75/m 
 
 581 
 
 MCrNRLF 
 
 *B 2TD 55t 
 

 STEIN'S 
 
 SUMMARY OF TM MAllOT 
 
 HERODOTUS, 
 
 BOSTON: 
 PUBLISH p:i) by ginn, heath, & CO. 
 
 188 2. 
 
Copyright, 1880. 
 By JOHN WILLIAMS WHITE 
 
 IN MEMORfAM 
 
 
 t^V\< 
 
 Ginn <& Heath. 
 J. /S. Cushing, Printer, Boston. 
 
STEIN'S SUMMAUY 
 
 DIALECT OF HERODOTUS. 
 
 ryiHE euphonic and inflexional peculiarities which distin- 1 
 -^ guish the language of Herodotus from Attic Greek 
 are often briefl}^ called his "dialect." Both in these and 
 in his vocabulary and syntax he generally agrees with the 
 language of the Ionic historians and philosophers, so far 
 as we can judge from the fragments of their works, which 
 are both scanty and corrupt. His history, therefore, has 
 alwa3's been reckoned among the models of Ionic prose. The 
 ancients, however, gave it this rank rather on account of its 
 excellent stj'le than because of its pure Ionic form. Exact 
 grammarians, indeed, like ApoUonius Dyscolus, avoided nam- 
 ing him with writers like Pherecjxles, Hecataeus, or Democri- 
 tus, as an authority for Ionic forms ; and even the rhetoricians, 
 who paid more regard to vocabulary and expression, regarded 
 his language as "mixed Ionic." And it is true not only that 
 he has avoided certain clearl}' established lonicisms, but also 
 that he has admitted here and there no inconsiderable n um- ^ 
 b er of forms peculiar to ot her dialects. 
 
 The ^relation of the Ionic dialect in its earlier and purer 2 
 form to the other dialects is to us as obscure and uncertain a 
 matter as the earher history of the Ionic race. In earlier times 
 
 930619 
 
2 HERODOTUS. 
 
 
 
 the Greek grammarians distinguished between an older Ionic 
 of Homey and a luew ijdnic hf the writers of the fifth and sixth 
 centuries .B-C. ..lU^t. this , cannot be historicallj- attested or 
 estkblist^ied'';' it <aros& -frbiil "-t!w3 effort to refer the formations 
 peculiar to the language of Homer, as far as possible, to some 
 one of the three accepted dialects, particularly the Ionic, and 
 rested upon the fixed belief that Homer was a native of 
 Asiatic Ionia. So much only, is certain, that, as the Ionic 
 race was scattered, its dialect lost its unit}^ and homogeneous- 
 ness. It had even at the time of the Persian wars been 
 separated into a great number of local dialects. There were 
 no less tlian four of these, clearly distinguished, in the twelve 
 cities of the Ionic League. Our knowledge of these local 
 dialects is very incomplete, and not suflScient to enable us to 
 determine with certainty which of them the language of 
 Herodotus most nearly resembles. 
 3 The forms in Herodotus which are f oreign to pure. Ionic are 
 partly borrowed from the older Epic, and are partly Doric. 
 The former are accounted for by the historian's earnest study 
 of the Homeric poems, while the small number of the latter 
 surprises us when we remember that we are dealing with an 
 author of Doric descent. Before the time of Herodotus, how- 
 ever, even at Halicarnassus, which had earlier been a member 
 of the Doric Hexapolis, the Doric of the older settlers had 
 died out, leaving but few traces, and an atticized Ionic foi-m 
 of speech had already become prevalent. It was to this that 
 Herodotus was accustomed from his youth ; but his extensive 
 travels made him acquainted with the dialects of nearly all 
 the other Greek states, and particularly his long residence in 
 Attica had freed him from provincialisms. Under these influ- 
 
SUMMARY OF DIALECT. 3 
 
 ences he developed his native dialect into a literary language 
 which was probably not very different from the older Attic. 
 
 It is difficult to determine in detail with what degree of 
 rigor and consistency this was done. The language of 
 Herodotus gives in general the impression of homogeneous- 
 ncss ; still, much want of uniformity appears in the forms of 
 his words, even when his text has been freed from the arbi- 
 trary changes introduced both in ancient and modern times. 
 Common Attic forms occur frequently along with others that 
 are distinctly Ionic ; often one .pecuhar form of a word can 
 be matched by another of equal authority, and the laws of 
 euphony and inflection peculiar to his dialect are seldom 
 observed with exact consistency through a long series of 
 similar formations. It must indeed be remembered that even 
 in the oldest copies of his text careless transcribers have 
 undoubtedl}^ admitted, in place of the Ionic, many Attic 
 forms with which they were familiar in speech or writing, and 
 that here and there arbitrary changes of rash connectors have 
 been adopted. But even when careful criticism' has recog- 
 nized these as foreign to the usage of the author, and has 
 removed them or at least pointed them out, there still remain 
 many cases of lack of uniformity which cannot be made con- 
 sistent without violence to the text. These should rather be 
 regarded as original ; and they force us to the conclusion that 
 in the language with which the author was familiar, but which 
 had not 3'et assumed a fixed literar}^ form, he neither found a 
 rigid analogy in all formations, nor sought to establish any 
 such himself. The writers of the fifth centur}^ b.c, down to 
 the time of Xenophon, did not regard a certain freedom of 
 expression as well as of form as fault}*, and were not much 
 
4 HERODOTUS. 
 
 influenced by the rules of the sophists and rhetoricians which 
 sought to reduce the language to a sort of scholastic smooth- 
 ness. Indeed, in every kind of poetical literature of every 
 age, and prose in its infancy found a model of style in 
 poetry alone, they saw this very freedom of form and ex- 
 pression not avoided, but even purposely cultivated as a 
 special privilege and excellence of the art of composition. 
 
 Epic Forms and Words. 
 
 5 ov 01 with hiatus (see Steiu on I. 109, 8). 
 
 dp,- before p and ir, iu place of dva- (apocope) : djiPoXaSriv, djiPokras, 
 dfiTravovTai (eiravTciXai ? II. 142). 
 
 Bao-iXriiSca) (from paortXTjos) VIII. 132. 
 
 8atTV|j,o'vco-t (or 8atTvfjLovco-ori) VI. 57. 
 
 kXctiSwv V. 72, K6Vo's VIII. 28. 
 
 o "ye pronominal II. 173. 
 
 T|'v possessive I. 205. 
 
 tve'oi VII. 6, fji()JLVo V. 105, kojxo'coo-i IV. 191, li-yopocovro VI. 11, 
 clSofievov VI. G9, jjicfiovevai VI. 84, TcOT^ira II. 156, de'^eiv III. 80. 
 
 v-xcipoxos V. 92, Ti, IXapaipdTTjs V. 4G, vitIk III. 116. 
 
 at -^6.^ I. 27, if K VII. 159, Tfjxos IV. 28. 
 
 Doric Forms. 
 
 6 Besides certain formations common to the Ionic and Doric dia- 
 lects, particularly the contraction of o into cv (see 61, 79, 82, 83), 
 there belong here a number of words, mainly proper names, in 
 which a lias been retained or introduced in place of i], in some cases 
 in agreement with the Attic dialect : 'A71S (but also 'H-yis), 'Ae'po-n-os 
 (but also 'HepoTTOs), 'AiriSavo's (but also 'HiriSavos) , 0ea(ri8i]s (see 
 12 b), 'Apio-pa, NvVa (but also Nv'o-rj), TiOopc'a, ridpas, Fv-ydSas, 
 0T|pas (but TjpT]), 'Apio-Te'as, IloXvas, *A|AiXKas (dat. 'AjjilXkci), 
 avvv'pas (dat. avvv'pa), SiKas (gen. 2iKa), 'Apidvras AiJpas Av'pas 
 ("ArXas). Also "yaiidpoi in place of yswixopot, NiKo'Xas in place of 
 NiKo'Xews, AaKpCviis in place of AcwKpCvT^s, AevrvxtS-qs in place of 
 AcwTuxfSils. dvewvrai II. 165 (=dv6iVTai). Cf. further 11, 83. 
 
SUMMARY OF DIALECT. 
 
 IONIC FORMS. 
 
 The euphonic peculiarities of individual words in the Ionic dia- 7 
 lect, aside from tlicir inflexion (42 sqq.), consists in part in a 
 more or less regular interchange of consonants (8 sqq.) and vowels 
 (12 sqq.)- Besides this, hiatus, whether between two words (34 
 sqq.) or in the middle of a word (38 sqq.), is not avoided. 
 
 Interchange of Consonants. 
 
 K for tr in all pronominal adjectives and adverbs formed on the 8 
 stem TTo : koics okoios koVos Korcpos K-g ko'tc kov etc., except in diro- 
 8airos. 
 
 K for X : ScKojiai, ovkC. 
 
 T for 6 : avTis (but aw0i in avBi^cviis). 
 
 I for K : |uvos (more frequently koivo's). 
 
 I for (TO- : 8l|o's Tpi^o's (but never ^vv for <nJv, tt for a-ir). 
 
 Shifting of the aspiration : ivdavra, cvGcvtcv, kiOwv (but e.g. pa- 9 
 rpaxos). 
 
 General neglect of aspiration, both within and at the end of the 10 
 word, before aspirated vowels. This occurs especially in the prepo- 
 sitions cIvtC diro iiri Kara, fiera vtto, the final vowel being elided, and 
 in ovK. In like manner, avTrjjjLcpo'v, Toi'repov, iir^^-^s, on-* ov, Kara 
 (= Ka0a). Exceptions: to, eVl Gdrcpa IV. 157, KaOws IX. 82 (?), 
 d(j>-q(riv VIII. 49 (on account of the play on 'A4>sTai), <j)opos. 
 
 Want of assimilation : I'Sjwv, o8}i-!J. Shortening : yivoiiai. for -yC- n 
 ^vofjiai (prop. yi'ycvojAai) , y\.viaa-K(a for yiyvwrKn. 
 
 Interchange of Vowels. 
 
 r\ (]]) for a (a) : a. in the terminations of the first declension (43) ; 12 
 here belong also the adverbs XdOpt), XCijv, ire'pi^v. 
 
 h. in the verb-stems (except the present) of all 
 verbs in a and in the derivatives of these > 
 verbs (see 80): e.g. lQv\s.ir\(ri, Qv[in\T^piov, Oerjo-ofxcu 
 0TjTTJs Ge'T]Tpov, dirc'SpTi. 
 
 C. for d of the stem : -qifp, KKpT)fj.a(, aKprjTos KpTj-rrfp, 
 KaTT]7dTa vavT]-ycs, VcTivitjs, vtjo's, irpTJo-a-o), TrpT]vs, 
 ptlX^^I' P^XOS cr4>pTi'yis, Tprjxvs, ^pT]rpr\, Eu4)pT|- 
 TT\s, pTJilj 2upT]Kov(rai SvpTiKoVios, ^"A^r^v, *AKap- 
 vi]V (still 'AKapvaviT]), 'Evi-^yss (but rivSdvs), 
 Owpul, tpt]| (= U'pa|), oii]Kitiv, dvi-qpo's, ircpTjOe, 
 
6 HEI^ODOTUS. 
 
 TpiKdpT]vos (but Kapa8cKeft)), <}>\vr]peiv, 8it[kovos 
 
 8lT]K0VelV, 5LT]K0'cn.Ol, Tplr^KOVTtt Tpn]KOCriOl rplT^KOlS. 
 
 yiver]koyi(>), cripT]<j>opos, o-KiT]Tpo(j5, Ti|jiT]'yvi5Tis 
 (but IGa-yevrls), XoxiTyo's- 
 d. in suffixes : 'lo-Tpit^vo's 2ap8iT]vo's, 'AXiKapvqo-o-o's 
 Ilapviioro-o's, KpT](rT<)viTJTT]s 2TrapTirjTT]s etc. (but 
 the Doric Avixavdrai 'Ovedrai 'Ydrai Xoipcdrai). 
 
 13 r\ for a : irpv'iJLVT], irpwpTi, 2|xvpvT], o-|xvpvT], in substantives in -cia 
 
 (from adjectives in -tjs), sucli as oXtjOcitj, da-Qivdt], do-<t>a- 
 XcCt], v^uiTj, and those in -oia (from adjectives in -oos), such 
 as uvoiT] iTpovoit] crvvvoir\ (but 8idvoia), aarXoit], dfjioxpoti], 
 iraXippoiT], finally in tpeirj (from ipev's, but Pao-iXeia) and 
 the four proper names 'la-rialt] MT]8eii] <EwKaiT] (but also 
 #wKaia) *12pi6vtT]. 
 
 14 J] for <a : in the two gentile nouns Mai-tJTTjs ManfjTis and 'Afiirpa- 
 
 Ki7JTT]s ; fill others in -wttjs -tons remain unchanged. 
 
 15 e for a : pcrt]v, reVcrcpES, etc. (i> for ao and aco : Xcws, MeveXcws 
 
 (still Mcvc'Xaos IV. 169, VII. 169) etc., Aetov8r,s etc. (but 
 also Aao8a;xa9, cf. 6), 'AXkuc'wv, 'A[jk(}>idp6cos, IIoo-i8a)v, 
 oircW. In the present and imperfect, Giiconai occurs in 
 place of OcoCofxai. 
 
 16 for r\ : ia-a-oj} (-- i]TTaa>, but alwaj^s t|o-o-v), |1'v for jiTi'v in the 
 
 combinations -^ [jic'v, y (xe'v, ov }jlv ovSe (see Stein on II. 
 29, 1). ^ 
 
 17 for o : TrcvniKo'vTcpos. 
 
 18 for 61 : KvTTgpos, KpeVo-wv }i(t,<av irXe'cDV, cp-yw, Zi^(a Se'^ai 8ex0Tiv 
 
 88'x0ai (from ScCkwiaO' 6a, Is 'da-ta, in the following 
 adjectives : 'Apijjicunrcos 'HpciKXeos 'YirepPdpeos cmTifStos 
 dvcTTiTTJScos TeXcos al'-ycos po'eos cofAoPdcos ol'eos X''iVos, and in 
 the feminine of adjectives in vs : GrjXvs Br^Xea, raxv's raxta. 
 
 19 1 for 6 : liiai, cl'piov elpivsos, Ktvo's, ^tivos, (nreivo's, Seipw, dXia-ora, 
 
 l'po|jiai, elpcoToCw, etou'co, d'vsKa and eivsKsv. 
 
 20 ei for V : civaros elvaKoVioi, eveiKai, iirdwa-Qai. 
 
 21 a for : fjiYa0os, Tdfivw Tpdirw (present and imperfect). 
 
 22 a for Tj : d.j.<}>icrPaT'a) d;i.<j>i<rpa(riT], neo-auppCt], Xofofxai (from \ayx.6.v<a, 
 
 as Xd|i,\j/onai eXd}i.<})0T]v XeXap-jjiat from Xafxpdvo)) Xd|is. 
 
 23 a for o : dppw8a) dppw8CTi. 
 
 24 I for- : la-rir\ (omveo-Tii]? VI. 128) eirCo-Tios lo-ridw 'lo-Tiatos 'Icrriaft]. 
 
 25 I for i : ipds ipev's ipdt] iprjiov ipo(j)dvTT]S ipovp-yiai Karipdo) (but 
 
 'Kpwv 'lpvvp.os dpxipvs KaXXiepe'w). 
 23 t for v : I0vs adj. 'straight,' lQvv(a, I0v adv. 'straight towards,' 
 I0ws (and ev0vs) adv. * straightway.' 
 
SUMMARY OF DIALECT. 7 
 
 b> for and a : ir\ww (but much ofteuer irXeo)), ta) (but also 27 
 
 (I) for av: 8ia{j>ci><rK<) (but vTro'<j>av(ris) , Tpwjjia. 28 
 
 0) for ot] : o^SwKovTa. On the contrary, it is more accurate to refer 29 
 dXXo-yvwcras evvwras evvcvwKacrt eve'vwTo to the simple stem 
 vo- ("yvo-) than to vo-; in like manner cpoxra i^wrQr\v 
 pePoDlxc'vos should be referred to the stem Po- and not to 
 poa-. (ePwGcov epweiio-av etc. from ^or\Q4(o, which formerly 
 occurred in certain places, have now been proved to be 
 corrupt.) 
 <a for ov : v (ywv ovkojv) . 30 
 
 r\v for av : vtivs vtiuoti. 31 
 
 ov for o: -yovvaTa (from -yovv, but 8opv Sopara Sopdria), jiovvos i^-ov- 32 
 vdci) etc., Movpvxi8T]s, vov<ros (but voo-cw), ovpos (= opos, 
 but opos ' mountain '), ovvojia (but dvofid^w, ovojjiaivft)). 
 iav (a weak or improper diphthong like ci tj , except that v is writ- 33 
 ten after, and not, like the i, under the preceding vowel) 
 for av : 6(tfv|j.a 6(i>v)i,d^a), ({accdvtov <r<avrov ewvrov, covto's 
 TuvTo' etc. 
 
 Hiatus. 
 
 Hiatus between two words is not avoided either by attention to 34 
 the position of the words (as in the Attic writers from the time of 
 Isocrates), nor by elision, crasis, or a movable consonant, except 
 in the case of ov, which, by the rule, has the form ovk (but see 
 5 above). 
 
 Elision and crasis are comparatively infrequent. The following 35 
 cases of crasis are peculiar: d d into : wvifp cSvto's, to d into t: 
 Twpxaiov Twird TWYO'X'H'ft Tw\T]9es. 
 
 V e<j>XKvcrTiKdv does not occur. Final v is wanting also in cvcpOc 36 
 ireptiOe dirio-0 irpoVOc efjiirpoo-Oe virp0 KarvircpGc, in which the suffix 
 has almost wholly lost its sense of place ; elsewhere always -0v 
 (ttpXTi^sv evOev O-o)0v etc.). 
 
 Final or is wanting in dxpt K-cxP'- ovtw, but occurs in drpcjias, Terpd- 37 
 Kis, iroXXaKis etc. 
 
 Hiatus also in the middle of a word is much less avoided than in 38 
 Attic Greek. Therefore, both in inflexion (see below) and in the 
 formation of words, two successive vowels or a vowel and a diph- 
 thong which in Attic Greek would be united often remain uncon- 
 tracted. 
 
8 HERODOTUS. 
 
 39 The following cases of this occur : 
 ac : dcKwv (but dpYo's) , dcGXos deOXew etc. 
 aei : diKTJs, dcCSo) deicrfjia, deipd). 
 
 6a: cap, eircdv (but always t|V aud eTri8dv). 
 
 : p'0pov. 
 
 61 : Bopuo-0ViTai. 
 
 o : in substantives and adjectives of the second declension in -cos 
 -60V, such as xpv'o-os 00-T0V. 
 
 06: Trpoe'xw etc., dYaOoep-yo's dYaOoepYiT) 8i]|xiop7o's XuKiocpYt^s (but 
 ipovpyit] KaKOvp-yos KpOup"yT]8o'v ^uXovp-ye'eiv vTroupYc'civ AuKovp- 
 yos, kXtipovxos irarpoilxos iroXiovxos) , in substantives and 
 adjectives in -o'cis -o'eo-o-a, such as (leXiro'cis Al-yipo'eco-a (but 
 Olvovo-o-ai) . 
 
 oi : ois (but oteos) , oioto's, KaTaTrpoL|o-0ai. 
 
 oo: in substantives and adjectives of the second declension in -oos, 
 such as irXo'os 6vvoos SnrXo'os (but SmtXti). 
 
 40 In like manner : 
 di: *A8tjs, dicnroi. 
 
 Tji: 8T]io'a), -qiGcoi, Xtiio-tt]S, 'M.r]io)v, \pfi]ll<a. 
 
 cot: (I'qTpwios, irarpwios, TJpwiov, irpwC, <irpwios (on the other hand, 
 *AxXwos, Kwos, Tpwds, t^ov t<i>'8iov, wo'v). 
 
 41 In like manner, but with the first vowel lengthened : 
 
 Til (from di) : pTji^, priiKt], IIpovTiiT] (I. 92, elsewhere and oftener 
 npovaiTi), irpovrjiov, piiiSios, pao-vSrjios. 
 
 r]i (from ei) : kXtiiw KXiii8s, \t\ir\, Xtjitov, in substantives in -da 
 derived from verbs in -cvw, such as pao-iXT]iii 0paTrTjiT] 
 oTpaTTiiT], in adjectives in -ctos, such as dv8pT]ios 
 dxpTJios PopTJios SovXtJios (but also 8ovXios) etc. (but 
 0eios Xcios), 4>oiviKT]ios Ktjios (from Kc'ws like Tifios 
 from Tews) Ka8Hniios (in KaSurjia ypdfip.aTa V. 59, but 
 Ka8(jLeioi and the proverbial Ka8}iCT] vIkh] like Ap-yctos 
 *HXios) etc., in neuters in -eiov, such as dvYTJiov dpt- 
 orrrjiov ep-yoX-rjiov ipiiiov (lavTrjiov etc. (but Sevrcpeia). 
 iroXiTJTTis for ttoXCttis also belongs here (but this form 
 does not occur in compounds, such as 'HXioiroXiTai 
 KoXXiiroXiTai) . 
 
 Inflexion. 
 
 42 The dual number is entirely want ing. 
 
 Successive vowels that in Attic"^reeF would be unite(L.generally 
 remain uncontracted. 
 
SUMMAKY OF DIALECT. 
 
 First Declension. 
 
 In the terminations of the singular a becomes r\ : tro^iry, i(r\vpr[, 43 
 [jLiTls. (For exceptions, see 6 above.) 
 
 Nominatives in -tjs form the genitive singular in : vTjviT]s 44 
 vfrjvUw, but those in -c'tis not in -eew but in e'w : popcTjs popew, 'EpntTjs 
 'p)ji(a. 
 
 In the accusative singular the two substantives oKivaKi]? Seo-iroTTis 45 
 and many proper names in -t]s end sometimes in -t]v and sometimes 
 in -ca, as, e.g. Fv'yiiv and Fvyca. 
 
 The genitive plural ends in -eW : yy(a^n\ yya^iav, iroXiTfrrjs ttoXitj- 46 
 Ta)v. This is true also of the feminine of all adjectives (with the 
 exception of those of two terminations in -os -ov), numerals, pro- 
 nouns, and participles, whether they have the same form as tlie 
 masculine or not : KcXaivcW, v\|;t]XW, ctrxare'tov, dvxicwv, 8it]koo-ic'(ov, 
 iroXXcwv, dXXc'wv, d\\T]Xe'v, v}iTpECdv, avre'cov, tovtc'cdv, okoo-c'wv, 
 ov(r6(uv, apirao-Gcwrc'wv, irpoKcificvewv, Tcurcrop.6Vv. Barytones shorten 
 -66'wv into -wv: O-qXewv, xpvo-c'wv, 'HpaKXc'cov, MoXe'wv, crvKc'tov, ^vi<av 
 (|ivai), -ye'ttv (-ye'ai), but yfvdiav (ycvci])? distinguished from the 
 neuter ytvifav, and perhaps also d8X({>eW. 
 
 The dative plural ends in -tjo-u 47 
 
 Second Declension. 
 
 The dative plural ends in -own. 48 
 
 Proper names like M6veXws *Aji<|)idp6cos and Xcws 8i}jiv<os follow the 49 
 so-called Attic second declension ; but koCXos Xa-yo's vr\6s d|io'xpos 
 iXeos ttXcos (e'liirXcos eiriirXcos) , on the contrary, do not. Compound 
 adjectives whose second part is -yTi end in -"yaios in place of -ytas : 
 PaOvYaios iiriyaios |iXdY'yatos (i.<roYaios viroYaios. 
 
 Third Declension. 
 
 The inflexion of consonant stems is not different from that in 50 
 Attic Greek ; but it is the essential peculiarity of vowel stems that 
 in general they allow no contraction when the final vowel of the 
 stem precedes a vowel in the case-ending. 
 Neuters in -os, such as [UyaQos fieYaGcos \LydQii. Except Biovs I. 85. 51 
 Adjectives in -tjs, such as dXTiOrfs dXTjeeos dXTi0't dXT]0a dXTjGccs 52 
 dXTi0e'wv dXT]0eo-i dXT]0'as, adverb dXiiGews (nevertheless dSews dKXcws, 
 and perhaps 6.K\i6i cvSed KaraScd, though these forms are doubtful). 
 Proper names in -kXc'i^s : 0|xiotokXtjs -sos -i -c'a -ecs. To "ApT)s 
 belong the forms "Apcos "Apc'i "Apca. 
 
30 HERODOTUS. 
 
 53 Feminines in -w and -oJs are declined as in Attic Greek. But the four 
 accusatives that follow are exceptions: Bovtovv, 'low, Atjtovv (?), 
 Tijxovv. In place of ews always -qoSs (-qovs -noi t^w). 
 
 54 Substantives and adjectives in -is, such as iroXis iro'Xios tto'Xi 
 iroXtv iro'Xies (iro'Xis?) troXicov ttoXicti, accusative iro'Xias and iroXis 
 (alwa3's 2ap5ts). In accordance with this, also 'lo-is "lo-ios, ens 
 06X1, "Oo-ipis 'Oo-ipios. opvis, accusative opviv and opvi6a. x^^P^s? 
 accusative xap'-v and xaptra; axapis, dative dxapi I. 41, neuter plural 
 
 55 Substantives in -vs -vos form the accusative plural in -vas or -{Js : 
 IxBv'as and lx9vs. Those in -vs -cos, such as tttjxvs -n-nxeos irtfxei 
 n-rixvv irrixees m^xcwv Trrjx^o'"' irifxcas; likewise adjectives in -vs -os. 
 
 56 Those in -evs, such as pao-iXcv's pao-iXe'os Pao-iXe'i ^aa-iXia pacriXcv 
 pocriXees PaonXc'wv Pao-tXevo-t pao-iXas ('Yo-ids ? VI. 108). 
 
 57 Neuters in -as : Ks'pas Kcp^os Ke'pei Kepca Kcpe'cov. In like manner, 
 Ypa.s yipio<s, ripas repeos (l3ut repara as well as ripio). Kpe'as, geni- 
 tive Kpe'cos, plural Kpe'a Kpwv. But "yrjpas ^ifpaos ^ripai. 
 
 58 Nouns irregularly declined. vr\vs has the forms vco's vql vca vc'es 
 V6WV v7]vo-t vc'as. Besides dKova, the regular form of the accusative, 
 cIkwv has also once cIkw VII. 69. Generally vlov's, but once also 
 vU'as IV. 84. (jLcts in place of ixti'v, but |it]vo's etc. OISIttovs OlSi,- 
 TTo'Scw OiSiirovv. Mivws, genitive Mtvw and Mtvwos; iipws, accusative 
 qpfov and i]'pwa; irdTptos irdxptDV, but (xifrptos \n^Tp(aa.. ciXcos, genitive 
 plural lXTfvv and elXwreW (from tXcoTT]s). (Tv<J)ws), accusative 
 Tv(|>iS, but also Tv4>v, accusative Tu<j>wva. Kptvea (from Kptvos), 
 but also Kptva (from Kptvov). 
 
 Similarly Se'vSpos Se'vSpeos, but also Se'vSpcov SevSpe'ou and Sc'vSpov 
 8e'v8pou. <j>vXc| <jjvXaKOs, but also ()>vXaKOs 4>vXdKou. The adjective 
 o-ws has in the neuter c-o'ov, and in the plural <ro'oi <ro'ai o-o'a oro'wv. 
 iroXXo's occurs everywhere in place of iroXv's, except in compounds 
 (such as iroXvYOvos) . 
 
 Compariso7i. 
 
 59 The following adjectives, which change the quantity of the final 
 vowel or vowels of the stem before the ending -os, are nevertheless 
 compared like the ordinary Attic forms : iriTii8eos eirirriSeo'Tepos eiri- 
 TT]5o'TaTos, olK-rfios olKTiio'TttTOS, avSp-q'tos dv5pT]io'Tpos, ipo's IpwTaTCS. 
 (Cf. the well-attested Attic forms KevoVepos o-revo'Tepos.) 
 
 o-irov8aios has in the comparative and superlative both o-Trou8aio'- 
 TttTOS and (nTov8aie'o-Tpos o-'!rov8aio-TaTOs ; to vYii^po's belong both vyn\- 
 poVaTOsand v^iTipcoTaros ; djJiop<j>os has the superlative d(Jiop(|)VTaTcs; 
 
SUMMARY OF DIALECT 11 
 
 raxv's has both rax^Tcpov and Gdtro-ov. To iroXXo's (= Attic iroXvs) 
 belong the following comparative forms : irXeW, neuter irXe'ov and 
 irXcvv, irXcvvos, irXe'ovt, irXeova irXew irXcvva, irXcvvcs (irXe'ovs II. 8), 
 irXeovcov irXevvwv, irXeocri, irXevvas, and the adverb irXeo'vws. 
 
 Numerals. 
 
 8vo : gen. 8uo and 8uc3v, dat. 8v'o and 8uoi<ri, ace. 8vo. TcVo-cpcs 60 
 TtVo-cpa. 8va>8<Ka and 8vo Kal 8eKa. Tccro-epeorKaiSeKa Teo-crcpeo-Kat- 
 8eKaTOs. 
 
 Pronouns. 
 Personal. 61 
 
 Sing. G. |JL60 and |jlv enclitic jjlcv 
 <ro and crcv *' o-v 
 
 (wanting) *' v 
 
 D. <roC " Toi 
 
 A. " |i.iv (= avTOV and a)vrov). 
 
 Plur. G. t||1'wv 
 
 V|X6C0V 
 
 or4>e<i)v " <r<|)a)V 
 
 D. <r<|)t<ri (= ecavTouri) " <r<|>i (= avroiwi) 
 A. i^fJieas 
 
 vjie'as 
 
 o-<f>e'as cr4>6'a " (r<f>as o-<|>a. 
 
 Reflexives. p.wi>Tov, o-vtov, cwvtov etc. (see 33 above). 62 
 
 Demonstratives. oSe i^'Sc in the dat. plur. has Tot<ri86 tt]o-i8. The 63 
 article has still a demonstrative force in certain connections. See 
 Stein on I. 172, 6. Both ckcivos and kcivos occur, the latter by the 
 rule with a stronger rhetorical accent (like OcXciv and eOe'Xeiv). 
 
 Relatives. The forms of the relative os, with the exception of os 64 
 T| 01 ai, generally begin with t : tov ttjs toL etc. 
 
 These forms occur even in combination with the prepositions 
 v K s irpo's <rv'v, which end in a consonant and which do not, 
 therefore, suffer elision, and with irepi, which then always shows 
 anastrope (tov mpi) ; irpd and vire'p, as it happens, do not occur in 
 combination with the relative. But after the prepositions dvTi dird 
 8id eirC Kara (isTa irapd viro, which end in a vowel and may be elided, 
 the T-forms of the relative do not occur, but those which begin 
 with a vowel are used: dvr' v, dir* ov, p.T ifs (but ttjs K-e'ra etc.). 
 The preposition in this case is always elided. dn<|>i and dvd are not 
 included in the list just given because they do not occur before rela- 
 tives in Herodotus. The forms of the relative that begin with a 
 
12 HERODOTUS. 
 
 vowel occur also in the temporal phrases ev w 'while', e's 6' (i<as oiJ, 
 axpi ov, jxe'xpt ov) ' until ', | ov ' since ', and in the expressions of 
 place es o ' to what place ', ixc'xpi ov ' until', h 'whereby ' (VI. 22). 
 The only exception to the rule that has now been stated is 4k, which 
 in the majority of cases (18 times) is followed by tov ti]s twv (besides 
 irdpe^ Ttov VIII. 73), but also often occurs (9 times) in the combina- 
 tion ^ ov c'l ifs 6^ v. oo-Tis never has initial t. It shows the Ionic 
 forms of the pronoun tis, and has the forms otu otcw otv dreoio-i, 
 and diTo-a (= ariva, arra). 
 
 65 Interrogatives. tis, rev, re'w (also rivi), reW, Teowrt. The indefi- 
 nite Tts differs only in accent. 
 
 Conjugation. 
 
 Augment. 
 
 66 Iterative imperfects and aorists in -o-kov and -o-Ko'fi.'nv occur fre- 
 quently, and always omit the augment: e.g. -n-oieWKov, Xd^a-Kov, 
 ayta-Kov, X<rKov, oSvpt'o-Kcro. 
 
 67 The syllabic augment is wanting only in a small number of plu- 
 perfects, such as awaPPTiK, KaraXtXn-Kro. The perfect of KTa<r0ai 
 is cKTT]|xai, the pluperfect eKTTjfA-riv. XP'HV occurs oftener than e'xpTjv. 
 PovXo(j,ai and jieXXw have c ; Sv'vafiat c oftener than t]. 
 
 68 Great diversity prevails in the use of the temporal augment, and 
 the responsibility for this rests only in small part with the copyists. 
 The greater number of verbs beginning with a vowel are aug- 
 mented. But some verbs (a) omit the augment entirely; others (h) 
 omit it only in isolated forms ; while others still (c) have some- 
 times the augmented, sometimes the unaugmented, form. 
 
 69 a. Verbs that are never augmented are dyivi(a deOXe'co djiciPofxai 
 dppuSeo) 8iaiTci}|j,ai aiviia alpia alrcft) dvaio-ip,d(o cvauco, w cOcXoKaKEO) 
 ep^d^ofiai p8b) 6<r<ro' cxcpoidw iroi\i.aX,<a ctKa^co clpv'w ctpwrdcd el'pofjiai, 
 and all that begin with ev except cv'Sw. dSoiiropto) dp|xca> ('anchor') 
 dpiii'tw dprdtw ot|>Xov dvoi^w (but aviioyis I- 187) and all the rest that 
 begin with oi. Besides these, some that occur but once each : dXv- 
 KTa^ov djxavptoGt] dvcdYe Karap-yupwiie'vovs TrpoaiSearo (?) c^cto \ivvov 
 ^p.iroXii|iVCi)V 6<r0TjfJievos. 
 
 70 b. Verbs that omit the augment in isolated forms are dyopevw 
 (irpoa-ydpcue I. 22), a.y<a (o.xQr\), aybivit,0[i.ai (dYcovi'Sarai) , dvSpairoStta) 
 (dv8paTro8ior|i vovs) , dpi0|jL (dpiOfjicovTo) , dpn^pLai ' suspensus sum' 
 (dprtarai), dpx" (dp-yfA^VTlS virap-yjie'voio-i KaTapxovTo), av|dvw (ai'^- 
 rai) , (D^KOi (dvXKU(r|ie vas) , eirw (ir6pi<J)0T)(rav) , 6\{/ (diT\j/T)|jt'vos) , dpudv 
 (dp{XT]|xevos dpfxearai dpixearo). 
 
SUMMARY OF DIALECT. 13 
 
 c. Verbs that vary are dYciWoji.ai ayyi^a dXC^o) aWdo-cco dvSpovixai 71 
 avTic'^a) dTTCiXe'ci) dirTW dpfx-d^b) dpreonat (paror) do-ird^onai e^avaivca avro- 
 |jLo\eci> eXevOepoo} lirci-yojiai eiritrrafiai ep'Y'^' ^^^ dvexcjiat (T^V<rxo|niv and 
 dv<rxd(iT]v) 
 
 lu aclditiou to the above, the followinjj also present peculiarities : 72 
 dpe'o) imperf. wpcuv, e9a (ei'wOa), edp-y6 (ewp-y^t), otKa (eoiKa). alpc'o) 
 has Attic reduplication in place of the augment : dpatp-qKa dpaipi^jxai. 
 
 Personal Endings. 
 
 The pluperfect active has in the sing, -ca (-cas), -cc, in the plur. 73 
 -care : ewdca, ir'ird{JL4>, <rvvT|8e'aT. 
 
 In the third per. plur. of the first aor. optat. -aicv sometimes occurs 74 
 in place of -ciav, though quite seldom ; but -ais, -at never occur in place 
 of -etas, -t. lu the pass. -eiTjo-av and -cisv interchange frequently. 
 
 The following endings remain uncontracted : 75 
 
 Those of the future of liquid verbs (generally), as in tninavew 
 diropa\eis p.V'o{j.V diroXe'et diroOaveeo-Gat (but also d{JivvV(rt d^oOavcv- 
 }tvovs etc.) ; -eat, -ao, -eo, of the second per. sing, in the mid. and 
 pass. : ({>aiveat ^T]{jLt(da-eai, eSe'^ao, el'peo e-ye'veo, ireiOeo (but -ev sometimes 
 occurs in place of -eo, especially in the imperative : etXev -irpoo-Se'Kev 
 irvOev); -e'co and -e'a)|xev -e'oxrt in the aor. subj. pass. : diratpeOe'co eVtrw- 
 fle'cojiev (}>ave'a)<ri. On the contrarj', the so-called Attic future has the 
 contracted forms everywhere, or changes ov to ev : vojjitovnev KOfttev- 
 p.e0a KaTttKovTtet (jiaKapteiv x^-pw^ (mid) . 
 
 In the optat. endings -oivto -atvro, v regularly becomes a : d'yoiaTo 76 
 "YeucaiaTO Svvalaro ircipwaTO. 
 
 Similarly the third pers. plur. of the perf. and plup. pass, of verbs 77 
 whose stems end in a labial or palatal mute is often formed by add- 
 ing -arat and -aro, for -vrat aud -vto, directly to the aspirated stem, 
 thus avoiding the usual periphrastic form, which would otherwise 
 be necessary : Te6d({>aTat KaTerTpd'vJ)aTo, dva}i,ep.ixaTat eTerdxaTo. The 
 aspiration is wanting only in tlie forms belonging to iKveofjiat, such 
 as diriKarat diriKaro. There are even three denominative verbs in 
 -il<a -dt, namely, dyoivil<a xmpila <rKvdt, which emploj'^ these end- 
 ings and fonn their third pers. plur. in the perf. and plup. pass, on 
 an apparent -8 stem : dycDviSarat KexwptSarat eo-KevdSaro. 
 
 These endings are often used also in pure verbs. In this case, if 78 
 the stem would naturally end in r\, lengthened from a or e, the t] is 
 shortened to e : dprc'arat TJYe'arat eKTe'aro IreTtp-e'ttTo KaraKexvaro, even 
 direKEKXe'ttTo (IX. 50, from diroKXTjtw) , aud on the same analogy Kare'a- 
 rai (= Kd0-r]VTat) Kare'aTo, StaKe'arat e'Ke'aro (= eKetvTo). See further, 
 91 below. 
 
14 HERODOTUS. 
 
 Formation of the Tenses. 
 
 79 Verbs in -^ have, as in Attic Greek, a contract future in -iw 
 -lovjjiai, in which, however, ov often becomes ev : vojiiovjitv jiaKapwiv 
 Xapiei xapiettyQa-i) K0ixiv'|X9a oirwpietJvTcs. Similarly verbs in -at<o : 
 diroSoKiiia, Sikolv (but I. 96 SiKacrofxcvoi) , and analogously kXta tXas cXa 
 eXcacri eXwv. 
 
 80 Verbs in -aw lengthen the a of the stem to t] in all tenses except 
 the present and imperfect, even w^hen i p precede : alriTjo-aixcvoi 
 PiTjOei's, 0T]crai (but eareov VIII. 108), ircipTJo-oiiai xpiicrai xp'n'crofiai. 
 
 81 The following liquid verbs have r\ in place of a : dirolTipTjvai dvcl-rj- 
 prjvc, l<rxvT]vwcri, KepST]V, KOiXrjvas. 
 
 Contract Verbs in -ia> -dw -dw. 
 
 82 Verbs in -e'o) generally remain uncontracted : Troic'to irou'eis iroUs 
 iroieT). But iQr\iiTo, riOei (see 87) are exceptions, and Sei eSei Sciv and 
 8i e'Sec Se'eiv vary. Besides this, the diphthong v often occurs here 
 also in place of o: iroicvtri vocvvres Xuirevo-a irowtJo-i (partic.) irroUvv 
 cKoXciJvTo irpoOujievfie'vov etc. The imperat. ending e'co (v) is short- 
 ened to -o: alreo, <|>oPo (cf. 46). The pres. of the optat. act. has 
 the ending -oi|ii: iroicoiixi. The only exception is iroioiriv VI. 35 (?). 
 
 83 Polysyllabic verbs in -dw can, in the Ionic as in the Doric dialect, 
 assume the inflexion of verbs in -e'w, and have cw cou co in place of 
 aco aov ao. The extent of this interchange, which may have been 
 greater at an earlier period of the language (cf. the Homeric t|vtov, 
 Hvoivov), has become very uncertain in the course of the transmis- 
 sion of the text. The principle is exemplified now in only a few verbs : 
 clpwrdv, Kojidv, |XTixa.vdo-6ai (but imperf. e|XT]xavw and imperat. (jiT)xavt3), 
 dpdv (but imperf. p<ov), dpfidv dpixdcrOai (but wpjiwv, wpfjiwvTo), <j>oiTdv; 
 and even in these the change is not made in the dat. plur. of the 
 partic. (cipwTtSo-i). Add to these the isolated forms ciriTip-eW, roXjitw, 
 KaTaixap-yc'tov, o-Ta0(jLo'(ivoi, TeXevTcovras. co and iov sometimes be- 
 come iv : dpfoTivv dvievvTai. But xpdo-0ai has everywhere cw for co : 
 Xpewfxai cxpcwvTo xP^^JJ-^^os (except imperat. xpio I. 155, and cf. 
 Xpcdv). Similarly xpra from xpdv VII, 111. 
 
 84 Verbs in -dw retain everywhere, as in Attic Greek, the long a 
 arising from contraction, which elsewhere in the Ionic dialect be- 
 comes Tj : <j)oiTa t^oira, <j>oiTdv. Besides this, the following cases, 
 which are exceptions to the practice even in Attic Greek: xpdv 
 Xpdo-Gai Kvdv trp-dTai (but 8ii|/t)v tiiv). The pres. optat. ends in -w'tjv 
 (pass. -w'|jn]v) : evopwT), vikwev, tijicoto. 
 
SUMMARY OF DIALECT. 15 
 
 Verbs in -ow suffer contraction throughout, as in Attic Greek. 85 
 But except in the influ. tv often occurs in place of ov: tSiKaiou 
 eXEvOepovvTO IkevQ^povv, eSiKaiev dvSpevffcevw. 
 
 Verbs in |ii. 
 
 Besides the inflexional forms peculiar to these verbs, there are 86 
 others, mainly from presents in -tot -ctw -o'w, some of which occur 
 oftener than the -fii forms. 
 
 Ti0t]jj.t: Ti0i (Ti0r]<ri IV. 73), riOeio-t, imperf. Tt0 6a, 6Ti0, aor. 87 
 optat. mid. 7rpoo-0e'oiTO vTro0e'oiTO (but also irpo0iTO III. 148). itj p, t 
 has, as if from a present iw or lew, the forms : ii, imperf. t'ci, subj. 
 diriT) dmewo-i ; the compound p.Tii]p.i has, as if from a pres. periw, the 
 perf. part. p.fjiTip,e'vos (but p,Ti<r0o) IV. 98). For dveWrai, see 6 
 above. IT lip, IT \ Tip, I : cfiirtirXei VII. 39, but otherwise regular, like 
 wrrqpt : iripirXapEV iripirXdo-i 'irip'ir\a(r0 etc. 
 
 l'<rTT]pt : i(rra and I'orniort, lo-rdo-i, imperf. icrra and 'i(rTr\. Perf. 88 
 cVrdo-i, part, eo-rews (like tcOvcws, but still cVrqKOTwv VI. 140, VIII. 
 79), (rTc3(ra and eo-TTjKuia, tcrniKo's (but tcOvcos), iufin. fo-rdvai (like 
 T0vdvat (TvpPePdvat) . Kipvt^pi : Kipva. 
 
 SiSwpi : 8i8ois 8i8oi (seldom 8i!8coo-i), 8i8ov(n, imperf. 8i8ovv. 89 
 
 SciKvvps. has, as in Attic Greek, even SeiKvuo-i (like diroWvo-t Ka- 90 
 TpYvi<ri (TvppTi-Yvucri, but also less often SeiKw'ouo-i), e8iKvu. t,iv- 
 yvv\Li: sometimes ^evyvv'wv iUvyvvov, like diroWv'cis from diro'XXvpi. 
 
 In the the third pers. plur. of the pres. and imperf. mid. and pass. 91 
 of the verbs that have been mentioned, and of verbs analogous to 
 them in formation, the endings -arai -aro occur frequently in place 
 of -vrat -VTo, as in the cases mentioned above in 76-78 : nOearai 
 iriQiaro, 8iKvv'aT0. If in this case a precedes -arat -aro, it is weak- 
 ened to c : lo-Tearai icrreaTO, cirKrre'aTai iirifrriaTO, Swcarai tSwearo, 
 ciriirXeaTo, dvaircirTcaTai. i 
 
 The second aor. subj. act. has the uncontracted form in ew (cf. 75 82 
 above) : Oe'wpev 0'cocri 0'a>pai 0'VTai, orTewpcv, ^Ewpcv. 
 
 lpi, ts (irepi'eis), elpe'v, subj. ew gs "n wo-t, optat. tT]<rav and div 93 
 (once veot VII. 6), partic. ctov coxiora eo'v, imperf. sometimes ta care, 
 oftener 4'o-k 4'o-kov, otherwise rfv. 
 
 et pi, imperf. Tjia t(i TJwrav. ^ 94 
 
 olSa, ot8as, ot8ap6v and I'Spiev (especially in the phrase tv tlpeis 95 
 tSpev), I'craort (once o\;8aari II. 43), subj. l8w i8ea)pv dSitocri, optat. 
 l86iTi(rav and ciSeuv, imperf. ij'Sea 13866 gSe'are n'86o-av, fut. elSTjo-o). 
 

 
 RETURN CIRCULATION DEPARTMENT 
 
 TO 202 Main Library 
 
 LOAN PERIOD 1 
 HOME USE 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 ALL BOOKS MAY BE RECALLED AFTER 7 DAYS 
 
 1 -month loans may be renewed by calling 642-3405 
 
 6-month loans may be recharged by bringing books to Circulation Desk 
 
 Renewals and recharges may be mode 4 days prior to due dote 
 
 DUE AS STAMPED BELOW 
 
 MASKi^Mm 
 
 SEP 28 1979 
 
 BEC cn. DEC 6 
 
 1979 
 
 u.. 020(K 
 
 nor(r^!D03 
 
 FORM NO. DD6, 60m, 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY 
 11/78 BERKELEY, CA 94720 
 
 s 
 
Photomount 
 
 Pamphlet 
 
 Binder 
 
 Gaylord Bros., Inc. 
 
 Makers 
 Stockton, Calif. 
 
 fAT. JAN. 21. 1908 
 
 930619 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY