of Alding- 
 ham, in Lancashire, which he resigned in March, 1749. On the 
 3rd of May following, he was presented by the Provost and Fellows 
 of Eton to this Rectory (i.e., Vicarage, J.C.). He was then M.A., 
 and had been chosen a Fellow of Eton in December, 1745. In May, 
 1762, he was elected preacher at Lincoln's Inn, which he resigned 
 in 1764. In 1770 he published a volume of sermons, to which was 
 prefixed his portrait in mezzotinto by Spilsbury, from an original by 
 Sir Joshua Reynolds, and his motto, " Insto pncpositis oblitus 
 prcrteritorum." He died March 1st, 1775, at the age of 59, after 
 having for some years survived a severe attack of the palsy. His 
 discourses, in a style of greater elegance than purity, were rendered 
 still more striking by the excellence of his delivery. He preached a 
 sermon on the Rebellion in 1745, and one on the occasion of Thanks- 
 giving at the close, in 1746. In 1756 he preached before the 
 governor of Middlesex Hospital at St. Anne's, Westminster, a 
 Commencement sermon at Cambridge in 1759, one before the House 
 of Commons, 30th January, 1762, and a Spital sermon at St. 
 Bride's on Easter Wednesday in that year. All these are in the 
 volume above mentioned, which is closed by a concio ad clerum 
 habita Cantabrigioe in Templo Bealce Marice, 1759, pro gnidu
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 237 
 
 doctoratus in Sacra theologid. He lived long- in habits of intimacy 
 with Horace Walpole, afterwards Earl of Oxford, who, Mr. Cole 
 informs us, procured him the Eton Fellowship, but a rupture 
 separated them. 
 
 In the first volume of Stephen's Biographical Dictionary I find 
 that Dr. Ashton married a Miss Amyard, in December, 1760, and 
 and that he died in March, 1775. In a letter to Richard West, Esq., 
 Walpole speaks in high terms of Dr. Ashton's success as a preacher. 
 Unfortunately the doctor wrote against Dr. Middleton, and offended 
 Walpole so greatly that in a letter to Sir Horace Mann, Walpole 
 speaks of " having reason to complain of his (Ashton's) behaviour," 
 and it further transpires that he forbade his former friend visiting 
 at his house. 
 
 Robert Housman, B.A. 
 
 Few names are more widely known in Lancaster and district 
 than that of Housman. The subject of this brief sketch, Robert 
 Housman, the founder and for forty years minister of St. Anne's 
 Church, Lancaster, was born on the 25th of February, 1759, at 
 Skerton. His father was Robert Housman, Esq., and his mother, 
 Mrs. Housman, was a Miss Agnes Gunson, of Ulpha, in the parish 
 of Millom, Cumberland. Robert was the eldest of four sons who 
 lived to manhood. He was educated at the Free Grammar School, 
 under the Rev. James Watson. At the age of fourteen he was 
 apprenticed to Dr. Barrow, his parents intending that he should 
 adopt the medical profession. But the pursuit of surgery and 
 medicine was extremely distasteful to the youth whose earnest desire 
 was to become a clergyman. Eventually, owing chiefly to the 
 kindly interposition of his second sister, he was permitted to prepare 
 for the vocation of his choice, and accordingly placed himself under 
 the tuition of his former principal at the Grammar School, the Rev. 
 James Watson, with the object of preparing himself for Cambridge 
 University. On the 17th of March, 1780, he was entered at St. 
 John's College as a sizar, and his first letter to his parents after 
 arriving at the College in the ensuing October is extremely inter-
 
 238 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 esting", revealing', as it does, descriptive ability of a very superior 
 order. It is impossible to give lengthy accounts of the earlier 
 career of this valuable life in a work of so comprehensive a character 
 as this is intended to be. Suffice it, therefore, to state that on 
 Sunday, the 14th of October, 1781, not much more than a vear 
 after his arrival at Cambridge, Mr. Housman was admitted to 
 Deacon's Orders at a general ordination at Bishopthorpe, by Dr. 
 Markham, Archbishop of York, and he became curate to the Rev. 
 Mr. Croft, vicar of Gargrave, Yorkshire. Mr. Croft had been a 
 private pupil of Garrick's, with a view to his adopting the profession 
 of the stage, and it is to the advantages enjoyed by Mr. Housman 
 while residing at Gargrave that the excellence oi' his own mode of 
 reading and effective pulpit style may be attributed. From Gar- 
 grave the young minister returned to Cambridge, where he received 
 priest's orders from the hands of Dr. Hinchcliffe, Bishop of Peter- 
 borough, on the 26th of October, 1783, and shortly afterwards he 
 obtained a curacy in the immediate neighbourhood of Cambridge. 
 In 1785 he married a young lady of the name of Audley, a member 
 of a family of highly esteemed Dissenters. His brother-in-law, Mr. 
 John Audley, was a most exemplary man, and the author and 
 editor of several very important religious works. Mr. Audley died 
 in 1826, in his 77th year. In 1784 Mr. Housman took his B.A. 
 degree. Owing to his strong views on certain doctrinal points he 
 was deprived of the emolument and honour of a Fellowship of St. 
 John's College, a sermon he preached in Trinity Church being the 
 cause of determining against him those with whom the patronage 
 rested. He was fortunate in meeting frequently with Newton, 
 Romaine, Berridge, Riland, and Jones of Creaton ; and of Mr. 
 Berridge he held a very high opinion, though not endorsing the 
 views of the latter by any means on many matters, as is shown by 
 his biographer, Mr. R. F. Housman. During the spring and 
 summer of 1785 Mr. Housman resided with his wife in Lancaster, 
 performing the afternoon service on Sundays at St. John's Church. 
 In the winter of the same year (1785) Mrs. Housman died, and her 
 husband re-visited Lancaster and for some months resided with his 
 parents. In May, 1786, his engagement at St. John's terminated,
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 239 
 
 and shortly we find him appointed to the cure of Church Langton, 
 about four miles from Market Harborough. In 1787 he repaired 
 to Leicester, and became assistant to the Rev. Thomas Robinson, 
 vicar of the parish of St. Mary de Castro. In 1788 he removed to 
 Markfield and had the entire charge of this parish for over two 
 years. He was threatened with consumption while officiating here, 
 and, acting upon medical advice, he came back to Leicester and 
 resumed duty at St. Mary's Church. 
 
 Whilst at Langton he became acquainted with Miss Jane 
 Adams, to whom he was subsequently united before settling at 
 Markfield, the marriage taking place at the Church of St. Nicholas, 
 in Leicester, on the 24th of September, 1788. Mrs. Housman was 
 the author of the " History of Susan Ward," a popular tract 
 published by the Religious Tract Society. The scene of the story 
 was Langton, and the clergyman who fills so prominent a part in it 
 was the subject of this memoir. Mrs. Housman's mother was an 
 intimate friend and companion of "the elect lady," Selina, Countess 
 of Huntingdon, the Countess being her godmother. Her house was 
 often the resort of such men of note as Wesley, Whitefield, Fletcher, 
 oi' Madeley, Newton, Berridge, Venn, Romaine, and Mason (the 
 author of the " Spiritual Treasury "), and of Jones, of St. Saviour's, 
 Southwark. Mrs. Housman distinctly remembered sitting when a 
 child on John Wesley's knee, and she used to speak with pleasure 
 of his patting her head and blessing her. In 1794 Mr. Housman 
 and his wife paid a visit to Lancaster, and the esteem and love oi' 
 the former for his native town was deepened and strengthened 
 during this visit, and he decided not without much deliberation and 
 fervent praying, to relinquish his duties in the midlands and build 
 a Church of his own in Lancaster and become its minister. The 
 idea of this bold and benevolent desig"n originated with Mrs. 
 Housman on the morning of their departure from Lune Bank, as 
 they stopped upon the higher part of the Greaves to take a final 
 look at the picturesque town and the magnificent landscape that 
 forms its background. Believing the Almighty was with him, 
 Mr. Housman made arrangements for leaving Leicester, and in the
 
 2 4 o TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 autumn of 1795 he took up his abode permanently in his native 
 town. The Bishop of the Diocese, Dr. Cleaver, and the Vicar of 
 Lancaster, Mr. White, cordially approved of the proposal to build 
 a new Church, and on the 19th of December, 1794, printed circulars 
 were issued concerning the project. In the erection of the new 
 Church Mr. Housman was generously aided by William Wilber 
 force, Esq., John Thornton, Esq., M.P., William Wilson Cams 
 Wilson, Esq., of Casterton, and by his old friend, the Rev. Charles 
 Simeon. Mr. Wilberforce contributed ^20, and Mr. Thornton 
 £50. 
 
 The particulars above given are taken from "The Life and 
 Remains of the Rev. Robert Housman,' - by Robert Fletcher 
 Housman, London, 184 1. In concluding this account I may add 
 that Mr. Housman was an admirable extempore preacher, his first 
 effort in this manner being made at St. James's Church, Warring- 
 ton. A good story deserves to be told of Mr. Housman and this 
 Church. The eminent Lancaster divine had been announced to 
 preach here one Sunday, but owing to a breakdown of the gig 
 conveying him he was unable to put in an appearance. The Rev. 
 Mr. Glazebrook was, therefore, obliged to ascend the pulpit and 
 preach the sermon. After the discourse, and during the singing of 
 a hymn, Mr. Housman entered the sacred edifice, and not knowing 
 that one sermon had just been preached, ascended the pulpit and 
 proceeded to declare the message of salvation to an attentive and 
 delighted assembly. A perusal of the " Life of Robert Housman " 
 will amply repay those who take pleasure in familiarising them- 
 selves with the pious labours of the staunch and true servants of 
 God. Mr. Housman suffered many severe trials in Lancaster, the 
 repugnance to what many persons termed his Dissenting style and 
 methodism being very pronounced. Indeed, St. Anne's was called 
 "the hot-bed of Dissent," and its minister was often publicly 
 sneered at and ridiculed by old and young. One of his best sermons 
 is entitled "The New Creation." "The Influences of the Holy 
 Spirit" and "None but Christ" are also powerful examples of their 
 author's deep spiritual conviction and earnestness on behalf of his
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 241 
 
 Saviour. The rev. gentleman died on the 22nd of April, 1838, in 
 his 80th year. 
 
 By the kindness of W. Housman, Esq., I am able to give a 
 few additional particulars. 
 
 The Housmans have been settled in Skerton since the time 
 of Queen Elizabeth. Lune Bank, re-built in 1729 by Robert 
 Housman, Esq., upon the site of a house named Housman House, 
 received its present appellation from William Housman, the younger 
 brother of the Rev. Robert Housman, upon his coming- into 
 possession of the family property by purchase. Besides William, 
 the youngest brother, there were John and Thomas. John was a 
 member of the firm of Housman and Mashiter, merchants, of 
 Lancaster, their place of business being on the quay. Thomas 
 died without issue. The above-named William married Sarah, 
 daughter of the Rev. Robert Fletcher, of Halton Hall, whose eldest 
 son took the surname of Bradshaw. William was a West India 
 merchant, residing some years in Dominica and afterwards at Lune 
 Bank. He was a Justice of the Peace for the County of Lancaster, 
 and Lieut. -Colonel of the local militia. 
 
 Professor Whewell. 
 
 A few particulars concerning Dr. Whewell will not be 
 unacceptable. This eminent scholar, who though dead still lives, 
 was born at 16, Lucy Street, on the 24th May, 1794. His father 
 was a joiner, and it was his intention to bring his son up to the 
 bench, and make him a genuine "bencher" likewise. But man 
 proposes and God disposes. William Whewell's genius was 
 moulded for something far dffferent from shaping tree trunks into 
 doors and windows, and from spending a life in company of the 
 saw and the plane. His mother was a Miss Bennison, and from 
 her he undoubtedly inherited the splendid gifts so remarkably 
 displayed in riper years. A friend who could see the distinguished 
 man foreshadowed in the boy came forward, and was the means of
 
 242 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 his being" placed in a sphere congenial to his tastes. That friend 
 was the Rev. Joseph Rowley, then master of the Grammar School. 
 A generous patron enabled him to enter Trinity College, Cambridge, 
 about 1813, and in 1816 he took his B.A. Fond of crystallography, 
 mathematics, and mineralogy, he became so skilled in these subjects 
 that in 1828, he was appointed professor of mineralogy, a post which 
 he held four years. In 1838, he was made professor of moral 
 philosophy, and he retained this chair until 1855, when he was 
 elected vice-chancellor of the University. In 1841, he succeeded to 
 the high position of Master of Trinity, and for four and twenty 
 years he remained principal of that noted college. He had been 
 sizar, scholar, fellow, tutor, dean, and master. As has been aptly 
 said "Trinity was to him what a ship might be to a sailor who had 
 risen in her from cabin boy to captain ;" or " what a cathedral might 
 be to a bishop who had filled every office within it from the day 
 when he first sang amidst it choristers," and none owed less to 
 interest, friends, family, or fortune than did he. Dr. Whewell was 
 married twice. First to Miss Marshall, sister oi' Lady Monteagle ; 
 this lady died in 1854; secondly, in 1S58, to Lady Affleck widow of 
 Sir Gilbert Affileck and sister of Mr. Leslie Ellis. This lady died on 
 the 1 st. April, 1865. The brain of Dr Whewell weighed 49 ozs. 
 and not half as much again as that of ordinary men, as was stated 
 soon after his death in the Record. Despite the immense knowledge 
 of this distinguished man and the variety of it, his brain was only 
 of what may be termed average size, and this goes far to prove 
 what an average brain may accomplish. 
 
 The Mastership of Trinity College is worth ^,3,000 per 
 annum and is a crown gift. 
 
 Dr. Whewell's Library was a very extensive one. There 
 were 12.000 volumes sold at Cambridge ; the catalog'ue of them was 
 an octavo of 107 pages compiled with much care. There were also 
 many valuable autograph letters brought to the hammer, and rare 
 " out of print " works and valuable mathematical instruments. The 
 sale lasted about a week, there being no less than 47 lots. The
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 243 
 
 doctor's will was proved on the 3rd May, 1866, personalty under 
 ;£ 70,000. For the use of succeeding- Masters of Trinity College, he 
 left certain books and directed 1,000 volumes to be selected \\n- the 
 use of the library of the college, and a bust and portrait of himself 
 to be kept in the master's lodge. 
 
 To the master and fellows of his college he also bequeathed 
 property in Cambridge in order that courts or hotels could be erected 
 for the reception of students, the income thereof among other 
 purposes, to be applied to the endowment of a stipend of a 
 " Professorship of International Law," of the annual value of ^,500, 
 and also for founding scholarships for the encouragement of the 
 study of such law. The testator was one who did not believe in 
 war, but in aiming at a settlement of all international disputes more 
 in accordance with the dictates of humanity, religion, and common 
 sense. To his sister, Ann Whewell, he left a legacy of ^6,000, and 
 ^"2,000 each to the five children of his late sister, Martha Statter, 
 and several legacies to other relatives and friends, and to each of 
 his executors ^200. Under the will of his first wife, Mrs. Cordelia 
 Whewell, he had a power of disposition of the residue, about 
 ^10,000, of a sum of ,£'20,000, which he bequeathed for the purpose 
 of founding additional scholarships in the University of Cambridge. 
 The residue of the personalty he left to the master and fellows of 
 Trinity College, and that of the real estate to his before-mentioned 
 sister, Ann Whewell. 
 
 A correspondent to the JVestmorttnid Gazette oi February 
 28th, 1891, remarks that: — 
 
 ''To the Rev. Ids. Rowley, Head Master of Lancaster School, belongs 
 the credit of discovering the gem (William Whewell) and inducing his father (a joiner) 
 to allow him to go to the Lancaster School, undertaking to teach and find him books, 
 etc., free. There were no scholarships or exhibitions at Lancaster School, so Mr. 
 Rowley subscribed liberally and induced others to subscribe for his board and 
 education to make a stepping-stone of Heversham School Exhibitions i<> gel to the 
 University. He was a few months at Heversham and then he undertook the duties 
 of Head Master of the school, and had no one to teach him during that time, and 
 rained his honours."
 
 244 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 
 
 What the Master of Trinity thought is recorded in a speech 
 he made, in which he said — ■" In the drama of my life there are but 
 two scenes — Lancaster and Cambridge." 
 
 Another correspondent to the same journal of March 7th, 
 1 89 1, says : — 
 
 "Happily Ileversham, with its opportunities, and its proximity to blind Mr. 
 Gough as a private teacher, and the prospects of the Dallam Tower Exhibition, did for 
 the future Master of Trinity all that was needed after he left Lancaster School. It is 
 a reasonable source of pride to Lancaster and Ileversham to know that the great man 
 had obtained advantages from both, and done them both honour. As far as we can 
 now learn. Mr. Rowley first met him probably about T808, when he was fourteen 
 years of age; he was born in 1794, and was just about to leave school, the "Blue 
 School," when Mr. Rowley and he met ; and before leaving the " Blue School " he 
 had made some acquaintance with his father's business of a joiner, and his knowledge 
 of arithmetic was such as to strike Mr. Rowley very favourably. Mr. Rowley 
 urged his father to let him go to the Lancaster Grammar School, and promised to find 
 him needful books, and there would be no expense for teaching. The sort of 
 knowledge he had got before he went to the Grammar School, with the fact that he 
 was just going to be apprenticed to his father, seems to fix the age ; and, if this is 
 correct, Whewell would be perhaps two years at the Lancaster School, for in August, 
 1809, he came to see Mr. Hudson, afterwards Vicar of Kendal, to be examined with 
 a view to his future steps. This visit resulted in his coming to Ileversham School, 
 and, on condition of his remaining not less than two years, he was to have the Dallam 
 Tower Exhibition, in case no parishioner applied for it. The Master of Heversham 
 was Mr. Strickland, who died at the close of 181 1, when Whewell would have been 
 about two years at the school. He was then about 17 years of age, and for a few 
 months he took charge of the Heversham Grammar School, until a new master was 
 ready to take the place. At this time, and to the time he went to Cambridge, he 
 seems to have taken lessons from Mr. (lough, of whose rare abilities he was given to 
 speak very highly, and under whom he received lessons in algebra, trigonometry, 
 and other branches of scientific education. He afterwards read conic sections, 
 fluxions, and mechanics. He appears to have entered on residence at Cambridge in 
 October, 1812, and this gives reasonable ground to think that he was nearly, or 
 perhaps quite, three years at Heversham. One of the promising features in his career 
 was the ease with which he treated matters of literary importance at so early an age as 
 16 or 17 years, one letter, to a little brother of eight years, showing that not only the 
 future professor, but others of his family, had faculties which under proper opportunities 
 would have led to great success.
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 245 
 
 It was a great success for Mr. Rowley's protegi and for the scholar of 
 Heversham, with not very large resources, to win in time the highest honours of 
 Cambridge ; to have the world waiting for his books and listening for his voice, on 
 matters of the first importance to learning and to all that interests a student world, 
 lie became the companion and friend of the first men of his age : he was aide to 
 forecast the promise of young lives which came before him, as he did in the case of 
 the present venerable Duke of Devonshire, and during the time he was Master of 
 Trinity he received and entertained her Majesty the Queen in a manner that won the 
 warmest approval, not only of her gracious Majesty, but of compeers who had 
 knowledge of the difficulties due to the entertainment of royalty at a seat of learning 
 like Cambridge. 
 
 The letter referred to above was written from Deepthwaile, the little hamlet 
 near the river Beela, a stiff mile from Heversham, where he resided ; and the school 
 was the old place nestling under the west of Heversham Head, and the school days 
 were before the railway had crossed between the school and the little river. The 
 beautiful scenery must have had a good influence on the youth, and it i.-> delightful to 
 see in -his letters a kindly and ever affectionate regard for his parents and all the 
 family ; a feature that speaks volumes in the life of any man, and blesses it with never 
 ceasing satisfaction, when the friends are with us, and when they have gone to the 
 better land. The letters of Whewell to his sister, who resided at Hincaster, are very 
 numerous, and in them and others we find a value that does more to please us than 
 his more stately labours. Much more could be said of his visits in mature years to 
 both Lancaster and Heversham, of the dining at Lancaster, and of his coming on one 
 or two occasions to preach at Heversham, when, alas, years had Rilled on since his 
 school-days, and the faces he knew, the old familiar faces at Deepthwaite and 
 Heversham he no longer found in the pleasant places he had seen them.'" 
 
 A " Life of Whewell " has been published by Mrs. Stair 
 Douglas. 
 
 The principal works of the late Dr. Whewell are as follow: — 
 " History of Inductive Sciences", (1837) ; "Anatomy and General 
 Physics, considered in reference to Natural Theology, " (1838) ; 
 " Philosophy of Inductive Sciences," (1840) ; " Elements of Morality 
 including- Polity," (1845) ; " Lectures on the Results of the Great 
 Exhibition of 1851," (Whewell and others); " Plurality o\ Worlds,' 
 (1853); "History of Ideas," (1858). 
 
 I have heard several good stories of the distinguished Master 
 of Trinity. One was that while on one occasion dining at B
 
 246 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 near Lancaster, with several prominent clergymen and gentlemen, 
 he was so much pleased with the contents of the table, especially 
 with a ham, that he congratulated one of the serving women and 
 spoke highly of the ham. The old lady remarked, " Eh, I'm glad 
 you liked it, Dr. Whewell, I knew it would be good for I bought 
 it at your aunt's in Penny Street." The doctor came in for a bit of 
 good natured chaff. 
 
 Thomas Hathornthwaite, L.L.D. 
 
 Thomas Hathornthwaite was the fourth issue of Robert 
 Hathornthwaite, master mariner of the port of Lancaster. He was 
 born about the 26th of June, 181 2. In early youth he evinced a 
 strong inclination to literature, and after attending the Lancaster 
 Grammar School he was for a time with the late Dr. Greenwood, 
 in New Street, the idea of his parents being that he should qualify 
 for the medical profession. Dr. Greenwood and other friends soon 
 perceived that the chief forte of the youth was divinity, and before 
 long the young man proceeded to Trinity College, Dublin, where in 
 due course he took his degree and eventually entered the ministry. 
 He read much and wrote much ; among his earliest productions of 
 promise being his account of the " Wreck of the Rothesay Castle." 
 One of his sisters used to call him " Kirke White." 
 
 Dr. Hathornthwaite had for a fellow-student Dr. Ball, who 
 became Lord Chancellor of Ireland. The rev. gentleman, so long 
 justly esteemed in Lancaster, had a successful university career. 
 He took his B.A. in 1834, obtained one of the Vice-Chancellor's 
 prizes for Latin verse, and became L.L.D. in 1861. He has been 
 described as the " Roman orator and early Christian father com- 
 bined.'" After serving the parish of St. Anne's 1 1 years, he retired 
 on Sunday, April nth, 1875. ^' s famous speech on the establish- 
 ment of an idiot Asylum, delivered in the Shire Hall in 1864, is still 
 remembered and spoken of as one of his ablest deliverances. 
 
 Dr. Hathornthwaite was by no means weak as a writer of 
 English verse. The retrospective poem on his native town inspired
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 247 
 
 chiefly in the old churchyard, breathes forth a spirit of genuine 
 poetry. It is written with great feeling and clothed in thai noblest 
 style of literary tailoring', namely, blank verse. The author recalls 
 the faces of those whom he knew and loved in his early days ; he 
 re-animates the last sunset of the old-time generation, and sanctifies 
 the churchyard anew by calling- our attention to the fact that the 
 disembodied souls are still influencing the locality which he, like 
 others long before him, loved from life's first morn. The poem to 
 which I call attention commences : — 
 
 Weary with wandering in the desert world 
 Gladly I turn to thee, old Lancaster, 
 And view thy hoary towers and calm retreats 
 Retrace thy lovely glades, and quiet scenes 
 Of rural blessedness, and sauntering go 
 Along thy verdant banks, delightful Lune : 
 Once more re-visit all the pretty spots 
 Sacred to youth and earliest memory. 
 And all the blissful charms of innocence 
 Life's freshest, purest, sweetest holidays : 
 But chief that sacred hill, on which thy church 
 Stands nobly, and the fragrant names around 
 from many a letter'd tombstone softly breathe 
 And claim the tear of silent sympathy , 
 And all the past comes floating o'er the soul 
 In waves of gentlest sorrow ; here alone 
 At evening, oh ! how sweet to walk among, 
 The hallow'd footsteps of departed days 
 And in a dream of bliss to meet the shades 
 Of those we loved. 
 
 Like a few besides him, the author felt that he lived in a period of 
 transition, when all former things were gradually passing away, 
 and he gives us the sense of losing something in diction terse and 
 sublime. The description of the priory church, of its bells, and of 
 
 That tuneful voice 
 Now sweet, subdued, lull'd to the gentlest fall 
 Like whispers trickling from a seraphs tongue, 
 
 is not merely scholarly and classical, but as heart-touching as it is 
 original. He further says :— 
 
 Oh ! Manby ! while the church of Lancaster 
 Dwells in my memory, thou shah ever be 
 Still vicar there ; the voice, the form, the man, 
 Have stamped their image on the Parish Church.
 
 248 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 The lamp of poetic feeling- which draws its flame from the unseen 
 and more solid substances of the spirit realm, shines in all its 
 undimmed resplendence when he exclaims : — 
 
 Why, when I see a distant village spire 
 
 Or rustic church or antiquated house, 
 
 Or shapeless ruin of the olden days, 
 
 Does gentle sorrow seize me ? Why within 
 
 Does feeling melt in tender languishing? 
 
 Why weeps my heart in drooping teai fulness ? 
 
 Where now are those, a voice within me cries, 
 
 Who lived and worshipped here, and bought awhile 
 
 And sold, and married wives, and tilled the land, 
 
 Planted and builded, died and passed away ? 
 
 Inexpressively beautiful are his allusions to the Old Grammar 
 School, the holy-day, and the passing of the scholars to the Church 
 with their ancient master and ushers. His comments on the 
 words " In the midst of life we are in death," first put together by 
 Notker, a monk of St. Gall, in the year 911, while watching some 
 workmen erecting a bridge in peril of their lives, are very significant. 
 And none the less vivid is his poetic picture of Sir Richard Owen, 
 and that too, we may add, of the learned Dr. Whewell. Then 
 follow lively portraits of Justice Bayley, and the assizes, executions, 
 and analyses oi the oratorical abilities of Scarlett and Brougham, 
 who won their great est triumphs in the Crown Court of Lancaster 
 Castle. 
 
 Next the holy life of Robert Housman is lengthily dwelt 
 upon, and every now and then some heavenly comparison falls 
 naturally into the verse, and renders the reading of it a real 
 pleasure even to him not usually given to perusing such writings. 
 His poem, "The Seasons, ' is a translation from the Greek, and in 
 it he makes the often heavy-syllabled English approach the divine 
 Italian, so much of a purist has he shown himself without revealing 
 any conscious search after purism. The poem is heralded by a 
 most chaste Latin preface. Those who read it and are good 
 judges will naturally think that he deserves comparison with some 
 of the grand Catholic authors of ages ago. Exempla aliquot rejerre 
 et interpretari rem plarmis demonstrabit.
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 249 
 
 Dr. Hathornthwaite died on the 6th May, 1884, aged 71 ; and 
 lies in the Lancaster Cemetery, his tomb being distinguished by a 
 lofty pillar, on the upper part of which are the words — "Requiem 
 aeternam dona ei Domine" ("Eternal rest give unto him, O Lord"). 
 
 Rev. J. C. M. Bellew. 
 
 The Rev. J. C. M. Bellew, was another able son oi' 
 Lancaster. 
 
 The following account is taken from a sketch of the dis- 
 tinguished elocutionist's life. 
 
 Mr. Bellew was the only child of an infantry officer, Captain Robert Higgin, 
 ofH.M. 1 2th Regiment, and was born at Lancaster, August 3rd, 1823. lie was 
 descended through his mother, whose maiden name was Bellew, from the O'Briens, 
 Kails of Thomond, and was educated at the Grammar School, Lancaster ; and in 
 1842 was entered as a student at St. Mary's Hall, Oxford. On attaining- his 
 majority in 1844, he discarded his father's name and assumed his mother's maiden 
 name, being chiefly led to do this by the fact of his descent on the mother's side. 
 Ordained in 1848, he was appointed a curate of St. Andrew's, Worcester ; thence in 
 1850, translated to the curacy of Prescot. In 1851, he went to the East Indies, where 
 he was at once made a chaplain of St. John's Cathedral, Calcutta. This position he 
 held four years, during part of which time, besides writing for Tlic Morning Post, 
 he edited The Bengal Hurkaru. On his return to England in 1855, he was 
 appointed assistant minister of St. Philip's, Regent Street London. In 1857, he took 
 sole charge of St. Mark's, Hamilton Terrace, Marylebone. This he left in 1862, to 
 become incumbent of Bedford Chapel, Bloomsbury. From 1855, to 1S67 he was one 
 of the most popular of London preachers, and it was said that no preacher of his time 
 poNsessed greater oratorical powers by nature, and that no man had Uiken greater 
 pains to cultivate and improve them. In 1868, after nearly twenty years of clerical 
 life, during which he had published se\eral volumes of sermons, he resigned his position 
 as a clergyman, and became a convert to Roman Catholicism, to which faith his 
 mother had always belonged. That he was sincere is proved by the fact that lie gave 
 up by this change not less than /~l,ooo a year, lie look two tours to America and 
 on returning the last time prostrated, died at 16, Circus Road, St. John's Wood, June 
 19th, 1874, aged 50. 
 
 Besides the volumes of sermons already referred to, and a work of kindred 
 character entitled "The Seven Churches of Asia Minor," Mr. Bellew, published, in 
 1863, a book on " Shakespeare's Home at New Place, Stratford-upon-Avon, being a
 
 2^o TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 '■? 
 
 history of the Great House built in the reign of King Henry VII. by Sir Hugh Cloptoro 
 Knight, and subsequently the property of William Shakespeare, Gentleman, wherein 
 he lived and died.'" In 1865, he published a three volume novel, entitled " Blount 
 Tempest," and in 1868, a carefully annotated English Anthology from Chaucer to 
 Aytoun, not inaptly designated " Poet's Corner, A Manual for Students in English 
 Poetry, with Biographical Sketches of the Authors.'' 
 
 In the Lancaster Gazette of February 5th, 1842, is a specimen 
 of Mr. Bellew's poetic ability. The following " Lines were written 
 by the Altar of St. Mary's Church on the clay of the christening of 
 the Prince of Wales." They are only equalled by the "Lines 
 written before time in the churchyard." The poem reads thus : — 
 
 When last I trod this mimic stage 'twas known 
 Ere next we enter'd that old Time's grim throne 
 And silver'd season would have distant flown. 
 " We only part to meet again next year," 
 I said — and felt its echo in a tear. 
 " Only." Alas ! 'twas well we thus should sing, 
 But who could tell what this year's day might bring ? 
 Or who should see the budding of fair spring ? 
 I know some eyes that read those words are gone ; 
 I know some lips which now are cold as stone, 
 Which then were warm with life. Some forms I know 
 Who last year rais'd their hands to want and woe 
 That are no more. Oh, 'tis a painful feel 
 To know we live unscath'd by Death's cold steel, 
 And fresh with life — thus look around and see 
 So many living — dead with poverty. 
 Such, and far other thoughts broke through my mind, 
 As does the mist before the morning wind ; 
 So my glad soul the clouds of care had driven 
 And mounted, in its fairy world, to heaven. 
 Resides yon altar, with deep awe and fear, 
 I stood ; for though no earthly form was near, 
 Vet well I knew that God was everywhere ; 
 But 'twas delight — for then I felt the place 
 Was the fit temple of our Saviour's grace : 
 (1) In form a just resemblance of this life, 
 
 Leading where cares must cease, and toil and strife : 
 
 The portal door, as entrance to the world, 
 
 Opens the stage where life's course is unfurl'd : 
 
 And by its side the stony-font proclaims 
 
 Their new-born infants o'er their birth-right stains 
 
 Regenerate — before them is that aisle — 
 
 The aisle of peace which greets them with a smile ; 
 
 The aisle o'er which how many a saint has trod, 
 
 The aisle that leads them from this earth to God ; 
 
 As they pass on, lo ! rais'd in modest pride, 
 
 The pulpit stands, a guardian by their side, 
 
 To watch their course, to teach them, and to say 
 
 The words of life, that lead to heaven the way.
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 251 
 
 But in the distance stands the point, the end, 
 
 For which they enter, where their footsteps bend. 
 
 The altar. There of did the Lord shone bright, 
 
 And tens of thousands trembled at the sight ; 
 
 But not the temple in its princely show, 
 
 But not those shrines in all their gilded glow. 
 
 Nor their vast wealth, their pomp, and their display, 
 
 Were better than the altars of our day : 
 
 There gladdened men, the greatest to the least, 
 
 Bend, humbled on their knees, to eat the feast ; 
 
 There 'stablish'd faith in joy fulness may come, 
 
 And picture there the type of his last home. 
 
 (2) " Oh ! Lancaster, thou ' refuge church,' " I cried. 
 Shrine of my God — to which in youthful pride 
 
 I look'd, and where upon my brow was shed 
 
 The mark of Him who bent His holy head 
 
 For man. Bright temple rais'd upon a hill 
 
 That all may see, but, oh ! a graveyard still ; 
 
 In youth we come to thee and pledge our faith ; 
 
 In age we come — and sleep with thee in death. 
 
 More solemn was the scene for them, I thought, 
 
 While there I stood our Infant Prince was brought 
 
 To Windsor's Chapel — then to be receiv'd 
 
 Within the Church of Martyrs who believ'd, 
 
 And dying— seal'd with their best blood the truth ; 
 
 Deeply I pray'd that such might be this youth ; 
 
 That England on its throne might see again 
 
 A prince, as holy as those sainted men, 
 
 The while I thought on him my mind return'd 
 
 To those who bled for Christ, whose bosoms burn'd 
 
 For the pure truth ; how gladly did I look 
 
 To that past age, whose faith no hardship shook, 
 
 To that dread time when England, to her loss, 
 
 Saw the throne stoop, and martyr'd for the cross ; 
 
 How proudly may our Church, amid her woes. 
 
 Look back to them thus trampled by their foes, 
 
 And think her body has already given 
 
 (3) A martyr'd bishop, and a King to Heaven. 
 Methought while our young prince lay girded round 
 With royalty and hope — if the firm ground 
 
 (4) Could ope its bowels — what a princely thing 
 Would it send forth for its first offering ; 
 Yet not, perhaps, more fair than that of old, 
 
 (5) Our native altar did to earth unfold ; 
 
 But may that son of England's hope and throne,— 
 Be well protected, when to manhood grown : 
 His country's idol, and his Church's friend, 
 A faithful Edward without Charles' end. 
 Rememb'ring well that in the shades of death 
 Are "clouds of witnesses " (6) to watch our faith ; 
 And so I trust that angels ever more, 
 As ministering forms, may watch our shore ; 
 May they look down upon our throne and Queen, 
 To guard her life through every changing scene, 
 And may the future heir to England's realm, 
 Be found a pilot fit to guide her helm ; 
 Bold as a man, a guardian to his land, 
 The State's best friend, the Church's surest band. 
 A child receiv'd — may he her father be, 
 Blest in his life, blest in eternity.
 
 2^2 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 Notes, (i) It is a very beautiful idea to compare the buildings of our 
 ancient Churches with the course of a Christian through this life. 
 
 (2) " Thou refuge Church." Many persons, in fact most, will not perhaps 
 be aware that Lancaster was what in former times, previous to the Reformation, was 
 called " A Church of Refuge. " The principle is easily traced on the Continent. 
 However foul a crime a person may commit if he fly to the shrine of a refuge Church 
 during the period of remaining there he is in perfect safety. The same feeling of 
 refuge is of course applicable to guilty Christians. 
 
 (3) It will be remembered by most persons that the reformed Church of 
 England has given birth to two martyrs, a Bishop, and a King. 
 
 (4) King Charles was removed from Whitehall to Windsor for interment, 
 where, man)' will recollect, his body was found in the reign of George IV. 
 
 (5) I believe a strange account connected with the Altar of Lancaster 
 Church is not generally known ; on this ground I shall use the substance on a future 
 occasion. 
 
 (6) It has been observed, " we are only a Church of the living, but in com- 
 munion with the dead." St. Paul certainly speaks very decidedly concerning 
 ministering angels. 
 
 The signature is "J. C. Higgin, Scale Hall." 
 
 Eminent Divines closely identified with Lancaster. 
 
 Seth Bushell, D.D. 
 
 This former Vicar of Lancaster won the good opinion of all 
 classes, because he was evidently a man of most unprejudiced 
 character. His vicariate was only brief, being from June 19th, 1682, 
 to 1684. To his energy succeeding vicars were indebted for an 
 enlarged and improved parsonage house. His name will live when 
 his epitaph is no longer decipherable. The following is a free 
 translation of this epitaphic inscription alluded to*: — 
 
 " Alas ! Behold here is deposited [the body] of Seth Bushell, 
 S.S.J. P. Servant of God and the Reformed Church of England. 
 Most willingly and faithfully he laboured in the days of both 
 Charleses, devoting himself through life to the church's best interests, 
 ruling over the parish three years. Among his exemplary deeds 
 must be mentioned the restoration of the church-house during his 
 ministry. He bade farewell to this world in the hope of a resur- 
 rection to immortality on the 6th of November, 1684, at the age of 
 
 63-"
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 253 
 
 The Bushells were a very ancient family, dating from the 
 Norman Conquest. Dr. Bushell, vicar of Lancaster, was grandfather 
 to Dr. Bushell, founder of Goosnargh Hospital. The tomb of the 
 latter is still to be seen on the south side, if I remember correctly, 
 
 of St. Andrews churchyard, Leyland. 
 
 The Tyldesley Diary, page 160, contains the following 
 genealogical items : — 
 
 " The Rev. William Bushell was the curate of Goosnargh and rector od 
 Heysham. He was born on the 5th March. 1661, at Spoute House, Euxton, and 
 was buried at Goosnargh, 30th April, 1735. lie was the father of William Bushell, 
 M.B. , the founder of Goosnargh Hospital, who was born about 1690, and who died 
 on the 7th June, 1735, anc ' was buried at Goosnargh. Dr. Bushell (as he is generally 
 styled) married first Elizabeth, daughter and co-heiress of William Parkinson, of 
 Preston, gentleman, ioth February, 1725-6, and she dying in 1727, he married second 
 Mary, only daughter of Thomas Molyneux, of Preston, Esq., a younger son of Sir 
 John Molyneux, Bart., of Teversall, by Lucy, daughter of Alexander Rig-by, of 
 Middleton. An only daughter, Elizabeth, the issue of the first marriage, was born in 
 1727, and died on the 7th of July, 1745, when in accordance with the will of her 
 father the estates were devoted to the founding of Goosnargh Hospital. Colonel 
 Fish wick in his " History of Goosnargh, : " tells us that the Bushells were not of that 
 township, but had for several generations lived at Cuerden, in the parish of Leyland, 
 and were in all probability descended from Warin Bussell, first Baron of Penwortham, 
 who was living in the time of the Conqueror, and held lands in that neighbourhood. 
 Thomas Bushell, of Cuerden, had issue Edward, who by his wife Joanna had issue 
 Adam, Thomas, Alice, and Elizabeth. The first married Alice, daughter of John 
 Loggan, of Garstang, and dying about 1627 left issue a son, Seth Bushell, D.D., 
 born in 1621, vicar of Preston and Lancaster, and died 8th November, 1684. He 
 was thrice married, first to Mary, daughter of Mr. Roger ffarington, of Leyland, and 
 she dying s.p. he married second Mary, daughter of Mr. William Stansfield, of 
 Euxton, 23rd July, 1657, by whom he had issue as hereafter ; and third, Elizabeth, a 
 widow, who was buried at Preston, 16th July, 1697. The issue of the second 
 marriage was Clemence, born at Euxton in 1658, who married Richard Crombrock, 
 17th Octobtr, 1682 ; Adam, born 1660, and buried at Preston 15th June, 1696, 
 leaving a son Seth Bushell, living in 1722-3-5, wdio was buried at Goosnargh on the 
 8th January, 1754 ; William, curate of Goosnargh, and rector of Heysham, of whose 
 descendants we have already spoken ; Alice, born 1664, and living in 1684 ; Mary, 
 born 1666, who married Mr. Taylor; Seth, living in 16S2 ; and Samuel, living in 
 1682."
 
 254 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 Elizabeth Bushell, daughter of Dr. Bushell, founder of Goosnargh Hospital, 
 died 7th July, 1745, under the age of 21, and the late residence of the Bushell family 
 was converted into the hospital. According to an indenture dated 31st October, 
 1809, Dr. Bushell died on the 10th of June, 1735. 
 
 The Chartulary of the Abbey of Evesham, Worcestershire, states that Warin 
 Bussel gave to the Church of Evesham, the Church of Penwortham, and the Church of 
 Leiland, the Chapel of Meols, with their appendancies. The same Warin gave the 
 whole town of Farington with its appurtenances, and his son Richard gave to the 
 Church of Evesham six bovates of land in Longeton ; — the entire Church of Leyland, 
 which returns two marks (equal to £1 6 8) and the Chapel of Meols, which returns 
 3 shillings. Albert, brother of Richard, gave two bovates in Leiland, and the assart 
 of Blackesawe. The aforesaid Richard also gave the fourth part of his fishery. 
 
 In demolishing the old Church of St. Wilfrid, Preston, commonly called St. 
 John's Church, an old grave-stone was found, on which, upon a brass, was this 
 inscription : — " Here lyeth Seafh BvsHell, woollen draper, baylife, and a brother of 
 Preston, dying the XV Sepr., 1623, aged 53, gave unto his Kinesfoolkes and God- 
 children in legacies VI. C. L. (,£6co), also XX. L. (£i2o) to the poore of this tovvne 
 for ever, the use to be given (id est interest) to be given the said poore by the major 
 or his deputie at Christ and Paster, 4 (£4) to the poore of Leeland and Walton al 
 out of his charitable minde." 
 
 The Seth to whom this brass referred, would very probably be a grand- 
 uncle of Dr. Bushell, vicar of Lancaster. The late Mr. W. Dobson rescued the 
 inscription some thirty-seven years ago. The workmen engaged in restoring the 
 Church had sold it for old metal. 
 
 In the Ducatus Lancastrice I find the following Bushell 
 entries : — 
 
 18th Elizabeth. William Bussell, plaintiff, Thomas Butler, defendant ; 
 matter of dispute, specified farm lands and tenements in Burton Woode, Lancashire. 
 
 22nd Elizabeth. William Bussell in right of Sir Thomas Butler, Knight, 
 Margery Ap-Powell (otherwise Davie), defendant, and others ; matter of dispute, 
 distress for rent of lands and tenements and pound breach in Burton Wood Lordship 
 and Much Sonkey, Lancashire. 
 
 23rd Elizabeth. William Bussell, plaintiff, Ann Butler, defendant ; matter 
 of dispute, custom of county palatine as to goods and chattels of the deceased Sir 
 Thomas Butler, Knight, Bewsey, Lancashire.
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 255 
 
 28th Elizabeth. Edward Langton, plaintiff, and Adam Bushell, defendant; 
 matter of dispute, messuages and lands in Cuerden, Lancashire. 
 
 There is also an entry dated 23rd Elizabeth respecting the Attorney- 
 General on behalf of the Queen and Robert Pyke in right of Thomas Bushell, the 
 
 disputed matter consisting of meadow ground called Dockmeade in Uphaven, Wilts. 
 
 Dr. Bushell preached the funeral sermon of Sir Richard 
 Hoghton, Bart., who entertained King James I. at Hoghton Tower 
 in 1617. Sir Richard died November 12th, 1630, aged 60.* 
 
 William John Knox Little, M.A., Canon of Worcester 
 
 Cathedral. 
 
 Among the most popular of clergymen of the Church of 
 England must be named the Rev. William John Knox Little, M.A. , 
 Vicar of Hoar Cross, Staffordshire. This rev. gentleman, so well 
 known in and closely connected with Lancaster, was born on the 
 1st of December, 1839, at Stewartstown, County Tyrone, Ireland. 
 He received his early education at the Royal Grammar School, 
 Lancaster, his brother, Major Francis L. Gore Little, Chief Con- 
 stable of Preston, and he entering the said school in 1854. From 
 Lancaster he proceeded to Trinity College, Cambridge, taking a 
 third class honours degree in the Classical Tripos. In 1862 he 
 became assistant master at the Grammar School wherein he had 
 been a pupil, and in 1863 was ordained curate of Christ Church, 
 Lancaster, where he remained until about 1865, when he removed 
 to Hellifield. Thence he went to King's School, Sherborne, having 
 been appointed master of that school. About 1 870-1 we hear of 
 his becoming curate-in-charge of Turweston, Buckinghamshire, 
 
 *Exuvias eu! flic deposuit Seth bushell, S.S., J.P. Dei et Ecclesia 
 Anglicana Reformat. Usquam de votissimus, utrique Carola augustissimus 
 teraporibus pie fidelissimus ; post quam hanc ecclesia vita inculpabili el assiduis 
 concionibus per triennium feliciter rexisset. Ino tempore (inter alia pietatis 
 speciminia) parochi domum modo corn itu ram et instauravit auxit. Resurrectionis 
 Immortalitate vero natus calof maturus spe ferris valedixit. 
 
 . / Aetatis LXIII. \ is o 
 
 .Anno y Sa]utis l684 j IX VI
 
 256 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 and in 1874 of his acceptance of the curacy of St. Thomas', Regent 
 Street, London, where he opened a special mission which included 
 midnight services largely attended. In 1875 he was presented to 
 the living of St. Alban's, Cheetwood, Manchester, by the Bishop of 
 Manchester. Here he remained until 1885, when he was offered 
 the living of Hoar Cross, Burton-on Trent. In 1881 he was made 
 a canon residentiary of Worcester Cathedral by Mr. Gladstone, 
 the canonry being vacated by the promotion of Dr. Bradley to the 
 Deanery of Westminster. 
 
 Canon Little married Annie, eldest daughter of Henry 
 Gregson, Esq., of Moorlands, Lancaster, in 1886. As an author 
 the reverend gentleman occupies a highly creditable position, and 
 his "Characteristics of the Christian Life," " Meditations on the 
 Three Hours' Agony," and " Motives of the Christian Life," are fair 
 specimens of his literary ability. Canon Little is a persuasive 
 extemporary preacher ; he has a touching manner, a splendid 
 voice and a magnetic power over his hearers. It is said that his 
 first effort at extcmpoj'c preaching took place while he was doing 
 duty for a friend in a solitary parish church one winter afternoon. 
 It became very dark, and the preacher upon ascending the pulpit 
 found it impossible to read his manuscript without a candle or 
 lamp. He laid down his written discourse and proceeded to speak 
 to his congregation right off just what he telt inspired to speak. 
 The effect was amazing. The rustics were charmed with his voice, 
 style, and the nature of his address. Not long after, his friend, the 
 Archdeacon of Northampton, induced him to preach before the 
 Bishop of Peterborough and a distinguished congregation. He 
 did as requested, and from that time his preferment may be said to 
 have been assured. Canon Little is no apathetic dronish parson, 
 but a lively broad-hearted man, who sees room for other opinions 
 besides his own in the Church, and he loves to fraternise with all 
 true Christians and work for the good of his fellow-creatures, 
 joining issue with all who endeavour to do likewise whatever be 
 their creed or doctrine. He is conscientious and straight, fearless 
 and zealous, and will if he live reach a higher altitude in the Church
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 257 
 
 f England. I am indebted for certain facts to Major F. L. G. Little, 
 Chief Constable of Preston, and to Men and Women of the Day, 
 published by Messrs. Eglington & Co., of 78 and 78A, Great Queen 
 Street, Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, W.C. 
 
 The Rev. Colin Campbell, M.A. 
 
 The Rev. Colin Campbell. M.A., was born on the 17th of 
 November, 1806. He was the son of the late Colin Campbell, 
 Esq., cotton broker, of Toxteth Park, Liverpool. The reverend 
 gentleman graduated at Trinity College, Cambridge, and subse- 
 quently became curate of Gainsborough, in Lincolnshire. 
 
 He succeeded the Rev. J. N. G. Armytage in the incumbency 
 of St. Thomas', on the 27th of April, 1845. Mr. Campbell did a 
 great deal of useful work while he was with us, and the schools, 
 founded in 1843 and 1847, at a cost of about ,£2,500 are a standing 
 memorial of his liberality. Only ,£1,300 was subscribed towards 
 the erection of the schools when Mr. Campbell "took over the 
 responsibility of ownership on behalf of the Church." He after- 
 wards added the play ground adjoining the Prince William Henrv 
 Field, and connected the fine open space with the school rooms by 
 means of a bridge and tunnel. The advowson of the living of St 
 Thomas' passed from "the devises of Elizabeth Salisburv," who 
 endowed the Church, it is said, with the interest of ,£1,000 after 
 her decease in 1851, and became the property of Mr. Campbell, 
 who, on condition of ^500 being raised by the inhabitants of the 
 parish, guaranteed the erection of the spire, designed by Messrs. 
 Sharpe and Paley. The foundation stone of the spire was laid on 
 the 26th of April, 1852, and was completed on the 26th of May, 
 1853. The brother of the late Mr. Campbell —John Campbell, 
 Esq., of Liverpool — presented the Church with an organ, and the 
 instrument bears an inscription intimating that a "freehold residence 
 was also purchased for the use and benefit of the organist." 
 
 The Rev. Colin Campbell was much esteemed in Lancaster. 
 Not only did he labour diligently as a clergyman, but proved his
 
 25S TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 sterling love for his Church by aiding - on many occasions in 
 rendering" the same free from encumbrance. He spent no less than 
 £1 1,000 on improvements and additions, a sum representing a third 
 of his entire fortune. He died on the 30th of March, 1856, after a 
 long period of illness caused by an internal cancer, and was 
 followed to his last mortal resting place by many of those to whom 
 he had endeared himself and who deeply lamented the event. Mr. 
 Campbell did not survive his wife much over four months. A 
 memorial window in the south gallery facing the east perpetuates 
 this ladv's virtues. The window was designed by her husband, 
 and from the inscription we learn that she was the daughter of 
 Abraham Hume, Esq., of Bilton Grange, and grand-daughter of 
 the Rev. Charles Wheeler, prebendary of York, that she was born 
 in 1808, married on the 30th of October, 1832, and died on the 10th 
 of November, 1835. 
 
 Mr. Campbell's ministry is very suitably commemorated by 
 " four large editions of the Book of Common Prayer, strongly and 
 elegantly bound, with metallic gilt rims, purchased and adorned at 
 an expense of about ,£.14, and placed in the chancel stalls and 
 secured to the desk on the north side by means of separate chains." 
 Each book is inscribed : — " To the memory of the Rev. Colin 
 Campbell, M.A., Patron and Incumbent, this book is dedicated by 
 the churchwardens, T. Howitt and E. Jackson, 1836." The family 
 Mr. Campbell belonged to is a branch of the Argyle clan. It is 
 related to the late Dr. Mc.Neile's family and to that of Cave 
 Brown-Cave also. The Rev. Colin Campbell, M.A., successor of 
 his father in the living of St. Thomas' from 1858 until 1872, also 
 graduated at Trinity College, Cambridge. He resides at Weston- 
 Super-Mare, Somerset. 
 
 Eminent Laymen born i?i Lancaster. 
 Sir John Harrison. 
 
 Sir John Harrison, born in 1589, was one of the borough 
 members in 1661. He was the author of the plan for collecting the
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 259 
 
 customs by commission. Sir John Harrison's name is still highly 
 venerated, and deservedly so in Lancaster. This remarkable man 
 went to London in 161 1, at the age of 22, and became an important 
 official in the Custom House. He died in 1669, aged 80, at Balls 
 House, Hertford, the residence of his descendant, Lord John 
 Townsend. (See Cony, vol. II., p 45, and Harland's edition 
 of Gregson's Portfolio.) Sir John Harrison bore for his arms or, 
 upon a cross, azure, four pheons, or; and his ancestors resided at 
 Aldcliffe. The first name on the pedigree is Thomas Harrison, 
 who married Jane, daughter of . . . Heysham, o\' Higham, 
 one of the same family as Robert Heysham, M.P. for Lancaster, 
 1701-14. Sir John Harrison's first wife was Margaret, daughter of 
 Robert Fanshawe, Esq., and his second wife, Mary, daughter ot 
 Mr. Shotbolt. By his first wife he had a daughter, Ann, who 
 became the wife of Sir Richard Fanshawe, ambassador to Spain. 
 From Sir John Harrison, Charles, third Viscount Townshend, 
 descended, and later George, first Marquis of Townshend 
 
 Henry Brackex. 
 
 Henry Bracken, M.D., was born, according to the parish 
 register, in 1697. The baptismal entry is as follows : — " Henry, 
 the son of Henry Bracken, of Lancaster, October, 31st, 1697." 
 This remarkable man was born at the Horse and Farrier in Church 
 Street. He died in Lancaster, on the 13th November, 1764, and 
 was buried in St. Mary's Church. His widow died in 1787, aged 
 87. Their one son, so a gentleman who knew him informs me, 
 died at a comparatively early age. Dr. Bracken had three sisters. 
 He was twice mayor of Lancaster, viz., in 1747-8 and in 1757-8. 
 In the parish registers are the following Bracken entries : — " May, 
 1657, Ann, daughter of John Bracken, of Eshton." " November, 
 1657, Margaret Bracken, of Oureton, widow." Both are burials. 
 
 I took a rubbing of the brass memorial erected to the 
 memory of Dr. Bracken. This memorial now lies with many more 
 in the north corner of the church. It is surmounted by a coat of
 
 2 6o TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 arms, in the shield of which are three pistols, and beneath is the 
 motto, " Post Tenebras." The engraving is thus : " Henricus 
 Brackin, M.D., obiit 13 die Novembris anno domini 1764, 
 Aetatis suae 64." _*- 
 
 From the European Magazine^ I take the following items 
 concerning Henry Bracken : — 
 
 " It is stated that Dr. Bracken was born at the Horse and Farrier Inn, 
 described as the third house above Bridge Lane. During his professional career, he 
 lived chiefly and at length died in a house, now rebuilt, two doors above that in 
 which he was horn. The former house is undoubtedly the one which has long 
 belonged to the Barton family, and previously occupied by members, of the Ford 
 and Worswick families. The Horse and Farrier was next door above the Mitre 
 Inn. It was a low two-storied thatched house, and on the east side of the doorway, 
 under the kitchen window, was a stone bench. Mr. James Hurtley, sexton, lived 
 here, and here the churchwardens used to repair after their Sabbath peregrinations, 
 and solace themselves with 'cheese and ale.' Behind the house were a coach- 
 house and hearse-house, and over the latter building a club-room, in which the 
 churchwardens and others dined >>n St. Stephen's Day, and liberally dispensed some 
 portion of the Church rate. The Horse and Farrier ceased to exist as an inn in 
 1837, when the front was rebuilt, and the whole property turned into cottages. 
 Above the Mitre was a third house, called the Grapes Inn, turned into a couple of 
 dwelling-houses by one of the Fords. Dr. Bracken's wife was Ann, daughter of Mr. 
 Christopher Hopkins, stationer and bookseller. She survived her husband twenty- 
 one years. 
 
 'fhe doctor must have been somewhat eccentric, for it is said that he would 
 frequently get up in the summer, about two or three o'clock in the morning, and in 
 his night-gown and slippers, and with a telescope in his hand, go into the church- 
 yard to look at his horses exercising on the Marsh, and then he would return to bed 
 again. 
 
 Dr. Bracken was charged with disloyalty, because he treated two of the 
 rebel leaders- the Duke of Athol and Lord Balmerino — with civility when he met 
 them in Lancaster, at a Mrs. Livesey's, the house afterwards belonging to the 
 Marlon family in Church Street, and drank with them a disloyal toast. The Doctor 
 had met these noblemen in Paris before the rebellion. His enemies determined 
 to make him out as a rebel, and so he was committed to the Castle on the 22nd of 
 lanuarv, 1740, and was harshly treated by the jailer, and this at a lime when fever 
 was raging in the prison. However, he managed to obtain bail until the assizes, 
 when nothing was proved against him and he was liberated."
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 261 
 
 John Heysham, M.D. 
 
 Another distinguished medical gentleman, born in Lancaster 
 in 1753, was John Heysham, M.D., F.L.S., J. P. He was a well 
 known politician and litterateur. He died on the 23rd of March, 
 1834, aged 81. 
 
 Stephen's Biographical Dictionary states that Dr. Heysham 
 was the son of John Heysham and Anne Cumming, his wife, the 
 daughter of a Westmorland statesman. The Dr. settled in Carlisle 
 in 1778. He was well known as a naturalist, and it is supposed 
 that he assisted Archdeacon Paley in regard to questions of 
 structural design in nature. This member of an ancient Lancaster 
 family published an account of the gaol fever at Carlisle, in 1781. 
 The work was published in London in 1782. Dr. Heysham estab- 
 lished the first dispensary in Carlisle. A " Life of John Heysham, 
 M.D.," was written by H. Lonsdale. M.D., Lon , 1870, and it 
 includes the doctor's correspondence with one Joshua Milne, 
 respecting the Carlisle Bills of Mortality. 
 
 William Penny. 
 
 Alderman William Penny appears to have been a descendant 
 of one Alan Penny, brother of Mr. William Penny, oi' Lakeside, 
 vixit 1676, who is said to have settled in Lancaster. He was a 
 member of the family of Penny, of Penny Bridge, and was related 
 to the Cole family and to the Hindes of Overton. The will of the 
 Alderman commences in the manner common to his time — " In the 
 name of God, amen," and is dated 2nd March, 1715, "according 
 to the computation of the Church of England." His executors were 
 Edmund Hornby, of Poulton, Thomas Bennison, the elder, and 
 Edward Carter. He left ^700 with which to purchase land for 
 the erection of an almshouse with twelve apartments, and to grant 
 five marks yearly to twelve poor ancient indigent men of Lancaster 
 or to poor indigent women of Lancaster. It appears from a case 
 stated for the opinion of counsel in the year 1739, that the trustees
 
 26z TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 
 
 named in the will died without nominating - any persons to join with 
 them in the execution of the trusts, that Thomas Bennison survived 
 his co-trustees, and that the trust was carried on by his son, 
 Thomas, until the time of his death, after which the Mayor and 
 Aldermen of Lancaster being" advised that there was an actual 
 cessor or failure in carrying on the trusts (the heirs of the trustees 
 Hornbv and Bennison being minors) entered upon the trust premises 
 and took upon themselves the execution of the trusts. From the 
 year 1739 the accounts of this charity were kept by the Mayor, and 
 were audited annually at a meeting of the Mayor and Common 
 Councilmen, until the passing of the Municipal Reform Act of 1835, 
 when an appointment of trustees by the Court of Chancery became 
 necessary. 
 
 Mr. Penny left to his cousin, Annie Cole, wife of Edmund 
 Cole, Esq., ^10; to Hannah Hodgson, another kinswoman, £10; 
 and to Ruth, wife of James Allanson, to Margaret, wife of Robert 
 Armstrong, and to Jennet Gardner, half a guinea each. His large 
 silver tankard he left to Dorothy, wife of Stephen Williamson, Esq., 
 oi' Natland, his relation, and to Elizabeth, wife of Thomas Hinde, 
 of Overton, his small tankard. To James Penny, of Penny Bridge, 
 he left his kewble statutes at large, and to John Bower and 
 Margaret, his wife, the sum of 20s. each. To his executor, Thomas 
 Hornby, he bequeathed his large Bible with maps, and to his 
 trustees rings of about 20s. value. The witnesses to the will are 
 Thomas Croft, Robert Barber, Nathan Armistead, and Thomas 
 Bennison, junior. 
 
 Among many hundreds of deeds and MSS. formerly belong- 
 ing to the late learned Dr. Lingard and Mr. West, author of 
 the " Antiquities of Furness," I have found certain papers relating 
 to the property of William Penny, founder of the Penny Hospital. 
 The first is headed "An inventory ot' all and every the goods 
 chattells and personall estate of Win. Penny, late of the town of 
 Lancaster, in the county of Lancaster, Esq., now deceased, taken 
 and approved the third and fourth days of July, 1716, by Thomas
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 263 
 
 Croft, James Tomlinson, Robert Barber, and Robert Winder, 
 Esqs." The signatures of these gentlemen are appended. Mention 
 is made, inter alia, of "A silver cup, 3 silver salts, 2 large dram 
 cups of silver and one small of the same mettall, valued at 05 o o. 
 Two rusty guns and a sword-belt valued at 00 05 o, the deceased's 
 purse and apparell ^27 3s. 6d." 
 
 1 also note the entry ot certain fields thus: — "Two acres 
 or thereabouts sown with barley in a close called Sower Holme, 
 ^6 ; an acre and a half sown with oats in a close called Middle, 
 ^3 os. od. ; a rood of land sown with wheat in a close called 
 Edenbreck, 01 o o. " Next comes — 
 
 " An account how the ^700 directed by Mr. Penny's will to be laid out 
 by his trustees in the purchase of lands was applied. 
 
 2nd ffeb : 1 7 19. Paid to Mr. Hornby for purchase of 16 acres oi land 
 
 and a barn in Lancaster ^421 16 o 
 
 22nd (Jet. 1 7 1 7. Paid Mr. Butterfield and Mr. Sherson for purchase of 
 
 the Blew Stoops, stable and garden 132 o O 
 
 Paid Mr. Barton for assignment of his mortgage thereof 40 o o 
 
 4th March, 17 17. 1'aid Mr. Warren and Mr. Sturzaker for purchase of 
 
 a garden called Partington's Garden 30 o o 
 
 Expended in re-building and repairing the house and 
 stable immediately upon the purchase whereby 
 the rent was considerably advanced 93 1 7 3 
 
 ^7i~ 13 .5 
 Then follow three large sheets endorsed :— 
 
 " Acctofthe rents and profitts of the late Mr. Penny's estate, and what 
 was purchased with the ^"700 from his death till the 2nd ffebry, 1 738, and the 
 application thereof." 
 
 The first sheet begins with a heading similar to the endorse- 
 ment, and the first item reads thus : — 
 
 " Trustees. — 1716. By rents this year due at and alter Mr. Penny'.-, death, 
 ^26 10s. 8d. 
 
 N.B.— The trustees now began to buy and build, set lands and husban 
 everything for the best, and as there was likely to ensue a great deal of trouble and 
 care they appointed Mr. James Tomlinson to manage and transact the whole and 
 keep accounts for which until the tn ublesom jail o( the trust was o\ u he was to
 
 £12 
 
 
 
 
 
 57 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 60 
 
 
 
 
 
 60 
 
 
 
 
 
 60 
 
 
 
 
 
 45 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 40 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 264 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 have allowed and accordingly had allowed 5 guineas a year."' In 1723 is a note 
 stating that " The agreement with Mr. Tomlinson for 5 guineas a year now ceased 
 and for the future he was to have only 2 guineas a year." 
 
 To give the whole of the items would serve no purpose. I 
 will, however, select from the Cr. side the amounts paid " to the 
 poor appointed for ye hospital." 
 
 1716. To poor persons appointed for ye hospital 
 
 1 71 7. To the poor persons as by receipt 
 
 To putting - out two apprentices 
 
 1718. To the poor persons at ,£15 a quarter as l>y receipt 
 
 1 719. To the poor persons 
 
 1720. To the poor persons 
 
 1721. To the poor persons 
 
 To liveries anil making 
 
 1722. To poor persons 
 
 To curate's salary 
 
 To liveries 
 
 From 1723 to 1738 the amounts in each case were the same, viz., for 
 
 these items 52 o o 
 
 Up to 1721 inclusive ^310 is. was expended. From 1722 inclusive to 1738 
 .£884 was expended, lepresenting altogether ^1,194 is. spent on behalf of the poor. 
 
 The " Balance to the representative of the surviving trustee " 
 is put clown as ^120 10s. iij^d., " of which sum there is due 
 to Mr. Tomlinson £97 11s. io^d., and due to Mr. Benison 
 ^22 19s. o^d." In a deed dated "thirtieth of November, 1676," 
 William Penny agrees to lease of John ffoster, woollen draper, 
 of Lancaster, son of Thomas ffoster, of Lancaster, the close 
 or parcel of land known as the Hill Meadow, and parcel of 
 certaine grounds called the Deepcarrs containing three acres, 
 subject to a yearly rent for thirty-four years from date of deed of 
 ffive shillings payable to the maior and bailiffs of Lancaster upon 
 the ffeast dayes of Easter and St. Michaell the Archangell. The 
 sum paid to John ffoster for having "demised, granted, assigned 
 and sett over " the land and its appurtenances was forty-three 
 pounds. In an indenture of 1693, between John Hodgson, Mayor 
 of Lancaster, Henry Casson, and John Bryer, bailiffs, of the one 
 part, and William Penny of the other part, the latter agrees to 
 hold as tenant certain lands in Quernmore called the Copyholds for
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 26 
 
 z> 
 
 the sum of fifty pounds, the rents of ten pounds payable quarterly 
 being included in the tenancy for the space of six years. There is 
 mention of Thomas Dugdale, of Quernmore, evidently a former 
 lessee ; also of George Patchett, Christopher Cawson, ffrancis 
 Hodgson, &c, the copyholds with their appurtenances belonged to 
 the town of Lancaster. The signatories to the deed are those of 
 John Hodgson, Henry Casson, and John Bryer. Another deed is 
 of the time of James II., and is between John Hadwen, of Carn- 
 forth, and Allan Penny. Hadwen is spelt with an " e" after the d, 
 and Penny with only one " n." The deed is in Latin and concerns 
 the sale of the Sowerholme estate. 
 
 William Hadwen. 
 
 Another Lancaster poet must yet be named — a member of an 
 old Carnforth family, as ancient inquisitions prove. I refer to 
 William Hadwen, who contributed some excellent poems to the 
 New Town ami Comity Magazine. In the volume for the year 1788, 
 are several productions signed " W. Hadwen, Lancaster." 
 
 Among them I may mention " An Elegy to the memory of 
 Mr. T. H. Rawlinson, who died at the age of 21." "A Sonnet 
 written after listening to the notes of a thrush and a blackbird," 
 " The Dawn," " On seeing a young lady run to a place of worship." 
 " Allithwaite, a descriptive poem written at the request of two 
 young ladies," "Soliloquy on the death of a young lady," "Gisburn 
 Park," &c. There are several other productions signed " H. 
 Rusland," " Leander, Rusland," which smack strongly of the same 
 style as that of " W. H. Hadwen, Lancaster," or " W. Hadwen, 
 Allithwaite." 
 
 No doubt the poetical Mr. Hadwen of a hundred and three 
 years ago had many poems in other volumes of the magazine from 
 which I quote. Most of his emanations are decidedly good ; they 
 are not written by rule, they are not fantastical and poetaster-like, 
 but display smart ringing metal and a perfectly correct idea of
 
 266 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 scansion. What a pity that this Lancaster poet's works are not 
 looked up and rescued from the semi-oblivion into which they have 
 fallen. From the poem " On the Lakes, and the Cascades of Ridal 
 Hall," addressed to a clergyman, 1 cull these lines :— 
 
 " THOU, in whosp smiles, bright seraphim rejoice, 
 Thy bounteous love — thy world creating voice, 
 Thy sovereign wisdom — thy almighty power 
 Bade this sweet spring its endless torrent pour 
 O'er many a rugged rock, amid these hills, 
 Where dulcet murmurs lead to gurgling rills ; 
 The lofty mountains, crown'd with waving trees 
 The lakes that quiver to the- curling breeze 
 The sylvan scenes in this my native land 
 Were thus arranged in beauty by Thy hand." 
 
 The poem is a moderately long one and was written at Satterthwaite. 
 
 True poets are the troubadours who mark the eras of the 
 world ; they are its modern prophets, gifted still with ancient fire, 
 and to their King they stand or fall in a higher sense than do 
 ordinary souls. Their ears hear the far distant whispers of eternity 
 which coarser souls must travel on far into old age e'er they can 
 detect the faintest notes thereof or hear its still small voice. ' 
 
 William Sandhrson. 
 
 William Sanderson was the son of John Sanderson, 
 merchant, of Lancaster. He was born at 39, Castle Park, in 1804. 
 He was for some time a contributor to the Lancaster Gazette, and 
 afterwards did much miscellaneous writing for the Lancaster Herald. 
 He died on the 20th of January, 1848, aged 44 years. 
 
 Perhaps it would repay an enterprising publisher to re- 
 publish Sanderson's poems, and give us an edition worthy of most 
 of the metal the author's songs contain. Some are wild flowers of 
 beauty despite the ruggedness of their sepals and carpels. The 
 book he wrote is entitled "Songs and Miscellaneous Poems, by the 
 late William Sanderson, of Lancaster." The imprint is simply 
 " Lancaster : Printed for the author's family by J. Nevatt," and the
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 267 
 
 book contains 94 pages. It is "dedicated to Thomas Greene, 
 Esq., M.P. for Lancaster, as a public expression of thanks for his 
 kindness to the author's family." Altogether there are fifty-six 
 poems in the book, the more pretentious of which are " Random 
 Thoughts " (dotted down whilst resting on the banks of the Lune, 
 one afternoon during the summer of 1842, and addressed to a 
 friend) : "The Young Bride's Song to her Husband," " The Candle 
 and the Bottle," "The Orphan Boy," "The Maniac Maiden," 
 " Descriptive Stanzas, written whilst admiring a splendid prospect 
 from Haythornthwaite Fells, having witnessed the effects of a 
 violent storm from the same place on the preceding day," "The 
 Song of the Emigrant's Wife to her Husband," "The Two Steamers 
 — a versified and glowing description of the most fierce, vitupera- 
 tive, but interesting quarrel which has just taken place between the 
 new iron steamboat, the Duchess of Lancaster, and the old heart 
 of oak one, the John O'Gaunl, wherein is most veritably set forth 
 how the Duchess attacked the Duke ; how the Duke retaliated 
 upon the Duchess ; how the parties then had a pugilistic recontre, 
 with various other matters of greatest importance, which ought 
 immediately to be read, mark'd, learnt, and inwardly digested by a 
 sagacious public," "The Butterfly," "Lines founded on Fact 
 (concerning a circumstance which occurred in the Fleet Prison 
 some years ago, &c,") " To the memory of John Christian, Esq., 
 of Liverpool, who died at Caton, near Lancaster, 5th December, 
 1843," "The Mother to her sleeping Babe," "The Joys ot 
 Mossing, a fellside song," " Address to the Greeks," " Stanzas on 
 the death of Mr. William Walmsley, of Lancaster, who died in the 
 thirty-first year of his age, September, 1846," "Address spoken in 
 aid of the widows and orphans of the Earl of Lincoln's Lodge of 
 Oddfellows, at their anniversary held at Lancaster, the 2nd of 
 January, 1843," " -^ son g written on the event of Admiral Tatham 
 gaining a verdict at Lancaster, on the 9th of September, 1836, 
 dedicated to the honest people of Hornby," " The Virtue of 
 Prudence," " A Letter" (to a cousin), " Stanzas most respectfully 
 and gratefully addressed to Miss Mary Ann Bond, who, when 
 sickness and sorrow invaded the home of the writer, restored to it.
 
 268 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 through her Christian kindness, comfort and peace," " To my 
 friend Richard Wearing-, on his departure to London for the first 
 time, the 15th- of June, 1844," "Verses incribed to Mr. John 
 Swarbrick, butcher, Nicholas Street, on his birthday, celebrated at 
 the Boar's Head, on Thursday, 27th April, 1843," " The Sam 
 Weller," " Song - of Toasts," the words and air arranged for the 
 voice with pianoforte accompaniment, by "W.S." "Address written 
 on the occasion of the opening of the new Oddfellows' Hall, at 
 Lancaster, on Wednesday, the 24th of July, 1844, when a public 
 dinner took place, Dr. D. De Vitre, the Mayor, presided ; John 
 Armstrong, Esq., filled the vice-chair." " Aughton Pudding,'' 
 " Stanzas, addressed to the Misses Smith, after the concert at 
 Lancaster, December 21st, 1838," and " Lines in memory of the 
 jate John Simpson, Esq., of Poulton." 
 
 From the first poem " Random Thoughts," I give the 
 following stanzas : — 
 
 Here in the merry month of June 
 Upon the banks of bonnie Lune, 
 Watching its sun-lit limpid course, 
 Which runs so calmly from its source 
 Unto the ocean mail-like flows 
 Lulling the soul to sweet repose ; 
 For like the music of a dream, 
 The murmurs of its ripples seem. 
 
 Whilst Halton's village, gay and neat. 
 Is mirror'd through them at my feet, 
 The muse once more upon me calls, 
 Although on me but loosely falls 
 The mantle which o'er Burns she threw, 
 Till through his soul her spirit flew, 
 Which stamp'd him as her fav'rite son, 
 Poet and patriot both in one. 
 
 Vet still his was a stormy life, 
 
 With few that car'd to ease its strife ; 
 
 It oft midst want and woe was led, 
 
 Fame's brightest wreath now binds his head, 
 
 For though death has his harp unstrung, 
 
 He o'er his native mountains flung 
 
 A mystic charm, which spreading round 
 
 Hill, stream, and dale, makes hallow d ground.
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 269 
 
 To have one spark of nature's fire 
 Was all his anxious fond desire ; 
 And she within him lit the flame 
 Which sheds a halo round his name, 
 Where'er now from their Highland home, 
 The hardy sons of Scotia roam 
 Each to his song with fondness turns, 
 Till Burns is Scotland — Scotland Burns. 
 
 The man with thousands in his chest 
 Sighing for more is often cjrst ; 
 
 Whilst he with peace of mind is blest 
 Who eats his crust, but earns it first. 
 
 So I'll ne'er quarrel with my lot, 
 
 Rich with a penny as a pound ; 
 Although whilst here no land I've got 
 
 I, dead shall have my share of ground. 
 
 And if, when nature's debt is paid, 
 
 My body should by chance, be laid 
 
 Near some great man's, whose haughty pride 
 
 Had, living, spurn'd me from his side, 
 
 I need not fear his might or power, 
 
 We're equal from that very hour. 
 
 To scorn me though he did aspire 
 
 And strove my title to refute ; 
 No crafty lawyer need I hire, 
 
 The worms will settle the dispute. 
 
 Most of this poem is Burns over again, indeed, the first part 
 reads like an ode to that Scottish bard. There is a full and easy_ 
 flowing- rhythm throughout, and here and there one is forcibly 
 reminded of John Clare, the Northamptonshire poet, especially in 
 some of the stanzas. "Though low my lot, my wish is won," is a 
 poem of Clare's very much akin to this of Mr. Sanderson's. One 
 more verse from this production and we must leave it :— 
 
 Freedom ! I see thy banners wave, 
 
 Thy green robes floating in the gale, 
 Thou smilest at the fair and brave, 
 
 On mountain top, in lowly vale ; 
 Whilst blue-ey'd plenty wheat-ear crown'd 
 
 Her cornucopia dropping flowers, 
 Attends on peace, and all around, 
 
 With bounteous hand her riches showers.
 
 27o TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 This effusion bespeaks the very soul of Sanderson, who 
 allows fancy to waft him here and there, to show him things of 
 beauty, until he at last attains such a pitch that re-action sets in, 
 and the gioom of life re-appears. 
 
 The next selection I give is entitled "My Village Mary.' 
 It is Clare again : — 
 
 Talk not of beauty till you've seen 
 
 As lightly tripping as a fairy, 
 With milking pale across the green 
 
 My bonny charming village Mary. 
 
 She boasts not gems, she boasts not wealth, 
 
 No man need woo her for her riches ; 
 But yet her glance beslow'd by stealth, 
 
 Far more than wealth or gems bewitches. 
 
 Her lips, the rose's tint in May, 
 
 Sometimes is poutingly provoking; 
 But soon a dimpling smile would say, 
 
 Nay, be not vex'd, I was but joking. 
 
 And yet my Mary is no prude, 
 
 For virtue is her greatest blessing' ; 
 The man who dare to her be rude 
 
 Would rue the day of his transgressing 
 
 The haughty lord with rank and power, 
 
 The dashing gay fox-hunting squire, 
 Would gladly blight this village flower, 
 
 But vain, most vain, is his desire. 
 
 I've for her but a ploughman's hand, 
 
 An honest heart for each endeavour ; 
 A little farm I do command, 
 
 And Mary'll soon be mine for ever. 
 
 His "Maniac Maiden" is also a beautiful heart-touching 
 composition, as, for instance, you readily prove by these lines : — 
 
 But the path of my life now with darkness is shaded, 
 O'er mountains, through valleys I wander forlorn, 
 
 The sweets of the rose which love gave me have faded, 
 But ah ! there is left in my bosom its thorn. 
 
 In vain do I strive to forget my deceiver 
 
 His form seems before me for ever to flee, 
 With poor bleeding heart, and with brain in a fever. 
 
 I follow o'er rocks far more tender that he.
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 271 
 
 Vet ah ! it but adds to my pain to upbraid him, 
 
 I loved him so fondly, SO truly and well, 
 Although there are others who seek to degrade him, 
 
 The anguish they cause me no language can toll. 
 
 Although he now from me so cruelly ranges, 
 
 With vows which he gave me, another has won, 
 
 ( rrant Heaven, that she, throughout life's fitful changes, 
 May cherish and love him as I would have done. 
 
 William Sanderson could turn out a very decent sonnet, 
 which is no light matter, for many a man who can fairly well 
 imitate Hudibras, is but a poor fist at a sonnet. Listen to this "In 
 Memoriam " — 
 
 And art thou gone I dear brother of my soul, 
 Nipp'd like a rose bud opening into bloom, 
 Thy sun hath set within an early tomb ! 
 No more o'er thee shall nature's seasons roll. 
 But shall I mourn what man can not control ? 
 No, no, Faith's seraph whispers in my ear 
 " Thou art not dead, but only gone before ; 
 That I shall join thee in that boundless sphere 
 When all life's cankering cares and woes are o'er." 
 O, glorious thought ! what rapture doth it bring ; 
 Grief, wailing grief, can touch my heart no more, 
 E'en now my spirit panteth to take wing, 
 And leave its frail dark tenement of clay 
 To live with thee in Heaven's bright endless day. 
 
 ■& 1 
 
 The poet wrote a very touching verse on an incident which 
 occurred at the Lancaster Assizes, held in February, 1844. A lad 
 named Edward Greenhalgh was tried for attempt to poison a 
 servant woman named Margaret Bury, at Habergham Eaves. 
 The jury acquitted him, and upon hearing the favourable verdict 
 his mother, who was in court, went down on her knees in a 
 transport of joy, and cried, " Thank you, my lord and gentlemen!" 
 The lad was only fifteen years old. The verse is as follows : 
 
 Then the mother's eye glistened with gratitude's joy, 
 For whatever his faults, her heart clung to her boy. 
 How sublimely mysterious, wondrous and strange, 
 Is a mother's affection ; it knoweth no change, 
 'Tis a feeling engender'd with infancy's birth, 
 For the holiest, purest and brightest on earth ; 
 For the babe she has suckled it burneth the same, 
 Through its manhood's proud rise, through its fall and its shame; 
 Yes, the victim of crime, lost, abandon'd, forlorn ; 
 The despis'd of his fellows, the world's pointed scorn, 
 Still will find when he's check'd in his guilty career, 
 Midst the gloom of his prison, his mother draw near.
 
 272 TIME-HONOURED LANXASTER. 
 
 In "The Joys of Mossing " we have a lively bucolic ring — 
 
 When in the merry month of May, 
 
 The flowers around are springing, 
 When birds from every leafy spray 
 
 Their songs of love are singing. 
 
 When crimson cups and cowslip bells, 
 
 Are all the fields adorning ; 
 And bees boom from their honey'd cells, 
 
 To sip the sweets of morning. 
 
 To where the purple heather blooms, 
 And lads the peats are tossing ; 
 
 O let's away, 
 
 Ye damsels gay, 
 And spend the hours in mossing. 
 
 Suppose a lad around one's waist 
 
 His arm is fondly throwing ; 
 In terror must we from him haste 
 
 Or be with anger glowing ? 
 
 Why should we seem to take alarm 
 
 When we are not offended ; 
 A kiss will never do one harm 
 
 When there's no wrong intended. 
 
 So then to where the heather blooms, 
 And lads the peats are tossing ; 
 
 O let's away, 
 
 Ye damsels gay, 
 And spend the hours in mossing. 
 
 Oft o'er those maids, to riches born, 
 
 Is sickness sadly stealing ; 
 A country lass they treat with scorn, 
 
 And say she has no feeling. 
 
 But if they would forget their wealth — 
 
 With us awhile be straying ; 
 And feel the balmy breeze of health 
 
 Which o'er the fell is playing. 
 
 Soon, where the purple heather blooms, 
 Smiles would their cheeks be glossing, 
 
 Their rank they'd spurn, 
 
 They'd ne'er return, 
 Nor quit the joys of mossing. 
 
 This poem seems like a song taken from some jovial part of a 
 libretto, and is very musical. The most humorous piece of 
 Sanderson's is his poem, "A Letter;" it is written in a running 
 style, and is likely to remind readers of Goldsmith's " Retaliation,"
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 27; 
 
 or of a melody of Burns. His best effusion is his " Address to the 
 Greeks." The verse which strikes one as most classic, whatever 
 other folks may say to the contrary, is the one which says : 
 
 Oh ! daughters of Greece quickly arm each your lover, 
 
 In dalliance soft them no longer restrain ; 
 Delighted the shades of your fathers will hover 
 
 Around them, and aid them their rights to regain. 
 
 And again- 
 
 The past deeds of glory— of Sparta remember, 
 Recall the brave bands at Thermopylos straits ; 
 
 Fan ! fan to a flame the but smouldering ember, 
 Dear Liberty's garland to crown you a\vait>. 
 
 Yes, Lancaster has had its poet, and despite the chequered life, the 
 flights and falls of the bard, he must not willingly die. Indeed, he 
 cannot die while there is a true Lancastrian heart able to cry in 
 tones of dulcet sweetness : — 
 
 Be to his faults a little blind, 
 And to his virtues very kind. 
 
 Sanderson published a poem in pamphlet form, in honour of 
 Dr. Whewell and Sir Richard Owen, in 1842, in which year the 
 dinner given on the occasion of the two distinguished professors, 
 took place in the Assembly Rooms. From the poem I take the 
 following" stanzas : — 
 
 *fc> 
 
 And thine 'tis Whewell, with thy master mind, 
 To teach the workings of the Great First Cause, 
 
 How wisely are sun, moon, and stars design'd, 
 Moving, unerring, by hx'd mystic laws ; 
 
 Happy for man that they are so confin'd 
 
 Which to reflect upon "should give him pause," 
 
 For from its course did one a moment fly 
 
 Ruin would rush throughout both earth and sky. 
 
 And Owen ! though you differ in pursuit, 
 Worthy you are to be your friend's compeer ; 
 
 In Cuvier's steps with genius as acute, 
 
 Onward you press ; success in your career ; 
 
 Beasts, birds, and insects, reptiles, fishes mute. 
 Your speculation — then, with judgment clear, 
 
 As you compare their frame with that of man 
 
 You trace throughout one systematic plan.
 
 274 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 A plan, how wise, how mighty, how sublime, 
 Which suits unto its state each living thing, 
 
 Dwelling in torrid or in frigid clime 
 
 Creeping on earth, or soaring on the wing ; 
 
 No change is brought them by revolving time, 
 Instinct and habit changeless with them spring, 
 
 The lion still is monarch of the wood, 
 
 The whale's vast empire still the briny flood. 
 
 These are the same, as when God out his hand 
 
 Shook the vast mountains, and let flow the sea : 
 And then sent forth that high sublime command — 
 
 " Let there be light'" — ejirth straight shone forth with glee ; 
 But all man's works, however proudly plann'd 
 
 Temple or tablet soon will ruined be ; 
 Crumbling to dust with each revolving year, 
 
 Even his pyramids shall disappear ; 
 Still, though these piles must " topple to their fall, - ' 
 
 (Like card-built castles we in childhood raise), 
 Scarce leaving us a vestige to recall 
 
 Where once they stood, the wonder of past days ; 
 Though whirlwind sands shall overwhelm them all, 
 
 And on their site the deer and wild ox graze. 
 Man's glowing thoughts, Time's ravages decry 
 When seeking Truth through Him who rules on high. 
 
 And ye I sing of, Chieftains in Truth's sphere, 
 
 Whom error Hies, as mists the morn's bright sun : 
 
 If at the start, life's course seemed dark and drear, 
 Ye have indeed the prize most nobly won : 
 
 And this proud thought must oft your past toil cheer 
 Hoc opus feci "'This myself have done," — 
 
 The wreaths you wear, ye to no patron owe, 
 
 So their bright leaves with years shall greener grow. 
 
 Welcome, then welcome to " The good Old Town,'" 
 Your childhood's home and where your fathers dwelt ; 
 
 Oh ! could they witness this your " fair renown," 
 How would their hearts with fond emotion melt ; 
 
 But see ! their spirits smilingly look down, 
 Their joy in heaven, as if on earth is felt ; 
 
 That thus your townsmen with one heart and voice 
 
 In the proud triumphs you have won — rejoice. 
 
 This talented author once issued a one-act serio-comico, 
 satirico, dramatic Interlude in verse, with marginal notes, entitled, 
 " The Vicar and Churchwarden, or the Morning" Visit." It was 
 printed in London by Saul Mathias, of Blackfriars, and published 
 by the Author and all booksellers in the United Kingdom. What- 
 ever William Sanderson may have been or not have been in private 
 life is a matter of no cognizance to me. I have to deal with such a
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 275 
 
 man as a man of true genius — to take him for what he is worth as 
 public property, and I have no sympathy with those who seek to 
 rake up every public individual's failings. I say this much with 
 dislike owing to the slights some have been apt to pass upon their 
 neighbours gifted far beyond themselves to such a degree as to 
 render their failings almost invisible. 
 
 Richard and James Lonsdale. 
 
 James Lonsdale was horn in Lancaster, in 1778. He was 
 the son of Richard Lonsdale, said by some authorities to have been 
 born at Garstang. Both father and son excelled as portrait 
 painters, and specimens of the elder artist's work are still to be 
 seen in the Lancaster Town Hall, the subjects of the canvas being 
 George HI., Lord Nelson, and Pitt. Richard Lonsdale was much 
 esteemed in his day and generation, and owing to his suavity of 
 manners and gentlemanly deportment, his company was sought by 
 the principal merchants of the Town. Early on in the century he 
 appears to have removed to London, where his son in due course 
 distinguished himself in the art of painting as well as his sire. The 
 elder Lonsdale executed the portraits of the Daltons of Thurnham 
 Hall. Sir Gerald Dalton Fitzgerald, Bart., states that the same 
 were painted about the year 1S20, and that they represent the late 
 John Dalton, Esq., his wife, his son, his son's wife, and four 
 daughters. The artist also produced a replica of Mr. Dalton. 
 
 According to the Kendal CJironiclc of November 30th, 1833, 
 the Rev. Dr. Lingard sat for his portrait before Mr. Lonsdale at 
 Hornby. 
 
 Cornelius Henderson. 
 
 Cornelius Henderson was the son of John Henderson, shoe- 
 maker. He was born on Castle Hill in one of the cottages which. 
 used to stand adjacent to the Gateway Tower. The register
 
 276 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 book of St. Mary's Church contains this entry of baptism under the 
 year 1800 : — 
 
 "9th February, Cornelius, son of John and Betty Henderson, 
 born 9th October, 1799." 
 
 John Henderson, the father, was remarkably fond of art and 
 as an amateur used to paint local scenes in his leisure. A favourite 
 sketch of his was the view looking up the Lune from the Three- 
 mile House. The son had, however, the advantages of a training 
 in art which had been denied his father, and although he cannot 
 be considered by any means an artist of the same calibre as Richard 
 Lonsdale, it would be most unjust not to include his name in this 
 chapter, since some of his paintings bear the stamp of genius upon 
 them, a genius only requiring greater development in technicalities 
 and a study of the old masters on their native soil, in order to make 
 them perfect. 
 
 Sir Richard Owen. 
 
 The name of Richard Owen is known all over the world, and 
 Lancaster is justly proud of her distinguished son, whose laurels 
 have proved so numerous and unfading. Sir Richard Owen, C.B., 
 M.D., D.C.L., L.L.D., F.R.S., &c, was the son of Richard Owen, 
 merchant. He was born in Dalton Square, Lancaster, on the 20th 
 of July, 1804. The following biographical remarks have for their 
 basis information kindly supplied at the request of the author at the 
 end of 1888. The career of this venerable scholar has indeed been 
 remarkable. After quitting the Grammar School, about 1816, he 
 became a pupil of Dr. Baxendale, then a prominent medical gentle- 
 man, and the local family adviser of the Duke of Hamilton and 
 Brandon. On leaving this gentleman he went to Edinburgh 
 University, where he matriculated in 1824. In 1826, he obtained 
 his M.R.C.S., Lon., and in 1828, became assistant curator of the 
 Hunterian museum. In 1834, he was appointed Professor of 
 Comparative Anatomy at St. Bartholomew's Hospital, and a year
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 277 
 
 later was elected F.R.S. Between 1836 and 1856 this distinguished 
 man succeeded to the chair of the Professorship of Anatomy and 
 Physiology in the College of Surgeons, and first Hunterian 
 Professor. In 1839, he received the degree of L.L.D. from the 
 University of Cambridge. In 1840, Richard Owen did, perhaps, one 
 of the grandest of strokes that science has been able to accomplish, 
 for he founded the Microscopical Society of London, and became 
 its first president, then he received the Royal medal of the Royal 
 Society. In 1844, he was appointed one of the commissioners of 
 inquiry into the health of towns, and filled a similar post in 1846 in 
 regard to the health of the Metropolis. Next we find him honoured 
 with the Copley medal of the Royal Society, and in 1848 chosen 
 member of the Government Board of Health, and in 1849 a member 
 of the commission on Smithfield Market. In 185 1, he was president 
 of one of the juries at the great exhibition, and, in 1852, became 
 D.C.L. of Oxford. In 1855, we find him president of one of the 
 juries at the Exposition Universelle, Paris ; and shortly after is 
 decorated with the Cross of the Legion of Honour. In 1856, he is 
 observed occupying the post of superintendent of the Natural 
 History Departments in the British Museum. There we note the 
 triennial award by the Institute of France for " Le Prix Cuvier," 
 and, in 1857, his selection as lecturer on Palaeontology in the Royal 
 School of Mines. In 1858, he became Fullerian Professor of 
 Physiology in the Royal Institution of Great Britain, and, in 1859, 
 first lecturer on the revival of Sir " Robert Rede's Foundation," in 
 the University of Cambridge, and on the 3rd of June, 1873, he was 
 made a C.B. Professor Owen is the author of numerous papers in 
 the transactions of the various learned societies ; he is also a knight 
 of the Prussian Order of Merit, and a Foreign Associate of the 
 Institution of France. What a mighty past such a man has had ! 
 Well may we conclude by saying that Sir Richard Owen stands 
 to-day far superior to kings and emperors, his crown being that of 
 science imperishable and enduring. To men like him may honour 
 and reverence be paid, instead of to rank that has but the poverty- 
 stricken alliances of blue blood, title, and landed areas, a few feet 
 of which will one day be revenged upon those who have held too
 
 2 7 8 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 many acres, having the happiness or misery of thousands of their 
 fellow creatures at command. Sir Richard had another brother, 
 and three sisters, who at one time were engaged in school teaching. 
 The subject of our remarks married a Miss Clift, long ago deceased. 
 The veteran scientist realises the fine lines of Goldsmith, seeking — 
 
 To husband out life's taper at the close, 
 And keep the flame from wasting by repose. 
 
 He often talks about his native town and the old folks that formed 
 its burgesses in his youthful days. 
 
 The Owen family is closely connected with the Eskriggs, for 
 the Rev. J. B. Eskrigg informs me that Elizabeth Eskrigg, 
 daughter of Richard Eskrigg, of Eskrigg, married William Owen, 
 whose son, Richard Owen, born December 5th, 1754, was the 
 father of Sir Richard Owen. 
 
 In his younger days Sir Richard was very fond of dissecting 
 bodies, which he secured for the purpose from the Castle after 
 execution. On one occasion he was carrying the head of a negro, 
 and the night being dark and the pathway from the Castle very 
 slipperv, he fell and the terrible contents of his basket rolled out 
 and entered the house of a laundry woman, whose door was wide 
 pen. The black head almost frightened the woman out of her wits. 
 
 Concerning Sir Richard Owen's career these sonnets were 
 written over two years ago. 
 
 1818. 
 
 .saw shall I turn into my sacristy 
 
 Impell'd by thoughts a power divine commands? — 
 Responsive may I wake the minstrelsy 
 
 Rever'd of old — and as the bay expands 
 Illume past years with the electric lamp 
 
 Charter'd by fancy ? What delightful strands 
 Have I before me ! River, hill and vale, 
 
 And towering rock which bears the immortal stamp, 
 Monarch divine impress'd when storm and gale 
 
 Dar'd to arrest success and Stirling fame.
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 279 
 
 Oh, as I view by light so rare, I see 
 
 Wisdom's aspirant, yea, a youth whose aim 
 Extends beyond the common wolds of life 
 Nailing his colours to the mast contemptuous of all strife. 
 
 1890. 
 
 Far, far away that youth has journey d on 
 
 Resting not on his oars, but toiling' hard, 
 Opening up fields where laurels may be won 
 
 Marshalling laws mankind must yet regard, 
 Teaching discrimination in the spheres 
 
 High priests and heroes live in, marking' too, 
 
 Each boundary of illimitable hue 
 Ordain'd to lead beyond these finite years. 
 Let me look once again — ah, what a change 
 
 Distinguished "mid the legions gather'd round 
 There stands a patriarch, one whose mental range 
 
 Oe'rshadows all Ohmpus. Thus renown'd 
 Watch we as western sunlight fades away 
 Noting a northern star shining all bright to-day. 
 
 Sir William Turner. 
 
 Lancaster has another native son who has reached the 
 higher rungs of the ladder of fame in the learned profession he 
 represents. This native son is Sir William Turner, who was born 
 in Moor Lane, Lancaster, in the year 1832. He is the son of the 
 late Mr. William Turner, of the firm of Battersby and Turner, 
 upholsterers, Lancaster. His mother was a Miss Aldren, daughter 
 of Mr. Robert Aldren, malster, of Skerton. He was educated at 
 the private school of Mr. Howard, of Green Ayre, and subsequently 
 became the pupil of Dr. Christopher Johnson. After remaining 
 the usual period with this gentleman he went to Edinburgh, and in 
 due course became Demonstrator of Anatomy in the Medical 
 College of which he is now a professor. 
 
 Sir William became a distinguished scholar under Sir James 
 Paget at St. Bartholomew's Hospital. He obtained his member- 
 ship of the Royal College of Surgeons in 1853, and in 1854 gained 
 an Exhibition and a Gold Medal at the London University ; in the 
 same year he was appointed Senior Demonstrator of Anatomy at 
 Edinburgh, and in 1857 he took the degree of M. B. of London.
 
 2 8o TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 In 1861 he became F. R.C.S., and in 1867 was elected to the chair 
 which he now so ably fills, as the successor of the immortal Good- 
 sir. In 1886 he received the honour of knighthood in recognition 
 of his services to the University of Edinburgh. He was for some 
 time Examiner in Anatomy in the University of London, and 
 Lecturer in Anatomy and Physiology in the Royal College of 
 Surgeons, England. 
 
 When the British Association met at Edinburgh in the year 
 1 87 1, Professor Turner presided over the department of anthro- 
 pology, and in 1885, at Aberdeen, he was one of the vice-presidents 
 of the section. He is the author of many works on the anatomy 
 and histology of man and the lower animals, amongst which may 
 be mentioned the " Atlas of Human Anatomy and Physiology," the 
 articles on anatomy, anthropotomy, and the digestive organs in the 
 last edition of the "Encyclopaedia Britannica," and the report on 
 the whales and seals collected by H.M.S. Challenger. He also 
 wrote the monographs on the human crania and other bones 
 brought home by the "Challenger" expedition, a work which 
 forms one of the most important contributions to anthropological 
 literature that has ever appeared in England. 
 
 Sir William Turner holds the honourable posts of President 
 of the Royal College of Surgeons, Edinburgh ; Dean of the Faculty 
 of Medicine of Edinburgh University, and is a member of the 
 Medical Acts Commission. He is F.R.S. and F.R.S.E., Hon. 
 L.L.D. of Glasgow, and D.C.L. of Durham and Oxford Universities. 
 In addition to being Professor of Anatomy in Edinburgh University, 
 Sir William fills the professional chair in the same science to the 
 Royal Scottish Academy, and is a member of the Medical Council. 
 He is honorary Lieutenant-Colonel of the Queen's Rifle Volunteer 
 Brigade. In 1863, Sir William married x\gnes, daughter of 
 Abraham Logan, Esq., of Burnhouses, Berwickshire. He was 
 created a K.B. in 1886. 
 
 Anthropology has evidently no more earnest student than 
 Sir William Turner, whose life journey from the old house opposite
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 281 
 
 St. Anne's Chapel, in Moor-lane, to a medical professorship at 
 Edinburgh must call forth the delightful feeling that the ancient 
 town is famous for more than Roman and Saxon remains and an 
 impregnable fortress ; that it is famous for mind as well as matter. 
 Sir William Turner's address, in 1889, as president of the 
 Anthropological section ol the British Association was listened to 
 by an immense number of intelligent hearers, the lecture hall of the 
 library, in which the proceedings took place, being crowded to the 
 doors. The address, which dealt chiefly with man as the principal 
 of living organisms, contained one or two sentences reproduced 
 from the reports of the Newcastle Chronicle. They are as follow : - 
 
 " Man is a living organism, and the study of his physical 
 frame cannot be separated from that of other living organisms. 
 But whatever may have been the origin of his frame, whether by 
 evolution from some animal form or otherwise, we can scarcely 
 expect it ever to attain any greater perfection than it at present 
 possesses. The kind of evolution which we are to hope and 
 strive for in him is the perfecting of his spiritual nature, so that the 
 standard of the whole human race may be elevated and brought 
 into more harmonious relation with that which is holy and divine." 
 
 These three sentences are a lecture in themselves, and are 
 worthy of all acceptation. The address consisted of a review of 
 " the transmission of malformations, colour blindness, and disease 
 from generation to generation," and diagrams were freely used to 
 illustrate the more complex portions of subjects based upon a 
 practical study of heredity. Sir Francis Galton and Professor 
 Flower paid high tributes to Professor Turner's skilful treatment 
 of a grave and critical question or series of questions. 
 
 Professor Edmund Atkinson, Ph.D., F.C.S. 
 
 This gentleman was born in 1831. He is the only son 
 of the late Mr. Thomas Atkinson, who married Miss Ellen 
 Heaton, daughter of Mr. Richard Heaton, corn merchant. He was
 
 282 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 educated at the private school of Mr. James Willacey, and after- 
 wards at the Lancaster Grammar School. He received his scientific 
 education at Owen's College, Manchester, mainly under Professor 
 Frankland, and then proceeded to Germany spending three years 
 at the Universities of Marburg, Heidelberg, and Gottingen. On 
 returning to England Dr. Atkinson became assistant to Sir B. 
 C. Brodie, Professor of Chemistry in the University of Oxford. 
 Subsequently he was appointed Lecturer on Chemistry and Physics 
 at Cheltenham College, and ranks as one of the earliest systematic 
 teachers in a large public school on these subjects. He was next 
 appointed Professor of Experimental Sciences in the Staff College 
 at Sandhurst, where he remained for a period of twenty-six years. 
 Professor Atkinson has translated several important foreign publica- 
 tions among them being " Ganot's Elementary Treatise of Physics," 
 one of the best books on the subject. 
 
 Mr. William Housman Higgin, Q.C. 
 
 The name of Higgin is well known in Lancaster. It is a 
 distinguished name in divinity, literature, and law, and is insepar- 
 ably connected with the history of our ancient Castle, Corporation, 
 and all general public movements. It would be entirely out of place 
 to make mention in any elaborate manner of the various repre- 
 sentatives of this honourable family. The Church of St. Mary, 
 treated of in a former chapter, bears upon its walls and stained 
 lights abiding proofs of the foregoing remarks. Mr. William 
 Housman Higgin, Q.C, late of Springfield Hall, and now of 
 Cloverley House, Timperley, Cheshire, was born on the 28th of 
 February, 1820, at Acrelands, Skerton, his father being the late 
 John Higgin, Esq. Mr. Higgin was called to the bar on the 28th 
 of January, 1848, became Queen's Counsel for the County Palatine 
 of Lancaster, in December, 1867, made one of Her Majesty's 
 Counsel, 1868, having become a Bencher of the Middle Temple 
 on the 28th of May, 1868. On the 23rd of August, 1869, he 
 accepted the chairmanship of Quarter Sessions for the Hundred 
 of Salford. On February 16th, 1876, he became Deputy-Lieu-
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 283 
 
 tenant of the County of Lancaster, and on July 1st, 1879, 
 he was appointed chairman of the Quarter Sessions at Preston. 
 Mr. Higgin has held the honourable position of treasurer of the 
 Middle Temple, 1885. On the 10th of July, 1890, he succeeded 
 Mr. John Addison, Q.C., in the Recordship of Preston, and every 
 one felt that the Borough which had selected him for such an 
 exalted office reflected honour alike upon itself as upon him. Mr. 
 Higgin is a magistrate for the City of Manchester, for the Boroughs 
 of Lancaster and Salford, and is also a Justice of the Peace for the 
 County of Chester. 
 
 Colonel Wadeson. 
 
 To the military world Lancaster has given a devoted son in 
 the person of the late Colonel Richard Wadeson, who rose from the 
 ranks and became Governor of Chelsea Hospital. Richard Wade- 
 son is said to have been born at the Black Bull Inn, Church Street, 
 of which inn his father, John Wadeson, was proprietor. He served 
 an apprenticeship in Lancaster with Mr. Welch, tallow chandler, 
 prior to entering the army. But little is known of this gallant 
 officer's antecedents, who are said to have hailed originally from 
 the neighbourhood of Bolton-le-Sands. Richard enlisted at Lan- 
 caster in 1848-9 and rose to the following ranks: — Ensign 75th 
 Regiment, June 2nd, 1857 ; lieutenant, September 19th, 1857 ; 
 captain, December 9th, 1864; major, July 17th, 1872; lieutenant- 
 colonel, December 18th, 1875 > colonel, December 18th, 1880 ; 
 placed on half-pay, December 18th, 1880; major and lieutenant, 
 governor of Chelsea Hospital, March 26th, 1881 ; died, 1885. It 
 is most creditable of the officers of the 75th Regiment that when 
 Lieut. Wadeson was senior lieutenant there were several officers 
 junior to him in rank whose names were down to purchase their 
 companies, and who would in due course have been able to 
 purchase over his head, as he could not afford to purchase. This 
 they refused to do, and consequently, on the next vacancy occuring, 
 he was promoted captain. Wadeson served in the Indian cam- 
 paign of 1857 from the outbreak on the 12th of May, including the
 
 284 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 battle of Budleekaserai, siege operations before Delhi, and repulse 
 of sorties on the 12th and 15th of June, and of night attacks on the 
 camp on 19th and 23rd June, and 14th and 18th July, storming 
 (severely wounded) and capture of Delhi (medal and clasp). 
 
 At the time he received the Victoria Cross he was sergeant- 
 major. The official chronicle, called the Victoria Cross, published 
 in 1865, kindly lent me by an able military authority, contains the 
 following account of Colonel Wadeson's exploits, resulting in his 
 securing the distinguished honour of the Maltese Cross of Bronze : — 
 
 " He received the Victoria Cross for conspicuous bravery at Delhi, on the 
 iSth of July, 1857, when the regiment was engaged in the Subjee Mundee, in having 
 saved the life of Private Michael Farrell when attacked by a Sowar of the enemy's 
 cavalry, and killed the Sowar. Also, on the same day, for rescuing" Private John 
 Barry, of the same regiment, when, wounded and helpless, he was attacked by a 
 Cavalry Sowar whom Lieut. Wadeson killed. 
 
 A brass memorial is placed in the piazza of the Royal 
 Hospital, Chelsea. 
 
 "To the memory of Colonel Richard Wadeson, V.C., Major 
 and Lieutenant Governor of this Hospital from 1881 to 1885. 
 Previously for 35 years in Her Majesty's 75th (Stirlingshire) 
 Regiment (now the First Battalion of the Gordon Highlanders), 
 passing through all ranks to the command of the regiment. Died in 
 the Hospital, 24th January, 1885, aged 58 years. This tablet is 
 erected by the Board of Commissioners of the Hospital on behalf 
 of the In-pensioners, as a record of their affection and respect." 
 Colonel Wadeson had a brother William who was Town Sergeant 
 many years. 
 
 George Dansox. 
 
 This well-known scenic painter was the son of George 
 Danson, merchant, of Lancaster and Liverpool. He was born in 
 Lancaster, on the 4th of June, 1799. Having a decided taste for 
 painting, he worked his way steadily from the period of his
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 285 
 
 apprenticeship with Mr. Shrigley, and after completing- his term 
 with that gentleman, he went to London. In due course he was 
 engaged at the Coberg (now Victoria) Theatre, at Astley's (in 
 Ducrow's time), at Covent Garden, Surrey Gardens, and at Dairy 
 Lane (in Macready's time). He was also at the Colosseum, Regent's 
 Park, and ultimately accepted an appointment at Belle Vue, Man- 
 chester. Mr. Danson painted two pictures which found their way 
 to America, pictures representing London and Paris by night. 
 Mr. Danson died in London, on the 23rd of January, t8Si, and was 
 interred at Kensal Green Cemetery on the 27th inst. Mr. Thomas 
 Danson, his son, from whom these particulars have been derived, 
 was born on the 19th of December, 1829, and holds an art appoint- 
 ment at the Zoological Gardens, Belle Vue, Manchester. 
 
 Mr. Thomas Edmondson. 
 
 The following biographical sketch of one of the smartest 
 geniuses the world of invention has ever known is taken from a 
 pamphlet reprinted from the English Mechanic and World of Science 
 of August 2nd, 1878. The biography was written by Mr. J. B. 
 Edmondson, in response to many inquiries concerning the originator 
 or inventor of the railway ticket system. 
 
 Few people seem to be aware that Thomas Edmondson was born in Lan- 
 caster on the 30th of June, 1792. His parents, John and Jane Edmondson, were of 
 humble but respectable extraction and educated their children to the best of their 
 ability, giving to each that share which his or her talent seemed to warrant or 
 inclination as to literary or mechanical pursuits seemed to require. Of the twelve 
 children that were born to them only five reached maturity, three boys and two 
 daughters. Thomas' brothers both attained good and useful positions as principal s 
 of educational establishments. The name of the elder one, Joseph, is the less known 
 of the two, as he gave up the post of instructor in middle life, but that of his younger 
 brother, George, is no doubt familiar to many, and among the readers of this paper 
 there will probably be a number who received their early training under him either 
 at Lower Bank, near Blackburn ; Tulketh Hall, near Preston ; or at the scene of Ins 
 latest labours, Queenwood College, Hampshire. Thomas early displayed an 
 inventive turn of mind, which led to many ingenious contrivances for the good of the 
 household. One piece of mechanicism in particular has been mentioned to us, by 
 which the busy housewife was able to churn the butter and rock the cradle at the
 
 286 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 same time. With this tendency he was very suitably placed as apprentice to a 
 cabinet-maker, and he afterwards worked as journeyman in the same line cf business 
 with the eminent firm of Messrs. Gillow & Co., in his native town. While there he 
 made sundry improvements in cabinet-making implements which elicited the 
 approval of his fellow-workmen and those who were practically acquainted with 
 their use. Thoroughness in manufacture, completeness in detail, and adaptability to 
 the work required, were points about which he was conscientiously particular ; a 
 habit of mind which conduced greatly to his future success. Indeed, the training 
 altogether was of the utmost service to him in after life, for it enabled him to work 
 out his own notions quietly in his own workshop, and prevented the necessity for 
 confiding' to other hands a crude idea or a half finished invention. In due time he 
 entered into partnership at Carlisle with other, in the business of cabinet-making, 
 but the firm becoming bankrupt he found himself in a reduced position from circum- 
 stances over which he had not full control. Although he endeavoured to retrieve 
 himself, and had the kind assistance in so doing of many of his creditors, he did not 
 feel he was making that progress which warranted his proceeding further, and 
 finally relinquished the undertaking. lie next for a short period engaged in the tea 
 and grocery business, but he was not fitted for commercial pursuits, and very willingly 
 turned his attention to another source of livelihood which just then came in his way. 
 The Newcastle and Carlisle Railway, now a portion of the North-Eastem system, 
 opened for passenger traffic and a stationmaster being required for the small road- 
 side station at Milton, since called Brampton, he applied amongst a number of 
 competitors for the post and fortunately obtained it ; the directors remarking in 
 making the selection that they thought "Mr. Edmondson would prove a credit to 
 them." Thus, then, about 1836, when in his 44th year, he made his first acquaintance 
 with the railway world at the solitary little station of Milton, situated about fourteen 
 miles from Carlisle — a point at which the traffic was then so small that the duties of 
 station-master and booking-clerk were performed by the same person. In the first 
 days of railway travelling it was natural that the kind of tickets which had served for 
 coach passengers should still be used as vouchers that a traveller had paid his fare. 
 But as travellers increased in number these scraps of paper proved inconvenient in 
 many ways, and Mr. Edmondson at once felt that a change was needed in them. 
 Another want, and one of still more importance, soon became apparent to him. He 
 found that little or no systematic check was imposed upon the station clerks, it being 
 left to their integrity to account correctly for moneys paid to them. His ingenuity 
 was therefore soon at work, endeavouring to organise a system whieh should be a 
 complete check in the first instance upon himself — a task congenial to his constructive 
 head and honest heart. He still retained his bench and tools as old friends, and his 
 perfect familiarity with the use of them, combined with ample leisure between the 
 train services of that day at Milton, enabled him to produce the various little pieces 
 of apparatus which he required to carry out his plans. He first constructed a small 
 wooden block, or hand stamp, in which he inserted the necessary type, -ay " Milton
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 287 
 
 to Carlisle," with the class, fare, &c. , which lie wanted printed; also a small rack, 
 divided into equal spaces, in which the stamp was fitted to slide. Having previously 
 placed under the rack a strip of stiff paper or cardboard, he supplied the stamp with 
 ink by means of an ordinary pad, and inserted it in the first division of the rack, 
 he brought it by the tap of a mallet down on to the cardboard and thus obtained 
 the needful impression. By a repetition of this process in the various divisions 
 of the rack he completed the strip, producing in fact a series of tickets printed 
 " Milton to Carlisle," &c. These he progressively numbered with pen and ink, 
 separated with a pair of scissors, and laid aside for use. When a sufficient number 
 of one kind were prepared, he re-set the stamp, substituting' the name of some other 
 station for Carlisle, and altering the fares, &c. , in accordance with the change, fie 
 then repeated this slow tedious process, until he was provided with a supply of 
 tickets from his own station to all others on the line. His next study was to make a 
 case in which the various descriptions of tickets could be safely kept, and at the same 
 time be handy for issue to the passengers when they presented themselves at the 
 counter. As the tickets were progressively numbered, they must, of course, be 
 progressively issued, for upon this principle depended the check which he pro- 
 posed to institute. With the idea of having the ticket to be next issued always in 
 view, his first attempts were directed to its being removed from the top. For this 
 end he prepared a series of tubes with loose bottoms, bavin-; tapes fastened to them 
 which passed over small pulleys at the top of each tube, the ends of the tapes 
 having leaden weights attached, in order that as a ticket was extracted from the top 
 the next would be lifted to take its place. But the advantage of seeing the ticket was 
 more than counterbalanced by all this cumbersome machinery, and he soon decided 
 to abandon his tapes, weights and pulleys, and allowing the tickets to drop by their 
 own gravity, he removed them as required from below. The new tubes were, there- 
 fore, so constructed that, while affording every facility for being filled and replenished, 
 they only allowed one ticket at a time to be withdrawn at the bottom. This being 
 the most simple plan possible, has not been departed from or improved upon since, 
 and has continued to be the principle upon which the ticket-issuing cases at the 
 various stations have been constructed to the present time. A number of these tubes 
 are ranged side by side in one case, and across them, for the convenience of the 
 booking-clerk, as the face of the ticket is invisible, runs a wooden strip or label, on 
 the upper part of which space is left for inserting the name of the station, class, and 
 fare of the tickets in each tube. The lower portion of the label forms the frame of a 
 strip of slate, the use of which will be hereafter mentioned. A suitable receptacle 
 having now been provided, only one other contrivance was necessary before making 
 the trial he contemplated, and this was some expeditious method of putting a date 
 upon the ticket when it was issued to the passenger. Probably it was accomplished 
 in the first instance by hand, but the plan was liable to error and a cause of delay. 
 Something was, therefore, to be thought of which, by a quick and instantaneous 
 motion, would stamp the date at once. When the mind is absorbed day by day in
 
 288 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 seeking after that which for the moment seems to elude its grasp, it is in a condition 
 to seize an idea from trifles, which would otherwise pass unnoticed. In this frame of 
 mind his pocket-comb was the trivial instrument that suddenly suggested to Mr. 
 Edmondson a way for accomplishing his object. It was an old-fashioned pocket- 
 comb, working on a hinge, and the two edges, the end of the comb, and the end of 
 the handle, when pushed together, suggested a motion and convenience of nip or 
 pressure which he thought might be utilised for his purpose, and that if type and 
 the means of supplying it with ink, could be introduced into the mouth or angle 
 formed by the two edges before mentioned, it would, on receiving a sharp push after the 
 ticket was inserted, close and bring the type against the cardboard. This idea after 
 being- duly matured, was practically developed in his little workshop, and resulted 
 in a small wooden machine, which so completely answered the purpose intended 
 that he never had occasion to alter the principle of construction, and though the 
 dating presses were afterwards made of iron, this principle, combining efficiency with 
 expedition, has not been improved upon. The problem of supplying the type with 
 ink he solved by passing a ribbon saturated with it between the type and the card. 
 In the first place the length of inked ribbon is wound on a roller below the type, 
 whence it passes over the face of the type, on to another roller above. By the act of 
 dating a ticket a certain length is drawn from the supply roller, and at each stroke a 
 fresh surface of inked ribbon is thus presented for the next impression. 
 
 All being now ready he commenced to give his system a trial, and to issue 
 to each passenger a cardboard ticket, which, though smaller than the present one, 
 represented the station to which the traveller was going, the class in which he wished 
 to be conveyed, and the progressive number of the ticket, the date, of course, being 
 added at the time of issue. After the departure of the last train at night he proceeded 
 to examine the tubes of his ticket-case. A matter of importance should here be 
 referred to. He had commenced the progressive numbering of his tickets at o, and 
 that being the first issued of each description of ticket it followed that the figures on 
 the card lowest in the tube at any time represented the actual quantity sold. Had he 
 commenced them at I an additional process of subtraction would have been necessary 
 at each tube, leading to inadvertence and error, but by commencing at o he had only 
 {0 copy the lowest number in the tube which was done on the strip of slate before 
 alluded to as running in front of the case. The result of the day's issue being thus 
 clearly before him, and the fares being marked on the label or frame above the slate, 
 it was not difficult to ascertain what ought to be the amount in his cash -drawer. On 
 the following night, by subtracting the number left on the slate from the lowest 
 ticket again in the tube, he found the quantity of tickets sold on the second day, and 
 so forth. These details may, to the general reader, seem a simple matter to dwell 
 upon, but if he will remember the number of ticket-tubes to be inspected each night 
 at some of our large stations — at one or two of them nearly two thousand, — he will 
 see that it is of great importance to the booking-clerk in making out his returns to
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 289 
 
 have the most simple yet exact method of ascertaining the number of each kind of 
 ticket issued at his station during the day in order to balance his cash, and forward it 
 with a correct return to the head office. To facilitate the last operation, Mr. Edmond- 
 son drew out a set of forms for making the needful returns to the audit or chief office, 
 which after being duly filled up, presented an accurate summary of the daily or weekly 
 business transacted, and showed at a glance the amount of traffic at each station, 
 and the sum due from each clerk on behalf of the passengers booked. To extend to 
 other stations what was found so applicable to his own was his next consideration 
 but for unexplained reasons his propositions were not at first entertained, and it was 
 only after repeated efforts that he was able to induce the directors of the Newcastle 
 and Carlisle Railway to arrange for the adoption of his plans at some of their stations. 
 There was a proposition to remove him to Newcastle, but it was not carried into 
 effect, and the repeated delays were very disheartening to him. While in this state 
 of discouragement he received a visit from Captain Laws, at that time the enterprising 
 and energetic manager of the Manchester and Leeds Railway, who, having heard of 
 the plan adopted by the clerk at Milton Station lor ' checking himself came over to 
 inspect it, and having had the details thoroughly explained to him, was clear-sighted 
 enough to perceive its immense value to the railway interest, then becoming an im- 
 portant feature in the country. He, therefore, at once proposed to Mr. Edmondson 
 that he should remove to Manchester, with the object of introducing his system on 
 the above railway, making the promise " that his salary should be multiplied by two," 
 an offer which, after due consideration, was gratefully accepted. This unexpected 
 recognition and timely acknowledgment of his invention paved the way for its general 
 adoption, and for the next ten or twelve years the introduction of his plans on to new 
 lines of railway as they rapidly developed themselves, in addition to his duties on the 
 Manchester and Leeds line, involved a great amount of labour on the part of the 
 inventor. At length that Company, with a complimentary minute of the board, 
 liberated him from their service, in order that he might devote his whole time to the 
 further development and introduction of his system. 
 
 Mr. Edmondson's brother, Joseph, having for some time relinquished his 
 academical pursuits, was now very helpful to him in the supervision of his establish- 
 ment, thus setting him at liberty for personal instruction to the booking clerks at the 
 different stations — a work which compelled him to leave home frequently, and for 
 long periods. The previous occupation of Mr. Joseph admirably fitted him. amongst 
 other duties, for the accurate and methodical superintendence ot accounts during the 
 minority of his brother Thomas's only son. 
 
 As we observed, when describing the first apparatus used for carrying out the 
 ticket-system, the principles of construction in the ticket case and dating press were 
 almost perfected from the commencement, but the more complex machinery for 
 printing and progressively numbering the tickets has been the result of gradual 
 
 U
 
 ago TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 improvement. Many persons suppose the dating' press, the little machine on the 
 counter of the booking-office, to be all that is required for printing the tickets, but 
 a moment's reflection ought to convince them that as there is only one machine, con- 
 taining only type sufficient for the date of the day, it cannot print the multiplicity of 
 letterpress which is required for booking passengers in different classes to their 
 various destinations. That is all done elsewhere, and a combination of machinery is 
 needed for it, the leading feature of which the inventor saw from the first must be 
 that of printing our ticket at a time. Experience has proved that this original 
 conception was the true basis upon which to proceed in ticket-printing, as although 
 hundreds of millions in the aggregate are annually produced, the amount is so 
 divided and sub-divided by the various stations and classes that the average number 
 printed of any one kind is not large, and the quantity supplied of each description at 
 one time being only that of a few months' stock to each station, it will be readily 
 seen that the time required to set up the number of formes of type for a sheet would be 
 fatal to an expeditious supply. 
 
 Mr. Edmondson was only a worker in wood, and feeling now the need of a 
 stronger material, he consulted a practical friend of his. Mr. John Blaylock, of 
 Carlisle, by whose assistance he was enabled to put together a printing machine which 
 carried out his ideas, and was sufficient for the requirements of that period. This 
 machine, however, has been greatly improved upon from time to time, and while the 
 original feature of printing one ticket at once has always been maintained, its general 
 completeness and efficiency have been materially increased by the ingenuity and 
 careful study of Mr. James Carson, who, from the early rise of ticket-printing as a 
 business, has occupied the responsible position of foreman in the principal manufac- 
 tory in Manchester, where Mr. Edmondson's son still continues the business which his 
 father established. There not only are tickets printed, but the printing machines, 
 ticket-cases, and dating presses, together with other ticket apparatus, are manufac- 
 tured, and supplied to railway companies as required. Before attempting to describe 
 the present printing press, we may say a few words as to the routine of ordering 
 tickets. The station clerk, on finding that his stock of tickets of any kind is getting 
 low, makes out a " requisition,'' on which is stated the name of his own station, 
 and that of the one to which he requires a further supply. The class is also given, 
 and the lowest number of the tickets in stock, together with the highest, which was, 
 of course, the closing number of his last quantity. The difference between them, 
 representing the stock in hand, he enters into an additional column. Having passed 
 the audit office, where the amount of the new order isadded to it, the " requisition " 
 is forwarded to the company's printer, who arranges his forme of type in accordance with 
 its particulars. Wheels for printing the progressive numbers so often mentioned, are 
 attached to the press, and can be set to anything between o and 9,999, embracing a 
 quantity of 10,000 tickets. In this instance the printer sets them to the number next 
 above the highest named as in stock, and then proceeds to fill the feeding tube with
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 291 
 
 the proper coloured cardboard, for indicating the class and single journey, return or 
 excursion ticket as the case may be. The feeding tube is an upright case at the back 
 of the machine, and is capable of holding five hundred blank tickets. The blank 
 cardboard is received from the manufacturers, Messrs. De la Rue and Co., in tightly- 
 packed boxes, less than two feet square, each box containing about 48,000 tickets, 
 ready cut into the required size. 
 
 The machinery and arrangements for preparing these would be matter for 
 a paper by themselves. Suffice it to state that they are beautifully complete, and 
 worthy of the firm whose name is now so celebrated all over Europe, and in fact the 
 world. The printing machine being ready is put into motion ; when a catch, set to 
 nearly the thickness of a ticket, and working horizontally, draws the lowest card 
 forward in the direction of the type and numbering wheels, one set of wheels (used 
 for return tickets) being situated before and the other after the type frame, and all 
 receiving at each stroke of the machine a supply of ink for the next impression. The 
 first card is left in position under the first set of numbering wheels. If it is to be a 
 return ticket it there receives a number, if not, that set of wheels has been put out of 
 gear, and the ticket waits to be pushed forward to the type by the introduction of a 
 second card from the feeding tube. A third card pushes number one under the 
 second set of wheels, where it receives its appropriate number, and by the push of a 
 fourth it falls, printed and numbered, into a receiving tube at the front of the 
 machine. Any stop in the delivery shows the attendant that something is wrong. 
 The mechanism, while capable of being driven at a great speed, is regulated to that 
 of about 200 tickets a minute, this being found a rate at which the attendant can 
 most readily superintend the supply of blank cardboard to his feeding tube, and give 
 the needful attention to the other movements of the machine. The printed tickets 
 are next conveyed to the counting machine, which is simply an additional check as to 
 the accuracy of the progressive numbering, the necessity for it arising from occasional 
 inequalities in the size and thickness of the tickets, and a liability to warping on the 
 part of the cardboard. As the thickness of an average ticket is the only available 
 gauge by which to adjust the catch of the printing press, it will be easily understood 
 that in case of a warped card the catch misses it, and as no blank ticket is drawn in 
 the printed one is not pushed forward, and, therefore, receiving repeated impressions 
 is spoiled. As soon as the attendant finds that something is wrong he stops the 
 machine and puts it right, but in re-arranging the numbering, which has been going- 
 on and changing with every stroke, he may possibly set it a number in advance or 
 otherwise of the last good ticket. Hence the necessity for an additional check. 
 The counting machine is furnished with feeding and receiving tubes, and with 
 accurately numbered wheels similar to those of the printing machine. The attendant 
 having placed his pile of tickets in the feeding tube, the lowest number at the bottom, 
 he draws it into view by means of a catch similar in arrangement to that of the press, 
 observes the number of the ticket thus produced, and sets the corresponding number
 
 292 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 on the counting-wheel to an index or eyelet-hole situated conveniently for the eye of 
 the counter. When the machine is in motion for every ticket that is drawn out of 
 the feeding tube the counting-wheel moves a number forward, and so long as the two 
 numbers agree all is right. In order to ascertain if they do so the attendant stops 
 frequently to examine. Errors (if any) having been corrected by the man who 
 printed the tickets, these are now ready for packing. As progressive order is so 
 essential in the issue of the tickets no danger of that being broken must be left 
 unprovided for ; they are, therefore, placed in bundles of 250 in a frame or screwing- 
 up apparatus, by which they can be tightened almost into a solid mass. While in 
 this condition a band of string is passed round them, and, being secured by a suitable 
 knot, they retain their solidity when liberated from pressure, and are in a state for 
 distribution to all parts of the world. 
 
 In this way are prepared the little tickets which the travelling public receive 
 at the booking office window, and stow away in their pockets or slip into their gloves 
 or hats without thought of the ingenuity and industry required to produce even so 
 small and insignificant an object. Insignificant as each ticket may seem, however, 
 the annual aggregate of the railway fares which these trifles represent amounts to 
 millions of pounds sterling, and every fractional part in that great total is duly and 
 easily registered by this simple ticket system. It is always interesting to look back 
 to small beginnings, and compare them with the results of a few years' thought and 
 work. The contrast is often startling, and to no one would it be more so in this case 
 than to the originator of the railway ticket system itself, could he behold the immense 
 increase of traffic which must now be provided for. Little did he think at that lonely 
 Milton station, as he worked at his bench in the still hours of the night, of the ulti- 
 mate extent of the success with which his labours were to be crowned, and we are 
 tempted to regret that he did not live to a more mature age to witness the extended 
 development of his plans. One thing he did live to accomplish, which must be esti- 
 mated at a far higher value than anything yet mentioned. From the time when the 
 firm in which he was a partner at Carlisle became bankrupt, it had been his cherished 
 wish to be able to pay their creditors in full, and he did not depart from the frugal 
 style of living which at first was a necessity until he had fulfilled this moral though not 
 legal claim. A leading Manchester newspaper in recording the decease of Mr. 
 Edmondson which took place at his residence, in Manchester, on the 22nd of June, 
 1851, says : — ' With the character of Mr. Edmondson in private life it is denied us to 
 deal, inasmuch as knowing well his retiring habits we fear we should be acting in 
 opposition to his declared wishes. Suffice it to say, however, that not the least 
 noticeable trait of his character was that, though at an early period of his life misfor- 
 tunes had involved him in difficulties, he hardly permitted better times to dawn 
 fully upon him before he nobly and voluntarily exerted himself and as nobly succeeded 
 some time before Ids death in rendering to every man his own who had chanced to be 
 his creditor ! ' This excellent gentleman, it may be added, was a member of the 
 Society of Friends.
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 293 
 
 It has been considered advisable to give the whole of Mr. J. B. Edmondson's 
 account of his father's inventions, and doubtless to many Lancastrians the reproduc- 
 tion will not prove unwelcome since the information contained in the same is not met 
 with every day. The matter is certainly no less valuable because less biographical 
 than scientific and didactic so far as application and energy are concerned. Talking 
 about Railway tickets who can look at one without seeing in it something emblematic 
 as shown in the accompanying stanza written on the back of one a few years ago. 
 
 Valued indeed, and like the owner, bored, 
 
 A date the only fruit thou canst afford, 
 
 Well dost thou emblemise the traveller who 
 
 Like thee is gripp'd and snipp'd life's journey through. 
 
 Mr. William Shaw Simpson. 
 
 Mr. William Shaw Simpson, the well-known Temperance 
 Reformer, of Liverpool, was a native of Skerton, Lancaster, where 
 he first saw the light of this world in the year 1829. His father was 
 a joiner. When his son William was about two years old, he 
 removed to Liverpool. His mother, a highly intelligent woman, 
 personally superintended her son's education, and thoroughly instilled 
 into his young mind the principles of total abstinence. At the age 
 of seventeen he entered the service of Messrs. Sewell, Chronometer 
 Makers, South Castle Street ; his chief duty consisting of meeting 
 foreign incoming vessels, principally American steamships, in order 
 to secure custom for his employers. The young man seems to have 
 had some singular experiences in this capacity, and one instance of 
 his deportment on a critical occasion may fittingly be mentioned. 
 One day he was on board an American sailing-ship, sitting with the 
 captain at a table talking over business. The captain suddenly lost 
 his temper, drew a revolver, and swore he would shoot him if he 
 did not get off the ship. " Very well," replied the young man, with 
 great coolness, " If that will suit you rather than sign my bill, and 
 if it will please you better, fire away ! " The next appointment we 
 find William Simpson holding is that of manager of the Liverpool 
 Zoological Gardens, formerly at the beginning of the West Derby- 
 Road. Subsequently, he became manager of the Rhyl Steampacket 
 Company, and held this position apparently until September, 185S,
 
 294 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 when he commenced business on his own account. In July, 1874, 
 his premises were destroyed by fire, and great sympathy was mani- 
 fested for him. He was not only a staunch teetotaller but a genuine 
 worker in times of national or international distress, and li Simpson's 
 Bowl " is still talked of in Liverpool. For the Indian Famine 
 Fund ^203 is. 3d. was collected by means of this " bowl ; " while 
 for the suffering community of South Wales no less than ^1,079 
 19s. 1 id. was obtained ; and for the Abercarne Colliery Explosion 
 ^"526 os. 6)4d. ; a similar amount being gathered for the Haydock 
 Colliery Explosion. The " bowl " was out sixty days for the recep- 
 tion of donations on behalf of the sufferers in the West of Ireland, 
 in 1880, and £s 21 13s. 8d. having been collected ; Mr. Simpson 
 went over to Connemara to distribute the amount amongst the 
 poverty-stricken peasantry. It is not generally known that a Lan- 
 caster man originated the Hospital Saturday collecting system. That 
 man was William Shaw Simpson. But to pass on. As a debater Mr. 
 Simpson was allowed to be smart and telling. He once met Mr. 
 Bradlaugh, M.P., and challenged him to a discussion regarding 
 religious matters. The controversy lasted two nights. Up to 
 1878 this remarkable social reformer and politician was a conserva- 
 tive, but at this period his views underwent a serious change, the 
 outcome of careful reflection and conscientious inquiry. 
 
 At the November election of 1879, Mr. Simpson came forth 
 as a candidate in his own town, for the West Derby Ward, in 
 opposition to Mr. J. Nicol. His candidature was ridiculed, but he 
 was returned by a majority of 232 votes. Owing to his residence 
 on the landing stage not being rateable, he was, after some months, 
 declared disqualified, and, therefore, was unseated. 
 
 In 1882, he contested Preston in the Liberal interest against 
 the Right Honourable Cecil Raikes, M.P. , who was nominated by 
 the Conservative Party, for the seat rendered vacant by the eleva- 
 tion to the judicial bench of Sir John Holker. Although, a stranger 
 to the borough of Preston, he polled 4,212 votes, being beaten by 
 Mr. Raikes, who polled 6,045 votes, thus having a majority of 
 1,833.
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 295 
 
 Whatever Mr. Simpson took in hand he endeavoured to do 
 justice to. He was an honest thinker and toiler, of whom it may 
 justly be said that he lives most, now that he is dead, in regard to 
 influence and example ; and his name is alike revered in Liverpool 
 and Preston. He died on the 16th of June, 1883, in his 54th year. 
 His funeral will long" be remembered by those who witnessed it, and 
 by the thousands of Liverpool people, of all creeds, who learned to 
 see in his public and private life aspirations of a most generous 
 nature in every sense. 
 
 James Brunton. 
 
 It would be almost an injustice to omit from the biographical 
 section of this work a brief memoir of James Brunton, the originator 
 of the noble scheme for improving the condition of the mentally 
 deranged, realised so thoroughly in the Royal Albert Asylum. Mr. 
 Brunton was the son of John Brunton, cooper, of Lancaster, by 
 Hannah Dean, his wife, and he was born in the year 1801, in Sun 
 Street. For some years he was the manager of the Lancaster and 
 Preston Bank, and was much esteemed for his quiet and unpre- 
 tentious disposition. It is said, by his relations, that the idea of 
 erecting an institution for idiots and imbeciles first occurred to him 
 while on a visit to Liverpool, where he beheld persons of weak 
 intellect, treated by those who professed to be sane, in a manner 
 that savoured more of barbarism than of Christianity ; and his feel- 
 ings were such that he resolved to do something in his own town at 
 least towards benefitting those who were deprived of reasoning 
 powers and so often became the butts of persons, whose conscious 
 and deliberate disposition to abuse such creatures, was as much 
 to be deplored as the affliction of those whom they ridiculed and 
 tormented. Mr. Brunton, therefore, offered ^2,000 towards the 
 establishment of a suitable building, in which the demented and 
 reasonless creatures of his own locality could be taken care of, and 
 rendered happy as far as it was possible to render them. A com- 
 mittee comprising Messrs. T. Howitt, J. S. Harrison, E. G. Pale}-, 
 A. Seward, J. Sharp, and S. Ross, with Dr. de Yitre as chairman,
 
 296 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 was formed for the purpose of considering- Mr. Brunton's proposal. 
 From this meeting the great institution on the Cockerham Road 
 may be said to date. Dr. de Vitre took up the matter very vigor- 
 ously, and the town and county reciprocating, the scheme developed 
 and is now one of the grandest realisations of modern times ever 
 allied to and maintained by private and public munificence. But 
 Mr. Brunton, who was a staunch member of the Society of Friends, 
 never dreamt of there being erected in our midst a structure of such 
 an elaborate character, as the Royal Albert now is ; he appears to 
 have thought of founding a series of cottage homes with far humbler 
 surroundings, so far as architectural features and dimensions are 
 concerned, than we find existing to-day. Happily, however, from 
 this original donor's modest ideas, an organisation and method 
 have been evolved, which have made the Idiot Asylum, at Lancaster, 
 the peaceful, sanitarily correct, elevated and comfortable refuge 
 available to "naturals" and imbeciles, belonging to the seven 
 northern counties. 
 
 Mr. Brunton was never married He resided at Lune 
 Terrace for some time, and died there on the 20th of March, 1871, 
 aged 69 years. He was buried in the yard adjoining the Friends' 
 Meeting House, Lancaster, on Thursday, the 23rd inst. The 
 central committee of the Royal Albert Asylum following his remains 
 to their grave. The Home for special private pupils has been very 
 appropriately designated " Brunton House," and thus is perpetuated 
 in this block of houses, on the old Quarry Hill, the original idea of 
 him whose name it bears. 
 
 Miss Brunton, who lived and died in West Place, subscribed 
 an annual sum to the Royal Albert Asylum for several years. 
 
 Mr. William Pickard who has most generously and promptly 
 rendered me excellent service at various times, has kindly for- 
 warded the copy of marriage register of Mr. Brunton's parents, 
 which I append : —
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 297 
 
 John Brunton, of Lancaster, married to Hannah Dean, daughter of Thomas 
 Dean, of Skerton, and Ann his wife — 1800, September 4th. Their son, James 
 Brunton, was born June 13, 1801, at Lancaster, died March 20th, 187 1. 
 
 Mr. James Tomlinson. 
 
 Mr. James Tomlinson is the eldest son of Mr. Thomas 
 Tomlinson and Annie Tomlinson nee Waters. He was born in St. 
 Leonardgate on the 16th of December, 1850, and was educated at 
 the Boys' National School. 
 
 In early childhood he evinced a remarkable fondness for 
 instrumental music, and happily received such training at home as 
 greatly prepared him for a rapid development in the art he was 
 destined to adorn. In the words of his father " his present 
 reputation is largely attributable to his natural gift and keen 
 perseverance." One of the first to recognise his talent was the 
 late Edmund Sharpe, Esq., M.A., who from time to time gave him 
 much assistance in his studies and many valuable introductions. 
 He systematically studied both organ and piano, and when only 
 twelve vears of age he was appointed organist of the Wesleyan 
 Chapel, Morecambe. Thence he went to fill the like vocation at 
 St. Michael's Church, Cockerham. After a competitive trial he 
 was ultimately chosen organist of St. John's Church, Lancaster, in 
 which Church a new organ had just been placed. In 1868, on the 
 retirement of the late Mr. W. Duxbury, he was chosen after com- 
 petition to the post of organist of St. Thomas' Church, in the same 
 town. At the age of twenty-two we find him organist at the 
 Catholic Church, St. Helens ; and subsequently organist at St. 
 Wilfrid's Church, Preston, where he remained until June, 1888. 
 In 1882 he was appointed organist to the Corporation of Preston, 
 and those who have heard his performances on the grand instru- 
 ment erected in the New Public Hall of the borough named- an 
 instrument presented to the town by the late J. Dewhurst, Esq.— 
 will readily endorse the remark that the selection of Mr. Tomlinson 
 has reflected credit upon those with whom the appointment rested.
 
 2 9 8 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 The organ in the above hall is a magnificent one, costing between 
 ^2,000 and ^3,000. Mr. Tomlinson is also known as a musical 
 composer, and is a contributor to Dr. Spark's Organists' Quarterly 
 Journal. For some time Mr. Tomlinson was a joint lessee of the 
 Theatre Royal, Preston. 
 
 Distinguished Laymen closely identified with Lancaster. 
 
 Professor Frankland, F.R.S. 
 
 Edward Frankland, J. P., D.C.L., Ph. D., LL.D., M.D., 
 F.R.S., was born at Churchtown, near Lancaster, on the 18th 
 of January, 1825. He was educated at the Lancaster Gram- 
 mar School and was much indebted to the late Christopher 
 Johnson, Esq., M.R.C.S., and his son, the late Dr. James Johnson, 
 of Hampson, Ellel, for facilities in the study of Chemistry. He 
 went to London in 1845, and studied chemistry at the Museum of 
 Practical Geology, under Sir Lyon Playfair. 
 
 He subsequently went to Germany, and at the Universities 
 of Marburg and Giessen he had the advantage of the experience and 
 learning of such great men as Bunsen and Liebig. At Marburg his 
 studies were crowned with success, and for a dissertation upon the 
 discovery of a method for isolating ethyl, the radical contained in 
 ethylic alcohol, and ethylic ether, he received the degree of Ph.D. 
 This dissertation had great theoretical importance, as demonstrating 
 the truth of certain speculations on the constitution of organic 
 radicals. Returning to England, a brilliant career opened before 
 him. He was appointed Professor of Chemistry in Owen's College, 
 Manchester, in 1851, and in 1857 he became Professor of Chemistry 
 in St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London. During this period he 
 was engaged in some important investigations in a new field of 
 organic chemistry : and in 1849 the first paper on the subject 
 appeared in the Journal of the Che?nical Society, entitled, " On 
 a New Series of Organic Bodies containing Metals." This 
 research has revolutionised organic chemical theories ; it gave
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 299 
 
 Professor Frankland the first idea of his theory of the atomicity 
 of elements. In his paper above-mentioned he points out the ana- 
 logy of the newly discovered organo-metallic bodies with the 
 inorganic compounds containing the same metals. A long course 
 of investigation followed these discoveries, and in 1857 a Royal 
 medal was awarded him for them by the Royal Society. The organo- 
 metallic bodies discovered by Dr. Frankland, although they have 
 not as yet been put to any practical use, possess properties which 
 are of the greatest interest and theoretical importance. They are 
 difficult of preparation, and some of them are dangerous to work 
 with, many of them, as zinc-ethyl, being spontaneously inflammable. 
 Owing to this property, all experiments with these compounds have 
 to be conducted either in vacuo or in an atmosphere containing no 
 oxygen. The number of these bodies is very great, and almost 
 every year adds fresh ones to the list. 
 
 The next step in Professor Frankland's career was his 
 appointment to the Professorship of Chemistry at the Royal Insti- 
 tution of Great Britain in 1863. He did not, however, retain this 
 position long, for in 1865 he was asked to fill a still more important 
 post, that of Professor of Chemistry at the Royal College of 
 Chemistry and School of Mines, then in Oxford Street but since 
 removed to the more convenient and spacious buildings at South 
 Kensington. He retained this chair for twenty years. A Fellow 
 of the Royal Society since 1853, Dr. Frankland in 1870 received 
 the honorary degree of D.C.L., of Oxford. One of the most 
 important works oi his life began in 1868, when in conjunction 
 with Sir W. Dennison, K.C.B., and J. Chalmers Morton, he was 
 appointed one of the Royal Commissioners for inquiring into the 
 pollution of rivers. The results of these inquiries filled six large 
 reports presented to Parliament, five ot them dealing with th e 
 pollution of rivers by the drainage of towns and manufacturers, and 
 the sixth with the domestic water supply of Great Britain. The 
 sixth report of the Commissioners is a conspicuous example of pains- 
 taking industry. It treats of the subject in its entirety. No argu- 
 ment is left out, no proof is wanting. Each statement is carefully
 
 ioo TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 verified by experiment and observation ; and the whole work is filled 
 with analyses and the most complete and minute details. All the 
 analyses of waters were made by Dr. Frankland's own process, and 
 the estimations of organic carbon and nitrogen by his combustion 
 method. This latter process is one which has often been attacked, 
 but its inventor has demonstrated beyond all doubt that it is not 
 only the most accurate, but the only trustworthy method for deter- 
 mining the proportion of organic matter in water. The importance 
 of the sixth report of the Rivers Commissioners cannot be too 
 strongly insisted on. Through it an insight has been obtained into 
 the water supplies to all the chief towns of Great Britain, and 
 standards of purity have been given to all the water companies. 
 Dr. Frankland collects monthly samples of the water supplied by the 
 London Water Companies and submits them to analysis. On the 
 results he makes a report to the Local Government Board and the 
 Registrar-General. A check is thus established on the Water 
 Companies ; and since this system has been in operation, the 
 quality of the water supplied to London has very materially 
 improved. 
 
 In 187 1 he was elected President of the Chemical Society, 
 and in 1877 he became the first President of the Institute of 
 Chemist rv. This latter Society, founded mainly through his 
 exertions, has for its object the securing that public analysts and 
 other persons holding important positions of this description are 
 dulv qualified for their work. 
 
 In 1866 was published in the Journal of the Chemical Society, 
 his " System of Notation." By means of this system the formulae 
 of bodies, hitherto for the most part written empirically and without 
 much regard to the constitution of the body, are made to repre- 
 sent graphically and to the eye the mode of arrangement of the 
 atoms in their molecules in accordance with the atomicity of the 
 elements they contain. The system has cleared up a great many 
 points in organic chemistry, and by its means the causes of isomerism 
 hitherto unexplained, in many organic compounds were elucidated.
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 301 
 
 Two volumes of his lecture " Notes for Chemical Students " were 
 published in 1876, based on the theory and written in the system of 
 notation above mentioned. As explanatory works, when taken in 
 conjunction with Dr. Frankland's lectures, these volumes cannot be 
 overvalued by the student. They enable him to obtain a better 
 grip and a clearer understanding- of his subject than any other more 
 profuse treatise would do. The constitution of organic bodies is 
 seen quite plainly by Dr. Frankland's method, and it is calculated 
 to save the student much trouble in comprehending chemical 
 reactions. 
 
 Dr. Frankland gave six celebrated lectures to teachers in 
 training at the Royal College of Chemistry on " How to teach 
 Chemistry." These have been put into a convenient form and 
 published, making a valuable little handbook for would-be teachers. 
 
 Among his contributions to scientific literature and research 
 on various subjects, may be mentioned his memoir in the Philosoph- 
 ical Magazine, "On the Source of Muscular Power" (1866); 
 "Observations Economical and Sanitary on the Employment of 
 Chemical Light for Artificial Illumination ; " " Contributions to the 
 Knowledge of the Manufacture of Gas;" "Researches on the 
 Influence of Atmospheric Pressure on the Light of Gas, Candle, and 
 other Flames." This latter paper is a most important one on a 
 most important subject, that of artificial illumination, and how best 
 to obtain the maximum light from combustion. "Winter Sani- 
 tariums in the Alps and elsewhere ; " on the " Purification of Town 
 Drainage and other Polluted Liquids ; " and on "The Composition 
 and Qualities of Water used for Drinking and other Purposes," 
 are other of his more important papers. 
 
 Researches on the Atmosphere of the Sun, in collaboration with 
 Mr. J. Norman Lockyer, F.R.S., is a work which shows the varied 
 genius of the subject of this sketch, who can grasp and treat with 
 success so many different branches of science.
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 In 1878 Professor Frankland published Experimental Re- 
 searches in Pure, Applied, and Physical Chemistry. This is a large 
 volume of over 1000 pages, issued by John Van Voorst, London. 
 It embraces the more important researches of his scientific career. 
 Among more recent papers may be mentioned the articles on " Dry 
 Fog," and various contributions to Organic Investigation, In 1880, 
 a Handbook of Water Analysis appeared ; a very useful and valuable 
 little book, containing much information connected with Water 
 Analysis. Dr. Frankland recently published in the Journal of the 
 Chemical Society a paper entitled " On the Spontaneous Oxidation 
 of Organic Matter in Water." 
 
 In conclusion, it may be stated that Dr. Frankland is an 
 honorary member of many foreign societies ; among others, he is 
 Corresponding Member of the French Academy of Sciences ; 
 Foreign Member of the Royal Academy of Sciences in Bavaria ; 
 and of the Academies of Sciences of Upsala, Berlin, St. Petersburg, 
 Vienna, New York, and Bohemia. He is also Honorary Member of 
 the Societies of Natural Sciences of Switzerland and of Gottingen ; 
 and of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester; of the 
 Chemical Societies of Germany, America, and Lehigh University, 
 United States ; of the Sanitarian Society of Dresden, and of the 
 Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain. 
 
 Professor Frankland has also received the honorary degree of 
 M.D. of the University of Wurzburg, in recognition of his services 
 to Sanitary Science ; and the honorary degree of LL.D. of 
 Edinburgh. In 1884 he was Vice-President of the British Associ- 
 ation at Montreal, under the Presidentship of Lord Rayleigh, where 
 he received the honorary LL.D. of the M'Gill University. He has 
 since been made Honorary Member of the Medical and Chirurgical 
 Society of London. In 1887, he reported to the International 
 Congress on Hygiene at Vienna on the present state in England of 
 the purification of sewage, with special reference to the prevention 
 of river pollution. In the same year he was appointed a Justice of 
 the Peace for the county of Surrey. The foregoing sketch is taken
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 30; 
 
 from the "Cosmopolitan" of November, 1888. It was written by 
 the late Mr. Frank Hatton, a pupil of Professor Frankland's. 
 
 Professor Galloway, M.R.I. A., F.C.S., &c. 
 
 Another eminent chemist closely connected with Lancaster 
 in his youth is Professor Galloway, who was born on the r8th 
 of December, 1823. He is the son of the late Mr. Robert Galloway, 
 of Cartmel, North Lancashire. 
 
 In 1839, he became a pupil of the late Mr. Stephen Ross, 01 
 Cheapside, and upon the termination of his apprenticeship with 
 that gentleman, he proceeded to the Royal College of Chemistry, 
 and had the advantage of studying under the distinguished Dr. 
 Hofmann. After a very diligent training in this institution, Mr. 
 Galloway was appointed assistant to Dr. Lyon Playfair, Ph. D., 
 L.L.D., F.R.S., C.B.P.C, now Sir Lyon Playfair, and eventually 
 he accepted the post of Lecturer and Teacher of Chemistry in 
 Queenswood College, Hants. Here he remained two years, and 
 then removed to the College of Civil Engineers, Putney, where he 
 filled a similar capacity. 
 
 Professor Robert Galloway is the author of various scientific 
 and technical works, among them being the well-known educational 
 book, entitled "The Second Step in Chemistry, or the Students' 
 Guide in the higher branches of Chemistry." Of this work the late 
 very distinguished chemist, Professor Thomas Graham, said at the 
 meeting of the Cavendish Society, of which he was President, 
 when it was under consideration whether the Society should be 
 continued, " that he considered the mission of the Society nearly 
 fulfilled. Societies like the Cavendish could now no longer com- 
 pete with private enterprise, and in illustration he mentioned 
 Galloway's Second Step in Chemistry, a work comparable to the 
 volume of memoirs published by the Society, and which would not 
 have been undertaken by a private publisher sixteen years ago."
 
 3 o 4 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 It may be remarked that the Cavendish Society was estab- 
 lished by chemists for the translation of foreign chemical works, 
 which English publishers would not undertake. 
 
 Professor Galloway has also published a " Treatise on Fuel, 
 scientific and practical," and more recently the valuable work on 
 "Education, scientific and technical; or how the Inductive Sciences 
 are taught, and how they ought to be taught." This is one of Mr. 
 Galloway's most popular productions, respecting which the British 
 Trade Journal of February, 2nd, 1S82 says: — 
 
 " Those chapters in Professor Galloway's book which treat upon chemical 
 science render the volume particularly valuable to the manufacturing community 
 whose interests are so largely affected by the scientific qualifications of those whom 
 they employ. It may be noticed that the author, who has written some of the 
 best manuals of chemical science extant, was the first to introduce arithmetical 
 problems in connection with the study of chemistry, although the credit has been 
 assigned to a later author. In addition to his scientific and literary qualifications, 
 Professor Galloway's zealous labours as a teacher of chemistry during more than 
 thirty years, has given him probably a larger number of ex-pupils amongst the 
 experts in practical and applied chemistry than can be claimed by any other scientific 
 teacher. Such qualifications must give a substantial value to any work on a topic 
 with which the writer is thoronghly conversant, and especially when, as in the 
 present case, it assumes the form of so vigorous a protest against cram and super- 
 ficiality. " 
 
 The scientific and other journals speak in the highest terms 
 of this book, and it is now a standard work in our leading colleges 
 and schools of science. Professor Galloway has contributed some 
 excellent articles to the Journal of Science and the British and 
 Colonial Druggist, and one on the "The food of our Sailors," together 
 with "A simple and inexpensive plan for rendering salted meat more 
 nutritious," must at the present period command serious attention. 
 
 "The Fundamental Principles of Chemistry practically 
 taught by a new method," is the most recent of Mr. Galloway's 
 published works.
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 303 
 
 Sir Robert Rawlinson, K.C.B. 
 
 The first engineering- inspector, appointed under the Public 
 Health Act, 1848, who, as civil engineers, devised and carried out 
 the water-works scheme for Lancaster, and likewise the main 
 sewerage, was born on the 28th of February, 1810, at Bristol. His 
 father was a native of Chorley, as also was his grandfather and 
 great grandfather. Sir Robert was brought to Lancaster when 
 quite a child, owing to his father being paymaster-sergeant to th>j 
 Grenadier Company of the 1st Royal Lancashire Militia, a regiment 
 he had served in for seventeen years, and on the staff of which he 
 remained, residing in Lancaster after the proclamation of peace and 
 the disbanding of the regiment. 
 
 The son, destined to become so famous, was but six years old 
 when he first saw Lancaster, and he lived in the town until he was 
 thirteen. His father was a stonemason, and in due course he 
 became a stonemason, a bricklayer, and a millwright, and could 
 earn full w r ages in any of these trades. At the age of 21 he entered 
 the office of the eminent engineer, Mr. Jesse Hartley, the designer 
 and constructor of the Liverpool Docks. With this gentleman he 
 remained five years, and afterwards went to Robert Stephenson 
 (only son of the father of railways, George Stephenson) on the 
 London and Birmingham Railway, continuing in this capacity five 
 years. It was in 1848, as already stated, whenMr. Rawlinson was 
 first employed by the g-overnment. But prior to this appointment 
 he had acted as Engineer to the Bridgwater Trust, matured the 
 plans and details of the great scheme for supplying the city of 
 Liverpool with water from Bala Lake, and had also been left in 
 charge of the completion of St. George's Hall, owing to the illness 
 and death of the Architect, designing and seeing executed the 
 hollow brick arched ceiling of the large hall. In 1854, Mr. Rawlin- 
 son became the Engineer Sanitary Commissioner sent by the 
 Government to the Crimea, and, subsequently, he was Consulting 
 Engineer for the water works for Hong Kong and Singapore. In 
 the year 1863, the year of the Lancashire Cotton Famine, he was 
 
 x
 
 3 o6 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 sent down as engineer commissioner to undertake the task of 
 sanitary improvements in Lancashire, carrying out the same in no 
 fewer than 93 places ; the lahour being provided by the cotton 
 hands, the government on his advice advancing ^1,840,082 at 
 3^ pet" cent., for a term of 30 years, for accomplishing the work. 
 Upwards of 400 miles of roads and streets were formed, drained, 
 sewered, channelled, and paved during this period, and, says the 
 Municipal Review, the administration did not cost the government 
 3s. 6d. per cent. Mr. Rawlinson has served upon three Royal Com- 
 missions : in England, and on one in Dublin, and has been a 
 member of the Army Sanitary Committee since 1862. He reported 
 for the Queen on the sanitary condition of Windsor Castle, and on 
 Sandringham Hall and Marlborough House, for the Prince of 
 Wales. 
 
 This eminent engineer has had some experience of Colonial 
 life. He passed through Swedish Lapland in 1859, and has known 
 what it was to "camp in a virgin forest;" helping to cut down a 
 small tree in order to make a tent-pole, and having for a drinking 
 cup the bark peeled off a birch tree, and coiled round ; the only 
 cooking utensil himself and his comrades had being a frying-pan, 
 and the only method of grinding coffee the primitive one of pound- 
 ing it with a stone. 
 
 He has faced many dangers, and the late Mr. Kinglake 
 records in his '* Invasion of the Crimea," the fact that Mr. Rawlin- 
 son was struck by a 40-pounder steel shot while in the performance 
 of his duties. Mr. Rawlinson was made C.B. in 1868 and was 
 knighted on the 23rd of August, 1883, and made K.C.B. on his 
 retirement in 1889. He is a member of the Council of the Institu- 
 tion of Civil Engineers, and a Vice-President of the Society of Arts. 
 In August, 1883, Sir Robert distributed the certificates of merit to 
 the successful pupils, in the Lecture Room of the Crystal Palace 
 School of Engineering, when he made a very excellent speech on 
 the work that lies before the rising generation of young engineers 
 in our colonies, and mentioned some interesting events in his own
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. *o 
 
 j^/ 
 
 career. Sir Robert is the author of a work on "Tall Chimney 
 Shafts" and on the " Hygiene of Armies in the Field," and has 
 written much on Sanitary Reform and Drainage questions. His 
 "Suggestions" for the use of local surveyors and sanitary engineers 
 are accepted as authorities throughout Great Britain, North 
 America, British India, Australia, and the British Colonies 
 generally He was, and still is, everywhere esteemed for his sound 
 practical knowledge, and on his retirement from the post of Chief 
 Engineer to the Local Government Board, the Press, technical 
 and otherwise, paid a high compliment to his ability and congratu- 
 lated him on his well-earned repose. 
 
 The Rawlinsons are descended from one Rollin or Rollus, 
 living in the time of the Norman Conqueror. They represent an 
 old Cumberland and Lancashire family, and a pedigree of them may 
 be seen in Surtee's " History of Furness Abbey." Some of this 
 family in the days of the Spectator were noted goldsmiths, some 
 have held the position of Lord Mayors, and others have excelled as 
 musicians and antiquaries. Several Rawlinsons settled in Lan- 
 caster, and so far back as 1780 and 1784, one of them was member 
 for Lancaster. Mireside and Carke Halls were anciently the 
 property of the Curwens, whose heiress married one of the Raw- 
 linsons, of Greenhead, in Colton. The eldest son of Robert 
 Rawlinson, Esq., who died in 1665, married Elizabeth Monk, 
 the last descendant in the male line of the Plantagenets, and was 
 father of Christopher Rawlinson, the antiquary. Robert Rawlinson 
 lived at Carke Hall from 1619 until his decease. He received a 
 grant of arms in 1662, and they may be seen beneath the doorway 
 arch of the Hall. This Robert Rawlinson, or Justice Rawlinson, 
 along with other Justices, sent George Fox to Lancaster Castle in 
 1663. From Christopher Rawlinson both Mireside and Carke 
 Halls descended through co-heiresses to Gray Rigge, Esq., Adam 
 Askew, Esq., the Rev. Henry Askew, and Stephen Roger Moore, 
 Esq. 
 
 The Rawlinson's Arms are gules, two bars gemelles between
 
 308 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 three escalops argent ; crest a shelldrake proper, in the beak an 
 escalop argent. (See Dr. Barber's Prehistoric Remains.") 
 
 In may be mentioned that Major-General Sir Henry Creswicke 
 Rawlinson, Bart., G.C.B., K.C.B., LL.D., F. R.S., son of Abraham 
 Tysack Rawlinson, Esq., of Chadlington, Oxfordshire, is grandson 
 of Henry Rawlinson, Esq., of Lancaster, M.P. for Liverpool. 
 Abraham Rawlinson, Esq., M.P. for Lancaster 1780 — 1784, of Ellel, 
 was the cousin of the member for Liverpool. Sir Henry informs 
 me that a pedigree of the Rawlinson family has just been compiled 
 by Mr. Joseph Foster, of St. John's Wood, London, and that the 
 genealogy goes back to the time of Henry VII. Sir Henry considers 
 Sir Robert Rawlinson, the eminent engineer, a representative of the 
 same family as his own, and alludes to the late Chief Justice of 
 Madras, Sir Christopher Rawlinson, as being one of the same race 
 but not in direct line. The present head of the Rawlinson family is 
 William Millers Rawlinson, Esq., born in 1863. Graythwaite Hall 
 was the old family seat. It has recently been rebuilt, and is 
 tenanted by a cousin of the last named gentleman. 
 
 Several sites in Cumberland and Lancashire bear the name 
 ol' Rawlinson, as on Lake Windermere, Rawlinson's Knot, that is 
 nose. A marble bust of Sir Robert Rawlinson has just been pre- 
 sented to the Store}- Institute. It is by Woolner. 
 
 Captain Sir A. J. Loftus, F.R.G.S. 
 
 ( The Honble Phrd Nidesa Jalahdi, Knight Commander of the most Honourable 
 
 Order of the Crown of Siam. 
 
 The name of Loftus is well known in Lancaster, and pleasant 
 memories of the subject of this notice still remain in the hearts of 
 many Lancastrians who have been fortunate enough to meet with 
 the hydrographer to the King of Siam. 
 
 Captain Loftus is the son of the late William Loftus, Esq., 
 and was born at Darlington. At the age of thirteen he joined the 
 trigate-built ship" Pekin," of Newcastle, as a midshipman on board
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 309 
 
 which ship he served nearly six years. This, his first vessel, 
 carried troops from Madras to Burmah at the outbreak of the war 
 there, and subsequently it was stranded and locked up in the ice 
 during - a whole winter near the Hudson Hay Company's territory 
 in the Columbia River. Its crew were afterwards engaged in 
 taking- out colonists to New Zealand. "The end of this good 
 ship," writes the captain, " was in a north-east gale on Shield's 
 Bar at the entrance of the Tyne." In due course the young sailor 
 visited the Australian Colonies, the South American ports and the 
 Guano Islands. It was while visiting the Sandwich Islands that he 
 became acquainted with King Kamy Kamya who gave his new 
 acquaintances a crew of fishermen in order to bring back to New r - 
 castle the old ship " Pekin." As chief officer in London vessels the 
 captain made many voyages to different parts of the world, and 
 finally settled in the east. In 1857 he lifted a sunken vessel in the 
 harbour of Amdy, and was her commander in several trading 
 voyages in the Eastern Archipelago. This was his first commander- 
 ship. Since the period named Captain Loftus made Singapore his 
 home and port for some years, sailing thence to all ports in the 
 Indian, Chinese, and Japan seas. In 1866 he visited England, and 
 remained in his native land a little over a year. Next we find him 
 leaving the old country in a schooner of 125 tons, with four seamen 
 and one mate for India, whence he sailed into his old cruising 
 grounds in the Eastern Seas until 1870. "Then," says this gallant 
 officer, " came the turning point of my fortunes. My little vessel 
 was captured and burnt by pirates on the coast of Hainan, and I 
 lost all — all — all I had in the world ; I had not a dollar at my 
 disposal." Happily succour was nigh. He again got afloat, and 
 taking charge of the steamship "Viscount Canning," just returned 
 from the Abyssinian war, he sailed away for Siam and joined the 
 Government service there under the Regent, His Grace Somdetch 
 Chow Phya Suriyawongse, as hydrographer, which position he still 
 holds under the King. In 1871 he commanded the gunboat Regent, 
 with Sir Thomas George Knox, H.B.M.'s Minister, on a visit to 
 India with the King of Siam, the royal yacht and other war vessels 
 joining in the squadron.
 
 3 io TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 The official position of Captain Loftus in Siam has consisted 
 of surveying' the coasts and rivers, telegraph and railway routes, 
 and the superintending of observatory building for noting eclipses. 
 In 1883 he accompanied the French Expedition under Commandant 
 Bellion for the purpose of making an examination and survey of 
 the Kra Pass part of the peninsula, with the object of cutting a 
 canal. As far as could be made out this was not altogether the 
 secret aim of the French, and while they made their survey the 
 captain made his, and published it as a member of the Royal 
 Geographical Society. The British Government and the press 
 accorded with the author's views as to the practicability of the 
 canal, and as he took care to get the facts known before the French 
 had completed their calculations the whole project collapsed. 
 With regard to the present position of Sir Alfred Loftus it may be 
 remarked that he is the head of his department. He is a noble of 
 Siam, holding the rank of a Count, his title being Phra Nidesa 
 Jalahdi. Since he received this patent of nobility he has been 
 honoured with a decoration and diploma of a Knight Commander 
 of the Crown of Siam, and Her Imperial Majesty the Queen of 
 England and Empress of India has granted her sign-manual 
 permitting the acceptance of this mark of respect for distinguished 
 services. In the jubilee year (1887) Captain Loftus attended a 
 Queen's levee at St. James'. Among other honours awarded by 
 the King of Siam is a gold medal, the occasion of its presentation 
 being the confirmation of the Crown Prince of Siam's title and 
 claim as the future sovereign of the shores of the Meinam. The 
 captain has kindly forwarded some notes on Siam and also a 
 pamphlet of thirty pages entitled " A New Year's Paper on the 
 Development of the Kingdom of Siam, 1891." This latter work 
 contains a map of Siam and its dependencies, showing some of the 
 projected railway lines and existing telegraph lines, &c. The present 
 capital of Siam is Bangkok, founded in 1782 ; the old capital of the 
 sovereignty was Ayuthia. The pamphlet is extremely interesting, 
 giving us a brief history of Siam and its kings, with many of the 
 reforms granted by the king twenty years ago, including religious 
 liberty to all, and the right to wear the hair as Europeans wear it,
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 311 
 
 
 instead of enjoining - the shaving off oi' all but the old-fashioned 
 
 brush or tuft grown usually on the forepart of the head. The 
 
 kingdom of Siam is now included in the Postal and Parcel Union ; 
 
 it has its Telephonic Exchange, and just recently an Electric 
 
 Lighting Company has been established in the capital. The 
 
 Government have European printing presses in every department, 
 
 and many private noblemen have presses for educational and other 
 
 purposes. There is much in the publication concerning commercial 
 
 progress and the natural productions of the country. Among these 
 
 latter are teak, rice, hides, teelseed, pepper and dyewoods. There 
 
 are two or three native and two European newspapers in Bangkok. 
 
 The Bangkok Times is printed in English, and dates its first issue 
 
 from January 1st, 1887. The opposition newspaper is the Siam 
 
 Mercantile Gazette, published by a German. An extract from Sir 
 
 John Bowring's " Treaty of friendship and commerce between Great 
 
 Britain and Siam, 1856," appears on page 28, and an appendix 
 
 refuting several of the charges brought against the Siamese King 
 
 by Mr. Holt S. Hallett ; and lastly a list of articles exported from 
 
 Siam. Captain Loftus has experienced many dangers both on land 
 
 and sea, and has known what it was to face many cyclones, the 
 
 most terrible of which were those of the 21st October, 1861, and 
 
 the 1st of November, 1867, when 30,000 small houses were 
 
 unroofed, crops in Lower Bengal destroyed, and many vessels 
 
 wrecked, in fact, torn to shreds. On one occasion, when seriously 
 
 ill, the Foreign Minister, Prince Drumaluong Devawongse, sent his 
 
 own physician to attend him, and as it was feared that he would 
 
 succumb to his malady the king had a handsome coffin made for 
 
 the reception of his remains. Fortunately he did not require the 
 
 chest of "honour" for he recovered, much to the delight of his 
 
 king and his friends in Europe. 
 
 Captain Loftus is the inventor of the " Loftus patent 
 Glycerine Lamp," which has been introduced to many eminent 
 authorities, and is being used by steam shipping companies. It 
 has received high commendation from nautical men.
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 It ought to be stated that Captain Loftus has also invented a 
 new kind of sun-dial for the Royal Gardens of Siam. It is called 
 the Royal Cylinder Axis Sun-dial, and it has attracted considerable 
 notice. The Graphic some time ago called attention to it. Models 
 of it have been sent to France, Germany and Italy. The idea 
 occurred to the Captain in a quiet moment on the eastern shore of 
 the Gulf of Siam, that by trapping a sunbeam, he could obtain local 
 apparent time to within 28 seconds of the truth. The dial is 
 contra-distinct from all others, and a child can use it. 
 
 Since his last return to England, in 1889, the Captain has 
 been engaged in working" out the problem oi securing a more 
 powerful and perfect medium of signals for the merchants' and 
 railway services, and so far his efforts have been highly successful. 
 
 Commander Loftus is well versed in the Malay languages, 
 and his connexion with Siam has tended to increase the bonds of 
 friendship between Great Britain and the land of the White 
 Elephant. Some, years ago he presented the town of Lancaster 
 with a full-length portrait of the Siamese monarch. 
 
 The following is a copy of the K.C.C.S. Order granted in 
 1886 to this distinguished officer : — 
 
 "Somdetch Phra Paramendr Maha Chulalongjcorn, Phra Chula Chorn 
 Klas, King of Siam, both Northern and Southern, and all its dependencies, <\;c., 
 &c, tvx. , Laos, Malays, Kereans, Sovereign and Chief of the Most Honourable 
 Order of the Crown of Siam. 
 
 To all and singular to whom these presents shall come, know ye whereas 
 we have thought it fit to nominate and appoint Captain A. J. Loftus, the Honourable 
 Phra Nides Joldhi, Member of the Third Class called Mandanabhorn, or Commander 
 of our most Honourable Order of the Crown of Siam. 
 
 We, the Sovereign and Chief of the said most Honourable Order, do, by 
 these presents, grant unto Captain A. J. Loftus, the Honourable Phra Nides Joldhi, 
 the most Honourable Order of the Crown of Siam of the Third Class, called 
 Mandanabhorn, as a mark of honour, which he shall hold and enjoy in future.
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 313 
 
 .May that power which is supreme in the universe, keep and guard Captain 
 A. T- Loftus, and grant him prosperity and every kind of blessing. 
 
 Given at our Court in the Chakrikri Mahaprasad, at Bangkok, the 30th 
 day of the waxing moon of the lunar month Bhadrapada, in the year Chaw, the 8th 
 of the decade, 1248 of the Siamese astronomical era, corresponding to the European 
 solar date the 30th of August, 1886, of the Christian Era, being the 6,702nd or the 
 19th of our reign. 
 
 Manu Regia Chulalongkorn, R.S. 
 
 Mr. William Kennett Loftus, born at Rye, in Sussex, and educated at Old 
 Park, Durham, and Caius College, Cambridge, was a brother of Captain Loftus. He 
 was well known as a geologist and entomologist, and while quite young had the good 
 fortune to attract the attention of Professor Sedgwick. The Bangkok Times of June 
 25th, 1890, states that he also became known to Sir Henry de la Beche, and in due 
 course received an appointment at the hands of Lord Palmerston to accompany the 
 commission sent out to settle the boundary lines of Turkey and Persia, and under 
 the command of Colonel (afterwards General) Fenwick Williams. Mr. Kennett 
 Loftus was a Fellow of the Geographical Society, and the author of a book entitled, 
 " Chaldsea and Susiana," illustrated with representations of the cuneiform inscriptions 
 and sculptures of Babylonia, Susiana and Mesopotamia. He died on the 27th of 
 November, 1858, aged 37. 
 
 Mr. William Linton. 
 
 I am indebted to the late Mrs. Fearenside, of Morecambe, for 
 particulars concerning her distinguished cousin, the late Mr. 
 William Linton. From this lady I learned that Mr. Linton was one 
 of the artists who aided in establishing the Suffolk Street Society of 
 British Artists. He was born in 1791, and died on the 18th of 
 August, 1876. Although not born in Lancaster, he was brought 
 up from a child in Lancaster and Cartmel. On the 27th October, 
 1831, he married Julia Adeline, only daughter of the Rev. Thomas 
 Swettenham, Rector of Swettenham, and niece of the Countess of 
 Winterton. The marriage took place at Shillinglee, Sussex, the 
 Rev. James Hayes, vicar of Wybunbury, Cheshire, performing the 
 ceremony. His mother was the widow of Mr. Thomas Eskrigge, 
 of Lancaster, one of the Eskrigges of Eskrigge. Among the 
 beautiful paintings of Mr. Linton shown to me by his venerable cousin
 
 ;i4 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 were: — " View of Morecambe in i S16, " "The Bridge at Kirkby 
 Lonsdale," " Lancaster " (dedicated to the Queen, in commemora- 
 tion of her visit to our ancient city), " Festiniog, " " Ennerdale," 
 " Loch Lomond," " Temple of Jupiter, Athens," "Lucerne," and 
 the " Embarkation of Agamemnon to the seige of Troy." The 
 two last are very large paintings, and are beautifully executed. 
 Mrs. Fearenside had many other pictures, the work of her able 
 relative's brush, all of which were fine specimens of landscape 
 painting. This lady had also a portrait of the artist when he was 
 30, and a fine bust of him was to be seen in the entrance hall of her 
 house. 
 
 At the first exhibition of the Society of Arts, Mr. Linton 
 exhibited a picture called "The Vale of Lonsdale." It was pur- 
 chased by Sir William Fielden. This was in 1824. Two valuable 
 works were published by Mr. Linton. One on " Ancient and 
 Modern Colours from the earliest period to the present time, with 
 their chemical and artistic properties," and " Scenery of Greece and 
 its Islands" (1857). The Art Journal for 1858, page 9, gives an 
 account of his career, and an obituary notice appears in the volume 
 for 1876. Mr. Linton was cousin to Sir William Linton. 
 
 Mr. Jonathan Binns. 
 
 Mr. Jonathan Binns is remembered, and deservedly so, for 
 his excellent map of Lancaster, completed in 1821. Mr. Binns was 
 the son of Jonathan Binns, Esq., M.D., and Mary Binns, nee 
 Albright. He was born in Liverpool in May, 1785. By profession 
 he was a land surveyor. He died in March, 1871. Excellent 
 copies of his map are extant. It is valuable from many points, 
 especially so topographically. It shows us the character of the 
 Town in 1821, and has all the old paddocks and wells marked upon 
 it. Jonathan Binns was no mean disciple of Anaximander, the 
 reputed inventor of maps. He also wrote a book entitled, "Beauties 
 of Ireland."
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 315 
 
 Edward Dexis de Vitre, Esq., M.D., J. P. 
 
 Edward Denis de Vitre, M.D., was born on the 24th of 
 March, 1806, at West Knoll, in the parish of Irthington, near the 
 city of Carlisle. He was the sixth son of Lieutenant John Denis 
 de Vitre, R.N., and Bridget Fawcett, daughter of James Fawcett. 
 Esq. of Scaleby Castle, Cumberland, whose marriage took place on 
 the 3rd of October, 1791. Lieutenant de Vitre, his father, who 
 died on the 29th of December, 1846, in his 90th year, at his residence 
 in King Street, Lancaster, was an officer who had seen much active 
 service. He suffered much during the wars with the French, bearing 
 the marks of the rigorous treatment he was subjected to after being 
 imprisoned by the French military authorities, up to the day of his 
 death. Dr. de Vitre, his son, and the subject of this notice, com- 
 menced his professional career at Annan, Dumfries-shire. He came 
 to settle in Lancaster about 1832. Ten years later he succeeded 
 Dr. Whalley as consulting physician at the Lancaster Asylum, a 
 post he held until 1858. Perhaps it is not too much to say that as 
 a cautious and far-seeing man, both professionally and generally, 
 he stood second to none, and his name is inseparably connected 
 with the origin and progress of that grand stone volume designated 
 the Royal Albert Asylum for Idiots and Imbeciles. He it was who 
 introduced the humane treatment of the mentally afflicted into 
 both County and Royal Albert Asylums, his co-adjutor being Mr. 
 Gaskell. His papers on medical and psychological matters were 
 always carefully considered, and revealed a comprehensive ability 
 rarely surpassed. His " Observations on the necessity of an 
 extended legislative protection to persons of unsound mind," did 
 much for the cause of the mentally afflicted in this county and in the 
 north of England, and the best memorial that can be awarded him 
 is that which prominently embodies his noble traits and perpetuates 
 the heartiness he displayed in any work undertaken on behalf of his 
 fellow-creatures with which he identified himself. Convinced of the 
 utility of any local movement, his co-operation was genuine, firm, 
 and lasting. Dr. de Vitre entered the Lancaster Town Council in 
 1 841 , was mayor of the Borough in 1843 and in 1855. From February,
 
 316 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 1845, he was one of the Committee of the Lancaster Canal 
 Company, but did not remain a member of this body beyond a short 
 period. He was also, in 1853, a director of the West Hartlepool 
 Harbour and Railway Company. He died deservedly lamented on 
 the 4th of October, 1878, and his body was followed to the grave in 
 the Lancaster Cemetery by a large number of citizens, whose 
 expressions of regret were as sincere as they were general. Dr. 
 de Vitre was a Justice of the Peace for the Borough and County of 
 Lancaster. 
 
 Mr. Stephen Ross. 
 
 Of our old time freemen and burgesses, perhaps none was more thoroughly 
 esteemed in his day and generation than the late Mr. Stephen Ross, of Southfield 
 and Cheapside in this town. This gentleman was educated at Lancaster and 
 Cartmel Grammar Schools, and was intended for the medical profession. Owing, 
 however, to defective vision, he was compelled to relinquish the idea of becoming a 
 surgeon, and in due course adopted the occupation and business of a pharmaceutical 
 and analytical chemist. For some time he was with Dr. Christopher Johnson, 
 father of Dr. Christopher Johnson, of Castle Park, having for his colleague the late 
 Dr. Cox of Liverpool. In all but being born in our midst, Mr. Ross was a Lancaster 
 man, who throughout his life was ever willing to further the well-being of those 
 around him, both socially and commercially. He was one of the moving spirits in 
 the building of St. Thomas's and Glasson Churches, and also one of the original 
 trustees of the latter. He was likewise very active during the Cotton Famine, and 
 in collecting funds in aid of the Royal Albert Asylum for Idiots. For a long period 
 he was associated with the Infirmary, the Church Missionary, Bible and Tract 
 Societies, and every good Christian movement in Lancaster. His disposition was 
 pleasing, modest, and retiring, and being reticent he reserved his speech until the 
 most judicious moments. 
 
 It is not generally known that the subject of these remarks was descended 
 from a very old Scottish family, in fact from the Earls of Ross. In the Scottish 
 Antiquary of June, 1890, is a genealogy of the Ross family, including the Rosses of 
 Meddat, the Rosses of Midfairnie, and the Rosses of Morangie. From the latter 
 branch Mr. Stephen Ross was descended, and his lineage dates from one Alexander 
 Ross, chaplain of Dunskaith, a chaplaincy founded by James II., in the parochial 
 church of Tain, between 1456 and 1458. In 14S7 it was annexed as a prebend to the 
 collegiate church which the same king founded at Tain, according to the Exchequer 
 Rati, 227. Alexander Ross, above named, was presented to the chaplaincy vacant 
 by the incapacity or demission of Sir John Poilson, chanter, of Caithness, 13th June,
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 317 
 
 1500 (Privy Seal Register, vol. /. fol. 126J. This priesl is supposed to have been a 
 member of the family of Ros, of Shandwick, one of whom, Walter Ross, who died in 
 1531, had a wadsel of the town and chaplaincy of Dunskaith. This Alexander had a 
 Sir Nicholas Ross, cousin to Alexander Ross, of Balnagown. Sir Nicholas was presented 
 to the provostry of the Collegiate Church of Tain, and to the annexed Vicarage by 
 Queen .Mary, in the year 1549, a position he resigned in 1567 on his accession 10 the 
 Abbot's chair at Feme. He sat in the Parliament held in Edinburgh, in August, 
 1560, and voted for the abolition of the Roman Catholic religion. lie had four sons, 
 Nicholas, William, Donald, and Thomas. His death took place in 1569, and in the 
 kalendar of Feme is the following entry relating to it: — "The xvii clay of September 
 the year of God 1569, nicolas Ros, commedator of feme, provesl of tane, dec. 
 quhom God assolze." The Abbot was buried in the Abbey to the north of the choir. 
 He seems to have been succeeded by his son, Thomas, in the provostry of the 
 Collegiate Church of Tain, and this son also became commendator oi Feme, and 
 twentieth Abbot of that monastery. Other members of this ancient family held 
 ecclesiastical offices from time to time, and William, son of Thomas, was granted the 
 chaplaincy of Morangie for life in 1586, "in succesion to his brother Walter." 
 Among those of the family who have held appointments of a more secular character 
 in their own kingdom may be mentioned David Ross, who was " portioner of 
 Meddat " (Saseine, 22nd August, 1626), " portioner of Meikle Meddat," 19th June, 
 1627, in Meddat, and " portioner of 1'itcalzean, 13th March, 1653. This David is 
 believed to have been the second son of Walter Ross, third of Balmachy. George 
 Ross of Morangie, descended from the Rosses of Balnagown Castle, was appointed 
 Commissioner of Supply for Ross-shire in 1685-6, and this gentleman registered arms 
 at the Lyon office about 1672. The arms consist of gules, three lions rampant, 
 between as many stars argent. On ane torse for his crest a fox-head couped ppr ; 
 motto, Spes aspera levat. He died on the 7th of April, 1703, leaving issue George, 
 who died young, Thomas, designated second son in his father's will, and William, 
 I >aptised in Edinburgh, on the 14th of August, 1688, by profession a writer. This 
 William married, and had issue John and William. The latter became a merchant 
 in Liverpool, and married on the 26th of January, 1768, having issue Henry, William, 
 and Arthur. Henry became a merchant at Liverpool, and on the 15th of May, 1799, 
 married Eleanor, daughter of James Moore, Esq., Mayor of Lancaster, who con- 
 ferred the freedom of the Town on him. He died on the 27th of March. 1806, 
 leaving issue James Moore. William Horner, Henry, who became a solicitor in 
 London, Stephen, and Mary. The Stephen here named was the son whom this 
 notice is intended more especially to refer to. He was baptised at St. James s 
 Church, Liverpool, in 1804, married on the 9th of April, 1833, Charlotte, daughter of 
 William Harrison, Esq., M.D., of Ulverston, and sister of James Harrison, Esq., 
 J. P.. of this town, and had issue eight children, the eldest and only surviving of 
 whom is the Rev. Henry Ross, L.L.D., F.C.S., of Dallas House, Lancaster. Mr. 
 S. Ross died on the 41I1 of October, 1869, aged 65 years. Of this gentleman's
 
 3 i8 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 pupils were three youths who are now distinguished stars in the scientific world. 
 They are Dr. Edward Frankland, F.R.S., late of the South Kensington Museum 
 Professor Galloway, F.C.S., &c, who formerly held the Chemical Chair at the Museum 
 of Irish Industry, Stephen's Green. Dublin; and Mr. George Maule, of Harewood 
 House, Brighton, famous for his anilyne dyes. Hut to return to Mr. Ross's family. 
 Burke's Landed Gentry,*vo\. ii. , gives much information respecting the Rosses of 
 Cromarty — Glastullich of Ross-Trever all more or less allied to the Rosses of 
 Balnagown. On the maternal side the Ross family can claim descent from the 
 Huddlestons of Hutton John ; the I'arkes of Whitheck Hall : the Fletchers of Clea 
 Hall ; the Nortons of Norton ; and the Stockdales of Carke House, Carke, and are 
 also related to various members of the English and Scottish nobility, as a perusal of 
 the family pedigrees, and Burke, and " Annals of Cartmel " will demonstrate. The 
 representative of this family is the Rev. H. Ross, LL.D., of Dallas House, formerly 
 Civil Chaplain, Mauritius, and Vicar of Dolphinholme, who married at Port Louis, 
 Mauritius, in 1862, Amelia Rachael, second daughter of the Rev. J. Gallienne 
 Bichard, late Civil Chaplain of the Leychelles, and now Vicar of Lurlingham, 
 Norfolk. 
 
 Sir Thomas Storey, J. P. 
 
 Sir Thomas Storey is the son of the late Mr. Isaac Storey, 
 who died on the 4th of June, 1841, aged 43 years. 
 
 The worthy knight was born at Bardsea in the month 
 of October, 1825. His mother was a Miss Patrickson, of 
 Millom. Sir Thomas is a large landowner, colliery proprietor 
 in Lancashire, employer of labour, and is likewise interested in 
 the iron industry. He has been Mayor of Lancaster four times, 
 viz., in 1867, 1873, 1874, ar, d in 1886. He is very popular, 
 has once contested the Northern Division of the County of Lan- 
 caster in the Liberal interest, viz., in 1880, in opposition to 
 Lord Stanley and Lieutenant-General Fielden, and at the time 
 of writing - has been chosen Liberal Unionist candidate for the 
 Lancaster Division at a meeting of both his own section of 
 politicians and the Conservative party, who have pledged them- 
 selves to support him. The meeting adopting him as candidate 
 was held in the Athenaeum on the 31st January, 1891. Sir Thomas 
 Storey was one of the number of mayors selected during the Jubilee
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 319 
 
 year for the honour of knighthood. He has a courteous manner, 
 is dignified, smart in grasping important points, has travelled much 
 in Europe, and is an excellent French scholar. His gift to the 
 town of a Jubilee Memorial in the shape of an Art Institute will 
 hand his name down to posterity and secure for it inclusion in the 
 local Valhalla. 
 
 Benjamin Robinson, Esq., J. P. 
 
 Mr. Benjamin Robinson was born at Over Kellet, in the 
 vear 1830, and received his early education at Bolton-le-Sands 
 Grammar School. On leaving school he was apprenticed to Mr. 
 Edmund Jackson, and at the age of twenty-one he proceeded to 
 London' to take an appointment in a well known drug house. 
 Owing to an unexpected circumstance Mr. Robinson returned north 
 and settled at Pendleton. Eventually he established a drug 
 business at the corner of Cross Lane and Broad Street, and retired 
 in 1 88 1 from the retail trade in order to follow a manufacturing 
 trade in Church Street. In 1861 he was elected a member of 
 the Salford Board of Guardians, but on account of an increasing 
 trade requiring ail his attention he was compelled to relinquish th e 
 office after four years' service. Twenty years after he was chosen 
 a Guardian for the second time, and acted as chairman of the Hope 
 Hospital Committee for three years. In 1882 Mr. Robinson was 
 returned as a Councillor for Seedley Ward, and on the expiry of 
 his term of office in 1888 a requisition signed by 1,200 burgesses of 
 the ward was presented to him and another gentleman asking both 
 to accept re-election, and the consequence was Mr. Robinson and 
 his colleague were returned unopposed. He was elected Mayor of 
 Salford for the municipal year 1888-9, ana " m 1 890-1 filled the same 
 important office. His Worship is a gentleman of high integrity, 
 and no one is more pleased to hear of his success in life than his 
 venerable friend and early employer, Edmund Jackson, Esq., of 
 Castle Park.
 
 3 20 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 Mr. H. Gilbert. 
 
 Mr. H. Gilbert, the art master, was born on the 8th of April, 
 1 83 1, in the city of Salisbury. He came into the world at a period 
 when art was not regarded as a lucrative profession and as a youth 
 received but small encouragement in the sphere his tastes destined 
 him to adopt. Inclination being stronger than reason he went to 
 London and in due course became a student of the schools of art at 
 Somerset House, schools then being tentatively tried as an experi- 
 ment by the Government. He studied under their auspices, and 
 subsequently became one of their pioneers, serving first as a 
 teacher in many of the elementary schools in London, thence passing 
 on to the District Schools at Wilmington Square, Rotherhithe and 
 Spitalfields, after having done duty for a time at Dudley and Bath. 
 At length Mr. Gilbert was appointed master of the Lancaster 
 School of Art by the direct recommendation of Sir Henry Cole (then 
 Mr. Cole). About the year i860 he visited Preston, where he found 
 art in a very dead state. Owing to his advent on this occasion 
 arrangements were soon made for his visiting Preston regularlv in 
 order to educate the teachers of the elementary schools, and 
 ultimately he was successful in establishing a school of art at the 
 institution for the diffusion of useful knowledge which was under 
 the presidency and guardianship of the then vicar of Preston, the 
 Rev. Canon Owen Parr, M.A., father of Mr. Harrington Welford 
 Parr, late postmaster of Labuan and governor of Lancaster Castle, 
 and now of Warwick. The late Town Clerk of Preston (an excel- 
 lent educationist), and many other gentlemen of influence, did all 
 they could for the advance of art in Preston, and the result was 
 that Mr. Gilbert was appointed art master for Preston, a position 
 he has held twelve years. He is therefore art master for both 
 towns. 
 
 Eminent Catholic Divines and La vine n closely identified with 
 
 Lancaster. 
 
 The Rev. Edward Hawarden, D. D. 
 
 The following notes on this priest have been supplied by the 
 Very Rev. Provost Walker, their author : —
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 The Rev. Edward Hawarden, D.D.. may in a manner be 
 looked upon as the first resident priest in Lancaster. He was a noted 
 man ; in fact he had won for himself a European reputation. He 
 was born at Appleton, and came of a family oi' great respectability 
 in the county. He was sent at a very early age to Douay, and 
 passed through the educational course of that celebrated college in 
 a most brilliant manner. He was successively chosen as Professor 
 of Humanity, Philosophy, and Divinity, and was, says Dodd, a 
 person of consummate knowledge in all ecclesiastical matters, 
 scholastic, moral and historical ; and to do him justice, perhaps the 
 present age cannot show his equal. Charles Butler, in his " Re- 
 miniscences," gives the following anecdote respecting Dr. Hawarden 
 and Dr. Clarke, which may well bear repeating. In this work 
 entitled, " The Scripture Doctrine of the Trinity," Dr. Claike pro- 
 pounded his system with great clearness, and supported it with 
 considerable strength and subtilty of argument. He met a power- 
 ful opponent in Dr. Hawarden, an eminent Catholic Theologian. 
 By the desire of Queen Caroline, the consort of George II., a con- 
 ference was held by them in the presence of her Majesty, Mrs. 
 Middleton, a Catholic lady much in the confidence of the Queen, 
 and the celebrated Dr. Courayer. When they met, Dr. Clarke, at 
 some length, in very guarded terms, and with great apparent per- 
 spicuity, stated and explained his system. Dr. Hawarden said 
 he had listened with the greatest attention to what had fallen 
 from Dr. Clarke, that he believed he apprehended rightly the 
 whole of his system. The only reply he would make to it 
 would be by asking a single question — and if the question were 
 thought to contain any ambiguity he wished it to be cleared of 
 this before any answer to it was returned, but desired that when 
 the answer should be given, it should be expressed by the affirmative 
 or negative monosyllable. To this proposition Dr. Clarke assented. 
 Then said Dr. Hawarden, I ask, "Can God the Father annihilate 
 the Son and Holy Ghost?" Dr. Clarke continued some time in 
 deep thought, and then said it was .a question he had never con- 
 sidered. Then the conference ended. On leaving - Douay, Dr. 
 Hawarden was sent to the North of England, and was occupied in
 
 322 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 watching - over the welfare of Catholics in this neighbourhood, at 
 any rate during the years 1712, 1713, and 1 7 14. He resided mostly 
 at Aldcliffe. That manor had previously belonged to the Daltons, 
 of Thurnham, A moiety of it was conveyed in marriage by Dorothy, 
 youngest daughter and co-heiress of Robert Dalton, to Edward 
 Riddell, Esq., of Swinburne Castle, Northumberland. The re- 
 mainder, being left tor the support of the secular clergy, was on 
 three several occasions confiscated to the crown, and by the crown 
 was, after the third confiscation, let and subsequently sold to the 
 family of Dawson about the year 1 73 1 . The third confiscation most 
 probably took place after the inroad of the Jacobites in 1 71 5, when 
 after the war, the royal commission disposed at their pleasure of the 
 estates of suspected persons. To whom it belonged during the 
 period of Dr. Hawarden's residence we have not been able to 
 ascertain. 
 
 Rev. Nicholas Skelton. 
 
 It is certain that the Rev. N. Skelton was the first resident 
 priest in Lancaster after the Reformation. Until within the 
 past few years we knew hardly anything of this gentleman but 
 the names of his parents, the day of his birth, and the date of 
 his death. There existed indeed among the Catholics of the town a 
 tradition, which, if it was satisfactory on some points, was most 
 disappointing in others. It was certain in so far as it testified to his 
 existence, and the lengthened period of his ministry, but it could tell 
 us nothing about his person, his parentage, his education, or the 
 circumstances by which he was surrounded. The three simple 
 entries in the Douay Diary, and the other sources of information to 
 which they pointed, have cleared away a world of doubts ; and we 
 now know that he belonged to one of the great county families of 
 Cumberland, that he was the son of Richard Skelton and his wife 
 Mary Meynell, daughter of George Meynell, of Dalton Royal, in the 
 county of York, and that he was born on the 17th ol December, 
 169 1 (old style). Of the same family was John Skelton, poet 
 laureate in the reigns of Henry VII. and Henry VIII, , but as this
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 323 
 
 gentleman seems not to have cast any great lustre on the name he 
 bore, he may be dismissed from these pages without further 
 ceremony. Richard, the father of Nicholas, was lord of Armathwaite 
 Castle and estates ; but whether it be that he foresaw greater evils 
 darkening the prospects of the future, and deemed it the more 
 prudent course to descend from a conspicuous position, or for 
 whatever other reason, he sold his property to John Sanderson, in 
 1 71 2, and we have not the means of tracing further the history of 
 his family. 
 
 It is a curious fact, and yet in perfect keeping with the 
 necessities of the time, that his son Nicholas is not mentioned in 
 the ordinary lists of his children. He was a student in a foreign 
 college, and it would have imperilled son and parents, and house 
 and home, to keep a record of his existence. 
 
 In 17 10, Mr. Skelton, then in his nineteenth year, took the 
 College oath, by which he engaged to proceed to sacred orders at 
 the proper times, and in spite of all dangers, to return, as he should 
 be directed by his superior, to his own country, and labour to win 
 souls to God. In accordance with this oath it is more than probable 
 that he would be ordained sub-deacon, deacon, and priest in three 
 successive years ; and if we suppose that he was 24 at the time of his 
 ordination — and he could not be ordained at any earlier age without a 
 dispensation — he may have been in Lancaster, in "the old house " 
 in St. Leonard's Gate, shortly after the excitement of 17 15. It is 
 certain that he died on the 13th November, 1766, aged 75, and if 
 the former supposition be correct, and we regard it as highly 
 probable, he seems to have passed a long and, for the times, a 
 peaceful life in the old town. No doubt he owed much to the 
 notice of the Dukes of Hamilton, then resident at Ashton Park, 
 and the great Catholic families of the neighbourhood; and if it be 
 said that he was indebted to his family distinction for these atten- 
 tions on the part of the Hamiltons, it is obvious that he was 
 not the only priest befriended by them. A place was always 
 reserved at the Duke's table for the Rev. W. Foster of Thurnham.
 
 324 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 In 1766, Mr. Skelton, then 74 years of age, signed his last 
 will and testament, by which he bequeathed all his real property, 
 whatsoever and wheresoever, to the Hon. Edward Clifford, of Park 
 Hall, in Quernmore, and Thomas Winder Faithwaite, of Pottyeats, 
 in Littledale, as tenants in common, and not as joint tenants. To 
 these was joined, for other purposes, William Pennington, the 
 resident priest of Robert Hall, of whom the Douay Diary states 
 that he was a youth of great promise. The witnesses to the signa- 
 ture of the will are Antony Atkinson, Tho. Shepherd, John 
 Hankinson. 
 
 In Cabus is a farm or some farm land called " Skeltons," 
 containing 13a. or. i4p., which formerly, along with adjoining 
 properties, belonged to the Duke of Hamilton. 
 
 The Right Honorable and Reverend Charles, Viscount 
 
 Fauconberg, D.D. 
 
 This nobleman, the last of the bearers of the title, was born 
 in 1750. He was sent at an early age to the college at Douay. 
 He greatly distinguished himself in humanities, and afterwards 
 proceeded to St. Oregon's Seminary. Paris, passing through the 
 schools of philosophy and divinity, and won in 1778 the much 
 coveted honour, namely, the Doctorate of the Sorbonne. On 
 returning to England he laboured many years on the London mission. 
 A few years prior to his decease he retired to Lancaster, and resided 
 with his sisters, the Honourable Misses Belasyses. But, though he 
 had retired, he was not idle ; and the registers of the neighbouring 
 missions bear ample witness to the charity and zeal which continued 
 to animate him to the end of his days. He died on the 21st of June, 
 181 3, three years before his friend, Dr. Rigby. He died at his 
 residence in Thurnham Street (now the Dispensary). 
 
 The Rev. John Rigby, D.D. 
 
 This gentleman was the son of Richard and Mary Rigby, 
 nee Winstanley, of Pemberton, near Wigan. He was for thirty
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 325 
 
 years pastor of the Catholic Mission in Lancaster. He died at his 
 residence, Dalton Square, on the 10th of June, [818, aged 63 years. 
 He had a brother Thomas, who was also a Doctor o\' Divinity o\ 
 the Sorbonne, and Vicar-General of the London district. Dr. Rigby, 
 of Lancaster, was the originator of the Catholic Chapel in Dalton 
 Square, erected in 1797. It is now the Palatine Hall. 
 
 Dr. Rigby composed the Latin inscription, still to be seen, 
 though but faintly, on the Aqueduct Bridge. It was written by the 
 Doctor at the request of the Canal Company. The following 
 extracts from Dr. Rigby's note-book, concerning the Chapel in 
 Dalton Square, Schools, and Priest's House, are taken from the 
 note book of the Rev. Provost Walker : — 
 
 "TJctober 8th, 1797. Bought of James Barrow, four iots of ground, 
 fronting the lower or north end of Dalton Square, making 79 feet in front, and 87 
 backward ; price, ^"260. 
 
 October 10th. Printed for the purpose of circulation, an address to the 
 Catholics of England, soliciting contributions, of which the following is a copy :— 
 
 ' To contribute to the con venit nee and decency of public worship is in no 
 
 slight degree to extend the influence of religion and morality. The wavering are 
 often fixed, and the tepid warmed, by external aids, and the devout must feel grate- 
 ful to that pious liberality which has enabled them to enjoy the advantage of meeting 
 together in prayer. To those who are acquainted with the local circumstances of the 
 Catholic congregation at Lancaster, it is useless to say that a new chapel is wanted 
 there, and that the members of it are not in general in a condition to contribute much 
 to so desirable a purpose. It may Lie further observed that the town and congrega- 
 tion are increasing daily, and likely to continue t<> increase. Of course, the necessity 
 of adopting the measure proposed becomes daily more urgent. The R. R. William 
 Gibson," bp. of the district, has sanctioned that measure, and subscribed handsomely 
 to encourage it, and to those who may be charitably induced to follow his example, 
 these lines are addressed. Any contributions, therefore, towards the building of a 
 new chapel and house for the incumbent at Lancaster, will be gratefully received by 
 Mr. Richard Gillow, London, or Dr. Thomas Rigby, do., or by 
 
 J. R. , Lancaster. 
 October 10, '97.' "
 
 326 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 Then we find the following additional notes : — 
 
 " October 22nd. Meeting in the chapel was held but very thinly attended. 
 Certain resolutions were entered into." 
 
 They read thus : — 
 
 " Resolved, that on account of the increase of the congregation, it is 
 expedient to attempt to build a new chapel in Lancaster, and a house for the 
 incumbent. 
 
 Resolved, that the priest for the time being be always one of the trustees, 
 and that Messrs. Robert Gillow, Richard W'orswick, and John Kaye be the other 
 trustees. 
 
 Resolved, that the said trustees be empowered to purchase the aforesaid lot 
 of ground foi the use of this congregation, and that they deliver over the full use and 
 management of the house and chapel erected thereon, and the income thence to 
 arise, to the priest who is now appointed, or shall hereafter be appointed by the 
 bishop of this district, to serve this congregation. 
 
 Resolved, finally, that the house, chapel, ground, and buildings, belonging 
 to this congregation, be sold at any future and convenient time, and that the money 
 then arising, be applyed towards the erecting, finishing, or engraving of the new 
 chapel and house. 
 
 Feb. nth, 1798. Paid for land ,£260 to Mr. Baldwin. 
 
 Feb. 26th. Corry and Woodcock came over from Preston to undertake 
 the woodwork. Nearly agreed. 
 
 March 5th. Agreed with Mr. Taylor for the mason work. Agreed with 
 Mr. Exley to superintend. 
 
 March 13th. Foundation stone of north end of Chapel laid. 
 
 August nth. Rearing. 
 
 August 31st. Sold the old house, chapel, and premises, at the Shakespear, 
 by auction, to Mr. Gillow, at ^610. 
 
 September 8th. Finished slating. 
 
 March 1st, 1799. Opened the chapel. 
 
 In the list of subscriptions which follows the Right Reverend Bishop 
 Gibson's of ,£20, are : — T. Worswiek, ^200, and a second of ,£50 ; R. Gillow and
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 J-*/ 
 
 Sons, ,£150 ; Robert Gillow, London, £50. who also left by will another .£50; Mr. 
 Wheble, London, ,£50; total subscriptions received, ,£1,010 }s., which together 
 with moneys received from other sources, furnished the cost of the Chapel and 
 Presbytery, viz. £2,311 7s. 
 
 From a paper left by Dr. Rig-by, we find " that the income 
 belonging - to the incumbent of this Chapel being barely ,£90 a year, 
 ^80 from the benches, and not always so much, and from another 
 source, ^,"10, a very uncertain sum for contingencies, not included, 
 and of which he must supply wine, wax, &c, for the Chapel, and 
 repairs and taxes for the whole building, it may be thought 
 reasonable to augment it, and if so he begs to make the following 
 proposal. " (Then follows a scheme for increasing the amount 
 derived from the bench rents.) 
 
 " N. B. — Each bench below to pay 6 pence, and in the gallery I shilling a 
 year, for keeping the Chapel clean. 
 
 The Incumbent on his side promises to advance the money, which will be 
 nearly £,70, for the enfranchisement of the land belonging to the Chapel. 
 
 If this scheme be admitted, to commence with the year 1811. " 
 
 The next extract shows that Dr. Rigby fulfilled his part of 
 the above scheme : — 
 
 " In 181 1, J. Rigby purchased the freehold of the Chapel and house of Mr, 
 Dalton, for which he paid, including attorney's bill, £"]"] 7s. 5d." 
 
 Dr. Rigby succeeded the Rev. James Tyrer in the mission at 
 Lancaster, who is mentioned as being of the age of twenty-three in 
 the Douay Diary, 1764. Mr. Tyrer died on the 5th of May, 1784, 
 and was buried at Windleshaw, near St. Helens. 
 
 Dr. Rigby was interred in the Chapel in Dalton Square, but 
 his remains were exhumed when the cemetery in connection with St. 
 Peter's Church was completed, and placed therm, and the com- 
 memoration stone which had marked the spot where he was buried
 
 328 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 in the above-named Chapel, was transferred to the new grave. The 
 inscription on the marble is as follows : — 
 
 I. H. S. 
 H. S. E. 
 R.D. JOANNES RIGBY, S. T. D. 
 HUJUS SACELL1 
 CONDITOR ET PER 33 ANNOS MINISTER. 
 OBI IT ETATIS ANNOS 61 
 CHRISTI 1818 MENSE J UN DIE X, 
 IN CHRISTO SPES 
 H I C O S S A CONDI 
 IL EC SEPULCHRO INSCRIBI VOLUIT. 
 
 The Very Reverend Provost Walker, M.R., V.F. 
 
 One must be careful what he says about the Rector of St. 
 Peter's Church, since it is well known that the reverend gentleman 
 has a supreme abhorrence of anything bordering upon ostentation 
 or even commendation, so far as himself is concerned. But for the 
 sake of days to come, when the present generation will have passed 
 away, it has been deemed imperative, after due reflection, to make 
 a few very brief remarks respecting the provost. 
 
 The Very Reverend William Walker was born at Layton 
 Hall, near Blackpool, the old seat of a branch of the Rigbyes, the 
 branch celebrated for its loyalty to Charles I. After receiving the 
 rudiments of his education at Bispham school, he was entrusted to 
 the care of the Reverend Thomas Bryer, who took private pupils in 
 the parsonage at Great Marton. Here he was initiated among other 
 things into the mysteries of the Eton Latin Grammar and the 
 Eclogues of Virgil, and formed, as far as disparity of years would 
 permit, with Mr. and Mrs. Bryer, a friendship which was kept up 
 by kindly intercourse until the death of his old master. He pro- 
 ceeded to Ushaw at the end of the year 1835, and, thanks to the 
 solid foundation laid by Mr. Bryer, he found his college course
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 329 
 
 comparatively easy. Shortly after, the London University was 
 thrown open to the Catholic colleges, and he matriculated there ; 
 but was prevented by circumstances from proceeding- further. 
 Subsequently he taught successively the two higher schools of 
 humanities which included Greek and Latin and French Authors ; 
 as also ancient or English History, as the case might be. He 
 was sometime professor of Poetry, was ordained in 1849, and held 
 the post of professor of Rhetoric for several years. He left the 
 college at the end of the scholastic year 1856. Mr. Walker was 
 then appointed to St. Augustine's, Preston, where he remained 
 until the death of the Very Rev. Richard Brown, whom he succeeded 
 at St. Peter's Church, Lancaster, on the 28th of January, 1869. In 
 1873, he was appointed to a vacant stall in the pro-cathedral of St. 
 Nicholas, and in 1889 was raised by His Holiness Pope Leo XIII. 
 to the provostship of the Chapter. Provost Walker is a nephew of 
 the late Canon John Walker of Scarborough, many years the 
 personal friend of the lamented Dr. Lingard, and one of the few who 
 • were with the doctor during his last hours. The reverend gentleman 
 has endeared himself to all classes in Lancaster, who have found in 
 him at all times a fair and generous minister, a fluent and candid 
 speaker, as charitable in every respect as he is courteous and learned. 
 He is a member of the Lancaster Burial Board, and is identified 
 with all such movements as are calculated to redound to the well- 
 being of the borough. He is 70 years of age. 
 
 Richard Gillow. 
 
 This gentleman was born in 1734. He was a younger son 
 ot Richard Gillow, Esq., of Ellel Grange, who died in 17 17. He is 
 best known to us as the architect of the Custom House of Lan- 
 caster, as the inventor of the telescope table, and also as the 
 initiator of a new and improved system of furnishing the dining and 
 with-drawing rooms of superior dwellings and mansions. Mr. 
 Gillow was an ardent supporter of the Catholic religion, and was a 
 principal contributor to the cost of erecting the new Chapel in 
 Dalton Square, in 1799. Owing to his exertions the Catholics of
 
 33Q TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 Margate and the Isle of Thanet generally, were enabled to have a 
 place of worship of their own instead of having to go to Canterbury 
 when they wished to attend mass, that city prior to 1800 being the 
 nearest place available for the purpose. Mr. Gillow likewise con- 
 tributed largely to the establishment of St. Mary Abbots, Kensing- 
 ton. He died at Ellel Grange on the 14th of August, 181 1. 
 Richard, his eldest son, purchased the manors of Leighton and 
 Yealand Conyers from his cousin, Thomas Worswick, Esq., whose 
 mother, Alice Gillow, was the wife of Alexander Worswick, of 
 Leighton. There were two other sons, Robert Gillow, of Clifton 
 Hill, Forton, and George Gillow, of Hammersmith. For fuller 
 particulars of this ancient Catholic family, see Mr. Joseph Gillow's 
 " Bibliographical Dictionary," vol. II. In the same will be found 
 interesting biographies of the Gillows of Preston, Singleton, and 
 Salwick, including one of the Rev. Dr. Gillow, president of Ushaw 
 College.
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 
 
 33 J 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 
 Churches of St. John — St. Anne—Christ Church — St. Luke, Skerton— 
 Fast Incumbents of each — Value of the Respective Living- oi 
 Churches — Congregationalism and Wesleyanism in Lancaster- 
 Si-. Nicholas's Chapel— Various Denominations — Friends' Meeting 
 House — Moorside Burial Ground. 
 
 St. John's Church. 
 
 J FEW 7 more places of divine worship now 
 
 We must now treat 
 
 pj require some attention. 
 
 of St. John's Church. This first Chapel ot 
 ease erected in Lancaster demands more 
 than a passing- notice. But it will, perhaps, 
 be as well to call attention to it first archi- 
 tecturally, and then note its interior and the 
 features of interest therein. The Church is 
 built in the Italian style, is 28 yards long by 
 18 wide, and 30 feet in height. The tower, 
 erected in 1784, is square, and in three 
 sections, surmounted by a dome having eight plain circular pillars, 
 supported by square central columns behind, and above is a small 
 spire of the concave-curvilinear and octagonal form. In 1889, the 
 appearance of the Church was greatly improved by an application oi 
 the painter's brush and by general cleaning. Outside, a new parapet 
 was erected, into which, new and neat iron railing was inserted, so 
 that a much more cheerful aspect now greets the eye. Within the 
 sacred edifice are several interesting tablets ; the first refers to 
 the augmentation of 1757. 
 
 a.d., 1757. 
 This Church of St. John was augmented, and A.D., 1760, 
 
 Lands purchased with £Soo
 
 332 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 Whereof given by 
 
 Queen Anne's Bounty ^4°° 
 
 By executors of William Stratford, LL.D ^200 
 
 By other Benefactors £ 2 °° 
 
 Another tablet near the above, and adjacent to the font, 
 states that : — 
 
 THIS FONT WAS PRESENTED TO ST. JOHN'S CHURCH BY 
 ELIZABETH AND DOROTHY BOWES l8l8. THE ABOVE-MENTIONED 
 ELIZABETH BOWES DIED ON THE 5TH DAY OF APRIL, 1 858, AGED 84 
 YEARS, AND DOROTHY BOWES ON THE 22ND DAY OF MAY, 1858, 
 AGED 78. 
 
 A beautiful marble slab bears this inscription : — XIO tbC 
 
 OlOfP Of (BOO, AND FOR THE BENEFIT OF HER NEIGHBOURS, THE 
 CLOCK OF THIS CHURCH WAS GIVEN AND FIXED AT THE COST OF 
 MISS BALDWIN, OF GREEN AYRE, IN THIS PARISH. IT WAS DEDI- 
 
 CATED TO DIVINE SERVICE, SUNDAY, AUGUST 29, 1886. 
 
 THIS FACT IS RECORDED AS A TOKEN OF GRATITUDE FOR A 
 VALUABLE GIFT, AND OF ESTEEM EOR THE DONOR. 
 
 William Harris Ewald, M.A., Vicar. 
 
 William Bell, j Churchwardens. 
 Henry Hartley, J 
 
 On the wall of the north aisle I found memorials, the first of 
 which is : — 
 
 TO THE MEMORY 
 
 OF CORNEY TOMLINSON, LATE OF LANCASTER, 
 
 THIS TABLET IS INSCRIBED 
 
 BY HIS ONLY SURVIVING DAUGHTER 
 
 AS A TRIBUTE OF AFFECTION 
 
 AND DUTIFUL REGARD 
 
 TO THE INESTIMABLE QUALITIES 
 
 OF A BELOVED PARENT. 
 
 HE DEPARTED THIS LIFE APRIL 3OTH, 1813.
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 333 
 
 IN MEMORY ALSO OF FOl'R OF HIS CHILDREN, 
 
 VIZ : — TWO SONS AND TWO DAUGHTERS, 
 
 INTERRED NEAR THIS PLACE. 
 
 ALSO IN MEMORY OF MARGARET, THE BELOVED RELICT. 
 
 OF THE ABOVE CORNEY TOMLINSON, 
 
 WHO DIED OCTOBER 9TH, 1837, 
 
 AGED 71, 
 
 ALSO OF MARGARET, THE ONLY SURVIVING CHILD 
 
 OF THE ABOVE CORNEY AND MARGARET TOMLINSON, 
 
 AND THE LAST MEMBER OF THE TOMLINSON FAMILY, 
 
 WHO DIED MARCH 27TH, 1 843, 
 
 AGED 55 YEARS, 
 
 A BENEFACTRESS OF THIS CHURCH. 
 
 The next is : — 
 
 IN MEMORY OF BENJAMIN S.YTTERTHWAITE, ESQ., 
 
 OF LANCASTER, 
 
 WHO DIED DECEMBER III. MDCCCL. 
 
 AGED LXXXVII. 
 
 Further on is a memorial to John Brockbank, Esq., which 
 reads thus : — 
 
 in memory of john brockbank, of lancaster, 
 who died june 1 2th, 1847, aged 66 years, 
 
 and Eleanor, wife of the above, 
 
 who died september 20/th, 1 847, aged 57. 
 
 also John Brockbank their only son, 
 
 who died september ioth, 1 873, aged 59
 
 334 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 In the south aisle is this commemoration of the life and 
 labours of a former pastor :— 
 
 SACRED TO THE MEMORY OF 
 
 The Rev. George M o r l a n d 
 
 38 YEARS VICAR OF THIS CHURCH, 
 
 WHO DIED 5TH OCTOBER, 1862, 
 
 IN THE 72ND YEAR OF HIS AGE, 
 
 AND WAS INTERRED IN THE CEMETERY, LANCASTER. 
 
 THIS TABLET IS ERECTED BY HIS SORROWING RELATIVES, 
 
 IN AFFECTIONATE REMEMBRANCE OF HIS CHARACTER, 
 
 AS A FAITHFUL MINISTER OF GOD'S HOLY WORD, 
 
 AND A BRIGHT EXAMPLE OF THE DOCTRINES HE TAUGHT, 
 
 BY HIS TRULY CHRISTIAN DISPOSITION 
 
 AND CONSISTENT DEPORTMENT IN THE DAILY WALK OF LIFE." 
 
 The last one I surveyed is: — 
 
 in memory of 
 Nancy, wife of Thomas Howitt, 
 
 of lancaster, surgeon, 
 
 who died i2th september, 1839, 
 
 aged 56 years, 
 
 also of the above 
 
 Thomas H o w i t t , 
 
 WHO DIED THE 
 
 2 I ST AUGUST, I 846, 
 
 AGED 62 YEARS. 
 
 There are three large medallion lights in each of the two east 
 windows. In the south-east window, beginning with the lowest 
 medallion, the subject is Our Lord's Nativity ; in the two medallions 
 above are representations of the Crucifixion and of the Angel at our 
 Lords's empty sepulchre. In the north-east window the subjects 
 are, beginning from the bottom : — Our Lord's appearance to Man- 
 Magdalene after his Resurrection. Then we have Our Lords' 
 appearance to St. Thomas, and the Ascension.
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 335 
 
 The east window bears at its base the following inscription :— 
 
 "IN HOXOREM DEI, E.P. MDCCCLXXI. TO THE GLORY OF COD. 
 IN MEMORY OF HARRIET, WIFE OF JOHN H.\LL, BORN' IITH APRIL, 
 1805, DECEASED 30TH JULY, 1 870. " 
 
 Neatly engraved round the lower portion of the pulpit is a 
 brass on which are these words: — "to the glory of god. in 
 
 THE YEAR OF OUR LORD, 1 875, THIS PULPIT AND THE PRAYER DESK 
 WERE GIVEN BY MISS BALDWIN, OF GREEN AYRE, IN THIS PARISH, 
 AND HER SISTER, MRS. PEEBLES. EDWARD PeDDER M.A., VICAR, 
 
 James Parker and Henry Longman, churchwardens. 
 
 An organ was presented to the Church, in 1863, by Miss 
 Tatham, of Melling. It replaced an organ given to the Church by 
 Abram Rawlinson, Esq., M.P., in 1784, erected by B. Langshaw, 
 who was also the organist. On the west gallery are the National 
 Anns, and over the late Mr. Roper's pew, formerly occupied by the 
 Rev. Wm. Stratford, LL.D., were the Richmond Arms. Over 
 the Mayor's Pew are the Lancaster Arms. This Church used to be 
 designated the Green Ayre Chapel. It stands on the site of what 
 was once known as the " Clayholes." 
 
 The Deed of Consecration of St. John's Church begins with : — " In the 
 name of Cod, Amen, whereas by reason of the great enciease of the inhabitants 
 within the town of Lancaster, the Mother Church there being rendered not 
 sufficiently capable of the number of parishioners who would resort to divine service 
 therein, the Worshipful Thomas Postlethwaite, Esquire, thelate Mayor, and John Stout 
 and Myles Braithwaite, gentlemen, late Bailiffs, and the Commonalty of the town of 
 Lancaster, by indenture bearing date the twenty-third day of October, in the year of 
 our Lord one thousand seven hundred and fifty one, did give and grant unto John 
 McMillan, Robert Foxcroft, Henry Williamson, and John Howe.-, of the same 
 place, gentlemen, their heirs and assigns for ever, the parcel of ground enclosed about 
 this Chapel or Edifice for a Chapel on part whereof same is erected. In trust only 
 and to the Intent and purpose that a Chapel for celebrating Divine Service, according 
 to the usage of the Church of England as by law established, should be erected 
 thereon and the remainder set apart for a yard or burial place to the same." Next 
 we find that ,£820 was left by the Rev. Dr. Stratford towards the erection, and that
 
 336 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 ,£205 was subscribed by Francis Reynolds and Edward Marton, Esquires, Members 
 of Parliament for Lancaster, as well as ^,300 by other pious and well disposed persons 
 in the said town. It was duly arranged that the Sacraments should be administered 
 in the new Chapel of ease, and that marriages, christenings, and burials should also 
 take place therein, "all customary and due fees" being payable to the Vicar of the 
 Mother Church, and the names, places of abode, and dates of all persons married, 
 christened, or buried, with the dates, should be transmitted every quarter to the said 
 Vicar without -whose consent 110 funeral seru/o/i could lie preached in the Chapel, 
 and no corpse is to be buried within the Church. As the tablet beneath the gallery 
 shows, the Chapel was augmented with the ^"800 in 1757. 
 
 The space of land occupied by the Church and churchyard is 
 thus shown by the following- clause : — " And we do also by our said 
 ordinary and episcopal authority separate the said ground enclosed 
 as aforesaid about this chapel, and containing in length (including 
 the ground wheron the Chapel stands) at the east side thereof 
 thirty-four yards and an half, at the west side thereof thirty-four 
 yards and an half, and at the north side thereof forty-eight yards, 
 and at the south side forty-five yards and six inches or thereabouts, 
 from all former prophane uses and dedicate and consecrate the same 
 to be a yard, repository or place of burial for the bodies of the dead 
 to be in a Christian manner there interred by the name of the 
 Chapel-yard of Saint John the Evangelist, in Lancaster." The Deed 
 of Consecration is thus signed :— 
 
 Abel Ward, Archdeacon of Chester. 
 
 Oliver Martox, Rector of Bextham. 
 
 J. Fexton, LL.D., Vicar of Laxcaster. 
 
 W. Johxsox, Curate of Catox. 
 
 Miles Barber, Mayor of Laxcaster. 
 
 J. Fextox. 
 
 Hexrv Brackex 
 
 James Rigmaidex. 
 
 Gwalter Borraxskill. 
 
 James Harper. 
 
 Robert Foxcroft. 
 
 G. Grew 
 
 Chas. Lambert, Notarv Publick. 
 
 J. Collixsox, Notary Publick.
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 337 
 
 The deed appears in extenso in the first Churchwarden's 
 Account Book, which is thus labelled : — 
 
 Yearly Accompts for St. John's Chapel, Lancaster. 
 J as. Richardson and Henry Fell, Chapel Wardens, 1760. 
 
 Here is the first page carefully transcribed : — 
 
 Dr. Saint John's Chapel with James Barrow and Jno. Bowes, chapel wardens, from 
 the 15th of June, 1755, till Easter, 1756. 
 
 1755- 
 
 £ s. d. 
 
 Jan. loth. To cash paid for a book to keep Chapel Wardens' accounts in o i 2 
 
 ,, 2 1 st. To do. for a form of prayer for the fast o 1 6 
 
 ,, 24th. To do. James Fletcher, sexton, his half year's salary o 10 o 
 
 Feb. 26th. To do. William Parr for laying digging stones on the chapel 1 4 o 
 
 April 19th. To do. the apparitor for a book of articles o 1 o 
 
 ,, 20th. To do. with the trustees electing chapel wardens o 1 u>£ 
 
 May 8th. To do. Margaret Wingreen her bill repairing windows ... o 12 6 
 
 ,, ,, To do. Edward Mackrell his bill sundry repairs 080 
 
 ,, nth. To do. Mr. Mayor his bill for wine for the chapel 2 3 ioj^ 
 
 ,, ,, To do. fees swearing into office 020 
 
 ,, ,, To do. Francis Nicholson for cleaning gutters o o 5 
 
 ,, ,, To do. Nicholas Atkinson for 2 dust shovels 016 
 
 ,, ,, To do. chamberware 5c!., ink and bottle 3d., almanack 4d. o 1 o 
 
 ,, ,, To do. Helme and Fowler, stuff for a curtain o 3 7^ 
 
 ,, ,, To do. John Read for making do 00^ 
 
 ,, ,, To do. Edward Mackrell for making the surplice o 10 6 
 
 ,, ,, To do. Edward Mackrell for washing linnen and cleaning 
 
 plate o 10 o 
 
 „ ,, To do. Edward Mackrell, bread for the Communion 026 
 
 ,, ,, To do. allowed the Chapel Wardens for attending the Court 
 
 when discharged O 5 O 
 
 ,, ,, To do. Edward Mackrell half year's salary as clerk, ending 
 
 the 15th December, ult 200 
 
 ,, ,, To do. with the Trustees on auditing the Chapel Warden-' 
 
 accounts 
 
 ,, 14th. To do. fees at the visitation 
 
 ,, ,, To balance remaining, lodged in the hands of John Bowes. 
 
 £10 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 3'A
 
 338 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 On the Cr. side we find the following : — 
 
 1755- 
 
 Dec. 31st. By cash received from the rents arising for the seats, being 
 one half of what is due thereon yearly towards repairs 
 
 and expenses of the Chapel 10 o 
 
 Lancaster. May 14th, 1756, audited and allowed by us. 
 
 Among other entries are these taken from various pages : — 
 
 1756- 
 
 June 28th. To cash paid for painting the altar piece o 5 6 
 
 Nov. 9th. To 2 doz. of rings 3d.. Edward Marshal! for tape and 
 
 piecing ye curtain o o 4 
 
 1757- 
 
 Ian. 27th. To James Warriner for the proclamation and prayers for a 
 
 publick fast to be on iith of February next o 1 6 
 
 1758. 
 
 Nov. 10th. To do. Thomas Fayrer for engraving a flaggon 076 
 
 April 17th. To do. Mr. Johnson for taking copy of the register and 
 
 transferring' it into [he parish register 026 
 
 1759 
 
 Aug. 1st. To do. Edward Mackeral for making of 2 new keys and 
 
 mending' ye flaggon 040 
 
 Sept. Sth. To do. for cleaning the chapel after the whitewashers ...026 
 1761. 
 
 Tuly 30th. For mowing the chapel-yard 008 
 
 _,, ,, For sand o 1 o 
 
 ,, ,, For liquor for the workmen 006 
 
 Sept. 24th. Paid the bellman for letting" the seats o 2 6 
 
 Oct. 5th. Two brooms 002 
 
 It seems to have been the custom for the bellman to announce 
 vacant seats in the Church at this period. 
 
 One, Isabella Ashburner, supplied the communion bread, and 
 Mr. J. McMillan the communion wine. A sheet almanack was 
 purchased even- year, price 6d. In 1763 the word is spelt 
 ■' Aliminach." This word evidently bothered the scribe, who was 
 no orthographist, for a little above he spells trouble without the 
 " o." Another entry is thus : —
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 339 
 
 1767. 
 
 Dec. 301b. Paid Robert Pickering, dark, the latter half year sallary ... 200 
 
 Pickering- succeeded George Mackrell. In 1770 Henry 
 Procter is clerk and John Jackson sexton. 
 
 There is a resolution which is a practical proof of the 
 economising spirit of the Church Wardens. It says :— 
 
 "April 5th, 1774. Resolved by the surviving Trustees of Saint John's 
 Chapel, in Lancaster, — That in future no more be allowed the Chapel Wardens of 
 the said Chapel for their expenses at dinners and extraordinaries, on the Visitation 
 Day, than 7s. 6d., being 2s. 6d. for each Chapel Warden, and 2s. 6d. for the Curate 
 of the said Chapel. It is also agreed by the said Trustees that in future the accounts 
 of the Chapel Wardens shall be annually settled on every Easier Monday, in the 
 afternoon to avoid the expence of dining, the whole expense whereof shall not exceed 
 5s." It was also resolved that no extraordinary repairs relating to the said Chapel 
 shall be made by the Chapel Wardens of the said Chapel without the direction and 
 approbation of the Trustees, otherwise the same will not be allowed in their accounts. 
 
 Robert Foxcroft. 
 John Bowes." 
 
 Ann Jackson appears to have become sexton in January, 
 1774. Her half year's salary in July, 1774, is put down as 10s. For 
 mending the mayor's cushion, in 1775, the item charged is 6d. 
 
 Among the names of tradesmen and others are those of 
 Myles Pennington, David Pennington, Johnson & Crosfield, Richard 
 Lawson, Anthony Procter, Stephen Wildman (glazier), Thomas 
 Ralph, John Beaumont, John Neill, Richard Warbrick, Matthew 
 Calvert, James Holt (stationer, evidently in 1785), William Atkin- 
 son (plasterer), John Brockbank, Ambrose Busher and Edward 
 Batty (met with up to about 1785-8) ; Benjamin Sandham was clerk 
 in 1820. He appears to have succeeded Henry Procter about 1805. 
 Procter held the offices of clerk and sexton in 1800. A William 
 White was for man)- years organ blower, followed by Thomas 
 Jackson about 181 3.
 
 34o TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 In 1818, William Hill is paid as wages ^3 13s. 6d., for 
 making" gates. 
 
 In 182 1 is an entry stating that : — 
 
 " The iron railing fixed into Mr. Greenwood's house end was by his consent, 
 and must not, therefore, be considered as a matter of right. T. Mackreth, Curate of 
 St. John's, 9th of April, 1822." 
 
 Next we read that "the present fence-wall from the north 
 corner of the Chapel-yard, for the distance of eleven yards, is Mr. 
 Brockbank's. The original fence-wall of the Chapel-yard will be 
 found by digging into the ground. Dated the 9th of April, 1822. 
 T. Mackrfth, Curate of St. John's." On the following page is a 
 list of the subscribers for "raising iron palisades upon the fence 
 round St. John's Chapel, and for other improvements." Among 
 the names we observe are those of James Atkinson, John Bond, O. 
 T. Roper, Leonard Redmayne, B. Satterthwaite, Christopher Clark, 
 Miss Sowerby, Richard Willock, Isaac Greenwood, Charles Seward, 
 John Stout, &c. The amounts subscribed vary from 10s. 6d. to 
 £\ ts., £3, and £5. Total, £73 os. 8d. 
 
 G. V. Danter is clerk in 1830; John Miller in 1833 is clerk 
 and sexton, followed by John Bateson in or near 1846. The book 
 is still in use. From first to last the various samples of chirograph) - 
 are really clear and good. The mayoral signature each year 
 appears first. The first name is that of Robert Foxcroft, written 
 with a serpenttine flourish above it. He and John Bowes sign 
 many years together, in fact up to 1789. This latter year Mr. 
 Foxcroft signs in a zig-zag manner, running at an angle from left 
 to right through Mr. Bowes's sign-manual. In 1790, John Bowes 
 signs alone. In 1791, we have Edward Suart, Mayor, and J. 
 Warbrick and Richard Atkinson, signing as bailiff's. Other 
 mayors' autographs are met with such as those of James Hinde, 
 John Tallon, Robert Addison, Richard Johnson, D. Campbell, J. 
 Harris, Richard Postlethwaite, James Parkinson, Thomas Shepherd, 
 Jacksone Mason, Thomas Burrow, J. Taylor Wilson, Thomas
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 341 
 
 Moore, Thomas Giles, John Parke, Samuel Gregson, Thomas 
 Walling- Salisbury, John Bond, Thomas Bowes, J. B. Xottage 
 Leonard Redmayne, James Atkinson, Christopher Johnson, John 
 Brockbank, Edward D. de Vitre (1844), James Williamson (1865). 
 W. Bradshaw seems to be the last to sign as mayor in 1870. 
 
 Before the book proper commences there is a return of rents 
 derived from seats in the Chapel. They appear to have been let for 
 seven years. Total rent, ^48 7s. 6d., of which sum ^28 7s. 6d 
 was for the curate, ^20 being appropriated for repairs and expenses. 
 
 On the back of the cover is this notice : — "The seat, No. 28, 
 formerly occupied by the Trustees of the late Dr. Stratford, after- 
 wards let to Buckley, and now to Thomas Mason, for ^3 3s. od., 
 was- given up towards repairs of Saint John's Chapel, in 1790. 
 This seat was numbered 27 in April, 1874. "W. Roper." 
 
 " The deed of conveyance of the land for St. John's School, 
 and abstract of title, are in my safe, the approved draft deed is with 
 Messrs. Hall and Son," writes the Rev. Canon Pedder in January, 
 1869. 
 
 On a slip of paper is an 
 
 Inventory of the Communion Plate, &c, belonging to St. 
 
 John's Church, a.d., 1884. 
 
 Two large silver Flagons, luo silver Chalices, one large silver and one 
 smaller silver Paten, silver-wire Strainer and Spoon, wooden-handled Knife, and 
 Board for culling the bread on, one large brass Arms Dish, smaller ones, linen cloths and 
 Napkins for the Holy Table, two Altar Cloths, Velvet Frontal for the Pulpit, worked 
 Kneeling Mats, one large Bible, one large Prayer Book, two Servicr Books for the 
 Altar, two oak Chairs within the Sanctuary, two Desks, two Hassocks in wooden 
 frames, one brass Lectern, and one Glastonbury Chair. 
 
 There are memorandums at the other end of the book, one of which dis- 
 charges Robert Pickering, clerk, and John Jackson, sexton, for bad behaviour.
 
 342 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 The note is dated August 20th, 1770. and signed Jno. Gibson, curate, 
 Robert Foxcroft, John Bowes, James Hinde, and Richard Simpson. 
 
 " By Agreement dated the 14th April, 1864, two pieces of land, part of the 
 Carnforth Estate, belonging to St. John's Church, Lancaster, and which pieces con- 
 tained together la. or. 2op. , were sold to the Furness and Midland Railway Com- 
 panies, for the sun of one hundred ami ninety-nine pounds nineteen shillings and 
 sixpence, and the same pieces of land were soon afterwards duly conveyed to the said 
 Companies. On the 15th August, 1865, the said sum of ^199 19s. 6d. was invested 
 in the purchase of the sum of ,£224 Is. 3d. consolidated ^3 per cent, annuities, in the 
 names of John Brockbank and Wilton Wood." 
 
 There is an extract from the will of Miss Tomlinson, which will bears date 
 30th January, 1843. This lady bequeathed " unto Ann Jackson and Mary Ann 
 Ravvlinson, their executors and administrators, out of such part of her personal estate 
 as the law permits to be bequeathed for charitable purposes, the sum of Five Hundred 
 Pounds upon the trusts following, that is to say in trust to invest the same at interest 
 in or upon any of the Parliamentary Stocks or Funds of Great Britain and Ireland, 
 as to them or her shall appear eligible, with full power as often as occasion may 
 require to vary or transpose the same securities, and upon further trust from time to 
 time to expend the dividends and annual produce of the said stocks, funds, or 
 securities in or towards cleaning, airing, lighting, repairing, or improving- St. John's 
 Chape], in Lancaster aforesaid, or to pay the same dividends and annual produce unto 
 the officiating Minister or Chapel Wardens for the time being of the said Chapel, to 
 be by him or them expended in manner aforesaid, whose receipt shall be a sufficient 
 discharge to my said Trustees." Provision was made for the Idling up of the Trustee- 
 ship in case of the decease of Ann Jackson or Mary Ann Rawlinson, by the appoint- 
 ment of the survivor, and after her death, of the Minister and Chapel Wardens of St. 
 John's Chapel for the time being. 
 
 Miss Margaret Tomlinson died on the 27th March, 1843, and her will was 
 proved on the 12th of April, same year, by Ann Jackson and Mary Ann Rawlinson, 
 in the Consistory Court of Lancaster. 
 
 The sum of ^489 new three and a half per cents, was appropriated for 
 the said legacy on the 12th of March, 1844, at the price of ^102 % percent., and the 
 said sum of ^,489 new £$}-2 per cents, has since been converted into the like sum of 
 new £-3 P er cents. 
 
 Entries follow showing that in 1873, the investment stood in the names of 
 Mr. Christoper Johnson and Mr. Thomas Mason, Trustees. In 188 1, the amount 
 stood in the names of Mr. Christopher Johnson and Mr. W. Roper.
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 343 
 
 The first Church or Chapel Wardens of St. John were Messrs. James Barrow 
 and |ohn Bowes, followed by Messrs. Homy Williamson and William Sudell. In 
 1781-2 these offices were filled by Messrs. John and Septimus Brockbank. 
 
 The account book reveals some odd samples of orthography, surplice being 
 "Surplus," and in one place windows is written " windays. 
 
 In 1772 the Church was furnished with a ''book oi articules," and by " a 
 window corlin " in the year before. A " duranl for covering up the Mayor's cushion 
 is likewise mentioned in another place. The Newcastle Chronicle had an interesting 
 article some year or two ago on Female Sextons, and stating the parishes where these 
 feminine grave personages were at various periods officiating. It will be new to many 
 readers to learn that the office of sexton in connection with St. John's was filled by n 
 woman. One of the .sextons was named Ann Jackson who asked for extra pay when 
 she filled up a grave. In 1784 she received an extra sum at the rate ot [OS 6d. per 
 annum for " blawin t' orgin billows." There are entries referring to public thanks- 
 givings for victories at Ouebec, Havanna, and Martinico. More samples of original 
 orthography appear, they have extern for extra, rinf for rent, and dew for due. The 
 burial ground was closed on the 1st January, 1855. 
 
 Among assistant Curates at St. John's Church may be named the Re^ . 
 James Birkett, June 24th. 1764 ; the Rev. John Widdett, at £40 per annum, February 
 27th, 1790, at £$0 per annum ; the Rev William Fish, May 9th, 1802; the Rev. 
 Thomas Saul, December 6th, 1803 ; the Rev. Thomas Mackreth, September 191I1, 
 1813, who afterwards became Rector of Halton. This last Clergyman was an intimate 
 friend of the late Dr. Whewell. 
 
 Corporation Notes. 
 
 The Corporation of Lancaster on the 8th of May 1749, agreed to subscribe 
 .£100 towards the building of St. John's Church at or near the Clayhoies, as the land 
 was once called 
 
 On the 25th July, 1754. it was proposed and agreed that the Corporation 
 
 should build two galleries in the new Chapel, the one the whole length on the south 
 side, and the other the whole length on the north side at their own expense, :\nd that 
 the seats in such galleries should be let out for an annual income, out of which the 
 Corporation should for ever receive and retain in their hands and lor their use interest 
 yearly after the rate of ^5 by the year, for one hundred pounds, and the surplus of 
 the money, if any, raised by letting the said seats was to be employed in liquidating 
 cost of repairs and in making up a yearly stipend fur the Curate. But on the 21st of 
 the No' ember of the same year, the resolution to the effect stated was rescinded, and
 
 344 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 it was agreed upon after the erection of the above galleries to sell such and so 
 much of the seats as would be sufficientto defray the expense of building, and the seats 
 remaining unsold were to be let at an annual rent, the proceeds to be devoted to 
 repairs of the Church and the curate's stipend. 
 
 St. John's Schools were opened in the year 1869. 
 
 The Corporation, which had ceased to attend St. Mary's Church, owing to 
 a difference with the Church Wardens in 1863. attending from this date the Church 
 we have been treating of, returned to the Parish Church during the Mayoralty of Mr. 
 William Storey in 1872. The Corporation Pew dates from the erection of the Church 
 and its appointments. The Corporation formerly attended St. Mary's Church in the 
 morning and St. John's in the afternoon. 
 
 The register book of St. John's Church is in very good 
 condition. There are many old names well known to Lan- 
 castrians in this book, such for instance as Brockbank, Beckett, 
 Batty, Baldwin, Cleminson, Kendal, Salisbury, Worswick, &c. 
 Here are a few specimens : — 
 
 1755- 
 
 Henry, son of Henry Miller, baptised June 22nd. 
 
 George, son of James Muckelt, Lancaster, born 7th August, baptised Sept. 7th. 
 
 1758. 
 Mary, daughter of John Houseman, gent., born April 12th, baptised May 7th. 
 
 1759- 
 
 Ellin, daughter of William Penny, Lancaster, born May 22nd, baptised June 10th. 
 
 1759- 
 Elizabeth, daughter of Simon Otway, Lancaster, baptised 8th June. 
 
 1760. 
 
 August. 
 
 Fanny, daughter of James Muckelt, baptised 12th. 
 
 1761. 
 
 March. 
 
 Richard, son of John Beckett, baptised 22nd. 
 
 1762. 
 
 December. 
 
 Richard, son of Richard Worswick, baptised 15th. 
 
 1763. 
 January, 
 
 Thomas, son of James Muckalt, baptised 5t
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 345 
 
 1765- 
 Betty, daughter of James Muckelt, baptised 24th. 
 
 1767. 
 
 September. 
 
 John, son of Jeremiah Sowerby, baptised 30th. 
 
 1773- 
 
 May. 
 Agnes, daughter of Allen Penny, 23rd. 
 
 I774- 
 
 June. 
 
 Bella, daughter of Captain Danson, born 5th. 
 
 1780. 
 
 October. 
 
 Christopher, son of James and Jane Muckelt, baptised 12th. 
 
 1781. 
 
 February. 
 
 Francis, son of Francis and Ann Lonsdale, Lancaster, baptised 12th. 
 
 1795- 
 
 January. 
 
 Bryan Padgett, son of Samuel and Bella Gregson, baptised 31st. 
 Catherine, daughter of Richard and Kitty Owen, Lancaster, born February 2 1st, 
 
 baptised on the 22nd. 
 
 1797- 
 May. 
 
 Maria, daughter of Richard and Kitty Owen, Lancaster, born April 30th, 
 
 baptised May 23rd. 
 
 Xtenings in 1804. 
 
 March. 
 
 Ellin, daughter of Samuel and Bella Gregson, born 2ist February, and baptised 
 
 24th March. 
 
 1S13. 
 
 June. 
 
 John, son of Thomas and Jane Orchard, private in the South Hunt.'- Militia, private 
 
 baptism, 22nd. 
 Burials. 
 The first burial is recorded in 1757, when Edward Leeming, Ellin Biggins, 
 widow, and Mary Salthouse are the names met with. 
 
 March 12th, 1798, Peggy Sandys, aged 68. 
 August 17th, Sally Sandys, aged 33. 
 
 One clergyman has excelled all others in the matter of parti- 
 cularising, and not only does the age of each person interred appear
 
 346 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 but the cause of death likewise. After an infant's name you read 
 " meazles," tooth-fever, &c, and on one page alone " decline " is 
 put down no less than eighteen times. Well, decline may be the 
 true cause at the last whatever complaint we may have enjoyed. 
 
 There is a slip of paper inserted in the register book giving 
 an inventory of the communion plate and some other articles belong- 
 ing to St. John's Church. It mentions " 2 18th century Silver 
 Flagons, 2 iSthcenturySilverChalices, 2Silver Patens," which are "in 
 the custody of J. Parker, Esq., who has kindly consented to keep 
 them at the Vicar's request. The above plate is very good. 
 Several metal alms dishes are kept in the vestry." Next we observe 
 that there is " one large Bible on the lectern, and one large Prayer- 
 book on the desk, &c." 
 
 A note, or memorandum, sets forth that " ^25 per annum 
 from the tithes of the Mother Church has been granted in perpetuity 
 to the living by the present vicar of Lancaster with the consent of 
 the patron paramount ; " also that the record of this grant is lodged 
 with Messrs. Maxsted and Gibson, solicitors. 
 
 The memorandum is dated March 6th, 1889, and is signed by 
 the Vicar — W. H. Ewald, M.A. 
 
 T " ™ G Churchwardens. 
 
 James Ellershaw J 
 
 Another item states that Miss Ferguson's legacy of £500 
 enabled free pews to that amount to be secured without involving 
 pecuniary loss to the Vicar or Churchwardens. Then we next learn 
 that the ^340 five per cent. Rent Charge Stock of the Great Western 
 Railway Company now estimated to be worth ^530 forms the capi- 
 tal out of which the interest arising is payable to the the sick poor. 
 The Trustees of the St. John's Benevolent Fund are the Bishop of 
 Manchester, the Vicar of St. John's, and the Churchwardens. 
 
 In the vestry is a very neat picture of Lancaster, "a north- 
 east prospect," and judging from its appearance and that of the
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 347 
 
 Church of St. Mary, and the Castle, it represents an early eighteenth 
 century view. Near to, is a fine steel engraving of the Bishop of 
 Ely, who, when Bishop of Chester, consecrated St. John's Chapel 
 — the Riyfht Reverend Edmund Keene, D.D. — taken from an 
 original painting in the year 1708. 
 
 On Tuesday, the 29th November, 1842, the first marriage 
 ceremony took place in St. John's Church, and the Revd. George 
 Morland presented the couple with a Bible and Prayer-book to 
 mark the event. The names of the contracting parties were Mr. 
 John Bannister and Miss Nicholas Cuthbertson Bell. 
 
 The chapelry district of St. John's assigned by the Church 
 Commissioners, on the 13th day of August, 1842, according to Acts 
 of Parliament passed in the reigns of George III. and IV., is as 
 follows : — 
 
 " Boundary of district commences at Damside on the north- 
 west side of Fleet Square and then proceeds in a north-easterly 
 direction along the banks of the Lune as far as the new bridge, 
 then along the bridge to the Ladies' Walk and northwards up that 
 walk to a footway along which it proceeds in an easterly direction 
 to Hornby Road ; then in a northerly direction down the centre of 
 that road to St. Leonardgate, and along the centre of St. Leonard- 
 gate to Rosemary Lane ; then up the centre ofthatlaneto Damside 
 and in a westerly direction up Damside to the north-west side of 
 Fleet Square, where the boundary commenced." The area is about 
 42 acres; population 1,981. 
 
 St. Anne's Church. 
 
 St. Anne's Church was consecrated by the Bishop of Chester 
 in August, 1796. There are not many mural tablets in this Church; 
 indeed there are only three. The first on the south side is as 
 follows : —
 
 348 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 this tablet 
 
 is erected by 
 
 John Baynes, of Blackburn, 
 
 to the memory of 
 
 his beloved mother, 
 
 Isabella, wife of Thomas Baynes, 
 
 of this town, 
 
 who died september i ith, 1850, 
 
 aged 63 years. 
 
 " Her children arise up and call her blessed." 
 
 Proverbs chap, j/, v. 28. 
 
 On the north wall is this memorial : — 
 
 THIS TABLET IS ERECTED 
 
 BY THE MEMBERS OF ST. ANNE'S CONGREGATION 
 
 TO THE MEMORY OF 
 
 The Rev. Robt. Housman, A.B., 
 
 THE FOUNDER AND FOR FORTY-ONE YEARS THE BELOVED MINISTER 
 
 OF THIS CHAPEL. 
 
 HIS NAME AND LABOURS AKE INTIMATELY ASSOCIATED WITH THE 
 
 PROGRESS OF " PURE AND UNDEFILED RELIGION " IN THIS TOWN. 
 
 BORN FEBRUARY 25TH, 1759, DIED APRIL 23RD, 1838. 
 
 " He was a good man and full of the Holy Ghost and faith ; and 
 much people was added unto the Lord. "- — Acts //. , v. 24. 
 
 Some excellent ministers have served this Church and Parish. 
 Among whom, without any risk of invidiousness, may be mentioned 
 the former, whom the above marble can only faintly commemorate 
 when compared to his life-work which forms his more abiding 
 memorial, since his " works do follow him " truly. Then we re- 
 member the scholarly Dr. Hathornthwaite, and the genial Canon 
 Pedder. 
 
 On the north side of the chancel is a brass shield bearing 
 this inscription : —
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 349 
 
 M. N. HATHORNTHWAITE 
 
 OB : MORICAMBI^, 
 
 APRIL XXIV., MDCCCLXIV., 
 
 JET. XX., 
 
 IN JESU 
 
 WHEN SHE WAS ABOUT TO DEPART SHE SAID, 
 
 HAR 
 
 AND 
 
 " ALL IS WELL," 
 
 AND 
 
 "I AM QUITE HAPPY," 
 
 AND 
 
 "OH! HOW I HAVE BEEN WISHING TO SING AGAIN 'THEREFORE WITH 
 
 ANGELS AND ARCHANGELS.'" 
 
 "WHERE, LOVE?" SAID HER FATHER. POINTING UPWARDS 
 
 TO THE CLEAR SUNSHINE THROUGH THE WINDOW, SHE SAID 
 
 " THERE ! " 
 
 THEN SHALL THE RIGHTEOUS SHINE FORTH AS THE SUN IN THE 
 KINGDOM OF THE FATHER. 
 
 Written by her in Greek on the cover of her Greek Testament. 
 
 Under the ledge of the lectern, facing the Church are these 
 words : — 
 
 TO THE GLORY OF GOD AND IN MEMORY OF ANNE WAKEFIELD, 
 THIS LECTERN IS OFFERED IN COMPLIANCE WITH THE WISH OF HER 
 DAUGHTER JANE, WHO LOVED HER. 
 
 There are about sixty pews in the body of the Church, not 
 including the four choir stalls, and about fifty in the gallery. The 
 commandments are at the west end of the Church. It is proposed 
 to rebuild the sacred edifice and give it a less secular appearance 
 externally. 
 
 The Rev. Leigh Richmond preached in St. Anne's Church, 
 on the 25th of August, 18 16, and the Bishop of Lichfield and 
 Coventry on the 16th of August, 1834.
 
 35o TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 The parish of St. Anne's is " bounded on the north by St. 
 St. Leonardg'ate and St. Nicholas Street, and on the south by 
 Nelson Street and Dalton Square ; on the west by Penny Street, 
 and on the east by the canal, which forms the natural boundary on 
 that side of the parish." Population of the parish 3,938. 
 
 The organ presented to St. Anne's, in 1802, was the gift of 
 John Dent, Esq., M.P. This organ was disposed of at the altera- 
 tion of the Church to its present form in 1875, and the one now in 
 use was built by Messrs. Bevington & Sons, of London, and cost 
 about ;£ 1,500. 
 
 Further particulars concerning St. Anne's Church will be 
 found in the biographical notes on the Rev. Robert Housman. 
 
 St. Thomas' Church. 
 
 On the 3rd of March, 1840, the foundation stone of St. 
 Thomas' Church, Lancaster, was laid by Edward Dodson Salisbury, 
 Esq., assisted by J. Drinkwater, Esq., and the Masonic brethren. 
 Those who took part in the procession from the Town Hall were 
 the Charity School girls, the girls of the National School, boys of 
 the same school, operative masons, contractors, Lodge of Free- 
 masons, Mr. Wheeler's pupils, wearing white rosettes, and pre- 
 senting a peculiarly neat and orderly appearance. The architect of 
 the new church was Edmund Sharpe, Esq. The Mayor, Joseph 
 Dockray, Esq., and the Hearts of Oak Club also took part in the 
 procession and proceedings. The weather was very fine. The 
 Rev. J. N. G. Armytage made an excellent speech after the laying of 
 the stone, which ceremony was carried out with full masonic 
 honours. The inscription on the plate is or was as follows : — 
 
 GLORIA IN EXCELSIS DEO. 
 
 ST. THOMAS' CHURCH, LANCASTER. 
 
 THE FOUNDATION STONE OF THIS CHURCH 
 
 DEVOTED TO THE WORSHIP OF ALMIGHTY GOD
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 351 
 
 ACCORDING TO THE RITES OF THE UNITED 
 
 CHURCH OF ENGLAND AND IRELAND, 
 
 RAISED BY PUBLIC SUBSCRIPTION, UPON 
 
 LAND GIVEN BY 
 
 GEORGE MARTON, OF CAPERNWRAY HALL, ESQ., M.P., 
 
 AND ENDOWED BY ELIZABETH SALISBURY 
 
 (RELICT OF EDWARD SALISBURY, OF LANCASTER, ESQ.), 
 
 WAS LAID BY 
 
 EDWARD DODSON SALISBURY, ESQ., 
 
 ASSISTED BY THE W.M. OF THE LODGE OF FORTITUDE (NO. 35O). 
 
 AND THE OFFICERS AND BRETHREN OF THE LODGE, 
 
 ON SHROVE TUESDAY, MARCH 3RD, 
 
 A.D., MDCCCXL., 
 
 IN THE THIRD YEAR OF THE REIGN OF 
 
 QUEEN VICTORIA, 
 
 A DONOR, AS DUCHESS OF LANCASTER, OF ^150. 
 
 JOHN BIRD SUMMER, D.D., LORD BISHOP OF CHESTER, 
 
 REV. JOHN MANBY, A.M., VICAR, 
 
 REV. THOMAS MACKRETH, B.D., RURAL DEAN, 
 
 JOSEPH DOCKRAY, ESQ., MAYOR, 
 
 EDMUND SHARPE, M.A., ARCHITECT. 
 
 The Church is a fine spacious edifice, having - a cheerful 
 appearance, but the pews are of the old-fashioned kind, and most 
 of them very much after the style met with in our unrestored 
 country churches. On the south side of the chancel is a brass 
 memorial inscribed thus : — 
 
 IN LOVING MEMORY 
 
 OF 
 
 THOMAS HOWITT, 
 
 F.R.C.S. 
 
 DIED MAY, XXIX, 
 
 MDCCCLXXXL, 
 
 ERECTED BY HIS DAUGHTERS, 
 
 F. R. MASON,
 
 352 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 AND 
 
 S. L. HASTINGS. 
 
 "BE THOU FAITHFUL 
 
 UNTO DEATH AND I 
 
 WILL GIVE THEE 
 
 A CROWN OF LIFE." 
 
 Another memorial appears on the wall on the north side, at 
 the head of the north aisle. It was 
 
 ERECTED BY MEMBERS OF THE CONGREGATION IN AFFECTIONATE 
 
 REMEMBRANCE OF 
 
 CHRISTOPHER BAYNES, 
 
 WHO DIED 5TH SEPTEMBER, I 885, 
 
 AGED 74 YEARS. 
 
 From the opening of this Church in 1841, he was a devout member 
 of the congregation. For 21 years he faithfully served the office of 
 Churchwarden, and for 43 years he was a diligent and earnest 
 teacher in the Sunday School. His life of simplicity and Christian 
 integrity will be long remembered in this parish and town. 
 
 On the north side of the Chancel is a brass stating that : — 
 
 THIS CHURCH 
 
 FOUNDED BY MRS. ELIZABETH SALISBURY, 
 
 A.D., 184O, 
 
 became after her decease the property of its incumbent 
 the rev. colin campbell. m.a., 
 of trinity college, cambridge, 
 who on condition of five hundred pounds being raised by 
 the inhabitants of lancaster guaranteed the erection of an 
 elegant spire, designed by messrs. sharpe and paley, of this 
 town, architects, and in every hope of full success he duly 
 laid the foundation stone thereof, on monday, april 26th, 
 1852, john herdman sherson, esquire, being mayor, and a 
 donor of ten pounds towards the undertaking. 
 
 Thomas Howitt. \ 
 
 p T ' } CHURCHWARDENS. 
 
 Edmund Jackson, J
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 .5DO 
 
 In the Vestry is a framed portrait and plan o( the Church 
 dated 1853. From it we learn that the dimensions arc as follow : — 
 
 Extreme length from E. to W 116ft. 4m. 
 
 Length of Porch 15ft. 21'n. 
 
 Length of Nave 74ft. 6in. 
 
 Length of Chancel 26ft. Sin. 
 
 Extreme width of Church. N. to S 42ft. 3111. 
 
 Width of Chancel 17ft. 5111. 
 
 The Spire was completed on the 26th May, 1853. 
 
 Round the lower portion of the Pulpit are these words :— 
 
 "Blessed is the people j that know the joyful sound [ they 
 shall walk, O Lord, in the Light of Thy Countenance. — Ps. 89, 15." 
 
 On one occasion the pulpit was occupied by the Rev. J. C. 
 Bellew, and it is computed that the number present was 1,300. 
 
 In the south gallery is a two-light memorial window, 
 designed by the Rev. C. Campbell. It perpetuates the name of 
 Harriet, daughter of Abraham Hume, of Bilton Grange, grand- 
 daughter of the Rev. Charles Wheeler, Prebendary of York, born 
 1808, married 30th October, 1832 ; died November 10th, 1855. 
 This lady was Mr. Campbell's wife. 
 
 The Centre Gallery is adorned with the Royal Arms, dated 
 1852. 
 
 The Organ bears these tablets in brass :— 
 
 "JOHN BANFIELD, 
 
 BIRMINGHAM, FECIT, 1S52." 
 
 REBUILT BY 
 
 RICHARD TUBB, OF LIVERPOOL, 
 
 A.D., 1883. 
 
 REV. JOHN BONE, VICAR. 
 
 JAMES HATCH, \ CHURC „ WARDENS< 
 
 CHRISTOPHER BAVXES, ) 
 
 A 2
 
 ;54 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 The Rev. John Bone, present Vicar, is a Surrogate of the 
 Diocese of Manchester, a Theological Associate of King's College, 
 London, and F.R.A.S. He was formerly at Southport. Population 
 of Parish, 3,315. 
 
 St. Thomas' District School was erected by S. Simpson, 
 Esq. On a marble tablet is this commemoration : — " In memory 
 of Maria Simpson who through divine grace sought to bring up 
 herself in the nurture and admonition of the Lord by instruction in 
 His revealed word and attention on His appointed ordinances this 
 scheme for the education of youth in the Holy Scriptures and in the 
 principles of the Church of England is erected as the most suitable 
 monument of such a parent by a grateful son, 1843." The Sunday 
 School was opened on the 6th of August, 1843. Jubilee Com- 
 memoration Services were held on Sunday the 14th June, 1891, 
 when the Rev. Colin Campbell, M.A., a former incumbent, preached 
 in the morning, and the Rev. H. Vincent Beechey, M.A., in the 
 evening. On the 15th inst. there was a congregational gathering 
 at the Vicarage, and on the 16th an organ recital, followed by a 
 full choral service, in which the choirs of other churches assisted. 
 The preacher on this occasion was the Rev. Canon Cross, D.D., 
 of Southport. A'children's flower service was held on the 17th, 
 when a sermon was preached by the Rev. C. O. L. Riley, M.A. 
 
 List of Incumbents oy the Three Churches. 
 
 These lists have been obtained direct from the respective 
 clergymen of the several Churches. 
 
 St. John's. 
 
 The Rev. William Johnson, appointed June 16th, 1755; Rev. 
 John Gibson, June 22nd, 1765, died March 7th, 1787, aged 68; 
 Rev. \Y. Hutton, February 21st, 1787; Rev. Thomas Saul, 1807, 
 (see Clark's Lancaster) ; Rev. John Atkinson, March 25th, 1808, 
 died February 8th, 1812 ; Rev. James Thomas, April nth, 1812 ;
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 355 
 
 Rev. George Morland, June 2(>th, 1824; Rev. Edward Pedder, 
 vicar, 1862 (interred at Heysham) ; Rev. William Harris Ewald, 
 present incumbent, appointed in 1880. 
 
 Mr. Morland was the recipient of a very hearty testimonial 
 after ten years' ministry. On June 21st, 1834, his congregation 
 presented him with an elegant tea service. On the 24th of 
 February, 184S, the same gentleman was presented with a 
 solar lamp thus inscribed : — " Presented to the Rev. George Mor- 
 land by the teachers of the Hoys' National Sunday School as a 
 token of esteem and to mark their sense of his uniform kindness 
 during many years as their superintendent." The presentation was 
 made by T. Swainson, Esq. The chapelry districts of St. John's 
 and St. Anne's were fixed on the 20th August, 1842. Mr. Morland 
 died on the 5th of October, 1862, aged 72. He was brother to 
 the Rev. John Morland, perpetual curate of Aughton. 
 
 St. Anne's. 
 
 Rev. RobertHousman, founder and minister, 41 years ; Rev. 
 - Levington ; Rev. Collinson, until 1834 ; Rev. Henry O'Neil, 
 1837, resigned 15th February, 1840; Rev. C. Bury, from St. 
 Luke's, Skerton, inducted 3rd May, 1840; Rev. A. S. Page, 1837 ; 
 Rev. Dr. Hathornthwaite, 1864, died 1884 ; Rev. J. Francis, M.A., 
 1875 to ^83 ; Rev. Robert Park, M.A., present vicar. St. 
 Anne's School was built in 1853 in Edward Street. 
 
 St. Thomas's. 
 
 Opened in April, 1841. Rev. J. N. G. Armytage ; Rev. 
 Colin Campbell, inducted 27th April, 1845 ; Rev. William Ogden, 
 B.A.; Rev. Colin Campbell, 1858 ; Rev. J. Bone, appointed in 1872, 
 present incumbent. St. Thomas' Parsonage was erected in 1853. 
 The Marton family presented the land on which the Church stands, 
 land valued at ^350.
 
 356 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 The Rev. Colin Campbell was instituted April 27th, 1845. 
 This gentleman came here from Gainsborough. The Church was 
 liberally endowed by a lady with ;£ 1,000, which endowment was 
 absorbed in the purchase of the vicarage house and grounds, and is 
 the sole endowment attached to the Church. She also added to her 
 pecuniar}- gifts a beautiful suite of communion service on the 26th 
 May, 1 84 1. 
 
 Christ Church. 
 
 Christ Church was built by the late Mr. Samuel Gregson, 
 M.P. in 1857, at a cost of ^5,000. The interior consists of a 
 chancel, nave, and north and south transepts. A south aisle was 
 added in 1889. The east window — a three-light window with a trefoil 
 head — represents " Christ restoring Lazarus." It is a very neat 
 one. At each extremity there is a memorial window in three lights. 
 The one on the left is in memory of the founder of the church, who 
 died February 8th, 1865, aged 72 years. Another in this church 
 was erected in memory of Ann Kirks, widow of Morecroft Kirks, 
 Esq., R.N., who died at Moorlands, 1859, aged 76. 
 
 The Rev. Dr. Lee was the first vicar. He resigned in 1S72, 
 and was succeeded by the Rev. P. Bartlett, M.A. 
 
 The Church was built for the benefit of Grammar School 
 pupils and for the inmates of the Workhouse, quite as much as for 
 the vicinal residents who ultimately formed a new parochial district 
 including the Freehold, Springfield Terrace, Greenfield and East 
 Road, with adjoining houses. About twenty years ago the upper 
 school rooms and play-ground, formerly the property of Dr. Lee, 
 were purchased for the new parish at a cost of ^900. The Infants' 
 Day School has built in, above its entrance, the lintel stone of the old 
 Grammar School which bears the date 1682. The Primrose Hill 
 district and that of Bowerham, too, having increased so rapidly 
 during the past ten years, it has been decided to erect a new church 
 in Dale Street, on land presented in 1890 by Mr. Edward Storey.
 
 TIME-HOXOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 3.57 
 
 Three years ago a Mission Room was opened in Hope Street 
 and it is usually well attended by the Primrose Hill parisioners of 
 Christ Church. 
 
 The patronage of Christ Church is in the hands of Mrs. 
 Murray, of West Hall, Weybridge, Surrey, only daughter of the 
 founder, Samuel Gregson, Esq., M.P. Population of Parish, 4, 126. 
 
 The respective value of the Church livings in Lancaster is as 
 
 follows 
 
 St. Mary's Church 
 St. John's Church 
 St. Anne's Church 
 St. Thomas's Church 
 Christ Church 
 St. Luke's (Skerton) 
 
 £ 
 
 !20 
 
 £ 180 
 
 £ 200 
 
 £ 430 
 
 £ 187 
 
 (Population of St. Mary's parish is 7,290). 
 
 Congregationalism in Lancaster. 
 
 The history of Congregationalism is remarkably interesting 
 in regard to Lancaster, and bespeaks energy and faith of a striking 
 nature. The Independents first met in a room in St. Leonardgate, 
 but about the year 1772-3 Mr. John Dawson, of Aldcliffe Hall, 
 enabled the little band of Lancaster Noncomformists to commence 
 erecting a Chapel in High Street, and a deed concerning the land 
 devoted for the sacred object bears Mr. Dawson's name and the 
 date, May 5th, 1777. The first settled minister appears to have 
 been the Rev. George Burder, who filled the office of pastor from 
 May 30th, 1778, until 1783, and was voted a salary of £50 per 
 annum. This gentleman was succeeded by the Rev. Peter Samuel 
 Charrier in 1790 (ordained May 12th, 1792). He seems to have 
 remained minister until his death, which took place on the 2()th 
 March, 1826, his age being 56. Then came the Rev. Joseph France, 
 M.A., in the year 1812, followed by the Rev. Samuel Bell, in January, 
 
 *Clergy List, 1S91.
 
 Jo 
 
 8 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 1823, who remained until March, 1845. After him we find the Rev. 
 James Fleming-, of Highbury College, ordained in Lancaster, 
 August 26th, 1845. He resigned the pastorate in 1853. The Rev. 
 John Sugden, B.A., who had been a missionary in India took his 
 place, entering on his duties on the 2nd of February, 1854. His 
 public recognition followed on the 8th of June, in the same year. 
 Mr. Sugden resigned office on the 1st of May, i86j, and was 
 succeeded by the Rev. David Harding on the 26th June, 1863, who 
 remained until the 23rd February, 1866. On the 18th of September, 
 1866, we have the Rev. Elvery Dothie, B.A., who resigned in April, 
 1872, succeeded by the Rev. Francis Bolton, and the latter by the 
 Rev. J. F. Cowley, on the 12th July, 1885. 
 
 The Rev. H. Hunt appears to have been followed by the 
 Rev. George Burder, minister from the 30th of May, 1778, 
 until the year 1783. He was the author of " Village Sermons," 
 and "The Good Old Way." The latter work led, it is sup- 
 posed, to the founding of the Religious Tract Society. Mr. 
 Burder went from Lancaster to Coventry, and was succeeded 
 by the Rev. Thomas Bryson, a gentleman born at Dalkieth, and 
 who died in London 24th April, 1799. Next there came the Rev. 
 Peter Samuel Charrier, who was born in London 24th February, 
 1770. He was ordained at Lancaster 9th May, 1792, married a 
 Lancaster lady (Miss Padgett), and died in Liverpool 29th March, 
 1826. Then we find the Rev. Joseph France, M.A., born at Black- 
 burn 13th July, 1 789, minister from 30th August, 181 5, until 
 August, 1819. He was followed by the Rev. Samuel Bell, born 3rd 
 June, 1793, at Leeds. He ministered here from August, 1823, 
 until March, 1845. Dr. Bell died 22nd of July, 1861, at Stockwell. 
 His successor was the Rev. James Fleming, ordained 26th August. 
 1845, resigned 29th September, 1S53. He likewise became a Doctor 
 of Divinity. The Rev. John Sugden, B.A.. who had been a 
 missionary in India, succeeded and remained at High Street from 
 2nd February, 1854, until 1st May, 1861. During his time the 
 Middle Street and High Street Schools were erected in 1856, at a cost 
 of ;£ 1,300. He was the author of The Chunk Guide and Manual.
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 359 
 
 Next we find the Rev. David Harding, a gentleman who was horn 
 at Dursley, in Gloucestershire, 3rd April, 1831, ministering- from 25th 
 June, 1863, until 23rd February, 1866. The Rev. Elvery Dothie, 
 M.A., appears in succession, and was pastor from 8th October, 
 1866, until April, 1872. He removed to South Norwood, and was 
 followed by the Rev. Francis Bolton, M.A., who entered on his 
 duties in September, 1872, and remained until 29th June, 1884. 
 The present minister at High Street is the Rev. j. F. Cowley, 
 whose advent in Lancaster dates from the 12th July, 1885. 1 am 
 indebted for these fuller particulars as concern dates in this 
 paragraph to the Rev. B. Nightingale. 
 
 Centenary Church. 
 
 The Rev. Adam Scott, first minister, came in July, 1873, an< ^ 
 remained until October, 1S83. The Rev. H. W. Smith succeeded 
 in February, 1884, and is still the respected minister. 
 
 To the CongregationaJists of Lancaster belongs the credit of 
 establishing Sunday Schools in the year 1788. A Mr. Alexandre 
 was so much interested in the work of Robert Raikes that he 
 determined in an humble way to supplement the same. He was, 
 however, much maligned by parties not of his way of thinking, and 
 the town was actually billed over with the following notice :— 
 " Beware of the cunning people at High Street who want to kidnap 
 your children." 
 
 The Rev. James Gregory, the Rev. James Calvert, and the 
 Rev. Robert Dawson, B.A., all date their ministerial births from 
 High Street Church. 
 
 Wesleyanism in Lancaster. 
 
 The introduction of Wesleyanism is quite as-indicative of the 
 earnestness of the Lancaster subscribers to the belief of Wesley as 
 one could expect, or indeed can find anywhere else in connection
 
 360 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 with the history of Methodism. The first meeting" place of Lan- 
 caster Wesleyans was in two cottages at the corner of Wood Street 
 and Damside Street, and now the premises, or portions thereof, of 
 Mr. Verity, tobacco manufacturer. There were two ministers who 
 were appointed to develop the cause in Lancaster and the district 
 assigned to it, and these gentlemen lived for a time in the lower 
 storeys of the building wherein the services were held. In 1805, 
 they found matters much improved, and their first chapel in this 
 town dates from that year. 
 
 On the 29th of December, 1874, the elegant edifice in 
 Sulyard Street was opened, and the leading minister officiating on 
 the occasion was the Rev. Dr. Punshon. The Rev. Hugh Stowell 
 Brown occupied the pulpit shortly after, and the voices of many of 
 the foremost men Wesleyan tenets possess have resounded in 
 Sulyard Street new Chapel. Undoubtedly Lancaster has been the 
 seat of law and Gospel for ages, and if the legal element has 
 displayed the brilliant eloquence of Scarlett, Brougham, and Cres- 
 well, so has the Divine evinced no less glorious powers in the score 
 of pulpits founded for the proclamation o( laws made by the uner- 
 ring Lord Chief Justice, God. 
 
 The first couple who were married in the old Wesleyan 
 Chapel were Philip and Isabella Woodburn, and the date of the 
 marriage is March 12th, 1845. They w^ere presented with a Bible 
 and a Hymn Book to mark the importance of the occasion. This 
 Philip Woodburn was for many years town crier. The first couple 
 married in the new Chapel were James Ball and Jane Wilkinson, 
 both of Morecambe, the latter a widow. This was on the 5th of 
 January, 1875. A Bible and Hymn Book were also given on this 
 occasion, one of the gentlemen making the presentation, Mr. Bicker 
 dike, on behalf of the Trustees, having performed a similarly 
 pleasing duty on the occasion of the first marriage in the old Chapel. 
 The old Trustees of the first Wesleyan Chapel were seventeen in 
 number. Their names were — William Scott, school-master ; Richard 
 Toulmin, joiner ; James Milner, plumber ; John Cleminson, joiner ;
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 361 
 
 and then come three Yorkshire farmers, John Gorrill, of High 
 Grains ; Thos. Heaps, of The Birks ; and Matthew Redman 
 of Sannett Hall, all of whom were ardent followers of John 
 Wesley's rules. Next we find the complement made up of ten 
 others -Joseph Dutton, Joseph Bancroft, Jonas Nuttall, John Ashton, 
 John Jones, Thomas Franceys, Samuel Healey, William Byrom, 
 Thomas Morrow, and Jas. Morrow, merchants, of Liverpool. 
 
 Sulyard Street occupies the site of the old friary of the 
 Dominican order, founded about the 44th Henry III., by Sir Hugh 
 Harrington, Knight, which was granted 18th June, 32nd Henry 
 VIII., to Thomas Holecroft and the site alientated 2 and 3 Phil et 
 Mar. to Thomas Carus, of Halton, and his son Thomas. Leland 
 mentions this house only in an incidental manner in his Itinerary, 
 vol. v. p. 99. Tanner quotes concerning it, the Pat. 44, Henry III., 
 m. 18, vol. 19. Pat. 5, Edward III., p. 1, m. 19, licent pro manso 
 elargando. Pat. 12, Edward II., p. 2, m. 6 pardonat, pro per- 
 quisit, duarum acr, terrae pro manso elargando. Pat. 44, Edward 
 III., p. 2, vol. 3. Rec. Scacc. 7, Richard II., Hil rot 3. There 
 were, evidently, five monastic foundations in Lancaster, the Bene- 
 dictine priory of St. Mary, the convent of the Gray Friars, St. 
 Leonard's Hospital, Gardyner's Chantry, and this Dominican or 
 Black Friars'" Order, founded, according to Dugdale's Monasticon by 
 St. Dominic, a Spaniard born at Calagueraga, a small town in the 
 diocese of Osma, in Old Castile, about a.d. 1071. They were called 
 Dominicans from their founder, preaching friars from their office 
 to preach and convert heretics, and black friars from their garments. 
 From having their first house in France, situate in the Rue de St. 
 Jaques, Paris, they were called Jacobines. Their rule was chiefly 
 that of St. Augustine, and was approved of by Pope Innocent III., 
 in the Lateran Council, a.d. 121 5, by word of mouth ; and by the 
 bull of Pope Honorius III., a.d. 12 16. At first they used the same 
 habit with the Austin Canons. About a.d. 12 19, they took another, 
 viz., a white cassock, with a white hood over it, and when they 
 went abroad, a black coat with a black hood over their white vest- 
 ments. They came into England a.d. 1221, had their first house
 
 362 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 at Oxford that year ; and at the dissolution had fifty-eight houses 
 here. Lord Wake intended to have brought Dominican nuns into 
 England, and held a license from the King to do so, but he does 
 not appear to have carried out his intention. The nuns of Dartford, 
 in Kent, were, however, said to represent this order. There can be 
 no doubt that the Wesleyan Chapel stands on the old foundations 
 of what was once a beautiful cruciform church, with nave and side 
 aisles, transepts, an apteral choir, i.e., a choir without aisles 
 — an arrangement, says an able writer, quite consistent with 
 the supposition that this Church, of which these few traces only 
 remain, was that of the Black Friars of Lancaster, established in the 
 44th Henry III. Portions of an octagonal turret, of the hood 
 mould of an arch, and of encaustic tiles were unearthed in this 
 locality in 1873, when preparations were made for the erection of 
 the new Wesleyan Chapel. Many human remains were also found, 
 and these were carefully re-interred. Speaking from a purely 
 antiquarian point of view, I consider it a great shame that the 
 ancient remnants of this old friary were ever disturbed after the 
 dissolution. They should have been permitted to remain, furnishing 
 another grand portrait of an early religious brotherhood in old 
 Lancaster. Several Angel coins of the periods of Edward IV., and 
 Henry VI. , I may add, were also found in this locality in 1849. 
 
 St. Nicholas Street Chapel. 
 
 The Chapel was built in 1787 by Mr. Thomas Taylor on the 
 site of a former one. William Stout mentions the original structure 
 as a Presbvterian Chapel and states that in 1688, the Mayor of 
 Lancaster, John Greenwood, attended this place of worship, the 
 mace being carried before him by his officers. It was singular that 
 in this very year the Toleration Act was passed. 
 
 The Lancaster Gazette of August 23rd, 1890 says : — The 
 Chapel was originally built in 1662, re-built in 1780, and enlarged 
 in 1874. The work of decoration has been executed by Messrs. 
 Eaton and Bullield of this town. The Chapel ceiling, which is
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 363 
 
 elaborately panelled out in plaster work, is treated in a warm 
 vellum tint, the various parts being' picked out in suitable colours. 
 The walls are painted in two shades of soft green, divided by 
 chocolate lines ; and the architraves round the windows have been 
 treated to match. The chancel or apse ceiling" is divided into eight 
 panels on a ground work of deep blue, with a large stencilled 
 ornament of gold colour in the Italian style, relieved with outer 
 lines of white ; whilst the cornices, &c, round the same have been 
 picked out in soft colours as a relief." 
 
 In the beautiful apse of this Chapel are three stained windows, 
 the centre one being a memorial to two worthies whose names will 
 never be forgotten by the Lancaster Unitarians. On a brass plate, 
 at the base of the window, you perceive that the same is in 
 memory of William James Lamport, who died on the 14th Novem- 
 ber, 1874, aged 59, and Daniel Gaskell, who died on the 20th 
 December, 1875, aged 93. After the date of decease of the first 
 named gentleman is the text, " He that overcometh shall inherit all 
 things."-— Rev. xxi. chap., yth verse; and after the date of decease 
 of the second gentleman comes the appropriate quotation, "At 
 evening time it shall be light." —Zech. x/'v. chap., yth verse. 
 
 At the north east end of the Chapel is another monument in 
 memory of the Rev. William Lamport, twenty-five years minister of 
 the Chapel, born at Uffculme, Devonshire, in 1772, and ordained at 
 Poole in 1796, removed to Lancaster in 1804, resigned his ministerial 
 duties in 1829, and died at Manchester, July 14th, 1848, aged 75. 
 Beneath is recorded the decease of Frances, his wife, daughter of 
 James Noble, Esq., who died October 30th 1865, aged 76 ; and of 
 William James Lamport, their son, born June 28th, 181 5, died 
 November 14th, 1874, and buried at Park Chapel, Liverpool. On 
 the north west is a tablet in memory of Robert Gawthorpe, born at 
 Kendal, on the 15th February 1754, died at Lune Villa, on the 22nd 
 August, 1844, in his 91st, year. "The hoary head is a crown of 
 glory if it be found in the way of righteousness." —Proverbs xvi. 
 v. Jist. Another inscription, in marble, is in memory of the Rev.
 
 364 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 Franklin Baker, M.A., born at Birmingham, August 27, 1800, died 
 at that place, May 25th, 1867. The tablet sets forth the excellent 
 character of this minister, who was thirty-nine years pastor of the 
 Unitarian Chapel, Bank Street, Bolton. He was an "uncom- 
 promising advocate of civil and religious liberty." During the last 
 three years of his life, he resided at Caton, and joined the religious 
 society who worshipped in this Chapel. His death produced a 
 common feeling of sorrow in the town where he had spent the active 
 and matured years of his life. This memorial is at the south east 
 end of the edifice. The sister of the Rev. Franklin Baker married 
 Edward White Benson, and so became mother of the present 
 Archbishop of Canterbury. Sir Thomas Baker, mayor of Man- 
 chester, was also a brother of the Rev. F. Baker. At the south 
 west end is another marble in memory of John Armstrong, Esq.. 
 only child of James Armstrong, born 10th October, 1749, died 13th 
 April, 1829 ; then follows the name of Deborah Anne Armstrong, 
 the dear and beloved daughter of the said John Armstrong and 
 Deborah Ann, his wife, fourth daughter of Robert Baynes, Esq., of 
 Cockermouth, born 16th February, 1783, died June 21st, 1861. 
 Beneath is recorded also the death of Richard Baynes Armstrong, 
 fourth son of the above, who was born March 2nd, 1789, and who 
 died February 18th, 1867. At the east end is a tablet in memory 
 of Hannah Armstrong, who died March 28th, 1837, in her 9th year. 
 
 James Noble, I may remark, established the silk industry at 
 Galgate. 
 
 In the Churchyard is a very old impaled tomb, but unfor- 
 tunately the stone is so much broken up and defaced, that the 
 surname is entirely gone. The Christian name, Richard, is very 
 plain. This stone is said to be the oldest in the yard, and I hear 
 that the Rev. D. Davis, late of Lancaster, who kept the Chapel 
 Register, could not find out by searching the entries of deaths whose 
 remains this damaged slab covered. Near the north side of the 
 Chapel lies Alice, widow of Abraham Crompton, Esq., of Chorley 
 Hall, and Lune Villa, Lancaster, who departed this life, February
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 365 
 
 7th, 1853, in her goth year. Not far away rest the remains of 
 James Cassells, Esq., M.D., who died November 14th, 1822, aged 
 59. Also those of James, Walton, and Mary and Anna, his children. 
 Another stone bears this inscription :—" P. Milne obiit imo May, 
 1794. Anno .Etatis suae, 75." On the next tomb I read, " Here 
 lieth the body of Jno. Gaskell, who departed this life on the 21st of 
 September, 1747, aged 37. To whose memory his son-in-law, [as. 
 Noble, set up this stone. Near this place also lie the bodies of 
 Esther and Hannah, children of the above Jas. Noble and Jane, his 
 wife, who were born and died ye 12 of April, 1746. Esther Gaskell, 
 who departed this life, July 7th, 1765, in the 86th year of her age." 
 Then there is another stone erected to Hannah Gaskell, relict of 
 Daniel Gaskell, of Clifton Hall, near Manchester, who died August 
 28th, 1801, aged 48, and also to the memory of the two sons of the 
 above-named Daniel Gaskell and Hannah, his wife, daughter of 
 Jas. Noble, Esq., to Benjamin Gaskell, of Thornes House, Wake- 
 field, born February 28th, 1781, died January 21st, 1856, and to 
 Daniel Gaskell, of Lupset Hall, Wakefield, born September, nth 
 1782, died December 20th, 1875, both of whom are buried in the 
 vaults of Westgate Chapei, Wakefield. Another quaint looking 
 memorial states that " Elizabeth Daye caused this stone to be 
 placed over her respected grandmother, Elizabeth Roscoe, who 
 departed this life November 26th, 1746, aged 73. Here also lie the 
 remains of Elizabeth Daye, who died January 23rd, 1829, in the 
 96th year of her age." There is a stone in memory of Thomas 
 Holt, watchmaker, who died March 20th, 1775, aged 53, and one 
 to Captain W. Dalrymple, who died June 25th, 1789, aged 43. On 
 the west side of the yard lies the wife of the Rev. Benjamin Hill, 
 who died 12th May, 1796, aged 67, and likewise one Eliza Harrison, 
 daughter of the Rev. Benjamin Harrison, who died September 21st, 
 1796, aged 83 years. On the east wall is an Ionic pediment with 
 two fluted columns. Beneath the pediment on a brass, covered 
 with plate glass, is this tribute to departed worth, "Here lies 
 interred the Rev. James Daye who ministered about thirty-four 
 years to the Society at this Chapel with fidelity and acceptance, for 
 he discharged the duties of the pastoral office with the united aids
 
 3 66 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 of genius, piety, and learning-, enforcing- his instructions by the 
 exemplary virtues of his life. Well instructed himself in the 
 several branches of science, he was assiduous and successful in his 
 endeavours to improve the minds of youth. He was an affectionate 
 relation and a warm and steady friend. His sentiments on religion 
 were warm and generous, his benevolence universal and truly 
 Christian, and his integrity without reproach. Having lived 
 esteemed, he died lamented by all who knew him, July 9th, 1770, 
 aged 70 years." Beneath are the names of Sarah and Ebenezer, 
 offspring of James and Sarah Dave, and the body of Sarah, his 
 second wife, also reposes here. There is this couplet at the end of 
 the brass — 
 
 " These dearer lov'd as smiling days return'd, , 
 
 Through sorrowing years are still more deeply mourn'd." 
 
 The names Christopher Sherson, Rowlandson, and Bond are 
 met with in this yard. 
 
 Baines (1870 edition) says that : — 
 
 John Greemvood, who was Mayor of Lancaster in 1687-8, 
 founded the Presbyterian Meeting-house according to William 
 Stout's Autobiography. He died in 1701. His widow is said to 
 have " eranted the Meeting-house freelv without rent." She died 
 in 1725. Whether the St. Nicholas Street Chapel was the Meeting- 
 house founded by Mayor Greenwood is not absolutely certain, but 
 it is very probable that it was, since in 1784, we learn that it was 
 so dilapidated as to require rebuilding. The present edifice was 
 therefore erected in 1786. 
 
 List of Ministers of the St. Nicholas Street Chapel. 
 
 Robert Chaddertox, Temp. James II. died 1687. 
 John Carringion, died in March, 1701, aged 48. 
 James Gkimsiiaw. 
 Tohn Bent, died about 1736.
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 367 
 
 James Daye, died July 9th, 1770, aged 70. 
 
 Benjamin Harrison, died May 121I1. 17S1. aged 67. 
 
 fOHN Harrison, interred al Kendal. 
 
 Samuel Gjrl. 
 
 William Lamport, minister from July 1804, until 1S29. Died July 14th. 1848. 
 
 George Lee, established the Kendal Mercury. 
 
 Henry Alexander, born about 1810, resigned 1840, died at Newry in 1868. 
 
 Hamilton Hunter, minister from 10th September. 1840, until September, 1841. 
 
 Richard Shaw, minister from 1842 until 1845. 
 
 William Henry Herford, (brother of Mr. Herford, coroner of Manchester), 
 
 minister from 1845. 
 John HOPE, minister from November, 1846, resigned at the end of 1847. He was 
 
 the brother of George Hope, of Fenton Barns. 
 
 William Henry Herford, minister from 1848 until 1854. 
 
 David Davis, B.A., assistant minister to Mr. Herford from 1850 to 1854. 
 
 Goodwyn Barmby, minister from 1854 until 1858. 
 
 Henry Silly, minister from July 1858, until 1862. 
 
 John Galbraith Lunn, minister from 1853 until 1878. 
 
 William McQuhae Ainsworth, minister from 1S77 until 1883. Brother of 
 David Ainsworth, M.P. 
 
 Edward P. Hall, minister from 1883 until 1887. 
 
 John Channing Pollard, present minister (from September, 1888). 
 
 From the observations found in the " Church Guide and 
 Congregational Handbook, 1861," it appears probable that the first 
 three or four ministers were Presbyterians or Congregational Dis- 
 senters whose first place of meeting is said to have been in Moor 
 Lane, on the site of the two houses opposite St. Anne's Church. 
 Mr. Molyneux has given me considerable assistance in regard to 
 the above list. 
 
 Baptist Denomination. 
 
 The Lancaster Baptists first met together in St. Nicholas 
 Street, though it does not appear that they went by the name of 
 Baptists, notwithstanding their services being after the manner 
 of the Scotch Baptists. It was in 1862 that a body of Baptists 
 met for worship in the Assembly Rooms, the Rev. S. Todd officiat- 
 ing as minister. In 1872 the White Cross Street Chapel was 
 opened. The minister at the time of writing is the Rev. J. 
 Baxendall.
 
 -68 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 Primitive Methodists. 
 
 We have to go back to the early years of the present century 
 to trace the rise of Primitive Methodism in Lancaster. From what 
 can be ascertained this denomination first met in Under Gardens, 
 Damside Street, and then about 1836 they established themselves 
 in Bridge Lane in the building- now occupied as a warehouse by 
 Messrs. Mansergh. There is a tablet over the front, but what it 
 bears is no longer decipherable. It is said that one George Herrod 
 was the first preacher. The Moor Lane Chapel was erected or 
 instituted in or near the year 1857 and renovated in 1869. The 
 present minister is the Rev. R. Church. 
 
 United Methodist Free Church. 
 
 The Rev. H. Umpleby says that : — "The originators of the 
 Free Methodist cause in Lancaster united for worship in an upper 
 room in Mary Street, about the year 1861, and in the same year 
 identified themselves with the denomination. They afterwards 
 removed for a time to a room in Friars' Passage, after which they 
 entered the present Chapel, erected in the year 1868, and seating 
 550 persons. The Rev. James Jones was the first minister of the 
 Chapel. 
 
 Catholic Apostolic Church. 
 
 The Catholic Apostolic Church was established in or about 
 1872-3. The congregation first met in Fryer Street ; then they 
 bought the Wesleyan School in Edward Street, where services 
 were first held on Sunday, November 17th, 1875, anc * thence 
 removed to the present edifice in Mr. Clarke's grounds, behind the 
 Palatine Temperance Hotel. Past ministers : — Charles Cartwright 
 and R. Simpson. Present minister, Geo. Walden. One thing, I 
 may remark deserves to be mentioned in connection with the 
 members of the Catholic Apostolic Church, that is their abhorrence 
 of bazaars as a means of raising money for religious purposes.
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 369 
 
 Lancaster Assembly. 
 
 The Lancaster Assembly of " Christians unattached " dates 
 back to 1872-3. The} first met at the British Workman's Rooms, 
 then at the Palatine Hall, and subsequently at the Corn Market 
 Street Coffee Room, where they still meet every sabbath. Mr. 
 Isaac Nelson has kindly supplied the following- card which indicates 
 fully the unsectarian character of this body, who do not recognise 
 the term " Plymouth " brethren, though their tenets do not greatly 
 differ from the " brethren ' so designated : — " The Lancaster 
 Assembly. Upper Room, Market Hall Coffee House. Meetings : 
 Lord's day — Breaking Bread, 10-45 a - m - > Gospel, 6-30 p.m. 
 Wednesday — Prayer Meeting, 8 p.m. Motto for 1891. 'Contend 
 earnestly for the faith which was once for all delivered unto the 
 saints.' — Jude 3. Motive. 'For the love of Christ constraineth 
 us.' 2- Cor. v. 14." There seems to have been a Society of unde- 
 nominational christians existing in Lancaster so far back as 1843, 
 iudo-ins" from the " Letters and Extracts from Letters addressed 
 from time to time to certain Members of the Household of Faith," 
 by Robert Fletcher Housman. This work was published in i860 
 by Messrs. Milner of the Lancaster Guardian. 
 
 Plvmouth Brethren". 
 
 Another Society, meeting regularly in the neighbourhood of 
 Dry Dock (Wolseley Street), and denominated, by those not belong- 
 ing to it, as a fraternity of the Plymouth Brethren, was established 
 about September or December, 1873, their first place of meeting- 
 being Castle Hill Flouse. 
 
 Lancaster Lyceum Spiritualist^. 
 
 Mr. M. Condon writes to say that in 1881 a few inquirers met 
 at the house of a Mr. Llewellyn, in Skerton, to investigate certain 
 phenomena. The first public meeting was held in the latter end of 
 1882, in the Assembly Room, when Mr. R. A. Brown, oi Man- 
 chester, addressed those present. The Spiritualists now meet at 
 the Athenaeum Lecture Room. 
 
 B2
 
 37o TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 Friend's Meeting House. 
 
 Unfortunately, the ancient deeds of the Friends' Meeting- 
 House cannot be consulted. A gentleman, ever read}' to impart 
 information, informs me that years ago, about 1846 or 1850, the 
 deed box was broken open and the documents were maliciously 
 burnt. 
 
 George Fox, the founder of the Society of Friends, was im- 
 prisoned in Lancaster Castle, in 1664, having been committed at 
 the March Assizes of the year named, for refusing to take the oath 
 and for holding illegal meetings. His fellow prisoner was Mrs. 
 Margaret Fell, of Swarthmoor, a very pious lad}', who, subse- 
 quently, married George Fox. It is believed that Fox's place of 
 immurement would be the Dungeon Tower. In 1665 Fox was 
 removed to Scarborough Castle, and released in September, 1666. 
 
 The Rev. Sidney Faithorne Green, P>.A., late of St. John's, 
 Miles Platting, Manchester, was placed in the Great Keep of the 
 Castle, on the 19th March, 1881, for the contempt of a judgment 
 given by Lord Penzance, in the Court of Arches. The reverend 
 prisoner had the rank of a first-class misdemeanant, and could 
 receive letters, visitors, and, generally speaking, employ his time as 
 he chose. The old Shire Hall formed his chamber of confinement. 
 He was released November 4th, 1882. George Fox was very 
 rigorously treated and almost starved to death in his prison. The 
 difference between the treatment of the two preachers in this same 
 Castle for religious beliefs must strike every one as not only very- 
 great but most anomalous. 
 
 " In Lancaster," says William Stout, "in the closing years 
 of the reign of Charles II., the mayor of the town ordered the 
 Meeting House door to be locked, and set a guard upon it, on the 
 first day weekly, to prevent a meeting ; yet the Friends met in the 
 lane before it, at the usual hour, without disturbance for some 
 time." Vicars Garforth and Fenton appear to have been persecutors 
 of the Friends, while Seth Bushell was a moderate man who much 
 discouraged persecution.
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 37 
 
 South of the row of houses which form what is known as 
 Golgotha, is the ancient Moorside burial ground surrounded by 
 high walls. Here was the ancient Quaker place of sepulture. 
 
 Some time ago I was permitted to enter the same with the 
 object of inspecting it thoroughly, and, of course, of copying the 
 only epitaph there is in the whole enclosure, which is cut out of a 
 stone somewhat elevated from the ground. The epitaph is as 
 follows : — 
 
 H E R E L I E 
 Til T H E B O 
 D Y F I O H N 
 L A W S O N 
 OF LA N C A 
 S T E R W H O 
 DEPARTED 
 THIS LIFE 
 ON THE 18 
 DAY O F S E 
 P T E M B E R 
 IX THE S E 
 
 V E X T Y F O 
 
 V R T II YE A 
 R OF HIS A G 
 E A N X O 
 DOMINO 
 
 1 6 8 9 . 
 
 The stone is in a fair state of preservation, and the raised letters are 
 readily deciphered. The person whose remains it covers was the 
 one who succoured George Fox after he had been maltreated and 
 stoned out of the churchyard of St. Mary's Church, on the second 
 day of his mission in 1652. He is mentioned in the last edition of 
 "The Autobiography of George Fox," published in 1886, and 
 edited by Henry Stanley Newman, of Buckfield, Leominster, on 
 'pages 55 and 64. In this work there are many matters concerning 
 the more distinguished Quakers and the religious spirit of those 
 days of persecution in which they lived. For instance I found by
 
 372 
 
 TliME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 perusal of it that the Chief Constable of the county in 1666 was one 
 Richard Dodgson. Whether the "petty constable" named Mount, 
 whom Fox speaks of in no very flattering terms, was the Chief 
 Constable of the Borough of Lancaster cannot easily be determined, 
 but since he is mentioned it is not improbable that he held a superior 
 office. The keeper of the gaol at the same period was " a wicked 
 man." called Hunter. Before alluding further to this valuable 
 work, let me just state that Ihe burial place I have been treating 
 of has not been used for many years, though it could be re-opened 
 at any time, and probably would be if the place of interment in 
 connection with the Meeting House were closed. The capacity of 
 this old yard is 26 feet by 16 feet, and it is said that the Society of 
 Friends had many of the stones that once covered the remains of 
 their dead, removed by the desire of a yearly meeting committee. 
 The more austere Friends believed not only that " praises on tombs 
 are vainly spent," and that "a man's good name is his best 
 mounment," but that memorials to the dead in the shape of tomb- 
 stones are altogether out of place. Things have, however, changed 
 somewhat during the last forty years, and rigidity in style of dress, 
 address, and funeral arrangements has been allowed to lapse with 
 man}', since by such lapsing no violation of sound principle has been 
 involved. The John Lawson who received George Fox into his 
 house was no stranger himself to persecution, for we find that for 
 preaching to the parishioners in the Churchyard of Malpas, Cheshire, 
 he was imprisoned 23 weeks in the county gaol. At Lancaster, he 
 was once fined ^200, for non-payment of which amount he received 
 twelve months' imprisonment. In 1658, he was again arrested 
 while going to a religious meeting, and had his horse seized, and 
 on another occasion he and nineteen other persons were arrested 
 by the Mayor of Preston, and detained twenty-four hours without 
 any cause being assigned. In 1660, a company of soldiers with 
 swords drawn and pistols cocked, went to the meeting in Lancaster, 
 and apprehended all whom they found there, John Lawson being 
 one of the number. This occurred about the 27th of January in the 
 year named.
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 373 
 
 George Fox was born at Drayton-in-the-Clay, Leicestershire, 
 in the year 1624. By trade he was a shoemaker. According to 
 the end of the "Autobiography" he died on the 13th of November, 
 1690 (the beginning of the book gives 1691), and was interred in the 
 Friends' burial place, near Bunhill Fields. His father's name was 
 Christopher Fox, and his mother, whose maiden name was Mary 
 Lago, " was of martyr stock " says the editor. 
 
 There seems to have been a rough time of it for the 
 " Friends " from 1652 to 1664, and it is only too apparent that 
 George Fox met with as harsh treatment in Lancaster and district 
 as anywhere else he ever visited ; and he travelled much both on 
 the continent of Europe and in America. Between 1661 and 1697 
 no less than 13,562 Friends were imprisoned, and in 1682 even the 
 children who kept up the meetings in Bristol while their parents 
 were in gaol were unmercifully belaboured with twisted whalebone 
 sticks. " Land of the brave and the free !" Too oft thy liberty 
 has been a mock moon and thy theology a cat of nine and thirty 
 tails wielded by a spirit of coercion. If better times have dawned 
 we have only to be grateful to Heaven for the same, since narrow- 
 minded dissemblers "dressed in their little brief authority" would 
 have hindered the dawning if they could. Those who maintained 
 the flag of independence and liberty to live, move, speak, and have 
 an influential originality, would be sinners indeed were they to be 
 grateful to the adamant creatures with " faces harder than a rock," 
 from whom they wrung nothing more nor less than their rights — in 
 a word their birthrights. 
 
 The burial ground at the old meeting house reveals names 
 honoured and esteemed to-day by people of all political and religious 
 inclinations, for lealness and willingness to suffer, marked the men 
 and women of whom the tombstones speak. 1 carefully surveyed 
 each tiny record, and in one part of the yard i counted no less than 
 twenty stones in a row, each of which bore the name of Barrow. 
 There are also many to the memory of members of the Binns 
 family. William Stout, author of the "Autobiography," is buried
 
 174 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 in this Friends' Cemetery. He was born in 1665, and died January 
 15th, 1752. The site of the premises he occupied I cannot definitely 
 ascertain. 
 
 Another garden of death, now no longer used, is still to be 
 noted within the enclosure belonging to the County Lunatic Asylum, 
 while a few yards from the flag-staff is the site of a third burial 
 place of far greater antiquity than the others. This spot is the 
 ancient British place of interment. " Here," as an able writer words 
 it, "not less than 2,000 years ago, the remains of many of the 
 aboriginal inhabitants of this district were deposited, amidst the 
 wail of sorrowing friends and the dirge of Druidical priests." I can 
 safely assert that none of our English moorlands commands a 
 sublimer prospect than Lancaster Moor does, and our forefathers, 
 far more in touch with nature than we are, with all their Pagan 
 errors, had a true poetic eye and knew where to select lands to be 
 consecrated to the solemn rites of funeral services more or less 
 impressive. 
 
 Geologists have conclusively proved that ages ago Lancaster 
 Moor formed an ocean bed. An examination of the rocks reveals a 
 substance of the sedimentary and stratified character, and the ripple- 
 marks caused by the sandy bed of the sea being left high and dry 
 by the receding tide, were baked hard by the heat of the sun before 
 another layer of sand was deposited by the next tide. A new layer 
 was added by every tide, and even- layer bore upon it the impress 
 of the wave which last passed over it. 
 
 Dr. Prosser's " Rambles by the Lune," published in 1866, 
 gives excellent antiquarian, chemical, and geologic explanations of 
 the millstone-grit formations round about Lancaster.
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 
 
 375 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 The Lancaster Dispensary and Infirmary— List of Surgeons and Apo'J 
 (aries connected therewith — county asylum--ll>t 01 
 .Medical Superintendents, Chaplains, and Stewards— The R«a 
 Albert Asylum— The Ripley Hospital— The Workhouse— The 
 Cemetery— The Lune Fishery— Seats Round Lancaster -Ashton 
 Hall— The Local Press- The Green Lane Murder— Local Cen- 
 tenarians—Curious Names of Persons in Lancaster — Loi 
 Improvements. 
 
 HERE is evidence that about one hundred 
 and ten years have elapsed since the estab- 
 lishment of the Lancaster Dispensary. It 
 was first founded in a room on the Green 
 Ay re, and ultimately it was removed to Castle 
 Hill, and thence to its present quarters in 
 Thurnham Street. From the Dispensary was 
 evolved the idea of an Infirmary, and shortly 
 we hope to see an Institution of the latter 
 character entirely in keeping - with the growing- 
 demands and well-being of the county town. 
 
 The past Dispensary and Infirmary physicians and surgeons 
 since the establishment of the Institution are not easily obtained. 
 In 1812 Dr. Mc.Culloch was appointed physician. About this 
 period Dr. Johnson became house surgeon, and held the post until 
 June, 1832, when he retired.* Dr. Thomas Howitt, jun. , succeeded 
 Dr. Johnson. Dr. De Vitre was chosen physician to this valuable 
 charity near this date (1832). There appear next the names of Mr. J. S. 
 Harrison and Mr. Henry Bradshaw, surgeons of this place in 1835. 
 In 1836 Mr. A. Merryman was house surgeon, and in 1838 Mr. J. 
 J. Clarkson, followed by Mr. Ricketts. How long Mr. Ricketts 
 remained I cannot ascertain, nov can I find anything concerning 
 such appointments as those now under consideration until 1847, 
 
 *A Mr. James Winder, who died January 7th, 1831, is said to have been 
 surgeon for some time. — Lancaster Gazette.
 
 3j6 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 when Dr. Arnott is reported as resigning- the post of physician on 
 the 17th of April in that year. In 1862 there came Mr. Alexander 
 Ellis Colquhoun, who, according- to the memorial over his tomb, 
 was house surgeon seven years. He died December 2nd, 1867, 
 aged 27. He appears to have been succeeded by Dr. W. Armi- 
 stead (1868), and then come the following names down to the 
 present time : — 1869, Dr. R. Lowther ; 1870 to 1872, Dr. R. Atkin- 
 son ; 1872, Mr. William Berry; 1873, ^ r - J onn M. Scott; 1874, 
 Mr. John Todd ; and about this period a Mr. Preston. Mr. Todd 
 relinquished the office in 1877, and was succeeded by Dr. Collis ; 
 1879, Dr. H. C. Moore; 1881, Dr. H.J. Gilbert; 1883, Mr. W. 
 M. Storrar ; 1884, Mr. C. W. Dean; 1890, Dr. H. C. Evison, . 
 present house surgeon. Drs. Whalley, Cassells, Christopher John- 
 son and Baxendale are all named as members of the Infirmary 
 medical staff in the year 1814. The Dispensary and House of 
 Recovery dates from 1781. The locality of the Dispensary was 
 originally Castle Hill, and prior to this the Green Ayre. The 
 Dispensary supplies the sick poor with medicine, and affords to 
 them gratuitously the best medical advice and assistance. A lying- 
 in charity was established in the year 1807, and according to the 
 original rule subscribers of 3s. and upwards were entitled to recom- 
 mend one person as a fit object to be relieved by this society. The 
 Benevolent Society extends relief to poor women in child-bed, to 
 whom a sum of 10s. was allowed at each birth ; also to the indus- 
 trious poor during sickness, and occasional donations were made to 
 the old and infirm of whatever religious body. 
 
 From January 1st, 1784, to January 1st, 1785, there were 
 admitted 516 patients ; 396 were restored to health, 54 relieved, 1 
 varied in condition, and 17 died; 48 remained on the books. The 
 subscriptions and gifts received amounted to ^,125 10s. o)4d. The 
 amount paid for medicine and to the Apothecary as salary was 
 ^118 3s. 3d. , the balance left in the hands of the Treasurer being 
 
 £7 6s - 7 d - 
 
 The present accommodation at the Infirmary consists of 38
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 377 
 
 beds including" some children's cots. The average weekly number 
 of beds occupied in 1887 was 25 1-3 ' in 1878, the average number 
 
 was 8 1-3: in 1879, 9 } A 5 in l88 °- l8 > in l88l > Il J ' - ; m l882 ' 1 9 1 A > 
 in 1883, 22 ; in 1884, 15^ ; in 1885, 16 ; in 1886, 21 3^. The beds 
 cost on an average ^'51 15s. each per annum. The total number of 
 out-door patients in 1888 was 2,832, and ol~ in-patients 391. The 
 total expenditure of the Institution in J887 was ,£1,665. Dr. 
 Campbell was among the first of his profession to come forward and 
 offer his services as a physician gratis. The first Treasurer of this 
 Institution was Mr. John Barrow, whose successor in 178b (when the 
 dispensary was completed) was Mr. Richard Walker. The name of 
 a Mr. Paget appears as apothecary in 1789, also that of a Mr. Bell, 
 after whom came Mr. Parkinson, who died June 16th, 1801. Then 
 we have Mr. J. H. Dawson apothecary until 1824, succeeded by a 
 Mr. W. L. Cock. Readers may wonder why I have given so much 
 attention to the old Hospital or Infirmary of Lancaster. My answer 
 is, because this Institution of the county town has not only done 
 excellent service, but has numbered amongst its officials some very 
 able representatives of the therapeutic art, and because, as before 
 remarked, we hope to see a structure worthy of Lancaster ere long 
 erected in our midst. Our honourable member, always giving, has set 
 the philanthropic ball rolling, and we hope other friends of the poor 
 and the afflicted will come forward and follow his benign example. 
 Wednesday, the 5th of December, 1887, will long stand out as a 
 prominent day in the annals of Lancaster, for at the public meeting 
 in the Council Chamber a sum of about ,£,'10,000 was subscribed to 
 the new Infirmary, the site of which is Springfield Park. The con- 
 summation of this work devoutly to be wished, will rejoice the 
 hearts oi' the people of Lancaster. 
 
 The County Asylum. 
 
 The County Asylum is a very large building, ov pile ot 
 buildings, containing upwards ol~ 1,000 patients. The original 
 Institution was erected in 1816, opened on the 28th of Jul)-, ot' that 
 year, on a portion of the Lancaster Moor, generously given by the
 
 378 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 Lancaster Corporation for the purpose, hence the abandonment of the 
 intention to select a site in the neighbourhood of Bootle, Liverpool. 
 Many persons thought that Cadley and Fulwood Moors, near 
 Preston, would have been more central, but the munificence of the 
 municipal authorities of Lancaster promptly decided the Asylum 
 Committee to accept their offer, and so the first edifice was erected 
 from the plan of Mr. Standen, architect, of Lancaster. A few years 
 ago a second structure, a little beyond the first one, and on the 
 opposite side of the road, was put up ; and, therefore, the County 
 Lunatic Asylum occupies fully fifty acres of ground. There is an 
 underground passage communicating with the two buildings, and 
 every latest improvement has been introduced both domestically, 
 sanitarily, and medically. There are excellent pleasure gardens, 
 walled fruit garden, and laundry attached, while within the build- 
 ings are spacious galleries enabling the patients to exercise them- 
 selves when the temperature without is unfavourable to health or 
 mental condition. Almost every critical kind of derangement has 
 been treated in this Asylum that one every heard of or could imagine, 
 and a discriminating system is at all times used, which renders 
 recovery most probable if probable at all. Here the obstinately taci- 
 turn, the melancholy monomaniac, and the periodically raving 
 madman find a home ; and the greatest kindness is evinced by all 
 the officers and attendants from the worthy medical superintendent, 
 Dr. Cassidy, downwards. The worst cases are generally those of 
 the silent or quiet form, and their amendment is usually less easiiy 
 accomplished than that of the raxing lunatic whose strength during 
 his dreadful paroxysms is such as to tax the ingenuity of the officials 
 to overcome. The subjects of religious mania and over-study are 
 often the most painful to witness, as the diseased imagination conjures 
 up what I may pardonably describe as the antepast of perdition. 
 The amusements at the Asylum are varied, many of them being 
 such as have, or may have, a beneficial influence upon the unhinged 
 mind. They are, therefore, selected with care, and such games as 
 are most likely to combat the mental preponderance over the 
 physical interests, or vice versa, are resorted to. In a word, every- 
 thing is done that can be done for the welfare of the inmates. A
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 379 
 
 beautiful chapel is attached for those able to attend, and a most 
 capacious theatre is formed of the dining-hall, the same having been 
 erected to suit this double purpose. In the winter months, when 
 Father Christmas pays his annual call, the officers-, medical and 
 otherwise, and ladies and gentlemen, directly or indirectly connected 
 with the place, give amateur performances in which not only is the 
 costume good and appropriate, but the acting also. The stage is a 
 very fine one, and had the floor been sloped, and the acoustical 
 arrangements better, the histrionic element could not have boasted 
 a more charming rendezvous in England. The management of this 
 vast habitation of sick intellects is under the direction of a governing 
 body of visiting county magistrates, and there are physician, super- 
 intendent, surgeon, matron, treasurer, chaplain, and house steward, 
 who all fulfil their duties with the regular movement of a clock 
 pendulum, uninfluenced by any change of temperature. Permission 
 to view the edifice may readily be obtained by communicating with 
 the superintendent. The officers are as follow : — Dr. D. M. 
 Cassidy, superintendent ; Drs. Harbinson, Gemmell, C. Cassidy, and 
 Morton, assistant surgeons. The matrons are Miss Stacey and 
 Miss Tweddell, and the clerk to the visiting justices is Mr. William 
 T. Sharp. 
 
 The new annexe was completed in 1SS2, at a cost of jQ 100,000. 
 The stately portion occupies a prominent position and the area belong- 
 ing to it represents 41 acres. Mr. A. W. Kershaw was the architect 
 of this new part, and the Corporation received for the land required 
 ,£8,763 3s. o,d. The list of past superintendents of the Count}' 
 Asylum is as under : 
 
 Dr. Knight, who resigned on the 1st of July, 1824, and was 
 succeeded by Dr. Davidson, appointed by the sessions at Preston, 
 during that year. Dr. Probyn, of London, appointed June 
 30th, 1836, whose successor, in 1840, was Dr. Gaskell, at a salary 
 of ,£500 per annum. The next superintendent 1 notice is Dr. 
 Broardhurst, who resigned on the 31st July, 1870, and was followed 
 by Dr. David Mc.Kaye Cassidy, who commenced duties on the 26th
 
 380 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 of July of the year named. In 1875, I nr) d allusions to Dr. Russel 
 and Dr. Moorish, who were on the medical staff of the Asylum. 
 The names of Dr. De Vitre and Dr. James Cassels are inseparably 
 connected with the inauguration of all tbat is good at this spacious 
 Institute. Dr. Campbell, who retired at the end of 1831, and Dr. 
 Whalley were visiting physicians whose memories still survive 
 among us. 
 
 The presentesteemed superintendent who maintains, if, indeed, 
 he has not already extended, the high reputation of this Asylum, 
 has now, at the period of writing this, 2,000 patients under his care, 
 or close upon that number. 
 
 The following paragraph is taken from a Parliamentary 
 report published recently. The items give the acreage of the land 
 belonging to the Asylum — making a distinction between the land 
 purchased and the land rented — the cost of land purchased, cost 
 of original constructions, enlargement, expenses, &c. : — " Lancaster 
 Asylum, opened July 28th, 1816 ; acreage of land belonging to the 
 Asylum, 115 acres, costing ^"8,811. The site of the Asylum occupies 
 29 acres, garden and pleasure grounds 24 acres, kitchen garden 9 
 acres, farm arable 33 acres, pasture 10 acres, and orchard 4 acres. 
 The expense of building was ,£'347,774, making the total cost, with 
 land, ,£356,585 ; accommodation, 900 males and 950 females. 
 Expenses of medical staff : Medical superintendent, ^1,000, with 
 furnished house, coals, gas, milk, vegetables, and washing, of the 
 estimated value of ^200 ; first assistant medical officer, ^250, with 
 furnished apartments and board of the estimated value of ^85 ; 
 second ditto, ^120, with apartments and board value ,£85 ; third 
 and fourth, jQi 10 each, and similar allowance. The average cost 
 of maintenance for each inmate is 6s. 3d. per head." The matrons 
 of the County Asylum have been, so far as 1 can gather, Mrs. 
 Knight, appointed October 12th, 181 5 ; Miss Eleanor Slater, who 
 died in 1838, and was succeeded by Miss Mary Lambert; Mrs. 
 Proctor, Miss Palmer, Miss Bishops, and Miss Sothcott, after whom 
 came Miss Stacey, and Miss Tweddell, who are the present matrons.
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 381 
 
 From the Lonsdale Magazine of February, 1821, these parti- 
 culars are taken concerning the Asylum. They were supplied by 
 Mr. Paul Knight, who wrote a descriptive account of the Institution 
 as it was in his time, and says : — There were two keepers to each 
 gallery, but no watch to the female apartments, and the weekly 
 food allowance at this period was as follows : — Men : beef, 35 oz. 
 bread, 45 oz. ; flour, 12 oz. ; oatmeal, 29 oz. ; potatoes, 10 lbs. 
 milk, 7 pints; beer, 7 pints. Women :— beef, 35 oz.; bread, 52 oz 
 flour, 12 oz.; oatmeal, 15 oz. ; potatoes, 10 lbs. ; milk, 4)4 pints ; 
 beer, 5^ pints ; coffee, 1 oz. ; sugar, 2 oz., and butter, 8 oz. Since 
 the 28th July, 18 1 6, to November, 24th, 1820, the admissions were :— 
 Men, 197 ; Women, 142 : total, 339. Discharged cured — men, 61 ; 
 women, 34 ; total, 95. Discharged by request — men, 9 ; women, 
 21 ; total, 30." The article is dated 24th November, 1820. 
 
 Chaplains of the County Asylum. 
 
 The Rev. David Umpleby, appointed on the 13th November, 
 1823. The Rev. F. B. Danby, appointed 26th January, 1846, died 
 on the 1 st October, 1857. The Rev. Thomas Clarke Onion, M.A., 
 appointed in February, 1858, died on the 16th April, 1S78. The 
 Rev. E. P. Marriott, present chaplain, appointed July 6th, 1878. 
 
 Stewards of the Asylum. 
 
 Mr. Thomas Ripley, who died on the first of September, 
 1826, aged 41, and whose remains lie in Tatham Churchyard, 
 appears to have been the first steward. Mr. John Shaw, appointed 
 on the 17th of October, 1826, resigned on the 4th of May, 1852. 
 He was succeeded by Mr. Henry Shaw, assistant steward, appointed 
 assistant on the 5th of April, 1841, and steward on the 4th of May, 
 1852; resigned on the nth of November, 1871. Mr. Shaw was 
 succeeded by Mr. Peter Dutton, steward and treasurer, who still 
 worthilv fulfils the duties of the two offices.
 
 382 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 The Royal Albert Idiot Asylum. 
 
 A stately edifice on the south side of the town is the Royal 
 Albert Idiot Asylum for idiots and imbeciles of the seYen northern 
 counties. It is situated on what is known as the Cockerham Road, 
 is in the Gothic style of architecture, and coYers an area of about 
 seventy acres. The Duke of Devonshire, of Holker Hall, Cartmel, 
 Lancashire, formally opened "The Boys' Wing" on the 14th of 
 September, 1870. In honour of the munificent gift of ^"30,000, 
 towards the great fabric by Mr. Brooke, a Yorkshire gentleman, this 
 portion is styled "The Brooke Wing." The Asylum was completed 
 in the year 1873. It is a most imposing structure, standing in a 
 thoroughly park-like enclosure, relieved by numerous beds of flowers. 
 The building is constructed for the reception of 600 inmates, exclud- 
 ing resident officials, and there are now about 500 patients within 
 its walls. There are two orders o( patients — the paying patients 
 and those admitted for seven years by the votes of the subscribers ; 
 330 patients belong to this latter order, being dependent for support 
 upon public philanthropy. "The cost of maintenance averages 
 to nearly thirty guineas per head per annum ; therefore, an annual 
 income of ^10,400 is necessary to aid these cases alone. Unfor- 
 tunately, we learn that the yearly subscriptions only reach to about 
 ,£4,000, and, were it not for the interest upon legacies and donations 
 invested in railways and other securities, and the fact that the inmates 
 themselves by their own labour contribute a considerable sum, the 
 institution would be wofully short of funds." A donation of five 
 guineas entitles the donor thereof to one vote for life, in the election 
 of patients, and an annual subscription of a guinea entitles the sub- 
 scriber to two annual votes. The vote increases in the same 
 proportion for higher donations or subscriptions. The epileptic, 
 paralvtic, insane, or incurably hydrocephalic, are inadmissible, as 
 also are idiotic children whose idiocy is complicated with blindness 
 or deafness. Visitors, who may visit the Asylum on Mondays and 
 Thursdays from 11 to 3, will be much interested in the various 
 methods resorted to in order to infuse truer life and aimful attention 
 in the poor idiot children who are here to be seen. " Bags of beans
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 383 
 
 are thrown by a teacher at a boy who has no notion of catching 
 them until his hitherto vacant gaze becomes fixed upon the place 
 whence they are sent, then he raises his hands in self defence, 
 and thus proves himself capable of attending" to some particular 
 movement which has had effect upon him. Again, a girl whose 
 finsrers are crowded as if in a bunch is set to thread beads on a needle 
 until there is a like power of concentration, and in another direction 
 a girl may be seen taught to walk, for she has had no knowledge 
 of the art of walking or what feet were for, and so she is being- 
 instructed how to place one foot before another, how to lift her feet 
 from one strip of wood to another, the strips being arranged in the 
 form of a ladder laid down upon the floor. She practises on these 
 broad strips until she can carry a cup oi' water from one end to the 
 other without spilling it. All the inmates are treated according to 
 their peculiar bias, and in some of them a spirit of inquiry and an 
 energy is developed enabling them to take up with something which 
 indicates the kind of labour they may ultimately be most adapted 
 for. Thus several young men become really good tailors, others 
 good gardeners, in a manual sense, and others, again, very fair 
 fieldmen and haymakers. " The baker and the butcher have their 
 idiot assistants, and the major part of the storekeeper's duties of 
 weighing out groceries and keeping an account are performed by an 
 idiot whose forte is calculation." Mat-making and hair-picking are 
 two other branches of industry which are pursued by the inmates 
 with no small degree of excellence in many instances. Kitchen work 
 and cleaning are the principal duties of the females when capable of 
 undertaking the same. We leave this wonderful Institution with 
 many strange thoughts and picture in our minds the odd profiles 
 that have met our gaze within its walls. 
 
 From the Bradford Weekly Telegraph of December 26th, 
 1886, the following extracts are taken in addition to other facts 
 supplied direct to the author by the courteous Secretary of the 
 Institution. 
 
 " It was in the year 1864 that the desirability of starting a 
 small Asylum for idiots was pressed upon the attention of Dr. de
 
 384 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 Vitre, an eminent physician in Lancaster, who, as consulting- 
 physician to the Lancaster County Lunatic Asylum, and in general 
 practice, had had much experience in the treatment of the insane. 
 Mr. James Brunton, a quiet unpretending Friend of very moderate 
 means, with whom the idea appears to have originated, lost no 
 opportunity of talking over the subject with his acquaintances, but 
 all looked to Dr. de Vitre, who was not immediately convinced of 
 the feasibility of the idea, to give the project definite form and 
 earnest advocacy. Mr. Brunton offered a donation of ,£2,000, a 
 most munificent contribution for a person in his circumstances ; and 
 he thought that the pressing necessities of the case might be met 
 by renting a house and admitting some half-dozen patients to be 
 comfortably taken care of. But this conception was altogether too 
 limited for Dr. de Vitre, who made himself familiar with the noble 
 work for ameliorating the condition of the idiotic and imbecile, 
 which was being successfully carried on at the Earlswood Asylum, 
 Redhill, and at the Eastern Counties' Asylum, Colchester. An 
 institutory meeting was held in the Shire Hall, Lancaster, on the 
 21st of December, 1864, when, with the late Sir J. P. Kay-Shuttle- 
 worth, as High Sheriff, in the chair, the project was fairly launched, 
 the resolution proposing its establishment having been moved by 
 the present Chairman of the Institution, Lord Winmarleigh (then 
 Colonel Wilson-Patten, M.P.) A Central Committee was formed, 
 with Dr. de Vitre as its able and eloquent chairman. Mr. James 
 Diggens was soon afterwards appointed secretary. The first 
 business was to procure funds for the purchase of land and for the 
 erection of a suitable building. Public meetings were held, and 
 local committees were organised in all the principal towns of the 
 seven associated counties. Pamphlets and other literature, setting 
 forth in an attractive manner the objects aimed at, were widely 
 distributed ; and the newspaper press gave the proposed institution 
 its earnest support. Many influential gentlemen joined the Central 
 Committee, which at first consisted of only ten Lancaster members, 
 whose hearty and self-denying interest, however, inspired confi- 
 dence. An estate of 42 acres was purchased from the Local Charity 
 Trustees, and it has gradually grown into one of not less than 105 
 acres.
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER -18 
 
 j°j 
 
 The Royal Albert Asylum is charmingly situated on an 
 eminence of about 1 50 feet above the level of the sea, and on a 
 bright summer day commands some of the finest views and ' the 
 amplest range of unobstructed prospect ' in this fair sea-girt isle. 
 Looking" to the west in front of the building is the Irish Sea, with 
 its silvery bosom glistening in the sun ; the lazy Lune in crescent 
 form meanders seaward through rich pasture lands ; and Morecambe 
 Bay, with its glowing sheen and lovely shores, is like a splendid 
 vision of beauty. To the north are the Coniston and Langdale 
 Mountains in soft purple haze, and Black Combe ' to far-travelled 
 storms of sea and land, a favourite spot of tournament and war,' 
 and overlooking the Ripley Hospital and John o'Gaunt's ' embattled 
 pile,' mighty Helvellyn lifts its lofty brow among the gigantic 
 mountains. On the east are the high fells above the forest of 
 Bolland ; while southwards stretches the wide and well-cultivated 
 Fylde district, with Fleetwood bounding the view. Here, then, 
 nature lavishly displays charms of the most diversified scenery of 
 sea and river, mountain and dale, meadow and grove. 
 
 Of nature's works, 
 In earth, and air, and earth-embiaciny sea, 
 A revelation infinite it seems. 
 
 Standing above the mists of the valley, and with mountain 
 air and brisk sea breezes, weighted with ozone, blowing around it, 
 what situation could be more salubrious than that of the Royal Albert 
 Asylum ; and if the training of the imbecile consists ' in awakening 
 his dormant senses, in creating in him the seeing eye and the hear- 
 ing ear,' surely here, amidst scenes of beauty and grandeur, are 
 stimulating influences capable of quickening intelligence and in- 
 visroratingf feeble muscles and enervated nerves ! The Asylum 
 satisfies the condition originally urged by the late Dean of York, of 
 ' a picturesque building on a picturesque site.' The Asylum was 
 originally designed for 400 patients, but the plans were revised and 
 the building extended, so as to provide ample accommodation for 
 600 inmates. With admirable foresight on the part of the Committee, 
 the kitchens, laundry, stores, workshops, and other offices have 
 
 C2
 
 386 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 been erected on a scale to meet the requirements of 1,000 inmates, 
 and the building is capable of easy and inexpensive enlargement. 
 Messrs. Paley and Austin, of Lancaster, were the architects. The 
 excavations were commenced in the summer of 1867, and much 
 progress in building had been made, when on the 17th of June, 
 1868, the foundation stone was laid, with masonic honours, by the 
 late Ear! of Zetland, Grand Master of the Freemasons of England. 
 A portion of the building comprising about two thirds (including 
 the Brooke Wing, called after the Rev. Richard Brooke and Mrs. 
 Brooke, of Selby, the munificent donors of ^30,000), was ready for 
 occupation in the autumn of 1870, and, as before stated, was formally 
 opened by the Duke of Devonshire, K.G. The completion of the 
 Asylum was celebrated by a banquet on October 8th, 1873, at which 
 the Earl of Derby presided and delivered one of his most thoughtful 
 and masterly addresses. The style of architecture is domestic 
 Gothic of an early type, the arrangements and details being devised 
 to satisfy modern tastes and ideas and sound sanitary principles. 
 There is no superfluous ornamentation about the building. It is 
 elegant in its proportions, and combines a handsome general effect 
 with comparative plainness of detail, convenience of appointments 
 with fitness of accommodation. Eminent authorities have borne 
 testimony to the excellence of the building and its appointments, 
 and the late Dr. Seguin, the pioneer in the work of training imbeciles, 
 regarded the Royal Albert Asylum as realising the dream of his life. 
 In describing the building we may say that it is somewhat in the 
 form of a letter HH with the centre stroke elongated and crossed 
 in the manner indicated. The greatest length from north to south 
 is 471ft. 8in., and from west to east of the central block 340ft. The 
 south wing is 184ft. from west to east, and the north wing 210ft. 
 long. The two wings project 60ft., and the centre 40ft. in advance 
 of the main line, and the total area covered is about 53,000 square 
 yards. The principal entrance is in the centre, and is approached 
 by a handsome flight of steps. Above the central block is a massive 
 tower. Its present form is not that of the original design, but a 
 deviation, which, after repeated and urgent representations, the 
 Committee were induced to make. It ought to be regarded as a
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 387 
 
 memorial of the munificence of Sir Titus Salt, Bart., whose splendid 
 donation of ^5,000, when the alteration was under consideration, 
 determined the Committee to incur the additional expense, and, in 
 the opinion of competent professional judges, thereby to improve 
 the 'appearance of the building-. With regard to the interior arrange- 
 ments, we must content ourselves with a very brief description. On 
 the left side of the entrance hall is the waiting-room for visitors, and 
 on the right the door leading to the residence of the medical 
 superintendent. Immediately in front of the hall door is a hand- 
 some flight of stairs, leading to the board room and the Secretary's 
 offices. At the back of this staircase are the main corridors of the 
 ground floor and first floor. The corridor of the ground floor 
 divides the entrance hall from the dining hall, or rather the assembly 
 room. This is a spacious hall 42 feet in height and 70 feet long by 
 35 feet wide. The roof timbers are of Baltic deal. It is lighted by 
 five windows of the casement pattern on each side — north and south 
 —and those on the south are of stained glass. These stained glass 
 windows, which are of neat and appropriate design, have been 
 inserted by friends in memory of deceased benefactors. The room 
 will accommodate about 300 patients at dinner, and is called " The 
 De Yitre Hall." At the east end is a sliding door communicating 
 with the crockery and serving room, at the back of the hall 
 is the kitchen, a lofty room, about 25 feet high, and 40 feet 
 by 35 feet in area. The kitchen is fitted up with ranges of 
 approved construction, five large boilers, and a steam appara- 
 tus. A patent hoist communicates with the basement corridor 
 wherein are the various store rooms. In the adjoining scullery are a 
 gas stove, a potatoe steamer, and every appliance for preparing 
 vegetables, &c. The servants' hall, cook's store, and other neces- 
 sary rooms are in the same block as the kitchen. A short corridor 
 connects the kitchen block with the laundry and workshops. On 
 the ground floor the space occupied by the workshops for carpenters, 
 plumbers, matmakers, upholsterers, shoemakers, and tailors, and by 
 the engine house is in extent about 140 feet by 66 feet. Above the 
 workshops is the spacious laundry with its complete fittings. From 
 the basement floor of the main building is a general staircase leading
 
 3 88 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 to the upper portion of the building - by the principal corridors. To 
 the right and left of the main entrance are the ' Wrigley ' and ' Asa 
 Lees ' corridors leading - to the north and south wings, and in the 
 north wing the ' Brackenbury corridor — all named after great bene- 
 factors. Along these corridors are suites of apartments for private 
 patients, and at the end of them spacious schoolrooms and class- 
 rooms, with dormitories above. The south wing is occupied by 
 boys and the north wing by girls. In honour of the munificent 
 donors, as previously mentioned, the south wing has been called 
 ' The Brooke Wing.' The building consists (i) of the basement 
 floor, level with the ground ; (2) the ground floor, level with the 
 entrance hall ; (3) the first floor ; and (4) the second floor. It may 
 be stated that the building is replete with every convenience suitable 
 to such an Institution. There are numerous lavatories, several 
 plunge and other baths, water closets, external dry-earth closets, 
 &c. In additon to open fire places in nearly all the rooms, the 
 Asylum is heated with hot water. An abundant supply of water of 
 great purity has been obtained from the Corporation of Lancaster 
 by a special service from a point about a mile distant joining the 
 mains before they reach the town. Every provision has been made 
 to meet the risk of fire, and the building is well fitted with hydrants, 
 stand pipes, hand pipes, hose, &c. Gas is also supplied by the 
 Lancaster Corporation. The building is of light-coloured freestone 
 of durable quality, obtained from quarries about a quarter of a mile 
 distant. The walling is of hammer dressed, broken coursed work, 
 with chiselied bands of red St. Bees at intervals. The inside walls 
 are lined with brick, with a small space between the brick and 
 stone. The roofs are covered with green slates from the Duke of 
 Buccleuch's quarries at Coniston. In addition to the Asylum 
 building there are several lodges, also a set of farm buildings with 
 a farm house and separate accommodation for a dozen patients who 
 are employed on the farm. The entire cost of these buildings, 
 including the architect's commission, clerk of the works' salary, &c, 
 was about ^"80,000. The furniture and fittings have cost about 
 ,£10,000. The estate, which has been increased to 105 acres, has 
 cost, with the laying out of extensive grounds, ^17,000. Besides
 
 ThME-HONOL'RED LANCASTER 389 
 
 this outlay, the late able Chairman of the Cental Committee and 
 chief promoter (Dr. de Vitre), built and presented to the Institute a 
 block of cottages for trade attendants and others employed at the 
 Asylum, at a cost to himself of £2,375. And yet another munificent 
 gift must be recorded. The patients having- suffered from two or 
 three epidemics of scarlatina and measles, the urgent need for a 
 detached infirmary was felt by the medical staff ; and as soon as the 
 filling up of the spare accommodation in the Asylum prevented 
 proper isolation, the Committee appealed for funds to erect an 
 infirmary. In consequence of the kind advocacy of Dr. Hammond, 
 an offer was received from Mr. Edward Rodgett, of Preston, to 
 defray the entire cost of the erection of a complete and commodious 
 infirmary somewhere in the grounds of the Asylum. The offer was 
 gratefully accepted, and, as the result, the Institution can now 
 boast of possessing one of the best planned and most convenient and 
 efficiently equipped infirmaries in connection with any public Insti- 
 tution in the country. Mr. Rodgett's contribution, with Mrs. 
 Rodgett's donation to defray half the expense of furnishing, 
 amounted to £5,000. The building has been gratefully and most 
 appropriately called l The Rodgett Infirmary.' It was opened in 
 September, 18S2, by the Earl of Lathom, and was received on 
 behalf of the Trustees of the Asylum by the Earl of Bective. 
 
 To complete the provision of accommodation tor aii classes 
 the Central Committee purchased the Quarry Hill property, com- 
 prising a block of houses, with extensive grounds, charmingly laid 
 out in tennis lawns, ornamental plantations, gardens, &c. , as a 
 Home for Special Private Pupils attending the Schools and other 
 occupations of the institution. The object is to combine, for 
 private pupils paying remunerative rates, the seclusion and comforts 
 of a private residence with the hygienic, educational, and training 
 resources of a public institution under responsible management. 
 The propertv is in convenient proximity to the Asylum estate (with 
 which it has telephonic connection) and is designated ' Brunton 
 House.'
 
 39o timk.honoured Lancaster. 
 
 The following is taken from the pamphlet published just after 
 the Quinquennial Festival was held, September 17th, 1888 :— 
 
 The donors and legatees include the Rev. Richard and Mrs. 
 Brooke, Selby, ,£30,000 ; Miss Brackenbury, Brighton, ,£10,000 ; 
 Mr. Asa Lees, Oldham, ,£10,000; Mr. T. Wrigley, Timberhurst, 
 Bury, ,£10,000 ; Mrs. R. D. Dodgson, Blackburn, ,£9,000 ; Sir 
 Titus Salt, Bart, ^5,000 ; Mr. John Bairstow, Preston, ^5,000 ; 
 Mr. John Eden, Durham, ,£5,000 ; and the Very Rev. George 
 Waddington, D.D. (Dean of Durham), ,£5,000. Mr. James Brunton 
 of Lancaster, was the donor of the original gift of ,£2,000, and 
 there has in his memory been named a suite oi' detached buildings, 
 opened in June, 1887, as a home for special private patients, to 
 which have been transferred from the Asylum those who could not 
 be suitably associated. For the isolation of patients, an infirmary 
 with 35 beds was provided by the munificence of Mr. and Mrs. E. 
 Rodgett, of Darwen Bank, Preston. The estate, in which a farm, 
 with excellent buildings, is included, embraces an area of 105 acres. 
 
 Notwithstanding its admirable equipment with all needful 
 agencies and appliances for care and training of the patients, it has 
 long been regarded as essential to the smooth and efficient working 
 of the institution that there should be a recreation hall for lanre 
 assemblies of the patients, combining a suitable and commodious 
 hall for services and associated entertainments, as well as a spacious 
 playroom for the use of the girls and junior boys in inclement 
 weather. The provision of such an adjunct was one of the desirable 
 objects constantly kept in view by the late Dr. De Yitre, the first 
 Chairman of the Central Committee ; Dr. Shuttleworth, the medical 
 superintendent, has repeatedly urged its importance as an agency 
 of ameliorative influences ; and at the annual meetings of the 
 Asylum supporters it has frequently been pointed out that hitherto 
 the accommodation for systematic recreation has been limited 
 and incomplete. Seeing, then, that a recreation hall was a con- 
 summation devoutly to be wished, the Central Committee appealed 
 for funds and help in this direction, with the result that in 1886 the
 
 TIME-HOXOURED LANCASTER. 391 
 
 response was sufficiently encouraging- to induce them to obtain plans 
 and estimates for a new building. Three donations of ^500 each 
 from Lord Winmarleig'h, whose constant and devoted services had 
 led to the new building being named after him, from Mr. William 
 Tattersall, of Quarry Bank, Blackburn, and from the Trustees of 
 the late Mr. F. A. Argles, of Milnthorpe, acted as an incentive to 
 exertion, and with other donations justified the commencement of 
 building operations. 
 
 The plans submitted by Messrs. Paley and Austin were 
 approved, and the work oi erection was commenced in November, 
 1886. The building is durable, handsome, lofty, and spacious. It 
 is situated at the north end of the block of offices, and connected 
 with the main building by a covered passage, which gives access 
 for all the inmates. In architectural style it harmonises with the 
 adjoining workshop and laundry block. The hall is 79ft. in length 
 to the front of the orchestra, and 52ft. in width. It is divided into 
 centre and side divisions by four " bays " of light cast-iron pillars 
 running up to and supporting the roof. The central division rises 
 to an arched ceiling 40ft. high to the apex from the floor, and the 
 side divisions have a flat ceiling 25ft. high. Four mullioned 
 windows give light in each side. At the south end is placed a 
 raised permanent platform, 21ft. 6in. deep and 38ft. wide, opening 
 into the hall by a large arch. Various apartments and storerooms 
 are placed under the platform. At the north end are placed the 
 outside entrance and lobbies, with staircase access to a large 
 gallery accommodating 200 people. Altogether the hall will seat 
 800 persons. Ample exit is provided in case of emergency, and 
 special provision has been made for the heating, lighting, and 
 ventilation of the hall. On the ground floor, and under a portion 
 of the large hall, is a playroom for girls and junior boys (the senior 
 boys having a room already provided) 51ft. wide and 73ft. long, 
 covered with solid blocks, laid in asphalt, on a bed of concrete. 
 
 The work has been carried out under the supervision of the 
 architects by the following contractors : — Masonry, Mr. \Y. War-
 
 392 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 brick ; joiners' work, Mr. W. Hunting-ton ; slating' and plastering, 
 Messrs. R. Hall & Son; plumbing and glazing, Mr. W. Huthersall, 
 painting, Mr. Thomas Standen ; heating, Messrs. Seward and 
 Co.; whilst the building has been fitted throughout with patent 
 ventilators by the ^Eolus Water Spray Ventilating Co., London. 
 Mr. J. Combe, the permanent clerk of the works at the Asylum, 
 acted as clerk of the works in the erection of this building. The 
 cost of the new structure reached ,£6,300. 
 
 Lord Winmarleigh, in a few brief sentences, presented to 
 Lord Herschell a richly-chased silver key, requesting him to open the 
 door and invite the company to enter. On a shield in the centre of 
 the handsomely-chased handle of the key was the following inscrip- 
 tion : — "Winmarleigh Recreation Hall. Opened by the Right Hon. 
 Lord Herschell, September 17th, 1888." The key, which was 
 enclosed in a morocco case, was supplied by Mr. Bell, silversmith, 
 Market Street. 
 
 The majority of the visitors having spent a pleasant hour in 
 the inspection of the various departments of the Institution, at half- 
 past one o'clock assembled in the De Vitre Hall, where the first 
 ceremony in the day's proceedings — that of presenting the portrait 
 of Mr. Diggens— took place. To the late Mr. J. P. Chamberlain 
 Starkie, we believe, the credit is due for originating the idea of 
 obtaining a portrait of Mr. Diggens and presenting it to the Royal 
 Albert Asylum, and he was fortunate in securing the hearty approval 
 and co-operation of Sir Thomas Storey. Both gentlemen had been 
 connected with the Central Committee of the Asylum during the 
 whole period of Mr. Diggens's secretariat, and as Vice-Chairmen of 
 the House Committee, had had many opportunities of judging of 
 his character and abilities. 
 
 The picture is an excellent likeness, and was generally 
 admired by the visitors. It represents Mr. Diggens seated in an 
 arm chair, with his legs crossed one over the other, and his right 
 elbow resting on the corner of a desk, upon which lie a minute book
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 393 
 
 and a bundle of papers. On his knee is an open pamphlet which he 
 is perusing", and if one might judge from ihe well known deep blue 
 cover, this item in the picture is meant to represent one o( the 
 annual reports of the Institution. The portrait is enclosed in a 
 suitable frame, at the foot of which is inscribed : — " James Diggens, 
 first secretary of the Royal Albert Asylum, Lancaster. Appointed 
 1865. Presented by the members of the central committee. Painted 
 by Sydney Hodges, 1888." During the ceremony Lord Winmar- 
 leigh, as Chairman of the Central Committee, presided, being 
 accompanied on the platform by the Right Hon. Lord Herschell, 
 the Right Hon. Lord Egerton, of Tatton, the Right Hon. J. T. 
 Hibbert, Sir F. T. Mappin, Bart., M.P., Sir James Ramsden, Mr. 
 W. G. Ainslie, M.P., the High Sheriff of Lancashire (Mr. Oliver 
 Heywood), Sir A. Fairbairn, Sir T. Storey, Mr. W. H. Higgin, Q.C., 
 Ven. Archdeacon Hornby, &c. 
 
 The second feature in the day's proceedings was the unveiling 
 of the statues of Her Majesty the Queen and the late Prince Consort, 
 which have been presented to the Institution by Mr. James Harrison, 
 of Dornden, Tunbridge Wells. The figures, which are placed in 
 niches over the massive arched doorway at the main entrance, have 
 been sculptured in Longridge stone by Mr. Bridgeman, of Lichfield. 
 The ceremony of unveiling the statues was performed by Mr. 
 Harrison, who made a very brief speech, requesting Lord Egerton 
 of Tatton to accept the present on behalf of the Central Committee. 
 
 From the speech of Lord Herschell, I extract these interesting 
 observations : — " During the seventeen years the Royal Albert 
 Asylum has been in operation, 1,151 patients had been cared for: 
 some had died, and there were now 553 inmates. There had been 
 discharged from the Institution 424, and of that number four were 
 discharged absolutely cured, retaining no trace of imbecility. That 
 was a remarkable result, and one which not long ago would have 
 been deemed impossible, and if the Institution had clone no more it 
 would alone have justified its establishment, and the time and money 
 spent upon it. But, in addition, 110 had left greatly improved ; 120
 
 394 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 moderately improved ; and 125 slightly improved. There were only 
 65 in whom no improvement had been traced. If we reflected for a 
 moment on what that gradual improvement meant, one might see 
 how much had been done by that Institution, not only to add to the 
 happiness of those unfortunate inmates, but also to that of the 
 numbers which constituted the families to whom they belonged. 
 They had taken from those families the burden of watching over those 
 for whom they were ill-fitted to care. For every one whom they 
 thus benefitted, they cheered and brightened the lives of three, four, 
 five, half-a-dozen others. He could not but think that that record of 
 1 per cent, absolutely cured and 84 per cent, improved was a matter 
 upon which they might well be congratulated. It might be interest- 
 ing to enquire what had been the future life of those who had 
 enjoyed the benefits of that Institution. The career had been traced 
 of 176 who left there after completing their full term. Of these 18, 
 or rather more than 10 per cent., were now earning wages ; 9 were 
 employed in remunerative work at home ; 6 more were in a position 
 to keep themselves by earning wages, although at that moment out 
 of work ; 38 were more or less useful in their own homes : 39 remained 
 at home and were not quite the burden that they formerly were. 
 The great object of that Institution was, as Dr. Shuttleworth, the 
 medical superintendent, had stated, to try and find out what was the 
 particular faculty which might be developed and turned to account. 
 That work was often one of great difficulty, but it was not insuper- 
 able, and it was by specially cultivating these faculties that such 
 great results could be achieved. 
 
 It was estimated that in the Seven Northern Counties, from 
 which that Institution drew its inmates there were, under 20 years 
 of age, 4,800 imbeciles. In the country as a whole, the number 
 under 20 years of age was something over 18,000. Yet in all the 
 Institutions of the country, provided for the reception of such cases, 
 there was only room for 2,400 inmates. It was obvious, therefore, 
 that there were multitudes who were year by year still being deprived 
 of the possibility of future happiness and usefulness which might be 
 theirs if funds were provided to enable these Institutions to do a
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 395 
 
 larger work than they were at present doing. Even the Institution 
 under whose auspices they met that day could accommodate 47 
 more patients if there were only funds to support them. This extra 
 provision would entail the contribution of £1,480. Surely there 
 could be,no reason, considering the wealth of the seven northern 
 counties, for the continuance of this state of things. The Institution 
 should not be prevented from doing the work for which it was 
 capable ; and he hoped that by the next time they met all the vacant 
 room would be usefully occupied. The ladies had done much for 
 the Institution. The annual subscriptions amounted to ,£4,500, and 
 of that sum the ladies had collected ,£2,000. (Applause.) He 
 appealed to them to add to the obligation by collecting the additonal 
 £1,480. The ladies had a happy audacity which did not characterise 
 the other sex when seeking to replenish the empty coffers of a 
 charity, and he hoped they would still further usefully exercise this 
 valuable faculty. The Recreation Hall to be clear of debt required 
 ,£1,533 to be raised, besides the modest sum of ,£150 for the supply 
 of furniture ; and there was another deficit in connection with the 
 provision of two large boilers, a new boiler house, and certain im- 
 provements in the laundry and the heating apparatus, which left 
 £"2,165 to be raised to fully pay for what had been done. The bare 
 recital of the facts he had detailed was far more eloquent than words 
 could be, and if it did not dispose them, or those who would learn 
 the facts, to aid the Institution more in future, no eloquence the 
 most bewitching could do so. In asking them to drink to the pros- 
 perity of the Institution, he called upon them to resolve to do all in 
 their power, by the assistance they were able to render, to ensure 
 the prosperity they so heartily desired. "' 
 
 The general Secretary is Mr. James Diggens, Royal Albert 
 Asylum, Lancaster. Offices : —Royal Albert Asylum, Lancaster; 
 and Exchange Chambers, Bank Street, Manchester. 
 
 The Ripley Hospital. 
 
 Earlier on we alluded to the tomb of Julia Ripley, relict of 
 Thomas Ripley, a native of Lancaster and a Liverpool merchant, as
 
 396 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 one of our old city's chief benefactresses. Here, then, are we at the 
 great orphanage, built in the early pointed style of the twelfth 
 century, called "The Ripley Hospital." This Hospital was erected 
 by the said lady at a cost of ^25,000 for the education and mainten- 
 ance of three hundred orphan and fatherless children of Lancaster 
 and Liverpool, special preference being", of course, given to the 
 children born in the former. Candidates must be natives of Lan- 
 caster, or within a radius of fifteen miles thereof, or natives of 
 Liverpool, or within a radius of seven miles of that port and city . 
 in each case within the County of Lancaster only. The Institution 
 was erected in the shape of the letter E, so as to form two wings 
 of equal proportion ; in the one there is accommodation for one 
 hundred and fifty boys, and in the other accommodation for the 
 same number of girls. Candidates for admission must be between 
 the age of seven and eleven, and may remain — boys until their 
 fifteenth year, girls until their sixteenth year. In the centre pro- 
 jection is the main entrance, and beneath the tower, which is 98ft. 
 high. There is a clock in the tower, and the latter is pierced with 
 three tall lancet lights on each side. Each wing is 130ft. long and 
 68ft. high. The principal is the Rev. W. L. Appleford, M.A., the 
 matron Miss McLeod. The Trustees are the Lord Bishop of the 
 diocese, the Lord Bishop of Liverpool, the Yiear of Lancaster (Dr. 
 Allen), Sir Thomas Broeklebank, Bart., Liverpool; Sir Thomas 
 Storey, Knight, Lancaster ; the Rev. C. Twemlow Royds, Heysham; 
 and the Clerk to the Trustees is Mr. G. W. Maxsted, solicitor, 
 Lancaster. 
 
 Messrs. Paley and Austin are to be congratulated upon 
 erecting such an excellent chapel in connection with the Ripley 
 Hospital. It is thoroughly in keeping with the hospital buildings 
 generally, and reflects credit upon architects and builders alike. In 
 one of the local journals the following" description of the new edifice 
 appears, and will doubtless be read by friends of the Hospital and 
 others with interest : — The Chapel forms the completion of the 
 scheme of addition and alteration which was commenced in the year 
 1885, and which with the exception of the chapel was completed t\\ o
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 397 
 
 years ago. As accommodation for too additional children was 
 required, the old school building's have been adapted and added to 
 the domestic portion of the Hospital, giving additional dormitories, 
 wardrobe-rooms, lavatories, &c, and new schools with class-rooms 
 were built as one-storey wings on each side of the main front, and a 
 spacious covered play-ground was provided both for boys and girls. 
 At the rear of the main building there have been built a large 
 swimming-bath, and a complete washhouse and laundry block with 
 necessary boilers and other fittings. The carpenters' shop and the 
 kitchen-offices have been enlarged and refitted. The Ripley 
 Hospital Chapel is of the decorated style oi~ architecture, and 
 consists of a nave, chancel, and south aisle, with vestry on the 
 south side of the chancel, over which is the organ gallery opening 
 by arches with corbelled balconies into the chancel of the south 
 aisle. The chancel, 26ft. wide by 34ft. long, has a stone-groined 
 ceiling 35ft. hig'h at the crown, divided equally into two bays by a 
 clustered shaft on either side, which branch at the springing into the 
 groining ribs. The stonework between the ribs is relieved by 
 bushes of red Runcorn stone. The diagonal ribs at the four corners 
 rest on shafts which are supported by corbels richly carved with 
 leaf foliage. The choir stalls, prayer desks, lectern, and pulpit 
 are of oak richly carved with tracery and leaf foliage. The chancel 
 pavement is of encaustic and plain tiles divided by strips of stone. 
 The nave, 72ft. long, is divided from the chancel by a chancel arch, 
 32ft. high to the apex. Ample accommodation is provided in the 
 nave for the inmates, who enter this Chapel by a covered wa\ 
 connected with the main building. The seats are terminated at the 
 west end by a panelled oak arch, 9ft. high, across the full width of 
 the nave and 9ft. out from west wall. In the south aisle, which is 
 divided from the nave by an arcade of three bays with clustered 
 shafts and capitals, accommodation is provided for 150 adult 
 worshippers, and these sittings are approached by a door to be used 
 by the public at the north side of the chancel arch. The nave is 
 covered by a massive pitchpine roof of eleven principals with 
 traceried spandrills. The roofs of the aisle and organ chamber are 
 also of pitchpine. The floors under the seats are of solid wood
 
 39 8 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 blocks, and the aisles are flagged. The outside stonework, for both 
 dressings and walling, is of Lancaster stone, and the inside dressings 
 and walling, which is ashlar throughout, is of Stourton (Cheshire) 
 stone. The roof is covered with Westmorland slates from the 
 Longridge Fell Quarries. The chancel roof is surmounted by a 
 tall octagonal fleche, the lower part of which contains a bell, 
 which formerly belonged to the Parish Church peal, and round 
 which runs an over-hanging gallery of oak. The total height from 
 the top of the fleche to the ground is iooft. The Chapel will 
 accommodate 300 children and 150 adults. It contains a large 
 three-manual organ, built by Messrs. Wilkinson & Sons, of Kendal; 
 opened in 1890. The edifice was erected in 1888. The resident 
 Principal and Chaplain, the Rev. Walter Langley Appleford, M.A., 
 was appointed in 1882. 
 
 The orphan boys and girls who compose the congregation 
 proper are extremely well behaved during the hours of divine 
 service. Some of the older boys are annually chosen to fill the 
 positions of "churchwardens and sidesmen," and very creditably do 
 they perform their official duties. The Chapel is open to the 
 general public, who thoroughly appreciate the order, heartiness, 
 and melody characterising the Sabbath worship of the Ripley 
 children. Great credit is due to the Head Master, Mr. C. Grime, 
 and to the Head Mistress, Miss M. Snalam, together with their 
 able staff of assistants, for the excellent training —moral, religious, 
 and secular — which under the supervision of the Rev. W. L. 
 Appleford, they daily endeavour to impart to their juvenile charges. 
 
 In its object and intention the Ripley Hospital is very similar 
 to the famous Christ's Hospital (Blue Coat School), London. The 
 foundation stone was laid on July 14th, 1856, and the opening cere- 
 mony took place amidst much public rejoicing on Nov. 3rd, 1864, 
 the anniversary of the birthday of the foundress. Mrs. Ripley lived 
 for manv years to carry on the work of the Institution, and at her 
 death in 1881, the charity was vested in the seven Trustees before 
 named.
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 3gg 
 
 The Workhouse. 
 
 The old Workhouse of Lancaster originally stood near to the 
 White Cross. It was deemed too small, and in June, 1787, it was 
 decided by the Council to erect a more commodious building on a 
 portion of the Moor. 
 
 The following" is a copy of the agreement which was made 
 between William Watson, Esq., Mayor of Lancaster, Robert 
 Addison, and John Warbrick, the bailiffs, and Edward Batty, 
 churchwarden, and John Shaw, Robert Inman, Joshua Robinson, 
 and Thomas Barrow, overseers :— 
 
 "• Whereas the present house for the reception, maintenance, and residence 
 of the poor of the Borough and Township of Lancaster is too small and inconvenient : 
 
 » It is become highly necessary to build a poor-house, and the Churchwardens 
 and Overseers have applied to the Mayor, Bailiffs, and Commonalty as Lords of the 
 Manor. 
 
 And the Mayor, &c, are willing and did represent the propriety thereof to 
 the Aldermen and Council in Council assembled 21st June, 1787. 
 
 And it was unanimously resolved that a convenient quantity of ground on 
 Lancaster Moor should be enclosed under 43 Elizabeth. 
 
 These present witness that in consideration of the comfortable provision and 
 residence that will be made for the poor 
 
 The Mayor, &c, do give and grant liberty to erect a proper and convenient 
 poor-house on a piece of common ground on Lancaster Moor, betwixt the two high- 
 ways there, near to the stone quarries; ami also to enclose from the waste or 
 common 30 customary acres of 7 yards to the rood. 
 
 Witnesses, Thomas Shepherd. 
 
 Thomas Edelston." 
 
 The present Workhouse, certain portions of which were 
 rebuilt in 1889-90, was erected in 1787-8, at a cost of ;£ 1,050, 
 which Clarke says was borrowed. Ten acres of land were enclosed 
 from the common for the use of the poor. In 1 84 1-2 the Poorhouse 
 was enlarged at a cost of ^4,000. The Union embraces 24 town- 
 ships, covers an area of 57,141 acres, and contains a population of 
 near 51,987 people.
 
 4 oo TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 Among past governors of the Lancaster Workhouse, just 
 one hundred and two years old, I may mention the following in rota- 
 tion, as far as possible, according to an aged informant's statement : 
 Mr. Nicholas Robinson (1788) ; Mr. James Rothwell, Mr. Craystone, 
 Mr. Thomas Watkinson, who in 1840 was fined £j and 19s. costs 
 for brutally assaulting Mary Dixon, a pauper. Then came Mr. 
 Hughes, appointed 1843, succeeded by Mr. James Stringer, Nov. 
 22nd, 1845. After him came Mr. Blezzard, Mr. Edmondson, then 
 Mr. Smith, appointed 1866, and governor 21 years. He was 
 followed by Mr. Roach, and Mr. Flowett, and then came the 
 present master, Mr. W. Wells, who conducts the house most 
 efficiently and is ably seconded by Mrs. Wells, the matron. 
 
 The Chairman of the Poor-law Board is the Rev. Charles 
 Twemlow Royds, M.A., Rector of Heysham, and the clerk is 
 Joseph Ennion, Esq.; auditor, Percy J. Hibbert, Esq.; Union 
 medical officer, Dr. Johnson, St. Leonardgate ; Union relieving 
 officer, J. R. B. Pilkington, Dalton Square. Mr. James Grant was 
 clerk to the Union many years, and prior to his appointment the 
 post was held by Mr. S. Simpson, appointed in December, 1839. 
 In 1806 the poor rate was 2s 8d. A few years before it was 5s. 
 
 There used to be a windmill on the moor behind the Work- 
 house. One or two persons were killed when it was blown down. 
 The late Mr. William Cleminson spoke to having seen the mill, 
 and an "Old Inhabitant" confirmed the statement. It appears 
 that it was a square mill removed from St. Michael's and fixed 
 above the gate on the Quernmore Road from the Poorhouse, about 
 40 yards from the road. It never got to work, but was blown 
 down and killed a man whose name the "Old Inhabitant" believed 
 was Herdman. 
 
 The Cemeterv. 
 
 The Cemetery, with its three neat mortuary Chapels, is near 
 to the Park. It w r as opened in 1855, and in it are many admirable 
 memorials of gilded marble and granite, and many a local worthy
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 401 
 
 has his virtues and talents unostentatiously alluded to upon the same, 
 as likewise upon many less imposing leaves which form this large 
 library of stone volumes. The terraces are well arranged, and the 
 undulating- character of the "plots of death" makes the idea of a 
 gloomy side scarcely admissible. The registrar is Mr. John Barton. 
 This garden of death is well worth a visit on account of the vast 
 expanse of country you gain from its more elevated or centre 
 points. Its area is 21 acres. 
 
 Among many beautiful memorials is one : — 
 
 " in memory of 
 
 the right honourable 
 
 Matthew Talbot Baines, 
 
 born february i 7th, 1 799, 
 
 died january 23rd, 1 860 ; 
 
 ALSO OF 
 
 Ann, 
 
 widow of the above, 
 
 born november i 7th, 1798, 
 
 died june 22nd, i 874." 
 
 Mrs. Baines was the daughter of Mr. Lazarus Threlfall, of 
 Lancaster. This lady met with her death owing to a railway 
 accident at Scorton. 
 
 In this cemetery lie the remains of the Rev. Joseph Rowley, 
 the Rev. Dr. Hathornthwaite, the Rev. George Morland, Captain 
 Hansbrow, Dr. DeVitre, Dr. Broadhurst, and many other local 
 celebrities. The grounds are kept in excellent order by the registrar 
 and his staff. 
 
 The Lune Fishery. 
 
 The Lune Fishery demands a few observations. Everyone 
 familiar with Lancaster history must know that the Lune salmon 
 stands high in the estimation of every judge of good river fish. 
 The Lune Fishery is very ancient. It extended from Denny Beck to 
 
 D2
 
 4 02 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 Scaleford, a little below St. George's Quay, and previous to the 
 Reformation belonged to the Abbot and Convent of Furness, 
 subject to a claim to a third draught, in part of the fishery called 
 St. Mary's Pot, and to an alternative draught in all the other parts 
 of it, claimed and established by the Prion' of the Church of St. 
 Mary in Lancaster, in virtue of an ancient deed made by the Abbot 
 of Furness. Upon the surrender and dissolution of monasteries, 
 Beaumont Fishery, as it was called, became vested in the Crown, 
 and was subsequently held by Francis Mustall, George South- 
 worth, and John Ayliffe successively, as lessees, at an annual rent 
 of ;£i2. In the fourth year of Charles I. it passed by patent, along 
 with other possessions, under the great seal of the Duchy of Lan- 
 caster, to Edward Ditchfield, Richard Dalton, and others, and to 
 their heirs and assigns. It afterwards passed by demise of Thomas 
 Foster and others, and in 1759 was conveyed in fee by purchase to 
 the ancestor of the Brads*haws, of Halton Hall, who enjoyed the 
 right of the Lune Fishery exclusively upon payment of a fee farm 
 rent of ^"12 to the representatives of George (Monk), Duke of 
 Albemarle, to whom the possessions, of which this fishery formed a 
 part, were granted by Charles II. soon after the Restoration. The 
 river has always been famed for its salmon fry or smelts, and in 
 1825 the estimated value of the fishery was ^500 per annum. 
 There is now, and long has been, a Lune Fishery Board, the 
 chairman of which is Mr. Fenwick, of Burrow Hall. The Secre- 
 tary, Mr. W. T. Sharp, has kindly forwarded the following informa- 
 tion : — The Lune, Wyre, Keer and Cocker Fishery Board was 
 established under the provisions of the Salmon Fisheries Act, 1865. 
 The certificate of the district, signed by the Home Secretary, 
 bearing date the 18th January, 1866. The Halton Fishery is now 
 held by Mr. Edmund Sharpe, and the Skerton Fishery by Mr. T. 
 Thompson. 
 
 Seats Near Lancaster. 
 
 Aldcliffe Hall (the seat of Mr. E. B. Dawson), Ashton Hall 
 (formerly the seat of Thomas, first Lord Gerard, and afterwards oi
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 403 
 
 the Duke of Hamilton and Brandon), Bare House, Beaumont Cote, 
 Bolton Lodge, Carnforth Lodge, Cawood (where the North family 
 once resided), Crow Trees, Dalton Hall (the residence of Edmund 
 Hornbv, M.P., 1807), Ellel Grange, Ellel Hall, Gunnerthwaite, 
 Hall Garth, Kellet (now vacant), Halton Hall, Halton Park, 
 Heyning Hall, Hilderstone Hill House, Hornby Castle (formerly 
 the seat of the Monteagles, and now the stately abode of the repre- 
 sentative of the Fosters, of Queensbury, Yorkshire), Hornby House, 
 K.ier Bank Hall (a seat of the Martens), Leighton Hall (where 
 reside the Gillows), Lune Bank (Mi. Housman's), Lunefield (a 
 delightful spot, once the residence of the Carus family), Melling 
 Hall, Newland Hall, Polefield, Quarnmoor Park (formerly the 
 dwelling place of the Clifford family, and now of a branch of the 
 very ancient family of Garnett), Starbock Lodge, Stodday Lodge, 
 Swarthdale House, Thurland Castle, Thumham Hall (the old home 
 of the Daltons), and last, but not least, must be mentioned Holker 
 Hall, the favourite dwelling of the Duke of Devonshire. 
 
 Lune Villa was erected by Mr. John Cumpsty, of the old firm 
 of Bradshaw and Cumpsty, drapers, Market Street. Mr. Cumpstj 
 died on the 8th of October, 1815, aged 47 years. He was the son 
 of William Cumpsty, who died September 26th, 1803, aged 69. 
 
 Scale Hall was the property of the Rev. Geoffrey Hornby, 
 Rector of Winwick. It was occupied by the Rev. James Stainbank, 
 Rector of Halton, and perpetual curate of Over Kellet, and also by 
 the HisrS'in family. Beaumont Hal! was the seat 01 Edward F. 
 Buckley, Esq. The Cole family resided here in the seventeenth 
 century. Stodday Lodge was for some years the home of the 
 Arthingtons who came from Leeds. Thomas Arthington, Esq., 
 father of John Arthington, Esq., of Arthington Hall, was High 
 Sheriff of Yorkshire in 1767. He died in 1801. He was one of the 
 founders of the Old Bank, Leeds. Ashton Hall demands a special 
 notice since it has long been the seat of seats, as one may say, in the 
 neighbourhood of Lancaster. There are about 21 Ashtons in 
 England, according to Carlisle's Dictionary, Lewis gives 18; and
 
 4 o 4 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 the suburbs of many places in this county boast their Ash-tons or 
 tuns (aesc an ash, and tun a town), as a reference to a comprehensive 
 chart will at once show. The real name of this place or full name 
 is Ashton-cum-Stodday, the stodday denoting' " the stud of wild 
 horses on the wood sheltered shaw or shav." In the Coucher Book of 
 Funiess Abbey we meet with stodfaldwra, which means "stud of 
 wild horses with fold near the angle of the field." Anglo Saxon, 
 stod a horse, fahl a fold, vra or wra, an angle or corner. The old 
 chronicles inform us that Ashton Hall, Lancaster, " was the 
 ancient seat of the De Couceys, out of which family it passed by 
 marriage to Sir John de Coupland, the hero of Neville's Cross. In 
 1445, it became the property of Sir Robert Lawrence, knight, who 
 received his titular distinction at the hands of Lord Stanley, at 
 Huttonfield, in Scotland. From the Lawrences the Manor and Hall 
 passed to the Radcliffes, through the Butlers, and from them by 
 marriage to Sir Gilbert Gerrard, ancestor to Lord Gerrard, of 
 Bromley. Elizabeth, only daughter and heiress, of Digby, Lord 
 Gerrard, having married James, Earl of Arran, created fourth Duke 
 of Hamilton in 1679, it thus came into the Hamilton family. The 
 ancient owners of the Hall, the De Couceys, where the family who 
 enjoyed what has long been known as the De Coucey privilege, 
 which consisted of standing before the sovereign covered, was 
 granted by King John in 1203, under the following circumstances:— 
 King John and Phillip II. of France agreed to settle a dispute 
 respecting the Duchy of Normandy by single combat. John De 
 Coucey, Earl of Ulster, was the English champion, and no sooner 
 put in his appearance than the French champion put spurs into his 
 horse and fled. The King inquired of the earl what reward should 
 be given him and he replied : " Titles and land I want not, of these 
 I have enough, but in remembrance of this day I beg the boon for 
 myself and successors to remain covered in the presence of your 
 highness and all future sovereigns of the realm." In 1853, the 
 Starkie family of Huntroyde Hall, Padiham, purchased the Ashton 
 Manor estates, and Mr. J. P. Chamberlayne Starkie, J. P., resided 
 there until his sudden decease in 1888. This gentleman was 
 brother to Col. Le Gendre Nicholas Starkie who is descended from
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 405 
 
 one Hugh Starkeye, Esquire, gentleman usher to King Henry VIII. 
 and whose tomb is to be seen with effigy thereon in the church of 
 St. Chad, Over-cum-Delamere, Cheshire. About six years ago 
 Ashton Hall became the property of Mr. James Williamson, M.P., 
 who paid ^100,000 lor it. 
 
 Sale of the Duke of Hamilton and Brandon's Lancashire 
 
 Estates in 1853. 
 
 The Hall and estate were bought by the Starkie family for 
 ^75,000. The estate contained 1,540 acres of land. The Scotforth 
 estate of 1 17a. 21'. 13P. was reserved: the reserved price, ^9,600, not 
 being bid. The Holleth and Forton estate of 361a. 2r. 8p. was 
 purchased by Mr. Gardner, of Liverpool, for ^"9,400. The Nateby 
 property, comprising 1,802a. 2r. 28p. was bought by Mr. William 
 Bashall, of Farrington Lodge, for ^45,700. The Barnacre estate 
 of 3,341a. 3r. 32p. was bought in at ^104,000, the highest bid having 
 been ^90,000. The Nether Wyresdale estate of 4,027a. or. 2ip. 
 was bought by Mr. Ormerod, of Bolton, for ;£ 110,500. The 
 Cleveley estate of 693a. or. 14P. was also purchased by Mr. Orme- 
 rod for ^35,100, as well as the Cabus property of [,359a. or. 6p. 
 for ^"54,100. The total price realised for the estates sold was 
 ^329,800, and the computed value of the estates reserved £1 13,700. 
 Together the Duke of Hamilton's Lancashire estates were reckoned 
 to be worth ^443,500, the total acreage being about 13,243 acres. 
 Average price per acre, including buildings, &c, would be about 
 ^33 10s. od. The land generally, realised about 32 years' 
 purchase." Archibald, Duke of Hamilton, died at Ashton Hall, on 
 the 1 6th February, 181 9, in his 79th year. He was succeeded by 
 Alexander, his son. 
 
 Ashton Hall contained the following pictures which it is 
 believed were removed to Hamilton Paiace, Scotland : Portrait of 
 Elizabeth Gerard, Duchess of Hamilton, the Marquis of Douglas 
 and Clydesdale, and Lord Archibald Hamilton, by Gainsborough ; 
 the Duke of Bedford ; a Head, by Rembrandt ; Clelia escaping from
 
 4 o6 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 the Roman camp, by Raphael ; a Boar Hunt, by Snyders ; a large 
 Landscape by Berg-hen ; and Original Cartoons, by Leonardi da 
 Vinci, from his celebrated painting of the Last Supper. 
 
 Another matter I may just as well allude to. "You have 
 never said anything about Cromwell and Cromwell's Steps," sax- 
 some. I have not, and for the very best reason, viz., that I have 
 not been able to find anything indicative of the Lord Protector's 
 presence in Lancaster, and as far as the "steps " are concerned, 1 
 believe fancy rather than fact has given them their noteworthy name. 
 
 The Local Press. 
 
 The Lancaster Gazette commenced June 20th, 1801. On Aug. 
 9th, 1834, Mr. William Minshull disposed of the Lancaster Gazette 
 to Mr. C. E. Quarme. Miss Minshull gave up her interest in the 
 Gazette in August, 1834. Mr. Minshull died on the 19th May, 1833. 
 Mr. Quarme ceased to be proprietor of that journal on the 30th of 
 September, 1848, when Mr. G. C. Clark became owner of the plant, 
 &c. In 1874, Mr. William King acquired the property and still 
 retains it. Mr. Quarme died August 16th, 1879, aged 84. The 
 Gazette, originally Gazetteer, until 1st of January, 1804, was 
 started in Benson's Court. (Mansergh's yard). The office was 
 subsequently removed to Great John Street, and in 1842, to 
 Market Street, where it still remains. The Lancaster Guardian, 
 was established in 1836, by Mr. A. Milner, and the Messrs. Milner 
 are still proprietors of this weekly journal. The Lancaster Observer 
 was founded in i860 by Mr. Thos. Edmondson, who sold it to Mr. 
 T. C. Bell in 1874. The first supplement of the Lancaster Gazette 
 appeared on the 18th of April, 1812. 
 
 The Green Lane Murder. 
 
 About two miles out of Lancaster, going south, towards 
 Galgate, is a very secluded lane called Green Lane, a lane like many 
 others in this part of the country, thoroughly rural, and far from
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 407 
 
 any human dwelling. A stranger would scarcely find it, and few 
 outside the agricultural community have any occasion to find it or 
 walk along it. Prior to January nth, 1866, this isolated bye-way 
 bore no notoriety, but was one of those peaceful poetical spots "far 
 from the madding crowd," and full of beauty in the beautiful seasons 
 of the year. But let a stranger pass along it now, and he will be 
 surprised to find a small tombstone, upon which appears the 
 following inscription : — 
 
 in .memory of 
 Elizabeth Nelson, 
 of skerton, spinster, 
 
 AGED 31, 
 
 WHO, AT THIS SPOT, 
 
 ON THE EVENING OF THURSDAY, JANUARY IITH, 1866, 
 
 WAS BARBAROUSLY MURDERED, IN DEFENCE OF HER CHASTITY. 
 
 "O Lord Thou hast seen my wrong; judge thou my 
 cause." — Lam. c. III., v. 79. 
 
 The poor woman was discovered early on the following morn- 
 ing partly covered with a shroud — a natural shroud of snow, typical, 
 indeed, of all that is chaste and pure, by a man going to his work. 
 The body was fearfully bruised, and showed signs of a terrible 
 struggle with her vile murderer or murderers, who have never to 
 this day been discovered. It has been remarked by some of the 
 more superstitious that there has always been a downfall of snow 
 on the anniversary of the dreadful trag'edy ; but this assertion is 
 not true. There is still a brother of the victim residing in 
 Lancaster, and other relatives. The stone mentioned above 
 is Swarthmoor blue stone, and was erected by public subscrip- 
 tion. Mr. John Thompson, of Penny Street, was the engraver, 
 and he at first refused to make any charge for the memorial, 
 but on being pressed to accept payment, he generously offered 
 to erect a stone over the young woman's remains at Aughton, 
 free of charge. On behalf of the family of the victim subscriptions 
 poured in from rich and poor, and a general feeling of sorrow
 
 4 o8 TIME-HONOURED LANXASTER. 
 
 pei'vadecl the whole district. The lane in which the murder took 
 place leads from Burrow to Hazlerigg, and the man who found the 
 victim was Thomas Wilkinson, of Burrow Beck. 
 
 Centenarians. 
 
 There have been during the century two centenarians in 
 Lancaster, one John Berry, who died on the 4th December, 1807, 
 and a woman named Bainbridge, who lived in St. Leonard Gate, 
 and died on the 1st of April, 1873. 
 
 There have been some curious names in our town and such 
 are still extant, as for instance, those of Physick and Pharaoh. 
 
 In 1783, there was married to Mr. Samuel Brian, cabinet 
 maker, a Miss Repentance Walmsley. Both parties belonged to 
 Lancaster. Brian, whose name means " voice of thunder" certainly 
 took Repentance to Church (" Repentance not to be repented of," 
 surely) and married her. To-day a name no less strange is that of 
 the chief resident officer of the Castle — William Repulse Shenton, 
 but Mr. Shenton was burn on her Majesty's ship " Repulse" about 
 1842, hence the name, not unwisely given, in such a case. 
 
 Two or three years ago Mr. Justice Wills was sitting at the 
 Lancaster xAssizes, and just over a hundred and four years ago from 
 that period, a Mr. Justice Willes sat at the Lancaster Assizes, in 
 April, 1784. 
 
 The Lancaster Quarter Sessions are held on the first Monday 
 after the 31st of March, 24th of June, nth of October, and 28th ot 
 December. The chairman of the Quarter Sessions is John Fell, 
 Esq., the magistrates' clerk, Mr. H. J. J. Thompson. The County- 
 Petty Sessions are held every Saturday at the Crown Court. 
 
 The Judge of the County Court is Millis Coventry, Esq.; 
 Registrar, Mr. W. T. Sharp.
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 409 
 
 A decided improvement has been made in what may justly be 
 termed the boulevard of Lancaster, namely, the Victoria Avenue, 
 for which the public are indebted to the present Mayor, Mr. Charles 
 Blades (brother-in-law of the Jubilee Mayor, Sir Thomas Storey). 
 We allude to the planting of trees on each side of the road for up- 
 wards of a mile, and the placing- of comfortable seats at certain 
 points, at a cost of something- like ^700. Lancaster has for many 
 years possessed a few lovers of nature and art also, and possibly 
 the society, established in the year 1820, for promoting the fine arts 
 has done a little towards implanting in the breasts of a succeeding 
 generation an honest regard for nature as well as for the canvas 
 and the brush. 
 
 The Lancaster brogue is what may be termed a transition 
 brogue. It differs much from the vulgar tongue of the average 
 South or West Lancashire man's, and is largely made up of West- 
 morland and Yorkshire modes of pronunciation. For " 1 am," the 
 Lancaster person usually says " I is.' - " I is well," or ' T isn't well '' 
 is a sample, as also is — " If thou is ready, let's ga t'at fair, it's nae 
 ower fur, an' lile Jacky ul Ink efther t' bee'as while we git back. 
 There's nat ower mitch wark just now an' it'll be a gert tre'at fur 
 thee, I's sure." (Sure is sounded as sewer). There is a strong- 
 guttural sound increasing very much as you get out into the sur- 
 rounding villages, northward especially. There is very much Norse 
 in the Lancaster dialect. 
 
 The Lancaster people may be fairly enough marked off as 
 shrewd, cautious, slow but sure, very conservative, and particularly 
 averse from strangers for a long period. Inquisitiveness is a 
 Lancashire trait, not so remarkably indulged in, be it said, in the 
 county town, as in places further south. Their business system and 
 promptitude, whether of an agricultural or commercial nature, wilj 
 rank with those of denizens in any of the larger centres of industry. 
 
 There is a spirit of enterprise apparent to-day, certain to 
 render the town distinguished as a commercial centre as well as for
 
 4 io TIME-HONOURED LANXASTER. 
 
 its grey antiquity. The only danger is that commerce will obliterate 
 the few public memorials of the past yet remaining amongst us. 
 
 The fairs held in the town are as follow : — Thursday, 
 Friday, and Saturday, before the first Sunday in the new year, 
 horses ; May ist, cattle ; May 2nd, horses, and sheep; May 3rd, 
 toys : July 5th, cattle, July 6th, wool, horses, and sheep ; July 7th, 
 toys; October 10th, cattle; October nth, horses and sheep; 
 October 12th, toys. Cheese fairs first Wednesday in February, 
 May, July, August, October, and December. The hirings are held 
 at Whitsuntide and Martinmas.
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 
 
 411 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 The Bowerham Barracks— The First Royal Lancashire Regimen'j oi 
 Militia— " King's Own"— Lancaster Kings of Arms and Lancaster 
 Heralds— List of Past Kings-of-Arms and Heralds— Lancaster 
 Coins and Tokens— Lancaster Probate Court— Lancaster 1 
 Office— Borough Waits— Bellman'.-, Parrock— Our Old Hoi 
 —Castle Hill House— Fenton-Cawthorne House— An Old Tower 
 — Old Wells — Hotels. 
 
 T Bowerham are the Head-Quarters of the 
 4th Regimental District, commanded by 
 Colonel Middleton. The Barracks was 
 erected in 1876-80, the price for the land 
 being £j, 300, bid by Messrs. Myres, Veevers, 
 and Myres, of Preston, on behalf of the War 
 Office. This was at the rate of ^433 per 
 acre, or is. 4d. per yard. The estate was 
 originally charity land, and formed part of 
 the endowment of Penny's Hospital. 
 
 There are two portraits of considerable interest in the Mess 
 Room of the barracks. The first is thus inscribed : — 
 
 Major General Charles Trelawney. 
 
 From the original painting by " Kneller." He obtained a command 
 in 1672, and served under Turenne ; was appointed Major in the 2nd 
 Tangiers Regiment, now the King's Own, in 1680, and Lieut-Colonej 
 to command the Regiment, shortly afterwards. In 1682, he was 
 appointed Colonel of the Regiment. 
 
 He commanded a Brigade at the Battle of the Boyne, and 
 retired from the Regiment in 1691, on promotion, and being 
 appointed Governor of Plymouth. He died in 1731 .
 
 4 i2 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 The second, and almost opposite the first, bears the following 
 inscription : — 
 
 General Henry Trelawney. 
 
 From the original painting by " Kneller." He obtained a command 
 as Captain in the 2nd Tangiers Regiment, now the King's Own, in 
 1680. He was at the Battle of Sedgemoor. He was promoted Lieut- 
 Colonel in 1688, and was Colonel of the Regiment in 1692. He 
 retired from the Regiment in 1702, and died shortly afterwards. 
 He was M.P. for Plymouth from 1700 to 1702. 
 
 In another part of the room is a framed Certificate of Free- 
 manship of the City of Cork. Here is a copy of it : — 
 
 " Be It Remembered that on the eighteenth day of May, 
 One thousand seven hundred and sixty-seven, Lieut-General 
 Studholme Hodgson was by the unanimous consent of the mayor 
 sheriffs and common council of the City of Cork admitted and 
 enrolled a Freeman at large of the same. In Testimony whereof 
 the common seal of the said city is hereunto ffixed the day and year 
 aforesaid." 
 
 The County of Lancaster has distinguished itself in arts and 
 arms generations ago and its sons have ever been men who did not 
 believe in doing things by halves, in fact, in half-hearted schemes 
 or projects or in half-hearted work, Lancastrians never did believe. 
 To do what requires doing heartily, thoroughly and well, or 
 leave it alone altogether is a true trait of Lancashire men. If there 
 is work to be done, if it is absolutely necessary to do that work, 
 then a prompt beginning is half of the turnpike to completion. 
 The history of the 1st Royal Lancashire Regiment of Militia proves 
 the Red Rose spirit to be no less plucky in deeds of peace than in 
 deeds of war. The history of the 1st Lancashire Militia shows all 
 through that this same spirit permeates every capacity in the battle 
 of life, and I need not therefore apologise for venturing to include
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANXASTER. 413 
 
 a brief sketch of the "King's Own," in obedience to the suggestion 
 made by a gallant officer whose interest in the Regiment is well 
 known. 
 
 The oldest standing national force of these realms is the 
 Militia, established by the father and brothers of Alfred the Great, 
 between the years of 872 and 901. In 1172, a commission of array 
 was issued to raise a Militia — a term which by the way is the Angli- 
 cised form of the Spanish Mihcia, Latin Miles — and fifty-four years 
 after Henry II. revived the commission, and it was again revived in 
 the reign of Mar) - I., 1557. This military force is said to have 
 amounted to 160,000 men in 1623. The present Militia statutes date 
 from 1661 to 1663. In 1796, a supplemental Militia Act was passed, 
 and in 1802, a General Militia Act for England and Scotland was 
 passed, that for Ireland being passed seven years later. Acts to con- 
 solidate the Militia laws date from 1852-4. Owing to the prevailing 
 opinion that it was necessary to strengthen our defences against the 
 possibility of a French invasion, the act empowered Her Majesty to 
 raise a force not exceeding 80,000 men, of which number 50,000 
 were to be raised in 1852, and 30,000 in 1855; the quotas for each 
 county or riding to be fixed by an order in council. The Militia 
 Reserve Act was passed in 1867. Grose's "History of the British 
 Army" published in 1801 shows clearly the great utility of such a 
 standing force as the Militia. But of these general observations 
 enough. By the courtesy of Colonel Middleton and Colonel 
 Whalley, J-P-, I am able to place before my readers a very pleasant 
 sketch of the career of the King's Own Royal Lancaster Regiment, 
 the depot of which has been stationed since 1880 in our midst. An 
 interesting summary by Colonel Middleton was written at Colonel 
 Whalley's request for inclusion in this work. 
 
 In 1878 the territorial system was introduced into the British 
 Army ; that is to say, each Regiment was given a certain area or 
 district in the country from which to obtain its recruits. Each 
 Regiment was to consist of two Regular Battalions, one or 
 or two Militia Battalions, and one or more Volunteer Battalions.
 
 4 i 4 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 One of the Regular Battalions was always to serve abroad, either 
 in India or in the Colonies, whilst the other was to be quartered in 
 Great Britain or in Ireland. A depot was formed in a central 
 position in each district where the recruits both for the Regular and 
 Militia Battalions are drilled, and where the clothing- and equipment 
 are kept for Militia and Reserve men of the Regular Battalions. 
 The town of Lancaster was selected as one of these depots, with a 
 Regimental District extending from Cockerham and Dolphinholme, 
 to the north of the County of Lancaster. The Regiment posted to 
 this district was the qth Foot, and the district was accordingly 
 numbered the 4th Regimental District. At this period the 4th 
 consisted ot two Battalions, and with the two Battalions of the 
 1 st Lancashire Militia and the Volunteer Battalion then existing 
 within the area assigned, there was thus formed the territorial 
 Regiment — now called The King's Own (Royal Lancaster) Regi- 
 ment. 
 
 It may not be uninteresting to those who are connected with 
 the County if a brief history of this distinguished Regiment is given 
 at this point, since it is one of the oldest Regiments in the 
 British Army. It was raised in 1680 by King Charles II., for ser- 
 vice in Tangiers. In 1684 it returned to England. It was engaged 
 at the battle of Sedgemoor, in 1685; at the battle of the Boyne, in 
 1690; and in 1692 it embarked for the Netherlands, and formed 
 part of the Army commanded by King William, in person. It was 
 present at the battle of Steinkirk, the relief of Furnes, the battle of 
 Landen and the sieges of Huy and Namur. In 1702, it formed 
 part of the expeditionary force to Cadiz, under 'General the Duke 
 of Ormond. In 1704, it was engaged in the capture of Gibraltar, 
 and afterwards in defence of the fortress. 
 
 In 17 1 5, this Regiment was selected to furnish the Guards .it 
 Windsor Castle, on the accession of King George I., and for this 
 service His Majesty was graciously pleased to confer upon it the 
 title of "The King's Own," which honorary distinction it bears to 
 the present day. In 1745, it was sent to Scotland and was present
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 415 
 
 at the battles of Falkirk unci Culloden. In 1751, a warrant was 
 given to the Regiment styling it "The King's Own Royal Regi- 
 ment," and authorising it to wear as a budge, the "Lion of 
 England." It was in consequence of this distinction that in 1878, 
 this Resriment was selected to form its Head Ouarters in the Pala- 
 tinate of Lancaster, which also has for its arms the Royal Badge. In 
 1754, it served in the defence of Port St. Philip, in the Island of 
 Minorca. In 1758, it proceeded to the West Indies, and took part 
 in the attack on Martinico, the capture of Guadaloupe, Dominico, 
 Grenada, St. Lucie, St. Vincent and Havannah. In 1774, it em- 
 barked for North America, and was present at the actions of 
 Concord and Lexington, and at the battle of Bunker's Hill and 
 other engagements. In 1799, it embarked for Holland, and was 
 present at the battle of Egmont-op-Zee. In 1807, it proceeded with 
 the expeditionary force to Copenhagen, and in 1808, it embarked 
 for Portugal, advanced into Spain with Sir John Moore, took part 
 in the retreat to Corunna, and at that battle greatly distinguished 
 itself by defeating a flank attack made on the British Army by the 
 French. In 1809, it formed part of the force under General the 
 Earl of Chatham, which was sent to Walcheren. In 1810, it again 
 proceeded to the Peninsula, and took part in the defence of the lines 
 of Torres Vedras under Lord Wellington. In 181 1, it was engaged 
 in the battle of Sabugal, in the skirmish near Barba-del-Puerco, at 
 the siege of Ciudad Rodrigo, the storming of Badajoz, the battle of 
 Salamanca, the siege of Burgos, and the skirmish near the River 
 Carion. In 1813, it was present at the battle of Vittoria, the siege 
 of St. Sebastian, the passage of the River Bidassoa, the battles o( 
 Nivelle and Nive, and at the blockade of Bayonne. In 18 14, it pro- 
 ceeded to America, and was present at the battle of Bladensburg, 
 the capture of Washington, the expedition against Baltimore, and 
 the battle of Godly Wood — the expedition against New Orleans, 
 and the capture of Fort Bowyer. In 1815, it was present al the 
 battle of Waterloo, advanced on Paris and formed part of the army 
 of occupation in France, until 1818. In 1854, the Regiment em- 
 barked to take part in the Eastern Campaign, landed in the 
 Crimea in the September of that year, and was present at the
 
 4 i6 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 battles of Alma and Inkerman, and served in front of Sebas- 
 topol during the entire siege. In 1857, it took part in the 
 suppression of the Indian Mutiny. In r868, this same Regi- 
 ment was engaged in the Abyssinian Campaign, and in 1879, 
 in the 7ai1u War. Few Regiments in the British Army can show 
 such a record of active service. The Barracks on Bowerham Hill 
 was completed in June, 1880, and has since that time been occu- 
 pied by the Depot and Militia Staff of the Regiment. The following 
 is a list of the Colonels who have been in command of the Regi- 
 mental District since its establishment:- 
 
 Colonel A. C. K. Lock, (late 50th Regiment), from 1880 to 1884. 
 Colonel C. Eccles, (late King's Own), from 1884 to 1888. 
 Colonel O. R. Middleton, (late King's Own), from 18S8 to the 
 present time. 
 
 From Colonel Whalley's interesting book " Roll of Officers 
 of the First Royal Lancashire Militia," I take the following items : — 
 
 Titles of the Regiment. 
 
 1642 — Lancashire Regiment of Militia. 
 1761 — Royal Lancashire Regiment of Militia. 
 !yg Q — 1st. Royal Lancashire Militia. 
 
 I g^ I — Is t Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own). 
 jSSi — 3rd and 4th Battalions The King's Own (Royal Lancaster) 
 Regiment. 
 
 -&■ 
 
 Colonels Commanding the Regiment. 
 
 William ffarington, 1642. 
 
 William George Richard, 9th Earl of Derby, 1689. 
 
 Sir Henry Houghton, Bart., June 1st, 1715. 
 
 Edward, nth Earl of Derby, October 25th, 1745. 
 
 James Smith Stanley, Viscount Strange, July 15th, 1760. 
 
 Edward, 12th Earl of Derby, February 14th, 1772.
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 417 
 
 Thomas Stanley, October 28th, 1783. 
 
 Peter Patten-Bold, January 18th, 1817. 
 
 John Plumbe-Tempest, November 4th, 181 9. 
 
 John Talbot Clifton, October 8th, 1852. 
 
 William Assheton Cross, December 8th, 1870. 
 
 Robert Whitle, May 31st, 1872. 
 
 Hon. Frederick Arthur Stanley, June 23rd, 1874. A.D.C. to the 
 
 Queen. 
 Thomas Dawson Sheppard, September 26th 1877, commanding" 
 
 2nd Battalion. 
 George Blucher Heneage Marton, Lieutenant-Colonel Commandant, 
 
 commanding 3rd Battalion, March 20th, 1886. 
 Joseph Lawson Whalley, commanding 4th Battalion, November 
 
 26th, 1887. 
 
 It may here be interesting to note a few of the leading events 
 in the history of this, one of the oldest and most distinguished 
 Regiments in the Militia service. The following facts are therefore 
 taken from the " Records of the Regiment," compiled by a local 
 officer, and partly from " Her Majesty's Arm}," by Walter 
 Richards : — 
 
 W r e find an honourable incident connected with it so early 
 as 1642, when King Charles I. summoned to his Headquarters at 
 York, Colonel and Captain ffarington, both officers of the Regiment. 
 The latter subsequently took an active part in the defence of Lathom 
 House, and was named by Charles II. " Knight of the Royal Oak." 
 
 In the library of the House of Lords there is a Roll of Officers 
 of the Regiment called for by Parliament, and supplied by the Lord 
 Lieutenant of the County, This Roll is dated 1680. It was one of 
 the many demanded by the government of the day in order to ascer- 
 tain the names of those officers who were Papists. This Roll I am 
 able to publish since a transcript of it has been kindly lent by 
 Colonel Whalley, who obtained it direct from the House of Lords. 
 
 E2
 
 4iS 
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 To the Right Honble. the Earl of Sunderland, one of His 
 Ma'ties. principal Secretaries of State at Whitehall, London. 
 
 Knowsley, 28th Nov., 1680. 
 My Lord, 
 
 In obedience to His Ma'tie's commands contained in your 
 Lo'pp's letter of the 19th, I have enclosed two Lists of the names of 
 all the Deputy Lieutenants and the Officers of the Militia under my 
 command, and am, my lord, 
 
 Your Lo'pp's most humble servant, 
 
 Derbv. 
 Lancashire. November 28TH, 1680. 
 
 Deputy Lieutenants. 
 
 William Spencer, Elsq. 
 Sir Charles Hoghton. 
 Sir Robert Bindlos. 
 Sir Ralph Ashton. 
 Sir Roger Bradshaigh. 
 Sir Peter Brooke. 
 Richard Legh, Esq. 
 Richard Kirkby, Esq. 
 Roger Novell Esq. 
 Edward Fleetwood, Esq. 
 
 Alexander Rigby, Esq. 
 Richard Atherton, Esq. 
 Tho. Norris, Esq. 
 Christopher Bannastre. 
 Tho. Greenhalgh, Esq., 
 Lawrence Rawstorne, Esq. 
 Miles Dodding, Esq. 
 Thomas Braddyll, Esq. 
 Daniel Fleminge, Esq. 
 Curwin Rawlinson, Esc]. 
 
 Colonels. 
 
 Foot Officers. 
 I The Ear! of Derby, Roger Nowell, and Richard 
 
 J 
 
 Lieut. -Colonels 
 
 Sergeant Majors. 
 
 Kirkby, Esquires. 
 
 \ Sir Ralph Ashton, Lawrence Rawstorne, and 
 I Alexander Rigby, Esquires. 
 
 I Henry Farrington, John Parker and William 
 
 J 
 
 Fleminge, Esquires. 
 
 Captains. 
 
 Sir Richard Standish, Thomas Ashurst, John Risley, John Ashton, 
 Alexander Nowell, William Hulme, Robert Nowell, Adam Byrom,
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 419 
 
 Thomas Preston, Curwin Rawlinson, Ralph Longworth, James 
 Morian, and Christopher Parker, Esquires. 
 
 r 
 
 Lieutenants. 
 
 Henry Slaughter, Esq. ; John Widdowes, Richard Houghton, Peter 
 Standish, Thomas Gilliburne, Jeoffrey Holcroft, John Linnaker, 
 William Clayton, Samuell Bamford, Christopher Smith, Thomas 
 Ainsworth, Robert Hough, Edward Cockshutt, William Cosill, 
 William Waller, John Kitchen, Randall Hunter, Nicholas Atkinson, 
 John Veale, Henry France, Peter Wall, and Richard Hudson, 
 
 Gentlemen. 
 
 Ensigns. 
 
 Barnaby Hesketh, Robert Moor, William Farrington, Robert 
 Markland, Hamblett Ashton, John Wilme, John Wright, John 
 Etough, Henry West, James Starkey, Symon Blakoe, John Lord, 
 John Heape, William Ashton, William Hoghton, Ralph Woodhouse, 
 John Dawson, Walter Chorley, William Higginson, Thomas Swar- 
 brick, Robert Fisher, William Thompson, Gentlemen. 
 
 Q^l Thomas Moorcroft, Thomas Burne, and John 
 UARTERMASTERS. d i 
 
 J Ryley. 
 
 Horse Officers. 
 
 „ \ The Earl of Derby, Thomas Greenhalgh, and Edward 
 
 Captains. [ 'n- u u • 
 
 J Kigby, Lsquires. 
 
 T 1 Henrv Hoghton Ralph Eg-gerton and Thomas 
 
 Lieutenants. > - fe ^ b ° 
 
 j Lacy, Esquires. 
 
 Cornets: — John Crosse, Ralph Browne, Alexander Johnson, Esqrs. 
 
 Q) Richard Hodgson, \\ 'illiarn Tomlinson, and 
 UARTERMASTERS. - t 1 i o i 1 r> ^ 
 
 I Hugh Hradshaw, Gentlemen. 
 
 Mustermaster : — Robert Roper, Gentleman. 
 
 At the period the roll refers to there was only one Regiment 
 which was divided into Battalions, and the Officers were called 
 upon to serve just as emergencies demanded.
 
 4 2o TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 It does not appear what part the Regiment took in the 
 Revolution, but in 1690 we find it actively employed under King- 
 William III., in his Irish campaign, fighting at Carrickfergus, the 
 Boyne and Athlone. At the Jacobite rising in 17 15, the Regiment 
 took part in "Preston Fight," losing no fewer than eleven officers 
 and a hundred and five rank and file. Some of the Rebel Pikes 
 taken on that occasion are in the Museum at Lancaster Castle, 
 
 The Regiment was again actively employed in "the 45," 
 
 when the Lancaster Company under Captain Bradshaw, of Halton 
 Hall, was attached to a Regiment of Volunteers called the "Liver- 
 pool Blues," had several engagements with the enemy, and was 
 present al the capitulation of Carlisle. 
 
 In the year 1759, it was again embodied, and two years 
 later, furnished a guard of honour to receive the Princess Charlotte 
 when King George III. presented new colours at Warley Camp 
 Essex : his Majesty directing that the Regiment for the future should 
 be termed "His Majesty's Royal Regiment of Lancashire Militia," 
 —that the Colonel's company should be termed the "King's 
 •Companv." The Regiment was again embodied from 177810 1783; 
 and in 1794, on the occasion of a review at Brighton, supplied by 
 special order, the body guard to the King. After service in various 
 parts of England, the Lancashire Regiment, in 1798, volunteered 
 for Ireland, and the following year was remarkable for the great 
 number of volunteers furnished for the line; Captain Williamson, 
 two Officers, and the whole of his Company joining the 36th Foot. 
 Later on in the same year in consequence of the Supplementary 
 Regiments being raised it was ordered to be called the 1st Royal 
 Lancashire Militia. In 1803, it was again embodied, and received 
 the order to wear the Lancastrian Red Rose on its colours. During 
 the residence of the King at Weymouth, in 1805-1806, the Regi- 
 ment was quartered there as a guard of honour. In the former year 
 the King' presented * Colonel Thomas Stanley and the Officers of 
 
 !Ih portrait now adorns the Shire Hall.
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 421 
 
 the Regiment with a pair of "Kettle Drums," which still adorn the 
 Officers' Mess Room, and the following- year Her Majesty, Queen 
 Charlotte, presented new colours. In 1811, they were employed in 
 the suppression of the Luddite Riots, at Nottingham, and in 1814, 
 volunteered for Ireland, where previous to their departure for 
 England in 181 6, the Lord Lieutenant presented new colours, upon 
 which the Harp of Ireland was displayed. 
 
 In 1 83 1, the title of "Duke of Lancaster's Own" was added 
 to the former designation of the Regiment, and for many years— 
 not, indeed, till 1852 — were they called out. in 1853, new colours 
 were presented by Mrs. Clifton, wife of Colonel John Talbot 
 Clifton, the old colours together with those of 1806 and 1810, were 
 given to Colonel Plumbe- Tempest, the late commanding officer, who 
 had^served in the Regiment for the long period of 56 years. At the 
 time of the Crimean War they volunteered for foreign service, and 
 proceeded to the Ionian Islands, being quartered at Fano, Paxo 
 Santa Maura, and neighbouring Islands, in recognition of which 
 service the word "Mediterranean" was ordered to be borne as a dis- 
 tinction on their colours. In 1870, Mrs. Clifton again presented new 
 colours, the previous pair being given to Colonel Clifton. They 
 again volunteered to serve abroad, in 1876-7, when relations with 
 Russia assumed a threatening aspect ; an offer which was again made 
 during the Egyptian complications of 1882, and which obtained for 
 the Commanding Officer, (Colonel Stanley, M.P.), the well merited 
 compliments of the then Secretary of State for War in the House of 
 Commons; during that year the Regiment was quartered in 
 Preston. A second Battalion of the Regiment having been formed 
 in 1877, m 1880 Lady Constance Stanley, wife of Colonel Stanley, 
 presented them with their first set ot colours. 
 
 In 1889, the Regiment celebrated the bi-centenary ot the 
 
 expedition to Ireland in 1689, under William [II, when the Officers 
 commemorated the event by a large Ball, at Morecambe, where over 
 400 friends of the Officers congratulated them upon the auspicious 
 anniversary. During the present year, the Regiment was aug-
 
 422 TIME-HONOURED EANCASTER. 
 
 merited by two more companies to each battalion; it now consists 
 of 1 6 companies, with a strength of one thousand, seven hundred 
 Officers and Men. 
 
 Pages 505-9, Volume 11, Macfarlane and Thompson's 
 "History of England," give the fullest accounts of the battle in 
 Parliament over the Militia Bill, in the time of Charles I. 
 
 On the most elevated part of the Lancaster Cemetery is a 
 large Monument, which is inscribed thus: — 
 
 Crimea. 
 
 TO 
 
 THE IMPERISHABLE MEMORY OF 
 
 THE BRAVE 
 
 SOLDIERS AND SAILORS, 
 
 NATIVES OF LANCASTER AND THE NEIGHBOURHOOD, 
 
 WHO FELL IN THE RUSSIAN WAR, 
 
 A.D. MDCCCLIV.V. VI. 
 
 THIS MONUMENT 
 
 ERECTED BY PUBLIC SUBSCRIPTIONS 
 
 IS DEDICATED. 
 
 Privates Matthew Fell, 2 3RD royal welsh fusiliers; Robert 
 Kirk, 44TH regiment; W. H. L. Quittenton, 49TH regiment; 
 Richard Brown, 55TH regiment ; Ralph Blezard, 72ND 
 regiment: William Whitehead, land transport corps; 
 Seaman Edward Parkinson, h.m.s. valiant ; Gunner William 
 Yere, royal artillery; Privates William Lund, Stephen 
 Hayhurst, William Grime, Thomas Miller, 3RD batt. 
 grenadier guards; Private Daniel Thompson, scots fusilier 
 guards; Lance-Corporal James Waterhouse, Private Wm. 
 Leadbetter, 17TH royals; Privates William Dawson, 
 George Nimmo, William Raby, 4TH foot; Private Robert 
 Gardner, 21ST n.i\ fusiliers.
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 423 
 
 The Lancaster King of Arms and The Lancaster Herald. 
 
 The former title was originally granted by Henry VI., the Herald " King of 
 Anns ' being anterior to that period "Anjou King of Arms." The Col ■ nian MSS. 
 contains a record oi the alteration, and history generally, gives inform 1 mcerning 
 
 the marriage of Henry VI. to .Margaret of Anjou, daughter of Reguier, titular Kin 
 Sicilly, Naples and Jerusalem. It appears that when the French province of the 
 Maine, was ceded to Charles, uncle of Margaret, Henry VI. "by a singular 
 coincidence changed the title uf ' Anjou King of Arms ' in the Heralds' ( lollege to that 
 of Lancaster King uf Anns. 
 
 In a list of new years' gifts presented by Henry VI., A.D. 1436, to the 
 Lancaster Herald, a> well as to a person who was then created " Poursuivant ol Ann.-" 
 by the title of Collar, there is a silver bell fur each, but the object of this is not 
 readily discerned. The change occurred at " the Feast of Allehallowene," when the 
 King " gaf to an Heraude King of Arms, afore that tyme called Aunjoye, and there 
 at that fest his name changed and called Lancaster j belle of sylver, weying xvi. 
 unc, and another belle of sylver at that tyme delv'd to one that was pursevant, and 
 thence called coler, the which weyed viii. unc. Cotton MSS." This quaint record 
 is signed " W. Philyp Chamb'lein." The office oi Lancaster Herald has been held 
 for man} centuries, but much difficulty has been experienced in distinguishing those 
 who were actually Kings of Arms from those who were Heralds under the same 
 designation. The styles of Lancaster and York Heralds are supposed to have been 
 derived from the Dukedoms of York and Lancaster enjoyed by two of the .sons of 
 Edward III, John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, and Edmond of Langley, Duke of 
 York. The following is a list ol persons who have held the office oi Lancaster 
 Herald from the time ol Henry VI11. 
 
 Thomas Wall, Bluemantle Pursuivant, appointed Lancaster, by patent, 
 dated 3rd April, 1st Henry VIII., 1510. Promoted to Norroy, May, 1 516. 
 
 William Jenyns, Guisnes, Pursuivant, appointed Lancaster, by patent, 22nd 
 May, 8th Henry VIII., 1516. Died circa, 19th Henry VIII. 
 
 William Fellow e, Portcullis Pursuivant, created Lancaster, Allhallows Day, 
 1st November, 10th Henr) VIII., 1527. Promoted to Norroy, July, 1 5.V ■. 
 
 Thomas Miller, Rouge Dragon Pursuivant, created Lancaster, yth July, 
 28th Henry VIII., 1530. Died 30th Henry VIII. 
 
 Fulke ap Howell, Rouge Dragon Pursuivant, appointed Lancaster, by patent 
 28th April, 31st Henry VIII., 1539. 
 
 Nicholas Tubman, Rouge Croix Pursuivant, appointed Lancaster, by 
 patent, dated 22nd of November, 1st Mary, 1553. Died, 8th January, [st Elizal 
 
 1559- 
 
 John Cook, Portcullis Pursuivant, appointed Lancaster, by patent, da 
 
 7th March, 1st Elizabeth, 1559. Died at Amsterdam, 17th March, 1585.
 
 4 2 4 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 Nicholas Paddy, Rougue Dragon Pursuivant, appointed Lancaster, by patent, 
 dated 7th June, 30th Elizabeth, 1558. 
 
 Francis Thynne, appointed Lancaster by patent, dated 24th October, 44th 
 Elizabeth, 1602. Died Circa, 1608. 
 
 Nicholas Charles, appointed Lancaster, by patent, dated 19th November, 
 6th James L, 1608. Died 19th November, 1613. 
 
 William Penson, appointed Lancaster, by patent, dated 29th April, 15th 
 fames, 161 7. Died 20th April, 1637, 
 
 Thomas Hampson, Rouge Dragon Pursuivant, appointed Lancaster, by 
 patent, dated 17th May, 1637. Died in December, 1641. 
 
 William Riley, Bluemantle Pursurviant, appointed Lancaster, by patent, 
 November, 17th Charles I., 1641. Died in July, 1667. 
 
 George Barkham, became Lancaster, during the usurpation. 
 
 Robert Chaloner. Bluemantle Pursuviant, created Lancaster, 14th November, 
 
 1667. Died, 16th November, 1675. 
 
 Francis Sandford, Rouge Dragon Pursuviant, created Lancaster, 16th 
 
 November, 1675. Surrendered soon after the Revolution. Died 17th January, 1694. 
 
 Gregory King, Rouge Dragon Pursuviant, appointed Lancaster, by patent, 
 dated 7th July, 16S9. Died 29th August, 1712. 
 
 Ronald Fryth, Mowbray, Herald Extraordinary, appointed Lancaster, by 
 patent, dated 14th November, nth Anne, 1712, and died 7th December, 1712. 
 
 John Hesketh, Portcullis Pursuivant, created Lancaster, by patent dated, 
 4th June, I2th Anne, 1 7 13. Surrendered 18th May, 13th George I., 1727. 
 
 Stephen Martin Leake, appointed Lancaster, by patent dated 1st June, 13th 
 George I., 1727. Promoted to Norroy December, 1729. 
 
 Charles Greene, Arundel Herald Extraordinary, appointed Lancaster, by 
 patent, dated 18th December, 1729, 3rd George II. Died 14th January, 174201- '43. 
 
 Thomas Browne, Bluemantle Pursuivant, appointed Lancaster, by patent, 
 dated 5th of May, 17th George II., 1744- Promoted to Norroy May, 1761. 
 
 Isaac Heard, Bluemantle Pursuivant, appointed Lancaster, by patent, dated 
 3rd July, isl George III., 1761. Promoted to Norroy October, 1774. 
 
 Thomas Lock, Rouge Dragon Pursuivant, appointed Lancaster, by patent, 
 
 dated loth November, 15th George III., 1774. Promoted to Norroy November, 
 
 17S1. 
 
 Charles Townley, Bluemantle Pursuivant, appointed Lancaster, by patent, 
 
 dated 24th December, 22nd George III., 1781. Surrendered 14th July, 33rd George 
 
 III., 1793. 
 
 Edmund Lodge, Bluemantle Pursuivant, appointed Lancaster, by patent, 
 dated 29th October, 34th George III., 1793. Promoted to Norroy June, 1822. 
 
 George Frederick Belz, Portcullis Pursuivant, appointed Lancaster, by 
 patent, dated 4th June, 3rd George III., 1822. Died 23rd October, 1S41. 
 
 Albert William Woods. Esq., (Norfolk Herald Extraordinary), Portcullis 
 Pursuivant, appointed Lancaster, by patent, dated 9th November, 1841.
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 425 
 
 Sit Albert William Woods, l-'.S. A.R.H., was Garter King of Arms from 
 1838 to 1842. He was burn in 1816, and married Caroline, daughter of Robert Cole, 
 of Rotherfield, Sussex. Lancaster Herald up to 1869; Registrar of the College of 
 Anns, from 1806 to 1869 ; Garter Principal King of Arms from 1869; Inspect 
 Regimental Colours, from 1842 ; Registrar and Secretary of the Order of the Bath; 
 Registrar of the Order of the Star of India; and King of Arms to the Order of St. 
 Michael and St. George. 
 
 Present Lancaster Herald, E. Bellasis, Esqre. 
 
 " In A.D. 1412, Henry V. granted to Henry de Percy, Karl of Northumber- 
 land, in fee, the Island, Castle, Lordship, &c., of Man, together with all Islands, 
 Manors, &c, and the patronage of the episcopacy of the said Island, w ith full liberties 
 by the service of carrying, on the days of the coronation of the Kings and his heirs, 
 on the left shoulder, or shoulder of the King, by himself or a sufficient and honourable 
 deputy, that his naked sword with which we were girded when we went into the 
 pans of Holderness, called 'The Lancaster Sword,' during the procession, and during 
 the whole time of the coronation aforesaid." From Pars. Pal. Rot de Anno 1st 
 Hen. I '. in. ?j. 
 
 An Ancient Mineral Spring. 
 
 On page 305 of Simpson's "Lancaster" allusion is made to the mineral 
 spring situated on the north side of the road leading from Moor Lane, below 
 the Poor House, and said to have been known to the Romans. It is a chalybeate 
 and slightly saline. Dr. Charles Leigh, in his works on " The Natural History of 
 Lancaster, published in the year 1700, states that '" near to a noble seat called Ashton 
 Hall, about two miles from Lancaster, which seat is now in the possession ol the 
 Right Honourable the Lady Gerrard, of Bromley, from a white marie issues a pleasant 
 and smooth water, remarkable for its agreeable taste and lightness. This water is 
 lighter by an ounce in a pint than any I have seen in these parts. Now, all waters 
 containing more or less earthly particles, and the various consistences and quantities 
 of those differing from one another in gravity, it may be imagined that this water 
 receives its oily taste and lightness from the white marie, that being an oily and light 
 body, and the best tillage this country affords." 
 
 * Royal Visits. 
 
 In regard to Royal Visits, we find that in 1206 King- John 
 held his court in Lancaster Castle and received the French ambas- 
 sadors at the same ; and, likewise, the homage of Alexander of 
 Scotland for a portion of his territories held under the English 
 Crown. Henry IV., as we have seen, also held his court at 
 
 * Visits during time of war not included here. ( Vide Civil Wars and Rebellions).
 
 426 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 Lancaster August 12th, 1409. Coming" to 1 61 7, we learn that 
 King* James visited the town and castle, and released the prisoners 
 therein. In 1803 (September 21st), Prince Erederick William 
 visited Lancaster from his Liverpool residence, St. Domingo House, 
 and paid a second visit in the September of 1804, accompanied by 
 his father, the Duke of Gloucester, brother of George III. On the 
 8th of October, 1851, Queen Victoria and the Prince Consort, with 
 several of their family, were entertained at Lancaster, and in the 
 Castle received a presentation of the ancient keys of this ancient 
 stronghold of their ancestors. Visits of foreign potentates and 
 other distinguished persons will be given elsewhere. 
 
 Jubilee of Queen Victoria 
 
 The Jubilee of Queen Victoria was marked by a display of 
 enthusiasm unsurpassed by any city or borough in the three 
 kingdoms. Banquets, amusements, and p\ rotechnic devices caused 
 the whole town to be be alive until midnight for three nights, and a 
 torchlight procession, in which the royal and other characters 
 connected with Lancaster and its history were admirably hit off. 
 There was high festival on every hand ; the poor were not 
 forgotten, but well entertained, both in the Market Hall and at 
 home, and everything went off as merrily as could be desired ; very 
 little abuse occurring in the shape of noise and intoxication. 
 
 Lancaster Coins, &c. 
 
 History and antiquity can boast few richer fields than " Time- 
 honoured Lancaster," fur in every department the old city stands 
 right out to the front. We learn that even in numismatology the 
 town has no mean rank. Among the coins struck in Lancaster 
 were a penny of Ethelred II. with the letters " Lanstf " thereon ; 
 and one of Cnut bearing the abbreviation " Lan." A penny of Henry 
 II. which reads " Lanss " on the reverse also indicates an issue from 
 the Lancaster mint. About 5,700 coins of Henry II. were discovered 
 at Tealby, in Lincolnshire, in 1807, man}- of which bore the letters
 
 TIML-HOXOURED LANCASTER. \2j 
 
 " Lanst," and these coins form the earliest record of a mint in 
 Lancaster. 
 
 Man\- coins have been found in the neighbourhood, some so 
 much defaced as to be incapable of being made out. One however 
 of silver, of the time oi' Antoninus, was thus inscribed : — Obverse 
 M. ANTONINUS AUG. ARM. PARTH. MAX. Reverse QTR. XXP. II. IMP. 
 
 IIII. cos. in. the coin is supposed to date from the year 169. It 
 was in the possession of Mr. Shepherd. 
 
 A copper coin in good preservation was also discovered 
 inscribed " 1 avstixa avgvsta," on the reverse side was a figure 
 standing with this legend "iVNONI REGINAE s. C." 
 
 A coin was found in the churchyard inscribed : — "constantius 
 xob. chf.s." A silver piece of the time of the Emperor Otho was 
 also unearthed in the garden of Joseph Dockray, Esq., below- St. 
 Mary's Church, in 1834. The legend round the bust of this 
 Emperor, who reigned a.d. 69, is thus: — " imp. m. otho. cvesar. 
 avg. tr. p." On the reverse side: — " secvritas. p. r.," sur- 
 rounding a figure, bearing in the right hand a chaplet, and in the 
 left a spear. The inscriptions on this coin are : — " imperatore 
 
 MARCO OTHOXE C.ESARE AVGUSTO TRIBUNITIA POTESTATE" and "SECUR- 
 
 ITAS populi romani." 
 
 Mr. John Dickinson, a stonemason, found an ancient 
 Roman coin in our old churchyard about this time. The coin 
 was one of Licinus Valerius, A.D. 307. An ancient coin of the 
 time of the Emperor Domitian was discovered in June, 1844, near 
 to the Castle. Domitian died a.d. 96. In October 1847, a Roman 
 cinerary was found in Queen's Square, made of unburnt clay, and 
 18 inches in height. It contained burnt bones and the skull of a 
 child. It was long in the possession of Miss Heaton, who resided 
 near to the place of its discovery. In 1840, while digging the 
 foundation of St Thomas's Church a similar urn was found, and in 
 1849, an iron-spear head, while digging for the junction of the
 
 428 TLME-HOXOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 North Western and Carlisle Railways at the point where they meet 
 in Marsh Lane. Several gold coins of the reigns of Henry IV. and 
 Edward VI. were discovered in the gardens of the Silk Mill on the 
 22nd of March 1849. 
 
 Lancaster Tokens. 
 
 From the reign of Queen Elizabeth to that of Charles II. the 
 Lancaster tradesmen were in the habit of coining small money or 
 tokens for sake of convenience. The materials of which they were 
 made consisted of lead, tin, copper, and brass ; the figures and devices 
 were various. " Every community, tradesman, or tradeswoman 
 that issued this useful kind of specie was obliged to take it again 
 when presented for payment, and therefore in large towns where 
 many sorts of them were current a tradesman kept a sorting box, 
 into the partitions of which he put the money of the respective 
 tradesmen, and at proper times, when he had a large quantity of 
 one person's money, he sent it to him and got it changed into silver, 
 and in this manner they proceeded until the year 1672, when Charles 
 II. having struck a sufficient quantity of halfpence and farthings for 
 the exigencies of commerce, the memmorium famuli were superseded, 
 and those practices of the tradesman were no longer useful or 
 necessary," This statement is from the " History of Knaresboro," 
 by Hargrove. The Lancaster penny is thus described: Obverse, 
 a view of the Gateway Tower of Lancaster Castle : legend " Lan- 
 caster Castle." Reverse, a view of the Bridge ; legend, "Lancaster 
 Bridge." In the exergue (or lower part of the side of the coin) is 
 the name, "A. Seward," with date " 1794." 
 
 Amongst Lancaster Halfpennies we find about twenty of them 
 described, and notes as to those issuing them. The first contained on 
 its obverse a head in profile, legend, "Daniel Eccleston, Lancaster." 
 Reverse, a ship, plough, and shuttle ; legend " Lancaster Half- 
 penny " Exergue, " Agricut. Manufact., and -Commerce." Edge, 
 " Payable in Lancaster, Liverpool, and Manchester." The second 
 represents on its obverse a coronetted head in profile, a small star
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 429 
 
 under the head; legend "John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster." 
 reverse, the Arms of Lancaster; leg-end, " Lancaster Halfpenny, 
 1791." Edge, "Payable at the warehouse of Thomas Worswick 
 and Sons." Mr. Blaylock, of the Lancaster Observer Office, has a 
 large collection of coins, chiefly English, many of which are 
 valuable in antiquarian and other senses. Mr. John Atkinson, of 
 the Lancaster Gazette has an excellent " Eccleston token." 
 
 The Probate Court. 
 
 The District Registrar of the Probate Court is Mr. J. 
 Douglas Willan, who suceeded Mr. H. W. Lord in the early part 
 of 1891. The oldest wills in this office of the archdeaconry only go 
 back to 1673, and appertain to Halton. Other documents date 
 chiefly from 1748. The Richmond Wills, originally kept at Rich- 
 mond, dated from 1457 to 1748, were transferred 1o London some 
 years ago. 
 
 Post Office. 
 
 The Lancaster Post Office, deserves some attention, At one 
 time (1825) the office was under the control of Miss Elizabeth Noon, 
 whose mother, a widow, had a straw bonnet shop fronting the 
 Market-place, the Post Office being behind her premises and under 
 the road to the Shambles. Miss Noon managed the office for about 
 eighteen years. After her time the office was removed to the corner 
 of Sun Street, and the post mistress was Mrs. Glasson, widow of a 
 naval officer. Again the office was removed to Market-street, near 
 to Alderman Seward's premises, which have been greatly altered 
 since that time. After Mrs. Glasson, Mr. L. Hew itt was appointed 
 postmaster in 1853, and his retirement near the year 1880 was 
 necessitated by ill health. During Mr. Hewitt's time the office was 
 once more removed to its present location — New-street, and on the 
 24th May, 1880, Mr. Thomas Murgatroyd Priestley was appointed 
 postmaster. This gentleman, the present master, has introduced 
 many beneficial changes, and has always studied the public
 
 43Q TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 requirements in every possible manner so far as his powers allowed, 
 and it is only just to state that he is deservedly esteemed. A new 
 post office, or premises more suited to the evergrowing demands of 
 the postal business, will shortly greet the eye, negotiations now- 
 being in progress in order to realise this desideratum. Mr. Priestley 
 has twenty-nine suburban offices under his control, some of which 
 extend into Yorkshire. It may be added that most, if not all, of 
 the Lancaster branch offices and pillar boxes have been established 
 during the present postmaster's regime. 
 
 In 1647, James Hardman, an innkeeper, was postmaster of 
 Lancaster. He was also parish clerk. (Register, St. Mary. J The 
 following is taken from the records of St. Martin-le-grand. It is an 
 official list. 
 
 Postmasters of Lancaster. 
 
 John Tarlton, appointed in 1690; John Powell, 1695; 
 Christopher Hopkins, 1 7 1 7 ; Ann Hopkins, 1722; John Mc Milan, 
 1739; Jane Mc Milan, 1764; John Mc Milan, 1769; Barbara Mc 
 Milan, 1776; William Varker, 1788; Thomas Noon, 1799; Elizabeth 
 Noon, 1810; Mrs. Glasson, 1833; Lawrence Hewitt, 1853 ; Thomas 
 M. Priestley, 1880. 
 
 When Mr. Priestley came in 18S0, there were only five letter 
 carriers, now there are twenty, independent of rural posts. The 
 Post Office has been in Church Street, at the corner of New Street, 
 where the old Amicable Library used to be, since November, 1868. 
 
 Owing to Mr. Williamson's exertions the postal and railway 
 facilities ol Lancaster have been increased, and now letters, not 
 many years ago despatchable only from the principal office, can be 
 posted in all the suburbs of the town, for there are now branch 
 offices and pillar or wall boxes in all parts. Cheap market trains 
 have been running for some time at reduced fares for distances of 
 ten miles north and south of Lancaster. But perhaps the greatest 
 benefit to agriculturists particularily, consists of the purchase of the
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 431 
 
 tolls, which amounted to a large sum, in order that Lancastei 
 
 might he approached on the part of farmers free from toll expense. 
 
 The Lancaster Borough Waits, established in 1856, deserve 
 mention. Their notices bear upon them the arms of the borough, 
 with the words in Roman capitals, "By your kind permission,'' and 
 then follows the couplet- 
 
 Underneath my window where the snow lies white. 
 I can hear sweet music playing in the night. 
 
 At the foot are the words — 
 
 Flute, violin, concertina, violoncello. 
 
 Bellmen of the Century. 
 
 Of the century's town criers or bellmen, I give this list: 
 James Dixon, died 1798. William Naylor, who was a fine portly 
 individual with as much sense of dignity as if he had been mayor. 
 He held office 28 years, and died April 6th, 1828. After him came 
 Abraham Hodgson, appointed about October, 1 83 1 , or then officially- 
 noted in the local press. He held office 50 years, I am told. 
 He was succeeded by Thomas Jennings. Then there came Philip 
 Woodburn ; followed by Edwin Hall, who did not hold office long. 
 James Dunderdale was next. He had also a short "belling" career, 
 and was succeeded by George William Fardo, resigned November, 
 1888. The present street orator is William Dawson. 
 
 A word concerning "Bellman's Parrock." The origin of 
 Bellman's Parrock is thus given in "Gleanings in Local History," 
 June 10th, 1882. It seems to have been the practise for each free- 
 man entitled to a marsh grass, who did not require it for his own 
 use, to let it privately. The grasses which were not disposed of 
 were afterwards let by auction to the bellman, who had the parrock 
 accorded to him for his trouble. 
 
 Oir Old Houses. 
 
 Man}- of the old houses in Lancaster are well worth a visit, 
 not only by the antiquarian and historically-minded individuals, but
 
 432 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 by that body of strange latter day tradesmen known as jerry 
 builders. Apart from the old-fashioned luxurious adornment, which 
 in the shape of fine mahogany doors and carved lintels and wains- 
 coting characterised some of the habitations of the past, there is 
 the strongly common sense quadrangular style, indicative of comfort 
 and convenience, deserving of the greatest commendation. Here 
 is the old home of Mr. Satterthwaite, in Castle Park, near to that 
 of Mr. Edmund Rigby ; while adjacent are the houses once occupied 
 by the Tathams, Sandersons, Rawlinsons, Buckleys, and Jacksons. 
 
 There is one house in Church Street which has interested me 
 beyond all others on account of the prominent coat-of- arms which is 
 let into the wall over the fireplace of the first room, in the front 
 office of Mr. Councillor Molyneux. It is on a board, and the frame- 
 work round it is, like the painting, a fixture. Beneath is a repre- 
 sentation of some abbey which many have considered was that of 
 Furness. I have made inquiries with the view of supporting or 
 contradicting my belief in the arms being those of either Thomas, 
 second Lord Monteagle, K.B., June ist, 1533, who died August 
 18th, 1560, and was interred at Melling (page 95, Seacombe's House 
 of Stanley), or of James, tenth earl, who married Mary, only daughter 
 of Sir William Morky, of Halnaear, and an heiress, born September 
 8th, 1667, by whom he had one only son, named William, born 31st 
 January, 1709-10, who lived but three months, dying of smallpox 
 on the 4th of March. The earl died ist February, 1735. 
 
 The house is the property of Mr. Molyneux, and was first 
 erected according to an old date once discovered (but ruthlesslv 
 removed) in the year 15 13. Formerly all the panelling bore 
 paintings, but modern vandalism has obliterated them almost 
 entirely, the only two portraits remaining being one at the top of a 
 cupboard, and a large one, that of a lady, at the foot of the stair- 
 case. Fortunately, Mr. Molyreux is a virtuoso himself, therefore, 
 the fragments that remain are not likely to meet with further 
 damage or molestation. The arms are as follow: —
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 43; 
 
 1. Argent, on a bend azure, three bucks' heads cabossed, 
 Or; for Stanley 
 
 2. Or, upon a chief indented az., three plates, for Lathom. 
 
 3. Gules, three legs, coupled and conjoined at the thighs, 
 in armour argent, for the Isle of Man. 
 
 4. Cheeky, or and azure, for Warren. 
 
 5. Gules, two lions passant, in pale argent, for Strange. 
 
 6. Argent, a fesse and canton gules, for Woodville. 
 
 7. Or, a cross engrailed sable, for Bohunc. 
 
 8. Azure, a lion rampant argent, for Mont all. 
 
 And upon an escutcheon of pretence, sable, a leopard's head 
 jessant, a fleur de lis or, for Morley. 
 
 Crest: On a chapeau gules, turned to ermine, an eagle or, 
 preying upon an infant in its cradle proper, with wings expanded. 
 
 Supporters, on the dexter a griffin, and on the sinister a 
 buck, both or and gorged with plain collars and chains, azure 
 reflected over their backs. 
 
 The motto of the Stanleys is Sans Changer. — Without change ; 
 but here is a change which is considerably puzzling, not less so than 
 the political vicssitudes through which the noble house o\' Stanley 
 has passed. In this instance the motto is Dominus quis proliibct 
 spcrarc meliora adjutor. (The Lord is the upholder of those who 
 hope for the best). James, tenth Earl, was Earl of Derby, Lord 
 Stanley, Lord Strange, Baron of Weeton, Viscount Kinton, Lord 
 Mohun, Lord Barnwell, Lord Basset and Lacy; Lord Charfcellor 
 and Lord Leiutenant of the Duchy and County Palatine of Lancaster 
 and vice-Admiral of the same. Lord Chamberlain of the city and 
 County Palatine of Chester ; captain of the yeomen of the guards ; 
 one of his Majesty's most honourable Privy Council, and Lord o\ 
 Man and the Isles. 
 
 The history of the Stanleys is half the history of England. 
 
 The Earldom of Derby is derived, not from the county town 
 of Derbyshire, but from the Hundred of West Derby in Lancashire. 
 
 F2
 
 434 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 There have been Lords Stoneley or Standley from time immemorial. 
 My own belief is that the present aspect of the house in Church 
 Street in which the armorial insignia appear, is little to go by, for 
 it was doubtless re-built at the close of the seventeenth century, and 
 greatly altered since. The arms may be those of Thomas, second 
 Lord Monteagle. 
 
 As for the sketch of the ruins beneath, they may be those of 
 Furness Abbey. If the sketch is of the same period as the arms, 
 and it appears to be, it coincides with the possible suppression of 
 this abbey, though hardly with its ruined appearance. But only 
 here and there are there any signs of demolition in the picture. 
 The present Lord Derby knew nothing whatever about these inter- 
 esting features, and on all hands I find only conjectures more or less 
 credible. The figure at the foot of the stairs is a large painting on 
 the wall oi' a lady whom some have supposed to be the heroic de- 
 fender of Latham, Charlotte de la Tremouille, countess of the 
 unfortunate James, seventh Earl of Derby, beheaded at Bolton-le- 
 moors, on the 15th October, 165 1 . October has ever been a critical 
 month for the Stanleys, death and disaster having generally occurred 
 to the members of this distinguished family in that month. It was 
 in 1485, at the battle of Bosworth Field, that the father-in-law of 
 the first of the Tudor line of Sovereigns was created Earl of Derby, 
 in the month October.* The late Earl of Derby died October, 1869. 
 
 Then, again, a little farther, observe the house of a somewhat 
 Spanish style, with the date 1684 thereon, erected by the ancestor 
 of Sir Ughtred Ray Shuttleworth, and some really good builders' 
 work greets you. Most of the older houses are dated. The offices of 
 .Messrs. Maxsted and Gibson, solicitors, are part of the house erected 
 by Lord Fauconberg, while another house hard by was built by one 
 of the Wilsons, of Dallam Tower. Rowland, Lord Falconberg, 
 died on the 30th of November, 1810, and was succeeded by his 
 brother Charles Bellasis who became eighth Baronet and seventh 
 Lord Viscount Fauconberg. At his death the title became extinct. 
 
 It was in October, 165 1, that James, seventh Earl of Derby, was beheaded.
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 435 
 
 Here is the announcement of the last Lord Fauconberg's 
 death: -"On Wednesday, June 21st, 1815, the Right Hon. and 
 Reverend Charles Lord Fauconberg died, at his house in Thurnham 
 Street, ag'ed 65. His lordship was formerly Chaplain to the 
 Portuguese Ambassador. On his decease the title became extinct." 
 The house in which his lordship died is now the Dispensary, located 
 here since 1834. 
 
 The old sugar house in St. Leonardgate, was formerly the 
 seat of Mr. George Crosfield, a West Indian Merchant, whose 
 name was very prominent in the early years of this century. Behind 
 the house there was once a fine garden. A fire took place at these 
 premises in 1801, doing much damage. Mr. Crosfield died October 
 10th, 1820, aged 66. 
 
 The old house, one of a few cottages with steps in front of 
 each, where John Lawson resided, no longer exists. Upon its site 
 stands a portion of the Centenary Schools. It was John Lawson 
 who sheltered George Fox, after he was stoned out of St. Mary's 
 Church-yard. When the old premises were demolished two stones 
 were taken away from them. One bears this inscription:— 
 
 DISTRIBUENDO SUUM CUIQUE 
 NEMINEM TIMEAS. 
 
 The above is on a door lintel. The second stone which is of 
 trianglar form, bears the date and initials as follow : 
 
 L. 
 
 R. J. 
 »75 6 - 
 
 The letters stand for Robert and Jane Lawson, great great grand- 
 father and grandmother of J. Rawlinson Ford, Esq. The stones 
 were conveyed to Morecambe Lodge by the late Hutton Rawlinson 
 Ford, Esq. The first was placed over a side door of the house, and 
 the second has only recently been fixed over a garden gate by the 
 nephew of the latter named gentleman, Mr. J. R. Ford,
 
 436 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 There are two houses in St. Leonardgate, one of which up to 
 March, 1890 (the time of writing" this portion), was occupied by Mr. 
 G. W. Fardo, ex-town crier. These houses were formerly one, 
 and formed the residence of the Roman Catholic Priest. St. 
 Leonardgate is very interesting so far as facts and traditions of 
 the past are concerned. Pursuing our way eastwards, we observe 
 the Centenary Chapel, a portion of which stands over the remains 
 of the mansion of George Burrow, Esq., a West Indian Merchant, 
 and more recently by Thomas Winder Faithwaite, Esq. There are 
 still some old arches beneath the Chapel, and in the cellar or vault- 
 like apartment, herein, George Fox and his host often met for 
 devotional purposes. In Mr. Burrow's time a large garden extended 
 from this point — Phoenix Street — as far as Mr. Crosfield's property. 
 It is said that when Mr. Fox was a prisoner under the gaoler of 
 Lancaster Castle, he was occasionally permitted to walk out on 
 parole, and that once having been away at his friend's abode for a 
 longer period than usual, he felt that he had better go back 
 immediately to his immurement, lest the keeper should think he 
 had abused the licence granted to him, "to go about into the 
 town." It turned out that messengers had been sent for him, and 
 when they arrived at his host's dwelling they were informed that 
 their prisoner had gone back of his own accord. Afterwards, the 
 greatest faith was placed in him and he could walk about the town 
 with freedom. 
 
 The Judges used to lodg'e at Cawson's, in St. Leonardgate, 
 where the Centenary Chapel now stands. The house was afterwards 
 converted into a factory, which belonged to one of the Albrights — 
 a sail-cloth factory. The Judges also had lodgings in a house once 
 standing on the site of the County Club, in Church Street. The 
 present Judges' lodgings was the first house in Lancaster which 
 had shutters; and they were put up by one John Chaffers. These 
 premises formed the Old Hall of Lancaster, and the seat of the 
 Covells. About 1662, the Cole family bought the property, rebuilt 
 it, and called it New Hall.
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 437 
 
 In the wall at the trough joining up from the toll-bar, there 
 used to be a gravestone with a cross, which was taken nut while 
 cutting the hill, the Priory of St. Leonard having been a little 
 higher in the field to the south. Where is the relic now/ 
 
 The house in Castle Park occupied by the famous ecclesias- 
 tical architects, Messrs. Paley, Austin and Pale}-, was the old home 
 of Dr. Wright, a well-known medical gentleman, who died at the 
 end of January, 1797, aged 80. About ninety years ago this abode 
 was valued at ^2,000, but was afterwards sold for ,£500. 
 
 Castle Hill House, once the residence of Mr. Gardner 
 Mashiter, was for many years the house occupied by the Sheriffs of 
 the County during the Assizes. A much smaller dwelling near to 
 used to be the Sheriffs' lodgings in the last century. The premises 
 occupied by Messrs. R. Hinde and Co., Wine Merchants, were for- 
 merly the chief offices of the Pusey Hall estates. The old roof of the 
 warehouse was composed of flags, and on their removal, some years 
 ago for re-roofing, the timbers supporting them were found to consist 
 of ribs of black oak, which probably belonged to the hull of some 
 old West Indian ship. On the wall-plate the figure-head of the 
 vessel was discovered and it is now carefully preserved by Messrs. 
 Hinde and Co., as a memento of the past. The premises date from 
 1688. On the 20th of September, 1837, died Sarah, relict of 
 William Whitaker, Esq., of Townhill, Yorkshire, mother of Dr 
 Whitaker, vicar of Blackburn, aged 77, at Castle Park. Lancaster. 
 
 A grand old dwelling, a stately home of England in truth, is 
 the one known to us all as " Fenton Cawthorne House." In the 
 dining room are two very large oil paintings by Romncy, the oik 
 represents the late John Fenton Cawthorne, Esq., M.P., and his 
 brother when they were boys, and the other represents their mother. 
 Mr. Cawthorne was the son and heir of James Fenton, Esq. \>\ 
 Royal licence he assumed the name of his mother, Elizabeth Fenton, 
 nee Cawthorne, on the 22nd May, 1781. He first offered himself as 
 a candidate for the representation of the borough of Lancaster
 
 438 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 in Parliament in April, 1802, but did not become member for Lan- 
 caster until 1806, when he was returned with John Dent, Esq., for 
 his colleague. At the election of June 1818 he was defeated, 
 General Doveton and John Gladstone, Esq., being returned as 
 members. A petition to unseat these gentlemen was presentd to 
 the House of Commons in February, 1819, but was dismissed as 
 "frivolous and vexatious" on the 2nd of the ensuing April. In 
 1820 Mr. Cawthorne was again returned with Colonel Gabriel Dove- 
 ton. In 1824 he was returned, having for his coadjutor T. Gregson, 
 Esq., who took the place of Colonel Doveton deceased. From 
 1826 to 1831 Mr. Cawthorne and Mr. Greene continued together as 
 members for the borough. In August, 1775, Mr. Cawthorne married 
 Frances Delaval, daughter of *Sir John Hussey Delaval, Bart, of 
 Seaton, Delaval, Cumberland. He died at his residence in London, 
 on the 1 st of March, 1831, in the 79th year of his age. 
 
 The ancestors of Mr. Cawthorne are said to have held a 
 portion of Wyersdale for six or seven hundred years. Mrs. 
 Cawthorne was related to the Earl of Tyrconnel. Her niece, the 
 Lady Susan Carpenter, married Lord Waterford. The father of 
 Mr. Cawthorne, James Fenton, Esq., died in November, 1 791 , in 
 his 76th year. Dr. Fenton, vicar of St. Mary's, was his brother. 
 ]ames Fenton, Esq., Recorder of Lancaster, died in December, 
 1797, aged 79. 
 
 John Fenton Cawthorne, Esq., gave the ground upon which 
 the Charity School was erected in August, 1813, supplementing 
 this gift with a subscription of one hundred guineas. In 1818 he 
 gave another piece of land for the purpose of building the National 
 schools for girls. So popular was Mr. Cawthorne that on the 17th 
 of April, 1820, a dinner was given in his honour by his friends and 
 admirers in Preston, at the Old Red Lion Inn, James Pedder, Esq , 
 being chairman on the occasion, and Mr. Jonathan Lodge, vice- 
 chairman. On the same evening the FVeemen of Lancaster resident 
 in Preston were entertained at two hostelries by the promoters of 
 the dinner to Mr. Cawthorne. 
 
 * Afterwards Lord Delaval.
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 439 
 
 George III. once contemplated the revival of the Barony of 
 Wyersdale in the person of Mr. Fenton Cawthorne, whom he 
 intended to create Lord Wyersdale. Wyerside is an elegant 
 mansion, now the seat of the Garnett family. 
 
 Fenton-Cawthorne House is more like a country hall. It 
 contains some excellent rooms, most elaborately adorned with frieze 
 and sculpture work. The mantel-piece of the drawing-room reveals 
 some fine carving in wood, and the centre piece of the ceiling is 
 likewise worthy of observation. Below and adjoining the cellars 
 is a passage called the " Cloister," leading to the garden. It is 
 arched and has the appearance of an ancient subterranean pathway. 
 This house of the Cawthornes was frequently visited by the best 
 families in the country. The Prince Regent has on one or two occa- 
 sions sojourned here. In the days gone by this house projected 
 into the thoroughfare to such an extent as to make it impossible 
 for more than one vehicle to pass between it and the end of the 
 Mechanics' Institute. But it was put back when the road was 
 straightened and improved, and so carefully was the work done 
 that all the original features of its front remain intact. The 
 gates contain some fine specimens of wrought-iron ornamenta- 
 tion. From an old window that stood out very much after the 
 style of the front window of the Merchants' Newsroom, a window 
 which has long ago disappeared, Mrs. Cawthorne used to address 
 the freemen and burg'esses of Lancaster at election times on her 
 husband's behalf. Indeed, it is said that Mrs. Cawthorne secured 
 her husband's return to Parliament by her persuasive powers of 
 argument and good ringing eloquence. Dr. Wingate Saul, a 
 descendant of Colonel Saul, who fought in the Civil Wars, and 
 who belongs to an ancient Lincolnshire family, settled near to 
 Croyland Abbey, is the present occupant of this historic abode. 
 His collection of old oak cabinet ware and military weapons, 
 pictures, &c, is a collection of a highly interesting character. 
 
 Dr. Saul possesses an official copy of the "Proceedings <>f a Court Martial 
 holden for the trial of John Fenton Cawthorne, Esq., Colonel of the Westmini 
 Regiment of Middlesex Militia," which was ordered to he printed, 8th April, 1796.
 
 44Q TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 The trial was held at the Horse Guards, and lasted from Friday, 27th of November, 
 1795, until the 30th of January, 1796. The officers constituting the court were: — 
 " Colonel George, Karl of Powis, of the Montgomery Regiment of Militia, president; 
 Colonel George, Earl of Euston. of the West Suffolk Regiment of Militia; Colonel 
 Lord George Henry Cavendish, of the Derbyshire Regiment of Militia; Lieutenant- 
 Colonel John Scudamore, of the Hereford Regiment of Militia; Major John Bevan, 
 of the Radnorshire Regiment of Militia; Major John Keeling, of the West Essex 
 Regiment of Militia; Captain Bache Heathcote, of the Derbyshire Regiment of 
 Militia ; Captain Thomas Stanley, of the Royal Cheshire Regiment of Militia ; 
 Captain Thomas Smith, of the Herefordshire Regiment of Militia; Colonel Sir 
 William Smyth, Baronet, of the West Essex Regiment of Militia; Colonel George 
 Harry, Lord Grey, of the Royal Cheshire Regiment of Militia; Lieutenant-Colonel 
 Robert Hughes, of the Royal Flintshire Regiment of Militia; Major Robert Barnston, 
 of the Royal Cheshire Regiment of Militia ; Captain William Morton Pitt, of the 
 Dorsetshire Regiment of Militia ; Captain Thomas Gardner Brainston, of the West 
 Essex Regiment of Militia; Captain Daniel Dulany, of the West Suffolk Regiment 
 of Militia: fohn Augustin Oldham, deputy Judge Advocate General. There were 
 fourteen articles of charge. A summary of the series of indictments is as follows: — 
 (1) Withholding the receipt of the Marching Guineas or some part thereof from the 
 respective Captains and other Officers of his, Colonel Cawthorne's Regiment, and 
 withholding (2) the receipts of the said money. Fraudulently obtaining receipts and 
 agreements in re>pect of such Marching Guineas from several persons who had agreed 
 to serve as substitutes; (3) pardoning deserters from the Regiment, in order to 
 appropriate certain moneys to his own use offered by such delinquents; (4) discharging 
 men from service without any lawful reason ; (5) obtaining persons to serve for less 
 money than the law directs shall be given to men in the service; (6) encouraging 
 desertion; (7) embezzlement and procuring certain sums by false pretences ; (8-9) 
 charging more for clothing than he ought to have charged; (10) causing intense 
 suffering during inclement weather to centinels who were ''obliged to wear blankets 
 when on duty, although money was intrusted or allowed to bin: by government for 
 sufficient clothing and misapplying the said money; (11) keeping the regiment in- 
 complete; (12) making a fabe muster including names of men not belonging to the 
 Regiment ; (13) reducing Sergeant Thomas Jackson to the rank of a private, for an 
 offence of which he was on the 4th August, 1794, fully acquitted by Court Martial; 
 (14) recommending to the deputy Lieutenant of the County of Middlesex, and to the 
 Lieutenant of the said County, since the Marquis of Titchfield, men who were ineligible 
 for service, and under age, and appropriating to himself their pay and allowances. 
 Colonel Cawthorne admitted himself to be the Colonel of the Westminister Regiment 
 of the Middlesex Militia, and in a speech commencing on page 9, urged his objections 
 to certain charges, and declared his innocence and ability to give a satisfactory 
 explanation of his conduct. The speech is a very able one and shows that the 
 Colonel was well grounded in military knowledge and law.
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 441 
 
 John Copeland, Joseph Cock, Julian Rawlinson, Richard Yeates, and 
 William Caton, are names met with in the charges or articles of charge. The court 
 found the Colonel guilt)' of the misdemeanours attributed to him especially in the 
 fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, tenth, eleventh, and twelfth charges, and he was 
 sentenced to he cashiered out of the service. On Saturday, 19th March, 1796, a 
 certificate was handed in to the effect that the prisoner was by illness prevented from 
 attending the court. Owing to his continued illness as attested by Dr. Reynolds, of 
 Bedford Square, the court decided to dispense with his personal attendance in oidcr 
 to hear sentence. Lieutenant-Colonel O'Kelly appeared in the character of prosecutor, 
 and certainly seems to have been very anxious to prove the guilt of the accused. 
 The report of the trial contains 435 pages. 
 
 There used to be a house in Church Street, on the site of the 
 Co-operative Stores, in which the Earls of Wilton dwelt. The house 
 at the corner of China (originally Keln) Lane, numbered 79, and in 
 the occupation in 1891 of Mrs. Parkinson, furniture dealer, was the 
 old home of the grandfather of James Williamson, Esq., J. P., D.L., 
 Member for the Lancaster Division. 
 
 In the time of the second rebellion the house dated 1683, now 
 the business premises of Mr. J. S. Baxter, was visited by a number 
 of rebels, who were under the impression that the post-bearer who 
 stayed the night at this house, bore Hanoverian despatches and 
 instructions in his saddle bags. But to their consternation the 
 plunderers found nothing except proof of the fact that they had been 
 deceived. 
 
 The building now occupied by the Conservative Club is 
 certainly historic. Colonel Marton, J. P., states that a sword dis- 
 covered in an upper room or in the roof of this house was left there 
 by the Pretender or by some of his party. The Prince and his suite 
 stayed at this house one night while on their way north. A pair of 
 spurs and some other small articles were also left. The sword is 
 now at Capernwray Hall. 
 
 There is outside this house on the right of the door as you 
 enter, an ancient torch extinguisher dating from the sixteenth 
 century, which will be treated of on page 448.
 
 442 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 An Old Tower. 
 
 By the kind permission of Mr. Abram Seward I have 
 been able to go through the old tower erected in days of yore by 
 the Rev. Dr. Marton in what is now known as Back Sun Street. 
 The walls and ceiling of the room in the first storey are covered 
 with excellent specimens of classic art in stucco, consisting chiefly 
 of medallion representations of the nine daughters of Jupiter, and 
 twelve of the Roman Emperors. There are some beautiful figures 
 on the north and west walls, some of them unimpaired by the 
 ravages of time, and the more terrible ravages of machine and 
 smith work, while others show signs of damage caused by the 
 rearing of timber, pipes, and other bulky articles used in the trade 
 to which the chamber has unfortunately long been devoted. There 
 are profiles of Calliope, the muse of eloquence and heroic verse ; of 
 Clio, the muse of history ; of Erato, the muse of amorous poetry ; 
 of Euterpe, the muse of music ; Melpomene, the muse of tragedy ; 
 Polyhymnia, muse of rhetoric ; Terpsichore, muse of dancing ; 
 Thalia, muse of comedy and lyric poetry ; and Urania, the goddess 
 of astronomy. Of the Roman Emperors I noticed the heads of 
 Claudius, Nero, Otho, Caligula, Tiberius, Valerian, &c. Over the 
 chimney-piece is a fine figure of Apollo, and in the centre of the 
 ceiling is a smartly executed Ceres, goddess of agriculture. Mr 
 Seward informed me that the medallions were done by special 
 sculptors from Italy. It was with regret that I heard that it is 
 intended to scrape all these sublime symbols off at an early date. 
 Alas ! if the reverend founder could return and view the present 
 state of his magnificent temple of the muses, would he not exclaim : 
 " Oh, what a fall is here, my countrymen!" Also, "Begone, run to 
 your houses, Eall upon your knees, Pray to the gods to intermit the 
 plagues That needs must light on this ingratitude." He would be 
 Marcellus over again. 
 
 The Rev. Dr. Marton was vicar of Lancaster from 1767 to 
 1794. For a time this vicar resided with his father at the house 
 known as the Conservative Club.
 
 T1ME-H0X0URED LAXCASTER. 443 
 
 There is a tradition in the town to the effect that the old 
 tower just treated of was the Town Hall of Lancaster, but there is 
 no truth in it. 
 
 Dates at Present or Formerly to be seen on old Lancaster 
 
 Buildings. 
 
 161 3 Cross Keys Hotel. 
 
 1625 Cross Keys Kitchen (over doorw r ay). 
 
 1625 King's Arms. 
 
 1629 7, Market Street (back of house). 
 
 1636 16, Church Street. 
 
 1643 Bridge Lane (Church Street corner). 
 
 1664 Old Barn, South of Barracks. 
 
 1666 73, Castle Hill. 
 
 1669 Old Brewery. 
 
 C 
 T . T 
 
 i675- 
 (Judges' Lodgings, formerly Old Hall, in front of which stood the 
 
 Covell Cross.) 
 
 Over one of the doors of the Vicarage Stables are the letters and 
 
 date, thus : 
 S.B.D.D., 1683. 
 
 Over another we read : 
 
 Seth Bushell, D.D., 1684. 
 
 (A plan of the old Vicarage still exists. The present Parsonage was 
 
 erected in the time of the late Canon Turner.) 
 
 S 
 H 
 
 1683. 
 (74, Church Street.)
 
 444 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 I . H 
 
 1686. 
 (Church Street). 
 
 F. 
 16 C . D 84. 
 (Church Street). 
 
 1684 Bridge Lane. 
 
 1687 West of Castle Park. 
 
 1688 Penny Street. 
 
 1688 Flag of weather-vane. (Castle). 
 
 16 Y 94 
 
 I. E. 
 (House in Bridge Lane. "Best London Porter" still to be seen 
 
 over the door.) 
 
 16 Y 87 
 
 I. E. 
 
 (House formerly the Old Pilot Boat Inn, near to the " Soot-hole.") 
 
 E. B. 
 (Date gone.) 
 
 P. 
 R. A. 
 
 1700. 
 (North Road. Re-built 1845.) 
 
 1697 26, St. Leonardgate. 
 
 1706 Mr. Milne's cabinet shop, 2S Castle H 
 
 1714 Simpson's Yard, Cheapside. 
 
 L. 
 W. H. 
 
 J776- 
 J.S.R.B. 
 
 1877. 
 (North Road.) 

 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 445 
 
 I . T 
 
 1722. 
 (Feathers Hotel, formerly Masonic Tavern, and originally Coach 
 
 and Horses.) 
 
 H. 
 
 R. A. 
 
 1726. 
 
 (St. Leonardgate.) 
 
 B. 
 W. E. 
 
 1724. 
 (Moor Lane.) 
 
 T. 
 R. A. 
 
 1739- 
 (Castle Hill.) 
 
 B. 
 
 W. E. 
 
 1740. 
 
 (Moor Lane.) 
 
 B. H. 
 A. 
 
 !74J- 
 (Old Golden Ball Yard.) 
 
 J. G. 
 
 Philo. 
 
 1779. 
 
 (North Road. "Philo," I am told, was the name of a vessel.) 
 
 H . I 
 
 L . 1 
 (New Inn. No date discernible.)
 
 446 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 
 
 L. 
 I. C. 
 
 1845. 
 (Castle Park. ) 
 
 M. 
 
 J. M. N. 
 
 1848. 
 (Princess Street.) 
 
 Old Wells. 
 
 The following are the sites of the old wells in Lancaster : — 
 
 The Toll-bars - , Castle Hill, bottom of New Road, Lawson's Spring at Well 
 House (covered in by Dr. Bracken), Friarage Well. Well on the south side of Aldcliffe 
 Lane, Mineral Well on Lancaster Moor (not far from where the old gallows stood). 
 The butcher from Manchester says, a writer in the local press washed his whittle in it, 
 after quartering the rebels in 17 15, and it was not used for drinking purposes after- 
 wards. In Stonewell were two pumps and a large trough at the north side, built for 
 watering horses, &c. At the corner of Rosemary Lane, where the Centenary Church 
 now stands, was a dial post and a well of soft water. There was an old Roman Well 
 in Messrs. Gillow's Yard, a Well in Meeting-house Lane, one near to the Church 
 Steps, a Well with steps (called Hodder's Well), near to the Castle, a Pump and Well 
 in the Castle Park. 
 
 The old Stone Well was nearly in the middle of the square, and was incon- 
 veniently placed for the traffic, as Nicholas Street was, for a long time, the main road 
 to the north from Market Street before North Road was opened out. In this square 
 there used to be a trough with rails over it surmounted by an oil lamp. The sketch 
 represents the old house that formerly occupied the site of Mr. Wolfendale's butcher's 
 shop. The old well was covered and the ground in Stone Well elevated about the year 
 l 824. and a pump placed against Mr. Ireland's wall, which remained until the 
 introduction of the water works in 1834-5. Previous to 1824 all the water from Moor 
 Lane, as far as the Park Gates, came running through Stone Well, and during a 
 thunderstorm there was a great weight of water rushing into the open gutter on the 
 east side, then across from the smithy (now Mr. Kendrick's place), to the butcher's 
 shop, where stands the Centenary Chapel, and through Rosemary Lane. Formerly, 
 the water from Stonewell flowed in an open gutter through Rosemary Lane,, and so 
 to the dam. It was crossed by a bridge connecting Church Street and St. Leonard-
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 447 
 
 gate in those days to which we refer. Stonewell, before it was raised, in 1824, was 
 very low and liable to damage by floods, for we read that in 1785 there was a great 
 flood which filled the streets from side to side; about Stonewell it got in at the doors 
 of houses and windows and washed up the pavement. The Calkeld Well supplied a 
 large district. It was situate near the bottom of Calkeld Lane on the east side up a 
 short passage, with a turn to the right. The well was about three feet square, and 
 was down a step or two at the south end of it. There was a good stream of water, and 
 the innkeeper, Betty Tatham, at the White Hart, had the stream running through her 
 cellar, and used it for brewing. The stream now runs through the White Hart and is 
 used for cooling purposes. There was also a small eye-water well just round the 
 corner, which was supposed to possess great virtue in curing persons afflicted with 
 " bad eyes." 
 
 A stone is to be seen in the lower portion of the wall in Moor Lane on the 
 left side, near the corner of Ulleswater Road. Traces of an inscription and figures 
 are visible. It is said to be an old Roman milestone, and that its site indicates the 
 entrance into or commencement of the once royal forest of Quernmore. A similar 
 stone lies in a ditch not far from the Well House. In the interior of the Well House, 
 late the seat of the Collision family, is a well called St. Mary's Well, said to be of a 
 great age. 
 
 The eminent lawyers, Scarlett, Brougham, and Pollock, 
 sojourned in Lancaster when attending the assizes very near to each 
 other and to the Castle. Scarlett lodged at the house now known 
 as the Temperance Hotel, Castle Hill ; Brougham lodged just above 
 the Horse and Earrier, at Miss Heald's House, close to the Church 
 steps, and Pollock's apartments were in the premises now occupied 
 by Messrs. Holden and Whelon. Sir Creswell Creswell, first judge 
 of the Court of Probate and Divorce, lodged at a house occupied by 
 Mr. Watkinson, New Street, and Mr., afterwards Baron Alderson, 
 at the house on Castle Hill, occupied by Mr. Harrison, dentist. 
 
 Some people have wondered where Thomas Tyldesley, 
 grandson of Sir Thomas Tyldesley, the royalist, lived when he 
 came to Lancaster, about 171 2. 1 may remark that he lived in a 
 large house, formerly belonging to the Gibson family at the Stone- 
 well end of St. Leonard Gate. He was buried at Churchtown, 
 Garstang, prior to 17 15, according to the Churchtown registers. 
 He left a son, James, who lived to be 99 years old, and who died 
 October 24th, 1S00.
 
 448 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 Comparatively few persons know of the torch extinguisher 
 in Church Street, which may be seen within the railings of the house 
 now occupied by the Conservative Club, and formerly the property 
 of the Marton family. It is 7^ inches in length and 4 inches in 
 breadth at the mouth. It would be placed there before the days of 
 cabs and gas, and probably before Lancaster was lighted by lamps. 
 When a lady went out to an evening party she was carried by two 
 men in a sedan, and lighted on the way by a torch-bearer, who, 
 when he got to his journey's end, put out the light by pushing his 
 torch into the extinguisher. This is the only specimen in Lancaster, 
 and, indeed, this relic of the past era is only seldom seen anywhere. 
 It is stated that Prince Charlie sojourned in the above house from 
 the 24th to the 26th of November, 1745, when passing through 
 Lancaster. The Scotch retraced their steps and passed through 
 Lancaster again on the 13th of December, followed sharply by the 
 Duke of Cumberland, who would most likely stop in the same house. 
 There is a tradition that his horse, lest it should be maimed or 
 poisoned by the disaffected of that day, was taken to the Torris- 
 holme stables, where it remained all night, and the stall it occupied, 
 on which a rose had been rudely carved, was known as the ' Duke's 
 Stall,' until the stable was demolished in the year 1812. 
 
 The Sherburnes, of Stonyhurst, the last of whom was Sir 
 Nicholas Sherburne, a travelled scholar, who died at Stonyhurst in 
 1717, used to have a residence in Lancaster known as ' Mulberry 
 House,' from the fact that a mulberry tree grew behind the house. 
 This house stood where Mr. Jemmison's Furniture Stores were in 
 St. Nicholas Street. Binns, in his map of Lancaster, indicates the 
 residence of this ancient family. 
 
 Mr. Kirby Moore, grandson of Mr. William Kirby, 
 architect of the new Church Tower, of 1759, was living in Lancaster 
 in 1820. He was a furniture broker, in Sun Street, and he after- 
 wards rebuilt for his business purposes the shop now occupied 
 by Mr. Mullen, pork butcher in Penny Street. Mr. William 
 Kirby lies interred near to the tower.
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 449 
 
 The houses in Cheapside, formerly Pudding Lane, were al 
 one period all covered or roofed with thateh, while Stonewell with 
 its quaint kind of paddock or pinfold, abutting on Moor Lane and 
 
 its ''town-well," formed a pretty picture at the beginning of the 
 present century. Stonewell has been called St. Mary's Square in 
 former times, but Stonewell is the old and proper name. 
 
 The premises in Market Street occupied by Messrs. 
 Whimpray and Cardwell, represented the old home of Robert 
 Winder, Mayor of Lancaster in 1720, 1737, 1745, 1754. and 1762. 
 
 The houses known so long as "Quakers' Row," were erected 
 by Mr. Joshua Whalley, great grandfather of Colonel Whalley, J. P. 
 
 The old Chemist's establishment formerly on the site of the 
 Borough Surveyor's Office, and long occupied by Mr. Edmund 
 Jackson, was the old home of Alderman Heysham. 
 
 Like other ancient towns Lancaster has had its haunted 
 houses, and the following particulars respecting one in Penny 
 Street, demolished only a few years ago, I received from a lady who 
 had lived in the same from childhood. The lady informed me that they 
 became so used to the appearance of a headless figure in their 
 bedroom, which was at the top of the house, that if it had not 
 shown itself regularly they would have been as awe-struck as they 
 were when they first beheld it. But the form never interfered with 
 them ; all it seemed to have deemed it necessary to do for its own 
 satisfaction was to show itself. Another haunted house is said to 
 have stood in Church Street. 
 
 Mr. J. B. Shaw, of Regent Street, has kindly lent me "a 
 plan of part of Green Ayre, as laid out in lots for sale in 1784." From 
 this it appears that four new streets were contemplated, named 
 respectively on this plan, Water Street, Antigua Street, Jamaica 
 Street, and Barbadoes Street. Only one Street was made, viz : 
 Water Street. The plan shows the river Loyne, Bridge Square, 
 
 G2
 
 45Q TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 Cable and Parliament Streets, the garden of J. Lawson, Esq., 
 Sugar House, and the site o\ Mr. R. Addison's house. Skerton 
 Bridge is marked "New Bridge." 
 
 In April, 1850, there was a stormy meeting of the Board of 
 Health, respecting some streets leading' to the river, which the 
 North-Western Railway Company claimed to have been included in 
 their purchase of the land on the Green Ayre, but which the board 
 contended were only sold subject to "existing rights" of the public. 
 The Railway Company, however, blocked up the roads designated 
 'Antigua Street and Lawson's Quay." 
 
 Hotels. 
 
 The chief Hotels are the "King's Arms" and the "Count}." 
 The former was erected in 1625, and re-built in 1879. The latter, 
 about 1S70, on a portion of old Kellet Croft. There are no docu- 
 ments available which give the name of the first proprietor of the 
 King's Arms Hotel. A few names of the more recent proprietors 
 1 have secured from various sources. The}- are as follow : James 
 Hardman, 1040, (descendants still living) used to have a pew in St. 
 Mary's Church. *John Marshall, occupant in 1732; John Reynolds, 
 occupant up to 178 1 ; J. Coulthwaite, at the Hotel from 1781 until 
 May 13th, 1002. John Pritt succeeded. He died June 29th, 1828, 
 aged 59. Joseph Ladyman followed, and quitted the inn about 
 1831). After him came John Pritt. junior, who died at Buxton, May 
 6th, 1850., in his 57th year. Mr. Joseph Sly became proprietor on 
 the 1 2th May, 1856, and his twenty-one years' lease expired 12th 
 May, 1877. Mr. S. Ducksbury then entered upon the house and 
 remained proprietor until his death, which took place on the 23rd 
 February, 1890. 
 
 There is an old stone underneath a third storev window of 
 the King Street side of the King's Arms Hotel, and the dale thereon 
 is 1625. On the facade of the hotel is engraved the words 
 
 \ Robert Paris followed John Marshall.
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 431 
 
 "Established 1625, rebuilt 1S79." This old hostelry has been 
 immortalised by Charles Dickens in his story o\ " The Lazy Tour 
 of the Two Idle Apprentices." it was during this distinguished 
 author's first visit that he wrote the " Tale of a Bridal Chamber," 
 and gave his impressions of this " good old inn, established in a 
 good old house, an inn where they give you bridecake every day 
 after dinner ; " where the visitor can "eat bridecake without the 
 trouble of being married, or of knowing anybody in that ridiculous 
 dilemma.'' Charles Dickens stayed at the King's Anns in 1S57 and 
 again in 1862, when he was accompanied by Mr. Wilkie Collins. 
 Most of us will remember seeing the pamphlet published about 
 fifteen years ago giving an inventory of the antiquities this grand 
 old house contained. Among them was one o( three " Franklin 
 clocks," and one also more than two hundred years of age of English 
 make; then there was the fine Gobelin tapestry valued at ^"6,500, 
 a tapestry which received its name from a house at Paris, formerly 
 possessed by wool dyers, whereof the chief, John Gobelin, in the 
 reign of Francis I. is said to have found the secret of dying scarlet. 
 Louis XIV. purchased the house for a manufactory of works for 
 adorning palaces (under the direction of Calbert), especially 
 tapestrv, designs of which were drawn by Le Brun, about 1666. 
 There were also three large pieces of tapestry the borders o\ which 
 were designed by Reubens viz: " The finding of Moses in the Bul- 
 rushes by Pharoah's daughter." Moses before the Burning Bush," 
 and " Moses striking the Rock.', 
 
 The Elizabethan staircase, the 1 5th century chairs, ancient 
 brackets, the 1540 bedstead, the old fireplace, antique needlework, 
 (with sacred subjects,) china, Venetian vases, &c, in the Dickens' 
 room, together with the Stanley oak bedstead, of near four hundred 
 years of age; oaken chairs, to match in the Lonsdale and Brougham 
 room, as also the stately gothic four-post bedstead in Lord 
 Derby's room, dating from 1646, and the like valuable sleeping 
 appurtenance in the chamber called after the Lady Burdett- 
 Coutts, were all described some years ago. For the Derby bedstead, 
 a local firm offered 250 guineas. Nor must we omit the classical
 
 452 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 tapestry and pastoral scenes by Hogarth. Then there was the 
 "Crowned Heads of Europe Room," wherein the finest specimens 
 of Gobelin Art were to be seen, specimens which the heir-apparent 
 to the English throne would like to have secured for his Sandring- 
 ham home. 
 
 Mr. Sly, the late proprietor, was intensely proud of his 
 ancient house, and sought to make it a museum as well as a 
 comfortable home worthy of the highest patronage. Alas, the old 
 days are gone, yet many of us will not forget what Professor Ruskin 
 remarked in his "Ariadne Florentina," concerning what he saw in 
 the old King's Arms, nor indeed what the Rev. E. P. Rogers, D.D. 
 said of the leading Palatine town hotel in the "New York Christian 
 Intelligencer" of August 12th, 1875. Even though all things have 
 been made new the old 'uns do not willingly eliminate Irom their 
 minds the "things of beauty," which should have remained "joys 
 for ever" in this right royal parthenon of relics once teeming with 
 tales of long ago, and interesting to the artist, archaeologist, and 
 moralizer. 
 
 The Cross Keys is a very ancient hotel, and 1 verily believe 
 would in its earlier days be the leading hostelry in our town. An}' 
 one looking at the exterior would never dream that its interior is so 
 spacious. From the date on the facade, 1613, and the fact that it 
 had originally a thatched roof, it is evident that the only other inn able 
 to stand next to it in point of age is the Corporation Arms, respecting 
 which, I have in vain applied for particulars, ancient deeds, &c. 
 The front door of the Cross Keys is a very substantial one; it is 
 said to have been made of wood taken from the best portion of the 
 old door of the main entrance to the castle, a door which was 
 partially burnt during the Civil Wars. Certain it is, states a 
 neighbour, that there were traces of scorches found here and there on 
 this door some years ago by the painters engaged in cleaning it and 
 re-dressing it. Within the house I noticed some of the upper 
 rooms were both quaint and large; the beams running across one 
 bedroom are of oak, so hard says the tenant that it is impossible to
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 45;, 
 
 knock a nail into them. The lights have been of the old-fashioned 
 mullioned order, and one chamber in the back part has evidently had 
 a wattled ceiling". The cellars are well worth visiting by the lover 
 of antiquarian characteristics in building. The chief cellar is 
 arched, and though each end is now walled up it is said that from 
 the one end there is beyond the wall a passage leading direct to the 
 Castle, and that this passage was used in the days when prisoners 
 were lodged in the cells, portions of which are still to be seen in 
 this house. There is a date over the kitchen door, viz: 1629. I 
 may remark that one of the old bedrooms is stated to have been 
 haunted by the ghost of a woman who many years ago hanged 
 herself therein. From an old writing dated 1652, it would appear 
 that George Toulnson, Esq., J. P., was the owner of the Cross Keys 
 Inn. There was a pew belonging this house in the south aisle of 
 St. Mary's Church. 
 
 It is said that the Commercial Hotel was once a private 
 house and the county town residence of the Molyneuxs of Sefton. 
 I have been unable to verify this, but from a deed dated February 
 1 2th, 1785, between Francis Carter and William Carter, surgeons, 
 of Lancaster, of the first part, James Carter, surgeon of the second 
 part, Robert Tomlinson, ironmonger, of Lancaster, of the third part, 
 and Corney Tomlinson, of Lancaster aforesaid, woollen draper, it is 
 clear that Sir Charles William Molyneux, Baronet, Earl of Sefton, 
 in the Kingdom of Ireland, had property m Lancaster, for he owned 
 the Sun Inn, otherwise called Hoop Hall, with a close of land known 
 as the Bowling Green, which he sold to James Carter. There is a 
 plan showing Sun Court, Sun Street, the properties of John Dalton, 
 Esq., Messrs. Gillow and Jepson's and other lands, including the 
 Rev. Oliver Marton's, accompanying this deed. There are about 
 thirty lots, some of which were purchased by Corney Tomlinson of 
 James Carter. It is, therefore, quite likely that at one period the 
 Earls of Sefton had a residence in Lancaster. 
 
 The Ship Inn, in North Road, is another old hostelry 
 occupying the site of two licensed houses known respectively as
 
 434 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 " The Cock," and " The Three Squirrels." The Ship Inn was so 
 called owing to its being - contiguous to the old ship yard. In 1889, 
 this inn was renovated by Mr. Mitchell, the owner. It is stated 
 that the old deeds of the original Ship Inn mentioned the " right of 
 fishing in the dam." The old Fleece Inn was demolished in 1890, 
 and the present elegant premises erected in its place. From the 
 ancient deeds it appears that in 1764, the site of the Fleece was 
 occupied by a house tenanted by the Threlfall family. The dwell- 
 ing was transformed into an inn between 1764 and 1778. During 
 the taking down of the old structure a secret chamber was revealed ; 
 and in preparing for the foundations of the new building, fragments 
 of Roman pottery were found, one piece bearing upon it the figure 
 of a deer. An ancient millstone was also discovered on the south 
 west side, but it got broken. A halfpenny of George I. time, 1725, 
 and a penny dated 1795 likewise came to light with some portions of 
 metal, evidently bell metal. 
 
 Efforts have been made to obtain some historic knowledge 
 concerning the Corporation Arms, and the White Cross Inns. But 
 all inquiries meeting with no response from the likeliest quarters, 
 I am unable to throw any light on the past of these two ancient inns. 
 
 The Green Dragon Inn long kept by Mr. Cartmel, used to 
 occupy the site of Mrs. Simpson's establishment in Cheapside, and 
 the Bull's Head, a well-known hostelry, was on the other side. 
 The Feathers Hotel, in Market Street, is really the outcome of the 
 old Coach and Horses Inn, which had its entrance in China Lane. 
 But part of the present Feathers Hotel was a private house erected 
 according to the facade figures in 1722. Subsequently the house 
 was altered into a shop in which the elder John Pritt served his 
 time to the saddle-making business prior to his taking the King's 
 Arms Hotel. At one time, in the old West India days, there was 
 a large export trade in saddles to Barbadoes, St. Bartholomew's, 
 and various other West Indian Islands. Mr. Cooper was a leading 
 saddler for many vears on the site of the present Feathers Hotel, 
 an hotel among whose first proprietors were Mr. C. Hind and Mr. 
 Sly. This Inn was at one time the only real hotel in the town,
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 455 
 
 having' no bar business whatever. As a licensed house it dates only 
 from about 1820. Mr. John Pritt was apprenticed to Mr. Cooper who 
 amassed considerable wealth at this spot in his day. Some of his 
 family settled at Preston, where they became very influential. The de- 
 cline of the shipping- trade in Lancaster caused old Mr. Cooper's son-; 
 to leave their native town, and a general exodus of Lancastrians took 
 place owing to the same cause. Mr. Atherton appears to have 
 succeeded Mr. Cooper in the saddlery business according to the 
 directories. The elder Pritt, alluded to above, died on the 29th of 
 June, 1828, aged 59. Mr. Christopher Hind converted the old shop 
 and hostelry into the Feathers Hotel. The Coach and Horses was 
 the head quarters of the Society of Druids at the beginning of 
 this century. 
 
 By the courtesy of Edward Clark, Esq., I am in a position 
 to give some interesting items gleaned from a number of indentures 
 and memoranda appertaining to the Blue Anchor and other propertv 
 adjoining. From the oldest of these deeds, dated 17th March, 
 1 73 1, it appears that the house known as the Blue Anchor was a 
 private residence, for there is no mention of an inn, and no tenant 
 of the two dwelling-houses and shop, close and meadow, except 
 Gwalter Borranskd!. From the appearance of the house and its 
 style within there can be little doubt that it was the palatine town 
 residence of some good old county family, probably of the Heskeths 
 of Rufford. 
 
 The old brewery in Brewery Lane has the date 1660, on a stone 
 over the entrance. Unfortunately, out of a score of documents, 
 including wills as well as deeds, no " ancient history " concerning 
 the premises are obtainable. But from deeds dating from the early 
 part of this century it is clear that the old brewery was the property 
 of John Proctor ; Dilworth and Hargreaves, bankers, and about iS >;, 
 Mr. John Baldwin, solicitor, seems to have been the owner, and to 
 have sold it in 1817 to the Walker family of Preston, and Mrs. 
 Agnes Walker appears to have owned it from 1S17 until the 8th of 
 October, 1833, when it was disposed of to a Mr. William Townley, of
 
 456 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 Blackburn. In 1817 Messrs. John and William Jackson, were tenants. 
 The chief-rent consists or consisted of one pepper corn yearly. 
 
 If we could only catch a glimpse of the old clays once more, 
 view some of the antique human specimens of our borough seated 
 on the stone bench outside the " Horse and Farrier," talking - to 
 Richard Carr, the landlord, and quaffing the nut-brown draught at 
 high noon in summer, what contrasts we could draw. Or if we 
 could turn into " Old Sir Simon's " ancient precincts and hear once 
 again the local incidents discussed by the generations that have long 
 ago passed away, how different would the Lancaster of the past 
 appear from the Lancaster of to-day. The Old Sir Simon hotel had 
 originally a thatched roof and curiously shaped casement lights and 
 its signboard bore upon it the figure of a man smoking his long 
 clay pipe and looking as comfortable as if he had just received a 
 fortune. That old signboard sold for a decent sum of money when 
 the quaint inn was demolished. There used to be a house adjoining 
 the King's Arms known as the " brick house," because it was the 
 only brick built house in the street. When the King's Arms was 
 rebuilt this old house disappeared and its site is now occupied by 
 the new and much larger hotel. A large quantity of salt meat was 
 sent out to the West Indies and Mr. Carr of the Horse and Farrier 
 was the leading salt merchant whose warehouse was the building in 
 Bridge Lane, ultimately used as a Wesleyan Chapel. 
 
 In the shipping days of eight}- or ninety years ago, Lancaster's 
 leading inhabitants were chiefly importations from the villages over 
 the Sands, from Wyresdale and Cumberland and Westmorland, as 
 the old names themselves demonstrate. The Spink Bull, some 
 say, was once the vicarage, and that there was a road leading from 
 behind the inn to the church, a road done away with some years 
 ago. In the Crooked Billet-yard, there is what man) persons 
 believe to be an entrance to an underground passage, and it is just 
 possible after what has recently been discovered in Mary Street that 
 the same is a portion of a subterranean path which led, apparently, 
 from the friary to the church. That such a sub-road existed has 
 been clearly demonstrated by workmen and others some time ago.
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 
 
 457 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 
 ohn o'Gaunt's Bowmen— Masonry and Oddfellowship in Lancaster- 
 Lancaster Benevolent Burial Friendly Society — Tine Philippi 
 Club — John o'Gaunt's Club, London — Lancaster and its Political 
 Representation — List of Past Members for the Borough. 
 
 HE Society of John o'Gaunt's Bowmen is 
 one of the oldest if not the oldest Society of 
 Archers in the kingdom. It was revived in 
 the year 1788, and again in 1820. It may 
 be interesting to a few readers if I give a 
 brief sketch of the origin and decline oi 
 archery since the practice of it was a pursuit 
 followed by all the ancient nations, and was 
 a prominent feature in the daily life of our 
 own countrymen down to the close of what 
 may justly be termed the mediaeval era. 
 Archery has been ascribed to Apollo, who is said to have com- 
 municated it to the Cretans. Aster of Amphipolis, having been 
 slighted by Philip, King of Macedon, at the siege of Methone, shot 
 an arrow on which was written "Aimed at Philip's right eye," 
 which put it out. Philip drew back the arrow with these words : 
 " If Philip take the town, Aster shall be hanged," and he kept his 
 word. This took place in the year ^2>Z B - c - Archery was intro- 
 duced into England before a.d. 440. History informs us that 
 Richard I. revived archery in the year 1 190, and was himself killed 
 by an arrow. A Royal Company of Archers was instituted by the 
 Marquis of Athol, as the king's body guard for Scotland in 1676. 
 The long bow was six feet in length and the arrow three feet, and 
 the usual range from three hundred to five hundred yards. Robin 
 Hood is said to have shot from six hundred to eight hundred yards. 
 The cross-bow we read of was fixed to a stock and discharged with
 
 458 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 
 
 a trigger. It may be mentioned that the Danes were particularly 
 well skilled in the use of the bow and arrow. In the twelfth and 
 thirteenth centuries the village green was the rendezvous of the 
 archers, and here stout yeomen strove to send their arrows right 
 into the centre of the target, amid cries of " i' the clout! i' the 
 clout!" By two statutes Edward III. encouraged and enjoined 
 the use of the long-bow amongst his English subjects, and in the 
 reign of Richard II. an Act was passed to compel all servants to 
 practice with it on Sundays and Holy days. By the 7th of Henry 
 IV., "the heads of arrows were to be well boiled or brazed and 
 hardened at the points with steel, on pain of forfeiture of the arrows 
 and imprisonment of the maker, whose name was to be stamped on 
 every arow head. Henry V. ordered the sheriffs of the several 
 counties "to procure feathers from geese, to the number of six from 
 each goose, for the purpose of winging the missiles, often poeticallv 
 called the "gallant gray goose shafts." Richard III. decreed that 
 " ten bow-staves were to be imported from abroad with every butt 
 of Malmsey or Tyre wine under the penalty of one mark (thirteen 
 shillings and fourpence) for each butt that was not thus accom- 
 panied." This Act was framed by Parliament in consequence of 
 the rise that had taken place in the price of bow-staves, so that 
 those which had formerly cost only 40s. or 40s. Sd. per hundred at 
 the utmost, " had now, as the Act declared, risen to the out- 
 rageous price o{ ^8 the hundred," and all through the seditious 
 confederacy of the Lombards trading to this country." In the 
 same reign, 1482, it was enacted that from "the feast of Easter 
 next coming no bowman should take from any of the king's liege 
 people for a longbow of yew more than 3s. 4c!. The wood of the 
 stave was generally yew, this being the strongest and most elastic 
 material. Sometimes elm, ash, or Brazil wood was used. The 
 closest scrutiny was evinced in order to secure freedom from knot, 
 warp, or any blemish. The "cord" must not be too soft or it 
 would snap and leave the archer defenceless, nor must it be too 
 hard or too fine or it would cut the wood, and so render the bow 
 useless. The medium was a string of silk twisted with the utmost 
 care so that it might be sound and equal throughout. To save
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 459 
 
 both wood and string and have them ever ready for action the 
 weapon was usually carried in a sheath or case made of woollen or 
 canvas. At Agincourt the Genoese Archers were placed out of 
 action altogether owing" to a shower of rain which rendered their 
 cross-bows useless, and also relaxed their bow-strings, strings 
 made of gut, giving the English every opportunity of defeating 
 them, for their weapons had only to be unsheathed and were then 
 ready for work under any conditions of climate. When the archer 
 had no need of his bow and arrow he minded to lay it by in a place 
 neither too dry nor too damp, and he kept it well rubbed, oiled, 
 and polished. Ascham, in his Toxophilus, enumerates fifteen different 
 kinds of wood. The asp was preferred for target-shooting and 
 archery competitions and the ash for warfare. Asp wood was deemed 
 of such importance that in 1416 Parliament passed a decree forbidding 
 patten and clog makers from making their goods of this material. 
 It was not until fifty years later that the patten-makers obtained 
 permission to use such asp wood in their craft as was unfit for 
 archery purposes. Arrows were often of different weight and thick- 
 ness to suit the distance of the mark and the changes of the wind 
 Whistling arrows were sometimes used in war for signalling in the 
 night. 
 
 On the village green over four centuries ago, you might have 
 seen the Archers in picturesque attire with all the village peasants 
 and dames around them busy practising, each Archer having a 
 bracer laced on his left arm, and a shooting glove on his right hand. 
 The bracer was made of hardened leather and so stiff that the motion 
 of the arm did not wrinkle it, and so smooth that it did not arrest 
 the free motion of the string ; while the glove which protected the 
 fingers from being chapped in drawing the " cord," had the leather 
 upon the forefinger thicker than the rest, as it was there that the 
 pull of the string was most felt. The Royal MSS., 14th Edward 
 IV., and the Cotton MSS., Julius E. IV., both give figures of 
 fifteenth century Archers. Specimens of arrow heads are to be 
 seen in the British Museum. They were found at New Farm, 
 Blenheim Park, Oxon, on the field of the battle of Barnet, in the
 
 4 6o TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 neighbourhood of Friday Street, London, and near Salisbury. At 
 the latter place a cloth-yard arrow head was discovered. 
 
 Great dexterity and a true eye were essential to the success 
 of the bowman who "stood uprightly, his left foot at a convenient 
 distance in advance on his right, holding the bow by the middle, 
 with his left arm stretched out, and with the three first fingers and 
 the thumb of the right hand upou the lower part of the arrow- 
 affixed to the bow-string. If the mark were a distant one, the arrow 
 had to be drawn to the head, but the pull required to be steady and 
 uniform, otherwise the string might snap, or the bow itself break." 
 
 The bow and arrow declined in Lancaster and district after 
 the battle of Flodden where the quiver of England was well nigh 
 expended. The hagbut and the arquebuse came in place of them, 
 and thus the practice of archery is now nothing more than a sport or 
 scientific amusement. The earliest Archer met with in the Bible is 
 Ishmael who " became an Archer." (Genesis XXI. 20). 
 
 John o'Gaunt's Bowmen. 
 
 The members of the John o'Gaunt's Bowmen in 1788, 1789, 
 and 1790, wore a dark green coat, plain yellow buttons, with a bow 
 and arrow embroidered on a black velvet collar ; white Kerseymere 
 waistcoat and breeches, white stockings, and a black hat, with two 
 feathers, one black and the other green. The members a hundred 
 years ago, were as follow : — 
 
 Charles Gibson, Quernmore Park, elected March 17th, 1788. 
 
 John Ford, Morecambe Lodge, elected same time. 
 
 Thomas Rawlinson, Ellel Hall. 
 
 William Cotton, Lancaster. 
 
 Josiah Baxendale, Lancaster. 
 
 Benjamin Satterthwaite, Lancaster. 
 
 Edward Suart, junr. , Lancaster. 
 
 Thomas Brayshay, Lancaster. 
 
 John Dodson, Lancaster. 
 
 James Noble, Lancaster.
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 461 
 
 David Campbell, Lancaster. 
 Edward Salisbury, Lancaster. 
 Daniel Wilson, Dallam Tower. 
 Edmund Rigby, Ellel Grange. 
 Edward Greenhalgh, Myerscough. 
 Abram Rawlinson, Ellel Hall. 
 Michael Jones, Caton, elected April 29th, 1788. 
 Bryan Greg, Lancaster, elected April 29th, 1788. 
 Edward Buckley, Beaumont Hall, elected June 13th, 1788. 
 William White, Lancaster, elected October 1st, 1788. 
 George Bigland, of Bigland, elected April 15th, 1790. 
 Thomas Harton, elected April 15th, 1790. 
 Robert Hesketh, Heysham Hall, elected July 8th, 1790. 
 John Dent, London, elected Jul}' 8th, 1790. 
 J. F. Caw tin Hue, Wyreside, elected July 29th, 1790. 
 Thomas Greene, Slyne, elected July 22nd, 1790. 
 William Dent, elected July 29th, 1790. 
 - C. H. Rhodes, Barlborough Hall, Derbyshire, elected September 17th, 1790. 
 Wilson Braddyll, Conishead Priory, elected October 8th, 1790. 
 Bold F. Hesketh, Rufford Hall, elected Vpril 29th, 1791. 
 Joseph Brookes, Liverpool, elected September 50th. 1791. 
 
 LADY PATRONESSES. 
 
 1788. Miss Wilson, Lancaster. 
 
 17S0. Miss Maria Rawlinson, Lancaster. 
 
 1790. Miss Welch, Lancaster. 
 
 1791. Miss Jane Salisbury, Lancaster. 
 
 Between 1820 and i860 the list of members represents 112, and the 
 patronesses between the same dates, 41. The Secretaries have been from 1820 to 
 1822, Thomas Worswick, Esq.; 1822 to 1823, R. M. Arthington, Esq.; i t S23 to 
 1824, A Kirkup, Estj. ; 1824 to 1827, Joseph Dockray, Esq. ; 1S27 to 1830, Joseph 
 Seed, Esq. ; 1830 to 1836, Richard Hinde, Esq. ; 1836 to 1842, John Sharp, I 
 1842 to 1853, John Kirkes, Esq.; 1853 to i860, George Robinson, Esq.; i860 to 
 1866, E. II. Satterthwaite, Esq. ; 1866 to 1868, Henry Ball, Esq.; 1868 to 1872, 
 William Ford, Esq.; 1872 to 1875, W. T. Sharp, Esq.; 1875 to 1870, B. P. 
 Greg-son, Esq.; 1S76 to i.SSi, W. T. Sharp, Esq.; 1S81 to 1882, F. Sharp. Esq.; 
 1882 to 1890, B. P. Gregson, Esq. 
 
 The Treasurers from 1820 to 1890 have been: 1820 to 1S22. Alexander 
 Andrade, Esq.; iSj2 to 1823, R. M. Arthington. Esq; 1823(0 1824, A. Kirkup, 
 Esq. ; 1824 to 1827, Joseph Dockray, Esq. ; 1827 to 1830, Joseph Seed, Esq. ; 1S30
 
 462 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 to 1833, Richard Hinde, Esq. : 1833 t0 ^Crf, Henry Gregson, Esq.: 1837 to 1840, 
 Thomas Baldwin, Esq. ; 1840 to 1842, James Giles, Esq. : 1842 to 1845, John Bond, 
 Esq.; 1845 to 1847, T. G. Dodson, Esq. ; 1847 to 1853. John Kirkes, Esq. ; 1853 to 
 1857, Henry Ball, Esq.; 1857 to 1S62, Arthur R. Hinde. Esq. ; 1862101875.!'. 
 Mason, Esq. ; 1875 to l88 L J- D - Moore, Esq.. M. 1>. : 1S81 to 1884, F. Sharpe, 
 Esq. ; 1884 to 1890, B. P. Gregson, Esq. 
 
 Since 1884 the Secretaryship and Treasurership have been combined and 
 heid by Mr. Gregson. 
 
 The challenge prizes shot for between the years 1821 and 
 1890 have consisted of a gold medal, a large silver arrow, a small 
 silver arrow, and a small gilt arrow. There is a book of Rules and 
 Regulations revised and reprinted in 1850, in 1861, 1869, and again 
 in 187b. From the "Archer's Register, 1889," edited by Frederick 
 T. Foilet, archery correspondent to The Field, I take the following 
 items relating to the John o'Gaunt's Bowmen : 
 
 " The centenary of this well-known Lancashire Society, which was cele- 
 brated in 1888, was not the centenary of its foundation, but of its revival ; for there 
 is evidence that the society had been in existence for a considerable period prior to 
 17SS, although before that dale nothing is known of its doings, and no traces of its 
 constitution remain. Its origin is a matter of conjecture, some Lancashire men liking 
 to regard il as a growth of the Wars of the Roses; whilst others, less ambitious, 
 would not go further back than Flodden Field. In 1788 the Society was limited to 
 twenty-one member-.'' A sketch of a John o'Gaunt's Bowman is included in the 
 work quoted with a description of the uniform worn in that year, which I have already 
 noticed. " After 1788," continues the * Register,' "'an interval of thirty-two years 
 followed, timing which the Society languished more or less, and its proceedings 
 were imperfectly recorded ; but in 1820 it revived once more, and since then has 
 continued to grow and to flourish. Among the rules of the new rdgime there was one 
 requiring a member on election or marriage to present a ' bishop ' to the Society. 
 This was a dozen of wine, and though that was a minimum offering, there appears 
 to have been no limit to a maximum offering, for the old minute books tell of a 
 member in 1838 giving his 'bishop ' upon a sumptuous and magnificent scale. The 
 custom has gradually fallen into disuse, and only two ' bishops' have been ptesented 
 within the last 15 years.'' 
 
 The same authority also informs the reader how " members began to be 
 elected by ballot, after due nomination, and it was necessary that two-thirds of the 
 Society should vote. The target ranges were fixed at 13 roods (91 yards), and 9 roods
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 46; 
 
 (63 yards), the match shooting consisting of six rounds or twelve targets at each 
 distance, the colours of the rings and the values of the hits being the same as now, 
 except that the inner white of that day has been replace blue of ours. Altera- 
 
 tions were also made in the uniform, and there was a ceremonial as well as a shooting 
 uniform. The former consisted of a dark green body coat, lined with white silk, 
 with the society's buttons, and a bow and arrow embroidered on a black velvet collar, 
 white drill trousers, crimson militar) sash, and black neckcloth, or stock for full dress, 
 For shooting dress, a Kendal green frock-coat, with g-ilt button- with arrow thereon, 
 cloth upright collar, with an arrow embroidered thereon, white drill trousers, a green 
 foraging cap, and black neckcloth, or stock. This ha- long been discontinued and a 
 member now wears what he pleases : but the rules require that at all club gatherings 
 he shall display the society's badge, which is silver gilt, and has a design of three 
 arrows in the centre. The number of members, which had been limited to twenty- 
 one, was subsequently raised to thirty, and in July, 1888, to forty-two. The S01 
 warmly supported the (band National Archery Meeting when it was first organised at 
 York, in 1844, I >y guaranteeing the presence and subscriptions of twelve of its members ; 
 and since then several — notably Mr. II. II. Palairet (five times Champion of All 
 England), Mr. E. Mason, Mr. II. Garnett, Mr. W. lord, Mr. E. Sharpe, Mr. 
 Gregson, and Mr. Lloyd Evans— have secured g-ood places in the score lists at the 
 Annual National Meetings.*' 
 
 It may be remarked that Mr. H. H. Palairet has been National 
 Champion of England in 1876, 1878, 1880, 1881 and 1882. Mr. 
 Gregson held this distinguished position in 1889, and has likewise 
 held the Championship of the Ten Northern Counties no less than 
 six times. Mr. Edmund Sharpe has been Northern Champion twice. 
 
 The Target Meetings are in Springfield Park, Lancaster, 
 lent for the purpose by the Trustees of the Ripley Hospital, and 
 since 1875 the York Round has been adopted for members of the 
 first class, whilst only the latter half of the York Round is shot bv 
 those of the second and third classes. Bye-laws regulating the 
 transfer ol' members from one class to another, according to indi- 
 vidual merit, and determining the assignment of prizes, have been 
 found to work satisfactorily and impartially. It was decided earl) 
 in 1888, that a special programme should be arranged to comme- 
 morate the revival of the John o'Gaunt's Bowmen in 1788. This 
 took the form of a Centenary Dinner, a two days' Archery Meeting, 
 and a Fancy Dress Ball. The Dinner was held on May 9th, in the
 
 464 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 King's Arms Hotel, Lancaster, twenty-one members and seven 
 guests being present. The Fancy Dress Ball was held on Thurs- 
 day, September 13th, 1888, many of the members appearing in the 
 costume of a century ago. The two days' shooting took place on 
 September nth and 12th, in the Giant Axe Field, a liberal supply 
 of prizes being provided both for members and visitors, and the 
 meeting proved a great success. There were 25 shooters, of whom 
 five were visitors. Tuesday, the first day was fine, but it was cold, 
 with a strong, gusty wind blowing throughout the round. At 80 
 yards Mr. C. E. Nesham and Mr. E. Sharpe were a tie, both in hits 
 (36) and score (158), and at 60 yards there was also a close struggle 
 between them, Mr. C. E. Nesham scoring 129 with 23 hits, and 
 Mr. E. Sharpe 120 with 22 hits. Wednesday was fine, but the wind 
 of the preceding day had dropped, and the shooting was continued 
 under favourable conditions. There was a large attendance of 
 spectators. Mr. C. E. Neshams's score at 60 yards of 162, with 
 24 hits (including seven golds), is the highest on record, the nearest 
 to it being a score of 160, with 24 arrows, by the same gentleman a 
 few years back, at the Crystal Palace Meeting. 
 
 After shooting, Mrs. Middleton presented the prizes. The 
 First Class Challenge Prize for the greatest number of points ; the 
 Champions' Medal and Clasp was won by Mr. E. Sharpe. The 
 Second Class Challenge Prize for highest gross score Large Silver 
 Arrow, was won by Mr. H. E. Jones ; and the Third Class Challenge 
 Prize for highest gross score, the Small Silver Arrow, was won by 
 Mr. W. A. Stackhouse. Mr. E. Sharpe won the Silver Cup and 
 the Societv's Medal and Clasp. In the prizes open to all classes 
 Mr. Gregson also won the Gilt Arrow, and Mr. E. Sharpe secured 
 the Centenary Challenge Jug. Mr. Gregson, Mr. Leigh Clare, 
 Mr. Nesham, Mr. W. A. Stackhouse, Mr. H. E. Jones, Lieut. 
 Col. Burton, and Captain C. H. Garnett, also figured as prize 
 winners in the Subscription Handicap Contest. 
 
 The Centenary Silver Challenge Jug (value ^30) was pro- 
 cured to be awarded year by year to the maker of the highest gross
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 46: 
 
 score at any of the Society's Target or Prize Meetings during the 
 
 season. This prize is a fine old English Jug, plain in style, with 
 reeded bands round the lower pail : it holds aboul a gallon, and was 
 made in 1702, and is therefore, most appropriate tor the occasion. 
 It stands on a pedestal of olid ebony, the centre part having a 
 plain band, of silver the full depth of the pi ith, thus giving room 
 for engraving the name of each year's winner. Upon the body o( 
 the jug is engraved the badge of the club a crown, and rose of 
 Lancaster, surrounded with the inscription 'John o'Gaunt's Bowmen 
 Centenary Challenge Prize 1788 and 1888.' Besides this recent 
 acquisition the Society has other interesting challenge prizes. There 
 are the Champion Medal and Clasp, given by Miss. M. Rawlinson, 
 (lady patroness, 1789,) a unique trophy originally shot for by the 
 Members in October, 1789; the large Silver Arrow given by Miss 
 Wilson (Lady Patroness) in 1 78S ; the small Silver Arrow, given by 
 Mrs. Harrison (Lady Patroness) in 1820 ; and the Gilt Arrow, 
 presented to the society in 182c), by Mrs. Hesketh of Rossall Hall, 
 Fleetwood. 
 
 It now only remains for me to add that the Society possesses 
 an eleganl silver snuff box, the interior of the lid of the same bearing 
 this inscription : "Presented by the John o' Gaunt's Club, London, 
 to fohn o' Gaunt's Bowmen, Lancaster, 1832." Elsewhere will be 
 found one or two notes on the above named club. 
 
 The book of Rules and Regulations kindly handed to me !\\ 
 a member of the Archer}- Society, has the following quotations on 
 
 its title page, taken from Shakespeare's Henry IV. Act III. Scene M. 
 
 Shallow. 1^ < >ld Double of your town living yel ? 
 
 Silence.— Head. Sir. 
 
 " Shallow.— Dead ! see, see, he drew a g I bow, and dead, he shot a fine shot ' 
 
 ohn 'o Gaunt loved him well and betted much money on his head. 
 Dead ! he would have clapt ii in the clout, al twelve score, and caused you 
 afore hand shafl a fourteen and fourteen and a half, thai would have done a 
 man's heart good to see. " 
 
 H2
 
 466 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 The members of the club number at the present time 
 (June, 1891) forty-three; two of this number art- however, 
 honorary members. Here is a list courteously supplied for this 
 work by the Secretary, Mr. Gregson, to whom I am indebted for 
 information and corrections concerning" the Society. 
 
 Hon. Members. 
 
 S. 11. Hinde, Windham Club, St. James' Square, London; Col. Garnett- 
 1 )rme. Tarn I [ouse, Skipton. 
 
 M EMBERS. 
 
 William Ford, Ellel Hall. Lancaster; 1.. Graham Paley, The Greaves, 
 Lancaster; B. I'. Greg on, Caton, I ter ; T. F. Fenwick, Harrow Hall, 
 
 Kirkby Lonsdale; Col. Whalley, Queen Street, Lancaster; W. T. Sharp, Elierh 
 Street, Lancaster; K. 1 '•■ S. Hornby, Dalton Hall. Burton-in-Westmorland ; Col. 
 Marion. ( lapernw ra) . Burton-in-W estmorland ; Francis Sharpe, Bowerham, Lancaster : 
 II. II. Palairet, Chalky House, Norton St. Philip, Hath ; Capt. Garnett, Wyreside, 
 Lancaster; William Garnett, Quernmore Park, Lancaster: Edmund Sharpe, Halton 
 Hall, Lancaster: W. E. M. Tomlinson, MP., Heysham House, Lancaster; C. H. 
 Bird, Crookey, Garstang ; John Foster, Douk Gyhll, Horton-in-.Ribblesdale, Settle; 
 Charles M. Saunders, Wennington Hall, Lancaster: II. Dawson Greene, Whittington 
 Hall, Kirkby Lonsdale ; Major E. W. Stokes, Fairfield House, Lancaster; Rev. F. 
 T, Royds, Heysham Rector}-, Lancaster: Lt-Col. F. Cooper Turner, [nverbrae, Oak 
 Hill, Surbiton ; Dr. W. Wingate Saul. Fenton-Cawthorne House, Lancaster; 
 Aymer Ainslie, Gawithfield, (Jlverston ; Launcelol Sanderson 2, Garden Court, 
 Temple, London; Lloyd Evans, Grange House, Grange-over-Sands ; F. X. Garnett, 
 (.Ian Rhiew, Berriew, Montgomeryshire; W. G. Ainslie M.P., Grizedale Hall. 
 Hawkshead, Ambleside; Rev. F. R. Preston, Ellel Grange, Lancaser ; Captain I. 
 D. Kennedy, Scarthvvaite, Lancaster; ( ). Leigh Clare, Haverbrack, Miln thorp ; C. 
 li. C. Storey, Weslfield House, Lancaster; Rev. II. Edward [ones, Haj Carr, 
 Lancaster: W. H. Higgin, Q.C., Cloverley House, Timperley, Cheshire: Rev. G. 
 |. Horner, Flaxton Lodge, Vork ; Colonel Foster, Hornby Castle, Lancaster: 
 |. Williamson. M.I'.. Hydatids, Lancaster; J. A. Openshaw, Beechfield, \ calami 
 Conyers ; W. A. Slackhouse, Stackhouse, Settle; Rev. A. F. Clarke. Cockerham 
 Vicarage, Garstang; Charles Walker, Brettargh Holt, Kendal; Allien Greg, 
 Escow beck, Lancaster. 
 
 Freemasonry in Lancaster. 
 
 The history oi~ Masonry is extremely interesting'. The first 
 Lodge formed in Britain was foimed by St. Alban, in the year 287.
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 I"7 
 
 Masonry was known to the Mahometan Architects about the 9th 
 century, and many oi' ouv Gothic Cathedrals owe their existence 
 almost entirely to Masonry. So far back as the year 020 there was 
 formed under Prince Edward a Grand Lodge of York. Once 
 the symmetrical brotherhood was interdicted, viz.: in 1424. It was 
 not until 1717 that the Grand Lodge of English Masons was estab- 
 lished. In 1730, the Grand Lodge oi~ Ireland was instituted, and in 
 1736, the Grand Lodge o\ Scotland came into being. In 173N, 
 Pope Clement XII. excommunicated Freemasons, and in [865, the 
 order was again condemned by the head of the Latin Church. 
 Among 1 remarkable occurrences I may mention the following": 
 
 926. 
 
 358. 
 
 450. 
 
 637- 
 685. 
 690. 
 
 720. 
 
 737- 
 
 781. 
 
 787. 
 787. 
 787. 
 790. 
 790. 
 
 795- 
 
 798. 
 
 8i3- 
 813- 
 868. 
 
 875- 
 
 ('•rant of a (barter to Fret mason-, by King Athelstan, 
 
 Revision of the Constitution by Edward III. 
 
 Initiation of I [enry \ I. 
 
 Regulation of the Lodges by the Earl of St. All li 
 
 Sir Christopher Wren, G.M. 
 
 Initiation of William III. 
 
 Valuable MSS. burnt l>\ unscrupulous brethren. 
 
 Initiation of Frederick . Prince of Wales. 
 
 H. R. H. the Duke of Cumberland elected G.M. 
 
 Initiation of George IV. (then Prince of Wales). 
 
 Initiation of the I Juke of York. 
 
 William IV (initiated when Duke of Clarence). 
 
 Initiation of the Duke ot Kent. 
 
 Initiation of George IV. (then Prince of Wales). 
 
 Initiation of Prince William of Gloucester. 
 
 Initiation of 1 1. R. 11. Duke of Sussex. 
 
 11. R. 11. the Duke of Sussex elected G.M. 
 
 Re-union of all the Lodges. 
 
 Initiation of 1 1. R. II. the Prince of Wales. 
 
 II. R. II. the Prince of Wales, installed G.M. 
 
 There is an old warrant issued by the Provincial Grand 
 Lodge, Liverpool, in [789, to the Lancaster Lodge of Fortitude 
 This document is suspended over the grand chair, and unfortunately . 
 owing to the dampness o\' the wall, it is much disfigured and mil- 
 dewed on the left side.
 
 468 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 Here is the copy of the warrant which has been kindly 
 supplied to me by Mr. H. Longman and Mr. John Atkinson, 
 and I feel sure that those readers who take an interest in Societies, 
 especially in Masonry, will not think me out of place in including- 
 this old document. 
 
 Thk Ska i. of 
 
 THE ( iRAND 
 
 To all and every one Righl Worshipful, Worshipful 
 
 ind Loving Brother. I. [ohn Allen, of Clements Inn, in the 
 
 j of Middlesex, Provincial Grand Master oi the most 
 
 id honourabh Si ciet) ol Free and Accepted Ma on . 
 
 Lojjck o] M \so\ry '" ani ' '"'"' ' '" ' ount ) Palatine of Lai i ter, undei His Royal 
 
 Highness, Hem - ) Frederick, Duke of Cumberland and 
 
 England. Stratheron, Earl of Dublin, &c, &c, &c. Grand Master send 
 
 greeting. 
 
 Know ye that upon the humble petition of our right worthy and well 
 
 ved brethren, James Smith, Stephen Winder, Thomas Mackerall and others, 
 
 and in consideration of the greal trust and confidence reposed in them, / have 
 
 constituted and by the nts do constitute them, thi del brethren, into a regular 
 
 Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons, to be opened at the house known by the name 
 
 of the Golden Shovel, in the town of Lancaster, to b< distinguished by the name of 
 
 the Lodge of Fortitude, being number 559 in the list ol Lodges, to be thus formed and 
 
 held on the second Tuesday in ever) month, until the time and place of meeting 
 
 shall, with the concurrence of me or my successors, be altered, with such power. 
 
 >, and advantages as of right belong to regular established Lodges. And 
 
 I do hereby nominate, institute, and appoint our said brethren lames Smith, Master : 
 
 Stephen Winder, Senior Warden; and Thomas Mackerall, junior Warden, for 
 
 opening the said Lodge, and for 5111 h further time only as shall be th mght proper by 
 
 brethren thereof, li being my will and intent thai thi- appointment shall not in 
 
 any way affeel the future election of officers of the said Lodge as shall be consistent 
 
 ilu General Law and Constitution of our Ancient Society. And I do hereby 
 
 will and require you, the said fames Smith, Stephen Winder, and Thomas Mackerall, 
 
 and your successors to take especial care that you and the rest of the members of the 
 
 said Lodge do at all times observe, perform, and keep all and every the Rules, 
 
 ■rs. and Regulations contained in the Book of Constitutions, except such as have 
 
 been or hereafter shall be r< peali d at any Quarterlj or othi r < reneral Communication, 
 
 together with such other Rules, Orders, Regulations, and Instructions as shall from 
 
 ne to time by me or my Deputy, by my successors, the Provincial Grand Master for 
 
 the time being, be transmitted to you or your successors; and that you and your 
 
 successors omit not once in every year 01 oftener as occasion may be, to transmit to 
 
 me or my Deputy or our successors copies oJ all Mich Rules, < >rd< rs, and Regulations
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 469 
 
 as shall from time to time be made by your said Loci id order and 
 
 government thereof, together with a lisl oi the members ol the said I 
 respective titles or additions, and the respective times of theii several initiation- 01 
 admissions. And that you do duly remit such sum >i of monej as sh 
 
 lime to time accrue due from and be contributed to your said Lodge or the meml 
 thereof. to the Fund of Charity and other Grand Fund of the said Society. And 
 lastly, I will and require yon the said James Smith, Stephen Winder, and Thomas 
 Mackerall, as soon as conveniently may bi to send an account in writing of ) 
 proceedings under and by virtue oi this my Warrant of < Constitution. Recommending 
 to you and the rest of the brethren the cultivation of the Royal 
 keeping in view the three grand principles of our Order -Brotherly Love, Relief, 
 and Truth. 
 
 Given at London under the < .real Seal ol Masonry, and also under my I 
 and seal the thirteenth day of November, A.L. 5789, A.D. 17S0. 
 
 Inc. Ai 1.1.N, Pro. Gr. Ma. 
 Wm. 1 1 all. Dep. P.G.M. 
 
 \V.\i. Hislop, P.G. Sec. 
 
 From the Lancaster Masonic Calendar, for 1890, I glean the 
 following- interesting particulars : — " Before the Lodge of Fortitude 
 
 was founded, the nearest* Lodges (Masonic) to Lancaster were the 
 LInion Lodge, Kendal, 17(14, held at the White Hart, and the Amity 
 Lodge, Preston, 1767, held at the White Horse. In 1789, the 
 Lodge of Fortitude received its warrant. In 17115, the Chapter of 
 Universality was attached to the St. John's Lodge, whose warrant 
 dates from the 20th March. 1795. On the 17th July. 1822, the 
 Chapter of Universality, 527, was attached to the Lodge of Fortitude. 
 It became extuict about 1844. 
 
 On the 27th December, 1822, the Rev. Joseph Rowley joined 
 
 the Lodge ot Fortitude, and in May, [824, Stewards were first 
 appointed. On the 24th June, [836, the first meeting was held of 
 the encampment of the Red Cross Knights oi Babylon, attached to 
 the Lodge of Fortitude. (The last meeting held was on the 28th 
 October, 1841). On the 28th June, 1838, the Lancaster Brethren 
 walked in procession to the Town Hall, in honour of Her Majesty's 
 Coronation. In September, 1838, the Lodge oi' fortitude removed 
 
 * I am informed that there was a Lodge at Garstang older than these.
 
 4/o TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 to t ho Sun Inn, and on the ioth of July, in the following" year, 
 Brother Barwick presented a copy of the Holy Bible to this Lodge. 
 On the toth February, 1840, the foundation stone of St. Thomas's 
 Church was laid with Masonic honours. Next, 1 note that on the 
 16th October, 1849, Mrs. Hutton presented to the Lodge of 
 Fortitude the portrait of her brother, Brother Foxcroft. 
 
 On the 3rd March, 1805, the Rowley Eodge was consecrated, 
 and during the same year a Bible was presented to the newly 
 established Lodge by ?vliss Rowley. In February, 1867, the apron 
 worn by the late Brother J. Rowley, (at his death the oldest Mason 
 in England), was presented to the Lodge, and it is now used at the 
 installation of each W.M. On June 17th, 1868, the foundation 
 stone of the Royal Albert Asylum was laid with Masonic honours, 
 and in the October, of the same year, a silver snuff box was 
 presented to the Lodge of Fortitude by Brother Lewis H. Isaacs, 
 son of Isaac Isaacs. On the 1 8th December, 1808, the Red Rose 
 of Lancaster Conclave, No. 12, was inaugurated, and on the 15th 
 March, 1869, the Rowley, R.A. Chapter was consecrated. On the 
 gth November, 1870, Brother J. D. Moore presented to the Lodge 
 of Fortitude, an Album to contain portraits of all the P.M's. of the 
 Lodge. On the [6th March, 1871, the Duke of Lancaster Lodge 
 was consecrated, and on the 26th of the following month, in the 
 same year, Brother |. D. Moore, M.D. was appointed Grand Sword 
 Bearer of England. Brother Prosser presented a pair of handsome 
 Gloves to the Lodge of Fortitude, on the 3rd of December, 1871. 
 On the 29th of December, same year, the Prov. G. Chap. R.A. was 
 held in the Rowley Chapter, Lancaster, and on the 12th September, 
 1872, the Moore Mark Lodge was consecrated; and on January 
 2nd, 1874, the Philip's R.C. Chapter was consecrated. The 
 Morecambe Lodge was consecrated on the 26th October, 1875. On 
 August 9th, 1876, Brother A. K. Allanson was elected Tyler; and 
 on the 26th March, 1878, a dinner was given in honour of Brother 
 Moore, at which a handsome testimonial was presented to him in 
 recognition of his services as Secretary to the Rowley Lodge. On 
 the 29th December, 1879, Brother E. Cardwell presented to the
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 471 
 
 Lodge of Fortitude, a Silver Square and Compasses. On the [5th 
 
 March, 1880, Lord Stanley, of Preston (then the lion. F. A. Stanley 
 M.P.), was installed M.E.Z. of the Rowley Chapter. Three gilt 
 sceptres for the use of the Principals were presented to this Chapter 
 by this gentleman on the [6th oi' August, 1880 On the 4th of 
 October, 1880, Brother J. D. Moore, P.M., P.G.S.B., England, 
 presented a portrait o\ himself to the Row ley Lodge, and on the 
 29th of April, 1882, the portrait oi the late Rev. J. Rowlej was 
 presented to the Lodge by Miss Rowley. On the 9th oi' January, 
 1883, brother Hannah on leaving the chair oi' the Rowley Lodge 
 presented to it a very handsome silver cup. On the 27th of Decem- 
 ber, 1883, Brother John Hatch retired from the Secretaryship of the 
 Lodge of Fortitude, and Brother J. R. B. Pilkington was appointed 
 in his stead. On the 31st January, 1884, the first Masonic Ball was 
 held in Lancaster, at the Militia Officers' Mess Room. On the 20th 
 of March, 1884, the Garnett Council of the Allied Masonic Degrees 
 was consecrated. This council has the power oi conferring four 
 degrees, viz:— St. Lawrence the Martyr, Knight of Constantinople, 
 Red Cross of Babylon, and Grand High Priest. On the 25th oi' 
 June, 1884, a handsome testimonial was presented to Brother John 
 Hatch, P.M., by the members of the Lodge o\' Fortitude, in recog- 
 nition oi his services as Secretary. 
 
 On the 30th March, 1885, the first meeting in the Masonic 
 Hall, was held by the Moore Mark Masters' Lodge, and on the 15th 
 April, 1885, the first {'raft Lodge was held in the new Masonic Hall 
 by the Duke of Lancaster Lodge. On Max 4th, following, the first 
 meeting of the Rowley Lodge, took place in the new hall, and on 
 the 13th of the said month (same year), the first meeting o\ the 
 Lodge of Fortitude was held in the hall. On the 29th June, 18S7. 
 the Masons oi' Lancaster celebrated Her Majesty's Jubilee by the 
 Dedication oi' their Hall in Church Street, and by a combined 
 Banquet of the three Lodges at the King's Arms Hotel. In the 
 Lancaster Gasette of July 2nd, 1 887, a full report of the proceedings 
 /ill be found. The centenary of the Lodge oi' Fortitude, was held 
 n the 13th November, 1889, when Brother Fenton presented the 
 
 wi 
 o
 
 47-2 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 Centenary Warrant to the W. M., and Brother H. Longman gave 
 
 a sketch of the progress of the Lodge. On the iith of December, 
 in the same year, Brother J. B. Shaw, W.M., presented to the Lodge 
 of Fortitude a framed photograph of the Centenary Officers of the 
 Lodge, and on the 8th January, 1890, this Lodge presented to 
 Brother J. B. Shaw, J. P.M., (the "Centenary" W.M.) a gold 
 centenary jewel. The new warrant bears the signature of the Prince 
 of Wales at its head viz : " Albert Edward." The Prince is Grand 
 Secretary of England. 
 
 From the remarks of Mr. Longman at the centenary 
 proceedings, many historic items respecting the Lodge may be 
 quoted, with apologies to that gentleman. He states that "there 
 is some slight evidence that the first meeting was held in 
 1790, but of the actual date of consecration, or who was present, 
 there is no record. From the list of lodges 1781-91, we find we 
 were not registered in the books of the Grand Lodge till 1790, 
 and then evidently very late in the season, as ours is the last lodge 
 named for that year, the number by which it is registered in Grand 
 Lodge books being 575. This number we retain till 1792, when in 
 the revision of the lis' of lodges in that year we got the number 
 4S4 ; then in the union ot Grand Lodges ot' London and York in 
 1813, we were again changed, this time to number 527, and in the 
 revision of 1840 this gave place to number 350 ; this again being 
 altered in Jul} - 1863, to the present number 281. In a letter which I 
 received from Bro. Hughan about a month since, on the subject of 
 this discrepancy in the number, he says : --' 1 make no doubt that 
 the Provincial Grand Secretary or some other local authority, is 
 responsible for the number 559 being attached to the Provincial 
 Warrant of the Fortitude Lodge, now number 281, Lancaster. It 
 would have had about that number had the fees and particulars for 
 warrant been transmitted to Grand Ledge promptly, on the charter 
 being issued locally Strange to say I can find no payment of 
 warrant announced in the Grand Lodge proceedings, so apparently 
 the Grand Secretary never received th fees. They must, however, 
 have been paid locally, or the lodge would not have been inserted
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 47; 
 
 in the register. Ordinary payments by the lodge begin in the official 
 
 printed reports from April 13th, 1701, when the sum of 10s. 6d. is 
 credited to number 575, Lodge of Fortitude, Lancaster, i'ov charity.' 
 
 But passing awaj from this to its place of meeting, the Lodge 
 has during its too years had various homes, its first meeting place in 
 1780. was the Golden Shovel ; in 1807, the White Horse ; in 1816, 
 the White Lion ; in 1824, Bro. Seward's, Sun Street ; in 1825, the 
 Golden Shovel ; in j S3 1 , the White Lion ; in 183b, the Freemason's 
 Tavern ; in 1838, the Sun Inn ; 1849, the Old Sir Simon's ; in 1855, 
 the Royal Oak; in 1859, the Assembly Rooms; in 1861, the 
 Athenaeum, where it had the longest stav ; and in 1885, to the 
 Masonic Hall, in Church Street. 
 
 Its roll of honoured dead is very long" — so long that again I 
 can only name the most eminent, -which includes Bros. John 
 Fenton Cawthorne, John Drinkwater, John Braithwaite, Jackson, 
 Michael Harrison, Wm. Dewhurst, Joseph Rowley, John Daniel 
 Moore, Edmund Simpson, John Lever Whimpray, and a host of 
 others eminent outside Freemasonry. Amongst its members it 
 has numbered fourteen (if not more), Mayors cA' the Borough of 
 Lancaster, viz., E. D. Salisbury, Thos. Howitt, L. 1). de Vil 
 Hichard Hinde, Geo. Jackson, James Williamson, Rd. Coupland, 
 Wm. Store)', Henry Welch, Wm. Hall, Geo. Cleminson, Jos. 
 Fenton, Ed. Clark, and Jas. Hatch. The 13th January, 1795, is 
 the date of the first recorded meeting we have, and on this night 
 the first initiate — so far as we can trace -was received into the 
 lodge, his name was Ldward Banton. 
 
 In 1884, in conjunction with the other lodges, it held its first 
 ball, and here its history merges a little into the other lodges, for in 
 conjunction with them it purchased the old Queen's Head, in Church 
 Street, and converted it into a Masonic Hall, and here, on the 13th 
 May, 1885, it held its first craft meeting under its own roof. 1 
 have said enough to prove that during- its century of existence 
 it has, I think, performed every function that could fall to a Free-
 
 474 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 masons' Lodge; it has received Grand Lodge on the occasion ot 
 laying: the foundation stone of the Roval Albert Asylum in 1868; 
 and Provincial Grand Lodge it has received on several occasions, 
 notably on the occasion of laving the foundation stone of St. 
 Thomas's Church, on the 10th February, 1840, the day on which 
 our Queen was married. It has dispensed its hospitality to its 
 members in all degrees, from the modest supper at is. 6d. per head 
 to the excellent banquet; it has dispensed its charity generously, 
 and at all times with prudence; and it has buried its revered dead 
 with Masonic honours and services. In 1824, Bro. Bainbridge was 
 so buried; in 1825, Bro. Jackson; and in 1889, Bro. Edmund 
 Simpson. It has throughout its career upheld the dignity of Free- 
 masonry, and performed unpleasant duties when forced upon it, by 
 refusing to sanction anything hurtful to the craft; and by punishing 
 when proved, the irregular and unmasonic conduct of its members." 
 
 Past Masters of the Lodge op Fortitude. 
 
 1S58, Brother James I latch ; 1859, Brother Joseph Fenton : 1S60, Brother William 
 King ; 1861, Brother F. Dean ; 1867, BrotherG. Kelland ; 1869, Brother E. Storey ; 
 1870, Brother John Hatch: 1876, Brother J. Atkinson; 1877, Brother R. Taylor: 
 1S78, Brother J. fowett ; 1879, Brother E. Cardwell ; 1880, Brothei W. Warbrick : 
 1881, Brother John Atkinson ; 1882, Brother J. R. B. Pilkington ; 1883. Brother I:. 
 Gregson ; 1884. Brother Thos. Bayley ; 1885, Brother Richard Stanton; 1886, 
 Brother A. Me. Kaith : 1887. Brother R. Nicholson; 1888, Brother James Heald ; 
 1889, Brother James B. Shaw. 
 
 Past Masters of the Rowley Lodge. 
 
 1870, Brother W. Hall. M.D.; 1870. Brother II. Longman; 1879, Brothei 
 Nerval \Y. Ilelnie; 1882. Brother!. E. Hannah: 1883, Brother John Cutis : 1884, 
 Brother J. II. Irvin ; 1886, Brother A. W. Kershaw : 1S87. Brother W. Drinkall ; 
 1888, Brother A. Stanley: 1889, Brother \Y. Capstick. 
 
 Past Masters of the Dukl-; of Lancaster Lodge. 
 
 1872. Brother J. Barrow : 1873. Brother J. Bell; 1875, Brother J. Acton; 
 1878, Brother R. Wolfenden ; 1879, Brother J. Ellershaw; 1881, Brother II. Hartley: 
 1884, Brother J. E. Oglethorpe : 1885, Brother J. D. Bell : 1886. Brother C. J. W. 
 Stork; 1887, Brother \Y. King; 1888, Brother D. Shaw ; 1880. Brother I'. Duilon.
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 475 
 
 Early in the year [889, Brothers II. Longman, J. R. B. 
 Pilkington, and W. King, as the Lodges' Charities' representatives 
 to P. G. I.., thinking it desirable that an association should be 
 
 formed (or Lancaster, called a meeting o( the Brethren of the 
 various Lodges to tesl their feeling in the matter. This meeting 
 was fairly attended, and though not quite unanimious, it was 
 decided by an overwhelming- majority that such an association 
 should he formed, and that the subscription should be 5s. pet 
 annum. On the 4th October, 1889, the first meeting was held 
 when 35 members were announced as having enrolled themselves. 
 
 On a brass plate in the Masonic Hall is this inscription :— 
 
 "This Masonic lli.ll was erected by thirteen Craft Lodges and the Royal 
 Arch Chapter oi Lancaster for the purposes "I Freemasonry, and was dedicated on 
 Wednesday, June 29th, [887, by W. Brother Charles Henry Garnett, of Wyr< 
 hue Captain $oth Regiment, I'. Prov. G. Senr. Warden : I'. Prov. (1. [. West, Lanca- 
 shire. The brethren occupying the chairs at the time were: -Bro. R. Nicholson, 
 W.M. Fortitude, No. 2S1 ; Bro. W. Drinkall, W.M. Rowley Lodge, No. 1,051 ; 
 Bio. 1). Shaw, W.M. Duke of Lancaster. No. 1,353; Comp. R. Stanton. M. V.. /.. 
 Rowley R. A. Chap., No. 1,051." 
 
 The order o( the Lodges is thus : 
 
 Lodge of Fortitude. 
 Rowley Lodge. 
 Duke of Lancaster. 
 Philip's Rose Croix Chapter. 
 Rowley Royal Arch Chapter. 
 Moore Mark Lodge. 
 
 Masonic and Military Order of Knights of Rome and Red < Iross of Constantine. 
 The Red Rose Conclave of this Order, No. u. i.^ held at Lancaster. 
 S. Allied Degrees Garnett Council, No. S, held at Lancaster. 
 
 The portrait of the Rev. Joseph Rowley at the west c\u\ of 
 the room is pronounced a very excellent one ; and the same may be 
 said of that of the late Mr. Poxcroft, presented to the Lodge in 
 1849. The full masonical clad figure of the Earl o( Lathom is also 
 a smart likeness oi' one of the most distinguished o\' English 
 Masons.
 
 476 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 Obituary of Prominent P.M's. 
 
 1831. March 3 1 st , Brother J. F. Cawthorne., M.I'. 
 
 1864. January 4th, Brother Rev. J. Rowley. 
 
 1567. January, Brother Hansbrow, P.P.G.S.B. 
 
 1568. June 23rd, Brother H. Ball. 
 
 1869. June 27th, Brother Thomas Dewhurst. 
 
 1S73. Lord Zetland, M.W.C.M. 
 
 1876. May 31st, Brother William Wearing. 
 
 [879. May, Brother YV. Storey. 
 
 1880. December, Brother F. G. Dale. 
 
 [881. January 17th, Brother J. D. Moore, M.D.. P.C.S.B. 
 
 1885. April 14th, Brother W. II. Bagnall. 
 
 1889. March 12th, Brother E. Simpson, P.P.C.P. 
 
 1889. July 22nd, Brother S. W. Wearing. 
 
 [889. September 23rd, Brother J. L. Whimpray. 
 Mr. A. K. Allanson, Tyler, died June 6th, 1891. 
 
 Lancas i er Oddfellows. 
 
 Oddfellowship, the imitation of Freemasonry, which represents 
 an upper ten thousand rank, is the rank representing every class, 
 the rank that knows no distinction and will welcome either rich or 
 poor with equal affection. The Order of Oddfellows is said to have 
 existed among the Israelites while in captivity B.C. 1,000; and 
 it is said they used signs, passwords, and degrees enabling 
 them to communicate without exciting suspicion. It is stated that 
 in the year 79 Titus Caesar gave certain Roman soldiers who 
 imitated the Israelites the name of oddfellows owing to the singu- 
 larity of their notions and for their knowing each other by night as 
 well as by day. For valuable services rendered this same Roman 
 leader gave the fellow-citizens or oddfellows a dispensation as a 
 pledge oi' his friendship engraved upon a table of gold bearing the. 
 following emblems : — The Roval Ark of Titus and the Ark of the 
 Covenant, the Golden Candlesticks a id the Table weighing a great 
 talent ; the Sun for the Noble Grand, the Moon and Stars for the 
 Vice Grand, the Lamb for the Secretary, the Lion for the Guardian, 
 the Dove for the Warden, and the Emblems of Mortality for the
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 477 
 
 Grand Master. The excellent digest o( history from which ! quote 
 intimates that irrespective of the truth o\ the legend "it is a fad 
 worth noting thai several of the emblems on the dispensation are 
 now in vise among oddfellows with slight altera! ii ns. 
 
 Wales is said to have first received Oddfellowship principles, 
 so far as our own island is concerned, in the year 98. Agricola 
 introduced the Order so the story goes, and eventually a lodge was 
 established a1 Mona. Modern Oddfellowship dates however, from 
 about 1745, and in that year the Gentleman's Magazine alludes to 
 the Order. Daniel Defoe made mention o( it previously. The 
 Manchester Unity dates from 1810, and in 1822 the first meeting of 
 the A.M.C. took place. The National Independent Order of Odd- 
 fellows was formed of seceders from the Manchester Unity between 
 the years 1840 and 1850. I have not space for more remarks on this 
 interesting- society, and content myself with stating that during 1888, 
 the number oi' persons initiated into the Order in Great Britain, 
 Ireland, and the Channel Islands, was 38,491, the increase in the 
 colonies being 840, and 533 by re-instatement of suspended lodges, 
 making a total number oi' 667,458 members. During the last ten 
 years the Order has increased by 1 00,793 members. The mortality 
 of the year has been 1 '35 per cent., the average rate for the last five 
 years 1 '37 per cent. The number of members in the juvenile 
 societies reached (January 1st, 1889) 50,140, showing an increase of 
 5,872 on the year. Juveniles, transferred to adult lodges during the 
 year numbering 3,021, made the total strength of the Order 668, \<.)2. 
 
 The principles of Oddfellowship are the outcome of a masonry 
 which may be traced to the building of Solomon's temple. 
 
 From a perusal of Lujo Brentano's exhaustive work on the 
 history and developemenl of gilds, published in 1870, it is evident 
 that our modern friendly societies are the outcome on a worthier 
 scale of the ancient religious and craft gilds which flourished largely 
 in the middle ages, and remained all-powerful in their effects 
 individually and nationally, until the Reformation struck them down 
 and abolished their abuses for ever.
 
 478 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 
 
 For many a long" year Lancaster has taken a very active part 
 in the inauguration and development of Friendly Societies. In 
 1811, there were 13 of these societies in our borough for men, and 
 4 for women, and in 1806, the number of members belonging to the 
 former was 2,027. In 1820, the Lonsdale Magazine intimates that 
 the number of these associations had dwindled down to three, viz., 
 The Good Intent, Friendship and Union, and The Samaritan. Times 
 have altered largely since the institution of these benevolent 
 fraternities, the first of which according to notes made by the late 
 Mr. Thomas Cleminson, in the order of age, is the Samaritan, 
 instituted 17th December, 1787, and whose flag emblem was formed 
 of the good Samaritan relieving the man who fell among thieves; 
 the Levite passing by on the other side. The motto was "Go thou 
 and do likewise." The meet took place at the Black Bull, Mr. 
 James Holden's. The next, The Good Intent, dated from 3rd March, 
 1788, and its emblem consisted of Joseph relieving his brethren; 
 motto: "Give us this day our daily bread." This society met at 
 the White Lion Inn. The Friendship and Union was established 
 1st January, 178c), and bore for its device Christ supporting St. 
 Peter on the sea ; motto: "Wherefore didst thou doubt?" The 
 rendezvous of this body was at Mr. Goth's, the Ship Inn. The 
 Friend in Need society, established about 1832, The Royal Foresters, 
 and the Independent Mechanics, have met respectively at the George 
 and Dragon, the White Hart, and the Black Cat Hotels. 
 
 The Oddfellows' Hall was erected in 1844. Three lodges 
 were formerly owners of the hall, viz., William IV., the Earl of 
 Lincoln, and the Dalton Abbey. 
 
 No one can over estimate the value of Friendly Societies, for 
 they are God's chosen levers for aiding the fatherless children and 
 widows, the desolate and the oppressed. Not only have they been 
 enabled to dispense timely assistance during visitations of sickness 
 and death, but to contribute nobly to numerous institutions, such as 
 infirmaries and asylums throughout the land. In our own town some 
 twenty-two years ago, when the Royal Albert Asylum for Idiots 
 and Imbeciles was about being erected, the local Oddfellows resolv- 
 ed to contribute 100 guineas towards the building fund. This was 
 a noble gift. The Juvenile Oddfellows' Club was established in 
 .877.
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
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 .3 - 7"
 
 480 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 The Philippi Club. 
 
 There used to be a sort of Beefsteak Club in Lancaster, 
 known as the Philippi Club. It was founded in 1797 and existed 
 until about 1852. The Black Horse Hotel, an old Corporation 
 house, in Common-garden Street, was long" the rendezvous of this 
 Club, where often of an evening the elite of Lancaster society met 
 to enjoy the pipe of peace and discuss current events. Here, the 
 burly alderman, the leading medicus, and the smart man of law- 
 spent their evenings in conviviality and debate. The Society had 
 its president, whose head-gear consisted of a deep-crowned broad- 
 brimmed hat, long retained by Major Coupland, an old member of 
 the Club, as a relic of the "old days." Each member paid for all 
 he had in the way of " lotion " which was limited generally to two 
 glasses of whiskey. Each Saturday evening a plate of small raised 
 meat pies was placed upon the table, and it is said that these edibles 
 were supplied gratis by the hostess to the Club. To "meet at 
 Philippi " was at one time a very common expression in our town, 
 and when an appointment was made the term was used broadly in 
 lieu of the name of the inn by persons who had no entree into the 
 charmed circle upstairs. The rules of the Club maybe of some 
 interest to readers of this work at the present time. They were 
 written on parchment, and every member upon his admission 
 attached his sign-manual to the document in token of endorsement 
 of the same. The sheet bore 120 signatures, and, as a member 
 years ago remarked, "some of the names are a little indistinct, 
 but this may be due either to imperfection in the writing materials, 
 or to the fact that the signatures had been delayed until a late period 
 in the evening," 
 
 Rut i> i" be observed by members of l he Club of Philippi, in Lancaster :— 
 
 1st. That the Club shall meet every evening - . 
 
 2nd. Any member who shall propose to lay a wager which shall bo- accepted by an) 
 person shall forfeit and pay for glasses round to the company present at thi 
 time of laying the wager.
 
 TI MR-HONOURED LANCASTER 481 
 
 3rd. Any member who shall come to Philippi in a coal (excepl a mourning c< 
 which has never been paid for, shall treat the whole of the comp 
 who shall come to Philippi the same evening, with glasses round. 
 
 4th. There shall be a president every evening thai the club shall meet, who shall 
 have the power to determine finally all disputes and differences which may 
 arise in the company. 
 
 7th October, 1797. 
 
 The third rule' appears to have been too stringenl and it was repealed by the 
 following resolution : — 
 
 " At a meeting of the members of Philippi on the 6th day of October, 1798, 
 being convened by public notice, it was resolved and ordered, by a great majority of 
 the members then present, that the rule No. 3 be and the same is hereby repealed." 
 
 The first president was John Armstrong, Esq., John Taylor Wilson. Esq.. 
 first secretary, and John Addison, Esq., recorder ; J. Dent and Peter Patten Esquires, 
 members of the House of Commons for Lancaster, and James Clarke, Esq., "" Deputy 
 Recorder of Philippi and Liverpool,'* were also members of this Club. Among other 
 names are those of Giles, Bagott, Thompson, Parke, Hinde, Thornborrow, Iliggin, 
 Rawlinson, Inman. Robert Gillow, T. Charnley, J. Dockray. P. P. Armstrong, 
 Loftus, Ridley, Dodson, Scarlett. Everard, Satterthwaite, Stout, Buckley, Mason, 
 Worswick, Dr. Campbell, R. Bond. R. T. Gibson, '■ Clerk and Chaplain," Joseph 
 Baxendall and S. Bow-. 
 
 Up to 1824 the names, without dates of admission, are recorded. After 
 that year the dates are given. 
 
 " 1824, Oct. 25th, John Scott, Thomas Mason. Oct. 28th, Leo Redmayne, 
 (mayor), William Davidson, Sam. Gregson. Oct. 30th, Arthur Armitstead. Nov. 
 4th, John Brockbank, John Charnley, S. Bower, junr., Dr. Morton. Nov. Sth, J. 
 B. Nottage. Nov. 12th James Atkinson. Decern. 7th, E. Cox. 
 
 1825, April 20th, Robert Birkett. June 3rd, Anthony Eidsforth. Novem- 
 5th, W. Robinson. 
 
 1826, June 24th, R. W. Scott. July 22nd. Hugh Baldwin. 
 
 1827, June 22nd. James Bradshaw. 
 1S28, Nov. 20th, Win. Thompson, junr. 
 
 1830, May 29th, Wm. Eer^uson, Richard Wilson. August oth, John Ripley. 
 
 1831, Sept. 6th, Christ. Fletcher. Decern. 26th. Robert Gawthorpe. 
 
 1833, Jan. 12th, John Walmsley. July 6th. E. D. de Vitre\ M.D. August 
 3rd, Joseph Seed, Surgeon. 
 
 1834, Sept. 4th, James Lonsdale, Artist. 
 
 1835, Decern. 5th, Richard Hinde. 
 
 1S38, July 17th, Robert Bradshaw. James Derham, Oliver T. Roper, 
 
 12
 
 482 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 B. Bradshaw, Leo Willan, John Walker, Charles Edward Quarme {Gazette). Henry 
 Coupland. 
 
 1S41, Tune 24, Thomas Thompson. Oct. 4th, E. D. Salisbury. 
 1852, Nov. 10th, John Hall (Mayor), William Welch, Rd. Coupland, 
 
 In a letter from Dr. Harker, dated January 26th, 1S91, the following item is 
 given concerning the above Club : — The Philippi Club, as in the case of the Beef- 
 steak Blub of London, included the brightest spirits of our profession. The rotund 
 snuffbox made from a piece of oak of our ancient bridge which crossed the Lune at 
 Bridge Lane, I still have and take care of. It was given to me by the last of the 
 Starkies of the ancient inn in Tame> Street, where the club had its meeting." 
 
 John O'Gauxt's Club, (London). 
 
 There used to he a club in London styled "The John 
 O'Gaunt's Club," established for the purpose of assisting- young 
 Lancastrians in London. Colonel Whalley has an invitation ticket 
 issued in the name of this club about seventy-two years ago. The 
 ticket is headed in old English characters "John O'Gaunt's Club;" 
 below the heading is a representation of the Castle Gateway with 
 a cottage on the right. Then comes this announcement: — "The 
 members o\' the club will dine together at Gray's Inn Coffee House, 
 on Saturday, the sixth day of June, 181S, at 6 o'clock precisely, 
 R. H. Welch. Esq., President, T Greene, Esq. Vice President, 
 R. H. Welch, Esq., T. Greene, Esq., S. Wiglesworth, Esq., Stewards. 
 Rd. B. Armstrong, Secretary- Admil R. P. Barlow, Esq." When 
 the club broke up or collapsed ! have not been able to ascertain. 
 
 Lancaster and Political Representation. 
 
 Lancaster used to be the head quarters of the political 
 representation of the county, and first sent two members in the 
 place of two ancient barons. The polling would last from six to nine 
 days as a rule. The County Town, Wigan, Liverpool, and Preston, 
 were the old four boroughs that might formerly boast the honour 
 of sending - members to Parliament, and doubtless the honour was 
 one which proved more of a burden than a pleasure, since consti- 
 tuencies, in those days so often dubbed as " good old days," had to
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 483 
 
 pay their members for representing them. At one time the charge was 
 so much per head, and was levied like a tax. Knights of the shire 
 are very different now from what was the case in the thirteenth 
 century. Large landowners used to form a parliament in themselves 
 and very frequently they chose burgesses to represent their several 
 interests. Representation of the county may be said to date from 
 the 22nd of Edward L, when twelve burgesses represented the 
 ancient baronies o( Clitheroe, Nether Wyresdale, Penwortham, 
 Weeton, Newton, Warrington, Salford, and Widnes, by tenure, 
 in addition (as Baines puts it) to the knights, representing the com- 
 monalty of the county. A perusal of Sharon Turner's "Anglo-Saxon 
 People," and any standard history of parliamentary origin, such as 
 Dr. Campbell's "Political Survey of Great Britain," (1784), will 
 vield further information on this point. 
 
 In 1867, Lancaster was disfranchised for bribery and corrup- 
 tion, and thus the sitting members, Henry William Schneider and 
 Edward Matthew Fenwick, were unseated after a long and exhaust- 
 ive inquiry. 
 
 The select Committee of the House of Commons was 
 composed of the following gentlemen : — Mr. Edward Howes, (East 
 Norfolk), chairman, Conservative; Mr. Kekewich, (North Devon), 
 Conservative; Mr. Graham, (Glasgow), Liberal; Mr. Dudley 
 Majoribanks, pronounced Marshbanks (Berwick-on-Tweed), Liberal; 
 and Sir Graham Montgomery, (Peebleton), Conservative. The 
 petitioners were Henry Wilson, of Kellet, and Wilson Barker, of 
 Lancaster. The burden of their complaint consisted of the allegation 
 that the said sitting members did, by "threats and intimidation, 
 undue influence, and other corrupt practices, procure divers person--, 
 having or claiming to have votes at the said election, to give them 
 votes, &c, and to forbear or abstain from giving votes to Edward 
 Lawrence." Mr. Karslake, Q.C., Mr. Cooke, Q.C., and Mr. 
 O'Hara were counsel for the petitioners; and Mr. Serjeant Ballantine, 
 Mr. Giffard, and Mr. J. C. James appeared for the sitting members. 
 Petitioners' agents were Messrs. Baxter, Rose. & Co. ; solicitor,
 
 4S4 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 Mr. C. T. Clark. Sitting- members' agents, Messrs. Smith & Co. ; 
 solicitor, Mr. Maxsted. Messrs. Fenwick and Schneider were 
 Liberals; Mr. Edward Lawrence, Conservative; and the returning 
 officer at the time was Mr. James Williamson. Mayor of Lancaster. 
 In Mr. Karslake's opening of petitioners' case, the whole system of 
 buying votes was minutely explained, and it was shown that large 
 sums were given to the freemen of the borough and ten pound 
 householders, in order to secure their votes. A great point was 
 sought to be made out of the statement of Mr. Schneider at the 
 hustings, to Mr. Chamberlain Starkie, to the effect that if Mr. 
 Lawrence were returned, it would not be at a less cost than 
 ;£io,ooo. As much as from ;£io to ^50 was given to voters by 
 the principal agents, who were appointed captains, and who had 
 their centurions under them, through whom the money was handed 
 over to voters. Various hotels were constituted into branch banks, 
 and besides gifts of money a large amount of drink was given in 
 order to influence electors. The evidence was long and voluminous, 
 and the result was that the ancient borough with its "free and 
 independent electors" was disfanchised after a long inquiry, which 
 revealed only one fact, viz., a case of "pan calling kettle black." 
 Both parties were possessed of the unclean thing, and unclean 
 spirits as well: but we must fully recognise that the greatest, blame 
 always rests with the instigators of an evil, and when one side is 
 srivinsr hard and fast at an election, the other has little chance if it 
 do not likewise. Happily, all this treating and attempting to stultify 
 men, and render them untrue to their principles— such as ever had 
 any —is now no longer possible, except at immense risks. 
 
 The Roval Commission, appointed to inquire into the corrupt 
 practices, commenced sitting on July 26th, 1866, at the Shire Hall, 
 the Commissioners being Thomas Irwin Barstow, Esq., (Chief 
 Commissioner) Robert Milner Newton, and Alexander Staveley 
 Hill, Esquires. Mr. J. H. Patteson, barrister, acted as secretary 
 to the Commission, which sat over five weeks, and both town and 
 county were much concerned as to what the result of the report 
 would be. As I write I have before me the original "summons to
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 485 
 
 witness" on a well-known Lancaster gentleman. It bears date 
 August 31st, 1866. The election of July 12th, 1865, if such it could . 
 be called, has not yet been forgotten, nor is il likely to be. Lan- 
 caster was not the only sinner in corrupt practices, but Yarmouth 
 and Reigate likewise, as many will remember. Lord Winmarleigh, 
 then Colonel Wilson-Patten, was most assiduous in his efforts to 
 save our borough from disfranchisement, but his efforts were un- 
 availing. Lord Hartington, Mr. Henry Woods, M.P. (Wigan), Mr. 
 T. Barnes (Bolton), and Mr. Richard Fort (Clitheroe), were the 
 four other Lancashire members who, with Colonel Wilson-Patten, 
 voted against the total disfranchisement clause. The cost of the 
 Royal Commissions, appointed to inquire into the electoral abuses 
 at Totnes, Reigate, Great Yarmouth., and Lancaster were £,'11,980 
 9s. 6d. No less a sum than ,£2,486 is. 8d. was paid for short- 
 hand writing. The Reform Bill of 1867, enlarged the representation 
 of the "County by four members. North Lancashire division was 
 divided into North and North East. Then the Redistribution of 
 Seats Act, 1884, vastly changed matters, all former things having 
 passed away with a suddeness hardly conceivable at the 1885 
 general election. The county has now twenty-three members 
 representing as many divisions. To enumerate them would be out 
 of keeping with the project and design ol this work. 
 
 Very few readers will be aware that in old times the burgesses 
 of Lancaster had certain privileges in the city of London ; they had 
 the same rights as the citizens of London with reference to mercan- 
 tile matters, and, therefore, it became a great object to Liverpool 
 merchants and others to become Freemen of Lancaster in order 
 to obtain these privileges. The exemption from market tolls was 
 no small inducement to the country gentlemen. There was also 
 a number of foreign burgesses who doubtless enrolled themselves to 
 save the tolls on goods going into the town. Prior to the passing 
 of the Reform Act ol~ 1 832, coach loads oi' voters came from the 
 South of England and elsewhere to vote at Lancaster. 
 
 Sir T. Storey, contested North Lancashire in 1880, in the 
 Liberal interest, but was unsuccessful. He, however, made a 
 gallant stand, and added to his popularity on this occasion.
 
 486 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 List of Members of Parliament for Lancaster. 
 
 From the return uf Members of Parliament, ordered by the House of 
 Commons to be printed i .March, 1878. [Dates bracketted represent dates of returns] 
 
 iSth Edward I. summoned to meet at Westminster, July 15th, 1290. No return., 
 23rd Edward I. summoned to meet at Westminster, on the 13th, and (by prorogation) 
 27th November, 1295. 
 
 Lambertus le Despenser. Willielmus le Chaunter. 
 26th Edward f. summoned to meet at York, 25th May, 1298. 
 
 Radulphus fil' Thome. Willielmus le Chauntour. 
 29th Edward I. summoned to meet at Lincoln, 20th January, 1300, 1301. 
 
 Willielmus le Chauntour. Johannes Lawrence. 
 33rd Edward I. summoned to meet at Westminster, 16th February, 1304-5. 
 prorogued to 28th February, 1304-5. 
 
 Johannes de Lancastria. Robert de Berwyk. ■ 
 35th Edward f. summoned to meet at Carlisle, 20th January, 1306-7. 
 Willielmus de Slene. Johannes de Lancastr.' 
 1st. Edward ff. summoned to meet at Northampton, 13th October, 1307. 
 
 Willielmus de Slene. Ricardus Pernaunt.' 
 7th Edward II. summoned to meet at Westminster, 21st April, 1314. 
 Willielmus Dallyng. Johannes de Wyresdale. 
 19th Edward II. summoned to meet at Westminster, iSth November, 1525. 
 
 Willielmus Laurence. Johannes de Brokholes. 
 20th Edward II. summoned to meet at Westminster, 14th December, 1326, and by 
 prorogation, 7th January, 1326-7. 
 
 Johannes Cort de Lancastr.' Adam de Walton. 
 1st Edward III. summoned to meet at Lincoln, 15th September, 1327. 
 
 Johannes le Keu. Laurentius de Bulke. 
 2nd Edward III. summoned to meet at York, 7th February, 1327 8. 
 
 Nicholas de Lancastr' Henricus Burgeis. 
 2nd Edward III. summoned to meet at Northampton, 24th April, 1328. 
 
 Adam til ' Simonis. Johannes le Keu. 
 2nd and 3rd Edward III. summoned to meet at Salisbury, 16th October, 1328, and 
 adjourned to Westminster, 9th February, 1328-9. 
 
 Johannes le Keu. Robertus de Bolroun.' 
 4th Edward III. summoned to meet at Winchester, nth March. 1329-30. 
 
 Willielmus de Bolleroun.' Johannes le Bulke. 
 4th Edward III. summoned to meet at Westminster, 26th November, 1330. 
 
 Robertus de Bolleroun. ' Johannes le Keu. 
 5th Edward III. summoned to meet at Westminster, 30th September, 1331. 
 Henricus de Haydock. Gilbertus de Cliderhow.
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 487 
 
 [No returns afterwards until] 
 14th Henry VIII., 1523. Held at Blackfriars, in London, 15th April, 1523; 
 dissolved, 13th August, 1523. 
 
 Laurencius Starky. Ricardus Southworthe. 
 1st Edward VI. summoned to meet at Westminister, 4th November, 1547; dissolved, 
 15th April, 1552. 
 
 Sir Thomas Chaloner, Knyght. Johannes Kechyn, armiger. 
 7th Edward VI. summoned to meet at* Westminster, ist March, 1532-3; dissolved, 
 31st March,, 1553. 
 John Caryll, Esquier. * Thomas Cayrus, Esquier. [6th Feb., 1552-3.] 
 1st Mary summoned to meet at Westminster, 5th October, 1553; dissolved, 5th 
 December, 1553. 
 Thomas Tressam, Knyght. Thomas Cams, Esquier. [17th Sept., 1553.] 
 1st Mary summoned to meet at Oxford and (by fresh writs) at Westminster, 2nd 
 April, 1554. 
 
 Johannes Haywood, armiger. Georgius Feiton, armiger. 
 ist and 2nd Philip and Mary summoned to meet at Westminster, 12th November. 
 
 J554- 
 
 Richard Baker, Esquier. Richard Weston, Esquier. [October, 1554.] 
 2nd and '3rd Philip and Mary summoned to meet at Westminster, 21st October, 1555. 
 
 Thomas Cams, Esquier. Thomas H ungate, Esquier. 30th Sept., 1555. 
 4th and 5th Philip and Mary summoned to meet at Westminster, 20th January, 
 [557-8. 
 
 Clemens Higham, miles. Willielmus Rice, armiger. 
 
 1st Elizabeth summoned to meet at Westminster, 23rd January, 155S-9; dissolved. 
 
 8th May, 1559. 
 
 Sir Thomas Benger, Km. William Fletewoode, Gent. [12th January, 1558-9.] 
 
 5th Elizabeth summoned to meet at Westminster, 11 th January, 1562-3; dissolved, 
 
 2nd January, 1566-7. 
 
 [ohn Hales, Esq. William Fletewoode, Esq. 
 
 14th Elizabeth summoned to meet at Westminster, 8th May, 1572; dissolved, 9th 
 
 April, 1583. 
 
 Thomas Sadleir, Esq. Henry Sadleir, Esq. 
 
 27th Elizabeth summoned to meet at Westminister, 23rd November, 1584; dissolved 
 14th September, 1585. 
 Henry Sadleir, Esq. Thomas Gerrard, Esq. [nth November, 1584-7.] 
 28th Elizabeth summoned to meet at Westminister, 15th October. 15S6; dissolved, 
 23rd March, 1586-7. 
 
 Thomas Gerrard, Esq. Henry Sadleir, Esq. 
 
 30th and 31st Elizabeth summoned to meet at Westminister, 12th November, 1588, 
 and by prorogation, 4th February, 1588-9 ; dissolved, 29th March, 1588-9. 
 Roger Ualton, Esq. John Atherton, Esq. 14th October, 1588. 
 " >: "Journal of the House of Commons'' mentions a William Warde in place of Thomas Cams.
 
 4 88 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 35th Elizabeth summoned to meet at Westminster, 19th February, 1592-3; dissolved, 
 10th April. 1593. 
 
 John Preston. John Awdeley. 
 39th Elizabeth summoned to meet at Westminster, 24th October, 1597; dissolved, 
 
 9th February, 1597-8. 
 Thomas Hesketh, Esq., Attorney of the Court of Wards and Liveries, and Recorder 
 
 of Lancaster. Edward Hubberd, Esq. [15th October, 1597-] 
 43rd Elizabeth summoned to meet at Westminster, 27th October, 1601 ; dissolved, 
 19th December, 1601. 
 Sir Jerome Bowes, Km. Sir Carie Keignoldes (or Carew Regnell, Knt.) 
 
 [20lh October, 1601.] 
 1st James I. summoned to meet at Westminster, 19th March, 1603-4; dissolved) 
 
 9th February, 1610-11. 
 Sir Thomas Hesketh, Knt., Attorney of the Comi of Wardes and Liveries, and 
 Recorder of Lancaster. Thomas Fanshawe, Esq., Auditor for the northern part of 
 
 the Duchy of Lancaster. [13th February, 1603-4.] 
 I2th lames I. summoned to meet at Westminster, 5th April. 1614; dissolved, 7th 
 June, 1614. 
 
 (No returns for County or Borough). 
 iSth James I. summoned to meet at Westminster, 16th January, 1620- 1 ; dissolved, 
 8th February, 162 1-2. 
 
 I No returns. | 
 
 21st lames I. summoned to meet at Westminster, 1 2lh February, 1623-4. 
 Sir Humphrey Maie, Knt., Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. Thomas 
 Fanshawe, Esq. [ 19th January. 1623-4. 
 
 John Seidell, Esq.. vice Sir Humphrey -May, Kt., who elected to serve for Leicester, 
 
 2nd March, 1023-4. 
 1st Charles I. summoned to meel at Westminster, 17th May, 1625; dissolved, 12th 
 
 August, 1625. 
 Sir Humphrey Maye, Knt.. Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, Sir Thomas 
 
 Fanshawe, Knt. [9th May, 1625. J 
 
 1st. Charles I. summoned to meet at Westminster, 6th February, 1625-6 ; dissolved, 
 
 15th June, 1626. 
 Sir Humphrey May, Knt., Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. Sir Thomas 
 Fanshawe, Km. [19th January, 1625-6.] 
 
 3rd Charles I. summoned to meet at Westminster, 17th March, 1627-8 ; dissolved 
 10th March, 1628-9. 
 
 Sir Francis Bindlose, Knt. Sir Thomas Fanshawe Knt. [ioth March, 1627-8. ] 
 Kith Charles I., 1640, summoned to meet at Westminster, 13th April, 1640; dissolved 
 5th May, 1640. 
 
 Roger Kirkbye, Esq. John Harrison Esq. [23rd March, 1639-40.] 
 16th Charles 1. summoned to meet at Westminster, 3rd November, 1640 ; expelled 
 by Oliver Cromwell, 20th April, 1653. 
 
 Thomas Fanshawe, Esq. John Harrison. Esq. 
 
 * Also Attorney of the Wards — "Journal House of Commons."
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 489 
 
 Sir Robert Bindlose, Bart., and Thomas Fell, Esq., vice Thomas Fanshawe, Esq., 
 
 and John Harrison, Esq., disabled to sit, [6th January, 1645-6.] 
 Interregnum 1653. An assembly nominated by Oliver Cromwell, and a council of 
 
 officers, summoned to meet at Westminster, 41I1 July, 1653, by letters under 
 
 the hand of the Lord General Cromwell. This assembly declared itself a 
 
 parliament 6th July, and resigned its powers to the Lord General, 12th 
 
 December, 1653. No returns found. 
 Interregnum. Summoned to meet at Westminster, 17th September, 1656: dissolved 
 
 4th February, 1657-8. 
 
 Henry Porter, Esq. [14th August, 1656.] 
 Richard Cromwell, summoned to meet at Westminster, 27th January, 1658-9 ; 
 
 dissolved 22nd April, 1659. No returns found.""" 
 121I1 Charles II. summoned to meet at Westminster, 25th April, 1660 : dissolved 29th 
 
 December, 1660. No returns found. 
 13th Charles II. summoned to meet at Westminster, 8th May, 1661 ; dissolved 24th 
 
 January, 1678-9. 
 
 Richard Kirkby, Esq. Sir John Harrison, Knt. [nth April, 1661.] 
 Richard Harrison, E»q vice Sir John Harrison. Knt., his father, deceased. 
 
 [25th October, 1669.] 
 31st Charles II. summoned to meet at Westminster, 6th March, 167S-9 ; dissolved 
 
 1 2th July, 1679. 
 Richard Kirkby, Esq. Richard Harrison, Esq. [27th February, 1678-9. 
 31st Charles II. summoned to meet at Westminster, 17th October, 1679 ; dissolved 
 
 18th January, 1680-1. 
 Richard Kirkby, Esq. William Spencer, junior, Esq. [nth September, 1679.] 
 33rd Charles II summoned to meet at < >xford, 2ist March, 1680-1 ; dissolved 28th 
 
 March, 1681. 
 Richard Kirkby, Esq. William Spencer, Junr., Esq. [24th February, 1680-1.] 
 1st James II. summoned to meet at Westminster, 191I1 May, 1685; dissolved, 2nd 
 
 July, 1687. 
 
 Henry Crispe, Esq. Roger Kirkby, Esq. [16th March, 1684-5.J 
 
 Convention Parliament summoned to meet at Westminster, 22nd January, 1688-9; 
 dissolved, 6th February, 1689-90. 
 Thomas Preston, Esq. Gurwen Rawlinson, Esq. [17th January, 1688-9. 
 2nd William and Mary summoned to meet at Westminster, 20th March, 1689-90; 
 dissolved, nth October, 1695. 
 Roger Kirkby, Esq. Thomas Preston, Esq. [6th .March. 1689-90.] 
 7th William III. summoned to meet at Westminster, 22nd November, 1695; 
 dissolved, 7th July, 1698. 
 Roger Kirkby, Esq. Thomas Preston, Esq. [7th November, 1 £ 95- J 
 Filton Gerrad, Esq., vice Thomas Preston, Esq., deceased. [25th Feb., 1696-7.] 
 10th William III. summoned to meet at Westminster, 24th August, 169.S; dissolved, 
 19th December, 1700. 
 Robert Heysham, Merchant. Roger Kirkby. Esq. [9th August, 169S.] 
 *Col. William West served with Henry Porter in 1650 — "H. of C. Journals."
 
 490 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 12th William III. summoned to meet at Westminster, 6th February, 1700-1; 
 
 dissolved, nth November, 1701. 
 
 Robert Heysham, Merchant, Roger Kirkby, Esq. [13th January, 1700-1.] 
 
 13th William III. summoned to meet at Westminster, 30th December, 1701; 
 
 dissolved, 2nd July, 1702. 
 
 Robert Heysham, Merchant. Roger Kirkby, Esq. [1st December, 1701.] 
 
 1st Anne summoned to meet at Westminster, 20th August, 1702; dissolved, April 
 
 I7°5- 
 Robert Heysham, Esq. Sir William Lowther, Bart. [27th July, 1702.] 
 4th Anne summoned to meet at Westminster, 14th June, 1705; declared to be the 
 first Parliament of Great Britain, by proclamation dated 29th April, 1707. 
 Robert Heysham Esq. William Heysham, Esq. [15th May, 1705.] 
 7th Anne summoned to meet at Westminster, 8th July, 1708; dissolved, 21st 
 September, 1 7 10. 
 Rohert Heysham, Esq. William Heysham, Esq. [12th -May, 170S.] 
 9th Anne summoned to meet at Westminster, 25th November, 17 10; dissolved, 8th 
 August, 1713. 
 Robert Heysham, Esq. William Heysham, Esq. [18th r, 1710. 
 
 1 2th Anne summoned to meet at Westminster, 12th November, 1713; dissolved, 3th 
 January, 17 14- 15. 
 Robert Heysham, Esq. William Heysham, Esq. [3rd September, 1713.] 
 1st George I. summoned to meet at Westminster, 17th March, 1714-15; dissolved, 
 10th March, 1721-22. 
 
 William Heysham, Esq., Senr. Doddin Braddill, Esq. [10th February, 1714-15.] 
 William Heysham, Esq., vice William Heysham. Esq., his father, deceased. 
 
 [16th July, 1716.] 
 
 8th George I. summoned to meet at Westminster, ioth May, 1722; dissolved, 17th 
 
 July, 1727. 
 
 Sir Thomas Lowther, Bart. William Heysham, Esq. [26th .March, 1722.] 
 
 Christopher Tower, Esq., Junr., vice * William Heysham, Esq., deceased in 1729. 
 
 [1st Ma), 1727.] 
 1st George II. summoned to meet at Westminster, 28th November, 1727; dissolved, 
 17th April. 1734. 
 Christopher Tower, Junr., Esq. Sir Thomas Lowther, Ban. [22nd August, 1727.] 
 
 8th George II summoned to meet at Westminster, 13th June. 1734; dissolved 27th 
 April, 1 74 1. 
 Sir Thomas Lowther, Bart. Robert Fen wick, Esq. [4th May, 1734.] 
 15th George II. summoned to meet at Westminster, 25th June, 1741 ; dissolved, 
 iSth June, 1747. 
 Sir Thomas Lowther, Bart. Robert Fenwick, Esq. [nth May, 1741.] 
 21st George II. summoned to meet at Westminster, 13th August, 1747 ; dissolved, 
 8th April, 1754. 
 Francis Reynolds, Esq. Edward Marton, Esq. [30th June, 1747.] 
 Mr. Heysham was one of the Clerks in Chancery-
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 491 
 
 27th George II summoned to meet at Westminster, 31st May, 1754; dissolved, 20th 
 March, 1761. 
 
 Francis Reynolds, Esq. Edward Marton, Esq. [16U1 April, 1 754-- J 
 1st George III. summoned to meet at Westminster, 19th May, 1761; dissolved, nth 
 
 March, 1768. 
 Francis Reynolds, Esq. Sir George Warren, Knt. of the Bath. [31st March, 1761.] 
 8th George III. summoned to meet at Westminster, ioth May, 1768; dissoh 
 
 31th September, 1774. 
 Sir George Warren, Knt. of the Bath. Francis Reynolds, Esq. [21st March, 1768.] 
 Richard Cavendish, commonly called Lord Richard Cavendish, vice Francis 
 
 Reynolds, Esq., deceased. [15th September, 1773.] 
 15th George III. summoned to meet at Westminster, 29th November, 1774; dissolved, 
 
 1st September, 1780. 
 Sir George Warren, Knt. of the Bath. Richard 'Cavendish, commonly cailed Lord 
 
 Richard Cavendish. [Sth October, 1774.] 
 21st George III. summoned to meet at Westminster, 31st October, 1780 ; dissolved, 
 
 25th March, 1784. 
 
 Wilson Braddyil, Esq. Abraham Rawlinson, the younger, Esq. [nth Sept., 1780.] 
 
 24th George III. summoned to meet at Westminster, 18th May, 1784 ; dissolved, 
 
 nth June, 1790. 
 
 Abram Rawlinson, Esq. Francis Reynolds, Esq. [26th April, 1784.] 
 
 Sir George Warren Knt. of the Bath, vice Francis Reynolds, Esq. called to the upper 
 
 House as Lord Ducie. [4th May, 1784. J 
 
 30th George III. summoned to meet at Westminster, loth August, 1790; dissolved, 
 
 20th May, 1796. 
 
 Sir George Warren Knt. of the Bath. John Dent Esq. [30th June, 1790,] 
 
 First parliament of the United Kingdom. 41st George III. summoned to meet at 
 
 Westminster, 12th July, 1796; Dissolved, 29th Juue, 1802. 
 
 John Dent Esq. Richard Penn, Esq. [30th May, 1796.] 
 42nd George III. summoned to meet at Westminster, 31st August 1802 ; dissolved, 
 24th October, 1806. 
 Alexander, Marquis of Douglas. John Dent, Esq. [14th July, 1802.] 
 47th George III. summoned to meet at Westminster, 1 5th December, 1806; dissolved, 
 29th April, 1807. 
 John Dent, Esq. John Fenton Cawthorne, Esq. [1st November, 1^06.] 
 46th George III. summoned to meet at Westminster, 22nd June, 1807 ; dissolved, 
 29th September, 1812. 
 
 John Dent, Esq. Peter Patten, Esq. [19th May, 1807.] 
 53rd George III. summoned to meet at Westminster, 24th November. 1812; 
 dissolved, 10th June, 1818. 
 John Fenton Cawthorne, Esq. Gabriel Doveton, Esq. [7th October, 1812.]
 
 492 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 58th George III. summoned to meet at Westminster, 4U1 August, 1S18; dissolved, 
 29th February, 1820. 
 
 Gabriel Doveton, Esq. John Gladstone, Esq. [1st July, 1818.] 
 
 1st George IV. summoned to meet at Westminster. 2 1st April, 1S20; dissolved, 2nd 
 
 June, 1826. 
 
 John Fenton Cawthorne, Esq. Gabriel Doveton, Esq. [iotn March, 1820.] 
 
 Thomas Greene, Esq., vice Major-General Gabriel Doveton, deceased. [20th 
 
 April, 1824.] 
 
 7th George I V. summoned to meet at Westminster, 25th July, 1826; dissolved, 
 
 24th July, 1830. 
 
 John Fenton Cawthorne, Esq. Thomas Greene, Esq. [9th June, 1826.] 
 
 1st William IV. summoned to meet at Westminster, 14th September, 1830; 
 
 dissolved. 23rd April, 1S3I. 
 
 John Fenton Cawthorne. Esq. Thomas Greene, Esq. [2nd August, 1S30.] 
 
 Patrick Maxwell Stewart, Esq. vice John Fenton Cawthorne, Esq., deceased. 
 
 [14th March, 1831.] 
 1st William IV. summoned to meet at Westminster, 14th June, 1831; dissolved, 
 3rd December, 1832. 
 Thomas Greene, Esq. Patrick Maxwell Stewart. Esq. [2nd May, 1831.] 
 3rd William IV. summoned to meet at Westminster, 29th January, 1S33; dissolved, 
 29th December, 1834. 
 Thomas Greene, Esq. Patrick Maxwell Stewart, Esq, [nth December, 1832.] 
 5th William IV. summoned to meet at Westminster, 19th February, 1835; dissolved, 
 17th July, 1837. 
 Thomas Greene. Esq. Patrick Maxwell Stewart, Esq. [7th January, 1835.] 
 1st Victoria summoned to meet at Westminster, nth September, 1837; dissolved, 
 23rd June, 1841. 
 
 Thomas Greene, Esq. George Marlon, Esq. [25th July, 1837.] 
 5th Victoria summoned to meet at Westminster, 19th August, 1841 ; dissolved 23rd 
 
 July, 1847. 
 Thomas Greene. Esq, of Whittington Hall, County Palatine of Lancaster. George 
 Marton, Esq, of Capenwray Hall, County Palatine of Lancaster, [1st July, 1841.] 
 nth Victoria summoned to meet at Westminster, 21st September, 1847 ; dissolved, 
 
 1st July, 1852. 
 Samuel Gregson, Esq., of 32 Upper Harley Street, County Middlesex. Thomas 
 
 Greene, Esq.. of Whittington Hall, County of Lancaster. [29th July, 1847.] 
 Robert Paynes Armstrong, Esq., of 29, Chester Square, Westminster, County of 
 Middlesex, vice Samuel Gregson, Esq., whose election was declared void. [9th 
 
 March, 1S48.] 
 1 bih Victoria summoned to meet at Westminster, 20th August, 1852 ; dissolved 2ist 
 
 March, 1857. 
 Samuel Gregson. Esq., oi' Upper Harley Street, County Middlesex. Robert Baynes 
 Armstrong, Esq., of Chester Square, Conty Middlesex. [9th July, 1S52.]
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 493 
 
 29th Victoria summoned to meet at Westminster, 30th April, 1 S 5 7 ; dissolved, 3rd 
 
 April, 1859. 
 Samuel Gregson, Esq., of Upper llarley Street, County Middlesex. William James 
 
 Garnett, Esq., oi Bleasdale Tower, County Lancaster. [28th .Match, 1857.] 
 22nd Victora summoned to meet at Westminster, 31st May, 1859; dissolved by 
 
 proclamation, dated 6th July, 1865. 
 Samuel Gregson, Esq. (same address as before.) William James Garnett. (same 
 
 address as before.) [30th April, 1859.] 
 Edward Matthew Fenwick, Esq., of Burrow Hall, County Lancaster, vice William 
 
 James Garnett: Esq., who accepted the stewardship of the manor ol 
 
 Northstead, County York. [13th April, 1859.] 
 Henry William Schneider, Esq., of Leighburn House, in the parish of Ulverston, 
 
 County Lancaster, vice Samuel Gregson, Esq., deceased. [20th Feb., 1865.] 
 27th Victoria summened to meet at Westminster, 15th August, 1865; dissolved by 
 
 proclamation, dated nth November, 1868. 
 Edward Matthew Fenwick, Esq. Henry William Schneider, Esq. [12th July, 1865.] 
 32nd Vietoria summoned to meet at Westminster, 10th December, 1S68; dissolved 
 
 by proclamation, dated 26th January, 1S74. Disfranchised. 
 
 (from blue books kindly forwarded by Mr. Williamson, M.P. ) 
 
 18S5, Dec— Major Marton...C 4387 ; (the Liberal candidate, Mr. McCoan, 
 polled 3,530.1 r885 J. Williamson... L 3886 ; (Col. Marton (C) polled 3691.) 
 
 In 1623, the learned Seldon was member for Lancaster. Sir John Harrison, 
 the local benefactor, was also member for the Borough, in 1678-9. 
 
 According to the " Autobiography of William Stout" in Lane. M.S.S.. vol. 
 XL, p. 345. the William Eleysham, M.P. for Lancaster, in 1727, died at Bath, and 
 he is mentioned "as an indolent man.'" This is the donor ol the Greaves estate. 
 The *Christopher Towers who succeeded him was a young unmarried gentleman only 
 30 years of age. The John Dent, Esq., returned in 1790, was evidently the recipient 
 of a handsome present from his constituents. Simpson gives an extract from a 
 Metropolitan police notice, C Division, July 25th, 1849, in which it appears that 
 there was 'Stolen from Hertford Street, Mayfair, a silver tripod candelabra, with 
 six branches, supported by a dolphin on the tripod, and two views of Lancaster, 
 with presentation inscription: "To T. Dent, Esq., from his constituents.' The 
 whole was worked in frosted silver, made by Rundell and Bridge, and was presented 
 thirty-live years ago" (from date of notice). 
 
 On June 29th, 1818, after nine days' polling. John Gladstone, Esq., father of 
 the Right Hon. W. E. Cdadstone, M.P.. was returned, along with General Doveton. 
 
 Mr. James Williamson, M.P. for the Lancaster Division, 
 was born on the 31st December, 1844. He is a gentleman who 
 has proved himself a true philanthropist. To recount his excellent 
 
 He was Deputy Collector of the port of London (inwards).
 
 494 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 
 
 deeds would be extremely distasteful to him. Suffice it to remark 
 that all broad and right-minded persons give him the credit for 
 disinterested motives and true single-heartedness in all he has 
 done. His munificence to the town on the occasion of the 
 Queen's Jubilee, together with his former additional gift, in regard 
 to the public park and its endowment, are fresh in the minds of all 
 Lancastrians. The native of Lancaster may hereafter sav, Lector, 
 si monwnenfum queens, circumspice.
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 495 
 
 CHAPTER XVI, 
 
 Further Discoveries at the Castle — George Marsh — Executions at 
 Lancaster Castle of Persons said to have been innocent 
 --Last Execution in England by Strangulation — Imprisonment of 
 an Infant — Luxe Shipbuilding Company — The Coffee Hoi 
 Movement — Borough Perambulations — Proclamation of Queen 
 Victoria — Is Her Majesty Duke or Duchess of Lancaster? — 
 "Mayor of the Horse Shoe" - Old Esculapians - Epidemics in 
 Lancaster — List of Constables of Lancaster Castle— Governors 
 or Keepers of the Castle- — Castle Chaplains and Surgeons — 
 Coroners for Lancaster and District of the Century — Old 
 Officials — Ages of and Years of Service — Ancient Tenures in 
 Lancaster. 
 
 ORE "antiquity" has been discovered since 
 the excavations and improvements effected 
 at the Castle two or three years ago, 
 resulting in the opening up of a large part of 
 the fine old staircase which led down to the 
 corn-mill at the base of Hadrian's tower. An 
 ancient doorway has also been discovered and 
 there arc many traces of Roman work \ isible 
 in the same. The floor lias, consequently, 
 been lowered to the original base and several 
 feet of the strong Roman Masonry is now 
 revealed. The effect is excellent, the interior 
 of the tower having a nobler and brighter appearance than it has 
 had for ages. It is computed that the old staircase, the steps of 
 which appear as if only wrought and prepared a few years ago, has 
 been built up for the long space of seven centuries. The upper 
 part of the staircase has not yet been exposed to view-, but sufficient 
 has been accomplished to render the entrance into the ground floor 
 of the Roman tower much more interesting, since the visitor passes 
 through one of the series of six dungeons instead of along the foot- 
 way and steps last year erected, leading to the former basement of 
 the tower.
 
 496 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 Mounted and framed in this ancient tower are some 
 fragments which reveal the keen mental thirst for liberty manifested 
 by their respective owners. There is a label to this effect attached 
 to the relics : — " Implements taken from prisoners attempting to 
 escape from Lancaster Castle. Collected by A. Hansbrow, Esq., 
 Deputy Governor. The gift of Colonel Whalley. June, 1891." 
 
 George Marsh and Oliver Atherton. 
 
 The most prominent protestant martyr who suffered imprison- 
 ment in Lancaster Castle was George Marsh, who was brought 
 to Lancaster in 1554 and taken to Chester in 1555, where he suffered 
 martyrdom. Dr. Hallev has the following notice concerning George 
 Marsh :— 
 
 "This Protestant martyr remained in Lancaster Castle from 
 Easter to the Autumn of 1554. In one of his letters is a description 
 to which those who know the picturesque building can easily give 
 reality and life : — ' I and my fellow prisoner Warburton, every day 
 kneeling on our knees, read morning and evening prayer, with the 
 English Litany twice, before noon and after, with other prayers, and 
 also read every day certain chapters in the Bible, commonly towards 
 night, with so loud a voice that the people without might hear us 
 read, and sit under our windows.' Some of these good people (and 
 among them the Mayor of the town) contributed to supply the 
 wants of the sufferers, who, by their devotions, made the Castle 
 Hill ' a place where prayer was wont to be made.' " 
 
 Mr. Oliver Atherton, a member of the societv of Friends, 
 died a prisoner in Lancaster Castle in 1603, having been persecuted 
 to death for conscience sake by the Countess of Derby, for refusing 
 to pay tithes amounting to 2s. 
 
 A few more martyrs — for martyrs they were— must not be 
 omitted. Joseph Clark, a well read young man, and said to have 
 been a decent violinist was charged with rape, the charge being the
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 497 
 
 outcome of a lad)' in whose employ was the young woman Clark 
 had been paying his addresses to. The facts are as follow : -" On 
 returning from church she caught her maid in the bedroom with 
 Clark, and became so enraged with jealousy that she forced her 
 servant to make the charge named, and this was done, probably the 
 girl submitting from sheer terror and coercion. Strange to state, 
 the poor fellow who protested his innocence, was convicted chiefly 
 on the evidence of the girl's mistress rather than upon that of the 
 girl." Great excitement prevailed during the trial, and many be- 
 lieved that he was innocent ; and some, we are told, felt so certain 
 of an acquittal that they had a coach in waiting, with a change of 
 clothes. When the jury brought in a verdict of " guilty," Clark fell 
 down at the bar, and cried aloud, "Oh! God, I am a murdered 
 man ; I never knew the woman carnally in my life." Every possible 
 means were taken to save him, particularly by the girl herself. 
 " The man was hanged on Gallows Hill, and a death-bed confession, 
 made many years afterwards by his wretched persecutor, proved 
 that he was hanged innocently." This execution took place 
 in the year 1793. In 1817, another painful episode occurred when 
 William Holden, David Ashcroft, James Ashcroft, and James Ash- 
 croft, junr., were executed for being concerned in a murder and 
 robbery, at the house of a Mr. Littlewood, of Pendleton, near Man- 
 chester. The prisoners (father, two sons, and son-in-law) declared 
 their innocence to the last. William Holden appeared first at the 
 drop, and, with great composure, addressed the crowd thus :— 
 " Strangers and neighbours, friends and relatives, and foreigners, 
 I am now going to meet my God, and in the face of Him I declare 
 that I am as innocent of the concern as the child unborn, and hope 
 that the Lord in heaven will be merciful to my poor soul for all my 
 former sins. Dear friends, I could tell you no more if 1 were to 
 talk to you all day. The Lord bless you, for the Lord Jesus 
 knows I forgive every one that has sworn my life away. The 
 Lord receive my soul ; 1 have been a very wicked man." David 
 Ashcroft next stepped forward, and avowed his innocence likewise 
 in the most earnest manner. He said ; "I declare I left them at 
 half-past two o'clock ; and I believe they are all as 1 am." James 
 
 K2
 
 498 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 Ashcroft, junior, then prayed as follows : "Thou knows, O Lord, 
 we are not deserving of this ; Thou knows we are innocent." He 
 then asked for his father, who, at this point, was led on to the 
 scaffold, and he kissed him. James Ashcroft, senior, then turned 
 to the spectators, and, with very great solemnity, exclaimed : "I 
 declare we are all innocent." While they were being tied up they 
 all joined in singing a hymn, the words of which David Ashcroft 
 gave out — 
 
 I'll praise my Maker while I've breath, 
 And when my voice is lost in death 
 
 Praise shall employ my nobler powers, 
 My day- of praise shall ne'er be past, 
 While life and thought and being last, 
 
 < )]• immortality endures. 
 
 Happy the man whose hopes rely 
 On Israel's ( lod — 
 
 At this third word of the second stanza the bolt was drawn, the poor 
 fellows, whether innocent or guilty— and it was matter of precious 
 little moment in those days, no time being" allowed for further 
 inquiry — the bolt was drawn and they were strangled, their bodies 
 being given over to the surgeons, when dead, for dissection. For 
 twelve months the popular excitement knew no bounds, everyone 
 being satisfied that these unfortunate men were all innocent of the 
 crimes with which they were charged. The old files of the Lancaster 
 Gazette, 1842-5, state that a man confessed while on his death-bed, 
 twenty-six years after, that he was the real criminal. 
 
 Of criminals and their executions or the circumstances con- 
 nected therewith, I may mention the following : — In 1799, James 
 Case, a surgeon, was condemned to death for " making bad notes." 
 After his death it was found that a small pipe or tube had been 
 inserted into his throat, and that the prisoner had also worked the 
 knot ot the rope as much under his chin as possible. His coffin, 
 provided by his friends, was also found to be perforated with small 
 holes both at the sides and ends, in anticipation that by this means 
 his life would be saved. But all failed, for when the man was cut 
 down he was quite dead. At the Summer Assizes of 1803, three
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 499 
 
 youths, not more than seventeen years of age, were executed, two 
 of whom were charged with burglary and one with forgery. In 
 1809, thirteen persons were hanged for " passing bad notes." In 
 1831, William Worrall kicked off his shoes on the scaffold, because 
 his mother had often told him that if he did not amend his ways he 
 would never die with his shoes off — a broad hint as to the end he 
 was likely to come to. In 1862, Walker Moore, a Colne tailor, who 
 murdered his wife committed suicide on the morning which was to 
 witness his execution. He had asked for a few minutes to go to 
 the closet and while there had spared the executioner his task, and 
 the morbid public a fearful sight, for he drowned himself in the 
 tank of the water-closet by holding his head therein. On that occa- 
 sion people had travelled over hill and dale for many miles in order 
 to see one of their fellow-creatures deprived of his life, and they 
 were disappointed. 
 
 The Last Execution of a Murderess by Strangulation and 
 
 Fire. 
 
 In the Gentleman's Magazine for the year 1772, page 195, is 
 the following paragraph : — 
 
 6th April — Mary Hilton, committed at Lancaster Assizes for 
 poisoning her husband, was this day drawn upon a sledge to the 
 place of execution at Lancaster, where, after hanging fifteen 
 minutes, she was cut down and her body burned to ashes." 
 
 From the recollections of an old inhabitant, taken down in 
 1825, we find that " Mary Hilton, of four lane ends, was burnt 
 opposite the second window of the workhouse from the north, for 
 poisoning her husband. Mr. Cunlifte Shaw was Sheriff about the 
 year 1772. She was strangled by a man with one arm, and before 
 she was dead was let down into the fire, consisting of faggots and 
 two barrels of tar. She was beginning to move before the fire got 
 hold of her."
 
 ;oo TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 
 
 Imprisonment of an Infant in Lancaster Castle. 
 
 In Mr. Hepworth Dixon's work on iC London Prisons," 
 published in 1854, mention is made of a child between 2 and 3 years 
 of age having been imprisoned in Lancaster Castle. The incident 
 might have occurred about the time the work was published (1854), 
 as Mr. Dixon refers to it as though it would be quite familiar to his 
 readers. 
 
 Up to the time of writing 228 persons have been executed at 
 Lancaster Castle between 1799 and 1890. 
 
 The statue of John of Gaunt, placed in a niche of the 
 gateway tower of Lancaster Castle was cut by a working mason 
 of Lancaster, named Claude Nimmo, during his leisure time. The 
 plaister cast was the work of Mr. Michael Angelo Rigby, a carver, 
 whose place of business was in Market Street. 
 
 Lune Ship Building Company. 
 
 The Lune Ship Building Company was established in the year 
 1863. There were two shipyards existing in Lancaster about 
 the close of the last century. There were but three cotton mills in 
 1825. spinning 7,ooolbs. of yarn weekly, and a worsted mill for bom- 
 basens, producing about 5,ooolbs. weekly. 
 
 The Coffee House Movement. 
 
 It may be stated that Lancaster has been enamoured of the 
 coffee-house movement long before the general revival of coffee- 
 houses, which took place in 1879, for as far back as 1770 we find 
 that our old borough had its Merchants' Coffee-house, wherein sales 
 and other commercial transactions were largely carried on. This 
 house was in Penny Street, not far from the celebrated Horse Shoe 
 corner, where animals seized under distraint were sold. Happily 
 the Coffee House system in Lancaster has done much good, and as
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 501 
 
 the catering is unlike that too often met with in other parts of the 
 country, the success that has attended the Lancaster Coffee Tavern 
 Company is not to be wondered at. There are no less than eight 
 of these taverns in and about the town. There are branches in 
 Market Street, Penny Street, Green Ayre, Moor Lane (Gregson 
 Memorial), Corn Market Street, Stonewell, Skerton, and recently a 
 branch has been opened in connection with the Wagon Works. 
 The secretary is Mr. W. Ritson. 
 
 The Merchants' News Room was formerly a place much fre- 
 quented by the leading merchants and gentlemen of various profes- 
 sions in Lancaster. Indeed it was a kind of club in which all local 
 and district matter was discussed ; and no doubt politics would form 
 a lively theme in the old days referred to. There is, within the 
 precincts of the news-room an old book headed " Coffee Room 
 Intellig-ence Book, December, 1778," and 1 have observed many 
 entries therein concerning shipping in Lancaster. There is also an 
 " Extract of a journal of an officer on board his Majestie's ship the 
 Boyne at the cid de sac of St. Lucie, 24th December, 1778." The 
 position of the French fleet is duly noted among many other inter- 
 esting items. 1 am indebted to Mr. Joseph Parkinson for the list 
 of past hon. secretaries and hon. treasurers given as supplied : 
 
 Lancelot Sanderson ; 1838 to 1858, Abram Seward ; 185910 
 1862, Joseph Fenton ; 1863 to 1876, Richard Bond ; 1877 to 1879, 
 Robert Palmer ; 1880, John Allen ; 1881 to present time, Joseph 
 Parkinson. Before Mr. L. Sanderson's time Mr. John Walker and 
 Mr. J. Thompson were hon. secretaries. 
 
 Borough Perambulations. 
 
 Perambulations of boundaries are of Saxon origin and appear 
 to be allied to the old Roman Terminalia festival held in honour oi~ 
 Terminus, god of boundaries. A note book before me states 
 that the peregrinations usually took place in Rogation days or gunge 
 days ; and also states that in Lancaster a number o( boys were 
 usually whipped and ducked in the water at critical points of the
 
 5 o2 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 perambulation in order to impress upon their memories the borough 
 bounds. They were afterwards regaled with halfpence in order to 
 pacify them and prove that there was no malice in the unpleasant 
 punishment. The perambulations for this century are as follow : — 
 
 Date. Mayor. 
 
 June 7th, 1802, James Parkinson. 
 
 May 22nd, 1 Soy, Thomas Moore. 
 
 June 3rd, 1816, John Taylor Wilson. 
 
 May 19th, 1823, Jas. Barton Nottage. 
 
 May 31st, 1830, John Bond. 
 
 May 15th, 1837, J. H. Higgin. 
 
 May 27th, 1844, E. D. De Vitre. 
 
 June 9th, 1851, H. Gregson. 
 
 May 24th, 1858, Christopher Johnson. 
 
 June 5th, 1865, James Williamson. 
 
 May 22nd, 1872, Charles Blades. 
 
 June 2nd, 1879, G. Cleminson. 
 
 June 13th, 1886, James Hatch. 
 
 In 1851, Robert Blackburn, the colour carrier, completed his 
 tenth perambulation. 
 
 By the kind permission of the Town Clerk of Lancaster, 
 Thomas Swainson, Esq., I am able to give a copy of the first 
 recorded account of the perambulation of the boundaries of the 
 Borough of Lancaster. The items are taken from the Auditors' 
 book, 1771-2 to 1793-4. 
 
 The Boundaries of Lancaster, Rode the Twenty-third Day of May, 1774. 
 
 Edward Start, Esq., Mayor. 
 
 Iohn Watson and \ r , „„■ ,, 
 
 •> , , , -,- _. Gents. Bailiffs. 
 
 KOBERl lOMLINSON, I 
 
 1st, from the Market Cross, in Lancaster, down the Long Marsh Lane to 
 the middle of the River Loyne, opposite Scale Lane, and from thence down the 
 middle of the same River on the north side of the Island called the Wharf, following
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. =;o 
 
 3*-\i 
 
 the mid stream thereof until you conic to a pool called Black Pool Foot, which 
 divides Heaton and Oxcliffe, and from thence over thwart the Rivei Loyne unto a 
 large stone called the Earn Stone, on the north side of a hedge or fence in Aldclifife 
 Hall grounds; from thence on the outside of Lower Holme, otherwise Sower Holme, 
 to Howgill Heck, at the foot of Killbrow, in Aldclifife Lane; from thence on the 
 outside of Haverbracke until you come to the Brigg Head, along th< Brook or 
 running Water ; from thence to Whitewell upon the Greaves, and so to Bouldram 
 Brook; from thence to Saint Patrick's Well, by Bouldrams; from thence to Woolfall 
 Well, below Gardner's house, formerly called Adamson's, .and sotoa Crabtree Thorn 
 at Barker Field Nook, in Longthwaite; from thence to Woodcross, which hath a 
 stone upon it marked with the letter.-, "R.P.," by George Padgett's house, formerly 
 called Robert Padgett's, upon the edge of the Moor; from thence to Locker Clough, 
 by the Dam Head, and so back to Greenhill, now a plowed field betwixt Yeathouse 
 and Edward Reeder's house, formerly called Oswald Croskell's, which divides Ellel 
 and Quarmore, and so to Welby Well; from thence to Damesgill House Nook, where 
 there lies a great stone and so up the Brook inclining to the Right in an eastwardly 
 direction untill you come to the common to a place called Hert Pott otherwise 
 Johnson's,, Well otherwise Willey Wife Well from thence to the Cross Stone or 
 Rig-get Stone which divides Wyersdale and Quarmore marked at the top tints 
 "HXS." and at the side with the figures "'1692" and from thence in a direct lineup 
 the common by several Mear Stones to a stone called Castle Syke Stone which also 
 divides Wyersdale and Quarmore marked with the letters " C.S.S." from thence over 
 the Red Moss to Red Moss Well from thence northwardly to the three chairs and so 
 to Clougha from thence northwardly down towards Littledale to Parkinson's of Cragg 
 to a great stone near the wall going into the fold to the house from thence to Faith- 
 waite's house called Potts and through the middle of a Barn there from thence 
 through a Wood leading down to Hawkshead house formerly called Dyneley house 
 and so following Lscoe Beck to Lead Gate Neat in Caton and from thence down the 
 Beck or Brook there to the middle stream of Loyne to Black Pool foot as aforesaid. 
 Witness our hands who rode the said Boundaries the said twenty-third day of May 
 one thousand seven hundred and seventy-four. 
 
 Edwd. Start, Mayor. 
 
 John Watson, i c -,•«- 
 
 -' ~, ' bailiffs. 
 
 ROBT. rOMLINSON, I 
 
 Thomas Eidsforth. 
 Richd. Johnson. 
 
 lames Smethurst. 
 
 Witnesses. Richd. Fisher. 
 
 John Watson, elk. Peter Buttellmann. 
 
 Joseph Knowles. John Thompson. 
 
 Christ. Bland. John Gardnr. 
 
 David Saull. 
 
 Robert Cartniel. 
 
 Thomas Shepherd, Town Clerk. 
 
 The perambulation of 1 7S1 is much the same in substance.
 
 504 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 1 now proceed to give a copy of the last perambulation 
 which took place on the fourteenth day of June, 1886. 
 
 ."Jl3CUlloai'iC5 of Lancaster rode and perambulated the fourteenth day of 
 June, in the year of Our Lord one thousand, eight hundred and eighty-six. 
 
 From Germany Bridge in a northerly direction along the east side of land 
 belonging to the Corporation formerly the site of the ancient Mill Race and now 
 occupied partly as a twine walk, partly as a timber yard, and partly as gardens for the 
 bridge end houses belonging to the Corporation and so along the east side of the 
 Mill Race to a point opposite where the wall of the Midland Railway forms the west 
 side of the Ladies' Walk and thence across the Ladies' Walk and the Midland 
 Railway to the south end of the Weir at Dalton Dam. and then to the said stream of 
 Lune, from thence down the middle of the River Lune to Scale Ford opposite Scale 
 Lane end, from thence down the middle of the same River on the north side of the 
 Island" called the Wharf or -'Salt Area" following the mid stream thereof until you 
 come to a pool called Black Pool Foot which divides Heaton and Oxcliffe; and from 
 thence over thwart the River Lune by the south side of Freemen's Wood into a 
 place near where there was formerly a large stone called the Earn Stone on the north 
 side of a hedge or fence in Aldcliffe Hall grounds; from thence by the east end of 
 Freemen's Wood and by Lucy Brook to the foot bridge over the same and from 
 thence in a southerly direction along the footpath and on the outside of Lower 
 Holme otherwise Sower Holme to Howgill Beck at the foot of Kilbrow near Aldcliffe 
 Lodge in Aldcliffe Lane from thence crossing the Lancaster Canal and on the outside 
 of Haverbreaks until you come to the Brigg head, a place near the Brook or running 
 water, then re-crossing the Canal in a southerly direction to a place opposite the 
 entrance of the said Brook into the Canal, again crossing the Canal and along the 
 said Brook to Ashton Lane and then in a southerly direction to Whitewell upon the 
 ( ireaves, so to Boldram Brook from thence to Thorn Stub on the east side of what 
 was formerly the Pinfold ; from thence to St. Patrick's Well by Boldrams ; from thence 
 along the south and east sides of the Inclosures of Boldram (now occupied by the 
 buildings of the Military centre) and so on the east side of certain Inclosures formerly 
 belonging to the heirs of the late Thomas Coulston and now belonging to the trustees 
 of the late John Coulston to Golgotha, and then through a Barn Fold and Garden in 
 the occupation of William Gardner to a place near Lancaster Moor trom thence in an 
 easterly direction on the north side of certain ancient Inclosures belonging to the 
 trustees of the said John Coulston until you come to the well in the field in front of 
 Well House and then in a southerly direction across the high road leading to Wyres- 
 dale and then in an easterly direction until you come to the south-east corner of 
 certain Inclosures called Fenham Carrs, and so in a northerly direction to the north-east 
 corner of the said Inclosures called Fenham Carrs, from thence in a north-easterly and 
 then in a westerly direction along the line marked and set out by the Commissioners
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 505 
 
 for enclosing Quernmore Moor as the division or boundary between Lancaster and 
 Quernmore Moors to the north-east corner of the wall of ground now belonging to 
 the County Lunatic Asylum, thence westwards along the said wall until you come to 
 the ancient Inclosures within the township of bulk; from thence in a southerly and 
 afterwards westerly direction along the fence which divides the township of bulk from 
 Lancaster Moor and so by the south side of the Stone Row Head Farmhouse and the 
 north side of Lancaster Cemetery until you come to an Inclosure formerly belonging 
 to the heirs of the late John Dalton and now reputed to belong to Edward Gorrill and 
 then on the north side of the said last mentioned Inclosure, and then in the same 
 direction on the north side of certain Inclosures belonging to the trustees of an estate 
 called "Brockbank's Annuity Trust'' then following a brook called Jolly Beck, and 
 crossing the aforesaid Canal and the Albion Mill until you come to Germany Bridge- 
 Witness our hands who amongst others rode and perambulated the said Boundaries 
 he fourteenth day of June one thousand eight hundred and eighty-six. 
 
 James Hatch, Mayor. 
 
 Edward Clark, Ex-Mayor. 
 
 Thom. Swainson, Town Clerk. 
 
 W. O. Roper, Deputy Town Clerk. 
 
 Alfred Creek, Borough Surveyor. 
 
 James Hatch, Junr., Borough Accountant 
 
 Frank Ward, Chief Constable. 
 
 Wm. H. Lord. 
 
 William Roper, Alderman. 
 
 Thos. P. Greene. 
 
 William Sharples, 
 
 About seventy-three Burgesses' names follow. 
 
 In the transcript of the 1774 perambulation a few singular place-names are 
 mentioned and perhaps their several meanings will prove interesting to some readers 
 of this chapter. 
 
 Earn or Ern. — Saxon for a place of some note; it also denotes an eagle. Probably 
 the Earn Stone was the Eagle Stone. 
 
 Brigg Head. — This would be the Bridge Head. 
 
 Kilbroiv. — Kit may be a corruption from or variant of Kel for keld, water, brow by 
 the water. In the Erse tongue Kit signifies a church, as in Kil-dara 
 (Kildare), Church of the Oak ; but this Kit can scarcely be applied here. 
 
 Hoivgill. — Ho-d\ a hill, and gill Norse for water. 
 
 Bouldrams ( Tent J. — Place of Ravens. 
 
 Yeat house. — Gale house.
 
 5o6 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 Hert Pott. — Probably from the hart grass, and pott, Celtic for a dune or hollow. 
 
 Willey Wife Well— Allied in origin to "Batty Wife Hole.*' 
 
 Riggct Stone. — From Danish rig, a high backed hill, and dimuntive et, — head 
 stone on the hill. 
 
 Meat Stones. — From the Saxon niaera, a boundary, hence boundary stones or 
 harstones. 
 
 Cnstle Syke Stone. — Syke denotes a furrow or ditch. 
 
 Escoe Beck. — From es, Saxon for water, and /ioiv, Saxon for Hill. It must not be 
 forgotten that es literally means separated, in Anglo-Saxon ; and the ow or 
 liuiv, a hill, might well indicate "brook fixing the boundary near the hill.'' 
 The prefix es, may come from aesc or asc, or from esse, an ash, and signify 
 "beck by the Ash Tree Hill." But from the surroundings I prefer to 
 believe that in this instance the term es denotes water. 
 
 Here is a copy of the memorandum concerning the proclama- 
 tion of Queen Victoria. 
 
 " Borough of Lancaster in the County of Lancaster to wit. Be it remembered 
 that on the twenty-fourth day of June in the year of our Lord one thousand eight 
 hundred and thirty-seven, Thomas Housman Iliggin, Lsquire. Mayor of the Borough 
 and Town attended by the Council and Town Clerk of the town assisted by a 
 numerous assemblage of the free Burgesses and persons of Quality and inhabitants 
 of the town, proclaimed the high and might}- Princess Alexandrina Victoria, by the 
 grace of Cod. Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, defender 
 of the faith and that the proclamation was audibly read by the Town Clerk by the 
 direction of the Mayor, at Covel Cross, in Dalton Square, and lastly in front of tin- 
 Town Hall. In testimony whereof we have hereto subscribed our names. 
 
 Here follow the names of the Mayor and about forty-five other persons, 
 Clergymen, and Magistrates of the town. 
 
 The usual proclamation follows. 
 
 The Queen and the Title of "Duke" or "Duchess of 
 
 Lancaster." 
 
 There is no title of "Duke or Duchess of Lancaster" named 
 in the above memorandum nor even in the proclamation. As to this 
 title the following letter will probably set the matter at rest. It 
 was received with one from the Duke of Rutland, in March, 1890.
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 507 
 
 "The Queen is neither 'Duke' nor 'Duchess' of Lancaster. 
 Sir Henry Ponsonby was quite correct in referring his questioner to 
 the 'Peerage,' where the Queen's titles are correctly worded. There 
 has been no change in this respect." 
 
 Writers assert that there was formerly "a mayor of the 
 horse shoe," owing to the fact that the castle was once saved during 
 a hostile affray owing to the horse of the leader of the enemy casting 
 its shoe at this spot. I have not, however, heard that there is any- 
 thing beyond tradition to support the assertion. 
 
 Old Lancaster Medical Men. 
 
 Dr. Barrow, who died by over-balancing himself while looking 
 at the Town Clock from his bedroom window, on the 12th of March, 
 1791, was a popular physician of the last century. So too, was 
 Dr. Croft, who died on the 6th of April, 1746. aged 42. The house 
 now occupied by Messrs. Paley, Austin, and Paley used to belong 
 Dr. Wright. After his decease, in 1797, it was valued at ^'2,000, 
 but shortly realised only ^500. This was the old Town Clerk's 
 Office. 
 
 In 1809 there were seven surgeons in Lancaster, viz.: — 
 Messrs. Braithwaite and Howitt, Francis Carter, junior. William 
 Edmondson, Isaac Greenwood, Christopher Johnson, and John 
 Smith. In 1818 there were ten, viz. : — Messrs. Samuel Anderton, 
 Josiah Baxendale, James Carter, Leonard Dickson, Isaac Greenwood, 
 Thomas Howitt, Christopher Johnson, John and Christopher 
 Sharpies (vet.), John Smith, and Edward Statter. Of physicians 
 there were three — David Campbell, James Cassells, and Lawson 
 Whalley, Esqrs. Dr. Campbell was mayor in 1796. He died on 
 t he 4th of February, at his house in Dalton Square, aged 83. Dr. 
 Cassells died on the 14th of November, 1822, in his Doth year ; and 
 Dr. Whalley, M.D., Edin., and J. P. County of Lancaster, on the 
 26th of May, 1841, aged 59 years. Dr. Whalley was appointed 
 physician to the County Asylum on the 7th ot January, 1832. This
 
 5 o8 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 gentleman took his M.D. degree on the 4th of September, 1804. 
 His mother was Mrs. Arthington. He held the position of officer 
 for the Eagle Life Assurance Company, established in 1807. In 
 1825 there were the same number of surgeons as in 1818, but four 
 names different, viz. : — Henry Foxcroft, James Harrison, John 
 Richardson, and John Smith ; and four physicians, among them a 
 John Edwards and an Alexander Morton. In 1889-90 I find we 
 have no less than twenty-one physicians and surgeons, nearly as 
 many again as in 18 18. 
 
 Dr. Christopher Johnson, the esteemed father of the present 
 Dr. Christopher Johnson, was an able contributor of articles on 
 scientific subjects. 
 
 Epidemics in Lancaster. 
 
 Lancaster was last visited with a serious epidemic in Novem- 
 ber, 1755, when 200 persons died of smallpox. In 1890-91 the 
 influenza epidemic was very prevalent. A "malarial influence" 
 of this kind occurred in 1813 and in 1847. A local cause may 
 doubtless be assigned to the severe attack of cholera which raged 
 at the County Asylum in the years 1832 -4. Out of a total number 
 of patients in the County Asylum, namely 354, there were 246 cases 
 of persons whose ages ranged from 24 to 84 years of age, and of 
 these 94 died. In some of the wards there were so many coffins of 
 victims to this malady that the doctor had to walk or stride over 
 them (Dr. Whalley). In the workhouse, containing at this time 
 152 inmates, there were 29 cases (ten being those of persons 
 under 12). There were 15 deaths in this institution, and five died 
 belonging the town. In August, 1849, tne scourge re-appeared, 
 and 17 persons died. Monday, September 12th, of this year, was 
 a day of humiliation and prayer, owing to the prevalence of the 
 terrible disease. The epidemic first appeared at the above-named 
 asylum in the September of 1832. At that time the town was free 
 from the disease.
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 509 
 
 High Sheriffs who dwelt near Lancaster. 
 
 A List of the High Sheriffs of the County of Lancaster from 
 the seventh year of William Rufus, when one Godfrid served the 
 office of sheriff, was published by Mr. William King of The Lancaster 
 Gazette, in 1881. To include the same in this work would be an 
 act of supererogation. Then again, the inclusion of such list is 
 more for the historian of the county than for that of the borough or 
 county town. Mr. King's list is ably got up, all necessary dates 
 being given up to the aforenamed year, 1881. 
 
 Of those living near to Lancaster since the 7th Richard I. down to the 
 present period, I may name the following :— Walter and Benedict Garnet, 1 196 ; 
 William de Lancaster. 19th and 21st Henry III. (1235, 1237, 1248, 1250); Matthew 
 Redmain 1250, 1253: Roger Lancaster, 1265: Ralph de Dacres, 1272: Robert 
 Urswick, circa 1417, Henry V., and in 6th of Edward IV.; Edward Stanley, Lord 
 Monteagle, 16th Henry VII. ; Marmaduke Tunstall, 1554. Mary I.; Robert Bindloss, 
 1613, James I.; Roger Kirkbv, 1638, Charles I.; Robert Bindloss, of Borwick, 
 1658 and in 1672; Edmund Cole, 1707: Roger Kirkbv, 1709, died during year of 
 office, succeeded by Alexander Hesketh ; William Tatham, ofOverhall, 1724; Miles 
 Sandys, of Graythwaite, 1725; Daniel Wilson, of Dallam Tower, 1727; James 
 Fenton, of Lancaster, 1751 ; Richard Whitehead, of Clighton, 1759; Samuel Hilton, 
 of Pennington, 1760; Charles Gibson, of Lancaster, 1790 ; William Townley, of 
 Townhead, Cartmel 1816; Thomas Richmond Gale Braddyll, of Conishead Priory, 
 1S21 ; Thomas Greene, of Slyne, 1823 ; James Penny Machell, of Penny Bridge, 
 1826; Charles Gibson, of Quernmore Park, 1827; G. R. Marlon, of Capemwray, 
 1832; William Garnett, of Bleasdale Tower, 1843; Pudsey Dawson, of Hornby 
 Castle, 1845 I (; - R - Marton, of Capernwray, 1858; W. A. F. Saunders, ofWenning- 
 ton Hall, 1862 ; William Preston, of Ellel Grange, 1865 ; H. Fletcher Rigg, ot 
 Wood Broughton, 1870 ; Sir James Ramsden, of Furness Abbey, 1S73 ; G. B. H. 
 Marton, of Capernwray, 1877 ; William Garnett, of Quernmore, 1879; William 
 Foster, of Hornby Castle, 1881 ; James Williamson, of Ryelands, 1SS3 ; Major Bird, 
 of Crookhey, 1S90 ; G. T. R. Preston, of Ellel Grange, 1891 (died) ; Colonel Foster, 
 of Hornby Castle, succeeded. 
 
 Constables of Lancaster Castle. 
 
 Owing to want of clearness or power to discriminate between 
 Governors, Keepers, and Constables proper of Lancaster Castle, only 
 a disjointed or broken account can be given. At the time of the
 
 3 
 
 io TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 Conquest, Sir Roger de Poictou would be the Constable. Then, 
 probably, Robert de Belesmne would follow as Constable and 
 Governor. (He was the turbulent Earl of Arundel and Surrey.) 
 Warin, son of Gilbert, brother of William de Lancaster; Ranulph 
 de Blundeville, Edmund Crouchback (1206), Earl Ferrers (1247), 
 and Adam de Yealand, all seem to have held the post or what was 
 equivalent thereto. Christopher Barton, 1480; Temp. Edward III., 
 Thomas Ratclif ; 1485, Thomas Ratclif; 1597, William ffarington ; 
 181 1, Thomas Butterworth Bailey, Alexander Butler, Sir Richard 
 Clayton ; 1840, William Hulton ; i860, Edward George Hornby ; 
 1865, Thomas Greene ; 1872, Thomas Batty Addison : 1874, 
 Robert Townley Parker ; 1879, Lord Winmarleigh. 
 
 Governors of the Castle. 
 
 The past Governors of the Castle have been, so far as I can 
 ascertain, Thomas Covell, from 1591 to 1639. In 1749, the name 
 of Edmund Styth appears, and that of his son James. In 1758, we 
 find a James Jackson, succeeded in 1779, by John Dane. From 
 1779 to 1783, John Higgin, followed his son, John Higgin, who 
 held the office until 1833, and died January nth, 1847. In 1833, 
 came Captain James Hansbrow, who governed until 1862, when his 
 son, Mr. Arthur Hansbrow, was appointed in his stead, and held the 
 post until 1867, when Mr. Harrington Welford Parr, son of the late 
 Canon Owen Parr, vicar of Preston, became Governor. This gentle- 
 man had been Harbour-master, Police Magistrate, and Postmaster of 
 Labium. He received 70 votes — a majority of 30 over one opponent 
 and 46 over another. Mr. Parr remained Governor until 1884, at 
 which period Mr. W. R. Shenton was appointed, and is the present 
 chief resident officer at the Castle. In ancient times Governors and 
 Constables seem to have been a blend and formed one office. The 
 salary of the last Governor was ^325 per annum, with house, coals, 
 and gas. 
 
 Two fuller lists of keepers of the Castle may finally be given 
 selected from various works: — Circa, 1199, Warinus Jointor or
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER cu 
 
 s j 
 
 Janitor; 1208, Henry de Lea; [216, Adam dejeland ; 1591, Thomas 
 Covell ; 1643, Captain Shuttleworth ; 1644, Colonel George Dodding 
 (died 1650); 1644, James Hunter; 1710, E. North; 1714, John 
 Beardsworth ; 1726, Anthony Holme ; 1747, Henry Bracken ; 1764, 
 Edward Styth and James Styth; 1769, John Dane; 1779, John 
 Higgin, senior ; 1782, John Higgin, junior ; 1833, James Hansbrow ; 
 1862, Arthur Hansbrow; 1867, Harrington Welford Parr; 1884 
 William Shenton, chief warder. 
 
 Taken from a list published in the Lancaster Guardian in 
 1870 : — 1265, William Botoler, 49th Henry HE; 1342, John Travers, 
 15th Edward HE; Thomas Covell, 33rd Elizabeth ; 1647, William 
 Ripon (met with in the Church Register) ; 1714-15, John Beards- 
 worth, who kept the Horse and Farrier and farmed the vicarag'e 
 lancL governor 4 years or thereabouts (he signed his name Birds- 
 worth, 9th February, 17 16) ; 1726, Anthony Helme, great uncle of 
 Anthony Eidsforth, of Poulton Hall. Henry Bracken succeeded 
 Mr. Helme. He had once refused the office. Dr. Bracken was 
 son-in-law of John Beardsworth, and mayor in 1 747-1 757, and died 
 13th November, 1764, aged 68. Edmund or Edward Styth, keeper 
 12 or 13 years. The name, "Thomas Styth," and date " 1749," 
 appeared on the lead roof of the Gateway Tower. James Styth 
 succeeded, and on becoming heir to a large property he took the 
 name of Greenhalgh, and his descendants are the Greenhalgh 
 family of Myerscough. Then came John Dane, who in a fit of 
 insanity hanged himself in the Judges' Lodgings. He was a very 
 tall powerful man. A Mr. Cowburn, keeper of the House of 
 Correction, Preston, seems to have followed and was keeper in 
 October, 1770, according to the Debtors' Register. In 1779 Mr. 
 John Higgin, who had been master of a vessel which he built in 
 America, was appointed governor. He died in 1783 of gaol fever, 
 aged 48. His son John succeeded him, and remained keeper until 
 1833 when he resigned. He died January nth, 1847, aged 85. In 
 1833 Captain and Adjutant James Hansbrow, 3rd Lancashire 
 Militia, became governor, and died holding office July 3rd, 1862, 
 aged 72. He is interred in the Lancaster Cemetery. His son
 
 5 i2 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 Arthur succeeded. He died in 1868. Mr. H. W. Parr then 
 
 obtained the appointment. 
 
 The grave of Captain James Hansbrow, twenty-nine years 
 Governor of the Castle, is to be seen in the higher part of the 
 Lancaster Cemetery. His son Arthur was Governor four years, 
 and died on the 9th January, 1867, aged 45, and was interred at 
 Davenham, in Cheshire. 
 
 The following inscription is from an old brass in the 
 Church : — " Here lieth the remains of Rachael Styth, wife of 
 Edward Styth, of Lancaster, who departed this life the 21st day of 
 February, a.d. 1752, aged 18 years, four months, and eight days. 
 Here lieth also the remains of Edward Styth, of Lancaster, who 
 departed this life the 6th day of April, a.d. 1769, aged 68 years." 
 
 Castle Chaplains. 
 
 Of Castle Chaplains I meet with the Rev. Mr. Spicer followed 
 in 1782, by the Rev. J. Watson; after him come the Rev. Mr. 
 Woodrow, (resigned, January 10th, 1804), the Rev. Richard 
 Withnell, who since August 27th, 1802, had been writing master 
 and accountant at the Grammar School. Then came the Rev. 
 Joseph Rowley, chaplain for fifty four years, and during whose 
 chaplaincy 168 persons were executed. Mr. Rowley succeeded Mr. 
 Withnell, on the 28th of June, 1804. His successor was the Rev. 
 H. F. Smith, present chaplain. 
 
 Surgeons. — 1777, Mr. Dixon; 1779, Mr. Dixon, £10 10s. 
 (no salary paid then, he made his bill); 1801, Josiah Baxendale, 
 ,£84; 1822, J. Smith, £84, advanced in 1824 to £120; 1837, James 
 Stockdale Harrison; 1854, James Pearson Langshaw, £80, advanced 
 to^ioo; 1874. William W T ingate Saul, ^100, advanced in 1877 
 
 The removal of the vast quantity of ancient documents in 
 1874, from Lancaster Castle to London, previously alluded to, is
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 513 
 
 much to be regretted. Could these documents not have been taken 
 care of in Lancaster Castle still, as they have been taken care of in 
 the past? Would they not have been available to the historian and 
 the antiquarian, instead of placed beyond their reach, at any rate, 
 beyond the easy reach of the Palatine count)' most of their contents 
 relate to? It certainly seems to have been a very great pity to 
 transfer to the metropolis an)- antique records concerning Lancaster 
 and the duchy generally. Perhaps some member of Parliament will 
 move that they be returned to their old home before very long. 
 
 Coroners for Lancaster and District. 
 
 John Gardner, Esq., of Sion Hill, died October 7th, 1852, 
 aged 73. John Cunliffe, Esq., died April 14th, 1855, at Myerscough 
 House, Lawrence Holden, Esq., appointed in April, 1855; present 
 and first resident coroner. 
 
 Old Officials. —Ecclesiastical and Secl'lar. 
 
 Most of the old officials, of whatever capacity in Lancaster, 
 seem to have retained office until age has compelled them to retire 
 and rest. The Rev. Robert Housman, was an active minister forty- 
 one years, Mr. Ralph Rqthwell, keeper of the court and usher 36 
 vears, who died March 25th, 1874; ant ' the Rev. Joseph Row lev, 
 master of the Grammar School 23 years. Mi - . Thomas Swainson 
 has been Town Clerk 33 years. Mr. L. Holden has been Coroner 
 35 years. The two latter gentlemen still retain office. 
 
 The Rev. Joseph Rowley, M.A., who was appointed curate 
 of St. Mary's Church, became curate of Stalmine. He was the son 
 of Benjamin Rowley, Esq., of Kirkburton, count) York He matri- 
 culated at Queen's College, Oxford, 5th July 1791, being then 
 eighteen years of age. For sixty-five years Mr. Rowley held the 
 incumbency of Stalmine, and was Chaplain of Lancaster Castle fifty- 
 four years. He died at the age of 90 on the 3rd of January, 1864, 
 and his remains lie in the Lancaster Cemeterv. 
 
 L2
 
 5 1 4 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 
 
 Ancient Tenures in Lancaster. 
 
 Roger, the Carpenter, holds ten acres of land in Lancastr' of ancient 
 feoffment, by the service of being carpenter in the Castle of 
 Lancaster, and it is worth 5s. Testa dc Neville fol. 372. 
 
 William, the Gardener, holds seven acres of land, in Lancaster, by 
 the service of finding pot-herbs and leeks in the Castle, and 
 his land is worth 2s. 4d. Ibid. fol. 372, 40/, 410. 
 
 Roger Blundus holds lands in Lancaster, b) the serjeanty of being 
 Carpenter, and his land is worth 3s. per annum. Ibid. fol. 
 401, 409, 411. 
 
 Roger Fitz John holds land in Lancaster, by the serjeanty of being 
 Smith (pur sejeanf faverie); his land is worth 3s. per annum. 
 Ibid. fol. 401, 410. 
 
 Roger Fitz John holds twelve arces ; he made the irons of the 
 King's ploughs for two manors yearly. Ibid. fol. 407, 
 409, 411. 
 
 Roger Albus holds eight acres in Lancaster, by carpentery. Ibid. 
 fol. 407. 409. 
 
 William Fitz Matthew holds in Lancaster one messuage and one 
 garden, by gardening. Ibid. fol. 409. 
 
 Gilbert Fitz Matthew holds one messuage in Lancaster by gardening. 
 Ibid. fol. 409. 
 
 The serjeanty of Reginald the Smith in Lancaster held of Adam de 
 Kellet two acres by serjeanty of Queen's Smith in Lancaster, 
 and two acres of the Prior of Lancaster by the same. Ibid, 
 fol. 410.
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 515 
 
 In the 3rd John (1201-2), Robert de Tateshall rendered an account 
 of two shilling's from Benedict Gernet, or the finna of a house 
 in Lancaster, which had been Jordan de Caton's for the past 
 two years, The burgesses of Lancaster held one carircate 
 of land (80 acres or thereabouts), in Lancaster, in free 
 burgage by charter at a rent of twenty marks per annum. 
 
 Maps of Lancaster. 
 
 The early maps of Lancaster are Speed's 1610, Stephen 
 Mackereth's 1778, and Jonathan Binn's 1821. Stephen Mackereth's 
 map is now rarely to be met with. A gentleman at Morecambe, 
 has a map of Lancaster dated 1612, and the Keeper of the Castle 
 has recently had one sent him said to date from 1598. It certainly 
 differs from that of Speed. But the name Vander, thereon seemed 
 to me to indicate a later date than 1598. Clark published a map in 
 1807 in his history of the borough. In 1877 a very good one was 
 issued by Messrs. Harrison and Hall. 
 
 A good copy of Stephen Mackreth's map is to be seen in 
 the offices of Messrs. Johnson and Tilly, solicitors. It is thus 
 inscribed: — " A plan ol the town of Lancaster, humbly dedicated 
 to the nobility, clergy, gentry, and merchants of the county and 
 town of Lancaster, by Stephen Mackreth, 177S." Above this 
 dedication is to be seen a shield containing the arms of the borough. 
 At the left hand of the top of the chart is a view of Lancaster 
 Castle with John o'Gaunt's arms, and on the opposite or right 
 hand is a south view of St. Mary's Church. There are the names 
 of property owners on the properties represented. Thus we have 
 Fenton House and Garden, with the name "Mr. Recorder" above. 
 Dr. Marton's Garden, the Sun Inn, and the Bowling Green, 
 Pudding Lane, Charles or New Street, Church Street, anciently 
 St. Mary's Gate, Covell Cross, Thomas Saul's land, called 
 Mount Street, Robert Lawson's house and garden, the Sugar 
 House, and Old Toll House, St. Leonardgate, Dr. Wilson's 
 garden, Mr. Gibson's garden (both between Damside and Church
 
 5i6 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 Street), the White Cross, and the Poor House, the Rope Walk 
 (parallel with the Ladies' Walk), and the Castle, Castle Ditch, 
 Bowling" Green and Nip Hill. The map is a very good one and in 
 good condition. 
 
 Of eminent firms of an artistic rather than commercial 
 character the firm of Paley, Austin and Paley, formerly Sharpe and 
 Pale} - , established in 1835, stands the first and is well known for its 
 ecclesiastical work. No further testimony is needed in regard to 
 the skill of this house than that supplied by churches and institutions 
 in Lancaster and count}' designed by the above-named Architects. 
 Next we have Messrs Shrigley & Hunt, a firm of Stained Window 
 Glass Painters and Heraldic Artists, established before the year 
 1750. Messrs. Lambert & Moore, a firm only recently established, 
 are also rapidly making themselves a reputation in Heraldic and 
 Stained Glass Work. 
 
 On January 19th, 1796, the Society for the encouragement of 
 Arts, &c, presented Abraham Rawlinson, Esq., of Lancaster, with 
 a gold medal for planting 62,191 trees of different kinds on an estate 
 intersected with frequent veins of limestone, cobbles, &c. The like 
 spirit has been revived in the present Mayor, Charles Blades, Esq., 
 who in 1888, planted trees on each side of the East Road. Speaking 
 in the Council Chamber, on Wednesday, the 23rd of January, 1889, 
 the Mayor expressed the "hope that trees would be planted upon both 
 sides of South Road up to Bowerham Lane, in order that the town 
 might possess an avenue on each side, which would render walking 
 in hot weather very pleasant and prove an advantage to the town. 
 Bowerham Lane and Quarry Lane have been widened. St. Peter's 
 Road improved, and the Friarage Bridge re-built; and on all sides 
 there is evidence of amendment and extension. 
 
 Of the Red Rose town we may fitly say : — 
 
 O gray old Ail Alaunum, 
 
 What visions of the past, 
 What golden chimes of other times 
 
 O'er me thy echoes cast.
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 517 
 
 Sea-perfum'd Ad Alaunum, 
 Thy pastures rich and rare 
 
 Reveal a charm that keepeth warm 
 The love for thee I hear. 
 
 Fair-valley'd Ad Alaunum, 
 
 Thy woods and streams are crown'd 
 With haloes soft like wreaths alofl 
 Circling the hills around. 
 
 Hail Roman Ad Alaunum, 
 
 The river goddess still 
 Rules o'er thy rucks, and for thy flocks 
 
 Yields many a purling rill. 
 
 O tear-stain'd Ad Alaunum., 
 
 By fire and blood baptis'd, 
 Of Pictish pains and rule cf Danes 
 
 Thy daybook is compris'd. 
 
 Thy castle, Ad Alaunum. 
 
 A fabric gaunt and grim, 
 Tells of old days and older ways 
 
 In ages dark and dim. 
 
 O far-fam'd Ad Alaunum, 
 
 Whose Prince lov'd Freedom's sway. 
 May love and peace in thee increase 
 
 In this Victorian day. 
 
 O wondrous Ad Alaunum, 
 
 What changes thou has seen ! 
 
 What crimson hues remind the muse 
 Of hours that erst have been. 
 
 Nunc floreat, Ad Alaunum, 
 
 And let the Red Rose yet 
 No evil brook as still we look 
 
 On bold Plantagenet. 
 
 A Knight of Ad Alaunum, 
 
 A portreeve true I vow, 
 Thy children here at once revere 
 
 And deck his lustr'd brow. 
 
 The Red Rose, Ad Alaunum, 
 
 The White Rose, Ebor's pride, — 
 
 Still win esteem and cheer my theme 
 Since now in love allied. 
 
 O mighty Ad Alaunum, 
 Great burgh of Saxon date, 
 
 Rare Palatine whose ducal line 
 Gives charm to royal state. 
 
 O gray old Ad Alaunum, 
 
 What visions of the past, 
 What golden chimes of other times 
 O'er me thy echoes cast.
 
 5 i8 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 
 
 Among' the poets who have visited Lancaster, we have to 
 name Thomas Gray, author ot the beautiful "Elegy in a Country 
 Churchyard" and other well known poems. He visited our ancient 
 town in 1769, and his description of the scenery around taken from 
 one of his letters has been quoted by Baines and others so often 
 that it need not be reproduced here. In 18 18, John Keats, of 
 "Endymion" fame, started from Lancaster on a pedestrian tour 
 through the lake district, on the 19th of June. 
 
 Boswell ix Lancaster. 
 
 At an Assizes at Lancaster Dr. Johnson's friend, James 
 Boswell, was found lying upon the pavement inebriated. His friends 
 subscribed at supper a guinea for him and half a crown for his 
 clerk, and they sent him next morning a brief with instructions to 
 move for a writ Quare adhaesit pavimento, with observations duly- 
 calculated to induce him to think that it required great learning to 
 explain the necessity of granting it to the judge before whom he 
 was to move. Boswell sent all round the town to attorneys for 
 books that might enable him to distinguish himself, but in vain. 
 He moved, however, for the writ, making the best use he could ot 
 the observations in the brief. The judge was perfectly astonished, 
 and the audience amazed. The judge said " I never heard of such 
 a writ —what can it be that adhaeres pavimento? Are any of you 
 gentlemen at the bar able to explain this ?" At last one of them 
 said, " My lord, Mr. Boswell last night adhaesit pavimento. There 
 was no moving him for some time. At last he was carried to bed, 
 and he has been dreaming about himself and the pavement." 
 What an attachment he must have had for it !
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 519 
 
 FRAGMENTS THAT REMAIN. 
 
 The Lancaster Waterworks— Discovery of an Old Bayonet — Past 
 Organists of St. Mary's Church— St. Mary's Church Bells- 
 Weight of each Bell — List of Ringers at the Churches of St. 
 Mary, St. Thomas, and St. Peter — Blue Coat and National 
 Schools — Duchy of Lancaster Rfceipts 1890— Value of Duchy 
 Livings — Old Books referring to the County — Note on i hi: 
 " Black Hole " — Past Master Mariners of the Port of Lancaster. 
 
 Lancaster Water Supply. 
 
 The water supply of Lancaster, which is second to none in the kingdom 
 for its purity and the excellence of ils quality, is obtained from spring-s which take 
 their rise on the Wyresdaie and Abbeystead fells, about five miles to the east of 
 Lancaster. The water is from millstone grit, and is conveyed in stoneware and iron 
 pipes from the source of supply to Lancaster and the other places supplied, and a 
 principal feature about it is that from the time the water is tapped at the several 
 springs it is never exposed to atmospheric influences till it is drawn for use in the 
 houses of the inhabitants. Prior to the year 1852 the inhabitants of Lancaster 
 obtained their supply of water from pumps and wells, of which there was a fair 
 quantity in various parts of the town. But in the year named — an improved system 
 of sewerage having been put down — it was decided to apply to Parliament for the 
 purpose of constructing waterworks with which to supply the borough with water. 
 Under this Act the Corporation took powers to take 300,000 gallons a day as a 
 minimum quantity, and which was obtained from springs on the fells already named, 
 ami which at that time belonged to Mr. Henry Garnett, of Wyresdaie, to whom 
 compensation was paid. The principal streams from which the water was taken 
 were the Tambrook, Wyre, and the Marshaw Wyre, the former being the principal 
 one, and the waters from which found their way into the river Wyre. There were 
 certain mills and riparian owners on the banks of the Wyre whose claims had to be 
 considered, and in order to compensate them for the water taken from the streams, 
 the Corporation agreed to construct in the valley at Abbeystead a compensation 
 reservoir to hold 28,500,001 gallons. In the Act already referred to powers were 
 also taken to supply Skerton, Scotforth, Poulton, Bare, and Torrisholme with water. 
 The waterworks thus obtained were sufficient for all requirements for seven or eight 
 years, when, the population having materially increased, it was decided to go to 
 Parliament for additional pi wet-. This was accordingly done, and on the 2 Jrd June,
 
 5 2o TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 1864, a second Water Act received the Royal assent. Under this Act the Corporation 
 were empowered to take not more than 400,000 gallons from the springs named as 
 an additional daily quantity, making with the previous supply 700,000 gallons per 
 day ; and the Abbeystead reservoir was enlarged to a holding capacity of 76,500,000 
 gallons. In 1864 the consumption of water sold by meter for railway and trade 
 purposes was about 70,000 gallons per day. The quantity computed for domestic 
 and sanitary purposes was at the rate of 25 gallons per head per day. This supply 
 continued sufficient for another decade, and then steps began to be taken for another 
 application to Parliament. In a report which Mr. James Mansergh, C.E., the 
 engineer for the water works, submitted to the Corporation he says : — " It is clear 
 then, as your powers extend to only 700,000 gallons, that the time has arrived when 
 you usually take active measures for increasing that quantity, and that you can come 
 to no other conclusion than that of deciding to deposit plans this year for the purpose 
 of securing the sanction of Parliament in the course of next summer for a compre- 
 hensive extension of your works. First of all we must determine the quantity of 
 water that this district will probably require say twenty years hence, or in 1898, 
 which in my opinion is the shortest period you ought now to make provision for. 
 At that date the population to be supplied in the summer months will be 46,388, 
 which at twenty-five gallons per head (for domestic and sanitary purposes) will 
 require 1,159,700 gallons per day. In the last ten years the quantity sold by meter 
 for railways, baths and washhouses, gasworks, and mills has nearly doubled, and is 
 now about 120, coo gallons per day. It is therefore a moderate estimate to put it a 1 
 340,300 gallons per day twenty years hence, which will bring the total daily require 
 ments up to 1,500,000 gallons. I feel satisfied that this is the very lowest figure you 
 sh mid now deal with. You therefore require to provide 800,000 gallons a day more 
 than you have at present powers to take." An application was accordingly made to 
 Parliament a third time, which resulted in the Act of 1876 being granted, and under 
 which the town is now supplied. Towers were also obtained for supplying Slyne- 
 cum-Hest, Bolton-le-Sands, Carnforth, Bulk and Quernmore. But as regards 
 Carnforth, the Carnforth Water Act of 1877 repealed that part of the Corporation Act 
 so far as Carnforth was concerned. The additional water supply obtained under the 
 Act of 1876 was opened on May 5th, 1881, with considerable public ceremonial. 
 This led to the Abbeystead compensation reservoir being enlarged to a holding 
 capacity of 185,000,000 gallons, which was done by erecting the retaining wall lower 
 down the valley of the Wyre. This reservoir has now a surface area of 60 acres, 
 and an erroneous notion prevails amongst many of the inhabitants that the town is 
 supplied from this source. Under the Act of 1876 the Corporation obtained powers 
 to take not more than 1,300,000 gallons in any twenty-four hours, and this added to 
 the 700,000 gallons obtained under the Acts of 1852 and 1864, gives a daily quantity 
 of 2,000,000 gallons per day. There was practically no provision for any storage, 
 and as in a dry season the springs might run down below the quantity required for 
 the use of the town, provision was made — at the suggestion of Mr. Mansergh — for a
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 521 
 
 storage reservoir at Damas Gill. This storage reservoir, which is about a mile 
 nearer Lancaster than Abbeystead, occupies the valley of a small stream which 
 formerly flowed into the Damas stream. It has been formed by two embankments 
 being built across the valley, the lower or southern one being 576 feet long, and the 
 northern 400. Its length is nearly double its width, and when full will have a water 
 area of four acres, and an average depth of 32 feet, and a holding capacit) of 
 30,000,000 gallons or about one-sixth the size of Abbeystead. It is intended to store- 
 here in a wet season the surplus water up to 2,000,000 gallons per day which the 
 Corporation is allowed to lake, but which may not be used, and in the event of 
 the supply from the springs failing* in a dry season the supply for the town will be 
 supplemented out of this reservoir. There are two lines of pipes on the fells, one- 
 laid under the 1852 Act and extended by the 1864 Act, which takes in the water 
 from the higher springs, and another laid under the Act of 1876. This latter line of 
 pipes is at a much lower level than the former in order to catch the water from the 
 lower springs, and is conveyed through a new gauge basin on Abbeystead Fell, 
 having a measuring capacity of 1,300,000 per twenty-four hours. From here the 
 water is conveyed to Appletree basin, which was constructed for the purpose of 
 relieving the pressure on the pipes between the fells and Brow Top basin, which is 
 about three miles from Lancaster. It has a holding capacity of 450,000 gallons, and 
 before the water goes on its way to the town it passes through four screens to clear it 
 from any deposit. The 1876 line of pipes is carried round by Damas reservoir, the 
 two mains meeting at Brow Top, which is also a pressure basin, and where the water 
 is again screened. From this point three mains — a ten inch, an eight inch, and a 
 fifteen and thirteen inch —are carried along the highroad and convey the water to the 
 service reservoir above the workhouse. This reservoir hold.-, about 580,000 gallons, 
 and the quantity it contains is recorded twice daily, morning" and night. If it is 
 found at night that the water during the day has been drawn off down to a depth of 
 nine or ten feet, the supply to the town is curtailed during that night in order to get 
 a larger quantity stored, and if possible commence with a full reservoir each morning. 
 The total amount spent on the waterworks up to the 30th of June, 1890, was 
 ,£80,545 ; and to this will have to be added the balance due on account of the 
 construction of Damas reservoir. The amount paid in interest and redemption to 
 the same period is ,£38,651, leaving the indebtedness on waterwork's account at 
 ^80,545. * 
 
 It is to be regretted that in so many large centres of industry 
 nearly all the good old Wells have been covered over or entirely 
 done away with. In these days of increased population, of incessant 
 demand for water for manufacturing purposes, the slightest period 
 
 I am indebted to Mr. John Atkinson for the above lucid account, written during 
 
 indisposition by request.
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 of droughty weather occasions difficulties never dreamt of years 
 ago, and there can be no doubt that had every good Well been 
 retained, a great deal of annoyance and ground for complaint would 
 have been obviated, since there would have been for culinary uses 
 at least a pure supply to fall back upon in many instances in very 
 dry weather. 
 
 Discovery of an Old Bayonet. 
 
 Very recently, May 19th, 1891, an old weapon was found behind the 
 * Carpenters' Arms, on the west side of Bridge Lane, during the alterations of the 
 brewhouse and the buildings adjoining- the "forty steps." This instrument of warfare 
 is about one foot, twelve inches in length, the blade being eighteen inches long and 
 the haft, which is serrated, not quite four inches long. The blade is thin and grooved, 
 and is slightly bent near to the point, as if it had been used for a less sanguinary 
 purpose than fighting, namely, for poking the fire. It is also black at the end. On 
 the upper end of the haft is the number 470, which reasonably enough indicates that 
 he weapon was only one of many similarly brass-handled bayonets. Colonel Whalley, 
 to whom the weapon was given by Mr. Councillor Bowness, believes it to be a 
 specimen of the old " Plug Bayonet," It has been thought that the handle is of a 
 jater date than the blade ; that it has been attached to the blade in order to 
 render it more in accordance with the improvements then introduced in bayonet 
 manufacture. Mr. Councillor Bowness, looking at the implement from a mechanical 
 point of view, is of opinion that it is just a^ originally made so far as the style of it 
 goes. Judging from the locality in which it was discovered, a locality wherein the 
 rebels would doubtless be quartered, and likewise from the fact that in their haste to 
 escape seizure by General Oglethorpe's forces, many of these adherents of a forlorn 
 hope would either hide or throw away their weapons, it is most probable that this 
 old bayonet is a relic of the second rebellion (1745.) 
 
 Past Organists oi ; St. Mary's Church. 
 
 The town of Lancaster has turned out some good Church 
 Organists, and I shall here have the opportunity of mentioning a 
 few of those of St. Mary's Church, with dates kindly supplied by 
 Mr. Dean, conductor of the musical services, at the Church named. 
 Mr. Dean has been Organist of the Parish Church of Lancaster, 
 thirty-two years. The first Organist, so far as can be ascertained, 
 
 *The Carpenters' Arms was formerly known by the name of "The Three Mariners '
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. sa 
 
 D-.i 
 
 was Mr. Parren, or more properly Parrin, and concerning' him I do 
 not think I shall be violating the canons of good taste when I quote 
 the following information voluntarily given me by Sir Richard Owen. 
 Mr. Parren, Organist of St. Mary's Church, Lancaster, was Sir 
 Richard's maternal grandfather. "One of his daughters," says the 
 venerable writer, "became the first librarian of the Amicable 
 Society's Library. The Parrins were Huguenots, in the persecutor, 
 Louis XIV's. reign. The Parrin who succeeded in getting 
 to London, was sufficiently accomplished in music to fulfil the 
 functions of an Organist, and my grandfather was his direct 
 descendant. I have the family coat of arms on vellum, which the 
 exile brought to England from the South of France." Mr. Parrin, 
 died about 1794. Then the name of John Langshaw occurs, who 
 died in March, 1798, aged 72, after having been 25 years Organist 
 of St. Mary's Church. He was succeeded by his son in the March 
 of the' year named, who married a Miss Grundy, about the 7th 
 of February, 1800, "of Boiton-in-Lancashire."— query, which 
 Bolton? He died 5th December, 1832. On the 13th of April, 
 1833, Mr. J. P. Langshaw was elected Organist in the room of his 
 father. Following Mr. J. P. Langshaw was Mr. T. Evans, 
 Organist of St. Anne's, appointed successor to Mr. Langshaw in 
 June, 1835. He was succeeded by Mr. Samuel Reay, Mr. Reay by 
 Mr. J. H. Kemp, and Mr. Kemp by *Mr. F. Dean, (present 
 Organist) appointed 1859. Ii may be added that the Organ in St. 
 Mary's Church, was erected between the years 1809 and 181 1, by 
 G. P. England, at a cost of ^6,072. The Duke of Hamilton and 
 Brandon subscribed 50 guineas towards a new Organ for St. 
 Mary's Church, in November, 1810. It has, of course, been en- 
 larged some years ago. The old Organ of St. John's Church was 
 built by Mr. Langshaw, of this town, and opened early in January, 
 1785; the instrument was presented by Abram Rawlinson, Esq., 
 one of the members for the borough. The old Organ belonging 
 St. Anne's Church was erected by Mr. James Davis, of London, 
 and opened on the 2nd November, 1802. See pages 331-347. 
 
 This gentleman is a native of Exeter.
 
 524 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 Free Tuition in Vocal Music. 
 
 For about seven years Mr. Robert Brash has earnestly 
 laboured as a teacher oi vocal music, and the young people of 
 Lancaster who have availed themselves of his kindly instruction 
 cannot too highly appreciate the opportunities afforded them of 
 gaining- a sound and practical knowledge of singing. His musical 
 classes have been entirely free ; and in both theory and practice 
 nothing has been wanting on his part to render the members of his 
 classes as proficient in their training as if they had been taught by 
 an instructor charging just and equitable fees. As a proof of the 
 truth of this statement it is only necessary to refer to Mr. Brash's 
 annual concerts, which indicate a wealth of vocal talent that, but 
 for his anxiety to do good in his day and generation, might have 
 been wholly lost or entirely undeveloped. 
 
 Chantries. — Addenda. 
 
 According to Canon Raines there was an Altar of St Thomas 
 a Beckett, in the Parish Church of St. Mary, Lancaster. The 
 "History of Chantries" states that there were four chantries in 
 Lancaster. The Rev. William Stratton, B.A. was therefore correct 
 in the communication he made, mentioned on page 35. 
 
 There was I. the Chantrie at the late Ffryers of Lancaster, 
 not in St. Mary's Church, but in the Chapel of the Holy Trinity in 
 the Dominican Friary. This charity was founded about the year 
 1260, by Sir Hugh Harrington, an unrecorded ancestor of the old 
 family of Lawrence, of Ashton, near Lancaster. Henry VI's. 
 commissioners, in 1547, returned Robert Mackerel as the "Preste 
 Incumbent" of the foundation, and add "the said incumbent both, 
 at his pleasure, celebrate masse in other places sitpens thedissoluc' 
 of the sayde late ffrayres, where and in what place the said incumbente 
 dothe celebrate yt is not certain." In 1553, Ralph Altrabus was 
 returned as incumbent of the chantry in the Trinity Church, 
 Lancaster. II. and III. Two Chantries were founded by the will of 
 John Gardyner, made in 1472, and administered by his executors in
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 525 
 
 1485. One of these (II.) was founded at the altar of St. Thomas a 
 Beckett, in the Parish Church ; for his service there he was to have a 
 hundred shillings a year 'out of my mill at Newton.' Another part 
 of the profits of this mill were to go for the founding and upholding 
 of a grammar school, and as the patronage in each case was given 
 by the executors to 'the Mayor of the \ ill of Lancaster and his 
 brother burgesses;' it seems that when the commissioners came 
 round, the mayor and burgesses returned the Chantry as founded 
 by themselves out of the profits of a mill, the residue of the profits 
 being 'employed to the maintenance of one gramm'r schole for 
 w'ch ppose they say the mill was granted to them,' and so they 
 saved the property for the grammar school, pensioning 'John Lunde, 
 pryest incumbent, of thage of liiij. yeres with ^4. With the other 
 Chantrv (III.) they were equally fortunate. Founded under John 
 Gardvner's will, in 1485, as 'one perpetual Chantry with one 
 Chaplain at the altar«of B.V. Mary, in the north part of the Parish 
 Church, of Lancaster, but with an alms-house connected with it of 
 which the priest was to be the Chaplain, it was restored under 
 Queen Mary, and exists as an alms-house to this day. Edward 
 Baynes was the incumbent in 1547, but in 1553, Robert Mackerell, 
 originally the Chantry priest of Holy Trinity (I.) had become the 
 Chantry priest of Lancaster Hospital, with a pension of £^ 4s. 2d. 
 IV. the commissioners of Edward VI. discovered another stipen- 
 diarie in the said p'she churche ordeyned and founde likewise 
 by the mayor and burgesses of Lancaster, with the pfitte of c'ten- 
 landes called St. Patrick's lands, given to the towne, w'ch lands 
 otherwise have been ymployed to the mayntenance of bridges and 
 other uses as nede hath requyred. John Yates was the incumbent 
 in 1547, but nothing is known either of him or of the donor of 
 these lands." 
 
 The Oliverian Survey, made 17th June, 1650, states "that 
 St. Mary's Church, Lancaster, is a vicarage, presentative by George 
 Towlinson, and that the tithes of corn and grain, within most part 
 of the parish, are impropriate to Sir Robert Bindloss, Bart., and 
 his heirs, and farmed at ^5 10s. per annum, or thereabouts. The
 
 526 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 survey enumerates eighteen townships, villages, or hamlets, con- 
 tained within the parish, one of which is Toxteth Park, at the 
 distance of fifty miles. Belonging- to the vicarage were twenty-seven 
 acres of glebe land, near the Church of Lancaster, and the vicar 
 had the tithes of corn and grain only in Lancaster, Thurnham and 
 Glasson; Boldsbury and Midghow, in Myerscough ; and in wool, 
 pig, geese, hay, hemp, flax, and small tithes in Lancaster, Skerton, 
 Bare and Torrisholme, and most of the parish. Twenty years ago, 
 the whole profits of the vicarage were estimated at ^280 per 
 annum ; and the Chapels dependent were Wyresdale, Admarsh in 
 Bleasdale, Overton, Toxteth, Stalmine, Gressingham, which were 
 provided with maintenance for ministers from the revenue." 
 
 The Chalice in use at St. Mary's Church is richly chased and 
 is adorned with precious stones. It is inscribed "To the glory of 
 God and in Memory of Lieutenant Charles Gibson Michaelson, R. 
 N., presented in affectionate remembrance by some of his brother 
 officers." The date of the sacred vessel is 1883. The Paten is 
 similarly engraved. The Flagon is said to date from the time of 
 the Charleses. 
 
 Church Belt, Ringers. 
 
 The ringing loft of the tower in connection with St. Mary's 
 Church, is one of the neatest and cleanest I have ever visited for 
 some vears. It is far different from what it used to be some sixteen 
 vears ago, still it is not exactly as it ought to be so far as appoint- 
 ment goes. In the best ringing chambers a lavatory is to be found 
 in each, and the churchwardens ought to see to it that one is 
 introduced into their own ringing loft. The ringers, I observed 
 were a most intelligent octave of men, and their conductor who is 
 quite an enthusiast in bell-ringing, spoke in very high terms of them 
 and the splendid punctuality which prevails as Sunday after Sunday 
 comes round. There is no bad language, no drinking, no bickering 
 and quibbling ; arguments follow after some proposal or suggestion 
 sometimes, but the good feeling of the circle is never in any way
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 527 
 
 spoiled by them. In a chest is a beautiful set of hand-bells. The 
 tones of those 1 heard being rich and mellow; then there are 
 music books and a large scrap book, into which is placed reports of 
 visits to various Churches for the purpose of ringing special peals. 
 About six of the ringers are adepts in several catchy tunes, and 
 while playing they will handle from thirty-six to forty bells. The 
 rules of the Ringing Chamber are as follow: — 
 
 St. Mary's Parish Church Tower. — Rules. 
 
 1. — That the complement of Ringers shall consist of eight 
 
 2. — That each Ringer shall he in the steeple on Sunday, at 9-45 a.m. and 
 5-45 p.m., or submit to a fine of one penny for every five minutes until io-io a.m. 
 and 6-10 p.m. The same rule applying to Tuesday night practice, commencing at 
 7-15 p.m. until 7-45 p.m. when the tine shall cease. 
 
 }. — That each Ringer shall be in the tower on the night of December 24th, 
 and that of December 31st, at a quarter before 12, or be fined fourpence for every 
 five minutes up to 20 minutes past 12 o'clock, when the fine shall cease. 
 
 4. — That should any Ringer use any improper language or strike another 
 Ringer, or enter the loft in a state of intoxication he shall be fined one shilling for 
 each offence, and for smoking while within the ringing room or premises of the 
 tower he shall be fined sixpence. 
 
 5. — That should any Ringer be absent owing to sickness he shall be exempt 
 from fine or fines. 
 
 6. — That should any Ringer come to the tower at the fixed time and then 
 go out during the period in which his services are in demand, he shall be fined 
 sixpence. The only exemption from such fine being sudden illness or circumstances 
 of serious nature over which he has no control. 
 
 Proposed by T. J. Parker and seconded by W. H. Hirst, that these rules 
 shall come into force on Sunday, the 30th day of January, 1887. 
 
 The diameters and weights of the bells are as follow: — 
 
 
 
 
 w 
 
 eights. 
 
 
 
 Diameter. 
 
 Cwts. 
 
 (Jrs. Lbs. 
 
 Notes. 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 7H 
 
 6 
 
 •2 13 
 
 !>/; 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 sx 
 
 7 
 
 O 20 
 
 C 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 n}4 
 
 9 
 
 2 
 
 Bi 
 
 4 
 
 -■» 
 
 
 
 2/2 
 
 10 
 
 2 4 
 
 A/> 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 6/s 
 
 ... 13 
 
 I 23 
 
 C/j 
 
 6 
 
 
 9 3 4 
 
 17 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 4 
 
 2J4 
 
 22 
 
 O 2 
 
 Eb 
 
 8 
 
 4 
 
 sy s 
 
 ... 31 
 
 O 14 
 
 Bb
 
 528 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 
 
 Peal Ringing. 
 
 On Tuesday, March 22nd, 1S87, in three hours and three minutes, a peal of 
 grandsire triples, 50,040 changes. Taylor's Bob and single variations. Tenor, 
 31 cwts., 14 lbs. 
 
 Robert S. Hirst, treble; William Clayton, 2 ; Robert Walker. 3 ; William 
 Jackson, 4; Thomas J. Parker, 5; William II. Hirst, 6; Robert Tohnson, 7; Robert 
 Suart, tenor. Conducted by Robert S. Hirst. 
 
 This is the first peal on the new bells which were presented by James 
 
 Williamson, M.P. 
 
 Canon Allen, D.D., Vicar. 
 
 ™ , , i W, T. Sharp. 
 
 Churchwardens, { T Hatch 
 
 Mr. R. S. Hirst, the conductor of the belfry of St. Mary's Church, has a 
 class which he is instructing in the art of hand-bel! ringing. 
 
 The old bells of St. Mary's Church bore the following names and dates 
 upon them :— No. 1, 1747; 2, re-cast 1S46, Abram Seward; 3, 1774; 4, re-cast, 
 1846, Abram Seward, 5, 1744: Prosperity to the port and parish of Lancaster; 
 6, 1786, Jamc- Moore; 7, re-cast, 1846. Abram Seward; 8, 1744. 
 
 The great bell bore many names, among them being those of John 
 Brockbank, Christopher Malley, Robert Foxcroft, Thomas Harrison, and Richard 
 Gardner, &c, 1744. The weight of the bells ranged from 8 cwt. to 23^ cwts., and 
 the diameters from 2 ft., 7 in., and 3 ft. to 4 ft., 2 in. On No. 6 were the words 
 " Paulo Majora." Two of the old bells are now in St. John's steeple and one at the 
 Ripley Hospital. 
 
 " Ring out the old, ring in the new. 
 Ring out the false, ring in the true." 
 
 Names of Bell Ringers at St. Mary's Church, 1891. 
 
 Robert Sutcliffe Hirst, Conductor; Thomas John Parker, William Jackson, 
 William Clayton, William Henry Hirst, Robert Walker. Robert Suart, tenor, 
 Henry Wilcock. 
 
 The parapet wall of the tower is, by marine observation 240 9-ioths feet 
 above the sea, by level from the New Quay, by the marine surveyors, 240 6-loths 
 ordnance surveyor, 241.
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 529 
 
 Ringers at St. Thomas's Church, 1891. 
 
 Bryan Edmondson, Conductor; Robert Tatham Edmondson, Henr 1 oope, 
 
 John Coope, Edward Proctor Middleton, John Robinson. 
 
 Ringers at St. Peter's Church, 1891. 
 
 P. Mulligan, Conductor; J. Wilson, \V. Crook, R. Wilson, R. Bibby, 
 J. Lennon, W. Wearing, P. Finn. 
 
 Old Names formerly Attached to Pews in St. Mary's Church. 
 
 James Fenton, D.D., Vicar. 
 Thomas Sherson, Esq., Mayor. 
 John Tarleton, 1693. 
 Richard Simpson, 1693. 
 Rt. Westmore, 1693. 
 
 The above names appear on strips of wood evidently taken 
 from the old pews. They are to be seen on the south wall of the 
 vestry. 
 
 The parish records contain a resolution concerning the old 
 Church gates, removed about 1862 from the top of the Church 
 steps. It is thus: — "July 16th, 1761. That the gates at t he 
 entrance leading into the Churchyard shall be made of wrought 
 iron, and that Mr. Edward Ford, the present churchwarden, shall 
 have the liberty and power of contracting with any workman for 
 that purpose, and that a sufficient assessment shall be laid to defray 
 the expenses thereof." The records subsequently state that it was 
 ordered that ''the sum of fifty pounds be raised by an assessment 
 of the parish for paying for and erecting the iron gates leading 
 into the Church." In 1891 at the adjourned Easter Vestry Meeting 
 it was decided to rail off the graveyard and to improve the east 
 w T indow. 
 
 M2
 
 5so TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 
 
 Lancaster Educationally. 
 
 Educationally Lancaster stands in every sense in an enviable 
 position, All the schools of an elementary character are well 
 conducted, their principals being persons of energetic dispositions 
 ever anxious to make their children a credit to them. Annually 
 concerts are given by the schools at Christmas, and the public 
 have an opportunity of judging of the capabilities of the scholars of 
 the various schools, both from these entertainments and the reports 
 of the Diocesan Inspector. 
 
 The Eriends' School. 
 
 This school, says Mr. Walmsley, was established in 1690, 
 and subsequently endowed to the amount of ^70. The masters 
 during the past 50 years have been : — J. Clarke, W. Batt, Jas. 
 Wood, Geo. Aldridge, Jas. Walmesley, L.L.B. 
 
 The Boys' Blue Coat School has long ago been merged into 
 the National School. The original school dates back to the year 
 1770. Among the earlier masters were John Pawson, succeeded 
 by John Smith, appointed in January, 1701. 
 
 The Charity School for Girls, formerly the Blue Coat School, 
 bears the representation of a scroll inscription in old English 
 characters, held by two girls dressed in the costume of the school. 
 The lettering - is as follows : --" This school was rebuilt and enlarged 
 by the bounty of Richard Newsham, Esq., of Preston, and Agnes 
 Bowes, his wife, and other friends of education, an extension being- 
 granted by William Eord, Esq., and his sister ■ r>. 1849." ^ n a 
 back apartment on a stone inserted in the wall is this information: 
 " Charitv Schools for Girls, in which they are educated and clothed, 
 supported by subscriptions and donations. Instituted A.D. 1772." 
 The premises began to be used as a Charity School in 1879. 1 ne 
 children are educated free but not found in clothing. There is no 
 government grant. On the facade of the Girls' National School is
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 531 
 
 this inscription: — "Built by public subscription, A.D. 1820, to 
 establish order, check vice, and uphold virtue. National School 
 for Girls. " A list of past mistresses was promised but has not 
 come to hand. 
 
 Past Masters of the Boys' National School. 
 
 Robert Johnson, J. Leytham, John English Preston, died 
 April 26th, 1851, aged 62, buried at Doncaster, J. T. Preston, 
 Robert Satterthwaite, J. R. Suddalby, H.Gooeh. This school was 
 instituted in 181 7, and rebuilt in 1850. 
 
 The Mechanics' Institute, to which was added an Apprentices' 
 Library, dates from 1825. In the last month of the year a meeting 
 was held at the Royal Oak Inn (now the premises of Messrs. 
 Mansergh & Sons), when it was decided that such an institution 
 would be a benefit to the borough. Its first site was the house of 
 Mr. William Rothery, bookseller, Mary Street. Mr. B. Dockray, 
 a well-known member of the Society of Friends, was the donor of a 
 number of useful books, and took much interest in the development 
 and general well-being of this new venture in the way of intellectual 
 improvement of the young men of the town. Ultimately, the insti- 
 tute was removed to Back Sun Street, then to Penny Street, and, 
 finally, to Market Street. 
 
 List of Librarians of the Mechanics' Institute. 
 
 There has been a little difficulty in obtaining a list of the 
 past librarians of the Mechanics' Institute. A gentleman has, how- 
 ever, kindly sent me the following names : — 
 
 Mark Irving, resigned in 1844 ; succeeded by Isaac Robinson 
 January, 1845, after whom came Joseph Bell in 1864-5 ; James 
 Mount in 1875-6, and Mrs. Mount in 1886-7. 
 
 From the official account of the Receipts and Disbursements 
 of the Duchy of Lancaster, in the year ended December, 1890,
 
 532 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 promptly supplied by the Duchy Office, I find that the Receipts in the 
 year 1890, amounted to ^7 1,999 9 s - 9^- According to the Clergy 
 list the value of Duchy Church patronage in 1891 was ,£15,633. 
 [See page 415, Clergy List, Kelly & Co.] 
 
 Seals of the Duchy and County Palatine of Lancaster. 
 
 There are two distinct Seals for the Duchy and County 
 Palatine of Lancaster. The Seal of the Duchy is in the custody of 
 the Chancellor of the Duchy ; that of the Count}- Palatine, also in 
 the custody of the Chancellor of the Duchy and Palatine, is kept 
 at Lancaster, in the care of the Keeper of the Seal. All grants 
 and leases of lands, tenements, and offices in the County Palatine 
 must pass under the Seal of the County Palatine, and no other ; all 
 grants and leases of lands, tenements, and offices out of the County 
 Palatine, yet within the Duchy Survey, must pass under the Seal of 
 the Duchy, and no other Seai. The custom is to seal all deeds, &c, 
 within the County with both Seals ; those lands, &c, not within the 
 County, with the Duchy Seal only. The first recorded Chancellor 
 of the Duchy and County Palatine was one Thomas de Thelwall 
 (17th April, 51 Edward III) ; but Sir Henry de Haydock was 
 Chancellor previously, so it appears, to Henry, first Duke of Lan- 
 caster (34 Edward III). Then Ralph de Ergham seems to have 
 succeeded Thelwall. 
 
 Old Books Referring to the County. 
 
 Of ancient works concerning Lancashire the following rare 
 ones may be mentioned. They are copied from Mr. Clark's MSS. 
 and dated 1807 :— " A punctuall relation of the passages in Lanca- 
 shire this weeke containing the taking of Houghton Tower by the 
 Parliament's Forces, &c. How the Earl of Darbie's forces made an 
 outset on the town of Boulton, &c, the taking of the Towne and 
 Castle of Lancaster by Sergeant Major Birch. London : 1643, 4to." 
 "The wonderful discoverie of witches in the County ot Lancaster, 
 with the trial of nineteen notorious witches at Lancaster Assizes, 
 August 6, 1612, &c, by Thomas Potts, Esq., 1613, 4to."
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 533 
 
 The Black Hole, mentioned on page 201, probably takes its 
 name from the "Black Hole" at Calcutta, in India, rendered 
 memorable in Indian History, owing- to the dispute Suraja Dowlah 
 had with the East Indian Company, and the investment of the city 
 when the feeble garrison consisting of 146 persons were compelled 
 to capitulate and afterwards imprisoned in a place only eighteen 
 feet square, it which 123 of their number were suffocated for want 
 of air. This wholesale murder occured on the 20th June, 1756. 
 
 A Degraded Mayor. 
 
 In 1680 one Thomas Corless was degraded and excluded 
 from "ever again serving as mayor, owing to his having been 
 "drunk at fairs, assizes, and other public and private times," and 
 also having "received moneys heretofore given by well disposed 
 people to the poor prisoners in the Castle of Lancaster, and never 
 as yet paid the same unto them." The Articles of Charge are nine 
 in number. The fourth states thai he imprisoned many inhabitants 
 many hours at a time, and turned them forth again without laying 
 anything to their charge or examining them touching any pretended 
 misdemeanours. The fifth article charges him with appropriating 
 moneys by charging the town stocks, &c.;the sixth that he sate 
 drinking with idle persons, neglected the town's business, and when 
 desired by the bailiffs to do his duty used language scurrilous and 
 unbefitting his position. The seventh article states that he sold 
 ale contrary to the law, which forbids a mayor during his mayoralty 
 to sell ale. It appears he also sold liquors called strong waters 
 and Vaideperie. The ninth clause states that " for the reasons 
 aforesaid Mr. Corless is altogether unfit, unskilled, useless, 
 unnecessary et ignotus in valgus, and therefore pernicious to the 
 body and ought to be removed."
 
 30 
 
 4 
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 Some Master Mariners who Sailed from the Port of Lancaster 
 
 FROM 1755 
 
 To the West Indian Islands and Africa (Captains of Vessels — Letters of Marque, 
 
 Chartered, cv_c. ) 
 
 This list has been compiled from tombstones, 
 old documents and information obtained from 
 various parishes ; from an aged Lancastrian who 
 forwarded a list of about forty names, to which 
 particulars have been carefully added, a work 
 entailing much research. It may be taken as 
 approximate, for il is impossible in some instances 
 where sameness of names and like uates alone are 
 available, to give every item with the accuracy 
 so desirable in compilations of this nature. Un- 
 : h uu lately there are no old ship books left in 
 Lancaster for reference. Every inquiry has been 
 carefully made with a view to securing a 
 correct return of master mariners of this port 
 sailing to the West Indian Islands and to Africa. 
 Where the interrogation sign appears, the same 
 represents a doubt as to whether the mariner was 
 a native of 1 or district. 
 
 Principal Men hants and Shipbrokers in 1S01- 
 /,-. -Atkinson and Willock, Arthur Armitstead, 
 John Bond . George Danson, John Dodson, R. 
 and I. Edm m Ison, Thomas Gi ■ rge Kirk- 
 
 ham, John I reon, I.i A nd Co., Mason 
 
 and Burrow (afterwards Burrow and Nottage, 
 Market .Street,', Ripley and Jackson, John San 
 derson and < Sun Street, Procter and Wood, 
 John Satterthwaite, Welsh ami Eskrigge. Ship- 
 builders. — John Brockbank and Sons, Caleb 
 Smith anil Co., Worthington and Ashburner. 
 
 Atkinson, Richard. Married in July. 1788, to 
 Miss Simpson, daughter ofR. Simpson. 
 
 Atkinson, Mar (1818.) Married 
 
 to Miss Margaret Williamson, of Pier Hall, 
 Glasson, December, 1820. 
 
 Atkinson. I Mildred.' Lost with all 
 
 Gulf of Florida in 1800, aged 29. 
 
 Atkinson ' ' '■• id before 1819. 
 
 Atkinson, J. G., ' Layton,' 498 tons, in 1814. 
 Married Anne, eldest daughter of David Erskine, 
 q. oorool, at Calcutta, July 2nd, 1817. 
 
 Ashburner, John, sloop 'Hope.' Married 
 Miss Bessie Rimmer, in October, 1793. 
 
 \ mstrong. Benj., ' Lord St. Vincent.' Died 
 
 ]ISt,] 
 
 Affleck, William, 'Henry and 'Juno,' of 
 
 Lane 1 I iverj I. Married Miss Jackson 
 
 in, in January 1802. Drowned in July, 
 [80 Hi laughter married David Han- 
 
 n.iy, Esq., of Loch bank Castle, Douglas, W.B., 
 August ^ 1 st, 1822. 
 
 Aikin David, "Vim. andalsoofthe 'Ven- 
 erable.' Died on the 16th August, 1805, on his 
 1 1 1 -^age from Jamaii i , 
 
 Alston. Thomas, ' Neptune.' Died at sea, 
 June iotb, 1807. aged p >, 
 
 Arm:' hn, ' Craven Legion.' Married 
 
 Mrs. Hebden, of Braisty Wood, near Ripon, 
 April 13th, 1811. 
 
 Anderson, farm (?) 'Jane,' (Liverpool ship). 
 Died I un< I 'Is [815, at Old Calabar. 
 
 Angel. Wm. ('.') 'Olive Branch.' 
 
 Allanby, John (sailed on Liverpool ships). 
 Died on the mill March, ai Cark, near Cartmel, 
 at a great age. He was twice confined in a 
 French prison and suffered many hardships. He 
 was the first captain who placed his name as a 
 subscriber to the Pile of Foudry lighthouse. 
 
 Arkle, Matthew, master of the "Mary'' or 
 ' Maries, and other vessels. Vixit 1891 (born 
 1818), went to sea in 1830, and 32 years a captain. 
 
 Benn, ].. ' Amphion ' and 'Perseverance.' 
 A 1 Captain Benn lived at Carus Lodge. 
 
 Blundell Richard. Married Mary, only daughter 
 of Luke Hemer, of Liverpool. Is named as 'of 
 this pi 1 . 
 
 Braithwaite, Jas., Thrown overboard by an 
 ccident on board the "Favourite," October, 
 
 Braithwaite, fas. No vessel named. Died 
 May 23rd, 1818, aged 68. 
 
 Bousheld, 'Ceres' (see Charnley). No entry 
 concerning him. 
 
 w, 'Triton in 1803. Died November 
 22nd, 1806. 
 
 Edward, 'Mary' and 'Hannah' 
 1 1 .1 
 
 Barfow, R. Belonged to Ulverston. Married 
 Miss M. I low nass, of Middleton, Yorkshire. May 
 16th, 1818. 
 
 Bragg, John, 'The Brothers,' 256 tons, ami 
 afterwards of the 'James,' 317 tons. 'Eliza' and 
 'Halcyon.' Married Miss Smith, 4th September, 
 1809. 
 
 1 g, Wm.. 'Chatham.' Married Miss Mary 
 
 W'ray, of Whitby, in January, 1830. 
 
 Barwick, William. Died February 1st, i8o5, 
 late of Penny Bridge. 
 
 I nes, II.. 'Apollo' in 1811. 
 
 Philip. Died September 8th, 1822, 
 aged 77. 
 
 Bridge, [nomas, Brutus. Died August 29th, 
 
 . 1 Monte Video. 
 Bond, John. Married Miss Alice Woodhouse, 
 1 ( )i ,-i ton, May 14th. i8ri. 
 Barge, William, sloop 'Pembroke' in 1S12. 
 Bigland, John. fried at Cartmel. August 
 22nd, 1823. 
 
 Bouskell, Thomas. Died 2nd June, 1793, aged 
 t \. A soil Garnet who died at Dominica, March, 
 1 81 5, aged 24. 
 
 James, of Seatiithvvaite. 
 Briggs, Robert. Born in 1826; went to sea in 
 1S42. Vix., 1891. 
 
 Bond, — , 'Regular.' Married Miss Mary 
 Thorpe, of Liverpool. 
 Bloor, — ? 'Lune, (1816). 
 
 Brown. John, of Haverthwaite. Died June 
 18th, 1822, aged 84. 
 
 Brown, James, 'Molly.' Died June 27th, 
 1823. on coast nf Africa, aged 27. 
 
 B01 : 'Eliza' (1816.) _ 
 
 Bell, W., 'Cumberland,' Died at Maryport, 
 21 lii Vpril. 1819. 
 
 Chew. Richard, died at Martinque in Decem- 
 ber, 1801. A daughter married Mr. Henry 
 Hudson. 
 
 Chew, Thomas. (No particulars found up to 
 present time.) 
 
 Conolley, — .('.'), married Miss Coffield in 1806, 
 ofEllesmere Boat House, Liverpool. 
 
 Charnley, John, 'Thetis' (letter of marque.) 
 This officer fell in with the French privateer 
 'Buonaparte' about the 8th of November, 1804. 
 The French vessel held 16 or iS guns and was
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 535 
 
 manned by 215 men. The 'Thetis' sailed from 
 Cork for Barbadoes in company with Captain 
 Bousfield of the 'Ceres' and Captain Robinson oi 
 the ' Penelope.' Four times did Captain Charnley 
 
 intly repulse tin I rench. ! [1 had tw n 
 killed and five I abitants of St. 
 
 Dominica presented him with a piece of plate 
 £240 to be divided amongst his crew for bravely 
 bear 1 French with only 45 men againsl 
 
 215. Buys at the Lancaster Free Grammai 
 School used to sing a local ditty in praise of 
 Captain Charnley seventy or eighty years ago. 
 I he Captain died on the 15th of November, 18 14. 
 aged 64. 
 
 Coupland, Henry, ' Leo,' (1803), 'Juno'in 
 ' Lune' 370 tons, in 1809, built by Caleb Smith 
 and Co., Skerton, for Messrs. Procter and Bond. 
 (There was a Lawrence Coupland, landing waiter 
 at the port of Lancaster, who died Mav est, 1793.) 
 Coupland, — ., ' Richard' (1806.) St. Vincent' 
 (1S17.) 
 
 Arkwright, Peter, of Milnthorpe. 
 Croft, John, ' Providence' (1814). died on his 
 passage from the West Indies in January, 1806. 
 Croft, William. ' Hibernia,' married Mi 
 Elizabeth Ashton, of Warrington, in May, 1808. 
 He died 12th June, 1812, at Pernambuco. 
 
 Carter, William. 'James' and ' Pusey Hall.' 
 in 1803. A Nicholas Carter, master of the ship 
 ' William,' died in November, 1S23. on his 
 passage from London to Savannah, aged ^7. 
 Carswell, William, 'Mary (18) 
 Cousins^ Richard, ' New Liberty, wrecked in 
 January, 1819. He belonged to Ulverston. 
 Campbell, James, ' Mary,' 378 tons. 
 Campbell, Edward, brig ' St. Lucia,' married 
 Margaret Carson, of Cartles, Kircudbright, 
 November, 1820. 
 Chisholme, T. (?) ' Maria.' 
 Cunningham, — . , died in November, 1804. 
 Cannon, Jas., sloop 'James' (1806). 
 Collins (?) ' Isabella ' ("1806). 
 Collins, John, died at Skerton, 16th M in h, 
 1809, aged 49. 
 
 Callathan, Arthur, 'Helen,' married the 
 widow ot a Master Mariner named J. Eccleston. 
 Dead before 18 16. 
 
 Carruthers, W., brig 'Thomas.' died in 
 February, 1793. 
 
 Cleminson, W. ' Lark,' from 1801. I laughter 
 married to James Frearson, Esq.. of Ellermire, 
 Broughton-in-Furne^s, February 20th, 1821. 
 
 Corkhiil, — , married Miss Elizabeth Brew, 
 November 27th, 1803. 
 
 Caton, Richard. ' Columbus,' died at Old 
 Calabar, March 14th, 181 1. 
 
 Christopherson, — , ' Union Island ' up to 
 1812, ' Mary' in 1813. 
 
 Clarke, Thomas, of Milnthorpe Sands, died 
 October 5th, 1818. 
 
 Clarke, Matthew, ' Nancy.' No particulars 
 entered. 
 
 Crabb, — , 'Helen' (1816), died at Kingston. 
 Jamaica, January 2nd. 1816. 
 
 Coates, Thomas, -loop 'Caroline' (1816). 
 Capper, James, 'Christopher' (1817), died in 
 September, 1817, at Camaroons, Africa, on the 
 brig ' Nathan.' 
 
 Dilworth, William, vixit 1779. Saw the rebels 
 enter Lancaster in 174s- 
 
 Dale. ' William' and ' Mary ' (1803). 
 Duck, John, of the 'Margaret' (London and 
 north). 
 
 Davis, Thomas, Queen Packet Boat plying 
 between Lancaster and Preston in 1810. (An old 
 seaman). 
 
 mple, William. 
 Drewett, C. 'Auspicious' (1821). Died in 
 May, 1802. 
 
 Dai , r e. dud . . 26th April, 
 
 1812. He was a merchant and m iner 
 
 The office of the firm used to be opposite 
 S( . ' ihn's Church. 
 
 Dickinson, Thomas, 'Industry' (1808). 
 Dickinson, Robert, of Silverdale, died January 
 , ■ 1824. 
 Dennison, \\ . Vessel ol J53 tons. (Burrow 
 Voltage). 
 
 lame-, ' I >■■ 
 
 Dawson, Henry (?) 'Neptune' (1 16) 
 
 I i.vies, John. ' Duke of Lancaster,' died 2nd 
 Vlay, 1829, aged 37. 
 
 1 rbyshire, Jas. (?) 'Robert 1 George, 
 died December 29th, 1814 t 1 d 46. 
 
 Dickinson, George. 'Happy Returns,' died at 
 Pilling, February, 1807, aged 74. 
 
 Dawson, Thos., 'Neptune' 300 tons (1815), 
 and 'Thomas Burrow' (1824). 
 
 Daniels, William. ' Mary Ann' (1815). 
 
 Eccleston, Daniel (originator of the Ei cleston 
 token). This L>aniel Eccleston was the author cf 
 various works, and among them "The Lamenta- 
 tion- of the Children of Israel." Died March 
 3rd. 1821, aged '75. A premature statement of his 
 death was published in the press in December 
 28th, 1816. He replied, dating his letter from 
 " Heaven. Captain Eccleston knew General 
 Washington and had been entertained by him. 
 
 Ernest, John, ' Laurel ' (in 1810). Died Sept. 
 13th, 1817, aged 30. 
 
 Edwards, Charles, 'Importer. Killed in 
 try, 1826. Belonged to Duddon. He fell 
 b : w een the quay side and his ship. 
 
 Edwards, Llavid, of the sloop 'Elizabeth,' 
 died 25th July, 1816, aged 65. 
 
 Ellwood, John, 'John o'Gaunt,' steamer 
 - s o). 
 
 Eccles, — . Married in November. 1793. 
 
 Edwards, Thomas Parke (?) 'Rob Roy.' 
 •I ied Mar), youngest daughter of Garston 
 Bradstock, Esq., of Liverpool. 
 
 Fryer, Thomas, 'Crescent' (in i8to). Married 
 Miss Jane Hatton, ofGlasson, March 19th, 1S16: 
 ngest daughter, Jane, married Nicholas 
 R.N., at Bodmin, Sept. 18th, 1S23. 
 
 Fayrer, Joseph, ' Bengal' (18 17). He belonged 
 to Milnthorpe. 
 
 hi, James, 'Lady demonic. Died on 
 his passage from Sierra Leone. April 29th, 1820. 
 
 +7- 
 
 - (?) Dead prior to 181 1. 
 
 Fisher, John, died March 20th, 1S17. aged 40. 
 
 i isher, Thomas, married Miss Ann Bu j< 
 Liverpool, 20th February, 1811. 
 
 Fletcher, Wm., ' Fletcher,' married Miss Betsy 
 n, August 30th, 1809. 
 
 Fell, William. Died July 4th, 1815, aged 29. 
 at Cal 
 
 Fuller, Stephen, brig ' Rye,' (1817). 
 
 Greenwood. Thomas, ' Sprightly,' crossed the 
 Atlantic 105 times. Died February 24th, 1832, 
 aged 74. Interred in St. John's Churchyard. 
 His son Luke died at St. Croix, September 16th, 
 1830. 
 
 Greenwood, Isaac. ' Pusey Hall,' died at Slyne, 
 September 2sth. 18^6, aged 5 ;. 
 
 Gerry (?) ' Hope ' (1807). 
 
 Graham, Wm., 'James,' 238 tons. Died July 
 iSth, 1814, at St. Domingo. 
 
 ('.ray, W.. ' Snow ' (1809), lost at sea. 
 
 Darner, James. Married Elizab 
 John Hinde, April 29th, 1810.
 
 536 
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 
 
 Gray, — ' Demerara' (1817). 
 
 Gibson, Robert, 'Nancy.' Died on his passage 
 
 from Aberdovey to Lancaster, in -May. 181 1. 
 
 Gibson, William, 'Fanny' (Liverpool ship). 
 Lied at St. Thomas's, aged 35, early in 1822 
 
 Holme. Dead before November, 1817. 
 
 Harrison, George, ' Derwent.' Died at the 
 Asylum 10th January, 1832. 
 
 Higgs, — '"Will ' (1806). 
 
 Housman, J. He fell in with Admiral i 
 wen's fleet on the 17th May, 1755. in lat. 46, about 
 So leagues east of the Banks of Newfoundland ; 
 went on board the Dunkirk, commanded by Cap- 
 tain Howe. 
 
 Harrison, Robert. Sloop ' Union (1818), and 
 ' Market Maid ' (1821). 
 
 Herbert, -- 'Alliance.' 
 
 Hayes. — ; Dove' and 'Content. 
 
 Hewitson, — ' Liberty ' belonged to Ulverston. 
 
 Hodgson, John, ' Bellona ' in 1784. Lost near 
 Dunleary, 3rd February", 1803. 
 
 Herdman, Thomas, ' Mars.' Died at St. Bar- 
 tholomew, February 3rd, 1802. 
 
 Hinde, Luke. Died August 16th, 1775, aged 
 42. His daughter married Thomas Strickland at 
 Lancaster in February, 1792. 
 
 Hodgson, William, " liraddyll, married Miss 
 E. Edmondson (both of Ulverston), February 
 nth, 1830. 
 
 Hird, — 'Christopher (1803). 
 
 Hart, William, ' Paragon,' 238 tons. (Ridley 
 <u\d Dodson) letter of marque, August, 1803. 
 lite French ship 'La Harmonic ' was brought 
 into the Port of Lancaster by Mr. W. Hart. 
 
 Hart, Thomas, ' Samuel Braddock,' died April 
 9th, 1818, on his way from Africa. 
 
 Harper, Edward, wife died 29th June, 1814. 
 
 Harman, Richard, smack ' Hastings,' local, 
 1824. 
 
 Hansbrow, Thos., drowned at New Zealand, 
 30th July, 1852, aged 22. 
 
 Hehne, ' Fackuarrow.' 
 
 Hoggarth, John, ' Venus, 1809, married .Miss 
 Margaret W liams, ol Lancaster, 6th January, 
 
 1813. 
 
 Hoggarth. Henry, died July 2nd, 1854, aged 
 76. (Son of _, u.j,.. ) 
 
 Hoggarth, Win., 'Java,' died during his pa 
 from Demerara, December 28th, 1838, aged 43. 
 
 Hoggarth, — 'Albion,' 1S15;. 
 
 Higgin, Isaac, belonged to Skerton, died April 
 30th, 1834, aged 57. 
 
 Hudson (?) ' \ iper (Revenue Cutter), died 
 V rvember 27th, 1803. 
 
 Harper, — ' Myrtle,' drowned October 1st, 
 1S08. 
 
 Hathornthwaite, Thos. 'Eleanor,' died July 
 24th, 1837, aged 04 (father of the poet, Rev. Dr. 
 Hathornthwaite). 
 
 Hathornthwaite, Thos., died May, 1793, aged 
 
 57- 
 
 Hathornthwaite, Rd., \ 
 
 Hathornthwaite, Robert, ' Eleanor (1819) 
 
 Hall, William, ' Mercury ' (181 1). 
 
 Hardy, John, 'Unity,' 1812, and 'Jessie,' 1823, 
 ' Bredalbane,' 1816, 254 tons, belonged Skerton. 
 
 Harris Joseph, ' William Skyrme,' 1816, and 
 ' Agenoria,' 1820. 
 
 Hughes Henry ('.') ' Medina,' 1816. 
 
 Irvin, George, died at Kingston, Jamaica, 7th 
 April, 1S22. A Captain Irvin married Miss Mary 
 Cart, of Lowgill, Bentham, February 1st. 1831. 
 
 Inglis, — 'Demerara,' married Miss Towers, 
 of Haverslack, Milnthorpe. 
 
 Jackson Edward, died October nth, 1S29, at 
 Edgehill, aged 55. 
 
 Jackson, Thos., died October, 1794. 
 
 Jackson, Thos., son of Christopher Jackson, 
 who died, aged 101, at Grange, December 13th, 
 1814. 
 
 Jackson, Peter, 'Hawk.' 1804. Died 16th 
 May, 1844, at Egremont. 
 
 Jackson, James, late of St. Etienne, Loire, 
 born May 1.5th, 1771, died April 27th, 1829. 
 
 Johnson. John. 'Neptune' died Dec. 6th., 1814. 
 
 Johnson, John, died November 2nd, 1823, at 
 Kingston, aged 44. 
 
 King, Michael, ' Ayrshire ' and 'Andes,' 1825, 
 married Ann, daughter of Mr. Blake, of Mary- 
 port, October 15th, 1825. 
 
 Kendall, John, "Sir John Craven,' 1817, died 
 7th, 10th mo., 1782. A Matthew Kendall, son of 
 Richard Kendall, died on board the ship 'Ainsley,' 
 in April, 1803, at Gambia. A Jonathan Kendall, 
 dead before 1822. Robt. Kendall, of the ' Shan- 
 non,' 1823. died in November, 1823, aged 43. 
 
 Kellet, Christopher, ' Lydia,' died October 3rd, 
 1784, on his passage from St. Petersburg. 
 
 Kellet, W., ' Langton,' 1803, and also of the 
 ' Richard,' 1806. 
 
 Kidd, W., 'Venerable,' 1803. 
 
 Kennedy, 'Duchess of Lancaster steamer, re- 
 tired at the end of October, 1845, succeeded by- 
 Captain Barrow. 
 
 Kendall, John, ' William,' a Liverpool ship. 
 Died July 25th, 1814, on the coast of Africa, 
 eldest son of Richard Kendall, Esq., of Caton 
 Green. 
 
 Lamb, — ' Will,' 1806. 
 
 Lowther, John, vixit, 1807. Made his will 
 6tli September, 178'. 
 
 Linton, — ' Hero.' Married -Miss Sarah Brock- 
 bank, daughter of George Brockbank, Esq., July 
 19th, 1789. 
 
 Leeming, — ' Providence,' 1801-4. 
 
 Lyon, Caleb. Died December 6th, 1804, aged 
 
 Lawson, John, ' Horatia. Died on his passage 
 from Africa to the West Indies, aged 44. 
 
 Lynass, Win., ' Britannia,' 171 tons. Died at 
 Demerara, February 2nd, 1818, aged 52. 
 
 Levi,. Thomas, brig 'Abeona.' 
 
 Lightfoot, George, ' Birch. Died June 2nd, 
 181 5, aged 63. 
 
 Langdon, Richard, ('.') 'Avon' (1819.) 
 
 Marr, Robert. Married Miss Betty Paget, in 
 January, 1791. Died September 28th, 1825, 
 aged 65. 
 
 Mullion, Hamlet (?) Married Miss Margaret 
 Rawlinson, in August, 1796' 
 
 Mullion, Hamlet (son died at Jamaica, October 
 4th, 1S25, aged 23.) 
 
 Macarthy, Denis, 'Eliza.' Died 13th August, 
 1804. 
 
 Moon, James. 'John o'Gaunt,' formeily of the 
 'Eliza' (letter of Marque) 18 guns. Died on his 
 passage from Martinque to London, December 
 iSth, 1812. 
 
 Melling Thomas (?) (African trader.) Died 
 June 24th, 1829, aged 90. 
 
 Moore, George. Married Miss Noble, daughter 
 of Mr. Noble, merchant, in February, 1785. 
 
 May, Thomas (?) Married Alice, daughter of 
 Richard Hall, April 19th, 1819. Died June 2nd, 
 1824. 
 
 Morrison, R., 'Intrepid' (1830). 
 
 Moss, James, 'St. Anna,' married Miss Askew, 
 of Cartmel. Belonged to Allithwaite. Died 
 March 26th, 1820. 
 
 Masheter, — ., married Miss Wildman in May, 
 1799. Had a son captain of the 'Jane,' 1825. 
 
 McCauley, D., belonged to Templand, Cartmel
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 537 
 
 Muncaster, John, 'Thomas,' died December, 
 1825 ; belonged Ulverston. 
 
 Mecoid, William, 'Leighton,' died March 52nd, 
 1823, aged 65. 
 
 Matthews, G., married Miss Daltary in Nov., 
 1798. 
 
 Martin, George, ' Bryam,' died Oct. 8th, 1803. 
 
 McFall, Daniel, ' Duke of York,' died May 5th, 
 
 181 1, on his passage from Brazil, aged 41. 
 Merritt, — (?) ' Hyndman ' (1830). 
 Muirhead, Robert, ' Essex,' 550 tons (1811). 
 Muckait, — ., no vessel named. Died about 
 
 October 1st, 1814, at Carnforth. His widow 
 married Mr. Fletcher, of Carnforth Lodge, in 
 April, 1817, in London. Inquiries of namesakes 
 have elucidated nothing further. The Muckalts 
 and the Lindows were akin. 
 
 M'Cuin, William (?), 'Lady Cremome,' 1816. 
 
 Mathison, George (?), ' Thomas.' Married 
 Miss Head, of Liverpool. 
 
 Nixon, — ., 'William.' 
 
 Neale, William (V), 'Agnes,' died June 12th, 
 
 1812. A Captain John Neale of the ' Westmore- 
 land' died March 15th, 1819, in his 27th year. 
 
 Newton. George, ' Gallant Rose.' 
 
 Noble, — ., died Friday, November 17th, 1788. 
 
 Noble, Moses, ' Ann,' of Ulverston, died 
 March 2nd, 1824, at Belfast on his vessel. 
 
 Nicholson, — ., 'Chesterfield,' died October, 
 1804. 
 
 Neal, Richard (?), ' Betsy,' married Mrs. Shaw, 
 of Ulverston. A Thomas Neale of the brig 
 ' Ellen, '-^married Miss Jane Fish, Febiuary 12th, 
 1816. 
 
 Nunns, J. 'Molly' and 'Johns,' married Mi>s 
 Sarah Postlethwaite in January, 1791. He died 
 at sea October 4th, 1807, aged 42, and was buried 
 at Trinidad. 
 
 Neil, — 'Tyson' (1812), married Miss Crowdson, 
 of Greenback, January 27th, 1812. 
 
 Neale, William, died June 2nd, 1S29, aged 77. 
 
 Nuttall, Thomas, died at Thornton, aged 50, 
 March 29th, 1821. 
 
 Nichols, James (?), ' Harriet Garland.' married 
 Miss Caine, of Nassau New Providence, April 
 16th, 1814 ; died Sunday, May 21st, 1815, agent 
 to Lloyds. 
 
 Nicholson, Richard. Died February 6th, 18:9, 
 aged 7$. 
 
 Parkinson, John. Died June 22nd, 1806. 
 
 Parkinson, John. Married Mrs. Elizabeth 
 Pitcthall, at Ulverston, on the Sth Dec, 1823. 
 
 Postlethwaite, Christopher, 'Benson. I lied 
 May 1 2th, 1805, at Greenock. 
 
 Postlethwaite, Christopher. Died while 6n 
 route to the West Indies, January 12th, 1821. 
 
 Postlethwaite, Wm. Died in October, 1805, 
 on the coast of Africa. 
 
 Procter, William, ' Port Royal' (181 1). Married 
 Miss Butler, of Edgehill, Liverpool, September 
 4th, 1817. Died 30th July, 1822, aged 46. 
 
 Parr, John, 'Robert.' Died January 1st, at 
 Barbadoes, 181 1, wife on January 5th, same year. 
 
 Parry, — 'Resolution.' Married Miss Hobart, 
 30th March, 1813. 
 
 Perney, Jas. 'Friendship,' of Ulverston. 
 
 Quilliam, — 'Flora.' Married Miss Bland. 
 Died on his passage from Cork to the West Indies 
 in June or July, 1798. His Widow married the 
 Rev. J. Stainbank, M.A., of Halton and Kellet. 
 
 Robertson, — Married Miss Mary Rowlandson 
 in September, 1785. 
 
 Rigg, — Married Miss Warbrick, of Poulton, 
 at Cartmel, 1787. Dead before 1816. 
 
 Remington, George. Married Miss Jane 
 Thompson, of Ravenglass, April 22nd, 1799. 
 
 Roginson, Wm. ('.') brig 'Chance' (1814). 
 
 Rockcliffe, Thomas, died at Tortoia, 14th 
 December, 18 19. 
 
 Ripley, Thorn. I 358 tons (in 1810.) 
 
 Rubie, Thomas, ('.') 'Cadbro.' 
 
 Ritson, T.. ' Mary' (1803). 
 
 Richards. --.. 'Perymus' (1822.) 
 
 Redmayne. 'Wildman,' died in Jamaica, July, 
 1790. 
 
 Redmayne, Leonard. 'James' (1803.), and of 
 the 'Aid' (1807.) No date of decease found. 
 
 Redmayne, Paul, 'Contest.' died at I 
 River, Jamaica, June 8th, 1813. 
 
 Roberts, Richard Rogers, died January 16th, 
 1825, aged 47. 
 
 Richardson, Henry, ' Favourite' (1806.) A son 
 married to Alice, 2nd daughter of Jas. Willasey, 
 Esq., junr., August 17th, 1S19, at St. Marys. 
 Lancaster. 
 
 Richardson, Thomas, married Dorothy Fother- 
 gill, of Preston, on July 25th, 1816. 
 
 Robinson, Louis, 'Retrieve' and 'Margaret.' 
 
 Rawlinson, Isaac, died July 7th, 1788, aged 46. 
 
 Rawlinson, John, 'Eliza,' married Miss 
 Wilkinson, of Hest Bank, November 27th, 1820. 
 
 Roper, James, dead before 1S07. 
 
 Rogerson, 'Flora,' died June 20th, 1809. 
 
 Rogerson, Thos., 'Flora' and 'Sterling,' mar- 
 mied Miss Mather. November 28th, 1812. 
 
 Rigby, Peter, died April 15th, 1840, aged 67, 
 buried at Bolton-!e-Sands. 
 
 Rigby George, late of Garstang, died 28th of 
 December, 1813. 
 
 Rigby William, 'James,' died October 9th, 
 1847, aged 37, buried at Bolton-le-Sands. 
 
 Sinclair, — (?) 'Sally' (1806.) 
 
 Smith, William, smack, 'Brothers' (local), 1824. 
 
 Storey, — 'Preston' (brig), 1829. 
 
 Stables, John, of the 'Rawlins.' Died June, 
 1792 aged 56. 
 
 Stables, James. Died February 6th, 1815, 
 aged 76. 
 
 51 aw, William. Died October 2nd, 1801. 
 
 Simpson, George. Dead before 1821. 
 
 Simpson, — 'Nanny.' Died September 1st, 
 1702. 
 
 Simpson, Benjamin, brig 'James,' 240 tons 
 (1814). Married Mi- D an, of Bevington Hill, 
 Liverpool, February 13th, 1816. 
 
 Saul, W. Died October 27th, 1795. 
 
 S j : :s, Benjamin. Died February 6th, 1807, 
 aged 66. 
 
 Summers, William. 'Bee' 37 tons (sloop). 
 Advertised to be sold. 
 
 Swainson, John. Married Miss Mason, of 
 Castle Park, in July, 1797. Dock and Quay 
 Master. 
 
 Steele, William, 'Meredith.' 
 
 Stout, John. 'Ann' (1801). Died March, 3rd, 
 1 801. 
 
 Sowerby, Thomas. Died at Cape of Good 
 Hope, November nth, 1811, aged 28. 
 
 Stockdale, Joseph. 'Atlas' (1807). 
 
 Stones, John. 'Jane (Galliot). Married 25th 
 August, 1829, to Miss Mary Storey. 
 
 Singleton, — 'Fox.' 
 
 Slater, Robert. 'Jane. Diet! February 16th, 
 1815, at Ulverston. 
 
 Shepherd, Robert. Youngest son of Thomas 
 Shepherd. Died at Bombay, of cholera morbus, 
 in August, 1818, agei 
 
 Schollar, Richard. Smack, 'Prosperous,' 1824. 
 
 Thompson, William. ' Edward,' local schooner. 
 
 Turnbull, William. Died at Demerara, Aug., 
 1821, aged 38. Another John of Liverpool. 
 
 Tomlinson, John, died April 7th, 1801, aged 38.
 
 53» 
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 Thompson, Richard, married Miss Robinson, 
 
 l askew, near Ulverston, in August, 1819. 
 
 Turner, William, of Milnthorpe, died 3rd 
 April, 1823, aged 80. 
 
 Towers, William, 'Thomas' (i3ii), of Arrad 
 Hill, Ulverston, married Miss Dawson, of 
 Haverthwaite. 
 
 Towers, Jas., died April 8th, 1815. 
 
 Thompson, Frank, 'Royal George,' died July 
 3rd, 1829, on his passage to Rio de Janeiro. 
 
 Towers, James, died March 29th, 1824. at 
 Hazleslack Tower, Milnthorpe. 
 
 Tomlinson — Dead before 1830. 
 
 Tatham, Thomas, 'Thetis.' died October 29th, 
 1805, aged 49. 
 
 Thompson, Henry, died August, 1784. 
 
 Thompson, Benj., died February, 1794. 
 
 Thompson, John, 'Duke of Kent,' and 'Jane' 
 (in 1805) also of the ' Harriet.' 
 
 Thompson, Davis, 'Harriet.' Drowned in 
 February, 1808. 
 
 Thompson, Henry, brig 'Mary Ann.' Died at 
 Barbadoes, June 28th, 1805. 
 
 Treasure, Wm., 'Abram' 320 tons. Died in 
 Feb., 1807, aged 64. 
 
 Thompson, James. 'Michael.' Married Miss 
 Jane Harrison, of Liverpool, Oct. 6th, 1810. Died 
 before May, 1816. 
 
 Taylor, Saul, 'Eliza' 90 tons by Caleb Smith 
 and Sons for ( rlasgow trade in 1816. 
 
 Vennall, S.F., 'Britannia' (1822) and ' Pedler' 
 (1824.) Died Oct. 5th, 1835. 
 
 Walker, William, 'Two Friends.' M; 
 fitter of Christopher Bland, cooper in Nov., 
 
 1787- 
 Walker, Richard. Died November 14th, 1804, 
 
 aged 81. 
 
 Walker, Thomas. 'Mary Ann' (1812), and of 
 the 'Westmorland' (1819). 
 
 Walker, M. Belonged to Cartmel. 
 
 Walker, Joseph (?) 'Cossack' (1818). 
 
 Williams, Thomas. 'Endeavour;' wrecked 
 February 3rd, 1804. 
 
 Wildman, Thomas Died April 7th, 1808, 
 aged 64. 
 
 Watson. T. 'Abram.' (.After death of Mr. 
 Treasure. 1807.) 
 
 Winder, Richard. ''Thomas.' Died March 
 8th, 1816. 
 
 Wright, George. 'Industry.' 
 
 W iburn, Thomas. 'Kendal.'' -Married Miss 
 
 Shepherd, daughter of Mr. Shepherd, of Cocker- 
 ham. October, 1775. 
 
 Wilson, Thomas. 'Mars' (letter of marque): 
 'Xeptune' (1805); also of the 'Dash.' Died 
 April 19th, 1814, aged 32. 
 
 Wilson, Thomas. 'Mary.' Died January 
 12th, 1819, in London. 
 
 Whittle, — 'John' (1803.) Fell down dead on 
 the 15th May, 1816. 
 
 Woodhouse, Thomas. Barbadoes Packet. 
 Died at Sea in 1805, aged 47; son of Tho 
 Woodhouse, of Sunderland and Lancaster, in- 
 terred at Overton, December 20th, 1801, aged 94. 
 
 Woodhouse, Thomas, 'John Welch.' Perished 
 at Hoylake with 14 of his crew July 29th, 1836, 
 aged 44. Mr. Woodhouse, shipbuilder, of Over- 
 ton (1891), of same family. 
 
 Wilding, 'Xeptune.' Died at Old Calabar, 
 August, 181 1. 
 
 Walton, Thomas , 'Roseburn' (1813.) 
 
 Wright, Thomas, 'Mercury.' Died August 
 17th, 1814, on his passage from Jamaica. 
 
 White, Stephen, sloop 'Friendship (1817.) 
 
 Wilde, Edward, of the 'King' packet boat. 
 Died February 19th, 1820. 
 
 Wade, — 'Hornby. Shipwrecked end of 
 
 December, 1823. 
 
 Wills, Richard, 'St. George.' Died on his 
 passage from Calcutta, April 30th, 1832, aged 48. 
 
 The first vessel to navigate the canal was the 
 ' Sprightly,' which sailed from Glasson to Preston, 
 16th May, 1826, with a cargo of slate. 
 
 The 'Tribune,' a frigate, anchored off the 
 mouth of the Lune, on the 22nd August, 1819. 
 On the following day the pinnace and barge came 
 up to Lancaster, and on their return to Sunder- 
 land the officers and men were entertained by the 
 aunt of Captain Willoughby. 
 
 List II. 
 
 Ashburner, Thomas, died the 18th December, 
 1 333, at Rampside, aged 83. He was master of 
 a West Indiaman of the port of Lancaster, and 
 being captured by the French was on board their 
 fleet under the Compte de Grasse during his 
 memorable engagement with Lord Howe. The 
 ship in which the deceased was prisoner being 
 taken that day, Captain Ashburner was restored 
 to his country and friends. 
 
 Ashton, John, of this port, married to Sarah, 
 daughter of James Holt, glass manufacturer, of 
 Liverpool, in May, 1833. 
 
 Ashburner, Thomas, of Rampside, Died June 
 28th, 1837, aged 77. 
 
 dman, — , of Hill Top, Ulverston, dead 
 before 1833. 
 
 Bell, — , Dead before 1834. 
 Bouskell, James, of the 'Margaret,' schooner, 
 ried [sabella, daughter of William Ashburner, 
 Esq., of Much Urswick, on the 21st July, 1835. 
 
 Baynes, John, Captain of the Lancaster and 
 Kendal packet boat, married Miss Margaret 
 Wilson, of Kendal, in September, 1836. 
 
 Bainbridge, Robert, of the barque 'Ceres,' died 
 on his homeward passage from Demerara, about 
 July, 1837, aged 32. 
 
 ! iw, James, of Cartmel, died December 
 
 ed 66. 
 Bond, Henry, died 28th December, 1837, in his 
 66th year, at Field Broughton, Cartmel. 
 
 Bond, — , of the 'John Horrocks.' Belonged 
 t > 1 Iverston, living in 1838. 
 
 Blacklock, James, of the ship 'Helen' married 
 Elizabeth, eldest daughter of William Brockbank, 
 on the 10th December, 1839. 
 
 Fell, Peter, died August 5th, 1817, aged 64. 
 Bush, Richard, of the 'Isabella,' married 
 Isabella, youngest daughter of Robert Green- 
 wood, of Arnside, February 2nd, 1841. 
 
 Birksall, Peter, died at Ulverston, aged 73 
 years, June 4th, 1842. A native of Bombay. 
 
 Clark, William, of Penny Bridge, died 29th 
 November, 1833, aged 58. 
 Cock — , 'Caledonian,' 1837. 
 
 on, William ('.'), master of the brig 'Chep- 
 stow,' 1838. 
 
 Clayton, Edward, died 23rd January, 1843, at 
 Porte Rico, master of the ship 'Lama.' of Liver- 
 pool, and formerly of this port. He was 42 when 
 ied. 
 Davis. David, of the brig 'Hankinson,' died 
 on his passage from St. Domingo, December 
 27th, 1832. 
 
 Dowthwaite, — of the 'Six Sisters,' 1833, 
 sailed to Quebec. 
 
 Dickinson, Thomas, of the 'Royal Oak,' died 
 September 7th, 1827. 
 
 Dalrymple, William, died June 25th, 1789, aged 
 43. Interred in St. Nicholas's chapel yard. 
 I >alrymple, William, died 1802. 
 Farrie, — . of the barque 'Charlotte,' 1835.
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 
 
 539 
 
 Fisher, George, married on the 5th November, 
 1833, to Miss Jane Grayson. 
 
 Frankland, Christopher, died March 18th, 
 1840, aged 79, at Litterlands, Liverpool, formerly 
 of the port of I ,ancaster. 
 
 Farrer, — . a son James married Elizabeth 
 Chadburn, of Glasson, on the 14th April, 1842. 
 Lived at Skerton. 
 
 Gerrard, John, sea and river pilot to and from 
 Lancaster. Died at Sunderland on the 12th 
 January, 1K30, aged 74, for sixty years a seaman. 
 
 Grayson, H., of the Lancashire Witch.' 
 married Catherine, second daughter of Mr. J. 
 Stephens, of Bowness, on the _>7th February. 
 
 Herbert, John, master of 'The Mersey, ' died 
 February 19th, 1833, aged 28. 
 
 Hnddart, — . of the brig 'Hope.' 1835 died in 
 August 1S36. on his passage from Quebec. 
 
 Hogarth, John, of the ' Princess Elizabeth.'' 
 died September 6th. 1835, aged 40, on his passage 
 from Calabar. 
 
 Highdale, John, of the brig 'Hester, died in 
 his 49th year, late of Ulverston. 
 
 Hodgson. John (?) late of Lydiate, died Nov. 
 4th, 18 10. Will dated January 30th. 1805. 
 
 Hathornthwaite Robert, died on the 23rd of 
 July. 1837. aged 64. (I am not certain as to 
 whether he was a master mariner.) 
 
 Hogarth, William, Java,' died on the 28th 
 December. 1838 on his passage from Demerara 
 to Liverpool, in his 43rd year. 
 
 Jackson, — . master of Catherine M'Donald.' 
 Quebec'service, 1836. 
 
 Kennedy, Alexander. 'Duchess of Lancaster, 
 steampacket (100 horse-power) September. 1839. 
 Lucas, James, formerly of this port, died at 
 Stevenage, Herts, May. 1833. 
 
 Lackie, Thomas (?), of the brig ' Lucie,' died on 
 his passage from Batavia to Singapore in Jan.. 
 1834. 
 
 Lamb, Edward barque ' William ' (1837) lived 
 in Queen Street, in 1841. 
 
 .Moss Ji ihn. No partii ulars. 
 
 nuel. of the brig 'Vigilant,' 'lied on 
 - ith Deo mber, 1S37. son of the late Captain 
 \\ ilium Neale. 
 
 Park, John il thi Fohn o'Gi 1 
 
 pai ket. I )ied in Li mdi m in the 42 11 I his 
 
 ageinjune 1841. He commanded the Elizatx 
 launched al Nicho - Glasson, on the 51! 
 March. 18 pi. 
 
 Roper, -. died April 23rd, 1835, aged 62. 
 
 e, of the ' Mint.' i lied on the 
 19th \i> il on his passage from Jamaica. 
 
 Russell A., harbour master. Lancaster (1891), 
 born about 182.). went to sea from Liverpool in 
 i8 S 
 
 Rouse — . of the brig Jane married to Miss 
 Elizabeth Irving at Bowness, February 27th, 
 
 Rigby, 1 homas, married Hannah, daughter of 
 Benjamin Pearson, accountant, Kendal. 
 
 Southey. — . R.N., died on his passage from 
 Demerara, March, 1838. Brother to the poet 
 Sou they. 
 
 ey James captai f the steamer ' Winder- 
 mere ' in 1838. 
 
 Thompson, William (from this captain the 
 houses in Skerton. known as ' Captain's Row,' 
 \\ ere named). 
 
 Whinray, Thomas subsequently master of a 
 vessel sailing between Ulverston and Liverpool. 
 He died at Arnside October 19th, 1832, aged 48. 
 
 Wadeson, Robert, died at Kingston, Jamaica, 
 February 4th, 1825, aged 29. 
 
 Walker. William, dead before 1835. 
 
 Williams, John ('.'). of the Mansfield ' died 
 March 28th, 1836 on his passage from Africa. 
 
 Willocke, Richard, daughter Fanny married to 
 Mr. Robert Dormison. master builder, of Liver- 
 pool on the 30th March, 1837 He was agent for 
 Lloyds to this port.' 
 
 Williamson, John, lived at St. George's Quay. 
 
 A few items concerning' the old shipping- trade of Lancaster 
 will not be without interest at the present time. In 1708, only one 
 single ship, the "Content," sailed from Lancaster to the West Indies. 
 In the year 1722, vessels sailing from Lancaster to the following- 
 foreign countries are mentioned in an old shipping list : — Antigua 
 1, Barbadoes 1, Jamaica 1, Virginia 2, Norway 2, Holland 1, 
 Russia 1, Spain 1; total, 10. Those sailing to or from Ireland 13, 
 making altogether for that year 23. In 1799, we find the returns as 
 follows : — Antigua 3, Barbadoes 4, Granada 2, St. Kitt's 4, Jamaica 
 16, St. Vincent's 2, St. Lucis 1, Riga 3, St. Petersburg 2 ; total 37. 
 Ireland 26, and Isle of Man, 1 ; total, 64. Not including coasters. 
 
 There were at one period no less than fourteen vessels sailing 
 from Lancaster engaged in the slave trade, a trade carried on under 
 the glossy name of "the ivory trade." A tradition has been pub-
 
 540 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 lished to the effect that a Captain Marshall stole a Guinea King's 
 daughter and that this put an end to any further dealings with 
 Lancaster traders. 
 
 The Census, 1891. 
 
 These particulars have been courteously supplied by Mr. Ennion. 
 
 In the Borough of Lancaster during the last decade there has been a large 
 • ncrease of population amounting to 10,370, and compared with the census of 1871 
 the increase is 13,789. This is due in some measure to the incorporations of portions 
 of the townships of Scotforth and Skerton, which have added a population of 4,409. 
 The progressive increase of the town during- the present century is given in the 
 following decennial totals :— 
 
 1801 9,030 
 
 1811 9,247 
 
 1821 10,144 
 
 1831 1-', 813 
 
 1841 12,089 
 
 1851 I4,5°2 
 
 1861 14,481 
 
 1871 17,245 
 
 1SS1 20,664 
 
 1891 31,034 
 
 The increase in the township of Bulk is due to the migration of the surplus 
 population of Lancaster over the border since the opening out of the Silk Mill estate. 
 The population of Scotforth now numbers 1,598, whereas last census it was 2,264, 
 and that of Skerton 31 1, compared with 2,838 in 1881. 
 
 The figures given above do not include the population of the port of 
 Lancaster, the returns of which are sent direct to the Census Office by H.M.'s Officers 
 of Customs. The ecclesiastical district of Christ Chinch, Lancaster, includes the 
 Workhouse, County Asylum, and Bowerham Barracks. St. Mary's district includes 
 the Castle and Ripley Hospital. St. Paul's, Scotforth, includes 655 in the Royal 
 Albert Asylum. 
 
 Items concerning Wards. 
 
 Park Ward. — The population in this ward includes 1980 in the County 
 Lunatic Asylum, and 193 in the Workhouse. 
 
 John o'Gaunt Ward. — The population in this ward includes 297 in the 
 Bowerham Barracks. 
 
 Queen's Ward. — The population in this ward includes 321 in Ripley 
 Hospital. 
 
 Castle Ward. — The population in this ward includes 61 in H.M.'s prison. 
 
 On page 110 the population of Lancaster on 1881 returns is given owing to 
 the above returns not being issued.
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 541 
 
 WARD BOUNDARIES. 
 
 St. Anne's Ward. 
 
 From the boundary of the borough at Germany Bridge along 
 the centre of Germany Street, Parliament Street, North Road, 
 Cheapside, St. Nicholas Street, Stonevvell, Great John Street, 
 Dalton Square (west and south sides), and Nelson Street to the 
 Canal Bridge, along the Canal in a northerly direction to where the 
 borough boundary crosses the canal near the Dry Dock, following 
 along such boundary in a westerly direction to Germany Bridge. 
 
 John o'Gaunt Ward. 
 
 From the west end of Common Garden Street along the 
 centre of King Street, Penny Street, South Road and Bowerham 
 Lane to the boundary of the added area of Scotforth, then along 
 such boundary in a northerly direction to Golgotha and then in a 
 north westerly direction along the centre of Wyresdale Road, East 
 Road, Nelson Street, Dalton Square (south side), Brock Street and 
 Common Garden Street, to its junction in King Street. 
 
 Castle Ward. 
 
 From the centre of the River Lune at Carlisle Railway Bridge 
 along the river in a south easterly direction to a point opposite the 
 Timber Slip, then in a southerly direction along the centre of Dam- 
 side Street, North Road, Cheapside, St. Nicholas Street, Stonewell, 
 Great John Street, Dalton Square (west side), Brock Street, Common 
 Garden Street, King Street, Market Street, Castle Hill, Castle Park, 
 West Road and Willow Lane to the boundary of the borough at the 
 south end of such lane following along such boundary in a westerly 
 direction to the River Lune at Freeman's Wood end, and so up to 
 the river to the Carlisle Railway Bridge.
 
 542 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 Queen's Ward. 
 
 From the west end of Common Garden Street along" the 
 centre of King Street, Upper King Street, Penny Street, South 
 Road and Bowerham Lane to the boundary of the added area of 
 Scotforth, thence along such boundary in a westerly and north- 
 erly direction to the south end of Willow Lane, then along such 
 lane to its junction with West Road, and thence along the centre of 
 West Road, Castle Park, Castle Hill, Market Street, and King 
 Street, to its junction with Common Garden Street. 
 
 Park Ward. 
 
 From the boundary of the borough where it crosses the 
 Lancaster Canal near the Dry Dock, along the canal in a southerly 
 direction to Nelson Street Bridge, then in an easterly direction along 
 the centre of East Road and Wyresdale Road to the borough 
 boundary at Golgotha ; thence in an easterly and northerly direction 
 along such boundary to where such boundary first joins the bound- 
 ary of the township of Bulk, and then in a westerly direction along 
 the borough boundary to the Lancaster Canal near the Dry Dock- 
 
 Skerton Ward. 
 
 From the centre of the River Lune at Carlisle Railway Bridge 
 along the river in a south easterly direction to a point opposite the 
 Timber Slip, then in a southerly direction along the centre of Dam- 
 side Street, North Road, Parliament Street, and Germany Bridge, 
 following along such boundary in a northerly direction to the centre 
 of the River Lune opposite the end of the Ladies' Walk, where it 
 joins the boundary of the added area of Skerton. 
 
 The Government Surveyor of Taxes is Mr. A. W. Foster, 
 Church Street ; the Clerk, Mr. G. W. Maxsted ; and the Assessor 
 and Collector, Mr. S. Bond. Borough Commissioners, Sir T. Storey; 
 M. Simpson, W. Pickard, Esqrs., and Col. Whalley.
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 543 
 
 Rainfall in Lancaster, 1889. 
 Rain Gauge. 
 
 Station. 
 Smithfield 
 
 Authority. 
 Mr. Roper 
 
 I tiameter. 
 
 12 in. 
 
 Height 
 above ground. 
 
 3 ft., 6 in. 
 
 Height above 
 sea level. 
 
 114 
 
 Depth of 
 Rain. 
 
 3779 
 
 Days on which 
 
 o"i or more rain 
 
 fell. 
 
 174 
 
 From Symon's "British Rainfall." 
 
 For 1890, the total rainfall was 39 '68. Station : Marton Street Van! (70 
 feet above ordnance level). 
 
 Building Societies in Lancaster, with dates of their 
 
 Formation. 
 
 A Shakespeare Building- Society formed about 1840. 
 
 -An Amicable Building- Society was established at the Fleece 
 Inn, by twenty tradesmen, in January, 1844. 
 
 The Lancaster Benefit Building Society, established January 
 27th, 1844. In 1845, at the annual meeting there were sixty-eight 
 members. 
 
 An Alliance Building Society commenced in March, 1845. 
 
 First Starr-Bowkett Building Society. Secretary, Mr. Row, 
 Market Hall; formed 16th November, 1886. 
 
 Second Starr-Bowkett. Secretary, Mr. W. Ritson, Market 
 Street; 1 8th October, 1887. 
 
 Economic Building Society. Secretary, Mr. (',. H. Petty, 
 Market Street ; September, 1887. 
 
 Lancaster and County Permanent Benefit Building Society. 
 Secretary, Mr. N. Molyneux, 83, Church Street, and 20, Queen 
 Street, Morecambe; formed in 1873. 
 
 Lancaster "Model" Building Society. Secretary, Mr. C. R. 
 Compston, 1, New* Road; 5th May, 1888.
 
 544 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 
 
 Carnforth and District Permanent Benefit Building- Society. 
 Secretary, Mr. H.J. Orr, Church Street, Carnforth ; ioth December, 
 1886. 
 
 Lancaster and Morecambe Building Society. Secretary, Mr. 
 A. W. Gorton; formed, 15th December, 1886. 
 
 John o'Gaunt Building Society. Secretaries, Messrs. Maxsted 
 and Gibson. 
 
 The first John o'Gaunt's book dates from 1861 ; the second 
 from 1873, and the third from 1886. 
 
 Literary and Scientific Societies. 
 
 The Amicable Society and Library was founded in 1768. Mr 
 W. O. Roper, Deputy Town Clerk, is the Secretary. 
 
 The Lancaster Philosophical Society was established in 1884. 
 
 Presidents. 
 
 W. H. Higgin, Esq., Q.C., 1 885-1 887 ; Rev. Canon Allen, 
 D.D., 1888; Edward B. Dawson, Esq., L.L.B., 1889; Rev. D. Davis, 
 B.A., 1890; Rev. W. E. Pryke, M.A., 1891 ; W. O. Roper, Esq. 
 
 The Lancaster School of Art was one of the first Schools of 
 Art established by the Science and Art Department after the 185 1 
 exhibition. It dates from 1856. The Secretary is Mr. J. W. 
 Pickard; Art Master: Mr. H. Gilbert. 
 
 The Lancaster Photographic Society, numbering fifty-five 
 members, formed in 1889. 
 
 The Lancaster Science Students' Association, established in 
 1889.
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 545 
 
 Musical and Operatic Societies. 
 
 Lancaster Choral Society, originally established in 1836; 
 revived by Mr. F. Dean, Mus. Bac, and others, in 1857. The 
 following gentlemen constituted the committee: Mr. John Stewart, 
 Mr. William Whelon, Mr. E. G. Paley, Mr. J. Shrigley, and Mr. 
 C. Howe; Treasurer, Mr. J.J. Maudsley; Secretary, Mr. Thomas 
 Johnson; Organist, Mr. George Kempe; Conductor, Mr. F. Dean. 
 
 Amateur Dramatic Society, established in September, 1S69; 
 revived in February, 1891 . First performance in the year 1869, "The 
 Illustrious Stranger," followed by a farce entitled "Raising the 
 Wind." 
 
 Lancaster Orchestral Society, established in October, 1881. 
 
 Church Defence. 
 
 Church Defence Institution, Lancaster Branch formed in 
 1872. Mr. J. Hatch, junr., secretary. 
 
 Law. 
 
 Law Society founded in 1838. 
 
 In 1800, according to an old law list, there were 63 barristers 
 and five silk gownsmen on the Northern Circuit, viz., Messrs. Law 
 and Park, and Sergeants Cockell, Clayton, and Hey wood. In 
 1844 there were 221 barristers, and thirteen silk gownsmen. In 
 1891 the number of barristers and silksmen on the Northern Circuit 
 was 325. Of this number 24 are Q.C's. 
 
 Marine Society 1792. Law Library attached. 
 
 Clubs. 
 
 County Club (non-political), established first in Great John 
 Street, where the Reform Club now is, in August, 1873. Steward, 
 Mr. Rose. 
 
 K2
 
 j 4 6 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 Lancaster Conservative Club, established in April, 1883. 
 President, the Rev. C. T. Royds, M.A., A.C.C.; secretary, J. W. 
 Marshall, Esq. ; treasurer, Mr. T. Bayley, 
 
 Lancaster Reform Club established in the summer of 1881. 
 Lord Edward Cavendish was the first president. Premises renovated 
 in 1891. 
 
 Temperance Society. 
 
 Lancaster Total Abstinence Society, founded in 1853. Pre- 
 sident, E. B. Dawson, Esq., Aldcliffe Hall ; secretary, Mr. F. W. 
 Smith. The first Temperance Society in Lancaster was founded 1832. 
 
 Horticultural and Agricultural Societies. 
 
 Lancaster and District Floral and Horticultural Society, 
 founded September 2nd, 1874, at a public meeting held in the 
 Exchange Hall, Penny Street, Henry Gregson, Esq., in the chair. 
 President, E. B. Dawson, Esq., Aldcliffe Hall ; secretary, Mr. T. 
 H. Stirzaker. 
 
 Lancaster Agricultural Society, established about 1796-8. 
 
 Another matter worth noting consists of the formation in 
 this, the county town, of the Royal North Lancashire Agricultural 
 Society, which held its first show here in 1847, Lord Stanley 
 iding at the dinner held in the National School. 
 
 Rowing Societies. 
 
 Lancaster Rowing Club, formed in 1843. Colonel Whalley 
 elected Commodore in 1871. The club used to meet on the Quay ; 
 it first met on Halton Water in 1845. (A Leander Rowing Club 
 was^established in May, 1845.)
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 547 
 
 John o'Gaunt Rowing Club, established in 1867 by gentle- 
 men belonging to the former club. The first name was entered 
 on August 20th, 1867. lion. Sec, Mr. E. Dugdale ; lion 
 treasurer, Couneillor Turney. 
 
 Various Clubs and Societies. 
 
 Luneside Cricket Club, June, 1841. 
 
 Lancaster Cycling- Club, established in 1887. Secretary, 
 Mr. S. Dawson; Treasurer, Mr. A. P. Bnlfield. 
 
 Lancaster Swimming- Club, established in 1889. 
 
 Lancaster Footpath Protection and Preservation Association, 
 established 1878. The first officers were proposed on what is known 
 as "Hard Times," on the moor. 
 
 The Gregson Memorial Club and Reading Rooms were opened 
 on the 20th of April, 1890. The Lancaster Coffee House Company 
 took over these premises about November, 1890. 
 
 The Lancaster and Skerton Co-operative Societv was estab- 
 lished in i860. 
 
 Lancaster and District Butchers' Association, established in 
 1889. Mr. Wm. Hathornthwaite, president; Mr. Joseph Parker, 
 Secretary. 
 
 The Schoolmasters' Benevolent Institution was established 
 in 1883. President: the Rev. Dr. Allen, Vicar of Lancaster; 
 Secretary: Mr. J. Hatch, Aldcliffe Road. 
 
 Home Teaching and General Help for the Blind: Branch 
 Society established in Lancaster, March 1st, 1891.
 
 ; 4 8 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 
 
 Charities, Addenda. 
 
 Mrs. Margaret France ,£300 upon trust, 20s. each to be paid to the inmates 
 of the Gillison and Penny Hospitals the day after her burial, and after the expenses 
 of the deed, &c, two-thirds of the funds remaining were to go to the Trustees of the 
 Lancaster Dispensary and the other third to be used in repairing or improving the 
 houses of the Gillison Hospital Will dated 27th May, 1S18. 
 
 Sir Thomas Gerrard's charity consisted of about £8 annually to debtors in 
 Lancaster Castle. 
 
 Sir John Harrison, by will dated 21st September, 1669, ,£100 to be laid out 
 in land for the benefit of the poor. 
 
 William Heysham's gift of East Green, Kent, consisted of messuages, lands, 
 and tenements situated at the ( rreaves, the same were to go to a certain Mary Miller for 
 life, and then at her death to the Lancaster Corporation for ever in trust, the rents 
 and profits to he divided among eight deserving poor men of the town selected by 
 the mayor, recorder, and three senior aldermen. Will is dated 22nd April, 1725. 
 
 Peter Lathom, of Bispham, left by will dated 2nd April, 1700, the profits of 
 as much land as ,£200 would purchase for the use of poor prisoners in the Castle. 
 
 William Edmundson left half the rent of Lowheld, in Scotforth, for the 
 benefit of debtors. 
 
 Abigail Rigby by will dated 1709 left a rent charge of £2 per annum to 
 poor widows not in receipt of parish relief. Another like rent charge for the benefit 
 of debtors was also left by this lady. 
 
 arietta Rigby by will dated 5th August, 1741, left .£,100 for the purchase 
 of lands near Lancaster, the vicar and mayor of the borough to distribute 20s. to four 
 poor widows, and the residue to be divided among twelve poor debtors in the Castle. 
 The legacy was ne'er laid out in land as directed by the testatrix. 
 
 George Rogerson left by r indenture dated 15th January, 1619, certain lands, 
 the rents to go towards providing aid for poor persons in Preston, and apprenticing 
 youths to suitable trades, the rest to be used in providing meat and drink for poor 
 debtors in the Castle at Lancaster. £9 yearly was to he distributed by the mayor of 
 Preston and four senior aldermen for Preston recipients, and the residue to the 
 Mayor of Lancaster and some ancient aldermen for like distribution amongst the 
 prisoneis. the amounts to be paid half yearly on the Feasts of St. John the Baptist 
 and St. Thomas the Apostle.
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 549 
 
 It is pleasing to observe from the second annual report of the Trustees of 
 the Lancaster Charities (1891) that there have been " two handsome contributions to 
 the funds available for out-door pensions: viz. , the Lancastei Clothing Society, per 
 Miss Hindle, ^80 ; a lady friend, ^30. On the receipt of these gifts the trustees 
 made grants of additional pensions of 5s. per week each to foui pool and ag 
 widows." It is also gratifying to learn that "The endowment fund has been 
 augmented during- the year by a legacy of ^xoo (free of legacy duty) from Mrs. J 
 Sandham, of Rugby, for Gardyner's Charity. Intimation lias also been received of 
 a very handsome bequest under the will of Miss Bradshaw. 
 
 The Lancaster and District Tramways Company, Limited, 
 was formed in 1S88, and incorporated under the Companies' Acts, 
 1862 to 1886, in 1889. The Royal Assent to the Tramways' Act is 
 dated July 26th, 1889. The capital of the Company consists of 
 ^40,000 with ^20,000 issue in 20,000 jQi shares, payable 2s. 6d. 
 on application, and 2s. 6d. per share on allotment. 
 
 The Lancaster and Morecambe section was first opened to 
 the public on Saturday, August 2nd, 1890. 
 
 SKERTON. 
 
 Of this village but little is known concerning its ancient 
 history. The name it bears is certainly a compound of Danish and 
 Saxon, and Anglicised represents simpiy Scartown, from Danish 
 skaar, a precipitous bank or rock, Icelandic sAor, Breton skitrr. 
 
 Skerton, or anciently Schertune, was estimated in the Dooms- 
 day Survey at six carucates within the extensive manor of Ha/tunc, 
 held by the Saxon Earl Tosti, Sartun is distinctly named among the 
 possessions of the Crown in the 6th of Henry III. (Rot. Fin. J 1222,
 
 55o TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 
 
 and it gave name to a family who held it by reeveship ' per provost- 
 eriam.' William, the first on record, gave to the lepers of St. 
 Leonard's Hospital, Lancaster, six acres in alms, and the monks of 
 Furneis 12 acres; to John de Thoraldestohn he gave 40 acres. 
 Roger de Skerton or Schertun, his sun, who died about 1225 (9th 
 Henry III.) held half a carucate of land ' per provos/eriam ' and gave 
 to Philip, the clerk, five acres (Testa de NevilL). In a Roll of Fines 
 (9th Henry III), is a mandate to the Sheriff expressed in these terms : 
 " It appears to the King by the inquisition which he caused to be 
 made, that Roger de Skerton held of the Crown half a carucate, 
 with appurtenances in Skerton, and that Robert de Skerton, his son, 
 is the next heir ; " the Sheriff is, therefore, commanded to take 
 security for half a mark, to be paid to the King for his relief, and 
 to deliver seisin to Robert de Skertun (Rot. Fin. m. j.J It also 
 appears according to the Testa de Nevill that Robert, son of Roger 
 de Shertenay, held half a carucate in the same town by the service 
 of being the King's reeve in Skerton, and it was worth 40s. Robert 
 de Skerton gave to the Prior} - o\ Lancaster a place called Muffors- 
 cote, near the road to Bare ; an acre between Harmcs and Longrig ; 
 and an acre in the plain of Scarton near to Hareham Syke ; half a 
 bovate of land in the vliL oi Bare (Reg. St. Mary). It does not 
 appear at what period these local proprietors ceased their connection 
 with the township. !n the 25th Edward 1. (1297) Skerton was one 
 of the possessions of Edmund, Earl of Lancaster; in the 17th 
 Edward II. (1323-4) John Travers had a grant of lands and tene- 
 ments in Skerton, Torrisholme and Bare, besides other places in 
 Lonsdale (Rot. Pat. iyth Ed. ii p.l. in. 2). In the survey of 1320-6 
 ( Chetham Society Ixxiv. p. 6jJ, John Pedes holds 20 acres in 
 Skerton in socage ; John Lawrence, 22 acres ; the Abbot of 
 Fourneux, 1 toft and 25 acres ; the Prior of Lancaster, 4 
 acres. Skerton was accounted a manor among the estates of 
 John of Gaunt, in 1361, when, or perhaps before that time, John 
 Lawrence held 30 acres of land. In the i6th year of Henry VII. 
 (1501), it was held as a manor by Sir fames Lawrence; but in 
 inquisitions after the deaths of others of the same family, it is not 
 styled a manor. Beaumont, in this township, was one of the ancient 
 granges or farms belonging to the Abbey of Furness.
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 XV 
 
 The village of Skerton has been considered a rough spot 
 earlier on in the present century. Since the incorporation of the 
 township, in 1888, many improvements have taken place. Dwelling' 
 houses and shops have been rebuilt, and the old county police 
 station relinquished in favour of new premises erected in 1889-90 at 
 a cost of ^5,000. At Acrelands, in this parish, Mr. W. H. Higgin, 
 Q.C., was born (see biographical notice). Lune Bank is the old 
 seat of the Housman family, (see also Biographies). William Shaw 
 Simpson was also born here. Ryelands, the seat of the member 
 for the Lancaster division, was erected about fifty-two years ago, 
 by Mr. W. Dunn. Mr. Williamson purchased this estate in 1874, 
 for ^24,500. It contains 90 acres. On the the opposite side is 
 Lune Villa, the delightful seat of Mr. Smalley. The township 
 contains about 1,186 acres of land. 
 
 The Church at Skerton was erected in 1833. It is dedicated 
 to St. Luke. The incumbents of Skerton have been the Rev. C. 
 Bury, appointed in 1833. He was succeeded by the Rev. Barclay 
 Bevan, rector of Brede, Sussex, May 9th, 1840; who resigned the 
 living in October, 1S42. He was succeeded by the Rev. John Barrow, 
 who died February 28th, 1844. The Rev. Edmund Clay, vicar, 
 1847. Next came the Rev. Robert Simpson, M.A., author of the 
 " History and Antiquities of Lancaster." who died May 6th, 1855, 
 aged 58. After him we have the Rev. T. Lodge, followed by the 
 Rev. W. C. Bradbury and the Rev. John Brack, present incumbent. 
 A Mr. Davis is mentioned on page 93 of " Lancaster Churches and 
 Chapels." 
 
 The Rev. T. Lodge, I learn, was Incumbent twelve or 
 thirteen years, and the Rev. W. C. Bradbury a little over twelve 
 months. 
 
 The interior of the Church is bright and pleasant, and makes 
 one fancy he is in a rural sanctuary, far away from Skerton Bridge.
 
 552 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 On the north wall near the east end is the following 
 memorial : — 
 
 this tablet 
 
 to the memory of the late 
 
 Rev. Thomas Barrow, 
 
 incumbent of st. lukes, skerton, 
 
 who departed this life february 19th, 1 844, 
 
 aged 28 years. 
 
 is erected by numerous friends who desire thus to record 
 
 their high esteem for him as a faithful preacher and 
 
 consistent christian. 
 '• He being" dead yet speaketh." — Heb. xi. 3. 
 
 On the south wall is one- 
 
 IN MEMORY OF 
 
 Captain Thomas Graham (2ND Bombay Grenadiers), 
 
 WHO DIED AT SKERTON, IITH MAY, 1837, 
 AND WAS BURIED IN THIS CHURCH YARD, 
 
 ^T 35. 
 
 ALSO OF HIS CHILDREN 
 
 WHO DIED IN INDIA 
 
 IN THEIR INFANCY 
 
 AND 
 
 Thomas (ist Lieut. Bombay Artillery), 
 
 who died in india, between suez and cairo, 
 
 on his way home from india, 5th june, 1 855, 
 
 and was buried at the 4th station from suez. 
 
 JET 23. 
 
 also John, (late Captain 2sd Bombay Grenadiers), 
 who died in bombay, november 28th, 1864, 
 
 -^ T 35- 
 
 and of Helen Bridget, widow of the above 
 
 Captain Thomas Graham, who departed this life 
 
 at buckleigh, westward ho, on the 25th july, 1 876. 
 
 in her /3rd year.
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 
 
 03.1 
 
 Another states that — 
 
 THIS TABLET 
 
 IN MEMORY OF JOSEPH WHALLEY OF LANCASTER, 
 
 BARR1STER-AT-LAW OF THE HON. SOCIETY OF LINCOLN'S INN, ESQ., 
 
 WHO DIED AT LEAMINGTON, MARCH 8TH, 1850, 
 
 AGED 35 YEARS, 
 
 IS ERECTED BY HIS DEEPLY SORROWING WIDOW 
 
 AS A TRIBUTE OF' AFFECTION. 
 
 " Yea, they may forget, yet will I not forget thee." — 49 Isiah 15 v. 
 On a brass below is read — 
 
 in memory of 
 Charles Lawson Whalley, 
 
 of richmond house, esq., 
 
 who died june 3rd, 1 884, 
 
 aged 65 years. 
 
 Next is a marble — 
 
 in memory of 
 
 John Ellershaw, of Skerton, 
 
 who died november 29th, 1 845, 
 
 aged 68 years. 
 
 ALSO OF 
 
 Nancy, his widow, 
 
 who died march 6th, 1855, 
 
 aged 75 years. 
 
 ALSO OF 
 
 Mary, their daughter, 
 
 who died november 22nd, 1 87 1, 
 
 aged 64 years, 
 
 ALSO OF 
 
 John, their son, 
 
 who died february 5th, 1880, 
 
 aged 70 years.
 
 554 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 At the base of the north lancet window of the east end of the 
 Church are these words: — "To the Glory of God and in loving 
 memory of Frances Margaret Whalley, widow of the late Joseph 
 Whalley, of Lancaster, Esq., who died September the 22nd, 1882. 
 This window is erected by her sons." The subject of the stained 
 work is "Christ the Light of this World." The corresponding 
 window on the south side, the subject of which is "The Good 
 Shepherd," is thus inscribed : — " To the glory of God and in loving 
 memory ot Frances Mary, daughter of the late Joseph Whalley, of 
 Lancaster, Esq., who died April 18th, 1882, this window is placed 
 by her brothers." 
 
 At the south side of the chancel, or portion of the church 
 where the chancel should be, is a window representing the Patron 
 Saint of the Church. It is inserted " In memory of Richard Clark, 
 of Cross Hill, who died on the 13th of February, 1838." A lancet 
 light in the south aisle bears the figures of "Christ and his disciples;" 
 also an open bible with these words displayed upon its pages "Blessed 
 are the poor in spirit for theirs is the kingdom of Heaven," and, like- 
 wise, the well-known symbol of the "Trinity." This window is a 
 memorial of "The Rev. Enoch Brosser, of Yale Cottage, who 
 died December 2 1 st, a.d. 1854, aged 71 years. Also Emma Brosser, 
 wife of the above, who died October 30th, 1866, aged 81 years." 
 
 There is an elegant eagle lectern in brass and the Bible it 
 bears is labelled within "Presented to the Rev. J. Brack by the 
 Churchwardens and Sunday School Teachers of St. Luke's Church, 
 Skerton, as a small token of their esteem. Christmas, 1882." 
 
 The Prayer Desk on the south side is inscribed within :— St. 
 Luke's, Skerton. The gift of the Rev. Samuel Simpson, M.A., 
 January 1st, 1871." 
 
 The organ occupies a position on the north side of the Com- 
 munion, or east end, of the Church. It was erected by George 
 Greenall, organ builder, of Lancaster.
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 330 
 
 There are about forty-two centre pews, eight of which are 
 marked "Free." There are nineteen on the north side and twenty- 
 one on the south side, eight of which, four on either side, are also 
 " Free." Altogether there are eighty-two pews, sixteen of which 
 are free, and six choir stalls. There is a gallery at the west end. 
 
 In the Vestry is a Scale of interment, vault, and gravestone 
 
 charges. 
 
 Single vault or grave, exclusive right of burial 
 
 Burial fees for same ... 
 
 A double vault or grave, exclusive right of burial ... 
 
 Burial dues according to Sexton's labour. 
 
 A chest over a single or double vault of stone 
 
 Rails over a double vault or grave 
 
 Over a single vault or grave 
 
 An upright or flat stone 
 
 Re-opening a single vault ... 
 
 Re-opening a grave over which there is a headstone or a flat stone 
 
 An ordinary grave for one over twelve years old, burial dues inclusive 
 
 An ordinary grave for one of one year of age and over, burial dues inclusive 
 
 Infants under twelve months, burial dues inclusive 
 
 Non-parishioners double dues. 
 
 
 s. 
 3 
 
 d. 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 15 
 
 6 
 
 . 6 
 
 6 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 ■ 5 
 
 5 
 
 o 
 
 2 
 
 IO 
 
 o 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 o 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 o 
 
 . 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 O 
 
 IO 
 
 o 
 
 e o 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 . o 
 
 5 
 
 o 
 
 John Brack, Vicar. 
 William Hall, \ 
 Tnos. A. Vince, / 
 
 Churchwardens. 
 
 In the churchyard are many beautiful marble monuments to 
 departed parishioners and others. Here are a few of the inscrip- 
 tions. First I noticed a large granite pillar thus engraved — 
 
 in memory 
 of John Fitzsimons, 
 district manager of the l. & n.w. railway, 
 many years manager of the l. & c. line, 
 
 DIED IzJTH MARCH, 1880, 
 AGED 68 YEARS.
 
 556 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 Another stone is 
 
 in memory of 
 
 The Rev. John Swainson 
 
 rector of epperstone, 
 
 county notts, who died 
 
 at morecambe, november iith, 1853, 
 
 AGED 46. 
 ALSO OF 
 
 Nancy, his wife, 
 who died at great malvern, 
 
 MAY I2TH, 1873, 
 AGED 63. 
 
 ' Blessed are the dead which die in the Lord.' 
 
 Two neat marble slabs cover the remains of two members 
 of the Moore family. The first is 
 
 in memory of 
 
 Niven Moore, c.b., 
 
 late consul general ix syria, 
 
 who died at london, february i5th, 1 889, 
 
 aged 93 years. 
 
 ' I know that my Redeemer liveth.' 
 
 The second is 
 
 in memory of 
 
 The Rev. Bernard Moore, 
 
 rector of bayfield, 
 
 who died at crook, april i4th, 1884,, 
 
 aged 84 years. 
 
 ' I know that my Redeemer liveth.' 
 
 The remains of the late historian of Lancaster, the Rev. 
 Robert Simpson, Incumbent of Skerton about five years, were laid 
 at the east end of this burial yard, and a flat stone, with an iron
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 557 
 
 railing- round it, bears this record :— 
 
 SACRED 
 
 to the memory of 
 
 The Rev. Robert Simpson, m.a. 
 
 incumbent of st. luke's, skerton, 
 
 who departed this life may 6th, 1855, 
 
 aged 58 years. 
 
 'To him to live was Christ, therefore to die was g"ain.' 
 
 I observed an upright stone the centre of which was hollowed 
 out in the shape of a cross, the space being- intended for flowers. 
 The space is made level with the surface of the headstone by a 
 facing of glass. This original device, anything similar to which 1 
 have not seen outside London, perpetuates the memory of Elizabeth 
 Ann, wife of John Gray, who died January 16th, 1883, aged 35 years. 
 A dark headstone commemorates the Townleys. It is inscribed : — 
 
 SACRED 
 
 to the memory of 
 Arthur Townley, of Skerton, 
 who died june 2nd, 1 834, 
 (the first male interred in this yard,) 
 
 aged 43 years. 
 
 also Jennet Elizabeth, his daughter, 
 
 who died July 7TH, 1830, 
 
 aged 16 months. 
 
 also Ellen, his daughter, 
 
 who died july 2 2nd, 1 837, 
 
 aged 18 years. 
 (A verse follows this last name). 
 
 also Rebecca, widow of the above, 
 who died august 2 i st, 1 878, 
 
 AGED 8l YEARS.
 
 558 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 Among other graves are those of "Jonathan Dunn, of Rye- 
 ands, who died May 2nd, 1S57, aged 78. The stone states that 
 " He was one of the chief promoters of the building of Skerton 
 Church, and, as one of the Trustees, ever took an earnest interest 
 in the objects for which it was erected. " Blessed is he that con- 
 sidered the poor." — Psalm xli., 6. 
 
 Then there are the Housman tombs, one of which is — 
 
 " Sacred to the memory of William Vernon Housman, eldest 
 son of William and Mary Housman, of St. John's Wood, London, 
 who, whilst pursuing his studies at the University of Edinburgh, 
 giving promise of future eminence in the profession of medicine, was 
 attacked with symptons of consumption, and whilst journeying 
 towards home in the hope that change of air might be blessed to 
 the restoration of his health, it pleased God to bring down his 
 strength in his journey and shorten his days. He died at Lancaster, 
 on the 10th of April, 1839, in the 20th year of his age, and his 
 remains rest by the side of his paternal grandfather, the Rev. Robert 
 Housman. ' Be still and know that I am God.' " 
 
 On the left is the Hat stone which informs the reader that — 
 
 here lie the remains of 
 
 Robert Housman, 
 
 the founder and for above forty years 
 
 the incumbent of st. anne's, lancaster, 
 
 born 25th february, ij50, 
 
 died 23rd april, 1838. 
 
 The name, Robert Eletcher Housman, of Lune Bank, is to 
 be seen near to. This gentleman was born May ist, 1807, died 
 July 8th, 1872. He wrote the life of the founder of St. Anne's 
 Church. 
 
 In the new part of the ground is a memorial: 
 
 "In loving memory of Agnes, widow of Robert Fletcher 
 Housman; born March 21st, 1807; died August 14th, 188S." The
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 559 
 
 memorial stone is a larg - e handsome rock, on which a cross is laid, 
 signifying the cross of life laid down. 
 
 Other memorials mark the graves ol~ Thomas G. Dodson, 
 second son of the late John Dodson, Esq., of Lancaster, who 
 departed this life December 5th, 1846, aged 25 years — of Sarah 
 Howes Lucas, the beloved wife of the Rev. Edmund Clay, B.A., 
 Incumbent of St. Luke's, Skerton, who died December 20th, 1847, 
 aged 23 years — of Jane Robinson, relict of Joseph Robinson, Esq., 
 of Cargo Hill, who died June 27th, 1858, in her 96th year — of 
 Eleanor, wife of John Woodhouse, of Scale Hall, who died April 
 21st, 1884, aged 58 years, and of John Woodhouse, who died Sep- 
 tember 8th, 1887, aged 62 years — and of Stephen Ross, of Lancaster, 
 son of Henry Ross, West India Merchant, of Liverpool, who died 
 October 4th, 1869, and of Charlotte, his wife, who died April 28th, 
 1859 (no age given). Henry Ross, solicitor, of Lincoln's Inn, also 
 appears below. 
 
 The last inscription commemorates one "James Embley, 
 who died the 1st day of February, i860, aged 74 years. The last 
 words of this poor imbecile were ' I am going, they will put me 
 down; be in better place to-morrow." Very significant words 
 from such a man, arguing much in favour of a future state. A 
 sketch of the old man appears at the head of the tomb. 
 
 Tombs in memory of families named Greene, Bond, Tatham, 
 Stirzaker, Hinde, Jackson, Pritt, Thompson, Kendal and Balder- 
 ston are likewise to be met with in this burial ground. Joseph 
 Eastwood, who died June 27th, 1875, aged 74; Robert Aldren, who 
 died June 13th, 1868, aged 76 ; William Satterthwaite, who died 
 August 28th, 1865, aged 69 ; and George Danson, who died May 
 1 6th, 1869, in his 52nd year, are names which represent some 
 well known local characters of the past. 
 
 During the present Vicar's time, extending over a period of 
 more than twenty years, large sums of money have been raised in
 
 5 6o TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 
 
 connection with the Church and Schools. During the first year of 
 his Vicariate the whole income of the benefice from all sources was 
 only ^70, now it amounts to nearly ^300. The Church was 
 restored in 1882, at a cost of over ^1,000. The Schools have been 
 enlarged and also the Burial Ground. Altogether, during the last 
 eighteen years ^"8,000 have been raised for special purposes in 
 connection with Church work in Skerton. 
 
 In connection with the Church there are St. Luke's National 
 Schools. Mr. Christopher Pickering is the Head Master of the 
 Mixed School, and Miss F. Bond head mistress of the Infant 
 School. These Schools have been under Government Inspection 
 since 1870. They were enlarged in 1877, a * a cost of about ^900. 
 They have an endowment of the value of ^27 a year, by Charities 
 named the Williamson and Jepson Charities. The trustees of these 
 Charities, by a recent order of the Charity Commissioners, are the 
 Vicar and Churchwardens for the time being of St. Luke's Church. 
 
 There are two bells in the tower of the Church. 
 
 There is a Wesleyan Chapel which dates from March, 1868. 
 The foundation stone of the new school behind it was laid on the 
 15th October, 1884, by Mrs. James Helme. An old Skertonian 
 informed me that the Skerton Wesleyans first met in a house at the 
 corner of Anchor Lane, and subsequently at the premises now 
 occupied by Mr. Trow. The Primitive Methodist Chapel, a small 
 edifice formed out of a private house, dates from 1875, says the 
 Rev. R. Church. 
 
 The British School, erected in 1890-91, was opened in April, 
 1891. The cost, I hear, is about ^3,999. Principal, Mr. J. N. 
 Armstsong. 
 
 Charities. 
 
 There are three Charities connected with the parish and 
 township of Skerton, which I shall best describe by reproducing the
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. ^" 
 
 remarks of R. Durnford, Esq., AssisLant Charily Commissioner, 
 
 made at the recent inquiry held on the i ith oi' March, [891. 
 
 "The charities of Henry Williamson, Jane Jepson, and a donor 
 unknown but which had gone by the name of Money's charity. The 
 first trust deed was dated 25th March, 1734, and it recited that Jane 
 Jepson had given into the hands of John Housman the sum of;£ioo 
 for certain purposes, one of which was that the sum of ,^.00 should 
 be employed in building or purchasing a schoolhouse in Skerton, and 
 that any surplus which might remain after the erection of such house 
 should be lent out at interest and the yearly produce thereof paid to 
 a schoolmaster for the teaching of poor children. The trust <.\c^o\ of 
 Henry Williamson was dated the 10th February, 1707, and by it he 
 bequeathed to certain persons jQ 100 to be placed upon good security 
 or in the stocks or purchase land and apply the yearly produce 
 ' towards teaching young children belonging to the township to 
 read the Bible, write, knit or sew, and if any overplus should be, 
 that the same should be laid out in clothing such children as should 
 be indigent." Then there was also the charity of the donor unknown, 
 called Money's Charity. It appeared that there was an indenture, 
 bearing date 13th December, 1760, which recited an indenture of 
 mortgage dated 2nd November, 1750, whereby two messuages and 
 a garden situate in Skerton had been mortgaged to James Rig- 
 maiden and Peter Cock, trustees on behalf of the inhabitants of 
 Skerton for securing the sum of ^28 with interest, to be applied 
 towards the support of the poor inhabitants of Skerton. It further 
 recited that the deed of mortgage had been lost, and that Elizabeth 
 Money and John Money demised the same premises for 1,000 years 
 to James Rigmaiden and Peter Cock in trust for the use of the 
 township under a proviso that the same should be void on the pay- 
 ment of ^,28 with interest, and by two further endorsements on the 
 mortgage of 1750 the premises had been charged with two further 
 sums of £2 and £$, and that there was due for principal and 
 interest ^40 2s. 1 1 V-jd. It also recited that John Money had agreed 
 with Peter Cock and Henry Williamson, who had been appointed 
 sidesman in the room of James Rigmaiden. for the release of the 
 
 02
 
 562 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 
 
 equity of redemption of the premises for ^.20 2s. iiV 2 d., and on 
 the payment of this sum the redemption of the property was released 
 upon trust to employ the rents and profits from the premises towards 
 the support and maintenance of the poor inhabitants of the township 
 of Skerton. It was further stated that the premises derived under 
 the deed consisted of four houses and a shippon. Three of the 
 houses and the shippon were let to yearly tenants at rents of 
 ^4, ^2, 12s., and £2 2s. The Williamson Charity was bequeathed 
 by Henry Williamson by his will dated 10th of February, 171)7. 
 to the sidesmen of Skerton. Jane Jepson's Charity, at its inception, 
 was conveyed to John Rigmaiden and Nicholas Carver, two of the 
 twenty-four men, or sidesmen of Skerton, and Thomas Wakefield, 
 churchwarden. 
 
 Old HorsE>. 
 
 There are some old houses in Skerton. first comes the old 
 Fish house, over the door of which is a salmon and the date, 1650, 
 on the left hand, while on the right is the letter S. This house 
 once belonged to the Beaumont Fisher) . 
 
 Other houses hear the following' initials and date-. : 
 
 
 L. 
 
 R. 
 
 E. 
 
 
 1714. 
 
 
 W. 
 
 J. 
 
 11. 
 
 
 [73 6 - 
 
 
 A. 
 
 R 
 
 M. 
 
 
 '7<'3- 
 
 
 A. 
 
 R. 
 
 M. 
 
 
 1824.
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 563 
 
 There is a thoroughfare called Kiln Lane. Probably a Kylna 
 or drying house for corn stood somewhere near in Saxon times, and 
 the name has survived. 
 
 The houses on the Skerton side of the river, forming the 
 terrace, stand on what is still known as the Kind's Meadow. The 
 land would receive its name owing to its close proximity to the 
 " King's Highway" which passed o\uv the Lune. 
 
 The old County Police Station was built in i860. 
 
 The new one erected in 1889, is a fine edifice, costing about 
 £.'5,000. The main block of the building is 150 feet in length and 
 has a facade of "blocking courses" or rock-faced ashlar stone. The 
 width at the end o\ the superintendent's house is 40 feet 6 inches , 
 the opposite end 54 feet 6 inches. There are four cells. The 
 Weights and Measures Office is in Barley Cop Lane. Times and 
 aspects have changed hereabouts since the eccentric Matthias Saul 
 had his tower-like summer-house at the end of this lane. Going 
 beyond the County Constabulary you see on your right the elevated 
 structure in what was known as Birkett's Tea Gardens. This place 
 was disposed of bv the Birketts to the Housmans, who sold it to the 
 Ellershaws, and from the latter it passed to the Horsfalls. 
 
 The road now called Morecambe Road used to be known 
 as Bracken Lane long before it was designated Poulton Lane. 
 
 Mr. Wilson, builder, has an old deed dated 1758, the parties 
 to it being Zecharv Hubberstey, William Thornton and Catherine 
 his wife, Efrancis Atkinson and Thomas Bell of Lancaster, Inn- 
 keeper. Attached to this document is a plan of certain lots oi land 
 "to be sold on Wednesday the 5th of January 1757." This plan 
 shows Thornton Street, since called "Captain Thompson Row," 
 Back Alley, behind Thornton Street, Cross Street running from 
 Thornton Street to the turnpike, Thornton's Croft and the new road 
 to Skerton. The sites of Skerton Cross, Skerton Cross Barn and
 
 564 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 
 
 the old Cross gate are clearly indicated. The deed mentions Dr. 
 Fenton, the Rev. Thomas Hunter, Vicar of Garstang, Charles 
 Lambert, gentleman, and James Collinson as the surviving execu- 
 tors of William Stratford, doctor of Laws, &c. ; it is endorsed 
 thus : — " William Thornton and others to Thomas Beck, ffeofment of 
 Lot No. 2, in a Held near Skerton Cross. Consn. £19." 
 
 Of old Hostelries done away with may be named, first, the 
 Inn with the sign which bore this simple couplet. 
 
 The gate hangs free, and in there's nunc, 
 Refresh ami pay and travel on. 
 
 This Inn was abolished fort)" years ago. The Hand and Heart, last 
 kepi by Thomas Winder, the Horse and Farrier and the Bird in 
 Hand are likewise now existent only in old men's memories. 
 
 Inseparably connected with the old Millstone Inn, kept by 
 William Carter, Robert Wilkinson, and John Thompson, is the 
 story of the dog "Jack" belonging to Mr. Wilkinson, a dog which 
 regularly attended his work in connection with the Skerton fisherv 
 as if he had been a fisherman. During the time the men were 
 drawing "Jack" would swim round the outside of the net, and by 
 barking and other means try to drive out of the shallow water am' 
 fish endevouring to escape. This dog was painted on the sign 
 above the door at the Millstone. When Mr. William Carter and 
 Mr. Robert Blackburn rented the fisherv as much as a ton of fish 
 per day was caught at Skerton. 
 
 Mr. Carter remained tenant of the Millstone until the Halton 
 Hall estate was again disposed of, in 1&32, by auction. The 
 population of rural Skerton (1891) is 311. 
 
 The Rev. Robert Simpson, M.A. 
 
 The Rev. Robert Simpson, M.A., author of the "History of 
 Lancaster" was born in Derby, in 1796, and after graduating at 
 Queen's College, Cambridge, was ordained, and afterwards was con- 

 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 56; 
 
 nected as minister with several churches in Derby. Leaving Derby, in 
 1832, he went to Newark-on-Trent, where he remained until 1843, 
 when, health compelling him to seek a milder climate, he settled at 
 Clifton (Bristol), officiating at St. Paul's, Portland Square, during 
 the greater part of the next seven years, leaving, in 1850, for St. 
 Puke's, Skerton, near Lancaster, where he continued until his death 
 which took place on the 6th oi' May, 1855. In addition to the 
 " History of Lancaster," Mr. Simpson was also the author of a 
 " History of Derby," in 2 vols., (1826), "A Clergyman's Manual," 
 (1842), and various volumes of Sermons and other subjects, also a 
 Primer for the use of Sunday Schools, which has been extensively 
 used by the Church Missionary Society in its various stations in all 
 parts of the world. 
 
 [Kindly communicated by a member of the family.) 
 
 SCOTPORTH. 
 
 In the Testa de Nevill it is recorded that William Fitz Gilbert 
 gave to Hugh Norman two carucates (160 acres), in Scotforth, to 
 be held in Knight's service. This place has passed through the 
 families of Lancaster, Gynes or Coucy, Coupeland, Lawrence, 
 Gerard and Hamilton, a fourth part of the manor being held by 
 John, Duke of Bedford, in the reign oi Henry VI. A number of the 
 Scottish rebels, in 1745, were quartered in the village, but did not 
 annoy the inhabitants. An Act of Parliament for enclosing lands 
 in the township of Scotforth, in the parish of Lancaster, was passed 
 on the 5th of May, 1806. Burrow, formerly Burrough, is a small 
 hamlet in this township, oi which, says Haines, the name indicates 
 antiquity.
 
 566 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 St. Paul's Church, Scotforth, was erected in 1874. It was 
 
 designed by Mr. Edmund Sharpe, and is in the Transition style. 
 
 The *nave is 50ft. by 20ft., with two side aisles 1 1 ft. wide. Cost of 
 
 building about ^3,000. The vicar is the Rev. W. Armitage, M.A. 
 
 The church contains three brasses to the Brockbanks and the Sharpes. 
 
 The origin of the old school founded at Scotforth is unknown. 
 There was a house containing the school-room kept in repair by the 
 township. The master had an allotment of land upon Scotforth 
 Common, which he let for about 50s. an J. he also received 45s. 
 the interest of a legacy. In respect of this income he instructed 
 eight poor children, but charged for others. There were generally 
 between 20 and 30 scholars. The present schools were opened in 
 1879. Head master, Mr. J. Parker. 
 
 Parkinson's Charity, 1799, consisted of £.300 in the three per 
 cent, bank annuity in trust for the support of the school in Scot- 
 forth. The stock was sold, and the produce suffered to remain in 
 the hands of John Dawson without security. He paid the interest 
 up to August, 182 1, to the schoolmaster. He then became embar- 
 rassed in circumstances and assigned over his effects. 
 
 Taylor's Charit) dates from 1814. The interest consisted of ,£.50 
 to 1 he poor of Scotforth. Caw son's Charity of ib<>o represented a rent 
 charge of 5s. to the poor. Cooke's Charity, 1640, a rent charge ot 
 5s. used to be paid to the poor of Scotforth, but has latterly, says 
 Baines, been paid to the poor of Quernmore, the gift not being- 
 confined to this township. It has already been remarked that 
 Scotforth might have been famous fov a battle fought at Culloden 
 soon after a battle site in this suburb of Lancaster was chosen. 
 The name Scotforth reminds us of the ancient Scot, payment ot 
 Saxon times. There would probably be a ford tax on cattle. 
 
 Alucliffe. 
 
 "The Manor of Aldcliffe," says the Tyldesley Diary, " form- 
 erl) belonged to the Priory of Lancaster, and after the Reformation 
 became the property of the Daltons of Thurnham. It belonged to 
 * In 1891 the nave was extended 24 feet.
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 567 
 
 this family in the 30th of Elizabeth, and a moiety of it was 
 conveyed in marriage by Dorothy, youngest daughter and co-heiress 
 of Robert Dalton, Esq., to Edward Riddell, Esq., of Swinburne 
 
 Castle, Northumberland, the remainder, being left for the support 
 of the Catholic Clergy, was confiscated to the family of Dawson, 
 about the year 1 7 1 3. In pulling- down the old hall, in 1817, a stone 
 it is said was found inscribed, ' We are Catholic Virgins, who scorn 
 to change with the times.' This undoubtedly refers to the seven 
 daughters of Robert Dalton, Esq., by Eliza, daughter of Win. Hulton 
 of Hulton Park, Count)- Lancaster, Esq., who was the eldest son 
 of Thomas Dalton, and Ann his wife, daughter of Sir Richard 
 Molyneux of Sefton. *Thomas, Robert Dalton's son was the 
 colonel of a horse. He was killed from wounds received at the 
 Battle of Newbury. He was the grandfather of the the two co- 
 heiresses, Elizabeth and Dorothy, between whom the Manor of 
 AldclifFe was divided. Baines says, after alluding to the moiety of 
 Aldcliffe being conveyed in marriage by Dorothy youngest daughter 
 and co-heiress of. John Dalton Esq., to Edward Riddell, Esq., that 
 "the remainder being left for the support of the secular clery was 
 confiscated to the Crown for the third time, and by the Crown was 
 first let and afterwards sold to the family of Dawson about the year 
 1731 ;" that "Edward Dawson, Esq., of Aldcliffe Hall, one of the 
 most spirited agriculturists in the county, having purchased the 
 other moiety from Mr. Ralph Riddell, considerably improved the 
 estate, by enclosing the chief part of Aldcliffe Marsh in the summer 
 of 1820, at an expense of ^2,000. For this work the Society of 
 Arts and Sciences presented him with a gold medal, inscribed 
 ' Edward Dawson, Esq., 1821, for embanking r 66 acres of marsh at 
 the mouth of the river Lune." 
 
 Aldcliffe, anciently Aldeclif, denoting Old Cliff, according to 
 
 Domesday contained two caucates. The original Hall was erected 
 in the time of William Rufus, and was granted by Roger de Poictou 
 
 ■ Robert Dalton, who died in 1626, was succeeded by Ids eldest son Thomas, 
 who raised a regiment and fought for King Charles, and was wounded at the second 
 Battle of Newbury, October 27th, 1(144. an< ' was taken to Marlborough, where six 
 days later he died. Robert his younger brother died unmarried.
 
 568 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 to the Abbey of Sees in Normandy from which it passed to the 
 dependent house of Syon in Middlesex. In the grounds of the hall 
 are to be seen some of the finest Sycamore trees in this county, 
 The late E. Dawson, Esq. was interred in a burial place prepared 
 in the garden of the Hall, in March, 187b. 
 
 Sir John Harrison was grandson of Thomas Harrison, of 
 Aldcliffe, who married Jane Heysham, of Highfield. The township 
 of Aldcliffe anciently appears to have included Bulk, according to 
 the survey of the Augustinan Monastery of Syon, entitled "the 
 Surveying of Manors, Londs, Tenements, and other possessions in 
 the Countye of Lancaster, perteynyng to the Monasterie of Syon 
 2ndo Hen. 8vi." In this document the " Wodde" called Rigge 
 (Ridge in Bulk) is mentioned thus '"Also ther be 2 Wodds of my 
 
 Ladys on is called the Rigge and the other is called as for 
 
 the rigge it is well grown with fair yong oke which wilbe fare 
 tymbre within fewe vers, if it is kept as it is, for ther is no great 
 wast therein, ther is tymbre trees in it but no great number, also 
 ther hath ben a lodge for the keper of the wodde to resort to but 
 not to dwell in, it is in dekay and therefore Cieorge Singleton is 
 commanded to repair it." 
 
 Also ther is on called Olyver or Roger Suthworth which 
 holdeth the third part of the Hirbage of the seid Wodde called the 
 Rigge in term and pay therfore qod yerely to my Lady. And the 
 seid Suthworth is discharged by my lady's councell because he haithe 
 felled wood and made distraction thereof and claymeth to have the 
 pannage as well as the hirbage which was never in his lease nor 
 never had, but only my huh .o\d Mich as she suffrid to have it as 
 the keper of the wodde ; also the seid Suthworth makth not the 
 enclosures of the seid wods but hurteth other tenants adjoynyng 
 (and he was agenst my lady's tenants of Neuton and Bulk to have 
 enclosed their comen from them) and he suyth William Syghote in 
 the Court of Lancaster for the same pannage, and not in my Lady's 
 Courts. As for the tit her Woode ther is neither tymbre, trees, nov 
 yong oke likly to be tymbre, it haith ben so takyn on by tenants
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 569 
 
 that it is almost destroyed. There be many scrugges therein which 
 will help to repair such tenements or barnes as my lady hath when 
 neid is, if they be kept from hensfurth. 
 
 And so for the savegard of the seid Wodds ther is a payn of 
 is. 3d. putte in the Courte to every tenant that fellith anv Wodds 
 ther from hensforth without license and divers other amercyed in 
 the Courte for such fellyngs as be made aforetyme." 
 
 The term pannage signifies " The mast of the woods." also 
 a " tax upon cloth," says Boyer. 
 
 It appears that the Court of the Lady Abbess was held at 
 '■ Alclil the Monday after the Feast of the Decollation of Seynt John 
 in the- second yere of King- Henry the Eighth, when my ladys 
 tenants appered as haith ben accustomyd." The old survey quoted 
 is preserved in the muniments of Halton Hall. 
 
 Bulk was often written Booke, and Bowke or Bouke, as see 
 Dtwutiis Lancastrice. It simply means a hollow place by the hill or 
 bv the riiisre or rid":e. bulk was anciently called Newton. 
 
 The seven daughters of Robert Dalton, Esq., who died in 
 162b, were Margaret, Elizabeth, Anne, Ellen, Dorothy, Catherine, 
 and Eleanor. The stone bore these words : 
 
 CATHOLICA 
 
 VIRGINES XOS 
 
 SUMUS : MUTARE 
 
 VEL THMPORK 
 
 SPERXI.MVS *%* 
 
 ANO ►**: DNI 
 
 1674. 
 
 Mr. Joseph Gillow says that " unfortunately the word which 
 should appear in the space marked by the asterisks is too far
 
 .-)/ 
 
 o TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 obliterated to he deciphered from below but most probably it 
 should be " dua." 
 
 Robert Dalton had ten daughters, viz.: -Margaret, Eliza- 
 beth, Anne, Jane, Catherine, Ellen, Dorothy, Catherine, Eleanor, 
 and Penelope. Jane married William Caxton, Esq., of Calton 
 Hall, Craven, Yorkshire. The first Catherine died in infancy, says 
 Mr. Gillow. Seven virgins, however, were living at Aldcliffe 
 enduring much persecution, and only two, Catherine and Eleanor, 
 were surviving at the death of Charles II., February 6th, 1685. 
 
 In the old oak chest or ark formerly belonging to the Abbot 
 of Cockersand, now at Thurnham Hall is " A brief relation of some 
 particulars touching the gentlewomen of ' Old Cliffe,' their estates, 
 set down bv me, Lawrence Copland, November 12th, 1641." 
 
 It appears that the Rev. Peter Gooden was the " missioner 
 at Aldcliffe Hall, whither he had removed from Leighton about 
 1680." Mr. Gillow states in his able article on Aldcliffe Hall, that 
 according to Richard Hitchmough, an unworthy relative of Mr. 
 Gooden's, this zealous priest "kept a sort of academy or little 
 seminary at Aldcliffe for the education of youths who were after- 
 wards sent to Popish Colleges abroad to be trained as priests. The 
 Rev. Peter Gooden died at Aldcliffe, December 29th, 1694, and was 
 buried at St. Mary's Church, Lancaster. 
 
 The present Aldcliffe Hall was built by Mr. Dawson in 181 7, 
 nearly on the site of the old Hall, which was built in the time of 
 William Rufus, and was granted by Roger de Poictou. The 
 township of Aldcliffe anciently seems to have included Bulk, as by 
 deeds of the Abbey of Syon, quoted on page 568 ; places in Bulk 
 are found included in the letting of Aldcliffe. 
 
 The stone is inserted into a blocked up lir>t floor window at one end oi 
 Thurnliam Hall.
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 571 
 
 Some interesting matter relating to the Abbey of Cockersand 
 and to Thurnham Hall, lack of space compels me to leave un- 
 published in this volume. 
 
 And now my task is over, a task that has taken some vears 
 to accomplish. While conscious of many defects, the writer 
 humbly trusts he has succeeded in a small degree at any rate in 
 adding to the pleasure of the reader, if not to the honour of our time- 
 honoured town. To do the latter is scarcely possible. It may be 
 that the author has written much or transcribed much that will 
 evoke a smile not altogether complimentary to him. To attempt a 
 history is no light work, and though abler hands might have 
 proved more successful, he may claim that no person could have 
 endeavoured more earnestly than he has done to "get at facts."' 
 To corroborate or contradict the statements of one individual by 
 those of another has been his care, and if after all in his aim at 
 correctness he merits the title of " a bad shot," he has at least the 
 satisfaction of knowing that he has aimed as cautiously as his 
 opportunities have enabled him to do. 
 
 That Lancaster may flourish, and unity, peace and concord 
 characterise its citizens individually and collectively is the writer's 
 sincere wish, to which he joins the loyal invocation 
 
 God Save the Oleex.
 
 572 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 Foreign Royal Visitors vo Lancaster. 
 
 The Prince of Orange passed through Lancaster, September 15th, 1814. 
 
 The Archdukes John and Louis of Austria, 2i.-t November, 1S16. 
 
 The Grand Duke of Russia, 20th November 1817. 
 
 The Grand Duke Nicholas, driving by Scotforth Hill, dismounted from the 
 
 coach in order to enjoy the view from that point, which he considered the finest in 
 this part of Europe. 1816. 
 
 The King of Saxony visited Lancaster Castle, July 12th, 1844. 
 
 Prince of Prussia passed through Lancaster in August, 1844. 
 
 Prince Louis Napoleon staid at the King's Arms Hotel on the 6ih o( 
 I »i cember, 1846. 
 
 Eminent Persons. — Dates of their Visits to Lancaster. 
 
 The poet, Thomas Gray, staid two nights at this hotel in October, 1769. 
 
 On the 15th January, 1837. Sir Robert Peel, Bart., paid n visit to Lancaster 
 and lodged at the King's Anns. 
 
 The Rev. Hugh Stowell Brown visited Lancaster and preached in the 
 Wesley Chapel 10th January, 1875. 
 
 Sir William Venables Vernon Harcourl visited Lancaster in November, 1887. 
 
 Larl Spencer in October, 1889. 
 
 Many distinguished persons have staid at the principal hotel in years gone 
 by, but no visitors' book was kept or any kind of record, so I am informed. 
 
 On the 3rd Novtmber, 1209. Randolph. Constable of Chester, Roger de 
 Manby and Robert de Gresley were ordered to provide men for the construction of 
 the moat and fosses of Lancaster Castle. About si\ hundred and forty-one years 
 afterwards came the order to fill up the moat, viz, on the 1st July, 1850. 
 
 1409. Henry IV. held his court in Lancaster Castle. 
 
 St. Mary's Church : first record of restoration, 1558. 
 
 In 1665, Isabella Rigby was executed for witchcraft in the month ofOctobi r. 
 
 In 1688, there were ^ix guilds incorporated in Lancaster. We find the 
 Gilda Mercatoria mentioned in the reign of Edward [II., about 1340. 
 
 Earthquake shock experienced in Lancaster, in 1661. There were also 
 seismic shocks in Lancaster on the 20th August, 1835. 17th March, 1843, and on the 
 17th March, 1871. 
 
 The will of William Heysham, who gave Greaves estate, is dated 22nd April, 
 1725. fames Willan, saddler, enjoyed the benefit of the Greaves Charity over fifty 
 years, receiving during that period /.631. The Greaves estate was let at the yearly 
 rent of £256. 
 
 William Stout, born at Boulton Holmes, in 1665, a year of much sorrow for 
 the Friends, died on the 15th January, 1752, and was buried in the burial ground of 
 the Friends' Meeting House, in Meeting House Lane. Lancaster. 
 
 Lancaster Races are alluded to as far back as 1758. The race-coiti>e was 
 the field beyond the County Asylum (new annexe). 
 
 1759. Breach of promise action (Hardman t'. Loman) from near Rochdale : 
 trial at Lancaster. Damages, ,£5,000. 
 
 Custom House erected in 1 764, from a design by Mr. Gillow.
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 3/ J 
 
 In 1768, much rioting look place at ihc general election. Windows ol 
 houses were broken and many persons were severly injured in affrays between the 
 contending parties. 
 
 Mr. Dane, governor of Lancastle Castle, married Mrs. Dawson, of the Red 
 Lion Hotel, in July, 1770. 
 
 Charity School instituted in 1772, for girls. Salary of mistress, ,(,24 per 
 annum and house rent. The assistant had /, 10 per annum. 
 
 In February, 1773, there was a marriage at Lancaster of a man aged 102 to 
 a young woman aged 25. The former rode to and from Church on horseback, 
 attended by a large concourse of people. 
 
 In 1778, there were six alms-houses at the south end of Penny Street, called 
 Townson's or Tomlinson's alms-houses. When Penny Street was altered these 
 cottages were pulled down (1811), and the Corporation paid lis. quarterly to one of 
 the old women who had resided in one of the houses until a vacancy opened up for 
 her in one of the Gillison Cottages. It is also said that there were six houses founded 
 by a George Johnson, in the year 165 1, but though Dugdale mention-- them in his 
 History of the County there is no allusion to them in the Commissioners' Report. 
 
 A Sheepshearing Feast was held at Quernmore Park, the seat of the lion. 
 Edward Clifford, on the 4th of July , 1779. 
 
 In 1780 Miss Dane opened a coffee house and what would now be termed 
 a reslamant, next door to the King's Arms Hotel. Miss Dane was the daughter ol 
 Mr. Dane. Keeper of the Castle, who died October 16th, 1779. 
 
 The corner stone of the Town Hall was laid in May, 17S1, and in it were 
 placed two medals, one of the King and one of the Queen, with date of the laying of 
 the same. 
 
 bihn Forrest, while confined in Lancaster Castle for debt, painted two 
 water colour drawings of Lancaster ("astle in J781. Another debtor named William 
 Quin copied the pictures in oil, and in due course these copies were presented by Mr. 
 J. Higgin to the Lancashire and Cheshire Historical Society Icirca 1849). 
 
 In 1784 a Mrs. Cock was living in Skerton, aged 97. 
 
 In 1 7S4 the Lancaster Assizes were held in the Town Hall, owing to a 
 severe attack of gaol fever breaking out at the Castle. It also appears that a vicarage 
 of Lancaster was erected on the <)th of February, 1430. 
 
 The first mail coach from London arrived in Lancaster in 1786. 
 
 In the year 1786 one Edward Barlow, said to have been a Welshman, and 
 as vile a rogue as ever lived, was appointed county executioner. He it was who 
 " officiated " at the execution of the nine poor creatures barbarously " turned off" on 
 the 19th of April, 1817. Up to the year 1806, " Ned." as the hangman was 
 familiarly called, had hanged 84 persons. But at the Lent assi/.es of the same year 
 he himself was sentenced to death for horse stealing, but the sentence wa- commuted. 
 It is computed that altogether Old Ned executed no less than 131 person-. during his 
 career. He died in the Castle. — (Hall. ) 
 
 In 1 7S6 Mr. William Lindow, merchant, died. 
 
 In 1787, the oldest freeman living was one John Walmsley, who died Ma\ 
 15th of the year named. 
 
 On the 21st November, 1787. Mr. Heysham, while walking with Alderman 
 Suart, fell down dead. 
 
 On the 9th January, 1788, Mr. Howard, the eminent prison philanthropist, 
 \isited Lancaster Castle. 
 
 On May 71I1, 1788, there died at Lancaster. Lady Fleming, (relict of Sir 
 William Fleming, Hart.), aged 88 years. 1'or fifty years she had been a widow.
 
 574 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 On June 25th, 1788, Thomas Dugdale, Esq., died at Bailrigg, aged 91. 
 
 Hi- was a lineal descendant of Dugdale, ihe antiquary. 
 
 For stealing cloth in Lancaster Mary Wilson was publicly whipped on the 
 29th October, 178S. 
 
 In 1788, on the 4th November, the Revolution Jubilee was held at Lan- 
 caster, a considerable number of ship cannon being planted on the brow of the hill 
 at Haverbricks, and during the afternoon many rounds were tired. In the evening 
 there were bonfires and fireworks. 
 
 Miss Ann Gillison died January 1st, 1790, aged 71. She left ,£1,600 for 
 alms-houses, eight for distressed old maids, /"too for Lancaster Dispensary, ^"50 for 
 Manchester Infirmary, ^50 for Liverpool Infirmary, .£400 each to eight distant 
 relations, and £50 to each of her servants. 
 
 Springfield Mall was erected about 1790-3, by James Hargreaves, Esq. 
 
 Died January, 1795, Mr. Stevens, engineer fir the Aqueduct Bridge over 
 the river lame. 
 
 In September, 1795, a man named William Mason, a mortar carrier, was 
 killed at Lancaster Castle. He fell from a lofty scaffold. For a man in his Soth 
 year to be permitted ti> ascend a scaffold was surely a mistake. 
 
 1795. "A Description of Lancaster," was published by John Housman, of 
 
 ( '.>i by. near Carlisle. 
 
 Died May 17th, 1796. the Rev. Oliver Marton, Vicar of Lancaster. 
 
 On the 21st of June. 1 796. Mr. Abraham Seward, <>f Lancaster, had the 
 honour of kissing his Majesty's hand at St. James's, on presenting a gold medal of 
 exquisite workmanship, representing on the one side the Exchange at Liverpool and 
 on the other the Infirmary at Manchester, which his Majesty was graciously pleased 
 to receive. Mr. Seward was introduced by Colonel Stanley and John Dent, Esq. 
 
 Lancaster Marsh (210 acres), enclosed 1795. 
 
 Lancaster canal was opened in November, 1797, from Preston to Tewitt 
 Field. The engineer was Mr. William Cartwright, who died January 19th, 1804, 
 aged 39. 
 
 In the early part of 1S00 wheal sold in the Lancaster market for six guineas 
 per load of tour and a half Winchester bushels, and oatmeal at £5 per load of 24oibs. 
 
 Michael Jones. Esq., ofCaton, died July 24th, 1S01, aged 72. 
 
 November 17th, 1802, a halbert stolen from the mayor's door. 
 
 Alderman James Hinde, Mayor of Lancaster (1766, 1774, 1782 and 1792), 
 died in 1802, aged 81. 
 
 The freedom < f the borough of Lancaster presented to the Earl of Strath- 
 more, March 10th, 1802. 
 
 The Bath, situate in Moor Street, top of Moor Lane, was built by fifty 
 subscribers at ten guineas each, in 1S03. 
 
 February 16th, 1803. A vagrant publicly whipped in Lancaster Market 
 Place. 
 
 April 2nd, 1803. James Morris pilloried in Lancaster Market Place for 
 fraud. found dead in bed next morning. Verdict, " Visitation of God." 
 
 September 22nd, 1803. Prince William Frederick of Gloucester entered 
 the Castle and ascended John o*Gaunt's chair. 
 
 October, 1803. The Rev. Mi. While, vicar of Lancaster, a prisoner at 
 Fontainbleau. 
 
 |ulv 1 8th, 18^7. Joshua Newsham pilloried in the Market Place, Lan- 
 caster.
 
 TIMK-HONOURl£D LANCASTER. 
 
 D/0 
 
 Heath of Thomas Worswick, banker, on the 4th fanuary, 1804. Alexander 
 VVorswick, died 29th July, 1814, aged 50, late of Leigh ton ; and Richard, his 
 brother, of Ellel Grange, five years after. 
 
 Alderman Suart, died December 24th, 1805, aged 95. 
 
 May, 1807. John Dent and Peter Patten, after nine days' polling, received 
 exactly same number of votes (1393). 
 
 The Jubilee of George 111. was celebrated on the 25th October, 1809. 
 Shops were closed in the town and the day observed as a holiday. The Rev. j. 
 Manby, M.A. preached a special sermon from Psalm c, v. 3rd and 4th. At 1 p.m. 
 a royal salute was tired on the Quay, and then is. each was distributed to Nbo poor 
 men and women. A liall was held in the Assembly Room in the evening 1 . The 
 Duke of Hamilton gave 30 guineas to the charities, and Mr. Henry Sudell .£.100 to 
 the debtors in the castle, who had a free breakfast of excellent charactei provided for 
 them: likewise a dinner which was enjoyed by 160 persons: an ox was killed for the 
 occasion, and two debtors were discharged, amicable arrangements having been 
 made with their plaintiffs. The girls of the Charity School were provided with a lea 
 by the ladies of Miss Shaw's Boarding School, and received a bun and a thimble, and 
 the most deserving 6d. each. Mr. Gregson wrote a song commencing "In the days 
 that are past when our ancestors rude.' and sang it in capital style in the Council 
 ( 'hamber of the Town Hall ; he was loudly applauded. The verses, six in number, 
 appeared in the oldest local journal at the time and were re-published bv "Cross 
 l'leury," in 1890. 
 
 In 180S, a Mr. Kidd was appointed writing master at the Grammar School. 
 
 Mr. Abram Seward received on March 1st, 1809, Royal Letters patent for a 
 new invention in regard to cairiage harness. He obtained a similar document on 
 the 26th of July, in the same year, concerning a new and improved lamp, lanthorn 
 and si reel lamp. 
 
 Lancaster Races revived June 27th, 1809. 
 
 The Rev. John Atkinson, of St. John's, died February 8th. 1812, aged 38. 
 
 In 1S11. an Act of Parliament was obtained for enclosing the Quernmore 
 
 Fl 'lis!. 
 
 The old White Cross Mill was burnt down on the nth June, 1812. A lire 
 also broke out here doing considerable damage in 1861. The sail cloth factory 
 known as the White Cross Works, situated in Aldcliffe Lane, was offered for sale in 
 1813. It is said that a Roman Catholic Chapel once stood here, by some persons, 
 but 1 have not been able to corroborate the statement. 
 
 September, 1812. Found while cutting a drain in Pudding Lane, now 
 called Cheapside, two small querns, man)' pieces of earthenware and some human 
 bones. 
 
 The town lit this year, 1812, by 169 oil lamps of one spout each. 
 
 On July 9th, 1814, an essay on signs of murder in new born children was 
 translated from the French ol P. A. O'Mahon by Christopher Johnson, surgeon, of 
 Lancaster, and printed by C. Clark. 
 
 Lancaster Local Hoard of Health formed in 18 1 5. 
 
 fanuary 28th, 1815. The editor of the Lancaster Gazette expresses the 
 happiness he feels that ale which was sold at Ulverston at y\ per pint, is now sold 
 for 2'id., and does not doubt that it will fall as much throughout the whole country. 
 
 1816. A Provident Savings' Bank established in Lancaster, 2nd January. 
 
 The managers of the Lancaster Provident Bank held their first quarterly 
 meeting'at the Dispensary Jwhen it appeared that ^282 13s. 6d. had been received 
 from 86 contributors, out of which the sum of £3 12s. id. had been paid. This was 
 on the 30th March, 1816.
 
 i7 6 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 
 
 Mr. William Robinson, a leader of local concerts, died on the 17th February, 
 1817. aged 81. 
 
 1818. Great breach of promise case, tried at the assizes (Oxford ?'. Butler- 
 Cole) Verdict £7,000 damages. 
 
 July iSth, 1818. The dungeon tower of Lancaster Castle taken down. 
 
 October 4th. 1818. A new burial ground consecrated in connection with 
 Lancaster Church. 
 
 On the 21st September, 1818. Mrs. Caroline Fr\ , the prison philanthropist, 
 visited Lancaster Castle. 
 
 1821. Intense fog in Lancaster continuing seven hours. 25th January. 
 
 Matthew Pyper died in 1821, aged 93. and agreeable to his own request 
 was interred in the centre of the floor of the Boys' National School. Kendal. Mr. 
 Pyper endowed the National School, of Lancaster and Kendal. 
 
 1821. AldclitTe embankment raised by E. Dawson, Esf[. 
 
 Worswick's bank stopped payment February 13th. 1822. 
 
 Leighton Hall was bought by Richard Gillow, Esq., in 1823, foi £22,300, 
 exclusive of timber valued at ^2,591. Ellel Grange and Cragg Hall estates, lately 
 
 held by Richard Worswick. were bought by Richard Atkinson, Esq., for £10,80 . 
 timber £6So extra. 
 
 Thomas barrow, R.A., portrait painter, died at Eccleston, Garstang, on 
 
 the i iih of November, 1822, aged 84. 
 
 I'd unary, 1823. Roof of Lancaster Church repaired. 
 
 Sunday, October I2th. 1823. The maiden peal rung by the Preston ringers 
 on the Lancaster bells. 
 
 March 2nd, 1824. Hannah Clough, a prisoner in the Castle, under process 
 of Ecclesiastical Court, did penance in the Parish Chinch. 
 
 Ridges' lodgings built 1824. They used to be where the Centenary Chapel 
 now stands. 
 
 September 2Sth, 1825. Public meeting in Lancaster, when a resolution 
 was passed to raise £8,000 in £20 shares to light the town with gas. Up to 1819 
 the Corporation lighted the streets with lamps, but in that year it was resolved that 
 each street should light its own ; in 1820 the same ; but in 1821 many inhabitants 
 refused to subscribe. 
 
 Mr. Greg's mill built about 1825. 
 
 Pilworth's Bank stopped payment February 10th. 1826. 
 
 Tuesday, May 23rd, 1826. Glasson branch of Lam-aster Canal opened. 
 
 I une, 1826. (Jaspipes laid down in Market Street. 
 
 February 24th, 1827. First attempt to illuminate the town by gas. 
 
 Captain Thomas Greenwood, who died on the 24th of February, 1S31. 
 crossed the Atlantic 105 times. 
 
 Luneside Bowling Green opened 12th of May. 183 1. 
 
 1832. Death of Charles Gibson, Esq., of Quernmore Park. High Sheriff 
 in 1827, 29th July. 
 
 1832. Lancaster Town Council adopt a petition in favour of the repeal of 
 the Corn Laws. 
 
 Dr. Campbell, County Asylum, died February 4th, 1832, was succeeded by 
 Dr. Whalley. 
 
 Thomas Bowes, of Dalton Square, who defrayed expenses consequent upon 
 erecting the spire of St. John's Church, died December 28th, 1S33.
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 577 
 
 On the 21st March, 1833, Mr. John Dockray, quaker, was elected a mem- 
 ber of the common Council. This is the first instance of a dissenter being admitted 
 into that body since the repeal of the Test and Corporation A< t. 
 
 1836. George Burrow, Esq., first mayor of Lancaster under the new 
 Municipal Reform Act, 1st January. 
 
 1836. Dr. Whalley, first member of the Society of Friends who qualified 
 
 as a county justice, 4th January. 
 
 1836. George Burrow, James Atkinson, Thomas Eastwood, E. G. Hornby, 
 W. B. Bolden, and Christopher Johnson appointed first Borough Magistrates fo] 
 Lancaster, 14th February. 
 
 Mr. R. F. Housman published a collection of sonnets in 1836. 
 
 1837. John Dalton, Esq., last male representative of the Daltons of 
 Thurnham, died 10th March. 
 
 A Conservative Dinner took place at the Theatre Royal, on the 25th 
 of August, 1837. About 203 ladies were present. A banner was presented to the 
 Heart of Oak Club, richly gilded and embroidered. 
 
 1838. First vessel launched from the Shipbuilding yard a! Glasson Dock, 
 8th March. 
 
 1838. Great fire at Skerton ; a warehouse and three cottages burnt to 
 the ground. 
 
 £840. Exhibition of Art.- and Manufactures opened in Lancaster, 22nd 
 June. 
 
 North Road (Police Folly) opened 1840. 
 
 Lancaster Exhibition closed on the 5th of September, 1840. 
 
 Mr. Dunn appointed Town Clerk of Lancaster, 19th October, 1840. 
 
 The Rev. Dr. Mackreth, of Halton, married Miss Elizabeth Langshaw on 
 the 15th June, 1841. 
 
 A Medical Book Club Library was established in September, 1844. 
 
 Mr. James Williamson was born December 31st, 1844. 
 
 1842. James Acland indicted for libelling W. Robinson, Esq., Mayor of 
 Lancaster. Discharged on tendering apology, 14th March. 
 
 Fergus O'Connor addressed a meeting of Chartists in Brewery Lane, 
 Lancaster, on the 2nd of July, 1842. 
 
 Charles Grant, a youth, rescued two persons from drowning in tin- Lime on 
 the 9th and 23rd of August, 1842, and he received the congratulations of the Royal 
 Humane Society. 
 
 The sale of the Canal Company's packet horses, 63 in number, which had 
 worked the packet line between Lancaster and Preston, took place on Monday, 
 September 19th, 1S42. The sale took place in the field belonging Mr. Atkinson, of 
 the Prince William Henry Inn. The packet horses realised between „'.'t.i"0 and 
 ,£1,200. 
 
 1842. On Saturday, September 24th, a battle took place between a hawk 
 and a stock-dove in Ashton Park. The battle was long and fierce, and when the two 
 combatants fell together it was found that the stock-dove was much, injured about the 
 breast but not fatally. .Mr. John Moser's son rescued it and took it home, and 
 unfortunately owing to its being left over night in the kitchen it was found dead in 
 the morning, having been killed by a cat. In its crop were found upwards of thirty 
 beans perfectly whole, and a great number of vetches. 
 
 A fearful stabbing affray took place in front of the Custom House Ta\ 
 St. George's Quay, on the 3rd October, 1842. The assailant was Richard Carr, 
 the assaulted man his younger brother, Robert Carr. 
 
 P2
 
 5j8 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 "St. Mary's Square or Stonewell " is to be seen in an advertisement 
 appearing on the 29th October, 1842. 
 
 The Railway from Lancaster to Carlisle formed by a company whose 
 capital consisted of ,{,800,000 in 16,000 shares of ,£50 (1842-3). Mr. Joseph Lock, 
 1'. R.S., and Mr. J E. Errington, M. Inst. C. E. were the engineers of the company. 
 Up to April 5th, 1-S45, 240,000 shares were applied for in the North-Western 
 Railway. The shares were at this period at a ^5 premium. 
 
 Oliver Marton died 1st January, 1843 (Sunday), aged 77. 
 
 Isaac Heald, an out-pensioner of Greenwich Hospital, who had fought at 
 Trafalgar, a native of Lancaster, died on Sunday, January 1st, 1843, aged 72. 
 
 ( Hiver Toulmin Roper, Esq., died at his residence in Great John Street, on 
 the 1 2th January, 1843, aged 56. 
 
 Chartist trials began March 4th, 1843, at Lancaster Assizes. 
 
 Libel case, Queen v. Eastwood, Sherburne ?'. Eastwood (Thos. Eastwood, 
 Esq., 1.1'.. of Dalton Square), March 9th, 1843. 
 
 Volume of poems published by Mary Wilson, in 1843. Announced July 8th 
 of that year in the Lancaster Gazette. 
 
 Robert Storev, the Conservative Poet, received an appointment under 
 government in July, 1843. Review of his poems in the Lancaster Gazette, entitled 
 "Love and Literature," March 20th, 1843. 
 
 first Lancaster Regatta held on the 16th September, 1843. 
 
 Mr. Braham's Concert at the Athenaeum, September 19th, 1843. 
 
 Concert, "Varied Hours," given at the Athenseum, by Mr. II. Phillips 
 October 5th, 1843. 
 
 The Great Wizard, Jacobs, at the Athenaeum in October, 1843. 
 
 Professor Whewell made a Docter of Divinity in December, 1843. 
 
 Mr. John Ilullah in Lancaster in 1843. 
 
 Mis. Easter Worsley, born on Easter Sunday, 8th April, 1792, and 
 christened Easter; died on Good Friday, 1844, aged 51. She was buried in St. 
 Mary's Churchyard on Easter Monday, 1844. Her husband was Staff-Sergeant John 
 Worsley. 
 
 A rat 22^ inches long from snout to extremity of tail was killed in the Old 
 Sir Simon stables in April, 1844. 
 
 Post Office removed to ic6, Market Street, 27th May, 1844. 
 
 Dr. de Yitre presided over a meeting held on the 10th of July, 1844, the 
 objeel of which consisted of the introduction of phonography into Lancaster. 
 
 There were 97 debtors in Lancaster Castle in August, 1844. 
 
 Lancaster shopkeepers agree to close their shops at 7 p.m. during winter in 
 September, 1844. 
 
 Parish Church first lit with gas, September 8th, 1844. 
 
 Francis Ludlow Unit. Yiee-Chancellor of Lancaster, died 29th Sept., 1844. 
 
 Mr. Carte's conceit held at the Athenaeum on the 28th October, 1844. 
 Artistes: Miss Steele, Madame F. Lablache (formerly known as Miss Fanny 
 Wyndham), Mr. Henry Russell, Signor M. Dohler (pianist), Signor Camill 1 Suori 
 (pupil of Paganini), and Signor Piatti. 
 
 Mr. Lover, author of " Rory O'More," visited Lancaster on Thursday, 
 November 21st, 1844. 
 
 Mr. Stainbnnk, solicitor, formerly of Lancaster, died on the 1st Deceml er, 
 184.1, at Bishop Stortford, Herts, aged 39.
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 579 
 
 Superintendent Walters, Chief Constable of County, Lancaster Division in 
 1844. 
 
 Hornby Castle Coursing Club first commenced 23rd January, 1 
 
 A testimonial presented to Captain Kennedy of the Duchess of Lancaster 
 
 mer, on the 13th January, 1845. The Captain retired from the command of the 
 
 steamboat at the end of October of this year, and was succeeded by Captain Harrow. 
 
 Wilson's Scottish Entertainment at the Athenaeum, Tuesday, January 
 
 14th, 1845. 
 
 Mr. R. Godson, M.I', succeeded Mr. Shepherd as Counsel to the Admiralty 
 in February, 1845. 
 
 Presentation to the Rev. |. N. G. Armytage, of St. Thomas' Church, on his 
 removal in June, 1843. 
 
 Professor Whewell presented a selection of books to the Lancaster Mechanics' 
 
 Institute, in June, 1845. 
 
 The Rev. David Umpleby died on Monday, the nth August, 1S45, aged 49. 
 Richard, better known as "Lick" Carr, drowned August 31st, 1845. 
 
 A survey of the River Lune by Captain Washington, R.N. and T. M. 
 Rendel, Esq., C.E., appointed by the Admiralty, concerning the best method of 
 laying out £10,^00 for the improvement of the river and port of Lancaster, 3rd 
 September, 1845. 
 
 Miss Maria B. Hawes at the Athenaeum, September 4th, 1S45. 
 
 Testimonial to Mr. Rowland Hill, author of penny post system, supported 
 in Lancaster. October, 1845. 
 
 Parish relief no longer held to be a barrier to the admittance of persons 
 otherwise entitled to the benefits of Penny's Charity. Rule hitherto obtaining to this 
 effect being rescinded in December, 1845. 
 
 " Sonnets and Fragments by Beta " announced to be had of C. Barwick, 
 Bookseller, Lancaster, in December, 1845. 
 
 York and Lancaster Railway Company provisionally registered in 1845. 
 
 Morecambe Bay Harbour Company registered 1845. 
 
 Rev. Wm. Higgin appointed Dean of Limerick in 1845. 
 
 The Rev. Thomas Barrow, of Skerton, had a brother who died on the 20th 
 January, 1846. aged 24. He was conductor of the ''Botanical Magazine." 
 
 Thomas Shepherd, Esq. died at his Chambers, Lincoln's Inn, on the 3rd 
 April. 1S46, aged 71. 
 
 lohn Stout, Esq. died April nth, 1846, in his 83rd year, at his residence, 
 Oueen Square. He was the owner of several estates, among them the Bolton 
 Holme estate, sold 27th August, 1846, to S. E. Bolden, Esq. for £3,710. (Consisted 
 of 82 acres and 1 roi - 
 
 The Fraser Family at the Music Hall, April 14th, 1846. 
 
 Spencer T. Hall, Esq. lectured at the Music Hall, on Mesm< rism, April 
 28th and 30th and May 1st, 1846. 
 
 Meeting concerning the Parish Church Bells which v. ere rendered al 
 useless, Tuesday, 4th August, 1S46. 
 
 A woman picked a mushroom at Halton 24 fnches in circumference and 8 
 inches across, on the 4th September, 1846. 
 
 Mr. Jacobs. Wizard of Wizards, at the Athenaeum on the 23rd November, 
 1846. 
 
 Mr. II. O'Connell, of the Observatory, Edinburgh, lectured in the 
 Athenaeum, on Astronomy, December 14th and 16th, 1846.
 
 5 8o TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 
 
 Vandendoff at the Music Hall, February, 1847. 
 
 At one time, according to the Gazette of May 8th, 1847, any person passing 
 through the toll-bar at St. Leonardgate was liable to a toll of is. \%A. for carrying a 
 parcel of say only lib. of sugar. 
 
 1847. Great tire at a sail-cloth factory in Henry Street, 30th May. 
 
 On July 4th, 1847 (Race Sunday), a fatal fight occurred between Richard 
 Parker, and Edward Seward. The latter died from his injuries. 
 
 Presentation to Superintendent Fitzsimon of gold watch and appendages, 
 value 30 guineas, September 21st, 1847, at the King's Arms. 
 
 fames Atherton, Esq., engineer, married Miss Charlotte Piers, governess at 
 the Castle, on the 14th October, 1847, at Si. Mary's Church. 
 
 1847. Roman remains found in Queen Square. 
 
 fohn Parkin-on. of Skerton, died aged 92, 3rd January, 1S48. 
 
 John Hargreaves, of Penny Street, nurseryman, died on the 9th April, 
 1848, in his 74th \ear. 
 
 184S. Alderman Blades's workshops destroyed by fire, 15th April. 
 
 1848. Mr. George Wright died 30th April. Defendant in the protracted 
 will case, Tatham v. Wright re Hornby estates. 
 
 Mr. Preston, landlord of the Green Dragon, had to appear in court about 
 the 15th Inly, 184S. concerning the charge of smuggling whiskey into the Castle. 
 brought against hi- assistant, a man named Taylor. Suspicions having been aroused 
 the baskets were examined and found to have false bottoms, in which whiskey was 
 secreted. Pined £\o. 
 
 Leonard Willan died at Castle Cottage, 4th August. 1848, aged So year-. 
 
 Sower Holme for sale November 23rd, 1848. 
 
 Mr. Quarme took his farewell of the public as proprietor of the Lancaster 
 Gazette. September 29th, 1848. Mr. Quarme was formerly editor of the Pieston 
 Pilot. 
 
 Edward Stake's Electric Light treated of in December, 1848. 
 
 Choral and Madrigal Society commenced January 4th, 1849. 
 
 British Archaeological Association visited Lancaster August 30th, 1X50. 
 
 Dr. Lingard died June 1 7th, 1851. 
 
 Hamilton estate of Ashton Hall, sold 1853. 
 
 Lancaster Cemetery, containing 21 acres, opened in 1855. 
 
 Barracks, now used for Volunteer.-., erected in 1854. Is excellently 
 appointed, and contains fourteen rooms. 
 
 1858, 18th Feb. Alderman Monk, of Preston, surgeon, convicted at 
 Lancaster Assizes of forging a will; sentenced to penal servitude for life. Was 
 mayor of Preston six years previously. 
 
 The Palatine Hall was purchased and put in trust for the Lancaster Total 
 Abstinence Society, in 1S59, and the cost of the original purchase was £"1,401, and 
 about ^700 was spent on necessary alterations. The Palatine Hall Company's 
 secretary at present time is Mr. Johnson. 
 
 1859. Rifle Volunteer Corps formed. Museum removed from the 
 Athenaeum to the Mechanics' Institute. 
 
 Mr. Matthias Saul died 25th February, i860, aged J^. 
 
 The Rev. George Morland died on the 5th of October, 1862, aged 71. 
 
 1S63. Greenfield mill built. Lune Shipbuilding Company established. 

 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. s8i 
 
 y 
 
 Ripley's Hospital opened in 1864. 
 
 Lancaster Examiner published January 6th, 1S72. 
 
 1865. Death of Samuel Gregson, M.P., nth February. 
 
 1865. Last Borough election. 
 
 1868. British Archaeological Association meeting at Lanca -'n. Lancaster 
 Runic Cross removed to the British Museum. 
 
 1869. Canal bridges in Penny Street ami Moor Lane widened. St. John's 
 National Schools opened. 
 
 1870. Dr. Shuttleworth appointed Medical Superintendent of tin- Royal 
 Albert Asylum, 4th April. 
 
 1S70. " Booker Scholarship'" founded at the Royal Grammar School. 
 
 187 1. Rev. W. Hornby, M.A., St. Michael's-on-Wyre, appointed Arch- 
 deacon of Lancaster. 
 
 187 1. Resolution in favour of establishing a School Board in Lancaster 
 defeated in the Council Chamber. 
 
 1872. An old woman killed by a man to whom she was housekeeper in 
 Brewery Lane, 3rd April. 
 
 1872. Oddfellows' A.M.C. at Lancaster. The town made .1 military 
 centre. 
 
 ' 1872. Fire at St. George's Works. Much damage done. 
 
 1873. Fire at Lancaster Wagon Works, circa April 25th. 
 
 1874. Great trial at the Summer Assizes, Robertson v. Fawcett, between 
 the Lords of Heysham Manor and the fishermen respecting the right of the latter to 
 take mussels. Verdict in favour of the fishermen. Demolition of the old cottages 
 close to the Castle gateway. Floral and Horticultural Society established. 
 
 On the 9th December died James Grant in his 66th year. 
 
 Miss Elizabeth Bryan, first matron of the Royal Allen Asylum, died on 
 the 27th September, 1880. She had been matron 10 years. 
 
 Dr. Thomas Howitt, F.R.C.S., J. P., died on the 29th May, 1881, aged 42. 
 
 The Rev. Sydney Faithorn Green, M.A., of St. John's. Miles Platting, 
 imprisoned in Lancaster Castle on the 19th March, 1881 ; liberated November 
 4th, 1882. 
 
 Alderman John Greg died 23rd November, 1882, aged 80. 
 
 Wood pavement first laid in the streets in Lancaster — Maiket Street in 
 August, 1884; New Street in July, 1891. 
 
 Dr. Harold Gilbertson Taylor, M.D., son of Dr. John and [Catherine 
 Taylor, died after a brief illness on the 16th of October, 1887, at the early age oJ ,]2. 
 He had been assistant doctor at the Royal Albert Asylum seven years. 
 
 John Broadhurst, Esq.. F. R.C.S., died on the 24th of .March, [888, in his 
 71st year. 
 
 Princess Steam Laundry, the first in Lancaster, established [888, 1»\ F. 
 Price, became the "Lancaster and District Steam Laundry Company" 111 1890. 
 Mr. C. R. Compston, secretary. 
 
 Mr. Alderman Preston appointed County Councillor for Lancaster, fanuary, 
 1889. 
 
 Presentation to the Rev. D. Davis on the occasion of his removal from 
 Lancaster to Evesham, County of Worcester, April, 1889. 
 
 Quemmore footpath case tried at the Assizes, June, 1889. Verdict in favour 
 of W. Garnett, J. P.
 
 5 8 2 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 
 
 Death of Air. Stephen Wright Wearing, August, 1889. 
 
 Mr. Frederick Lamond at the Palatine Hall, November 28th, 1889. 
 
 Mr. Albert Greg presented an observatory to the town in 18S9. 
 
 Lancaster Savings Bank ceased to exist in 1889. Its last annual return 
 bowed its amount of funds to be £146,835 5s. 6d. 
 
 Grand Ballad Concert at the Palatine Hall, January 23rd, 1890. Artistes : 
 Miss Alice Gomez. Madame Belle Cole. Mr. Charles Wade, and Mr. Maybrick 
 (Stephen Adams); Conductor, Signor Carlo Ducci ; Pianoforte Soloist, Senor 
 Albeniz ; Solo Violincello, Mr. Joseph Holman. 
 
 Death of Frederick William Grafton, Esq. , J. P. , late member for north- 
 east Lancashire, 27th January, 1890, in his 74th year. 
 
 Death of fohn Gordon M'Minnies, late M.P. for Warrington, January 31st, 
 1890. He was born in Lancaster, in May, 1817. 
 
 Death of Mr. S. Ducksbury, February 23rd, 1890, aged 58. 
 
 Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian Society visited Lancaster and 
 district, September 18th and 19th, 1890. 
 
 Wreck of the Schooner "Ernest," October 24th, 1890. 
 
 Herr Schonberger and Madame Marie Andersen at the Palatine Hall, 
 November 20th, 1890. 
 
 231c! November, 1890. Dr. Dallinger at the Wesley Chapel; 24th, at the 
 Palatine Hall. 
 
 Scotforth Cemetery Consecrated 12th December, 1S90. 
 
 ('.as lamps first introduced into Scotforth in December, 1890. 
 
 Friarage Bridge re-built in 1891. 
 
 Mr. William Whelon died April 25th, 1891, aged 39 years. 
 
 Mr. William Hall, J. P., F.R.C.S. Eng., F.R.C.P. Edin. died on the 8th 
 July, 1S91, aged 73 years. He was mayor of this city in 1877. 
 
 The acreage of the Freemens' estate on the marsh was formerly 210 acres. 
 It is now 153 acres.' 23 a., 3 r., 17 p. have been sold; Mr. Williamson. M.P. paying 
 for his land required for extension of works, £3,518 is. 6d. From the 1st September, 
 1889, to the 31st August, 1890 the Marsh rents were £610 10s. 4d. The acreage of 
 enclosed lands prior to the sale of the aforesaid 21 and odd acres was 181 a., 3r., and 
 35 p. The rents of the gardens on the Marsh fluctuate. Lighty of the oldest freemen 
 resident in Lancaster, or the widows of such have the net produce divided amongst 
 them. The act for the enclosure of the marsh was obtained in 1795. The Cor- 
 poration are the trustees for the Freemen. 
 
 The first High Sheriff living vicinal to Lancaster who made a festive 
 "spread" or open house to celebrate the shrieval entry into the town was Mr. 
 William Garnett, of Quernmore Park, states an octogenarian of Lancaster. 
 
 From the diary of William Stout, p. 35, it appears that it was customary in 
 his day to give each attendant at a funeral in Lancaster one or two long biscuits, 
 called Naples Biscuits; and in the country, a penny manchet and a slice of cheese. 
 
 The oldest freeman in Lancaster in June, 1891, was Thomas Liver, born 
 1 2th May, 1800. 
 
 The name " Kigby " in the Roll of officers sent down from the House of 
 Lords is wrongly spelt. I have authority for stating that it ought to be Rigbye or 
 Rigbie. It is given as supplied. 
 
 According to a list of notables of Lancaster, published a few years ago, 
 Mis> Anne Gillison, foundress of the Gillison Charity, was the daughter of Ambrose 
 Gillison, Esq., a merchant. (Add. to p. 42.)
 
 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER. 583 
 
 Jonathan Binns was High Constable of the Hundred of Lonsdale South of 
 the Sands, appointed April 23rd, 1842. This gentleman also tilled the chair of the 
 Lancaster Literary and Scientific Society in 1842, and for some time held the post of 
 secretary to the Lancaster Agricultural Society. (Add. to p. .514.) 
 
 The streets behind the Athenaeum stand on the site of the old Playhouse 
 fields. 
 
 Dalton Square seems to have been the general trysting place agriculturally, 
 commercially, and militarily. Here shows were held as well as sales, and here many 
 a lime have the Lonsdale Militia been reviewed. 
 
 The " Duke of Lancaster" steamship was built by Messrs. Mottershead and 
 Heyes, of Liverpool, and was launched in March, 1822. The iron steamer "Duchess 
 of Lancaster," was built in 1838, and first sailed in September, 1836. The " John 
 of Gaunt" was built in 1826 for Lancaster and Liverpool service. 
 
 A great libel case was tried at Lancaster on the 28th March, 
 1791, viz., that of Thomas Walker, merchant, v. William Roberts, 
 before Sir Alexander Thompson, Knight. Counsel for plaintiff were 
 Mr. Law, Serjeant Cockell, William Wood and Mr. Topping; 
 counsel for defendant, Mr. Chambre, Mr. Cambe, Mr. Parke and 
 Mr. Christian. The plaintiff's solicitor was Mr. Whittaker; defend- 
 ant's solicitor, Mr. Shelmerdine. The jurors were Charles Gibson, 
 Esq., of Lancaster; Thomas Earle, Esq., of Liverpool; James 
 Orrell, Esq., of Parr ; and Edmund Rigby, Esq., of Ellel Grange, 
 The Talesmen were John Boardman, of Oxford; James Kenyon, of 
 Heap; James Lodge, of Poulton ; Thomas Payne, of Liverpool; 
 Jonas Robinson, of Chatburn; John Threlfail, of Chorley; and 
 Adam Whitworth, of Casterton. Verdict for the plaintiff; 
 
 damages, ^100. 
 
 County Court Judges of the Century Sitting at Lancaster. 
 
 John Addison, Esq., appointed in 1847, died 1859; W. A. Hulton, Esq. ; 
 Millis Coventry, Esq. 
 
 Chairmen of Quarter Sessions. 
 
 Thomas Batty Addison, Esq. ; M. T. Baines, Esq.; L. G. Hornby, Esq.; 
 E. Hornby, Esq. (son) ; R. A. Cross, Esq. ; Thomas Greene, Esq. ; Henry Garnett, 
 Esq. ; John Fell, Esq. 
 
 Authorities Quoted in this Work. 
 
 Whittaker's "History of Richmondshire," Baines' "Lancashire," Hall's 
 " History of Lancaster Castle, &c. ;" Clark's "Lancaster." Simpson's" Lan 
 McFarlane and Thompson's "History of England," Strutt's "Regal and Ecclesiastic 
 Antiquities," Dr. Charles Leigh's "Natural History of Lancaster," Gregson' 
 "Fragments," Walford's "History of Ancient Guilds," Bishop Challoner's "Mission- 
 ary Priests," Pollen's "Acts of English Martyrs," Whittaker's " History of Whalley," 
 Colonel Whalley's "Roll of Othcers of the 1st Lancashire Militia," Richards' ".Hex 
 Majesty's Army," Felton's "Archery Register,"' R. F. Housman's "Life and Remains 
 of the Rev. Robert Housnian," Hewitson's "Places and Paces," Stanley Newman's 
 "Autobiography of George Fox," "The Lonsdale Magazine," "First and second 
 Reports of the Lancaster Charities," (kindly sent by YY. G. Welch, Esq.); Papeis
 
 5 8 4 TIME-HONOURED LANCASTER 
 
 of the late Thomas Cleminson, Dr. Prosser's "Rambles by the Lune," Tongue's 
 "Visitation," Canon Walker's pamphlet on the stained windows in St. Peter's 
 Church, Robert Holmes' "History of Keighley," Raines's "History of Chantries,' 
 Masonic Calendar, The Rev. J. B. Nightingale's "Nonconformity in North 
 Lancashire, &c"; Maclauchan's "History of the Scottish Highlands." various old. 
 journals published in Lancaster, Kendal, Liverpool, and Newcastle (the Tablet and 
 the Catholic News), Parliamentary Blue Books, Joseph Gillow's Bibliographical 
 Dictionary, " Tyldesley Diary," "Johnson's Guides," .Sic. 
 
 Biographical Section. 
 
 The author deems it necessary to remark that a revise was forwarded to 
 every distinguished Lancaster gentleman, or gentleman closely identified with 
 Lancaster, in order that absolute facts might alone be made use of In all but 
 two instances revises were returned promptly. In the two cases alluded to so 
 much inconvenience was occasioned that it was in/possible to delay going to press 
 any longer; therefore the author feels compelled to state that he must emphatically 
 disclaim all responsibility for errors which may appear in consequence of failure 
 to return revises within a day or two according to rule. 
 
 Corrigenda. 
 
 Hall's '• History of Lancaster " is alluded to in the preface, instead Hall's 
 •• History of the Castle." 
 
 On p. 20 read Messrs. W. Wailes, of Newcaslle-on-Tyne. It was SO 
 written at first, but a gentleman informed me it should be NewcBStle-under-Lyme. 
 I find he was wrong. 
 
 P. 199 read Thomas Hesketh, Recorder of Lancaster, 1597. Also John 
 Lodge where there are no Christian names re Hubberstey.
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Antiquity of St. Mary's Church ... ... ... ... ... 4 
 
 Addison Epitaph ... ... ... ... ... ... 16 
 
 Ancient Gild in Lancaster ... .. ... ... ... 47 
 
 Adrian's Tower... ... ... ... ... ... ... 57-61 
 
 Altars, Roman, &c. , ... ... ... ... ... 69, 70, 71 
 
 Antique... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 71, 72 
 
 Assizes at Lancaster and Grammar School Holiday ... ... 82 
 
 Archdeaconry of Lancaster ... ... ... ... ... 106 
 
 Aqueduct, Latin Inscription on .. ... ... ... ... 116 
 
 Arrowsmith, Edward, alias Rigby ... ... ... ... 178 
 
 Ash, Robert, and the Lincolnshire movement to revive the 
 
 Catholic Religion ... ... ... ... ... 189 
 
 Abbot Paslew ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 189 
 
 Abstract of Charters ... ... ... ... ... ... 205 
 
 Amicable Library ... ... ... ... ... ... 222 
 
 Assembly Room ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 223 
 
 Ashton, Thomas, D.D. ... ... ... ... ... 235 
 
 Atkinson, Professor ... ... ... ... ... ... 281 
 
 Account Book (St. John's) ... ... ... ... ... 337 
 
 Ashton Hall, Pictures fomerly within it ... ... ... 405 
 
 Alderson Baron, Lodgings of, during Assizes ... ... 447 
 
 Architect of Lancaster Parish Church Tower ... ... ... 448 
 
 Archery Club, John o'Gaunt's Bowmen ... ... ... 460 
 
 Atherton, Oliver ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 496 
 
 Ancient tenures in Lancaster ... ... ... ... ... 514 
 
 Artistic Firms ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 516 
 
 Asylum, R.A. , Population of... ... ... ... ... 540 
 
 Art School, Formation of... ... ... ... ... ... 544 
 
 Agricultural Society ... ... ... ... ... ... 546 
 
 Aldcliffe 567 
 
 Ale, Reduction in price of ... .. ... ... ... 575 
 
 Authorities quoted... ... . ... ... ... ... 583
 
 5 88 INDEX. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Brasses, Ancient in St. Mary's Church ... ... ... ... 14 
 
 Bowes epitaph ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 14 
 
 Bailiffs of the Town in 1659 ... ... ... ... ... 23 
 
 Bells of St. Mary's Church 36 
 
 Burgage, Signification of ... ... ... ... ... ... 50 
 
 Bligh Murder Case ... ... ... ... ... ... 56 
 
 Blackburne, Stanley and Peel Portraits in the Shire Hall ... 63 
 
 Branding-iron in the Crown Court ... ... ... ... 65 
 
 Boys' National School ... ... ... ... ... ... 84 
 
 Bequests, Singular, of John o'Gaunt ... ... ... 100 
 
 Bay Horse, Railway Accident at, in 1848 ... ... ... 125 
 
 Bashful Alley ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 133 
 
 Burning of Lancaster ... .. ... ... ... ... 137 
 
 Bowerham, Derivation of name ... ... ... ... 139 
 
 Barnet, Nehemiah, Extract from Sermon of ... ... ... 148 
 
 Bells of St. Peter's Church ... ... ... ... . . 170 
 
 Bell, James, Martyr ... ... ... ... ... ... 172 
 
 Barlow, Edward, ,, ... ... ... ... ... 183 
 
 Bamber, Edward, ,, .. ... ... ... ... ... 184 
 
 Bailey, Lawrence, ,, ... ... ... ... ... 188 
 
 Birkett, Richard, ,, ... ... ... ... ... ... 189 
 
 " Black Hole" 201,533 
 
 Baths and Washhouses ... ... ... ... ... ... 214 
 
 Bulfield, Richard, Presentation to ... ... .. ... 222 
 
 Blair, Rev. W. P., Presentation to ... ... ... ... 222 
 
 Bellew, Rev. J. C. M 249 
 
 Bushell, Seth, D.l). 252 
 
 Bracken, Henry ... ... ... ... ••• ••■ 259 
 
 Brunton, James ... ... ... ... ••• ••• ••• 295 
 
 Binns, Jonathan ... ... ... ••• ••• ■•• 3 r 4> 5&3 
 
 Baptist Denomination in Lancaster ... 367 
 
 Bowerham Barracks ... ... ... ... • •• ••• 4 IT 
 
 Borough Waits 43 1 
 
 Bellmen of the century 43 l 
 
 Bellman's Parrock 43 1
 
 INDEX. 
 
 ;8 9 
 
 Brougham's Lodging's during the Assizes ... 
 
 Blue Anchor Inn 
 
 Brewery, Old (Brewery Lane) 
 
 Borough Perambulations ... 
 
 Boundary Riding 
 
 Boswell in Lancaster 
 
 Blue Coat School 
 
 Boys : National Schoal, Past Masters of. .. ... . . 
 
 Books, Old, referring to the County 
 
 Barracks, Population of ... 
 
 Building Societies, Dates of formation in Lancaster 
 
 Barlow Edward, executioner 
 
 Bowes, Thomas, Death of 
 
 Bolton Holme Estate ... 
 
 Church, Antiquity of 
 
 Commissary's Court in St. Mary's Church 
 
 Churchwardens and Bailiffs in 1641, 1659, and 1671 ... 
 
 Chapelwardens, Rural, in 1608 
 
 Clock of St. Mary's Church 
 
 Clough, Hannah, doing Penance in St. Mary's Church 
 
 Charities of Lancaster 
 
 Castle, tour through recent Improvements, &c. 
 
 Constable's return, An old 
 
 Clougha, Origin of term 
 
 Civil Court of Lancaster Castle ... 
 
 Coats of Arms of past High Sheriffs in the Shire Hall 
 
 Crown Court 
 
 Castle Walls, Thickness of ... 
 
 Castle, Royalty at ... 
 
 Caer Waerid, Origin of 
 
 Carter, Randal, Bequest of to the Grammar School ... 
 
 " Cockpennies," Origin of term 
 
 Crouchback, Edmund 
 
 Chester, Earl of 
 
 Castles and Manors of John o'Gaunt 
 
 Page. 
 W7 
 
 455 
 
 455 
 501 
 502 
 
 5i8 
 
 53° 
 
 53' 
 
 532 
 
 54° 
 
 543 
 
 573 
 
 57° 
 
 579 
 
 2 3- 2 4 
 
 24 
 
 37 
 40 
 
 4i 
 52-53 
 
 59 
 
 62 
 
 63 
 64 
 
 64 
 
 65 
 67 
 
 69 
 
 81 
 
 82-83 
 
 89 
 
 88 
 
 9i
 
 59 o INDEX. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Chancery Court granted to John of Gaunt ... ... ... 91 
 
 Castle Gateway and John of Gaunt ... ... ... ... 93 
 
 Castle Moat 101 
 
 County Palatine and Duchy of Lancaster ... 102, 531, 532 
 
 Chancery Court of Lancaster ... ... ... ... ... 107 
 
 Charters granted to Lancaster ... .. ... ... 108, 205 
 
 Covell, Thomas ... ... ... ... ... ... 109 
 
 Common Council of Lancaster ... ... ... ... ... 1 10 
 
 Canal, Lancaster ... ... .. ... ... ... 115 
 
 ,, ,, Extension of, to Kendal ... ... ... 117 
 
 fi ,, " Stations " between Lancaster and Preston 119 
 
 " Consecrated Well " 135 
 
 China Lane ... ... ... ... ■•• •■■ ••• 136 
 
 Civil Wars 14 1 
 
 Catholic Martyrs, Memorial Window to ... ... ... 164 
 
 Catholic Martyrs, Accounts of 172, 191 
 
 " Captain Cobbler " movement ... ... ... ... 189 
 
 Cemetery, St. Peter's 192 
 
 City, Origin of term ... ... ... ... ... ... 202 
 
 " Constitutions and Orders," Extracts from ... ... ... 211 
 
 Co-operative Library ... ... ... ... ... ... 223 
 
 Campbell, Colin, Rev 257 
 
 Catholic Chapel and Dr. Rigby 325 
 
 Churchwardens' Book (St. John's) ... 337 
 
 Communion Plate (St. John's) 341 
 
 Christ Church 356 
 
 Church Livings, Value of, in 1891 357 
 
 Congregationalism in Lancaster... ... ... ... ... 357 
 
 Centenary Church ... ... ... ... ... ... 359 
 
 Catholic Apostolic Church 368 
 
 Chapel of the Ripley Hospital 396 
 
 Cemetery, General ... .. ... ... ... ... ••• 400 
 
 Centenarians ... ... ... ••• ... ■•• •■• 408 
 
 Cork, Freemanship of, granted to Lieut-General Hodgson ... 412 
 
 Crimea Memorial in the Cemetery ... ... ... ... 422
 
 INDEX. 591 
 
 1'age. 
 
 Cawthorne Court Martial... ... ... ... ... ... 441 
 
 Conservative Club ... ... ... ... ... ... 441 
 
 Cross Keys Inn ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 452 
 
 Commercial Hotel ... ... ... ... ... •• 453 
 
 Centenary of John o'Gaunt Bowmen ... ... ... ... 462 
 
 Champion Bowmen (recent) ... ... ... ... ... 463 
 
 Challenge Cup of John o'Gaunt Bowmen ... ... ... 464 
 
 Coffee House Movement .. ... ... ... ... 501 
 
 Constables of Lancaster Castle ... ... ... ... ••• 509 
 
 Castle Chaplains ... ... .. . • ... ■•• 512 
 
 ,, Surgeons 512 
 
 Coroners for the century ... ... ... ••• ••• 513 
 
 Chantries ... ... ... ... ... •• ••• ••• 524 
 
 Church Bells 526 
 
 Charity School (girls) ... ... ... .. ... ... 530 
 
 Corless, Thomas, Mayor in 1680 ... ... ... ... 533 
 
 Captains, West Indian, &c, of Lancaster, Lists of ... ... 534 
 
 Census, 1891 ... .. ••• ... ••• ••• ••• 54° 
 
 County Asylum, Population of ... ... ... ... ... 540 
 
 Clubs, Dates of County, Conservative, and Reform ... 545, 546 
 
 Charities, Addenda ... ... ... ... •■• ••• 548 
 
 Church, Skerton ... ... ... ••• ••• ••• 551 
 
 Charities, Skerton... ... ... ... ••• ••• ••• 560 
 
 Chronology ... ... ... ••• ••• • ••• 57 2 
 
 Canal Company's Horses, Sale of ... ... ••• ••• 577 
 
 County Court Judges of the Century 583 
 
 Chairman of Quarter Sessions of the Century ... ... ... 583 
 
 Description of St. Mary's Church 4, 5 
 
 Drop Room in the Castle, description of ... ... ... 54 
 
 Dungeon Tower ... ... ... ... ... •■ ... 67 
 
 Derby, Earl of 90 
 
 Dukes of Lancaster ... ... .. ... ... 90,96 
 
 Debtors' Prison, approximate date of origin of ... ... 94 
 
 Death of John of Gaunt ... ... ... ••• ■•• 99
 
 59 2 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Disposition of John of Gaunt... ... ... ... ... 99 
 
 Duchy of Lancaster ... ... . .. ... 102, 531, 532 
 
 Dry Dock ... ... ... ... ... ... 120 
 
 Dalton Square Property ... . . ... ... ... ... 123 
 
 Dates of Scottish firing of Lancaster ... ... ... 137 
 
 Dilworth Family ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 232 
 
 Danson, George ... ... ... ... ... ... 284 
 
 De Vitre, E. D 315 
 
 Donors and Legatees of the Royal Albert Asylum ... 390 
 
 Diggens, James, Presentation to ... ... ... ... 392 
 
 Dates on old Houses in Lancaster ... ... ... ... 443 
 
 Disfranchisement of Lancaster ... ... ... ... ... 482 
 
 Discovery of an old Bayonet ... ... ... ... ... 522 
 
 Diameter and Weights of St. Mary's Church Bells . . ... 527 
 
 Duchy Receipts and Disbursements (1890)... ... ... 531 
 
 Duchy Seals ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 53 
 
 Dates of origin of Building Societies in Lancaster ... 543 
 
 Dates of Formation of various Societies ... ... ... 544 
 
 Duke and Duchess of Lancaster Steamships ... ... 549, 583 
 
 Daltons of Thurnham ... ... ... ... ... ... 566 
 
 D°g "J ac k>" of the Millstone Inn, Skerton ... ... 564 
 
 Dove and hawk, Fight between ... ... ... ... ... ^77 
 
 > 
 
 Epitaphs in St. Mary's Church ... ... ... ... ... 6 
 
 Eyre, Sir Samuel, Epitaph ... ... ... ... ... 6 
 
 Educational Charities ... ... ... ... ... 84, 530 
 
 Earls of Lancaster ... ... ... ... ... ... 88-90 
 
 Entry of John of Gaunt into Lancaster ... ... ... ... 93 
 
 Engines, Locomotive, Trials of, and premium to the best one 12-, 
 
 Eminent persons in art, science, and literature who have 
 
 appeared on the stage of the theatre ... ... 227 
 
 Edmondson, Thomas ... ... ... ... ... ... 285 
 
 Execution, Last in England by strangulation ... ... 499
 
 INDEX. 
 
 593 
 
 Epidemics in Lancaster 
 Edmondson Charity 
 Epitaphs in Skerton Church 
 Embley, James, Memorial 
 Earthquake Shocks in Lancaster 
 Estate, Bolton Holme... 
 
 Fauconberg Family 
 
 Foster Memorials 
 
 Ferrers, Earl 
 
 First Duke of Lancaster 
 
 Fires in Lancaster ... 
 
 Fletcher, Richard, prisoner (Catholic) 
 
 First Knighted Mayor of Lancaster 
 
 Freedom of the Borough 
 
 Freeman's Certificate 
 
 Frankland, Professor ... 
 
 Fauconberg, Charles Lord 
 
 Female Sexton at St. John's Chapel 
 
 Fairs in Lancaster 
 
 Freemanship of Cork granted to Lieut. General Hodgson 
 
 Fauconberg Family's old home 
 
 Fenton Cawthorne House... 
 
 Formation of Freemasons' Lodges ... 
 
 Free Tuition in Vocal Music 
 
 Friends' School 
 
 France Charity 
 
 Fleming, Lady, date of decease of ... 
 
 Forrest, John, Drawings of 
 
 Page. 
 508 
 
 548 
 552 
 559 
 
 572 
 
 579 
 
 12 
 
 3 2 
 89 
 
 90 
 
 137 
 189 
 199 
 202 
 203 
 298 
 
 3 2 4 
 
 343 
 410 
 
 412 
 
 434 
 
 437 
 469 
 
 5 2 4 
 53o 
 548 
 573 
 573 
 
 Gardyner's Corn Mill 
 Gardyner's Charity 
 Gillison's Charity ... 
 Gild, Ancient Lancaster 
 Gateway of the Castle 
 
 40 
 
 41, 4 2 
 42-44 
 
 47 
 66 
 
 02
 
 594 INDEX. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Grammar School ... ... ... ... ... ... 74 
 
 Grammar School and Mayor Choosing days ... ... ... 82 
 
 Girls' National School... ... ... ... ... ... 85 
 
 Garter, Order of, Creation of ... ... ... ... ... 90 
 
 Grants, Royal, to John of Gaunt ... ... ... ... 91 
 
 Gifts, Singular, by John of Gaunt ... ... ... ... 100 
 
 Gillow & Company's Works... ... ... ... ... 120 
 
 Gargotra, Origin of ... ... ... ... ... ... 129 
 
 Golgotha, Origin of ... ... ... ... ... ••■ 139 
 
 Greaves, Origin of... ... ... ... ... ... ... 139 
 
 Gas Works ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 217 
 
 Galloway, Professor ... ... ... ... ... ... 303 
 
 Gilbert, H 320 
 
 Gillow, Richard ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 329 
 
 Green Lane Murder ... ... ... ... ... ... 406 
 
 Green Ayre, Plan of, in 1784 ... ... ... ... ... 449 
 
 Green Dragon... ... ... ... ... ... ... 454 
 
 Governors of Lancaster Castle ... ... ... ... ... 510 
 
 Gerard Charity... ... ... ... ... . 548 
 
 Gooden, Rev. Peter ... ... ... ... ... ... 570 
 
 Higgin Epitaph in St. Mary's Church ... ... ... ... 9 
 
 Heysham Epitaph ... ... ... ... ... ... 14 
 
 Heard Brass ... ... ... ••• •■• ••• ••• 17 
 
 Howarth's Epitaph 33 
 
 Heysham's Charity ... ... ... ... ... ... 43 
 
 Holy Trinity Church ... ... ... ... ... ... 49 
 
 Hospital of St. Leonard ... 49 
 
 Hadrian's Tower ... ... ... ••• ... 57 _ 6i 
 
 High Sheriffs, Arms of past, in the Shire Hall... ... ... 64 
 
 House of Lancaster ... ... ... ... ... ••• 87-90 
 
 Henry, Earl of Derby 90 
 
 Horse Shoe Corner ... ... ... ... ... ••• 13S 
 
 Haverbreck Hill 139 
 
 Hirst, Richard, (Martyr) 182
 
 INDEX. 595 
 
 Page. 
 
 Housman, Rev. Robert ... ... ... ... ... ... 237 
 
 Hathornthwaite, Thomas, LL.D. ... ... ... .. 246 
 
 Harrison, Sir John... ... ... ... ... ... ... 258 
 
 Heysham, John... ... ... ... ... ... ... 261 
 
 Hadwen, William ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 265 
 
 Henderson, Cornelius ... ... ... ... ... ... 275 
 
 Higgin, William Housman ... ... ... ... ... 282 
 
 Hawarden, Rev. Edward ... ... ... ... ... 320 
 
 Herschell, Lord, Speech of, at the Royal Albert Asylum ... 393 
 
 Hodgson, Lieut-General, Freemanship of Cork granted to 412 
 
 Heralds, Lancaster ... ... ... ... ... ... 423 
 
 Houses, Old ... ... ... .... ... ... ... 431 
 
 Haunted Houses ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 449 
 
 Hotels, Old ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 450 
 
 High Sheriffs who dwelt near Lancaster ... ... ... 509 
 
 Horticultural Society ... ... ... ... ... ... 546 
 
 Heysham Charity ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 548 
 
 Harrison, Sir John, and Heysham Alliance... ... ... 568 
 
 Horses, Sale of Canal Company's ... ... ... ... 577 
 
 Hawk and Dove, Fight between ... ... ... ... 577 
 
 Inmates ot the Charity Almshouse in 1890 ... ... ... 45-46 
 
 Inscriptions on St. Peters' Bells ... ... ... ... 170 
 
 Incumbents of St. John's, St. Anne's, and St. Thomas' 
 
 Churches, List of ... ... ... ... ... 354 
 
 Innocent men executed at Lancaster ... ... ... 496 
 
 Infant, Imprisonment of an, in Lancaster Castle ... ... 496 
 
 Incumbents of Skerton... ... ... ... ... ... 551 
 
 Jones' or Johnes' Epitaph in St. Mary's Church ... ... 11 
 
 John o'Gaunt's Chair ... ... ... ... ... ... 61 
 
 Judges at Lancaster Assizes and Holiday granting to the 
 
 Grammar School Boys ... ... ... ... ... 82 
 
 John of Gaunt ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 91-99 
 
 John of Gaunt, Portrait of and Armour of ... ... ... 94
 
 ; 9 6 INDEX. 
 
 Pa^e. 
 
 Jura Regalia, Grant of to John of Gaunt ... ... ... 91-92 
 
 Jubilee of Queen Victoria ... ... ... ... ... ... 426 
 
 John Lawson's old house in St. Leonard's Gate ... ... 435 
 
 Judges' Lodging's ... ... ... ... ... .. ... 436 
 
 John o'Gaunt Bowmen ... ... ... ... ... 457 
 
 John o'Gaunt Club (London) ... ... ... ... ... 483 
 
 Judges, County Court, of the Century ... ... ... 583 
 
 Jubilee of George III. ... ... ... ... ... ... 575 
 
 Kellet, Adam and Ralph ... ... ... ... ... ... 6 
 
 Kirkham Murderer, (Bligh) ... ... ... ... ... 56 
 
 Keep of Lancaster Castle ... ... ... ... ... ... 61 
 
 Keys, Old Castle 66 
 
 Knights Hospitallers of St. John ... ... ... ... 139 
 
 King's Own Royal Lancashire Regiment ... ... ... 413 
 
 Kings of Arms, Lancaster ... ... ... ... ... 423 
 
 Kirby, William... ... ... ... ... ... ... 448 
 
 Kirby, Moore ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 448 
 
 King's Arms Hotel ... ... ... ... ... ... 450 
 
 Kennedy, Captain, Presentation to ... ... ... .. 579 
 
 Lancaster, Origin of name ... ... ... ... ... 1 
 
 Laurence Epitaph ... ... ... ... ... ... 10 
 
 Lancaster Charities ... ... ... ... ... ... 41 
 
 Lancaster Castle, Tour through ... ... ... ... 52,53 
 
 Lungess Tower ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 61 
 
 Lancaster Family ... ... ... ... ... ... 88 
 
 Lancaster Castle Gateway ... ... ... ... ... 93 
 
 Loyne Bridge, Old ... ... ... ... ... ... no 
 
 Lune, Source of ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 115 
 
 Lancaster Canal ... ... ... ... ... ... 115 
 
 Latin Inscription on the Aqueduct .. ... ... ... 116 
 
 Lancaster Wagon Works ... ... ... ... ... 123 
 
 London and North-Western Railway ... ... ... ... 123 
 
 Little North Western Line ... ... ... ... ... 125
 
 INDEX. 
 
 597 
 
 Locomotives, Trial of, on the Liverpool and Manchester Rail- 
 way, premium for best one 
 
 Lancaster Thoroughfares 
 
 Lindow, Origin of name ... 
 
 Leeming, Richard 
 
 ,, Memorial 
 Lancashire Catholic Martyrs, List of 
 Lancaster School of Art ... 
 
 ,, Society of Arts 
 
 Lancaster Banks ... 
 
 Lancaster Worthies 
 
 Little, Knox, Canon 
 
 Library of Dr. Whewell 
 
 Lonsdale, Richard and James 
 
 Loftus, Sir A. J. 
 
 Linton, William 
 
 List of Incumbents of St. John's, St. Anne's and St. Thomas' 
 Churches ... 
 
 List of ministers of St. Nicholas's Chapel ... 
 
 Lune Fishery 
 
 Lancaster dialect 
 
 Lancaster Kings of Arms and Her 
 
 aids 
 
 Lancaster Coins 
 
 ,, Tokens ... 
 
 Lodges, Freemasons', Dates of formation of 
 Lancaster Benevolent Burial Friendly Society... 
 Lancaster and Political Representation 
 Lune Shipbuilding Company 
 Lancaster Water Supply 
 Lancaster and Education . . 
 Librarians, past, of Mechanics' Institute 
 Lists of past Master Mariners of the Port of Lancaster 
 Literary and Philosophic Society, Presidents of ... 
 Lawyers on the Northern Circuit, Number of ... 
 Lancaster Agricultural and Horticultural Societies 
 
 Page. 
 
 I2 5 
 128 
 
 !39 
 169 
 
 192 
 
 191 
 
 224 
 224 
 230 
 
 2 34 
 
 2 55 
 242 
 
 2 75 
 308 
 
 
 354 
 366 
 
 401 
 
 409 
 
 4 2 3 
 426 
 
 428 
 
 469 
 
 479 
 482 
 
 500 
 5*9 
 53o 
 53 1 
 534 
 544 
 545 
 546
 
 598 INDEX. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Lathom Charity ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 548 
 
 List of Incumbents of Skerton ... ... ... ... 551 
 
 Libel Case, 1791 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 583 
 
 Lancaster and Carlisle Railway Shares ... ... ... 578 
 
 Mural Literature in St. Mary's Church ... ... ... ... 6 
 
 Machell Epitaph ... ... .. ... ... ... 16 
 
 Modern Military Memorials ... ... ... ... 17, 18, 19 
 
 MS. discovered while removing a cupboard in the Record 
 
 Room of the Castle ... ... ... ... ... 59 
 
 Morland, Rev. George ... ... ... ... ... ... 79 
 
 Mayor-choosing days and the Grammar School Boys ... 82 
 
 Military ability of Henry, Earl of Derby ... ... ... 90 
 
 Military ability of John of Gaunt ... ... ... ... 96 
 
 Midland Railway ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 123 
 
 Mabbe's Wall Sike ' 129 
 
 Market Street, meaning of term Market... ... ... ... 130 
 
 Memorial Windows in St. Peter's Church ... ... ... 162 
 
 Mason Street Catholic Chapel ... ... ... ... ... 172 
 
 Martyrs, Catholic, who suffered at Lancaster ... ... 172-191 
 
 Martyrs, Catholic, of Lancashire ... ... ... ... 191 
 
 Mace of the Borough ... ... ... ... ... ... 195 
 
 Municipal Area ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 195 
 
 Market Cross ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 195 
 
 Mayors of Lancaster, List of ... ... ... ... ... 196 
 
 Market Hall 214 
 
 Miss Tomlinson's Bequest to St. John's Church ... ... 342 
 
 Marriage, First in the old and new Wesleyan Chapels ... 360 
 
 Ministers of St. Nicholas' Chapel ... ... ... ... 366 
 
 Mineral Spring, Ancient ... ... ... ... ... 425 
 
 Molyneux, Mr., Arms, &c. in Offices of ... ... ... 432 
 
 Moore, Kirby ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 448 
 
 Members, List of old, of John o'Gaunt Bowmen ... ... 460 
 
 Masonic Hall ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 475 
 
 Members of Parliament for Lancaster ... ... . ... 486
 
 INDEX. 
 
 599 
 
 Page. 
 
 Marsh, George... ... ... ... ... ... .. 49O 
 
 Merchants' News Room ... ... ... ... ... ... 501 
 
 Maps of Lancaster ... ... ... ... ... ... 515 
 
 Masters, past, of Boys' National School ... ... ... 531 
 
 Mechanics' Institute, Past Librarians of ... ... ... 531 
 
 Mayor, a degraded... ... ... ... ... ... ... 533 
 
 Master Mariners, Past, of the Port of Lancaster ... ... 534 
 
 Musical and Operatic Societies ... ... ... ... ... 545 
 
 " May and December" Marriage ... ... ... ... 573 
 
 Mussels, Lords of Heysham Manor and Fishermen, Great 
 
 trial between ... ... ... ... .. ... 581 
 
 Nisi Prills Court ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 63 
 
 Normans in Lancaster... ... ... ... ... ... 86 
 
 Nutter, Robert, Martyr 174 
 
 Number of Lawyers on the Northern Circuit ... ... 545 
 
 Origin of name Lancaster ... ... ... ... ... 1 
 
 ,, Clougha ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 62 
 
 ,, Caer Weridd ... ... ... ... ... 69 
 
 ,, Cockpennies ... ... ... ... ... ...82-83 
 
 ,, Palatine ... ... ... ... ... ... 102 
 
 ,, Wapentake ... ... ... ... ... ... 108 
 
 ,, Gargotra and Mabbe's Wall Sike ... ... 129 
 
 ,, Haverbreck Hill ... ... ... ... ... 139 
 
 ,, Golgotha, Lindow, and Bowerham ... ... 139 
 
 ,, Greaves ... ... ... ... ... ... 140 
 
 ,, White Cross... ... ... ... ... ... 140 
 
 Order of Garter, Date of Creation of ... ... ... ... 90 
 
 Old Loyne Bridge ... ... ... ... ... ... 1 10 
 
 Opening of Lancaster and Kendal Canal Extension ... ... 118 
 
 Old Canal Boats ... ... ... ... ... ... 119 
 
 Old Canal "Stations" between Lancaster and Preston ... 119 
 
 Oath of a Free Burgess of Lancaster ... ... ... 204- 
 
 Owen, Sir Richard... ... ... ... ... ... ... 276
 
 6oo INDEX. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Old Homes of the Fauconbergs ... ... ... ... 434 
 
 Old Tower erected by Dr. Marton ... ... ... ... 441 
 
 Old Wells 446 
 
 Old Hotels 450 
 
 Old Sir Simon Inn ... ... ... ... ... ... 456 
 
 Old Members of John o'Gaunt Bowmen ... ... ... 460 
 
 Oddfellowship ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 476 
 
 Oddfellows' Hall 478 
 
 Old Lancaster Medical Men ... ... ... ... ... 507 
 
 Old Officials, Lay and Ecclesiastical ... ... ... ... 513 
 
 Old Names attached to Pews in St. Mary's Church ... 529 
 
 Old Books referring to the County ... ... ... ... 532 
 
 Penny Epitaph ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 14 
 
 Parish Registers ... ... ... ... ... ... 22 
 
 Priors of St. Mary's Church ... ... ... ... ... 34 
 
 Parish Clerks ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 35 
 
 Penance in St. Mary's Church ... ... ... ... ... 40 
 
 Penny's Charity ... ... ... ... ... ... 43 
 
 Paintings in the Nisi Prius Court ... ... ... ... 63 
 
 Peel, Stanley and Blackburne Portraits in the Shire Hall... 63 
 
 Past Masters of the Royal Grammar School ... ... ... 74 
 
 Pryke, Rev. W. E 81 
 
 Pyper, National School Endowment ... ... ... ... 84 
 
 Palatine of Lancaster ... ... ... ... ... ... 102 
 
 Population of Lancaster ... ... ... ... no, 540, 541 
 
 Port of Lancaster, Old ... ... ... ... ... 120 
 
 Pudding Lane ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 131 
 
 Penny Street ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 131 
 
 Priests of the Lancaster Mission, List of ... ... ... 169 
 
 Pleasington William, Martyr... ... .. ... ... 188 
 
 Penketh, John, prisoner (Catholic) .. 189 
 
 Pilgrims of Grace ... ... ••• ••• ••• ••• j 8q 
 
 Paslew Abbot 189 
 
 Preston, Alderman, his first and second Mayoralty ... 192
 
 INDEX. 60 1 
 
 Page. 
 
 Portraits in the Town Hall ... ... ... ... ... 193 
 
 Police Force of the Borough ... ... ... ... ... 200 
 
 Punch Bowl, an old ... ... ... ... ... ... 204 
 
 Public Baths and Washhouses ... ... ... ... 214 
 
 Paganini in Lancaster ... ... ... ... ... ... 228 
 
 Poetry of Mr. Bellew ... ... ... ... ... ... 250 
 
 Penny, William ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 261 
 
 Poets : Sanderson, Hadwen, and Hathornthwaite 246, 265 & 267 
 
 Palatine Hall ... ... ... ... .. ... ... 325 
 
 Primitive Methodists ... ... ... ... ... ... 368 
 
 Portrait, Presentation of, to the Secretary of the Royal 
 
 Albert Asylum ... ... ... ... ... 392 
 
 Paintings formerly in Ashton Hall ... ... ... .. 405 
 
 Press, Local ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 406 
 
 Probate Court ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 429 
 
 Post Office ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 429 
 
 Past Postmasters of Lancaster ... ... ... ... ... 430 
 
 Pollock's Lodgings during the Assizes ... ... ... 447 
 
 Philippi Club ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 480 
 
 Past Masters of Freemasons' Lodges ... ... ... 474 
 
 Perambulations of the Boundaries ... ... ... 501 
 
 Poets who have visited Lancaster ... ... ... ... 518 
 
 Past Organists of St Mary's Church ... ... ... ... 527 
 
 Population of each Ward ... ... ... ... ... 541 
 
 Prison, Workhouse, Asylums, and Ripley Hospital Populations 540 
 
 Presidents, Philosophic Society ... ... ... ... ... 544 
 
 Photographic Society ... ... ... ... ... ... 544 
 
 Provident Savings Bank ... ... ... ... ... .. 575 
 
 Queen Victoria at Lancaster Castle ... ... ... ... 68 
 
 Quarter Sessions and Chairmen of, for the Century ... 408, 583 
 
 Queen and the title of " Duke "or " Duchess " of Lancaster 506 
 Quarme, C. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 580 
 
 Quoted, Authorities ... ... ... ... ... ... 583
 
 6o2 INDEX. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Rawlinson, Thomas Hutton, epitaph ... ... ... ... 12 
 
 Redmayne epitaph ... ... ... ... ... ... 8 
 
 Register of St. Mary's, Extracts from ... ... ... ... 24 
 
 Runic Stones ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 31 
 
 Religious Houses ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 46 
 
 Record Room ; Joiners' statement found behind a cupboard 59 
 
 Relics in Hadrian's Tower ... ... ... ... ... 60 
 
 Restoration Order concerning the Keep in Elizabeth's time 62 
 
 Royal Visits to the Castle ... ... ... ... ... 67 
 
 Roman Remains ... ... ... ... ... ... 69 
 
 Rowley, Rev. Joseph ... ... ... ... ... ... 80 
 
 Reunion of Old Grammar School Boys in 1812 ... ... 81 
 
 Roger de Poictou ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 86 
 
 Royal Grants to John of Gaunt ... ... ... ... 91 
 
 Remains of Thomas, Earl of Lancaster, discovered in 1822 ... 92 
 
 Railway Bridges ... ... ... ... ... ... 115 
 
 Railways ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 123 
 
 Railway Riot ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 124 
 
 Railway Accident at Bay Horse in 1848 ... ... ... 125 
 
 Rebellions, Scotch, 1715-1745 ... ... ... ... 151-153 
 
 Rebels Executed in Lancaster ... ... ... ... ... 152 
 
 Revolution of 1688 and Lancaster ... ... ... ... 155 
 
 Recorders of Lancaster (a few) ... ... ... ... ... 199 
 
 Rawlinson, Sir Robert ... ... ... ... ... 305 
 
 Ross, Stephen ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 316 
 
 Robinson, Benjamin ... ... ... ... ... ... 319 
 
 Rigby, Rev. John, D.D. ... ... ... ... ... ... 324 
 
 Royal Albert Asylum ... ... ... ... ... ... 385 
 
 Recreation Hall, Royal Albert Asylum ... ... ... ... 390 
 
 Ripley Hospital ... ... ... ... .. ... 395 
 
 Royal Visits ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 425 
 
 Rowley Lodge of Freemasons ... ... ... ... 470 
 
 Relics of Prisoners attempting to escape from Lancaster Castle 496 
 
 Ringers at St. Mary's Church ... ... ... ... 527 
 
 ,, ,, St. Thomas' Church ... ... ... ... ... 529
 
 INDEX 603 
 
 Page. 
 
 Ringers at St. Peter's Church ... ... ... ... 529 
 
 Ripley Hospital, Population of ... ... ... ... ... 540 
 
 Rainfall in Lancaster, 1889 and 1890 ... ... ... 543 
 
 Rowing Clubs ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 546 
 
 Rigby Charities ... ... ... ... ... ... 548 
 
 Rogerson Charity ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 548 
 
 Rioting at the Election of 1768 ... ... ... ... 573 
 
 Revolution Jubilee (1788)... ... ... . . .. ... 574 
 
 Robertsons. Fawcett Trial ... ... ... ... ... 581 
 
 Railway Shares, L. & C. ... ... ... ... ... ... 578 
 
 Rat, A large 579 
 
 St. Mary's Church ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 4,5 
 
 St. Mary's Register Book ... ... ... ... ... 22 
 
 Stratford Epitaph ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 28 
 
 Styth Brass ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 17 
 
 Sanctuary, Privilege of, in the Church of Lancaster ... ... 39 
 
 Site of John Gardyner's Corn Mill ... ... ... ... 40 
 
 St. Leonard's Hospital ... ... ... ... ... ... 49 
 
 Scenery from the summit of the Norman Keep and John 
 
 o'Gaunt's Chair ... ... ... ... ... 62 
 
 Shire Hall ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 63 
 
 Stanley, Blackburne, and Peel Portraits in the Shire Hall 63 
 
 Skerton Bridge... ... ... ... ... ... ... 113 
 
 Source of the Lune ... ... ... ... ... ... 115 
 
 St. George's Quay ... ... ... ... ... ... 120 
 
 Storey Brothers and Company's Works... ... ... ... 122 
 
 Sack of Lancaster ... ... ... ... ... ... 143 
 
 Scottish Rebellions, 1715-1745 ... ... ... ... 151, 153 
 
 Scotforth chosen as a Field for Battle in' 1745 ... ... 154 
 
 St. Peter's Church 156 
 
 St. Peter's Bells 170 
 
 Statue of Thomas Whittaker, Martyr, in Claughton-on- 
 
 Brook Cemetery ... ... ... ... ... ... 187 
 
 St. Kentigern 187 
 
 St. Peter's Cemetery ... ... ... ... ... ... 192
 
 604 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Stocks in the Town Hall 
 Storey Art Institute 
 
 "Stars" at the Theatre 
 
 Sanderson, William 
 
 Simpson, William Shaw 
 
 Storey, Sir Thomas 
 
 Skelton, Rev. Nicholas 
 
 St. John's Church... 
 
 St. John's Account Book 
 
 St. John's Register Book ... 
 
 Sexton, Female at St. John's Church 
 
 St. Anne's Church ... 
 
 St. Thomas' Church 
 
 St. Nicholas Street Chapel 
 
 St. Nicholas Street Chapel, List of Ministers of ... 
 
 Statues of the Queen and Prince Consort, Unveiling- of, at 
 the Royal Albert Asylum 
 
 Seats near Lancaster ... 
 
 Sale of the Duke of Hamilton's Lancashire Estates ... 
 
 Sherburne Family's Lancaster residence 
 
 Scarlett, Brougham and Pollock's Lodgings during the 
 Assizes 
 
 Ship Inn. .. 
 
 Spink Bull ... 
 
 Staircase, An old, in connection with Hadrian's Tower 
 
 Surgeons, Past, of Lancaster Castle 
 
 St. Mary's Church Tower, Ringers' Rules ... 
 
 St. Thomas' Church Bell Ringers 
 
 St. Peter's Church Bell Ringers 
 
 Seals of the Duchy and County Palatine 
 
 Shipping Firms, Old, of Lancaster ... 
 
 Shipping items, and Lancaster Slave Ships 
 
 Skerton and Scotforth, Population of 
 
 Science Students' Association 
 
 Skerton Parish... 
 
 Skerton Charities ... 
 
 Page. 
 
 *95 
 223 
 
 227 
 
 266 
 
 2 93 
 3i3 
 322 
 
 33 l 
 333 
 344 
 343 
 347 
 35o 
 362 
 
 366 
 
 393 
 
 402 
 
 405 
 
 448 
 
 447 
 453 
 45 6 
 495 
 5 12 
 527 
 5 2 9 
 5 2 9 
 53^ 
 534 
 539 
 54° 
 544 
 
 549 
 560
 
 INDEX. 605 
 
 Page. 
 
 Simpson, Rev. Robert... ... ... ... ... ... 564 
 
 Scotforth ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 565 
 
 Scotforth Charities ... ... ... ... ... ... 566 
 
 Suth worth, Roger . . ... ... ... ... ... .. 568 
 
 Stout, William 572 
 
 Seward, Abraham, and George III. ... ... ... ... 574 
 
 ,, ,, Invention by ... ... ••• ••• 575 
 
 Sale of Canal Company's Horses ... ... ... ... 577 
 
 Stout, John, Death of... ... ... ... ... ... 579 
 
 Tower of St. Mary's Church ... ... ... ... 527, 36 
 
 Tithes of the Parish ... ... ... ... ... ... 40 
 
 Tear Hill 56 
 
 Tatham v. Wright Case, Relics of ... ... ... ... 60 
 
 Tablets in the Shire Hall ... ... ... ... ... ... 63 
 
 Thomas, Earl of Lancaster ... ... ... ... ... 89-92 
 
 Thwing, Edward, Martyr... ... ... ... ... .. 175 
 
 Thulis, John ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 176 
 
 Town Hall, Description of ... ... ... ... ... 193 
 
 Town Clerks of the Century ... ... ... ... ... 200 
 
 The Theatre ... ... ... ... ... ... .. 226 
 
 Taylor, John, D.D ' 234 
 
 Turner, Sir William ... ... ... ... ... ... 279 
 
 Tomlinson, James ... ... ... ... •• ••• 297 
 
 Tomlinson, Miss Margaret, Bequest of, to St. John's Church 342 
 
 Trelawney Portraits at the Barracks ... ... ... 411 
 
 Torch Extinguisher in Church Street ... ... ... ... 448 
 
 Tyldesley, Sir Thomas, House of ... ... ... ••• 447 
 
 Tree planting in Lancaster Thoroughfares ... ... .- 516 
 
 Temperance Societies ... .. ... ... ... ••■ 546 
 
 Tramways, Lancaster, Incorporation of Company ... ... 549 
 
 Tomlinson or Townson Almshouses... ... ... ... 573 
 
 Ushers of the Royal Grammar School ... ... ... ... 79 
 
 United Methodist Free Church 368
 
 606 INDEX. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Vicars of Lancaster ... ... .. ... .. .. 34 
 
 Value of Church Living's in Lancaster (1S91) ... ... 357 
 
 Victoria Avenue ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 409 
 
 Windows, Stained, in St. Mary's Church ... ... ... 20 
 
 Wildbore, Augustine .. ... ••• • • ••• ••• 34 
 
 Weeping Hill ... ... ... ... ... ... 56 
 
 Watch Chamber in the Roman Tower ... ... ... ... 58-61 
 
 Will Case, Tatham v. Wright 60 
 
 Winmarleigh Portrait ... ... ... ••- ••• ••• 63 
 
 Walls of the Castle, Thickness of ... ... ... ... 65 
 
 Watson, Rev. James ... ... ... ... ... ... 79 
 
 Widditt, Rev. John 79, 80 
 
 Widditt, Rev. John, Marriage of 81 
 
 Wapentake, of Lonsdale ... ... ••• ••• 107 
 
 Williamson & Son's Works ... ... .-■ ••• ... 122 
 
 Wagon Works... ... ... ••• ••• ••• ••• 123 
 
 White Cross ... ... ... ••• ••• •• ••• 140 
 
 Wars of the Roses .. ... ... ... ... ••• 140 
 
 Wars, Civil .. 14 1 
 
 Wrenno, Roger, Martyr ... ... ... ... ... 176 
 
 Woodcock, John, alias Martin ... ... ... 185 
 
 Whitaker, Thomas, Martyr ... ... ... ... •■• 186 
 
 Wall, Father 188 
 
 Williamson Park ... ... ... • •-• ••• ••• 215 
 
 Witches, Trials of some ... ... ... ... ... ... 219 
 
 Worswick Family ... ... ... ••• ••• 230 
 
 Whewell, William, D.D 241 
 
 Wadeson, Colonel ... ... 283 
 
 Walker, Provost ••• 328 
 
 Wesleyanism in Lancaster ... ... ... ■•• 359 
 
 Workhouse... 399 
 
 Warrant of the Lodge of Fortitude (Freemasonry) ... 468 
 
 Workhouse, Population of ... ... ••• ••• ••• 540 
 
 Ward Boundaries ... ... ••■ ••• ••• ••• 54 1
 
 INDEX. 60; 
 
 Page. 
 Wards, Populations of ... ... ... ... ... ... 541 
 
 White Cross Mill, destruction of by fire ... ... ... 575 
 
 Worsley, Mrs. Easter ... ... ... ... ... ... 578
 
 LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. 
 
 Allanson, Mr. Anthony Knowles, Park Square, Lancaster. 
 
 Appleford, Rev. W. Langley, Ripley Hospital, Lancaster. 
 
 Aspinwall, R., Esq., King's Arms Hotel, Lancaster. 
 
 Atkinson, Robert, Esq., 23, Regent Street, Lancaster. 
 
 Atkinson, John, Esq., 86, Ulleswater Road, Lancaster. 
 
 Ayrton, Mr. Richard, Arcade, Market Street. 
 
 Bailey, J. T., Esq., Chapel House, Lancaster. 
 
 Balbemie, John P., Esq., Stanley Bank, Staveley, near Kendal. 
 
 Barrow-in-Furness, Right Rev. Bishop of. 
 
 Barrow, Thomas, Esq., Baldrand, Lancaster. 
 
 Barrow, W., Esq., Ualton Square, Lancaster. 
 
 Beesley, Mr. Councillor James, Market Street, Lancaster. 
 
 Bell, Anthony, Esq., Derwent Road, Lancaster 
 
 Bell, Mrs. Birkett, Cable Street, Lancaster. 
 
 Bell, T., Esq., 20, Dalton Square, Lancaster. 
 
 Bell, Mr. Councillor Wm., Regent Street, Lancaster. 
 
 Bell, W. , Esq., Olive House, Lancaster. 
 
 Berry, J. W., Esq., Market Street Chambers, Lancaster. 
 
 Blades, C. , Esq., Parkfield, Lancaster. 
 
 Bolden, W. L, Esq., Stratford, Gippsland, Australia. 
 
 Bond, Richard, Esq., Bridge House, Skerton. 
 
 Bradley, Mr. D., Green Ayre Lancaster. 
 
 Brash, Mr. Richard, Bayhorse, near Lancaster. 
 
 Briggs, Mr. William, Springfield Terrace, Lancaster. 
 
 Brown, H. J., Esq., Westbourne Terrace, Lancaster. 
 
 Bulfield, Mr. A. P., King Street, Lancaster. 
 
 Bulfield, Mr. B., Liverpool. 
 
 Brunton, Miss Jane, Higher Greaves, Lancaster. 
 
 Capstick, Mr. W., Stonewell, Lancaster. 
 
 Cardwell, W., Esq., 25, Market Street, Lancaster. 
 
 Carruthers, G, Esq., Corn Market Street, Lancaster. 
 
 Chippendall, Mrs., Greta Tower, Ingleton. 
 
 Chippendall Miss, Croftlands, Lancaster. 
 
 Chippendall, Miss Maria, Croftlands, Lancaster. 
 
 Clark, E. G., Esq., Vineyards, Lancaster. 
 
 Clark, Robert, Esq., L.R.C.P., 78, Church Street, Lancaster. 
 
 Cleminson, W. T., Esq., 19, Burlington Street, Blackburn. 
 
 Cocks, Mr. James, The Grove, Lancaster. 
 
 Compston, Mr. C. R., 1, New Road, Lancaster. 
 
 Co-operative Society, Educational Department, Lancaster. 
 
 County Club, Church Street, Lancaster. 
 
 Coulston, Miss, Dalton Square, Lancaster. 
 
 Coulston, Rev. G, D.D., Ushaw College. Durham. 
 
 Crookall, Rev. T., St. Peter's Presbytery, Lancaster. 
 
 Dean, P'rederick, Esq., Westbourne Terrace, Lancaster. 
 
 Dean, C. W. Esq., M.R.C.S.. Queen Street, Lancaster. 
 
 Derby, Right Honble. tho Earl of, Knowsley. 
 
 Cookson, Mr. John, The Arbour, Salwick-in-the-Fylde, Kirkham.
 
 6io LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. 
 
 Dig-gens, Jas., Esq., Royal Albert Asylum, Lancaster. 
 
 Edmonson, T. Esq., Grassyard Hall, Caton. 
 
 Eliershaw, Mr. Jas., Queen Square, Lancaster. 
 
 Eltoft, Jas., Esq., Selbourne House, Lancaster. 
 
 Eskrigge, Rev. John, Notting Hill, London, W. 
 
 Faithwaite, T. W., Esq., Liverpool. 
 
 Fenton, Joseph, Esq., Fair Elms, Lancaster. 
 
 Fisher, Rev. George, Hornby. 
 
 Ford, Rawlinson T. Esq., Yealand Conyers, Carnforth. 
 
 Foster, Colonel, Hornby Castle. 
 
 Foster, Rev. A. W., Tatham Rectory. 
 
 Frankland, Professor, The Yews, Reigate. 
 
 Free Library, Barrow-in-Furness. 
 
 Free Library, Preston. 
 
 Galloway, Professor, Pembridge Villas, Bayswater, London. 
 
 ( .ardener, Mr. John, 35, Derwent Road, Lancaster. 
 
 Gardner, Mr. C, Red Cross, Skerton. 
 
 Gardner, Miss B., St. Peter's Road, Lancaster. 
 
 Gill, Edward, Esq., Kendal. 
 
 Gillow, Joseph, Esq., The Woodlands, Bowdon, Cheshire. 
 
 Gillow, The Right Rev. Monsignor, Leighton Hall. 
 
 Goad, Mr. R. J., Field Cottage, Halton. 
 
 Gradwell, Very Rev. Monsignor, Claughton-on-Brock. 
 
 Greene, Colonel Dawson, Whittington Hall, Kirkby Lonsdale. 
 
 Greene, The Rev. C. V., St. Edward's College Liverpool. 
 
 Greene, T" P. , Esq., Summerfield, Lancaster. 
 
 Greenwood, Capt. W. Nelson, F.R., Met. Soc, Glasson Dock. 
 
 Gregson, B. P. Esq., J. P., Caton. 
 
 Grenside, Rev. W. Bent, M.A., The Vicarage, Melling. 
 
 Hadwin, Mrs., Ashfield, Lancaster. 
 
 llaigh, Mr. Henry, Market Street, Lancaster. 
 
 Hall, Col. W.. Acrelands, Skerton. 
 
 Hall, Marshall and Sewart, Messrs., North Road, Lancaster. 
 
 Harker, Dr. Hazel Grove, Carnforth. 
 
 Harker, Mr. R. Cornthwaite, Aldcliffe Lane, Lancaster. 
 
 Harris, S., Esq., Halton Park, Lancaster. 
 
 Harrison, Hall and Moore, Messrs.. Church Street, Lancaster. 
 
 Hatch, Mr. W. H., Thornycroft, Lancaster. 
 
 Hatch, Mr. John, Junr., Thornycroft, Lancaster. 
 
 Helme, Norval W. , Esq., Castramount;, Lancaster. 
 
 Hetherington, W., Esq., 65, Sandown Lane, Wavertree. 
 
 Higgin, W. H. Esq., Q.C., J.P., Cloverley House, Timperley, Cheshire. 
 
 Holden, L., Esq., High Street, Lancaster 
 
 Holmes, Mr. T. Kirkwood, St. Nicholas Street, Lancaster. 
 
 Hornby, Edward Geoffrey Stanley, Esq., Dalton Hall, Westmorland. 
 
 Howson, Mr. J. R. , West Road, Lancaster. 
 
 Hunt, A. W., Esq., Longlands, Lancaster. 
 
 Jackson. Mr. Councillor, Aldcliffe Road Lancaster. 
 
 Jackson, Edmund, Esq., Castle Park, Lancaster. 
 
 Jackson, Rev. Edmund, Gilmorton Rectory, Leicestershire. 
 
 Jewitt, E. H., Esq., Belle Vue Terrace, Lancaster. 
 
 Joel, Mr. Wm. J., Lune Road, Lancaster. 
 
 Johnson, Mr. Edward, Castle Hill House, Lancaster. 
 
 Johnson, Thomas, Esq., 30, Church Street, Blackburn. 
 
 Johnson, J. Henry, Esq., Mountains, Tonbridge. 
 
 Kaye, Mr. Alfred Wilks, 91, King Street, Lancaster. 
 
 Kellet, Miss Catherine, Preston. 
 
 King, William, Esq., East Road, Lancaster. 
 
 King, William, Esq., Chapel Street, Lancaster.
 
 LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. 611 
 
 Langshnw, J. P. , Esq., Elmside, Lancaster. 
 
 Lamb, Mr. John, Junr. , Liverpool. 
 
 Lamb, Mr. Robert, Church Street, Lancaster. 
 
 Leeming, John, Esq., Old College, Windermere. 
 
 Lees, Edward 1!., Esq., Thurland Castle. 
 
 Liddell, Mr. W. St. Nicholas Street, Lancaster. 
 
 Little, Mr. Henry, Church Street. Lancaster. 
 
 Loftu>, Sir A. J., (K.C.S.), Siamese Legation, London. 
 
 Longman, H. Esq., Yealand Conyers, Carnforth. 
 
 Lord, H. W. Esq., Somerset House, London. 
 
 MacDonald, Mr. A. R. D. Thornfield, Ashton Road. 
 
 Marshall, J. W., Esq., Cannon Hill, Lancaster. 
 
 Marton, Col. G. B. H. Capernwray, Carnforth. 
 
 Massey, Mr. W., Carr House Lane, Lancaster. 
 
 Milne, Mr. E. P., Castle Hill, Lancaster. 
 
 Muckalt, Thomas, Esq., B.A., Milnthorpe and Lancaster. 
 
 Molyneux, Mr. Councillor, West Road, Lancaster. 
 
 Monk, James, Esq., Aden Cottage, Durham. 
 
 Morris, R'J. Esq., 11, Cable Street, Lancaster. 
 
 Murdoch, Graham W., Esq., Kendal. 
 
 Murphy, Rev. T. , St. Peter's Presbytery, Lancaster. 
 
 Muschamp, Robert, Esq., Blackburn Street, Ratcliffe. 
 
 Myres, T. H. Esq., F.R.I.B.A., Sunnyside, Ashton-on-Ribble. 
 
 Nuttall, Mr. J. R., Market Place, Lancaster. 
 
 O'Reilly, The Right Rev. B., D.D., Bishop of Liverpool. 
 
 Owen, Mr. Benjamin, Church Street, Lancaster. 
 
 Paley, E. G. Esq., The Greaves, Lancaster. 
 
 Parker. Mr. James Liddell, Market Street, Lancaster. 
 
 Parkinson, Jas., Esq., Portland Street, Lancaster. 
 
 Tape, Mr. Henry, Brook Street, Lancaster. 
 
 Petty, Mr. Geo. H., Market Street, Lancaster. 
 
 Pickard, W., Esq., Fenton Street Lancaster. 
 
 Pollard, Rev. J. Channmg, 32, Regent Street, Lancaster. 
 
 Prest, Mr. E. J., Rose Bank, Scotforth. 
 
 Priestley, T. Murgatroyd, Esq., Regent Street, Lancaster. 
 
 Preston, Rev. R., D.D. , Ushaw College. 
 
 Preston, Mr. Councillor, South Road, Lancaster. 
 
 Preston, Thomas, Esq., J. P., C.C., Dalton Square, Lancaster. 
 
 Preston, Mr. Thos., Morningside, Lancaster. 
 
 Rawlinson, Sir Robert, K.C.B. , Lancaster Lodge, West Brompton. 
 
 Rigby, Rev. Thomas Procter, Aughton-in-Halton. 
 
 Robinson, Benjamin, Esq., Mayor of Salford. 
 
 Robinson, John, Esq., M. Inst. C. E., East Barry House, Parry, Cardiff. 
 
 Roper, W. O., Esq., Deputy Town Clerk of Lancaster. 
 
 Ross, Rev. II., LL.D. , F. C.S. , Dallas House, Lancaster. 
 
 Royal Lancaster Regt., Officers of 3rd & 4th Batts. 
 
 Royds, Rev. C. Twemlow, M.A., A.C., Heysham Rectory, 
 
 Sanderson, John, Esq., J. P., Lancaster. 
 
 Satterthwaite, Alex., Esq., King Street, Lancaster. 
 
 Satterthwaite, Geo., Esq., Ellel House, Galgate. 
 
 Satterthwaite, John, Esq., J. P., Bushell Place, Preston. 
 
 Seward, Mr. C. F., 4, Castle Park, Lancaster. 
 
 Sharp, William T. , Esq., B. A. , High Street, Lancaster. 
 
 Shaw", Mr. J. B., Regent Street, Lancaster. 
 
 Shuttleworth, G., Esq., M.D., Royal Albeit Asylum, Lancaster. 
 
 Slater, Mr., Jos., 6, Castle Park, Lancaster. 
 
 Slinger, Tonathan, Esq., Aldcliffe Road, Lancaster. 
 
 Sly, Colonel, West Road, Lancaster. 
 
 Smith, The Rev. J., St. Joseph's College, Liverpool.
 
 612 LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. 
 
 Smith, Rev. Ed., Bolton-le-Sands. 
 Smith, Dr. T., Royal Albert Asylum, Lancaster. 
 Smith, Mr. William, New Inn, Lancaster. 
 Smith, J. F., Esq., 69, Mount Pleasant, Barrow-in-Furness. 
 Smith, Mr. Rd., East Road, Lancaster. 
 Stokes, Major, Fairfield Mouse, Lancaster. 
 Storey, Sir Thomas, J. P., Westfield, Lancaster. 
 Storey, Edward, Esq., J. P., Lancaster. 
 Storey, Reginald, Esq., Moor Side, Lancaster. 
 Strickland, Mr. VV. , 3, Claremont View, Bowerham. 
 Taylor, Mr. E. J., East Road, Lancaster. 
 Taylor, Mr. Jas., 18, Dalton Square, Lancaster. 
 Taylor, Mr. Robert, 7, Gage Street, Lancaster. 
 Thompson, Mr. W. C. , Lancaster Bank, Blackpool. 
 Thompson, Mr. John, Junr. , The Grove, Lancaster. 
 Tilly, Jas. , Esq., Springfield Terrace, Lancaster. 
 Tilly, William, Esq., Poulton Hall, Morecambe. 
 Tomlinson, Mr. Trios. , Great John Street, Lancaster. 
 Toinlinson, W. Paget, Esq., Kirkby Lonsdale. 
 Towers, Mr. T. H., Penny Street, Lancaster. 
 Townley, Mr. Walter, Market Street. Lancaster. 
 Troughton, Mr. John, Market Street, Lancaster. 
 Troughton, Mr. H., Lindow Square, Lancaster. 
 Turner, John, Esq., Lytham. 
 
 Walker, Very Rev. Provost, St. Peter's Presbytery, Lancaster. 
 Wane, O. R. , Esq., Chorlton-c-Hardy, Manchester. 
 Warriner, Mr. R. G, East Road, Lancaster. 
 Waters, Mr. E. J., Hubert Place, Lancaster. 
 Waters, Mr. R. , Bowness-on -Windermere. 
 Welch, W. G. , Esq , Forton. 
 Welch, Mr. Wm. , Aldcliffe Road, Lancaster. 
 Wells, Mr. John, Park Square, Lancaster. 
 Wells, Mr. Richard, Borrowdale Road, Lancaster. 
 Wells, Mr. W. , Master of the Workhouse, Lancaster. 
 Westhead, Mrs. F. M. Brown, Lea Castle, Kidderminster. 
 Whalley, Colonel, J. P., Queen .Street, Lancaster. 
 Whalley, Major C. E. , Richmond House, Skerton. 
 Whalley, Capt. C. E. , Beezley Grange, Ingleton. 
 Whelon, A. W. , Esq., Queen Square, Lancaster. 
 Whiteside. Mr. Robert, St. Leonardgate, Lancaster. 
 Whiteside, The Rev. T. , V. P. , St. Joseph's College, Liverpool. 
 Williamson James, Esq., J. P., M. P. , Ryelands, Skerton. 
 Wilkinson, Mr. H., Athenaeum Hotel, Lancaster. 
 Wilkinson, Mr. T. J., 61, Market Street, Lancaster. 
 Wilson, Mrs., Coburg House, Liverpool. 
 Wilson, Mr. H. G. , Regent Park and Pavilion, Morecambe. 
 Wilson, Mr. Jas., 4, Rose Bank, Scotforth. 
 Wingate-Saul, W. W., Esq., M.D., Fenton-Cawthorne House. 
 Wingate-Saul, E. W. , Esq., Fenton-Cawthorne House. 
 Wingate-Saul, W. W. , junr. , Esq., Fenton-Cawthorne House. 
 Wingate-Saul, Mr. A. W. , Fenton-Cawthorne House. 
 Wingate-Saul, Mr. N. W. , Fenton-Cawthorne House. 
 Wingate-Saul, Miss M. W. , Fenton-Cawthorne House. 
 Wolfenden, Mr. Robt., Springfield Terrace, Lancaster. 
 Woods, Mr. John, Penny Street, Lancaster. 
 Wyatt, Mr. William, Stonewell, Lancaster. 
 Yates, Mr. William, Queen Street, Lancaster.
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Whatever faults of omission or commission are apparent in the lirst edition 
 of "Time-Honoured Lancaster," and I am fully conscious of many, it is at any rate 
 some little satisfaction alike to myself and my publishers to learn that since there are 
 a few crumbs of information and items of interest in the work the question has been 
 asked " Will there not be a popular edition ?" This question having resolved itself 
 ultimately into a request frequently repeated, has brought about the decision to issue 
 an edition at a price within the reach of the people generally. To this popular 
 edition a fuller Corrigenda has been added. It is not by way of any anxiety to 
 excuse either my own shortcomings or the mis-statements of persons whom I have 
 had reason to deem reliable in regard to certain matters included in the "Corrigenda " 
 that I remind readers how impossible it is in the first edition of a work dealing largel) 
 with events and dates to prove absolutely correct. Some individuals of excellent 
 hypercritical powers have made it their business to look with jaundiced eye for 
 nothing but blemishes ; some have even hurried to point out to the author a couple 
 of inverted letters, as if they thought his humble production was the only one in the 
 world containing errors, and as if for him to have erred 'in any degree were much 
 more sinful than would be possible in the case of any one else. People who have 
 not attempted a like publication are apt to forget how greatly the writer of such a 
 book, whoever he may he, rich or poor, is at the mercy of his neighbours, and of 
 persons more or less accurate, and more or less disposed to impart information. In 
 several instances where the statements have been very conflicting concerning certain 
 subjects, it has been felt that the wisest course was to leave out such statements 
 altogether. Where information has come from an evidently good source and has 
 been largely corroborated, it has been taken for granted as correct, or as near to 
 being so as possible. Again, it often happens that when a work of this character is 
 issued you meet with some one whom you did not previously know so as to be able to 
 apply to, who is familiar with all the facts appertaining to some interesting event 
 treated of, and no man can be justly censured when such a circumstance occur-. It is 
 not my object to notice the biassed opinions of those who have, doubtless, special 
 reasons of their own, trady or otherwise, for pouring contempt on a work which, 
 whatever it may be, is not the outcome of mercenary or profit-making ideas. 
 
 The} - are the worst birds in the wood who can sing but will not sing, and 
 if there be no reason to doubt the respectability of a person compiling historic and 
 chronological matter, it is impossible to see why he should be refused assistance, 
 because it is not himself who is to be considered so much as the public at large, who 
 naturally and very properly look for the best information. Certainly people have a 
 right to please themselves lo whom they impart any facts they are cognisant of, or to 
 decline to open their mouths or wield their pens at all. But I am content to look 
 upon the brighter side and to try to remember only those in all ranks who have freely 
 aided me during the past five years, at the same time remembering kindly those who 
 have pointed out mistakes from the noblest of motives. Ere concluding this appen- 
 dix, which I have not written without much thought, and no little reluctance, let me 
 call attention to one or two items not only for my own sake but for the sake of others 
 also.
 
 First of all I wish to advert to the remark I have heard consequent upon 
 the inclusion of the account of the sufferings and executions of the Catholic Martyrs. 
 " Why have the Protestant Martyrs been left out?" has been asked at various times 
 by some whom I have met. Why? Well, simply because I know of no Protestant 
 Martyrs ever having suffered death in Lancaster. Secondly, let me state that the 
 accuracy of the list of ministers of St. Nicholas Street Chapel has been questioned as 
 regards one name at least. This list has been taken from authorities believed to be 
 correct. It is in no part added to or of my own making, and if after applying- to 
 several parties in town relative to the past ministers of the said Chapel I could obtain 
 no assistance whatever from the fact that no local person had a full list, I think I was 
 justified in utilising that which appeared the most credible and correct, therefore it 
 is enough for me to answer for my own errors without having to be held amenable 
 for the errors of others, if errors they have made. Autre chose. As to the inclusion of 
 one or two Lancastrians in the biographical section, I am informed that they either 
 were not are are not " eminent. " But I use the word " eminent " in its local sense, 
 and for defence in regard to one celebrity may say that if a man who has built a 
 church (a church now about to be restored), has been upwards of forty years its 
 minister, and who has published volumes of sermons, &c. , is not eminent in a local 
 sense, why on earth was his life written and his public career so dwelt upon as to ren- 
 der his name a household word ? If I am wrong in the use of such a term, then I 
 fear I shall be fur ever ignorant of the meaning of the word. 
 
 I regret to find that I am wrong in respect to tine model of the ship to be 
 seen within the precincts of the Town Hall, and can only say that the statement 
 about its being a model of Nelson's ship " The Victory " was made to me by an <>ld 
 Lancastrian who has recently passed away, one who took a delight in speaking of 
 old-time incidents, and who, himself, collected relics i if the past and stored them as 
 enthusiastically as I should have done myself. 
 
 Lastly, I find by the perusal of some old bankruptcy affidavits mention of 
 another Keeper of the Castle, one Symon Arrow smith, in 16S9-90, who appears to 
 have followed James Hunter. The name of another Recorder, "Mr. Recorder 
 Harrison," has also transpired, having been met with in the MSS. of an old Lancaster 
 Lawyer of one hundred and sixty years ago. This Recorder, first mentioned in 
 1730, must have succeeded Mr. (ubson. About this period I also find that one Mr. 
 Bryer was Town Clerk. I have spared no pains to secure a full list of the Recorders, 
 writing - to places in London and elsewhere, and going through musty books anil 
 papers in various libraries, but without realising my aims. It only remains for me to 
 add that if some one else is induced 10 supersede me, producing a superior work and 
 winning everyone's encomium for it, this "a poor thing, but mine own, sir-," will 
 
 not have been undertaken altogether in vain. 
 
 C. F.
 
 Addenda ei Corrigenda. 
 
 Page 21, end of third line, please read Newcastle-on-Tyne instead of " Newcastle- 
 under-Lyme." 
 
 Page 59> second word of third line from the top, read Regiment instead of" Militia." 
 
 Page 60, third word of fourth line from the top is the word " or." It is a printer's 
 error. 
 
 Page 79, end of twenty-third line, read James Win field. 
 
 William Cockin, born at Burton-in- Kendal, in September, 17 }q, was 
 appointed Writing Master in 1764. He died May 30th, 1801. He pub- 
 lished an Arithmetic in 1766, an Essay on Reading (17751, and a Volume of 
 Verses (1776). Cockin was a friend of Romney, the celebrated painter. 
 
 Page S4, fourth line of last paragraph read £1,100 instead of ,£11,000. 
 
 Page 85, third line of last paragraph, read Sharp instead of "Sharpe." 
 
 Page 94, eleventh line from the top, read grandfather instead of father : and after 
 the word " governor " add and his uncle was deputy. 
 
 Page 107, tenth word of third line of last paragraph, read three instead of "four." 
 
 Page 113, first word of last line, read Muschamp instead of "Mesham." (This 
 error was unfortunately copied from a Last Century Journal 1. 
 
 Page 129, after end of first paragraph read Giant Axe Field was originally called 
 Canittes/ield or Caun/s/ield. 
 
 Page 187, second line from the foot, read statue instead of statute. 
 
 Page 191, in the list of Catholic Martyrs who suffered at Lancaster read Reading 
 in place of " Leding," re Edward Bamber. 
 
 Page 194, fourth line from the top, read Thomas Greene, Esq., instead of "Colonel" 
 Thomas Greene, and on the last line but one of this page substitute for the 
 words " Model of Nelson's Ship, the Victory " model of a frigate. 
 
 Page 199, add to commencement of third paragraph Thomas Hesketh, /507, and 
 after the name " Robert Gibson" add Recorder Harrison, from ij^i ; and 
 before the surname " Hubberstey " add the names f oh u Lodge. 
 
 Page 200, I find from Thomas Benison's notes, 1730 — 1736, that a Town Clerk Bryer 
 preceded Thomas Shepherd (second paragraph). 
 
 Page 223; eighth word of ninth line, read Comedian, not " Commedian." 
 
 Page 246, sixth line, read at your cousin's in Mackarel Street, instead of "at your 
 aunt's in Penny Street." (A gentleman emphatically contradicts the 
 statement originally given to me, though the old lady subsequently resided 
 in Penny Stieet). 
 
 Page 257, fifth word of eleventh line, read devisees. 
 
 Page 276, end of third line, Re Sir Richard Owen, read K.C.U., as well as C. B. 
 (The former honour was left out owing to a card of Sir Richard's honours 
 being handed to the author which was not as recent as he understood it was. ) 
 
 Page 279, read at the head of Sonnet, 18S8, instead of " 1890." 
 
 Page 305, second word of second line, read Engineer instead of " Engineers," also in 
 place of " Paymaster-Sergeant "- Pay-Sergeant. (The first term was 
 quoted from the M.S. forwarded). 
 
 Page 307, last line read the Rawlinson Arms, not " the Rawlinson's Arms." 
 
 Page 329, Re Richard l rillow, please read He was the eldest son of Richard Gillow, 
 Esq., of Singleton, who died in iji~ ; younger son of Richard Gillow of 
 the same place. 
 
 l >a g<-' 379) read Broadhurst, not " Broardhurst." U-asi line but oni 1. 
 
 Page 411, read Re Trelawneys commission instead of "command;" last word of 
 third line. 
 
 Pi ge 412, read also, com mission.
 
 Page 441, second paragraph, last word of line fifteen, read place of business of Mrs. 
 Shrigley to whom Mr. James Williamson, the elder, deceased, ~.va.; 
 foreman, instead of what follows after word referred to. 
 
 Page 449, last line of third paragraph, read great "great grandfather."' 
 
 Page 450, line twenty-six, read Mr. S. Duchsbury succeeded Mr. James Gardner, 
 ivho carried on business at tlie premises in King Street, now occupied by 
 Messrs. Eaton £- Bulfeld, during t/ie re-erection of the King's Arms 
 Hotel. Let the ninth word of the last line on this same page be are instead 
 of "is." 
 
 I 'age 455, many interesting items which should follow line twenty-three were 
 unavoidably omitted. 
 
 Page 470, read first word of line twenty-five globes, not " gloves. " 
 
 Page 472, first word of ninth line, read Master, instead of Secretary, and after name 
 "Shaxs," read I. P.M. 
 
 I'age 476, "Obituary of prominent P.M.'s," last letter but one, line six, read G ; 
 last letter but two, line ten, and last but one, line twelve, also read G. 
 
 Page 484, fifth line from foot, read Robert Milnes Newton, instead of " Milner. " 
 
 I'age 493, 32nd Victoria, read last word Disfranchised, at the end of the preceding 
 paragraph. 
 
 Page 510, tenth line, read Edmund ( leorge Hornby, instead of " Edward." 
 
 Page 517, last word but one of second line of Stanza eleven, read hast instead 
 of "has." 
 
 Page 512, first line, read 1867, not " 1868." 
 
 Page 522, Re Old bayonet, fifth word of fourth line, read ten inches in place of 
 
 " Twelve." 
 I'age 523, Re Cost of Organ at St. Mary's Church, read in place of " ,£6,072 " £672. 
 Page 536, read Robert llathornthwaite instead of "Thomas." 
 
 Page 545, after " Law Society founded in 1838 transpose " Law Library attached " 
 
 from " Marine Society." 
 Page 546, second line in last paragraph, read Commodore in iSbj instead of " 1871." 
 Page 551, eleventh line, read Mr. Jonathan Dunn instead of Mr. " Wm. Dunn." 
 
 Page 554, sixth line from the top, read Christ the Light of the World in place of 
 
 " this" world. 
 Page 562, inverted commas should appear at the end of the paragraph beginning on 
 
 page 561. 
 
 I'age 5S1, Re Dr. llowitt, read aged (>2 instead of "42." 
 
 Page 5S3, third paragraph read i8]fj in place of " 1836. " 
 
 James Williamson, Esq., Senr., of Keswick, married Miss Miller, of Church Street, 
 Lancaster. The first wife of James Williamson, Esq., M.P., his son, was 
 Miss Gatey, of Keswick ; his second wife was Miss Stuart, of Clapham. 
 (Add to page 217, after second line from top.) 
 
 Chronology. 
 
 Storey Institute opened 23rd October, 1891. 
 
 Society for the prevention of Cruelty to Children established, December, 
 
 Mr. E. Dean, Organist of St. Mary's Church, died 3rd January, 1S92. 
 
 1891.
 
 . _^ 
 
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